Vicipaedia lawiki https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicipaedia:Pagina_prima MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.14 first-letter Media Specialis Disputatio Usor Disputatio Usoris Vicipaedia Disputatio Vicipaediae Fasciculus Disputatio Fasciculi MediaWiki Disputatio MediaWiki Formula Disputatio Formulae Auxilium Disputatio Auxilii Categoria Disputatio Categoriae Porta Disputatio Portae Adumbratio Disputatio Adumbrationis TimedText TimedText talk Modulus Disputatio Moduli Event Event talk 0 60 3980073 3978686 2026-08-09T23:59:34Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color =#F3E0E0 |name =Archaea | image =Halobacteria.jpg | image_width =180px | image_caption = ''[[Halobacterium]]'' sp. strain NRC-1,<br />quaeque [[cellula]] 5 fere [[μm]] longa | domain ='''Archaea''' | subdivision_ranks = [[Phylum|Phyla]] et [[classis (taxinomia)|classes]] | subdivision = | taxon = Archaea | domain_authority = [[Carolus Woese|Woese]], [[Otto Kandler|Kandler]], [[Marcus Wheelis|Wheelis]], [[1990]]<ref>Woese, Kandler, et Wheelis 1990.</ref> | subdivision_ranks = [[Subregnum|Subregna]] | subdivision_ref = <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Petitjean C, Deschamps P, López-García P, Moreira D | title = Rooting the domain archaea by phylogenomic analysis supports the foundation of the new kingdom Proteoarchaeota | journal = Genome Biology and Evolution | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 191–204 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25527841 | pmc = 4316627 | doi = 10.1093/gbe/evu274 }}.</ref> et phyla<ref name="NCBI taxonomy page on Archaea">{{cite web|title=NCBI taxonomy page on Archaea |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=2157&lvl=5&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock }}.</ref> | subdivision = * "[[Euryarchaeota]]" <small>Woese et al. 1990</small> ** "[[Methanopyri]]" <small>Garrity and Holt 2002</small> ** "[[Methanococci]]" <small>Boone 2002</small> ** "[[Eurythermea]]" <small>Cavalier-Smith 2002</small><ref name="CS2002">{{cite web|url=http://www.bacterio.net/-aboveclass.html|title=Taxa above the rank of class|work=[[List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]|access-date=8 Augusti 2017}}.</ref> ** "[[Neobacteria]]" <small>Cavalier-Smith 2002</small><ref name="CS2002" /> * "[[DPANN]]" ** "[[ARMAN]]" *** <small>"[[Micrarchaeota]]" Baker et al. 2010</small> *** <small>"Parvarchaeota" Rinke et al. 2013</small> ** "Aenigmarchaeota" <small>Rinke et al. 2013</small> ** "Diapherotrites" <small>Rinke et al. 2013</small> ** "[[Nanoarchaeota]]" <small>Huber et al. 2002</small> ** "Nanohaloarchaeota" <small>Rinke et al. 2013</small> ** "[[Pacearchaeota]]" <small>Castelle et al. 2015</small> ** "[[Woesearchaeota]]" <small>Castelle et al. 2015</small> * "[[Proteoarchaeota]]" <small>Petitjean et al. 2015</small> ** (TACK)"[[Filarchaeota]]" <small>Cavalier-Smith, T. 2014</small><ref>{{ cite journal | vauthors = Cavalier-Smith T | date = 2014 | title = The neomuran revolution and phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and cilia in the light of intracellular coevolution and a revised tree of life | journal = Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. | volume = 6 | issue = 9 | pages = a016006| pmid = 25183828 | pmc = 4142966 | doi = 10.1101/cshperspect.a016006 }}.</ref> *** <small>"[[Aigarchaeota]]" Nunoura et al. 2011</small> *** <small>"Bathyarchaeota" Meng et al. 2014</small> *** <small>[[Crenarchaeota]] Garrity & Holt 2002</small> *** <small>"Geoarchaeota" Kozubal et al. 2013</small> *** <small>"[[Korarchaeota]]" Barns et al. 1996</small> *** <small>[[Thaumarchaeota]] Brochier-Armanet et al. 2008</small> ** "[[Asgard (archaea)|Asgardarchaeota]]" <small>Violette Da Cunha ''et al.'', 2017</small> *** <small>"[[Lokiarchaeota]]" Spang et al. 2015</small> *** <small>"[[Thorarchaeota]]" Seitz et al. 2016</small> *** <small>"[[Odinarchaeota]]" Katarzyna Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka et al. 2017</small> *** <small>"[[Heimdallarchaeota]]" Katarzyna Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka et al. 2017</small> | synonyma = * Archaebacteria <small>Woese & Fox, 1977</small> * Mendosicutes <small>Gibbons & Murray, 1978</small> * Metabacteria <small>Hori and Osawa 1979</small> }} [[Fasciculus:Colourful Thermophilic Archaebacteria Stain in Midway Geyser Basin.jpg|thumb|[[Aquae calidae salientes]] in [[Saeptum nationale Yellowstone|Yellowstone]] archaea nutriunt.]] '''Archaea''' ([[Graece]]: ἀρχαῖα 'antiqua') grex [[microbium|microorganismorum]] sunt, quorum quisque solum unam [[cellula]]m habet. Hae cellulae [[nucleus cellulae|nucleis]] et ullo [[organellum|organello]] [[membrana|membranis]] ligato carent. Archaea olim putata sunt inusitatus [[bacteria|bacteriorum]] grex, '''archaebacteria''' nominatus, sed quod archaeis est propria [[evolutio|historia evolutionaria]] et ea in sua [[biochemia]] ab aliis [[vita]]e formis multo differunt, nunc ut [[dominia (taxon)|dominium]] separatum in [[systema trium dominiorum|systemate trium dominiorum]] describuntur, in quo [[Phylogenetica|phylogenetice]] distincti rami originis [[evolutio]]nariae sunt archaea, [[bacteria]], et [[eukarya]]. Archaea praeterea in [[quattuor]] [[phyla]] agnota dividuntur, sed multo plura phyla fortasse adsunt. Horum gregum, [[crenarchaeota]] et [[euryarchaeota]] adsiduissime investigantur. [[Classificatio biologica|Classificatio]] iam est difficilis, quod plurima archaea in laboratorio numquam investigantur, solumque studio eorum [[acidum nucleicum|acidorum nucleicorum]] in speciminibus ex circumiecto extractis inventa sunt. Quamquam archaea cum [[bacteria|bacteriis]] olim ut [[procaryota|prokaryotae]] (in [[Monera|Monerorum]] [[regnum (biologia)|regno]]) in translaticia [[Linnaeus|Linnaeana]] [[quinque]] regnorum [[taxinomia]] posita sunt, haec classificatio est obsoleta.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pace NR |title=Time for a change |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2006-05-18_441_7091/page/289 |journal=Nature |volume=441 |issue=7091 |pages=289 |year=[[2006]] |month=Maio |pmid=16710401 |doi=10.1038/441289a}}.</ref> Ante annum [[1980]], archaea et [[eubacteria]] sub [[taxon]] [[procaryota|prokaryota]] subsummata sunt quod organismi in ambabus congeriebus nucleis carent. Distinctionem autem inter superregna discriminatione [[genetica]] facta est a [[Carolus Woese|Carolo Woese]], doctore in [[Universitas Illinoisiensis|Universitate Illinoesiensi]]. Archaea a [[bacterium|bacteriis]] duobus modis differunt: * in structura valli, [[peptidoglycanum]] non adest, et nullus [[sacculus mureinicus]]. * in structura [[membrana]]e lipidicae, quia archaeorum [[duplomembrana]]e in hydrocarbonica isomerica consistunt, combinata per ether{{dubsig}} combinationes.{{dubsig}} Multae archaeorum [[species (taxinomia)|species]] extremos [[habitatio|habitant]], per exemplum [[aqua]]m super 373 gradus K, et aquam [[salinitas|salinitatis]] magnae, [[acidum|acidam]] vel [[alkali]]am. Archaea [[morphologia]] et [[physiologia]] habent diversas formas: [[sphaera|sphaericas]], longas, [[spiralis|spirales]], lobatas. [[Diameter]] est ab 0.1 [[micrometer|µm]] usque ad 15 µm. [[Procreatio]] est per fissione duali{{dubsig}} sive fragmentatione. [[Alimentum|Nutritio]] est chemolithoautotrophica vel organotrophica, aerobica, anaerobica facultativa, anaerobica obligata. ===Cladogramna=== Hic habes cladogramma apud Tom A. Williams et al. (2017)<ref name=WT2017>{{cite journal | vauthors = Williams, Tom A., Szöllősi, G. J., Spang, A., Foster, P. G., Heaps, S. E., Boussau, B., Ettema, T. J., et Embley, T. M. | display-authors = 6 | title = Integrative modeling of gene and genome evolution roots the archaeal tree of life | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 114 | issue = 23 | pages = E4602–E4611 | date = Iunius [[2017]] | pmid = 28533395 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1618463114 | pmc = 5468678 }}.</ref> et Castelle & Banfield (2018)<ref name=CCBJ2018>{{cite journal | vauthors = Castelle, C. J., Banfield, J. F. | year = [[2018]]| title = Major New Microbial Groups Expand Diversity and Alter our Understanding of the Tree of Life | journal = Cell | volume = 172| issue = 6| pages = 1181–97| doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.016 | pmid = 29522741 | doi-access = free }}.</ref> (DPANN): {{barlabel |size=36 |at1=18|label1=Archaea|bar1=purple |cladogramma= {{Clade |style=font-size:100%; line-height:80%|label1=[[Neomura]] |{{Clade | label1=[[DPANN]] | 1={{Clade | 1={{Clade | 1=[[Altiarchaeales]]|barbegin1=purple | 2={{Clade | 1=''[[Diapherotrites]]'' | 2=[[Micrarchaeota]] }} }} | 2={{Clade | 1=[[Aenigmarchaeota]] | 2={{Clade | 1=[[Nanohaloarchaeota]] | 2={{Clade | 1={{Clade | 1=[[Nanoarchaeota]] | 2=[[Pavarchaeota]] }} | 2={{Clade | 1=[[Mamarchaeota]] | 2={{Clade | 1=[[Woesarchaeota]] | 2=[[Pacearchaeota]] }} }} }} }} }} }} | 2={{Clade | label1=[[Euryarchaeota]] | 1={{Clade | 1={{Clade | 1=[[Thermococci]] | 2=[[Pyrococcus|Pyrococci]] }} | 2={{Clade | 1={{Clade | 1=[[Methanococci]] | 2={{Clade | 1=[[Methanobacteria]] | 2=[[Methanopyri]] }} }} | 2={{Clade | 1={{Clade | 1=[[Archaeoglobi]] | 2={{Clade | 1={{Clade | 1=[[Methanocellales]] | 2=[[Methanosarcinales]] }} | 2={{Clade | 1=[[Methanomicrobiales]] | 2=[[Halobacteria]] }} }} }} | 2={{Clade | 1=[[Thermoplasmatales]] | 2={{Clade | 1=[[Methanomassiliicoccales]] | 2={{Clade | 1=''[[Aciduliprofundum boonei]]'' | 2=''[[Thermoplasma]] volcanium'' }} }} }} }} }} }} | label2=[[Proteoarchaeota]] | 2={{Clade | label1=[[TACK]] | 1={{Clade | 1=[[Korarchaeota]] | 2={{Clade | 1=[[Crenarchaeota]] | 2={{Clade | 1={{Clade |1=[[Aigarchaeota]]|2=[[Geoarchaeota]]}} | 2={{Clade |1=[[Thaumarchaeota]] |2=[[Bathyarchaeota]]}} }} }} }} | label2=[[Eukaryomorpha]] | 2={{Clade | 1={{Clade | 1={{Clade |1=[[Odinarchaeota]] |2=[[Thorarchaeota]]}} | 2={{Clade |1=[[Lokiarchaeota]] |2=[[Helarchaeota]]<ref name=SK2018>{{cite journal | vauthors = Seitz, K. W., Dombrowski, N., Eme, L., Spang, A., Lombard, J., Sieber, J. R., Teske, A. P., Ettema, T. J., et Baker, B. J. | display-authors = 6 | title = Asgard archaea capable of anaerobic hydrocarbon cycling | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 1822 | date = April 2019 | pmid = 31015394 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-019-09364-x | pmc = 6478937 }}.</ref>}} }} | 2={{Clade |1=[[Heimdallarchaeota]]|barend1=purple | label2=(<small>+[[Alphaproteobacteria|α─Proteobacteria]]</small>) |2=[[Eukaryota]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} ===Habitationes=== [[Fasciculus:Morning-Glory Hotspring.jpg|thumb|Archaea quae in [[calor|calida]] [[fons calidus|fontis calidis]] Morning Glory [[aqua]] in [[Yellowstone National Park]] [[color]]es claros efficiunt.]] Archaea in pervariis [[habitatio]]nibus fiunt. Maior [[oecosystema]]tum [[tellus|telluris]] pars nunc agnoscuntur, et fortasse sunt viginti centesimae [[cellula]]rum microbialium in [[oceanus|oceanis]].<ref>DeLong et Pace 2001.</ref> {{NexInt}} {{PhylomapA|size=330px||caption=[[Arbor phylogenetica]] coniunctiones archaeorum et aliorum [[vita]]e dominiorum monstrat, [[eukaryota|eukaryotis]] [[ruber|rubris]], archaeis [[viridis|viridibus]], [[bacteria|bacteriis]] [[caeruleus|caeruleis]]. Tabula ex Ciccarelli et al. 2006 adaptata.}} *[[Biota]] *[[Taxinomia]] == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == *DeLong, E. F., et N. R. Pace. [[2001]]. "Environmental diversity of bacteria and archaea." ''Systematic Biology'' 50, no. 4 (Augustus): 470–78. PMID 12116647. doi:10.1080/106351501750435040. Citeseerx 10.1.1.321.8828. * {{cite book |author=Howland, John L. |title=The Surprising Archaea: Discovering Another Domain of Life |url=https://archive.org/details/surprisingarchae0000howl |location=Oxoniae |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=[[2000]] |isbn=0-19-511183-4}}. * {{cite book |author=Martinko, J. M., Madigan, M. T. |title=Brock Biology of Microorganisms |edition=11th |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Englewood Cliffs Novae Caesareae |year=[[2005]] |isbn=0-13-144329-1}}. * {{cite book |author=Garrett, R. A., Klenk, H. |title=Archaea: Evolution, Physiology and Molecular Biology |url=https://archive.org/details/Archaea_Evolution_Physiology_and_Molecular_Biology_by_Roger_A._Garrett-2007 |publisher=WileyBlackwell |year=[[2005]] |isbn=1-4051-4404-1}}. * {{cite book |author=Cavicchioli, R. |title=Archaea: Molecular and Cellular Biology |publisher=American Society for Microbiology |year=[[2007]] |isbn=1-55581-391-7}}. * {{cite book |author =Blum, P., ed. |title =Archaea: New Models for Prokaryotic Biology |publisher=Caister Academic Press |year=[[2008]] |isbn=978-1-904455-27-1}}. * {{cite book |author=Lipps, G. |year=[[2008]] |chapter=Archaeal Plasmids|title=Plasmids: Current Research and Future Trends |publisher=Caister Academic Press |isbn=978-1-904455-35-6}}. * {{cite book |author=Sapp, Jan |year=[[2009]] |title=The New Foundations of Evolution. On the Tree of Life |url=https://archive.org/details/newfoundationsof0000sapp | location=Novi Eboraci |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-538850-X}}. * {{cite book |author=Schaechter, M. |year=[[2009]] |title=Archaea (Overview) in The Desk Encyclopedia of Microbiology, ed. secunda. |url=https://archive.org/details/deskencyclopedia0000unse_r5n0 | location=Didacopoli et Londinii|publisher=Elsevier Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-374980-2}}. *Woese, C. R., O. Kandler, et M. L. Wheelis. [[1990]]. "Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya." ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America'' 87, no. 12 (Iunius): 4576–79. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.4576W. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576. PMC 54159. PMID 2112744. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC54159/ Editio interretialis.] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Archaea}} {{wikispecies|Archaea}} {{wiktionary|Archaea}} '''Generalia''' * [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaea.html "Introduction to the Archaea, ecology, systematics and morphology,"] apud www.ucmp.berkeley.edu. * [http://www.microeco.unizh.ch/uni/kurs/mikevol03/scinews/ASM_news_69_2003_503.pdf "Oceans of Archaea]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&nbsp;– E.F. DeLong, ''ASM News'', 2003," apud www.microeco.unizh.ch. '''Classificatio''' * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2157&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Pagina de taxinomia Archaeorum,] apud www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. * [http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/archaea.html Genera dominii Archaeorum,] apud www.bacterio.cict.fr. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150210112109/http://www.tellapallet.com/tree_of_life.htm Arbor Vitae, coniunctiones Archaeorum et aliarum formarum vivarum monstrans,] apud tellapallet.com. * [http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2006/12/21_microbes.shtml "Shotgun sequencing finds nanoorganisms,"] apud berkeley.edu. '''Genomatica''' * [http://archaea.ucsc.edu/ "Browse any completed archaeal genome at UCSC,"] apud archaea.ucsc.edu * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081014223530/http://img.jgi.doe.gov/cgi-bin/pub/main.cgi?section=TaxonList&page=lineageMicrobes&domain=Archaea "Comparative Analysis of Archaeal Genomes,"] apud img.jgi.doe.gov (United States Department of Energy, Integrated Microbial Genomes System) [[Categoria:Archaea]] [[Categoria:Microbiologia]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Biologia}} gw1miyqxftpa9db5nkufxc4rtx4a7w1 0 74 3979891 3978519 2026-08-09T20:59:38Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979891 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Botaniska trädgården, Uppsala II.jpg|thumb|[[Hortus Botanicus Upsaliensis|Hortus Botanicus]] [[Upsalia (Suecia)|Upsaliensis]]]] [[Fasciculus:Grande Galerie de l'evolution.jpg|thumb|[[Hortus Plantarum (Lutetia)|Hortus Plantarum Lutetiae]]]] '''Botanice,'''<ref name="Siebenhaar1850">Siebenhaar, F.J. (1850). ''Terminologisches Wörterbuch der medicinischen Wissenschaften.'' (Zweite Auflage). Leipzig: Arnoldische Buchhandlung.</ref> saepe '''botanica'''<ref name="Sommerhoff1713">Sommerhoff, J.C. (1713). ''Lexicon pharmaceuticochymicum Latino-Germanicum et Gemanico-Latinum.'' Nürnberg: J.F. Rüdiger.</ref><ref name="Siebenhaar1850"/> (ex [[Lingua Graeca|Graeco]] βοτάνη 'pascua, gramen, pabulum' < βόσκειν 'pasci, vesci'), vel '''phytologia,''' antique '''ars herbaria,''' hodie aliquando '''scientia plantarum''' et '''biologia plantarum,''' est pars [[biologia]]e et [[scientia (ratio)|scientia]] [[vita]]e [[planta]]rum<ref>"Botanice est Scientia Naturalis, quae Vegetabilium cognitionem tradit."—Linnaeus, ''Philosophia Botanica'' ([[Stockholmia]]e, 1750), p. 1.</ref> (Gordh et Headrick 2001:134; Liddell et Scott 1940; Online Etymology Dictionary 2012). Haec disciplina in [[litterae|litteris]] a maioribus traditis studium [[fungi|fungorum]], [[algae|algarum]], et [[virus biologicum|viruum]] comprehendit. Qui litteris rerum botanicarum studeat botanista appellatur. Botanice latum [[disciplina]]rum scientificarum spatium tractat, inter quas [[morphologia plantarum|structura]], [[auctus cellularum|auctus]], [[systema reproductionis|reproductio]], [[metabolismus]], [[morphologia plantarum|progressus]], [[phytopathologia]], proprietates [[chemica]]e, et [[evolutio]]nariae gregum [[taxinomia|taxinomicorum]] coniunctiones. Botanice initium habuit cum primi [[homo sapiens|homines]] plantas [[cibus|edules]], [[medicina]]les, [[venenum|venenosas]] distinguere conati essent; quo facto, botanice facta est una ex veterrimis [[scientia (ratio)|scientiae]] generibus. Hodie botanistae circa 400&thinsp;000 [[species (taxinomia)|specierum]] [[organismus|organismorum]] [[vita|vivorum]] student. Initium [[taxinomia|systematum classificationis]] modo hodierno per [[Renascentia]]m [[saeculum|saeculorum]] [[saeculum 16|sexti decimi]] et [[saeculum 17|septimi decimi]] ortum est, cum botanistae conatus ad describendas plantas secundum principia scientifica primum facerent. Saeculis [[saeculum 19|undevicensimo]] et [[saeculum 20|vicensimo]], maiores [[ars|artes]] novas ad investigandas plantas evolutae sunt, inter quas usus [[microscopium|microscopiorum]], enumeratio [[chromosoma]]tum, et explicatio [[phytochemia]]rum. [[Duo]]bus recentissimis saeculi vicensimi [[decennium|decenniis]], [[DNA]] ad accuratius describendas plantas adhiberi coepit. Investigationes botanicae greges<!--population groups--> plantarum, evolutio, [[physiologia]], structura, et systematica vehementius dicunt. Inter subdisciplinas botanicas sunt [[agronomia]], [[silvicultura]], [[horticultura]], et [[palaeobotanica]]. Inter scientistas maximi momenti in [[historia]] botanica sunt [[Theophrastus]], [[Ibn al-Baitar]], [[Carolus Linnaeus]], [[Gregorius Ioannes Mendel]], et [[Normannus Borlaug]]. ==Historia==<!-- {{main|Historia botanices}}--> ===Nova botanice=== [[Fasciculus:Botany.jpg|thumb|Usitata botanistae [[instrumentum rusticum|instrumenta]].]] Historia botanices multas [[scriptura]]s antiquas et classificationes plantarum in nonnullis novis [[cultura|culturis]] repertas comprehendit. Exempla novorum operum botanicorum in antiquis [[Biblia|libris sacris]] [[India|Indicis]], [[litterae|litteris]] [[Zoroaster|Zoroastrianis]], et antiquis operibus [[Sinae (regio)|Sinicis]] inventa sunt. Botanice hodierna suum initium abhinc [[saeculum|saeculorum]] plus quam viginti tres habuit, usque ad [[Theophrastus|Theophrastum]] (circa [[371 a.C.n.|371]]–[[287 a.C.n.]]), discipulum [[Aristoteles|Aristotelis]] et patrem botanicum; qui multa botanices hodiernae principia excogitavit et descripsit (Greene 1909:140–142). Sua opera maiora, ''[[Historia Plantarum]]'' et ''De Causis Plantarum,'' scientiae botanicae maxime proerant per [[antiquitas|antiquitatem]] et [[Aevum Medium]], et sic nonnulla saecula septendecim postquam scripta manebant (Bennett et Hammond 1902:30; Greene 1909:140–142). Etiam ex Graecia, [[Pedanius Dioscorides]], medio [[saeculum 1|saeculo primo]], [[liber|librum]] ''De Materia Medica'' scripsit, [[encyclopaedia]]m in [[volumen|voluminibus]] [[quinque]] de [[medicina]] [[herba]]li quae plus quam 1500 [[annus|annorum]] late legebatur (Mauseth 2003:532). Inter mediaevalia mundi [[Islamismus|Islamici]] opera erant ''Agricultura Nabataea'' [[Ibn Wahshiyya]], ''Liber Plantarum'' [[Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī]] (828–896), et ''Classificatio Solorum'' [[Ibn Bassal]]. [[Saeculum 13|Saeculo tertio decimo]] ineunte, Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati et [[Ibn al-Baitar]] (mortuus 1248) etiam opera de botanica conscripserunt (Dallal 2010:197; Levey 1973:116; Panaino 2002:93). ===Nova botanice hodierna=== [[Fasciculus:H J N Crantz Classis cruciformium.jpg|thumb|left|upright| ''Classis cruciformium'' [[Henricus Ioannes Nepomucenus de Crantz|Henrici Ioannis Nepomuceni de Crantz]] ([[1769]]).]]<!-- :''Further information: [[Taxonomy#History of taxonomy|History of taxonomy]]''--> [[Leonhart Fuchs]] (1501–1566), [[physicus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]], fuit unus ex "tribus Germanis botanices patribus," cum [[Otto Brunfels|Ottone Brunfels]] (1489–1534) et [[Hieronymus Bock|Hieronymo Bock]] (1498–1554), etiam Hieronymo Tragus appellato (National Museum of Wales 2007; Yaniv et Bachrach 2005:157). [[Valerius Cordus]] (1515–1544) ''Dispensatorium,'' perennem cuiusdam momenti [[pharmacopoeia]]m, anno [[1546]] protulit (Sprague 1939). [[Conradus Gesnerus]] (1516–1565) et [[Nicolaus Culpeper]] (1616–1654) etiam herbalia de medicinalibus plantarum usibus ediderunt. [[Ulixes Aldrovandi]] (1522–1605) diu habebatur "pater [[historia naturalis (scientia)|historiae naturalis]]," notionis quae studium plantarum tum comprehendebat. [[Robertus Hooke]], novum [[microscopium]] adhibens, [[cellula]]s (nomen ab eo factum) in [[materia (physica)|materia]] ex ''[[Quercus suber|Quercu suber]]'' excisa anno [[1665]], et mox in textura plantarum vivarum invenit (Waggoner 2001). Excogitabantur [[saeculum 18|saeculo duodevicensimo]] systemata classificationis quae clavium diagnosticorum similia sunt, ubi [[taxinomia|taxa]] paribus a priori digeruntur. [[Sequentia (genoma)|Sequentia]] taxorum in clavibus saepe ad eorum greges [[natura]]les vel [[phyletismus|phyleticos]] non spectavit (Scharf 2009:73–117). Ante saeculum undevicensimum, crescens novarum plantarum numerus ex [[regio]]nibus nove inventis [[colonia|coloniis]]que Europaeis per [[tellus|orbem terrarum]] conditis Europam advenierant, et plantae magis atque magis investigari poterant. Libris botanicis illo tempore erant perpaucae [[pictura]]e (Scharf 2009:73–74). [[Carolus Linnaeus]] regnum plantarum in viginti quinque [[classis (taxinomia)|classes]] anno [[1754]] secundum [[taxinomia]]m divisit cui erant ordinariae [[species (taxinomia)|specierum]] [[animal]]ium et plantarum [[binomen|binomina]]. Ratione in duabus partibus usus est ubi primum nomen [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] et alterum speciem repraesentaverunt (Capon 2005:220–223). ''Cryptogamia,'' una ex classificationibus Linnaeanis, omnes plantas quibus sunt partes [[systema reproductionis|reproductivae]] celatae ([[bryophyta]], [[marchantiophyta]], [[pteridophyta]]), [[algae|algas]], [[fungi|fungos]] comprehendit (Hoek, Mann, et Jahns 2005:9). Aucta [[anatomia plantarum|anatomiae]], [[morphologia plantarum|morphologiae]], circulorumque [[vita]]e plantarum [[gnaritas]] inventionem promovit [[natura]]les inter plantas coniunctiones plures esse quam systema sexuale Linnaeanum significavit. [[Adanson]] (1763), [[Antonius Laurentius de Jussieu|de Jussieu]] (1789), et [[Augustinus Pyramus de Candolle|Candolle]] (1819) ergo altera systemata naturalia proposuerunt, quae botanistae late secuti sunt. Notiones autem [[selectio naturalis|selectionis naturalis]] ut machinatio [[evolutio]]nis postulaverunt ut [[systema Candolleanum]] immutaretur—quod vicissim studia coniunctionum evolutionariarum et [[nomina phylogenetica|classificationum phylogeneticarum]] plantarum incitavit (Ereshefsky 1997:493–519; Gray et Sargent 1889:292–293). Magnopere promota est botanice per divulgationem [[liber|libri]] ''Grundzuge der Wissenschaftlichen,'' primi operis late patentis<!--textbook--> "hodierni," a [[Matthaeus Iacobus Schleiden|Matthaeo Iacobo Schleiden]] compositi, annoque [[1849]] [[Anglice]] nomine ''Principles of Scientific Botany'' iterum editi (Morton 1981:377). [[Carolus Ludovicus Willdenow]] coniunctionem [[dissipatio seminum|dissipationis seminum]]<!--seed dispersal--> et [[distributio geographica|distributionis geographicae]], ingenium consociationum plantarum, effectumque [[historia]]e [[geologia|geologicae]] investigavit. [[Nucleus cellulae|Nucleus cellularum]] a [[Robertus Brown (botanista)|Roberto Brown]] anno [[1831]] inventus est (Harris 2000:76–81). ===Botanice hodierna=== Generatur hodie multa [[informatio]] per [[organismi exemplares|plantas exemplares]] investigandas, sicut ''[[Arabidopsis thaliana]]''&thinsp;; quae alacris<!--weedy--> [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Brassicaceae|Brassicacearum]] [[species (taxinomia)|species]] fuit una ex plantis cuius [[genoma]] primum ordinatum est<!--sequenced-->. [[Oryza sativa|Oryza]], quia suum [[genoma]] parvum communitasque investigatorum magna est, fit grave [[frumentum|frumenti]]-[[poaceae|poacearum]]-[[monocotyledones|monocotyledonum]] exemplar<!--model--> in ordinatione plantarum (Devos et Gale 2000). ''[[Brachypodium distachyon]],'' alia [[poaceae|graminum]] species, est experimentale [[biologia]]e [[genetica]]e, [[cellula]]ris, [[molecula]]ris intellegendae exemplar (University of California-Davis 2012). Genomata aliorum [[cibus|ciborum]] qui in [[commercium|commercio]] momentum habent, inter quos [[triticum]], [[zea]], [[hordeum]], [[secale]], [[pennisetum glaucum|pennisetum]], et [[glycine]], nunc ordinantur.<!--are being sequenced--> Ordinatio nonnullarum plantarum est difficilis quia eis sunt plus quam [[duo|duae]] [[haploidus|haploidae]] [[chromosoma]]tum [[copia]]e—condicio [[polyploidia]] appellata, in regno plantarum generalis. ''[[Chlamydomonas reinhardtii]],'' [[alga]] [[viridis]], est organismus exemplaris qui ad promovendam [[scientia (ratio)|scientiam]] [[biologia]]e cellularis magni momenti est (Ben-Menahem 2009:5370). Anno [[1998]], [[Grex Phylogeniae Angiospermarum]] insigniter [[phylogenia]]m [[angiospermae|plantarum florentium]] protulit in explicatione sequentiarum [[DNA]] ex plurimis plantarum florentium familiis condita. Propter haec studia, multa aenigmata, sicut quae familiae primos [[angiospermarum]] ramos repraesentent, soluta sunt. Investigatio coniunctionum specierum plantarum botanistis rationis [[evolutio]]nis in plantis melius intelligendae facultatem facit (Chase et al. 2003:399–436). Contra studium plantarum exemplarium et crescentem indiciorum DNA usum, taxinomistae in laborando et disputando persistunt de quomodo plantas in varia [[taxinomia|taxa]] optime describi possunt (Capon 2005:233). <!--PLUS IN EN:--> ==Subdisciplinae botanicae== {| | valign="top" | * [[Agronomia]], studium productionis messium * [[Anatomia plantarum]], studium structurae [[cellula]]rum et [[textura]]rum<!--?tissues--> * [[Botanices oeconomica]], studium plantarum quibus sunt usus [[oeconomia|oeconomici]] * [[Bryologia]], studium [[bryophyta|bryophytorum]], [[marchantiophyta|marchantiphytorum]], [[anthocerophyta|anthocerophytorum]] * [[Cryptobotania]], studium plantarum quae non esse plerumque putantur * [[Dendrologia]], studium plantarum [[lignum|lignosarum]], [[frutex|fruticum]], [[arbor]]um, [[liana]]rum * [[Ethnobotania]], studium coniunctionum [[homo|hominum]] et plantarum * [[Genetica plantarum]], studium [[hereditas|hereditatis]] [[genum|geneticae]] in plantis * [[Horticultura]], studium plantarum cultarum * [[Lichenologia]], studium [[lichen]]um | valign="top" | * [[Morphologia plantarum]], studium structurae et circulorum [[vita]]e plantarum * [[Mycologia]], studium [[fungi|fungorum]] * [[Neurobiologia plantarum]], studium [[mos|morum]] plantarum * [[Oecologia plantarum]], studium partium in [[circumiectus (biophysicus)|circumiectu]] a plantis actarum * [[Palaeobotanica]], studium plantarum [[fossile|fossilium]] * [[Palynologia]], studium [[pollen|pollinis]] et [[spora]]rum * [[Phycologia]], studium [[alga]]rum * [[Physiologia plantarum]], studium rationum vitae plantarum * [[Phytochemia]], studium [[chemia]]e secundariae et rationum chemicarum plantarum * [[Phytopathologia]], studium [[morbus|morborum]] plantarum * [[Silvicultura]], studium administrationis [[silva]]rum * [[Taxinomia plantarum]], studium nominum et classificationis plantarum |} ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Bibiliographia== [[Fasciculus:Beli-hibiskus.jpg|thumb|[[Hibiscus]].]] ===Scientia popularis=== * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Attenborough | first = David | authorlink = David Attenborough | title = The Private Life of Plants | year = [[1995]] | isbn = 0-563-37023-8 | publisher = British Broadcasting Corporation (TV), Edbury Publishing—BBC Books (print) | location = Londinii }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Bellamy | first = David | authorlink = David Bellamy | title = Bellamy on Botany | year = [[1972]] | isbn = 0-563-10666-2 | publisher = Edbury Publishing—BBC Books | location = Londinii }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Ben-Menahem | first = Ari | title = Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences | year = [[2009]] | isbn = 3-540-68831-5 | publisher = Springer-Verlag | location = Berlin|volume=1 }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Capon | first = Brian | title = Botany for Gardeners | url = https://archive.org/details/botanyforgardene0000capo_k8y2 | year = [[2005]] | edition = 2a | isbn = 0-88192-655-8 | publisher = Timber Publishing | location = Portlandiae Oregnoiae}} * {{cite book | ref = harv |author=Capon | first = Brian | title = Botany for Gardeners | url = https://archive.org/details/botanyforgardene0000capo_s0q0 | year = [[2010]] | edition = 3a | isbn = 1-60469-095-X | publisher = Timber Publishing | location = Portland, Oregioniae }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Cohen | first = Joel E. | authorlink = Ioel E. Cohen | title = How Many People Can the Earth Support? | url = https://archive.org/details/howmanypeoplecan00cohe | year = [[1996]] | isbn = 0-393-31495-2 | publisher = W. W. Norton | location = Londinii }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Dallal | first = Ahmad | title = Islam, Science, and the Challenge of History | year = [[2010]] | publisher = Yale University Press | location = New Haven, CT | isbn = 978-0-300-15911-0 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=97l0L7zKagkC&lpg=PT197&dq=Ab%C5%AB%20%E1%B8%A4an%C4%ABfa%20D%C4%ABnawar%C4%AB&pg=PT197#v=onepage&q=Ab%C5%AB%20%E1%B8%A4an%C4%ABfa%20D%C4%ABnawar%C4%AB&f=false }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Grene | first1 = Marjorie Glicksman | last2 = Depew | first2 = David J. | year = [[2004]] | title = The Philosophy of Biology: An Episodic History | url = https://archive.org/details/philosophyofbiol0000gren | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cantabrigiae | isbn = 0-521-64371-6 }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Halle | first = Francis | title = In Praise of Plants | url = https://archive.org/details/inpraiseofplants0000hall | year = [[2002]] | isbn = 0-88192-550-0 | publisher = Timber Publishing | location = Portland, OR }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Iyer | first = Meena | title = Faith & Philosophy of Zoroastrianism | year = [[2009]] | isbn = 978-81-7835-724-9 | publisher = Kalpaz Publications | location = Delhi, India }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = King | first = John | title = Reaching for the Sun: How Plants Work | url = https://archive.org/details/reachingforsunho0000king | year = [[1997]] | isbn = 0-521-58738-7 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cantabrigiae }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Morton | first = A. G. | year = [[1981]] | title = History of Botanical Science | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofbotanic0000mort | publisher = Academic Press|Londinii | isbn = 0-12-508380-7 (hardback), 0125083823 (paperback) }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Pakenham | first = Thomas | authorlink = Thomas Pakenham (historian) | title = Meetings with Remarkable Trees | year = [[1996]] | isbn = 0-375-75268-4 | publisher = Random House | location = Londinii }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Pakenham | first = Thomas | title = Remarkable Trees of the World | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780393325294 | year = [[2002]] | isbn = 0-393-04911-6 | publisher = W. W. Norton | location = Londinii }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Pollan | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael Pollan | title = The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-eye View of the World | url = https://archive.org/details/botanyofdesirepl0000poll_v5w7 | year = [[2001]] | isbn = 0-375-50129-0 | publisher = Public Broadcasting System (TV), Random House (print) | location = Novi Eboraci }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Thomas | first = Barry A. | title = The Evolution of Plants and Flowers | url = https://archive.org/details/evolutionofplant0000thom | year = [[1981]] | isbn = 0-312-27271-5 | publisher = St. Martin's Press | location = Novi Eboraci}} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Walker | first = David | title = Energy, Plants and Man | url = https://archive.org/details/energyplantsman0000davi | year = [[1992]] | edition = 2a | isbn = 1-870232-05-4 | publisher = Oxygraphics Ltd | location = Sheffield, Angliae }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Yaniv | first1 = Zohara | last2 = Bachrach | first2 = Uriel | title = Handbook of Medicinal Plants | year = [[2005]] | isbn = 1-56022-994-2 | publisher = Haworth Press | location = Binghampton, Novi Eboraci}} ===Res academicae et scientificae=== * {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Acharya | first1 = Deepak | last2 = Anshu | first2 = Shrivastava | title = Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices | year = [[2008]] | isbn = 81-7910-252-1 | publisher = Aavishkar Publishers | location = Jaipur, India }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Bennett | first1 = Charles E. | last2 = Hammond | first2 = William A. | title = The characters of Theophrastus – Introduction | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=n0JgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR30 | year = [[1902]] | publisher = Longmans, Green, and Co. | location = Londinii | accessdate = June 27, [[2012]] }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Butz | first = Stephen D. | title = Science of Earth Systems | year = [[2007]] | isbn = 1-4180-4122-X | publisher = Delmar Cengage Learning | edition = 2 | location = Clifton Park Novi Eboraci }} * {{cite journal | ref = {{sfnRef|Cavalier-Smith|2004}} | last = Cavalier-Smith | first = Thomas | year = [[2004]] | title = Only Six Kingdoms of Life |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B |volume=271 |pages=1251–1262 | url = http://www.cladocera.de/protozoa/cavalier-smith_2004_prs.pdf | format = PDF | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2004.2705 | pmid = 15306349 | pmc = 1691724 }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Crawford | first = R. M. M. | title = Studies in Plant Survival: An Ecophysical Examination of Plant Distribution (Studies in Ecology) | url = https://archive.org/details/studiesinplantsu0000craw | year = [[1988]] | isbn = 0-632-01475-X | publisher = Blackwell Science | location = Oxoniae }} * {{cite book | ref = {{harvid|Chapman et al.|2001}} | last1 = Chapman | first1 = Jasmin | last2 = Horsfall | first2 = Peter | last3 = O'Brien | first3 = Pat | last4 = Murphy | first4 = Jan | last5 = MacDonald | first5 = Averil | title = Science Web | url = https://archive.org/details/scienceweb0000jasm | year = [[2001]] | publisher = Nelson Thornes | location = Cheltenham, Angliae | isbn = 0-17-438746-6 }} * {{cite journal | ref = {{sfnRef|Chase et al.|2003}} | title = An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification for the Orders and Families of Flowering Plants: APG II | year = 2003 | last1 = Chase | first1 = Mark W. | journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | publisher = The Linnean Society of London| volume = 141 | pages = 399–436 | url = http://ktriop.bio.ug.edu.pl/upload/preview/0f0c6bdcb447f9defaa482c50120a62d.pdf | format = PDF | last2 = Bremer | first2 = Birgitta | last3 = Bremer | first3 = Kåre|last4 = Reveal | first4 =James L. | last5 = Soltis | first5 = Douglas E. | last6 = Soltis| first6 = Pamela S. | last7 = Stevens | first7 = Peter S. | doi = 10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x }} * {{cite journal | ref = harv |last = Copeland | first = Herbert Faulkner | title = The Kingdoms of Organisms | journal = Quarterly Review of Biology | volume = 13 | pages = 383–420 | year = [[1938]] | doi = 10.1086/394568 }} * {{cite journal | ref = harv| doi = 10.2307/3870991 | title = Genome Relationships: The Grass Model in Current Research | year=[[2000]] | month = Maio | last1= Devos | first1 = Katrien M. | journal = The Plant Cell | publisher = American Society of Plant Physiologists | volume = 12 | issue = 5 | pages = 637–646 | url = http://www.plantcell.org/cgi/content/full/12/5/637 | pmid = 10810140 | last2 = Gale | first2 = M. D. | pmc = 139917 | jstor = 3870991 }} * {{cite journal | ref = harv | last = Ereshefsky | first = Marc | year = [[1997]] | title = The Evolution of the Linnaean Hierarchy |journal=Biology and Philosophy | publisher = Kluwer Academic Publishers |volume=12 | doi = 10.1023/A:1006556627052 | issue = 4 }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=d0XSwMJLDg4C&pg=PA134&lpg=PA134&dq=botane+boskein+botany&source=bl&ots=fL-rp6eaeg&sig=2ENEbYBu734YSMUGSXEP_0LQnYI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dEFIT5__OsWfOrb9sPoN&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=botane%20boskein%20botany&f=false | title = A Dictionary of Entomology | last1 = Gordh | first1 = Gordon | last2 = Headrick | first2 = D. H. | publisher = CABI Publishing | location = Cantabrigiae Massachusettae | year = [[2001]] | isbn = 0-85199-291-9 }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Gray | first1 = Asa |authorlink1=Asa Gray | last2 = Sargent | first2 = Charles | title = Scientific Papers of Asa Gray: Selected by Charles Sprague Sargent | year = [[1889]] | publisher = Houghton Mifflin | location = Bostoniae Massachusettae | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=_48KAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA292 | accessdate = February 26, [[2012]] }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Greene | first = Edward Lee | title = Landmarks of botanical history: a study of certain epochs in the development of the science of botany: part 1, Prior to 1562 A.D. | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=c6DPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA140 | year = [[1909]] | publisher = Smithsonian Institution | location = Vasingtoniae}} * {{cite book | last = Harris | first = Henry | title = The Birth of the Cell | year = [[2000]] | publisher = Yale University Press | location = Portu Novo Connecticutae | isbn = 0-300-08295-9 | ref = {{sfnRef|Harris|2000}} }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Hoek | first1 = Christiaan | last2 = Mann | first2 = D. G. | last3 = Jahns | first3 = H. M. | year = [[2005]] | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xuUoiFesSHMC&printsec=frontcover | title = Algae: An Introduction to Phycology | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cantabrigiae | isbn = 0-521-30419-9 }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Levey | first = Martin | title = Early Arabic Pharmacology: An Introduction Based on Ancient and Medieval Sources | year = [[1973]] | publisher = Brill Archive | location = Leiden | isbn = 978-90-04-03796-0 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=LtYUAAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA116&dq=%22Ibn%20al-Baitar%22&pg=PA116#v=onepage&q&f=false }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | url = http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dbota%2Fnh | title = Botane (βοτάνη) | last1 = Liddell | first1 = Henry George | last2 = Scott | first2 = Robert | publisher = Clarendon Press via Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University | location = Oxoniae | year = [[1940]] }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Mann | first = J. | title = Secondary Metabolism, 2a ed. | url = https://archive.org/details/secondarymetabol00mann | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = [[1987]] | location = Oxoniae | isbn = 0-19-855529-6 }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Matthews | first = R. E. F. | title = Fundamentals of Plant Virology | url = https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofpl0000matt | year = [[1992]] | isbn = 0-12-480558-2 | publisher = Academic Press | location = Waltham, Massachusettae }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Mauseth | first = James D. | title = Botany : An Introduction to Plant Biology | edition = 3a | year = [[2003]] | isbn = 0-7637-2134-4 | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Sudbury, Massachusettae}} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Mauseth | first = James D. | title = Botany : An Introduction to Plant Biology | url = https://archive.org/details/botanyintroducti0000maus_h4r9 | edition = 4a | year = [[2008]] | isbn = 0-7637-5345-9 | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Sudbury, Massachusettae }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Panaino | first = Antonio | title = Ideologies as Intercultural Phenomena: Proceedings of the Third Annual Symposium of the Assyrian and Babylonian Intellectual Heritage Project, Held in Chicago, USA, October 27–31, [[2000]] | publisher = Mimesis Edizioni | location = Bononiae | year = [[2002]] | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=hUNFLpQSqbkC&lpg=PA93&dq=%22First%2C%20the%20books%20of%20the%20Nabatean%20corpus%20themselves%20claim%20to%20be%20translations%20from&pg=PA93#v=onepage&q&f=false | isbn = 978-88-8483-107-1 }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Raven | first1 = Peter H. |author1-link=Petrus H. Raven | last2 = Curtis | first2 = Helena | title = Biology of Plants | url = https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants0000pete | edition = 1st | year = [[1970]]|asin=B000GR7R0I | publisher = Worth Publishers | location = Novi Eboraci}} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Raven | first1 = Peter H. | last2 = Evert | first2 = Ray H. | title = Biology of Plants | url = https://archive.org/details/lbg.581.rav.0686 | edition = 6th retractata | year = [[1998]] | isbn = 1-57259-041-6 | publisher = W. H. Freeman | location = Novi Eboraci}} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Raven | first1 = Peter H. | last2 = Evert | first2 = Ray H. | last3 = Eichhorn | first3 = Susan E. | title = Biology of Plants | url = https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants70000pete | edition = 7th | year = [[2005]] | isbn = 0-7167-1007-2 | publisher = W. H. Freeman | location = Novi Eboraci}} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Ridge | first = Irene | title = Plants | url = https://archive.org/details/plants0000unse_c2n9 | year = [[2002]] | isbn = 0-19-925548-2 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford }} * {{cite journal | ref = harv | last = Scharf | first = Sara T. | year = [[2009]] | title = Identification Keys, the “Natural Method,” and the Development of Plant Identification Manuals|journal=Journal of the History of Biology |volume=42 | issue = 1|pages=73–117 | doi = 10.1007/s10739-008-9161-0 }} * {{cite journal | ref = harv| title = How Green are Biofuels? | year=[[2008]]| last1= Scharlemann | first1 = J. P. W. | last2 = Laurance | first2 = W. F. |journal = Science | publisher = American Association for the Advancement of Science| volume = 319 }} * {{cite journal | ref = harv| title = The Herbal of Valerius Cordus | year=[[1939]] | last= Sprague | first = T. A. | journal = The Journal of the Linnean Society of London | publisher = Linnean Society of London| volume = LII | issue = 341 }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | url = http://books.google.com/?id=hVUU7Gq8QskC&lpg=PA198&dq=species%20epithet%20capitalize&pg=PA198#v=onepage&q=species%20epithet%20capitalize | title = Writing for Science and Engineering: Papers, Presentation | last = Silyn-Roberts | first = Heather | year = [[2000]] | isbn = 0-7506-4636-5 | publisher = Butterworth-Heinemann | location = Oxoniae }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Strange | first = Richard N. | title = Introduction to Plant Pathology | url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontopl0000stra | year = [[2003]] | isbn = 0-470-84973-8 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | location = West Sussex, Angliae }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Walter | first = Heinrich | title = Vegetation of the Earth | url = https://archive.org/details/vegetationofeart0000walt_d8f0 | year = [[1985]] | edition = 3a retractata | isbn = 0-387-13748-3 | publisher = Springer-Verlag | location = Novi Eboraci}} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Willis | first1 = Kathy | last2 = McElwain | first2 = Jenny | title = The Evolution of Plants | url = https://archive.org/details/evolutionofplant0000will | year = [[2002]] | isbn = 0-19-850065-3 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxoniae }} * {{cite journal | ref = {{sfnRef|Woese et al.|1977}} | last1 = Woese | first1 = C. R. | last2 = Balch | first2 = W. E. | last3 = Magrum | first3 = L. J. | last4=Fox | first4 = G. E. | last5 = Wolfe | first5 = R. S. | title = An Ancient Divergence Among the Bacteria | url = https://archive.org/details/journal-of-molecular-evolution_1977_9_4/page/7 | journal = Journal of Molecular Evolution | volume = 9 | pages = 305–311 | year = [[1977]] | issue = 4 | month = Augusto | pmid = 408502 | doi = 10.1007/BF01796092}} * {{cite journal | ref = harv | last1 = Woese | first1 = C. | last2 = Kandler | first2 = O. | last3 = Wheelis | first3 = M. | title = Towards a Natural System of Organisms: Proposal for the Domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya | url = http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/87/12/4576 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA | volume = 87 | issue = 12 | year = [[1990]] | pmid = 2112744 |doi = 10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576 | pmc = 54159 | bibcode = 1990PNAS...87.4576W }} ;Botanice circumiectus * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Crawley | first = Michael J. | authorlink = Michael Crawley | title = Plant Ecology | url = https://archive.org/details/plantecology0000unse_s3s6 | edition = 2a | year = [[1997]] | isbn = 0-632-03639-7 | publisher = Blackwell Scientific Ltd | location = Oxford }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Ennos | first1 = Roland | last2 = Sheffield | first2 = Elizabeth | title = Plant Life | url = https://archive.org/details/plantlife00enno | year = [[2000]] | isbn = 0-86542-737-2 | publisher = Blackwell Scientific Ltd | location = Oxford }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Everitt | first1 = | last2 = Lonard | first2 = | last3 = Little | first3 = C. R. | title = Weeds in South Texas and Northern Mexico | url = https://archive.org/details/weedsinsouthtexa0000ever | year = [[2007]] | isbn = 0-89672-614-2 | publisher = Texas Tech University Press | location = Lubbock, Texiae }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Richards | first = P. W. | title = The Tropical Rainforest | url = https://archive.org/details/tropicalrainfore0000rich | edition = 2a | year = [[1996]] | isbn = 0-521-42194-2 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cantabrigiae }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Stace | first = Clive Anthony | authorlink = Clive A. Stace | title = A New Flora of the British Isles | url = https://archive.org/details/newfloraofbritis0000stac_y9b5 | edition = 2a | year = [[1997]] | isbn = 0-521-58935-5 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cantabrigiae}} ;Physiologia plantarum * {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Bowsher | first1 = Caroline G. | last2 = Steer | first2 = M. W. | last3 = Tobin | first3 = A. K. | title = Plant Biochemistry | url = https://archive.org/details/plantbiochemistr0000bows | edition = 2a | year = [[2008]] | isbn = 0-8153-4121-0 | publisher = Garland Science, Taylor & Francis | location = Novi Eboraci}} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Buchanan | first1 = Bob B. | last2 = Gruissem | first2 = Wilhelm | last3 = Jones | first3 = Russell L. | title = Biochemistry & Molecular Biology of Plants | year = [[2000]] | isbn = 0-943088-39-9 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | location = West Sussex, Angliae }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Fitter | first1 = Alastair H. |author1-link=Alastair Fitter | last2 = Hay | first2 = Robert K. M. | title = Environmental Physiology of Plants | url = https://archive.org/details/environmentalphy03edfitt | edition = 3a | year = [[2001]] | isbn = 0-12-257766-3 | publisher = Harcourt Publishers, Academic Press | location = Novi Eboraci}} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Lambers | first1 = Hans | last2 = Chapin III | first2 = Francis Stuart | last3 = Pons | first3 = Thijs Leendert | title = Plant Physiological Ecology | url = https://archive.org/details/plantphysiologic0000lamb_n5e8 | year = [[1998]] | isbn = 0-387-98326-0 | publisher = Springer Science | location = Novi Eboraci}} ** {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Lambers | first1 = Hans | last2 = Chapin III | first2 = Francis Stuart | last3 = Pons | first3 = Thijs Leendert | title = Plant Physiological Ecology | url = https://archive.org/details/plantphysiologic0000lamb | year = [[2008]] | edition = 2a | isbn = 978-0-387-78340-6 | doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-78341-3 | publisher = Springer Science | location = Novi Eboraci }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Lawlor | first = David W. | edition = 3a | title = Photosynthesis | year = [[2000]] | isbn = 1-85996-157-6 | publisher = Garland Science | location = Novi Eboraci}} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Salisbury | first1 = |author1-link=Franciscus B. Salisbury | last2 = Ross | first2 = Cleon W. | edition = 4a | title = Plant Physiology | year = [[1992]] | isbn = 0-534-15162-0 | publisher = Wadsworth Publishing | location = Belmont, Californiae }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Taiz | first1 = Lincoln | last2 = Zeiger | first2 = Eduardo | title = Plant Physiology | url = https://archive.org/details/plantphysiology00taiz_0 | year = [[1991]] | isbn = 0-8053-0245-X | publisher = Benjamin/Cummings Publishing | location = Redwood City, Californiae }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Taiz | first1 = Lincoln | last2 = Zeiger | first2 = Eduardo | edition = 3a | title = Plant Physiology | year = [[2002]] | isbn = 0-87893-823-0 | publisher = Sinauer Associates | location = Sunderland, Massachusettae }} * {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Taiz | first1 = Lincoln | last2 = Zeiger | first2 = Eduardo | edition = 4a | title = Plant Physiology | url = https://archive.org/details/plantphysiology0000taiz_y5k4 | year = [[2006]] | isbn = 0-87893-856-7 | publisher = Sinauer Associates | location = Sunderland, Massachusettae }}. * {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Taiz | first1 = Lincoln | last2 = Zeiger | first2 = Eduardor | edition = 5a | title = Plant Physiology | url = https://archive.org/details/plantphysiology0000taiz | year = [[2010]] | isbn = 0-87893-866-4 | publisher = Sinauer Associates | location = Sunderland, Massachusettae }}. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Botany|botanice}} {{biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Botanica|!]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Biologia}} 3tdvlj0pzkuc1u9cem0odgasvaln6zj 0 85 3979894 3978332 2026-08-09T21:07:09Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} [[Fasciculus:Protein alignment.jpg|thumb|500px|[[Quattuor]] sequentiae [[acidum aminicum|acidorum aminicorum]] [[haemoglobinum|haemoglobini]], principalis [[sanguis]] [[proteinum|proteini]].]] '''Biotechnologia''' (-ae, ''f.'') est [[technologia|ars biologica]] quae [[bacterium|bacteriis]], [[fungus|fungis]], [[planta|plantis]], [[animal]]ibus, [[organismus|organis]], [[cellula|cellulis]], [[organellum|organellisque]] utitur ad varia bona creanda, sicut [[cibus|cibos]], [[vestimenta|vestita]], [[medicina]]s, et caetera. Productio [[panis]], [[cervisia]]e, [[vinum|vini]], [[acetum|acetique]] biotechnologia longe utitur. [[Homo|Homines]] temporibus [[Aegyptus|Aegyptorum]] [[faex|faece]] utebantur ut [[carbonii dioxidum]] in [[panis|pane]] cervisiaque efficeretur. [[Romani antiqui|Romani]] [[acetobacterium|acetobacteriis]] usi sunt ut [[vinum]] in [[acetum]] mutetur, sed biotechnologia omnes [[agricultura]]e [[ars|artes]] antiquas cohibet, etiam novas hodiernas laboratioriales{{dubsig}} quas ut agriculturales hodie non considerant. Ecce bona hodierna biotechnologica: [[penicillinum]], [[antibiotica]], [[vaccina]]. At biotechnologia saepe [[Diversitas biologica|biodiversitatem]] violare potest, e.g. [[clonizatio]] humana, si non recte utentur. {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Bioethica]] * [[Biologia molecularis]] * [[Conventio de Diversitate Biologica]] * [[Clonizatio]] * [[Genetica]] * [[Informatio genetica]] * [[Ingeniaria biomedica]] * [[Organismus genetice mutatus]] * [[Psychotechnologia]] * [[Prosthesis (instrumentum)]] * [[Res novae virides]] * [[Securitas cibaria]] * [[Transhumanismus]] * [[Technologia genetica]] {{div col end}} ==Bibliographia== * {{cite book |last=Friedman |first=Yali|title=Building Biotechnology: Starting, Managing, and Understanding Biotechnology Companies |url=http://www.buildingbiotechnology.com |publisher=Logos Press |location=Vasingtoniae |year=[[2008]] |isbn=978-0973467635}} * {{cite book |author=Oliver, Richard W. |title=The Coming Biotech Age |year=2000 |url=https://archive.org/details/comingbiotechage00oliv |isbn=0-07-135020-9 }} * {{cite journal |author=Powell, Walter W.; White, Douglas R.; Koput, Kenneth W.; Owen-Smith, Jason |title=Network Dynamics and Field Evolution: The Growth of Interorganizational Collaboration in the Life Sciences |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-sociology_2005-01_110_4/page/1132 |journal=American Journal of Sociology |volume=110 |issue=4 |pages=1132–1205 |year=[[2005]] |doi=10.1086/421508}} Viviana Zelizer Best Paper in Economic Sociology Award (2005–2006), American Sociological Association. * {{cite book |last=Zaid |first=A. |coauthors= H. G. Hughes, E. Porceddu, F. Nicholas|title= Glossary of Biotechnology for Food and Agriculture: A Revised and Augmented Edition of the Glossary of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering. Available in English, French, Spanish, Chinese, Arabic, Russian, Polish, Serbian, Vietnamese and Kazakh |url= http://www.fao.org/biotech/biotech-glossary/en/|year=[[2001]] |publisher=[[FAO]] |location= Romae|isbn=92-5-104683-2}} ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Biotechnology|Biotechnologiam}} * [http://naldr.nal.usda.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/E6870001.XML?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=National%20Agricultural%20Library%20Digital%20Repository&Index=AH|AH2|AIB|BIC|Books|ERS|FVMNR|JAR|MP|ROS|Rural|TB|USDA_Div_Bulletin|WPC|YOA1|YOA2&Docs=&Query=biotechnology&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&UseQField=&IntQFieldOp=1&ExtQFieldOp=1&XmlQuery=&Doc=%3Cdocument%20name%3D%22E6870001.XML%22%20path%3D%22\\NALDR\DIGITAL\ZYFILES\INDEXDATA\ERS\XML\2008\00000002\%22%20index%3D%22ERS%22%2F%3E&File=\\NALDR\DIGITAL\ZYFILES\INDEXDATA\ERS\XML\2008\00000002\E6870001.XML&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=&SortMethod=h|-&MaximumDocuments=20&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r85g16/r85g16/x150y150g16/i500&Display=hpfrw&DefSeekPage=f&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page ''Agricultural Biotechnology: An Economic Perspective''] (USDA Economic Research Service, 1994), naldr.nal.usda.gov {{Ars ingeniaria}} {{Technologia}} [[Categoria:Biotechnologia]] [[Categoria:Scientia]]<!--PRO TEM, pro Biotechnologia--> [[Categoria:Technologia]]<!--PRO TEM, pro Biotechnologia--> {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Technologia}} 0ekfmrs2uttgeqj938sa71ttln5pigq 0 107 3979996 3978832 2026-08-09T22:58:16Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 4 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} {{multiple image | perrow = 2 / 2 / 2 | total_width = 300 | image1 = Babbage Difference Engine (Setting the input parameters).jpg | alt1 = Parametros ingressus constituendo. | image2 = Colossus.jpg | alt2 = Computatrum Colossus Mark 2 a Dorothea Du Boisson (sinistra) et Elsie Booker (dextra) administratum, anno 1943. | image3 = ENIAC-changing_a_tube.jpg | alt3 = Vir unum tubum vacuum ex centum in computatro primo substituens. | image4 = ThinkCentre S50.jpg | alt4 = Computatrum nigrum cum monitore supra et claviatura ante. | image5 = Gamecube-console.jpg | alt5 = Consola ludorum electronicorum purpurea cum moderatore adnexo. | image6 = LYF WATER 2 Smartphone.JPG | alt6 = Telephonum gestabile cum ostentatione arcus caelestis in manu tentum. | image7 = Summit (supercomputer).jpg | alt7 = Ordines armariorum computatralium magnorum et obscurorum in cubiculo simili horreo. | footer = Computatra et apparatus computandi ex variis aetatibus. ¶ Summus ordo: Automatica machina calculatoria (1820) ([[machina differentiarum]]) et computatrum aetatis primae ([[computatrum colossus]]) ¶ Ordo medius: primum tuborum inanium<!--vacuum--> computatrum ([[ENIAC]]) et [[supercomputatrum]] (IBM [[Summit (supercomputer)|Summit]]) ¶ Ordo imus: [[monitor]] ([[IBM|IBM ThinkCentre S50]]) [[cartibulum visificum lusorium]] ([[Nintendo GameCube]]) et [[Sophophonum]] (LYF Water 2). }} {{res|Computatrum}},<ref name=NSLO>[[Ebbe Vilborg]], ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok,'' editio secunda (2009).</ref> sive {{tres|(instrumentum) '''computatorium'''}},<ref name=NSLO/> sive {{res|ordinatrum}},<ref>John C. Traupman, ''Latin and English Dictionary,'' ed. tertia (Novi Eboraci: Bantam Books, 2007), 499, s.v. ''ordinatrum.''</ref><ref name=NSLO/> est [[machina]] [[electronica digitalia|digitalis et electronica]] quod programmari potest ut [[sequentia (mathematica)|sequentias]] [[arithmetica]]s vel [[logica]]s ([[computatio]]nes) automatarie faciat. Computatra hodierna genericas operationum [[copia]]s exsequi possunt, quae [[programma computatrale|programmata]] appellantur, propter quae computatra varia pensa efficere possunt. Omnis {{subres|[[apparatus computatralis]]}} est congeries elementorum quae computatrum formant; quae plerumque sunt [[memoria computatralis|memoria interna]], [[systema internum]] ([[corpus programmatum]]), et [[periphericum|peripherica]], [[arma]] ad computatrum plene et recte operandum necessaria. Hoc [[vocabulum]] etiam ad copiam computatrum quae coniunguntur ut una operentur, sicut [[reticulum computatrale]] et [[fasciculus computatrorum]]. Genus computatrorum quod quocumque facile portari potest [[computatrum gestabile]] nuncupatur. ==Partes computatrorum== [[Fasciculus:Personal computer, exploded 4.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Despectus in computatrum stationis: 1, [[monitorium|monitorium, tabulatrum seu quadrum visificum]]; 2, [[tabula materna]]; 3, [[processorium centrale|processorium centrale (CPU)]]; 4, portus ATA; 5, [[RAM|memoria volatilis (RAM)]]; 6, tabula expansionis; 7, fons electricus; 8, [[discus compactus|discus compactus (DC)]]; 9, [[discus fixus]]; 10, [[plectrologium]] (claviatura); 11, [[mus (computatralis)|mus]].]] Quattuor computatro sunt armaturae partes: organum gubernans, arithmeticum, [[memoria computatralis|memoriale]], [[GUI|graphicum]]. [[Processorium medium]] (CPU) est intima computatri pars, quae omnes operationes gubernat. [[Coprocessorium|Coprocessorium arithmeticum]] quod et saepe media processorii pars est; paene omnes computationes [[arithmetica]]s efficit. [[Data]] in [[memoria]]e generibus [[RAM]] et [[ROM]] nominatis servantur. Ad data conservanda [[discus fixus|disci fixi]] et rigidi et flexibiles adhibebantur, sed paulo abhinc rudiculae memoriam cohibentes ([[Memoria USB]]) loco discorum flexibilium praeferuntur. [[Organum graphicum]] in tabulatrum quasi [[quadrum]] visificum scribit et plurimas computationes de datis graphicis facit. ==Programmata computatralia== [[Programma computatrale|Programmata computatralia]] sunt documenta iussa computatralia cohibentia, quae medio [[processor|processorio]] exhibita computatro agenda mandant. Programmatum fundamentalium coniunctum, quod [[systema administrativum computatrale|systema administrativum]] appellatur, functiones et interactiones computatri administrat. Alia programmata fundamentalia sunt programmata compilandi, editionis, tabulae computativae, nuntia electronica scribendi, per interrete navigandi necnon [[:Categoria:Ludi computatrales|ludorum computatralium]]. ==Aetas computatrorum== Prima computatra electronica annis instruebantur ab [[1930]] ad [[1940]] ab [[Ioanne Atanasov]], [[Civitates Foederatae|Americano]] [[Bulgaria|Bulgaricae]] originis, sed re vera aetas computatrorum coepere anno [[1977]] dicitur, cum societates [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[IBM]], et Commodore prima [[computatrum personale|computatra personalia]] introducerent. Et die [[12 Augusti]] [[1981]], IBM primum computatrum personale pro [[merx|mercato]]{{dubsig}} creavit. Deinde, cum investigatores institutionis Europeanae [[CERN]] [[Tela totius terrae|telam totius terrae]] anno [[1991]] nuntiarent, [[interrete|systema interretiale mundiale]], quod paene omnia computatra mundi committit, ortum est. Hodie homines totius mundi computatris ad [[labor]]andum, [[scriptura|scribendum]], [[communicatio|communicandum]], computandumque utuntur. Die [[30 Iunii]] [[2022]], 7&thinsp;933&thinsp;000&thinsp;000 hominum interreti utebantur.<ref>Secundum [https://web.archive.org/web/20200522094328/https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm ''Statistica interretialia orbis''].</ref> == Domus effectrices computatrorum == {{div col|2}} *[[Acer]] *[[Apple Inc.]] *[[Asus]] *[[Commodore]] (defunctus) *[[Compaq]] *[[Dell Computatra|Dell]] *[[Hewlett-Packard]] *[[Lenovo]], quondam [[IBM]] {{div col end}} == Domus effectrices programmatum computatralium == {{div col|2}} *[[Adobe Systems]] *[[Apple Computatra|Apple]] *[[Canonical]] *[[Computer Sciences Corporation]] *[[Electronic Data Systems]] *[[Google]] *[[HP]] *[[Microsoft]] *[[Nintendo]] *[[Oracle]] *[[SAP]] {{div col end}} == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Acer Aspire 8920 Gemstone.jpg|[[Computatrum gestabile]]. Columbia Supercomputer - NASA Advanced Supercomputing Facility.jpg|[[Supercomputatrum]]. Intertec Superbrain.jpg|[[Microcomputatrum]]. 2010-01-26-technikkrempel-by-RalfR-05.jpg|Pars computatralis technica. Thinking Machines Connection Machine CM-5 Frostburg 2.jpg|Connection Machine. G5 supplying Wikipedia via Gigabit at the Lange Nacht der Wissenschaften 2006 in Dresden.JPG|Disci rigidi. DM IBM S360.jpg|Computatrum ''mainframe.'' Acorn BBC Master Series Microcomputer.jpg|Microcomputatrum. Dell PowerEdge Servers.jpg|Servitor Dell. Raspberry-Pi-3-Flat-Top.jpg|Computatrum [[PCB]] ''[[Raspberry Pi]]'' ([[crustum]] [[Rubus idaeus|rubidaei]]) inscriptum. </gallery> {{NexInt}} {{div col|3}} * [[Automaton communicativum]] * [[Boto radiophoni]] * [[Calculatrum]] * [[Carta memorialis]] * [[Computatio in nube datorum]] * [[Computator]] * [[Computatrum gestabile]] * [[Computatrum tabulare]] * [[Consola lusoria]] * [[Consola lusoria gestabilis]] * [[Electronica digitalis]] * [[ENIAC]] * [[Glossarium verborum computatralium]] * [[Innovatio disruptiva]] * [[Informationis technologia]] * [[Interfacies utentis]] * [[Interrete]] * [[Lingua programmationis]] * [[Machinatio Anticytherensis]] * ''[[Malware]]'' * [[OpenVMS]] * [[Processorium centrale]] * [[Programma computatrale]] * [[Programmatura computratralis]] * [[RAM]] * [[ROM]] * [[Simulatio computatralis]] * [[Systema administrativum computatrale]] * [[Texton]] * [[Vicipaedia:Verba technologica]] {{div col end}} == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * {{cite book | ref = BERK | last = Berkeley | first = Edmund | year = [[1949]] | title = Giant Brains, or Machines That Think | url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285568 | location = Novi Eboraci| publisher = John Wiley & Sons }}. * {{cite book | first=B. V. | last=Bowden | title=Faster than thought | year= [[1953]] | publisher=Pitman publishing corporation | location= Novi Eboraci, Toronti, Londinii | ref=BOWDEN }}. * {{cite journal | ref = AIKEN| last = Cohen| first = Bernard| year = [[2000]]| title = Howard Aiken, Portrait of a computer pioneer | journal = Physics Today| volume = 53| issue = 3| pages = 74–75| publisher=The MIT Press | location = Cantabrigiae Massachusettae |isbn= 978-0-262-53179-5 | bibcode = 2000PhT....53c..74C| doi = 10.1063/1.883007}}. * {{cite book|last=Collier|first=Bruce|title=The little engine that could've: The calculating machines of Charles Babbage|year= [[1970]] |publisher=Garland Publishing|isbn=978-0-8240-0043-1|url=http://robroy.dyndns.info/collier/index.html|ref=COLLIER|access-date=24 Octobris 2013|archive-date=20 Ianuarius 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070120190231/http://robroy.dyndns.info/collier/index.html|url-status=live}}. * {{cite book | ref = COUFFIGNAL| last = Couffignal| first = Louis| year = [[1933]] | title = Les machines à calculer; leurs principes, leur évolution | publisher=Gauthier-Villars | location= Lutetiae }}. * {{Cite book | ref = DEC | author = Digital Equipment Corporation | publisher = Digital Equipment Corporation | location = Maynard in Massachusetta | title = PDP-11/40 Processor Handbook | url = https://www.minttwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/D-09-30-PDP11-40-Processor-Handbook.pdf | year = [[1972]] | author-link = | access-date = 27 Novembris 2017 | archive-date = 1 December 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171201030856/https://www.minttwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/D-09-30-PDP11-40-Processor-Handbook.pdf | url-status = live }}. * {{Cite book|last=Evans|first=Claire L.|title=Broad Band: The Untold Story of the Women Who Made the Internet|publisher=Portfolio/Penguin|year=[[2018]]|isbn=9780735211759|location=Novi Eboraci |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C8ouDwAAQBAJ&q=9780735211759&pg=PP1|access-date=9 November 2020|archive-date=28 Februarii 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228124923/https://books.google.com/books?id=C8ouDwAAQBAJ&q=9780735211759&pg=PP1|url-status=live}} * {{cite book | ref = JACWEB | last = Essinger | first = James | year = [[2004]] | title = Jacquard's Web, How a hand loom led to the birth of the information age | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-280577-5 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/jacquardswebhowh0000essi }}. * {{cite book | ref=FELT | last=Felt | first=Dorr E. | title=Mechanical arithmetic, or The history of the counting machine | publisher=Washington Institute | location= Sicagi | year= [[1916]] | url=https://archive.org/details/mechanicalarithm00feltrich }}. * {{cite journal |last1=Fuegi |first1=J. |last2=Francis |first2=J. |s2cid=40077111 |title=Lovelace & Babbage and the creation of the 1843 'notes' |url=https://archive.org/details/ieee-annals-of-the-history-of-computing_october-december-2003_25_4/page/16 |journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=16 |year=[[2003]] |doi=10.1109/MAHC.2003.1253887}}. * {{cite book | ref=HYMAN | last=Hyman | first=Anthony | title=Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the Computer | url=https://archive.org/details/charlesbabbagepi0000hyma_w1r3 | publisher=Princeton University Press | year= [[1985]] | isbn=978-0-691-02377-9 }}. * {{cite book | ref = IFRAH | last = Ifrah | first = Georges | year = [[2001]] | title = The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quantum Computer | location = Novi Eboraci | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | isbn = 978-0-471-39671-0 | url = https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_w3q2 }}. * {{cite book | author = Kempf, Karl | title = Historical Monograph: Electronic Computers Within the Ordnance Corps | publisher = Aberdeen Proving Ground (United States Army) | url = http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/U-S-Ord-61.html | year = [[1961]] | access-date = 24 Octobris 2006 | archive-date = 16 Octobris 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061016040329/http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/U-S-Ord-61.html | url-status = live }}. * {{Cite book|last=Lavington |first=Simon |title=A History of Manchester Computers |year= [[1998]] |edition=secunda |publisher=The British Computer Society |location=Swindon |isbn=978-0-902505-01-8 }}. * {{Cite journal|last=Light|first=Jennifer S.|date= [[1999]] |title=When Computers Were Women|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_technology-and-culture_1999-07_40_3/page/455|journal=Technology and Culture|volume=40|issue=3|pages=455–483|doi=10.1353/tech.1999.0128|jstor=25147356|s2cid=108407884}}. * {{cite book | ref = LIGO| last = Ligonnière| first = Robert| year = [[1987]] | title = Préhistoire et Histoire des ordinateurs | publisher=Robert Laffont | location= Lutetiae| isbn = 978-2-221-05261-7 }}. * {{cite web |ref={{harvid|TOP500|2006}} |url=http://www.top500.org/lists/2006/11/overtime/Architectures |title=Architectures Share Over Time |access-date=27 Novembris 2006 |last=Meuer |first=Hans |author-link= |author2=Strohmaier, Erich |author3=Simon, Horst |author4=Dongarra, Jack |author4-link= |date=13 Novembris [[2006]] |publisher=TOP500 |archive-date=20 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220095222/http://www.top500.org/lists/2006/11/overtime/Architectures }}. * {{cite book | first=Maboth | last=Moseley | title=Irascible Genius, Charles Babbage, inventor | year= [[1964]] | publisher=Hutchinson | location= Londinii | ref=GENIUS }}. * {{cite web | last = Phillips | first = Tony | publisher = American Mathematical Society | year = [[2000]] | title = The Antikythera Mechanism I | url = http://www.math.sunysb.edu/~tony/whatsnew/column/antikytheraI-0400/kyth1.html | access-date = 5 April 2006 | archive-date = 27 April 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060427070236/http://www.math.sunysb.edu/~tony/whatsnew/column/antikytheraI-0400/kyth1.html | url-status = live }}. * {{cite web |url=http://www.cs.ncl.ac.uk/publications/articles/papers/398.pdf |title=From Analytical Engine to Electronic Digital Computer: The Contributions of Ludgate, Torres, and Bush |last1=Randell |first1=Brian |author-link1=Brian Randell |year = [[1982]] |access-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055055/http://www.cs.ncl.ac.uk./publications/articles/papers/398.pdf |archive-date=21 Septembris 2013 |ref=RANDELL}}, * {{cite journal |last=Schmandt-Besserat |first=Denise |author-link= |date= [[1999]] |title=Tokens: The Cognitive Significance |journal=Documenta Praehistorica |volume=XXVI |url=http://www.laits.utexas.edu/ghazal/Chap1/dsb/chapter1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130084757/http://www.laits.utexas.edu/ghazal/Chap1/dsb/chapter1.html |archive-date=30 Ianuariua 2012 }}. * {{Cite journal |last=Schmandt-Besserat |first=Denise |author-link= |year= [[1981]] |title=Decipherment of the earliest tablets |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1981-01-16_211_4479/page/283 |journal=Science |volume=211 |issue=4479 |pages=283–285 |doi=10.1126/science.211.4479.283 |pmid=17748027 |bibcode=1981Sci...211..283S}}. * Shannon, Claude Elwood. [[1940]]. "A symbolic analysis of relay and switching circuits." Thesis. Cantabrigiae in Massachusetta: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Hdl 1721.1/11173. * {{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=Erika E.|date = [[2013]] |title=Recognizing a Collective Inheritance through the History of Women in Computing|journal=CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture|volume=15|issue=1|pages=1–9 |doi=10.7771/1481-4374.1972|doi-access=free}}. * {{Cite book | last = Stokes | first = Jon | title = Inside the Machine: An Illustrated Introduction to Microprocessors and Computer Architecture | url = https://archive.org/details/insidemachineill0000stok | year = [[2007]] | publisher = No Starch Press | location = Franciscopoli | isbn = 978-1-59327-104-6 }}. * {{Cite journal | ref = SWADE | first = Doron D. | last = Swade | title = Redeeming Charles Babbage's Mechanical Computer | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_1993-02_268_2/page/86 | journal = Scientific American |date=Februarius [[1993]] | volume = 268 |issue = 2 | pages = 86–91 | jstor = 24941379 | bibcode = 1993SciAm.268b..86S | doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican0293-86 }}. * {{Cite book | ref= ZUSE| last = Zuse| first = Konrad | title = The Computer: My life | url= https://archive.org/details/computermylife0000zuse| year = [[1993]] | publisher = Pringler-Verlag | location = Berolini | isbn = 978-0-387-56453-1 }}.<!-- * {{Cite conference |last1=Verma |first1=G. |last2=Mielke |first2=N. | title = Reliability performance of ETOX based flash memories | conference = IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium | year = [[1988]] }}.--> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Computers|computatra}} {{Victionarium|computer|computatrum}} *[http://www.obta.uw.edu.pl/%7Edraco/docs/voccomp.html ''Vocabula computatralia''] {{Ling|Anglice|Latine}} (caute adhibenda ob multas mendas). *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722185754/http://commons.wvc.edu/sberard/boreoccidentales/latin/Scitu%20Digna/Vocabulorum%20Computatralium.aspx ''Index Vocabulorum Computatoriorum''] {{ling|Anglice}} *[http://www.oldenbourg.de/osv/download/pdf/vocabula_computatralia.pdf ''Vocabula computatralia.''] {{Ling|Theodisce|Latine}}. *[http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/institutions_connected/latinitas/documents/rc_latinitas_20040601_lexicon_it.html#c Lexicon Vaticanum]. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090919/https://homepages.fhv.at/se/ws2002/im01/pr3im01_addon_mythologie_info.pdf Ad etymologiam]. {{technologia}} [[Categoria:Computatra|!]] [[Categoria:Informatica]] [[Categoria:Technologia digitalis]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Technologia}} 1ej30q6cswz37j2fo0pfn9sl3fffnru 0 164 3979828 3978536 2026-08-09T20:06:49Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} {{Videdis|Cicero (discretiva)}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{res|Marcus Tullius Cicero}} (natus [[3 Ianuarii]] [[106 a.C.n.]]; mortuus [[7 Decembris]] [[43 a.C.n.|43]]) fuit [[orator]], [[philosophus]], [[poeta]], [[ars rhetorica|rhetor]], [[civilitas|vir rei publicae]] peritissimus, qui idem excellentissimus [[scriptor]], peritus illius clari [[lingua Latina|sermonis]], aestimari solet. Ipse fuit primus in [[gens Tullia|gente Tullia]] qui Cicero appellatus est, et cognomen traxisse dicitur a [[cicer]]ibus, quod eius [[legumen|leguminis]] ferendi rationem optime calleret. Alii ab habitu [[facies|faciei]] eum ita cognominatum putant, vel quod maculis ciceri similibus aspersus esset, vel quod in extrema nasi parte [[Tuber (fungus)|tuber]]culum figura ciceris habuerit. == Vita == [[Fasciculus:Marci Tullii Ciceronis Opera Omnia.tif|thumb|''Opera omnia'', 1566]] Cicero [[Arpinum|Arpini]] in [[municipium|municipio]] [[Latium|Latio]] natus est anno [[106 a.C.n.|centesimo sexto ante Christum natum]]. [[Formiae]] autem necatus scelere iussu [[Marcus Antonius|M. Antoni]] patrato est anno [[43 a.C.n.|quadragesimo tertio ante Christum natum]]. Cicero [[puer]] [[Roma]]e informatus ad omne disciplinae genus est, una cum fratre suo. [[Gens Tullia]] antiqua nobilitate equestri nota possidebat haud parvam rem familiarem fortunasque satis amplas, ut quae ingeniosissimo puero liberalem institutionem suppeditare possent. Cicero, qui [[nihil]] in re publica immutari volebat, aegre quidem ferebat se cum [[Gaius Marius|Mario]], qui tunc celebrior esset longeque paratior ad res novandas, comparari. === De iuventute === Cicero Romae educatus, ubi (sint modo vera quae apud [[Plutarchus|Plutarchum]], modo respuendus, modo locuples auctor, legimus) egregio ingenio praeditus, ceteris condiscipulis suis praestabat,<ref>Plutarchus, Cicero 2.2.</ref> et liberalibus studiis imbutus magistros, sicut [[Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex|Mucium Scaevolam]], habuit partim ibidem, partim doctissimos in [[Graecia]] viros. Satis constat Ciceroni, id quod ille saepius commemoravit, ab initio eam philosophorum sectam placuisse, cuius praecepta cum ad ingenium tum ad negotia oratoris optime referri posse viderentur. [[Academia|Academicos]] enim recentiores, qui nihil pro certo haberent, recusavit tamquam disiunctos a vita vera usuque rerum, quem [[philosophia]]e ille tam prope vinciendum aestimavit ut mores cuique et sententias, ac praesertim acta moderatio philosophiae regeret. Philosophiam enim Cicero in primis usui destinari censuit, utpote quae mentem animumque erudiat, cogitantem hominem ad mortem beatam praeparet metuque levaret: philosophia, velum detrahens vitae terrestribus rebus artissime constrictae, dolorem vitae imminuens, pura aeternaque adpetens, docere secundum Ciceronem debuit morti obviam ire quasi e corporis vinculis tandem liberaremur, qua laxatione solum referret quo propius iustitiam moderationemque a nobis agnitas vixissemus, quamque constanter vitae tulissemus dolores. Cicero quidem [[Philo]]nem secutus est, qui non solum [[ars rhetorica|artem oratoriam]] simul atque philosophiam doceret, verum hanc etiam ab illa secerni posse negaret. A [[Sophistae|sophistis]] enim profectus, si sapientia cum eloquentia coniungeretur, eam demum [[humanitas|humanitatem]] esse dixit. Neque etiam fieri potuit, quin Cicero ad doctrinam Philonis ipsam libenter traheretur. Qui affirmavit semper in utramque partem esse disputandum nec, quid verum esset, quaerendum, sed, quod cuique veri simile esse videretur, id esse tenendum. Nec mirum; nam Ciceronis ipsius omnis ars in eo nitebatur, quod audientibus persuaderi posset. Cicero etiam conatus est versificare, in quibus numerantur conversiones [[Homerus|Homeri]] et ''[[Phaenomena (Aratus)|Phaenomenorum]]'' [[Aratus Solensis|Arati]], ad quas [[Publius Vergilius Maro|Vergilius]] postea in ''[[Georgica|Georgicon]]'' libris praecepta quaedam rettulit colonorum. Singulari fuit atque eximia eloquentiae facultate, cuius ope imprimis actionibus [[Gaius Verres|Verrinis]], quamquam homo novus erat, per omnes honorum gradus suo anno ad consulatum adscendit. Antea intrans cursum honorum, Cicero erat miles cum Pompeiano Strabone in Bello Sociali, tum in [[cursus honorum|cursum honorum]] adulescens intrat: fuit [[quaestor]] anno 76 a.C.n., dein proquaestor provinciae [[Sicilia]]e; [[aedilis]] anno 69; [[praetor]] anno 66. Omnes magistratus in suo anno egit. === De consulatu === [[Fasciculus:Cilicia (Imperium Romanum).png|thumb|Provinciae Romanae: [[Cilicia]] [[flavus|flavo]] colore est, cuius provinciae annis a [[51 a.C.n.|51]] ad [[50 a.C.n.]] fuit Cicero [[proconsul]].]] In consulatu ([[63 a.C.n.]]), [[Catilina]]e [[Catilinae coniuratio|coniurationem]] detexit, et rem publicam ab exitio servavit, quam ob rem est a populo conclamatus [[Pater Patriae]], sed cum quosdam patricios Catilinae socios, indicta causa, ex senatus consultu in [[carcer]]e necandos curavisset, [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Publio Clodio]] legem ferente in exsilium pulsus est. Decimo sexto autem mense decreto senatus revocatus est. post Cicero erat consul, Cicero factus est proconsul Ciliciae anno [[51 a.C.n.]] Cicero, qui mirum in modum sui laudandi cupidus erat, primum consul [[epistula]]m de rebus a se gestis magnam ad [[Pompeii|Pompeium]] misit, quae periit non secus atque cetera eius opera de ea re confecta. Tum spes in [[Archias|Archia]] poeta Graeco posuit, qui morem ab [[Ennius|Ennio]] institutum secutus eoque tempore multa admiratione affectus in viris illustribus populi Romani celebrandis desudabat. Ab eo, qui [[carmen heroicum]] unum ad [[Quintus Lutatius Catulus|Catulum]] de bello cum [[Cimbri]]s gesto, alterum de victoria a [[Lucius Licinius Lucullus|Lucullo]] de [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridate]] reportata scripserat, Cicero impetrare voluit, ut consulatus etiam sui laudes caneret. Ideo pro Archia accusato, quod fraude civitatem sibi Romanam comparavisset, anno [[62 a.C.n.|62]], causam dixit oratione, quae exstat. Anno vero proximo mense Maio, ad [[Titus Pomponius Atticus|Atticum]] amicum scripsit Archiam a [[Lucullus|Lucullo]] ad [[Metelli|Metellos]] studium videri contulisse suum (Att. 1.16.14 sq.), quam ob rem ipse denique laudes suas inchoavit. === De senectute et morte === Cicero, [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] in [[Gallia]] bellum gerente, multas orationes civiles Romae habuit; multas litteras conscripsit. Nihil paene de sexto decennio novimus, nisi ille orationibus tempora descripsisset. Multos defendit accusavitque, ideoque permulta nomina nobis tradita sunt, quorum semina non habemus. Cicero in [[bellum civile|bello civili]] [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompeium]] Caesari reconciliare temptavit, quia Gaium Iulium Caesarem [[pontifex maximus|pontificem maximum]] cognovit; Pompeium autem consularem appellavit. Cum religionem Caesaris auctoritatemque Pompei imperatoris fundamenta rei publicae habenda esse postularet, pluris tamen iuris auctoritatem quam religionis aestimavit. Bello civili stetit a partibus Pompeii; nihilominus, a Caesare victore veniam impetravit. Quo interfecto, [[Triumviratus|triumviris]] Romae velut regnantibus, [[Marcus Antonius|Antonii]] et [[Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus Augustus|Octavii]] et [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus|Lepidi]] Cicero [[Proscriptiones (43 a.C.n.)|proscriptus]] ab Herennio [[Centurio|centurione]] et Popillio [[Tribunus militum|tribuno militum]] occisus est, quem parricidii reum olim defenderat. Annos natus 64, cum a villa sua prope [[Capua]]m ad mare fugiens lectica deferretur, Cicero trucidatus est iussu Antonii, quem orationibus "[[Philippicae (Cicero)|Philippicis]]" suis ille summopere irritaverat. Ad Antonium caput Ciceronis et manus praecisae delatae sunt et in [[rostrum|rostris]] deinde expositae.<ref>[[Plutarchus]], ''Cicero'' 48–49. [[Annaeus Seneca maior|Seneca Maior]], ''Suasoriae'' 6.17; 6.22 (= Livius: [[Ab urbe condita]], fragmenta 59 et 60). [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bell. civ.'' IV,73-82.</ref> [[Fulvia (uxor Antonii)|Fulvia]] vero Antonii uxor linguam crinali acu repetitis ictibus, multisque exsecrationibus, feminea vindicatione transfixit. Qui circumstabant horruisse dicuntur gaudium quo Fulvia mariti honorem, Cicerone oratore tam diu ludibrio publico praebitum, ulta est cum Ciceronis linguam acu transfigeret manusque insultaret quas ille candidas mollesque agitavisset odium in Antonium senatui pleno etiam atque etiam verbis commovens atrocibus.<ref>[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/47*.html#8.4].</ref> Res tamen facta, quamvis petulanter, finis auctoritatem Romae habuit, cum terminum tam publicum tam publico bello imposuit quod Cicero cum Antonio ferociter gesserat, Flavia Antonium maritum victorem clamante, victumque Ciceronem usque in ipsius ore inimicum punitum. === De familia === Cicero uxorem duxit [[Terentia (uxor Ciceronis)|Terentiam]] et ex ea genuit [[Marcus Tullius Cicero (Iunior)|Marcum]] filium atque [[Tullia (filia Ciceronis)|Tulliam]] filiam (de cuius morte vehementer doluit). Habuit [[Quintus Tullius Cicero|Quintum]] praeterea fratrem. Cicero quoque erat cognatus Mario per aviam Gratidiam. == Opera == Plurima composuit, quorum maior pars exstat: multos [[liber|libros]] de eloquentia [[philosophia]]que, elegantissimas [[epistula]]s, multas et peritissimas [[oratio]]nes, necnon fragmenta [[carmen|carminum]]. Opera Ciceronis documenta uberrima illius temporis habenda sunt quo respublica est in imperium conversa, quo motu cursus gentium Italiae Europaeque vehementer inflexus in perpetuum est, atque post [[Europa]]m, vita orbis reliqui totius terrarum. Cicero inter patres [[lingua Latina|linguae Latinae]] vocari potest, ac nisi ille facultates verba [[philosophia Graeca|philosophiae Graecae]] in linguam Latinam [[interpres|vertendi]] adhibuisset, multa verba huius disciplinae ignota vel obscura essent. {{Cicero tituli}} == Fortuna == [[Fasciculus:William Blake - Marcus Tullius Cicero - Manchester City Gallery - Tempera on canvas c 1800.jpg|thumb|Cicero famam perennem habet: hic, anno [[1800]], est pictus a [[Gulielmus Blake|Gulielmo Blake]].]] Erant quoque qui Ciceronem suo tempore reprehenderent propter illam verborum copiam, id est supervacuorum verborum flumen, qui ab Seneca quasi deficentia quaedam significationis et studii videbatur. In his recognosces et [[Attica|Atticistarum]] contentionem in Ciceronem, et [[Asia]]norum studium in Ciceronianam concinnitatem, sobriam verborum coniunctorum dispositionem. Ad hoc eius detrectatores maligne ad memoriam revocant versus principem in ''De Consulatu Suo,'' illum infelicem "O fortunatam natam me consule Romam," qui argumentum Ciceronis superbiae ac vaniloquentiae semper ostendebatur. Ciceronem illis famosis verbis se ipsum alterum [[Romulus|Romulum]] esse affirmantem auctor [[invectiva]]e cuiusdam illudit appellans eum "Romule Arpinas".<ref>[[Sallustius|(Pseudo-)Sallustius]], ''In M. Tullium Ciceronem invectiva'' 7.</ref> Sed his duobus milibus annorum qui nos ab illo discernunt, nulla acta est aetas quin Ciceronis facundia culmen linguae Latinae haberetur, quin verbis compositionique et eloquentiae eius maximo ardore studeretur, quin qui Latinas litteras discebant iis magistri proponerent Ciceronis orationes ante alias omnes subito imitandas. == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == [[Fasciculus:Cistophor of Marcus Tullius Cicero.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Cistophorus]] [[Apamea (Phrygia)|Apameae]] cusus cum nomine Marci Tulli Ciceronis qui proconsul [[Cilicia|Ciliciae]] anno 51/[[50 a.C.n.]] fuit.]] * {{Fabricius Latina}} pp. 88-149 * Eleanor Winsor Leach, "Gendering Clodius" in ''Classical World'' vol. 94 (2001) pp. 335-359. * von Albrecht, Michael. ''Cicero's Style: A Synopsis.'' Lugduni Batavorum et Bostoniae: Brill, 2003. ISBN 9004129618. * [[Ernestus Badian|Badian, E]]: "Cicero and the Commission of 146 B.C.", ''Collection Latomus'' 101 (1969), 54-65. * {{Cite book |last=Caldwell |first=Taylor |title=A Pillar of Iron |url=https://archive.org/details/pillarofiron0000cald_l2s6 |publisher=Doubleday & Company |location=New York |year=1965 |isbn=0385053037}}. * Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero’s letters to Atticus, Vol, I, II, IV, VI, [[Cambridge University Press]], Great Britain, 1965. * Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Latin extracts of Cicero on Himself, translated by Charles Gordon Cooper, University of Queensland Press, Brisbane, 1963. * Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Selected Political Speeches, Penguin Books Ltd, Great Britain, 1969. * Cicero, Marcus Tullius, De Officiis (On Duties), conv. [[Walter Miller (philologist)|Walter Miller]]. Harvard University Press, 1913, ISBN 978-0-674-99033-3, ISBN 0-674-99033-1. * Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Selected Works, Penguin Books Ltd, Great Britain, 1971. * Cowell, F R: ''Cicero and the Roman Republic'' (Penguin Books, 1948; liber saepissime impressus) * {{Cite book |last=Everitt |first=Anthony |title=Cicero: the life and times of Rome's greatest politician |url=https://archive.org/details/cicerolifetimeso0000ever |publisher=Random House |location=New York |year=2001 |isbn=0375507469}} * {{Cite book |title=The Last Generation of the Roman Republic |last=Gruen |first=Erich S. |year=1974 |publisher=University of California Press |location= |isbn= }} * {{Cite book |title=This was Cicero |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_O4-BPQ-161 |last=Haskell |first=H. J. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1942 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf}} * Haury, Auguste. ''L'Ironie et l'humeur chez Cicéron.'' Lugduni Batavorum: Brill, 1955. OCLC 381672. * Hutchinson, G. O. ''Cicero's Correspondence: A Literary Study.'' Oxonii: Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-19-815066-0. * {{Cite journal |doi=10.2307/4350381 |last=March |first=Duane A. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1989 |month= |title=Cicero and the 'Gang of Five' |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-world_march-april-1989_82_4/page/225 |journal=Classical World |volume=82 |issue= 4|pages=225–234}}. * May, James M., ed. ''Brill's Companion to Cicero: Oratory and Rhetoric.'' Lugduni Batavorum et Bostoniae: Brill, 2002. ISBN 9004121471. * {{Cite book |title=Cicerone. La parola e la politica |last=Narducci |first=Emanuele |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2009 |publisher=Laterza |location= |isbn=8842076058 }}. * [[Plutarch]] Penguins Classics English translation by Rex Warner, ''Fall of the Roman Republic, Six Lives by Plutarch: Marius, Sulla, Crassus, Pompey, Caesar, Cicero'' (Penguin Books, 1958; with Introduction and notes by Robin Seager, 1972). * Rawson, Beryl: ''The Politics of Friendship: Pompey and Cicero'' (Sydney University Press, 1978). * [[Elizabeth Rawson|Rawson, Elizabeth]]: ** "Cicero the Historian and Cicero the Antiquarian", ''JRS'' 62 (1972), 33-45. ** ''Cicero: A Portrait'' (Allen Lane, Penguin Books Ltd., 1975) ISBN 0-7139-0864-5. Revised edition: Bristol Classical Press, 1983. ISBN 0-86292-051-5. American edition of revised edition: Cornell University Press, 1983. ISBN 0-8014-1628-0 (hardcover); ISBN 0-8014-9256-4 (paperback). * [[H.H. Scullard|Scullard, H. H.]] From the Gracchi to Nero, University Paperbacks, Great Britain, 1968. * Smith, R. E. ''Cicero the Statesman.'' Cambridge University Press, 1966. * Steel, Catherine, ed. ''Cambridge Companion to Cicero.'' Cantabridgiae: Cambridge University Press, 2013. ISBN 978-0521729802. * Stockton, David: ''Cicero: A Political Biography'' (Oxford University Press, 1971). * {{Cite document |last=Strachan-Davidson |first=James Leigh |title=Cicero and the Fall of the Roman Republic |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=1936}}. * Stroup, Sarah Culpepper. ''Catullus, Cicero, and a society of patrons: the Generation of the Text.'' Cantabridgiae: Cambridge University Press, 2010. ISBN 9780521513906. * {{Cite document |last=Taylor |first=H. |title=Cicero: A sketch of his life and works |url=https://archive.org/details/cicerosketchofhi00taylrich |location=Chicago |publisher=A. C. McClurg & Co. |year=1918}}. * Tatum, W. J. [[1990]]. "Cicero and the Bona Dea Scandal." ''Classical Philology'' 85: 202-208. * Thorbecke, J. R. [[1818]].l ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140810102554/http://home.kpn.nl/~dmjanssen1960/cicero_philo_l.html De Principio Philosophiae et Officiorum in Ciceronis Operibus Philosophicis.]'' * Thorbecke, J. R. [[1819]]. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140810112832/http://home.kpn.nl/~dmjanssen1960/cicero_rhetor_l.html Ex iis quae in libris Ciceronis de Oratore a Crasso, Antonio, Caesare, aliis, de Eloquentia disputantur, ipsius efficiatur Ciceronis de perfecto oratore sententia.]''. * Vasaly, Ann. ''Representations: Images of the World in Ciceronian Oratory.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. ISBN 0520077555. * {{Cite book |title=Cicero Imperator: Studies in Cicero's Correspondence 51-47 B.C. |url=https://archive.org/details/ciceroimperators0000wist |last=Wistrand |first=M. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1979 |publisher= |location=Göteborg}}. * {{Cite book |last=Yates |first=Frances A. |title=The Art of Memory |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |year=1974 |isbn=0226950018}}. {{NexInt}} * [[Asconius]] * [[Caerellia]] * [[Fibrenus]] == Nexus externi == {{vicicitatio|Marcus Tullius Cicero|Ciceronem}} {{vicifons|Marcus Tullius Cicero}} {{CommuniaCat|Cicero|Ciceronem}} {{Fontes biographici}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210308010602/http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cic.html Opera] apud [[The Latin Library]] * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20051125123207/http://www.utexas.edu/depts/classics/documents/Cic.html Situs Ciceronis domesticus]" * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071029141407/http://www.slu.edu/colleges/AS/languages/classical/latin/tchmat/pedagogy/latinitas/plut/cic/cicvit1.html Plutarchi ''Vita Ciceronis'' interprete Theodoro Doehner] * Cicero in Catilinam in YouTube: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vggmssbaGKc] {{Lifetime|106 a.C.n.|43 a.C.n.|Cicero, Marcus Tullius}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Consules]] [[Categoria:Deistae]] [[Categoria:Epistolographi]] [[Categoria:Gens Tullia]] [[Categoria:Iuris consulti Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Necati]] [[Categoria:Oratores]] [[Categoria:Philosophi Italiae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Poetae Latini Romae antiquae]] [[Categoria:Praetores]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de arte rhetorica]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de divinatione]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae antiquae]] [[Categoria:Senatores]] [[Categoria:Marcus Tullius Cicero|!]] [[Categoria:Catilinae coniuratio]] [[Categoria:Victimae Belli Civilis (44-30 a.C.n.)]] {{Myrias|Homines}} lbituruzbbgypbgfrxl9t29o37nw3mh 0 237 3979949 3886079 2026-08-09T22:04:05Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979949 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase.jpg|thumb|Enzymum [[nomen proprium|nomine]] purino-nucleoside-phosphorylasis (''PNP'')]] '''Enzymum''' ([[Lingua Graeca|Graece]] ''ἔνζυμον'') est [[molecula]] [[proteinum|proteini]], quae [[Reactio chemica|reactionem chemicam]] et [[biologia|biologicam]] [[catalysis|catalyzat]] activando aut reprimendo. Enzyma, cum proteina sunt (nam nonnumquam [[ARN]] quoque enzymatica opera funguntur et [[ribozymum|ribozyma]] appellantur), ex [[Acidum aminicum|acidis aminicis]] componuntur. Funguntur ut sequitur: [[Substratum (Chemia)|substratum]] (eductum / educta) + enzymum → complexus enzymi et substrati → producta + enzymum. De consuetudine enzymi nomen functionem suam vel substratum suum ac [[cofactor (biochemia)|cofactorem]] describit. == Reactio chemica == {{main|Reactio chemica}} Omnibus organismis perncesse sunt substantiae chemiciae, quae eis structura, functio, vita dant. Imprimis vitae virtutes mutationibus perpetuis pendent. Tamen tales mutationes gubernationes requirunt, in parte per gubernationem celeritatem reactionum chemicorum. == Catalysis == {{main|Catalysis}} Enzymorum functio cum ''catalysis'' notione coniuncta videtur. ''Catalysis'' decursum [[reactio chemica|reactionis chemicae]] [[celeritate]] aucta currere significat. Enyzum ipsum, hic ''catalysta'' dictum in reactione neque mutatur neque consumitur. Eo modo quodque enzymum catalysis multorum reactionum suorum perficere solet. == Aminoacida, proteina, enzyma == Unitates enzymorum basales sunt [[aminoacidum|''aminoacida'']], quorum in organismis vivis viginti nota sunt. Gubernatione [[ADN]] aminoacida ad catenas coniunguntur, ita ''[[proteina]]'' formantes. Haec proteina, [[onus electricum|oneris electricis]] singularum aminoacidorum ordinem specialem accipiunt. Si ordo haec functionem certam ostendat, quae celeritatem [[kinasis]] et aliarum reactionum chemicarum augeat, proteinum ''enzymum'' nominatur. == Nominum conventiones == Saepe enzymi nomen de [[substratum (Chemia)|substrato]] eius vel [[reactio chemica|reactione]] [[catalysis|catalysata]] derivatur, ut lactasis (catalysis reactionis [[Lactosum|lactosi]] (''substrati'' ex saccaridis [[galactosum|galactoso]] et [[glucosum|glucoso]] composito) disccessionis). Ab anno 1955 [[Internationalis Unio Biochemiae Molecularisque Biologiae]] (IUBMB) nomenclatura enzymorum [[Numerus commissionis enzymorum|numeris EC]] (<u>e</u>nzymorum <u>c</u>ommissionis) excogitabat amplificabatque. Exempla sunt: * EC 1 - [[Oxidoreductasis|Oxidoreductases]] = Catalysis reactionum cum oxidatione/reductione chemica ([[dehydrogenasis|dehydrogenases]], [[oxidasis|oxidases]]) * EC 2 - [[Transferasis|Transferases]] = Translatio gregrum chemicorum ab altera substantia ad alteram ([[transaminasis|transaminases]], [[kinasis|kinases]]) * EC 3 - [[Hydrolasis|Hydrolases]] = Formatio productorum duorum [[hydrolysis]] ope (cum [[aqua]]) ([[lipasis|lipases]], [[amylasis|amylases]], [[peptidasis|peptidases]], [[phosphatasis|phosphatases]]) * EC 4 - [[Lyasis|Lyases]] = Additio seu retractio gregis chemici extra hydrolysem ([[decarboxylasis|decarboxylases]]) * EC 5 - [[Isomerasis|Isomerases]] = Reordinatio intra moleculam ([[isomerasis|isomerases]], [[mutasis|mutases]]) * EC 6 - [[Ligasis|Ligases]] = Coniunctio ex duabus moleculis ([[synthetasis|synthetases]]) * EC 7 - [[Translocasis|Translocases]] = Catalysis motuum moleculae transmembranaceorum ([[transportator]]es) == Bibliographia == === Etymologia et historia === * {{cite web |url=http://bip.cnrs-mrs.fr/bip10/buchner.htm |title=''New Beer in an Old Bottle: Eduard Buchner and the Growth of Biochemical Knowledge'', edited by Athel Cornish-Bowden and published by Universitat de València (1997): ISBN 8437033284. |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080207101706/http://bip.cnrs-mrs.fr/bip10/buchner.htm |archivedate=2008-02-07}}, A history of early enzymology. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120509114830/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/Wil4Sci.html Williams, Henry Smith, 1863–1943. ''A History of Science: in Five Volumes''. ''Volume IV: Modern Development of the Chemical and Biological Sciences''], A textbook from the 19th century. * {{cite journal |author=Kleyn J, Hough J |title=The microbiology of brewing |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-microbiology_1971_25/page/583 |journal=Annu. Rev. Microbiol. |volume=25 |pages=583–608 |year=1971 |pmid=4949040 |doi=10.1146/annurev.mi.25.100171.003055}} === Structura et mechanismus === * {{cite book |author=Fersht, Alan |title=Structure and mechanism in protein science: a guide to enzyme catalysis and protein folding |publisher=W.H. Freeman |location=Franciscopoli |year=1999 |isbn=0-7167-3268-8}} * {{cite book |author=Walsh C |title=Enzymatic reaction mechanisms |publisher=W. H. Freeman |location=Francisciopoli |year=1979 |isbn=0-7167-0070-0}} *Alex Gutteridge, Janet M Thornton (2005). "Understanding Nature's catalytic toolkit", ''Trends in Biochemical Science''ː 622-9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16214343/ Pubmed] * Page, M. I., et Williams, A., eds. [[1987]]. ''Enzyme Mechanisms''. Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 0851869475. * Bugg, T. ''Introduction to Enzyme and Coenzyme Chemistry''. (2nd edition), Blackwell Publishing Limited, 2004. ISBN 1405114525. *Dagmar Ringe et Gregory Petsko (2008), "How Enzymes Work", ''Science''ː 1428-9 [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1159747] * Warshel, A. ''Computer Modeling of Chemical Reactions in enzymes and Solutions''. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1991. ISBN 0471184403. === Thermodynamica === * [http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookEnzym.html "Reactions and Enzymes"] Chapter 10 of on-line biology book at Estrella Mountain Community College. === Cinetica et inhibitio === * Baynes, John W. [[2005]]. ''Medical Biochemistry''. Ed. 2a. Elsevier-Mosby. ISBN 0723433410, p. 57. * Cornish-Bowden, Athel. [[2012]]. ''Fundamentals of Enzyme Kinetics''. (4th edition), Wiley-Blackwell. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_3fqaYnrdosC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://books.google.fr/books?id=YeK48CgTJq4C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false versio Francogallica 2005] * Segel Irwin H. [[1993]]. ''Enzyme Kinetics: Behavior and Analysis of Rapid Equilibrium and Steady-State Enzyme Systems''. Ed. nova., Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 0471303097. === Functio et regulatio enzymorum === * Price, N., et L. Stevens. [[1999]]. ''Fundamentals of Enzymology: Cell and Molecular Biology of Catalytic Proteins''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 019850229X. * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=gnd.chapter.86 "Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases"]. Capitulum libri interretialis ''Introduction to Genes and Disease'' apud NCBI. === Nomenclatura enzymorum === * [http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/ Enzyme Nomenclature], Recommendations for enzyme names from the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. * Koshland, D. ''The Enzymes'', v. I, ch. 7. Acad. Press, Novi Eboraci, 1959. === Applicationes fabricales === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130508194034/http://www.mapsenzymes.com/History_of_Enzymes.asp "History of industrial enzymes"], Article about the history of industrial enzymes from the late 1900s to the present times. {{NexInt}} *[[Coagulum]] [[Categoria:Biomoleculae]] [[Categoria:Metabolismus]] [[Categoria:Biochemia]] [[Categoria:Enzyma|!]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Biologia}} b257cw6tj994pf81xkw0bera198ln0m 0 242 3980004 3978703 2026-08-09T23:03:49Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vicificanda}} {{Latinitas|-2}} {{Taxobox | fossil_range = {{Scala fossilis|410|0|r=[[Devonium]] > [[Recens]]}} | image = Fungi_collage.jpg | image_width = 280px | image_caption = A summa sinistra secundum horologii motum: <br>''[[Amanita muscaria]]'', basidiomyceta; <br>''[[Sarcoscypha coccinea]]'', ascomyceta; <br>panis [[mucor]]e tectus; <br>[[Chytridiomycota|chytridiomycotum]]; <br>[[conidiophorum]] ''[[Aspergillus|Aspergilli]]''. | image_alt = | domain=[[Eukaryota]] | unranked_regnum = [[Opisthokonta]] | regnum = Fungi | regnum_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]], [[1753]]) R.T. Moore, 1980<ref name=Moore1980>{{cite journal |author=Moore RT. |year=[[1980]]| title=Taxonomic proposals for the classification of marine yeasts and other yeast-like fungi including the smuts |journal=Botanica Marina |volume=23 |pages=361–73}}.</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Subregna/Phyla/Subphyla<ref>Systema taxinomicum hic praebitum fundatur in investigatione anni 2007 a Hibbett et al. facta.</ref> | subdivision = : [[Blastocladiomycota]] : [[Chytridiomycota]] : [[Glomeromycota]] : [[Microsporidia]] : [[Neocallimastigomycota]] [[Dikarya]] (quae [[Deuteromycota]] continent) : [[Ascomycota]] :: [[Pezizomycotina]] :: [[Saccharomycotina]] :: [[Taphrinomycotina]] : [[Basidiomycota]] :: [[Agaricomycotina]] :: [[Pucciniomycotina]] :: [[Ustilaginomycotina]] Subphyla [[incertae sedis]] : [[Entomophthoromycotina]] : [[Kickxellomycotina]] : [[Mucoromycotina]] : [[Zoopagomycotina]] }} '''Fungi''' sunt [[taxinomia|taxinomicum]] [[organismus|organismorum]] [[eukaryota|eukaryotorum]] [[regnum (taxinomia)|regnum]], quod non solum [[fungus|fungos]] [[caro|carnosos]] sensu vulgari definitos, sed etiam {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fermentum|fermenta|en|qid=Q45422}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mucor|mucores|en|qid=Q159341}} complectitur. Quae genera [[vita]]e, cum [[Plantae|Plantis]], [[Animalia|Animalibus]], et [[Protista|Protistis]]<ref name=Whittaker1969>{{cite journal |last=Whittaker |first=R.H. |title=New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1969-01-10_163_3863/page/150 |date=January 1969 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=163 |issue=3863 |pages=150–60 |pmid=5762760 |doi=10.1126/science.163.3863.150 |bibcode=1969Sci...163..150W |citeseerx=10.1.1.403.5430}}</ref> aut [[Protozoa|Protozois]], [[Chromista|Chromstisque]]<ref name=CavalierSmith1998>{{cite journal |last=Cavalier-Smith |first=T. |year=1998 |title=A revised six-kingdom system of life |journal=[[Biological Reviews]] |volume=73 |pages=203–66 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=685 |issue=3 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x |pmid=9809012 |s2cid=6557779 |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=20 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820015246/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> numerantur. [[Paries cellularis|Parietes cellulares]] habent qui [[chitina]]m continent, sed cellulares plantarum aliquarumque protistarum parietes in [[cellulosa]]{{dubsig}} consistentes continent. Haec et aliae differentiae monstrant fungos unam rem esse organismorum cognatorum, etiam Eumycotorum appellatorum, quae [[proavus communis|proavum communem]] habent; aliis verbis, sunt grex [[taxinomia cladistica|monophyleticus]]. [[Fasciculus:Pier Antonio Micheli.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Petrus Antonius Micheli]] primas [[fungus|fungorum]] descriptiones anno [[1729]] edidit.]] Fungi, ut [[animalia]], heterotrophi sunt: [[cibus|cibum]] sibi comparant, [[molecula]]s organicas solutas absorbentes, plerumque [[enzymum|enzymata]] [[digestio|digestiva]] in ambitum suum secernentes. [[Photosynthesis|Photosynthesin]] non efficiunt. Crescendo moventur, nisi per [[spora]]s (paucae flagelles habent) quae per [[aer]]em aut [[aqua]]m ferri possunt. Praecipui decompositores in systematibus oecologicis sunt. Hae atque aliae differentiae fungos in unum coetum [[organismus|organismorum]] cognatorum collocant, qui [[Eumycota]] (id est fungi veri sive [[Eumycetes]]) nominatur, quorum omnes ab uno communi antenato oriuntur (scilicet coetum monophyleticum efficiunt), quod quoque interpretatione phylogenetica moleculari vehementer confirmatur. Hic coetus fungalis differt a [[myxomycetes|myxomycetibus]] (id est mucilagineis mycetibus) et [[oomycetes|oomycetibus]] (mycetibus aquaticis), qui specie similes sunt sed structurā alieni. [[Disciplina]] [[biologia]]e quae de fungis tractat [[mycologia]] appellatur (a Graeco μύκης 'fungus'). Olim mycologia pars [[botanice|botanicae]] habebatur, sed nunc notum est fungos geneticē propius animalibus quam [[planta|plantis]] cognatos esse. Fungi, per totum [[orbis terrarum|orbem terrarum]] abundantes, plerumque sunt obscuri, quod structurae eorum parvae sunt et vitae crypticae in solo aut in materia mortua aguntur. Fungi comprehendunt symbiontes plantarum, animalium, vel aliorum fungorum, necnon parasitos. Manifesti fieri possunt tempore fructificationis, sive ut fungi carniosi sive ut mucores. Fungi munus praecipuum explent in decompositione materiae organicae, atque partes fundamentales habent in circulatione et commutatione nutrimentorum in ambitu naturali. Iam diu adhibiti sunt ut cibus hominum directus, forma fungorum carnosorum et tuberae; ut agens fermentandi in pane; et in fermentatione variarum rerum cibariarum, ut vini, cerevisiae, et condimenti soiae. Ab decennio 1940, fungi adhibentur ad antibiotica efficienda, et nuper etiam varia enzymata a fungis producta in industria et in detergentibus adhibentur. Fungi etiam utuntur ut pesticida biologica ad herbas nocivas, morbos plantarum, et insecta pestifera coercenda. Multae species composita bioactiva (dicta mycotoxina) efficiunt, ut alkaloida et polyketida, quae animalibus, etiam hominibus, toxica sunt. Structurae fructificationis nonnullarum specierum substantiis psychotropicis continentur, quae ludo aut in ceremoniis spiritualibus traditionalibus consumuntur. Fungi etiam materias arte fabricatas atque aedificia dissolvere possunt, et magni momenti pathogeni hominum et aliorum animalium fieri. Damna frugum morbis fungalis (ut morbo explosivo oryzae) aut corruptione ciborum orta magnum effectum habere possunt in suppeditatione alimentorum humanorum atque in oeconomiis localibus. Regnum Fungorum amplissimam varietatem [[Taxinomia|taxonum]] complectitur, quae diversissimas oecologias, rationes cyclorum vitalium, et morphologias ostendunt, a [[Chytridiomycota|chytridibus]] aquaticis unicellularibus usque ad fungos magnos carnosos. Attamen parum de vera biodiversitate huius regni cognitum est; numerus specierum aestimatur 2.2–3.8 milliones.<ref name=Hawksworth2006>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hawksworth DL |title=Pandora's mycological box: molecular sequences vs. morphology in understanding fungal relationships and biodiversity |url=https://archive.org/details/revista-iberoamericana-de-micologia_2006-09_23_3/page/127 |journal=Revista Iberoamericana de Micología |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=127–33 |date=September 2006 |pmid=17196017 |doi=10.1016/S1130-1406(06)70031-6}}</ref> Ex his tantum circiter 148,000 descripta sunt; plus quam 8,000 plantis nocent et saltem 300 hominibus pathogenae esse sciuntur. Ex quo tempore Carolus Linnaeus, Christiaan Hendrik Persoon, et Elias Magnus Fries saeculis 18 et 19 fundamenta taxonomiae posuerunt, fungi secundum morphologiam (exempli gratia colorem sporarum vel notas microscopicas) aut physiologiam dispositi sunt. Progressus in genetica moleculari viam patefecerunt ut analyses DNA in taxonomiam includerentur, quod interdum coetus historicos morphologia aliisque notis fundatos in dubium vocavit. Investigationes phylogeneticae ineunte saeculo 21 editae novam formam classificationis intra regnum fungorum effecerunt, quod nunc in unum subregnum, septem phyla, et decem subphyla dividitur. == Etymologia == Vocabulus ''fungus'' a σφόγγος ('spongia') [[vocabulum|vocabulo]] [[Graece|Graeco]] derivatur, quod ad structuram et figuram macroscopicam fungorum et mucorum refertur. Eadem [[radix (linguistica)|radix]] in aliis linguis invenitur, ut in ''Schwamm'' (Theodisce, 'spongia') et ''Schimmel'' ('mucor'). Vocabula ''[[mycologia]]'' e Graecis μύκης et λόγος derivatur. Significat studium scientificum de fungis. Forma adiectiva Latina ''mycologicus, -a, -um'' iam anno [[1796]] in opere de hac re a [[Christianus Henricu Persoon|Christiano Henrico Persoon]] edito apparuit. Coetus omnium fungorum in certa regione praesentium mycobiota appellatur (nomen plurale, singulari caret). Vocabulum mycota saepe eodem sensu adhibetur, sed multi auctores id pro synonymo verbi Fungi ponunt. Propositum est etiam vocabulum funga, minus ambiguum et morphologicē faunae ac florae simile.<ref name="Kuhar et al. 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Kuhar |first1=Francisco |last2=Furci |first2=Giuliana |last3=Drechsler-Santos |first3=Elisandro Ricardo |last4=Pfister |first4=Donald H. |title=Delimitation of Funga as a valid term for the diversity of fungal communities: the Fauna, Flora & Funga proposal (FF&F) |journal=IMA Fungus |volume=9 |issue=2 |year=2018 |pages=A71–A74 |doi=10.1007/BF03449441 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi |hdl=11336/88035 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Commissio Species Survival Commission (SSC) Unionis Internationalis pro Conservatione Naturae (IUCN) mense Augusto anni 2021 suadivit ut locutio fauna et flora substitueretur forma fauna, flora et funga. ==Proprietates== Antequam methodi [[Molecula|moleculares]] ad analysin [[Phylogenetica|phylogeneticam]] introductae sunt, [[Taxinomia|taxonomi]] fungos ad [[Plantae|regnum plantarum]] pertinere putabant, ob similitudines in ratione vitae: fungi enim et plantae plerumque sunt immobiles et in morphologia generali ac modo crescendi inter se similes. Quamquam falsa est, opinio vulgari adhuc viget fungos plantas esse, propter eorum antiquam classificationem atque nonnullas similitudines manifestas. Ut [[plantae]], fungi saepe in solo crescunt et, in casu fungorum carnosorum, corpora fructificationis conspicua formant, quae interdum plantis, ut musci, similia videntur. Fungi nunc ut regnum separatum habentur, distinctum tam a [[Plantae|plantis]] quam ab [[Animalia|animalibus]], a quibus abhinc circiter 1 miliardum annorum (initio Aetatis Neoproterozoicae) separati esse videntur. Quaedam notae morphologicae, biochemicae et geneticae cum aliis [[Organismus|organismis]] communes sunt, aliae vero fungis propriae, quae eos ab ceteris regnis plane distinguunt. Forma communia * Cum aliis [[Eukaryota|eukaryotis]]: [[Cellula|Cellae]] fungorum nuclea membranis circumdata continent, quae [[Chromosoma|chromosomata]] habent ex ADN composita, cum regionibus non codantibus (introna) et regionibus codantibus (exona). Fungi etiam organella [[Cytoplasma|cytoplasmatica]] membranis inclusa possident, ut [[Mitochondrium|mitochondria]], membranas sterola continentis, et [[Ribosoma|ribosomata]] generis 80S. Eorum carbohydrata solubilia et substantiæ reconditae proprium habent genus: [[Alcohol|alcoholes]] [[Saccharosum|saccharinos]] (ut mannitolum), [[Disaccharides|disaccharida]] (ut trehalosum), et polysaccharida (ut [[glycogenum]], quod etiam in animalibus invenitur). * Cum [[Animalia|animalibus]]: Fungi [[Chloroplastus|chloroplastis]] carent et sunt [[Heterotrophus|heterotrophi]], ideo composita organica praeformata ut fontes [[Energia|energiae]] requirunt. * Cum [[Plantae|plantis]]: Fungi parietem cellularum et [[Vacuolum|vacuola]] habent. Sexualiter et asexualiter se reproducunt, atque, sicut plantae basales (uti filices et musci), sporas efficiunt. Similiter ac musci et algae, fungi plerumque nuclea haploidea possident. * Cum euglenoidis et bacteriis: Fungi superiores, euglenoidea, et quaedam bacteria acidum aminatum L-lysinum per gradus biosyntheseos proprios efficiunt, viam α-aminoadipatam appellatam. * Cum quibusdam plantis et animalibus: Plus quam 100 species fungorum bioluminescentiam ostendunt. Forma propria * Structura cellularis: Cellulae plurimorum fungorum crescunt ut structurae tubulosae, productae, et filiformes dictae [[Hypha|hyphae]], quae plura [[Nucleus cellulae|nuclea]] continere possunt et apicibus crescentibus extenduntur. Quisque apex [[Vesicula|vesiculas]] aggregatas habet—structuras cellularum ex proteinīs, lipidīs, et moleculis organicis compositas—quae Spitzenkörper appellantur. Fungi et oomycetae ambo ut cellulae hyphales filiformes crescunt; at organismi specie similes, ut algae virides filiformes, per divisionem cellularum repetitam in catenā cellularum crescunt. * Forma [[Unicellulare|unicellularis]]: Nonnullae species ut fermenta unicellularia crescunt, quae hyphas non formant et gemmatione aut fissione se multiplicant. Fungi dimorphici inter statum fermenti et statum hyphalem mutare possunt secundum condiciones ambientales. * Paries cellularum: Paries cellularis fungorum e complexu [[Chitinum|chitino]]-glucanico constituitur; dum glucana etiam in plantis et chitinum in [[Exosceletus|exoscheletis]] [[Arthropoda|arthropodorum]] inveniuntur, soli fungi has duas moleculas structurae in uno pariete coniungunt. Displiciter ab illis plantarum et oomycetarum, parietes cellularum fungorum cellulosam non continent. Plerique fungi systemam efficientem ad transportum aquae et nutrimentorum per longas distantias carent, qualem xylema et phloema in multis plantis praebent. Ad hanc limitationem superandam, quidam fungi, ut Armillaria, [[Rhizoma|rhizomorphas]] formant, quae radicibus plantarum similes sunt et functiones similes perficiunt. Ut eukaryota, fungi viam biosyntheticam ad terpenos producendos possident, quae acidum mevalonicum et pyrophosphatum ut materias chemicas fundamentales adhibet. Plantae et nonnulli alii organismi viam additicam biosyntheseos terpenorum in suis chloroplastis habent, structura quam fungi et animalia non possident. Fungi plures metabolitos secundarios efficiunt, quorum structurae plantae similes vel identicae sunt. Multa autem [[Enzymum|enzymata]] plantarum et fungorum quae has substantias efficiunt inter se ordine et proprietatibus differunt, quod origines separatas et evolutionem convergentem horum enzymatum in fungis et plantis significat. == Diversitas == Fungi per totum [[Tellus (planeta)|orbem terrarum]] distribuuntur et in amplissima varietate habitatum crescunt, etiam in ambitus extremis ut [[deserta]] aut regiones altae salis concentrationis vel radiationis ionizantis, necnon in [[Sedimentum|sedimentis]] [[Oceanus|maris]] profundis. Nonnulli etiam radiationem ultravioletam et [[Cosmos|cosmicam]] vehementem, quae in itinere spatiale occurrit, tolerare possunt. Plerique in ambitibus terrestribus crescunt, sed aliquae species partim vel omnino in habitatibus aquaticis vivunt, ut fungi [[Chytridium|chytridici]] Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis et B. salamandrivorans, [[Parasitismus|parasiti]] qui decrementum globalem populationum amphibiorum effecerunt. Hae formae vitae partem [[Cyclus vitalis|cycli vitalis]] in statu zoosporae motilis agunt, quo se per aquam movere et in hospitem amphibium penetrare possunt. Aliae fungi aquatiles in regionibus hydrothermalibus oceani inveniuntur. Ab anno 2020 circiter 148,000 species fungorum a [[Taxinomia|taxonomis]] descriptae sunt, sed [[biodiversitas]] globalis regni fungorum nondum plene intellecta est. Aestimatio anni 2017 indicat [[Species (taxinomia)|species]] inter 2.2 et 3.8 milliones esse posse. Numerus novarum specierum quotannis inventarum crevit: ante decem annos 1,000–1,500 per annum, nunc circiter 2 000, cum summo plus quam 2,500 specierum anno 2016. Anno 2019 1,882 species novae fungorum descriptae sunt, atque aestimatum est plus quam 90% fungorum adhuc ignotum manere. Anno sequenti 2,905 species novae relata sunt—numerus maximus annuus nominum fungorum usque ad hunc diem. In [[mycologia]], species historice variis modis ac notionibus distinctae sunt. Classificatio secundum notas [[Morphologia (biologia)|morphologicas]]—ut magnitudinem et figuram sporarum vel structurarum [[Fructus|fructificationis]]—traditionem taxonomiae fungorum diu rexit. Species etiam distingui possunt proprietatibus [[Biochemia|biochemicis]] et [[Physiologia|physiologicis]], ut facultate certas substantiās [[Metabolismus|metabolizandi]] aut reactione ad [[Experimentum|experimenta]] chemica. Conceptus biologicus speciei species discernit ex earum facultate conjugendi. Applicatio instrumentorum molecularium, ut sequendi [[Acidum desoxyribonucleicum|ADN]] et analysis [[phylogenetica]], ad studium diversitatis magnopere resolutionem auxit et firmitudinem aestimationibus diversitatis [[Genetica|geneticae]] intra varia coetus taxonomicos adiecit. == Mycologia == '''Mycologia''' est ramus [[Biologia|biologiae]] qui de studio systematico fungorum agit, complectens proprietates eorum [[Genetica|geneticas]] et [[Biochemia|biochemicas]], eorum [[Taxinomia|taxonomiam]], atque usum eorum a hominibus tamquam fontem [[Medicamentum pharmaceuticum|medicamentorum]], cibi, et substantiarum [[Psychotropicum|psychotropicarum]] ad usus [[Religio|religiosos]] consumptarum, necnon pericula quae afferunt, ut veneficia aut infectiones. Disciplina phytopathologia, id est studium morborum plantarum, arcte coniungitur, cum multi pathogeni plantarum fungi sint. Usus fungorum ab hominibus ad praehistoriam redit. Ötzi, vir Neolithicus mummia optime conservata, ante circiter 5,300 annos in [[Alpes|Alpibus]] [[Austria Inferior|Austriacis]] congelatus inventus, duas species fungorum polypororum secum ferebat, quae fortasse ad [[Ignis|ignem]] excitandum (Fomes fomentarius) aut ad usūs medicos (Piptoporus betulinus) adhibitae sunt. Gentes antiquae fungis tamquam fontibus ciborum—saepe insciō—per millennia usae sunt, in praeparatione panis fermentati et succorum fermentatorum. Quaedam antiquissima monumenta scripta mentionem faciunt cladum frugum quae probabiliter a fungis pathogenicis effectae sunt. === Historia === '''Mycologia''' post inventum [[Microscopium|microscopii]] saeculo 17 disciplina systematica facta est. Quamquam sporae fungorum primum a Giambattista della Porta anno 1588 observatae sunt, opus cardinale in [[Evolutio|evolutione]] [[Mycologia|mycologiae]] habetur editio Pier Antonio Micheli anno 1729 inscripta Nova plantarum genera. Micheli non solum [[Spora|sporas]] descripsit, sed etiam demonstravit eas, sub condicionibus idoneis, in easdem species fungorum ex quibus ortae erant crescere posse. Usum systematis binomialis nomenclaturae, a Carolo Linnaeo anno 1753 in opere Species plantarum introducti, amplificavit Christiaan Hendrik Persoon (1761–1836), qui primam classificationem fungorum carnosorum tam arte constituit ut conditor mycologiae modernae haberetur. Postea Elias Magnus Fries (1794–1878) classificationem ulterius elaboravit, colore sporarum et notis microscopicis utens—rationibus quae adhuc a taxonomis adhibentur. Alii auctores praestantes mycologiae aetatis 18–19 et ineuntis 20 fuerunt Miles Joseph Berkeley, August Carl Joseph Corda, Anton de Bary, fratres Ludovicus Renatus et Carolus Tulasne, Arthur H. R. Buller, Curtis G. Lloyd, et Pier Andrea Saccardo. Saeculis XX et XXI, progressus in biochemia, genetica, biologia moleculari, biotechnologia, sequendi ADN, et analysi phylogenetica novas perceptiones de cognationibus et biodiversitate fungorum praebuerunt atque coetus morphologice definitos in taxonomia fungorum saepe in dubium vocaverunt. == Morphologia == === Structurae Microscopicae === Plerisque fungis crescentibus sunt [[hypha|hyphae]], structurae cylindricae et filiformes, diametro 2–10 μm, et longitudine usque ad aliquot centimetra. Hyphae ad apices crescunt; novae hyphae plerumque ex apicibus novis in hyphis iam exsistentibus per processum ramificationis oriuntur, vel interdum apices hypharum crescentium bifurcantur, unde duae hyphae parallelē crescentes oriuntur. Hyphae quoque interdum coalescunt cum inter se contingunt—processus{{dubsig}} fusionis hyphalis sive [[anastomosis]] dictus. Qui processus incrementi ad evolutionem [[Mycelium|mycelii]] ducunt, retis inter se conexarum hypharum. Hyphae aut septatae aut coenocyticae esse possunt. Hyphae septatae in compartimenta dividuntur, parietibus transversis (parietibus interioribus, septa dictis) separata, quae ad angulos rectos ad parietem cellularum formantur, ita ut formam hyphae definiant; unumquodque compartimentum unum aut plura nuclea continet. Hyphae coenocyticae non compartimentatae sunt. Septa poros habent, per quos cytoplasma, organella, et interdum etiam nuclea transire possunt; exemplum est septum dolipore in fungis phylī Basidiomycota. Hyphae coenocyticae re vera sunt supercellulae multinucleatae. Multae species structuras hyphales speciales ad nutrimenta ex hospitibus viventibus capienda evolverunt; exempla sunt haustoria in speciebus plantas parasitantibus plurimorum phylorum fungorum, atque arbusculae plurium fungorum mycorrhizalium, quae in cellulas hospitis penetrant ut nutrimenta consumant. Quamquam fungi ad opisthokonta pertinent—coetum organismorum evolutive cognatorum, qui unico flagello posteriore generaliter distinguuntur—omnia phyla praeter chytrides et blastocladiomycetas flagellum posterius amiserunt. Fungi inter eukaryota insoliti sunt quod parietem cellularum habent qui, praeter glucana (exempli gratia β-1,3-glucanum) aliaque elementa typica, etiam biopolymerum chitinum continet. === Structurae Macroscopicae === [[Mycelium|Mycelia]] fungorum oculis nudo conspici possunt, exempli gratia in variis superficiibus et substratis, ut in parietibus humidis aut cibis corruptis, ubi vulgo mucores appellantur. Mycelia in mediis solidis agaricis in vasculis Petri culta plerumque coloniae vocantur. Hae coloniae formas et colores incrementi ostendere possunt (propter sporas aut pigmentationem), quae notae diagnosticae ad species vel coetus dignoscendos adhiberi possunt. Quaedam coloniae fungorum singulares dimensiones et aetates extraordinarias attingere possunt, ut in exemplo coloniae clonalis Armillariae solidipedis, quae plus quam 900 ha (circiter 3.5 miliaria quadrata) occupat et aetatem fere 9,000 annorum habere aestimatur. Apothecium—structura specialis in reproductione sexuali ascomycetarum magni momenti—est corpus fructificationis patelliforme, saepe macroscopicum, quod hymenium continet, stratum textus cellulas sporas ferentes includens. Corpora fructificationis basidiomycetarum (basidiocarpia) et nonnullorum ascomycetarum interdum magnitudinem ingentem attingere possunt, et multa ex his ut fungi carniosi vulgo nota sunt. == Crescentia et Physiologia == Crescentia fungorum ut hyphae super aut intra substrata solida, vel ut cellulae singulares in ambitibus [[Aquatica|aquaticis]], ad nutrimenta efficaciter extrahenda aptata est, quia hae formae incrementi rationem superficiei ad volumen altam habent. Hyphae specialiter aptae sunt ad crescentiam in superficiebus solidis atque ad substrata et textus penetrare. Magnas vires mechanicas penetrantes exercere possunt; exempli gratia, multi pathogeni plantarum, inter quos Magnaporthe grisea, structuram appressorium dictam efficiunt, quae ad textus plantarum perforandos evoluta est. Pressio ab appressorio generata, contra epidermidem plantae directa, 8 megapascala (circa 1,200 psi) superare potest. Fungus filamentosus Paecilomyces lilacinus structurā simili utitur ad ova nematodorum penetrare. [[Pressio]] mechanica ab appressorio exercita ex processibus physiologicis oritur, qui turgorem intracellularum augent osmolyta ut glycerolum producenda. Hae adaptationes enzymis hydrolyticis in ambitum secretis complentur, quae moleculas organicas magnas—ut polysaccharida, [[proteina]], et [[Lipidum|lipida]]—in moleculas minores digerunt, quae deinde ut nutrimenta absorberi possunt. Plerique fungi filamentosi modo polari crescunt (una in directione extendentes) elongatione apicis hyphae. Aliae formae incrementi fungorum includunt extensionem intercalarem (expansionem longitudinalem compartimentorum hypharum quae infra apicem sunt), ut in nonnullis fungis endophyticis videtur, aut incrementum per expansionem voluminis tempore evolutionis stipitum fungorum carnosorum et aliorum organorum magnorum. Crescentia fungorum ut structurae multicellulares ex cellulis somaticis et reproductivis compositae—proprietas in animalibus et plantis independenter evoluta—plures functiones habet, inter quas corpora fructificationis ad sporas sexuales disseminandas evolvuntur (vide supra) et biofilma ad substrata colonizanda et communicationem intercellularem efficiendam. Fungi more tradito heterotrophi habentur, organismi qui solum [[carbonium]] ab aliis organismis fixo metabolismum suum sustentant. Fungi magnum gradum versatileitatis metabolicae evolverunt, qui eis permittit ut amplam varietatem substratorum organicorum ad incrementum adhibeant, etiam composita simplicia ut nitrata, ammonium, acetatum, vel ethanolum. In nonnullis speciebus pigmentum melaninum partem habere potest in energia ex [[Radiatio ionizans|radiatione ionizante]] (ut [[Radiatio gamma|radiatione gamma]]) extrahenda. Haec forma incrementi “radiotrophici” tantum in paucis speciebus descripta est; effectus autem in celeritatibus incrementi parvi sunt, et processus biophysici ac biochemici subiacentes nondum bene cogniti sunt. Hic processus fixationi dioxidi carbonis lumine visibili mediatae similis esse videtur, sed loco lucis radiationem ionizantem ut fontem energiae adhibet. == Reproductio == [[Systema reproductionis|Reproductio]] fungorum multiplex est, quod diversitatem modorum vitae et compositionis geneticae intra hoc regnum organismorum varietate praeditum reflectit. Aestimatur tertiam partem omnium fungorum plus quam uno modo propagationis uti; exempli gratia, reproductio in duabus stadiis distinctis intra cylum vitalem speciei fieri potest: teleomorpho (reproductione sexuali) et anamorpho (reproductione asexuali). Conditiones ambientales statūs evolutionarios geneticē determinatos excitant, qui ad structuras speciales pro reproductione sexuali aut asexuali formandas ducunt. Hae structurae reproductionem adiuvant sporas vel propagula sporas continentia efficaciter dispergendo. === Reproductio Asexualis === Reproductio asexualis fit per sporas vegetativas (conidia) aut per fragmentationem mycelii. Fragmentatio mycelii occurrit cum mycelium fungale in partes dividitur, quarum unaquaeque in mycelium separatum crescit. Fragmentatio mycelii et sporae vegetativae populationes clonales conservant, quae ad niches specificas aptatae sunt, atque dispersio celerior quam per reproductionem sexualem fieri permittitur. “Fungi imperfecti” (fungi stadio perfecto sive sexuali carentes), sive Deuteromycota, omnes species comprehendunt quarum cyclus sexualis observabilis deest. Deuteromycota (quae etiam Deuteromycetes, fungi conidiales, aut fungi mitosporici appellantur) non iam cladus taxonomicus legitimus habetur, sed simpliciter fungi nunc significant quibus stadium sexuale notum deest. === Reproduction Sexualis === Reproductio sexualis cum meiosi directe observata est in omnibus [[Phylum (taxinomia)|phylis]] fungorum praeter Glomeromycota (analyses geneticae etiam in hoc phylum meiosin fieri suadent). Multis modis a reproductione sexuali animalium aut plantarum differt. Differentiae quoque inter coetus fungorum exsistunt atque ad species discernendas adhiberi possunt, secundum differentias morphologicas in structuris sexualibus et rationibus reproductivis. Experimenta coniugationis inter isolationes fungorum species secundum conceptum biologicum speciei determinare possunt. Coetus principales fungorum initio secundum morphologiam structurarum sexualium et sporarum distincti sunt; exempli gratia, structurae sporas continentes, asci et basidia, ad identitatem ascomycetarum et basidiomycetarum dignoscendam adhiberi possunt. Fungi duobus systematibus coniugationis utuntur: species heterothalliae solum inter individua contrariī generis coniugationis copulari sinunt, dum species homothalliae cum quolibet individuo vel etiam secum ipsis copulari et sexualiter reproduci possunt. Plerique fungi stadia haploideum et diploideum in cylis vitalibus habent. In fungis sexualiter reproducentibus, individua compatibilia hyphas suas coalescere possunt ut rete interconexum efficiant; hic processus, anastomosis dictus, ad initium cycli sexualis requiritur. Multi ascomycetae et basidiomycetae per stadium dikaryoticum transeunt, in quo nuclea a parentibus duobus heredita statim post fusionem cellularum non coalescunt, sed in cellulis hypharum separata manent (vide heterokaryosin). In [[Ascomycota|ascomycetis]], hyphae [[Dikarya|dikaryoticae]] hymenii (strati textus sporas ferentis) [[Hamus|hamum]] characteristicum (crozier) ad septum hyphale formant. Durante divisione cellulari, formatio huius hamī rectam distributionem nucleorum nuper divisorum inter compartimenta apicale et basale hyphae efficit. Tum ascus (plur. asci) formatur, in quo karyogamia (fusio nuclearum) fit. Asci in ascocarpo vel corpore fructificationis insiti sunt. Karyogamia in asciis statim a meiosi et productione ascosporarum sequitur. Post dispersationem, ascosporae germinare possunt atque novum mycelium haploideum formare. [[Reproductio sexualis]] in [[Basidiomycota|basidiomycetis]] similis est illi [[Ascomycota|ascomycetarum]]. Hyphae haploideae compatibiles coalescunt ut mycelium dikaryoticum efficiant. Tamen gradus dikaryoticum in basidiomycetis multo amplius est et saepe etiam in mycelio vegetative crescenti praesens est. Structura anatomica specialis, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|coniunctio clavae||en|qid=Q2033410}}, ad quodque septum hyphale formatur. Sicut [[hamus]] structurā similis in ascomycetis, conjunctio clavae in basidiomycetis necessaria est ad translationem nuclearum moderatam tempore divisionis cellularis, ut stadium dikaryoticum duorum nucleorum geneticē diversorum in singulis compartimentis hypharum conservetur. Basidiocarpium tum formatur, in quo structurae clavaeformae basidia dictae basidiosporas haploideas post karyogamiam et meiosin generant. Frequentissima basidiocarpia sunt [[fungus|fungi]], sed etiam alias formas capere possunt (vide partem De morphologia). In fungis olim ad [[Zygomycota]] relatis, hyphae haploideae duorum individuorum coniunguntur, gametangium formantes—structuram cellularum specialem quae fit cellula gametigena fecunda. Gametangium in zygosporem evolvitur, sporam crassoparietatam ex unione gametarum formatam. Cum zygospora germinat, meiosim subit, hyphas novas haploideas generans, quae deinde sporangiosporas asexuales efficere possunt. Hae sporangiosporae fungum celeriter dispergere et in nova mycelia haploidea geneticē identica germinare sinunt. ==== Dispersio sporarum ==== [[Spora|Sporae]] plurimarum specierum fungorum investigatarum vento transportantur. Huiusmodi species saepe sporas siccas vel hydrophobas efficiunt, quae aquam non absorbent et facile, exempli gratia, imbribus dissipantur. In aliis speciebus tam sporae asexuales et sexuales quam sporangiosporae saepe active disperguntur eiectione vi compulsā ex structuris reproductivis. Haec eiectio et exitum sporarum e structuris reproductivis et transmissionem per aerem in longinquas distantias efficit. Mechanismi mechanici et physiologici speciales, necnon structurae superficiales sporarum (ut hydrophobina), ejectionem sporarum efficientem praebent. Exempli gratia, structura cellularum sporas ferentium in quibusdam speciebus ascomycetarum talis est ut accumulatio substantiarum volumen cellularum et aequilibrium fluidorum afficiens displosionem sporarum in aerem permittat. Eiectio vi compulsā sporae singulae, quae ballistospora appellatur, formationem parvae guttae aquae (gutta Bulleriana) implicat, quae, cum spora contingat, eius emissionem proiectivam efficit, [[acceleratio]]ne initiali plus quam 10&thinsp;000 g, unde spora 0.01–0.02 cm eiicitur—distantia satis ampla ut inter lamellas vel poros in [[aer]]em inferiorem cadit. Alteri fungi, inter quos [[Lycoperdon]] (fungi pulverulenti), vires mechanicas externas ad emissionem sporarum adhibent. Fungi hydnoidei (fungi dentiformes) sporas in processibus pendentibus dentiformibus aut spiniformibus efficiunt. Fungi niduliformes (fungi nidum avium referentes) vim guttarum aquae cadentium utuntur ad sporas e corporibus fructificationis patelliformibus liberandas. Alia ratio in [[Phallacea|Phallaceis]] (fungis foetidis) invenitur, coetu fungorum [[color]]ibus vehementibus et [[odor]]e foetido praeditorum, qui [[insecta]] attrahunt ad sporas dispergendas. ==== Homothallismus ==== In reproductione sexuali homothallica, duo nuclea haploidea ex eodem individuo orta coalescunt ut zygotes efficiant, qui deinde meiosim subire possunt. Fungi homothallici species comprehendunt quae stadiis asexualibus aspergilliformibus (anamorphis) in variis generibus occurrentibus praeditae sunt, necnon complures species generis ascomycetici Cochliobolus, atque ascomycetem [[Pneumocystis]]{{dubsig}} jirovecii.{{dubsig}} Primus reproductionis sexualis modus inter eukaryota ut videtur fuit [[homothallismus]], id est reproductio unisexuallis sese fecundantis. ==== Alii processus sexuales ==== Praeter reproductionem sexualem ordinariam cum meiosi, quidam fungi, ut illi generum Penicillium et Aspergillus, materiam geneticam per processus parasexuales commutare possunt, qui anastomosi inter hyphas et plasmogamia cellularum fungosarum initiantur. Frequens et relativa huiusmodi eventuum parasexualium importantia incerta est et fortasse minor quam aliorum processuum sexualium. Scitur tamen eos partem agere in hybridatione intraspecifica atque probabiliter necessarios esse ad hybridationem inter species, quae cum eventibus majoribus in evolutione fungorum coniuncta est. ==Notae== <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{cite book |author=Ainsworth, G. C. |title=Introduction to the History of Mycology |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000ains_e9i2 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cantabrigiae |year=[[1976]]|isbn=0-521-11295-8}}. * {{cite book|author=Alexopoulos C. J., C. W. Mims, M. Blackwell.| title=Introductory Mycology | year=[[1996]] | publisher=John Wiley and Sons | isbn=0471522295}}. * {{cite book |author=Deacon J.|title=Fungal Biology |url=https://archive.org/details/fungalbiology0000deac|publisher=Blackwell Publishers |location=Cantaberigiae Massachusettae |year=[[2005]] |isbn=1-4051-3066-0}}. * {{cite book |author=Hall, I. R. |title=Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/ediblepoisonousm0000unse |publisher=Timber Press |location=Portlandiae Oregoniae |year=[[2003]] |page= |isbn=0-88192-586-1}}. * {{cite book|author=Hanson, J. R.| title=The Chemistry of Fungi |url=https://archive.org/details/chemistryoffungi0000hans| year=[[2008]] | publisher=Royal Society Of Chemistry| isbn=0854041362}}. * {{cite book |author=Jennings, D. H, et G. Lysek.|title=Fungal Biology: Understanding the Fungal Lifestyle|year=[[1996]] |publisher=Bios Scientific Publishers Ltd |location=Guildford, UK |isbn=978-1859961506}}. * {{cite book |author=Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, D. W. Minter, J. A. Stalpers. |title=Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th ed |url=https://archive.org/details/ainsworthbisbysd0000unse_r4s9 |publisher=CABI |location=Wallingford |year=[[2008]]|isbn=0-85199-826-7}}. * {{cite book |author=Taylor, E. L., T. N. Taylor. [[1993]] |title=The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Englewood Cliffs Novae Caesareae |isbn=0-13-651589-4}}. {{NexInt}} * [[Agaricales]] * ''[[Amanita]]'' * [[Bacteria]] * [[Mycologia]] * ''[[Ourasphaira giraldae]]'' == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Fungi|fungos}} {{Vicispecies|fungi|fungos}} {{fontes biologici}} * [http://www.actafungorum.org Situs interretialis Actorum Fungorum proprius.] [[Categoria:Fungi|!]] [[Categoria:Regna (taxinomia Linnaeana)]] [[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1753]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Biologia}} j0q3y1ui0y6a0sj5qaffxqmq7yebd6n 0 346 3979850 3837920 2026-08-09T20:25:26Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-1}} {{videdis|Homo (discretiva)}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Homo sapiens'' | image = 1 shibuya crossing 2012.jpg | image_caption = Homines in ''[[Shibuya (Tokium|Shibuya]]'' [[Tokium|Tokii]] | fossil_range = {{fossil range|0.2|0|r=[[Pleistocaenum]]–[[Recens]]}} | status = LC | trend = crescens | status_system = iucn3.1 | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Mammalia]] | ordo = [[Primates]] | familia = [[Hominidae]] | subfamilia = [[Homininae]] | tribus = [[Hominini]] | genus = ''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]'' | species = '''''H. sapiens''''' | binomial = ''Homo sapiens'' | binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Subspecies]] | subdivision = ''[[Homo sapiens idaltu]]'' † <small>White et alii, 2003.</small><br/>''[[Homo sapiens sapiens]]'' |synonyms = * ''aethiopicus''<br/><small>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825</small> * ''americanus''<br /><small>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825</small> * ''arabicus''<br /><small>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825</small> * ''aurignacensis''<br /><small>Klaatsch & Hauser, 1910</small> * ''australasicus''<br /><small>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825</small> * ''cafer''<br /><small>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825</small> * ''capensis''<br /><small>Broom, 1917</small> * ''columbicus''<br /><small>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825</small> * ''cro-magnonensis''<br /><small>Gregory, 1921</small> * ''drennani''<br /><small>Kleinschmidt, 1931</small> * ''eurafricanus''<br /><small>(Sergi, 1911)</small> * ''grimaldiensis''<br /><small>Gregory, 1921</small> * ''grimaldii''<br /><small>Lapouge, 1906</small> * ''hottentotus''<br /><small>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825</small> * ''hyperboreus''<br /><small>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825</small> * ''indicus''<br /><small>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825</small> * ''japeticus''<br /><small>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825</small> * ''melaninus''<br /><small>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825</small> * ''monstrosus''<br /><small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> * ''neptunianus''<br /><small>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825</small> * ''palestinus''<br /><small>McCown & Keith, 1932</small> * ''patagonus''<br /><small>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825</small> * ''priscus''<br /><small>Lapouge, 1899</small> * ''proto-aethiopicus''<br /><small>Giuffrida-Ruggeri, 1915</small> * ''scythicus''<br /><small>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825</small> * ''sinicus''<br /><small>Bory de St. Vincent, 1825</small> * ''spelaeus''<br /><small>Lapouge, 1899</small> * ''troglodytes''<br /><small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> * ''wadjakensis''<br /><small>Dubois, 1921</small> }} '''Gens humana''' est usitatum [[species|speciei]] nostrae nomen; [[biologia|naturale]] autem nomen est ''[[Homo sapiens]]''. ''Homo sapiens''<ref>{{cite journal |author=Goodman M., Tagle D., Fitch D., Bailey W., Czelusniak J., Koop B., Benson P., Slightom J. |title=Primate evolution at the DNA level and a classification of hominoids |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-molecular-evolution_1990-03_30_3/page/260 |journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution |volume = 30 |issue=3 |pages=260–266 |year=[[1990]] |pmid=2109087 |doi=10.1007/BF02099995}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hominidae Classification |work=Animal Diversity Web @ UMich |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Hominidae.html.}}</ref> est sola [[genus (taxinomia)|generis]] ''[[Homo|Hominis]]'' [[species (taxinomia)|species]] [[vita|viva]], [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Hominidae|Hominidarum]] et [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordinis]] [[Primates|Primatum]]. [[Homines hodiernas corporis conformationes habentes]]<!--anatomically modern humans--> [[Africa]] abhinc [[annus|annorum]] circa 200&thinsp; 000 orti sunt, et perfectam [[mores|morum]] hodiernitatem<!--?behavioral modernity--> abhinc circa annorum 50&thinsp;000 adsecuti sunt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mnh.si.edu/anthro/humanorigins/ha/sap.htm|title=Human Evolution by The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program|work=Human Origins Initiative|publisher=[[Institutum Smithsonianum|Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=[[30 Augusti]] [[2010]]}}.</ref> Quia hominibus est [[cerebrum]] humanum [[encephalizatio|maxime evolutum]], eo est ei [[cogitatio|sensus subiectivus abstractionis]] quo homines [[ratio]]cinari, [[lingua]] loqui, in [[mens|mentem]] [[introspectio|introspicere]], [[quaestiones]] censere, et solutiones invenire possunt. Haec mentis facultas, cum erecto [[corpus (physica)|corporis]] habitu et [[manus|manibus]] liberis res tractantibus, hominibus sinit [[instrumentum rusticum|instrumentis]] omnium generum uti ad tractandum plus quam quaequam orbis terrarum speciem [[vita|vivam]]. Etenim adhibet [[cognitio]]nis gradum altiorem, sicut [[agnitio sui|agnitionem sui]] ("ratiocinor ergo exsisto"), [[memoria]]m, [[ratio]]nem, [[ratiocinatio]]nem, et [[sapientia]]m praebens.<!--Somebody seems to have made something go awry here--><ref name=mc2> Alasdair MacIntyre, ''Dependent Rational Animals: Why Human Beings Need the Virtues'': "[Language] is insufficient for human rationality, What is needed in addition is the ability to construct sentences that contain as constituents either the sentences use to express the judgment about which the agent is reflecting, or references to those sentences" (p. 60).</ref><ref name=mcd>John McDowell, ''Mind and World'': "In mere animals, sentience is in the service of a mode of life that is structured exclusively by immediate biological imperatives." . . . "Merely animal life is shaped by goals whose control of the animal's behavior at a given moment is an immediate outcome of biological forces" (Harvard University Press, 1994), 15; locus in Alasdair MacIntyre, ''Dependent Rational Animals.''</ref><ref name="flanagan"> Owen Flanagan, ''The Really Hard Problem: Meaning in a Material World'' (Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: MIT Press).</ref> Item habent notiones attributionum definientes rerum quae "[[persona]]m" conformant.<ref name=mc1>Alasdair MacIntyre, ''Dependent Rational Animals: Why Human Beings Need the Virtues'': "Those who have wanted to draw a single sharp line between human and nonhuman animals have commonly laid emphasis upon the presence or absence of language as such, the ability to use and to respond to strings of syntactically ordered and semantically significant expressions whose utterance constitutes speech acts. But this is insufficient for human rationality. What is needed in addition." (p. 60).</ref><ref name="mol">[http://www.duke.edu/~pk10/language/psych.htm Nature vs. Nurture: The Miracle of Language], by Malia Knezek. "What about the fact that other animals do not have similar language capabilities? . . . This obviously involves some innate difference between humans and other animals. . . . Other animals do not use any other form of language (i.e. sign language) even though they have the physiological capabilities"; ex [[Andy Clark]], ''Being There: Putting Brain, Body, and World Together Again'' (Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: MIT Press, 1997), 208-209).</ref> Hominibus est unica peritia ad versanda systemata [[communicatio]]nis ut de se dicant<!--self-express-->, excogitationes inter se permutent, et res communiter [[organizatio|ordinent]]. Ei multiplices [[structura socialis|structuras sociales]] fingunt, quae in multis gregibus una agentes et contendentes coexsistunt, inter quas [[familia]]e, pleraque [[cognatio]]nis retia, et [[civitas|civitates]], a [[mos|moribus]] et [[lex|legibus]] temperatae. [[Interactio socialis|Interactiones sociales]] inter homines variissimas statuerunt aestimationes, [[norma (sociologia)|normas sociales]], et [[ritus]], qui una sunt fundamenta societatis humanae. Quia in omni [[continens|continente]], etiam [[Antarctica]]m, [[habitatio|habitant]], homines sunt species [[distributio cosmopolita|cosmopolita]]. Aestimavit [[Divisio Civium Numeri Consociationis Nationum]] anno [[2011]] [[civium numerus|civium numerum]] esse circa 7 [[billio]]nes,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/world/united-nations-reports-7-billion-humans-but-others-dont-count-on-it.html?_r=1|title=U.N. Reports 7 Billion Humans, but Others Don’t Count on It|last=Roberts|first=Sam|date=[[31 Octobris]] [[2011]]|work=The New York Times|accessdate=[[7 Novembris]] [[2011]].}}</ref> et aestimavit [[Ministerium Census Civitatum Foederatarum]] eum esse circa 6.97 billiones.<ref name="popclock">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/popclockworld.html|title=World Population Clock|work=Census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau, Population Division|accessdate=[[2 Novembris]] [[2011]]}}.</ref> Insigniter desiderant homines eorum [[circumiecta naturalia|circumiectum]] intellegere et adfigere, res per [[scientia (ratio)|scientiam]], [[philosophia]]m, [[mythologia]]m, et [[religio]]nem et alias [[superstitio]]nes explicare et tractare petentes. Hoc [[natura]]le noscendi studium evolutionem instrumentorum promotorum et sollertiarum excitavit, quae per [[cultura]]m traduntur; homines quidem sunt sola species quae [[ignis|ignem]] sibi facit, [[ars coquinaria|cibum sibi coquunt]], [[vestimenta|induunt sibi vestem]], atque multas alias [[technologia]]s et [[ars|artes]] excogitant et adhibent, praecipue [[litterae|litteras]], [[musica]]m, [[saltatio]]nem, et alias [[ars|artes]] quae ex aestimatione [[pulchritudo|pulchritudinis]] dependent. Investigatio hominum est [[Scientia (ratio)|scientifica]] [[anthropologia]]e doctrina. <!--Aliae res commemorandae: [[gens]] + [[domus]] + [[psychologia]]. Text copies en: fairly well to this point.--> == Biologia == === Sexus === [[Fasciculus:Human Body.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.5|[[Corpus]] humanum [[vir|viro]] [[mulier]]ique.]] [[Natura]]li homo [[sexus]] duos habet; [[mas]] [[femina]]que. Differentiae naturales communes inter eos sunt. Mas longior et fortior quam femina est atque [[vox|vocem]] obscuriorem habet. Femina parem [[pectus|pectoris]] magni habet qui in muliere [[mamma]] appellatur. Quando mulier [[infans|infantem]] nata est, [[lac]] in mamma creatur. Mas plus [[pilus|pilum corporis]] quam femina habet. De organo coitus et [[reproductio|reproductioni]], mas [[penis|penem]], femina [[vagina]]m, habet. Aliquando mutationes naturales sexus in evolutione [[fetus]] fieri possunt. Tales homines [[intersexualitas|intersexuales]] et [[transsexualitas|transsexuales]] appellantur. Populus quoque est qui eius sexus mutare vult. Saepissime a viro ad mulierem est. Praeter sexus naturales, nonnullus populus talis generis etiam est. Multi tales homines etiam [[actrix pornographica|actrices pornographicae]] sunt. In [[pornographia]], nominibus [[lingua Anglica|Anglicis]] tribus noti sunt; ''transexual'', ''shemale'' ("eamas") et ''ladyboy'' ("dominapuer"). [[Thailandia]]e saepissime ''ladyboy'' appellantur. In Thailandia quoque multus populus tali generi humani est. Nonnulli homines transsexuales etiam ut alteri sexus esse se ipsi vident. === Vita === Homines sunt species hodierna inter [[animalia]] [[multicellulare|multicellularia]], longaeviorum. Sciuntur igitur homines plus quam centum viginti annos aetate maiores. Talis longaevitas est res [[genotypus|genotypica]], cui [[phaenotypus]] (modus hominum vivendi) favet.<!--???--> === Evolutio === {{vide-etiam|Evolutio Hominis}} ''Homo sapiens'' [[evolutio hominis|evolutione]] ex specie ''[[Homo erectus|Hominis erecti]]'' in [[Africa]] evolutus est. Ante circiter centum milia annorum ''Homo sapiens'' ex [[Africa]] migrare coepit. Omnes homines eiusdem speciei sunt. Varietates conspicuae non sunt scientificae. Analyses [[genetica]]e monstrant diversitatem [[genum|genorum]] in hominibus Africanis maximam esse, sed minimam in [[Europa]]eis [[Asia]]ticis [[America]]nisque. Diversificatio hominum extra Africam viventium circiter ante quinquaginta ad decem milia annorum accidit. ==== Varia genera hominis ==== Si [[Phylum (taxinomia)|phylum]] inter hominem est, disputabiliter est. Illi qui in phylo hominis credunt sunt et illi qui non credunt. At re vera variationes generis hominis sunt, sicut homo Europaeus, Asiaticus, Africanus, Orientis Medii, Indiani, [[Indi Americani]] Septentrionales, Indi Americani Australes, et cetera, et in his subvariationes sunt. <gallery style="text-align:left;" mode="packed" widths=100px heights=100px> Fasciculus:ISS-08 Michael Foale conducts an inspection of the Microgravity Science Glovebox.jpg|[[Michael Foale]], [[astrophysicus]] et quondam [[astronauta]], in [[Statio Spatialis Internationalis|Statione Spatiali Internationali]]. Fasciculus:Yang Liwei.jpg|[[Yang Liwei]], [[maior tribuni militum]], [[gubernator aeroplani]] militaris, et [[astronauta]] [[Administratio Spatialis Nationalis Sinensis|Administrationis Spatialis Nationalis Sinensis]]. Fasciculus:Leila Hatami Deauville 2011.jpg|[[Leila Hatami]], [[actrix]]. Fasciculus:Hausa harpist.jpg|[[Persona]] quae ''[[xalam]]'' psallit. Fasciculus:Handicrafts seller.JPG|Venditor in ''[[Hyderabad]]''. Fasciculus:Chief Black Coal - An Arapaho Chief.jpg|[[Carbo Niger Princeps]], [[populus Arapaho|populi ''Arapaho'']] esse, anno [[1882]] visus. Fasciculus:Quechuawomanandchild.jpg|[[Mulier]] cum [[impubes|impubere]] maris tergo in [[Vallis Sacra|Valle Sacra]] [[Andes|Andium]]. </gallery> === Ossa === Corpus hominis circa 270 [[os (anatomia ossis)|ossa]] [[partus|partu]] habet, sed tempore rei adultae aliqua ossa cofuderunt et tum [[sceletus]] in 206 ossibus consistit. == [[Civilizatio]] == [[Fasciculus:EP Strasbourg hemicycle l-gal.jpg|thumb|Despectus in [[Parlamentum Europaeum]], parlamentum [[Unio Europaea|Unionis Europaeae]].]] Hodie [[numerus incolarum]] generis humani [[Tellus (planeta)|Telluris]] circa 7 billiones est, numerus qui permagnopere [[planeta]]e esse considetur. Plerumque homines in [[urbs|urbibus]] et [[oppidum|oppidis]] [[cultus humanus|cultu]] habitant, plerumque in [[natio]]nes divisis. Minor numerus hominum etiam primitive in tribubus habitat, qui in plerumque continentes est. Quaeque natio a [[politicus|politicis]] propriis gubernatur, quo [[democratia]] est usitata et opinabilis. Omnes nationes in gubernatione communi quoque cooperantur, sicut [[Parlamentum Europaeum]], [[parlamentum]] [[Unio Europaea|Unionis Europaea]]. == Robota hominum similia == [[Fasciculus:Actroid-DER 01.jpg|thumb|180px|DER 01, [[gynaecoides]].]] Homo studium [[robotum|robotis]] humanis habere videt, qui in societate operari et habitare opinabile est. Sola quaestio est res defectae in [[technologia]], primum facultas itui, primum, et personalitas progressiva ut hominis. Robota primitiva, aut progressiva in sensu hodierno, quae homo non similant pars societatis oblectamento et auxilio iam sunt, sicut [[Asimo]] et [[Nao]]. [[Androides]] viro et gynaecoides mulieri appellantur ea robota quae homines vident, i.e. aspectum et habitum. In praesens sedere, primum, et stare modo possunt velut loqui et canere. [[Iaponia]] civitas ducens in ambo [[robotica]] et ipso androide est. Persona praeclara in robotica est [[Hiroshi Ishiguro]], machinator roboticalis et director Laboratorii Roboticalis Intelligentis, qui proprius androides, copia{{dubsig}} a se, etiam habet. ''[[Cyborg]]'' est mixtio hominis et partium machinalium, quod aliquando in [[cultura popularis|cultura populari]] apparet, sicut in multiserie ''[[Star Trek]]'' ubi videmus ''[[Borg (Star Trek)|Borg]]'', malus esse proscriptum, et ''[[Terminator]]'' in multiserie eiusdem nominis, hominem eradicare proscriptum. == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * Bosinski, Gerhard. [[1990]]. ''Homo sapiens: l’histoire des chasseurs du paléolithique supérieur en Europe (40000-10000 av. J.-C.).'' Lutetiae: Éditions Errance. * Boyd, et Silk. [[2004]]. ''L’aventure humaine: des molécules à la culture.'' De Boeck. ISBN 978-2-8041-4333-6. * [[Gulielmus Bryson|Bryson, Bill]]. [[2003]]. "Una breve historia de casi todo." Barcinonae: RBA Libros. * Burenhult, Göran, et al. [[2000]]. ''Die ersten Menschen: Die Ursprünge des Menschen bis 10.000 vor Christus.'' Hamburgi: Jahr-Verlag. ISBN 3-8289-0741-5. * [[Carolus Darwin|Darwin, Charles]]. [[1839]]. ''Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe: Journal and remarks. 1832–1836.'' Vol. III. Londinii: Henry Colburn [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F10.3&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 Situs] apud darwin-online.org.uk, confirmatus [[24 Octobris]] [[2008]]. * Darwin, Charles. [[1845]]. ''Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the Command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N.'' Ed. 2a. Londinii: John Murray. [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F20&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 Situs] apud darwin-online.ork.uk, confirmatus [[24 Octobris]] [[2008]]. * Darwin, Charles, et Alfred Russel Wallace. [[1858]]. On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection. Zoology 3. ''Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London,'' 46–50. doi 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1858.tb02500.x, confirmatus [[30 Octobris]] [[2008]]. * Darwin, Charles. [[1859]]. ''[[On the Origin of Species|On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life]].'' Ed. prima. Londinii: John Murray. [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 Situa] apud darwin-online.org.uk, confirmatus [[24 Octobris]] [[2008]]. ISBN 1-4353-9386-4. * Darwin, Charles. [[1871]]. ''The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex.'' Ed. prima. Londinii: John Murray. [http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_TheDescentofMan.html Situs] apud darwin-online.ork.uk, confirmatus [[24 Octobris]] [[2008]]. ISBN 0-8014-2085-7. * Darwin, Charles. [[1872]]. ''The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life.'' Ed. sexta. Londinii: John Murray. [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F391&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 Situs] apud darwin-online.org.uk, confirmatus [[1 Novembris]] [[2009]]. ISBN 1-4353-9386-4. * [[Ricardus Dawkins|Dawkins, Richard]]. [[1976]]. ''The Selfish Gene.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-286092-5. * Dawkins, Richard. [[1982]]. ''The Extended Phenotype.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-288051-9. * Dawkins, Richard. [[2006]]. ''The God Delusion.'' Bostoniae: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-68000-4. * Freeman, Scott, et Jon C. Herron. [[2007]]. ''Evolutionary Analysis.'' Ed. quarta. Pearson Education, Inc. ISBN 0-13-227584-8. * Kunsch, Konrad, et Steffen Kunsch. [[2006]]. ''Der Mensch in Zahlen. Eine Datensammlung in Tabellen mit über 20000 Einzelwerten.'' Ed. 3a. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag. ISBN 3-8274-1731-7. * Morgan Allman, John. [[2003]]. ''El cerebro en evolución.'' Barcinonae: Ariel. * [[Desmond Morris|Morris, Desmond]]. [[1967]]. ''The Naked Ape: A Zoologist's Study of the Human Animal.'' ISBN 0-07-043174-4. Retractatus ISBN 0-385-33430-3. * Schäppi, Rolf. [[2002]]. ''La femme est le propre de l’homme.'' Odile Jacob. * Schrenk, Friedemann. [[2008]]. ''Die Frühzeit des Menschen: Der Weg zum Homo sapiens.'' Monaci: C. H. Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-57703-1. * Schüring, Joachim. [[2006]]. Von der anderen Art. In ''Abenteuer Archäologie: Kulturen, Menschen, Monumente.'' Heidelberg: Spektrum der Wissenschaft Verl.-Ges. ISSN 1612-9954. *White, Timothy, et al. 2003.<!-- =? --> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|People|''Hominem sapientem''}} {{Victionarium|homo|''Hominem sapientem''}} {{Vicicitatio|homo|''Hominem sapientem''}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110528014013/http://www.archaeologyinfo.com/homosapiens.htm De archaeologia ''Hominis sapientis''], apud www.archaeologyinfo.com (Archaeology Info) * [http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=070824121653.65mgd37f De ''Chororapitheco abyssinic''], apud www.breitbart.com * [http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-sapiens De ''Homine sapiente''], apud humanorigins.si.edu (Human Origins Program, Smithsonian Institution) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090709125530/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humanevolution/sapiens.html De ''Homine sapiente''], apud www.mnsu.edu [[Categoria:Homo sapiens|!]] [[Categoria:Megafauna]] [[Categoria:Species cosmopolitae]] [[Categoria:Species quae instrumentis utuntur]] [[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1758]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Biologia}} 2gyghakx6uq6dc6rb35ccotbihw8g25 0 757 3980008 3978258 2026-08-09T23:07:46Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Isaacus Newtonus''',<ref>''Isaacus Newtonus'' apud [[Christianus Hugenius|Christianum Hugenium]], ''Cosmotheoros'' liber 2 [http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/11-ResearchProjects/boulliau/bio-historical/06-b-sir-d-brewster.htm ''Boulliau Biography,''] in "Isaacus Neutonus": [https://books.google.com/books?id=MNk0YdFrAQ8C&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=%22isaac+neutonus%22&source=bl&ots=NuhMl5_T6a&sig=0Grzb_12JRoS68Rt56hCT-wXbuo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAWoVChMIx9rJwqvKxwIVzFs-Ch3ipwgF#v=onepage&q=%22isaac%20neutonus%22&f=false]. "Js. Newton" sub titulo ''Principiorum mathematicorum'' anni 1687: vide imaginem.</ref> vel '''Isaacus Newton''' ({{pns|onis|m}}),<ref>''Newton'', ''-onis'' apud [[Leonhardus Eulerus|Eulerum]]. Confer "Quod ad posteriorem qusstionem attinet, unde Astronomia maxima adepta est incrementa, ea a primo inventore '''Newtone''' simul eo usque perfecta esse videtur," verba memorata ab {{cite journal | author = Andreas Verdun | date = [[September|Septembri]] 2013 | title = Leonhard Euler's early lunar theories 1725–1752: Part 2: developing the methods, 1730–1744 | url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/23479154 | journal = Archive for History of Exact Sciences | volume = 67 | issue = 5 | pages = 477-551 | doi = 10.1007/s00407-013-0118-0 | access-date = 19 [[Aprilis]] 2023 }}.</ref><ref>Cfr. {{cite book | last = De Guevara | first = Andrea | year = 1833 | title = Institutionum elementarium philosophiae ad usum studiosae juventutis | url = http://cdigital.dgb.uanl.mx/la/1080021745_C/1080021745_T1/1080021745_04.pdf | location = [[Matritum|Matriti]] | publisher = Typographia Regia | page = 60 }}, "Unde non tam urberes philosophia collegit fructus, quam polliceri sibi poterat a viris tam excelso donatis ingenio; qui si quarto post saeculo vixissent, cum Cartesiis, et '''Newtonibus''' fortunatius adlaborassent in aedificio scientiarum ad sublimitationis apicem elevando."</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Gautier d'Agoty | first = Jacobus | year = 1749 | title = Photophusis chroagenesis. De optice errores Isaaci Newtonis aurati equitis demonstrans | url = https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KNtrvgAACAAJ | location = [[Londinium|Londinii]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Evers | first = M. | year = 1988 | title = Pro Newtone et religione: de receptie van Newton en de Engelse fysicotheologen in de Bibliothèque Ancienne et Moderne (1714-1727) | journal = Documentatieblad Werkgroep Achttiende Eeuw | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 247-267 }}</ref><ref>Cfr. {{cite journal | author = Henriot | date = [[Martius|Martii]] 1820 | title = De cometa qui, anno 1819, ipsis improvisus astronomis, apparuit. | url = https://archive.org/details/classicaljourna38unkngoog/page/n156/mode/2up?view=theater | journal = The classical journal | volume = 21 | access-date = 19 [[Aprilis]] 2023 }}: "Heu! mentes hominum nunc degener educat aetas. / Ipsa, suis quondam '''Newtonibus''' inclyta, quondam / praescia fatorum, divinae praescia legis ..."</ref> [[Anglice]] ''Isaac Newton'' (anno [[1642]], die [[25 Decembris]] secundum [[calendarium Iulianum]] natus; mortuus die [[20 Martii]] [[1727]])<ref>Dies [[4 Ianuarii]] [[1643]] et [[31 Martii]] [[1727]] secundum [[calendarium Gregorianum|Gregorianum]].</ref> fuit [[physicus]], [[mathematicus]], [[astronomia|astronomus]], [[philosophia naturalis|philosophus naturalis]], [[alchemia|alchemista]], et [[theologia|theologus]] [[Anglia|Anglus]], qui "a multis [[scientia (ratio)|scientista]] maximus et momenti maximi qui umquam vixit"<ref>"By many to be the greatest and most influential [[scientist]] who ever lived." {{cite book |title=The biography book: a reader's guide to nonfiction, fictional, and film biographies of more than 500 of the most fascinating individuals of all time |first1=Daniel S. |last1=Burt |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=[[2001]] |isbn=1-573-56256-4 |page=315 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jpFrgSAaKAUC}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=jpFrgSAaKAUC&pg=PA315 Pars paginae 315.]</ref> habetur. Eius [[liber|libellus]] ''[[Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica]],'' anno [[1687]] editus, fundamenta [[mechanica classica|mechanicae classicae]] exponit. Quod opus [[gravitas (physica)|gravitationem universam]] et [[leges motus Newtoni|tres leges motus]] offert, quae [[scientia (ratio)|scientificum]] [[universum|universi]] corporei conspectum per proxima tria [[saeculum|saecula]] dominata est. Newtonus monstravit motum rerum in [[Tellus|Tellure]] et [[corpus caeleste|corpora caelestia]] ab eadem copia [[lex naturalis|legum naturalium]] gubernari per constantiam [[leges Keplerianae|legum motionis planetariae Kepleranarum]] et suae rationis [[gravitatio]]nis demonstratam, ergo [[heliocentrismus|heliocentrismum]] tandem refellens et [[Revolutio Scientifica|Revolutionem Scientificam]] promovens. Newtonus fuit praeses [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis]] [[Londinium|Londinii]], in quam anno [[1672]] cooptatus fuerat, exinde ab anno [[1703]] usque ad annum [[1727]]. Praeterea, opera sua [[Latine]] exaravit. == Vita == === Pueritia et adulescentia === [[Fasciculus:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg|thumb|Isaac Newtonus anno [[1689]] a [[Godfridus Kneller|Godfrido Kneller]] pictus.]] Newtoni [[pater]], [[ovis aries|ovium]] altor efficax et titulo ''Lord of the Manor'' ornatus, ante filium natum mortuus est. Anno [[1646]] [[mater]] eius iterum [[matrimonium]] iniit, Isaacus apud [[avia]]m [[Woolstropia]]e manebat, ut titulum servaret.<ref>Stephen Haddelsey et Susan Haiman, The National Trust, ed., ''Woolsthorpe Manor: Birthplace of Isaac Newton'' (Swindon: Acorn Press, 2008, ISBN 978-1-84359-224-2).</ref> Vitrico autem mortuo, mater Woolstropiam rediit. Sunt, qui difficilem eius ingenium in diremptione novem annorum a matre ponant. Mater filium duodecim annos natum misit in publicum [[Grantham]]i ludum litterarium<ref>Castillioneus, p. XXI.</ref>. Anno [[1660]], cum Newtonus aetatis duodevicesimum annum egit, ad [[Collegium Trinitatis (Cantabrigia)|Collegium Trinitatis]] [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]] transiit, ubi [[1664]] [[Artium Baccalaureus|artium baccalaureus]] factus est.<ref>Ibidem.</ref> [[Collegium]] autem anno [[1665]] propter [[Pestis Londinensis|Pestem Londinensem]] clausum est, quare in patriam domum revertit, ubi sequentibus annis se studiis [[optica]]e, [[algebra]]e, et [[mechanica]]e dedidit. Tum Cantabrigiae [[Platonismus]] viguit. Newtoni notae illo tempore scriptae, quas ''Quaestiones quaedam philosophicae'' intitulavit, demonstrant eum et cogitationibus [[Renatus Cartesius|Cartesianis]] et [[atomus|atomismo]] [[Petrus Gassendus|Petri Gassendi]] et Platonismo [[Henricus Morus|Henrici Mori]] imbutum esse. Hae cogitationes, quamvis prorsus diversae, ex tunc [[philosophia naturalis|philosophiam naturalem]] Newtoni constituerunt. === Newtonus summum culmen gloriae attingit === [[Quadragena]] anno [[1667]] dimissa Newtonus [[Socius (universitas)|socius]] Collegii Trinitatis Cantabrigiae factus est, quo cum honore coniuncta erat, ut 39 articulis [[Ecclesia Anglica|Ecclesiae Anglicae]] assentiret et [[caelibatus|caelibatum]] promitteret, praeterea inter septem annos ad [[Sacri Ordines|ordines sacros]] accederet. [[1668]] [[magister (universitas)|magister]] creatus, electus est anno [[1669]] [[professor]] [[Cathedra Lucasiana|Cathedrae Lucasianae]] [[mathematica|mathematicorum]]. [[Isaacus Barrow]], qui secesserat, eum ipse successorem commendavit. Eodem anno liber eius ''De Analysi per Aequationes Numeri Terminorum Infinitas'' manu scriptus in usu esse coepit, quo principia [[Calculus infinitesimalis|calculi infinitesimalis]] in lucem data sunt. Hoc libro, quamvis tum a paucis scientificis lecto, princeps mathematicus aetatis suae factus est. A [[1670]] ad [[1672]] praelegit lectiones[[ Optica]]s, inquisivit [[refractio luminis|refractionem luminis]] et instrumenta optica fabricavit. Anno [[1672]] [[telescopium]] reflectivum perfecit, quod [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regali Societati Londini]] demonstravit. Eodem anno librum ''New Theory about Light and Colours'' intitulatum in ''Philosophical Transactions'' Regalis Societatis publicavit. Hae litterae maxime disputabantur. Imprimis cum [[Robertus Hooke|Roberto Hooke]], qui erat inter Regalis Societatis primores, ei fuit acris controversia, cum utrique persuasissimum esset nullam nisi propriam opionem ab opinione alterius distincte diversam esse veram. Iudicia de litteris eius minus benevola Newtonus aegre tulit; quare magis magisque se recepit et experimentis [[Alchemia|alchemisticis]] se dedit. Anno [[1673]] in studiis [[Biblia|Bibliorum]] et [[Patres Ecclesiae|Patrum Ecclesiae]] versari coepit, quod usque ad mortem continuavit. Ad animi iudicium venit, ut doctrina [[trinitas|trinitatis]] sit [[haeresis]], quae [[religio Christiana|Christianis]] saeculo quarto persuasum est. Anno [[1675]] impetravit, ut a sacris ordinibus [[dispensatio|dispensaretur]]. Post aliam controversiam – nunc cum [[Societas Iesu|Iesuitis]] [[Anglia|Anglicis]] [[Leodium|Leodii]] – Newtonus anno [[1678]] prostratione nervosa affectus est; anno sequenti mater eius mortua est. Per sex annos, usque ad [[1684]], Newtonus vixit in recessu, dubitationibus sui vexatus. Anno [[1679]] iterum mechanicae studuit; litterae eius ''De Motu Corporum'' anno [[1684]] scriptae iam elementa eorum continuerunt, quae tribus annis post in ''Principiis'' expositurus erat. Hoc opere [[Galilaeus Galilaei|Galileai]] de [[acceleratio]]ne, [[Iohannes Keplerus|Kepleri]] de motibus [[planeta]]rum et [[Renatus Cartesius|Cartesii]] de [[inertia]] investigationes in unum coniungens rationem [[Gravitas (physica)|gravitatis]] explicavit et in tribus legibus motus fundamentalibus exprimendis fundamenta mechanicae classicae posuit. Newtonus inter gentes notus fiebat; Multi scientifici iuvenes ad eum congregati sunt. Alia cum Hooke controversia, nunc de lege gravitationis, a quo Newtonus incusatus est, quod sententiam gravitationem cum quadratu intervalli minuere ei surripuisse. Anno [[1687]] primum locum obtinuit inter eos, qui [[Iacobus II (rex Angliae)|Iacobum II]] regem Angliae arcere studuerunt, ne Universitas Cantabrigiensis in institutum [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Catholicum]] immutaret. Circa [[1689]] Newtonus litterarum de rebus theologicis commercium cum [[Ioannes Lockius|Ioanne Lockio]] philosopho Anglico coepit et in amicitiam et fidem [[Nicolaus Fatius Duillierius|Ncolai Fatii Duillierii]], mathematici [[Helvetia|Helvetici]], se contulit. Anno [[1689]] Universitas Cantabrigiensis eum in [[Parlamentum]] Anglicum emisit, ut universitatem repraesentaret. Cum anno [[1693]] amicitia cum Fatio dissoluta est, altera prostratione nervosa affecta est; ab amicis Lockio et [[Samuel Pepys]] adiutus est. [[Fasciculus:Sir_Isaac_Newton_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller,_Bt.jpg|thumb|Isaac Newtonus anno 1702 Londinii a [[Godfridus Kneller|Godfrido Kneller]] depictus.]] === Ultimi anni === Anno [[1696]] posteriore [[Earl of Halifax]] amico intercedente [[guardianus]] (''wardein'') monetae regalis ([[Royal Mint]]) [[Londinium|Londinii]] et [[1699]] magister (''master'') eius factus est. Newtonus munere aliter ac multi antea non solum reditus causa functus est, sed severe in monetam adulterinam exercentes animadvertit. Tribus annis post ([[1699]]) unus ex octo sodalibus [[Academia Scientiarum Francica|Academiae Scientiarum Francicae]] invitatus est. [[1701]] cathedram professoris universitatis Cantabrigiensis cessit; eodem anno sine nomine legem de refrigeratione corporum solidorum publicavit. [[1703]] praeses Regalis Societatis Londinii creatus hoc munere usque ad mortem functus est. Anno sequenti, postquam Hooke mortuus est, denique opus "[[Optice|Opticks]]" intitulatum in lucem edere potuit. Anno [[1705]] ei ab [[Anna (regina Britanniae)|Anna]], regina Britanniae, dignitas equestris data est, non autem propter merita scientifica, sed ob cursum honorum. Eodem anno etiam controversia cum [[Godefridus Guilielmus Leibnitius|Godefrido Guilielmo Leibnitio]] coepit, quis eorum [[Calculus infinitesimalis|calculum infinitesimalem]] invenisset. === Funus et monumentum funebre === [[Fasciculus:Isaac_Newton_grave_in_Westminster_Abbey.jpg|thumb|Sepulcrum Newtoni in [[Abbatia Sancti Petri de Westmonasterio]].]] Iam anno [[1696]] Newtonus Londinii in domo magnificenter cum parvo [[observatorium|observatorio]] aedificata vixit. Studiis historiae antiquae, theologiae et [[mystica]]e se dedit. Ab anno [[1697]] (aut [[1707]]?) domus Newtoni a [[Catherina Barton]], filia sororis germanae, gesta est, quam adoptavit; Newtonus undeviginti annos natus sponsam quidem habuisse traditur, sed numquam uxorem in matrinonium duxit. Anno [[1720]] plus quam 20000 [[Libra pondus|libras]] amisit, cum negotia in hemisphaera australi praeter spem evenerunt; tamen usque ad mortem locuples manebat. Bona valetudine usus est usque ad octogesimum aetatis annum, quo [[urina]]e [[incontinentia]] affligi coepit;<ref>Castilloneus, p. XXIX</ref> postremis vitae diebus [[Urolithiasis|calculo]] laboravit.<ref>ibidem</ref> Octo diebus, postquam mortuus est, Newtonus magna celebritate in [[Abbatia Sancti Petri de Westmonasterio]] ante chorum conditus est. In sepulcro legitur: :''Hic depositum est, quod mortale fuit Isaaci Newtoni.'' Prope est monumentum, cui inscriptum est: :''H. S. E. ISAACUS NEWTON Eques Auratus, / Qui, animi vi prope divinâ, / Planetarum Motus, Figuras, / Cometarum semitas, Oceanique Aestus. Suâ Mathesi facem praeferente / Primus demonstravit: / Radiorum Lucis dissimilitudines, / Colorumque inde nascentium proprietates, / Quas nemo antea vel suspicatus erat, pervestigavit. / Naturae, Antiquitatis, S. Scripturae, / Sedulus, sagax, fidus Interpres / Dei O. M. Majestatem Philosophiâ asseruit, / Evangelij Simplicitatem Moribus expressit. / Sibi gratulentur Mortales, / Tale tantumque exstitisse / HUMANI GENERIS DECUS. / NAT. XXV DEC. A.D. MDCXLII. OBIIT. XX. MAR. MDCCXXVI''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091016081238/http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/sir-isaac-newton Westminster Abbey]</ref>. [[Alexander Pope]] poeta distichum Anglicum scripserat, quod in monumento poni vetitum est: :''Nature and Nature's laws lay hid in night:'' :''God said, Let Newton be! and all was light''. Quod Castilloneus in Latinum vertit: :''Naturam legesque suas nox atra tegebat:'' :''Sit Newtonus, ait Deus, et lux cuncta fuerant''.<ref>Castilloneus, p. XXXI</ref> == Leges motus == ''[[Leges motus Newtoni|Leges motus]]'' a Newtono propositae hodieque pro legum physicarum fundamentis habentur, dummodo de velocitatibus subluminalibus agatur. En leges motus Newtonianae, ex ipsis verbis tertiae ''Principiorum'' editionis descriptae: # ''Corpus omne perseverare in statu suo quescendi vel movendi uniformiter in derectum, nisi quatenus illud a viribus impressis cogitur statum suum mutare.'' # ''Mutationem motus proportionalem esse vi motrici impressae, & fieri secundum lineam rectam qua vis illa imprimitur.'' # ''Actioni contrarium semper & aequalem esse reactionem: sive corporum duorum actiones in se mutuo semper esse aequales & in partes contrarias dirigi.'' == Opera == * ''[[Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica]]'' * ''Arithmetica Universalis'' * ''De Motu Corporum'' * ''[[Optice|Opticks]]'' (Anglice) * ''Method of Fluxions'' (Anglice) * ''An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture'' (Anglice) == ''Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica'' == [[Fasciculus:Newton-Principia-Mathematica 1-500x700.jpg|thumb|Prima pagina [[liber|libri]] ''Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica''.]] [[Magnum opus]] Newtonianum est ''Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica'' ([[1687]]). In illum inscripsit fundamenta novae mathematico-mechanicae perceptionis mundi. Usque ad illa tempora magna pars physicae constituebatur hypothesibus speculativis et earum deductionibus logicis. Newtonus primus poscit, ut in processu recognoscentiae scientifico [[empirismus]] purus praecedat. Causa gloriae Newtoni, [[auctor]] [[physica]]e classicae theoreticae et scientiarum naturalium exactarum, est praesertim opus suum principale ''Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica,'' in quo tria axiomata sua [[mechanica]]e ([[leges motus Newtoni|Axiomata Newtoniana]]) formulavit. Praeterea concepit [[aequatio motus|aequationem motus]], aequationem fundamentalem dynamicam, et cum ea motus corporum theoretice tractavit. Hic etiam [[lex gravitationis|legem gravitationis]] suam anno [[1666]] excogitavit, et monstrat [[aequatio motus]] suam in casu motionis planetae circum [[Sol]]em [[Leges Keplerianae|Leges Keplerianas]] comportare. Applicatio [[mechanica]]e theoreticae Newtoni et attractionis massarum universalis ad motus [[astrum|astrorum]] fecit eum auctorem [[mechanica caelestis|mechanicae caelestis]]. Newtonus primo valabilitatem legum [[natura]]lium terrestrium etiam pro astris demonstravit. Hoc est pro scientia naturali uniformi [[Les Temps Modernes|Novorum Temporum]] condicio fundamentalis, quae a physica [[Aristoteles|Aristotelis]] maxime discrepat. In ''Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica'' praeterea [[aestus marinus|aestus]] explicavit, fundamenta [[theoria potentialis|theoriae potentialis]] posuit, processus fluenti ([[Liquida Newtoniana]]), quaestiones vibrationis et quaestiones ex [[acustica]] etiam [[calculus infinitesimalis|calculum infinitesimalem]] tractavit. Newtonus etiam ortum [[praecessio]]nis et [[nutatio]]nis axis [[Tellus|Terrae]] explicavit et [[massa]]s [[Luna]]e ac planetarum calculavit. == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> == Bibliographia == * {{Cite book|last=Ball|first=W.W. Rouse|title=A Short Account of the History of Mathematics|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P9-BUL-080|location=Novi Eboraci|publisher=Dover|year=[[1908]]|isbn=0486206300}} * {{Cite book|last=Christianson|first=Gale|title=In the Presence of the Creator: Isaac Newton & His Times|url=https://archive.org/details/inpresenceofcr00chri|location=Novi Eboraci|publisher=Free Press|year=[[1984]]|isbn=0-02-905190-8}} * {{Cite journal|last=Craig |first=John |title=Isaac Newton&nbsp;– Crime Investigator |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1958-07-19_182_4629/page/149 |journal=Nature |year=[[1958]] |volume=182|issue=4629 |pages=149–152 |doi=10.1038/182149a0 |bibcode = 1958Natur.182.149C}} * {{Cite journal|last=Craig |first=John |title=Isaac Newton and the Counterfeiters |journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London |volume=18|issue=2 |year=[[1963]] |pages=136–145 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.1963.0017}} * {{Cite book|last=Levenson|first=Thomas|title= Newton and the Counterfeiter: The Unknown Detective Career of the World's Greatest Scientist|url=https://archive.org/details/newtoncounterfei0000leve_g7m7|publisher=Mariner Books|year=[[2010]]|isbn=9780547336046 }} * {{Cite book|last=Stewart|first=James|title= Calculus: Concepts and Contexts|url=https://archive.org/details/calculusconcepts0000jame_g2c0|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2009|isbn=9780495557425}} * {{Cite book|authorlink=Richard S. Westfall |last=Westfall |first=Richard S. |title=Never at Rest |url=https://archive.org/details/neveratrestbiogr00west |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=[[1980]], [[1998]] |isbn=0-521-27435-4 }} * {{Cite book|last=Westfall|first=Richard S.|title=Isaac Newton|url=https://archive.org/details/isaacnewton0000west|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=[[2007]]|isbn=9780199213559}} * {{Cite book|last=Westfall|first=Richard S.|title=The Life of Isaac Newton|publisher=Cantabrigiae University Press|year=[[1994]]|isbn=0521477379}} * {{Cite book|authorlink=Michael White (author) |title=Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcerer |url=https://archive.org/details/isaacnewtonlasts0000whit |first=Michael |last=White |publisher=Fourth Estate Limited |year=[[1997]] |isbn=1-85702-416-8}} == Bibliographia addita == * {{Cite book|last=Andrade |first=E. N. De C. |title=Isaac Newton |publisher=Chanticleer Press |location=Novi Eboraci |year=[[1950]] |isbn=0841430144}} * Bardi, Jason Socrates. ''The Calculus Wars: Newton, Leibniz, and the Greatest Mathematical Clash of All Time.'' [[2006]]. [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1560259922 excerpt and text search] * {{Cite book| author=Bechler, Zev | title = Newton's Physics and the Conceptual Structure of the Scientific Revolution | year = [[1991]] | publisher=Springer | isbn = 0792310543}}. * Berlinski, David. [[2000]]. ''Newton's Gift: How Sir Isaac Newton Unlocked the System of the World.'' [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0743217764 Locus et investigatio textalis.] ISBN 0-684-84392-7 * Buchwald, Jed Z. and Cohen, I. Bernard, eds. ''Isaac Newton's Natural Philosophy.'' [[MIT Press]], [[2001]]. [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0262524252 excerpt and text search] * {{Cite journal|author=Casini, P.|title=Newton's Principia and the Philosophers of the Enlightenment|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London|year=[[1988]]|volume=42|issue=1|pages=35–52|issn=0035–9149|doi=10.1098/rsnr.1988.0006|jstor=531368}} * {{Cite book| author=Christianson, Gale E. | title = Isaac Newton and the Scientific Revolution | url=https://archive.org/details/isaacnewtonscie00chri | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year = [[1996]] | isbn = 019530070X}} Vide [http://www.amazon.com/dp/019530070X hoc situm] pro locis et investigation textus. * {{Cite book|last=Christianson |first=Gale |title=In the Presence of the Creator: Isaac Newton & His Times |url=https://archive.org/details/inpresenceofcr00chri |location=Novi Eboraci |publisher=Free Press |year=[[1984]] |isbn=0-02-905190-8 }} * Cohen, I. Bernard et George E. Smith, eds. [[2002]]. ''The Cambridge Companion to Newton.'' <!--focuses on philosophical issues only--> [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0521656966 excerpt and text search]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20081008010311/http://www.questia.com/read/105054986 Omnis editio interretialis.] * {{Cite book|author=Cohen, I. B. |title=The Newtonian Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/newtonianrevolut0000cohe_t6j4 |year=[[1980]] |location= Cantabrigiae Angliae|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521229642}} * {{Cite book|author=Craig, John |title=Newton at the Mint |url=https://archive.org/details/newtonatmint0000john |year=[[1946]] |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cantabrigiae Angliae }} * {{Cite book|author=Dampier, William C. |coauthors=Dampier, M. |title=Readings in the Literature of Science |url=https://archive.org/details/cosmologyatomict0000unse |publisher=Harper & Row |location=Novi Eboraci |year=[[1959]] |isbn=0486428052 }} * {{Cite book|author=[[Richard de Villamil|de Villamil, Richard]] |title=Newton, the Man |publisher=G.D. Knox |location=Londinii |year=[[1931]]}} – Praefatio [[Albertus Einstein|Alberti Einstein]]. Reprinted by Johnson Reprint Corporation, Novi Eboraci (1972). * {{Cite book|author=Dobbs, B. J. T. |title=The Foundations of Newton's Alchemy or "The Hunting of the Greene Lyon" |url=https://archive.org/details/foundationsofnew0000dobb_t3t1 |year=[[1975]] |publisher=Cambridge University Press | place = Cantabrigiae}} * {{Cite book|author=Gjertsen, Derek |title=The Newton Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/newtonhandbook0000gjer |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |location=London |year=[[1986]] |isbn=0-7102-0279-2 }} * {{Cite book|author=Gleick, James|title=Isaac Newton|url=https://archive.org/details/isaacnewton0000glei|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|year=[[2003]] |isbn=0375422331}} * {{Cite journal|author=Halley, E. |title=Review of Newton's Principia |year=[[1687]] |journal=Philosophical Transactions |volume=186 |pages=291–297}} * [[Stephen Hawking|Hawking, Stephen]], ed. ''On the Shoulders of Giants''. ISBN 0-7624-1348-4. * {{Cite book|last=Herivel, J. W.|title=The Background to Newton's Principia. A Study of Newton's Dynamical Researches in the Years 1664–84|url=https://archive.org/details/backgroundtonewt0000heri|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=[[1965]] }} * {{Cite book|author=[[John Maynard Keynes|Keynes, John Maynard]] |title=Essays in Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/essaysinbiograph0000keyn |publisher=W. W. Norton & Co |year=[[1963]] |isbn=0-393-00189-X}} * {{Cite book|author=Koyré, A. |title=Newtonian Studies |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=[[1965]]}} * Newton, Isaac. [[1958]], [[1978]]. ''Papers and Letters in Natural Philosophy'', ed. [[I. Bernard Cohen]]. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-46853-8. * Newton, Isaac (1642–1727). [[1999]]. ''The Principia'': a new Translation, Guide by I. Bernard Cohen ISBN 0-520-08817-4 University of California. * {{Cite book|author=Pemberton, H. |title=A View of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.31059 |publisher=S. Palmer |location=London |year=[[1728]]}} * {{Cite book|last=Shamos, Morris H. |title=Great Experiments in Physics |location=Novi Eboraci |publisher=Henry Holt and Company, Inc. |year=[[1959]] |isbn=0486253465 }} * Shapley, Harlow, S. Rapport, et H. Wright. [[1946]]. ''A Treasury of Science''; "Newtonia" pp.&nbsp;147–9; "Discoveries" pp.&nbsp;150–4. Novi Eboraci: Harper & Bros. * {{Cite book| author=Simmons, J. | title = The Giant Book of Scientists {{ndash}} The 100 Greatest Minds of all Time | location = Sydneii | publisher=The Book Company | year = [[1996]]}} * {{Cite book|last=Stukeley |first=W. |title=Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton's Life |publisher=Taylor and Francis | place = London |year=[[1936]]}}<!--edited by A. H. White; originally published in 1752--> * {{Cite book|author=Westfall, R. S. |title=Force in Newton's Physics: The Science of Dynamics in the Seventeenth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/forceinnewtonsph0000west |location=Londinii |publisher=Macdonald |year=[[1971]] |isbn=0444196110 }} === De religione === * Dobbs, Betty Jo Tetter. [[1991]]. ''The Janus Faces of Genius: The Role of Alchemy in Newton's Thought.'' * Force, James E., and Richard H. Popkin, eds. [[1999]]. ''Newton and Religion: Context, Nature, and Influence.'' * Ramati, Ayval. "The Hidden Truth of Creation: Newton's Method of Fluxions" ''British Journal for the History of Science'' 34: 417–438. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4028372 in JSTOR]. * Snobelen, Stephen. [[2001]]. "God of Gods, and Lord of Lords": The Theology of Isaac Newton's General Scholium to the Principia. ''Osiris,'' 2nd series, 16:169–208. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/301985 in JSTOR.] * {{cite journal | last1 = Snobelen | first1 = Stephen D. | title = Isaac Newton, Heretic: The Strategies of a Nicodemite | jstor = 4027945 | journal=British Journal for the History of Science | volume = 32 | pages = 381–419 | doi=10.1017/S0007087499003751 | year = 1999 | issue = 4}} * {{cite journal | last1 = Pfizenmaier | first1 = Thomas C. | month=January | year = 1997 | title = Was Isaac Newton an Arian? | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-history-of-ideas_1997-01_58_1/page/57 | jstor = 3653988 | journal=Journal of the History of Ideas | volume = 58 | issue = 1| pages = 57–80 }} * Wiles, Maurice. [[1996]]. ''Archetypal Heresy: Arianism through the Centuries.' [http://books.google.com/books?id=DGksMzk37hMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Arianism+through+the+Centuries%22 liber apud google.com]. === Vita Latine scripta === *Castillioneus, Johannes. [[1744]]. Vita Isaaci Newtoni. In ''Isaaci Newtoni Opuscula, in tres tomos distributa.'' Lausannae et Genavae: Marcus et Michael Bousquet. === Fontes primi === * Newton, Isaac. [[1999]]. ''The Principia: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.'' University of California Press. ** Brackenridge, J. Bruce. [[1996]]. ''The Key to Newton's Dynamics: The Kepler Problem and the Principia: Containing an English Translation of Sections 1, 2, and 3 of Book One from the First (1687) Edition of Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.'' University of California Press. * Newton, Isaac. ''The Optical Papers of Isaac Newton. Vol. 1: The Optical Lectures, 1670–1672.'' Cambridge U. Press, 1984. ** Newton, Isaac. ''Opticks'' (ed. quarta, [[1730]]) [http://books.google.com/books?id=GnAFAAAAQAAJ&dq=newton+opticks&pg=PP1&ots=Nnl345oqo_&sig=0mBTaXUI_K6w-JDEu_RvVq5TNqc&prev=http://www.google.com/search%3Fq%3Dnewton%2Bopticks%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sourceid%3Die7%26rlz%3D1I7GGLJ&sa=X&oi=print&ct=title&cad=one-book-with-thumbnail online edition] ** Newton, I. [[1952]]. Opticks, or A Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections & Colours of Light. Novi Eboraci: Dover Publications. * Newton, I. [[1934]].''Sir Isaac Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and His System of the World,'' tr. A. Motte, rev. [[Florian Cajori]]. Berkeley: University of California Press. * {{Cite book|author=[[Whiteside, D. T.]] |title=The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=[[1967]]–[[1982]] |isbn=0521077400}}&nbsp;– 8 volumina. * Newton, Isaac. ''The correspondence of Isaac Newton,'' ed. H. W. Turnbull and others, 7 voll. (1959–77) * ''Newton's Philosophy of Nature: Selections from His Writings'' ed. H. S. Thayer, (1953), [https://web.archive.org/web/20090813023028/http://www.questia.com/read/5876270 online edition] * Isaac Newton, Sir; J Edleston; [[Roger Cotes]], [http://books.google.com/books?as_brr=1&id=OVPJ6c9_kKgC&vid=OCLC14437781&dq=%22isaac+newton%22&jtp=I ''Correspondence of Sir Isaac Newton and Professor Cotes, including letters of other eminent men''], Londinii, John W. Parker, West Strand; Cambridge, John Deighton, 1850. Google Books * Maclaurin, C. [[1748]]. ''An Account of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophical Discoveries, in Four Books.'' Londinii: A. Millar and J. Nourse. * Newton, I. [[1958]]. ''Isaac Newton's Papers and Letters on Natural Philosophy and Related Documents,'' eds. I. B. Cohen et R. E. Schofield. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. * Newton, I. [[1962]]. ''The Unpublished Scientific Papers of Isaac Newton: A Selection from the Portsmouth Collection in the University Library, Cambridge,'' ed. A. R. Hall et M. B. Hall. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. * Newton, I. [[1975]]. ''Isaac Newton's 'Theory of the Moon's Motion' (1702).'' Londinii: Dawson. {{NexInt}} * [[662 Newtonia]] * [[8000 Isaac Newton]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Isaac Newton|Isaacum Newtonum}} {{vicicitatio|Issacus Newtonus}} {{grc|Ἴσακος Νεύτων}} * The Latin Library, [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/newton.html selecta ex editione ''Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica''] * Project Gutenberg, [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/28233 ''Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica''] * [http://royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=44&dsqSearch=%28%28text%29%3D%27Isaac%20Newton%27%29 De Isaaco Newtono in Archivo Societatis Regiae Londinensis,] apud royalsociety.org * [[:en:wikisource:Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica]] * [http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/PR-ADV-B-00039-00001/ Universitas Cantabrigiensis, Cambridge Digital Library] High resolution digitised version of Newton's own copy of the first edition, interleaved with blank pages for his annotations and corrections. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130417182012/http://www.ntnu.no/ub/spesialsamlingene/ebok/02a019654.html 1687: Newton's 'Principia', first edition (1687)]. High-resolution presentation of the Gunnerus Library's copy. * [http://books.google.com/books?id=XJwx0lnKvOgC&pg=PP2 1687: Newton's 'Principia', first edition (1687)]. * [http://books.google.com/books?id=WqaGuP1HqE0C&printsec=titlepage Principia (lingua Anglica commentata)]. 1833 Glasgovia reprint (volume 1) with Books 1 & 2 of the Latin edition annotated by Leseur, Jacquier and Calandrini 1739-42 (described [[#Annotated and other editions|above]]). * [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/28233 Project Gutenberg] * [http://www.archive.org/details/sirisaacnewtons01newtgoog Archive.org] {{Lifetime|1642|1727|Newtonus, Isaacus}} [[Categoria:Alchemistae]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]] [[Categoria:Astronomi Britanniae]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini recentiores]] [[Categoria:Mathematici Britanniae]] [[Categoria:Isaacus Newtonus| ]] [[Categoria:Physici Britanniae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] [[Categoria:Unitariani]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Homines}} {{FA stella}} cyj4wbhigj3bx2zkk1ugi89m59y6krs 0 767 3979907 3978741 2026-08-09T21:16:10Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pro pagina discretiva vide|Navis (discretiva)}} [[Fasciculus:Amerigo vespucci 1976 nyc aufgetakelt.jpg|thumb|upright=1|''Navis [[Italia|Italica]] [[Amerigo Vespucci]]'' (ex [[Americus Vespucius|Americo Vespucio]] nominata), navis plene armata<ref>[[Anglice]]: "full-rigged ship."</ref> apud [[portus|portum]] [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]] anno [[1976]].]] {{res|Navis}} ({{pns|is|f|navis}}) est [[vehiculum]] [[aqua]]ticum, plerumque magna res constructa ut aquas innare potest, et praesertim [[mare]] [[navigatio|navigare]]. Naves a [[rectio]]nibus (usibus [[res militaris|militaribus]], liberandi, investigandi, [[vectura]]e dicatae), [[negotium|societatibus lucrativis]] et [[institutio]]nibus privatis ([[vectura]], usus opum ante [[litus]], investigatio), et hominibus singulis ([[oblectamentum|oblectamento]] et investigationi dicatae) exerceri possunt. == Historia == [[Fasciculus:Olympic and Titanic.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|''[[RMS Titanic]] et RMS Olympic.'']] In [[cultura Occidentalis|mundo occidentali]], naves primo ab [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiis]] constructae sunt ut ad [[Creta]]m [[insula]]m et in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Punt||en|qid=Q282350}}, [[regio]]nem in [[Africa Orientalis|Orientali]], navigarent. ''[[Titanic]]'' fuit magna navis [[Anglia|Anglica]] a [[Thomas Andrews|Thoma Andrews]] delineata, quae in primo itinere ad [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novum Eboracum]], [[Eduardus Ioannes Smith|Eduardo Ioanne Smith]] [[Res militaris|navarcho]], a die [[14 Aprilis]] ad diem [[15 Aprilis]] [[1912]] ob [[mons glacialis|montem glaciei]] [[Naufragium|submersa]] est [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceano Atlantico]] Septentrione. Mille quingenti fere {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|viatores||en|qid=Q319604}} mortui sunt. ''Titanic'' navis maxima illo tempore fuit, a [[White Star Line]] constructa. ''[[RMS Lusitania]]'' fuit magna navis [[Anglia|Anglica]], anno [[1904]] constructa et primum anno [[1906]] a [[Cunard Line]] commissa, quae in [[iter|itinere]] ad Novum Eboracum, oppugnata et submersa anno [[1915]] a [[navis submarina|nave submarina]] [[Germania|Germanica]] est Oceano Atlantico prope [[meridies|meridiem]] [[Hibernia|Hiberniae]] [[litus]]. Ob perditionem navis [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] [[bellum]] contra [[Germania]]m anno [[1917]] denuntiaverunt.<ref>Thomas A. Bailey (October 1935), "The Sinking of the Lusitania," ''The American Historical Review'' (Oxford University Press) 41 (1): 54–73.</ref> == Constructio == {{Vehicula}} Partes navium sunt: === Structurae immobiles vel fixae === * [[Antenna (navis)|Antenna]] [[velum]] fert. * [[Carina (navigatio)|Carina]], quae est basis navis. * [[Insigne]], quo navis agnoscitur * [[Malus (navigatio)|Malus]] est [[arbor]] navis qua vela sustinentur. Antenna ad malum{{dubsig}} est. * Pons gubernatoris * [[Puppis]], quae est posterior pars navis * [[Prora]], quae est anterior pars navis * [[Propulsorium]] * [[Rostrum]], quod est anterior pars navis militaris === Partes mobiles === *[[Ancora]], dens [[ferrum|ferreus]] ex [[Graece|Graeca]] [[etymologia]] nomen ducit, quod quasi hominis [[manus]] conprehendat vel [[scopulus|scopulos]] vel [[arena]]s. *[[Remus (navigatio)|Remi]], quibus navis a remigibus acta est. *[[Velum (navigatio)|Velum]], [[textile]] latum quod [[ventus|ventum]] reprehendit ut navis propellatur. == Navium genera == [[Fasciculus:DANA 2004 ubt.jpeg|thumb|Navis.]] Navium plura genera sunt: apertae, tectae, constratae, longae, rostratae, fluviatiles, speculatoriae, [[navis piscatoria|piscatoriae]], et alia. {{div col|3}} * [[Celox]]<ref>V. ''yacht'' in: {{Morgan}}</ref> * [[Fregatta]]<ref>[[Matthaeus Gotardus Artus Dantiscanus]] ([https://data.cerl.org/thesaurus/cnp01919647 CERL]) [https://books.google.ru/books?id=xVdEAAAAcAAJ&q=fregatta#v=snippet&q=fregatta&f=false ''Americæ pars VIII'', 1599, p. 70].</ref> * [[Ratis]] * [[Linter]] * [[Iuncus (navis)|Iuncus]] * [[Navis actuaria]] * [[Navis bellica]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Navis bialveata||en|qid=Q190403}}<ref>{{DAEL|Catamarán|199}}.</ref> * [[Navis cubiculata]] * Navis epibathica<ref>{{Vox Latina}} tomus 42, 2006, fasc. 163.</ref> * [[Navis glacifraga]] * [[Navis longa]] * [[Loricata navis|Navis loricata]] * [[Navis lusoria]] * [[Navis aeroplanigera]] * Navis mercatoria * [[Navis oneraria]] * [[Navis petrolearia]] * [[Navis piscatoria]] * [[Navis remivaga]] * [[Navis subaquanea]] * [[Navis tecta]] * [[Navis tractrix]] * [[Navis traiectoria]] * [[Navis turrita]] * [[Navis valetudinarii]] * [[Navis vaporaria]] * [[Navis velifera]] * [[Navis vincta]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Pons (nauticus)|Pons|en|qid=Q846929}} * [[Ponto]] * [[Speculatoria]] (scilicet navis tantum) {{div col end}} == Nautae == Plura genera [[Nauta]]rum sunt, e.g.: {{div col|2}} * navis praefectus, [[navarchus]] * [[gubernator]] * [[nauta]] * [[remex]] * remigium grex * celeuma (-tis, ''n.'') {{div col end}} ==Pinacotheca== <gallery> Fasciculus:Maler der Grabkammer des Menna 013.jpg|Navis [[Aegyptus|Aegyptia]]. Fasciculus:Model of a greek trireme.jpg|Navis [[Graecia|Graeca]] triremis. Fasciculus:Trireme 1.jpg|Navis biremis [[classis Romana]]e. Fasciculus:-HK CityHall Seaview 51217 5.png|Navis [[Sinae (regio)|Sinensis]]. Fasciculus:Nemi gelo4.jpg|[[Navis Nemorensis]] Alpha refecta, ingens [[Caligula]]e [[Index Imperatorum Romanorum|imperatoris]] navis. </gallery> ==Proverbia de navibus== * Navem perforat qua ipse navigat. * Navibus atque [[quadrigae|quadrigis]]: cum totis viribus {{NexInt}} {{div col|3}} * [[Astronavis]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Architectura navalis||en|qid=Q1136352}} * [[Aurora (navis)]] * [[Canalis Panamensis]] * [[Canalis Suesiensis]] * [[Caudica]] * [[Classis (nautica)|Classis]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Electronica marina||en|qid=Q3633601}} * [[Glossarium nauticum]] * [[Historia maritima]] * [[Iter maritimum (pictura muralis Acroterii)]] * [[Ius maritimum]] * [[Linter]] * [[Naufragium]] * [[Nauta]] * [[Nautae Romani Lacus Lemani]] * [[Navale]] * [[Navicula sideralis]] * [[Navigatio]] * [[Navis aeria]] * [[Portus]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Saburra||en|qid=Q4851537}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sepultura navalis||en|qid=Q1145397}} * [[Technologia navalis]] * [[Unda prorae]] * [[Viribus unitis]] <!-- ETIAM: Airship Chartering (shipping) Dynamic positioning Factory ship Flag State Environmental issues with shipping Glossary of nautical terms Marine fuel management Ship transport Train ferry Whaler--> {{div col end}} == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * {{cite book | first = Steven | last = Anzovin | title = Famous First Facts (International Edition) | url = https://archive.org/details/famousfirstfacts0000anzo | publisher = H. W. Wilson Company | year = [[2000]] | isbn = 0824209583 }}. *{{Cite journal | author =Bailey, Thomas A.| year =[[1935]] | title =The Sinking of the Lusitania| url =https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1935-10_41_1/page/54| journal =The American Historical Review| volume =41| number =1| pages =54–73}}/. * {{cite book| first =Ronald| last =Bockius| title =Die spätrömischen Schiffswracks aus Mainz| publisher =Schnell & Steiner| location=Regensburg| year =[[2006]]| ISBN =3-7954-1965-4}}. * {{cite book | first = Nathaniel | last = Bowditch | title = The American Practical Navigator | publisher = National Imagery and Mapping Agency | url = http://www.irbs.com/bowditch/ | location= Bethesdae Terrae Mariae | year = [[2002]] | isbn = 0939837544 }}. * {{cite book | author = Central Intelligence Agency | title = CIA World Factbook 2008 | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html | year = [[2007]] | publisher = Skyhorse Publishing | isbn = 1602390800 }}. * {{cite book |last=Chatterton |first=Edward Keble |title=Sailing Ships and Their Story: The Story of Their Development from the Earliest Times to the Present Day |url=http://books.google.com/?id=C-cVAAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage |year=[[1915]] |publisher=J.B. Lippincott Company |location=Philadelphiae }}. *{{cite book |last=Cotterill |first=Charles Clement |coauthors=Little, Edward Delanoy |title=Ships and sailors, ancient and modern |url=http://books.google.com/?id=j1wBAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover |year= [[1868]] |publisher=Seeley, Jackson and Halliday |location=Londinii }}. *{{cite book |author=Cutler, Thomas J. |title=The Bluejacket's Manual (Bluejacket's Manual) |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapoli Terrae Mariae |year=[[1999]] |pages= |isbn=1-55750-065-7| edition =22ª}}. * {{cite book | last =Cutler | first = Thomas J. | others = | title = Dutton's Nautical Navigation | url =https://archive.org/details/duttonsnauticaln0000dutt | edition = quindecima | series = | year = [[2003]] | month = December | publisher = Naval Institute Press | location = Annapoli Terrae Mariae | isbn =978-1557502483 }}/ *{{cite web |url=https://exchange.dnv.com/exchange/main.aspx?extool=vessel&subview=summary&vesselid=16864 |title=Knock Nevis |author= |year=[[2008]] |work=DNV Exchange |publisher=Det Norske Veritas }}/ *{{Cite book | author = | authorlink = | editor = Chisholm, Hugh | title = Encyclopædia Britannica | chapter = [[s:en:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Navigation|Navigation]] | url = | accessyear = | accessmonth = | edition = undecima | year = [[1911]] | month = | volume =19 | doi = }}. *{{cite book | author = | authorlink = | editor = Chisholm, Hugh | title = Encyclopædia Britannica | chapter = [[s:en:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ship|Ship]] | url = | accessyear = | accessmonth = | edition = undecima | year = [[1911]] | volume = 24 | pages = 881–889 }}. *{{cite book |author=Fisheries and Aquacultures Department |editor= |others= |title=The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 |origdate= |origyear= |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0699e/A0699E00.HTM |year=[[2007]] |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |location=Romae |chapter=The Status of the Fishing Fleet|chapterurl=http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0699e/A0699E04.htm#4.1.5.}}. *{{cite book |last=George| first=William |title=Stability and Trim for the Ship's Officer |url=https://archive.org/details/stabilitytrimfor0000unse|year= [[2005]]|publisher=Cornell Maritime Press |location=Centreville Terrae Mariae |isbn=978-0-87033-564-8 }}. * {{cite book |last=Hayler |first=William B. |coauthors=Keever, John M. |title=American Merchant Seaman's Manual |url=https://archive.org/details/americanmerchant0000unse |year=[[2003]] |publisher= Cornell Maritime Pr |isbn= 0-87033-549-9.}}. *{{cite book |first=Mark| last=Huber |title=Tanker operations: a handbook for the person-in-charge (PIC) |url=https://archive.org/details/tankeroperations04edhube|publisher=Cornell Maritime Press |location=Cambridge, MD |year=[[2001]] |isbn=0-87033-528-6 |doi=}}. *{{cite book |author=Lavery, Brian |title=Ship: The Epic Story of Maritime Adventure (Smithsonian) |url=https://archive.org/details/shipepicstoryofm0000lave |publisher=DK Publishing Inc |location=Novi Eboraci |year=2004 |pages= |isbn=0756604966}}. * {{cite book | last =Maloney | first = Elbert S. | editor = | others = | title = Chapman Piloting and Seamanship | edition = 64a | series = | year = [[2003]] | month = December | publisher = Hearst Communications Inc. | location = Novi Eboraci | isbn =1-58816-098-0 }}. *{{cite web | url = http://www.marad.dot.gov/MARAD_statistics/2005%20STATISTICS/World%20Merchant%20Fleet%202005.pdf | title = World Merchant Fleet 2001–2005 | accessdate = March 13, 2007 | author = Office of Data and Economic Analysis | year = [[2006]] | month = Iulio | format = PDF | publisher = United States Maritime Administration }}. *{{cite web |url=http://www.osg.com/uploadedFiles/2222008FleetlistDownload.xls |title=Overseas Shipholding Group Fleet List |author=Overseas Shipholding Group |date=[[2008]]-02-22|publisher=Overseas Shipholding Group }}. * {{cite book |author=Sawyer, L. A.; Mitchell, W. O. |title=Sailing ship to supertanker: the hundred-year story of British Esso and its ships |publisher=Terence Dalton |location=Lavenham, Suffolk |year=[[1987]] |isbn=0-86138-055-X.}} *{{cite journal |last=Singh |first=Baljit |date=[[11 Iulii]] [[1999]]|title=The world’s biggest ship |journal=The Times (of India) |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jul11/sunday/head3.htm}}. * {{cite book | last = Turpin | first = Edward A. | coauthors = McEwen, William A. | title = Merchant Marine Officers' Handbook | edition = quarta | year = [[1980]] | publisher =Cornell Maritime Press | location = Centreville Terrae Mariae | isbn = 0-87038-056-X.}} *{{cite book |author=United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) |title=Review of Maritime Transport, 2006 |origdate= |origyear= |url=http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/rmt2006_en.pdf |year=[[2006]] |publisher=United Nations |location=Novi Eboraci et Genavae}}. *{{cite book |author=United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) |title=Review of Maritime Transport, 2007 |origdate= |origyear= |url=http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/rmt2007_en.pdf |year=[[2007]] |publisher=Consociatio Nationum |location=Novi Eboraci et Genavae}}. *{{cite book |last=Stopford|first=Martin|url=http://books.google.com/?id=_R-YB70kly8C&printsec=frontcover |title=Maritime economics |publisher=Routledge |location=Novi Eboraci |year=[[1997]] |isbn=0-415-15309-3.}}. == Nexus externi == {{victionarium|Navis}} *[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/isidore/19.shtml [[Isidorus Hispalensis]]: 'De navibus'] [[Categoria:Naves|!]] [[Categoria:Vehicula]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Technologia}} aoxo54wp4dzt163qx1sdz8zklrlmwq2 0 1057 3979910 3709456 2026-08-09T21:17:23Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}}{{Videhom|Virus}} [[Fasciculus:Influenza virus.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Virus biologicum quod [[morbus|morbum]] [[influentia]]m efficit.]] '''Virus''' (-i, ''n.'', plur. ''vira'' <ref>William T. Stearn, ''Botanical Latin. History, Grammar, Syntax, Terminology and Vocabulary,'' ed. tertia (Londinii: David & Charles, 1983): "Virus: virus (s.n. II), ''gen. sing.'' viri, ''nom. pl.'' vira, ''gen. pl.'' vīrorum (to be distinguished from ''virorum'', of men)."</ref>) est [[actor contagionis]]<!--infectious agent-->, qui solum [[cellula|cellulis]] [[organismus|organismorum]] [[vita|viventium]] [[regeneratio viralis|regenerari]] potest<ref name="NG-20200415">{{cite news |last=Wu |first=Katherine J. |title=There are more viruses than stars in the universe. Why do only some infect us? – More than a quadrillion quadrillion individual viruses exist on Earth, but most are not poised to hop into humans. Can we find the ones that are? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/04/factors-allow-viruses-infect-humans-coronavirus/ |date=15 Aprilis 2020 |work=National Geographic Society |accessdate=18 Maii 2020 }}</ref>. Vira omnia [[forma vitae|formarum vitae]] genera inficere possunt, ab [[animalia|animalibus]] et [[planta|plantis]] ad [[microorganismus|microorganismos]], [[bacteria|bacteriis]] et [[archaea|archaeis]] non exclusis.<ref name="pmid16984643">{{cite journal | authors = Koonin, E. V., Senkevich, T. G., Dolja, V. V. | title = The ancient Virus World and evolution of cells | journal = Biology Direct | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 29 | date = September 2006 | pmid = 16984643 | pmc = 1594570 | doi = 10.1186/1745-6150-1-29 }}.</ref> Post commentarium de [[pathogenum|pathogeno]] non bacteriali quod plantas [[tabacum|tabaci]] inficit a [[Demetrius Ivanovsky|Demetrio Ivanovsky]] anno [[1892]] divulgatum, atque post ''[[tobacco mosaic virus]]'' ([[genus (taxinomia)|generis]] ''[[Tobamovirus|Tobamovirorum]]'') a [[Martinus Beijerinck|Martino Beijerinck]] anno [[1898]] inventum,<ref>Dimmock, Easton, et Leppard 2007</ref> adhuc plus quam 6&thinsp;500 [[species|specierum]] virorum penitus descriptae sunt, sed aliquae milliones specierum in [[circumiecta|circumiectis]] terrestribus exsistere putantur<ref name="Breitbart M, Rohwer F 2005 278–84">{{cite journal |authors = Breitbart M., Rohwer F. | title = Here a virus, there a virus, everywhere the same virus? |url = https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-microbiology_2005-06_13_6/page/278 |journal = Trends in Microbiology |volume = 13 |issue = 6 |pages = 278–84 |date = June 2005 |pmid = 15936660 |doi = 10.1016/j.tim.2005.04.003 }}.</ref> Vira in paene omni [[oecosystema]]te in [[tellus|tellure]] inveniuntur, et sunt crebrissimum omnium [[entitas|entitatum]] [[biologia|biologicarum]] genus<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Edwards R. A., Rohwer F. | title = Viral metagenomics | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 3 | issue = 6 | pages = 504–10 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 15886693 | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro1163 }}</ref>. Studium virorum [[virologia]] appellatur, proprietas [[disciplina academica|disciplinae]] [[microbiologia]]e. Virus [[res]] [[biologia|biologica]] ex et [[genoma]]te ([[acidum deoxyribonucleicum|acido deoxyribonucleico]] aut [[Acidum ribonucleicum|acido ribonucleico]]) et [[proteinum|proteinis]] ([[capsida]]) [[lipidum|lipidisque]] efficitur.<!--?--> Quia [[DNA]] utens augetur, virus "pseudovitale" appellari potest. DNA virale in [[mRNA]]  transcribitur; quod invicem in [[peptidum|peptida]] transfertur, virus cum in cellula plerumque, sed ex [[informatio genetica|informatione genetica]] virali, peptida viralia producens. == De etymologia == [[Vocabulum]] ''virus'' '[[venenum]]' seu '[[saliva|pituitam]]' significabat. In [[liber|libro]] autem ''De proprietatibus rerum'' (anno [[1240]]),<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140418234157/http://d3seu6qyu1a8jw.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/collections/32/324D849D-5D6C-4FC5-B8F4-390AF48ECA45.pdf De proprietatibus rerum (PDF)].</ref><ref>[https://books.google.de/books?id=JaZQAAAAcAAJ&pg=PT306&lpg=PT306&dq=de+proprietatibus+rerum+virus&source=bl&ots=ETDttn4GJy&sig=jdfKKuAEDLTJsogfEioN7nXGnDk&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjK6uT9pPfRAhWnIJoKHRspAekQ6AEIOTAE#v=onepage&q=de%20proprietatibus%20rerum%20virus&f=false De proprietatibus rerum, editio book.google].</ref> [[Bartholomaeus Anglicus|Bartholomaei Anglici]], primus biologiae [[medicina]]eque usus verbi ''virus'' invenitur.<ref>Liber quartus (de substantia corporea), capitulus VII (de sanguine): "Item cum putrescit [[sanguis]] in aliquo membro nisi reducatur [[ars|arte]] vel [[natura]] efficitur ex eo ''virus'' et in saniem commutatur."</ref> == Sunt cycli duo == [[Fasciculus:Lysogenic_and_lytic_cycle.svg|thumb|[[Duo]] cycli actionis viri: pars A imaginis monstrat cyclum lysogenicu; pars B, cyclum lyticum.]] * Cyclus lysogenicus: DNA (vel RNA in retrovirus) in DNA cellulae integratur. Nunc DNA virale provirus nominatur. Provirus cum DNA cellulae crescit. * Cyclus lyticus: DNA (vel RNA) virale [[apparatus proteinogenicus|apparatum proteinogenicum]] et apparatum DNA duplicationis dominatur. Sic informatio genetica viralis duplicatur. Per [[transcriptio genetica|transcriptionem geneticam]] et [[translatio genetica|translationem geneticam]], proteina producuntur. Partes virales se cum viro completo miscent; cellulis disruptis, virus liberatur. == Classificationes == {{main|classificatio viri}} Quia vira sunt "pseudovitalia," [[taxinomia cladistica|cladistica virorum classificatio]] difficillima est. === De generibus virorum === * [[Virus bacteriophagum]] sive bacteriphagus est virus quod in [[bacteria|bacteriis]] crescit. [[Informatio genetica]] in DNA tenetur. * Virus sensu stricto est virus quod [[cellula]]s [[eukaryota|eukaryoticas]] invadit. * [[Retrovirus]] est virus quod [[informatio]] genetica in [[RNA]] habet. RNA in DNA transcribitur prae [[transcriptio (biologia)|transcriptione genetica]]. === Classificatio ICTV === [[Commissio virorum taxinomiae internationalis]] (Anglice ''International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses'') ad hanc virorum [[taxinomia]]m iussit: * Imperium ** [[Regnum (taxinomia)|Regnum]] *** [[Phylum (taxinomia)|Phylum]] **** Subphylum (ab versione 2018a) ***** [[Ordo (taxinomia)|Ordo]] - grex familiarum, nomen desinit ''-virales''. ****** [[Familia (taxinomia)| Familia]] - [[suffixum]] ''-viridae''. ******* [[Subfamilia (taxinomia)| Subfamilia]] - suffixum ''-virinae''. ******** [[Genus (taxinomia)| Genus]] - suffixum ''-virus''. ********* [[Species (taxinomia)| Species]] - speciei nomen manifestum oportet. Taxonomia 2018a hos ordines afferebat: ''bunyavirales'', ''caudovirales'', ''herpesvirales'', ''ligamenvirales'', ''mononegavirales'', ''nidovirales'', ''picornavirales'', ''tymovirales'' sicut ''familiae non attributae''. ==== Regna ==== In taxonomia 2018b tantum regnum unum, ''[[riboviria]]'' enim, notum est. Insunt proprium unum phylum, duo subphyla, sex classes, decem ordines, septem subordines, undenonaginta familiae, trigintasex subfamiliae, trecenti octogintaseptem genera, undesexaginta subgenera, et duomilia ducentiduo species. <!-- ==== Bunyavirales ==== {{main|Bunyavirales}} Iste ordo primo in taxonomia [[2016]] introductus tum erat cum familiis novem: ''feraviridae'', ''fimoviridae'', ''hantaviridae'', ''ionviridae'', ''nairoviridae'', ''peribunyaviridae'', ''phasmaviridae'', ''phenuiviridae'', ''tospoviridae''. Bunyaviralibus quattuor [[proteinum|proteina structurales]] sunt, duo enim proteina tegmentalia (''Gc'' et ''Gn'' vocantur), unum nucleocapsidi proteinum, una ARN<ref>acidum ribonucleiсum, Anglice: RNA, ribonucleic acid</ref> polymerasis molecula magna. Praeter tospoviridas omnes bunyavirales in [[vertebrata|vertebratis]] et [[insecta|insectis]] alternantes crescere possunt. => Riboviria > Negarnaviricota > Polyploviricotina > Ellioviricetes > Bunyavirales --> ==== Ordines regnis phylisve non attributae ==== Taxonomia 2018b quattuor ordines sine phylo proprio supraposito notat: Caudovirales, Herpesvirales, Ligamenvirales, Ortervirales. * ''Caudovirales'' per caudas [[capsida]]e suae distinguuntur. Huic ordini sunt tres familiae: ''myoviridae'', ''podoviridae'', ''siphoviridae''. Omnes caudovirales [[Bacteriophagus|bacteriophaga]] sunt, qui per caudarum morphologiam suarum dividuntur. Myoviridis caudae longae moventes, podoviridis caudae longae non moventes, siphoviridis caudae breves non moventes sunt. Caudoviralium [[Hospes (biologia)|hospites]] [[bacterium|bacteria]] et [[archaea]] sunt. In caudoviralibus [[Acidum desoxyribonucleicum|ADN]] inveniuntur. * ''Herpesviralium'' ordini tres familiae insunt: ''[[alloherpesviridae]]'', ''[[herpesviridae]]'', ''[[malacoherpesviridae]]''. Pars nominis ''ἕρπειν'' (''erpein'') ex verbo "repere" derivatur. In herpesviralibus [[Acidum desoxyribonucleicum|ADN]] (''dsDNA'') inveniuntur. * ''Ligamenvirales''. Ad hanc ordinem solum duo familiae attinent: ''lipothrixviridae'' (cum genibus ''Betalipothrixvirorum'', ''Deltalipothrixviri'', ''Gammalipothrixvirus'') et ''rudiviridae'' (cum genu ''rudiviri'' singulari). [[Ligamenvirales]] [[Archaea|archaeas]] inficire possunt et [[ADN]] ligamine duplici constant. * Ordo ''Orterviralium'' ad vira cum [[ARN]] ligamine simplici, quae replicant per ''ADN intermedium'' (grex VI) velut ad vira cum [[ADN]] ligaminibus duplici, quae replicant per ''ARN intermedium'' (grex VII), spectat. <!-- ==== Mononegavirales ==== {{main|Mononegavirales}} Mononegavirales sunt vira cum [[ARN]] ligamine simplici. Multa huius ordinis virorum [[morbus|morbos]] hominis proferunt. Ordini mononegaviralium novem familiae insunt: ''[[bornaviridae]]'', ''[[filoviridae]]'', ''[[mymonaviridae]]'', ''[[nyamiviridae]]'', ''[[paramyxoviridae]]'', ''[[pneumoviridae]]'', ''[[rhabdoviridae]]'', ''[[sunviridae]]'', Mononegavirales nondum attributae. => Riboviria > Negarnaviricota > Haploviricotina > Monjiviricetes > Mononegavirales --> ==== Familiae ordinibus non attributae ==== Plures familiae nondum ordinis unius attribui potuerunt. In taxonomia 2018b adhuc 46 familiae extra ordinem inveniuntur. Exempla sunt: * [[Adenoviridae]] * [[Anelloviridae]] - adhuc morbis non adnexae * [[Papillomaviridae]] - causa [[verruca]]e. * [[Parvoviridae]] - [[panleukopenia]] in [[feles|felibus]] * [[Polyomaviridae]] - cum specie * [[Poxviridae]] - cum [[variolae virus|variolae viris]] (→ [[variola]]) * [[Tectiviridae]] - sunt [[bacteriophagus|bacteriophagi]] ==== Genera familiis non attributa ==== * Dinodnavirus * Rhizidiovirus * Salterprovirus <!-- Exempla sunt: [[flaviviridae]] UBI?, [[orthomyxoviridae]] (cum [[influentia|influenzae]] UBI? viris). --> === Classificatio Baltimorensis === * I - dsDNA (e.g.: [[Adenoviridae]], [[Herpesviridae]]) * II - ssDNA (e.g. Parvoviridae) * III - dsRNA (e.g. Reoviridae ut [[Rotavirus]]) * IV - (+)ssRNA (e.g. Picornaviridae, Togaviridae) * V - (-)ssRNA (e.g. Orthomyxoviridae (→[[Influentia]])) * VI - ssRNA-RT (e.g. [[Retrovirus]]) * VII - dsDNA-RT (e.g. Hepadnaviridae (→[[Hepatitis B]])) {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Bacteriophagus]] * [[Contagio]] * [[H5N1]] * [[Herpesviridae]] * [[SCDI]] * [[Systema immunitatis]] * [[Virologia]] {{div col end}} == Notae == <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Collier, Leslie, Albert Balows, et Max Sussman. [[1998]]. ''Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections.'' Ed. nona. Volumen 1, ''Virology,'' ed. Brian Mahy et Leslie Collier. Arnold. ISBN 0-340-66316-2. *Dimmock, N. J., Andrew J. Easton, et Keith Leppard. [[2007]]. ''Introduction to Modern Virology.'' Ed sexta. Oxoniae: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-4051-3645-6. *Knipe, David M., Peter M. Howley, Diane E. Griffin, Robert A. Lamb, Malcolm A. Martin, Bernard Roizman, et Stephen E. Straus. [[2007]]. ''Fields Virology.'' Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-6060-7. *Shors, Teri. [[2008]]. ''Understanding Viruses.'' Jones and Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 0-7637-2932-9. *Witzany, G., ed. [[2012]]. ''Viruses: Essential Agents of Life.'' Springer. ISBN 978-94-007-4898-9. == Nexus externi == {{fontes biologici}} [[Categoria:Vira|!]] [[Categoria:Virologia]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Biologia}} iw7ry2xzaby0x9videkzfc8wthq13j4 0 2086 3979998 3959101 2026-08-09T23:00:00Z Bartholomite 116968 /* Eventa */ 3979998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Decennium|201|MMI}} == Eventa == === Mense Ianuario === * [[20 Ianuarii]] - [[Georgius W. Bush]] praeses [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] factus est. === Mense Februario === * [[28 Februarii]] - [[Terrae motus Nisqualliae anni 2001|Terrae motus Nisqualliae]] regionem [[Seattlum|Seattlensem]] percutit. === Mense Martio === * [[11 Martii]] - [[Helvetia]]e incolarum maxima pars suffragio accessionem civitatis suae ad [[Unio Europaea|Unionem Europaeam]] recusavit. === Mense Iunio === * [[1 Iunii]] - In Nepalia rex [[Birendra]] [[Parricidium regis Nepalici|Parricidio]] necatus est. === Mense Iulio === * [[24 Iulii]] - [[Simeon II (rex Bulgariae)|Simeon Sakscoburgotski]] - annis [[1943]] - [[1946]] rex [[Bulgaria]]e - primus minister patriae magistratum iniit. === Mense Septembri === * [[11 Septembris 2001]]: [[Tromocratia|tromocratae]] [[Religio Islamica|Islamici]] undeviginti (quorum quindecim in [[Arabia Saudiana]] nati) quattuor [[Aeroplanum|aeroplana]] rapuerunt. Aeroplana duo ita navigaverunt, ut se impellerent in [[World Trade Center (Novum Eboracum)|Forum Mercatus Mundi]] [[Urbs Novum Eboracum|Urbis Novi Eboraci]], quod etiam "Turres Geminas" vocatum est. Turribus impulsis atque corrutis, circa tria milia hominum periverunt. Tertium aeroplanum in [[Pentagonum]], Ministerium Defensionis [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]], impulsum est; quartum aeroplanum raptum cecidit in [[Pennsilvania]], non destinato pervento. === Mense Octobri === * [[7 Octobris]] - Exercitus [[CFA|Americanus]] iussu [[Georgius W. Bush|Georgii W. Bush]] praesidis in [[Afgania]] "Bellum contra Terrorismum", i.e. contra [[Taliban]] coepit. == Nati == * [[5 Aprilis]]: [[Matthaeus Boldy]], lusor [[Alsulegia glacialis|alsulegiae glacialis]] [[CFA|Americanus]]. * [[14 Maii]]: [[Jack Hughes]], lusor alsulegiae glacialis Americanus. * [[14 Iulii]]: [[Petrus Kingston]], pedilusor Americanus. * [[1 Decembris]]: [[Aiko]], principissa Toshi [[Iaponia]]e. == Mortui == === Mense Ianuario === * [[12 Ianuarii]] - [[Gulielmus Hewlett]] inventor et conductor [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1913]]. * [[31 Ianuarii]] - [[Henricus Starke]], vir publicus [[Germania|Germanicus]] factionis primo [[FDP]], deinde [[CSU]]; natus est anno [[1911]]. === Mense Martio === * [[20 Martii]] - [[Elias Verdeţ]], vir publicus Communista [[Romania|Dacoromanicus]]; natus est anno [[1925]]. * [[21 Martii]] - [[Jung Ju-young]], homo negotiorum e [[Respublica Coreana|Republica Coreana]], mercator et societatis [[Hyundae Group]] conditor; natus est anno [[1915]]. === Mense Maio === * [[5 Maii]] - [[Maurus Graves]], pictor [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1910]]. * [[11 Maii]] - [[Duglassius Adams]], scriptor Anglicus; natus est anno [[1952]]. * [[17 Maii]] - [[Ioannes Gaudemet]], [[iuris consultus]] et iuris [[historicus]] [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1908]]. === Mense Iunio === * [[3 Iunii]] - [[Antonius Quinn]], celeber [[actor]] [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1915]]. * [[21 Iunii]] - [[Ioannes Lee Hooker]], [[Blues]] [[Musica|musicus]] [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1917]]. * [[26 Iunii]] - [[Gina Cigna]], theatri lyrici [[supranus]] [[Francia|Francica]]; nata est anno [[1900]]. === Mense Iulio === * [[22 Iulii]] - [[Indrus Montanelli]], diurnarius [[Italia|Italicus]] (natus [[1909]]). === Mense Septembri === * [[2 Septembris]] - [[Christianus Barnard]], chirugus [[Africa Australis|Africae Australis]]; natus est anno [[1922]]. * [[9 Septembris]] - [[Ahmed Shah Massud]], dux Foederis septentrionalis [[Afghania]]e; natus est anno [[1953]]. * [[14 Septembris]] - [[Franciscus Urcuyo Maliaños]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Nicaragua]]nus; natus est anno [[1915]]. === Mense Octobri === * [[5 Octobris]] - [[Aemilia Schindler]], uxor [[Anscharius Schindler|Anscharii Schindler]], quae cum marito [[secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] una cum eo [[Iudaei]]s et aliis a [[NSDAP|Nazistis]] vexatis auxilium dedit; nata anno [[1907]]. === Mense Novembri === * [[23 Novembris]] - [[Gerhardus Stoltenberg]], vir publicus [[Germania|Theodiscus]] factionis [[CDU]]; natus est anno [[1928]]. === Mense Decembri === * [[20 Decembris]] - [[Leopoldus Sédar Senghor]], vir publicus [[Senegalia]]e et poeta; natus est anno [[1906]]. == Cultura popularis == === Musica === * [[My Chemical Romance]] grex musicus [[CFA|Americanus]] conditus est. * [[Il Divo]] grex musicus internationalis conditus est. === Pelliculae === * [[Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure]] ([[CFA]]) * [[Der Schuh des Manitu]] ([[Germania]]) === Ludi interreatiales === * [[RuneScape]] II ixibfeezx8ex68v8r2ynn28sr3l9hou 0 2390 3980056 3978119 2026-08-09T23:48:49Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa linguae |nomen latine=Lingua Catalana ([[:ca:Català|Català]], [[:ca:Valencià|Valencià]]) |color familiae=lawngreen |nationes=[[Hispania]], [[Andorra]] |civitas=[[Gallia]], [[Sardinia]] |fabulantes=9&nbsp;200&nbsp;000 |familia=lingua [[Linguae Indoeuropaeae|Indoeuropaea]] e subfamilia [[Linguae Romanicae|Romanica]] |pronunciation=kə.tə'ɫa / ka.ta'ɫa /va.ɫen.si'a |procuratio=[[:ca:Institut_d%27Estudis_Catalans|Institut d'Estudis Catalans]] et<br /> [[:ca:Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua|Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua]] |vici=[[:ca:Portada]] |scriptura=[[Scriptura Latina]] |iso1=ca|iso2=cat|iso3=cat |tabula =[[Fasciculus:Human Language Families (wikicolors).png|center|255px|Familiae linguisticae coloribus Vicipaediae pictae]] |syllabus =Familiae linguisticae coloribus Vicipaedicis pictae |tabula2=[[Fasciculus:Catalan in Europe.png|center|125px|Situs locutorum linguae Catalanae]] |syllabus2=Situs locutorum linguae Catalanae }} {{InterWiki|code=ca}} [[File:WIKITONGUES- Ona speaking Catalan.webm|thumb|Homo Catalane (dialecto Maioricana) loquens.]] [[File:WIKITONGUES- Artur speaking Catalan.webm|thumb|[[Arturus Mas]], olim praeses Catalauniae, de essentia privata, essentia publica et lingua verba facit.]] {{FA stella}}'''Lingua Catalana'''<ref>"Basileae quartum congressum linguae Catalanae . . . habetis": {{Google Books|ggaexC3vGWoC|p. 484}}</ref> vel '''Catalanica'''<ref>"Catalanice . . . catalanitatem . . . linguae Catalanicae" [https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7762220 hic legis]</ref> (ipsa lingua ''català'') est [[lingua]] [[linguae Indoeuropaeae|Indoeuropaea]] [[Linguae Romanicae|Romanica]], orta Medio Aevo ab [[Latina]] vulgari Romanorum, qui in parte orientali [[Pyrenaei montes|Pyrenaeorum montium]] consederant. Catalane loquuntur 9 200 000 hominum, quorum fere dimidio est patria lingua, in [[Catalaunia]], in [[Baliares insulae|Insulis Baliaribus]], in [[Andorra]], in [[Fines Aragoniae|Finibus Aragoniae]], in [[Rossilio]]ne, inque [[Sardinia|Sarda]] urbe [[Algarium|Algario]], et in [[Communitas Valentina|Communitate Valentina]] inque Murciano pago [[Carchis|Carche]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.europapress.es/comunitat-valenciana/noticia-avl-destaca-valenciano-sigue-vivo-comarca-murciana-carche-20130723161002.html|title=La AVL destaca que el valenciano sigue vivo en la comarca murciana de El Carche|accessdate=21 Martii 2016|date=23 Julii 2013}}</ref> Quod in Valentia Murcianoque lingua '''[[Lingua Valentina|Valentina]]''' (''valencià'') appellatur normaque alia regitur quam in ceteris terris, Catalana [[lingua pluricentrica]] habetur. Populi quoque parvi Catalane loquuntur totam per orbem, in quibus clarissimi sunt 200&thinsp;000 loquentes in [[Lingua Catalana in Argentina|Argentina]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/11108|title=''Catalonian :: Joshua Project''|accessdate=3 Novembris 2016|author=Joshua Project|work=Joshua Project}}</ref> Regio propria linguae Catalanae comprehendit 68&nbsp;730 km² et 13&nbsp;529&nbsp;127 hominum (2009),<ref>{{cite journal|title=El català, llengua d'Europa|year=2009|accessdate=4 Octobris 2013}}</ref> in 1687 municipiis. In aliis regionibus alius gradus iuris atque usus est Catalanae, cum nihil iuris publici habeat in [[Francia]], sola ius habeat in [[Andorra]], iusque communicetur in tribus communitatibus autonomis Hispanicis et partim in [[Algarium|Algario]], urbe [[Italia]]e. Secundum [[Institutum Statisticae Catalauniae]] anno 2008, Catalana erat secunda lingua in usu in [[Catalaunia]], superata ab [[lingua Hispanica]] et linguae solitae statu<ref name="idescat.cat">{{Cite web |url=http://www.idescat.cat/dequavi/?TC=444&V0=15&V1=2&VA=2008&x=13&y=12 |title=Usos lingüístics. Llengua inicial, d'identificació i habitual Metodologia |work=Idescat |lang=ca |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014173818/http://www.idescat.cat/dequavi/?TC=444&V0=15&V1=2&VA=2008&x=13&y=12 |archivedate=2014-10-14}}</ref> et linguae patriae<ref name="idescat.cat" /> et linguae agnitae, quamquam Catalana magis utebantur quinque ex septem regionibus functoriis, et 80 centesimae cunctorum incolarum Catalane loqui sciebant.<ref name="idescat.cat" /> In illa tamen terra lingua Catalana est princeps in iuvenibus docendis, in re publica gerenda, et in nuntiis publicis, usumque eius augendi studio diligenter explorat [[Generalitas Catalauniae]], nec nihil impendit linguae et in Catalaunia et alibi consulendo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/Llengcat/menuitem.b318de7236aed0e7a129d410b0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=69f4f9465ff61110VgnVCM1000000b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=69f4f9465ff61110VgnVCM1000000b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=default|título=Datos lingüísticos en Cataluña|urlarchivo=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415001016/http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/Llengcat/menuitem.b318de7236aed0e7a129d410b0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=69f4f9465ff61110VgnVCM1000000b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=69f4f9465ff61110VgnVCM1000000b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=default|archivedate=15 Aprilis 2014}}</ref> Litterae Catalanae floruerunt primum in Aragonia mediaevali atque [[Catalana renata|iterum]] in Hispania moderna exeunte saeculo XIX et ineunte XX. ==Nomen== ===Etymologia=== Nomen linguae a {{lang|ca|Catalunya}}, id est [[Catalaunia]] terra, tractum est, cum origo eius vocabuli ipsa sit in ambiguo. Maxime viget sententia pristinum nomen Gathiam Launiam fuisse ex vocabulo ''Gothia'' vel ''Gauthia'' ("Gothorum terra"). Nam principes populusque Catalanus ex [[Marchia Hispanica|Marchia Gothica]] orti sunt.<ref>García Venero 2006.</ref><ref>Burke 1900, p. 154.</ref> ===Varietas nominum=== Nomen Catalanae linguae Catalane scribitur ''català''. Locutio autem est [kətəˈla] in orientalibus dialectis, [kataˈla] in occidentalibus. Ceterum, in [[Communitas Valentina|Communitate Valentina]] et [[Carchis|Carche]] solet vocari {{lang|ca|valencià}} [valensiˈa], [balensiˈa]. Quod vocabulum saepe in dialectos illis locis proprias usurpatur, sed etiam universae linguae Catalanae adhibetur.<ref name="AVL-9_feb_2005">{{cite web |author=Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua |date=9 February 2005 |title=Acord de l'Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL), adoptat en la reunió plenària del 9 de febrer del 2005, pel qual s'aprova el dictamen sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominació i l'entitat del valencià |pages=52 |language=Valencian |url=http://www.avl.gva.es/va/acords-AVL/main/03/document/NOMENTITAT.pdf |access-date=16 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923181117/http://www.avl.gva.es/va/acords-AVL/main/03/document/NOMENTITAT.pdf |archive-date=23 Septembris 2015}}</ref>.<ref>Lledó 2011, pp. 334–337.</ref><ref name="AVL-9_feb_2005" /> In Itala autem urbe [[Algarium|Algario]] nomen linguae de iure est [[Lingua Algarensis|Algarensis]]. Alia quoque nomina proposita sunt ne intellegerentur quae quidam ex vocabulo "Catalana" intellegunt, ut ''català-valencià-balear'' ("Catalana-Valentina-Balearis"), aut ''bacavès'' (ex initiorum nominum BAlearium Insularium, CAtalauniae, et Valentiae), aut ''catalunyès'' ("Catalauniensis", nomen nove fictum de nomine terrae).<ref>{{Cite book|praenomen=Wilhelm|cognomen=Meyer-Lübke|praenomen2=Guillem Calaforra i|cognomen2=Castellano|titulus=Català|url=https://books.google.es/books?id=PR5PFU0UumcC&pg=PA38&dq=%22cataluny%C3%A8s%22&hl=ca&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj45aOmr8riAhXv1uAKHfbkCyEQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=%22cataluny%C3%A8s%22&f=false|factor=Institut d'Estudis Catalans|annus=1998|accessdate=2 Iunii 2019|lingua=ca}}</ref> Aliud quoque nomen, quo maiores usi sunt, est ''llemosí'' ("[[Lingua Lemovicina]]"). ==Historia== [[File:Homilies d'Organya.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|''[[Homiliae Organyà]]'' (ex saeculo XII)]] [[File:Greuges de Guitard Isarn.jpg|thumb|Reliquia ''[[Greuges de Guitard Isarn]]'' (ca. 1080–1095), unum ex primis scriptis paene integre Catalanis,<ref>Veny 1997, pp. 9–18.</ref><ref>Moran 2004, pp. 37–38.</ref> maius paene saeculo quam ''[[Homiliae Organyà]]''.]] [[File:Linguistic map Southwestern Europe-en.gif|thumb|Charta linguarum Europae partis occidentalis et australis.]] [[File:Aragonese Empire 1443.svg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Corona Aragoniae]] anno 1443.]] ===Medium Aevum=== Saltem post saeculum II sunt indicia vocabulorum et locutionis propriorum in [[Hispania Tarraconensis|Hispania Tarraconensi]] et dissimilium ceterae Hispaniae.<ref>Enciclopèdia Catalana, p. 632.</ref> Ibi ut alibi, mutatio [[Latina Vulgaris|Latinae vulgaris]] paulatim accidit, nec praecise determinari potest initium linguae Catalanae. Secundum [[Iohannes Coromines|Coromines]] credendum est maxima mutata saeculis VII et VIII facta esse, quamquam difficilis est fides rei, quod tantum lingua Latina artificiosa et a sermone vulgari distante scribebatur. Ex saeculo quidem VIII comites Catalani, fines suas in [[Musulmanus|Musulmanos]] proferentes, linguam secum trahebant. Ante saeculum IX constat Catalana lingua ex Latina exstitisse in Tarraconensi et in utroque latere orientalium [[Pyrenaei montes|Pyrenaeorum]]. Haec impetum maiorem acceperunt ubi [[Comitatus Barcinonensis]] ab [[Imperium Carolingorum|Imperio Carolingiorum]] anno 988 divisus est.<ref>Costa Carreras & Yates 2009, pp. 6–7.</ref> Iam enim saeculo IX crebriusque X atque XI apparebant vocabula sententiaeve integrae in lingua Catalana inter scripta Latina, et scripta brevia plene Catalana, ut ius iurandum anni 1028 aut ''Greuges de Caboet'' ex annis 1080-1090.<ref>MORAN, J. i J. A. RABELLA (ed.)''Primers textos de la llengua catalana''. Barcelona: Proa, 2001. ISBN 84-8437-156-5</ref> In dimidio primo saeculi XII scripta est versio ''[[Liber Iudiciorum|Fori Iudicum]]'', cuius reliquia, servata in bibliotheca [[Abbatia Montis Serrati|Abbatiae Montis Serrati]], moderniore est sermone. Post annum 1150 sunt scripta plurima et exeunte saeculo XII apparent vetustissimae litterae artis curiosioris, id est ''[[Homiliae Organyà]]'', liber tractatuum Christianorum. Tum linguae priscae Catalanae plurima communia cum ceteris linguis [[linguae Gallo-Romanicae|Gallo-Romanicis]] erant, praecipue cum prisca [[lingua Occitana]], quacum [[continuum dialectorum]] efficiebat, quod paulatim divertebatur donec fere saeculo XIII linguae manifeste dissimiles exstiterant.<ref>Riquer 1964</ref> Saeculis XI atque XII principes Catalani ad [[Hiberus|Hiberum]] fluvium fines proferebant, et saeculo XIII [[Regnum Valentiae]], [[Murcia]]m (quae in Hispanicam linguam saeculo XV transiit) atque [[Baliares insulae|Insulas Baliares]] ceperunt.<ref>Costa Carreras & Yates 2009, pp. 6–7.</ref> Urbi [[Algarium|Algario]] in [[Sardinia]] Catalane loquentes saeculo XIV illati sunt.<ref>Wheeler 2010, p. 190.</ref> Populus enim eius [[urbs|urbis]] ab imperio regis [[Petrus IV Aragoniae|Petri Sollemnis]] medio anno [[1354]] defecerat; obsidione autem ac fame post dimidium fere annum expugnatus, expulsus est aut in servitutem redactus, urbsque colonis [[Catalaunia|Catalanis]] ex commarcis [[Penedès]] et [[Campus Tarraconensis|Campo Tarraconensi]] tradita. In [[Medium aevum|Medio Aevo]] inferiore, litteris Catalanis maxime florentibus, lingua aetatem auream habuit. Sunt inter auctores et opera eius temporis [[Raimundus Lullus]] (1232–1315), polymathes Maioricanus, historiae quae Quattuor Magnae Chronicae dicuntur (saeculis XIII et XIV), et schola poetica Valentina, cuius summus alumnus fuit [[Ausias Marchus]] (1397–1459). Saeculo XV urbs [[Valentia]] iam facta erat caput in rebus humanis [[Corona Aragonia|Coronae Aragoniae]] et lingua Catalana in cuncto orbe [[Mare Mediterraneum|Mediterraneo]] aderat. Hoc tempore Catalana, Cancellariae Regalis norma certa recta, fuit quod Costa Carreras "'magna lingua' Europae mediaevalis" vocat.<ref>Costa Carreras & Yates 2009, pp. 6–7.</ref> In publico usu quidem in Sicilia mansit usque ad saeculum XV, in Sardinia usque ad XVII.<ref>Wheeler 2010, p. 190.</ref> Primus liber typo mobili pressus in [[Hiberia]] fuit Catalanus, nomine ''[[Obres e trobes en lahors de la Verge Maria]]'', anno 1474. Mutatio morum Medio Aevo in Renascentiam transeunte in clarissima fabula caballaria ''[[Tirant lo Blanc]]'' (1490), quam [[Iohannes Martorell|Martorell]] scripsit, sicut in operibus [[Bernardus Metge|Metge]] videtur.<ref>Costa Carreras & Yates 2009, pp. 6–7.</ref> ===Initia aetatis modernae=== [[Fasciculus:Interdiction officielle de la langue catalana 2 avril 1700.jpg|thumb|Decretum publicum quo lingua Catalana in Francia vetabatur.]] Regnis [[Regnum Castellae|Castellae]] et [[Corona Aragoniae|Aragoniae]] anno 1479 coniunctis, [[lingua Hispanica]] in honorem paulatim ascendebat<ref>Wheeler 2010, p. 190.</ref> Catalanaque declinabat.<ref>Costa Carreras & Yates 2009, pp. 6–7.</ref><ref>Wheeler 2010, p. 190-191.</ref> Urbani igitur et philologi homines facti sunt [[multilinguismus|bilingues]] et litterae Catalanae auctoritate Hispanarum impelli coeperunt.<ref>Wheeler 2010, p. 190.</ref> Cum [[Tractatus Pyrenaeorum|Tractatu Pyrenaeorum]] (1659) [[Hispania]] [[Francia]]e [[Catalaunia Septentrionalis|septentrionalem partem Catalauniae]] cessisset, [[Catalana Septentrionalis|Catalani sermones eius terrae]] in dominium venerunt [[Lingua Francogallica|Francogallici sermonis]], qui anno 1700 facta est sola lingua publica regionis.<ref>Wheeler 2010, p. 191.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crdp-montpellier.fr/cd66/artscult/fichesVauban/cdvauban/PERIODES/moyenagetempsmodernes/chateaucollioureinterdictioncatalan.pdf|title=''L'interdiction de la langue catalane en Roussillon par Louis XIV''|publisher="CRDP, Académie de Montpellier|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214055235/http://crdp-montpellier.fr/cd66/artscult/fichesVauban/cdvauban/PERIODES/moyenagetempsmodernes/chateaucollioureinterdictioncatalan.pdf|archive-date=14 Decembris 2010}}</ref> ===Francia: saecula XVIII-XX=== {{Vide-etiam|Patois}} Parvo post [[res novae Francicae|res novas Francicas]] (1789), [[prima res publica (Francia)|Res Publica Prima Francica]] vetuit in re publica et impedivit in aliis usibus linguas regionales Franciae, inter alias Catalanam, [[Lingua Alsata|Alsatam]], [[Lingua Britonica|Britonicam]], [[Lingua Occitana|Occitanam]], [[Lingua Flandrica|Flandricam]], et [[Lingua Vasconica|Vasconicam]]. Post coloniam Francicam [[Algerium Francicum|Algerium]] anno 1830 constitutum, eo Catalane loquentes saepius commigraverunt, Hispanis [[Lucentum|Lucentinis]] circa [[Oranum]], [[Algeria]]e [[Catalaunia Septentrionalis|Catalanis septentrionalibus]] et [[Minorica|Minoricanis]] consedentibus, quorum omnium lingua appellata est ''patuet''. Anno igitur 1911 circa 100 000 hominum Catalane loquebantur. Hi tamen, post Algerium anno 1962 liberum se professum, paene omnes in Catalauniam Septentrionalem (facti ''[[Pieds-Noirs]]'') Lucentumve fugerunt.<ref>Marfany 2002.</ref> ===Hispania: saecula XVIII-XX=== In Hispania occasus Catalanae in saeculum XVIII prolatus est. In [[bellum de successione Hispanica|bello de successione Hispanica]] Habsburgianis victis (1714), [[Decreta Novae Plantae|leges]] etiam illatae sunt, quae cum alios mores Aragoniae cohiberent, tum in scriptis forensibus [[lingua Hispanica|linguam Hispanicam]] per totam Hispaniam postulabant. XIX autem saeculo [[Catalana renata|litterae Catalanae renatae]] sunt ({{lang|ca|Renaixença}}) et adhuc vigent.<ref>Wheeler 2010, p. 190.</ref> Haec aetas iniit ''Oda in Patriam'' (scripsit [[Bonadventura Carolus Aribau|Aribau]], 1833), quam secuta sunt secundo dimidio saeculi XIX et initiis XX opera [[Hyacinthus Verdaguer|Verdaguer]] (poetica), [[Narcissus Oller|Oller]] (fabulae realistae), et [[Angelus Guimerà|Guimerà]] (scaenica).<ref>Costa Carreras & Yates 2009, pp. 10–11.</ref> Saeculo XIX in regione [[Carchis|Carche]] provinciae [[Murcianum|Murcianae]] Valentine loquentes iterum consederunt.<ref>Wheeler 2010, p. 1.</ref> Catalana lingua normam orthographicam anno 1913 accepit; inde in [[Res Publica Hispanica Secunda|Re Publica Hispanica Secunda]] (1931–1939) leges adversae paene omnes expeditae sunt iusque publicum Catalanae inditum.<ref>Wheeler 2010, p. 190.</ref> Catalaunia mansit pleraque unilinguis usque ad finem saeculi XIX, cum in ludos (ubi Hispanice docebatur) vulgus est inductum, secundum studium [[Universitas Barcinonensis|Universitatis Barcinonensis]].<ref>https://www.ccma.cat/324/des-de-quan-som-bilingues-els-catalans-primer-estudi-del-proces-dintroduccio-del-castella/noticia/2915249 Des de quan som bilingües els catalans? Primer estudi del procés d'introducció del castellà]</ref> Qui Castellane loquentes in Catalauniam migrassent Catalanam, quod erat lingua communis, adhuc in decennio anni 1930 accipiebant.<ref>[https://llenguasocietat.wordpress.com/2019/03/06/la-bilinguitzacio-de-catalunya-durant-el-segle-xx-amb-francesc-bernat-mireia-galindo-i-carles-de-rossello «La bilingüització de Catalunya durant el segle XX», amb Francesc Bernat, Mireia Galindo i Carles de Rosselló] ''els primers immigrants no catalanoparlants, que es concentren sobretot a l’àrea de Barcelona, adopten generalment el català perquè continua sent la llengua predominant del carrer.''</ref> Tum [[Bellum civile Hispanicum|bellum civile]] (1936–1939) [[Catalonia in dictatura Francisci Franco|sequentiaque decennia]] infesta linguae Catalanae evenerunt. [[Dictatura Francisci Franco]] (1939–1975) linguam Hispanicam in ludis et in re publica gerenda per [[Hispania]]m cunctam postulavit.<ref>Wheeler 2010, p. 190.</ref><ref name="Guardian1">{{Cite news |last=Burgen |first=Stephen |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/22/catalan-language-survived |title=Catalan: a language that has survived against the odds |date=22 Novembris 2012 |work=The Guardian |access-date=18 Ianuarii 2017 |language=en-GB}}</ref>In ludis, in collegiis publicis, atque in rebus sacris lingua essentiaque Catalana opprimebatur.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Casademont|first=Enric Pujol|date=2020|title=Culture, language and politics. The Catalan cultural resistance during the Franco regime (1939-1977)|url=https://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000292/00000098.pdf|journal=Catalan Historical Review|volume=13|pages=69–84}}</ref> Quidam quoque Catalani, praecipue ordinum superiorum, desiderio [[Franciscus Franco|Francisci Franco]] populi Hispanici uniformis consentientes, linguam Catalanam sua sponte intermittebant. Tamen lingua intra domos vivens superstes dictaturae evenit. Porro nonnulli honesti scriptores Catalani litterarum usu resistebant.<ref>{{Cite book|last=CORNELLÀ-DETRELL|first=JORDI|jstor=10.7722/j.cttn346z|title=Literature as a Response to Cultural and Political Repression in Franco's Catalonia|date=2011|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|isbn=978-1-85566-201-8 }}.</ref> In ipsa dictatura certamina praemiaque multa et honesta operibus Catalanis instituta sunt: Ianuario 1944 praemium Eugenii Nadal exstitit, anno 1945 subsidio publico centeni anni Patris Cinthi Verdaguer acti sunt, anno 1947 praemium Iohannis Martorell in mythistorias Catalane scriptas, anno 1949 praemium Victoris Català in mythistorias parvas Catalane scriptas ac praemia Aedos in biographias, praemium Iosephi Ysart in tractatus, praemiumque ''Ossa Menor'', postea Caroli Riba appellatum. Anno 1951, praemium publicum in poetica Catalana datum est tantidem pecuniae quantum in poetica Hispanica. Eodem anno ''Selecta Editions'' operibus Catalanis edendis institutum est et praemium Iohannis Martorell Iosepho Pla ob opus ''El carrer estret'' datum est. Per annos posteriores usque ad finem dictaturae praemia innumerabilia nata sunt, ut ''Lletra d'Or'', ''Amadei Oller'' in poetica, ''Sant Jordi'' in mythistorias (150,000 ''pesetas'' possidens), Praemium Honoris Litterarum Catalanarum, ''Verdaguer'', praemium Iosephi Pla, praemium Mercedis Rodoreda in narrationes breves.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Una polèmica literària sota el franquisme|url=https://palavracomum.com/cas-obert-una-polemica-literaria-sota-el-franquisme-ii-por-xesus-gonzalez-gomez/|website= Palavracomum |language=ca-ES}}</ref> Primum programma televisorium in lingua Catalana emissum est anno 1964.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Primera emisión de un programa en catalán|url=https://www.rtve.es/rtve/20180730/historia-tve-primera-emissio-dun-programa-catala/1772240.shtml|website=RTVE |language=es-ES}}</ref> Usum linguae Catalanae minuebant cum honor decidens et interdictum ludorum tum insuper homines, qui annis 1950 ex cetera Hispania in Catalauniam migraverunt. Hi saepe nesciebant esse linguam Catalanam, neque ergo eam discendam et usurpandam censebant. Cum [[Catalaunia]] caput oeconomicum Hispaniae esset, hi migrantes crebro et ab omnibus Hispaniae partibus veniebant. Tamen, qui [[Multilinguismus|bilingues]] non facti essent, rarius negotia adepti sunt.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rendon|first=Sílvio|date=2007|title=The Catalan premium: language and employment in Catalonia|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20730773|journal=Journal of Population Economics|volume=20|issue=3|pages=669–686|doi=10.1007/s00148-005-0048-5 |jstor=20730773 |hdl=10016/291 |s2cid=29009762 |issn=0933-1433}}</ref> ==Status praesens== Notandissimum sociolinguistis est Catalanae in omnibus terris ubi adest [[bilinguismus]] socialis contingere: in Rossilione cum [[Lingua Francogallica|Francogallica]], in [[Algarium|Algario]] cum [[Lingua Italiana|Italiana]] (magis quam cum [[Lingua Sarda|Sarda]]), et in cetero territorio cum [[Lingua Hispanica|Hispanica]], etiam in [[Andorra]], ubi una est lingua publica secundum constitutionem. ===Loci=== {| style="float: right;" |+ Terrae, ubi incolae Catalane loqui soliti sint, colore griseo obscuriore designantur. Terrae, ubi incolae non Catalane loquantur, sed quae ad regiones pertineant ubi incolae Catalane loqui soliti sint, clariorem colorem habent. | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{Image label begin|image=Paisos_catalans.svg|width=350|float=none|Territorium linguae Catalanae}} {{Image label small|x=0.62|y=0.15|scale=350|text=[[Catalaunia Septentrionalis]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.45|y=0.29|scale=350|text=[[Catalaunia]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.85|y=0.51|scale=350|text=[[Algarium]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.28|y=0.28|scale=350|text=''[[Fines Aragoniae|Fines<br />Aragoniae]]''}} {{Image label small|x=0.185|y=0.68|scale=350|text=[[Communitas Valentina|Communitas<br />Valentina]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.07|y=0.83|scale=350|text=[[Carchis]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.85|y=0.33|scale=350|text=''[[Sardinia|<span style="color:#AAA300;">Sardinia<br />(Italia)</span>]]''}} {{Image label small|x=0.15|y=0.35|scale=350|text=''[[Aragonia|<span style="color:#AAA300;">Aragonia<br />(Hispania)</span>]]''}} {{Image label small|x=0.08|y=0.89|scale=350|text=''[[Murcianum|<span style="color:#AAA300;">Murcianum<br />(Hispania)</span>]]''}} {{Image label small|x=0.48|y=0.05|scale=350|text=''[[Francia|<span style="color:#AAA300;">Francia</span>]]''}} {{Image label small|x=0.43|y=0.16|scale=350|text=''[[Andorra]]''}} {{Image label small|x=0.535|y=0.6|scale=350|text=[[Baliares insulae]]}} {{Image label end}} |} Catalana est lingua princeps in [[Catalaunia]], ([[Francia]], [[Hispania]]); [[Valentia]], [[Insulae Baleares|Balearibus Insulis]] et [[Aragonia]] ([[Hispania]]); [[Andorra]]; et [[Sardinia]] ([[Italia]]). Iam inveteravit nomen {{lang|ca|[[Països Catalans]]}} (Terrae Catalanae) in quasdam aut omnes illas regiones, aliis alias significationes vocabulo tribuentibus; cum enim linguam communem moresque traditos designet atque ab oratoribus publicis recentius exercitetur, statu in iure caret. Prolatum quidem est exeunte saeculo XIX, divulgatum autem ab [[Iohannes Fuster|Iohanne Fuster]] libro ''Nosaltres els valencians'' («Nos Valentini», 1962). Praecipue in Communitate Valentina nomen "Terrae Catalanae" et cum eo [[pancatalanismus]] in plurimas [[Pugna Valentina|dissensiones]] erupit. [[Fasciculus:SpeakFrenchBeClean.jpg|thumb|"Loquimini Francice - Estote mundi", paries ludi in [[Ayguatébia-Talau|Aquatepida-Talatione]], 2010.]] * [[Andorra]] est [[civitas sui iuris]], ubi Catalana sola ius [[lingua publica|linguae publicae]] habet et Catalana (dialecto occidentali) 43.8 centesimae incolarum uti solent. Aliae quidem linguae crebrae sunt in negotiis et in rebus familiaribus, et Catalana est lingua patria modo 35.7 centesimis incolarum. * [[Hispania]] **In [[Catalaunia]], Catalana est [[lingua propria (Hispania)|lingua propria]] et ius publicum cum Hispanica et [[Lingua Occitana|Occitana]] ([[Lingua Aranica|dialecto Aranica]]) communicat. In territorio extant dialecti diversae. Catalana est patria 31 centesimis insularum. ** In [[Baliares insulae|Insulis Baliaribus]] est lingua propria et ius publicum cum Hispanica communicat. Extant dialecti diversae. Catalana est lingua solita 46 centesimarum incolarum. ** Maior pars [[Communitas Valentina|Communitatis Valentinae]] Catalane loquitur. Catalana lingua habet ius linguae propriae sub nomine [[Lingua Valentina|Valentinae]] communicatque ius publicum cum [[Lingua Hispanica|Hispanica]]. Exstant dialecti diversae, quarum una est communis septentrioni Communitatis Valentina et austro Catalauniae. Catalana est lingua solita fere 40 centesimarum incolarum. Quaedam partes occidentales et australes lingua Hispanica seu Aragonensi saltem a saeculo XVIII utuntur.<ref>Wheeler 2005, p. 1.</ref> ** In [[Fines Aragoniae|finibus orientalibus]] [[Aragonia]]e cum Catalaunia, qui constant ex [[commarca|commarcis]] [[La Litera]] et [[Matarraña]], et fere dimidio municipiorum [[Ribagorza]], [[Bajo Cinca]] et [[Bajo Aragón - Caspe]], circa 29 000 personas solent uti [[Lingua Catalana in Aragonia|lingua Catalana]].<ref>[http://portal.aragob.es/pls/portal30/docs/FOLDER/IAEST/IAEST_0000/IAEST_06/IAEST_0606/IAEST_060602/PUBLICACION.PDF= Encuesta de usos lingüísticos en las comarcas orientales de Aragón. Año 2003.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} [http://portal.aragob.es/pls/portal30/docs/FOLDER/IAEST/IAEST_0000/IAEST_06/IAEST_0606/IAEST_060602/PUBLICACION.PDF%3D]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Gobierno de Aragón - Instituto Aragonés de Estadística, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090920000405/http://www6.gencat.net/llengcat/socio/docs/EULF2004.pdf Estadística de usos lingüísticos en la Franja de Aragón. Año 2004.] Generalidad de Cataluña</ref> Cum nihil iuris publici possideat, in legibus autonomicis de usu tutelaque linguarum propriarum Aragoniae, quamquam in iis nusquam apparet vocabulum "Catalana", comprehenditur.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cortesaragon.es/fileadmin/_DMZMedia/documentacion/2013/MAYO/PLENO%209-10%20MAYO/DICTAMEN%20COMISION%20LENGUAS.pdf|title=Dictamen de la comisión de Educación, Cultura y Deporte sobre la proposición de ley de uso, protección y promoción de las lenguas propias de Aragón }}</ref> ** In oppidum [[Carchis|Carchem]] regionis [[Murcianum|Murcianae]] Valentini saeculo XIX redierunt.<ref>Wheeler 2005, p. 1.</ref> * [[Francia]] ** Priscae terrae tributariae [[Comitatus Rossilionis]] et [[Comitatus Ceritaniae]] (nunc nuncupantur [[Rossilio]] aut Catalaunia Septentrionalis) ad [[Monarchia Hispanica|Monarchiam Hispanicam]] usque ad [[Tractatus Pyrenaeorum|Tractatum Pyrenaeorum]] ([[1659]]) pertinebant. Paene totam praefecturam [[Pyrenaei Orientales|Pyrenaeorum Orientalium]] comprehendunt. Lingua Catalana ius publicum non habet multumque [[Lingua Francogallica|Francogallicae]] cessit. * [[Italia]] ** In urbe [[Algarium|Algario]] [[Sardinia]]e insulae, Catalanae dialectus Algarensis, anno 2004, erat prima lingua 22,4 centesimarum et solita 13,9 centesimarum incolarum.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www6.gencat.net/llengcat/socio/docs/EULA2004.pdf |title=Encuesta de usos lingüísticos en l’Alguer 2004 |accessdate=9 Octobris 2012 |lang=Catalán |work=Generalitat de Catalunya |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412200831/http://www6.gencat.net/llengcat/socio/docs/EULA2004.pdf |archivedate=12 Aprilis 2012 }}</ref> Et res Itala et ipsum [[Algarium]] usum publicum Catalanae legibus tuentur.<ref name="camera_1">{{cite web |url=http://www.camera.it/parlam/leggi/99482l.htm|title=Legge 15 Dicembre 1999, n. 482. ''Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche''. Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 297. 20 dicembre 1999 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722030108/http://www.ciutatdelalguer.it/statuto.pdf ''Estatut Comunal''. Art.9. Ciutat de l'Alguer], 8 Augusti 2000</ref> ===Catalaunia=== Post [[Transitio Democratica Hispanica|rem publicam Hispanicam restitutam]] lingua Catalana statum principalem in re publica, in docendo, et in nuntiis publicis accepit. [[Catalaunia]] igitur facta est communitas linguistica [[multilinguismus|bilinguis]] [[natio sine civitate|sine civitate]], cui magnitudine nulla alia Europaea est par.<ref>Wheeler 2003, p. 207.</ref> In quibusdam familiis et immutatio ad Catalanam linguam fit.<ref>Wheeler 2010, p. 191.</ref> Linguae publicae secundum Catalano Statuto Autonomiae instituta sunt et [[Lingua Hispanica|Castellana]] seu Hispanica, ut passim in Hispania, et Catalana, et tertia [[lingua Aranica]] (dialectus [[Lingua Occitana|Occitana]], qua incolae [[Valles Aranica]] loquuntur). Habetur quoque Catalana [[lingua propria (Hispania)|lingua propria]] Catalauniae, cum [[lingua Occitana|Occitana]] habeatur propria Vallis Aranicae. Cives Catalauniae paene universi bilingues sunt, ambas linguas principes scientes, sed [[sermo patrius|lingua patria]] dissimiles. Catalana autem minus utuntur in terra urbana [[Barcino]]nis et [[Ager Tarraconensis|Agro Tarraconensi]]. Anno 2018 99.8 centesimae civium Castellane et 81.2 centesimae Catalane loqui sciebant.<ref>[https://www.idescat.cat/pub/?id=aec&n=1013],''Coneixement de llengües 2018''</ref> Usus autem unius aut alterius linguae secundum ordinem societatis, in quo colloquium fiat, variari solet. Secundum [[Institutum Statisticae Catalauniae]], anno 2018 34.3 centesimis civium Catalana erat lingua patria (31.5 centesimis sola et 2.8 centesimis coniuncte cum Hispanica), 43.2 centesimis propria (36.3 centesimis sola et 6.9 centesimis cum Hispanica), et 43.5 centesimis solita (36.1 centesimis sola et 7.4 centesimis cum Hispanica.<ref name="materna2008">[https://www.idescat.cat/indicadors/?id=anuals&n=10364&tema=cultu]. Encuesta de usos lingüísticos de la población 2018. Instituto de Estadística de Cataluña (Idescat).</ref> Generalitas Catalauniae leges expedit, quibus usus Catalanae linguae augeatur promoveaturque. Secundum statutum:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gencat.cat/generalitat/cas/estatut/titol_preliminar.htm|título=Título preliminar del Estatuto de Autonomía de Cataluña de 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929115352/http://www.gencat.cat/generalitat/cas/estatut/titol_preliminar.htm|archivedate=29 Septembris 2011}}</ref> {{citatio|Catalana [...] est lingua usus communis et praeferendi rerum publicarum gerendarum nuntiorumque publicorum Catalauniae, et lingua communiter in docendo usurpata vectoria atque didascalica.|Statutum Autonomiae Catalauniae, articulum 6.a.}} Sic, dum fere tota civitatis educatio in Catalana et aliquod [[Hispanice]] datur, gubernationis grapheocratia tota in Catalana est. Negotia ostendere saltem in Catalana totam nuntiationem (e.g. escarum indices, folia muralia) coguntur sub legalium multarum poena, si officio non funguntur. Ad usum Catalanae proferendum et in Catalaunia et in aliis terris, [[Generalitat de Catalunya]] (gubernatio autonoma Catalauniae) argentum quotannis impendit per talia collegia qualia ''Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/Llengcat/menuitem.b318de7236aed0e7a129d410b0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=69f4f9465ff61110VgnVCM1000000b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=69f4f9465ff61110VgnVCM1000000b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=default |title=2010 Language Policy Report |website=Generalitat de Catalunya |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415001016/http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/Llengcat/menuitem.b318de7236aed0e7a129d410b0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=69f4f9465ff61110VgnVCM1000000b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=69f4f9465ff61110VgnVCM1000000b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=default |archive-date=15 Aprilis 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cpnl.cat/|title=Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística|first=Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística-|last=CPNL|website=Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística - CPNL}}</ref> Catalane doceri in omnibus ludis imperatum est,<ref>Wheeler 2010, p. 191.</ref>, sed Hispanica uti licet et cum magister sic malit et cum unus aut plures discipuli recentes in Catalauniam advenerint.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Armora |first=Esther |url=http://www.abc.es/sociedad/20130909/abci-cataluna-ordena-incumplir-sentencias-201309081829.html |title=Cataluña ordena incumplir las sentencias sobre el castellano en las escuelas |date=9 Septembris 2013 |work=ABC |access-date=10 Septembris 2013 |language=es |trans-title=Catalonia orders violate the judgments on the Castilian in schools}}</ref> Nuper quibusdam partibus in re publica Hispanica linguam Hispanicam in ludis Catalanis proferre conatis, Maio 2022 Tribunal Supremum Hispanicum magistratus Catalauniae hac lege uti monuit, ut 25 centesimae omnium scholarum Hispanice audiantur.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/nations/spain/2022/01/21/catalonia-supreme-court-25-of-lessons-must-be-in-spanish_e4e09d3e-ea85-4b59-b3c6-d0f2cdbfc0aa.html |title=You are here: ANSAmed. Catalonia: Supreme Court, 25% of lessons must be in Spanish |language=en |access-date=21 Ianuarii 2022}}</ref> ===Fines orientales Aragoniae=== Catalana est lingua propria et tradita [[Fines orientales Aragoniae|Finium orientalium Aragoniae]], ibique maxime universalis est scientia Catalane voce loquendi. Nam 80.2 centesimae incolarum adultorum, id est 33,743 homines, sciunt, ut recentius anno 2014 censum est,<ref>{{Cite book|título=Llengua i societat a la Franja: Anàlisi de l'Enquesta d'usos lingüistics (2004-2014)|url=https://zaguan.unizar.es/record/76843|publisher=Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza|date=2018|accessdate=16 Septembris 2019|isbn=9788417633509|first=Natxo (coord )|last=Sorolla|first2=Chabier|last2=Gimeno|firste3=Javier|last3=Giralt|first4=Miguel|last4=Montañés|first5=María Teresa|last5=Moret|first6=Anchel|last6=Reyes|first7=Ramón|last7=Sisas|first8=Joan|last8=Solé|first9=Anna|last9=Torrijos|page=51}}</ref> cum anno 2004 42,000 homines fuerint, id est 88.8 centesimae incolarum adultorum.<ref>{{cite book|title=Enquesta sobre usos lingüístics a la Franja|url=http://www.lafranja.net/articles/FranjaSorolla.pdf|place=Sorolla|date=2005|format=pdf}}</ref>. Tamen Catalana iure publico caret et in Finibus et in cuncta Aragonia, minimeque adest in societatibus publicis, et exigue in docendo, cum modo optione eam discere liceat. ===Communitas Valentina=== {{Main|Lingua Valentina}} Status linguae Catalanae in [[Communitas Valentina|Communitate Valentina]] est multiplex, cum homines ex cetera Hispania linguam Castellanam inferentes migrent, simulque fiat [[immutatio linguae]] praecipue in urbibus Valentia Lucentoque. Castellana in urbibus, Valentina ruri nunc dominatur; Valentina maxime in [[Provincia Castalia]] et parte australi [[Valentia (provincia Hispaniae)|Provinciae Valentiae]], minime in [[Lucentum (provincia)|Provincia Lucento]] et terra urbana [[Valentiae]] auditur. Ambas [[lingua publica|linguas publicas]] profitetur Statutum Autonomiae, et Valentina [[lingua propria (Hispania)|lingua propria]] habetur. Duo [[praedominium linguisticum|praedominia linguistica]], Castellanum et Valentinum, definit Lex de Usu Disciplinaque Linguae Valentinae ad situm sermonum saeculo XIX. Praedominium Castellanum partem quandam mediam et occidentalem, et his seiunctam partem australem extremam ([[Aspis|Aspem]] et [[Monforte del Cid]]) comprehendit, cum 25 centesimis territorii et 13 centesimis incolarum. Hic minima est scientia linguae Valentinae. Praedominium Valentinum oras et commarcas iis contiguas continet, 75 centesimas territorii et 87 centesimas incolarum comprehendens. Etiam ibi pauciores Valentina quam Castellana domi utuntur (anno 2008 32.3 centesimae cum 7.6 centesimis domi bilinguibus), et numerus minuitur.<ref name="sies">[http://www.cult.gva.es/sies Servicio de Investigación y Estudios Sociolingüísticos], [http://www.edu.gva.es/polin/es/sies/sies_fonum.htm Fondo de Datos Numéricos], de la Consellería de Cultura, Generalidad Valenciana. Datos de "lengua que habla en casa".</ref> Immutatio linguae ab Valentina ad Castellanam paene perfecta est [[Lucentum|Lucenti]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927035804/http://www.alicante-ayto.es/docu_val/ompv/substitucio_linguistica.pdf Montoya, Brauli: ''La difusió social de la substitució lingüística a la ciutat d’Alacant: Assaig d’una cronologia''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.alicante-ayto.es/docu_val/ompv/substitucio_linguistica.pdf |date=20070927035804 }}, Treballs de sociolingüística catalana 13, pp. 25-38.</ref> et praevalet [[Valentia]]e, cum ruri nondum valeat. Recens erat quasi [[diglossia]] plurimis incolis, qui Catalane modo privatis colloquiis loquebantur, cum in publicis officiis Castellana sola audiretur. Valentinae scribendae, postquam in ludis docta est, scientia valde aucta est, sed usus in loquendo valde recessit. Etiam multi migrantes ex aliis Hispaniae partibus numerum Castellane loquentium auxerunt.<ref name="gencat_1">{{cite web|url=http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/Llengcat/menuitem.b318de7236aed0e7a129d410b0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=d5349cede4c43210VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=d5349cede4c43210VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=default|title=Estadística d'usos Lingüístics a Catalunya|urlarchivo=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023234255/http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/Llengcat/menuitem.b318de7236aed0e7a129d410b0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=d5349cede4c43210VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=d5349cede4c43210VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=default|archivedate=23 Otobris 2014}}.</ref> ===Insulae Baliares=== Catalana est lingua propria [[Baliares insulae|Insulis Baliaribus]], secundum Statutum Autonomiae, et publica sicut Castellana. Similiter ut in Catalaunia, Castellanam efferunt migrantes multo magis quam [[immutatio linguae]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090415140418/http://ibdigital.uib.es/gsdl/cgi-bin/library?e=d-11000-00---0territoris--00-1--0-10-0---0---0prompt-10---4-------0-0l--11-en-50---20-help---00-3-1-00-0011-1-0utfZz-8-10&cl=CL2.1.25&d=HASH62a903a271d09acfe20772&x=1 Bernat Joan i Marí: ''Canvi demogràfic i substitució lingüística a les illes Pitiüses''] {{Wayback|url=http://ibdigital.uib.es/gsdl/cgi-bin/library?e=d-11000-00---0territoris--00-1--0-10-0---0---0prompt-10---4-------0-0l--11-en-50---20-help---00-3-1-00-0011-1-0utfZz-8-10&cl=CL2.1.25&d=HASH62a903a271d09acfe20772&x=1 |date=20090415140418 }} Institut d’Estudis Eivissencs Territoris (1999), 2:103-111</ref> Fortuna linguae Catalanae in Insulis Baliaribus varia est per insulas et locos; ea magis in [[Minorica]] et maiore parte [[Maiorica]]e, id est [[Pars Externa (Maiorica)|Parte Externa]], minus in [[Palma Maioricae|Palma]] et in [[Ebusus|Ebuso]] auditur. Linguae quoque [[Lingua Anglica|Anglica]] [[Lingua Theodisca|Theodisca]]que in locis periegeticis audiuntur; etiam Italiana, quamquam minore momento, adest, praecipue in Frumentaria, quo multi Italici periegetici veniunt. ===Andorra=== Status Andorranus Catalanae similis est Catalauniensi, cum linguis aliis, praecipue Hispanicae, potius migrantium quam [[immutatio linguae|immutationis linguae]] causa cedat. Andorrae autem solius inter mundi civitatis<ref>[http://www.idescat.cat/territ/BasicTerr?TC=5&V0=3&V1=3&V3=3319&V4=3320&ALLINFO=TRUE&PARENT=25&CTX=B ''Població segons llengua d'identificació. Dades enllaçades 2003-2008 Catalunya. Any 2008''.] Instituto de Estadística de Cataluña (Idescat).</ref> Catalana sola est [[lingua publica]],<ref name="llengua">{{Cite web|url=http://www.catala.ad/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=41&Itemid=114|accessdate=5 Septembris 2008|title=La llengua a Andorra|lang=catalán|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722031452/http://www.catala.ad/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=41&Itemid=114|archivedate=22 Iulii 2011}}</ref> quo aliquando in res gentium accedit.<ref>http://www.unesco.org/new/es/unesco/worldwide/unesco-regions/europe-and-north-america/andorra| Andorrae accessus in Nationes Unitas</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20120605053324/www.coe.int/aboutcoe/index.asp?page=47pays1europe&l=en.] Socii [[Consilium Europae|Consilii Europae]].</ref> Andorra in [[Nationes Unitae|Nationes Unitas]] die [[28 Iulii]] anno [[1993]] accepta, Catalana oranti in eo concilio primum licuit.<ref>[http://www.unmultimedia.org/s/photo/detail/413/0413555.html Oratio ministri rerum externarum Andorrae ad Nationes Unitas.</ref> Andorra quoque prima eam in [[certamen cantionum Eurovisionis|Certamen Cantionum Eurovisionis]] anno [[2004]] intulit, [[Marta Roure]] canente «[[Jugarem a estimar-nos]]».<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurovision-spain.com/iphp/pais_historia.php?numero=944|title=Andorra en el festival de Eurovisión de 2004. }}</ref> Linguarum Andorrae status ex demographia dimidio secundo saeculi XX valde novata evenit: anno [[1940]] peregrini fuerunt 17 centesimae incolarum, anno 1989 75.7 centesimae - is maximus numerus fuit - anno 2007 fere 65 centesimae.<ref name="llengua" /> Post [[Constitutio Andorrae|constitutionem anno 1993 decretam]] res publica consiliis Catalanae amicis utitur, e.g. ut iuvenes Catalane doceantur.<ref>Wheeler 2010, p. 191.</ref> ===Rossilio=== [[Fasciculus:Comarques de la Catalunya Nord.svg|thumb|250px|Veteres commarcae praefecturae Pyrenaeorum Orientalium, cum nominibus Catalanis.]] In [[Rossilio]]ne ut in plerisque locis [[Francia]]e, valde progressa est [[immutatio linguae|immutatio]] ab lingua loci ad Francogallicam, celerius in urbibus, ut fieri solet, rurique tardius. Francogallica sola post annum 1700 statu publico atque usu in publica disciplina fruitur. Catalana est lingua solita modo 5,7 centesimarum incolarum.<ref>http://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20160817/403994492086/catalan-frances-catalunya-nord-independencia.html Sólo 1´3% emplea a diario el catalán y sólo un 5´7% lo entiende en Rosellón.</ref> Anno 2004 ii, quibus Catalana sermo patrius est, plerique erant natu maiores 70 annis. 30 centesimae discipulorum primariorum et 15 centesimae secundariorum Catalanam linguam alienam discunt.<ref>Wheeler 2010, p. 191.</ref> [[Curia Generalis Pyrenaeorum Orientalium]] Catalanam die 10 Decembris 2007 publice agnovit unam ex linguis praefecturae esse<ref name="Charte en faveur du Catalan">{{cite web|url=http://www.cg66.fr/202-charte-en-faveur-du-catalan.htm|title=''Charte en faveur du Catalan''|access-date=18 Iunii 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222154353/http://www.cg66.fr/202-charte-en-faveur-du-catalan.htm|archive-date=22 Decembris 2012|url-status=dead}} {{cite web|url=http://www.cg66.fr/199-la-catalanitat-a-catalunya-nord.htm|title=''La catalanitat a la Catalunya Nord''|access-date=13 Martii 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309142734/http://www.cg66.fr/199-la-catalanitat-a-catalunya-nord.htm|archive-date=9 Martii 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> et in usu publico iuvenibusque docendis promovere curat. Morale quoque collegium ''[[La Bressola]]'' ludos communitate rectos, qui discipulos in linguam Catalanam immergant, procurat. ===Algarium=== [[Fasciculus:Unitat de la llengua Alghero.jpg|thumb|right|Monumentum unitatis linguae Catalanae, Algarii.]] [[Fasciculus:Alghero Walls.jpg|thumb|200px|Muri [[Algarium|Algarii]].]] Usus [[Lingua Algarensis|dialecti Algarensis]] post [[Secundum Bellum Mundanum]] imminutus est ludis, televisione, atque diariis in [[lingua Italiana]] et adventu hominum [[Lingua Sarda|Sarde]] loquentium. Res publica Itala, per normam de linguis minoribus historicis, talibus linguis uti in rebus gerendis, iuvenibus docendis, et emissionibus radiophonicis televisoriisque [[RAI]] sinit, dummodo tutela linguae quaeratur apud consilium provinciale a municipiis, ubi eam quaerant quindecim centesimae incolarum.<ref name="camera_1"/> Consilium quoque Regionale Sardiniae linguam Catalanam in urbe Algario Italianae et Sardae dignitate aequalem pronuntiaverat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.uniud.it/cip/min_legge_sarda.htm|título=Legge Regionale 15/10/1997, N. 26. ''Promozione e valorizzazione della cultura e della lingua della Sardegna''. Art. 2.1, 2.4. Consiglio Regionale della Sardegna|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630065726/http://web.uniud.it/cip/min_legge_sarda.htm|archivedate=30 Iunii 2008|accessdate=10 Iulii 2013}}</ref> Urbs ipsa statutis tutelam atque usum illius promovet.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722030108/http://www.ciutatdelalguer.it/statuto.pdf ''Estatut Comunal''. Art.9. Ciutat de l'Alguer], 8 Augusti 2000.</ref> Propter originem Catalanam Algarenses urbem suam Barceloneta appellant,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.obracultural.cat/alghero.asp|title=Barceloneta de Sardenya, en la página de la Obra Cultural de l'Alguer|accessdate=10 Iulii 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120724/http://www.obracultural.cat/alghero.asp|archivedate=4 Martii 2016}}</ref> et necessitudo morum est [[Catalaunia]]e et Algario, confirmata a [[Generalitas Catalauniae|Generalitate Catalauniae]] impendiis ad linguam moresque Catalanas per orbem differendos. Insigne inter tradita patria est ''Cant de Sibil·la'', qui [[Vigilia Natalis Christi]] (sicut in [[Maiorica]]) canitur. Resurrexit tempore novissimo musica lingua Algarensi pacta, inter cuius poetas insignes est exempli gratia cantrix [[Franca Masu]]. ===In disciplina=== [[Transitio Democratica Hispanica|Democratia restituta]], lingua Catalana in [[educatio]]ne reciperata est, sed impariter inter territoria. In Catalaunia enim et Baliaribus facta est lingua vectoria princeps, sed in Communitate Valentina Castellanam velut collegam in disciplina vehenda habet.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/culturacatalana/menuitem.be2bc4cc4c5aec88f94a9710b0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=4a2a5c43da896210vgnvcm1000000b0c1e0arcrd&vgnextchannel=4a2a5c43da896210vgnvcm1000000b0c1e0arcrd&vgnextfmt=detall2&contentid=a0e6edfc49ed7210vgnvcm1000008d0c1e0arcrd |title = El catalán en el ámbito educativo |accessdate = 26 Martii 2013 |website = Culturcat ([[Generalidad de Cataluña]]) |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131211223327/http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/culturacatalana/menuitem.be2bc4cc4c5aec88f94a9710b0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=4a2a5c43da896210VgnVCM1000000b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=4a2a5c43da896210VgnVCM1000000b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=detall2&contentid=a0e6edfc49ed7210VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD |archivedate = 11 Decembris 2013 }}</ref> === In nuntiis publicis === Lingua Catalana in eius territoriis varia [[media communicandi]] utuntur, quae constituunt, ut dicitur, spatium communicativum Catalanum. In nuntiis pressis ostentandi sunt editiones in Catalana [[La Vanguardia]] et [[El Periódico de Cataluña]], diaria solum Catalane edita [[El Punt Avui]], [[Ara (diarium)|Ara]] et [[L'Esportiu]]; copia nuntiorum commarcalium in Catalana ([[Segre (diarium)|Segre]], [[Regió7]], [[Diari de Girona]], [[El 9 Nou]], etc.), magazinae in Catalana ([[El Temps]], [[Sàpiens]], etc.) copiaque diariorum digitalium in Catalana ([[VilaWeb]], [[Racó Català]], [[Nació Digital]], [[Ara (diario)|Ara.cat]], [[3/24|324.cat]], [[Diari de Balears]], etc.). In radiophonia eminent [[Catalunya Ràdio]], [[IB3 Ràdio]], [[À Punt FM]] et [[RAC1]] res omnium generum emittentes, [[Catalunya Informació]] emittens nuntios 24 horis diei, et Catalunya Música, [[Ràdio Flaixbac]], [[Flaix FM]] et [[RAC105]] in emittenda musica. Quantum denique ad televisionem spectat, mentio facienda est canalium generalium [[TV3 (Cataluña)|TV3]], [[IB3 Televisió]], [[À Punt]], [[Andorra Televisión|Andorra Televisió]], [[8tv]] et [[Fibwi4]] et specialium [[3/24]], [[SX3]]/[[El 33|33]], [[Esport3]], [[Barça TV]] et [[Fibracat TV]]. ==Derivatio== [[File:Romance-lg-classification-en.svg|upright=1.36|thumb|Tabula linguarum Romanicarum secundum derivationem digestarum. FP: Franco-Provinciales, IR: Istro-Romanicae.]] Lingua Catalana coniunctionem maximam habet cum [[lingua Occitana|Occitana]], quacum [[linguae Occitano-Romanicae|lingua Occitano-Romanica]] dicitur. Dissentiunt vero docti utrum linguae Occitano-Romanicae penitus [[Linguae Gallo-Romanicae|Gallo-Romanicae]] habendae sint, an quasi pons sint inter has linguas et [[Linguae Ibero-Romanicae|Ibero-Romanicas]]. ===Phonologia=== Lingua Catalana fere ipsa phonemata originis [[linguae Romanicae|linguarum Romanicarum]] reddit, sed phonotactica [[mutiatio phonologica|mutationibus]] condicionalibus manifeste novata est. ====Vocales==== * Commune [[linguae Gallo-Romanicae|linguis Gallo-Romanicis]]: ** Casus vocalium gravium finalium excepta <small>-A</small> (<small>MŪRU(M), FLŌRE(M)</small> > ''mur'', ''flor''), non ut in linguis Ibero-Romanicis, quae eas servant nisi in quibusdam flexionibus <small>-E</small> (''muro'' sed ''flor'' / ''chor''), aut in Italo-Romanicis, quae omnes servant (''muro'', ''fiore''). * Commune Occitanae soli: ** Copia diphthongorum: ([aj] ''mai'' -numquam-, [ej] ''rei'' -eh- [interiectio]), [aw] ''cau'' -cadit-, [ew] ''beu'' -bibit-, [ow] ''pou'' -puteus-...) * Contraria linguis Gallo-Romanicis: ** ''-u-'' Latina servata (nec antelata) (<small>LUNA(M)</small> > Catalane ''lluna'' {{IPA|['ʎuna]}}, Occitane ''luna'' ['lynɔ], [[Francogallice]] ''lune'' ['lyn], [[Linguae Gallo-Italicae|Gallo-Italice]] ['lyna]). ** Vocalis ''*ɛ'' (ex Latina <small>Ĕ</small>) facta /e/ (nisi apud liquidas /r, l, ʎ/, et in aliquot casibus ceteris), et ''*e'' (ex Latina <small>Ē et Ĭ</small>) facta ''*ə''. In dialecto normali, vocale ''*ə'' facta /ɛ/, veteres vocales inversae sunt: <small>NEVE(M)</small> > Catalane ''neu'' [new], Occitane ''nèu'' [nɛw] -nix-; <small>PE(N)SU(M)</small> > Catalane ''pes'' [pɛs], Occitane ''pes'' [pes] -pondus- Dialectus Baliaris vetustam /ə/ servat, et in dialectis occidentalibus ambo soni confluunt in /e/. * Contraria Occitanae: ** Diphthongus AU in {{IPA|[ɔ]}} contractus (<small>CAULE(M), PAUCU(M)</small> > ''col'', ''poc''). ** Vocales ''*ɛ'' et ''*ɔ'' (ex <small>Ĕ</small> et <small>Ŏ</small>) numquam fiunt diphthongi. * Commune australi parti Romanicae occidentalis: ** Series <small>-ACT-</small> facta <small>-ET</small> (<small>LACTE(M), FACTU(M)</small> > ''llet'', ''fet'') Derivatio vocalium acutarum hac tabula conspici potest: :{|class=wikitable |- ! [[Lingua Latina|Latina classica]] !! [[Latina Vulgaris|Proto-<br>Romanica]] !! Proto--<br>Catalana !! Catalana<br>media |- | Ī<br> <small>VĪTAM</small> || /*i/<br>*v'''i'''ta || /*i/<br>*v'''i'''da | /i/<br>v'''i'''da [ˈbið̞ə] |- | Ĭ<br> <small>SICCUM</small> | rowspan=2|/*e/<br> *s'''ẹ'''cọ<br><br> *p'''ẹ'''sọ "pondus" | rowspan=2|/*ə/<br> *s'''ə'''c <br><br> *p'''ə'''s | rowspan=2|/ɛ/<br> s'''e'''c [sɛk] <br><br>p'''e'''s [pɛs] |- | Ē<br> <small>PĒNSUM<br> |- | Ĕ<br> <small>TERRAM<br> MEL<br><br>NIVEM > *NEVEM<br>MEMBRUM</small> | /*ɛ/<br>*t'''ę'''rra<br> *m'''ę'''l(e)<br><br> *n'''ę'''ve<br> *m'''ę'''mbrọ | /*ɛ/<br>*t'''ę'''rra<br> *m'''ę'''l<br><br> *n'''ę'''β<br> *m'''ę'''mbrę | /ɛ/<br>t'''e'''rra [ˈtɛrə]<br>m'''e'''l [mɛɫ]<br>/e/<br>n'''e'''u [new]<br>m'''e'''mbre [ˈmembɾə] |- | Ā<br> <small>PĀNEM<br> || rowspan=2|/*a/<br>*p'''a'''ne<br><br> *c'''a'''di(t) || rowspan=2|/*a/<br>*p'''a'''<br><br> *c'''a'''u || rowspan=2|/a/<br>*p'''a''' [pa]<br><br> *c'''a'''u [kaw] |- | Ă<br> <small>CADIT<br> |- | Ŏ<br> <small>MOVET</small> | /*ɔ/<br> *m'''ǫ'''βi(t) | /*ɔ/<br> *m'''ǫ'''β | /ɔ/<br> m'''o'''u [mɔu] |- | Ō<br> <small>FLŌREM<br> HONŌREM<br> RŌBUR</small> | rowspan=2|/*o/<br> *fl'''ọ'''re<br> *ǫn'''ọ'''re<br> *r'''ọ'''b.re "quercus"<br><br> *f'''ọ'''rca<br> *f'''ọ'''rnọ | rowspan=2|/*o/<br>*fl'''ọ'''r<br> *on'''ọ'''r <br> *r'''ọ'''β.re<br><br>*f'''ọ'''rca <br>*f'''ọ'''rn | rowspan=2|/o/<br> fl'''o'''r<br> hon'''o'''r [uˈn'''o'''ɾ]<br> r'''o'''ure [r'''o'''wɾə]<br><br> f'''o'''rca [foɾkə]<br> f'''o'''rn [foɾn] |- | Ŭ<br> <small>FURCAM<br> FURNUM</small> |- | Ū<br> <small>LŪNAM | /*u/<br> *l'''u'''na | /*u/<br> *ʎ'''u'''na | /u/<br> ll'''u'''na [ʎunə] |} ====Consonantes==== * Commune [[Linguae Gallo-Ibericae|linguis Gallo-Ibericis]]: ** <small>-P-, -T-, -C-</small> inter vocales sonoratae -b-, -d-, -g- (<small>CAPRA(M), CATENA(M), SECURU(M)</small> > ''cabra'', ''cadena'', ''segur'') * Communia [[linguae Gallo-Romanicae|linguis Gallo-Romanicis]]: ** Series <small>PL, CL, FL-</small> ad initium vocabuli servatae (<small>PLICARE, CLAVE(M), FLORE(M)</small> > ''plegar'', ''clau'', ''flor''). ** Consonantes surdae ad finem vocabuli sonorae fiunt si initium vocabuli proximi est vocalis aut consonans sonora. Sic consonantes [s], [t], [p], {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, [k] et {{IPA|[tʃ]}} fiunt [z], [d], [b], {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, [g] y {{IPA|[dʒ]}}. Exempli gratia (elocutione Valentina): "els homes" (''viri'' cum articulo definito) [els] + {{IPA|[ɔmes]}} -> {{IPA|[el'zɔmes]}}; "blat bord" (''triticum silvestre'') [blat] + {{IPA|[boɾ(t)]}} -> {{IPA|[blad'boɾ(t)]}}. * Communia Occitanae ** Casus consonantis -N in fine vocabuli (postquam vocalia finalia ceciderunt; in Latina igitur haec N saepe inter vocales steterat: <small>PANE, VINU</small> > ''pa'', ''vi''). In plurale autem, nisi in quibusdam dialectis septentrionalibus, [n] servata est (e.g.: ''pans'', ''vins''), quod Occitane non fit. ** [[Exsurdatio]] consonantium in fine vocabuli: ''verd'' [t], ''àrab'' [p], ''diàleg'' [k]... * Contraria Occitanae ac propria Catalanae: ** -D, cum inter vocales stetisset, in ''-u'' conversa (<small>PEDE(M), CREDERE</small> > <small>*PĔD, *CRED-RE</small> ''peu'', ''creure'') ** -C + e, i, in fine vocabuli > ''-u'' (<small>*CRUCE(M)</small> > ''*crou'' > ''creu'', <small>PACE(M)</small> > ''pau'') ** Flexio verbalis <small>-TIS</small> derivata est in ''-u'' (<small>MIRATIS</small> 'aspicitis' > ''*miratz'' > ''*mirau'' > ''mirau''/''mireu''.) * Communia aliis linguis Romanicis: ** Redactio serierum <small>-MB-, -ND-</small> > -m-, -n- (<small>CAMBA(M), CUMBA(M), MANDARE, BINDA(M)</small> > ''cama'' -crus-, ''coma'' -vallis montanus-, ''manar'', ''bena'' -fascia-), communis Occitanis dialectis [[Lingua Gasconica|Gasconicae]] et [[Lingua Languedociana|Languedocianae]] meridionali. ** [[Palatizatio]] consonantis <small>L-</small> ad initium vocabuli (<small>LUNA(M), LEGE(M)</small> > ''lluna'', ''llei'' -ley-), communis Fuxiensi (dialecto Occitanae) et [[dominium linguisticum Asturicum|Asturicae]]. ** Palatizatio geminatae <small>-NN-</small> (<small>ANNU(M)</small> > ''any'', <small>CANNA(M)</small> > ''canya''), communis Hispanicae. ** Palatizatio seriei ''-is-'' , quae exstiterat ex <small>-X-, SC-</small> (<small>COXA(M), PISCE(M)</small> > ''cuixa'', ''peix'') ** Affricatae Proto-Romanicae J, G + e, i servatae (JACTARE, GELARE> ''gitar'' -recumbere-, ''gelar'') ** Novae geminatae: ''setmana'' [mm], ''cotna'' [nn], ''espatlla'' [ʎʎ] (vel ''espatla'' [ll]), ''intel·ligent'' [ll], communes Occitanae et dialectis Italis. ===Morphologia=== * Omnes linguae Romanicae [[articulus (grammatica)|articulum]] definitum ex demonstrativo Latino pepererunt, non autem ex eodem. Pars linguae Catalanae (Balearium et orae Gerundensis) articulum [[Lingua Catalana salat|salat]] (< <small>IPSE, IPSA, IPSUM</small>) servavit. Cum hic articulus in prisca lingua Catalana magis valuerit, nunc in dialecto normali plerisque aliis articulus est ''el'', ''la'', ''els'', ''les'' ex <small>ILLE, ILLA, ILLUD</small> (in dialectis occidentalibus, in septentrione Castaliae, et in Algarensi manent dictiones in masculino ''lo'', ''los''). Hoc mutatum plurimas linguas Romanicas sequitur. Articulus ex <small>IPSE</small> alibi valet modo in [[Lingua Sarda|Sarda]], et periclitatur aut exstincta est in quibusdam locis [[Comitatus Provinciae]] et [[Sicilia (regio Italiae)|Siciliae]]. * Tempus praeteritus formatur periphrasi per verba auxiliara ex <small>VADERE</small> derivata, unde verbum quoque ''anar'' ("vadere, ire") tempum praesentem habet: e.g. ''jo vaig anar'', ''tu vas anar'', ''ell va anar'', ''nosaltres vam / vàrem anar'', ''vosaltres vau / vàreu anar'', ''ells van / varen anar'' (praeteritus periphrasticus verbi "ire"). Hoc est commune [[Lingua Occitana|Occitanae]] et quibusdam sermonibus [[Lingua Aragonensis|Aragonensis]]. ===Lexis=== Pleraque vocabula Catalana ab Latinis orta sunt. Similitudo lexica inter Catalanam et alias linguas Romanicas est secundum [[Ethnologue]] (anno 2022): 87% cum Italiana; 85% cum Hispanica et Lusitana; 76% cum [[Lingua Iudaeo-Hispanica|Iudaeo-Hispanica]] et [[Lingua Rhaetica (Romanica)|Rhaetica]]; 75% cum Sarda; 73% cum Dacoromanica. Catalana, ut omnis lingua Romanica, aliquot vocabulis nativis sensum peculiarem dedit. Quorum exempla: * verba: '''cōnfīgere''' > {{lang|ca|confegir}} 'conscribere', '''congemināre''' > {{lang|ca|conjuminar}} 'coniungere', '''dē-ex-somnitāre''' > {{lang|ca|deixondar/-ir}} 'suscitare', '''dēnsāre''' > {{lang|ca|desar}} 'servare', '''ignōrāre''' > {{lang|ca|enyorar}} 'desiderare', '''indāgāre''' > prisca Catalana ''enagar'' 'incitare', '''odiāre''' > pCat ''ujar'' 'lassare, fatigare', '''pācificāre''' > {{lang|ca|apaivagar}} 'pacare', '''repudiāre''' > {{lang|ca|rebutjar}} 'reicere, abnuere'; * nomina: '''brīsam''' > {{lang|ca|brisa}} 'lora', '''budam''' > {{lang|ca|boga}} 'scirpus', '''catarrhum''' > {{lang|ca|cadarn}} 'catarrhus', '''congestam''' > {{lang|ca|congesta}} 'cumulus nivis', '''dēlīrium''' > {{lang|ca|deler}} 'ardor, passio', '''fretum''' > {{lang|ca|freu}} 'frenum mechanicum', '''lābem''' > {{lang|ca|(a)llau}} 'lapsus nivis', '''ōra''' > {{lang|ca|vora}} 'ora, limes', '''pistrīcem''' 'sawfish' > ''pestriu'' > {{lang|ca|pestiu}} 'vulpes marinus, mustelus; raia', '''prūna''' > {{lang|ca|espurna}} 'scintilla', '''tardātiōnem''' > ''tardaó'' > {{lang|ca|tardor}} 'autumnus'.<ref>Bruguera 2008, p. 3046.</ref> Cum et Hispanicae et Catalanae superstratum [[Lingua Gothica|Gothicum]] fuerit, ab eo non eadem sumpserunt. Exempli gratia, Catalana vocabula {{lang|ca|fang}} "lutus" et {{lang|ca|rostir}} "torrere" origine Germana contraponuntur Hispanicis {{lang|es|lodo}} et {{lang|es|asar}} (ex "assare"), cum Catalane {{lang|ca|filosa}} "fusus" et {{lang|ca|templa}} "tempus capitis" dicantur, Hispanica {{lang|es|rueca}} et {{lang|es|sien}} Germanica origine trahat. Similiter se habent vocabula ab [[Lingua Arabica|Arabica]] acceptis. Catalana igitur {{lang|ca|alfàbia}} "tina" et {{lang|ca|rajola}} "tegula" ab Arabica traxit, cum Hispanice eadem {{lang|es|tinaja}} et {{lang|es|teja}} dicantur; Catalane autem oleum dicitur {{lang|ca|oli}} et oliva {{lang|ca|oliva}}, cum Hispanica vocabula {{lang|es|aceite}} et {{lang|es|aceituna}} sint. Multo quidem magis praevalet in lingua Hispanica Arabica pars.<ref>Enciclopèdia Catalana, p. 632.</ref> Super illa vocabula, quae ab Latina hereditate accepit, lingua Catalane cito alia Graeca et Latina imitari coepit. Per medium enim aevum primamque partem moderni, qui Catalane scribebant etiam Latinas litteras norant, quare vocabula Latina facile in scripta moxque in dicta trahebant. Haec iam apud [[Raimundus Lullus|Raimundum Lullum]] inveniuntur, et saeculis XIV et XV multo plura Graeca et Latina vocabula nove accepta quam aliae linguae Romanicae Catalana habebat.<ref>Enciclopèdia Catalana, p. 632.</ref> Aliae linguae, unde vocabula in Catalanam transierunt, sunt [[lingua Anglica|Anglica]], Francogallica, [[Lingua Italiana|Italiana]], [[Lingua Occitana|Occitana]], [[Lingua Hispanica|Castellana]], et [[Lingua Vasconica|Vasconica]]. {| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;" |+ Collatio 24 vocabulorum inter 8 linguas Romanicas:<br />Catalanae sunt 17 cognata cum Gallo-Romanicis, 5 [[isoglossa]]e cum Ibero-Romanicis, 3 cum Occitana sola, et 1 vocabulum peculiare.<ref>Jud 1925.</ref><ref>Colón 1993, pp. 33–35.</ref> |- ! [[Latina]] !! Catalana !! [[Lingua Occitana|Occitana]] !! [[Lingua Sarda|Sarda]] ([[Lingua Campidanensis|Campidanensis]]) !! [[Lingua Italiana|Italiana]] !! [[Lingua Francogallica|Francogallica]] !! [[Lingua Hispanica|Hispanica]] !! [[Lingua Lusitana|Lusitana]] !! [[Lingua Dacoromanica|Dacoromanica]] |- | consobrinus || {{lang|ca|'''cosí'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''cosin'''}} || {{lang|src|fradili}} || {{lang|it|'''cugino'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''cousin'''}} || {{lang|es|primo}} || {{lang|pt|primo}}, ''coirmão''|| {{lang|ro|văr}} |- | frater || {{lang|ca|'''germà'''}} || {{lang|oc|fraire}} || {{lang|src|fradi}} || {{lang|it|fratello}} || {{lang|fr|frère}} || {{lang|es|'''hermano'''}} || {{lang|pt|'''irmão'''}} || {{lang|ro|frate}} |- | fratris aut sororis filius || {{lang|ca|'''nebot'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''nebot'''}} || {{lang|src|'''nebodi'''}} || {{lang|it|'''nipote'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''neveu'''}} || {{lang|es|sobrino}} || {{lang|pt|sobrinho}} || {{lang|ro|'''nepot'''}} |- | aestas || {{lang|ca|'''estiu'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''estiu'''}} || '''{{lang|src|istadi}}'''|| {{lang|it|'''estate'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''été'''}} || {{lang|es|verano}}, {{lang|es|'''estío'''}}|| {{lang|pt|verão}}, {{lang|pt|'''estio'''}} || {{lang|ro|vară}} |- | vespera || {{lang|ca|'''vespre'''}} || {{lang|oc|ser}}, {{lang|oc|'''vèspre'''}} || {{lang|src|seru}} || {{lang|it|sera}} || {{lang|fr|soir}} || {{lang|es|tarde, noche}}<ref name="vespera">Lusitane {{lang|pt|véspera}} et Hispanice {{lang|es|víspera}} "pridiana dies" dicitur.</ref> || {{lang|pt|tarde}}, {{lang|pt|serão}}<ref name="vespera"/> || {{lang|ro|seară}} |- | matutinum tempus || {{lang|ca|'''matí'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''matin'''}} || {{lang|src|mangianu}} || {{lang|it|'''mattina'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''matin'''}} || {{lang|es|mañana}} || {{lang|pt|manhã}}, {{lang|pt|'''matina'''}} || {{lang|ro|'''dimineață'''}} |- | sartago || {{lang|ca|'''paella'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''padena'''}} || {{lang|src|'''paella'''}} || {{lang|it|'''padella'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''poêle'''}} || {{lang|es|sartén}} || {{lang|pt|frigideira, fritadeira}} || {{lang|ro|tigaie}} |- | lectus || {{lang|ca|'''llit'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''lièch'''}}, {{lang|oc|'''lèit'''}} || {{lang|src|'''letu'''}} || {{lang|it|'''letto'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''lit'''}} || {{lang|es|cama}}, {{lang|es|'''lecho'''}} || {{lang|pt|cama}}, {{lang|pt|'''leito'''}} || {{lang|ro|pat}} |- | avis || {{lang|ca|'''ocell'''}}, {{lang|ca|'''au'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''aucèl'''}} || {{lang|src|pilloni}} || {{lang|it|'''uccello'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''oiseau'''}} || {{lang|es|'''ave''', pájaro}}|| {{lang|pt|'''ave''', pássaro}}|| {{lang|ro|pasăre}} |- | canis || {{lang|ca|'''gos'''}}, {{lang|ca|'''ca'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''gos'''}}, {{lang|oc|'''canh'''}} || {{lang|src|'''cani'''}} || {{lang|it|'''cane'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''chien'''}} || {{lang|es|perro}}, {{lang|es|'''can'''}} || {{lang|pt|'''cão''', cachorro}} || {{lang|ro|'''câine'''}} |- | prunum || {{lang|ca|'''pruna'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''pruna'''}} || {{lang|src|'''pruna'''}} || {{lang|it|'''prugna'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''prune'''}} || {{lang|es|ciruela}} || {{lang|pt|ameixa}} || {{lang|ro|'''prună'''}} |- | butyrum || {{lang|ca|'''mantega'''}} || {{lang|oc|bodre}} || {{lang|src|burru, butiru}} || {{lang|it|burro}} || {{lang|fr|beurre}} || {{lang|es|'''mantequilla, manteca'''}} || {{lang|pt|'''manteiga'''}} || {{lang|ro|unt}} |- | frustum || {{lang|ca|'''tros'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''tròç'''}}, {{lang|oc|petaç}} || {{lang|src|arrogu}} || {{lang|it|pezzo}} || {{lang|fr|morceau}}, {{lang|fr|pièce}} || {{lang|es|pedazo}}, {{lang|es|'''trozo'''}}<ref name="trozo">Hispanice {{lang|es|trozo}} quoque dicitur, quod vocabulum a {{lang|ca|tros}} tractum est. Colón 1993, p 39. Item Lusitana {{lang|es|troço}} accepit, sensu scilicet novato: "res, instrumentum".</ref> || {{lang|pt|pedaço}}, {{lang|pt|bocado}} || {{lang|ro|bucată}} |- | griseus || {{lang|ca|'''gris'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''gris'''}} || {{lang|src|canu}} || {{lang|it|'''grigio'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''gris'''}} || {{lang|es|'''gris'''}}, {{lang|es|pardo}}<ref> {{lang|es|Gris}} est vocabulum recens ab Occitana acceptum. {{lang|es|Pardo}} est antiquius {{cite book|last1=Gallego|first1=Rosa|last2=Sanz|first2=Juan Carlos|year=2001|title=Diccionario Akal del color|publisher=Akal|language=es|isbn=978-84-460-1083-8}}</ref> || {{lang|pt|cinzento}}, {{lang|pt|'''gris'''}} || {{lang|ro|'''gri'''}},<ref>Saeculo XX a Francogallica acceptum.</ref> {{lang|ro|sur}}, {{lang|ro|cenușiu}} |- | calidus || {{lang|ca|'''calent'''}} || '''{{lang|oc|caud}}'''|| {{lang|src|'''callenti'''}} || '''{{lang|it|caldo}}'''|| '''{{lang|fr|chaud}}'''|| {{lang|es|'''caliente'''}} || {{lang|pt|'''quente'''}} || {{lang|ro|'''cald'''}} |- | nimis || {{lang|ca|'''massa'''}} || {{lang|oc|tròp}} || {{lang|src|tropu}} || {{lang|it|troppo}} || {{lang|fr|trop}} || {{lang|es|de'''mas'''iado}} || {{lang|pt|de'''mais''', de'''mas'''iado}} || {{lang|ro|prea}} |- | velle || {{lang|ca|'''voler'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''vòler'''}} || {{lang|src|'''bolli(ri)'''}} || {{lang|it|'''volere'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''vouloir'''}} || {{lang|es|querer}} || {{lang|pt|querer}} || {{lang|ro|'''a vrea'''}} |- | capere || {{lang|ca|'''prendre'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''prene'''}}, {{lang|oc|'''prendre'''}} || {{lang|src|pigai}} || {{lang|it|'''prendere'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''prendre'''}} || {{lang|es|tomar}}, {{lang|es|'''prender'''}} || {{lang|pt|apanhar, levar}} || {{lang|ro|a lua}} |- | precari || {{lang|ca|'''pregar'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''pregar'''}} || {{lang|src|'''pregai'''}} || {{lang|it|'''pregare'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''prier'''}} || {{lang|es|orar}} || {{lang|pt|orar, rezar, '''pregar'''}} || {{lang|ro|a se ruga}} |- | rogare || {{lang|ca|'''demanar'''}}/{{lang|ca|'''preguntar'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''demandar'''}} || {{lang|src|'''dimandai, preguntai'''}} || {{lang|it|'''domandare'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''demander'''}} || {{lang|es|pedir}}, {{lang|es|'''preguntar'''}} || {{lang|pt|pedir, '''perguntar'''}} || {{lang|ro|a cere, a întreba}} |- | quaerere || {{lang|ca|'''cercar'''}}/{{lang|ca|'''buscar'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''cercar'''}} || {{lang|src|'''circai'''}} || {{lang|it|'''cercare'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''chercher'''}} || {{lang|es|'''buscar'''}} || {{lang|pt|procurar}}, {{lang|pt|'''buscar'''}} || {{lang|ro|a căuta}} |- | advenire || {{lang|ca|'''arribar'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''arribar'''}} || {{lang|src|'''arribai'''}} || {{lang|it|'''arrivare'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''arriver'''}} || {{lang|es|llegar}}, {{lang|es|'''arribar'''}} || {{lang|pt|chegar}} || {{lang|ro|a ajunge}} |- | loqui || {{lang|ca|'''parlar'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''parlar'''}} || {{lang|src|chistionnai, fueddai}} || {{lang|it|'''parlare'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''parler'''}} || {{lang|es|hablar}}, {{lang|es|'''parlar'''}} || {{lang|pt|falar}}, {{lang|pt|'''palrar'''}} || {{lang|ro|a vorbi}} |- | ēsse || {{lang|ca|'''menjar'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''manjar'''}} || {{lang|src|pappai}} || {{lang|it|'''mangiare'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''manger'''}} || {{lang|es|comer}} ({{lang|es-AR|'''manyar'''}} in ''[[Lunfardo]]''; {{lang|es|papear}} sermone vulgari) || {{lang|pt|comer}} ({{lang|pt|papar}} sermone vulgari), {{lang|pt|'''manjar'''}} || {{lang|ro|'''a mânca'''}} |} ==Phonologia== Inter notas insignioribus phonologiae Catalanae sunt: * Contrapositiones vocalium {{IPA|/ɛ e/}} et {{IPA|/ɔ o/}}, ut in aliis [[Linguae Romanicae occidentales|linguis Romanicis occidentalibus]] excepta [[lingua Hispanica|Hispanica]].<ref>Enciclopèdia Catalana, p. 630.</ref> * Copia diphthongorum cum {{IPA|/w/}}, ut in Galliciana et Lusitana.<ref>Enciclopèdia Catalana, p. 630.</ref> * Copia vocabulorum [[monosyllabum|monosyllaborum]], contraria aliis linguis Romanicis, in quorum fine valde variae consonantes, etiam [[series consonantium]], stare possunt.<ref>Enciclopèdia Catalana, p. 630.</ref> * [[Exsurdatio obstruentium finalium]], quae paria qualia {{lang|ca|amic}} ("amicus") vs. {{lang|ca|amiga}} ("amica") genit.<ref>Enciclopèdia Catalana, p. 630.</ref> Hic describitur praecipue elocutio [[Lingua Catalana Mediana|Catalanae Medianae]], quae normalis habetur. ===Vocales=== [[File:Catalan vowel chart.svg|thumb|[[Vocalis|Vocales]] Catalanae orientalis normalis<ref>Carbonell & Llisterri 1999, p. 62.</ref>]] Catalana servat, sicut pleraeque [[linguae Romanicae occidentales]] excepta [[lingua Hispanica|Hispanica]], septem vocales acutas [[Latina Vulgaris|linguae Proto-Romanicae]].<ref>Hic, ut fieri solet, "lingua Proto-Romanica" designat linguam minorem quam Proto-Romanica sensu stricto, matrem non Sardae sed omnium Romanicarum ceterarum.</ref>: {{IPA|/a ɛ e i ɔ o u/}}.<ref>Enciclopèdia Catalana, p. 630.</ref> [[Lingua Baliaris|Dialectus Baliaris]] octavam habet {{IPA|/ə/}}.<ref>Wheeler 2010, pp. 37, 53-54.</ref> In dialecto normali, vocales graves in tres rediguntur: {{IPA|/a e ɛ/ > [ə]}}; {{IPA|/o ɔ u/ > [u]}}; {{IPA|/i/}} distincta manet. Aliae dialecti aliter vocales redigunt. {| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;" |+ Exempla redactionis vocalium in Catalana Mediana<ref>Wheeler 2010, pp. 53-55.</ref><br />In primo vocabulo cuiusque paris radix acuta est, in secundo gravis. |- ! !! colspan="3" | Vocales anteriores !! colspan="2" | Vocales posteriores |- ! Vocabula | {{lang|ca|gel}} ("gelus")<br />{{lang|ca|gelat}} ("lac gelidum") || {{lang|ca|pedra}} ("lapis")<br />{{lang|ca|pedrera}} ("lapicidinae") || {{lang|ca|banya}} ("lavat")<br />{{lang|ca|banyem}} ("lavamus") || {{lang|ca|cosa}} ("res")<br />{{lang|ca|coseta}} ("recula") || {{lang|ca|tot}} ("omnia")<br />{{lang|ca|total}} ("summa") |- ! Transcriptio<br />in IPA | {{IPA|[ˈʒɛl]}}<br />{{IPA|[ʒəˈlat]}} || {{IPA|[ˈpeðɾə]}}<br />{{IPA|[pəˈðɾeɾə]}} || {{IPA|[ˈbaɲə]}}<br />{{IPA|[bəˈɲɛm]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkɔzə]}}<br />{{IPA|[kuˈzɛtə]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtot]}}<br />{{IPA|[tuˈtal]}} |} ===Diphthongi=== Plerique diphthongi Catalani sunt diphthongi cadentes (i.e. prima vocalis est plena vocalis, secundaque fit consonans approximans vel semivocalis). * Haec vocabula diphthongum habent, itaque monosyllaba sunt: *: ''mai'' 'numquam' {{IPA|[maj]}} / ''noi'' 'puer' {{IPA|[nɔj]}} *: ''pau'' 'pax' {{IPA|[paw]}} / ''bou'' 'bos' {{IPA|[bɔw]}} *: ''diu'' 'dicit' {{IPA|[diw]}} * Haec hiatum habent, itaque bisyllaba sunt: *: ''dia'' 'dies' {{IPA|['di.ə]}} *: ''cua'' 'cauda' {{IPA|['ku.ə]}} *: ''diuen'' 'dicunt' {{IPA|['diwən]}} Diphthongi scandentes fiunt modo {{IPA|[w]}} semivocali post {{IPA|[k]}} et {{IPA|[g]}}: : ''aigua'' «aqua» {{IPA|['aj.gwə]}} (2 syllabae) : ''ungüent'' «unguentum» {{IPA|[uŋ.'gwɛnt]}} (2 syllabae) : ''pingüí'' «spheniscida» {{IPA|[piŋ.'gwi]}} (2 syllabae) : ''llenguota'' «lingua grandis» {{IPA|[ʎəŋ.gwɔ.tə]}} (3 syllabae) : ''quatre'' «quattuor» {{IPA|['kwa.tɾə]}} (2 syllabae) : ''qüestió'' «quaestio» {{IPA|[kwəs.ti.'o]}} (3 syllabae) : ''quota'' «rata pars» {{IPA|['kwɔ.tə]}} (2 syllabae) ===Consonantes=== Systema consonantium Catalanum plerumque Proto-Romanicum conservat. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Consonantes Catalanae<ref>Carbonell & Llisterri 1999, pp. 61–65.</ref> ! colspan="2" | ! [[Consonans bilabialis|Bilabiales]] ! [[Consonans alveolaris|Alveolares]]<br />/ [[Consonans dentalis|Dentales]] ! [[Consonans palatalis|Palatales]] ! [[Consonans velaris|Velares]] |- ! colspan="2" | [[Consonans nasalis|Nasales]] | m | n | ɲ | ŋ |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Consonans muta|Mutae]] ! <small>[[surditas (phonetica)|surdae]]</small> | p | t | colspan="2" | k |- ! <small>[[sonoritas (phonetica)|sonorae]]</small> | b | d | colspan="2" | ɡ |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Consonans affricata|Affricatae]] ! <small>[[surditas (phonetica)|surdae]]</small> | | ts | tʃ | |- ! <small>[[sonoritas (phonetica)|sonorae]]</small> | | dz | dʒ | |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Consonans fricativa|Fricativae]] ! <small>[[surditas (phonetica)|surdae]]</small> | f | s | ʃ | |- ! <small>[[sonoritas (phonetica)|sonorae]]</small> | (v) | z | ʒ | |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Consonans approximans|Approximantes]] ! <small>[[Consonans centralis|centrales]]</small> | | | j | w |- ! <small>[[Consonans lateralis|laterales]]</small> | | l | ʎ | |- ! colspan="2" | [[Consonans tremula simplex|Tremulae simplices]] | | ɾ | | |- ! colspan="2" | [[Consonans tremula multiplex|Tremulae multiplices]] | | r | | |} {{Clear}} ====Mutae et affricatae==== Consonantes mutae et affricatae sonorae ({{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, {{IPA|/g/}}) ad finem vocabuli cum surdis ({{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/ts/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}) commiscentur.<ref>Lloret 2004, p. 278.</ref> Elocutio est surda si sequitur sonus surdus aut pausa et sonora si sequitur sonus sonorus. Inter vocales autem aut liquidas mutae sonorae [[lenitio|leniuntur]] in fricativas: {{IPA|/b/}} > {{IPA|[β]}}, {{IPA|/d/}} > {{IPA|[ð]}}, {{IPA|/ɡ/}} > {{IPA|[ɣ]}}; excipiuntur {{IPA|/d/}} post [[sonsonans lateralis|laterales]] et {{IPA|/b/}} post {{IPA|/f/}}. ====Fricativae==== In sermone normali {{IPA|/v/}} cum {{IPA|/b/}} [[betacismus|commixta]] est.<ref>Wheeler 2005, p. 13.</ref> Manet tamen in Balearica,<ref>Carbonell & Llisterri 1992, p. 53.</ref> [[Lingua Algarensis|Algarensi]], [[Lingua Valentina|Valentina]], et quibusdam locis Catalauniae australis.<ref>Veny 2007, p. 51.</ref> Omnibus fricativis ad finem vocabuli ante pausam aut sonum surdum elocutio contingit surda, sed ad finem vocabuli ante sonum sonorum /s/ et {{IPA|/ʃ/}} sonorae fiunt. ====Liquidae==== Apud /l/ /ʎ/ /m/ /n/, consonantes geminatas /l:/ /ʎ:/ /m:/ /n:/ habet sermo normalis. Sunt qui /r/ multiplicem arbitrentur geminatam habendam apud /ɾ/ simplicem.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bonet |first1=Eulàlia |last2=Mascaró |first2=Joan |year=1997 |chapter=On the Representation of Contrasting Rhotics |title=Issues in the Phonology and Morphology of the Major Iberian Languages |url=https://archive.org/details/issuesinphonolog0000unse |editor1-last=Martínez-Gil |editor1-first=Fernando |editor2-last=Morales-Front |editor2-first=Alfonso |publisher=Georgetown University Press |isbn=978-0-87840-647-0}}.</ref> In sermone normali, consonanti {{IPA|/l/}} elocutio velarizata {{IPA|[ɫ]}} semper contingit, sed in dialectis occidentalibus hoc modo in coda [[syllaba]]e fit.<ref>Recasens & Espinosa 2005, p. 20.</ref> Situs rhoticarum {{IPA|/r/}} et {{IPA|/ɾ/}} est valde similis ut in [[Phonetica Hispanica|Hispanica]]. Ergo inter vocales contraponuntur, sed alibi sunt in situ complementario. Si prima consonans est in syllaba, {{IPA|[r]}} evenit, si in initio syllabae sed post consonantem , evenit {{IPA|[ɾ]}}. In cauda variatur per dialectos: sermo normalis habet {{IPA|[r]}} infirme multiplicem, sed dialectis occidentalibus solet esse {{IPA|[ɾ]}}.<ref>Padgett 2009, p. 432.</ref> ==Scriptura== [[File:Catalan geminated L in a dictionary.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Vocabulum {{lang|ca|novel·la}} ("mythistoria") in dictionario. Catalana L geminata ({{lang|ca|l·l}}) est insignis.]] [[File:Billboard in Barcelona (detail).png|thumb|upright=0.8|Tabula [[Barcino]]ni (pars), ubi ostenditur vocabulum {{lang|ca|il·lusió}} ("praestigiae")]] {| class="wikitable" style=" text-align: center;" ! Formae principales | {{lang|ca|[[A]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[B]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[C]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[D]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[E]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[F]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[G]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[H]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[I]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[J]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[K]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[L]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[M]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[N]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[O]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[P]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[Q]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[R]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[S]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[T]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[U]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[V]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[W]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[X]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[Y]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[Z]]|italic=unset}} |- ! Formae subiunctae | {{lang|ca|À|italic=unset}} || || {{lang|ca|Ç|italic=unset}} || || {{lang|ca|É|italic=unset}} {{lang|ca|È|italic=unset}} || colspan="3" | || {{lang|ca|Í|italic=unset}} {{lang|ca|Ï|italic=unset}} || colspan="2" | || {{lang|ca|L·L|italic=unset}} || colspan="2" | || {{lang|ca|Ó|italic=unset}} {{lang|ca|Ò|italic=unset}} || colspan="5" | || {{lang|ca|Ú|italic=unset}} {{lang|ca|Ü|italic=unset}} || colspan="6" | |} Lingua Catalana [[Abecedarium Latinum|litteris Latinis]] scribitur, cum aliquot litteris adiectis et digraphis, modo ordinato ac plerumque phonologiam reddente.<ref>Wheeler 2010, p. 6.</ref> Litterae K, W, Y solum in vocabula peregrina usurpantur. Norma scribendi tractata est inter alia in Primo Congressu Gentium de Lingua Catalana, qui Barcinoni Octobri 1906 habitus est. Deinde Sectio Philologica Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC, anno 1911 constituti) ''Normes ortogràfiques'' anno 1913 dirigentibus [[Antonius Maria Alcover|Antonio Maria Alcover]] [[Pompeius Fabra|Pompeioque Fabra]] edidit. Anno 1932 Valentini scriptores atque sapientes [[Castalia]]e congressi ''[[Normes de Castelló]]'', normas IEC secutas, sollemniter adoptarunt.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUu_apMqBF0C |title=The Architect of Modern Catalan: Selected writings |date=2009 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |isbn=978-9027289247 |editor-last=Carreras |editor-first=Joan Costa |language=en |translator-last=Yates |translator-first=Alan}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ Elocutio litterarum Catalanarum |- ! !! Elocutio !! Exempla |- ! {{lang|ca|a}} | {{IPA|/a/}} || {{lang|ca|banya}} {{IPA|[ˈbaɲə]}} ("lavat") |- ! {{lang|ca|à}} | {{IPA|/a/}}|| {{lang|ca|ànima}} {{IPA|[ˈanimə]}} ("anima") |- ! {{lang|ca|b}} | {{IPA|/b/}} ({{IPA|[b~β]}}), sed ''mb'' in fine syllabae sonat {{IPA|[m]}} || {{lang|ca|boig}} {{IPA|['bɔtʃ]}} ("insanus"), {{lang|ca|amb}} {{IPA|[əm]}} ("cum") |- ! {{lang|ca|c}} | {{IPA|/k/}}; {{IPA|/s/}} ante ''e'', ''i''; ''nc'' in fine syllabae sonat {{IPA|[ŋ]}} || {{lang|ca|cunya}} {{IPA|['kuɲə]}} ("cunea"); {{lang|ca|felices}} {{IPA|[fə'ɫisəs]}} ("felices", feminino genere); {{lang|ca|blanc}} {{IPA|[ˈbɫaŋ]}} ("albus") |- ! {{lang|ca|ç}} | {{IPA|/s/}} || {{lang|ca|feliç}} {{IPA|[fəˈɫis]}} ("felix") |- ! {{lang|ca|d}} | {{IPA|/d/}} ({{IPA|[d~ð]}}); ''nd'' in fine syllabae sonat {{IPA|[n]}} || {{lang|ca|desig}} {{IPA|[də'zitʃ]}} ("desiderium"), {{lang|ca|rotund}} {{IPA|[ru'tun]}} ("merus, manifestus") |- ! {{lang|ca|e}} | {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/ɛ/}} || {{lang|ca|membre}} {{IPA|[ˈmembɾə]}} ("membrum"), {{lang|ca|pel}} {{IPA|[ˈpɛɫ]}} ("pilus") |- ! {{lang|ca|é}} | {{IPA|/e/}} || {{lang|ca|també}} {{IPA|[təmˈbe]}} ("quoque") |- ! {{lang|ca|è}} | {{IPA|/ɛ/}} || {{lang|ca|elèctric}} {{IPA|[əˈɫɛktrik]}} ("electricus") |- ! {{lang|ca|f}} | {{IPA|/f/}} || {{lang|ca|foc}} {{IPA|[ˈfɔk]}} ("ignis") |- ! rowspan="3" | {{lang|ca|g}} | Plerumque {{IPA|/g/}} ({{IPA|[ɡ~ɣ]}}) || {{lang|ca|botiga}} {{IPA|[buˈtiɣə]}} ("taberna") |- | {{IPA|/ʒ/}} ante {{lang|ca|e}} et {{lang|ca|i}} || {{lang|ca|boges}} {{IPA|['bɔʒəs]}} ("insanae") |- | ''ng'' in fine syllabae sonat {{IPA|[ŋ]}} || {{lang|ca|fang}} {{IPA|[ˈfaŋ]}} ("lutus") |- ! rowspan="2" | {{lang|ca|gu}} | {{IPA|/ɡ/}} ante {{lang|ca|i}} et {{lang|ca|e}} || {{lang|ca|guerra}} {{IPA|[ˈɡɛrə]}} ("bellum") |- | {{IPA|/ɡw/}} alibi || {{lang|ca|guant}} {{IPA|[ˈɡwan]}} ("digitabulum") |- ! {{lang|ca|gü}} | {{IPA|/ɡw/}} (scribitur ante {{lang|ca|e}} et {{lang|ca|i}}) || {{lang|ca|llengües}} {{IPA|[ˈʎɛŋ.ɡwəs]}} ("linguae") |- ! {{lang|ca|h}} | tacita || {{lang|ca|ham}} {{IPA|[ˈam]}} ("hamus") |- ! {{lang|ca|i}} | {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/j/}} || {{lang|ca|amic}} {{IPA|[əˈmik]}} ("amicus"), {{lang|ca|rei}} {{IPA|[ˈrej]}} ("rex") |- ! {{lang|ca|í}} | {{IPA|/i/}} acuta || {{lang|ca|camí}} {{IPA|[kəˈmi]}} ("via") |- ! {{lang|ca|ï}} | {{IPA|/i/}} in hiatu || {{lang|ca|ruïna}} {{IPA|[ru.'i.nə]}} ("ruina") |- ! {{lang|ca|ig}} | {{IPA|[tʃ], [dʒ]}} et {{IPA|[itʃ], [idʒ]}} in fine vocabuli|| {{lang|ca|raig}} {{IPA|[ˈratʃ]}} ("rivus"), {{lang|ca|desig}} {{IPA|[də'zitʃ]}} ("desiderium") |- ! {{lang|ca|ix}} | {{IPA|/ʃ/}} ({{IPA|[jʃ]}} in quibusdam dialectis), {{IPA|/iʃ/}} || {{lang|ca|caixa}} {{IPA|[ˈkaʃə]}} ("capsa"), {{lang|ca|guix}} {{IPA|[ˈɡiʃ]}} ("creta") |- ! {{lang|ca|j}} | {{IPA|/ʒ/}} || {{lang|ca|boja}} {{IPA|['bɔʒə]}} ("insana") |- ! {{lang|ca|l}} | {{IPA|/l/}} || {{lang|ca|gel}} {{IPA|[ˈʒɛɫ]}} ("gelus") |- ! {{lang|ca|ll}} | {{IPA|/ʎ/}} || {{lang|ca|lloc}} {{IPA|[ˈʎɔk]}} ("locus") |- ! {{lang|ca|l·l}} | {{IPA|/ll/}} || {{lang|ca|novel·la}} {{IPA|[nuˈβɛɫɫə]}} ("mythistoria") |- ! {{lang|ca|m}} | {{IPA|/m/}} || {{lang|ca|banyem}} {{IPA|[bəˈɲɛm]}} ("lavamus") |- ! {{lang|ca|n}} | {{IPA|/n/}}, sed etiam {{IPA|/m/}} ante bilabiales et {{IPA|/ŋ/}} ante velares|| {{lang|ca|envegen}} {{IPA|[əmˈbɛ.ʒən]}} ("invident"), {{lang|ca|llengua}} {{IPA|[ˈˈʎɛŋ.ɡwə]}} ("lingua") |- ! {{lang|ca|ny}} | {{IPA|/ɲ/}} || {{lang|ca|Catalunya}} {{IPA|[kətəˈɫuɲə]}} ("[[Catalaunia]]") |- ! {{lang|ca|o}} | {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/ɔ/}} || {{lang|ca|fons}} {{IPA|[ˈfons]}} ("fundus"), {{lang|ca|home}} {{IPA|[ˈɔmi]}} ("vir") |- ! {{lang|ca|ó}} | {{IPA|/o/}} || {{lang|ca|cançó}} {{IPA|[kənˈso]}} ("cantus") |- ! {{lang|ca|ò}} | {{IPA|/ɔ/}} || {{lang|ca|pròxim}} {{IPA|[ˈpɾɔksim]}} ("propinquus") |- ! {{lang|ca|p}} | {{IPA|/p/}}; ''mp'' in fine syllabae sonat {{IPA|[m]}} || {{lang|ca|pedra}} {{IPA|[ˈpeðɾə]}} ("lapis"), {{lang|ca|compte}} {{IPA|[ˈkom.tə]}} ("ratio") |- ! rowspan="2" | {{lang|ca|qu}} | {{IPA|/k/}} ante {{lang|ca|i}} et {{lang|ca|e}} || {{lang|ca|qui}} {{IPA|[ki]}} ("qui") |- | {{IPA|/kw/}} alibi || {{lang|ca|quatre}} {{IPA|[ˈkwatrə]}} ("quattuor") |- ! {{lang|ca|qü}} | {{IPA|/kw/}} (scribitur ante {{lang|ca|e}} et {{lang|ca|i}}) || {{lang|ca|obliqües}} {{IPA|[uβˈɫikwəs]}} ("obliquae") |- ! {{lang|ca|r}} | {{IPA|/r/}} ad initium vocabuli et ante pausam, {{IPA|/ɾ/}} alibi, sed ad finem vocabuli saepe tacet|| {{lang|ca|roure}} {{IPA|[ˈrowɾə]}} ("quercus"), {{lang|ca|pedrera}} {{IPA|[pəˈðɾeɾə]}} ("lapicidinae"), {{lang|ca|posar}} {{IPA|[puˈza]}} ("ponere"), {{lang|ca|aqüífer}} {{IPA|[ə.'kwi.fəɾ]}} ("solum aquarium") |- ! {{lang|ca|rr}} | {{IPA|/r/}} (scribitur inter vocales)|| {{lang|ca|ferro}} {{IPA|[ˈfɛru]}} ("ferrum") |- ! {{lang|ca|s}} | Plerumque {{IPA|/s/}}, sed inter vocales {{IPA|/z/}} || {{lang|ca|set}} {{IPA|[ˈsɛt]}} ("sitis"), {{lang|ca|casa}} {{IPA|[ˈkazə]}} ("domus") |- ! {{lang|ca|ss}} | {{IPA|/s/}} (scribitur inter vocales) || {{lang|ca|grossa}} {{IPA|[ˈɡɾɔsə]}} ("magna") |- ! {{lang|ca|t}} | Plerumque {{IPA|/t/}}<br /><br />Ante liquidam, signum geminandi<br />Ante sibilantem, signum affricandi<br /><br />Post ''n'' et ''l'' ad finem syllabae tacet|| {{lang|ca|tot}} {{IPA|[ˈtot]}} ("omnia")<br />{{lang|ca|atlas}} {{IPA|[ˈaɫɫəs]}} ("atlas"), {{lang|ca|rotllo}} {{IPA|[ˈrɔʎʎu]}} ("volumen"), {{lang|ca|setmana}} {{IPA|[səmˈmanə]}} ("septimana"), {{lang|ca|cotna}} {{IPA|[ˈkonnə]}} ("corium") <br />{{lang|ca|fetge}} {{IPA|[ˈfeddʒə]}} ("iecur"), {{lang|ca|mitjó}} {{IPA|[midˈdʒo]}} ("udo"), {{lang|ca|despatx}} {{IPA|[dəsˈpatʃ]}} ("tabularium"), {{lang|ca|dotze}} {{IPA|[ˈdoddzə]}} ("duodecim"), {{lang|ca|potser}} {{IPA|[putˈsɛ]}} ("fortasse")<br />{{lang|ca|guant}} {{IPA|[ˈɡwan]}} ("digitabulum") |- ! {{lang|ca|u}} | {{IPA|/u/, /w/}} || {{lang|ca|vuit}} {{IPA|[bujt]}} ("octo"), {{lang|ca|neu}} {{IPA|[new]}} ("nix") |- ! {{lang|ca|ú}} | {{IPA|[u]}} || {{lang|ca|pallús}} {{IPA|[pəˈʎus]}} ("stultus") |- ! {{lang|ca|ü}} | {{IPA|[u]}} in hiatu || {{lang|ca|taüt}} {{IPA|[təˈut]}} ("arca cadaveris") |- ! {{lang|ca|v}} | {{IPA|/b/}} ({{IPA|[b~β]}}) || {{lang|ca|ven}} {{IPA|[ben]}} ("vendit") |- ! {{lang|ca|x}} | {{IPA|[ʃ]}} in initio vocabuli aut post consonantem<br />post vocalem (nisi ''i''), {{IPA|[ɡz]}} ante vocalem acutam, {{IPA|[ks]}} post vocalem acutam || {{lang|ca|xarxa}} {{IPA|[ˈʃarʃə]}} ("rete")<br />{{lang|ca|exacte}} {{IPA|[əɡˈzaktə]}} ("exactus"), {{lang|ca|fax}} {{IPA|[ˈfaks]}} ("facsimile") |- ! {{lang|ca|z}} | {{IPA|/z/}} || {{lang|ca|quinze}} {{IPA|[ˈkinzə]}} ("quindecim") |} ===Scriptura Braille=== Litterae Catalanae [[scriptura Braille]] sic efficiuntur.<ref>{{cite book|title=World Braille Usage|date=2013|publisher=Perkins|isbn=978-0-8444-9564-4|page=172|edition=3a.|lang=Anglica}}</ref> <gallery widths="50px" heights="60px" perrow="20"> Fasciculus:Braille A1.svg|[[a]] Fasciculus:Braille B2.svg|[[b]] Fasciculus:Braille C3.svg|[[c]] Fasciculus:Braille D4.svg|[[d]] Fasciculus:Braille E5.svg|[[e]] Fasciculus:Braille F6.svg|[[f]] Fasciculus:Braille G7.svg|[[g]] Fasciculus:Braille H8.svg|[[h]] Fasciculus:Braille I9.svg|[[i]] Fasciculus:Braille J0.svg|[[j]] Fasciculus:Braille K.svg|[[k]] Fasciculus:Braille L.svg|[[l]] Fasciculus:Braille M.svg|[[m]] Fasciculus:Braille N.svg|[[n]] Fasciculus:Braille O.svg|[[o]] Fasciculus:Braille P.svg|[[p]] Fasciculus:Braille Q.svg|[[q]] Fasciculus:Braille R.svg|[[r]] Fasciculus:Braille S.svg|[[s]] Fasciculus:Braille T.svg|[[t]] Fasciculus:Braille U.svg|[[u]] Fasciculus:Braille V.svg|[[v]] Fasciculus:Braille W.svg|[[w]] Fasciculus:Braille X.svg|[[x]] Fasciculus:Braille Y.svg|[[y]] Fasciculus:Braille Z.svg|[[z]] Fasciculus:Braille À.svg|[[à]] Fasciculus:Braille É.svg|[[é]] Fasciculus:Braille È.svg|[[è]] Fasciculus:Braille_ST.svg|[[í]] Fasciculus:Braille Ï.svg|[[ï]] Fasciculus:Braille Ö.svg|[[ó]] Fasciculus:Braille Ò.svg|[[ò]] Fasciculus:Braille Ù.svg|[[ú]] Fasciculus:Braille Ü.svg|[[ü]] Fasciculus:Braille AND.svg|[[ç]] Fasciculus:Braille ContractionPrefix.svg|[[·]] </gallery> ==Morphosyntaxis== Morphosyntaxis Catalana est similis ceteris [[linguae Romanicae|linguis Romanicis]]. Notanda sunt:<ref>Swan 2001, pp. 97–98.</ref> * [[Articulus (grammatica)|Articuli]] et definitus et indefinitus. * [[Nomen substantivum|Nomina]], [[Adiectivum|adiectiva]], [[pronomen|pronomina]], et [[articulus (grammatica)|articuli]] per [[genus grammaticum|genera]] (masculinum et femininum) et [[numerus grammaticus|numeros]] (singularem et pluralem) [[flexura|flectuntur]]. Per [[casus grammaticus|casus]] autem nihil flectitur nisi pronomina. * [[Verbum (temporale)|Verbis]] est flexura ampla per [[persona grammatica|personas]], [[numerus grammaticus|numeros]], [[tempus grammaticum|tempora]], [[aspectus (ars grammatica|aspectus]], et [[modus grammaticus|modos]] (etiam modum [[coniunctivus|coniunctivum]]). * Vocabula praecipue, at non rigide, ordine subiectum-verbum-obiectum posita. ===Nomina et adiectiva=== [[File:Flexió of word Gat.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Flexura vocabuli {{lang|ca|gat}} ("felis")]] {| | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Nomen utriusque generis cum articulo definito: {{lang|ca|el gat}} ("felis") |- ! !! masculinum !! femininum |- ! singularis | {{lang|ca|el gat}} || {{lang|ca|la gat'''a'''}} |- ! pluralis | {{lang|ca|els gat'''s'''}} || {{lang|ca|les gat'''es'''}} |} | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Adiectivum 4 formarum: <br />{{lang|ca|verd}} ("viridis") |- ! !! masculinum !! femininum |- ! singularis | {{lang|ca|verd}} || {{lang|ca|verd'''a'''}} |- ! pluralis | {{lang|ca|verd'''s'''}} || {{lang|ca|verd'''es'''}} |} | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Adiectivum 3 formarum: <br />{{lang|ca|feliç}} ("felix") |- ! !! masculinum !! femininum |- ! singularis | colspan="2" | {{lang|ca|feliç}} |- ! pluralis | {{lang|ca|feliç'''os'''}} || {{lang|ca|felic'''es'''}} |} | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Adiectivum 2 formarum: <br />{{lang|ca|indiferent}} ("indifferens") |- ! !! masculinum !! femininum |- ! singularis | colspan="2" | {{lang|ca|indiferent}} |- ! pluralis | colspan="2" | {{lang|ca|indiferent'''s'''}} |} |} Flexura per [[genus grammaticum|genera]] notabilissime differt a [[lingua Lusitana|Lusitana]], [[lingua Hispanica|Hispanica]], et [[lingua Italiana|Italiana]] [[suffixum|suffixo]] [[masculinum|masculino]] {{lang|ca|-o}} amisso, quam ob rem vicissitudo {{lang|ca|-o}}/{{lang|ca|-a}} mutata est in ''ø''/{{lang|ca|-a}}.<ref>Enciclopèdia Catalana, p. 630.</ref> Excipiuntur pauca, ut {{lang|ca|minso}}/{{lang|ca|minsa}} ("rarus/rara").<ref>Enciclopèdia Catalana, p. 630.</ref> Fiunt multae vicissitudines non penitus regulares, inter alias:<ref>Enciclopèdia Catalana, p. 630.</ref> * Affricatio: {{lang|ca|bo'''ig'''}}/{{lang|ca|bo'''j'''<u>a</u>}} ("insanus/insana") vs. {{lang|ca|lle'''ig'''}}/{{lang|ca|lle'''tj'''<u>a</u>}} ("turpis") * {{lang|ca|n}} amissa: {{lang|ca|pla}}/{{lang|ca|pla'''n'''<u>a</u>}} ("planus/plana") vs. {{lang|ca|sego'''n'''}}/{{lang|ca|sego'''n'''<u>a</u>}} ("secundus/secunda") * [[Exsurdatio obstruentium finalium]]: {{lang|ca|senti'''t'''}}/{{lang|ca|senti'''d'''<u>a</u>}} ("sentitus/sentita") vs. {{lang|ca|di'''t'''}}/{{lang|ca|di'''t'''<u>a</u>}} ("dictus/dicta") Paria [[suppletio|suppletiva]] sunt rara ut in lingua Italiana et Hispanica, nec Francogallica. Catalane igitur dicitur {{lang|ca|noi}}/{{lang|ca|noia}} ("puer"/"puella") et {{lang|ca|gall}}/{{lang|ca|gallina}} ("gallus"/"gallina"), cum Francogallice sint {{lang|ca|garçon}}/{{lang|ca|fille}} et {{lang|ca|coq}}/{{lang|ca|poule}}.<ref>Enciclopèdia Catalana, p. 630.</ref> Adiectivis generis ambigui ex tertia declinatione nova nota feminina inici solet, ut etiam in [[lingua Occitana|Occitana]] et Francogallica. Invenitur igitur {{lang|ca|bullent}}/{{lang|ca|bullenta}} ("fervens") apud traditum {{lang|ca|bullent}}/{{lang|ca|bullent}}.<ref>Enciclopèdia Catalana, p. 630.</ref> Ut in aliis linguis Romanicis occidentalibus, pluralem exprimit praecipue suffixum {{lang|ca|-s}}, quod similiter ut flexura per genera, tamen rarius, vicissitudines morphologicas efficit.<ref>Enciclopèdia Catalana, p. 630.</ref> Quarum gravissima est {{lang|ca|-o-}} quibusdam seriebus consonantium in masculino genere iniecta: {{lang|ca|el pols}}/{{lang|ca|els polsos}} ("pulsus"/"pulsūs") vs. {{lang|ca|la pols}}/{{lang|ca|les pols}} ("pulvis"/"pulvera").<ref>Enciclopèdia Catalana, p. 630-631.</ref> ===Determinantia=== [[File:Begur - Plaça de la Vila - Catalunya.jpg|thumb|Tabula in foro [[Begur]]is, oppidi Catalauniae. In {{lang|ca|plaça de la vila}} (Latine "forum oppidi"), nomini {{lang|ca|vila}} ("oppidum"), quia unum certum oppidum dicitur, articulus definitus {{lang|ca|la}} est adiectus.]] {| | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Articulus definitus in sermone Catalano normali<br />(formae elisae inter parentheses)<ref>Fabra 1926, pp. 29–30.</ref> |- ! !! masculinum !! femininum |- ! singularis | {{lang|ca|el}} ({{lang|ca|l<nowiki>'</nowiki>}}) || {{lang|ca|la}} ({{lang|ca|l<nowiki>'</nowiki>}}) |- ! pluralis | {{lang|ca|els}} || {{lang|ca|les}} |} | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Contractiones articuli definiti |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! colspan="3" | praepositio |- ! a !! de !! per |- ! rowspan="2" | articulus || el | {{lang|ca|al}} ({{lang|ca|a l<nowiki>'</nowiki>}}) || {{lang|ca|del}} ({{lang|ca|de l<nowiki>'</nowiki>}}) || {{lang|ca|pel}} ({{lang|ca|per l<nowiki>'</nowiki>}}) |- ! els | {{lang|ca|als}} || {{lang|ca|dels}} || {{lang|ca|pels}} |} | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Articulus indefinitus |- ! !! masculinum !! femininum |- ! singularis | {{lang|ca|un}} || {{lang|ca|una}} |- ! pluralis | {{lang|ca|uns}} || {{lang|ca|unes}} |} |} Flexura determinantium est multiplex, praecipue ob multitudinem elisionum, similis tamen linguis vicinis.<ref>Enciclopèdia Catalana, p. 631.</ref> Sunt plures contractiones praepositionum cum articulo quam [[lingua Hispanica|Hispanicae]], ut {{lang|ca|dels}} (praepositio genitiva cum articulo definito masculino plurali), sed pauciores quam [[lingua Italiana|Italianae]] (cui sunt {{lang|it|sul}}, {{lang|it|col}}, {{lang|it|nel}}, etc.).<ref>Enciclopèdia Catalana, p. 630.</ref> In Catalana Mediana paene omissa sunt possessiva gravia ({{lang|ca|mon}}, etc.) elataque sunt acuta cum articulo ({{lang|ca|el meu}}, etc.), sicut in Italiana.<ref>Enciclopèdia Catalana, p. 631.</ref> ===Pronomina personalia=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 1em;" |+ Pronomina acuta Catalana<ref>Fabra 1926, p. 42.</ref> ! colspan="2" | &nbsp; !! singular !! plural |- ! colspan="2" | 1a persona | {{lang|ca|jo}}, {{lang|ca|mi}} || {{lang|ca|nosaltres}} |- ! rowspan="3" | 2a persona !! vulgare | {{lang|ca|tu}} || {{lang|ca|vosaltres}} |- ! sollemne | {{lang|ca|vostè}} || {{lang|ca|vostès}} |- ! reverens | colspan="2" | ({{lang|ca|vós}})<ref>Exoletum in plerisque dialectis.</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! masculinum | {{lang|ca|ell}} || {{lang|ca|ells}} |- ! femininum | {{lang|ca|ella}} || {{lang|ca|elles}} |} Pronominibus personalibus Catalanis morphologia est multiplex, praecipue gravibus, quae multas formas habent (13, apud 11 in Hispanica et 9 in Italiana).<ref>Enciclopèdia Catalana, p. 631.</ref> Notanda sunt pronomen generis ambigui {{lang|ca|ho}} et magna libertas in pronominibus gravibus componendis (65 composita).<ref>Enciclopèdia Catalana, p. 631.</ref> Personae secundae contingit [[distinctio T-V]], propria omnibus linguis Romanicis sed aliena Latinae classicae. Nam alia pronomina in sollemniore modo appellandi, alia in vulgariore usurpantur. Haec multo maiorem libertatem [[extrapositio|extraponendi]] Catalanae quam Francogallicae aut Hispanicae faciunt. Ergo Catalane dici potest {{lang|ca|m'hi recomanaren}} ("Me ei commendarunt"), cum Francogallice {{lang|fr|ils m'ont recommandé à lui}} et Hispanice {{lang|es|me recomendaron a él}} dicendum sit.<ref>Enciclopèdia Catalana, p. 631.</ref> Sic, etsi nomina casibus carent, paene omnis res nominalis [[thema et rhema|thema]] periodi fieri potest, cum Francogallice necesse sit [[passivum|vocem passivam]] adhibere, aut in Hispanica [[obiectum rectum]] [[praepositio]]ne notare.<ref>Enciclopèdia Catalana, p. 631.</ref> {{clear}} ===Verba=== {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em" |+ Formae simplices verbi regularis coniugationis primae: {{lang|ca|portar}} ("portare")<ref>Fabra 1926, pp. 70–71.</ref> ! style="background:#e0e0ff;"|Infinita || colspan="6" style="background:#e0e0ff;"|Forma |- style="text-align: center;" | Infinitivus || colspan="6" | {{lang|ca|portar}} |- style="text-align: center;" | Gerundium || colspan="6" | {{lang|ca|portant}} |- style="text-align: center;" | Participium perfectum || colspan="6" | {{lang|ca|portat}} ({{lang|ca|portat}}, {{lang|ca|portada}}, {{lang|ca|portats}}, {{lang|ca|portades}}) |- style="text-align: center;" ! style="background:#e0e0ff;"|Indicativus || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|jo}} || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|tu}} || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|ell / ella}}<br />[{{lang|ca|vostè}}] || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|nosaltres}} || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|vosaltres}}<br />[{{lang|ca|vós}}] || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|ells / elles}}<br />[{{lang|ca|vostès}}] |- style="text-align: center;" | Praesens || {{lang|ca|porto}} || {{lang|ca|portes}} || {{lang|ca|porta}} || {{lang|ca|portem}} || {{lang|ca|porteu}} || {{lang|ca|porten}} |- style="text-align: center;" | Imperfectum || {{lang|ca|portava}} || {{lang|ca|portaves}} || {{lang|ca|portava}} || {{lang|ca|portàvem}} || {{lang|ca|portàveu}} || {{lang|ca|portaven}} |- style="text-align: center;" | Praeteritum (exoletum) || {{lang|ca|portí}} || {{lang|ca|portares}} || {{lang|ca|portà}} || {{lang|ca|portàrem}} || {{lang|ca|portàreu}} || {{lang|ca|portaren}} |- style="text-align: center;" | Futurum || {{lang|ca|portaré}} || {{lang|ca|portaràs}} || {{lang|ca|portarà}} || {{lang|ca|portarem}} || {{lang|ca|portareu}} || {{lang|ca|portaran}} |- style="text-align: center;" | Condicionale || {{lang|ca|portaria}} || {{lang|ca|portaries}} || {{lang|ca|portaria}} || {{lang|ca|portaríem}} || {{lang|ca|portaríeu}} || {{lang|ca|portarien}} |- style="text-align: center;" ! style="background:#e0e0ff;"|Coniunctivus || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|jo}} || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|tu}} || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|ell / ella}}<br />[{{lang|ca|vostè}}] || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|nosaltres}} || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|vosaltres}}<br />[{{lang|ca|vós}}] || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|ells / elles}}<br />[{{lang|ca|vostès}}] |- style="text-align: center;" | Praesens|| {{lang|ca|porti}} || {{lang|ca|portis}} || {{lang|ca|porti}} || {{lang|ca|portem}} || {{lang|ca|porteu}} || {{lang|ca|portin}} |- style="text-align: center;" | Imperfectum || {{lang|ca|portés}} || {{lang|ca|portéssis}} || {{lang|ca|portés}} || {{lang|ca|portéssim}} || {{lang|ca|portéssiu}} || {{lang|ca|portessin}} |- style="text-align: center;" ! style="background:#e0e0ff;"|Imperativus || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|jo}} || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|tu}} || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|ell / ella}}<br />[{{lang|ca|vostè}}] || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|nosaltres}} || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|vosaltres}}<br />[{{lang|ca|vós}}] || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|ells / elles}}<br />[{{lang|ca|vostès}}] |- style="text-align: center;" | — || — || {{lang|ca|porta}} || {{lang|ca|porti}} || {{lang|ca|portem}} || {{lang|ca|porteu}} || {{lang|ca|portin}} |} Ut in omnibus linguis Romanicis, plures flexurae verbis quam nominibus contingunt. [[Suffixum|Suffixa]] ubique iniecta sunt, adiuta infixis, vocalibus vicissim mutatis, radicibusque suppletis; quae tamen secundaria ac minus productiva quam in Hispanica sunt.<ref>Enciclopèdia Catalana, p. 631.</ref> Systema verbale commune est fere omnibus linguis Romanicis occidentalibus, sed indicativo perfecto simplici in plerisque dialectis supposita est periphrasis {{lang|ca|anar}} ("ire") + infinitivo.<ref>Enciclopèdia Catalana, p. 631.</ref> Mos est verba Catalana in tres coniugationes digerere, quibus sunt vocales propriae {{lang|ca|-a-}}, {{lang|ca|-e-}}, {{lang|ca|-i-}}, hancque in duos typos scindere. Sola tamen nostro tempore productiva est prima coniugatio (fere 3500 verbis crebris), et mediocriter tertia (in typo verbi {{lang|ca|servir}}, fere 700 verbis crebris) cum verba secundae coniugationis infra 100 sint, nec nova fingere liceat nisi componendo.<ref>Enciclopèdia Catalana, p. 631.</ref> {{clear}} ===Fictio vocabulorum=== [[Derivatio (linguistica)|Derivatio morphologica]] in Catalana iisdem principiis ut in aliis [[linguae Romanicae|linguis Romanicis]] utitur. Nam plura uno affixa uni lexemati saepe [[agglutinatio|agglutinantur]], aliquot vicissitudines sonorum fiunt, ut {{lang|ca|elèctri'''c'''}} {{IPA|[əˈlɛktri'''k''']}} ("electricus") vs. {{lang|ca|electri'''c'''itat}} {{IPA|[ələktri'''s'''iˈtat]}} ("electricitas"), et solent verba habere [[praefixum|praefixa]], ut {{lang|ca|'''pre'''veure}} ("praevidere").<ref>Enciclopèdia Catalana, p. 631.</ref> Vocabula modis variis [[verbum compositum|componi]] possunt.<ref>Enciclopèdia Catalana, p. 631.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ Vocabula varie composita linguae Catalanae.<ref>Enciclopèdia Catalana, p. 631.</ref> |- ! Forma !! Exemplum !! Sensus |- | nomen altero nomine per praepositionem definitum|| {{lang|ca|màquina d'escriure}} || "dactylographium" |- | nomen adiectivo definitum || {{lang|ca|estat major}} || "collegium ducum" |- | nomina recte composita, altero primum definiente || {{lang|ca|paper moneda}} || "charta argentaria" |- | verbum cum obiecto compositum || {{lang|ca|'''para'''caigudes}} || "umbrella descensoria" |- | nomen adiectivo definitum, ipsum sensu adiectivo || {{lang|ca|pit-roig}} || "erithacus" |} ===Ordo vocabulorum=== Periodi Catalani formam communem lingarum Romanicarum occidentalium accipiunt. [[Ordo vocabulorum|Ordo]] enim principalis vocabulorum est [[subiectum–verbum–obiectum]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_ctl |title=Catalan |website=World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS) Online}}</ref>; tamen aliquot libertatis, etsi minus quam in Latina, manet. Exempli gratia, dicere licet tam {{lang|ca|Ha arribat el tren}} ("Advenit tramen") quam {{lang|ca|El tren ha arribat}} ("Tramen advenit").<ref>Wheeler, Yates & Dols 1999.</ref> ==Nomina hominum== Cum in tota [[Hispania]] cuique sint et patrium et maternum cognomen, proprium linguae Catalanae est coniunctionem ''i'' ("et") intericere, qui mos lege permissus est.<ref>Wheeler 2005, p. 8.</ref><ref>In articulo 19.1 Legis 1/1998 legitur, "Civibus Catalauniae licet forma normaliter recta in lingua Catalana praenominum atque cognominum suorum uti, et coniunctionem 'i' inter cognomina adhibere."</ref> ==Dialecti== Dialectis linguae Catalanae magna est similitudo, haud ut in aliis linguis Romanicis, et [[lexis|lexica]] et [[semantica]] et [[syntaxis|syntactica]] et [[Morphologia (linguistica)|morphologica]] et [[phonologia|phonologica]].<ref>Enciclopèdia Catalana, pp. 634–635.</ref> Intelligibilitas inter dialectos est magna,<ref>Wheeler 2005, p. 1.</ref><ref>Costa Carreras & Yates 2009, p. 5.</ref><ref>Moll 2006, p. 47.</ref> aestimata inter 90 et 95 centesimas,<ref name=e25/> excepto dialecto remoto [[lingua Algarensis|Algarensi]].<ref>Moll 2006, p. 47.</ref> Dialecti Catalanae in duas magnas greges dividuntur, quas primus anno 1861 distinxit [[Manuel Milá y Fontanals]], scilicet orientalem et occidentalem,<ref>Feldhausen 2010, p. 5</ref><ref>Enciclopèdia Catalana, pp. 634–635.</ref> discordes praecipue elocutione vocalium gravium {{lang|ca|a}} et {{lang|ca|e}}. In orientalibus enim dialectis in {{IPA|/ə/}} mixtae sunt, sed in occidentalibus manent {{IPA|/a/}} et {{IPA|/e/}}.<ref>Moll 2006, p. 47.</ref><ref>Moll 2006, p. 47.</ref> Sunt quidem alia discordia in elocutione, morphologia verbali, et lexi.<ref>Wheeler 2005, p. 1.</ref> Catalana occidentalis ex duabus dialectis [[lingua Catalana Occidentalis et Septentrionalis|occidentali-septentrionali]] et [[lingua Valentina|Valentina]], orientalis ex quattuor, scilicet [[lingua Catalana Mediana|Mediana]], [[lingua Baliaris|Baliari]], [[lingua Catalana Septentrionalis|Rossilionensi]], et [[lingua Algarensis|Algarensi]], constat.<ref>Feldhausen 2010, p. 5</ref> Haec vero in dialectos minores dividi possunt. [[Fasciculus:Dialectes català valencià balear.svg|thumb|Dialecti linguae Catalanicae]] Catalana Mediana habetur norma elocutionis et plurimi ea loquunutur, in regionibus celebribus [[provincia Barcinonensis|provinciae Barcinonensis]], dimidio orientali Tarraconensis, maioreque parte Gerundensis habitantes.<ref>Feldhausen 2010, p. 5</ref> Regit hanc normam [[Institut d'Estudis Catalans|Institutum Scientiae Rerum Catalanarum]]. [[Communitas Valentina|In Communitate autem Valentina]] [[lingua Valentina|alia norma]] est, ab [[Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua|Academia Valentina Linguae]] recta. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; " |+ Summa digestio dialectorum Catalanarum<ref>Feldhausen 2010, p. 5</ref><ref>Wheeler 2005, p. 2-3.</ref> |- ! Grex | colspan="2" | '''Catalana occidentalis''' || colspan="4" | '''Catalana orientalis''' |- ! Dialectus | '''[[Lingua Catalana occidentalis et septentrionalis|Occidentalis-septentrionalis]]''' || '''[[Lingua Valentina|Valentina]]''' || '''[[Lingua Catalana Mediana|Mediana]]''' || '''[[Lingua Baliaris|Baliaris]]''' || '''[[Lingua Catalana septentrionalis|Septentrionalis/Rossilionensis]]''' || '''[[Lingua Algarensis|Algarensis]]''' |- ! rowspan="2" | Regio | [[Hispania]], [[Andorra]] || colspan="3" | [[Hispania]] || [[Francia]] || [[Italia]] |- | [[Andorra]], [[Ilerda (provincia)|provincia Ilerda]], occidentalis pars [[Provincia Tarraconensis|Tarraconensis]], [[Fines Aragoniae]] || [[Communitas Valentina]], [[Carchis]] || [[Provincia Barcinonensis]], orientalis pars [[Provincia Tarraconensis|Tarraconensis]], maxima [[Provincia Gerundensis|Gerundensis]] || [[Baliares insulae|Insulae Baliares]] || [[Rossilio]]/[[Catalaunia Septentrionalis]] || Urbs [[Algarium]] in [[Sardinia]] |} ===Phonologia=== Dialecti sunt discordes in gradu [[redactio vocalium|vocalium redigendarum]],<ref>Wheeler 2005, p. 37.</ref> et in modo {{IPA|/ɛ e/}} contraponendarum.<ref>Wheeler 2005, p. 38.</ref> In [[lingua Catalana orientalis|dialectis orientalibus]] (Maioricana excepta), vocales graves in tres rediguntur: {{IPA|/a e ɛ/ > [ə]}}; {{IPA|/o ɔ u/ > [u]}}; {{IPA|/i/}} distincta manet.<ref>Wheeler 2005, p. 54.</ref> In [[Lingua Algarensis|Algarensi]] vocalis {{IPA|[ə]}} in {{IPA|[a]}} summissa est. [[lingua Catalana occidentalis|Occidentales]] systema [[Lingua Proto-Romanica|Proto-Romanicum]] quinque vocalium gravium servat: {{IPA|/e ɛ/ > [e]}}, {{IPA|/o ɔ/ > [o]}}, {{IPA|/a u i/}} manent.<ref>Wheeler 2005, p. 53.</ref> In quibusdam vero dialectis occidentalibus vocales nonnumquam ultra rediguntur aut concinuntur. Dialecto Maioricanae sunt quattuor vocales graves, {{IPA|/a e ɛ/}} ut in Catalana orientali mixtis, sed {{IPA|/o ɔ/ > [o]}} ab {{IPA|/u/}} ut in Catalana occidentali distinctis.<ref>Wheeler 2005, p. 53-54.</ref> Vocalis {{IPA|/ɛ/}} Catalanae Medianae in Baliari dialecto {{IPA|/ə/}} sonat. Multa vocabula in dialectis orientalibus {{IPA|/ɛ/}} sed in occidentalibus {{IPA|/e/}} habent.<ref>Wheeler 2005, p. 38.</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;" |+ Vocales redactae in dialectis Catalanis<ref>Wheeler 2005, p. 53-55.</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" | !! rowspan="2" | Paria vocabulorum:<br />primi radice acuta,<br />alterius radice gravi !! rowspan="2" | Occidentalis !! colspan="3" | Orientalis |- ! Maioricana !! Mediana !! Septentrionalis |- ! rowspan="4" | Vocales<br />anteriores | {{lang|ca|gel}} ("gelus")<br />{{lang|ca|gelat}} ("lac gelidum") | style="background:#f2cee0;"|{{IPA|[ˈdʒɛl]}}<br />{{IPA|[dʒeˈlat]}} || colspan="2" style="background:#cef2da;"|{{IPA|[ˈʒɛl]}}<br />{{IPA|[ʒəˈlat]}} || style="background:#fafad2;"|{{IPA|[ˈʒel]}}<br />{{IPA|[ʒəˈlat]}} |- | {{lang|ca|pera}} ("pirum")<br />{{lang|ca|perera}} ("pirus") | style="background:#f2cee0;"|{{IPA|[ˈpeɾa]}}<br />{{IPA|[peˈɾeɾa]}} || style="background:#cef2da;"|{{IPA|[ˈpəɾə]}}<br />{{IPA|[pəˈɾeɾə]}} || style="background:#cef2da;"|{{IPA|[ˈpɛɾə]}}<br />{{IPA|[pəˈɾeɾə]}} || style="background:#fafad2;"|{{IPA|[ˈpeɾə]}}<br />{{IPA|[pəˈɾeɾə]}} |- | {{lang|ca|pedra}} ("lapis")<br />{{lang|ca|pedrera}} ("lapicidinae") | style="background:#f2cee0;"|{{IPA|[ˈpeðɾa]}}<br />{{IPA|[peˈðɾeɾa]}} || colspan="3" style="background:#cef2da;"|{{IPA|[ˈpeðɾə]}}<br />{{IPA|[pəˈðɾeɾə]}} |- | {{lang|ca|banya}} ("lavat")<br />{{lang|ca|banyem}} ("lavamus")<br />Maioricane: {{lang|ca|banyam}} ("lavamus") | style="background:#f2cee0;"|{{IPA|[ˈbaɲa]}}<br />{{IPA|[baˈɲem]}} || style="background:#cef2da;"|{{IPA|[ˈbaɲə]}}<br />{{IPA|[bəˈɲam]}} || style="background:#cef2da;"|{{IPA|[ˈbaɲə]}}<br />{{IPA|[bəˈɲɛm]}} || style="background:#fafad2;"|{{IPA|[ˈbaɲə]}}<br />{{IPA|[bəˈɲem]}} |- ! rowspan="2" | Vocales<br />posteriores | {{lang|ca|cosa}} ("res")<br />{{lang|ca|coseta}} ("recula") | style="background:#f2cee0;"|{{IPA|[ˈkɔza]}}<br />{{IPA|[koˈzeta]}} || style="background:#f2cee0;"|{{IPA|[ˈkɔzə]}}<br />{{IPA|[koˈzətə]}} || style="background:#cef2da;"|{{IPA|[ˈkɔzə]}}<br />{{IPA|[kuˈzɛtə]}} || style="background:#fafad2;"|{{IPA|[ˈkozə]}}<br />{{IPA|[kuˈzetə]}} |- | {{lang|ca|tot}} ("omnia")<br />{{lang|ca|total}} ("summa") | colspan="2" style="background:#f2cee0;"|{{IPA|[ˈtot]}}<br />{{IPA|[toˈtal]}} || style="background:#cef2da;"|{{IPA|[ˈtot]}}<br />{{IPA|[tuˈtal]}} || style="background:#fafad2;"|{{IPA|[ˈtut]}}<br />{{IPA|[tuˈtal]}} |} ===Morphologia=== Indicativus praesens 1ae personae: in Catalana orientali et occidentali-septentrionali cadit {{lang|ca|-o}}, {{lang|ca|-i}}, vel -∅ secundum dialectum in omnibus coniugationibus. In Valentina cadit {{lang|ca|-e}} in 1a coniugatione, -∅ in 2a et 3a. Verba incohativa: in Catalana orientali cadunt {{lang|ca|-eixo}}, {{lang|ca|-eix}}, {{lang|ca|-eixen}}, {{lang|ca|-eixi}}; in occidentali {{lang|ca|-isc}}/{{lang|ca|-esc}}, {{lang|ca|-ix}}, {{lang|ca|-ixen}}, {{lang|ca|-isca}}/{{lang|ca|-esca}}. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Formae indicativi praesentis 1ae personae singularis |- ! colspan="3" , rowspan="2" | Coniugatio !! colspan="3" | Catalana orientalis !! colspan="2" | Catalana occidentalis !! rowspan="2" | Sensus |- ! Mediana !! Septentrionalis !! Baliaris !! Valentina !! Occidentalis-septentrionalis |- ! colspan="3" | 1a | {{lang|ca|parlo}} || {{lang|ca|parli}} || {{lang|ca|parl}} || {{lang|ca|parle}} || {{lang|ca|parlo}} || 'loquor' |- ! colspan="3" | 2a | {{lang|ca|temo}} || {{lang|ca|temi}} || {{lang|ca|tem}} || {{lang|ca|tem}} || {{lang|ca|temo}} || 'timeo' |- ! colspan="2" , rowspan="2" | 3a ! {{small|pura}} | {{lang|ca|sento}} || {{lang|ca|senti}} || {{lang|ca|sent}} || {{lang|ca|sent}} || {{lang|ca|sento}} || 'sentio', 'audio' |- ! {{small|incohativa}} | {{lang|ca|poleixo}} || {{lang|ca|poleixi}} || {{lang|ca|poleix}} vel {{lang|ca|polesc}} || {{lang|ca|polisc}} vel {{lang|ca|polesc}} || {{lang|ca|pol(e)ixo}} || 'polio' |} {{IPA|/n/}} in nominibus et adiectivis pluralibus, quae [[proparoxytonum|proparoxytona]] fuerint: Catalana orientalis omittit, ut {{lang|ca|homes}} 'viri', {{lang|ca|joves}} 'iuvenes'; Catalana occidentalis servat, ut {{lang|ca|hòmens}} 'viri', {{lang|ca|jóvens}} 'iuvenes'. Ebusitana in hac re occidentales dialectos sequitur.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Moll, Francesc de B. |title=Gramática catalana; referida especialment a les Illes Balears|date=1968|publisher=Editorial Moll|isbn=84-273-0044-1|location=Palma de Mallorca|oclc=2108762}}</ref>. ===Lexis=== {| class="wikitable" |+ Exempla vocabulorum, quae in orientali et occidentali Catalana diversa sunt |- ! Sensus !! "speculum" !! "puer" !! "scopae" !! "umbilicus" !! "exire" |- ! Catalana orientalis | {{lang|ca|mirall}} || {{lang|ca|noi}} || {{lang|ca|escombra}} || {{lang|ca|llombrígol}} || {{lang|ca|sortir}} |- ! Catalana occidentalis | {{lang|ca|espill}} || {{lang|ca|xiquet}} || {{lang|ca|granera}} || {{lang|ca|melic}} || {{lang|ca|eixir}} |} ===Normae=== {{Vide-etiam|Lingua Valentina}} [[File:Casa de Convalescència - IEC.JPG|thumb|left|Casa de Convalescència, praetorium Institut d'Estudis Catalans]] Linguae Catalanae sunt duae normae principales: * norma universa, quam regit [[Institut d'Estudis Catalans]] (IEC), et cui fundamentum est orthographia a [[Pompeius Fabra|Pompeio Fabra]] edita, aptata ad sermonem Catalanam Medianam Barcinonensem, Hispanismis expertem, sed quaedam ex aliis dialectis in normam accipiens;<ref>Enciclopèdia Catalana, p. 632.</ref> et * norma Communitatis Valentinae et Carchis, quam regit [[Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua]] (AVL), condita in litteris sermoneque Valentinis atque normis traditis [[Normae Castaliae|Castaliae]]. Discordia normarum manifestissima est scriptura accentus multarum litterarum ''e'' in syllabis acutis, quibus in orientalibus dialectis elocutio est {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, ergo scriptura ''è'', sed in Valentina ''é'' scribitur secundum elocutionem occidentalem {{IPA|[e]}}, exempli gratia: ''francès'', ''anglès'', ''cafè'', ''conèixer'', ''comprèn'' (IEC) / ''francés'', ''anglés'', ''café'', ''conéixer'', ''comprén'' (AVL) (Francicus, Anglicus, caffeum, noscere, comprehendit). Tamen alia vocabula etiam norma Valentina ''è'' scribuntur quamquam ibi dicuntur {{IPA|[e]}}, ut: ''què'', ''València'', ''sèsam'', ''plèiade'', ''bèstia'', ''sèrie'' et ''època''. Alia dissimilia sunt ''tl'' (AVL) pro ''tll'' in quibusdam vocabulis, ut {{lang|ca-valencia|ametla}}/{{lang|ca|ametlla}} ('amygdalum'), {{lang|ca-valencia|espatla}}/{{lang|ca|espatlla}} ('dorsum'), demonstrativa brevia ({{lang|ca|este}} 'hic', {{lang|ca|eixe}} 'ille') ex aequo cum auctis ({{lang|ca|aquest, aqueix}}), et formae verbales propriae Valentinae aut omnibus dialectis occidentalibus ut suffixum incohativum, prima persona singularis indicativi praesentis, et modus coniunctivus. Quamquam et linguistae et ipsa AVL consentiunt Catalanam et Valentinam unam linguam esse, sunt in Valentia qui Valentinam seiunctam velint. Hanc sententiam proferunt praecipue homines ipsi Valentina imperiti. <ref>Wheeler 2003, p. 207.</ref> Ob istam dissensionem aliquando facta sunt miranda. Ita, cum [[Constitutio Europaea]] conscriberetur, magistratus Hispaniae [[Unio Europaea|Unioni Europaeae]] translationes singulas praebuerunt in [[lingua Vasconica|Vasconicam]], [[lingua Gallaica|Gallaicam]], Catalanam, et Valentinam, sed Catalanus et Valentinus textus idem fuerunt.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mail-archive.com/infozefir@listserv.rediris.es/msg00442.html |title=Traducció única de la Constitució europea |last=Isabel i Vilar |first=Ferran |date=30 Octobris 2004 |website=I-Zefir |language=Valencian |trans-title=Unique translation of the European Constitution |access-date=29 Aprilis 2009}}</ref> Insulae Baliares norma IEC utuntur, sed ad dialectum Baliarem aptata a collegio philologico [[Universitas Balearum insularum|Universitatis Baliarium Insularum]]. Cum igitur IEC tam rectum {{lang|ca|cantam}} quam {{lang|ca|cantem}} ('canimus') scribere habeat, Universitas formam in omnibus rebus praeferendam in Insulis Baliaribus habet {{lang|ca|cantam}}. Aliud proprium normae Baliari est 1a persona singularis indicativi praesentis exitu carens: {{lang|ca|jo compr}} ('ego emo'), {{lang|ca|jo tem}} ('ego timeo'), {{lang|ca|jo dorm}} ('ego dormio'). IEC ipse normam aptatam ad [[lingua Algarensis|dialectum Algarensem]] effecit. Ei sunt inter alia: articulus definitus {{lang|ca|lo}} pro {{lang|ca|el}}; peculiaria pronomina possessiva {{lang|ca|la mia}}, {{lang|ca|lo sou/la sua}}, {{lang|ca|lo tou/la tua}}, et cetera; tempus imperfectum omnium coniugationum cum {{lang|ca|-v-}} {{IPA|/v/}}: {{lang|ca|cantava}}, {{lang|ca|creixiva}}, {{lang|ca|llegiva}}; multa vocabula propria: {{lang|ca|manco}} pro {{lang|ca|menys}} ('minus'), {{lang|ca|calqui u}} pro {{lang|ca|algú}} ('aliquis'), {{lang|ca|qual/quala}} pro {{lang|ca|quin/quina}} ('qui, quae'), et cetera; et [[pronomina Catalana|pronomina gravia]] mutata. ==Auctoritas in aliis linguis== Per totum Mediterraneum, praesertim in Italia australi et insulis Tyrrheni Maris, sunt linguae et dialecti quarum derivationem lingua Catalana impulit. Inter quas: <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> * [[lingua Sarda|Sarda]] ([[Sardinia]]) * [[lingua Sicula|Sicula]] ([[Sicilia]]) * [[lingua Neapolitana|Neapolitana]] ([[Neapolis]]) * [[lingua Sassaritana|Sassaritana]] ([[Sassaris]], in Sardinia) * [[lingua Gallurensis|Gallurensis]] ([[Gallura]], in Sardinia) * [[Churro (dialectus)|Lingua Castellana ''churro'']] (commarcae internae [[Communitas Valentina|Communitatis Valentinae]]) * [[lingua Murciana|Lingua Castellana Murciana]] ([[Murcianum]]) </div> Etiam in terris Vandalis australibus et occidentalibus auctoritas Catalana linguae Castellanae affuit cum [[migratio Catalana in Insulam Christinam|Catalani illuc saeculo XVIII migrarent]]. ==Diplomata== Lingua Catalana docetur in universitatibus paucis sed situ diversis per Europam et Americam, et in domis rerum Catalanarum per orbem.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20180322/441825502436/el-catalan-cumple-40-anos-de-ensenanza-en-moscu.html|title=El catalán cumple 40 años de enseñanza en Moscú|website=La Vanguardia|date= 22 Martii 2018 |accessdate=24 Martii 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://admission.umontreal.ca/programmes/mineure-en-etudes-catalanes/|title=Mineure en études catalanes|website=Université de Montréal|date= 2018|accessdate=24 de marzo de 2018}}</ref> Diplomata in aliis terris non eadem, sed aequalia, accipi possunt. * In Catalaunia, Collegium Perpetuum Catalanae curat diplomata Inscriptionis Generalis Consiliorum Linguisticorum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://llengua.gencat.cat/ca/serveis/acreditacio_coneixements/certificats_de_catala/informacio_sobre_els_certificats|título=Generalitat de Catalunya - llengua catalana}}</ref> * In Communitate Valentina, ''La Junta Qualificadora de Coneixements de Valencià'' est collegium quod scientiam Valentinae probat. Sunt quoque alia collegia probatoria adaequata, ''La Comisión Interuniversitaria de Estandarización de Acreditaciones de Conocimientos de Valenciano'' (CIEACOVA) et Escuela Oficial de Idiomas (EOI).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ceice.gva.es/web/jqcv/entitats-certificadores|título=Entidades certificadoras homologadas por la Junta}}</ref> Quae diplomata in gradus diversos haberi possunt: A1; A2; B1; B2; C1; C2; Lingua procurationis; Lingua in nuntiis publicis; et Libri corrigendi.<ref name=":0" /> * In Baliaribus, ''Direcció general de política lingüística'' talia diplomata curat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.caib.cat/govern/organigrama/area.do?lang=ca&coduo=2390443|title=Direcció general de política lingüística}}</ref> * In terris externis, Institutum Raimundi Lulli examina ad diplomata linguae Catalanae accipienda pronuntiat. Probantur gradus A2, B1, B2, C1 et C2. Requiritur vectigal, exceptis quibusdam terris, ut examen inire liceat. Id Institutum est consortium Generalitatis Catalauniae, Gubernationis Insularum Baliarium, et Civitatis Barcinonis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.llull.cat/catala/aprendre_catala/certificats_intro.cfm|título=Institut Ramon Llull}}</ref> ==Exemplar== Lectum<ref>Swan 2001, p. 112.</ref> ex fabula quam [[Manuel de Pedrolo]] anno 1970 scripsit, {{lang|ca|Un amor fora ciutat}} ("Amor extra urbem"). {| border="0" style="width:100%; text-align:left;" ! Catalane || <small>Verbum pro verbo versum</small> || Ad sensum versum |- | {{lang|ca|Tenia prop de divuit anys quan vaig conèixer}} || <small>Habebam prope duodeviginti anni cum vado noscere || Fere duodeviginti annos habebam cum novi |- | {{lang|ca|en Raül, a l'estació de Manresa.}} || <small>is Raül, ad ea statio de Minorisa </small> || Raül, in statione ferriviaria [[Minorisa]]e. |- | {{lang|ca|El meu pare havia mort, inesperadament i encara jove,}} || <small>Is meus pater mortuus erat, insperate et adhuc iuvenis,</small> || Pater meus mortuus erat, insperate et adhuc iuvenis, |- | {{lang|ca|un parell d'anys abans, i d'aquells temps}} || <small>unum par de anni ante, et de illa tempora</small> || ante aliquot annis; quorum temporum |- | {{lang|ca|conservo un record de punyent solitud.}} || <small>conservo una memoria de acuta solitudo</small> || magnae solitudinis etiam nunc memor sum. |- | {{lang|ca|Les meves relacions amb la mare}} || <small>Eae meae coniunctiones cum ea mater</small> || Mea societas cum matre |- | {{lang|ca|no havien pas millorat, tot el contrari,}} || <small> non erant minime meliores factae, omnia is contrarius, </small> || minime invaluerat; potius |- | {{lang|ca|potser fins i tot empitjoraven}} || <small> forsan etiam peiores fiebant </small> || forsan et decidebat |- | {{lang|ca|a mesura que em feia gran.}} || <small>ad mensura quae me faciebam magnus.</small> || quanto magis adolescebam. |- | {{lang|ca|No existia, no existí mai entre nosaltres, }} || <small> Non exstabat, non exstitit numquam inter nos,</small> || Non exstabat, nec umquam inter nos exstiterat |- | {{lang|ca|una comunitat d'interessos, d'afeccions.}} || <small> una communitas de studia, de affectus. </small> || studiorum aut affectuum communitas. |- | {{lang|ca|Cal creure que cercava... una persona}} || <small>Necesse est credere quod quaerebam... unus homo </small> || Credendus sum quaesivisse... hominem |- | {{lang|ca|en qui centrar la meva vida afectiva.}} || <small>in qui circumagere ea mea vita affectiva.</small> || cui affectus animi intenderem. |} ==Nexus interni== *[[Italianae dialecti]] == Notae == <references /> ==Bibliographia== * {{citation|publisher=Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua|date=9 Februarii 2005|title=Dictamen sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominació i l'entitat del valencià|language=ca|url=http://ca.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictamen_sobre_els_principis_i_criteris_per_a_la_defensa_de_la_denominaci%C3%B3_i_l%27entitat_del_valenci%C3%A0#Dictamen|ref={{harvid|Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua|2005}}}} * {{cite book |last= Badia i Margarit |first= A. M. |title= Gramàtica Històrica Catalana|url= https://archive.org/details/gramaticahistori0000badi |language= ca |isbn= 84-7502-111-5 }} * {{cite book |last1=Bonet |first1=Eulàlia |last2=Mascaró |first2=Joan |year=1997 |chapter=On the Representation of Contrasting Rhotics |title=Issues in the Phonology and Morphology of the Major Iberian Languages |url=https://archive.org/details/issuesinphonolog0000unse |editor1-last=Martínez-Gil |editor1-first=Fernando |editor2-last=Morales-Front |editor2-first=Alfonso |publisher=Georgetown University Press |isbn=978-0-87840-647-0 }} * {{cite book|last=Britton|first=A. Scott|year=2011|title=Catalan Dictionary & Phrasebook|url=https://archive.org/details/catalandictionar0000brit|place=New York|publisher=Hippocrene Books|isbn=978-0781812580}} * {{cite book|last=Bruguera|first=Jordi|year=2008|chapter=Historia interna del catalán: léxico, formación de palabras y fraseología|title=Romanische Sprachgeschichte|editor-last=Ernst|editor-first=Gerhard|volume=3|place=Berlin, New York|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|pages=3045–3055}} * {{cite book|last=Burke|first=Ulrik Ralph|title=A History of Spain from the Earliest Times to the Death of Ferdinand the Catholic|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryspainfr02burkgoog|year=1900|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co.|page=[https://archive.org/details/ahistoryspainfr02burkgoog/page/n187 154]}} * {{cite journal|last1=Carbonell|first1=Joan F.|last2=Llisterri|first2=Joaquim|year=1992|title=Catalan|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-phonetic-association-journal_june-december-1992_22_1-2/page/53|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association|volume=22|issue=1–2|page=53|doi=10.1017/S0025100300004618|s2cid=249411809 }} * {{cite book|last1=Carbonell|first1=Joan F.|last2=Llisterri|first2=Joaquim|year=1999|chapter=Catalan|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=61–65|isbn=0-521-63751-1}} * {{cite book|title=Collins English Dictionary|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|year=1991|isbn=0-00-433286-5|ref={{harvid|Collins English Dictionary}}}} * {{cite book|last=Colón|first=Germà|year=1993|title=El lèxic català dins la Romània. Biblioteca Lingüística Catalana|publisher=Universitat de València|place=Valencia|isbn=84-370-1327-5}} * {{cite book|last1=Costa Carreras|first1=Joan|last2=Yates|first2=Alan|title=The Architect of Modern Catalan: Selected Writings/Pompeu Fabra (1868–1948)|year=2009|publisher=Instutut d'Estudis Catalans & Universitat Pompeu Fabra & Jonh Benjamins B.V.|isbn=978-90-272-3264-9|pages=6–7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BKvQg1323YkC}} * {{cite book|last=Fabra|first=Pompeu|title=Gramàtica Catalana|year=1926|publisher=Institut d'Estudis Catalans|location=Barcelona|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H2E2XM069egC|edition=4th|language=ca}} * {{cite book|last=Feldhausen|first=Ingo|title=Sentential Form and Prosodic Structure of Catalan|year=2010|publisher=John Benjamins B.V.|isbn=978-90-272-5551-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oVQzAAAAQBAJ}} * {{cite book|author1=Ferrater|title=Enciclopèdia Catalana Volum 4|year=1973|publisher=Enciclopèdia Catalana|location=Barcelona|isbn=84-85-194-04-7|pages=628–639|edition=1977, corrected|language=ca|chapter=Català|ref={{harvid|Enciclopèdia Catalana}}|display-authors=etal }} * {{cite book|last1=Gallego|first1=Rosa|last2=Sanz|first2=Juan Carlos|year=2001|title=Diccionario Akal del color|publisher=Akal|language=es|isbn=978-84-460-1083-8}} * {{cite book| last=García Venero|first=Maximiano| title=Historia del nacionalismo catalán: 2a edición| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUABAAAAMAAJ| access-date=25 April 2010| date=7 July 2006| publisher=Ed. Nacional }} * {{cite book|editor-last=Gove|editor-first=Philip Babcock|title=Webster's Third New International Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/webstersthirdnew0000unse_p4z2|publisher=Merriam-Webster, Inc.|year=1993|editor-link=Philip Babcock Gove|isbn=3-8290-5292-8}} * {{cite book|last=Grau Mateu|first=Josep|title=El català, llengua de govern: la política lingüística de la Mancomunitat de Catalunya (1914–1924)|publisher=Revista de llengua i dret, 64|url=https://www.raco.cat/index.php/RLD/article/view/302594|year=2015}} * {{cite book|last=Guinot|first=Enric|title=Els fundadors del Regne de València: replobament, antroponímia i llengua a la València medieval|year=1999|publisher=Tres i Quatre|location=Valencia|isbn=8475025919}} * {{cite book|last=Hualde|first=José|year=1992|title=Catalan|url=https://archive.org/details/catalan0000hual|page=[https://archive.org/details/catalan0000hual/page/368 368]|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-05498-0}} * {{cite book|last=Jud|first=Jakob|title=Problèmes de géographie linguistique romane|year=1925|publisher=Revue de Linguistique Romane|location=Paris|pages=181–182|language=fr}} * {{cite book|last=Koryakov|first=Yuri|title=Atlas of Romance languages|place=Moscow|year=2001}} * {{cite book|last=Lledó|first=Miquel Àngel|title=Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity : The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts (Volume 2)|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-539245-6|pages=336–348|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUydX_3rG0AC&q=IEC+AVL+catalan&pg=PA337|chapter=26. The Independent Standardization of Valencia: From Official Use to Underground Resistance}} * {{cite book |last=Lloret |first=Maria-Rosa |editor-last=Auger |editor-first=Julie |editor2-last=Clements |editor2-first=J. Clancy |editor3-last=Vance |editor3-first=Barbara |chapter=The Phonological Role of Paradigms: The Case of Insular Catalan |title=Contemporary Approaches to Romance Linguistics: Selected Papers from the 33rd Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages |date=2004 |page=278 |location=Philadelphia |publisher=John Benjamins }} * {{cite book|last=Marfany|first=Marta|title=Els menorquins d'Algèria|year=2002|publisher=Abadia de Montserrat|location=Barcelona|isbn=84-8415-366-5|language=ca}} * {{cite book|last1=Melchor|first1=Vicent de|last2=Branchadell|first2=Albert|title=El catalán: una lengua de Europa para compartir|year=2002|publisher=Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona|location=Bellaterra|isbn=84-490-2299-1|page=71|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HpKVwFYoxGgC|language=es}} * {{cite book|last=Moll|first=Francesc de B.|title=Gramàtica Històrica Catalana|orig-date=1958|date=2006|publisher=Universitat de València|isbn=978-84-370-6412-3 |edition=Catalan |page=47|language=ca}} * {{cite book|last=Moran|first=Josep|title=Treballs de lingüística històrica catalana|year=1994|publisher=Publicacions de l'Abadia de Monsterrat|location=Barcelona|isbn=84-7826-568-6|pages=55–93|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXqT88QcKjUC&q=greuges+guitard+isarn&pg=PA38|language=ca}} * {{cite book|last=Moran|first=Josep|title=Estudis d'història de la llengua catalana|year=2004|publisher=Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat|location=Barcelona|isbn=84-8415-672-9|pages=37–38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXqT88QcKjUC|language=ca}} * {{cite journal |last=Padgett |first=Jaye |date=December 2009 |journal=The Linguistic Review |volume=26 |issue=4 |doi=10.1515/tlir.2009.016 |title=Systemic Contrast and Catalan Rhotics |url=https://jayepadgett.sites.ucsc.edu/systemic-contrast-and-catalan-rhotics/ |pages=431– |s2cid=15197551 }} * {{cite book|last=Recasens|first=Daniel|year=1993|chapter=Fonètica i Fonologia|title=Enciclopèdia Catalana}} * {{cite journal|last1=Recasens|first1=Daniel|last2=Fontdevila|first2=Jordi|last3=Pallarès|first3=Maria Dolors|year=1995|title=Velarization Degree and Coarticulatory Resistance for /l/ in Catalan and German|journal=Journal of Phonetics|volume=23|issue=1|page=288|doi=10.1016/S0095-4470(95)80031-X}} * {{cite book|last=Recasens|first=Daniel|year=1996|title=Fonètica descriptiva del català: assaig de caracterització de la pronúncia del vocalisme i el consonantisme català al segle XX|edition=2nd|place=Barcelona|publisher=Institut d'Estudis Catalans|isbn=9788472833128|pages=75–76, 128–129}} * {{cite book|last1=Recasens|first1=Daniel|last2=Pallarès|first2=Maria Dolors|year=2001|title=De la fonètica a la fonologia: les consonants i assimilacions consonàntiques del català|publisher=Editorial Ariel|place=Barcelona|isbn=978-84-344-2884-3}} * {{cite journal|last1=Recasens|first1=Daniel|last2=Espinosa|first2=Aina|year=2005|title=Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association|volume=35|issue=1|pages=1, 20|doi=10.1017/S0025100305001878|s2cid=14140079}} * {{cite journal|last1=Recasens|first1=Daniel|last2=Espinosa|first2=Aina|year=2007|title=An Electropalatographic and Acoustic Study of Affricates and Fricatives in Two Catalan Dialects|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association|volume=37|issue=2|page=145|doi=10.1017/S0025100306002829|s2cid=14275190}} * {{cite book|last=Riquer|first=Martí de|title=Història de la Literatura Catalana|year=1964|publisher=Ariel|location=Barcelona|language=ca|chapter=Vol.1}} * {{cite book|editor-last=Russell-Gebbett|editor-first=Paul|title=Mediaeval Catalan Linguistic Texts|publisher=Dolphin Book Co. Ltd., Oxford|year=1965|editor-link=Paul S. N. Russell-Gebbett |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_4GMwEACAAJ}} * {{cite book|last=Schlösser|first=Rainer|title=Die romanischen Sprachen|year=2005|publisher=C.H. Beck|location=Munich}} * {{cite book|last=Swan|first=Michael|title=Learner English: A Teacher's Guide to Interference and Other Problems, Volume 1|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6UIuWj9fQfQC|isbn=9780521779395}} * {{cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Earl W.|year=1962|pages=43–48|title=The Resurgence of Catalan|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hispania_1962-03_45_1/page/43|journal=Hispania|volume=45|issue=1|doi=10.2307/337523|jstor=337523}} * [[Francesc Vallverdú|Vallverdú, Francesc]] (director), [[Jordi Bañeres|Bañeres, Jordi]] (coordinador), (2002) ''Enciclopèdia de la Llengua Catalana'' Vol. XII. Barcelona: Edicions 62, S.A. , direc. editorial: Ramon Bastardes. <small>ISBN 84-297-5026-6</small> * {{cite book |last=Wheeler |first=Max W. |date=1979 |title=Phonology of Catalan |url=https://archive.org/details/phonologyofcatal0000whee_d0j2 |place=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell |isbn=978-0-631-11621-9}} * {{cite book|last1=Wheeler|first1=Max|last2=Yates|first2=Alan|last3=Dols|first3=Nicolau|year=1999|title=Catalan: A Comprehensive Grammar|place=London|publisher=Routledge}} * {{cite book|last=Wheeler|first=Max|title=The Romance Languages |year=2003 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=0-415-16417-6|pages=170–208|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lULWOT1o0SsC|chapter=5. Catalan}} * {{cite book|last=Wheeler|first=Max|year=2005|title=The Phonology of Catalan|url=https://archive.org/details/phonologycatalan00whee|url-access=limited|place=Oxford|page=[https://archive.org/details/phonologycatalan00whee/page/n66 54]|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-925814-7}} * {{cite book|last=Wheeler|first=Max|year=2006|title=Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics}} * {{cite book|last=Wheeler|first=Max|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World|year=2010|publisher=Elsevier|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-08-087774-7|pages=188–192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC|chapter=Catalan}} * {{cite book|last=Veny|first=Joan|title=Homenatge a Arthur Terry|year=1997|publisher=Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat|location=Barcelona|isbn=84-7826-894-4|pages=9–18|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OMaXD1caTiEC&q=greuges+guitard+isarn&pg=PA17|chapter=greuges de Guitard isarn, Senyor de Caboet (1080–1095)}} * {{cite book |last= Veny |first= Joan |title= Els Parlars Catalans|language= ca |year= 1998 |publisher= Moll |location= Barcelona |isbn= 84-273-1038-2 }} * {{cite book|last=Veny|first=Joan|year=2007|title=Petit Atles lingüístic del domini català|volume=1 & 2|place=Barcelona|publisher=Institut d'Estudis Catalans|page=51|isbn=978-84-7283-942-7}} == Nexus externi == {{InterWiki|code=ca}} {{CommuniaCat|Catalan language}} {{wikibooks|Catalán}} {{wikiquote}} * [http://www.iec.cat/ Institut d’Estudis Catalans] * [http://www.avl.gva.es/ Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua] * [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=cat Ethnologue] * [[:b:Catalán|Curso de catalán para hispanohablantes]] (in Vicilibris). * [http://aulex.org/ca-es/ Diccionario catalán - español] * [http://aulex.org/es-ca/ Diccionario español - catalán] * [http://www.verbs.cat/es/ verbs.cat] (de coniugatione verbis Catalanis cum exercitiis) {{Linguae Romanicae}} [[Categoria:Lingua Catalana|!]] {{Myrias|Anthropologia}} l186rwhzlp13t4uyj2lwa3hhaq3ikst 0 2424 3979689 3979458 2026-08-09T13:32:08Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* Geographia */ 3979689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} {{Capsa civitatis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Australia}}, plenius {{res|Res Publica Australiana}} ([[Anglice]] ''Commonwealth of Australia''<ref>"The Commonwealth of Australia, the word[,] is the exact equivalent of the Roman Respublica—otherwise our modern republic" (''Sydney Morning Herald,'' 3 Aprilis 1891).</ref>), est [[monarchia constitutionalis]] in [[hemisphaerium Australe|hemisphaerio australi]] sita, quae in [[continens|continente]] [[Australia (continens)|Australia]]na, [[insula]] [[Tasmania]], prope medium territorium in [[Antarctica]], multisque [[Index insularum Australiae|insulis minoribus]] in [[oceanus|oceanis]] [[Oceanus Indicus|Indico]] et [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacifico]] consistit.<ref>Australia describes the body of water south of its mainland as the [[Southern Ocean]], rather than the Indian Ocean as defined by the [[International Hydrographic Organization]] (IHO). In 2000, a vote of IHO member nations defined the term "Southern Ocean" as applying only to the waters between Antarctica and [[60th parallel south|60 degrees south]] latitude. {{cite web|url=http://geography.about.com/od/learnabouttheearth/a/fifthocean.htm|last=Rosenberg|first=Matt|title=The New Fifth Ocean–The World's Newest Ocean&nbsp;– The Southern Ocean|publisher=About.com: Geography|date=20 August 2009|accessdate=[[5 Aprilis]] [[2010]]}}.</ref> [[Civitas sui iuris|Civitates]] vicinae sunt [[Indonesia]], [[Timoria Orientalis]], et [[Papua Nova Guinea]] ad [[septentrio]]nes, [[Insulae Salomonis]], [[Vanuatu]], et [[Nova Caledonia]] ad boreorientalem, et [[Nova Zelandia]] ad meridio-orientalem. Australia etiam maxima [[tellus|telluris]] [[insula]] existimari potest, cuius fines ut absoluta continens saepe putantur; pars autem [[Australia (continens)|totius continentis]] [[geologia|geologicae]] est. [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] est [[Canberra]], sed maxima [[urbs]] est [[Sydneium]]. [[Civitas]] [[magnitudo|magnitudine]] civitatum [[tellus|orbis terrarum]] est [[sex]]ta, totum [[continens|continentem]] Australianum occupans, et in [[Australasia]] maxima civitas, quia [[insula]] non est finitima aliis civitatibus. [[Nomen proprium|Nomen]] ''Australia'' ex [[Lingua Latina|Latina]] [[explorator]]um sententia ''[[Terra Australis|Terra Australi]]'' natum est. == Historia == [[Fasciculus:Australien, karta, Nordisk familjebok.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Tabula]] [[geographia|geographica]] Australiana.]] Australia abhinc annorum inter 42&thinsp;000 et 48&thinsp;000 ut videtur colebatur, cum Australianorum [[Indigenae Australiani|Aboriginum]] ex orientali [[Asia]]e antecessores advenissent. [[Terra (humus)|Terra]] ab [[Europa]]eis inventa est [[saeculum 17|saeculo septimo decimo]], cum visa et quattuor [[navigatio]]nibus visitata est. Duas [[continens|continentis]] orientales partes [[Regnum Britanniarum]] vindicavit circa [[1770]], et primi [[colonia|coloni]] in [[Nova Cambria Australis|Novam Cambriam Australem]] die [[26 Ianuarii]] anni [[1788]] Britannicam [[colonia poenalis|coloniam poenalem]] deduxerunt. Relicta territoria a Regno Britanniarum anno [[1829]] vindicata sunt; fere omnes civitates serius ad Australiam formandam non fuerunt foederantes poenales colonias. [[Kalendae|Kalendas]] Ianuarias anni [[1901]], Respublica Australiana<ref>Vel fortasse nostra lingua ''Communitas Australiana'' vel ''Foederatio Australiana.''</ref> ([[Anglice]] ''Commonwealth of Australia'') orta est, [[Imperium Britannicum|Imperii Britannici]] dominium. Australia ab hoc anno est respublica sui iuris, sed ultimum vinculum [[lex|legitimum]] cum [[Regnum Britanniarum|Regno Britanniarum]] usque ad [[1986]] fractum est. Australia est [[monarchia constitutionalis]], [[Carolus III (rex Britanniarum)|Carolo III]] [[Rex|rege]] regnante. Anno [[1999]], [[referendum]] factum est an [[constitutio]] mutaretur ut Australia in [[res publica|rem publicam]] liberam se commutaretur, cum praeside electo qui [[rex|rege]] velut [[dux civitatis|civitatis dux]] substitueret, sed defecit. Die [[12 Februarii]] [[2008]], administratio foederalis [[apologia]]m ad homines [[Aetas Surrepta|Aetatis Surreptae]], rem controversam, proposuit. == Civitates et territoria == Australia in sex civitates et diversa territoria divisa est. Civitates sunt: * [[Australia Australis]] * [[Australia Occidentalis]] * [[Nova Cambria Australis]] * [[Terra Reginae]] * [[Tasmania]] * [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] [[Fasciculus:Map of Australia.png|thumbnail|Civitates et territoria Australiana.]] Territoria sunt: * [[Territorium Capitale Australianum]] * [[Territorium Septentrionale]] Australia et territoria minora numerosa habet velut [[Territorium Sinus Jervisianus]], in Nova Cambria Australi, navalis basis administratum et maritimus capitis portus. Diversa territoria externa incoluntur: * [[Insulae Cocos (Keeling)]] * [[Insula Norfolcia]] * [[Insula Christi Natalis (Australia)|Insula Christi Natalis]] Varia territoria fere deserta sunt: * [[Insula Asmora et Cartiera]] * [[Insula Maris Curalii]] * [[Insulae Donalda et Heralda]] * [[Territorium Australianum Antarcticum]] Territorium [[caput (oppidum)|Capitale]] Australianum est locus capitis [[Canberra]]e, quae inter [[Melburna]]m et [[Sydneium]], praecipuas [[urbs|urbes]], condita est. Aliae urbes magni momenti in Australia sunt [[Alitiae Fontes]]{{dubsig}} (Anglice ''Alice Springs''), [[Caerniae]] (Anglice ''Cairns''), et [[Brisbana]] (litore Orientali), [[Darwin (Territorium Septentrionale)|Darwin]] (litore septentrionali), [[Perthia]] (litore Occidentali), et [[Adelaida]] (litore meridionali). Fere 90 centesimae Australiae incolarum in urbibus [[habitatio|habitant]]. Australia est membrum [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociationis Nationum]], Asiatico-Pacificae Oeconomicae Cooperationis, et [[Consortio Populorum|Consortionis Populorum]], ordinum internationalium. == [[Politia]] == Communitas Australiae est [[monarchia constitutionalis]]: [[rex]] est [[caput civitatis]], a [[gubernator generalis|gubernatore generali]] repraesentatus. Practice,{{dubsig}} rexmunus rex (et ergo gubernator generalis) est satis [[ritus|caerimonialis]]. Exsecutivum imperium, in theoria{{dubsig}} a rege repraesentatum, curia a [[primus minister|primo ministro]] recta exercetur. Qui minister fere semper est dux factionis quae maximam partem in [[Camera Repraesentantium (Australia)|Camera Repraesentantium]], camera inferiori (cui sunt 150 scamna) bicameralis [[parlamentum|parlamenti]], habet. Camera superior (76 scamnorum) est [[Senatus (Australia)|Senatus]], in quo quaeque civitas a duodecim senatoribus repraesentatur, libere ex uniuscuiusque incolis territoriisque. Etiam tertio anno suffragia sunt, generatim cum medio senatu reelectionibus eligibili. == Geographia == [[Fasciculus:Australia satellite plane.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Photographema]] Australiae ex [[satelles|satellite]].]] Fere tot terra Australiana sunt [[deserta|desertica]] aut semidesertica. Quadraginta centesimae [[superficies|superficiei]] molibus [[harena|harenosis]] teguntur. Solum occidentalis meridiei et orientalis meridiei anguli [[zona temperata|temperatum]] [[clima]] et moderate fertile terrenum habent. Septentrionalis civitatis pars clima [[zona tropica|tropicum]] habet. [[Magna Curalii Obex]], ingentis [[longitudo|longitudinis]], est maximum [[curalium|curalii]] saeptum in [[orbis terrarum|orbe]], quod ante [[litus]] boreorientalem iacet. [[Uluru]], in media continente, est maximum mundi [[monolithum]]. Hic civitas 90 centesimas terrarum [[Oceania]]e amplectitur. Etiam Australia [[insula]]m [[Tasmania]]m possidet, ex qua [[Fretum Bassianum|Freto Bassiano]] separatur. Australia in [[regio]]nes [[tres|tris]] subdivisa est: in latus orientale, ubi Australianae [[alpes]] et magna divisoria catena sunt; occidentem, ubi aliquae [[alta planities|altae planities]] et deserticae zonae sunt; et locum ubi [[Lacus Eyrianus]] (Anglice ''Eyre'') maximus est. Territorio desertico aliquae usitata Australiae [[animal]]ia sunt [[macropus]], [[sarcophilus]], [[dingo]], [[phascolarctos]], [[dromiceius]]. Australianus prospectus [[quattuor]] vegetationum genera ostendit: [[frutex]] [[Eucalyptus|eucalyptis]] usque ad 40 [[metrum|metra]] altis componitur, ''[[malea]]'' eucalyptis usque ad 5 metra altis formatur, ''[[mulga]]'' plantis [[Acacia|acaciis]] componitur, denique [[mons]] inferior [[rubus|rubis]] parvis formatur. Fusus horarius continentis de UTC+8 ad UTC+10 variat. Aliquae insulae ad UTC+6,5 et UTC+11 venit. Finitima Australia meridie Oceano Indico, septentrione [[Mare Arafuranum|Mari Arafurano]], orientali septentrione [[Mare Curalinum|Mari Curalino]], occidentali septentrione [[Mare Timorense|Mari Timorensi]], orientali meridie [[Fretum Bassianum|Freto Bassiano]], et meridie [[Oceanus Indicus|Oceano Indico]]. [[Flumen Murrayanum]] est maximum Australiae flumen; etiam [[flumen Murchisoni]]{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ferdinandus de Mueller|Ferdinandi de Mueller|de|qid=Q708002}} [https://books.google.ru/books?id=TqJOAQAAMAAJ&q=murchisoni#v=snippet&q=murchisoni&f=false ''Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae'', vol. VIII, Melburniae 1872-74, pp. 11, 17, 19, 20 etc.]; vel ''flumen Murchison'', [https://books.google.fr/books?hl=ru&id=myw-AQAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Murchison ibidem, supplementum, pp. 29, 118, 154].|2=Q708002}} et [[Cygnorum flumen]]<ref>''Swan River'', v. [https://books.google.ru/books?id=ZY1SAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=Cygnorum&f=false Friderici Christiani Augusti Hasse ''Quantum geographia novissimis periegesibus et transmarinis peregrinationibus profecerit brevis expositio qua candidatos magisterii ad solemnia examin''] (Lipsiae: Typis Staritzii, 1837), 20.</ref> late nota sunt. [[Saepes dingonum]] partem continentis austrorientalem et [[saepes contra cuniculos]] occidentalem separat. == Fauna et flora == {{vide-etiam|Fauna Australiana}} {{vide-etiam|Flora Australiana}} [[Fasciculus:Macropus eugenii.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Macropus eugenii]],'' unum ex notissimis Australiae [[animal]]ibus.]] Quamquam insula est desertica et semiarida, in Australia [[natura]]les sedes diversificatae ut diversae [[animal]]ium [[planta|vegetaliumque]] [[species]] acciperentur non desunt. Gratia magnae continentis aetatis, [[clima]]tis secundum tempora variabilissima et [[geographia|geographicae]] insulationis longissima, [[fauna]] [[flora (summatio)|floraque]] propria se evolverunt. Notissima [[animalia|animalium]] genera sunt ''[[Phascolarctos]], [[Macropus]], [[Dromiceius]], [[Ornithorhynchus]], [[Phascolomys]], [[Platypus]], [[Tachyglossus]], [[Zaglossus]],'' quae admirationem primis [[explorator]]ibus [[Europa]]eis moverunt. Nihilominus [[equus|equi]], [[ovis|oves]], [[bos|boves]] ex [[Europa]] continentali hodiernis temporibus sunt magni momenti. Australia duas miliones [[pecus|pecorum]] ovinorum possidet. == Oeconomia == [[Fasciculus:BrisbaneByNight2004.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Brisbana]].]] Australia prospera mixta modi occidentalis [[oeconomia]], cum reditu pro capite gradus [[quattuor]] [[Europa Occidentalis|Europae Occidentalis]] oeconomiarum. Ultimis annis, Australiana [[oeconomia]] discrimen totius [[tellus|orbis terrarum]] cum firmo incremento adiit. Productio in domestica oeconomia mundi crescens detrimentum frenavit, et [[negotium|negotiorum]] emptorumque fiducia robusta mansit. Australiana de reformulationibus{{dubsig}} emphasis aliud vis oeconomicae elementorum. ==Incolae== [[Fasciculus:Australia-demography.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Incrementum incolarum de anno [[1961]], milibus hominum computatum.]] Fere omnes Australiani ab advenis [[saeculum|saeculorum]] [[saeculum 19|undevicensimi]] et [[saeculum 20|vicensimi]] orti sunt, praecipue a [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regno]] et [[Hibernia]], sed postea et ab aliis locis, praesertim [[Italia]], [[Graecia]], hodiernisque civitatibus [[Asia]]ticis. Primorum incolarum posteri, [[Indigenae Australiani|Aborigines Australiani]], 2.2 centesimas incolarum constituunt (secundum [[census|censum]] [[2001]]). Velut aliarum adultarum civitatum, Australiae incolae senescunt, cum plus pensione fruentium quam laborifera aetate hominum. Plurimi cives Australiani [[lingua Anglica|Anglica lingua]] utuntur, quamquam aliquae Aboriginum communitates suum [[patrius sermo|patrium sermonem]] servaverunt, et primae et secundae generationis advenarum numerus satis magnus est [[bilinguismus|bilinguis]]. Cuiusque quattuor tres{{dubsig}}<!--four three?!--> Australiani [[Christianitas|Christiani]] se declarant, praecipue [[Ecclesia Catholica|Catholici Romani]] aut [[Ecclesia Anglicana|Anglicani]]. Etiam aliis religionibus diversis utuntur. ===Motio Esperantica in Australia=== Inter studiosissimos consiliorum [[Ludovicus Lazarus Zamenhof|Zamenhofeanorum]] fautores numerabatur [[Kep Enderby]], [[politicus|homo politicus]]. [[Congressus universalis Esperanticus]] [[Adelaidopolis|Adelaidopoli]] anno [[1997]] celebratus est. == Cultura == {| class="wikitable" |+ Festa |- ! Tempus ! Nomen |- | [[1 Ianuarii]] || [[Finis anni]] |- | [[26 Ianuarii]] || [[Festum nationale Australianum|Festum reipublicae]] |- | [[Pascha]] || [[Dies Passionis Domini]] |- | [[Pascha]] || [[Saturni dies Paschae]] (exceptis [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] et [[Australia Occidentale]]) |- | [[Pascha]] || [[Lunae dies Paschae]] |- | [[25 Aprilis]] || [[Anzaci Dies]] |- | primus Lunae dies post [[9 Iunii]] || Nativitas Regis (excepta [[Australia Occidentale]]) |- | [[25 Decembris]] || [[Nativitas Domini]] |- | [[26 Decembris]] || [[Sanctus Stephanus]] ([[Australia Meridionale|Australia Meridionali]] excepta) |} == Notae == <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Babeck, Wolfgang. [[2011]]. ''Einführung in das australische Recht mit neuseeländischem Recht.'' Schriftenreihe der Juristischen Schulung, 195. Monaci: Verlag C. H. Beck oHG. ISBN 978-3-406-61959-5. *Biedermann, Bettina, et Heribert Dieter, eds. [[2012]]. ''Länderbericht Australien.'' Schriftenreihe, 1175. Bonnae: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. ISBN 978-3-8389-0175-6. *Brett, Judith. [[2019]]. ''From Secret Ballot to Democracy Sausage: How Australia Got Compulsory Voting.'' Text Publishing Co. ISBN 9781925603842. *Davison, Graeme, John Hirst, et Stuart Macintyre. [[1999]]. ''The Oxford Companion to Australian History.'' Melbourne Victoriae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-553597-9. *Denoon, Donald, et al. [[2000]]. ''A History of Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific.'' Oxoniae: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-17962-3. *[[Timotheus Flannery|Flannery, Timothy Fridtjof]]. 1994. ''The Future Eaters: an ecological history of the Australasian lands and peoples''. Chatswood Novae Cambriae Australis: Reed. ISBN 0-7301-0422-2 *Goad, Philip, et Julie Willis, eds. [[2011]]. ''The Encyclopedia of Australian Architecture.'' Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88857-8. *Hagemann, Albrecht. [[2004]]. ''Kleine Geschichte Australiens.'' Beck’sche Reihe, 1594. Monaci: Verlag C. H. Beck oHG. ISBN 978-3-406-51101-1. *Hughes, Robert. [[1986]]. ''The Fatal Shore: The Epic of Australia's Founding.'' Novi Eboraci: Knopf. ISBN 0-394-50668-5. *Jupp, James. [[2001]]. ''The Australian people: an encyclopedia of the nation, its people, and their origins.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80789-0. *Macintyre, Stuart. [[2009]]. ''A concise history of Australia.'' Cambridge Concise Histories. Ed. tertia. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-51608-2. *Powell, J. M. [[1988]]. ''An Historical Geography of Modern Australia: The Restive Fringe.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-25619-4. *Robinson, G. M., R. J. Loughran, et P. J. Tranter. [[2000]]. ''Australia and New Zealand: Economy, Society and Environment.'' Londinii: Arnold; Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-340-72033-6 (charta), ISBN 0-340-72032-8 (tegmen durum). *Smith, Bernard, et Terry Smith. [[1991]]. ''Australian painting 1788–1990.'' Melburni: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-554901-0. *Teo, Hsu-Ming, et Richard Whitt. [[2003]]. ''Cultural history in Australia.'' University of New South Wales Press. ISBN 978-0-86840-589-6. *Viedebantt, Klaus. [[1991]]. ''30mal Australien.'' Piper, 5126: Panoramen der Welt. Ed. sexta. Monaci et Turici: Piper Verlag GmbH. ISBN 978-3-492-15126-9. *Voigt, Johannes H. [[2000]]. ''Australien.'' Beck’sche Reihe, 883: Länder. Monaci: Verlag C. H. Beck oHG. ISBN 978-3-406-44783-9. {{NexInt}} * [[Aetas Surrepta]] * [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Australiae]] * [[Litterae Australiae]] * [[Schola Grammatica Ecclesiae Anglicanae apud Geelong]] * [[Transcriptio linguarum Indigenarum Australianarum]] * [[Universitas Nationalis Australiana]] * "[[Waltzing Matilda]]" == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Australia|Australiam}} {{Oceania}} {{Consortio Populorum}} {{Capsae collectae|Australia|politica|{{Primi ministri Australiae}}{{Ministri rerum externarum Australiani}}}} {{Capsae collectae|Australia|geographica|{{Civitates et territoria Australiae}}{{Urbes Oceaniae maximae}}}} {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Geographia}} [[Categoria:Australia|!]] [[Categoria:Civitates sui iuris]] [[Categoria:Condita 1901]] [[Categoria:Monarchiae foederales]] [[Categoria:Monarchiae constitutionales]] f4gs2ce50o7dkjb4kgel24us5kjm8p3 0 3133 3980077 3978095 2026-08-10T00:02:54Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} {{Elementa caput | numerus atomicus=29 | symbolus=Cu | nomen=cyprum (cuprum) | sinister=[[niccolum]] | dexter=[[zincum]] | super=<!-- [[Aluminium|Al]] -->| sub=[[argentum|Ag]] | color1=#fcc | color2=black }} |} '''Cuprum'''<ref>"Cuprum": Peter van der Krogt, "[http://www.vanderkrogt.net/elements/list_element.php?language=la&sort=A Elementa chemica]" apud situm ''Elementymology & Elements Multidict.''</ref><ref name=NSLO>[[Ebbe Vilborg]]. ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok'', ed. 2a (2009). Nomina Latina classica. Vb. adiect. "aheneus", "aeneus", "cupreus"</ref><ref>"Cyprum": vide "'''cyprum''' Kupfer, Solin. 52, 55 sq. Spart. Carac. 9, 5 ed. Peter. (vulg. cuprum). – Nbf.{{dubsig}} ''cuprum, ī,'' n., Edict. Diocl. 7, 25 in ''Georges: Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch.''</ref> vel '''aes''' {{Victio|aes|ris|n}}<ref name=NSLO/> est [[elementum|elementum chemicum]] [[metallum|metallicum]] [[metalla transitionis|transitionis]] cui [[numerus atomicus]] '''29''' et nota '''Cu''' sunt. In [[Grex (systema periodicum)|grege]] undecimo et [[Periodus (systema periodicum)|periodo]] quarta [[Systema periodicum|systematis periodici]] ponitur. Eius [[massa atomica]] 63,55 valet (35 [[Neutron|neutrones]] et 29 [[Proton|protones]]) et eius configuratio [[electron|electronica]] notatur 3d⁸4s¹. [[Romani antiqui]] ex insula [[Cyprus|Cypro]] cuprum invehebant, unde nomen. Quod elementum illi saepius "aes" vocabant, quam [[ligatio metallica|ligationem]] a mero cupro parum discernebant. Temperatura qua [[liquidum]] fit: 1083 [[Gradus Celsianus|gradus Celsiani]]. Qua [[gas]] fit: 2567 gradus Celsiani. Massa per volumen: 8,93g/cm³. Gradus oxidationis soliti: +1 et +2. == Proprietates == [[Fasciculus: Cuivre Michigan.jpg|thumb|Cuprum.]] === Physicae === Cuprum uná cum [[argentum|argento]] et [[aurum|auro]] in tabulá periodicá gregem 11 consociat, quibuscum quasdam proprietates communes habet. Omnia unum [[electron]]em s-[[segmentum (tabula periodica)|ambitus]] super d-ambitu compleno habent, et sunt ductiliora et optimi traductores electricitatis. [[Vinculum metallicum|Vinculo metallico]] apud alios atomos valet s-electron; complenus d-ambitus haud valet, quam ob rem vinculum est neque covalens neque potens, ita singulum [[crystallum]] cupreum est ductilius et haud durum.<ref name=b1>{{cite book|first1=George L.|last1=Trigg|first2=Edmund H.|last2=Immergut|title=Encyclopedia of applied physics|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sVQ5RAAACAAJ|date=1 Novembris [[1992]]|publisher=VCH Publishers|isbn=978-3-527-28126-8|pages=267–72|volume=4: Combustion to Diamagnetism}}.</ref> Vitio autem in cancellos crystallinos inserto, exempli gratiá, apud fines crystallinos, materiam sub tensione fluere impedit, sic durescit, quam ob rem cuprum in forma [[monocrystallinus|monocrystallina]] haud fere venditur, potius [[polycrystallinus|polycrystallina]], quae potentior est.<ref>{{cite book|last1 = Smith|first1=William F.|last2=Hashemi|first2=Javad |title = Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering|url = https://archive.org/details/foundationsofmat0000smit_u1l5|page = [https://archive.org/details/foundationsofmat0000smit_u1l5/page/223 223]|publisher = McGraw-Hill Professional|year= [[2003]]|isbn = 0-07-292194-3}}.</ref> Quia cuprum haud est durum, tam electricitatem magnopere conducit (59.6 x 10⁶ [[ohmium|Ω]]^-1/m) quam calorem (401 W/m/K), quod est secundus optimus temperaturá 20&nbsp;°C ex metallis puris,<ref name=CRC>{{cite book|author = Hammond, C. R.|chapter = The Elements|title= Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition|url = https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide|publisher =CRC press|isbn = 0-8493-0485-7|year = [[2004]]}}.</ref> quia [[Resistentia electrica|resistentia]] ex electronibus dilapsis plerumque oritur, vibratuum caloricorum in cancellis causá, qui haud sunt magni in metallo molli.<ref name=b1/> In aëre cuprum maximam densitatem [[fluxio electrica|fluxionis electricae]] 3.1 x 10⁶ A/m² conducit, postquam magnopere calescit.<ref>{{cite book|last=Resistance Welding Manufacturing Alliance |title=Resistance Welding Manual|year=[[2003]]|publisher=Resistance Welding Manufacturing Alliance|isbn=0-9624382-0-0|edition=quarta|pages=18–12}}.</ref> Si cuprum cum alio metallo contigit, [[Rosio galvanica|galvanice erodit]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Galvanic Corrosion|url=http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Forms-galvanic/galvanic-corrosion.htm|work=Corrosion Doctors}}.</ref> Cuprum elementum colorem naturalem habet quae a colore aut argenteo aut cano omnium aliorum metallorum differt, nisi [[osmium|osmio]] (aliquantum caeruleo colore) et [[aurum|auro]] (flavo colore).<ref>{{Cite book|last = Chambers|first = William|last2 = Chambers|first2 = Robert|title = Chambers's Information for the People|publisher = W. & R. Chambers|year = [[1884]]|volume = L|page = 312|edition = quinta|url = http://books.google.com/?id=eGIMAAAAYAAJ|isbn = 0-665-46912-8}}.</ref> Cuprum purum colorem inter [[Aurantius|aurantium]] et rubrum medium habet, in colorem subrubrum in aëre infuscatur. Hic color ex transitu electronico ab s-ambitu ad d-ambitum oritur, cuius vis cum luce aurantiaca congruit.<ref name=b1/> === Chemicae === [[Fasciculus:Royal Observatory Edinburgh East Tower 2010 cropped.jpg|thumb|Turris Oriens [[Observatorium Regis, Edimburgi|Observatorii Regis, Edimburgi]]. Comparare colorem cupri novi quod anno [[2010]] instructum est et cupri viridis quod anno 1894 instructum est.]] [[Fasciculus:Vecchi 051 - transparent background.PNG|thumb|Nummus antiquus (as) viridi tegumento (hydroxicarbonas cupri) coopertus.]] Cuprum multa [[Compositum chemicum|composita]] format in qua cuprum statum oxidationis +1 suscipit, cuius compositiones ''cuprosae'' appellantur, et statum oxidationis +2, cuius compositiones ''cupricae'' appellantur.<ref name="Holleman">{{cite book |last1=Holleman |first1=A. F. |last2=Wiberg |first2=N. |title=Inorganic Chemistry |year=[[2001]] |publisher=Academic Press |location=San Diego |isbn=978-0-12-352651-9}}.</ref> Aquá non affectum est, sed cum [[oxygenium|oxygenio]] atmosphaerico lente affectum est, patinam [[oxidum cupri]] colore fusco-nigro suscipit, quod rosionem defodere prohibet. Aeruginem ([[carbonatem cupri]]: Cu₂(OH)₂CO₃), patinam viridem, in aedificiis statuisque cupro indutis saepe videmus, exempli gratiá in [[Statua Libertatis|statua Libertatis]], una ex maximis statuis cupreis in mundo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statue of Liberty: Reclothing the First Lady of Metals – Repair Concerns|url=http://www.copper.org/education/liberty/liberty_reclothed1.html|work=Copper.org}}.</ref> Item [[nummi|nummi antiqui]] ex cupro, ut [[as|asses]] Romanorum, cum effodiuntur tenui tegumento viridi cooperti inveniuntur quod metallum interius ab oxidatione maiore tuetur. Quod fit in aëre humido secundum [[Reactio chemica|reactionem]] infrascriptam: :2 Cu(s) + H₂O(l) +O₂(g) +CO₂(g) → Cu₂(OH)₂CO₃ Cuprum enim omni tempore metallum monetale fuit quia satis iners est nec nimis toxicum. Cum [[sulphida hydrogenii]] et alia [[sulphidum|sulphida]] cuprum afficit, sulphida cupri in superficie formantur. Aër cum compositionibus sulphidis cuprum erodere sic facit.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rickett|first1=B. I.|last2=Payer|first2=J. H.|title=Composition of Copper Tarnish Products Formed in Moist Air with Trace Levels of Pollutant Gas: Hydrogen Sulfide and Sulfur Dioxide/Hydrogen Sulfide|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-electrochemical-society_1995-11_142_11/page/3723|journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society|year=[[1995]]|volume=142|issue=11|pages=3723–3728|doi=10.1149/1.2048404}}.</ref> Solutio ammoniaca oxygenifera cum cupro compositionem congregatam aquá dissolubilem format. Oxygenium et [[acidum hydrochloricum]] cum cupro [[chlorida cupri]] formant. [[Hydrogenii peroxidum|Peroxidum hydrogenii]] acidicum{{dubsig}} cum cupro sales cupri(II) format. Chloridum cupri(II) cum cupro chloridum cupri(I) format.<ref>{{cite book|last=Richardson|first=Wayne|title=Handbook of copper compounds and applications|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofcopper0000unse|year=1997|publisher=Marcel Dekker|location=Novum Eboracum|isbn=978-0-585-36449-0|oclc=47009854}}.</ref> === Isotopia === Sunt undetriginta [[isotopium|isotopia]] cupri. Isotopia ⁶³Cu et ⁶⁵Cu sunt [[radioactivitas|radioactivitate]] stabilia. Cuprum naturale ex undeseptuagina per centum ⁶³Cu constat; reliqua est ⁶⁵Cu. Ambo isotopium numerum versandi 3/2 [[mechanica quantica|mechanice quantali]] habet.<ref name="nubase">{{cite journal|title=Nubase2003 Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties|journal=Nuclear Physics A|volume=729|page=3|publisher=Atomic Mass Data Center|year=[[2003]]|doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001|author=Audi, G|bibcode=2003NuPhA.729....3A|last2=Bersillon|first2=O.|last3=Blachot|first3=J.|last4=Wapstra|first4=A. H.}}.</ref> Omnia alia isotopia sunt radioactiva, ex quibus diutissimum est ⁶⁷Cu cuius toti dimidium 61.83 horis exstat.<ref name="nubase"/> Sunt septem isotopia metastabilia , ex quibus diutissimum est ^68mCu cuius toti dimidium 3.8 minutis exstat. Isotopia numeri massae super 64 a casu β^- tabent, sub autem 64 a casu β⁺. Isotopium ⁶⁴Cu ab ambo casu tabet.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/reCenter.jsp?z=29&n=35 |title=Interactive Chart of Nuclides |work=National Nuclear Data Center}}.</ref> === In natura === Cuprum naturá in forma vel nativa vel minerali exsistit. Cuprum nativum est polycrystallum, cuius maximum crystallum inventum erat 4.4×3.2×3.2 cm.<ref>{{cite journal|url = http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM66/AM66_885.pdf|journal = American Mineralogist|volume = 66|page=885|year= [[1981]]|title= The largest crystals|author = Rickwood, P. C.}}.</ref> Moles maxima cupri nativi, cum anno 1857 in [[Keewenaw Paeninsula]], [[Michigania]]e, inventa est, erat pondere 840 milia [[Libra (pondus)|librarum]].<ref name=emsley>{{cite book|author=Emsley, John|title=Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC&pg=PA123|date=11 Augusti [[2003]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-850340-8|pages=121–125}}.</ref> Sunt permagna metalla cuprifera: [[chalcopyrites]] (CuFeS₂) [[chalcocites]] sunt sulphida cupri, [[caeruleum]] autem et [[molochitis]] sunt carbonates cupri, [[cuprites]] est oxidum cupri.<ref name=CRC/> Quinquaginta partes per millionem [[Crusta terrestris|crustae]] [[Tellus (planeta)|Telluris]] est cupriferum<ref name=emsley/>, et cuprum in stellis ingentibus{{dubsig}} factum est.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Romano|first1=Donatella|last2=Matteucci|first2=Fransesca|title=Contrasting copper evolution in ω Centauri and the Milky Way|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters|year=[[2007]]|volume=378|issue=1|pages=L59–L63|doi=10.1111/j.1745-3933.2007.00320.x|bibcode=2007MNRAS.378L..59R|arxiv = astro-ph/0703760}}.</ref> == In biologia == [[Fasciculus:Thylakoid membrane.png|thumb|In photosynthesis descriptione videmus [[plastocyaninum]], metalloproteinam cum cupro hic caeruleam pictam.]] Cuprum est micronutrimentum saluti humanae necessarium<ref>[https://www.doctissimo.fr/html/nutrition/vitamines_mineraux/cuivre.htm Doctissimo]. [https://nutritionsource.hsph.harvard.edu/copper/ The Nutrition source]. Yuhan Fu, Lirui Hou, Kai Han, Chong Zhao, Hongbo Hu, Shutao Yin. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0261561425000913 The physiological role of copper: Dietary sources, metabolic regulation, and safety concerns]", ''Clinical Nutrition'', 2025: 161-179.</ref>: etenim [[Cofactor (biochemia)|cofactor]] [[Enzymum|enzymorum]] ad [[Metabolismus|metabolismum]] ferri et [[Carbohydratum|carbohydratorum]] et [[Erythrocytus|erythrocytorum]] pertinentium reperitur. Statu oxidationis mutando inter 0 et +2 ad electrones transferendos et reactiones 'redox' multa confert. Econtra nimia copia cupri in corpore inter [[hepatitis]] causas ponitur. [[Bacteria|Bacteriocida]] et [[fungi|fungicida]] in [[Vitis vinifera|viticultura]] adhibetur<ref>[https://techniloire.com/fiche-technique/utilisation-du-cuivre-en-viticulture TechniLoire]. [https://www.agrireseau.net/documents/Document_115257.pdf Agriréseau]</ref> et antiqui cupro adversus [[Contagio|infectiones]] utebantur<ref>[https://www.insb.cnrs.fr/fr/cnrsinfo/mecanisme-daction-du-cuivre-un-puissant-agent-anti-microbien CNRS Biologie] [https://metalskin.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/08-Revue-Scientique-sur-les-vertus-antimicrobiennes-du-cuivre-et-Metalskin.pdf Metalskin]</ref>. In multis [[Mollusca|molluscis]] et [[Arthropoda|arthropodis]] cuprum in [[Oxygenium|oxygenio]] ad cellulas transvehendo partes easdem agit atque ferrum apud [[mammalia]] et [[Proteina|proteina]] [[haemocyaninum]] pro [[Haemoglobinum|haemoglogino]] illis facit. Quibus animalibus [[sanguis]] non ruber sed viridis aut [[caeruleus]] invenitur. In [[Plantae|plantis]] quoque cuprum [[Photosynthesis|photosynthesi]] et [[Respiratio cellularis|respirationi cellulari]] aliquid confert et eas validiores ad morbos repellendos facit. == Productio == [[Fasciculus:Chuquicamata-002.jpg|thumb|left|[[Chuquicamata]] in Chilia est una ex maximis apertis [[fodina|fodinis]] cuprigenis in mundo.]] [[Fasciculus:Copper - world production trend.svg|thumb|Tota productio mundi (milliones tonnae per annum).]] [[Fasciculus:2012copper (mined).svg|left|thumb|upright=1.25|Productio cupri anno 2005.]] [[Fasciculus:Copper Price History USD.png|thumb|Pretium cupri ab anno 1986 ad 2011 (USD per tonnam).]] '''Haec pars nimis vetus videtur: usque ad hodiernum tempus eam perage si potes.''' Sulphida cupri magnis fodinis apertis e [[porphyrites|saxis porphyriticis]] cupriferisque, a 0.4 ad 1.0 centesimas cuprum continentibus, effodiuntur. Exempli gratiá, [[Chuquicamata]] in [[Chilia]], [[Bingham Canyon Fodina]] in [[Uta]], [[CFA]], [[El Chino Fodina]] in [[Novum Mexicum|Novo Mexico]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]]. Secundum [[Mensura Geologica Britannica|Mensuram Geologicam Britannicam]], Chilia anno [[2005]], maximum cuprum in mundo effodit; Civitates Foederatae, [[Indonesia]], et [[Peruvia]] sequebantur.<ref name=CRC/> Hodie plurimum cupri quam quaos alio tempore utimur, quod haud est satis ut {{Latinitas dolet|omnia respublica utatur summam quae primam rempublicam decet}}.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/103/5/1209.full|title=Metal stocks and sustainability|journal=PNAS|year=[[2006]]|volume=103|issue=5|pages=1209–1214|first1=R. B.|last1=Gordon|first2=M.|last2=Bertram|first3=T. E.|last3=Graedel|doi=10.1073/pnas.0509498103|pmc=1360560|pmid=16432205|bibcode = 2006PNAS..103.1209G }}.</ref> === Copia === Quamquam cuprum in usu plusquam decem milia annos est, plusquam 95 per centena totius cupri effossi liquefactique ex anno [[1900]] extractum est. Copia cupri in Tellure est permagna: sunt 10¹⁴ [[tonna]]e in [[Chiliometrum|chiliometro]] summa [[Cortex Telluris|crusta]], id est {{Latinitas dolet|satis 5 milliones annos normá extrahendi hodierná durare}}. Pars autem minima technologiá pretioque hodierno est extrahendo digna. Aestimantur copiam effodendam esse satis ab 25 annos ad 60 annos, secundum, e. g.{{dubsig}} , normam consumendi.<ref>{{cite book|author=Brown, Lester|title=Plan B 2.0: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble|url=https://archive.org/details/planb20rescuingp00brow_0|place=Novum Eboracum|publisher=W.W. Norton|year=[[2006]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/planb20rescuingp00brow_0/page/110 109]|isbn=0-393-32831-7}}.</ref> Maior fons cupri in mundo hodierno est recuperatio.<ref name=Leonard2006>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/tech/htww/2006/03/02/peak_copper/index.html|title=Peak copper?|publisher=Salon – How the World Works|author=Leonard, Andrew |year=[[2006]]|month=Martii|day=2}}.</ref> Propter hoc et alias causas, aestimatio productionis copiaeque est multa et varia. Ratio quae [[Cacumen Cupri]] appellatur est similis [[Cacumen Petrolei|Cacuminis Petrolei]]. Pretium cupri, quintuplicans ab USD 1.32 per chiliogramma mense Iunio 1999—vilissimum per sexaginta annos—ad USD 8.27/kg mense Maio 2006, olim erat instabile,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Schmitz|first=Christopher|title=The Rise of Big Business in the World, Copper Industry 1870–1930|url=https://archive.org/details/economic-history-review_1986-08_39_3/page/392|journal=Economic History Review|year=[[1986]]|volume=39|series=2|issue=3|pages=392–410|jstor=2596347|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.1986.tb00411.x}}.</ref> at minusquam post tres annos mense Februario anni 2009 postulatio in mundo labavit ut pretium ad USD 3.33/kg cecidit.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.forbes.com/2009/02/04/copper-frontera-southern-markets-equity-0205_china_51.html|title = A Bottom In Sight For Copper|author = Ackerman, R. |day = 2|month=Aprilis|year=[[2009]]|publisher = Forbes|archiveurl=http://archive.is/UEYU|archivedate=2012-12-08}}.</ref> === Ratio === Cuprum rude modo est 0.6 partes per centum cupri, facillime horum extrahendo est sulphidi, maxime chalcopyrites (CuFeS₂), minus chalcocites (Cu₂S),<ref name=G&E>{{cite book |last1=Greenwood |first1=Norman N. |authorlink1=Norman Greenwood |last2=Earnshaw |first2=Alan |year=[[1997]] |title=Chemistry of the Elements |edition=secunda |url=http://www.amazon.com/Chemistry-Elements-Second-Edition-Earnshaw/dp/0750633654 |page= |pages= |publisher=[[Butterworth–Heinemann]] |isbn=0080379419 }}.</ref> quae contundentes continere 10–15 partes per centenas cupri [[Spumam fluitare|spumá fluitanti]] vel [[Purgatio biologica|purgatione biologica]] factae sunt.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Watling|first=H. R.|title=The bioleaching of sulphide minerals with emphasis on copper sulphides—A review|journal=Hydrometallurgy|year=[[2006]]|volume=84|issue=1, 2|pages=81–108|url=http://infolib.hua.edu.vn/Fulltext/ChuyenDe/ChuyenDe07/CDe53/59.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1016/j.hydromet.2006.05.001}}.</ref> Illuc cum dioxido siliconii processu qui [[liquefactio ictu temporis]] appellatur calescit ut maior pars ferri removeretur. Exitus, materia cum Cu₂S 70 partes per centenas cupri continens, [[torrere (metallurgia)|torretur]] ut omnia sulphida in oxida mutarentur:<ref name=G&E/> :2 Cu₂S + 3 O₂ → 2 Cu₂O + 2 SO₂ Oxidum cupri in ''cuprum pustulatum'' calefactione mutatur: :2 Cu₂O → 4 Cu + O₂ === Anacyclismus === Cuprum, uná cum [[aluminium|aluminio]], est plene [[Anacyclismus|regyrabile]] {{Latinitas dolet|sine virtu amittendo}} sive meracum sive in mercimonio. Cuprum volumine est {{Latinitas dolet|tertiá maximá anacyclizatum}}, secundum ferrum et aluminium. Aestimant 80 partes per centenas cupri effossi per omne tempus esse nunc in usu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.copperinfo.com/environment/recycling.html|title=International Copper Association}}</ref> Secundum renuntiationem cui nomen est [[Copia Metalli per Omnes Homines]] ex sodalitate [[International Resource Panel]], omni homini est a 35 ad 55 chiliogrammta cupri, plerumque per respublicas primas (140–300 chiliogrammata per capita) et minus per respublicas tertias (30–40 chiliogrammata per capita). Ut cuprum anacyclizaret, {{Latinitas dolet|idem processum ad extrahendum aliquantum sequitur}}. Scruta cuprifera et meraca in fornace liquefiunt, reducuntur, et in lateres magnos parvosque funduntur; scruta minoris puritatis per [[Electrolysis|electrolysim]] in solutione [[Acidum sulphuricum|acidi sulphurici]] purificatur.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.copper.org/publications/newsletters/innovations/1998/06/recycle_overview.html |title=Overview of Recycled Copper|publisher=Copper.org|year=[[2010]]|month=Augusti|day=25}}.</ref> {{NexInt}} * [[Chalcolithicum]] == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{Communia|Copper|cuprum}} * [https://reliam.ensam.eu/server/api/core/bitstreams/4dd82de8-4faf-4766-8eb0-5b6850d3578a/content ENSAM: de cupri cyclo]. {{Elementa chemica}} {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} [[Categoria:Conductores electricitatis]] [[Categoria:Cuprum]] [[Categoria:Elementa chemica]] [[Categoria:Metalla nobilia]] [[Categoria:Metalla transitionis]] 3za9zb3khlgzocr9wqqd5da42dz5dsc 0 3793 3980136 3979268 2026-08-10T00:47:59Z Bartholomite 116968 /* Eventa */ 3980136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Eventus currens}} {{Decennium|203|MMXXVI}} == Eventa == * 1 Ianuarii: [[Bulgaria]] [[euro]]nem [[moneta]]m induxit. * 3 Ianuarii: [[Nicolaus Maduro]] [[Venetiola]]e praeses a [[miles|militibus]] [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] raptus est; [[Caracae]] multis ictibus affliguntur. * 6 Ianuarii: [[Leo XIV|Leo papa XIV]] [[Iubilaeum anni 2025]] claudit. * 7 Ianuarii: Necatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Renatae Good||en|qid=Q137723290}} inter Operationem "Metro Surge" ad protestationes [[Minneapolis]] excitat. * 15 Ianuarii: [[Vicipaedia]], anno 2001 a [[Iacobus Wales|Iacobo Wales]] et [[Laurentius Sanger|Laurentio Sanger]] condita, annum vicesimum quintum celebrat. * 22 Ianuarii: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] ab [[Ordo mundi sanitarius|Ordine Mundi Sanitarii]] se recedunt. * 28 Ianuarii: [[Sarah Mullally]] prima femina fit quae [[Ecclesia Anglicana|Ecclesiae Anglicanae]] praeest. * 30 Ianuarii: Tria miliones paginarum ad acta [[Galfridus Epstein|Epstein]] pertinentium publicantur, multae personae publicae clarissimae toto orbe terrarum commemorantur. * 2–6 Februarii: [[Curdistania Syriaca|Curdistaniam Syriacam]] [[Ahmedus Husainus al-Shara|rectio Damasci nova]] sibi adiungit. * 6 Februarii: [[Olympia hiemalia 2026|Olympia hiemalia]] in [[Italia]] simul [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], [[Cortina Ampecanorum|Cortinae Ampecanorum]], [[Pralatium|Pralatii]], [[Livignum|Livigni]] et [[Resinae|Ante Silvam]] patefiunt. * 21 Februarii: Bellum inter [[Afghania]] et [[Pakistania]] erumpit. * 28 Februarii: Civitas [[Israël]] et [[Civitates Foederatae]] impetum in [[Irania]]m faciunt, impetum praeemptivum appellantes. * 1 Martii: Irania [[Fretum Ormusense]] commeatui maritimo claudit. * 8 Martii: [[Mojtaba Khamenei|Mojtaba Husainus Khamenei]], [[Ali Khamenei|Alii]] necati filius, magnus dux [[Irania]]e eligitur. * 31 Martii: In [[Mongolia]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Uchral Nyam-Osor||en|qid=Q110962738}}, post abdicationem Gombojavyn Zandanshatar, primus minister iurat. * 6 Aprilis: [[Programma Artemis|Artemis II]] cum quattuor astronautis Lunam circumvolat et 11 Aprilis feliciter in Tellurem revertitur. * 9 Aprilis: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitates Foederatae]] et [[Irania]] indutiis pactionem faciunt, colloquiisque ut discrimen inter se componant. * 26 Aprilis: [[Sebastianus Sawe]] Londinii primus homo [[Cursus Marathonius|cursum Marathonium]] minore tempore quam duabus horis perficit. * 3 Maii: Epidemia [[hantaviridae|hantavirus]] [[Andes|Andini]] ad [[quadragena]]m [[navis]] vectoriae ''Hondius'' ducit, tres mortui. * 16 Maii: Epidemia [[ebolavirus]] Bundibugyoensis in [[Res publica democratica Congensis|Re publica democratica Congolensi]] declaratur. Contra hunc typum neque cura neque vaccinatio nota est. * 23 Maii: Protestationes in [[Albania]], quae "Revolutio Phoenicopterorum" appellantur. * 25 Maii: ''[[Magnifica humanitas]]'', epistola encyclica [[Leo XIV|Leonis XIV]] prima, editur. * 12 Iunii: [[Elon Musk]] primus fit, qui {{num|1000000000000}} [[dollarium Civitatum Foederatarum|dollariorum Americanorum]] accumulaverit. * 22 Iunii: [[Keir Starmer]] se ab officio primi ministri [[Britanniarum regnum|Britanniarum regni]] abdicaturum nuntiat. * 24 Iunii: [[Terrae motus]] maior magnitudinis 7.5 in Venetiola complura milia hominum necat multaque aedificia concidit. * 1 Iulii: [[Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Pii X]] [[Esquinia]]e quattuor [[episcopus|episcopos]] novos sine mandato [[papa]]li consecrat. [[Leo XIV]] papa totam societatem [[excommunicatio|excommunicat]]. * 3 Iulii: [[Keiko Fujimori]] prima muliebris praeses civitatis [[Peruvia|Peruviae]] eligitur. * 19 Iulii: [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Hispanica]] vincit [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (2026)|certamen mundanum pediludii]]. [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Argentina|Argentina]] secunda et [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Anglica|Anglia]] tertia sunt. * 20 Iulii: [[Carolus III (rex Britanniarum)|Carolus III]] rex [[Andreas Burnham|Andream Burnham]] primum ministrum [[Britanniarum regnum|Britanniarum regni]] constituit. * 26 Iulii: [[Thaddaeus Pogačar]], birotarius [[Slovenia|Slovenicus]], quintum [[Circuitus Franciae|Circuitum Franciae]] vincit. * 28 Iulii: [[Terrae motus Kumamoto anni 2026|Terrae motus Kumamoto]] accidit. * 30 Iulii: Octoginta milia [[migratio|migrantium]] [[Septa]]m e [[Marocum|Maroco]] intrant, 111 moriuntur, plerique remittuntur. * 2 Augusti: [[Ignis silvestris]] partem [[Spocanum|Spocani]] comburit. == Nati == {{Nati desiderati}} == Mortui == * [[8 Ianuarii]]: [[Ludovicus E. Brus]], chimicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1943]]. * [[10 Ianuarii]]: [[Ericus de Däniken]], scriptor [[Helvetia|Helveticus]]; natus est anno [[1935]]. * [[13 Ianuarii]]: [[Georgius Basiliu]], politicus [[Cyprus|Cypri]]; natus est anno [[1931]]. * [[16 Ianuarii]]: [[Ludovica Diogo]], politica [[Mozambicum|Mozambicana]]; nata est anno [[1958]]. * [[24 Ianuarii]] ** [[David Abulafia]], historicus [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1949]]. ** [[Gulielmus Foege]], [[medicus]] et [[epidemiologia|epidemiologus]] [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1936]]. * [[25 Ianuarii]]: [[Yi Haechan]], politicus [[Res publica Coreana|Rei publicae Coreanae]]; natus est anno [[1952]]. * [[26 Ianuarii]]: [[Sia Figiel]], poeta, scriptrix, et pictrix [[Samoa]]na; nata est anno [[1967]]. * [[1 Februarii]]: [[Rita Süssmuth]], politica [[Germania|Germanica]]; nata est anno [[1937]]. * [[11 Februarii]]: [[Iacobus van der Beek]], actor [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1977]]. * [[15 Februarii]]: [[Robertus Duvall]], actor et moderator cinematographicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1931]]. * [[19 Februarii]]: [[Polycarpus Pengo]], archiepiscopus [[Tanzania|Tanzanicus]]; natus est anno [[1944]]. * [[28 Februarii]]: [[Ali Khamenei]], magnus dux [[Irania]]e, ab [[Israel]]e occiditur; natus est anno [[1939]]. * [[1 Martii]]: [[David Oddi filius]], politicus [[Islandia|Islandicus]]; natus est anno [[1948]]. * [[5 Martii]]: [[Antonius Lobo Antunes]], scriptor et psychologus [[Portugallia|Lusitanus]]; natus est anno [[1942]]. * [[8 Martii]]: [[Antonius Iacobus Leggett]], physicus [[Regnum Britanniarum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1936]]. * [[12 Martii]]: [[Ioachimus Wanke]], episcopus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1941]]. * [[14 Martii]]: **[[Georgius Habermas]], philosophus continentalis et sociologus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1929]]. **[[Christophorus A. Sims]], oeconomiae peritus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1942]]. * [[17 Martii]]: [[Ilia II]], patriarcha Ecclesiae Orthodoxae Georgianae [[Russia|Russicus]]; natus est anno [[1933]]. * [[19 Martii]]: ** [[Humbertus Bossi]], politicus [[Italia|Italianus]]; natus est anno 1941. ** [[Carolus Norris]], artifex martialis [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1940]]. * [[22 Martii]]: [[Leonillus Jospin]], politicus [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1937]]. * [[6 Aprilis]]: [[Christianus Schwarz-Schilling]], politicus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1930]]. * [[7 Aprilis]]: [[Iacobus Whittaker]], alpinista [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1929]]. * [[8 Aprilis]]: [[Carolus Delhez]], presbyter et sociologicus [[Belgica|Belgicus]]; natus est anno [[1951]]. * [[9 Aprilis]]: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Björgvin Halldórsson||en|qid=Q879495}}, musicus [[Islandia|Islandicus]]; natus est anno [[1951]]. * [[19 Aprilis]]: [[Desmond Morris|Desmondus Morris]], zoologus ethologusque Anglicus; natus est anno [[1928]]. * [[24 Aprilis]]: [[Sophia Zdybicka]], philosopha et monacha [[Polonia|Polonica]]; nata est anno [[1928]]. * [[6 Maii]]: [[Theodorus Turner]], vir negotii et philanthropus Americanus; natus est anno 1938. * [[25 Maii]]: [[Sonny Rollins]], saxophonista iazensis Americanus; natus est anno 1930. * [[29 Maii]]: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Bryan Bergougnoux||en|qid=Q936402}}, lusor harpastum Gallicus; nata est anno [[1983]]. * [[6 Iunii]]: [[Osorius Citora Afonso]], episcopus necatus [[Mozambicum|Mozambicanus]]; natus est anno [[1972]]. * [[14 Iunii]]: [[Oliverius Tree]], cantor histrioque [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1993]]. * [[16 Iunii]]: [[Camillus Ruini]], cardinalis [[Italia|Italicus]]; natus est anno [[1931]]. * [[21 Iunii]]: [[Franciscus Guterres]], politicus [[Timora Orientalis|Timoracus]]; natus est anno [[1954]]. * [[22 Iunii]]: [[Alanus Greenspan]], pristinus praeses [[Systema aerarium foederale|systematis aerarii foederalis Americae]]; natus est anno [[1926]]. * [[8 Iulii]]: [[Anna Widdecombe]], politica Britannica; nata est anno [[1947]]. * [[11 Iulii]]: [[Lindsey Graham]], politicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1955]]. * [[14 Iulii]]: [[Ioannes Michael Maitzen]], astronomus [[Austria]]cus; natus est anno [[1943]]. * [[29 Iulii]]: [[Harrius Mitchell]], politicus Americanus; natus est anno [[1940]]. * [[31 Iulii]]: [[Francus Baresi]] pedilusor Italicus; natus est anno [[1960]]. * [[2 Augusti]]: [[Kay Granger]], politica Americana; nata est anno 1943. * [[3 Augusti]]: [[Iulius Duarte Langa]], cardinalis [[Mozambicum|Mozambicanus]]; natus est anno [[1927]]. * [[6 Augusti]]: [[Franciscus Guccini]], cantor Italicus; natus est anno 1940. dq6r5mznif9bvvfw7ph6agke6kx83ru 3980186 3980136 2026-08-10T03:43:13Z Bartholomite 116968 /* Eventa */ 3980186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Eventus currens}} {{Decennium|203|MMXXVI}} == Eventa == * 1 Ianuarii: [[Bulgaria]] [[euro]]nem [[moneta]]m induxit. * 3 Ianuarii: [[Nicolaus Maduro]] [[Venetiola]]e praeses a [[miles|militibus]] [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] raptus est; [[Caracae]] multis ictibus affliguntur. * 6 Ianuarii: [[Leo XIV|Leo papa XIV]] [[Iubilaeum anni 2025]] claudit. * 7 Ianuarii: Necatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Renatae Good||en|qid=Q137723290}} inter Operationem "Metro Surge" ad protestationes [[Minneapolis]] excitat. * 15 Ianuarii: [[Vicipaedia]], anno 2001 a [[Iacobus Wales|Iacobo Wales]] et [[Laurentius Sanger|Laurentio Sanger]] condita, annum vicesimum quintum celebrat. * 22 Ianuarii: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] ab [[Ordo mundi sanitarius|Ordine Mundi Sanitarii]] se recedunt. * 28 Ianuarii: [[Sarah Mullally]] prima femina fit quae [[Ecclesia Anglicana|Ecclesiae Anglicanae]] praeest. * 30 Ianuarii: Tria miliones paginarum ad acta [[Galfridus Epstein|Epstein]] pertinentium publicantur, multae personae publicae clarissimae toto orbe terrarum commemorantur. * 2–6 Februarii: [[Curdistania Syriaca|Curdistaniam Syriacam]] [[Ahmedus Husainus al-Shara|rectio Damasci nova]] sibi adiungit. * 6 Februarii: [[Olympia hiemalia 2026|Olympia hiemalia]] in [[Italia]] simul [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], [[Cortina Ampecanorum|Cortinae Ampecanorum]], [[Pralatium|Pralatii]], [[Livignum|Livigni]] et [[Resinae|Ante Silvam]] patefiunt. * 21 Februarii: Bellum inter [[Afghania]] et [[Pakistania]] erumpit. * 28 Februarii: Civitas [[Israël]] et [[Civitates Foederatae]] impetum in [[Irania]]m faciunt, impetum praeemptivum appellantes. * 1 Martii: Irania [[Fretum Ormusense]] commeatui maritimo claudit. * 8 Martii: [[Mojtaba Khamenei|Mojtaba Husainus Khamenei]], [[Ali Khamenei|Alii]] necati filius, magnus dux [[Irania]]e eligitur. * 31 Martii: In [[Mongolia]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Uchral Nyam-Osor||en|qid=Q110962738}}, post abdicationem Gombojavyn Zandanshatar, primus minister iurat. * 6 Aprilis: [[Programma Artemis|Artemis II]] cum quattuor astronautis Lunam circumvolat et 11 Aprilis feliciter in Tellurem revertitur. * 9 Aprilis: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitates Foederatae]] et [[Irania]] indutiis pactionem faciunt, colloquiisque ut discrimen inter se componant. * 26 Aprilis: [[Sebastianus Sawe]] Londinii primus homo [[Cursus Marathonius|cursum Marathonium]] minore tempore quam duabus horis perficit. * 3 Maii: Epidemia [[hantaviridae|hantavirus]] [[Andes|Andini]] ad [[quadragena]]m [[navis]] vectoriae ''Hondius'' ducit, tres mortui. * 16 Maii: Epidemia [[ebolavirus]] Bundibugyoensis in [[Res publica democratica Congensis|Re publica democratica Congolensi]] declaratur. Contra hunc typum neque cura neque vaccinatio nota est. * 23 Maii: Protestationes in [[Albania]], quae "Revolutio Phoenicopterorum" appellantur. * 25 Maii: ''[[Magnifica humanitas]]'', epistola encyclica [[Leo XIV|Leonis XIV]] prima, editur. * 12 Iunii: [[Elon Musk]] primus fit, qui {{num|1000000000000}} [[dollarium Civitatum Foederatarum|dollariorum Americanorum]] accumulaverit. * 22 Iunii: [[Keir Starmer]] se ab officio primi ministri [[Britanniarum regnum|Britanniarum regni]] abdicaturum nuntiat. * 24 Iunii: [[Terrae motus]] maior magnitudinis 7.5 in Venetiola complura milia hominum necat multaque aedificia concidit. * 1 Iulii: [[Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Pii X]] [[Esquinia]]e quattuor [[episcopus|episcopos]] novos sine mandato [[papa]]li consecrat. [[Leo XIV]] papa totam societatem [[excommunicatio|excommunicat]]. * 3 Iulii: [[Keiko Fujimori]] prima muliebris praeses civitatis [[Peruvia|Peruviae]] eligitur. * 19 Iulii: [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Hispanica]] vincit [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (2026)|certamen mundanum pediludii]]. [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Argentina|Argentina]] secunda et [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Anglica|Anglia]] tertia sunt. * 20 Iulii: [[Carolus III (rex Britanniarum)|Carolus III]] rex [[Andreas Burnham|Andream Burnham]] primum ministrum [[Britanniarum regnum|Britanniarum regni]] constituit. * 26 Iulii: [[Thaddaeus Pogačar]], birotarius [[Slovenia|Slovenicus]], quintum [[Circuitus Franciae|Circuitum Franciae]] vincit. * 28 Iulii: [[Terrae motus Kumamoto anni 2026|Terrae motus Kumamoto]] accidit. * 30 Iulii: Octoginta milia [[migratio|migrantium]] [[Septa]]m e [[Marocum|Maroco]] intrant, 111 moriuntur, plerique remittuntur. * 2 Augusti: [[Ignis silvestris]] partem [[Spocanum|Spocani]] comburit. * 7 Augusti: In [[Mecca]]e, [[Arabia Saudiana]], [[Pakistania]] et [[Turcia]] pactum defensionis subscribunt. == Nati == {{Nati desiderati}} == Mortui == * [[8 Ianuarii]]: [[Ludovicus E. Brus]], chimicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1943]]. * [[10 Ianuarii]]: [[Ericus de Däniken]], scriptor [[Helvetia|Helveticus]]; natus est anno [[1935]]. * [[13 Ianuarii]]: [[Georgius Basiliu]], politicus [[Cyprus|Cypri]]; natus est anno [[1931]]. * [[16 Ianuarii]]: [[Ludovica Diogo]], politica [[Mozambicum|Mozambicana]]; nata est anno [[1958]]. * [[24 Ianuarii]] ** [[David Abulafia]], historicus [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1949]]. ** [[Gulielmus Foege]], [[medicus]] et [[epidemiologia|epidemiologus]] [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1936]]. * [[25 Ianuarii]]: [[Yi Haechan]], politicus [[Res publica Coreana|Rei publicae Coreanae]]; natus est anno [[1952]]. * [[26 Ianuarii]]: [[Sia Figiel]], poeta, scriptrix, et pictrix [[Samoa]]na; nata est anno [[1967]]. * [[1 Februarii]]: [[Rita Süssmuth]], politica [[Germania|Germanica]]; nata est anno [[1937]]. * [[11 Februarii]]: [[Iacobus van der Beek]], actor [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1977]]. * [[15 Februarii]]: [[Robertus Duvall]], actor et moderator cinematographicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1931]]. * [[19 Februarii]]: [[Polycarpus Pengo]], archiepiscopus [[Tanzania|Tanzanicus]]; natus est anno [[1944]]. * [[28 Februarii]]: [[Ali Khamenei]], magnus dux [[Irania]]e, ab [[Israel]]e occiditur; natus est anno [[1939]]. * [[1 Martii]]: [[David Oddi filius]], politicus [[Islandia|Islandicus]]; natus est anno [[1948]]. * [[5 Martii]]: [[Antonius Lobo Antunes]], scriptor et psychologus [[Portugallia|Lusitanus]]; natus est anno [[1942]]. * [[8 Martii]]: [[Antonius Iacobus Leggett]], physicus [[Regnum Britanniarum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1936]]. * [[12 Martii]]: [[Ioachimus Wanke]], episcopus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1941]]. * [[14 Martii]]: **[[Georgius Habermas]], philosophus continentalis et sociologus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1929]]. **[[Christophorus A. Sims]], oeconomiae peritus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1942]]. * [[17 Martii]]: [[Ilia II]], patriarcha Ecclesiae Orthodoxae Georgianae [[Russia|Russicus]]; natus est anno [[1933]]. * [[19 Martii]]: ** [[Humbertus Bossi]], politicus [[Italia|Italianus]]; natus est anno 1941. ** [[Carolus Norris]], artifex martialis [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1940]]. * [[22 Martii]]: [[Leonillus Jospin]], politicus [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1937]]. * [[6 Aprilis]]: [[Christianus Schwarz-Schilling]], politicus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1930]]. * [[7 Aprilis]]: [[Iacobus Whittaker]], alpinista [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1929]]. * [[8 Aprilis]]: [[Carolus Delhez]], presbyter et sociologicus [[Belgica|Belgicus]]; natus est anno [[1951]]. * [[9 Aprilis]]: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Björgvin Halldórsson||en|qid=Q879495}}, musicus [[Islandia|Islandicus]]; natus est anno [[1951]]. * [[19 Aprilis]]: [[Desmond Morris|Desmondus Morris]], zoologus ethologusque Anglicus; natus est anno [[1928]]. * [[24 Aprilis]]: [[Sophia Zdybicka]], philosopha et monacha [[Polonia|Polonica]]; nata est anno [[1928]]. * [[6 Maii]]: [[Theodorus Turner]], vir negotii et philanthropus Americanus; natus est anno 1938. * [[25 Maii]]: [[Sonny Rollins]], saxophonista iazensis Americanus; natus est anno 1930. * [[29 Maii]]: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Bryan Bergougnoux||en|qid=Q936402}}, lusor harpastum Gallicus; nata est anno [[1983]]. * [[6 Iunii]]: [[Osorius Citora Afonso]], episcopus necatus [[Mozambicum|Mozambicanus]]; natus est anno [[1972]]. * [[14 Iunii]]: [[Oliverius Tree]], cantor histrioque [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1993]]. * [[16 Iunii]]: [[Camillus Ruini]], cardinalis [[Italia|Italicus]]; natus est anno [[1931]]. * [[21 Iunii]]: [[Franciscus Guterres]], politicus [[Timora Orientalis|Timoracus]]; natus est anno [[1954]]. * [[22 Iunii]]: [[Alanus Greenspan]], pristinus praeses [[Systema aerarium foederale|systematis aerarii foederalis Americae]]; natus est anno [[1926]]. * [[8 Iulii]]: [[Anna Widdecombe]], politica Britannica; nata est anno [[1947]]. * [[11 Iulii]]: [[Lindsey Graham]], politicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1955]]. * [[14 Iulii]]: [[Ioannes Michael Maitzen]], astronomus [[Austria]]cus; natus est anno [[1943]]. * [[29 Iulii]]: [[Harrius Mitchell]], politicus Americanus; natus est anno [[1940]]. * [[31 Iulii]]: [[Francus Baresi]] pedilusor Italicus; natus est anno [[1960]]. * [[2 Augusti]]: [[Kay Granger]], politica Americana; nata est anno 1943. * [[3 Augusti]]: [[Iulius Duarte Langa]], cardinalis [[Mozambicum|Mozambicanus]]; natus est anno [[1927]]. * [[6 Augusti]]: [[Franciscus Guccini]], cantor Italicus; natus est anno 1940. c7629rylr6ytosi5md0p6xrmpqw5b5x 0 4025 3979952 3978094 2026-08-09T22:07:10Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa civitatis Vicidata}} [[Imperium Romanum|Imperio Romano]] anno [[395]] in partes duas diviso, '''Imperium Romanum Orientale''' (Graece: {{polytonic|Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων}}) sive publice simpliciter ut '''Imperium Romanum''' vel etiam ab [[rerum gestarum scriptor|historicis]] recentioribus '''Imperium Byzantinum''' nuncupatum<ref>Historicus Theodiscus [[Hieronymus Wolfius]] primus fuit qui Imperium Romanum Orientale "Byzantinum" vocavit ut "pars pro toto" (συνεκδοχή). Hanc appellationem numquam ispi [[scriptor]]es Imperii Romani Orientalis usi sunt, sed saepe scriptores nostri temporis. Vide infra descriptionem de variis imperii appellationibus.</ref> principio fuit pars orientalis eius. Postquam [[Imperium Romanum Occidentale|imperium occidentale]] eversum est plus quam decem exinde saecula valebat donec anno [[1453]] urbs capitalis eius, [[Constantinopolis]], ab [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Ottomanis]] [[Expugnatio Constantinopolis|expugnatur]]. Quamquam principio provincias orientales antiqui Romani imperii, i.e. imprimis [[Aegyptus|Aegyptum]], [[Asia Minor|Asiam Minorem]], [[Haemimontus|Haemimontum]] paeninsulam, [[Arabia]]m et oras [[Africa|Africae]] administrandas accepit, [[saeculum 7|saeculo septimo]] autem Arabis invadentibus magnas orientis partes cessit et in [[Asia Minor|Asiam Minorem]] et [[Europa Meridionalis|Europam meridionalem]] deminutum est. [[Georgius Ostrogorsky]] cum imperii radices variis ex fontibus sumptas atque fusas describeret Byzantinum imperium tribus ex elementis, id est administrationem Romanam, Graecam [[Hellenismus|linguam moresque]] et [[religio Christiana|Christianam religionem]], constetisse distinxit. Historia imperii Romani orientalis rite tres in aetates dividitur: * ''aetas posterioris antiquitatis'' ([[saeculum 4|quartum]] saeculum usque ad [[saeculum 7|septimum saeculum]]) * ''aetas medio-Byzantina'' (septimum saeculum usque ad annum [[1204]]/[[1261]]) * ''aetas Byzantina posterior'' ([[1204]]/[[1261]] usque ad [[1453]]) [[Historia]] imperii plena est propulsationum variarum hostium, quare vires [[res militares|militares]] et [[oeconomica|oeconomicae]] graviter affectae et fatigatae sunt. Tempora recessus calamitatumque cum temporibus incrementi et victoriae alternaverunt. Etsi initio [[saeculum 8|saeculi octavi]] assidue interne de quaestionibus [[religio]]sis litigatum est atque complura [[bellum civile|bella civilia]] exarserunt, tamen fundamentum administrationis imperialis a Romanis olim institutum usque ad [[saeculum 13|saeculum tredecimum]] integre perservatum est. Eminent praeterea artificia sollertiaque [[ars Byzantina|artis Byzantinae]]. Constantinopoli etiam multi [[liber|libri]] [[antiquitas|antiquitatis]] post ruinam imperii Romani servati sunt. Inde etiam conversio totius [[Europa orientalis|Europae orientalis]] ad [[Christianitas|religionem Christianam]] propagata est. == De variis imperii appellationibus == Nomen '''''Imperium Byzantinum''''' ([[Neograece]] {{polytonic|Βυζαντινὴ Αὐτοκρατορία}}) a nomine [[caput (urbs)|urbis capitalis]] deductum aetateque recentiore inventum apud scriptores veterum temporum in usu non erat. Byzantini usque ad [[saeculum 14|saeculum quattuordecimum]] ''Romani'' ({{polytonic|Ῥωμαῖοι}}, ''Rhōmaîoi,'' pronuntiatio medio-Graeca: ''Romaei'', hodie ''Rhomaioi'' discernendi causa transcriptum) appellari soliti sunt neque vetere nomine ''Hellenes'' usi sunt eo consilio, ne cum Graecis antiquis nondum Christianizatis in unum confunderentur. Ineunte [[Renascentia litterarum|Renascentia]] [[saeculum 14|saeculo quarto decimo]] ad nomen antiquum reverterunt. In Europa occidentali medio aevo simpliciter Graeci nominati sunt. Nomen publicum semper fuit '''''Imperium Romanorum''''' ([[Graece]] {{polytonic|Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων}}) sive (abbreviatum) '''''Romania''''' ({{polytonic|Ῥωμανία}}) vel etiam '''Imperium Romanum''' ({{polytonic|Ῥωμαικὴ Αὐτοκρατορία}}, ''Rhōmaikḗ Autokratoría''). Urbs Roma ipsa eiusque imperium παλαιὰ Ῥώμη (''Roma vetus'') nuncupata est. Se non sucessores imperii Romani esse putaverunt, sed ''ipsi'' Romani fuerunt. Praeterea nomina ''[[Imperium Romanum Orientale]]'' (Neograece: {{polytonic|Ἀνατολική Ῥωμαϊκή Αὐτοκρατορία}}) vel ''[[Imperium Romanum Occidentale|Occidentale]]'' nesciverunt, cum crederent Romanum imperium indivisibile esse. Id quidem iuste dici potest, ut imperium orientale [[Migrationes Europaeae populorum et gentium|migrationibus]] saeculi quinti inviolatum perfunctum esset. Verum per saecula in imperio orientali iam diu cultura atque lingua Graeca praevalebant. [[Lingua Graeca antiqua]] et post mutationem linguae circa annum 600 [[Lingua Graeca Demotica|Lingua Graeca Mediaevalis]], quae linguae Graecae hodiernae quasi par fuit, restituit [[Lingua Latina|linguam Latinam]] in compluribus rationibus. Proficiscens a radicibus Romanis imperium primum coetus fuit culturae [[Hellenismus|Hellenisticae]], administrationis Romanae et religionis Christianae. Mores antiqui inter calamitates septimi saeculi demum amissi sunt. Quoniam imperium se ipsum unicum ac solum heredem imperii Romani antiqui putavit, se rectorem omnium civitatum [[Medium Aevum|medii aevi]] esse vindicavit. Etsi Byzantini postulationes istas nullo pacto efficere potuerunt in ista sententia tamen usque ad imperii finem permanebant. == Historia == === Antiquitas posterior: Imperium Romanum Orientale === {{Vide etiam|Antiquitas Posterior}} [[Fasciculus:Constantin I.JPG|thumb|Imperator Constantinus I Magnus.]] Radices imperii in [[Antiquitas Posterior|antiquitate posteriore]] ([[284]] usque [[641]]) locandae sunt. Imperium Byzantinum numquam proprie conditum est, sed revera pars orientalis imperii Romani usque 1453 exstans fuit et ea de causa ''[[Imperium Romanum]]'' ipsum fuit. Quaestioni de principio historiae propriae Byzantinae simpliciter responderi non potest, quod varias definitiones adhibere liceat. In usum recepta est opinio imperii Byzantini initium positum esse ab imperatore [[Constantinus I|Constantino Magno]], qui primus [[Religio Christiana|Christianismo]] faveret. Sed imprimis urbem [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolem]] condidit: Inter annos [[325]] et [[330]] [[municipium]] antiquum nomine [[Byzantium]] amplissime extendi atque ornari curavit nomineque suo glorificavit. Vetus nomen ''Byzantium'' etiam provixit atque [[Novum Aevum|novo aevo]] per totius imperii descriptionem adhibitum est. Iam prius imperatores saepe sedem suam in urbibus, quae imperii finibus propiores quam Roma sitae erant, collocaverant ad limites melius defendendos. Romae post dominationem [[Maxentius|Maxentii]] iam nulli imperatores sedes habebant. Constantinopoli alter [[senatus]] institutus est, qui sub dominatione [[Constantius II|Constantii II]] [[Senatus Romanus|Romano senatui]] par factus est. Gradatim Constantinopolis munus capitis provinciarum orientalium assumpsit. Exeunte [[saeculum 4|saeculo quarto]] etiam nomen ''Nova Roma'' in consuetudinem venit, etiamsi Roma ''caput mundi'' remanebat. [[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] imperatore Constantinopolis constans sedes imperatorum orientalium facta est. Post Constantini mortem anno [[337]] plerumque complures ''[[Augustus (titulus)|Augusti]]'' imperium inter se dividebant, quorum alius aliae parti imperii praefuit. In provinciis orientalibus Constantius II ([[337]]–[[361]]) et post eius mortem [[Valens]] ([[364]]–[[378]]) et Theodosius I ([[379]]–[[395]]) dominium tenuerunt. Post mortem Theodosii, cui anno [[394]]/[[395]] ultimo contigit vetus imperium Romanum coniungere, imperium anno [[395]] iterum in partem occidentalem ([[Flavius Honorius|Honorius]]) et orientalem ([[Arcadius]]) divisum est. Nunc quidem divisio perdurabat: Ea de causa Arcadius a quibusdam primus imperator orientalis dicitur. Tamen leges auctoritate utriusque imperatoris (sc. occidentalis atque orientalis) dari atque [[consul]]es alterius partis agnosci solebant. [[Fasciculus:Theodosius I's empire.png|thumb|left|Divisio imperii anno [[395]].]] Exeunte [[saeculum 3|saeculo tertio]] [[Migrationes Europaeae populorum et gentium|migrationes]] variarum gentium barbarorum coeperunt. Primo imperium orientale severe a barbaris, e.g. a [[Gothi]]s, pressum est. [[Proelium Hadrianopolitanum|Proelio Hadrianopolitano]] anno [[378]] cladem gravem accepit, posthac [[Gothi]] ab imperatore Theodosio foederati nominati sunt. Ineunte [[saeculum 5|saeculo quinto]] [[Hunni]] ac [[Germani]] animum in imperium occidentale, quae fuit pars infirmior, verterunt. Quamquam imperio orientali non numquam incursiones [[Regnum Sassanidarum|Sassanidarum]] repulsandae erant, tamen inter annos [[387]] et [[502]] plerumque pacem agebat. Anno [[410]] Roma a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] capta est, quare mundus Romanus valde perturbatus est. Pars orientalis imperii autem praeter provincias [[Balcania|Balcanicas]], quae gravissime vastatae sint, incolumis manebat. Nonnumquam altera imperii pars alteri auxiliari conabatur. Expeditio navalis anno [[467]]/[[468]] contra [[Regnum Vandalorum|Vandalos]], etsi frustra suscepta est, cum quasi omnino ab imperio orientali sustentata esset tamen benevolentiam unius partis erga alteram demonstravit. Imperium autem orientale, cum vix vires ad integritatem suam retinendam intendere potuit, interitum partis occidentalis avertere non potuit. Exeunte [[saeculum 5|saeculo quinto]] pars quoque orientalis in pericula delapsa est. Eo tempore magna pars copiarum originis [[barbarus|barbarae]] fuit (notissimus eorum est quidam ''[[magister militum]]'' nomine [[Aspar]]), quibus Romani magis magisque ingrati facti sunt. Multi enim veriti sunt, ne imperio orientali idem fatum immineret quod parti occidentali. [[Leo I (imperator)|Leone I]] imperante ([[457]]–[[474]]) aequilibrium inter [[Gothi|Gothos]] et [[Isaurus|Isauros]], incolas provinciae eiusdem nominis in [[Asia Minor|Asia Minore]] sitae, fieri conatum est. Leo etiam novum obsequium palatinum instituit nomine ''[[Excubitores]]'', in quorum numero multi Isauri erant, eo consilio, ut cuipio imperatori fideliter servituri essent. Atque adeo Asparo anno [[471]] necato Isaurus ipse nomine [[Zeno (imperator)|Zeno]] ad regnum pervenit. Itaque inter annos [[470]] et [[500]] imperatores exercitus gradatim in potestatem suam redegerunt, cum imperatori [[Anastasius I (imperator)|Anastasio I]] contingeret auctoritatem Isaurorum quoque diminuere. Haud absurdum est opinari id minime controversiam barbarorum et Romanorum, sed solum certamen potestatis inter auctoritatem imperatoris et duces exercitus fuisse. Quoniam imperatores denique praevaluerunt, auctoritas eorum firmata est. Eodem fere tempore imperii occidentalis finis advenit. [[Romulus Augustulus]], impotens infans, ultimus imperator occidentalis coronatus, anno [[476]] a quodam magistro militum nomine [[Odoacer]] dimissus et abrogatus est. Ultimus quidem imperator ab imperio orientali agnitus [[Iulius Nepos]] fuit, qui anno [[480]] in [[Dalmatia]] mortuus est. Imperator orientalis nunc ''de iure'' solus dominus totius imperii factus est, etsi provinciae occidentales de facto amissae sunt. Plurima regna barbarorum tamen imperatorem Constantinopolitanum summum principem veteris orbis Romani esse agnoverunt. Imperator Anastasius I opes imperii auxit aerariumque divitiis implevit. [[Fasciculus:Justinian mosaik ravenna.jpg|thumb|left|Opus tesselatum Ravennae supra aram ecclesiae Sancti Vitalis impositum. Monstrantur imperatoris Iustiniani atque ministrorum eius effigies.]] Saeculo sexto imperator [[Iustinianus I]] ([[527]]–[[565]]) magistros suos militum nomine [[Belisarius]] et [[Narses]] provincias imperii occidentalis recapere iussit. [[Italia]], litora [[Africa]]e et [[Baetica]]e imperio iterum adiuncta sunt, quare ''[[Imperium Romanum]]'' ad breve tempus paene restitutum est. Bellis contra Gothos Vandalosque gerendis et propulsatione [[Regnum Sassanidarum|regni Sassanidarum]], demum [[Inguinalis plaga|Inguinali plaga]] saeviente, quae plurimas partes imperii severiter contrivisset, vires imperii graviter deminutae sunt. Tamen Iustiniano regnante, qui ultimus imperator lingua Latina usus est, basilica [[Hagia Sophia]] erecta est, ecclesia maxima [[Medium Aevum|Medii Aevi]] et ultimum monumentum [[Antiquitas|Antiquitatis]]. Praeterea anno [[534]] ius antiquum Romanum recollatum et in quibusdam codicibus ''[[Corpus iuris civilis]]'' nominatis edictum est. Quamquam persaepe ad concordiam cohortebatur in rationibus religiosis unitatem ecclesiarum non confecit. Litigium assiduum inter [[Monophysitismus|Monophysitismi]] et ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae diversas doctrinas, praeterea aerarium propter bella diuturna quasi vacuatum illis, qui ei successerunt, in imperio regendo magno impedimento fuerunt. Iustinianus saepe ultimus imperator vere Romanus iudicatus est. Post eum imperatores usum linguae Latinae etiam in administratione imperii magis magisque deminuebant. Imperator [[Mauricius (imperator)|Mauricius]], qui [[Ravenna]]e et [[Karthago|Carthagine]] Exarchatus instituit, demum separationem administrationis civilis et militaris a Romanis antiquitate posteriore decretam abolevit, quamquam in reliquo imperio aliquamdiu sustentabatur. [[Fasciculus:Justinian Byzanz.png|thumb|Iustiniani I restauratio imperii]] A secunda saeculi sexti parte imperium ruinae fortunarum et invasionis barbarorum causa iterum severiter adfligebatur. [[Iustinus II]], qui imperatori Iustiniano successit, [[Langobardi|Langobardos]] occupatione maioris partis Italiae prohibere non potuit. Anno [[572]] contra [[Regnum Sassanidarum|Persas]] bellum coepit. Quidam scriptores eius temporis eum imprimis cupiditate gloriae divitiarumque commotum esse dicunt. Forsitan autem ut patronus Christianorum aliter facere non potuit, quin seditionem [[Armeni|Armenorum]] adiuvaret, qui auxilium petiverant. Ob clades copiarum suarum insanus factus est. Simul [[Slavi]] ex fere anno 580 ad paeninsulam [[Balcania|Balcanicam]] pervenerunt eamque usque ad septimum saeculum [[Colonizatio Slavica Balcaniae|frequentabant]]. Nex [[Mauricius (imperator)|Mauricii]], cui anno [[591]] pacem commodam cum Persis componere contigit, imperio magno damno fuit. Ex anno [[603]] [[Rex regum|rex regum]] [[Chosroes II]] omnium fere potiri provinciarum orientalium coepit. Anno [[620]] etiam [[Aegyptus (provincia Romana)|Aegyptum]] [[Syria]]mque, quaestuosas omnium Romanarum provincias, in arbitrium suum redegit. Sex annis post exercitus Persicus Constantinopolim ipsam oppugnavit. Cum [[Avari]] una cum subiectis gentibus Slavicis urbem e partibus Europaeis aggrederentur, nullam iam spem imperio remanere visum est, quoniam insuper [[Heraclius]] [[Carthago|Carthaginis]] exarchus cum [[Phocas I|Phoca]] usurpatore, qui post mortem Mauricii rebus moderabatur, in certamen dominationis venit. Ille anno [[610]] tyrannum depulit atque audaciter pugnans Persas provincias nuper captas deserere coegit. Immo ipse anno [[622]] in [[Mesopotamia]]m inrupit ibique anno [[627]] in supremo [[Proelium apud Niniven|proelio apud Niniven]] devicit. Itaque Persae omnes provincias ex anno [[603]] captas reddere properaverunt; paulo post Persia ipsa bellis civilibus vexata statum perturbatum iniit. Hostibus summo labore superatis vires imperii exhaustae sunt. Nobilitas senatoria, antea quasi fundamentum imperii, quae a Phoca tyranno iam severe diminuta sit, dissoluta est. Etiam Balcanica paeninsula diu e dicione imperiali delapsa est. Tamen Heraclius victoriam adeptam luxuriose celebrari iussit. Tamen tempus recreandi imperii brevius fuit: Cum paulo post [[Arabes]] nuper [[Islam|islamizati]] impetum rapidum fecerunt, propter fatigationem vires ad provincias defendendas Romanos defecerunt. Proelio anno [[636]] apud [[Hieromyces|Hieromycem]] amnem facto Heraclius coactus est provincias nuper recuperatas hostibus concedere. Exercitus [[Calipha]]e [[Omar]]i omnes provincias orientales praeter Asiam Minorem occupaverunt, anno [[698]] Carthagine capta etiam ''exarchatus'' homonymus perditus est. Heraclius linguam Graecam, quae omni ratione iam diu in imperio orientali praevalebat, solum sermonem publicum constituit. Hac mutatione, ut quidam ducunt, initium novi imperii factum est, quod in historiographia moderna ''Byzantinum'' appellatur. Cum titulum ''imperator'' abiceret seque ''[[Basileus]]'' appellari iuberet, saepe ultimus imperator Romanus orientalis simulatque primus imperator Byzantinus putatur. Consensus est inter historicos saeculum septimum discrimen magni momenti fuisse. Utrum tria saecula sequentia inter historiam Romanam an Byzantinam numeranda sint, disputatur. === Aetas Byzantina media === ==== Saeculum VII: Transitio ==== [[Fasciculus:Map of expansion of Caliphate.svg|thumb|Arabes maiorem partem Orientis expugnaverunt]] Anno [[636]] imperium Byzantinum in extremo situm est. Aliter ac [[Regnum Sassanidarum|regnum Sassanidarum]] anno [[651]] vi [[Arabes|Arabum]] submissum ommnibus copiis post [[Taurus|Taurum]] montem retractis Arabes saltem [[Asia Minor|Asia Minore]] prohibere potuit, etsi [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]] [[paeninsula]]m quotannis vastabant. [[Saeculum 7|Saeculo septimo]], classis imperialis, quae antequam sola dominium [[Mare Mediterraneum|Maris Mediterranei]] tenebat, ante litus urbis Lyceae [[Phoenix (Turcia)|Phoenicis]] victa est. Cum Asia Minor vix retineretur, [[Slavi]] atque [[Bulgari]] maximam [[Balcania]]e partem populabant ac frequentabant. Itaque Romanis nihil fuit reliqui praeter [[Asia Minor|Asiam Minorem]], insulas Graecas, atque ipsam urbem regiam. Dum autem imperium regiones amittit, simul aequabilitate crevit. Sedes culturae classicae olim [[Polis|''póleis'']] erant, nunc autem urbes aut desertae aut graviter minutae sunt (oppida munificata ''[[Castrum|castra]]'' nuncupata sunt). Cum provinciae orientales ex quinto fere saeculo Christum more [[Monophysitismus|monophysitico]], qui [[Concilium Chalcedonense|concilio Chalcedonense]] anno [[451]] habito ab [[Ecclesia antiqua|ecclesia]] haereticus existimatus est, coluerint, fortasse explicari potest, cur Arabes tam libenter dominos acceperint. Etiamsi magnam partem provinciarum vectigaliumque amisisset, reliquum corpus imperii tamen paratius ad defendendum fuit. [[Fasciculus:Droysen - Oströmisches Reich.jpg|thumb|left|Imperium Byzantinum inter saecula VI et IX.]] Condicionibus temporibusque profunde mutatis institutiones antiquae mutandae fuerunt. Mirum est, ut imperium eo tempore impetum hostium sustinere posset. Praeter discordiam ducum Arabicorum, cum constanter de praeda in pristinis provinciis Romanis ac Persicis capta certarent, et naturam [[Mons Taurus|Tauri montis]] Asiam Minorem quasi munitionem circumvallantis, res magni momenti fuit institutio quarundam dioecesium nomine ''[[Thema]]ta''. Verisimiliter post mortem Heraclii creatae sunt deminutioni vel ruinae urbium occurrendi causa. Constat eo tempore culturam classicam in imperio extinctam esse. Coepit historia mediaevalis imperii Byzantini. [[Saeculum 7|Saeculo septimo]] et [[Saeculum 8|octavo]] hostes imperium assiduis impetibus vexabant. [[Constans II]] sedem suam inter annos [[661]] et [[668]] [[Syracusae|Syracusas]] movit, fortasse defensionem navalem contra Arabes instruendi causa, tamen successores eius in orientem reverterunt. Anno [[681]] imperator [[Constantinus IV]] coactus est regnum Bulgarorum nuper conditum agnoscere. Anno [[678]] Arabibus primum urbem capitalem oppugnantibus Byzantini solum mirabili adhibendo apparatu nomine [[Ignis Graecus|ignis Graecus]], materiam etiam in superficie maris ardentem dissipante, victoriam adepti sunt. ==== Saecula VIII et IX: defensio et [[iconoclasmus]] ==== [[Fasciculus:Byzantine Empire Themata-650.png|thumb|Themata circa annum 650]] Imperator [[Iustinianus II]], ultimus dynastiae Heraclii, primus fines imperii denuo propagare coepit. Slavos e Balcania in Asiam Minorem transferri curavit eo consilio, ut regionibus ad fines Arabum spectantes praesidio essent. Item pars incolarum Asiae Minoris in confinia [[Balcania|Balcanica]] deportata est. Iustinianus autem anno 695 per coniurationem depositus mutilatus et in exilium missus est, ubi virginem nobilem e gente [[Chasari|Chasarorum]] in matrimonium duxit. Bulgaris adiuvantibus iterum ad regnum pervenit, deinde anno 711 necatus est. Urbi infestissimam obsidionem Arabes anno 711 susceperunt; solum sollertia imperatoris [[Leo III Isaurianus|Leonis III Isauriani]], propter fortitudinem classis Romanae, quod iterum efficaci modo igni Graeco usa est, et hiemiem acrem Arabibus gravissimas iacturas infligentem urbs obsessionem perferre potuit. Anno 740 demum Arabes primo in terra Romana proelio apud Acroinum facto victi sunt, quamobrem stabilitas reliqui imperii restituta est. In faucibus Haemimontanis tamen Romanis assidue cum Slavis post interitum regni Avarorum e servitute liberatis pugnandum fuit. Cum omnem Balcaniam paeninsulam recuperare nullo pacto possent tamen partes Graeciae imperio reddiderunt. Verum nunc regnum Bulgarorum nuper conditum longius latiusque se pandit. [[Fasciculus:Solidus-Leo III and Constantine V-sb1504.jpg|thumb|[[Solidus]] effigiem [[Leo III Isaurianus|Leonis III Isauriari]] filiique [[Constantinus V|Constantini V]] monstrans.]] Imperatorem [[Leo III Isaurianus|Leonem III Isaurianum]] anno 726 quae dicitur [[Iconoclastia]]m supra centum annos durantem variaque bella civilia excitantem suscitavisse communiter opinatur. Quoniam post victoriam Iconodulorum opera data est ut scripturae Iconoclastorum extinguerentur nobis solum historiae fide minime dignae remanent. Eruptione cuiusdam montis igniferi commotus Leo anno 726 iconem Christi supra portam Chalce nuncupatam fixam removendam curavisse fertur. Quamquam id hodie maxime est in dubio constat Leonem successoresque eius inimicos iconum fuisse. Apparet autem eorum victoriae defensio suffecisse ad icones abolendas et per meras cruces restituendas. Cum prius suspicatum sit religionem Islamicam magni momenti ad Iconoclasmum fuisse tamen constat imperatores iconoclasticos Christum tamen omni veneratione coluisse. Leo Arabes Asiam Minorem aggredientes vehementer impugnavit. Postquam filius eius [[Constantinus V]] anno 741 regnum e manibus recepit primum insurrectionem affinis sui nomine [[Artabasdus]] sedare coactus est. Complures libros venerationem iconum recusantes scripsit. Quamquam in [[Concilium Hiereiense|concilio apud Hiereiam]] anno 754 decretum est venerationem iconum interdicendam esse imperator tamen vastationem bonorum ecclesiae vetuit. Etsi auctores posteriores eum tyrannum crudelem descripserint fontes imperatore vivo scriptos magnam eius gratiam apud populum indicant. Filius quoque eius [[Leo IV (imperator)|Leo IV]] eas doctrinas retinuit, sed varias insurrectiones sedare coactus anno 780 necatus est. In illius infantilis filii [[Constantinus VI|Constantini VI]] locum mater nomine [[Irene Atheniensis|Irene]] imperium gubernabat. Cum mox patefactum esset se abdicare nolle imperatrix filium suum tam crudeliter mutilari iussit, ut paulo post obiret. Irene venerationem iconum reimposuit. Eventus magni momenti et magno detrimento imperii fuit coronatio [[Carolus Magnus|Caroli Magni]] anno 800, quare ius singulare imperatoris Byzantini in dubio positum est. Duobus annis post Irene cum secorditer{{dubsig}} regnaret eversa est. In partibus Balcanicis Bulgari impuniti oppida vastabant Graeciamque urgebant. Anno 811 immo Chanis Bulgarorum [[Crum (Bulgaria)|Crum]] exercitum Byzantinum ab imperatore [[Nicephorus I|Nicephoro I]] ductum insidiis annullatum est, ipse pugnans cecidit. Illius successsore [[Leo V|Leone V]] regente demum pactum pacis inter eos factum est. Sub regimine eius ex anno 815 Iconoclastia iterum revaluit. Quamquam saeculo nono decemque dynastia Amoriana nuncupata regente imperio initio variae provinciae amissae sunt ([[Creta]] et [[Sicilia]] gradatim ab Arabibus occupatae sunt) tamen auctoritas imperatorum aucta est. [[Michael III]] (842–867) Iconoclastiae finem posuit Bulgarisque suasit, ut ritum Orthodoxum acciperent, quomodo etiam culturam Byzantinam susceperunt. Quamquam complures impetus navales in [[Aegyptus|Aegyptum]] et [[Creta|Cretam]] coepti male evenerunt, imperium omnino oppressiones hostium non modo arcuit sed etiam vires ad priscam maiestatem restituendam intendere potuit. ==== Dynastia Macedonica: Restitutio ==== [[Fasciculus:Byzantine Empire Themata-950-la.svg|thumb|Themata anno 950]] Cum Michael anno [[866]] [[Basilius I Macedonius|Basilium I]] coimperatorem creavisset ille paulo post principem suum necari curavit. Quo confecto se ipsum imperatorem declaravit. Dum regnat cultura Byzantina rursus florebat.<ref>Vide ''[[Renascentia Macedonica]].''</ref> Visum est ut imperium magis magisque reconvaleret. [[Nicephorus II|Nicephoro II Phoca]] frena imperii moderante Creta insula e manibus Arabum recepta est. Tutela limitis orientalis mandatum est copiis nomine ''[[Acritae]]'', qui fines externos more veterum Limitaneorum custodiebant. [[Ioannes I Tzimisces]] imperii terminos usque ad [[Syria]]m propagavit eique brevi etiam [[Palaestina]]m adiunxit, dum Bulgari sub iugo deprimuntur. [[Fasciculus:Map Byzantine Empire 1025-it.svg|thumb|left|Imperium anno 1025.]] Imperatoribus Macedonicis regentibus imperium saeculo decimo undecimoque ad summam gloriam pervenit. [[Basilius II Bulgaroctonus|Basilio II]] sororem suam principi [[Vladimirus I Magnus|Vladimiro I]] viccingios Kiovie moderanti nuptum collocato ritus orthodoxus in [[Ucraina]], [[Ruthenia Alba]] et [[Russia]] late disseminatus est. Dioceses Russiae [[Patriarcha Oecumenicus Constantinopolitanus|Patriarchae Constantinopolitano]] subiectae sunt. Basilius quidem multos annos prospere pugnans Bulgariam in potestatem imperii redegit atque anno 1018 provinciam propriam fecit. Tamen cum eo tempore nobilitas plurimorum latifundiorum potiretur constitutio [[Thema]]tum debilitata est, quare fines imperii iterum in periculum delapsi sunt. Commutati eversive enim sunt magna ex parte agricolae liberi munere militiae fungentes per milites mercennarios (quod in [[Proelium apud Manzicertum|proelio apud Manzicertum]] magno detrimento fuit). Si solum propulsandae fuissent incursiones Arabum imperium mox reconvaluisset, sed eodem tempore [[Normanni]] Italiam invaserunt ultimamque arcem [[Bari]] anno 1071 expugnaverunt. Eo fere tempore etiam primum gens [[Selgiukidae|Selgiukidarum]] fines orientales attigit Asiamque Minorem, maximum subsidium exercituum Byzantinorum, vastavit. [[Romanus IV Diogenes|Romano IV Diogenes]] anno 1071 [[Proelium apud Manzicertum|proelio apud Manzicertum]] ab [[Alp Arslan]] Sultano Turcorum victo propter discordiam regiam concupiscentium Asia Minor magna ex parte in manes Turcorum incidit, quoniam imperator novus foedus post proelium inter Romanum et adversarium suum factum rupit, quare Selgiukidis casus belli paratus erat. ==== Aetas Dynastiae Comnenorum ==== [[Fasciculus:Alexius I.jpg|thumb|left|[[Alexius I Comnenus]]]] [[Fasciculus:Bizancio1081AD-la.svg|thumb|Imperium Byzantinum anno 1081]] Insequente saeculo, domus [[Alexius I Comnenus|Alexii I Comneni]] fortunae imperii moderabatur. Ille anno 1081 imperator factus sine mora restitutioni et corrobationi rerum militarium curavit structuram [[Feudum|feudalem]] instituens. Studio sollertiaque eius Pechinegi, alia gens Turcica, et Selgiukidae ubique contenti ac repressi sunt. Cupidus milites mercennarios contra Turcos conquirendi se invito [[Prima expeditio sacra|primam expeditionem sacram]] effecit cum pro opibus exoptis turbam inordinatam mandatisque suis minime parentem reciperet. Itaque Alexius postulavit omnes duces crucesignatorum sibi ius iurandum benevolentiae dare. Quamquam ad unum omnes iuraverunt condiciones foederis postea identidem violabant. Crucesignatis [[Terra Sancta|Terrae Sanctae]] appropinquantibus inter se diffidentia aucta est quia epistulam Caliphae [[Fatimidi|Fatimidico]] missam invenerunt, qua Alexius repudiationem suam erga inceptum peregrinatorum expressit. Ineunte saeculo XII [[Respublica Veneta]], olim ipsa Constantinopoli subiecta, statum imperii severe labefecit. Exceptiones in mercaturis faciendis Venetianis ob subsidia militaria concessas Manuel Italos (qui Graeci ''Latinos'' nuncupare solebant) comprehendo in urbe capitali irritari conatus est. Simili ratione etiam alii imperatores usi sunt. Anno 1185 magnus numerus ''Latinorum'' tumultu publico trucidatus est. Eodem anno Bulgari exsurrexerunt, ducibus [[Ioannes Asenus I (rex Bulgariae)|Aseno]] fratreque [[Theodorus Petrus|Theodoro]], ac Secundum Regnum Bulgaricum condiderunt. Verum filio Alexii [[Ioannes II Comnenus|Ioannes II]] regente (1118–1143) et post eum [[Manuel I Comnenus|Manueli I]] (1143–1180) auctoritatem imperii in Asia Minore firmari contigit. Manuel non modo incursiones Normannorum bis reppulit sed etiam petens partes Italiae Hungariaeque imperio adiungere animum in occidententem advertit; eo studio inimicitias [[Fridericus I (imperator)|Friderici I]] imperatoris occidentalis suscepit. Dum feliciter contra [[Selgiukidae|Selgiukidas]] pugnabat tamen anno 1176 in [[Proelium apud Myriocephalum|proelio apud Myriocephalum]] cladem exitiosam accipiens frustra de expulsione Turcorum ex Asia Minore contendit. [[Fasciculus:Byzantium circa 1170 + Seljuks la.svg|thumb|Imperium Byzantinum anno circiter 1170]] Selgiukidae quidem victores potestatem suam gradatim per gentes Turcicas adiacentes et demum per totam Asiam Minorem amplificaverunt. Interea ultimus imperator Comnenus [[Andronicus I Comnenus|Andronicus I]] brevi tempore (1183–1185) crudelissime regnans nobilitatem, ex aetate Alexii quasi spina imperii, irritavit atque alienavit, quare imperium grave damnum passum est: Cum nobiles causam imperii deseruissent exercitus quondam paratissimus capacissimusque paulo post collapsus est. Domo [[Angeli (domus)|Angelorum]] regente imperium propter infirmitatem socordiamque imperatorum multa discrimina passum est adeo, ut [[Alexius IV Angelus|Alexius IV]] crucesignatos de principatu suo contentum arcessivit. Cum pro auxilio lato solvere nullo pacto posset urbi capitali se invito perniciem paravit: a Venetianis sollicitati milites [[Quarta expeditio sacra|quartae expeditionis sacrae]] anno 1204 Constantinopolem vi expugnaverunt ac spoliaverunt, posthac [[Imperium Romaniae (Latinum)|Imperium Romaniae]] [[Francocratia|aliaque regna]] condiderunt. Quare fortuna imperii in altum cecidit. Illinc etiam inimicitiae inter Graecos et ''Latinos'' originem traxerunt. === Aetas Byzantina posterior === [[Fasciculus:Palaeologoi eagle.jpg|thumb|left|[[Aquila biceps]] domus Palaeologorum.]] Nova Roma anno 1204 a crucesignatis capta orta sunt tria regna successoria in territorio veteris imperii: Imperium Nicaeanum [[Theodorus I Lascares|Theodoro I Lascares]] imperatore, [[Epirus (despotatus)|Despotatus Epiri]] et [[Imperium Trapezuntinum]]. Theodoro successorique [[Ioannes III Ducas Batatzes]] contigit, ut civitatem et independentem et ad ingressibus Turcorum prohibendum paratiorem relinquerent. Tali potestate nitentes [[Lascaridi]] mox in Europam se extenderunt [[Thracia|Thraciam]]que ac [[Macedonia|Macedoniam]] in potestatem suam receperunt. Despotatus Epiroticus autem proelio anno 1230 cum Bulgaris commisso victus et debilitatus iacens competitor non iam fuit. Doctissimo [[Theodorus II Ducas Lascares|Theodoro II Ducas Lascares]] exiguo post tempore defuncto validissimus dux imperii nomine [[Michael VIII Palaeologus|Michael]] in locum infantis [[Ioannes IV Ducas Lascares|Ioannis IV Ducas Lascares]] procurationem regni accepit, quem nihilominus paulo post occaecavit dynastiam [[Palaeologi|Palaeologa]] instituens. Imperator [[Michael VIII Palaeologus|Michael VIII]] confoederatione e [[Epirus (despotatus)|Despotato Epirensi]], [[Regnum Utriusque Siciliae|Regno Siciliae]], [[Serbia]] atque [[Bulgaria]]) facta in [[Proelium apud Pelagoniam|proelio apud Pelagoniam]] in Macedonia sita anno 1259 superata demum aliquo casu [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolem]] anno 1261 recipere potuit. Quamquam magna pars veteris territorii imperatoribus ''de facto'' non iam subiecta fuit imperium de iure restitutum fuit. Etiam urbs ipsa nunc opulentia prisca caruit cum plurima aedificia inter annos ''Latinocratiae'' magna ex parte dilapsa et posthac non iam reparata essent. Profecto imperium Byzantinum tam exhaustum fuit ut abhinc multum valere inter ceteras civitates sivit. Michael VIII operam dedit, ne urbs capitalis iterum ex occidente incursaretur, cum praecipue [[Carolus I (rex Siciliae)|Carolus I]], successor [[Stirps Waiblingensium|Waiblingensium]] in Sicilia, fervore novam expeditionem sacram contra "hereticos Constantinopolitanos" suscipiendam e papa quaereret; Talia impeditu Michael [[Concilium Lugdunense Secundum|secundo concilio Lugdunense]] anno 1274 convocato unionem cum ecclesia occidentali iniit. Cum Carolus nihilominus invasionem imperii pararet legati Byzantini seditionem totam Siciliam labefactantem nomine [[Vesperi Siciliani]] machinati sunt, quibus Carolus eversus est. Imperatores Palaeologi vero defensionem limitum orientalium neglegebant, quomodo Sultanatis Turcicis concessum est Asiam Minorem usque ad mare Aegaeum penetrare. [[Fasciculus:Empire de Dušan.svg|thumb|Reliquum imperium anno fere 1350 inter regnum Serbiae et Ottomanos quasi contritum]] Cum in Asia Minore tempore procedente complura dominia (Turcice [[Beylik]]) orta essent, quorum notissima sunt [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Ottomani]] [[Bithynia|Bithyniam]] obsidentes, Palaeologi anno 1336 impetum in [[Thessalia|Thessaliam]] fecerunt atque anno 1337 [[Epirus (despotatus)|Epirum]] imperio readiunxerunt. Imperatore [[Ioannes V Palaeologus|Ioannes V]] regente [[Pestis]] totam Europam contristans inter annos 1347 et 1351 urbes agrosque depopulavit, quare imperium ad egestatem redactum est. Praeterea complura bella civilia, e.g. inter [[Andronicus II Palaeologus|Andronicum II]] et nepotem eius [[Andronicus III Palaeologus|Andronicum III]], exarserunt vires imperii ultro fatigantia. Eodem modo [[Ioannes V Palaeologus|Ioannes V]] et [[Ioannes VI Cantacuzenus|Ioannes VI]] diu inter sese certabant (vide [[Bellum civile Byzantinum (1341–1347)|Bellum civile Byzantinum]]); uterque regna adiacentia subsidio arcessivit. Ex ea re regnum Serbiae [[Stephanus Uroš IV Dušan|Stephano Dusan]] rege fructum cepit seque omni Balcaniae paeninsula inter annos 1331 et 1355 potiens. Stephanus quamquam se imperator omnium ''Romaeorum'' nuncupavit nullo modo [[Thessalonica|Thessalonicam]] capere potuit, nedum regiam urbem expugnare assecutus esset. Dum igitur civitates Christianae discordia certant Ottomani primum 1354 Europam invadentes inter annos 1360 [[Thracia|Thraciam]] maxima ex parte obsederunt. Rex Serbiae [[Vukasin Mrnjavcevic]] foedus cum [[Ivan Scisman]] rege Bulgariae infideles propulsatu iniit et [[Hadrianopolis|Hadrianopolem]], sedem Sultanum, aggrederetur, Slavi tametsi Turcos numero superantes in [[Proelium apud Hebrum|proelio apud Hebrum]] anno 1371 facto devicti sunt. Qua victoria Ottomani magnae partis paeninsulae Balcaniae dominationis potiti sunt. Anno 1373 rex Bulgarorum coactus est se potestati Turcorum subicere. Istud exemplum imperium Byzantinum nunc quasi ad urbem ipsam minutum et reliqua pars Serbiae nondum a Turcis capta secuti sunt. Imperatores ex eo tempore persaepe auxilium nationum occidentalium rogabant, immo se subiectionem ecclesiae orthodoxae sub dicione Papae pati obtulerunt (vide [[Concilium Basiliense]]), quod autem incolae Constantinopolis summa indignatione repudiaverunt. (Proverbium eo tempore fuit "Potius sub pileo Sultani quam sub tiara Papae vivere.") Cladibus in [[Ager Merulensis|Agro Merulensi]] anno 1389 et iterum in [[Proelium Nicopolitanum|proelio Nicopolitano]] anno 1396 acceptis condicio imperii desperata fuit. Solum adventu [[Tamerlanes|Tamerlanis]], qui Byzantinos amicos habuit, et clade Turcica contra Mongolos in [[Proelium Ancyrense|proelio Ancyrense]] anno 1402 interregnum Ottomanicum decem annorum generante interitus imperii prolatus est. Cum opes minores essent ad Turcos pugna ex Europa exigendos imperatores identidem frustra auxilium e partibus occidentalibus deprecabantur, dum multi Ottomanos post cladem Ancyrensem quasi victos putaverunt. Quo errore occasio Ottomanos devincendi simulac Byzantium e circumventione hostium liberandi omissa est. [[Fasciculus:Constantinople 1453.jpg|thumb|Obsidio Constantinopolis anno [[1453]].]] Sultanus [[Muradus II (sultanus Ottomanicus)|Muradus II]] impetus in occidentem renovavit. Constantinopoli anno 1422 frustra obsessa copias populatu in Moream misit, ultimam possessionem imperii in [[Peloponnesus|Peloponnesa]] paeninsula. Anno 1430 [[Ioannina|Ioanninam]] arcem expugnans Epiri ducatuum adeo partim ad res publicas Italianas pertinentium potitus est. Eodem anno urbem [[Thessalonica|Thessalonicam]] ex anno in tutelam [[Respublica Veneta|Respublicae Venetae]] traditam occupavit. His rebus confectis in Serbiam profectus est cum [[Georgius Brankovic]], princeps Serbiae et nominatim Ottomanis subiectus, filiam suam ei in matrimonium dare retractavisset. Anno [[1439]], Ottomani Serbiam usque ad [[Danubius|Danubium]] flumen penetraverunt [[Smederevum]] castellum evertentes, 1440 frustra [[Singidunum]] obsederunt. Cum cladem Ottomanis apud Singidunum acceptam infirmitati daret Papa post [[Concilium Basiliense|concilium Basiliense]] anno 1439 principatum inter utraque ecclesia adeptus Christianos ad novam expeditionem sacram parandam ursit. Quo incepto regna [[Hungaria (regnum)|Hungariae]], [[Polonia|Poloniae]], [[Serbia|Serbiae]] et [[Albania|Albaniae]], immo etiam [[Beylik]] Caramaniae in Asia Minore situm in foedere anti-Ottomanico coniuncta sunt. Clade severa anno 1444 in [[Proelium apud Varna|proelio apud Varna]] accepta denique spes Christianorum Byzantium e circumvallatione liberandi amittenda fuit. Denique obsidione duorum mensium sustenta die 29 Maii anno 1453 Constantinopolis, urbs imperialis, a [[Mahometus II (sultanus Ottomanicus)|Mahometo II]] vi expugnata ultimusque imperator [[Constantinus XI Palaeologus]] audacter dimicans interfectus est. Illa dies hodie quoque apud Graecos pro infausta habetur cum inceperit aetas servitutis. Multi annos 330 et 1453 terminos [[Medium Aevum|Medii Aevi]] putant. Byzantino imperio perdito simul [[Imperium Romanum|imperium Romanum]] finem habuit. == Posteritas == Veterrima communis opinio fuit imperium Romanum Orientale nihil nisi ''[[Despotia|Despotiam]]'' quasi orientalem fuisse (sic e.g. censuit [[Eduardus Gibbon]]). At indagatores recentiores aliter iudicant: imperio tamquam intercessori scientiarum et culturae [[Antiquitas|Antiquitatis]] magnam gratiam habendam esse consentiunt. Byzantium multa saecula quasi tegimen Europae fuisse ac gentes occidentales a furore [[Regnum Sassanidarum|Persarum]], tum [[Islam|Arabum]] et gentium Turcicarum protexisse constat. Eo magis tragicum est quod solum expugnationis per crucesignatos occidentales anno 1204 causa Turcis demum succubuit. {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} *[[Imperium Romanum]] *[[Imperatores Constantinopolitani]] *[[Imperium Trapezuntinum]] *[[Officia imperii Byzantini]] *[[Oriens Christianus]] *[[Provincia Spaniae]] *[[Exarchatus Ravennas]] *[[Exarchatus Africae]] *[[Tagma]] * ''[[Spaneas]]'' {{div col end}} == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references/></div> {{Historia Graeciae}} == Bibliographia == ===Fontes primarii=== *Choniates, Nicetas. [[1912]]. The Sack of Constantinople (1204). In ''Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History by D. C. Munro.'' Series 1, vol. 3:1. Philadelphiae: University of Pennsylvania Press. *Cinnamus, Ioannes. [[1976]]. [http://books.google.com/?id=iJFFvsgNO-QC ''Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus.''] Novi Eboraci et West Sussex: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231040806. *[[Eusebius]]. ''Life of Constantine (Book IV).'' Christian Classics Ethereal Library. [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iv.vi.i.i.html Situs interretialis.] *Geoffrey of Villehardouin. [[1963]]. [http://books.google.com/?id=c2kUYwCVYTAC The Conquest of Constantinople.] In ''Chronicles of the Crusades.''] Conv. Margaret R. Shaw. Penguin Classics. ISBN 0140441247. *[[Innocentius III]]. [[1993]]. ''Die Register Innocenz' III. 5: 5. Pontifikatsjahr, 1202/1203, Texte.'' Ed. Othmar Hageneder, Christoph Egger, Karl Rudolf, et Andrea Sommerlechner. Publikationen des Historischen Instituts beim Österreichischen Kulturinstitut in Rom. Vindobonae: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. *Innocentius III. [[1995]]. ''Die Register Innocenz' III. 6: 6. Pontifikatsjahr, 1202/1203, Texte.'' Ed. Othmar Hageneder, John C. Moore Andrea Sommerlechner, Christoph Egger, et Herwig Weigl. Publikationen des Historischen Instituts beim Österreichischen Kulturinstitut in Rom. Vindobonae: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. *Komnene, Anna. [[1928]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200413122745/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/annacomnena-alexiad00.html#INTRODUCTION ''The Alexiad,''] libri 10–13. Conv. Elizabeth A. S. Dawes. Internet Medieval Sourcebook. *[[Procopius]]. [[1935]]. [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Procopius/Anecdota/home.html ''Secret History.''] Conv. H. B. Dewing. Loeb Classical Library. Cantabrigiae: Harvard University Press. === Fontes alii === * {{Cite journal|last=Adena|first=Louise|url=http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/The+Enduring+Legacy+of+Byzantium|title=The Enduring Legacy of Byzantium|journal=Clio History Journal|year=2008|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|first=Agustí|last=Alemany|title=Sources on the Alans: A Critical Compilation|chapter=Byzantine Sources|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|year=2000|url=http://books.google.com/?id=8bZ4c5oZpNAC|isbn=90-04-11442-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Ahrweiler|first=Hélène|last2=Laiou|first2=Angeliki E.|title=Studies on the Internal Diaspora of the Byzantine Empire|chapter=Preface|location=Vasingtoniae|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|year=1998|url=http://books.google.com/?id=ohFJD_QT3E8C|isbn=0-88402-247-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Anastos|first=Milton V.|year=1962|title=The History of Byzantine Science. Report on the Dumbarton Oaks Symposium of 1961|journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers|issn=0070-7546|volume=16|pages=409–411| doi=10.2307/1291170|accessdate=2007-05-27|jstor=1291170|location=Vasingtoniae|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Angelov|first=Dimiter G.|year=2001|month=February|title=The Making of Byzantinism|pages=1–10|url=http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/kokkalis/GSW1/GSW1/01%20Angelov.pdf#cooliris|accessdate=2007-06-07|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Angold|first=Michael|title=The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204: A Political History|location=Londinii|publisher=Longman|year=1997|isbn=978-0-582-29468-4|url=http://books.google.com/?id=wWEbAAAAYAAJ|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Antonucci|first=Michael|year=1993|month=February|title=War by Other Means: The Legacy of Byzantium|journal=History Today|volume=43|issue=2|pages=11–13|issn=0018-2753|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb4706/is_199302/ai_n17277331|accessdate=21 May 2007|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071225061518/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb4706/is_199302/ai_n17277331|archivedate=25 December 2007|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Baynes|first=Norman Hepburn|year=1912|title=The Restoration of the Cross at Jerusalem|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_english-historical-review_1912-04_27_106/page/287|doi=10.1093/ehr/XXVII.CVI.287|journal=The English Historical Review|volume=27|issue=106|issn=0013-8266|pages=287–299|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Baynes|first1=Norman Hepburn|last2=Moss|first2=Henry St. Lawrence Beaufort|title=Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization|location=Oxoniae|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1948|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=aPRHQwAACAAJ|ref=harv}}<!-- * {{Cite encyclopaedia|last=Baynes|first=Spencer|title=Vlachs|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica: A Standard Work of Reference in Art, Literature, Science, History, Geography, Commerce, Biography, Discovery, and Invention|publisher=The Werner Company|year=1907|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nAwEAAAAYAAJ|ref=harv}}--> * {{Cite book|last=Beaton|first=Roderick|title=The Medieval Greek Romance|location=Novi Eboraci, Londinii|publisher=Routledge (Taylor & Francis)|year=1996|isbn=0-415-12032-2|url=http://books.google.com/?id=-90ewuAkZUsC|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Beckwith|first=John|title=Early Christian and Byzantine Art|location=Portu Novo|publisher=Yale University Press|origyear=1970|year=1993|isbn=0-300-05296-0|url=http://books.google.com/?id=1kSpN3Kfgc0C|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Béhar|first=Pierre|title=Vestiges d'Empires: La Décomposition de l'Europe Centrale et Balkanique|location=Paris|publisher=Éditions Desjonquères|year=1999|isbn=2843210151|url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=QGtrTp_OPITo0QHCwuyABQ&ct=result&id=uwFpAAAAMAAJ|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Benz|first=Ernst|year=1963|title=The Eastern Orthodox Church: Its Thought and Life|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Q5Z_evECb1UC|location=Piscataway|publisher=Aldine Transaction (Transaction Publishers)|isbn=978-0-202-36298-4|ref=harv}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120621225400/http://www.piar.hu/councils/ecum02.htm Excerpts]) * {{Cite book|last1=Bideleux|first1=Robert|last2=Jeffries|first2=Ian|title=A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change|location=Novi Eboraci, Londinii|publisher=Routledge (Taylor & Francis)|year=1998|isbn=0415161118|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6Eh9KQTrOckC|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Birkenmeier|first=John W.|title=The Development of the Komnenian Army: 1081–1180|url=http://books.google.com/?id=p8OOoGWRC2EC|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|year=2002|isbn=90-04-11710-5|chapter=The Campaigns of Manuel I Komnenos|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Bray|first=R. S.|title=Armies of Pestilence: The Impact of Disease on History|url=http://books.google.com/?id=djPWGnvBm08C|publisher=James Clarke & Company|year=2004|isbn=0-227-17240-X|chapter=Justinian's Plague|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Browning|first=Robert|title=The Byzantine Empire|url=http://books.google.com/?id=qp8ocRg7r2sC|location=Vasingtoniae|publisher=The Catholic University of America Press|year=1992|isbn=0-8132-0754-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Bryce|first=James|title=Studies in History and Jurisprudence|publisher=H. Frowde|year=1901|chapter=Roman and British Empires|url=http://books.google.com/?id=ZGouAAAAIAAJ|isbn=1-4021-9046-8|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Brooke|first=Zachary Nugent|title=A History of Europe, from 911 to 1198|location=Londinii|publisher=Methuen and Company Limited|year=1962|chapter=East and West, 1155–1198. The Third Crusade|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=itM8AAAAIAAJ|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Bury|first=John Bagnall|title=History of the Later Roman Empire|publisher=Macmillan & Co|year=1923|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/home.html|isbn=0-7905-4544-6|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Bury|first1=John Bagnall|last2=Philotheus|title=The Imperial Administrative System of the Ninth Century: With a Revised Text of the Kletorologion of Philotheos|year=1911|location=Londinii|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZoBDAAAAIAAJ|ref=harv}}<!-- * {{Cite encyclopaedia|title=Byzantine Art|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2002|ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopaedia|title=Byzantine Empire|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2002|ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopaedia|title=Byzantine Literature|encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03113a.htm|year=1908|ref=harv}}--> * {{Cite book|last=Campbell|first=George L.|title=Compendium of the World's Languages: Abaza to Kurdish|year=2000|origyear=1991|url=http://books.google.com/?id=w6ena61S_tAC|location=Novi Eboraci, Londinii|publisher=Routledge (Taylor & Francis)|isbn=0-415-20296-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=[[Averil Cameron|Cameron]]|first=Averil|year=1979|title=Images of Authority: Elites and Icons in Late Sixth-century Byzantium|doi=10.1093/past/84.1.3|journal=Past and Present|volume=84|issue=1|page=3|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=[[Averil Cameron|Cameron]]|first=Averil|title=The Byzantine and Islamic Early Near East I: Problems in the Literary Source Material|url=http://books.google.com/?id=A1ltAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Darwin Press|editor=Averil Cameron et Lawrence I. Conrad|chapter=New Themes and Styles in Greek Literature, 7th and 8th Centuries|isbn=0-87850-080-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=[[Averil Cameron|Cameron]]|first=Averil|title=Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425–600|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Qf8mrHjfZRoC|year=2000|location=Cantabrigiae|publisher=Cambridge University Press|editor=Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward-Perkins and Michael Whitby|chapter=The Vandal Conquest and Vandal Rule (A.D. 429–534)|isbn=0-521-32591-9|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Chrysos|first=Evangelos|title=Byzantine Diplomacy: Papers from the Twenty-Fourth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, Cambridge, March 1990 (Society for the Promotion of Byzant)|url=http://books.google.com/?id=XUhoAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Variorum|isbn=0-86078-338-3|editor=Jonathan Shepard, Simon Franklin|chapter=Byzantine Diplomacy, CE 300–800: Means and End|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Ciesniewski|first=Christine|title=The Byzantine Achievement|journal=Clio History Journal|url=http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/The+Byzantine+Achievement|year=2006|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Clark|first=Victoria|title=Why Angels Fall: A Journey through Orthodox Europe from Byzantium to Kosovo|location=Londinii|publisher=Macmillan Press Limited|year=2000|isbn=0-312-23396-5|url=http://books.google.com/?id=nfZ0K6gYSd4C|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=H. Floris|title=The Scientific Revolution: A Historiographical Inquiry|url=http://books.google.com/?id=wu8b2NAqnb0C|location=Sicagi|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1994|isbn=0-226-11280-2|chapter=The Emergence of Early Modern Science|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Davies|first=Norman|authorlink=Norman Davies|title=Europe|year=1996|location=Oxoniae|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-820171-0|url=http://books.google.com/?id=jrVW9W9eiYMC|chapter=The Birth of Europe|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Day|first=Gerald W.|title=Manuel and the Genoese: A Reappraisal of Byzantine Commercial Policy in the Late Twelfth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-economic-history_1977-06_37_2/page/289|journal=The Journal of Economic History|volume=37 |issue=2|pages=289–301|doi=10.1017/S0022050700096947|accessdate= 2007-09-22|month=June|year=1977|jstor=2118759|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Dennis|first=George T.|title=Three Byzantine Military Treatises (Volume 9)|location=Vasingtoniae|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks, Research Library and Collection|year=1985|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=v0loAAAAMAAJ|ref=harv}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.roma.unisa.edu.au/07305/medmm.htm|title=Mathematics Through the Middle Ages (320–1660 AD)|accessdate=2008-04-01|last=Dickson|first=Paul|work=Medieval Mathematics |publisher=University of South Australia|ref=harv}} * {{Cite web|last=Diehl|first=Charles|title=Manuel I Comnenus (AD 1143–1180)|url=http://www.myriobiblos.gr/texts/english/diel.html|work=Byzantium, An Introduction to East Roman Civilization|publisher=Myriobiblos&nbsp;— Library|accessdate=2007-05-18|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=El-Cheikh|first=Nadia Maria|title=Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs|url=http://books.google.com/?id=QC03pKNpfaoC|publisher=Harvard CMES|year=2004|isbn=0-932885-30-6|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Esler|first=Philip Francis|title=The Early Christian World|url=http://books.google.com/?id=ypGHPwAACAAJ|year=2004|location=Novi Eboraci, Londinii|publisher=Routledge (Taylor & Francis)|isbn=0-415-33312-1|chapter=Constantine and the Empire|ref=harv}} * {{Cite web|last=Evans|first=James Allan|title=Justinian (AD 527–565)|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/justinia.htm|publisher=Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors|accessdate=2007-05-19|ref=harv}} * {{Cite web|last=Fenner|first=Julian|title=To What Extent Were Economic Factors to Blame for the Deterioration of the Roman Empire in the Third Century A.D?|url=http://www.roman-empire.net/articles/article-018.html|publisher=The Romans|accessdate=2007-05-25|ref=harv}} * Finlay, George. 1853. ''History of the Byzantine Empire from DCCXVI to MLVII''. Londinii: Blackwood. [https://archive.org/details/historybyzantin00finlgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * Finlay, George. 1854. ''History of the Byzantine and Greek Empires from MLVII to MCCCCLIII''. Londinii: Blackwood. [https://archive.org/details/historybyzantin02finlgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * {{Cite journal|last=Foss|first=Clive|year=1975|title=The Persians in Asia Minor and the End of Antiquity|journal=The English Historical Review|volume=90|issue=CCCLVII|pages=721–747|doi=10.1093/ehr/XC.CCCLVII.721|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Fossier|first1=Robert|last2=Sondheimer|first2=Janet|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages|url=http://books.google.com/?id=DvZbOBavZNgC|location=Cantabrigiae|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|isbn=0-521-26644-0|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Fouracre|first1=Paul|last2=Gerberding|first2=Richard A.|title=Late Merovingian France: History and Hagiography, 640–720|location=Manchester|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=1996|isbn=0-7190-4791-9|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uifpAAAAIAAJ|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Freeman|first=Charles|title=The Greek Achievement - The Foundation of the Western World|location=Novi Eboraci|publisher=Penguin Books|year=1999|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sPcNAQAAMAAJ|isbn=0-670-88515-0|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Gabriel|first=Richard A.|year=2002|title=The Great Armies of Antiquity|url=http://books.google.com/?id=y1ngxn_xTOIC|location=Westport|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0-275-97809-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Garland|first=Lynda|year=1999|title=Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium, CE 527–1204|url=http://books.google.com/?id=AEy280AH9KQC|location=Novi Eboraci, Londinii|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-14688-7|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Garland|first=Lynda|title=Byzantine Women: Varieties of Experience 800–1200 |year=2006|location=Burlington and Hampshire|publisher=Ashgate Publishing Limited|chapter=Middle Byzantine Family Values and Anna Komnene's Alexiad|isbn=0-7546-5737-X|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=T4eMlP3nV4YC|ref=harv}} *[[Eduardus Gibbon|Gibbon, Edward]]. [[1906]]. ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.'' Voll. 2, 3, 9, ed. J. B. Bury (praefatione a W. E. H. Lecky contributa). Novi Eboraci: Fred de Fau and Company. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200413122852/http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/Set.php?recordID=0214#vol01 In interrete.] * {{Cite book|last=Grabar|first=André|title=L'iconoclasme Byzantin: le dossier archéologique|url=http://books.google.com/?id=E85vPQAACAAJ|publisher=Flammarion|year=1984|isbn=2-08-081634-9|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Gregory|first=Timothy E.|title=A History of Byzantium|location=Malden|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2010|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gXCl9P0vKS4C|isbn=1-4051-8471-X|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Grierson|first=Philip|title=Byzantine Coinage|year=1999|location=Vasingtoniae|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|url=http://www.doaks.org/byzcoins.pdf|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070927000204/http://www.doaks.org/byzcoins.pdf|archivedate=2007-09-27|isbn=0-88402-274-9|format=PDF|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Gross|first=Feliks|title=Citizenship and Ethnicity: The Growth and Development of a Democratic Multiethnic Institution|url=http://books.google.com/?id=I6wM4X9UQ8QC|year=1999|location=Westport|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0-313-30932-9|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Gutas|first=Dimitri|title=Greek Thought, Arabic Culture: The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement|year=1998|isbn=0-415-06132-6|url=http://books.google.com/?id=jKPhL5HVVQ8C|location=Novi Eboraci, Londinii|publisher=Routledge (Taylor & Francis)|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Hacikyan|first1=Agop Jack|last2=Basmajian|first2=Gabriel|last3=Franchuk|first3=Edward S.|last4=Ouzounian|first4=Nourhan|title=The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the Sixth to the Eighteenth Century|location=Detroit|publisher=Wayne State University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-8143-3023-1|url=http://books.google.com/?id=2gZzD0N9Id8C|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Haldon|first=John|title=Byzantium: A History|url=http://books.google.com/?id=eycjAQAAIAAJ|location=Stroud, Gloucestershire|publisher=Tempus Publishing|year=2002|isbn=1-4051-3240-X|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Haldon|first=John|title=Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture|url=http://books.google.com/?id=pSHmT1G_5T0C|location=Cantabrigiae|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1990|isbn=0-521-31917-X|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Haldon|first=John|title=Byzantium at War 600–1453|location=Novi Eboraci, Londinii|publisher=Routledge (Taylor & Francis)|year=2003|isbn=0-415-96861-5|url=http://books.google.com/?id=TvJSjCsqn54C|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Haldon|first=John|title=The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East VI: Elites Old and New in the Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East|year=2004|publisher=Darwin Press|editor=John Haldon and Lawrence I. Conrad|chapter=The Fate of the Late Roman Senatorial Elite: Extinction or Transformation?|url=http://books.google.com/?id=ylptAAAAMAAJ|isbn=0-87850-144-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite web|last=Halsall|first=Paul|title=East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. – 1643 C.E.|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/eastasia/romchin1.html|publisher=Fordham University|year=2006|accessdate=2007-04-15|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Jonathan|title=Byzantium and the Crusades|url=http://books.google.com/?id=oK9mAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Hambledon et Londinii|year=2003|isbn=1-85285-298-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Harvey|first=Alan|title=Economic Expansion in the Byzantine Empire, 900–1200|url=http://books.google.com/?id=wjnea3qdPx8C|location=Cantabrigiae|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=0-521-52190-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Haywood|first=John|title=Cassell's Atlas of World History|location=Londinii|publisher=Cassell & Company|Paperback|year=2001|origyear=1997|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cHoItwAACAAJ|isbn=0-304-35757-X|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Heisenberg|first1=August|last2=Kromayer|first2=Johannes|last3=von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff|first3=Ulrich|title=Staat und Gesellschaft der Griechen und Römer, Volume 2, Part 4|location=Leipzig et Berlin, Germany|publisher=Verlag und Druck von B. G. Teubner|year=1923|url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=DoheTbj3NoH98AbFq8yaDA|ref=harv}}<!-- * {{Cite encyclopaedia|title=Hellas, Byzantium|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia The Helios|language=Greek|year=1952|ref=harv}}--> * {{Cite book|last=Herrin|first=Judith|title=Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire|url=http://books.google.com/?id=9fRpAAAAMAAJ|location=Princeton|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2008|isbn=0-691-13151-1|ref=harv}}<!-- * {{Cite encyclopaedia|title=Greece during the Byzantine period (c. CE 300–c. 1453), Population and languages, Emerging Greek identity|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2008|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-26400/history-of-Greece|ref=harv}}--> * {{Cite book|author=Hidryma Meletōn Chersonēsou tou Haimou|title=Balkan Studies: Biannual Publication of the Institute for Balkan Studies, Volume 14|url=http://books.google.com/?id=5G08AAAAIAAJ|location=Thessaloniki|publisher=The Institute|year=1973|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Hindley|first=Geoffrey|title=A Brief History of the Crusades|url=http://books.google.com/?id=_Z8fNAAACAAJ|year=2004|location=Londinii|publisher=Robinson|isbn=978-1-84119-766-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Hooper|first1=Nicholas|last2=Bennett|first2=Matthew|title=The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: The Middle Ages|location=Cantabrigiae|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1996|isbn=0521440491|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Sf8UIynR0koC|ref=harv}} * {{Cite web|last=Hooker|first=Richard|title=The Byzantine Empire|url=http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MA/BYZ.HTM|accessdate=2007-06-07|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=James|first=Liz|title=A Companion to Byzantium|location=Chichester|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|year=2010|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=d1Mt-t-bgzoC|isbn=1-4051-2654-X|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Romilly James Heald|title=Byzantium: The Imperial Centuries, CE 610–1071|url=http://books.google.com/?id=O5JqH_NXQBsC|location=Toronto|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1987|isbn=0-8020-6667-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Jones|first=Arnold Hugh Martin|title=The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social Economic and Administrative Survey|location=Baltimore|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|url=http://books.google.com/?id=IiLtO4ZvTdEC|year=1986|isbn=0-8018-3353-1|edition=Native Languages|ref=harv}}<!-- * {{Cite encyclopaedia|title=John II Komnenos|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2002}}--> * {{Cite book|last=Kaegi|first=Walter Emil|title=Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium|location=Cantabrigiae|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=0-521-81459-6|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tlNlFZ_7UhoC|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Kaldellis|first=Anthony|title=Hellenism in Byzantium: The Transformations of Greek Identity and the Reception of the Classical Tradition|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cantabrigiae|isbn=0521876885|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iWs0Lh57NvwC|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Kazhdan|first=Aleksandr Petrovich|title=Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium|url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0002unse_d7l6|location=Novi Eboraci, Oxoniae|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0-19-504652-6|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Kazhdan|first1=Alexander Petrovich|last2=Constable|first2=Giles|title=People and Power in Byzantium: An Introduction to Modern Byzantine Studies|location=Vasingtoniae|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|year=1982|isbn=0884021033|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bs2uV8eBVIcC|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Kazhdan|first1=Aleksandr Petrovich|last2=Epstein|first2=Ann Wharton|title=Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles|publisher=University of California Press|year=1985|isbn=0-520-05129-7|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qlU37xo9LeUC|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Kean|first=Roger Michael|title=Forgotten Power: Byzantium: Bulwark of Christianity|url=http://books.google.com/?id=gq_VNwAACAAJ|location=Shropshire|publisher=Thalamus Publishing|year=2006|isbn=1-902886-07-0|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|title=Reviews: ''The Astronomical Works of Gregory Chioniades, Volume I: The Zij al- Ala'i'' by Gregory Chioniades, David Pingree; ''An Eleventh-Century Manual of Arabo-Byzantine Astronomy'' by Alexander Jones|first=David A.|last=King|journal=[[Isis (journal)|Isis]]|volume=82|issue=1|date=March 1991|pages=116–118|doi=10.1086/355661|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Kitzinger|first=Ernst|title=The Art of Byzantium and the Medieval West: Selected Studies|url=http://books.google.com/?id=r6GfAAAAMAAJ|year=1976|location=Bloomington|publisher=Indiana University Press|editor=W. E. Kleinbauer|chapter=Byzantine Art in the Period between Justinian and Iconoclasm|isbn=0-253-31055-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Kountoura-Galake|first=Eleonora|title=The Byzantine Clergy and the Society of "Dark Ages"|url=http://books.google.com/?id=RSFoQgAACAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Institute of Byzantine Research|isbn=978-960-7094-46-9|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Laiou|first=Angeliki E.|title=[http://128.103.33.14/publications/doaks_online_publications/EHB.html The Economic History of Byzantium] (Volume 2)|year=2002|location=Vasingtoniae|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|editor=Angeliki E. Laiou|chapter=Exchange and Trade, Seventh-Twelfth Centuries|url=http://www.doaks.org/publications/doaks_online_publications/EconHist/EHB36.pdf|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Laiou|first=Angeliki E.|title=[http://128.103.33.14/publications/doaks_online_publications/EHB.html The Economic History of Byzantium] (Volume 1) |year=2002|location=Vasingtoniae|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|editor=Angeliki E. Laiou|chapter=Writing the Economic History of Byzantium|url=http://www.doaks.org/publications/doaks_online_publications/EHB.html|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Lapidge|first1=Michael|last2=Blair|first2=John|last3=Keynes|first3=Simon |title=The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England|location=Malden|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Limited|year=1998|isbn=0-631-22492-0|url=http://books.google.com/?id=f65VUNvxQjkC|ref=harv}} * (la) [[Gaius Licoppe]], ''De Romano Imperio orientali - verae historiae conspectus'', Bruxellis, 2013. * {{Cite book|last=Louth|first=Andrew|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History (Volume I)|editor=Paul Fouracre and Rosamond McKitterick|location=Cantabrigiae|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=0-521-36291-1|chapter=The Byzantine Empire in the Seventh Century|ref=harv}} * {{Cite web|title=The Seljuqs of Rum|last=Lowe|first=Steven|coauthors=Baker, Martin|url=http://www.geocities.com/egfroth1/Seljuqs.htm|accessdate=2007-07-09|ref=harv|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/egfroth1/Seljuqs.htm&date=2007-07-22+04:56:02|archivedate=2007-07-22}} * {{Cite book|last=Madden|first=Thomas F.|title=Crusades: The Illustrated History|url=http://books.google.com/?id=5eudAAAACAAJ|location=Ann Arbor|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=2005|isbn=0-472-03127-9|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Magdalino|first=Paul|title=[http://128.103.33.14/publications/doaks_online_publications/EHB.html The Economic History of Byzantium] (Volume 2)|year=2002|location=Vasingtoniae|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|editor=Angeliki E. Laiou|chapter=Medieval Constantinople: Built Environment and Urban Development|url=http://www.doaks.org/publications/doaks_online_publications/EconHist/EHB20.pdf|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Magdalino|first=Paul|title=The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143–1180|url=http://books.google.com/?id=0cWZvqp7q18C|location=Cantabrigiae|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-521-52653-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Mango|first=Cyril A.|title=Byzantium: The Empire of the New Rome|url=http://books.google.com/?id=oz1KPgAACAAJ|location=Londinii|publisher=Phoenix Press|year=2005|isbn=1-898800-44-8|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Mango|first=Cyril A.|title=The Oxford History of Byzantium|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Z6-kHUyyUIsC|location=Oxoniae|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-19-814098-3|ref=harv}} * {{Cite web|title=The Battle of Manzikert: Military Disaster or Political Failure?|last=Markham |first=Paul|url=http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/articles/markham.htm|accessdate=2007-05-19|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Matschke|first=Klaus-Peter|title=[http://128.103.33.14/publications/doaks_online_publications/EHB.html The Economic History of Byzantium] (Volume 2)|year=2002|location=Vasingtoniae|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|editor=Angeliki E. Laiou|chapter=Commerce, Trade, Markets, and Money: Thirteenth-Fifteenth Centuries|url=http://www.doaks.org/publications/doaks_online_publications/EconHist/EHB37.pdf|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=McDonnell|first=Myles Anthony|title=Roman Manliness: Virtus and the Roman Republic|location=Cantabrigiae|publisher=Cambridge University Press|chapter=Hellenization and Arete: Semantic Borrowing|url=http://books.google.com/?id=v2vefi2_ojYC|year=2006|isbn=978-0-521-82788-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Meyendorff|first=John|title=The Byzantine Legacy in the Orthodox Church|url=http://books.google.com/?id=9HQ3YU9SAG8C|year=1982|location=Yonkers|publisher=St Vladimir's Seminary Press|isbn=0-913836-90-7|ref=harv}} * [[Demetrius Michalopulus|Michalopulus, Demetrius]]. [[1994]]. ''Ελληνικά πλοία του Μεσαιώνα''. Athenis. ISBN 960-253-028-6 * {{Cite book|last=Millar|first=Fergus|title=A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408–450)|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Q9ViwFWgyBYC|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles|publisher=University of California Press|year=2006|isbn=0-520-24703-5|ref=harv}} * Gyula Moravcsik, ''Byzantinoturcica''. Berolini: Akademie-Verlag. 2 voll. {{Google Books|YgwVAAAAIAAJ|Paginae selectae vol. 1}} {{Google Books|X3KSyoNUEq4C|et vol. 2}} * {{Cite book|last=Moravcsik|first=Gyula|url=http://books.google.com/?id=URm4AAAAIAAJ|title=Byzantium and the Magyars|year=1970|location=Amsterdam|publisher=Hakkert|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Mousourakis|first=George|title=The Historical and Institutional Context of Roman Law|chapter=The Dominate|location=Burlington and Hampshire|publisher=Ashgate Publishing Limited|year=2003|isbn=0-7546-2114-6|url=http://books.google.com/?id=2MqfUsMiDbYC|ref=harv}} * {{Cite web|last=Nathan|first=Geoffrey S.|title=Roman Emperors: Theodosius II|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/theo2.htm|accessdate=2007-01-10|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Neumann|first=Iver B.|year=2006|month=August|title= Sublime Diplomacy: Byzantine, Early Modern, Contemporary|journal=Millennium: Journal of International Studies |volume=34|issue=3|pages=865–888|issn=1569-2981|url=http://www.clingendael.nl/publications/2005/20051200_cli_paper_dip_issue102.pdf|accessdate=2007-05-21|format=PDF|ref=harv|doi=10.1177/03058298060340030201}} * {{Cite book|last1=Neubecker|first1=Ottfried|last2=Brooke-Little|first2=John Philip|title=Heraldry: Sources, Symbols and Meaning|url=http://books.google.com/?id=OMewHAAACAAJ|publisher=Time Warner Books UK|year=1997|isbn=0-316-64141-3|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Neville|first=Leonora Alice|title=Authority in Byzantine Provincial Society, 950–1100|url=http://books.google.com/?id=58NZP7t7mzMC|location=Cantabrigiae|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2004|chapter=Imperial Administration and Byzantine Political Culture|isbn=0-521-83865-7|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Nicol|first=Donald MacGillivray|title=The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453|url=http://books.google.com/?id=y2d6OHLqwEsC|location=Cantabrigiae|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1993|isbn=0-521-43991-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Norwich|first=John Julius|title=A Short History of Byzantium|url=http://books.google.com/?id=5rOePwAACAAJ|publisher=Penguin |year=1998|isbn=978-0-14-025960-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Obolensky|first=Dimitri|title=Byzantium and the Slavs|url=http://books.google.com/?id=jv6jcwjW9WUC|year=1994|location=Yonkers|publisher=St Vladimir's Seminary Press|isbn=0-88141-008-X|chapter=The Principles and Methods of Byzantine Diplomacy|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Ostrogorsky|first=George|title=History of the Byzantine State|location=New Brunswick|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=1969|isbn=0-8135-1198-4|url=http://books.google.com/?id=PjMts15kLz0C|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|first1=Constantine|last1=Paparrigopoulos|last2=Karolidis|first2=Pavlos|title=History of the Hellenic Nation (Volume Db)|publisher=Eleftheroudakis|language=Graeca|year=1925}} * {{Cite book|last=Parry|first=Kenneth|title=Depicting the Word: Byzantine Iconophile Thought of the Eighth and Ninth Centuries|url=http://books.google.com/?id=BFrjJ7nMQmwC|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|year=1996|isbn=90-04-10502-6|chapter=Historical Introduction|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Postan|first1=Michael Moïssey|last2=Miller|first2=Edward|last3=Postan|first3= Cynthia|title=The Cambridge Economic History of Europe (Volume 2)|location=Cantabrigiae|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1987|isbn=0-521-08709-0|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nDwp8n62nTwC|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Read|first=Piers Paul|title=The Templars: The Dramatic History of the Knights Templar, The Most Powerful Military Order of the Crusades|url=http://books.google.com/?id=M2CBuWV_8g4C|publisher=Macmillan|year=2000|isbn=0-312-26658-8|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Reinert|first=Stephen W.|editor=Cyril Mango|title=The Oxford History of Byzantium|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Z6-kHUyyUIsC|location=Oxoniae|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-19-814098-3|chapter=Fragmentation (1204–1453)|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Robins|first=Robert Henry|title=The Byzantine Grammarians: Their Place in History|url=http://books.google.com/?id=hTZHbNmFfpsC|year=1993|location=Berolini, Novi Eboraci|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter (Walter de Gruyter and Company)|isbn=3-11-013574-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|authorlink=Steven Runciman|title=The Medieval Manichee: A Study of the Christian Dualist Heresy|url=http://books.google.com/?id=d1LGB7u5iD0C| year=1982|isbn=0-521-28926-2|location=Cantabrigiae|publisher=Cambridge University Press|chapter=The Bogomils|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|title=The Fall of Constantinople, 1453|url=http://books.google.com/?id=BAzntP0lg58C|year=1990|isbn=0-521-39832-0|location=Cantabrigiae|publisher=Cambridge University Press|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|title=The Last Byzantine Renaissance|url=http://books.google.com/?id=I52YPQAACAAJ|location=Cantabrigiae|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1970|isbn=0-521-07787-7|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Ryan|first=Herbert J.|title=The College Student's Introduction to Theology|url=http://books.google.com/?id=o6lCBkY2zs4C| year=1993|isbn=0-8146-5841-5|publisher=Liturgical Press|chapter=The Church in History|editors=Christopher Key Chapple and Thomas P. Rausch|ref=harv}} * {{Cite web|last=Saramandru|first=Nicolae|title=Torna, Torna Fratre|url=http://www.ear.ro/3brevist/rv8/art14.pdf|publisher=Editura Academiei Române|language=Romanian|accessdate=2007-04-25|format=PDF|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Sayles|first=Wayne G.|title=Ancient Coin Collecting V: The Romaion-Byzantine Culture|location=Iola|publisher=Krause Publications (F+W Publications)|year=1998|isbn=0-873-41637-6|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vZpawjluzUIC|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Sedlar|first=Jean W.|title=East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500|volume=III|url=http://books.google.com/?id=ANdbpi1WAIQC|location=Seattle|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=1994|isbn=0-295-97290-4|chapter=Foreign Affairs|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Seeck|first=Otto|title=Notitia Dignitatum accedunt Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae Laterculi Prouinciarum|location=Berolini|publisher=Weidmann|year=1876|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Seton-Watson|first=Hugh|title=The Russian Empire, 1801–1917|url=http://books.google.com/?id=40KbWNve4XkC|location=Oxoniae|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1967|isbn=0-19-822152-5|chapter=The Church|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Shahid|first=Irfan|title=The Iranian factor in Byzantium during the reign of Heraclius|year=1972|journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers|volume=26|pages=293–320|doi=10.2307/1291324|ref=harv|location=Vasingtoniae|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University|jstor=1291324}} * {{Cite book|last=Shopen|first=Timothy|title=Languages and Their Status|url=http://books.google.com/?id=zIJu4xAFcIwC|location=Philadelphia|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=1987|isbn=0-8122-1249-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Šišić|first=Ferdo|title=Povijest Hrvata u vrijeme narodnih vladara: sa 280 slika i 3 karte u bojama|location=[[Zagrabia]]e|publisher=Nakladni zavod Matice hrvatske|year=1990|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2PEyAAAAIAAJ|isbn=86-401-0080-2|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Sophocles|first=Evangelinus Apostolides|title=Greek Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine Periods|location=Hildesheim|publisher=Georg Olms Verlag|year=1992|url=http://books.google.com/?id=0_DfQgAACAAJ|isbn=3-487-05765-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Speck|first=Paul|title=Varia 1 (Poikila Byzantina 4)|year=1984|publisher=Rudolf Halbelt|chapter=Ikonoklasmus und die Anfänge der Makedonischen Renaissance|pages=175–210|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Stephenson|first=Paul|title=Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900-1204|location=Cantabrigiae|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|isbn=0521770173|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=eaq90_BOvqIC|ref=harv}} * {{Cite web|last=Stone|first=Andrew|title=John II Komnenos (AD 1118–1143)|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/johncomn.htm|publisher=Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors|accessdate=2007-05-18|ref=harv}} * {{Cite web|last=Stone|first=Andrew|title=Manuel I Komnenos (AD 1143–1180)|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/mannycom.htm|publisher=Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors|accessdate=2007-02-05|ref=harv}}<!-- * {{Cite encyclopaedia|title=Siege of Zara|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Concise|url=http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9383275/Siege-of-Zara|accessdate=2007-05-18|ref=harv}}--> * {{Cite book|last1=Tarasov|first1=Oleg|last2=Milner-Gulland|first2=R. R.|title=Icon and Devotion: Sacred Spaces in Imperial Russia|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Oy_TVfi47gcC|location=Londinii|publisher=Reaktion Books|year=2004|isbn=1-86189-118-0|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Tatakes|first1=Vasileios N.|last2=Moutafakis|first2=Nicholas J.|title=Byzantine Philosophy|url=http://books.google.com/?id=lPzcOwnCgVIC|year=2003|location=Indianapolis|publisher=Hackett Publishing Company, Inc|isbn=0-87220-563-0|ref=harv}}<!-- * {{Cite encyclopaedia|title=The Fourth Crusade and the Latin Empire of Constantinople|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2002|ref=harv}}--> * {{Cite book|last=Treadgold|first=Warren|title=Byzantium and Its Army, 284–1081|url=http://books.google.com/?id=u-BrQgAACAAJ|location=Stanford|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1995|isbn=0-8047-2420-2|chapter=The Army and the State|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Treadgold|first=Warren|title=A History of the Byzantine State and Society|url=http://books.google.com/?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC|location=Stanford|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1997|isbn=0-8047-2630-2|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Treadgold|first=Warren|title=The Byzantine Revival, 780–842|location=Stanford|publisher=Stanford University Press|url=http://books.google.com/?id=KZ6gPwAACAAJ|year=1991|isbn=0-8047-1896-2|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Troianos|first=Spyros|last2=Velissaropoulou-Karakosta|first2=Julia|title=History of Law|url=http://books.google.com/?id=8Fo2AAAACAAJ|location=Athens|publisher=Ant. N. Sakkoulas Publishers|year=1997|isbn=960-232-594-1|chapter=Byzantine Law|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=University of Chile: Center of Byzantine and Neohellenic Studies|title=Bizantion Nea Hellas (Issue 2)|publisher=University Press|year=1971|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=73ViAAAAMAAJ|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Vasiliev|first=Alexander Alexandrovich|title=History of the Byzantine Empire|year=1928–1935|location=Madison|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|url=http://www.intratext.com/X/ENG0832.HTM|isbn=0-299-80925-0|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Versteegh|first=Cornelis H. M.|title=Greek Elements in Arabic Linguistic Thinking|year=1977|url=http://books.google.com/?id=-4MeAAAAIAAJ|isbn=90-04-04855-3|chapter=The First Contact with Greek Grammar|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Watson|first=Bruce|title=Sieges: A Comparative Study|url=http://books.google.com/?id=cVet6ieBFv8C|year=1993|location=Westport|publisher=Praeger Publishers (Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.)|isbn=0-275-94034-9|chapter=Jerusalem 1099|ref=harv}} *[[Herbertus Georgius Wells|Wells, H. G.]] [[1922]]. ''A Short History of the World.'' Novi Eboraci: Macmillan. ISBN 0-06-492674-5. [http://books.google.com/books?id=sHI9AAAAYAAJ URL.] * {{Cite book|last=Wickham|first=Chris|title=The Inheritance of Rome: A History of Europe from 400 to 1000|publisher=Viking|year=2009|isbn=0-670-02098-2|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LKq_PQAACAAJ|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Stephen|last2=Friell|first2=Gerard|last3=Friell|first3=John Gerard Paul|title=The Rome that Did Not Fall: The Survival of the East in the Fifth Century|url=http://books.google.com/?id=tGLN47tfT4UC|year=1999|location=Novi Eboraci, Londinii|publisher=Routledge (Taylor & Francis)|isbn=0-415-15403-0|chapter=Jerusalem 1099|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Winnifrith|first1=Tom|last2=Murray|first2=Penelope|title=Greece Old and New|url=http://books.google.com/?id=1JgcAAAAMAAJ|year=1983|location=Novi Eboraci|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=0-333-27836-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Wroth|first=Warwick|title=Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum|year=1908|publisher=British Museum Dept. of Coins and Medals|url=http://books.google.com/?id=AmoCAAAAYAAJ|ref=harv|isbn=1-4021-8954-0}} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Byzantine Empire|Imperium Romanum Orientale}} {{Imperatores Constantinopolitani}} [[Categoria:Imperium Byzantinum|!]] [[Categoria:Dissoluta 1453]] {{1000 paginae}} {{FA stella}} {{Myrias|Historia}} jp8syd478qi2tfi7werdehwdgv09nd2 0 4062 3979822 3978764 2026-08-09T19:58:33Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 5 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} {{Videdis|Mercurius}} {{Capsa asteroidis Vicidata}} {{Capsa tabellaria | titulus = Mercurius [[Fasciculus:Mercury symbol (bold).svg|24px|alt=☿|symbolum astronomicum Mercurii]] | : [[Fasciculus:Mercury in color - Prockter07 centered.jpg|frameless|center]] | ; Inventio | Inventionis annus: ''notus ab antiquis'' | ; Indicia orbitalia<ref>[http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?horizons JPL, pars societatis NASA]</ref><ref name="nssdc">[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/mercuryfact.html NSSDC pagina rerum de Mercurio]</ref> | [[Satelles|Satellites]]: 0 | ; Indicia physica<ref name="nssdc"/><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20021119033135/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Mercury&Display=Facts Pagina de Mercurio, iterum societatis NASA]</ref> | [[Gravitas]]: 3.701 [[Acceleratio|m/s²]] | [[Celeritas fugae]]: 4.435 km/s | [[Periodus rotationis]]: 58.6462 dies (58 dies 15.5088 horas) | [[Inclinatio axialis]]: ~0.01° | [[Temperatura]]: 90&nbsp;[[Kelvin|K]] (min), 440&nbsp;[[Kelvin|K]] (med), 700&nbsp;[[Kelvin|K]] (max) | ; Indicia [[atmosphaera|atmosphaerica]] | [[Pressio atmosphaerica]]: paene nulla | [[Kalium]]: 31.7% | [[Natrium]]: 24.9% }} {{Res|Mercurius}} est minimus e [[planeta|planetis]] nostri [[Systema solare|systematis solaris]], proximus [[Sol]]i, cui octoginta octo diebus se circumvolvit. Micat speciem praebens –2.5 vel +5.5 [[Magnitudo apparens|magnitudinis]], sed difficilius videtur, quia a Sole nunquam longius [[elongatio|distat]] quam 28.3°; igitur nonnisi aut diluculo aut crepusculo videri potest. ''[[Mariner 10]]'', illa [[navis spatialis]] dum Mercurio annis [[1974]] et [[1975]] appropinquavit, 40%-45% tantum superficiei planetariae depinxit, sed ab anno [[2011]] ''[[Messenger]]'' plura et minutiora inspexit usque ad diem [[30 Aprilis]] [[2015]], quo in planetam ipsam irrupit. Mercurius [[crater (geologia)|crateribus]] coopertus [[Luna]]e similem aspectum praebet. Hic planeta [[satelles|satellitibus]] naturalibus et [[atmosphaera]] densiore caret, amplum autem [[nucleus planetarius|nucleum]] [[ferrum|ferreum]] habet qui [[campus magneticus|campum magneticum]] ad 0.1 centesimam potentiae [[Tellus (planeta)|terrestris]] gignit.<ref>{{Harvard citation|Russell|Luhmann|1997}}</ref> Temperatura inter [[punctum subsolare]] calidissimum et crateres circumpolares frigidissimos patet a 700 ad 90 K (+430 ad -180&nbsp;°C/+806 ad -292&nbsp;°F). Quem planetam cito moventem [[Roma antiqua|Romani]] a [[Mercurius (deus)|Mercurii]] [[deus|deorum]] nuntii nomine appellaverunt; symbolum Mercurii [[symbolum astronomicum|astronomicum]] ac olim [[symbolum astrologicum|astrologicum]] effigiem facit [[caput|capitis]] huius dei [[galea]]eque alatae in [[caduceus|caduceum]] impositam. [[Astronomus|Astronomi]] [[Graecia antiqua|Graeci]] ante [[saeculum 5 a.C.n.|saeculum quintum a.C.n.]] eum [[duo|duas]] planetas esse putabant, quarum unum prima luce, alterum in Solis occasu apparebat; aevo posteriori Graeci Στίλβων<ref>[[Eudoxus]], ''[[Ars astronomica (Eudoxus)|Ars astronomica]]'' 5.10; [[Cicero]], ''[[De natura deorum (Cicero)|De natura deorum]]'' 2.53.</ref> (''stilbōn'' 'splendens') nominaverunt. [[India|Indi]] बुध (''[[Budha]]'') pro filio Lunae (''[[Chandra]]'') nuncupant; ''stellam aquariam'' autem [[Sina (regio)|Sinenses]], [[Corea]]ni, [[Iaponia|Iaponenses]], [[Vietnamia|Vietnamenses]] ([[Sinice]] 水星; [[Vietnamice]] [[:vi:Sao Thủy|Sao Thủy]]) secundum doctrinam [[Quinque Elementa (doctrina Sinensis)|Quinque Elementorum]]. Hebraei eum [[:he:כוכב חמה|כוכב חמה]] (''Kokhav Hamah'', "stella Calidi [i.e. Solis]") nominant. Duae satellitae systematis Solaris nostri, [[Ganymedes (satelles)|Ganymedes]] et [[Titan (satelles)|Titan]], maiores sunt Mercurio. == Structura intestina == Mercurius est unus ex [[quattuor]] [[planetae terrestres|planetis terrestribus]], [[corpus caeleste|corpore]] rupestri velut Tellus, et minimus omnium, diametro [[Linea aequatorialis|aequatoriali]] 4.878 km. Mercurius in fere 70 centesimis [[metallum|metallicorum]] et 30 centesimis [[silicatum|silicatosorum]] materialium consistit. Planetaria densitas magnitudinem secunda in Systemate Solare cum 5.43 g/cm³, solum paulum minus quam Telluris densitas. Si gravitationalis compressionis effectus tolleretur, materalia de quibus Mercurius fit densiora essent, cum imcompressa densitate 5.3 g/cm³ contra Telluris 4.4 g/cm³ <ref>[http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/Projects/BrowseTheGeologicSolarSystem/MercuryBack.html "Mercurius" Conspectus geologicus nationis CFA]</ref>. [[Fasciculus:Mercury_Internal_Structure.svg|thumb|left|200px| 1. Cortex - 100-200km tenuitatem<br/> 2. Palla - 600km tenuitatem<br/> 3. Nucleus - 1 800km radium.]] Mercurii densitate utere debemus ut interioris structurae singularitates inferamus. Dum Telluris magna [[densitas]] sensibilis fit ob gravitationalem compressionem, particulatim in [[nucleus planetarius|nucleo]], Mercurius valde minor est et intestina [[regio]]nes suae haud circa et fortiter comprimuntur. Ergo, quia tantam densitatem habet, eius nucleus [[ferrum|ferro]] abundandus est.<ref>{{Harvard citation|Lyttleton|1969}}</ref> [[Geologia|Geologi]] Mercurii nucleum circa 42 centesimas [[volumen|voluminis]] occupare putant (Telluri 17% proportio est). Recentes investigationes Mercurium fusum nucleum habere rotunde suggerunt.<ref>Cornell Universitas [http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/May07/margot.mercury.html investigationes Mercurium fusum nucleum habere rotunde suggerunt] ''Chronicle Online'', 3 Maii 2007.</ref> Circum nucleum [[palla (geologia)|palla]] cum 600 chiliometris est. Mature in Mercurii [[historia]], gigans impactus cum [[corpus caeleste|corpore]] cum variis diametrum centis chiliometrorum planetam de originale pallae materia nudare, facto relative tenue palla secundum metibilis nuclei comparationem, generatim putatur.<ref name="benz">{{Harvard citation|Benz| Slattery| Cameron| 1988}}</ref> Mercurius maximum ferreum contentum habet inter praecipuos Systematis Solaris planetas habet. Aliquae theoriae proposita sunt ut Mercurii magna [[metallicitas]] explanetur. Quarum ample accepta theoria est ut Mercurius originaliter metallosilicatosam rationem similem haberet Mercurii [[cortex (geologia)|cortex]] 100-200 chiliometra tenuitatem habere censetur. Distinctiva Mercurianae superficiei indoles numerosa angusta dorsa, per varia centa chiliometrorum dilatantia, est. Quae formatae esse, Mercurii nucleo pallaque frigidioribus factis et iam solido cortice facto, creduntur.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Schenk|first1= P.|last2= Melosh|first2= H. J.|chapter=Lobate Thrust Scarps and the Thickness of Mercury’s Lithosphere|title=25th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference|year=1994|url=https://adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1994LPI....25.1203S}}</ref> Mercurius maximum [[ferrum|ferreum]] contentum inter praecipuos planetas in nostro Systemate Solare habet. Aliquae theoriae propositae sunt ut Mercurii magna [[metallicitas]] explanaretur. Quarum ample accepta theoria est ut Mercurius originaliter metallosilicatosam rationem communium [[chondritum|chondritosorum]] meteororum (quae mediae Systematis Solaris rupestris materiae typica censentur) similem et massam circa 2.25 vicibus maiorem praesenti massae haberet. Nihilominus, mature in Systematis Solaris historia, Mercurius [[planetesimum|planetesimo]] cum massa 1/6 minore collidus est. Impactus planetam de originalibus cortice pallaque nudavisset, retro nucleum relative praecipuum elementum relinquens.<ref name="benz"/> Similis processus propositus est ut etiam Lunae formatio explanaretur. Alternative, Mercurius forsan de [[nebula solaris|nebula solare]] formaretur antequam solaris [[energia]]e exitus stabilis fieret. Planeta in initio duplam massam praesenti habuisset. Sed, [[protosol]]e contracto, temperaturae prope Mercurium inter 2500 et 3500 K, et possibiliter adhuc altissimam velut 10000 K, potuissent. Pleraque Mercurianae superficiei saxa vaporem facta essent in tantis temperaturis, atmosphaeram "rupestris vaporis" formantia, qui [[ventus solaris|vento solare]] sublatus esset.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cameron|first= A. G. W.|title=The partial volatilization of Mercury|journal=Icarus|volume= 64|year=1985|pages= 285–294}}</ref> Tertia theoria [[nebula solaris|nebulam solarem]] in particulis de quibus Mercurius [[accretio (geologia)|accreverit]] [[tractio (physica)|tractionem]] causare proponit, quamobrem tenuissimae particulae de accretoria materia amitterentur. Harum theoriarum unaquaeque dissimilem superficialem compositionem praedicit, et duae proximae spatiales missiones, [[MESSENGER]] et [[BepiColombo]], idem propositum observationum capiendarum quae theorias probari permittant habent<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Weidenschilling|first= S. J.|title=Iron/silicate fractionation and the origin of Mercury|journal= Icarus|volume= 35 |year=1987|pages= 99–111}}</ref> == Geologia superficialis == Mercurii [[superficies]] speciem Lunaris plerumque persimilis est, latas [[mare lunare|marium]] similes planities et abundantem craterationem exhibens, quod [[geologia|geologice]] iners per annorum billiones fuisse indicat. Quia nostra notitia de Mercurii [[geologia]] solum in unius [[navis spatialis]] itineri fulcitur minimus bene intellectus inter terrestres planetas est. Superficiales proprietates sunt: * [[Albedo|Albedinis]] characteres i.e., notabiliter dissimilis reflexivitatis areae. * [[Dorsum|Dorsa]] * [[Mons|Montes]] * [[Planitia]]e * [[Rupes]] * [[Vallis|Valles]] Per et paulum post Mercurii formationem, cometis et asteroidibus intense pyrobolatus est per periodum [[ultima intensa coniectio|ultimam intensam coniectionem]] nominatam, 3.8 annorum billionibus abhinc. Per hanc intensae craterum formationis periodum, planeta impactus super fere totam superficiem ob [[atmosphaera]]e absentiam quam impactoria corpora frenaret accepit. In eo tempore planeta [[mons ignifer|vulcanice]] activus erat; planitiae velut [[Caloris Planitia]] [[magma]]te e planetae intestino implevere, quod aequas planitias [[mare lunare|lunarium marium]] similes produxit. [[Crater illisionis|Crateres illisionis]] in Mercurio [[diametrum]] a paucis metris ad centa chiliometrorum longitudinem variant. Latissimi noti crateres enormis Caloris Planitia, cum 1300 chiliometra diametri, et Solitudo Aphrodites (populariter nominatus ''Skinakas Concha''), cum 1600 chiliometra diametri, sed solum noti de parva resolutione imaginis cum terrestre base hemisphaerio nave Mariner non photographato. Impulsus qui Caloris planitiam creavit sic [[violentia|violentus]] fuit ut [[lava]]e eruptiones causaverit et concentricum anulum circa 2 chiliometra altitudinem circum [[crater illisionis|craterem illisionis]] reliquerit. In Caloris Planitia [[antipodes|antipodibus]] vasta inusitata [[mons|montuosi]] terrae [[regio]] est.<ref>[[Anglice]] quasi Territorium Weirdianum appellata.</ref> [[Hypothesis]] de huius geomorphologicae unitatis origine est ut impulsus undae, dum impulsus per planetam iter faceret generata sunt et, se in conchae antipodes (180 gradus longe) convergentibus, potentes pressiones superficiem frangere potuerunt.<ref>{{Cite journal|first1=P. H.|last1= Schultz|first2= D. E.|last2= Gault|title=Seismic effects from major basin formations on the moon and Mercury|journal=The Moon|volume= 12|month=Februario|year= 1975|pages= 159–177}}</ref> Alternative,{{dubsig}} hoc territorium ob in his conchae antipodibus eiectorum convergentiam formavisse suggesta est. [[Fasciculus:Mercury's 'Weird Terrain'.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Sic nominatum “Territorium Weirdianum” in [[Caloris Planitia]] impactu in antipodico loco formatum est.]] Planitiae Mercurii duas dissimiles aetates habet: noviores planitiae minus intense crateris plenae et probabiliter formatae cum lavae [[flumen|flumina]] recentius terrenum sepelivere. Inusualis planetariae superficiei character numerosa compressionis vada quae planitias transeunt est. Planetariis intestinis [[frigus|frigidioribus]] se facientibus, planeta contraxisse et [[superficies]] deformari coepisse censentur. Vada supra alios characteres velut crateres et aequiores planitias videri possunt, recentiora esse indicantia.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=D.|last= Dzurisin|title=The tectonic and volcanic history of Mercury as inferred from studies of scarps, ridges, troughs, and other lineaments|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume= 83|year=1978|pages= 4883–4906}}</ref> Mercurii superficies [[Sol]]e auctis [[vis aestuosa|aestuosis convexionibus]] etiam flectitur, -Solares aestus in Mercurio circa 17% fortiores lunaribus in Tellure sunt.<ref>{{Harvard citation|Van Hoolst | Jacobs| 2003}}</ref> Velut [[Luna]], Mercurii superficies probabiliter [[meteorologia spatialis|meteorologicorum spatialium]] processuum effectus patitur. [[Ventus solaris]] et [[micrometeoritum|micrometeoritorum]] impactus [[albedo|albedinem]] obscurare et superficialis reflectantiae proprietates alterare possunt. Media superficialis [[temperatura]] in Mercurio 452 K (353.9&nbsp;°F, 178.9&nbsp;°C) est, sed de 90K (-297.7&nbsp;°F, -183.2&nbsp;°C) to 700K (800.3&nbsp;°F, 426.9&nbsp;°C), complectitur, ob atmosphaerae absentiam; comparative, in Tellure temperatura solum circa 80K variat. Lux solaris in Mercurii superficie sexiens et dimidio intensior quam in Tellure, cum [[constans solare|constantis solaris]] valore 9.13kW/m². [[Fasciculus:Merc fig2sm.jpg|thumb|Radioelectrica Septemtrionalis Mercuriani poli imago.]] Adhuc generatim extreme maxima superficiale temperatura, observationes [[gelu]] in Mercurio esse valide suggerunt. Aliquorum profundorum craterum pavimenta prope polos numquam directae solari luci exponuntur, et ibi temperaturae valde minores globali media manent. [[Aqua]]rium gelu radioelectridem valide reflectit, et observationes valde magnae radioelectricae reflexionis terrena esse prope polos revelant.<ref>{{Cite journal|first1=M. A.|last1= Slade|first2= B. J.|last2= Butler|first3=D. O.|last3= Muhleman|title=Mercury radar imaging — Evidence for polar ice|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1992-10-23_258_5082/page/635|journal=Science|volume= 258|year=1992|pages= 635–640}}</ref> Gelidae regiones cum profundo solum paucorum metrorum tegi et circa 10-15 kg cum gelu continere creduntur. Comparative, [[Antarctica]] gelida lamina in Tellure massam circa 4kg et [[Mars|Martis]] Meridionalis pilleus circa 10-16kg aquae continet. Mercuriani gelu origo adhuc nescitur, sed plausillimi fontes aquaria [[egasiatio]]{{dubsig}} e planetario intestino aut ob [[cometes|cometarum]] impactus depositio sunt.<ref>{{Cite journal|first1=K.|last1=Rawlins|first2= J. I.|last2= Moses|first3= K. J.|last3= Zahnle|title=Exogenic Sources of Water for Mercury’s Polar Ice|journal=DPS|volume= 27 |year=1995|page= 2112}}</ref> == Atmosphaera == [[Fasciculus:Terrestrial planet size comparisons.jpg|thumb|300px|Magnitudinalis comparatio terrestrium planetarum (de laeva dextrorsum): Mercurius, [[Venus (planeta)]], [[Tellus]], et [[Mars (planeta)]].]] Mercurius satis minimus est ne [[gravitas]] sua significantem atmosphaeram per longam temporis periodum retienat; nihilominus, tenuem atmosphaeram [[hydrogenium]], [[helium]], [[oxygenium]], [[natrium]], [[calcium]] et [[kalium]] continentem habet. Haec atmosphaera stabilis non est –atoma continenter amittuntur et de fontium varietate replentur. Hydrogenii heliique atoma probabiliter de [[ventus solaris|vento solare]] veniant, per Mercurii magnetosphaeram [[diffusio|diffundentes]] antequam denuo effugiant spatio. Elementorum [[decidentia radioactiva]] in Mercurii corticem et helii et natrii et kalii alter fons est. Aquarius vapor probabiliter ibi praeest, in Mercurium cometis in superficie collidentibus transvectus.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hunten|first1= D. M.|last2= Shemansky|first2= D. E.|last3= Morgan|first3= T. H.|chapter=The Mercury atmosphere|title= Mercury|publisher=University of Arizona Press|year=1988|pages= 562–612}}</ref> == Magnetosphaera == Adhuc cum lenta 176 dierum tempus rotatione, Mercurius relative fortem et specie globalem [[campus magneticus|campum magneticum]] habet. Qui 0.1 centesimae tam fortis Tellurico est.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Seeds|first= Michael A.|year=2004|title=Astronomy: The Solar System and Beyond|url=https://archive.org/details/astronomysolarsy0004seed|edition=quarta|publisher=Brooks Cole.| ISBN=0-534-42111-3}}</ref> Plausibile campum magneticum modo simili Tellurici generari, circulantis liquidae nuclei materiae [[dynamon|dynamo]], est.<ref>Gold, Lauren. "[http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/May07/margot.mercury.html Mercury has molten core, Cornell researcher shows]", Cornell Universitas, 3 Maii 2007.</ref> Mechanema ut [[liquidum]] servet suggestum praesertim fortes aestuosi effectus per magnae orbitalis eccentricitate periodos est. Mercurii campus [[magnetismus|magneticus]] satis fortis [[ventus solaris|vento solare]] deflectendo circum planetam, [[magnetosphaera]]m intus quam ventus solaris non penetrat creans. Quod in Luna status dissimile est, quae campum magneticum sic debilem ne ventus solaris in superficie collidens retinetur et ergo magnetosphaera caret. == Orbita rotatioque == {| align="left" width="235" style="margin-right:5px; border: 1px solid #cccccc" |- | bgcolor="black" | [[Fasciculus:ThePlanets Orbits Mercury PolarView.svg|230px|Mercurii orbita (flava)]] [[Fasciculus:ThePlanets Orbits Mercury EclipticView.svg|230px|Mercurii orbita de ascendenti nodo (infra) et de 10º supra visa]] |} Mercurii orbita [[eccentricitas|eccentricissima]] est inter praecipuos planetas, cum distantia a Sole de 46 000 000 ad 70 000 000 chiliometrorum variante. Laevum diagramma eccentricitatis effectus illustrat, Mercurii orbitam superiectam cum circulare orbita [[axis semimaior|axem semimaiorem]] habente ostendens. Maior planetae velocitas cum prope perihelion est de maiore distantia quam in quoque quinque dierum intervallo operit clara est. Sphaerarum magnitudo, inverse proportionalis suae de Solis distantiae, utitur ut variantes heliocentricae distantiae illustrentur. Haec varians distantia de Sole, una cum 3:2 [[resonantia orbitae centrifugae]] in planetaria rotatione circum axem, complexas superficialis temperaturae variationes creat. Mercurii orbita 7º super Telluricae orbitae planum ([[ecliptica]]m) inclinatur, ut laevo in diagrammati ostenditur. Velut effectus, Mercurii [[transitus]] per Solis faciem solum accidere possunt cum planeta eclipticae planum transit simul inter Tellurem Solemque iacet . Quae circa septimo quoque anno accidunt. Mercurii [[inclinatio axialis]] 0.01 gradus est. Quae trecentiens minor Ioviana, secunda omnium planetarum minima cum 3.1 gradibus, est. Quod observatorem in Mercurii aequatore locali meridie Solem magis quam 1/100 unius gradus caelestis fastigii Septemtrione aut Autro videre nunquam posse significat. Converse, in polis Sol magis quam 0.01º super horizon nunquam escendit. Aliquibus in Mercurianae superficiei locis, observator Solem media in via escendere, tunc revertere et postea denuo escendere, omnia eadem Mercuriana die videre posset. Quae accidunt quia circa quattuor diebus ante [[perihelion]], Mercurii angularis [[velocitas orbitalis]] exacte angularem [[velocitas rotationalis|velocitatem rotationalem]] aequat, ergo Solaris [[motio apparens]] desinit; in perihelio, Mercuriana angularis velocitas orbitalis angularem velocitatem rotationalem tunc exsuperat. Sic, Sol se in [[motio retrograda|retrogradam]] directionem movens apparet. Quattuor diebus post perihelion, istis in locis normalem motionem apparentem resumit. Orbitales simulationes Mercurianae orbitae eccentricitatem de 0 ad 0.47 per Systematis Solaris aetatem variavisse indicant. Quod 3:2 Mercurianam resonantiam orbita centrifugae explicare putatur, quia hunc statum per magnae eccentricitatis periodum accidere plausibilius est. === Perihelii progressio === Saeculo undevicensimo, lentam [[praecessio]]nem Mercurianae orbitae circum Solem [[mechanica Newtoniana]] et cognitorum planetarum perturbationibus complete explicari nequire perceptum est (notabiliter a Gallo [[mathematicus (homo)|mathematico]] [[Verrierus|Verriero]]). Alterum planetam in orbita adhuc propiore Solem exsistendum esse hypothetizatum est ut haec pertubatio explicaretur (aliae explicationes parvam oblatitatem Solis inclusam putabantur). Successus in [[Neptunus (planeta)|Neptuno]] invenendo in [[Uranus (planeta)|Uranianae]] orbitae perturbationibus fultus astronomos multo fidere huic explicationi tulit, et hypotheticus planeta adhuc baptizatus est [[Vulcanus (hypotheticus planeta)|Vulcanus]]. Tamen, in saeculo vicensimo principiis, [[Albertus Einstein|Einsteniana]] [[Relativitas generalis|Relativitatis Generalis Theoria]] explicationem observatae praecessioni instruit. Effectus minimus est: Mercuriani relativistici perihelii progressionis excessus exacte 42.98 [[arcosecunda]]rum pro saeculo est, circa duodecim miliones orbitarum integrae excessus reditui requiruntur. Similes, sed valde minimi, effectus aliis planetis quorum arcosecundae pro saeculo 8.62 Veneri, 3.84 Telluri, 1.35 Marti et 10.05 [[1566 Icarus|1566 Icaro]] sunt operant.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gilvarry|first1= J. J.|title=Relativity Precession of the Asteroid Icarus|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_physical-review_1953-03-01_89_5/page/1046|journal= Physical Review|volume= 89|number= 5|month=March|year=1953| page= 1046}}</ref><ref>Iorio, L.; ''Solar System planetary motions and modified gravity'' (vide [http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/gr-qc/pdf/0511/0511138v1.pdf versio interretialis (pdf) apud arxiv.org]) 25 Nov 2005 (table 4)</ref> === Resonantia orbitae centrifugae === [[Fasciculus:Mercury's orbital resonance.png|thumb|200px|Post orbitam, Mercurius semel et dimidio rotavit, ergo post duas completas orbitas idem hemisphaerium denuo illustratur.]] Aliquos per annos Mercurius semel quaque in orbita synchrone [[occlusio aestuosa|aestuose occludi]] cum Solem, eandem faciem Soli directam semper, eodem modo velut Luna semper Telluri, ostendens putabatur. Nihilominus, [[radioelectricum instrumentum detectorium|radioelectricae]] observationes anno 1965 planetam 3:2 resonantiam orbitae centrifugae habere, ter pro duabus circum Solem revolutionibus rotantem, probavere; Mercurii orbitae eccentricitas hanc resonantiam stabilem facit; in perihelio, cum solaris aestus maximus est, Sol fere iam in Mercurii caelo est. Originalis ratio ab astronomis putata ut synchrone aestuose occluderetur quia, quotienscumque Mercurius observationi optimus erat, semper eodem in loco in 3:2 resonantiam, quamobrem eandem faciem ostendens, erat. Ob Mercurii 3:2 resonantiam orbitae centrifugae, [[dies solaris]] (longitudo inter duos [[meridianus (astronomia)|meridianos]] Solem [[transitus astronomicus|transeuns]]) per circa 176 Telluricos dies durat. Orbitales simulationes Mercurianae orbitae eccentricitatem [[theoria chai|chaotice]] de 0 (circulare) ad maxima 0.47 circa miliones annorum variare indicant. Sic putatur ut 3:2 resonantiae orbitae centrifugae (potius quam magis usuale 1:1) explicetur, quamobrem hic status plausibilior surgendo per magnae eccentricitatis periodum est<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Correia|first1= A. C. M.|last2= Laskar|first2= J.|title=Mercury’s capture into the 3/2 spin–orbit resonance as a result of its chaotic dynamics|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-06-24_429_6994/page/848|journal= Nature|volume= 429 |year=2004| pages= 848–850}}</ref>. == Observatio == [[Fasciculus:Moon + Mercury 2012-06-21 conjuction and Pollux.jpg|thumb|350px|[[Luna (satelles)|Lunae]] et Mercurii coniunctio die [[21 Iunii]] [[2012]]. [[Pollux (astronomia)|Pollux]] constellationis [[Gemini (constellatio)|Geminorum]] quoque est aspectabilis. Mercurii [[magnitudo apparens]] inter circa -2.0, fulgidior [[Sirius|Sirio]], et 5.5 variat.<ref>Espenak, F.; ''[https://archive.is/20120524184350/sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/TYPE/mercury2.html%23me2006 Twelve Year Planetary Ephemeris: 1995–2006]'', NASA Reference Publication 1349.</ref>]] Mercurii observatio complicata est ob Solis vicinitatem, quia per fere totum tempus amittitur Solaris nitore. Mercurius solum observari potest per brevem periodum matutino aut vespertino crepusculo. [[Telescopium spatiale Hubbleanum]] Mercurium et observare nequit ob securitatis methodos quae ne proximum Solis iactum intendat cavent. Velut Luna, Mercurius [[Vices lunae|vices]] exhibet secundum visas de Tellure, "novus" in [[coniunctio inferior|coniunctione inferiore]] et "plenus" [[coniunctio superior|coniunctione superiore]]. Planeta invisibilis fit in duas harum occasionum secundum suum ortum et occasum ambos pactos cum Sole. Prima et ultima quadrantes phases maxima in elongatione de Oriente ad Occidentem, respective evenunt, cum Mercurii separatio a Sole de 18.5º in [[perihelion|perihelio]] ad 28.3º in [[aphelion|aphelio]] mutat. Maxima in elongatione occidentali, Mercurius ortus est ante Solem, et maxima in elongatione orientali, post Solem occidit. Mercurius coniunctionem inferiorem generatim quoque 116º die attingit, sed hoc intervallum de 111 diebus ad 121 ob planetariam eccentricam orbitam mutare potest. Haec [[motio retrograda|motionis retrogradae]] periodus, velut videtur de Tellure, de octo ad quidecim dies alterutro in latere coniuctionis inferioris variare potest. Haec ampla variatio et de planetaria magna [[eccentricitas|orbitale ecentricitate]] surgit. [[Fasciculus:Mercury_Mariner10.jpg|thumb|left|Mercurii aspectus de Marinere 10.]] Mercurius creberius facilis videndo de Tellurico [[Hemisphaerium Meridionale|Hemisphaerio Meridionali]] quam de [[Hemisphaerium Septemtrionale|Septemtrionali]] est, quia maximae possibiles suae elongationes Occidentales Solis semper evenunt cum principia autumni in Hemisphaerio Meridionali est, dum suae maximae possibiles elongationes Meridionales accidunt cum in Hemisphaerio Meridionali extremum hiemis tempus est. Ambobus in casibus, angulus quem Mercurius cum [[ecliptica]] percutit est maximus, eum varias horas ante Solem oriri et non occidere usque ad varias horas post solarem occasum in nationibus in Australibus temperatae zonae latitudinibus sitis, sicut in [[Argentina]] aut in [[Nova Zelandia]], permittens. Adversus, in septemtrionalibus temperatae zonae latitudinibus, Mercurius nunquam est super fere toti obscuri nocturni caeli horizon. Mercurius, sicut multi alii planetae et fulgidissimae stellae, per totam [[eclipsis solaris|solarem eclipsem]] videri potest. Mercurius fulgidissimus velut de Tellure videtur est cum in [[phasis gibbosa|phasi gibbosa]] inter quadrantem phasem et plenam est. Quamquam planeta valde longius a Tellure in gibbosa phase quam in crescente, maior illustrata area visibilis magis maiore distantia compensat. Opposita Veneri vera sunt, quia fulgidissimus in crescente phase apparet, namque valde propius Tellurem quam in gibbosa est. == Studia de Mercurio == === Antiqui astronomi === Primae de Mercurio mentionem de [[millennium 3 a.C.n.|millennio tertio a.C.n.]], cum a [[Sumer]]iis [[Mesopotamia]]e nomine ''Ubu-idim-gud-ud'', inter alia cognoscebatur. [[Babylonia|Babylonii]] (2000-500 a.C.n.) Sumeriis successere, et iam primi observationes de planeta collexisse possent, etsi haec non supervixerint, enim posterioria Babylonia acta de septimo saeculo a.C.n. ad anteriora acta referunt. Babylonii planetam Nabu aut Nebu nominaverunt de nuntio [[deus|deorum]] in sua [[mythologia]].<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120723001225/http://www.messenger-education.org/elusive_planet/ancient_cultures_2.php Mercury and ancient cultures]'' (2002), JHU/APL.</ref> [[Antiqua Graecia|antiqui Graeci]] duo nomina planetae dedere: [[Apollo|Apollinem]] cum visibilis in matutino caelo erat et [[Hermes|Hermen]] cum visibilis vespere. Nihilominus, Graeci astronomi duo nomina ad idem corpus referre intellexere, et fuit [[Pythagoras]] primus Graecus qui ideam proposuit<ref name="dunne">Dunne, J. A.; and Burgess, E.; ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20121018172538/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-424/ch1.htm The Voyage of Mariner 10 — Mission to Venus and Mercury]'', NASA History Office publication SP-424 (1978).</ref>. === Terrestris basis cum telescopiis investigatio === [[Fasciculus:Distant view of Mercury from Mariner 10.jpg|thumb|150px|Haec Marineris 10 photographia de 4.3 miliones chiliometrorum similis optimorum aspectuum quos telescopice de Tellure consequi possunt.]] Prima [[telescopium|telescopica]] observatio Mercurii a navicula [[Galilaeus Galilaei|Galileo]] facta est in principiis saeculi decimi septimi. Quamquam [[phasis planetaria|phases]] Venerem intuitus observavit, suum telescopium non satis potens erat ut Mercurii phases viderent. Anno [[1631]], [[Petrus Gassendius]] primas observationes de planetae [[transitus astronomicus|transitu]] per Solem fecit, cum transitum Mercurii a [[Iohannes Kepler|Iohanne Kepler]] praedictum vidit. Anno [[1639]], [[Iohannes Baptista Zupius]] telescopio usus est ut planetam Veneris et Lunae similes phases habentem inveniret. Observatio conclusive Mercurium circum Solem orbitare demonstravit. Rarissimus in astronomia eventus prae altero planetae transitus, [[occultatio]], est, velut de Tellure videtur. Mercurius et Venus paucis quibusque saeculis se occultant, et diei [[28 Maii]] [[1737]] eventus una occultatio historice observata est a [[Iohannes Bevis|Iohanne Bevis]] in [[Regale Grenvicanum Observatorium|Regali Grenvicano Observatorio]].<ref>{{Cite journal|first1=R. W.|last1=Sinnott|first2=J.|last2=Meeus|title=John Bevis and a Rare Occultation|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_sky-and-telescope_1986-09_72_3/page/n11|journal=Sky and Telescope|volume= 72|year=1986|page=220}}</ref> Proxima occultatio Mercurii Venere anno 2133 erit. Mercurio observando inhaerentes difficultates eum valde minus studia aliis planetis habere significant. Anno [[1800]], Iohannes Schroeter superficiales indoles observavit, sed erronee planetariam rotationalem periodum in circa viginti quattuor horis arbitratus est. Saeculi undevicensimi decade annorum 80,{{dubsig}} Iohannes Schiaparellius accuratiorem tabulam geographicam fecit, et Mercurii rotationalem periodum octoginta octo dierum esse, tam quam suum orbitalem periodum ob [[occlusio aestuosa|occlusionem aestuosam]] suggessit.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=E. S.|last=Holden|title=Announcement of the Discovery of the Rotation Period of Mercury [a Professore Schiaparelli]|journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific|volume=2|year=1890|page= 79}}</ref> Haec res [[rotatio synchrona]] cognoscitur et etiam id monstrat Telluris Luna. Theoria ut Mercurii rotatio synchrona esset ample accepta est, et fuit ponderis pertubatio astronomis cum radiobservationes decade 1960 eam addubitavere. Si Mercurius aestuose occluderetur, sua obscura facies extreme frigida esset, sed radioemissionum mensurae eam formiorem quam exspectata esse revelavere. Astronomi reluctantes ut relinqueretur rotationis synchrinae theoria fuere et alternativa mechanemata, velut potentes calorem distribuentes ventos, quae observationes explicarent proposuere, sed anno [[1965]] [[radioelectricum instrumentum detectorium|radioelectricae]] observationes planetariam rotationalem periodum circa quinquaginta novem dierum esse conclusive demonstravere. Astronomus [[Italia|Italicus]] [[Iosephus Columbus]] hunc valorem circa duas tertias partes Mercurianae orbitalis periodi esse notavit et dissimilem occlusionis aestuosae modum evenisse quo planetarias orbitalem rotationalemque periodos ocluderentur cum 3:2 potius quam 1:1 resonantiam proposuit.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=G.|last= Colombo|title=Rotational Period of the Planet Mercury|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1965-11-06_208_5010/page/575|journal= Nature|volume= 208|year=1965|page= 575}}</ref><ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120624000448/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-423/mariner.htm SP-423 Atlas of Mercury]''. NASA. (9 Sep, 2007)</ref> Cum terrestre base observationes de planetariis intestinis multam lucem non iecere, et usque ad [[Speculatrum spatiale|speculatra spatialia]] Mercurium visitantia multa fundamentalium propriorum ignota mansere. Nihilominus, recentes technologicae progressiones meliores cum terrestre base observationes fecere: anno 2000, magnae resolutionis [[photographia fortunata]] de [[Montis Wilsoniani Observatorium|Montis Wilsoniani Observatorii]] 60 pollicum telescopio primos aspectus qui aliqua superficialia propria in locis Mercuriis quos Marinerianae missiones non photographavere solvere instruit. === Investigatio cum speculatris spatialibus === De Tellure Mercurium investigare ad ponderis technica duella provocavit, quia planetaria orbita valde propius Solem quam Tellus. Versus Mercurium [[navicula sideralis]] de Tellure iacta 91 miliones chiliometrorum iter in Solis [[gravitas|gravitationalem]] [[puteus potentialis|puteum potentialem]] factura est. Ab Tellurica [[velocitas orbitalis|velocitate orbitale]] 30 km/s incipiens, [[velocitas|velocitatis]] ([[delta-v]]) mutatio quae navicula factura est ut [[orbita transvectionis Hohmannianae|orbitam transvectionis Hohmannianae]] prope Mercurium transeuntem intret ampla est cum aliis planetariis missionibus comparata. Solaris putei potentialis summotu liberata [[energia potentialis]] [[energia cinetica]] fit; aliam amplam delta-v quae aliquod alius quam rapide transire Mercurium faciat requirens. Ut secure descendat aut stabilem orbitam intret navicula missilis motoriis tote fisura est namque [[aerosufflamen]] excluditur quia planeta paucissimam atmosphaeram habet. Versus Mercurium excursio in praesenti plus missilis liquorem propulsorium quam ut plane Solare Systemate [[velocitas effugii|effugiet]] requisita requirit. Consequentiter, solum unum [[speculatrum spatiale]] planetam tam longe visitavit. ==== Mariner 10 ==== [[Fasciculus:Mariner10.gif|thumb|left|[[Mariner 10]] [[speculatrum spatiale]], unum speculatrum quod iam planetae intestina visitavit.]] Una navicula sideralis Mercurio tam longe appropinquans [[NASA]]e [[Mariner 10]] (1974-1975) fuit<ref name="dunne"/>. Navicula [[Venus (planeta)|Venerea]] gravitate usa est ut sua velocitatem orbitalem aptaret ut Mercurio appropinquare posset- prima navicula sideralis [[Gravitationalis funda]]e effectu usa est. Mariner 10 scrutatorias Mercurianae superficiei imagines instruit, quae confestim eius craterum plenam naturam monstravit, et etiam multa geologicorum propriorum genera revelavit, velut giganteas declivationes quae postea parvae planetae contractionis effectui sicut ferrei nuclei frigoribus ascriptae sunt<ref>NASA - ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20080325090336/http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/20oct_transitofmercury.html 2006 Transit of Mercury]'' (28 Martii, 2007).</ref>. Infortunate, quia Marineris 10 orbitalis periodus circa exacte 3 sidereorum Mercurianorum dierum erat, eadem planetae facies in quaque Marineris 10 appropinquatione ostendebatur, quorum consequentia ut minus quam 45 centesimae planetariae [[superficies|superficiei]] tabula [[geographia|geographica]] facta sit fuit. Navicula tres vicinas appropinquationes Mercurio fecit, proximam quarum 327 km a superficie distavit. Prima vicina in appropinquatione, instrumenta campum magneticum detexere magnae planetariis geologis perturbationi quia Mercurii rotatio lentior ponderis [[dynamon|dynami]] effectui generando esse exspectabatur. Secunda vicina appropinquatione praecipue ad imagines capiendas usi sunt, sed tertia in appropinquatione, lata magnetica data obtenta sunt. Data planetae campum magneticum Tellurici simillimum esse, circum planetam [[ventus solaris|ventum solarem]] deflectentem, revelavere. Nihilominus, Mercurii campi magnetici origo adhuc variarum certantium theoriarum quaestio est. Iuste paucis diebus post finalem vicinam appropinquationem, Mariner 10 liquorem propulsorium hausit, sua orbita diu accurate regi nequiebat et missionis inspectores speculatra cessare iussere. Mariner 10 adhuc Solem orbitare, adhuc prope Mercurium paucis quibusque mensibus transeuns creditur<ref>NSSDC - ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20041031000737/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/tmp/1973-085A.html Master Catalog Display]: Mariner 10''. (20 Oct, 2005).</ref>. ==== MESSENGER ==== {{Main|MESSENGER}} Ad Mercurium NASAe secunda missio, nominata MESSENGER (‘’Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry, and Ranging’’, Latine; Mercurii superficies, sideralis ambitus, geochemica et super obiecta extensio), iacta est die 3 Augusti anni 2004, de [[Promontorii Harundineti Aerearum Virium Statione]] in [[Boeing Delta 2]] missile. MESSENGER navicula varias vicinas planetis appropinquationes fecit ut in correcta traiectoria ad circum Mercurium orbitam assequendam locaretur. Tellurem supervolavit Augusto anni 2005, et Venerem Octobri mense anni 2006. Denuo Veneri occurrit die 5 Iunii anni 2007, et postea tres Mercurii supervolatus fecit (Ianuario Octobrique anni 2008, et Septembri mense anni 2009), post quos circum planetam orbitam Martio 2011 intravit. MESSENGER in orbita mansit usque ad Aprilem 2015, quo mense fomite exhausto in solum cadens confractum est. Missio ut sex praecipuas quaestiones responderet designata est: de Mercurii magna densitate, de eius geologica historia, de eius campi magnetici natura, de eius nuclei structura, an gelu in polis haberet, et unde tenuis atmosphaera venisset. Ad hoc speculatrum imaginum capiendarum machinamenta ferebat quae maximae resolutionis imagines et plus locorum quam Mariner 10 colligarent, accommodata [[spectrometrum|spectrometra]] quae in cortice elementorum abundantias determinarent, et ad oneratarum particularum velocitates metiendas [[magnetometrum|magnetometra]] et machinamenta.<ref>[http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/ Ioannis Hopkins Universitatis MESSENGER paginae interretiales]. (27 Apr, 2006).</ref><ref>{{Cite web|lang=en|url=http://MESSENGER.jhuapl.edu/news_room/presscon14_multi.html#results |title=Top 10 Science Results|work=Université Johns-Hopkins : MESSENGER |accessdate=30 April 2015 }}.</ref>. ==== Bepiocolumbiana ==== [[Fasciculus:mercuryglobe1.jpg|thumb|Mercurius a Marinere 10 navicula photographatus.]] [[Iaponia]] coniunctim cum [[Procuratio Sideralis Europaea|Procuratione Siderali Europaea]] in animo missionem habet, nominatam Bepiocolumbianam ([[lingua Anglica|Anglice]] ''BepiColombo''), quae Mercurium cum duabus speculatriis orbitabit: unum quod planetae tabulam faciet, altrum quod [[magnetosphaera]]e studebit. Originale destinatum terrestris vehiculi includendi abrogatum est. [[Russia|Russa]] [[vehiculum eiectorium Soiuzianum|Soiuziana]] missilia anno [[2013]] speculatra eiicient. Sicut MESSENGER, Bepiocolumbiana speculatra vicinas aliis planetis appropinquationes in tramite versus Mercurium, Lunam Veneremque transeuntes et varias Mercurio appropinquationes facientes antequam orbitam intrent. Speculatra Mercurium assequentur circa annum 2019, per annum orbitantia et superficiem magnetosphaeramque explorantia. Speculatra MESSENGERis similem spectrometrorum seriem ferent, et planetae et aliquibus longitudinibus undariis [[radiatio infrarubra|infrarubro]], [[radiatio ultraviolacea|ultraviolaceo]], [[Roentgeniani radii|Roetgenianis radiis]], et [[radiatio gamma|radiis gamma]] comprehensis studebunt. Insuper intensivo de planeta ipso studio, missionis destinatores speculatro vicinitate Soli uti etiam sperant ut [[Relativitas generalis|Relativitatis Generalis]] theoriae praedictiones cum optima subtilitate temptentur. Missio sic nominatur a [[Iosephus Columbus|Iosepho (Bepio) Columbo]], scientista qui primus Mercurianae orbitalis resonantiae cum Sole naturam determinavit et qui et in Marineris 10 gravitate auxiliatae traiectoriae anno 1974 adumbratione involutus est.<ref>ESA Science & Technology: ''[http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=30 BepiColombo],'' 27 Aprilis 2006.</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Harvard reference | Last1 =Benz|First1 =W.|First2=W. L.|Last2=Slattery|First3=A. G. W.|Last3=Cameron|Year=1988|Title=Collisional stripping of Mercury’s mantle|Journal=Icarus|Volume= 74|Pages=516–528}} * {{Cite book|last1=Connerney|first1= J. E. P.|first2=N. F.|last2=Ness|year=1988|chapter=Mercury's magnetic field and interior|title=Mercury|editor1-first=Faith|editor1-last= Vilas|editor2-first= C. R.|editor2-last=Chapman|editor3-first= M. S.|editor3-last=Matthews|pages= 494–513|place= Tucsoniae|publisher= University of Arizona Press}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Deutsch|first1= Ariel N.|first2= James W.|last2=Head|first3= Nancy L.|last3= Chabot|first4= Gregory A.|last4= Neumann|title= Constraining the thickness of polar ice deposits on Mercury using the Mercury Laser Altimeter and small craters in permanently shadowed regions|journal=Icarus| volume= 305 |year=2018| pages= 139–148}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Fastook|first1= James L.|first2= James W.|last2= Head|first3= Ariel N.|last3= Deutsch|year= 2019|title= Glaciation on Mercury: Accumulation and flow of ice in permanently shadowed circum-polar crater interiors|journal=Icarus|volume= 317|pages= 81-93}} * {{Harvard reference | Surname1 =Lyttleton| Given1 =R. A.| Year =1969|Title-On the Internal Structures of Mercury and Venus|Journal=Astrophysics and Space Science|Volume=5|Page=18}} * {{Cite web|last=Russell|first1= C. T.|year=1987|chapter= Planetary magnetism|title=Geomagnetism|volume= 2|editor= J. A. Jacobs|pages= 457–523|place= Londinii|publisher= Academic Press}} * {{Cite book|last1=Russell|first1= C. T.|first2= D. N.|last2= Baker|first3= J. A.|last3= Slavin|year=1988|chapter= The magnetosphere of Mercury|title=Mercury| editor1-first= F. |edior1-last=Vilas|editor2-first= C. R.|editor2-last= Chapman|editor3-first= M. S.|editor3-last= Matthews|pages= 514–561|place= Tucson|publisher= University of Arizona Press}} * {{Harvard reference | Surname1 =Russell| Given1 =C. T.|Initials2= J. G. |Surname2=Luhmann| Year =1997|Chapter=Mercury: Magnetic Field and Magnetosphere| Title =Encyclopedia of Planetary Sciences|Pages=476–478|Place=Novi Eboraci| Publisher = Chapman and Hall}} * {{Harvard reference | Surname1 =Van Hoolst| Given1 = T.|Initials2= C.|Surname2= Jacobs | Year =2003| Title = Mercury’s tides and interior structure|Journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|Volume=108|Pages=7}} {{Systema solare nostrum}} {{1000 paginae}} {{FA stella}} {{Myrias|Physica}} [[Categoria:Mercurius|!]] [[Categoria:Res astronomicae nominibus antiquis agnitae]] [[Categoria:Corpora astronomica speculatris visitata]] 334lckdot7vplz5dxbjuf0jrhny2yk0 0 4210 3979928 3978810 2026-08-09T21:35:44Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979928 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:F0182 Louvre Code Hammourabi Bas-relief Sb8 rwk.jpg|thumb|[[Codex Hammurabi]] in [[stela]] [[Susa (Irania)|Susae]] reperta, nunc [[Lutetia]]e apud [[Museum Lupariense]] ostentatus, pars anterior et superior sculpta: Rex Hammurabi deum Šamaš veneratur, qui ei virgam et circulum porrigit.]] [[Fasciculus:Code-de-Hammurabi-1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Codex Hammurabi]]. [[Lutetia]]e apud [[Museum Lupariense]] ostentatus. Pars posterior.]] {{res|Hammurabi}} vel {{res|Hammurapi}} ([[Lingua Accadica|Accadice]] 𒄩𒄠𒈬𒊏𒁉 ''Ḫămmŭrăpĭ'' 'cognatus est [[medicus]]',<ref>Ab 'ʻAmmu'' 'cognatus paternus' + ''Rāpi'' 'medicus'. Certum est [[Alanus Millard|Alano Millard]] [[Res classicae|classistae]] ''Hammurapi'' optimam [[Orthographia|orthographiam]] esse (Millard 2004).''</ref> circa [[1810 a.C.n.]]–circa [[1750 a.C.n.]]) fuit sextus [[prima dynastia Babylonia|Veteris Imperii Babylonii]] [[rex]] [[Amorrei|Amoriticus]], qui ab anno [[1792 a.C.n.]] fere ad annum [[1750 a.C.n.]] fere regnabat. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sin-Muballit||en|qid=Q374546}} [[pater|patri]] successit, qui se [[valetudo|valetudinis]] deficientis causa [[regnum|regno]] abdicaverat. [[Auctor]] insigniter fuit [[Codex Hammurabi|Codicis Hammurabi]] [[lex|legum]]. Quadraginta tres annos regnavit. Unicuique anno regni nomen suum erat, ex eventu anni prioris inditum; illorum annorum catalogus et [[chronologia|ordo chronologicus]] hodie notus est.<ref>Iam [[Scriba|scribae]] antiqui [[Catalogus|catalogum]] illorum annorum fecerant, ut in tabula [[Fictile|fictili]] AO7664 in [[Museum Lupariense|Museo Lupariensi]] servatur. Vide etiam Horsnell 1999 et Khwshnaw 2023.</ref> Difficilius erat tempus eius regni ad annos nostri temporis referre; nihilominus, plerique eruditi chronologiam "mediam" dictam probaverunt, et eum regnasse inter 1792 et 1750 a.C.n. putant.<ref>Contra H. Gasche et alii, ''Dating the fall of Babylon: a reappraisal of second-millenium chronology'' (Gandavi et Sicagi: 1998): [http://www.persee.fr/doc/topoi_1161-9473_1999_num_9_1_1823 Recensio critica]. V. G. Gurzadyan, [https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0311035 "On the Astronomical Records and Babylonian Chronology,"] ''Akkadica'' 119-120 (2000): 175–84.</ref> Ut plerique reges in [[Mesopotamia]] illius aetatis Hammurabi gente [[Amorrei|Amoritarum]] ortus erat, qui e [[Syria]] circa [[2000 a.C.n.]] in Mesopotamiam invaserunt et plura regna condiderunt. Cum patri Sin-Muballit anno 1792 a.C.n. successit et [[urbs]] ipsa et fines Babyloniaci modici erant: praeter Babylonem praecipua urbs [[Sippara|Sippar]] erat, quae Šamaš [[Sol (deus)|deo Soli]] dedita erat. Potentibus regibus circumdabatur, ut Samsi-Addu a [[septentrio]]ne et rege [[Elam|Elamitarum]] ab [[oriens|oriente]] vel Rim-Sin a [[meridies|meridie]] qui in antiquis urbibus [[Sumer|Sumeri]] regnabat, vel etiam rege Ešnunnae Daduša. Cum vero obiit (1750 a.C.n.) Babylonius rex in tota Mesopotamia dominabatur. Quin etiam ab eo usque ad [[hellenismus|aetatem hellenisticam]] homines Babylonem velut fontem et caput [[litterae|litterarum]] Mesopotamicarum venerabantur. Filius Samsu-Iluna ([[1749 a.C.n.|1749]]–[[1712 a.C.n.]]) ei successit. == Bibliographia == ===Fontes=== * [http://ancientworldonline.blogspot.fr/2015/05/open-access-monograph-series.html ''Altbabylonische Briefe in Umschrift und Übersetzung],'' Lugduni Batavorum: 1964–2005. 14 vol. * ''Archives Royales de [[Mari (Syria antiqua)|Mari]].'' Lutetiae: Geuthner ac deinde Ed. Recherches sur les civilisations, 1942-2012. 32 vol. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181002133537/http://digitorient.com/?page_id=877]. * Finet, André. [[2004]]. ''Le Code de Hammurabi: introduction, traduction [de l'akkadien] et annotation par.'' Quinta editio. Coll. Littératures anciennes du Proche-Orient. Lutetiae: Le Cerf. ISBN 2-204-07013-0. * Frayne, Douglas. [[1990]]. ''The Royal inscriptions of Mesopotamia. Early periods,'' volume 4: Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 BC). Toronti: University of Toronto Press, p. 332-71. * Horsnell, Malcolm J. A. [[1999]]. ''The year-names of the First Dynasty of Babylon,'' vol. 2, Hamilton: McMaster University Press, p. 105-174. * Seux, Marie-Joseph. [[1986]]. "Lois de l'Ancien Orient." Lutetiae: Le Cerf. Coll. Cahiers Évangile 56. * Sollberger, Edmond, et Jean-Robert Kupper. [[1971]]. ''Inscriptions royales sumériennes et akkadiennes.'' Lutetiae: Le Cerf. Coll. Littératures anciennes du Proche-Orient, p. 212-19. ===Historia Mesopotamiae et Babylonis=== * Lafont, Bertrand, Aline Tenu, Philippe Clancier, et Francis Joannès. [[2017]]. ''La Mésopotamie: De Gilgamesh à Artaban (3300-120 av. J.-C.).'' Lutetiae: Belin. * Beaulieu, Paul-Alain. [[2018]]. ''A History of Babylon, 2200 BC - AD 75.'' Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. * Radner, Karen. [[2020]]. ''A Short History of Babylon.'' Londinii et Novi Eboraci: Bloomsbury Academic. ===Aevum palaeo-Babylonium=== * Charpin, Dominique. [[2004]]. "Histoire politique du Proche-Orient amorrite (2002-1595)." In '' Mesopotamien: die altbabylonische Zeit,'' ed. Dominique Charpin, Dietz-Otto Edzard, et Marten Stol, 25-480. Fribourg et Göttingen: Academic Press Fribourg; Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. * Boivin, Odette. [[2020]]. "The Kingdom of Babylon and the Kingdom of the Sealand." In ''The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East, Volume 2: From the End of the Third Millennium BC to the Fall of Babylon,'' ed. Karen Radner, Nadine Moeller, et Daniel T. Potts, 566-655. Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ===Hammurabi rex=== * Charpin, Dominique. [[2003]]. ''Hammu-rabi de Babylone.'' Lutetiae: Presses Universitaires de France. ISBN 978-2-13-053963-6. * Klengel, Horst. [[1991]]. ''König Hammurapi und der Alltag Babylons'' Dusseldorii: Artemis & Winkler. * Michalowski, Piotr, et Michael P. Streck. [[2017]]. "Hammurapi." ''Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie''. 15: 380-90. * Van De Mieroop,Marc. [[2005]]. ''King Hammurabi of Babylon: A Biography.'' Oxoniae: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-2660-1. OCLC 255676990. [https://archive.org/details/kinghammurabiofb00marc Situs interretialis.] === Codices legitimi === * {{cite book |last1=Driver |first1=Godfrey R. |author-link1= |last2=Miles |first2=John C. |year=[[1952]] |title=The Babylonian Laws: Edited with Translation and Commentary |volume=1: Legal Commentary |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxoniae |isbn=978-1-55635-229-4 |oclc=493362814 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPFJAwAAQBAJ }} * {{cite journal |last=Prince |first=J. Dyneley |year=[[1904]] |title=The Code of Hammurabi |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-theology_1904-07_8_3/page/601 |journal=The American Journal of Theology |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=601–609 |doi=10.1086/478479 |doi-access=free |jstor=3153895}}. * {{cite book |last=Roth |first=Martha T. |year=[[1995]] |title=Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor |publisher=Society of Biblical Literature |location=Atlantae |isbn=978-0-7885-0104-3 |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;iel=2;view=toc;idno=heb07775.0001.001 |access-date=13 Decembris 2022 |archive-date=5 Octobris 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005033946/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;iel=2;view=toc;idno=heb07775.0001.001 |url-status=live}}. ===Generalia=== * {{cite book |last=Arnold |first=Bill T. |year=[[2005]] |title=Who Were the Babylonians? |url=https://archive.org/details/whowerebabylonia0000arno |publisher=Brill Publishers |isbn=978-90-04-13071-5 |oclc=225281611}}. * {{cite book |last=Barton |first=George A. |author-link= |date=[[1916]] |title=Archæology and the Bible |publisher=American Sunday-School Union |location=Philadelphiae |oclc=38608139 |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43070/43070-h/43070-h.htm |access-date=29 Decembris 2022 |archive-date=29 Decembris 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229070133/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/43070/43070-h/43070-h.htm |url-status=live}}. * {{cite book |last=Bertman |first=Stephen |year=[[2003]] |title=Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxoniae |isbn=978-0-19-518364-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1C4NKp4zgIQC |access-date=1 Novembris 2020 |archive-date=14 Aprilis 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414103757/https://books.google.com/books?id=1C4NKp4zgIQC |url-status=live}}. * {{cite book |last=Breasted |first=James Henry |year=[[2003]] |title=Ancient Time or a History of the Early World, Part 1 |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |isbn=978-0-7661-4946-5 |oclc=69651827}}. * {{cite book |last=DeBlois |first=Lukas |year=[[1997]] |title=An Introduction to the Ancient World |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-12773-8 |oclc=231710353}}. * {{Cite journal |last=Khwshnaw |first=Ardalan |date=[[2023]]-02-10 |title=A New Old Babylonian Date List with Hammurapi Year Names |url=https://www.jcoart.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/2075-3047/article/download/549/425 |journal=Journal of Studies in History and Archeology |issue=84 |pages=665–86 |access-date=10 Martii 2023 |archive-date=10 Martii 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310150801/https://www.jcoart.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/2075-3047/article/download/549/425 |url-status=live}}. * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Millard |first=Alan |author-link=Alanus Millard |editor-last1=Metzger |editor-first1=Bruce M. |editor-link1= |editor-last2=Coogan |editor-first2=Michael D. |editor-link2= |year=[[2004]] |orig-year=[[1993]] |title=Hammurapi |encyclopedia=The Oxford Companion to the Bible |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxoniae |isbn=978-0-19-504645-8 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195046458.001.0001/acref-9780195046458-e-0309 |url-access=subscription}}. * {{cite book |last=Roux |first=Georges |author-link= |year=[[1992]] |orig-year=[[1864]] |title=Ancient Iraq |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientiraq0000roux_h6g4 |publisher=Penguin Group |location=Londinii |isbn=978-0-14-012523-8}}. * {{citation |last=Ziolkowski |first=Theodore |date=[[2012]] |title=Gilgamesh among Us: Modern Encounters with the Ancient Epic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=snz_Wle6zvgC&q=Gilgamesh+epic+controversy&pg=PA28 |location=Ithacae in Novo Eboraco et Londinii |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-5035-8 |access-date=1 Novembris 2020 |archive-date=9 Octobris 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009130250/https://books.google.com/books?id=snz_Wle6zvgC&q=Gilgamesh+epic+controversy&pg=PA28 |url-status=live }}. == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Hammurabi|Hammurabi}} {{fontes biographici}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170722053457/http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/law-code-hammurabi-king-babylon ''A Closer Look at the Code of Hammurabi.''] Museum Lupariense. * {{Gutenberg author |id=7173}} * {{Internet Archive author}} * [https://cdli-gh.github.io/year-names/HTML/T12K6.htm Nomina annorum Hammurabi regis.] {{Lifetime|saeculo 19 a.C.n.|saeculo 18 a.C.n.|Hammurabi}} [[Categoria:Babylonii]] [[Categoria:Incolae Mesopotamiae antiquae]] [[Categoria:Legis latores]] [[Categoria:Reges]] {{Myrias|Homines}} kxr1txw8d75vlrf0g7zfgxl7e7q6enf 0 4345 3980096 3979634 2026-08-10T00:15:24Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Scientia dubia}} {{Pagina polienda|Nonnulla nomina videntur esse ficticia, atque Vicipaedia Theodisca hic adhibita est fons; vide [[Vicipaedia:Noli fingere]].}} [[Fasciculus:Deutschland Flussgebietseinheiten.png|thumb|right|Praecipuorum [[Germania|Germanicorum]] fluminum graviores naves perferentium diagramma ([[Theodisce]]).]] [[Fasciculus:Rheinbrücke Konstanz bei Föhn.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Pons super [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] [[Constantia (Germania)|Constantiae]].]] [[Fasciculus:Elbe Bad Schandau.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|right|Oppidum [[Bad Schandau]] iuxta [[Albis|Albim]].]] [[Fasciculus:Aerials Deggendorf 16.06.2006.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|right|Oppidum Deggendorfium<ref name="Deggendorfium">Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10372085?p=485&cq=Candidus,%20Pantaleon&lang=de ''Chronica Bavaricae Capucinorum Provinciae : in brevem summam collecta a religionis institutione usque ad eius resuscitationem''], ubi dicitur "(...) P. Ludovicus Sedlmair Deggendorfensis confessarius semper ei propre esse debuit (...) Testes erant Monachium, Straubinga, Deggendorfium, Bulsanum (...)".</ref> iuxta [[Danuvius|Danuvium]].]] [[Fluvius|Fluvii]] [[Germania]]e se in [[Mare Balticum]], [[Pontus Euxinus|Pontum Euxinum]], et [[Mare Germanicum]] effundunt. Praecipua sunt: * cum [[Ostium fluminis|ostio]] in [[Mare Balticum]], [[Viadrus]]; * cum ostio in [[Pontus Euxinus|Pontum Euxinum]], [[Danuvius]], cum suis praecipuis [[amnis influens|amnibus influentibus]] [[Aenus|Aeno]], [[Isara|Isarā]], et [[Licus|Lico]]; * cum ostio in [[Mare Germanicum]], [[Rhenus]], cum suis praecipuis amnibus influentibus [[Mosella|Mosellā]], [[Moenus|Moeno]] et [[Nicer|Nicro]]; [[Visurgis]]; et [[Albis]], cum suis praecipuis amnibus influentibus [[Habala|Habalā]] et [[Sala (flumen)|Salā]]. ==Secundum longitudinem== Insequentes indices fluvios Germaniae ordinant secundum totam eorum longitudinem (e fonte in ostium), quamquam eorum longitudo intra Germaniae fines minor sit. ===Flumina 200 chiliometra aut amplius longa=== Inferiori in tabulā, solum apparent flumina 200 chiliometra aut amplius longa: {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" | [[Fluvius]] ! scope="col" | Alia nomina [[lingua Latina|Latina]] ! scope="col" | Nomen [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscum]] ! scope="col" | Longitudo (km) ! scope="col" | [[Ostium fluminis|Ostium]] ! scope="col" | [[Systema fluviorum|Systema]] |- | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | Danuvius<ref>Vide articulum "Danuvius" apud Vicipaediam Anglicam, ubi dicitur "Danube -river in Europe; '''Danuvius'' in Latin".</ref> seu Ister<ref name="Hofmann"/> seu Hister<ref>[[Ovidius]], ''Epistulae ex Ponto'' 1.8.11: "urbs ripae vicina binominis Histri".</ref> | ''Donau'' | align="right" | 2850 | [[Pontus Euxinus]] | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | | ''Rhein'' | align="right" | 1233 | [[Mare Germanicum]] | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | Alba<ref name=Gr/> seu Albea<ref name=Gr/> seu Albia<ref name=Gr/> seu Albius<ref name=Gr/> seu Alpia<ref name=Gr/> seu Alvea<ref name=Gr/> seu Heilba<ref name=Gr/> seu Helbia<ref name=Gr/> seu Herlba<ref name=Gr/> | ''Elbe'' | align="right" | 1094 | [[Mare Germanicum]] | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Viadrus]]<ref name=Gr/> | Viadus<ref name=Gr/> seu Odora<ref name=Gr/> seu Oder<ref name=Gr/> seu Odagra<ref name=Gr/> seu Odara<ref name=Gr/> seu Odra<ref name=Gr/> seu Odrita<ref name=Gr/> seu Adora<ref name=Gr/> seu Suevus Flavius<ref name=Gr/> seu Oddera<ref name="Elektroniczny słownik hydronimów Polski">[https://eshp.ijp.pan.pl/search/results/226313 Elektroniczny słownik hydronimów Polski] (Polonice), ubi dicitur "Oddere, Odere, Oddera, Oddore 992 RudnickiNO 21-3".</ref> seu Oddere<ref name="Elektroniczny słownik hydronimów Polski"/> seu Oddore<ref name="Elektroniczny słownik hydronimów Polski"/> seu Oddere<ref name="Elektroniczny słownik hydronimów Polski"/> | ''Oder'' | align="right" | 854 | [[Mare Balticum]] | [[Viadrus]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Mosella (flumen)|Mosella]]<ref name=Gr/> | Musella<ref name=Gr/> seu Mosula<ref name=Gr/> seu Musla<ref name=Gr/> | ''Mosel'' | align="right" | 544 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | Mogonus<ref name=Gr/> seu Manus<ref name=Gr/> seu Moius<ref name=Gr/> seu Mogus<ref name=Gr/> seu Moino<ref name=Gr/> | ''Main'' | align="right" | 524 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Aenus (flumen)|Aenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | Enus<ref name=Gr/> seu Oenus<ref name=Gr/> seu Inus<ref name=Gr/> seu Hinus<ref name=Gr/> seu Innus<ref name=Gr/> | ''Inn'' | align="right" | 517 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> | Wesera seu Wisara seu Wisuraha<ref name=Gr/> seu Wisora<ref name=Gr/> seu Wisura<ref name=Gr/> seu Visera<ref name=Gr/> seu Visara<ref name=Gr/> seu Wissula<ref name=Gr/> seu Wirraha<ref name=Gr/> | ''Weser'' | align="right" | 451 | [[Mare Germanicum]] | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Sala (flumen)|Sala]]<ref name=Gr/> | | ''Saale'' | align="right" | 413 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | Neccarus<ref name="Hofmann"/><ref name=Gr/> seu Nechara<ref name=Gr/> seu Nectara<ref name=Gr/> seu Necorus<ref name=Gr/> | ''Neckar'' | align="right" | 384 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Spreha]]<ref name=Gr/> | Sprea<ref>{{Mundt}}</ref> seu Spreve<ref name=Gr/> seu Sprewe <ref name=Gr/> seu Sprewa<ref name="Tractatus de duabus...">[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Tractatus_de_duabus_Sarmatiis_Europiana_et_Asiana_et_de_contentis_in_eis Tractatus de duabus Sarmatiis Europiana et Asiana et de contentis in eis], ubi dicitur "(...) penes fluvium Sueuum Teutonice Spre seu Sprewa dictum, (...)".</ref> seu Spre<ref name="Tractatus de duabus..."/> seu Suevus<ref>"Suevus", "... ad Suevum" etc. {{Google Books|KRg_AAAAcAAJ|p. 578 et passim}}</ref><ref name="Tractatus de duabus..."/> | ''Spree'' | align="right" | 382 | [[Habala]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> | Emisa<ref name="Emisa">[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/2/10/Mueller*.html Karl Müller's Apparatus and Notes to Ptolemy, Book II, Chapter 10: Germania Magna], ubi dicitur "(...) Amisis vel Amissis codd. Plinii 4, 100; Ἀμασίας Strabo 7, 1, 3; germanice olim Emisa fl. et Emisgow regio, nunc Ems fl. (...)".</ref> seu Amissis<ref name="Emisa"/> seu Amisis<ref name="Emisa"/> seu Amisus<ref name=Gr/> seu Amasis<ref name=Gr/> seu Amasius<ref name=Gr/> seu Emesa<ref name=Gr/> seu Amera<ref name=Gr/> | ''Ems'' | align="right" | 371 | [[Sinus Dollarius]]<ref>[https://books.google.es/books?id=O6deAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA675&lpg=PA675&dq=%22dollert%22+sinus&source=bl&ots=gvKfvPBBEJ&sig=ACfU3U1HLVN-1obH4z02czxdQrkKEeQdtA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf-M714PSGAxWJVPEDHeCwAEcQ6AF6BAgfEAM#v=onepage&q=%22dollert%22%20sinus&f=false Allgemeinnütziges Geschicht- und Staaten-Wörterbuch], ubi dicitur "Dollart, Dollert, Sinus Dollarius vel Emdanus (...)".</ref> | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Habala]]<ref name=Gr/> | Habola<ref name=Gr/> seu Havila<ref name=Gr/> seu Labola<ref name=Gr/> seu Albola<ref name=Gr/> | ''Havel'' | align="right" | 325 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Weraha|Weraha Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> | Werra<ref name=Gr/> seu Wirra<ref name=Gr/> seu Wirraha<ref name=Gr/> seu Vagarna<ref name=Gr/> seu Vierra<ref name=Gr/> | ''Werra'' | align="right" | 298 | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Isara (Bavaricus)|Isara]]<ref name=Gr/> | Isura<ref name=Gr/> seu Isarus<ref name=Gr/> seu Ysera<ref name=Gr/> | ''Isar'' | align="right" | 292 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Agara]]<ref name=Gr/> | Agira<ref name=Gr/> seu Agra<ref name=Gr/> seu Egra<ref name=Gr/> seu Oegra<ref name=Gr/> seu Ogra<ref name=Gr/> seu Agria<ref name=Gr/> | ''Eger'' | align="right" | 291 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Layna]]<ref name=Gr/> | Leinus<ref name=Gr/> seu Lynius<ref name=Gr/> seu Lagina<ref name=Gr/> | ''Leine'' | align="right" | 281 | [[Alara]]<ref name=Gr/><ref name="Aller"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Alara]]<ref name=Gr/><ref name="Aller">Vide articulum [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aller_(Germany) hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Anglicam], ubi dicitur "The river's name, which was recorded in 781 as ''Alera'', in 803 as ''Elera'', in 1096 as ''Alara'' (...)".</ref> | Alera<ref name=Gr/><ref name="Aller"/> seu Elera<ref name="Aller"/> seu Aelara<ref name=Gr/> seu Alra<ref name=Gr/> | ''Aller'' | align="right" | 263 | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Alestra]]<ref name="Alestra">Documentum 68, in: Carolus H. Lampe (Ed.): Urkundenbuch der Deutschordensballei Thüringen, 1. Bd., p. 68.</ref> | Elstera<ref>[https://archive.is/20121129132241/bv-moeckernwahren.de/via/Viadukt_25.pdf DIE BÜRGERZEITUNG FÜR MÖCKERN UND WAHRENDIE WEISSE ELSTER - ein vergessener Fluß?]</ref><ref>{{Graesse}}</ref> seu Elstera Albus<ref>[http://books.google.de/books?id=9ZHWEx8N9OUC&pg=RA1-PA44&lpg=RA1-PA44&dq=Elstera+alba&source=bl&ots=4VyINmTTBp&sig=PywVNQzENKElHEKmuCw_rgrRjks&hl=de&sa=X&ei=0VZnT7jFEMeH4gSTxdCLCA&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=Elstera%20alba&f=false Lexicon manuale, geographiam antiquam et mediam cum latine tum germanice ... von Johann Wilhelm Ferdinand Müller]</ref> | ''Weiße Elster'' | align="right" | 257 | [[Sala (flumen)|Sala]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Lupia]]<ref name=Gr/> | Lippia<ref name=Gr/> seu Lippa<ref name=Gr/> seu Libia<ref name=Gr/> seu Luppia<ref name=Gr/> seu Lyppia<ref name=Gr/> | ''Lippe'' | align="right" | 255 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Nissa (flumen)|Nissa]]<ref name=Gr/> | Nysa<ref name=Gr/> seu Nyza<ref name=Gr/> seu Nycza<ref name=Gr/> seu Nysensis<ref name=Gr/> | ''Neiße'' | align="right" | 254 | [[Viadrus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Viadrus]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Licus]]<ref name=Gr/> | Lica<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=V-oKH5yTvyAC&pg=PA82-IA1&lpg=PA82-IA1&dq=Lica+Lech&source=bl&ots=k2mj676gV4&sig=_V0jmBjlhnU4yI5oMRn5LnrsmlA&hl=en&ei=WnlITbiBCYjHswaGvJCCAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Lica%20Lech&f=false Poesies: Llibres I i II By Venantius Honorius Clementianus Fortunatus]</ref> seu Lichus<ref name=Gr/> seu Lecha<ref name=Gr/> seu Licoas<ref name=Gr/> seu Lycus<ref name=Gr/> seu Lechus<ref name=Gr/> seu Lemannus<ref name=Gr/> seu Lemannius<ref name=Gr/> seu Lehhae<ref name=Gr/> | ''Lech'' | align="right" | 248 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Saravus]]<ref name=Gr/> | Sarra<ref name=Gr/> seu Sara<ref name=Gr/> seu Sangona<ref name=Gr/> seu Saora<ref name=Gr/> seu Saroa<ref name=Gr/> | ''Saar'' | align="right" | 246 | [[Mosella (flumen)|Mosella]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Laugana]]<ref name="Murray">{{Murray}}</ref> | Loganus<ref>[http://www.dilibri.de/rlb/content/thumbview/63151 ''37 - (46) - Lahnstenium (ubi Loganum Rhenus suscipit) Confluentia venienti || Lhaanstein, komende van Koblenz - +â+ôbersicht - Landesbibliothekszentrum Rheinland-Pfalz'' apud www.dilibri.de] "Lahnstenium ubi Loganum Rhenus suscipit."</ref> seu Lahna<ref>[http://www.archive.org/stream/a568395900unknuoft/a568395900unknuoft_djvu.txt ''Full text of "Further correspondence respecting the relations existing between foreign governments and the court of Rome : (in continuation of papers presented to the Parliament, March 27, 1851)"'' apud www.archive.org] "[[Limburgum ad Lahnam]]"</ref> seu Lagana<ref name=Gr/> seu Logana<ref name=Gr/> seu Lona<ref name=Gr/> seu Lanus<ref name=Gr/> seu Lana<ref name=Gr/> seu Lahana<ref name=Gr/> | ''Lahn'' | align="right" | 242 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Alcmana]]<ref name=Gr/> | Alcmon<ref name=Gr/> seu Alcmona<ref name=Gr/> seu Alcmonia<ref name=Gr/> seu Alamona<ref name=Gr/> seu Alemo<ref name=Gr/> seu Alemannus<ref name=Gr/> seu Almuna<ref name=Gr/> seu Almonus<ref name=Gr/> | ''Altmühl'' | align="right" | 227 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Salzaha]]<ref name=Gr/> | Salsa<ref name=Gr/> seu Ivarus<ref name=Gr/> seu Iuvarus<ref name=Gr/> | ''Salzach'' | align="right" | 225 | [[Aenus (flumen)|Aenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Fuldaha]]<ref name=Gr/> | Fulda<ref name=Gr/> seu Vultaha<ref name=Gr/> seu Wulda<ref name=Gr/> | ''Fulda'' | align="right" | 218 | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Rura]]<ref name=Gr/> | Rurinna<ref name=Gr/> | ''Ruhr'' | align="right" | 217 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Elda (flumen)|Elda]]<ref>Vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elde#Flussnamen articulum hoc de flumine apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die erste schriftliche Erwähnung fand 786 als ''in Eldam'' statt" (...).</ref> | | ''Elde'' | align="right" | 208 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |} ===Flumina inter 199 et 100 chiliometra longa=== Inferiori in tabulā, solum apparent flumina inter 199 et 100 chiliometra longa: {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" | [[Fluvius]] ! scope="col" | Alia nomina [[lingua Latina|Latina]] ! scope="col" | Nomen [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscum]] ! scope="col" | Longitudo (km) ! scope="col" | [[Ostium fluminis|Ostium]] ! scope="col" | [[Systema fluviorum|Systema]] |- | [[Onestrudis]]<ref name="Onestrudis">Vide articulum hoc de flumine apud Vicipaediam Anglicam, ubi dicitur "n 575, the river was attested as the ''Onestrudis'', in the 7th century it was referred to as the ''Unestrude'', and in 994 as the ''Vnstruod''".</ref> | Unstroda<ref name=Gr/> seu Unstrada<ref name=Gr/> seu Unstraha<ref name=Gr/> seu Unstravia<ref name=Gr/> seu Unstrota<ref name=Gr/> seu Unestrude<ref name="Onestrudis"/> seu Unstruod<ref name="Onestrudis"/> | ''Unstrut'' | align="right" | 192 | [[Sala (flumen)|Sala]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Iages]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | | ''Jagst'' | align="right" | 190 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Hunta]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | | ''Hunte'' | align="right" | 189 | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Egdor]]<ref name="Egdor">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eider hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die Eider (lateinisch Egdor (...) Der Name der Eider leitet sich mit einer gewissen Wahrscheinlichkeit von ''Egidor'' (Fluttor, Schreckenstor) ab und spielt auf den germanischen Meerriesen Ægir an, der für Fluten und damit verbundene Schrecken verantwortlich gemacht wurde. Die nach Volker Schmidt erste lateinische Erwähnung als ''Flumen Egidora'' legt diese Annahme nahe. Weitere Namen der Eider wie ''Egidorae fluminis'' (9. Jh. Reichsannalen), ''fluminis Eydori'' (12. Jh. Saxo Grammaticus), ''Eidera'' (1148 Urkunde Heinrich des Löwen) und ''Eydaer'' (1235 im Erdbuch König Waldemars II.) geben Aufschluss über die Herleitung zum heutigen Namen. ".</ref> | Eidora<ref name="Egdor"/> seu Egidor<ref name="Egdor"/> seu Eydorus<ref name="Egdor"/> seu Egidona<ref name="Hofmann"/> seu Eidera<ref name="Hofmann"/><ref name="Egdor"/> seu Eydaer<ref name="Egdor"/> | ''Eider'' | align="right" | 188 | [[Mare Germanicum]] | [[Egdor]]<ref name="Egdor"/> |- | [[Ambra (flumen)|Ambra]]<ref name=Gr/> | | ''Amper'' seu ''Ammer'' | align="right" | 185 | [[Isara (Bavaricus)|Isara]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Elstra nigra|Elstra Nigra]]<ref name="Elstra Nigra">[http://books.google.de/books?id=uMPJ7iscKDoC&pg=PA93&lpg=PA93&dq=Alstera+Elster&source=bl&ots=O6jtjv6YLV&sig=zdBuo9mf6Qv4E__kzibsux-uQn0&hl=de&sa=X&ei=P1NnT-HHJYnOswa108jiBQ&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Alstera%20Elster&f=false Ortsnamenbuch des Mittelelbegebietes von Inge Bily]</ref> | Elstera Niger<ref>[http://books.google.de/books?id=9ZHWEx8N9OUC&pg=RA1-PA44&lpg=RA1-PA44&dq=Elstera+alba&source=bl&ots=4VyINmTTBp&sig=PywVNQzENKElHEKmuCw_rgrRjks&hl=de&sa=X&ei=0VZnT7jFEMeH4gSTxdCLCA&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=Elstera%20alba&f=false Lexicon manuale, geographiam antiquam et mediam cum latine tum germanice ... von Johann Wilhelm Ferdinand Müller]</ref> seu Altsra<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Schwarze Elster'' | align="right" | 179 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Adrana]]<ref name="Adrana">[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Ab_excessu_divi_Augusti_(Annales)/Liber_I#LVI Taciti ''Ab excessū dovo Augusti/Liber I, caput LVI] ubi dicitur "(...) iuventus flumen Adranam nando tramiserat (...)".</ref> | Adarna<ref name=Gr/> seu Aderna<ref name=Gr/> seu Ederna<ref name=Gr/> seu Ethrina<ref name=Gr/> seu Adrina<ref>Sperber, Rüdiger (1996). "Die Nebenflüsse von Werra und Fulda bis zum Zusammenfluß". ''Hydronymia Germaniae''. Reihe A, Lief. 5. Steiner, Wiesbaden. ISBN 978-3515006453.</ref> | ''Eder'' | align="right" | 177 | [[Fuldaha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Sura (Mosella)|Sura Mosellae]]<ref name=Gr/> | | ''Sauer'' | align="right" | 173 | [[Mosella (flumen)|Mosella]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Hassa]]<ref name="Hassa">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hase_(Fluss)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Im Jahr 763 wird der Fluss erstmals urkundlich erwähnt (secus fluvium Hassa) (...)".</ref> | Hasa<ref name=Gr/> seu Asa<ref name=Gr/> seu Assa<ref name=Gr/> | ''Hase'' | align="right" | 170 | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Boda]]<ref name=Gr/> | Bada<ref name=Gr/> seu Botum<ref name=Gr/> seu Buda<ref name=Gr/> | ''Bode'' | align="right" | 169 | [[Sala (flumen)|Sala]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Regana]]<ref name="Regana">Vide articulum [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regen_(river)#Etymology hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Anglicam], ubi dicitur " The Romans called the river variously ''Regana'' (feminine gender), ''Reganus'' (masculine), and ''Reganum'' (neuter)".</ref> | Reganus<ref name="Regana"/> seu Reganum<ref name="Regana"/> | ''Regen'' | align="right" | 169 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Cochera]]<ref name="Cochera">[https://books.google.es/books?id=bHVBAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA3-PA63&lpg=RA3-PA63&dq=cochera+fluvius+Kocher&source=bl&ots=9heufonibr&sig=ACfU3U1qKFXUcAKG4YdC_4Y2JchLVTDjZw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi359OEkvWGAxVfbvEDHcChAggQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=cochera%20fluvius%20Kocher&f=false Mercurius Gallobelgicus M. Gothardo Arthusio succenturiatus], ubi dicitur "ibique in Cochera (...) fluvius Kocher".</ref> | Cochara<ref name=Gr/> seu Kocher<ref name="Cochera"/> | ''Kocher'' | align="right" | 168 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Seyna Minor]]<ref name="Sayn">Fingitur hoc nomen ex vocibus "Seyna" aut "Zeina", quae apparent in {{Graesse}} referentes ad oppidulum Germanicum Theodisce nuncupatum "Sayn", cuius nomen e flumine homonymo derivatur, etiam nuncupato Theodisce ''Saynbach'', quod vicissim dat nomen alio flumini ''Kleiner Saynbach''</ref> | Zeina Minor<ref name="Sayn"/> | ''Kleiner Saynbach'' | align="right" | 167 | [[Seyna (flumen)|Seyna]]<ref name="Sayn"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Vidrus]]<ref name=Gr/> | Vaconna<ref name=Gr/> seu Vechta<ref name=Gr/> seu Vedrus<ref name=Gr/> | ''Vechte'' | align="right" | 167 | [[Aqua Nigra (flumen)|Aqua Nigra]]<ref>[https://www.google.es/books/edition/Nederlandse_waternamen/HIEdAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22Zwarte+Water%22+%22aqua+nigra%22&dq=%22Zwarte+Water%22+%22aqua+nigra%22&printsec=frontcover Mauritii Schönfeld ''Nederlandse waternamen''], ubi dicitur "Wijdverbreid is ''Zwarte Water'' = lt. ''Aqua nigra'', engels ''Blackwater'' (...)".</ref> | [[Lacus Yssel]] |- | [[Mulda Zviccaviensis]]<ref name="MZ">Omnia haec nomina finguntur e nominibus Latinis quae {{Graesse}} dat flumini Theodisce ''Mulde'' nuncupato et e adiectivo "Zviccaviensis-e", in libro "Codex Statutorum Zviccaviensium" apparenti et referenti ad urbem [[Cygnea]]m.</ref> | Milda Zviccaviensis<ref name="MZ"/> seu Milla Zviccaviensis<ref name="MZ"/> seu Mulda Zviccaviensis<ref name="MZ"/> seu Mylda Zviccaviensis<ref name="MZ"/> seu Mlidava Zviccaviensis<ref name="MZ"/> | ''Zwickauer Mulde'' | align="right" | 166 | [[Mulda]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Naba]]<ref name=Gr/><ref name="Naba">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naab#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die frühesten Belege sind ''Nabas'' (700), ''Napa'' (885), ''Naba'' (885), ''Nabe'' (1199) und ''Nab'' (1245), (...)".</ref> | Nabas<ref name="Naba"/> seu Napa<ref name="Naba"/> seu Nabe<ref name="Naba"/> seu Nab<ref name="Naba"/> | ''Naab'' | align="right" | 165 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Rura (Eiflensis)|Rura Eiflensis]]<ref name=Gr/> | | ''Rur'' | align="right" | 164 | [[Mosa]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Mosa]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Schleichgraben]] | | ''Schleichgraben'' | align="right" | 155 | [[Elstra nigra|Elstra Nigra]]<ref name="Elstra Nigra"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Sega]]<ref name=Gr/> | Segaha<ref name=Gr/> seu Siga<ref name=Gr/> | ''Sieg'' | align="right" | 155 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Osta (flumen)|Osta]]<ref name=Gr/> | Hosta<ref name=Gr/> | ''Oste'' | align="right" | 153 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Wertaha]]<ref name=Gr/> | Werdaha<ref name=Gr/> seu Virdo<ref name=Gr/> seu Vinda<ref name=Gr/> seu Vindex<ref name=Gr/> | ''Wertach'' | align="right" | 150 | [[Licus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Hilaria (flumen)|Hilaria]]<ref name="Hilaria">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iller hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Ihr lateinischer Name war '''Hilaria''' oder auch ''Hilara'' (...)".</ref> | Hilara<ref name="Hilaria"/><ref name=Gr/> seu Ilara<ref name=Gr/> seu Ilaris<ref name=Gr/> seu Hylarus<ref name=Gr/> seu Ylarus<ref name=Gr/> seu Ilargus<ref name=Gr/> | ''Iller'' | align="right" | 147 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Mulda|Mulda Albis]]<ref name=Gr/> | Milda<ref name=Gr/> seu Milla<ref name=Gr/> seu Mylda<ref name=Gr/> seu Mlidava<ref name=Gr/> | ''Mulde'' | align="right" | 147 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Penus]]<ref name=Gr/> | Pena<ref name=Gr/> seu Penes<ref name=Gr/> seu Pana<ref name=Gr/> seu Penis<ref name=Gr/> seu Peanis<ref name=Gr/> | ''Peene'' | align="right" | 136 | [[Lutense]]<ref name="Lutense">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutense" Lutense"] apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam.</ref> | [[Penus]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Ilmena]]<ref name=Gr/> | Ilma<ref name=Gr/> | ''Ilm'' | align="right" | 134 | [[Sala (flumen)|Sala]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Parra (flumen)|Parra]]<ref name="Bavarikon"/> | | ''Paar'' | align="right" | 134 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Rhinus]]<ref name="Bavarikon"/> | | ''Rhin'' | align="right" | 133 | [[Habala]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Werenza]]<ref name=Gr/> | Warinza<ref name=Gr/> seu Werna<ref name=Gr/> | ''Wörnitz'' | align="right" | 132 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Tuberus]]<ref name=Gr/> | Tubaris<ref name=Gr/> seu Tubara<ref name=Gr/> | ''Tauber'' | align="right" | 131 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Varnova]]<ref name="Hofmeister II 1891">Hofmeister, A. (1891). ''Die Matrikel der Universität Rostock: Vol. 2''. (Mich. 1499 - Ost. 1611). Stiller'sche Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> | [[Warnou]]<ref name="Warnou">Vide [https://www.fs-warnemuende.de/ www.fs-warnemuende], ubi dicitur "(...) Das Gewässer, das nördlich von Parchim entspringt, ist erstmals 1160 als Warnou flumen und 1186 als aqua Warnow urkundlich erwähnt (...).</ref>, Warnow<ref name="Warnou"/> | ''Warnow'' | align="right" | 130 | [[Mare Balticum]] | [[Chalusus]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Lena (Rura)|Lena]]<ref name="Lena">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenne_(Ruhr)#Namehoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "Der Fluss wird im 13. Jh. erstmals schriftlich erwähnt (supra oder super Lenam)".</ref> | | ''Lenne'' | align="right" | 129 | [[Rura]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Kila]]<ref name=Gr/> | Kylia<ref name=Gr/> seu Belgis<ref name=Gr/> | ''Kyll'' | align="right" | 128 | [[Mosella (flumen)|Mosella]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Scopa (flumen)|Scopa]]<ref name="Albinus 1590">Albinus, P. (1590). ''Meisnischer Land- und Berg-Chronica: In welcher ein volkommene Beschreibung des Landes Meißen, desselben Gelegenheit, Flüsse, Städt, Schlösser''... (Tomus I). Lorentz Seuberlich.</ref> | | ''Zschopau'' | align="right" | 128 | [[Mulda]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Lapara Wissingensis]]<ref name="Lapara">Secundum [https://books.google.es/books?id=i-_gDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=%22Kleine+Laber+%22+flumen&source=bl&ots=sJegxM7pNX&sig=ACfU3U3SJzaPgZCEumBJptUz_l_4myXnmg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-4uiTsraHAxW_Q_EDHcZbBxYQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=%22Kleine%20Laber%20%22%20flumen&f=false ''Historischer Atlas von Bayern''], ubi dicitur "(...) Die Große und die Kleine Laber sind um 790 als "Lapara" belegt (...)", nomen Latinum "Lapara" ad flumina Theodisce ''Große Laber'' et ''Kleine Laber'' nuncupata refert. Ergo, adhibitur adiectivum "parva" seu "magna" seu "alba" seu "Wissingensis" seu "Breitenbrunnensis" historico nomini Latino ut distinguantur haec flumina.</ref> | | ''Wissinger Laber'' | align="right" | 127 | [[Lapara Breitenbrunnensis]]<ref name="Lapara"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Nava (flumen)|Nava]]<ref name="Fabricius II 1898">Fabricius, W. (1898). ''Erläuterungen zum geschichtlichen Atlas der Rheinprovinz: Zweiter Band. Die Karte von 1789''. Bonnae: Hermann Behrendt.</ref> | Naha<ref name=Gr/> | ''Nahe'' | align="right" | 125 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Sala (Moenus)|Sala in pago Salvense]]<ref name="Sala in pago">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A4nkische_Saale#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "Erstmals erwähnt wurde die Fränkische Saale im Jahr 716 als super fluvio Sala in pago Salvense (am Fluss Sala im Saalgau). Im Jahr 777 schrieb man in einem Fuldaer Urkundenbuch: in pago Salecgauio super fluvio Sala (...)".</ref> | | ''Fränkische Saale'' | align="right" | 125 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Mulda Fribergensis]]<ref name="MF">Omnia haec nomina finguntur e nominibus Latinis quae {{Graesse}} dat flumini Theodisce ''Mulde'' nuncupato et e adiectivo "Fribergensis-e", referenti ad urbem [[Friberga]]m.</ref> | Milda Fribergensis<ref name="MF"/> seu Milla Fribergensis<ref name="MF"/> seu Mylda Fribergensis<ref name="MF"/> seu Mlidava Fribergensis<ref name="MF"/> | ''Freiberger Mulde'' | align="right" | 124 | [[Mulda]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Wemma]]<ref name=Gr/> | Wimma<ref name=Gr/> | ''Wümme'' | align="right" | 121 | [[Lesmonia]]<ref name="Lesum">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesum#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "Der Fluss wurde im Jahr 1331 als ''ultra Lesmoniam'' erstmals schriftlich erwähnt (...)".</ref> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Nersa]]<ref name=Gr/> | | ''Niers'' | align="right" | 118 | [[Mosa]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Mosa]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Bercla]]<ref name="Bercla">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkel#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "Der Fluss tritt 1322 erstmals urkundlich in Erscheinung (''bercla'') (...)".</ref> | | ''Berkel'' | align="right" | 115 | [[Isala]]<ref name="Isala">Vide articulum [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJssel hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Anglicam], ubi dicitur "(...) The Romans knew the river as '''Isala''' (...)".</ref> | [[Isala]]<ref name="Isala"/> |- | [[Wippera]]<ref name=Gr/> | | ''Wupper'' | align="right" | 115 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Liubasa]]<ref name="Liubasa">Vide articulum [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loisach#%C3%89tymologie hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Francicam], ubi dicitur "(...) Les formes antérieures de noms sont Liubasa (1003), Lyubasa (environ 1052), Liubisaha (1148-1155), Livbisaha (12e siècle), Liubsaha (1258), Leusach (1332), Leusach (1348) (...)".</ref> | Lyubasa<ref name="Liubasa"/><ref name=Gr/> seu Liubisaha<ref name="Liubasa"/><ref name=Gr/> seu Liubsaha<ref name="Liubasa"/> seu Leusach<ref name="Liubasa"/> seu Loysa<ref name=Gr/> | ''Loisach'' | align="right" | 114 | [[Isara (Bavaricus)|Isara]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Nida (flumen)|Nida Saravi]]<ref name="Nida">Vide articulum [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nied#Hydronymie hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Francicam], ubi dicitur "Dénommé ''Nida'' dans les inscriptions romaines (...) Anciennes mentions: Neda (1121), Nidden (1200), Nithen (1364) (...)".</ref> | Neda<ref name="Nida"/> seu Nidden<ref name="Nida"/> seu Nithen<ref name="Nida"/> seu Nita Germanica<ref name="Hofmann"/> | ''Nied'' | align="right" | 114 | [[Saravus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Trabena]]<ref name=Gr/> | Travea<ref name=Gr/> seu Travenna<ref name=Gr/> seu Travena<ref name=Gr/> seu Chalusus<ref name=Gr/> | ''Trave'' | align="right" | 114 | [[Mare Balticum]] | [[Trabena]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Pagantia]]<ref name=Gr/> | Pegnesus<ref name=Gr/> | ''Pegnitz'' | align="right" | 113 | [[Radiantia]]<ref name="Radiantia, Rezat, Redniz"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Peschsiefen]] | | ''Peschsiefen'' | align="right" | 113 | [[Ankerbacum (Rhenus)|Ankerbacum]]<ref name="-bacum">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-bach'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-bacum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Forbacum]], [[Gengenbacum]], [[Lambacum]], [[Muorbacum]], [[Orbacum]], [[Rohrbacum]], [[Rosbacum]], [[Rubeacum]], [[Solisbacum]], [[Swabacum]], [[Abacum (Germania)|Abacum]], [[Brubacum]], [[Corbacum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Enze]]<ref name="Enze">Vide [https://ia601601.us.archive.org/23/items/bub_gb_G-4IAAAAQAAJ/bub_gb_G-4IAAAAQAAJ.pdf ''Beiträge zur gallo-keltisch... Namenkunde''], ubi dicitur "(...) die ''Enz'' (in den Neckar), c. 1150 Enze fluvius (d i. *Antia) (...)".</ref> | | ''Enz'' | align="right" | 112 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Dimel]]<ref name="Dimel">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diemel#Etymologie hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "In historischen Quellen wird die Diemel ebenfalls als ''Dimel, Dymel, Dimella, Dimola, Timella'' (...)".</ref> | Dymel<ref name="Dimel"/> seu Dimella<ref name="Dimel"/> seu Dimola<ref name="Dimel"/> Timella<ref name="Dimel"/> | ''Diemel'' | align="right" | 111 | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Rota (Aenus)|Rota Aeni]]<ref name=Gr/> | | ''Rott'' | align="right" | 111 | [[Aenus (flumen)|Aenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Ilmena (Albis)|Ilmena]]<ref name=Gr/> | Ilma<ref name=Gr/> | ''Ilmenau'' | align="right" | 109 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Vilisa|Vilisa Danubii]]<ref name=Gr/><ref name="Bavarikon"/> | Vilsa<ref name=Gr/><ref name="Bavarikon"/> seu Vilusa<ref name=Gr/> seu Quintanica<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> seu Filisa<ref name="Bavarikon"/> seu Filusa<ref name="Bavarikon"/> seu Filsa<ref name="Bavarikon"/> seu Philisa<ref name="Bavarikon"/> seu Vilosa<ref name="Bavarikon"/> seu Vilusa<ref name="Bavarikon"/> | ''Vils'' | align="right" | 109 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Sala (Salzaha)|Sala Danubii]]<ref name="Saalach">Vide [https://books.google.es/books?id=rqboBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA455&lpg=PA455&dq=Saalach+%22flumen%22&source=bl&ots=ujlRsntsPa&sig=ACfU3U0SU_fvCyOKvGtwJZrcYzb3TFBxYg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP45KImveGAxX9RP4FHTzeBMoQ6AF6BAgmEAM#v=onepage&q=Saalach%20%22flumen%22&f=false Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch], ubi dicitur "''''Saalach''', '''die''' (...) ''iuxta fluvium Sala, iuxta fluvio Sala (...)".</ref> | | ''Saalach'' | align="right" | 106 | [[Salzaha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Redera]]<ref name="Riedel 1863">Riedel, A. F., auctore (1863). ''Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis''. Berolini: F.H. Morin.</ref> | | ''Große Röder'' | align="right" | 105 | [[Elstra nigra|Elstra Nigra]]<ref name="Elstra Nigra"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Ovacra]]<ref name="Ovacra">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oker hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Sie wurde 747 das erste Mal als Ovacra in Zusammenhang mit dem Okerübergang in Ohrum erwähnt, (...)".</ref><ref>[https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_rer_germ_6/index.htm#page/7/mode/1up Annales regni Francorum (MGH SS rer. Germ. 6)], ubi dicitur "(...) super fluvium Ovacra in loco, qui dicitur Orheim, (...)".</ref> | Obacro<ref>[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Annales_regni_Francorum Annales regni Francorum (Vicifons)], ubi dicitur "(...) supra fluvium Obacro in loco, qui dicitur Orhaim".</ref> | ''Oker'' | align="right" | 105 | [[Alara]]<ref name=Gr/><ref name="Aller"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Arnefa]]<ref name="Arnefa">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erft#Geschichte hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Erstmals urkundlich erwähnt wurde die Erft im Jahre 496/506 vom Geographen von Ravenna als Arnefa. Sie hieß zunächst „Arnapa“, später „Arnefe“ und „Arlefe“. Schließlich fand man 1320 den Namen „Arfe“. Der Name ist eine Komposition aus dem Hydronym -apa und dem germanischen Wort *arna-/*arni- mit der Bedeutung 'sicher, energisch, tüchtig' (...)".</ref> | Arnapa<ref name="Arnefa"/> seu Arnefe<ref name="Arnefa"/> seu Arlefe<ref name="Arnefa"/> seu Arfe<ref name="Arnefa"/> seu [[Arphta]]<ref name="Lacomblet 1840">Lacomblet, T. J. (1840). ''Urkundenbuch für die Geschichte des Niederrheins oder des Erzstifts Cöln''. H. Voss.</ref> | ''Erft'' | align="right" | 103 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Misa (flumen Germanicum)|Misa]]<ref name="Misa">Vide articulum [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%BEe#Etymology hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Anglicam], ubi dicitur "(...) Originally, the entire stream including the Berounka was called Mže (Latin: ''Misa'', German: ''Mies'') and the name first appeared in the 12th century in Chronica Boemorum. The name was written as ''Mse'', ''Msa'' and ''Mzye'' (...)".</ref> | Mse<ref name="Misa"/> seu Msa<ref name="Misa"/> seu Mzye<ref name="Misa"/> | ''Mies'' | align="right" | 103 | [[Berounka]]<ref name="Berounka">Vide [https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/medias/4f/42/18/bd/4f4218bd-603a-4e29-9aa1-5794dcc5fcde/files/Cavan_Alt_02.pdf Asiento para un atlas corológico de la flora occidental, 25], ubi dicitur "in rivo Berounka haud procul a pago Zadní Trebáñ".</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Ora (Albis)|Ora Albis]]<ref name=Gr/> | Ara<ref name=Gr/> seu Oraha<ref name=Gr/> seu Hora<ref name=Gr/> | ''Ohre'' | align="right" | 103 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Ach (Blavius)|Ach Blavii]] | | ''Ach'' | align="right" | 102 | [[Blavius]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Vida]]<ref name="Schaltenbrand II 1923">Schaltenbrand, J. (Ed.) (1923). ''Registrum bonorum et redituum archidioecesis Coloniensis ex saeculo XIV'' (Vol. 2). Typis Academicis. </ref> | [[Wida (flumen)|Wida Rheni]]<ref name="Wida">Helmut Priewer, Mathias Priewer, Gerhard Hachenberg: Warum ist die Wied eine Witt? In: Heimat-Jahrbuch des Landkreises Neuwied 2011, ISBN 3-9809797-8-4, S. 232–235.</ref> seu Vidua<ref name="Stramberg V 1856">Stramberg, C. von. (1856). ''Das Rheinische Antiquarius: Mittelrhein, Der Rheingau'' (Vol. 5). R. F. Hergt.</ref> seu Weda<ref name="Stramberg V 1856">Stramberg, C. von. (1856). ''Das Rheinische Antiquarius: Mittelrhein, Der Rheingau'' (Vol. 5). R. F. Hergt.</ref> seu Vieda<ref name="Fabricius II 1898"/> | ''Wied'' | align="right" | 102 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Ach Frewbergense]]<ref name="Frewberga">Adiectivo "Frewbergensis-e" vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | | ''Friedberger Ach'' | align="right" | 100 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Blesa (tributarius Saravi)|Blesa]]<ref name="Blesa">Hadrianus Vallesius, ''Notitia Galliarum ordine litterarum digesta'', [[Lutetia|Parisiis]], 1675, apud Fredericum Leonard, p. 89.</ref> | | ''Blies'' | align="right" | 100 | [[Saravus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Fuhse]] | | ''Fuhse'' | align="right" | 100 | [[Alara]]<ref name=Gr/><ref name="Aller"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Indistra]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref><ref name="Indistra">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innerste#Namensherkunft hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Name Innerste (frühere Formen lauten auch Inste (1805) oder Inster(-Fluß) (1780[9] und 1742[10]), Inderste (1567), Indistria (1313), Entrista (1065) und Indrista (1013)), könnte auf die indogermanische Wurzel oid = schwellend, kräftig zurückgehen (...)".</ref> | Inderste<ref name="Indistra"/> seu Indistria<ref name="Indistra"/> seu Entrista<ref name="Indistra"/> | ''Innerste'' | align="right" | 100 | [[Layna]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |} ===Flumina inter 99 et 85 chiliometra longa=== Inferiori in tabulā, solum apparent flumina inter 99 et 75 chiliometra aut amplius longa: {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" | [[Fluvius]] ! scope="col" | Alia nomina [[lingua Latina|Latina]] ! scope="col" | Nomen [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscum]] ! scope="col" | Longitudo (km) ! scope="col" | [[Ostium fluminis|Ostium]] ! scope="col" | [[Systema fluviorum|Systema]] |- | [[Naba silvatica|Naba Silvatica]]<ref name="Naba silvatica">Fingitur hoc nomen e flumine Nabā (cui vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naab#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "Die frühesten Belege sind ''Nabas'' (700), ''Napa'' (885), ''Naba'' (885), ''Nabe'' (1199) und ''Nab'' (1245), (...)") et versione adiectivo praeposito ''Wald-'' (cui vide [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Wald?wb=gross&nr=1 Navigium], ubi dicitur "'''silvāticus a um''' (''a/o-Deklination'') Wald-, zum Wald gehörig").</ref> | Nabas Silvatica<ref name="Naba silvatica"/> seu Napa Silvatica<ref name="Naba silvatica"/> seu Nabe Silvaticum<ref name="Naba silvatica"/> seu Nab Silvaticum<ref name="Naba silvatica"/> | ''Waldnaab'' | align="right" | 99 | [[Naba]]<ref name=Gr/><ref name="Naba"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Ukera]]<ref name="Ukera">Vide [https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110338591.551/html?lang=en degruyter.com], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Ucker, die''' (in Brandenburg)", '''Uecker''' (in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) (...) 1168 ''fluminis ucrensis,'' 1235 (Kopie) ''parte aque'' (...) ''ukera, trans ukeram,'' (...) ''prope ukram'' (...).</ref> | Ukara<ref name="Ukera"/> seu Ukra<ref name="Ukera"/> seu Flumen Ucrense<ref name="Ukera"/> seu Ucra<ref name="Bratring 1805">Bratring, F. W. A., auctore (1805). ''Statistisch-topographische Beschreibung der gesammten Mark Brandenburg''. Berolini: Friedrich Maurer.</ref> | ''Uecker'' | align="right" | 98 | [[Lacus maritimus Stettinensis]]<ref name="LMS">De hoc nomine, confer urbem [[Stettinum]].</ref> | [[Ukera]]<ref name="Ukera"/> |- | [[Alanda (fluvius)|Alanda]]<ref name="Riedel 1841"/> | | ''Aland'' seu ''Milde'' seu ''Biese'' seu ''Milde-Biese-Aland'' | align="right" | 97 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Sualmanaha]]<ref name="Sualmanaha">Vide [https://www.hna.de/lokales/schwalmstadt/schwalmstadt-ort68394/der-nebelfluss-und-seine-geschichte-90881979.html hna.de], ubi dicitur "(...) In der älteren Wissenschaft wird behauptet, im 8. und 9. Jahrhundert habe der Fluss „Sualmanaha“, „Suualmanaha“ und „Swalmanaha“ gelautet, was Dampfwasser oder Nebelfluss oder Nebelgewässer bedeutete (...)".</ref> | Suvalmanaha<ref name="Sualmanaha"/> seu Swalamanaha<ref name="Sualmanaha"/> | ''Schwalm'' | align="right" | 97 | [[Adrana]]<ref name="Adrana"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Oura (Sura)|Oura]]<ref name="Binterim & Mooren II 1831">Binterim, A. J., & Mooren, J. H. (1831). ''Die alte und neue Erzdiözese Köln in ihrer ehemaligen Ausdehnung'' (Vol. 2). Moguntiaci: Kirchheim, Schott und Thielmann. </ref> | Ura<ref name="Beyer 1860">Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der jetzt die Preussischen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier bildenden Mittelrheinischen Territorien'' (Vol. 1). Hölscher.</ref> | ''Our'' seu ''Ur'' | align="right" | 96 | [[Sura (Mosella)|Sura Mosellae]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Dame]]<ref name="Dame">Confer [https://books.google.de/books?id=rqboBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA86#v=snippet&q=1440&f=false Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch] de regione homonymā, ubi dicitur "(...) provincia, que Dame dicitur (...)".</ref> | | ''Dahme'' | align="right" | 95 | [[Spreha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Swarza]]<ref name="Swarza">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzach_(Naab) hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Bereits 1250 wurde die „Swarza“ erwähnt (...)".</ref> | | ''Schwarzach'' | align="right" | 95 | [[Naba]]<ref name=Gr/><ref name="Naba"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Wippera (Onestrudis)|Wippera]]<ref name="Wippera Onestrudis">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymo flumine Theodisce ''Wipper''. De hoc ultimo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | | ''Wipper'' | align="right" | 95 | [[Onestrudis]]<ref name="Onestrudis"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Doxa (flumen)|Doxa]]<ref name="Doxa">Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20241226123407/https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/5ca0240d-cb67-447b-838c-e448c1f84200/1003655.pdf Beiträge zur Geschichte der Besiedlung Nord- und Mitteldeutschlands mit Balkanslaven], ubi dicitur "(...) Das ausschlaggebende Grundwort bei den bereits erwähnten und noch zu erwähnenden Formen scheint der Name der ''Dosse'', ein es Nebenflusses der Havel in der Prignitz. zu sein . Die frühesten, im Grunde jedoch spät einsetzenden Belege dieses Hydronyms sind: 1172 ''iuxta...Doxam'' (Helmold 40); 1274 ''dossa''; 1284 ''infra dosam'' (...)".</ref> | Dossa<ref name="Doxa"/> seu Dosa<ref name="Doxa"/> | ''Dosse'' | align="right" | 94 | [[Habala]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Chinzechun]]<ref name="Chinzechun">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinzig_(Rhein)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) 1099: ''ad Chinzechun; ad aliam Chinzichun''[6] 1128: ''flumen'' [Fluss] ''Kinzicha, flumen Kynzichun, ad aliam Kynzicham'' (...)".</ref> | Chinzichun<ref name="Chinzechun"/> seu Kinzicha<ref name="Chinzechun"/> seu Kynzichun<ref name="Chinzechun"/> seu Kynzicha<ref name="Chinzechun"/> | ''Kinzig'' | align="right" | 93 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Kincicha]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | | ''Kinzig'' | align="right" | 92 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Nagalda (flumen)|Nagalda]]<ref name=Gr/> | Nagalta<ref name=Gr/> seu Nagaltha<ref name=Gr/> seu Naglatensis<ref name=Gr/> | ''Nagold'' | align="right" | 91 | [[Enze]]<ref name="Enze"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Premantia]]<ref name="Premantia">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prims#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Eine lateinische Urkunde Karls des Großen von 802 erwähnt den Namen Premantia. Der Flussname Premantia oder Bhrimantia (von „wallen“/„summen“) dürfte der keltischen Epoche entstammen (...)".</ref> | Bhrimantia | ''Prims'' | align="right" | 91 | [[Saravus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Glana (Nava)|Glana]]<ref name="Fabricius 1891">Fabricius, W. (1891). ''Die Herrschaften des unteren Nahegebietes: Der Nahegau und seine Umgebung''. Bonnae: Behrend & Co.</ref> | Glan<ref name="Glan Navae">Vide [https://books.google.es/books?id=rqboBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=%22flumen+Glan%22&source=bl&ots=ujmIwlysO7&sig=ACfU3U23l5Qidd06sYVb0KVJREd8YLFvDQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwji5bbFwZ-HAxXgQvEDHdb5ClsQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=%22flumen%20Glan%22&f=false Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch], ubi dicitur "(...) Glan, der r.z. Nahe (z. Rhein) bei Odernheim am Glan (...) ''super flumen Glan'' (...)".</ref> seu Glanus<ref name="">Widder, J. C. (1788). ''Versuch einer vollständigen geographisch-historischen Beschreibung der Kurfürstlichen Pfalz'' (Vol. 3). [[Francofurtum ad Moenum|Francofurti ad Moenum]].</ref> | ''Glan'' | align="right" | 90 | [[Nava (flumen)|Nava]]<ref name="Fabricius II 1898"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Helzaha]]<ref name="Helzaha">Vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elz_(Rhein)#Name articulum hoc de flumine apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Nach Berger (1999) sind die Namen ''Helzaha fluvium'' (763), ''Elzach'' (1234) und ''Elza'' (1335) urkundlich belegt (...)".</ref> | Elsach<ref name="Helzaha"/> seu Elza<ref name="Helzaha"/> seu Alisontia<ref name=Gr/> | ''Elz'' | align="right" | 90 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Nida (Moenus)|Nida Moeni]]<ref name="Nida Moeni">Vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidda_(Fluss)#Name articulum hoc de flumine apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Name ''Nidda'' gehört zu den ältesten Gewässernamen Europas. Die im 1. Jahrhundert an der Nidda errichtete Römerstadt Nida deutet darauf hin, dass die Römer den Flussnamen bereits vorfanden. Die älteste mittelalterliche Erwähnung findet sich in einer Urkunde des Lorscher Codex aus dem Jahr 782 (...)".</ref> | | ''Nidda'' | align="right" | 90 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Plissa]]<ref name=Gr/> | | ''Pleiße'' | align="right" | 90 | [[Alestra]]<ref name="Alestra"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Vutahe]]<ref name="Vutahe">Vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wutach articulum hoc de flumine apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die Wutach wird im Jahr 1122 urkundlich erstmals genannt als ''Vutahe'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Wutach'' seu ''Gutach'' | align="right" | 90 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Aach Zwiveltense]]<ref name="AZ">De adiectivo Zwiveltense, confer articulum de [[Zwiveltum|urbe Zwivelto]].</ref> | | ''Zwiefalter Aach'' | align="right" | 89 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Dinkel (flumen)|Dinkel]] | | ''Dinkel'' | align="right" | 89 | [[Vidrus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Lacus Yssel]] |- | [[Raxa]]<ref name=Gr/> | | ''Recknitz'' | align="right" | 88 | [[Mare Balticum]] | [[Raxa]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Lapara magna|Lapara Magna]]<ref name="Lapara"/> | | ''Große Laber'' | align="right" | 87 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Stora]]<ref name=Gr/> | Stura<ref name=Gr/> seu Sturia<ref name=Gr/> seu Stihira<ref name=Gr/> | ''Stör'' | align="right" | 87 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Ara (flumen)|Ara]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | Abrinca<ref name="Vergleichendes"/> seu Abricca<ref name="Vergleichendes">[http://books.google.de/books?id=NvYRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6&dq=Abricca&source=bl&ots=eTCBImcOgu&sig=u6nCfXmVmg2Y28LgxVTT_TFVIf4&hl=de&ei=mzfBTpGBMe754QSxqJyoBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCMQ6AEwATge#v=onepage&q=Abricca&f=false Vergleichendes wörterbuch der alten, mittleren und neuen geographie von Friedrich Heinrich Theodor Bischoff, Johann Heinrich Möller]</ref> | ''Ahr'' | align="right" | 85 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Hiera]]<ref name="Hiera">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gera_(Fluss) hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der ursprüngliche Name des Flusses war Erfes (auch Erphes, Erfis oder Erphis), von dem der Name der Thüringer Landeshauptstadt Erfurt abstammt. Der Name Gera als Flussbezeichnung ist seit 1108 (Gerahe) belegt (...) Die lateinische Bezeichnung Hiera für Gera findet sich auch in der Benennung der alten Universität Erfurt als „Hierana“ (die an der Gera gelegene) (...)".</ref> | Gera<ref name="Hiera"/> seu Erfes<ref name="Hiera"/> seu Erphes<ref name="Hiera"/> seu Erfis<ref name="Hiera"/> seu Erphis<ref name="Hiera"/> seu Gerahe<ref name="Hiera"/> | ''Gera'' | align="right" | 85 | [[Onestrudis]]<ref name="Onestrudis"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Prumia (flumen)|Prumia]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | | ''Prüm'' | align="right" | 85 | [[Sura (Mosella)|Sura Mosellae]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Osterbek]] | | ''Osterbek'' | align="right" | 85 | [[Alstria]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Owe Magnum]]<ref name="Owe Magnum">Fingitur hoc hydronymum homonymis e hydronymis "Owe" et "Audan". De hydronymis "Owe" et "Audan" vide [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9783110338591_A21718271/preview-9783110338591_A21718271.pdf ], ubi dicitur "(...) Aue, Name mehrerer Flüsse im Einzugsgebiet von Leine, Unter- und Mittelweser und Unterer Elbe, z. B. Aue (z. Ammersbek z. Alster z. Elbe), 1263 ''ad riuulum, qui dicutur Owe'' (...) Aue, r.z. Leine, entspringt bei Westerhof (Lkr. Northeim, Niedersachsen, D), mündet bei Kreiensen (Lkr. Northeim). – 10. Jh. (Kopie 15. Jh.) ''in flumen Audan et sic per Audan,'' (...)". Adiectivo "magnum" Theodiscum adiectivum "Große" vertitur.</ref> | Audan Magnum<ref name="Owe Magnum"/> | ''Große Aue'' | align="right" | 85 | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Schipbeek]] | | ''Schipbeek'' | align="right" | 85 | [[Isala]]<ref name="Isala"/> | [[Isala]]<ref name="Isala"/> |- | [[Wippera (Sala)|Wippera Salae]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | | ''Wipper'' | align="right" | 85 | [[Sala (flumen)|Sala]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Zuda (flumen)|Zuda]]<ref name="Bavarikon"/> | | ''Sude'' | align="right" | 85 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |} ===Flumina inter 84 et 75 chiliometra longa=== Inferiori in tabulā, solum apparent flumina inter 84 et 75 chiliometra aut amplius longa: {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" | [[Fluvius]] ! scope="col" | Alia nomina [[lingua Latina|Latina]] ! scope="col" | Nomen [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscum]] ! scope="col" | Longitudo (km) ! scope="col" | [[Ostium fluminis|Ostium]] ! scope="col" | [[Systema fluviorum|Systema]] |- | [[Amsara]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | Amsaris<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> seu Hemiscara<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> seu Eimscherna<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Emscher'' | align="right" | 84 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Stepenitz (Albis)|Stepenitz Albis]]<ref name="Stepenitz">Vide ''Usus aquarum, Interdisziplinäre Studien zur Nutzung und Bedeutung von Gewässern im Mittelalter'', , ubi dicitur "(...) 1264) 1570 ''fluuii Stepenitz'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Stepenitz'' | align="right" | 84 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Aisca]]<ref name="Aisca">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisch#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Früher wurde fälschlicherweise angenommen, dass die Herkunft des Namens Aisch (karolingisch Eisce und Eisge, in einer Urkunde von 1129 Aisca[6]) in seiner ursprünglichen Konnotation fischreich bedeutet (...)".</ref> | Eisce<ref name="Aisca"/> seu Eisge<ref name="Aisca"/> | ''Aisch'' | align="right" | 83 | [[Radiantia]]<ref name="Radiantia, Rezat, Redniz"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Wazowniza]]<ref name="Wesenitz">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesenitz#Geschichte hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) In der Oberlausitzer Grenzurkunde wurde der Fluss 1241 mehrfach als ''Wazowniza''⁷ genannt (...)".</ref> | | ''Wesenitz'' | align="right" | 83 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Isala Rhenaniae Septentrionalis-Vestfaliae|Isala Vetus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | Sala<ref name="Hofmann"/> | ''Issel'' | align="right" | 82 | [[Isala]]<ref name="Isala"/> | [[Isala]]<ref name="Isala"/> |- | [[Duria (Danubius)|Duria Danubii]]<ref name="Duria">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zusam#Etymologie hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Eine Landschaftsbezeichnung von 898 in pago Dúria („im Gau Dúria“) enthält den alten Namen des Flusses. Dieser stammt vermutlich vom keltisch/gallischen Wort *durā, *duriā, was so viel wie 'Flusslauf' bedeutet.[4] 1268 tritt der Name als Zvsma, 1269 als Zvsem, 1284 als Zeusme (...)".</ref> | Zusma<ref name="Duria"/> seu Zusem<ref name="Duria"/> seu Zeusme<ref name="Duria"/> | ''Zusam'' | align="right" | 81 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Helmana]]<ref name=Gr/> | Elmena<ref name=Gr/> | ''Helme'' | align="right" | 81 | [[Onestrudis]]<ref name="Onestrudis"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Isana (Aenus)|Isana Aeni]]<ref name=Gr/> | Isia<ref name=Gr/> seu Isinisca<ref name=Gr/> | ''Isen'' | align="right" | 81 | [[Aenus (flumen)|Aenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Helbe]]<ref name="Helbe">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helbe#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...)Im Jahr 1267 taucht der Fluss als ''aquam … Helbe'' erstmals in den schriftlichen Urkunden auf (...)".</ref> | | ''Helbe'' | align="right" | 80 | [[Onestrudis]]<ref name="Onestrudis"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Itessa]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | Ichesa<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Itz'' | align="right" | 80 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Aha (flumen)|Aha]]<ref name="Aha">Vide [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9783258481142_A43727966/preview-9783258481142_A43727966.pdf FLüsse der Alpen: Vielfalt in Natur und Kultur], ubi dicitur "(...) ''ad Ahae fluvii'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Großache'' seu ''Kitzbüheler Ache'' seu ''Jochberger Ache'' seu ''Kössener Ache'' seu ''Tiroler Achen'' | align="right" | 79 | [[Lacus Chiemensis]]<ref name="Chiemensis">Gerhard Lorenz, [https://www.bavarikon.de/search?terms=Prior+von+Tegernsee&lang=en&facet=creator.name_str%3AGerhard%2C+Lorenz%3B+Verfasser "Brevis Bavariae geographia" (Herbipoli: 1844).]</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Murga (Nigra silva septentrionalis)|Murga Nigra silva septentrionalis]]<ref name=Gr/> | | ''Murg'' | align="right" | 79 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Wiesent]]<ref name="Wiesent">Vide [https://books.google.es/books?id=6QkAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA648&lpg=PA648&dq=%22amnis+Wiesent%22&source=bl&ots=ll6FFVN8hL&sig=ACfU3U3LV2O7iOzTO3ktkkn5305tf_T6fw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwijsom6v7iHAxWwfKQEHRnRD_4Q6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q=%22amnis%20Wiesent%22&f=false ''Bryologia universa seu Systematica ad novam methodum dispositio'', Vol. II], ubi dicitur "(...) In lapidicinis et ad ripa amnis Wiesent prope Erlangam (...)".</ref> | | ''Wiesent'' | align="right" | 79 | [[Radiantia]]<ref name="Radiantia, Rezat, Redniz"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Filisa (Naba)|Filisa Nabae]]<ref name="Bavarikon"/> | Vilsa<ref name="Bavarikon"/> | ''Vils'' | align="right" | 78 | [[Naba]]<ref name=Gr/><ref name="Naba"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Mintela]]<ref name=Gr/> | | ''Mindel'' | align="right" | 78 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Remisus]]<ref name="Remisus">Vide [https://books.google.de/books?id=FuwzkvZmlVAC&pg=RA2-PT353&lpg=RA2-PT353&dq=Rems+fluvius&source=bl&ots=pqKYOU-Qfo&sig=ACfU3U0iTPhkv6wzJUq8mkuntYSbzkgUaw&hl=de&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi04PX82dvmAhVKK5oKHUwGAR8Q6AEwAXoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=Rems%20fluvius&f=false FONS LATINITATIS CORVINIANUS BICORNIS, auctore Christophoro Giglingio].</ref> | Remsa<ref name="Remisus"/> seu Ramasia<ref>[https://books.google.de/books?id=bmITAAAAIAAJ&q=Ramasia&dq=Ramasia&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjX3v-KyNvmAhXQLVAKHZyABysQ6AEIXDAH Fons nominis in ''Heinrich Bebels Facetien drei Bücher'', 1931, pag. 199]</ref> | ''Rems'' | align="right" | 78 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Frimida]]<ref name="Frimida">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfreimd_(Fluss)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die ältesten Belege des Namens Pfreimd sind ''Frimida'' (1022/23), ''Frima'' (1024–1031), ''Phrime'' (um 1130; mit der alten Schreibung <ph> für <pf>) und ''Phrimede'' (1156) (...)".</ref> | Frima<ref name="Frimida"/> seu Phrime<ref name="Frimida"/> seu Phrimede<ref name="Frimida"/> | ''Pfreimd'' | align="right" | 76 | [[Naba]]<ref name=Gr/><ref name="Naba"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Smuttura]]<ref name=Gr/> | | ''Schmutter'' | align="right" | 76 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Ilma (Bavaria)|Ilma]]<ref name=Gr/><ref name="Ilma">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilm_(Abens)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Im Jahre 821 schrieb man ''Ilma'', 890 ''Ilminam'', 920 ''Ilmim'' und seit 1322 ''Ilm'' (...)".</ref> | Ilmina<ref name="Ilma"/> seu Ilmin<ref name="Ilma"/> seu Ilm<ref name="Ilma"/> | ''Ilm'' | align="right" | 75 | [[Abia (Danubius)|Abia Danubii]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Lade]]<ref name="Lade">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leda_(Fluss)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die erste schriftliche Nennung (fluuium Lade) stammt aus der ersten Hälfte des 9. Jahrhunderts (...)".</ref> | | ''Leda'' | align="right" | 75 | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Murga (Neoburgum)|Murga Neoburgensis]]<ref name="Murga NB">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauter_(Rhein,_Neuburg)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die Lauter hieß am Unterlauf in keltisch-römischer Zeit Murga (...)".</ref> | Lutra<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Lauter'' seu ''Wieslauter'' | align="right" | 75 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Tribula (Penus)|Tribula Peni]]<ref name="Tribula">Vide [https://mvdok.lbmv.de/mjbrenderer?id=mvdok_document_00002847 Die slavischen Ortsnamen in Meklenburg], ubi dicitur "(...) Trebel, Fluß, unterhalb Demmin in die Peene, 1285 aqva, que Tribula dicitur, 1292 supra Treble, 1298 fluvius Trebele (...)".</ref> | Treble<ref name="Tribula"/> | ''Trebel'' | align="right" | 75 | [[Penus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Penus]]<ref name=Gr/> |} ===Flumina inter 74 et 60 chiliometra longa=== Inferiori in tabulā, solum apparent flumina inter 74 et 60 chiliometra aut amplius longa: {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" | [[Fluvius]] ! scope="col" | Alia nomina [[lingua Latina|Latina]] ! scope="col" | Nomen [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscum]] ! scope="col" | Longitudo (km) ! scope="col" | [[Ostium fluminis|Ostium]] ! scope="col" | [[Systema fluviorum|Systema]] |- | [[Kambeloch]]<ref name="Kambeloch">Vide [https://epub.uni-regensburg.de/31392/1/Katalog%20der%20romanischen%20Ortsnamen%20in%20Bayern.pdf ''Katalog der romanischen Ortsnamen in Bayern''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Kammel''', Fluss links zur Mindel (z.Donau), ON. Kammlach (Lkr. Unterallgäu), 1243 ''Kambeloch'', < FlN. (kelt.) *''Kambal''- (+ ahd. -''aha'') (...)".</ref> | | ''Kammel'' seu ''Kammlach'' | align="right" | 74 | [[Mintela]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Lesura (flumen Germanicum)|Lesura]]<ref name="Lesura">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieser_(Mosel)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Name des Baches ist keltischen Ursprungs.[4] Die früheste Erwähnung der Lieser als ''Lesura'' findet sich in dem um 371 entstandenen Gedicht Mosella von Ausonius.[5] In Vers 365 steht: „Praetereo exilem Lesuram“ (die armselige Lieser übergehe ich).[6] In einem Testament aus dem Dezember 634 wird von Weingütern an der Lieser berichtet, die der Eigentümer besitzt: „Vineas ad Lesuram … quas possedi“.[7] Seit dem späten 8. Jahrhundert wandelt sich das e im Flussnamen ''Lesura'' zu ''i'' oder y, wobei auch der Name Lisera vorkommt. Der heutige Name ''Lieser'' ist erstmals in einer Urkunde aus dem Jahr 1357 beleg (...)".</ref> | Lisera | ''Lieser'' | align="right" | 74 | [[Mosella (flumen)|Mosella]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Iesne]]<ref name="Iesne">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeetzel#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss wird um das Jahr 1014 als Jesne erstmals urkundlich erwähnt (...)".</ref> | | ''Jeetzel'' | align="right" | 73 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Treya]]<ref name=Gr/> | | ''Treene'' | align="right" | 73 | [[Egdor]]<ref name="Egdor"/> | [[Egdor]]<ref name="Egdor"/> |- | [[Mogus rufus|Mogus Rufus]]<ref name=Gr/> | | ''Roter Main'' | align="right" | 72 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Soeste]] | | ''Soeste'' | align="right" | 72 | [[Iummium (flumen)|Iummium]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Wachna]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | Waharna<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Werre'' | align="right" | 72 | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Abia (Danubius)|Abia]]<ref name=Gr/> | | ''Abens'' | align="right" | 71 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Böhme (flumen)|Böhme]] | | ''Böhme'' | align="right" | 71 | [[Alara]]<ref name=Gr/><ref name="Aller"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Vesa]]<ref name="Vesa">Vide [https://books.google.es/books?id=ELmR13uk8BwC&pg=PA1792&lpg=PA1792&dq=Vesdre+%22Vesa%22&source=bl&ots=dWgI2GF9n1&sig=ACfU3U3Fu4SstiopCZsYdLFXxKIkWlO_Qg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiUvcSP-rWHAxX3RPEDHdwiBGY4ChDoAXoECB0QAw#v=onepage&q=Vesdre%20%22Vesa%22&f=false ''Dictionnaire Géographique Et Statistique Sur Un Plan Entièrement Nouveau, Volume 2''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''VESDRE''', lat. ''Vesa'', riv. d'Europe affl. dr. de l'Ourte à Chênée (...)".</ref> | | ''Weser'' | align="right" | 71 | [[Urta]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Mosa]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Agger (flumen)|Agger]] | | ''Agger'' | align="right" | 70 | [[Sega]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Sura (Rhenus)|Sura Rheni]]<ref name=Gr/> | | ''Sauer'' | align="right" | 70 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Arguna Inferior]]<ref name="ArgInf">Fingitur hoc nomen Latino e nomine fluminis Argunae (Theodisce ''Argen'') et versione adiectivi ''Untere'', "inferior-ius". </ref> | | ''Untere Argen'' | align="right" | 69 | [[Arguna]]<ref name="Arguna">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hase_(Fluss)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...)Der Fluss wird 839 erstmals als ''ad Argunam'' schriftlich erwähnt. Er bedeutete ursprünglich 'hell, glänzend, (blitz)schnell' (...)".</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Haidenaab]] | | ''Haidenaab'' | align="right" | 69 | [[Naba]]<ref name=Gr/><ref name="Naba"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Nidder]]<ref name="Nidder">Vide [https://geschichtsvereinhoechst.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Hoechster-Geschichtsverein-Geschichtshefte-1978-heft-30-31-kurmainische-schloss-zu-hoechst-am-main.pdf ''Das kurmainzische Schloß zu Höchst am Main''], ubi dicitur "(...) Moenus fluvius, Nidder fluvius (...)".</ref> | | ''Nidder'' | align="right" | 69 | [[Nida (Moenus)|Nida Moeni]]<ref name="Nida"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Sinna (flumen)|Sinna Salae Moeni]]<ref name=Gr/> | | ''Sinn'' | align="right" | 69 | [[Sala (Moeni)|Sala Moeni]]<ref name="Sala in pago"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Weteraha]]<ref name="Weteraha">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hase_(Fluss)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss wurde 772 als „Wetteraha“ erstmals schriftlich erwähnt.[5] Weitere Namensformen sind „Weteraha“, „Wettera“, „Wetera“ und „Weter“ (...)".</ref> | Wettera<ref name="Weteraha"/> seu Wetera<ref name="Weteraha"/> seu Weter<ref name="Weteraha"/> | ''Wetter'' | align="right" | 69 | [[Nida (Moenus)|Nida Moeni]]<ref name="Nida"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Tollense]]<ref name="Tollense">Vide [https://books.google.es/books?id=THpYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=%22flumen+Tollense%22&source=bl&ots=CdYxZN4qYZ&sig=ACfU3U3_0MiH2yDFIhsR5LpriED48tJvfw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjsgNbVl7aHAxXJYPEDHUnIA9cQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=%22flumen%20Tollense%22&f=false ''Georgii Tertii ... Regis Magnae Britanniae, Franciae, Hiberniae defensoris''], ubi dicitur "(...) quorum illos LAacus et flumen Tollense Stargardiae et Pomeraniae exteriori vindicant (...)".</ref> | | ''Tollense'' | align="right" | 68 | [[Penus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Penus]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Flöha]] | | ''Flöha'' | align="right" | 67 | [[Scopa (flumen)|Scopa]]<ref name="Albinus 1590"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Huna]]<ref name="Huna">Vide [https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_naa002197301_01/_naa002197301_01_0003.php ''Naamkunde. Jaargang 5''] ubi dicitur "(...) De '''Haune''', rechterbijrivier van de Fulda te Bad Hersfeld (Land Hessen, Reg.-Bez. Kassel, Landkr. en AG Hersfeld): 747 (onecht stuk, waarschijnlijk van 822-24; hs. kort na het midden der XIIe e.) ''in australem Hûnam ... in Hunam'', 789 (k. kort na het midden der XIIe e. van k. 828) ''fluvii, quae vocatur Huna''(40); ...; 980 (or.) ''in fluvium Huna vocatum ... in Hunaha, de Hunaha''(41). (...)".</ref> | Hunaha | ''Haune'' | align="right" | 67 | [[Fuldaha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Labere]]<ref name="Labere">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hase_(Fluss)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Erstmals schriftlich erwähnt wurde der Fluss etwa um 1150 als Labere (...)".</ref> | | ''Schwarze Laber'' seu ''Schwarze Laaber'' | align="right" | 67 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Schwarzer Schöps]] | | ''Schwarzer Schöps'' | align="right" | 67 | [[Spreha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Werse]]<ref name="Werse">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werse#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der älteste urkundliche Beleg des Namens der Werse stammt aus dem Jahr 1189 als ''Werse'', und aus dem Jahr 1279 stammt die Form ''de Wersa''. Für das Jahr 1316 erscheint in Lateinisch der Eintrag ''molendino dicto Wersa'', also ein Mühlort, beziehungsweise eine Wassermühle die (an der) Werse genannt wird (...)".</ref> | Wersa<ref name="Werse"/> | ''Werse'' | align="right" | 67 | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Löcknitz]] | | ''Löcknitz'' | align="right" | 66 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Bilena]]<ref name=Gr/> | Billena<ref name=Gr/> | ''Bille'' | align="right" | 65 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Bunaha (flumen)|Bunaha]]<ref name="Bunaha">Fingitur nomen huius fluminis ex [[Baunach|oppido homonymo]]. Latino de nomine huius oppidi, vide [https://www.yumpu.com/de/document/read/5481494/sankt-oswald-baunach-pfarrei-st-oswald-baunach ''Sankt Oswald Baunach''], ubi dicitur "(...) ad Bunaha ubi ecclesia edificata erat (...)".</ref> | | ''Baunach'' | align="right" | 65 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Ilissus]]<ref name=Gr/> | Ilsus<ref name=Gr/> seu Iltsa<ref name=Gr/> seu Iltza<ref name=Gr/> | ''Ilz'' | align="right" | 65 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Lapara parva|Lapara Parva]]<ref name="Lapara"/> | | ''Kleine Laber'' seu ''Kleine Laaber'' | align="right" | 65 | [[Lapara magna|Lapara Magna]]<ref name="Lapara"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Nuthe|Nuthe Habalae]]<ref name="Nuthe">Vide [https://books.google.es/books?id=Y-VGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA497&lpg=PA497&dq=%22fluvius+nuthe%22&source=bl&ots=ew4OufOUqY&sig=ACfU3U1NZgQzw_R5Ctg_Z4y-xjPnhODopA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwje1uS7p7aHAxWFQvEDHTzqD6sQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q=%22fluvius%20nuthe%22&f=false ''Cornelii Taciti opera quae supersunt''], ubi dicitur "(...) Nuithones, populus Germaniae in comitatu Marchiae Mediae, ubi fluvius ''Nuthe'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Nuthe'' | align="right" | 65 | [[Habala]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Möhne]] | | ''Möhne'' | align="right" | 65 | [[Rura]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Nister (flumen)|Nister]]<ref name="Nister">Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/cellarius1/cellariushistoria.html CHRISTOPHORI CELLARII HISTORIA UNIVERSALIS BREVITER AC PERSPICVE EXPOSITA IN ANTIQUAM, ET MEDII AEV AC NOVAM DIVISA, CUM NOTIS PERPETVIS EDITIO XI. AD NOSTRA USQUE TEMPORA CONTINVATA ET SUMMARIIS AUCTA], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Cochin vocatur castellum ad fluvium Nister, quod pacificatione post hanc victoriam Walachorum principi a Polonis restitutum fuit'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Nister'' | align="right" | 64 | [[Sega]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Rezat]]<ref name="Radiantia, Rezat, Redniz">Vide [https://books.google.es/books?id=bqhMAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP12&lpg=PP12&dq=amnis+,+Rezat+feu+Redniz+,+olim+Radiantia+dictus&source=bl&ots=CXb6OXVZC-&sig=ACfU3U0rrGccL2eu9TSN4x0nIlOWdLfgUA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPxaDRwraHAxVdVPEDHcn8C2wQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=amnis%20%2C%20Rezat%20feu%20Redniz%20%2C%20olim%20Radiantia%20dictus&f=false ''Natalem vicesimum septimum serenissimae principis ac dominae''], ubi dicitur "(...) Rezat seu Redniz, olim Radiantia dictus (...)". Quamquam, secundum hunc librum, nomina "Radiantia" et "Rezat" et "Redniz" synonyma olim erant, eligitur "Rezat" flumini hodie Theodisce ''Fränkische Rezat'' nuncupato; nomen "Radiantia" flumini hodie Theodisce ''Regnitz'' nuncupato; nomen "Redniz" flumini hodie Theodisce ''Rednitz'' nuncupato. Flumini hodie Theodisce ''Schwäbische Rezat'' nuncupato, eligitur nomen "Radentia", secundum articulum de hoc flumine apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam, ubi dicitur "(...) Im Jahr 793 wurde der Fluss erstmals als „Radentia“ erwähnt (...)".</ref> | | ''Fränkische Rezat'' | align="right" | 64 | [[Redniz]]<ref name="Radiantia, Rezat, Redniz"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Salica (flumen)|Salica]]<ref name=Gr/> | | ''Selke'' | align="right" | 64 | [[Boda]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Wenkbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Wenkbach'' | align="right" | 64 | [[Par-Allna]] | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Alzus]]<ref name="Alzus">Vide [http://www.lateinlexikon.com/lexicon_latinum_hodiernum_parsgeographica.pdf ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum Lucusaltianum''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Alz,''' f ''Alzus, i, m'' [ORB p.63]; ''Alezussa, ae, f'' [ORB p.59]; ''Alzissa, ae, f'' [ORB p.63]; ''Alszista, ae, f'' [ORB p.63]; ''Alasa, ae, f'' [ORB p.57]; ''Alaza, ae, f'' [ORB p.57]; ''Alsa, ae,'' f [ORB p.61]; ''Alza, ae, f'' [ORB p.63]; ''Acha, ae, f'' [ORB p.53]; ''Achsa, ae,'' f [ORB p.53]; ''Achza, ae, f'' [ORB p.53] {flumen Germanicum, quod in Aeno influit} (...)".</ref> | Alezussa,<ref name="Alzus"/> Alzissa,<ref name="Alzus"/> Alszista,<ref name="Alzus"/> Alasa,<ref name="Alzus"/> Alaza,<ref name="Alzus"/> Alsa,<ref name="Alzus"/> Alza,<ref name="Alzus"/> Acha,<ref name="Alzus"/> Achsa,<ref name="Alzus"/> Achza<ref name="Alzus"/> | ''Alz'' | align="right" | 63 | [[Aenus (flumen)|Aenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Saletio (flumen)|Saletio]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | Salia<ref name="Chytraeus 1599">Chytraeus, D. (1599). ''Saxonia, ab anno Christi 1500 usque ad MDXCIX recognita, et ad hoc usque praesentem annum MDC continuata''. [[Lipsia]]e: Impensis Henningi Grosii.</ref> | ''Selz'' | align="right" | 63 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Salmona]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | Salma<ref name="Hofmann"/> | ''Salm'' | align="right" | 63 | [[Mosella (flumen)|Mosella]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Vilisa (Nicer)|Vilisa Niceri]]<ref name=Gr/> | | ''Fils'' | align="right" | 63 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Werma]]<ref name="Werma">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wern#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Den Namen schrieb man im 8. Jahrhundert ''Werma'' und um das Jahr 1015 ''Werina'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Wern'' | align="right" | 63 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Emmera]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | Ambra<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Emmer'' | align="right" | 62 | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Escheda]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | Esta<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Este'' | align="right" | 62 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Milnitz]]<ref name="Milnitz">Vide [https://mvdok.lbmv.de/mjbrenderer?id=mvdok_document_00002847 ''Die slavischen Ortsnamen in Meklenburg''], ubi dicitur "(...) Mildenitz, Nebenfluß der Warnow, 1237 die bach Milnitz, 1256 usque Milnitz fluuium, 1272 aqua Mildenizce (...)".</ref> | Mildenizce | ''Mildenitz'' | align="right" | 62 | [[Warnou]]<ref name="Warnou"/> | [[Warnou]]<ref name="Warnou"/> |- | [[Ursena]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Ursene<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Örtze'' | align="right" | 62 | [[Alara]]<ref name=Gr/><ref name="Aller"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Scuzina]]<ref name=Gr/> | | ''Schussen'' | align="right" | 62 | [[Lacus Bodamicus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Zwentine]]<ref name="Zwentine">Vide [https://books.google.es/books?id=JusDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA690&lpg=PA690&dq=%22Zwentina%22+Schwentine&source=bl&ots=NShweEDAaE&sig=ACfU3U1QJPxuSMkZU_e946z20Z2AyCu0Cg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieo7P51LaHAxXW1QIHHRflAKkQ6AF6BAgcEAM#v=onepage&q=%22Zwentine%22%20&f=false ''Urkundensammlung der Schledswig-holstein-lauenburgischen ..., Volume 1''], ubi dicitur "(...) Cujus termini sunt in aquilonari parte a Zwentine usque ad Lapides (...) situm in Zwentina fluvio prope clautrum (...)".</ref> | Zwentina<ref name="Zwentine"/><ref name="Zwentina">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwentine#Historisches hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Auch Namensformen wie Zwentina, Zuentina, Suentana sind historisch belegt (...)".</ref> seu Zuentina<ref name="Zwentina"/> seu Suentana<ref name="Zwentina"/> | ''Schwentine'' | align="right" | 62 | [[Lacus Parvus Ploenensis]]<ref name="LPP">Fingitur huius lacūs nomen (Theodisce ''Kleiner Plöner See'') adiacenti ex urbe [[Ploena|Ploenā]]. Latino de huius urbis nomine, vide {{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Zwentine]]<ref name="Zwentine"/> |- | [[Nemesa]]<ref name="Nemesa">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nims#Geschichte hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die Nims wird bereits in römischer Zeit vom Dichter Decim(i)us Magnus Ausonius in seinem Werk "Mosella" als ''Nemesa'' erwähnt (...)".</ref> | | ''Nims'' | align="right" | 61 | [[Prumia (flumen)|Prumia]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Plana (Habala)|Plana]]<ref name="Plana">Riedel, A. F., auctore (1849). ''Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis''. Praecipua pars 1, Volumen 8. Berolini: F.H. Morin.</ref> | | ''Plane'' | align="right" | 61 | [[Habala]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Amana (flumen)|Amana]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | | ''Ohm'' | align="right" | 60 | [[Laugana]]<ref name="Murray">{{Murray}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Ardaha]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | Arda<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Aar'' | align="right" | 60 | [[Laugana]]<ref name="Murray">{{Murray}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Kraichbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Kraichbach'' seu ''Kraich'' | align="right" | 60 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Locha (flumen Germanicum)|Locha]]<ref name="Locha">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauchert#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) In den ersten schriftlichen Nennungen des 13. Jh. heißt der Fluss ''Locha'' (...)".</ref><ref name="Locha2">Vide [https://archive.org/stream/wirtembergische02staagoog/wirtembergische02staagoog_djvu.txt ''Wirtembergisches urkundenbuch; herausgegeben von dem Königlichen staatsarchiv in Stuttgart''], ubi dicitur "(...) qui ex arce nostra Altenburg ad flumen, quod Locha dicitur (...)".</ref> | | ''Lauchert'' | align="right" | 60 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Nebula (flumen Germanicum)|Nebula]]<ref name="Nebula">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebel_(Fluss)#Geschichte hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die Nebel ist 1189 als ''Nebula'' ersturkundlich genannt (...)".</ref> | | ''Nebel'' | align="right" | 60 | [[Warnou]]<ref name="Warnou"/> | [[Warnou]]<ref name="Warnou"/> |- | [[Phunzin]]<ref name="Phunzin">Vide [https://books.google.es/books?id=Z2oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA69&lpg=PA69&dq=%22Pfinz%22+fluvius&source=bl&ots=ivgR20gcuE&sig=ACfU3U0GvdH1J3wBfLY8Wl4IQyDP8hsMsA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjn4OGb7LaHAxWlR_EDHQmmDRAQ6AF6BAgaEAM#v=onepage&q=%22Pfinz%22%20fluvius&f=false ''Geographia pagorum vetustae Germaniae cisrhenanorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) PHUNZIN fl. (h. ''Pfin'') a quo pagellus nomen traxit, oritur non longe a Portâ Hercininiae (...)".</ref> | | ''Pfinz'' | align="right" | 60 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Pulsnicia (fluvius)|Pulsnicia]]<ref name="Müller 1715">Müller, C. (1715). ''Saxoniae Electoralis Descriptio Historico-Geographica''. Lipsiae: Officina Gleditschiana.</ref> | Polsniza<ref name="Posse 1883">Posse, O. (Ed.) (1883). ''Codex Diplomaticus Saxoniae Regiae: Haupttheil I, Band 3. Urkunden der Markgrafen von Meißen y Landgrafen von Thüringen (1196–1234)''. Lipsiae: Giesecke & Devrient.</ref> seu Polsnicz<ref name="">Gersdorf, E. G. (Ed.) (1864). ''Urkundenbuch del Hochstifts Meißen (Band 1)''. Lipsiae: Giesecke & Devrient.</ref> | ''Pulsnitz'' | align="right" | 60 | [[Elstra nigra|Elstra Nigra]]<ref name="Elstra Nigra"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Spira (Rhenus)|Spira Rheni]]<ref name="Spira">Vide [https://books.google.es/books?id=FwLmPwST_TIC&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=%22Speyerbach%22+flumen&source=bl&ots=MMu5IpjCnq&sig=ACfU3U1UUwmNCx1XsPxoC3xBNCcwKc0JDA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwigoozG6LaHAxUpR_EDHZYBDiUQ6AF6BAgYEAM#v=onepage&q=%22Speyerbach%22%20flumen&f=false ''Der Kaiser-Dom zu Speyer: eine topographisch-historische Monographie, Volume 1''], ubi dicitur "(...) inde autem ad flumen Spira (Speyerbach) dictum (...)".</ref> | | ''Speyerbach'' seu ''Speyer'' seu ''Speierbach'' | align="right" | 60 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |} ===Flumina inter 59 et 50 chiliometra longa=== Inferiori in tabulā, solum apparent flumina inter 59 et 50 chiliometra aut amplius longa: {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" | [[Fluvius]] ! scope="col" | Alia nomina [[lingua Latina|Latina]] ! scope="col" | Nomen [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscum]] ! scope="col" | Longitudo (km) ! scope="col" | [[Ostium fluminis|Ostium]] ! scope="col" | [[Systema fluviorum|Systema]] |- | [[Alisontia (Mosella)|Alisontia]]<ref name=Gr/> | | ''Elzbach'' seu ''Elz'' | align="right" | 59 | [[Mosella (flumen)|Mosella]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Almana]]<ref name=Gr/> | Aliso<ref name=Gr/> | ''Alme'' | align="right" | 59 | [[Lupia]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Fona]]<ref name=Gr/> | | ''Fuhne'' | align="right" | 59 | [[Sala (flumen)|Sala]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Nitasa]]<ref name="Bavarikon"/> | | ''Nette'' | align="right" | 59 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Radiantia]]<ref name="Radiantia, Rezat, Redniz"/> | Rekinzi<ref name="Rekinzi">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnitz#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Es ist erstmals in einer lateinischen Urkunde von 1160 als „Rekinzi“ erwähnt (...)".</ref> | ''Regnitz'' | align="right" | 59 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Wiscoz]]<ref name="Wiscoz">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weschnitz#Flussname hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Auf die Weschnitz wird mit Wiscoz, Wisgots[4] oder ähnlichen Schreibweisen in zahlreichen Urkunden des Lorscher Codex als Referenz für die Lage des Klosters Lorsch Bezug genommen. Auch in anderen lateinischen Publikationen erscheint dieser Name.[5] (...)".</ref> | Wisgots | ''Weschnitz'' | align="right" | 59 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Lubetowe]]<ref name="Lubetowe">Vide [https://www.sorabicon.de/kulturlexikon/artikel/prov_urb_tjk_d3b/ ''Gewässernamen''], ubi dicitur "(...) danach benannt ist das ''Löbauer Wasser'', das aber 1228/1241 ''Lubotna'' hieß, 1268 ''flumen Lubetowe'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Löbauer Wasser'' | align="right" | 58 | [[Spreha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Luya|Luya Ilmenae]]<ref name=Gr/> | Lia<ref name=Gr/> | ''Luhe'' | align="right" | 58 | [[Ilmena (Albis)|Ilmena]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Manachfialta]]<ref name="Manachfialta">Vide [https://www.bayerische-landesbibliothek-online.de/lc-de-en-liste2.html ''Liber...censualium: Digitale Edition - Nachträge und Einbindungen fol. 39 - 43v''], ubi dicitur "(...) Haienperch totum in circuito inde inter flumina Manachfialta et Slieraha usque ad Hesilintal (...) (...) ''Manachfialta'': TF Mangfall (...) de Hesilintal sursum iuxta Slieraha usque ad Rotenpach inde usque ad cacumen Citolfesecca inde usque ad medietatem Manachvalte. inde iusum iuxta Manachvalta usque ad Hesilental (...) ''Manachvalta'': TF Mangfall (...)".</ref> | Manachvalta<ref name="Manachfialta"/> | ''Mangfall'' | align="right" | 58 | [[Aenus (flumen)|Aenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Parda (flumen)|Parda]]<ref name="Bavarikon">Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=224&cq=Novigrad%20%E2%9D%ACIstrien%E2%9D%AD%20=%20Cittanova%20d%27Istria&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N - Z''].</ref> | | ''Parthe'' | align="right" | 58 | [[Alestra]]<ref name="Alestra"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Schuntra]]<ref name=Gr/> | Scontra<ref name=Gr/> seu Scuntra<ref name=Gr/> | ''Schunter'' | align="right" | 58 | [[Ovacra]]<ref name="Ovacra"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Secunda Alestra]]<ref name="Secunda Alestra">Vide [https://nlp.fi.muni.cz/projekty/ahisto/portal/fulltext.php?docid=635&search=Kleine+Elster Monumenta Egrana I], ubi dicitur "(...) die secunda Alestra sicher gleich mit der Elstra minor (der kleinen Elster) einer nicht viel späteren Urkunde (...)".</ref> | Elstra Minor<ref name="Secunda Alestra"/> | ''Kleine Elster'' | align="right" | 59 | [[Elstra nigra|Elstra Nigra]]<ref name="Elstra Nigra"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Stibarna]]<ref name="Stibarna">Vide [https://archive.org/stream/grndungsgeschic00tibugoog/grndungsgeschic00tibugoog_djvu.txt ''Gründungsgeschichte der stifter, pfarrkirchen, klöster und kapellen im bereiche des alten bisthums Münster, mit ausschluss des ehemaligen friesischen theils''], ubi dicitur "(...) Sülfen Tiegt naͤmlich unweit des Steverfluffes (Stibarna, Stivarna, Stiburna) (...) h „iuxta Stibarna“ bezeichnet wird (...)".</ref> | Stivarna<ref name="Stibarna"/> seu Stiburna<ref name="Stibarna"/> | ''Stever'' | align="right" | 58 | [[Lupia]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Tannbacum (Sala)|Tannbacum Salae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Tannbach'' | align="right" | 58 | [[Sala (flumen)|Sala]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Wundreb (flumen)|Wundreb]]<ref name="Wundreb">Fingitur huius fluminis nomen e Latino homonymi oppiduli nomine, secundum [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_8rY-AAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_8rY-AAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ''Regesta sive rerum boicarum autographa ad annum usque MCCC''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ulricua judex de Wundreb (...)".</ref> | | ''Wondreb'' | align="right" | 58 | [[Agara]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Darmbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Darmbach'' | align="right" | 57 | [[Rivulus Niger Ginsheimensis Rhenanus]]<ref name="Rivulus Niger"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Lein (Cochera)|Lein]] | Leyn<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Lein'' | align="right" | 57 | [[Cochera]]<ref name="Cochera"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Owe Burgdorfiense]]<ref name="Owe Burgd.">Fingitur hoc hydronymum homonymis e hydronymis "Owe" et "Audan" et adiectivo "Burgdorfiense". De hydronymis "Owe" et "Audan" vide [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9783110338591_A21718271/preview-9783110338591_A21718271.pdf ], ubi dicitur "(...) Aue, Name mehrerer Flüsse im Einzugsgebiet von Leine, Unter- und Mittelweser und Unterer Elbe, z. B. Aue (z. Ammersbek z. Alster z. Elbe), 1263 ''ad riuulum, qui dicutur Owe'' (...) Aue, r.z. Leine, entspringt bei Westerhof (Lkr. Northeim, Niedersachsen, D), mündet bei Kreiensen (Lkr. Northeim). – 10. Jh. (Kopie 15. Jh.) ''in flumen Audan et sic per Audan,'' (...)". De adiectivo "Burgdorfiensis-e", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | Audan Burgdorfiense<ref name="Owe Burgd."/> | ''Burgdorfer Aue'' | align="right" | 57 | [[Alara]]<ref name=Gr/><ref name="Aller"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Reineche]]<ref name="Reineche">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rench#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die Rench wurde 1291 erwähnt als ''rivus Reineche'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Rench'' | align="right" | 57 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Simmerbach]]<ref name="Simmerbach">Vide [https://books.google.es/books?id=wBQ-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA22&lpg=PA22&dq=%22rivus+Simmerbach%22&source=bl&ots=cYl1hMp3vI&sig=ACfU3U1uPmMXEYefVbUd15wXK5KAd9wPJg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjmufD1vbmHAxWlBNsEHc5MBDEQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q=%22rivus%20Simmerbach%22&f=false ''De Tauni montis parte Transrhenana''], ubi dicitur "(...) propagatum rivus Simmerbach transit (...)".</ref> | | ''Simmerbach'' | align="right" | 57 | [[Nava (flumen)|Nava]]<ref name="Fabricius II 1898"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Ulster (flumen)|Ulster]] | | ''Ulster'' | align="right" | 57 | [[Weraha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Vurmicus|Vurmicus Rurae]]<ref name=Gr/> | Vurmnis<ref name=Gr/> | ''Wurm'' | align="right" | 57 | [[Rura (Eiflensis)|Rura Eiflensis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Mosa]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Wyda (flumen)|Wyda]]<ref name="Wyda">Fingitur nomen huius fluminis ex [[Wyda|oppido homonymo]]. Latino de nomine huius oppidi, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | Weida<ref name="Wyda"/> seu Weitaha<ref name="Wyda"/> seu Wida<ref name="Wyda"/> seu Weyda<ref name="Wyda"/> | ''Weida'' | align="right" | 57 | [[Alestra]]<ref name="Alestra"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Alpha (Isala Vetus)|Alpha Isalae Veteris]]<ref name=Gr/> | | ''Bocholter Aa'' | align="right" | 56 | [[Isala Rhenaniae Septentrionalis-Vestfaliae|Isala Vetus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Isala]]<ref name="Isala"/> |- | [[Alstria]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | Alstra<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> seu Halstera<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> seu Affalstria<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Alster'' | align="right" | 56 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Ebera]]<ref name="Ebera">Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20221231091120/http://ebersberger-historie.de/assets/jb_2_web.pdf Weitere Eber-Namen in Deutschland], ubi dicitur "(...) Reiche Ebrach (l. zur Regnitz, 1069 Ebera) (...)".</ref> | |''Reiche Ebrach'' | align="right" | 56 | [[Radiantia]]<ref name="Radiantia, Rezat, Redniz"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Hursilla]]<ref name="Hursilla">Vide [https://collections.thulb.uni-jena.de/receive/HisBest_cbu_00084275 ''Collections@Urmel''], ubi dicitur "(...) 979 in fluvio quodam Hursilla vocat qui fluit in Lupinzgovve (...) 1014 de capella ad Hûrselen (...)".</ref> | Hurselen | ''Hörsel'' | align="right" | 56 | [[Weraha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Odera (Ruma)|Odera Rumae]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | | ''Oder'' | align="right" | 56 | [[Ruma (flumen)|Ruma]]<ref name="Bavarikon"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Schuttera]]<ref name="Bavarikon"/> | | ''Schutter'' | align="right" | 56 | [[Chinzechun]]<ref name="Chinzechun"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Swareza]]<ref name="Bavarikon"/> | Swartza<ref name="Bavarikon"/> seu Swarza<ref name="Bavarikon"/> | ''Schwarzach'' | align="right" | 56 | [[Redniz]]<ref name="Radiantia, Rezat, Redniz"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Dillena]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | | ''Dill'' | align="right" | 55 | [[Laugana]]<ref name="Murray">{{Murray}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Guntia (flumen)|Guntia]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | Gontia<ref name="Gontia">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnz#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Name wird in der Antike schon im 2./3. Jahrhundert inschriftlich erwähnt (Gontiae sacr(um)). (...)".</ref> | ''Günz'' | align="right" | 55 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Horone]]<ref name="Horone">Vide articulum [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_(Schwarzbach)#Hydronymie hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Francicam], ubi dicitur "(...) Ancienne mention : ''Hornsbach¹'' (1150). D'après l'aha, « ''zuo deru hoawinum bacha'' ». Une deuxième Horn, appelée maintenant Breidenbach, a formé les localités d'Althorn et Neuhorn qui s'écrivent en 783 « ''in marca Horone''¹ ». (...)".</ref> | Hornsbach<ref name="Horone"/> | ''Horn'' seu ''Hornsbach'' | align="right" | 55 | [[Burchalben]]<ref name="Burchalben"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Schlinge (flumen)|Schlinge]] | | ''Schlinge'' | align="right" | 55 | [[Bielheimerbeek]] | [[Isala]]<ref name="Isala"/> |- | [[Wiese (flumen)|Wiese]]<ref name="Wiese">Vide [https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=bhl-001%3A1913%3A22%3A%3A276 ''Über das Vorkommen von Teesdalia und Subularia in der Schweiz''], ubi dicitur "(...) ad flumen Wiese (...)".</ref> | | ''Wiese'' | align="right" | 55 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Wisinta]]<ref name="Wisinta">Vide [https://archive.org/details/thringischeges10vereuoft/page/172/mode/2up?view=theater&q=wisinta https://archive.org/details/thringischeges10vereuof]</ref> | Wisenta<ref name="Wisenta">Vide [https://www.bergfex.de/sommer/thueringen/touren/wanderung/1008459,wandern-um-die-talsperre-loessau/ ''Wandern um die Talsperre Lössau''], ubi dicitur "(...) Im Jahr 1071 wird das Flüsschen erstmals erwähnt, das Gebiet, das sie durchfließt wird als „terra Wisenta“ = Wisentaland bezeichnet (...).</ref> | ''Wisenta'' | align="right" | 55 | [[Sala (flumen)|Sala]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Woblitz]] | | ''Woblitz'' | align="right" | 55 | [[Habala]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Acher]] | | ''Acher'' | align="right" | 54 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Inda (flumen)|Inda]]<ref name="Inda">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inde_(Fluss)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "Der Name der Inde ist als ''Inda'' zuerst belegt für die Zeit der Jahre 496 bis 506 n. Chr. in einer Handschrift des 13./14. Jahrhunderts, welche ihrerseits eine aus dem 7./8. Jahrhundert stammende Kopie der ''Cosmographia'' (4, 24) des Geographen von Ravenna kopiert. Der Ortsname der Klostergründung der Reichsabtei Kornelimünster im frühen 9. Jahrhundert, der zuerst ebenfalls kurz ''Inda'' lautete, erscheint bis 855 als ''Sancti Corneli ad Indam'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Inde'' | align="right" | 54 | [[Rura (Eiflensis)|Rura Eiflensis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Mosa]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Köhntop]] | | ''Köhntop'' | align="right" | 54 | [[Ukera]]<ref name="Ukera"/> | [[Ukera]]<ref name="Ukera"/> |- | [[Rota (Danubius)|Rota Danubii]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Rot<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Rott<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Rote<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Rot'' | align="right" | 54 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Truna (Alzus|Truna Alzensis]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | | ''Traun'' | align="right" | 54 | [[Alzus]]<ref name="Alzus"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Vurmicus (Nagalda)|Vurmicus Nagaldae]]<ref name="Vurmicus Nagalda">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo flumine. Cui ultimo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | | ''Würm'' | align="right" | 54 | [[Nagalda (flumen)|Nagalda]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Elisinza]]<ref name="Elisinza">Vide [http://www.arbre-celtique.com/encyclopedie/alisantia-alisontia-elsenz-16628.htm Encyclopédie de l'Arbre Celtique], ubi dicitur "(...) Nom antique de l'Elsenz, rivière affluente du Neckar (...). Cet hydronyme apparaît ensuite sous les formes ''Elisinza fluvius, sursum Elizinza'' et ''Elisenza'' dans un Acte du roi Otton III, daté du 1^er janvier 988 (...).</ref> | Elizinza<ref name="Elisinza"/> seu Elisenza<ref name="Elisinza"/> | ''Elsenz'' | align="right" | 53 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Ferum Bistrice]]<ref name="Ferum Bistrice">Fingitur hoc hydronymum ex adiectivo "ferum" (Theodisce ''Wilde'') et nomine Latino "Bistrice". De hoc ultimo, vide [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Zur_Geschichte_der_Besiedelung_der_Dresdner_Gegend Zur Geschichte der Besiedelung der Dresdner Gegend], ubi dicitur "Buistrizi ist der urkundliche, mit dem Flußnamen der Weißeritz (Wisteritz, 1206 flumen Bistrice, 1366 Wistricz) zusammenhängende Name des Burgwards (...)".</ref> | Ferum Buistrizi<ref name="Ferum Bistrice"/> seu Februm Wisteritz<ref name="Ferum Bistrice"/> seu Ferum Wistricz<ref name="Ferum Bistrice"/> | ''Wilde Weißeritz'' | align="right" | 53 | [[Bistrice]]<ref name="Bistrice"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Radaha]]<ref name=Gr/> | | ''Rodach'' | align="right" | 53 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Schwarza (Sala)|Schwarza Salae]] | | ''Schwarza'' | align="right" | 53 | [[Sala (flumen)|Sala]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Schwarzach (Alcmana)|Schwarzach Alcmanae]] | | ''Schwarzach'' seu ''Schwarza'' | align="right" | 53 | [[Alcmana]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Steinbacum (Herbipolis)|Steinbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Steinbach'' | align="right" | 53 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Aach Linzgauviense]]<ref name="Lizgauviense">Gentilicium "Linzgauviense" ad Linzgauvia refertur. Hoc de toponymo, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linzgau#Mittelalter eius articulum apud Vicipaaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) ''in pago Linzgauvia'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Linzer Aach'' | align="right" | 52 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Alf (flumen)|Alf]] | | ''Alf'' | align="right" | 52 | [[Mosella (flumen)|Mosella]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Brancia (flumen)|Brancia]]<ref name="Brancia">Vide [https://epub.uni-regensburg.de/31392/1/Katalog%20der%20romanischen%20Ortsnamen%20in%20Bayern.pdf ''Die romanischen Ortsnamen in Bayern''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Brenz''', Fluss links zur Donau, mündet zwischen Faimingen und Lauingen (Lkr. Dillingen an der Donau), um 774 ''fluvium Brancia'', < (kelt.) *''Brandisa'' (...).</ref> | | ''Brenz'' | align="right" | 52 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Murrensis]]<ref name="Murrensis">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murr_(Fluss)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Er ist bereits in der Bezeichnung der römerzeitlichen Ansiedlung vicus murrensis belegt, die ein bei Benningen oder bei Murrhardt gelegenes Lagerdorf war (...)". Quo ex vico, fingitur Latinum huius fluminis nomen.</ref> | | ''Murr'' | align="right" | 52 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Nesse (Hursilla)|Nesse Hursillae]] | | ''Nesse'' | align="right" | 52 | [[Hursilla]]<ref name="Hursilla"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Queicha]]<ref name="Remling 1852">Remling, F. X. (1852). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Bischöfe von Speyer: Vol. I. Aetates antiquiores et medii aevi''. Kirchheim & Schott.</ref> | Queich<ref name="Queich">Vide [https://books.google.es/books?id=1ikVoFz9F-MC&pg=PA70&lpg=PA70&dq=%22Queich%22+flumen&source=bl&ots=dVXN9_IKSb&sig=ACfU3U3lXPV-apGeopoOVaDcEsxRaPxROw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjz9LzMuruHAxWXcaQEHbD9DMoQ6AF6BAgqEAM#v=onepage&q=%22Queich%22%20flumen&f=false ''Atlas novus exhibens orbem terraqueum per naturae (...)''], ubi dicitur "(...) LANDAW ''Landavia'' V. satis ampla & nunc egregiè ''munita'' olim ''Imperialis,'' ad Flumen ''Queich'' (...).</ref> | ''Queich'' | align="right" | 52 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Rognitzium (flumen)|Rognitzium]]<ref name="Chytraeus 1593">Chytraeus, D. (1593). ''Chronicon Saxoniae et vicinarum aliquot gentium: ab anno Christi 1500 usque ad 1593''. Impensis haeredum Iacobi Lucii.</ref> | | ''Rögnitz'' | align="right" | 52 | [[Zuda (flumen)|Zuda]]<ref name="Bavarikon"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Rota (Danubius)|Rota Danubii]]<ref name="Rota Danubii">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymis oppidis Theodisce ''Roth''. De hoc ultimo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | | ''Roth'' seu ''Roth am Sand'' seu ''Roth bei Nürnberg'' | align="right" | 52 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Snudra]]<ref name="Snudra">Vide [https://www.philol.uni-leipzig.de/fileadmin/Fakult%C3%A4t_Philo/Namenberatungsstelle/NBS_Webseite/Onomastica_Lipsiensia_Band07_Alt-Leipzig_und_das_Leipziger_Land_2010.pdf ''Alt-Leipzig und das Leipziger Land''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Schnauder''', die, r → Weißen Elster sö. Groitzsch. 1104 ''infra Wiram et Snudram'', (...).</ref> | | ''Schnauder'' | align="right" | 52 | [[Alestra]]<ref name="Alestra"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Stepenitz (Trabena)|Stepenitz Trabenae]] | | ''Stepenitz'' | align="right" | 52 | [[Trabena]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Trabena]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Welse (Viadrus)|Welse Viadri]] | | ''Welse'' | align="right" | 52 | [[Viadrus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Viadrus]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Alba (Rhenus superior)|Alba Rheni Superioris]]<ref name="Alba">Vide [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9783110338591_A21718271/preview-9783110338591_A21718271.pdf ''Albrecht Greule Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Alb, die''' – 1Alb, Obere~, r.z. Rhein (...) 983 ''ortus Albae,'' 1018 ''Alba'', 1065 ''influit Albam, ad ortum Albae, Alba'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Alb'' | align="right" | 51 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Chambe]]<ref name="Chambe">Vide [https://www.ffw-hof.de/chronik/entstehung-der-ortschaft-hof.html ''Entstehung der Ortschaft Hof''], ubi dicitur "(...) “Cella ad Chambe super regnum flumen“ (Klösterlein bei Chamb am Regenfluss) (...)".</ref> | | ''Chamb'' | align="right" | 51 | [[Regana]]<ref name="Regana"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Eltingmuhlebacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Eltingmühlenbach'' | align="right" | 51 | [[Glane (Amisia)|Glane]] | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Gaspentia]]<ref name=Gr/> | Gaspenza<ref name=Gr/> | ''Gersprenz'' | align="right" | 51 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Sinckalta]]<ref name="Sinckalta">Vide [https://books.google.es/books?id=8d5lAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA77&lpg=PA77&dq=flumen+%22Singold%22&source=bl&ots=qEiD_QX4Mw&sig=ACfU3U1wTsemX_SdGib3RWUmMUyhhHHpqQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiS3-qvnb6HAxXkVfEDHXWxB40Q6AF6BAgqEAM#v=onepage&q=flumen%20%22Singold%22&f=false ''Jahrs-Bericht des historischen Vereins im Oberdonau-Kreise''], ubi dicitur "(...) Inde ad flumen ''Sinckalta'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Singold'' | align="right" | 51 | [[Wertaha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Alasenza (flumen)|Alasenza]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | Alisinza<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Alsenz'' | align="right" | 50 | [[Nava (flumen)|Nava]]<ref name="Fabricius II 1898"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Arguna Superior]]<ref name="ArgSup">Fingitur hoc nomen Latino e nomine fluminis Argunae (Theodisce ''Argen'') et versione adiectivi ''Untere'', "superior-ius". </ref> | | ''Obere Argen'' | align="right" | 50 | [[Arguna]]<ref name="Arguna"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Burchalben]]<ref name="Burchalben">Vide [https://dokumen.pub/deutsches-gewssernamenbuch-etymologie-der-gewssernamen-und-der-zugehrigen-gebiets-siedlungs-und-flurnamen-9783110338591-9783110190397-9783110578911.html ''Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch: ''], ubi dicitur "(...) Schwarzbachs, l.z. Blies (z. Saar z. Mosel z. Rhein). – 1180 Burchalben, (...)" et [https://books.google.es/books?id=I-9aAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA351&lpg=PA351&dq=Burchalben&source=bl&ots=vXYbdT7nPZ&sig=ACfU3U2vjL9nMi7VLCnfIdvQe0tDfpo3tw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPv6n0x76HAxUMVKQEHVe7F04Q6AF6BAgfEAM#v=onepage&q=Burchalben&f=false ''Subsidia diplomatica ad selecta juris ecclesiastici Germaniae et...''], ubi dicitur "(...) in confinio ''Vosagi'' situm, rivulis scilicet: ''Hermanesbach, Mosalben, & Burchalben'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Schwarzbach'' seu ''Burgalb'' | align="right" | 50 | [[Blesa (tributarius Saravi)|Blesa]]<ref name="Blesa"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Clana (Ambra)|Clana Ambrae]]<ref name="Clana Ambrae">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glonn_(Amper)#Namensherkunft hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Ihren Namen hat der Fluss aus dem keltischen: „Glanos“, das heißt rein und glänzend, oder „glana“, was so viel wie die „Reine, Heilige“ bedeutet. Die Römer haben diesen Namen übernommen. In Urkunden um das Jahr 770 wurde der Fluss mit „Clana“ bezeichnet (...)".</ref> | | ''Glonn'' | align="right" | 50 | [[Ambra (flumen)|Ambra]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Delvunda]]<ref name=Gr/> | | ''Delvenau'' | align="right" | 50 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Deya]]<ref name="Deya">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyach_(Neckar)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Auch in älteren Berichten findet sich die Bezeichnung „Deya“, so in der Topographia Sueviae von Matthäus Merian von 1643/1656 (...)".</ref> | | ''Eyach'' | align="right" | 50 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Hisne]]<ref name="Hisne">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ise_(Aller)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Erstmals wird die Ise im Jahr 786 (''in ortum Hisne'') urkundlich erwähnt (...)".</ref> | | ''Ise'' | align="right" | 50 | [[Alara]]<ref name=Gr/><ref name="Aller"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Hollerbacum (Morre)|Hollerbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Hollerbach'' | align="right" | 50 | [[Morre (Billbach)|Morre]] | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Mosacus (Isara)|Mosacus]]<ref name=Gr/> | Mosa<ref name=Gr/> | ''Moosach'' | align="right" | 50 | [[Isara (Bavaricus)|Isara]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Nemaninga]]<ref name="Mümling"/> | Mimilingum<ref name="Mümling"/> seu Mimelinga<ref name="Mümling"/> seu Mimininga<ref name="Mümling"/> seu Mimelingen<ref name="Mümling"/> seu Minimingaha<ref name="Mümling"/> | ''Mümling'' seu ''Mömling'' | align="right" | 50 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Nethe (Visurgis)|Nethe]] | | ''Nethe'' | align="right" | 50 | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Nieplitz]] | | ''Nieplitz'' | align="right" | 50 | [[Nuthe]]<ref name="Nuthe"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Riussaia]]<ref name="Riussaia">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riousiaoua#Etymologisches "Riousiaoua"] apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam, ubi dicitur "(...) Albrecht Greule setzt den Namen mit dem Flussnamen Riß gleich, der in den ältesten Erwähnungen als ''Riussaiam'' (anno 1293) erscheint. (...)".</ref> | | ''Riß'' | align="right" | 50 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Salzaha (Rhenus)|Salzaha Rheni]]<ref name="Saalbach Salzaha">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saalbach_(Rhein)#Namen_und_Definitionen hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Im Lorscher Codex wird das Gewässer 769 ''fluvius Salzaha'' genannt (...)".</ref> | | ''Saalbach'' seu ''Salbach'' | align="right" | 50 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Urdefa (flumen)|Urdefa]]<ref name="Urdefa">Vide [http://www.lateinboard.de/topic,4345,-uebersetzung-von-latein-in-deutsch-einer-schenkungsurkunde-vo.html ''Übersetzung von latein in deutsch einer Schenkungsurkunde vo''], ubi dicitur "(...) usque ad locum ubi Urdefa (der Fluss Urft; derVerfasser) cadit (...)".</ref> | | ''Urft'' | align="right" | 50 | [[Rura (Eiflensis)|Rura Eiflensis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Mosa]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Ursna]]<ref name="Bavarikon"/> | Orsna<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Ahse'' | align="right" | 50 | [[Lupia]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Volme]] | | ''Volme'' | align="right" | 50 | [[Rura]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Zenna (flumen)|Zenna]]<ref name="Zenna">Nomen homonymo ex oppidulo apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=224&cq=Novigrad%20%E2%9D%ACIstrien%E2%9D%AD%20=%20Cittanova%20d%27Istria&lang=de Bavarikon].</ref> | | ''Zenn'' | align="right" | 50 | [[Radiantia]]<ref name="Radiantia, Rezat, Redniz"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |} ===Flumina inter 49 et 40 chiliometra longa=== Inferiori in tabulā, solum apparent flumina inter 49 et 40 chiliometra aut amplius longa: {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" | [[Fluvius]] ! scope="col" | Alia nomina [[lingua Latina|Latina]] ! scope="col" | Nomen [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscum]] ! scope="col" | Longitudo (km) ! scope="col" | [[Ostium fluminis|Ostium]] ! scope="col" | [[Systema fluviorum|Systema]] |- | [[Ersene]]<ref name="Ersene">Vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aue_und_Erse#Geschichte articulum hoc de flumine apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "Die Erse wird 1335 zum ersten Mal schriftlich genannt (''in fluvio Ersene'') (...)".</ref> | | ''Aue'' seu ''Erse'' | align="right" | 49 | [[Fuhse]] | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Erubris]]<ref name="Erubris">Vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwer articulum hoc de flumine apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "Die '''Ruwer''' (lat.: ''Erubris, Rubora'') (...)".</ref> | Rubora<ref name="Erubris"/> | ''Ruwer'' | align="right" | 49 | [[Mosella (flumen)|Mosella]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Gennach (flumen)|Gennach]] | | ''Gennach'' | align="right" | 49 | [[Wertaha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Hamma (flumen)|Hamma]]<ref name="Hamma">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamme_(Fluss)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss wird im Jahr 1331 (a flumine Hamma) erstmals urkundlich genannt (...)".</ref> | | ''Hamme'' | align="right" | 49 | [[Lesmonia]]<ref name="Lesum"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Mohelnice]]<ref name="Mohelnice">Vide [https://nlp.fi.muni.cz/projekty/ahisto/portal/book/1244?lpage=84&search=mohelnice Codex diplomaticus et epistolaris Regni Bohemiae], ubi dicitur "(...) Fortasse Žadlovice apud Loštice, a Mohelnice (Müglitz) meridiem versus (...)".</ref> | Müglitz<ref name="Mohelnice"/> | ''Müglitz'' | align="right" | 49 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Nigra Aqua (Mulda Zviccaviensis)|Nigra Aqua Muldae]]<ref name="Nigra Aqua">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo Helvetico. Cui ultimo, vide [https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/000914/2016-09-26/ Neirivue], ubi dicitur "Ehemalige politische Gemeinde FR, Bezirk Greyerz, am linken Saaneufer. 2002 mit Albeuve, Lessoc und Montbovon zur neuen Gemeinde Haut-Intyamon fusioniert. 1277 ''Nigra aqua'', früher dt. ''Schwarzwasser'' (...)".</ref> | |''Schwarzwasser'' | align="right" | 49 | [[Mulda Zviccaviensis]]<ref name="MZ"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Sülz (flumen)|Sülz]] | | ''Sülz'' | align="right" | 49 | [[Agger (flumen)|Agger]] | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Uchte]] | |''Uchte'' | align="right" | 49 | [[Alanda (fluvius)|Alanda]]<ref name="Riedel 1841">Riedel, A. F. (1841). ''Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Sammlung der Urkunden, Chroniken und sonstigen Quellenschriften für die Geschichte der Mark Brandenburg und ihrer Regenten'' (Haupttheil I, Band 1). F. H. Morin.</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Ussbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | |''Üßbach'' seu ''Ueßbach'' seu ''Üssbach'' | align="right" | 49 | [[Alf (flumen)|Alf]] | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Bilerna]]<ref name="Bühler">Vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BChler_(Fluss)#Name articulum hoc de flumine apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "Die Bühler wird 1024 als ''Bilerna'' erstmals urkundlich genannt (...)".</ref> | |''Bühler'' | align="right" | 48 | [[Cochera]]<ref name="Cochera"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Dreisima]]<ref name="Dreisima">Vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreisam#Name articulum hoc de flumine apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "Die ersten urkundlichen Erwähnungen sind von 864 (''Dreisima'') und 1008 (''Treisama'') (...)".</ref> | Treisama<ref name="Dreisima"/> |''Dreisam'' | align="right" | 48 | [[Helzaha]]<ref name="Helzaha"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Gugelitz]]<ref name="Gugelitz">Vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4glitz_(Prignitz)#Name articulum hoc de flumine apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "Der schriftliche Erstbeleg stammt aus dem Jahr 1259 (''aquam … Gugelitz'') (...)".</ref> | | ''Jäglitz'' | align="right" | 48 | [[Habala]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Karthana]]<ref name="Karthana">Vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karthane#Name articulum hoc de flumine apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "Erstmals urkundlich erwähnt wird der Fluss im Jahr 1274 (''supra karthanam'') (...)".</ref> | |''Karthane'' | align="right" | 48 | [[Stepenitz (Albis)|Stepenitz Albis]]<ref name="Stepenitz"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Ruma (Layna)|Ruma]]<ref name="Ruma">Vide [https://www.cloeser.org/gewaesser/Gewaesser_Harz_0.8.pdf cloeser.org], ubi dicitur "(...) die Ausgangsform ist aufgrund des erst ab dem 12. Jahrhundert in Form von „Ruma“ urkundlich überlieferten Namens nicht bestimmbar (...)".</ref> | |''Rhume'' | align="right" | 48 | [[Layna]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Stregus]]<ref name="Stregus">Vide [https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Striegis Victionarium Theodiscum], ubi dicitur "(...) Herkunft: (über Stregus, Striguz (...)".</ref> | Striguz<ref name="Stregus"/> |''Große Striegis'' seu ''Striegis'' | align="right" | 48 | [[Mulda Fribergensis]]<ref name="MF"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Eberbach|Eberbach Radiantiae]]<ref name="Eberbach">Vide [https://dokumen.pub/deutsches-gewssernamenbuch-etymologie-der-gewssernamen-und-der-zugehrigen-gebiets-siedlungs-und-flurnamen-9783110338591-9783110190397-9783110578911.html dokumen.pub], ubi dicitur "(...) Rauhe Ebrach, l.z. Regnitz (z. Main), 1297 gegen die Ebrach; Eberbach (indirekt z. Unteren Murg z. Rhein), 1355 ripa Eberbach (...)".</ref> | |''Rauhe Ebrach'' | align="right" | 47 | [[Radiantia]]<ref name="Radiantia, Rezat, Redniz"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Gliniza]]<ref name="Gliniza">Confer [https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&sca_esv=43a98bb4673fd18f&sca_upv=1&sxsrf=ADLYWIIODv_ebdbY2kK1Pfejy7VR1TeitQ:1726352083389&q=%22Glinizam%22+Glems&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwib8b_VusOIAxWBQPEDHRUMCUoQ5t4CegQIGxAB&biw=1280&bih=587&dpr=1.5 hos exitūs] e [[Google|Gugulā]], ubi dicitur "(...) usque in Glinizam locum,. 1172 (Kopie 19. Jh ... Glems, die r.z. Enz (z. Neckar z. Rhein) ... der Glems, GauN. 769 (Kopie 12. Jh.) Glemisgouwe (...)".</ref> | | ''Glems'' | align="right" | 47 | [[Enze]]<ref name="Enze"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Holtemna]]<ref name="Holtemna">Vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holtemme#Etymologie articulum hoc de flumine apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) In den mittelalterlichen Urkunden wurde der Fluss ''Holtemna'' (ca. 1050, 1184), ''Holtempna'' (ca. 1150, 1230, 1241, 1277), ''Holtemne'' (1373, 1378) (...)".</ref> | Holtempna<ref name="Holtemna"/> seu Holtemne<ref name="Holtemna"/> |''Holtemme'' | align="right" | 47 | [[Boda]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Nigra Aqua Hoyerswerdensis]]<ref name="Nigra Aqua Hoyerswerdendis">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo Helvetico. Cui substantivo, vide [https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/000914/2016-09-26/ Neirivue], ubi dicitur "Ehemalige politische Gemeinde FR, Bezirk Greyerz, am linken Saaneufer. 2002 mit Albeuve, Lessoc und Montbovon zur neuen Gemeinde Haut-Intyamon fusioniert. 1277 ''Nigra aqua'', früher dt. ''Schwarzwasser'' (...)"; cui autem adiectivo, confer [https://archive.org/stream/aeltereuniversi00friegoog/aeltereuniversi00friegoog_djvu.txt Aeltere universitäts matrikeln], ubi dicitur "(...) Martinas Sacreiz Hoyerswerdensis Lasatas (...)".</ref> | |''Hoyerswerdaer Schwarzwasser'' | align="right" | 47 | [[Elstra nigra|Elstra Nigra]]<ref name="Elstra Nigra"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Villa (flumen)|Villa]]<ref name="Villa">Vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weil_(Lahn)#Name articulum hoc de flumine apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Name Weil ist wahrscheinlich vom lateinischen Wort ''villa'' (= Dorf) abgeleite (...)".</ref> | |''Weil'' | align="right" | 47 | [[Laugana]]<ref name="Murray">{{Murray}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Aa Steinfurtensis]]<ref name="Aa Stein">Fingitur hoc nomen ex nomine fluminum Westphaliensium "Aa" apud {{Lexicon Universale}} et ex adiectivo derivato a toponymo "Steinfurtum" apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> | | ''Steinfurter Aa'' | align="right" | 46 | [[Vidrus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Lacus Yssel]] |- | [[Brienna (flumen)|Brienna]]<ref name="Brienna">Vide [https://epub.uni-regensburg.de/31392/1/Katalog%20der%20romanischen%20Ortsnamen%20in%20Bayern.pdf Katalog der romanischen Ortsnamen in Bayern], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Prien''' am Chiemsee (Lkr. Rosenheim), Flussname ca.1130-ca.1150 ''iuxta Briennam riuolum'' < kelt. *''Brigesnā'' ‘Bergbach’. (...)".</ref> | |''Prien'' | align="right" | 46 | [[Lacus Chiemensis]]<ref name="Chiemensis"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Hassenbeck]]<ref name="Hassenbeck">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenne#Geschichte_und_Etymologie hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Name „Haustenbach“ findet sich bereits als ''Hassenbeck flu.'' auf einer um 1620 entstandenen Karte des Kartographen Johannes Gigas (...)".</ref> | | ''Glenne'' seu ''Haustenbach'' | align="right" | 46 | [[Lupia]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Pregin]]<ref name="Pregin">Vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breg#Namensherkunft articulum hoc de flumine apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "Die Breg wurde erstmals 1152/86 in einer lateinischen Quelle (''apud pregin'' „bei der Breg“) erwähnt, 1234 dann als „Brega“ (...)".</ref> | Brega<ref name="Pregin"/> | ''Breg'' | align="right" | 46 | [[Brichena]]<ref name="Brigach">Vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigach#Name articulum hoc de flumine apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "Der Fluss wird 1084 erstmals urkundlich genannt (''ab fontibus Brichena'') (...)".</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Redniz]]<ref name="Radiantia, Rezat, Redniz"/> | Radantia<ref name="Radantia">Vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rednitz#Name articulum hoc de flumine apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) In schriftlichen Quellen erschien der Fluss erstmals im 8. Jahrhundert mit der lateinischen Bezeichnung ''Radantia''. Im 11. Jahrhundert wurde der Name des Flusses als ''Ratenza'' bezeichne (...)".</ref> seu Ratenza<ref name="Radantia"/> |''Rednitz'' | align="right" | 46 | [[Radiantia]]<ref name="Radiantia, Rezat, Redniz"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Sualmus]]<ref name="Sualmus">Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20240406062517/https://s852e6eb4f35541c9.jimcontent.com/ Nederlandse waternamen deel 1], ubi dicitur "(...) De Limburgse ''Zwalm'' is een zijrivier van de Mass, (...) welk dorp reeds in de 12de eeuw vermeld wordt als ''de Sualmo'' (...) a. 1238 als ''Salmen'' (...)".</ref> | Sualmum<ref name="Sualmus"/> seu Salmen<ref name="Sualmus"/> | ''Schwalm'' | align="right" | 46 | [[Mosa]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Mosa]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Bigge]]<ref name="Bigge">Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_XpMOAAAAYAAJ_2/bub_gb_XpMOAAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt Quellen der westfälischen geschichte], ubi dicitur "(...) Ante portam in ipso flumine Bigge (...)".</ref> | | ''Bigge'' | align="right" | 45 | [[Lena (Rura)|Lena]]<ref name="Lena"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Bröl]] | | ''Bröl'' seu ''Brölbach'' seu ''Homburgische Bröl'' | align="right" | 45 | [[Sega]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Delme (flumen)|Delme]] | | ''Delme'' | align="right" | 45 | [[Othmunda]]<ref name="Ochtum"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Hurwinaffa]]<ref name="Horloff">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horloff#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Name Horloff leitet sich von althd. mit der Bedeutung horawin = sumpfig her. Weitere Namensformen sind „Hurwinaffa“ im 8. Jahrhundert und „Hurlyphe“ (1263).[4] Der Bestandteil -off gehört zur -apa-Namensgruppe. Alternative Etymologien gehen aufgrund der Nennungen wie „Hurnufa“ (951) oder „Hornipha“ (1183) (...)".</ref> | Hurlyphe,<ref name="Horloff"/> Hurnufa,<ref name="Horloff"/> Hornipha<ref name="Horloff"/> | ''Horloff'' | align="right" | 45 | [[Nida (Moenus)|Nida Moeni]]<ref name="Nida Moeni"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Kirnitzsch]] | | ''Kirnitzsch'' seu ''Kirnischt'' | align="right" | 45 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Malxe]] | | ''Malxe'' | align="right" | 45 | [[Nissa (flumen)|Nissa]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Viadrus]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Ach (Ambra)|Ach Ambrae]] | | ''Ach'' seu ''Bärenbach'' seu ''Gitzenbach'' seu ''Glötzenbach'' | align="right" | 44 | [[Ambra (flumen)|Ambra]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Alba (Rhenus Altus)|Alba Altorhenana]]<ref name="Alba Altorhenana">Fingitur hoc nomen homonymo e fluvio Albā Rheni Superioris. De cuius ultimi nomine, vide [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9783110338591_A21718271/preview-9783110338591_A21718271.pdf ''Albrecht Greule Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Alb, die''' – 1Alb, Obere~, r.z. Rhein (...) 983 ''ortus Albae,'' 1018 ''Alba'', 1065 ''influit Albam, ad ortum Albae, Alba'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Alb'' seu ''Hauensteiner Alb'' | align="right" | 44 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Bega (Wachna)|Bega]] | | ''Bega'' | align="right" | 44 | [[Wachna]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Fossa Nigra (Albis)|Fossa Nigra Albis]]<ref name="Fossa Nigra Albis">Substantivum "Fossa-ae" Theodiscam vocem ''Graben'' et adiectivum Latinum "niger nigra nigrum" Theodiscum ''Schwarzer'' vertit.</ref> | | ''Schwarzer Graben'' seu ''Schwarzer Bach'' seu ''Weinske'' | align="right" | 44 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Holzbacum (Wida)|Holzbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Holzbach'' | align="right" | 44 | [[Wida (flumen)|Wida Rheni]]<ref name="Wida"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Lapara alba|Lapara Alba]]<ref name="Lapara"/> | | ''Weiße Laber'' | align="right" | 44 | [[Alcmana]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Laz (flumen)|Laz]]<ref name="Laz">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossa_(Unstrut)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die ''Lossa'' wird 1140 als ''Laz'' erstmals urkundlich erwähnt. Im Mittelhochdeutschen bedeutet ''laz'' 'lasch, trage'. Der Name ist daher als „das träge Gewässer“ zu deute (...)".</ref><ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Lazses<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Lazs<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Laze<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Lossa'' | align="right" | 44 | [[Onestrudis]]<ref name="Onestrudis"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Mutdaha|Můtdaha]]<ref name="Mutdaha">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modau#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Erstmals urkundlich erwähnt wird die Modua 804 („iuxta fluvium Můtdaha“) (...)".</ref> | Modua<ref name="Mutdaha"/> | ''Modau'' | align="right" | 44 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Rotton]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Rotonus<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Rotonum<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Rotono<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Rothemun<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu | ''Rottum'' | align="right" | 44 | [[Westernach]] | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Sura (Salzaha)|Sura Salzahae]]<ref name=Gr/> | | ''Sur'' | align="right" | 44 | [[Salzaha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Wiza]]<ref name="Wiza">Vide [https://www.persee.fr/doc/onoma_0755-7752_2010_num_52_1_1535 Les hydronymes paléoeuropéens et la question de l'origine des Celtes], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Wiesbach''-> Nahe (XII^e siècle ''Wiza'') (...)".</ref> | | ''Wiesbach'' | align="right" | 44 | [[Nava (flumen)|Nava]]<ref name="Fabricius II 1898"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Aa (Monasterium)|Aa Monasteriensis]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | | ''Münstersche Aa'' | align="right" | 43 | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Ilisina]]<ref name="Ilisina">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilse_(Oker)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Erstmals wird der Fluss im Jahr 1108 (Ilisina) urkundlich erwähnt (...)".</ref> | | ''Ilse'' | align="right" | 43 | [[Ovacra]]<ref name="Ovacra"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Lune (Visurgis)|Lune]] | | ''Lune'' | align="right" | 43 | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Netha|Netha Indistrae]]<ref name="Netha">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nette_(Innerste)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) 1149 wurde der Fluss als „iuxta Netham“ erstmals urkundlich erwähnt (...)".</ref> | | ''Nette'' | align="right" | 43 | [[Indistra]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Primma]]<ref name="Primma">Vide [https://dokumen.pub/deutsches-gewssernamenbuch-etymologie-der-gewssernamen-und-der-zugehrigen-gebiets-siedlungs-und-flurnamen-9783110338591-9783110190397-9783110578911.html dokumen.pub], ubi dicitur "(...) Pfrimm, die l.z. Rhein (...) super fluvium Primma (...)".</ref> | | ''Pfrimm'' | align="right" | 43 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Rivulus Niger Ginsheimensis Rhenanus]]<ref name="Rivulus Niger"/> | | ''Schwarzbach'' | align="right" | 43 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Starzel (Nicer)|Starzel Niceri]]<ref name="Starzel Niceri">Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_PLE_AAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_PLE_AAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt], ubi dicitur "(...) ad sinistram ripam Starzel rivi (...)".</ref> | Starzell Niceri<ref name="Starzel Niceri"/> | ''Starzel'' | align="right" | 43 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Zuist]]<ref name="Zuist">Vide [https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Swist Victionarium Theodiscum], ubi dicitur "(...) Zuist (Anno 1180), Scuyst (Anno 1223), Zuist (Anno 1283), Zvist (...)".</ref> | Scuyst<ref name="Zuist"/> seu Zvist<ref name="Zuist"/> | ''Swist'' seu ''Swistbach'' | align="right" | 43 | [[Arnefa]]<ref name="Arnefa"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Augraben (Tollense)|Augraben Tollensense]]<ref name="Augraben Tollensense">Vide [https://documente.bcucluj.ro/web/bibdigit/fg/BCUCLUJ_FG_115352_1907_004.pdf Ente Istorice], ubi dicitur "(...) in rivulum, qui dicitur Augraben, et in rivulo (...)".</ref> | | ''Augraben'' | align="right" | 42 | [[Tollense]]<ref name="Tollense"/> | [[Penus]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Breitaha|Breitaha Cocherae]]<ref name=Gr/> | | ''Brettach'' | align="right" | 42 | [[Cochera]]<ref name="Cochera"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Ennepe]]<ref name="Ennepe">Vide [https://www.gevelsberg.de/media/custom/3061_1280_1.PDF?1571846512 Gevelsberger Geschichte(n)], ubi dicitur "(...) iuxta flumen quod Ennepe dicitur (...)".</ref> | | ''Ennepe'' | align="right" | 42 | [[Volme]] | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Fedarhaun (Alba)|Fedarhaun Albae]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | |''Federbach'' | align="right" | 42 | [[Alba (Rhenus superior)|Alba Rheni Superioris]]<ref name="Alba"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Feldaha (Weraha)|Feldaha]]<ref name="Feldaha">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felda_(Werra)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Im Erstbeleg im Jahr 786 wird der Fluss ''Feldaha'' genanntt (...)".</ref> | | ''Felda'' | align="right" | 42 | [[Weraha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Geeste (flumen)|Geeste]]<ref name="Geeste">Vide [https://dokumen.pub/deutsches-gewssernamenbuch-etymologie-der-gewssernamen-und-der-zugehrigen-gebiets-siedlungs-und-flurnamen-9783110338591-9783110190397-9783110578911.html dokumen.pub], ubi dicitur "(...) ultra flumen Geeste (...)".</ref> | | ''Geeste'' | align="right" | 42 | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Klosterbacum (Othmunda)|Klosterbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | |''Klosterbach'' | align="right" | 42 | [[Othmunda]]<ref name="Ochtum"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Linde (Tollense)|Linde]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Linne<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Linde'' | align="right" | 42 | [[Tollense]]<ref name="Tollense"/> | [[Penus]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Lutra (Danubius)|Lutra Danubii]]<ref name="Lutra">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymo flumine Rhenano. De hoc ultimo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | | ''Lauter'' seu ''Große Lauter'' | align="right" | 42 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Naba Pinifera]]<ref name="Naba Pinifera">Fingitur hoc nomen e flumine Nabā (cui vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naab#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "Die frühesten Belege sind ''Nabas'' (700), ''Napa'' (885), ''Naba'' (885), ''Nabe'' (1199) und ''Nab'' (1245), (...)") et versione adiectivo praeposito ''Fichtel-'' -ad [[Montes Piniferi|Montes Piniferos]] (Theodisce ''Fichtelgebirge''), secundum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichtelnaab#Name articulum hoc de flumini apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], referente-.</ref> | | ''Fichtelnaab'' | align="right" | 42 | [[Naba silvatica|Naba Silvatica]]<ref name="Naba silvatica"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Piparodi]]<ref name="Piparodi">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibert#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss wurde im Jahr 810 („duo flumina … Piparodi“) erstmals urkundlich erwähnt. Das altbairische ''Pipar-odi'' bedeutet „Einöde, in der sich Biber aufhalten“ (...)".</ref> | | ''Bibert'' | align="right" | 42 | [[Redniz]]<ref name="Radiantia, Rezat, Redniz"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Sevina]]<ref name="Sevina">Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20240916021033/https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/36682 FOLIA ONOMASTICA CROATICA 12–13 (2003–2004)], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Seeve'' bei Hamburg, 1202 ''Sevinam'', 1203 ''vsque Seuinam'', 13. Jh. ''per Sevenam'' (...)".</ref> | Sevena<ref name="Sevina"/> |''Seeve'' | align="right" | 42 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Streu (Sala Moeni)|Streu]]<ref name="Streu">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streu_(Fr%C3%A4nkische_Saale)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Name Streu wurde im 8. Jahrhundert „Streuue“ und um das Jahr 1030 „Strouua“ geschrieben (...) Auf einer Landkarte von 1628 trägt der gesamte Flusslauf bis Gemünden den Namen „Straÿ Flu“ (Streu Flumen) (...)".</ref> | Strewe<ref name="Streu"/> seu Strowa<ref name="Streu"/> seu Straÿ<ref name="Streu"/> |''Streu'' | align="right" | 42 | [[Sala (Moenus)|Sala in pago Salvense]]<ref name="Sala in pago"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Utrana (Michelsbacum)|Utrana]]<ref name="Utrana">Confer [https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&sca_esv=5f79ce677043d4b2&sca_upv=1&sxsrf=ADLYWILyBcSCkYpeCCX-0ZFbac7ATwZ9zQ:1726433592791&q=Otterbach+%22Utrana%22&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjD_Zqo6sWIAxXQ2gIHHXBaCYsQ5t4CegQIFRAB&biw=1280&bih=546&dpr=1.5 hunc exitum] e [[Google|Gugulā]], ubi dicitur "(...) Utrana 'Otterbach' (...)".</ref> | | ''Otterbach'' | align="right" | 42 | [[Michelsbacum (Rhenus)|Michelsbacum Rheni]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Chessel]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | | ''Kessel'' | align="right" | 41 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Elbbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Elbbach'' | align="right" | 41 | [[Laugana]]<ref name="Murray"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Fluvius Sanctus (Germania et Cechia)|Fluvius Sanctus]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig 1755"/> | Zuata<ref name="Zuata"/> seu Zvatowa<ref name="Zuata">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwota_(Fluss)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Erstmals wird das Gewässer als ''Zvatowa'' in der Weiheurkunde der Plauener St. Johanniskirche von 1122 erwähnt, darin ist sie Teil der Grenze des zugehörigen Kirchsprengels, des Dobnagaus, und damit gleichzeitig Südgrenze des Bistums Naumburg.[7][8] Ebenso wird die Zwota als ''Zuata'' in den Grenzbeschreibungen des Schönbacher Ländchens von 1181 und 1185 erwähn (...)".</ref> | ''Zwota'' seu ''Zwodau'' seu ''Zwotau'' | align="right" | 41 | [[Agara]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Mesna]]<ref name="Mesna">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mei%C3%9Fe#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Das Hydronym ist in einer lateinischen Urkunde von 1296 als mesnam erstmals verschriftlicht worden (...)".</ref> | | ''Meiße'' | align="right" | 41 | [[Alara]]<ref name=Gr/><ref name="Aller"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Pene (flumen)|Pene]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | | ''Ostpeene'' | align="right" | 41 | [[Penus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Penus]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Pinnau]] | | ''Pinnau'' | align="right" | 41 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Sulzach]]<ref name="Sulzach">Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_wRssAAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_wRssAAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt Archiv des Historischen Vereins von Unterfranken und Aschaffenburg], ubi dicitur "(...) quidquid ex una parte fluvii Sulzach situm existit de pratis (...)".</ref> | | ''Sulzach'' | align="right" | 41 | [[Werenza]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Apula (fluvius)|Apula]]<ref name="Apula">Vide [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/35900/35900-h/35900-h.htm], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Germany''. Apula, 9th cent. The Appel(bach). (...)".</ref> | | ''Appelbach'' seu ''Appel'' | align="right" | 40 | [[Nava (flumen)|Nava]]<ref name="Fabricius II 1898"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Aschaha]]<ref name="Aschaha">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascha_(Schwarzach)#Geschichte hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die Ascha (ursprünglich: Aschaha, dann: Aschach) (...)".</ref> | Aschach<ref name="Aschaha"/> | ''Ascha'' | align="right" | 40 | [[Swarza]]<ref name="Swarza"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Atulla]]<ref name="Attel">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attel#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Das Dorf Attel wurde bereits 806 als ''Atulla'' urkundlich erwähnt (...)".</ref> | | ''Attel'' | align="right" | 40 | [[Aenus (flumen)|Aenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Biverna (Amisia)|Biverna Amisiae]]<ref name="Biverna">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymo flumine. De hoc ultimo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | Beverna Amisiae<ref name="Biverna"/> | ''Bever'' | align="right" | 40 | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Brichena]]<ref name="Brigach"/> | | ''Brigach'' | align="right" | 40 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Dune (Wippera)|Důne]]<ref name="Dune">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dh%C3%BCnn_(Wupper)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Name (1295 ''Důne'') leitet sich vom ahd. Wort ''tuni'' für 'Dröhnen, Getöse' ab. Entsprechend war die ursprüngliche Bedeutung 'wo das Wasser tost' (...)".</ref> | | ''Dhünn'' | align="right" | 40 | [[Wippera]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Ehle]] | | ''Ehle'' | align="right" | 40 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Eitraha]]<ref name="Eitraha">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitrach_(Iller)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss tritt erstmals im Jahr 838 als ''Eitraha'' schriftlich in Erscheinung, (...)".</ref> | | ''Aitrach'' | align="right" | 40 | [[Hilaria (flumen)|Hilaria]]<ref name="Hilaria"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Erphe]]<ref name="Erphe">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erf_(Fluss)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der schriftliche Erstbeleg der Erf fand 1234 als Erphe statt (...)".</ref> | | ''Erfa'' seu ''Erf'' | align="right" | 40 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Fluvius Nudus]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig 1755">Schöttgen, C., & Kreysig, G. C. (1755). ''Diplomataria et scriptores historiae Germanicae medii aevi''. Altenburgi: Richter.</ref> | Golz<ref name="Golz">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ltzsch#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Name des Gewässers trat erstmals 1122 als „ad aquam Golz“ (...)".</ref> | ''Göltzsch'' seu ''Göltsch'' | align="right" | 40 | [[Alestra]]<ref name="Alestra"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Gelbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Gelbach'' seu ''Gelber Bach'' seu ''Gehlbach'' | align="right" | 40 | [[Laugana]]<ref name="Murray"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Hemisa]]<ref name="Hemisa">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emsbach_(Lahn,_Limburg)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die ersten schriftlichen Erwähnungen nennen den Fluss ''Hemisa'' (Jahr 795) bzw. ''Emisa'' (805). (...)".</ref> | Emisa<ref name="Hemisa"/> | ''Emsbach'' seu ''Ems'' | align="right" | 40 | [[Laugana]]<ref name="Murray"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Hessel]] | |''Hessel'' | align="right" | 40 | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Mandavia]]<ref name="Mandavia">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandau#Etymologie hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Damals gab es auch einen Zittauer Stadtteil Mandow und eine porta Mandauie = Mandau-Pforte (...)".</ref> | |''Mandau'' | align="right" | 40 | [[Nissa Lusatianus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Viadrus]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Motel (Schilde)|Motel]] | |''Motel'' | align="right" | 40 | [[Schilde (Scalen)|Schilde]] | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Neffelbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | |''Neffelbach'' | align="right" | 40 | [[Arnefa]]<ref name="Arnefa"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Scalen]]<ref name="Scalen">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaale#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die Schaale wird in einer Urkunde von 1279 als ''Scalen'' erwähnt. (...)".</ref> | |''Schaale'' | align="right" | 40 | [[Zuda (flumen)|Zuda]]<ref name="Bavarikon"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Schilde (Scalen)|Schilde]] | |''Schilde'' | align="right" | 40 | [[Scalen]]<ref name="Scalen"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Stederau]] | | ''Stederau'' seu ''Bokeler Bach'' seu ''Röhrser Bach'' seu ''Aue'' | align="right" | 40 | [[Ilmena (Albis)|Ilmena]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Tuistina (Dimel)|Tuistina Dimelensis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref><ref name="Twista Dimelensis">Vide [https://dokumen.pub/deutsches-gewssernamenbuch-etymologie-der-gewssernamen-und-der-zugehrigen-gebiets-siedlungs-und-flurnamen-9783110338591-9783110190397-9783110578911.html dokumen.pub], ubi dicitur "(...) Arlau (...) prope Twistam (...) Tuistai, (963–1037, Kopie 15. Jh.) (...) Tuistina (...) in Tuista, 1127 in Tviste, 1235 (Kopie) de Twiste, 1240 HG.A.14, S. 419. (Kopie 14./15. Jh.) de Tuiste, 1251 in Thuiste, de Thuiste, 1257 de Twiste (und weitere Belege), 1310 in Twer- ¢ quer-. Duiste, (um 1350) prope tuisten (...)".</ref> | Twista Dimelensis seu Tuistai Dimelenses seu Tuista Dimelensis seu Twiste Dimelense seu Tuiste Dimelense seu Thuiste Dimelense seu Tuisten Dimelense |''Twiste'' | align="right" | 40 | [[Dimel]]<ref name="Dimel"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Tussale]]<ref name="Tussale">Vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCssel#Etymologie articulum hoc de flumine apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Um 1065 wird der Bach als ''Tussale'' (die Brausende, Rauschende, Tosende) bezeichnet (...)".</ref> | |''Düssel'' | align="right" | 40 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Wipfra (flumen)|Wipfra]] | |''Wipfra'' | align="right" | 40 | [[Hiera]]<ref name="Hiera"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Wirma|Wirma Ambrae]]<ref name="Wirma">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrm_(Amper)#Namensherkunft hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Name Streu wurde im 8. Jahrhundert „Streuue“ und um das Jahr 1030 „Strouua“ geschrieben (...) Der Flussname Würm ist erstmals bezeugt als Uuirma im Jahre 772 und später als Wirmiseo ‚Würmsee‘ (910), Vuirama (956/957), Wirmina (1056), (...)".</ref> | Wirama<ref name="Wirma"/> seu Wirmina<ref name="Wirma"/> |''Würm'' | align="right" | 40 | [[Ambra (flumen)|Ambra]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Zurrega (flumen)|Zurrega]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Zorga<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Zorge<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> |''Zorge'' | align="right" | 40 | [[Helmana]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |} ===Flumina inter 39 et 35 chiliometra longa=== Inferiori in tabulā, solum apparent flumina inter 39 et 35 chiliometra aut amplius longa: {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" | [[Fluvius]] ! scope="col" | Alia nomina [[lingua Latina|Latina]] ! scope="col" | Nomen [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscum]] ! scope="col" | Longitudo (km) ! scope="col" | [[Ostium fluminis|Ostium]] ! scope="col" | [[Systema fluviorum|Systema]] |- | [[Aitra (Danubius)|Aitra Danubii]]<ref name="Aitra">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymo oppido. De hoc ultimo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | |''Aiterach'' seu ''Aitrach'' | align="right" | 39 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Andrefa]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Antrafa<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Antrefa<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Antreffa<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> |''Antrift'' seu ''Antreff'' | align="right" | 39 | [[Sualmanaha]]<ref name="Sualmanaha"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Eckbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | |''Eckbach'' seu ''Leinbach'' seu ''Neugraben'' seu ''Leininger Graben'' seu ''Eck'' | align="right" | 39 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Elantia]]<ref name="Elantia">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elz_(Neckar)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die römische Auxiliareinheit „Numerus Brittonum Elantiensium“ beinhaltet die erste belegte Nennung des Namens Elz (...)".</ref> | | ''Elz'' seu ''Elzbach'' | align="right" | 39 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Lutra (Glanis)|Lutra Glanensis]]<ref name=Gr/> | Ludra,<ref name=Gr/> Luterata,<ref name=Gr/> Hlutraha,<ref name=Gr/> Hlutra<ref name=Gr/> |''Lauter'' | align="right" | 39 | [[Glan (Nava)|Glan Navae]]<ref name="Glan Navae"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Mittelradde]] | | ''Mittelradde'' | align="right" | 39 | [[Hassa]]<ref name="Hassa"/> | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Nuthe (Albis)|Nuthe Albis]] | |''Nuthe'' | align="right" | 39 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Owe Bocense]]<ref name="Owe Bocense">Fingitur hoc hydronymum homonymis e hydronymis "Owe" et "Audan" et adiectivo "Bocensis-e". De hydronymis "Owe" et "Audan" vide [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9783110338591_A21718271/preview-9783110338591_A21718271.pdf ], ubi dicitur "(...) Aue, Name mehrerer Flüsse im Einzugsgebiet von Leine, Unter- und Mittelweser und Unterer Elbe, z. B. Aue (z. Ammersbek z. Alster z. Elbe), 1263 ''ad riuulum, qui dicutur Owe'' (...) Aue, r.z. Leine, entspringt bei Westerhof (Lkr. Northeim, Niedersachsen, D), mündet bei Kreiensen (Lkr. Northeim). – 10. Jh. (Kopie 15. Jh.) ''in flumen Audan et sic per Audan,'' (...)". De adiectivo "Bocensis-e", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | Audan Bocense<ref name="Owe Bocense"/> |''Bückeburger Aue'' seu ''Aue'' | align="right" | 39 | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Rotbacum (Arnefa)|Rotbacum Arnefae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | |''Rotbach'' seu ''Nöthener Siefen'' seu ''Schliebach'' seu ''Mühlenbach'' seu ''Bruchbach'' | align="right" | 39 | [[Arnefa]]<ref name="Arnefa"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Szwartowe]]<ref name="Szwartowe">Vide [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_2TwOAAAAQAAJ Codex diplomaticus Lubecensis], ubi dicitur "(...) quoque in szwartowe a nobis (...)".</ref><ref name="Szw">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwartauhoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam]{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Die erste schriftliche Erwähnung findet sich in einer Urkunde des dänischen Königs Waldemar aus dem Jahr 1215 (''szwartowe'') (...)".</ref> | |''Schwartau'' | align="right" | 39 | [[Trabena]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Trabena]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Zwonitium (flumen)|Zwonitium]]<ref name="Mencke 1728">Mencke, J. B. (1728). ''Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, praecipue Saxonicarum, in quibus scriptores aliquot rariotes nusquam adhuc editi''. [[Lipsia]]e: E. Martini; et: Mencke, J. B. (1728). ''Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, praecipue Saxonicarum'' (Tomus I). Lipsiae: Ioannes Christianus Martinus; et: Mencke, J. B. (1728). ''Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, praecipue Saxonicarum'' (Vol. 2). Sumptibus Ioannis Christiani Martini.</ref> | |''Zwönitz'' seu ''Zwönitzbach'' | align="right" | 39 | [[Caminizi rivus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Aach Stockense]]<ref name="ASto">Gentilicium "Stockense" ad [[Stockach|Stockam]] refertur.</ref> | | ''Stockacher Aach'' | align="right" | 38 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Angel (flumen)|Angel]] | | ''Angel'' | align="right" | 38 | [[Werse]]<ref name="Werse"/> | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Bobritzsch (flumen)|Bobritzsch]] | | ''Bobritzsch'' | align="right" | 38 | [[Mulda Fribergensis]]<ref name="MF"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Chira (fluvius)|Chira]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> | Kira<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> |''Hahnenbach'' seu ''Meinbach'' seu ''Altbach'' seu ''Idarbach'' | align="right" | 38 | [[Nava (flumen)|Nava]]<ref name="Fabricius II 1898"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Clingbacus (Michelsbacum)|Clingbacus]]<ref name="Kremer 1769">Kremer, C. J. (1769). ''Origines Naborenses sive documenta ad illustrandam historiam palatinam''. Ex Typographia Electorali.</ref> | Klingbacus<ref name="Kremer 1769"/> seu Clingbach<ref name="AETP III 1775">Academia Electoralis Theodoro-Palatina. (1775). Historia et commentationes Academiae electoralis scientiarum et elegantiorum literarum Theodoro-Palatinae: Tomus III. Typis Academicis.</ref> seu Klingbach<ref name="AETP III 1775"/> |'' Klingbach'' | align="right" | 38 | [[Michelsbacum (Rhenus)|Michelsbacum Rheni]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Ephisa]]<ref name="Codex diplomaticus Fuldensis">Dronke, E. F. J. (Ed.). (1844). ''Codex diplomaticus Fuldensis''. Theodor Fischer. </ref> | [[Effese]]<ref name="Effese">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efze#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Im Mittelalter wurde die Efze als Effese bezeichne (...)".</ref><ref name="Effese2">Vide [https://dokumen.pub/deutsches-gewssernamenbuch-etymologie-der-gewssernamen-und-der-zugehrigen-gebiets-siedlungs-und-flurnamen-9783110338591-9783110190397-9783110578911.html dokumen.pub], ubi dicitur "(...) 240 Effese, 1250 ad fluvium … Effese (...)".</ref> |''Efze'' | align="right" | 38 | [[Sualmanaha]]<ref name="Sualmanaha"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Eschach (Nicer)|Eschach Niceri]] | |''Eschach'' | align="right" | 38 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Glatta (Rhenus)|Glatta Rheni]]<ref name="Glatta">Fingitur hydronymum homonymo ex hydronymo Helvetico apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> | |''Glatt'' | align="right" | 38 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Großer Dieckfluss]] | |''Großer Dieckfluss'' | align="right" | 38 | [[Owe Magnum]]<ref name="Owe Magnum"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Isina]]<ref name="Isina">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisbach_(Rhein)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Erstmals schriftlich erwähnt wurde die Eis in einer Urkunde des Lorscher Codex aus dem Jahre 766, wo sie ''Isina'' heißt (...)".</ref> | |''Eisbach'' seu ''Eis'' seu ''Altbach'' | align="right" | 38 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Lachte]] | |''Lachte'' | align="right" | 38 | [[Alara]]<ref name=Gr/><ref name="Aller"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Leimbacum (Rhenus, Bruowele)|Leimbacum Rheni Bruowelense]]<ref name="-bacum"/><ref name="Bruowelense">Gentilicium "Bruowelense" ad oppidum [[Brühl (Badenia)|Bruowele]] refertur.</ref> | | ''Leimbach'' seu ''Bettelbach'' | align="right" | 38 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Orcana]]<ref name="Orcana">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orke#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss wird 1486 als die Orcken erstmals schriftlich erwähnt. Die gleichnamigen Orte Nieder- bzw. Oberorke erscheinen in den schriftlichen Aufzeichnungen schon im Jahr 1016 als Orcana. Die Deutung des Namens ist unsicher (...)".</ref> | | ''Orke'' | align="right" | 38 | [[Adrana]]<ref name="Adrana"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Regana Alba]]<ref name="Regana Alba">Vide articulum [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regen_(river)#Etymology hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Anglicam], ubi dicitur " The Romans called the river variously ''Regana'' (feminine gender), ''Reganus'' (masculine), and ''Reganum'' (neuter)". Adiectivum Latinum "albus-a-um" Theodiscum ''Weißer'' vertit.</ref> | Reganus Albus<ref name="Regana Alba"/> seu Reganum Album<ref name="Regana Alba"/> | ''Weißer Regen'' seu ''Seebach'' | align="right" | 38 | [[Regana]]<ref name="Regana"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Russella|Russella Saravi]]<ref name=Gr/> | Musella Saravi<ref name=Gr/> seu Roussella<ref name="Rousella">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossel_(Saar)#Namen hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Ältere Namen des Flusses sind Roussella (1268), Russella, Rusella (1544) (...)".</ref> seu Rusella |''Rossel'' | align="right" | 38 | [[Saravus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Sosa (flumen)|Sosa]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | |''Söse'' | align="right" | 38 | [[Ruma (Layna)|Ruma]]<ref name="Ruma"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Vechne]] | |''Vehne'' | align="right" | 38 | [[Owe (Lacus Zwischenahnensis)|Owe Zwischenahnense]]<ref name="Owe de Bad Zwischenahn">Fingitur hoc hydronymum homonymis e hydronymis "Owe" et "Audan". De hydronymis "Owe" et "Audan" vide [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9783110338591_A21718271/preview-9783110338591_A21718271.pdf ], ubi dicitur "(...) Aue, Name mehrerer Flüsse im Einzugsgebiet von Leine, Unter- und Mittelweser und Unterer Elbe, z. B. Aue (z. Ammersbek z. Alster z. Elbe), 1263 ''ad riuulum, qui dicutur Owe'' (...) Aue, r.z. Leine, entspringt bei Westerhof (Lkr. Northeim, Niedersachsen, D), mündet bei Kreiensen (Lkr. Northeim). – 10. Jh. (Kopie 15. Jh.) ''in flumen Audan et sic per Audan,'' (...)". Adiectivum "Zwischenahnense" homonymum ad lacum [[Aquae Zwischenahnenses|Aquas Zwischenahnenses]] attingentem refert.</ref> | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Ad Lunam]]<ref name="Ad Lunam">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) In der Römerzeit wurde ein Kastell nach dem Fluss benannt („Ad Lunam“) (...)".</ref> | |''Lone'' | align="right" | 37 | [[Hurwin]]<ref name="Hürbe">Vide [https://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/bitstream/11682/5853/1/Uni_63.pdf Ortsnamenforschung in Südwestdeutschland], ubi dicitur "(...) Hürbe, z. Brenz z. Donau, 1171 ''de Hurwin'' (...)".</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Agira (Werenza)|Agira Werenzae]]<ref name="Agira">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eger_(W%C3%B6rnitz)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die erste schriftliche Erwähnung findet die Eger im Jahr 760 als ''Agira'' (...)".</ref> | |''Eger'' | align="right" | 37 | [[Werenza]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Arle (flumen)|Arle]]<ref name="Arle">Vide [https://dokumen.pub/deutsches-gewssernamenbuch-etymologie-der-gewssernamen-und-der-zugehrigen-gebiets-siedlungs-und-flurnamen-9783110338591-9783110190397-9783110578911.html dokumen.pub], ubi dicitur "(...) Arlau (...) 218 silva que iuncta est Arle (...)".</ref> | |''Arlau'' | align="right" | 37 | [[Mare Germanicum]] | [[Arle (flumen)|Arle]]<ref name="Arle"/> |- | [[Berste]] | |''Berste'' | align="right" | 37 | [[Spreha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Bibara (Danubius)|Bibara]]<ref name="Bibara Danubii">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo Helvetico. Cui ultimo, vide [https://search.ortsnamen.ch/de/record/5029908 ortsnamen.ch], ubi dicitur "(...) et inde sinistrorsum per plateam usque Rammesheim in fluvium Bibara (...)".</ref> | Bibera<ref name="Bibera Danubii">Fingitur hoc nomen homonymis e fluviis. De quorum ultimorum nomine, vide [https://books.google.de/books?id=rqboBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA381#v=snippet&q=Biber&f=false ''Albrecht Greule Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch''] (...)".</ref> seu Biberaha<ref name="Bibera Danubii"/> |''Biber'' | align="right" | 37 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Caminizi rivus]]<ref name=Gr/> | |'' Chemnitz'' | align="right" | 37 | [[Mulda Zviccaviensis]]<ref name="MZ"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Glotyr]]<ref name="Glotyr">Vide [https://dokumen.pub/deutsches-gewssernamenbuch-etymologie-der-gewssernamen-und-der-zugehrigen-gebiets-siedlungs-und-flurnamen-9783110338591-9783110190397-9783110578911.html dokumen.pub], ubi dicitur "(...) n valle Glotern, 1297 vallem Glotyri, (...)".</ref> | Glotyrus<ref name="Glotyr"/> seu Glotyrum<ref name="Glotyr"/> seu Glotern<ref name="Glotyr"/> | ''Glotter'' seu ''Glotterbach'' | align="right" | 37 | [[Dreisima]]<ref name="Dreisima"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Lethe (Hunta)|Lethe]] | | ''Lethe'' | align="right" | 37 | [[Hunta]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Nuhne]] | |''Nuhne'' | align="right" | 37 | [[Adrana]]<ref name="Adrana"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Raodhaha|Raodhaha Cocherae]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch">Vide [https://books.google.de/books?id=rqboBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA381#v=snippet&q=Oberrot&f=false Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch], auctore Alberto Greule.</ref> | Rotaha Cocherae<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Rota<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> |''Fichtenberger Rot'' | align="right" | 37 | [[Cochera]]<ref name="Cochera"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Seemenbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | |''Seemenbach'' | align="right" | 37 | [[Nidder]]<ref name="Nidder"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Selbitz]] | |''Selbitz'' | align="right" | 37 | [[Sala (flumen)|Sala]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Tribisa]]<ref name=Gr/> | |''Triebisch'' | align="right" | 37 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Ach Cassiliacense]]<ref name="Cassiliacum">Gentilicium "Cassiliacensis-e" ad urbem Cassiliacum refertur. Huic Latino toponymo, vide [articulum huius urbis apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die erste Besiedlung bereits in der Steinzeit ist durch Funde an der Iller bei Ferthofen belegt.^[7] Erste Baufunde stammen aus der Römerzeit. Vermutlich befand sich dort ein kleiner Wacht- und Siedlungsposten. Hierfür kommen zwei Namen, ''Cassiliacum''^[8] oder ''Viaca'' (...)".</ref> | |''Memminger Ach'' | align="right" | 36 | [[Hilaria (flumen)|Hilaria]]<ref name="Hilaria"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Angere (Rhenus)|Angere Rheni]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Angeren Rheni<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Angera Rheni<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Anger Rheni<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Angero Rheni<ref name="Angero">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anger_(Rhein)#Namen hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die früheste bekannte urkundliche Erwähnung unter dem Namen ''Angero'' stammt aus dem Jahr 875 (...)".</ref> |''Angerbach'' seu ''Anger'' | align="right" | 36 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Drahonum]]<ref name="Drahonum">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhron#Namehoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die ersten schriftlichen Nennungen sind: Drahonum (Ende 4. Jh.) Drona (752) Troganus (802) Drogana (949) (...)".</ref> | Drona<ref name="Drahonum"/> seu Troganus<ref name="Drahonum"/> seu Drogana<ref name="Drahonum"/> seu Trogona<ref name="Gudenus 1743">Gudenus, V. F. (1743). ''Codex diplomaticus: exhibens anecdota Moguntiaca, iura, provincias, et adiacentes regiones'' (Vol. 1). Typis Ioannis Baptistae.</ref> |''Dhron'' | align="right" | 36 | [[Mosella (flumen)|Mosella]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Isana (Rhenus)|Isana Rhenana]]<ref name=Gr/> | |''Isenach'' seu ''Morschbach'' | align="right" | 36 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Luder (flumen)|Luder]]<ref name="Luder">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCder_(Fluss)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss wurde im Jahr 820 (''flumen … luder'') erstmals urkundlich erwähnt (...)".</ref> | |''Lüder'' seu ''Lüderbach'' | align="right" | 36 | [[Fuldaha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Meisaha]]<ref name="Meisaha">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maisach_(Amper)#Namensherkunft hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Maisach, 853 erstmals erwähnt als ''Meisaha'', setzt sich zusammen aus althochdeutsch aha ‚Wasser, Wasserlauf, Fluss (...)".</ref> | |''Maisach'' | align="right" | 36 | [[Ambra (flumen)|Ambra]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Milize]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Militz<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Milizza<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Milze<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Milizi<ref name="Milizi">Fingitur nomen huius fluminis ex oppido homonymo. Latino de nomine huius oppidi, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | ''Milz'' | align="right" | 36 | [[Sala (Moenus)|Sala in pago Salvense]]<ref name="Sala in pago"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Nigra Aqua (Alara)|Nigra Aqua Alarae]]<ref name="Nigra Aqua Alarae">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo Helvetico. Cui substantivo, vide [https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/000914/2016-09-26/ Neirivue], ubi dicitur "Ehemalige politische Gemeinde FR, Bezirk Greyerz, am linken Saaneufer. 2002 mit Albeuve, Lessoc und Montbovon zur neuen Gemeinde Haut-Intyamon fusioniert. 1277 ''Nigra aqua'', früher dt. ''Schwarzwasser'' (...)".</ref> | |''Schwarzwasser'' | align="right" | 36 | [[Alara]]<ref name=Gr/><ref name="Aller"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Rivulus Molendinarius Fredersdorfensis]]<ref name="Mühlenfließ">Theodisca vox ''Mühlenfließ'' in Latinam "Rivulus Molendinarius" verti solet. V.gr. vide: Hoffmann, C. G., auctore (1734). ''Scriptores Rerum Lusaticarum''. Lipsiae & Budissae: David Richter.</ref> | | ''Fredersdorfer Mühlenfließ'' seu ''Senitz'' | align="right" | 36 | [[Spreha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Rubrum Bistrice]]<ref name="Rubrum Bistrice">Fingitur hoc hydronymum ex adiectivo "rubrum" (Theodisce ''Rote'') et nomine Latino "Bistrice". De hoc ultimo, vide [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Zur_Geschichte_der_Besiedelung_der_Dresdner_Gegend Zur Geschichte der Besiedelung der Dresdner Gegend], ubi dicitur "Buistrizi ist der urkundliche, mit dem Flußnamen der Weißeritz (Wisteritz, 1206 flumen Bistrice, 1366 Wistricz) zusammenhängende Name des Burgwards (...)".</ref> | Rubrum Buistrizi<ref name="Rubrum Bistrice"/> seu Rubrum Wisteritz<ref name="Rubrum Bistrice"/> seu Rubrum Wistricz<ref name="Rubrum Bistrice"/> |''Rote Weißeritz'' | align="right" | 36 | [[Bistrice]]<ref name="Bistrice"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Steina (Vutahe)|Steina Vutahis]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | |''Steina'' seu ''Steinach'' | align="right" | 36 | [[Vutahe]]<ref name="Vutahe"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Vilisa (Licus)|Vilisa Lici]]<ref name="Vilisa Lici">Fingitur hoc nomen homonymo e fluvio Vilisā Danubii. De cuius ultimi nomine, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | Vilsa<ref name="Vilisa Lici"/> seu Vilusa<ref name="Vilisa Lici"/> seu Filisa<ref name="Vilisa Lici"/> seu Filusa<ref name="Vilisa Lici"/> seu Filsa<ref name="Vilisa Lici"/> seu Philisa<ref name="Vilisa Lici"/> seu Vilosa<ref name="Vilisa Lici"/> seu Vilusa<ref name="Vilisa Lici"/> |''Vils'' | align="right" | 36 | [[Licus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Wehre (Weraha)|Wehre Werahae]] | |''Wehre'' seu ''Wohra'' | align="right" | 36 | [[Weraha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Bardia (flumen)|Bardia]]<ref name="Bardia">Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=21&cq=d&lang=en bavarikon.de], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Bardia fluvius:''' Barthe, Fl. in Deutschland, Mü: Barther Bodden (...)".</ref> | |''Barthe'' | align="right" | 35 | [[Bodden Bardense]] | [[Bardia (flumen)|Bardia]] |- | [[Else]] | | ''Else'' | align="right" | 35 | [[Weraha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Glane (Amisia)|Glane]] | | ''Glane'' | align="right" | 35 | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Buckau]] | | ''Buckau'' | align="right" | 35 | [[Habala]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Hasela]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Haselach<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Haslach<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Haßlach'' | align="right" | 35 | [[Radaha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Lutaraha]]<ref name="Lutaraha">Fingitur nomen huius fluminis ex oppido homonymo. Latino de nomine huius oppidi, vide [https://www.yumpu.com/de/document/read/5481494/sankt-oswald-baunach-pfarrei-st-oswald-baunach ''Sankt Oswald Baunach''], ubi dicitur "(...) Eine erste geschichtliche Erwähnung unter dem Namen „Lutaraha“ fand man aus dem Jahr 853 (...)".</ref> | |''Lauterach'' | align="right" | 35 | [[Filisa (Naba)|Filisa Nabae]]<ref name="Bavarikon"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Nibalgaunensis]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Nibalgavia<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Nibalcoge<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Nibulgauva<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Nibilgouwe<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> |''Eschach'' seu ''Niebel'' seu ''Nibel'' | align="right" | 35 | [[Aitra (Danubius)|Aitra Danubii]]<ref name="Aitra"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Orlah]]<ref name="Orlah">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orla#Namensherkunft hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss wird 1192 als Orlah erstmals schriftlich erwähnt (...)".</ref> | | ''Orla'' seu ''Orlah'' seu ''Orlau'' | align="right" | 35 | [[Sala (flumen)|Sala]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Scutara]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Scutura<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Schutter'' | align="right" | 35 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Sevena (Odera)|Sevena Oderae]]<ref name="Sevena">Vide [https://www.persee.fr/doc/onoma_0755-7752_2010_num_52_1_1535 Les hydronymes paléoeuropéens et la question de l'origine des Celtes], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Sieber,'' lieu et fleuve de la Harz, 1287 ''inter ... Oderam et Sevenam'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Sieber'' | align="right" | 35 | [[Odera (Ruma)|Odera Rumae]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Thuite]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Dhute<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Düte'' | align="right" | 35 | [[Hassa]]<ref name="Hassa"/> | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Wipperau]] | | ''Wipperau'' | align="right" | 35 | [[Ilmena (Albis)|Ilmena]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |} ===Flumina inter 34 et 30 chiliometra longa=== Inferiori in tabulā, solum apparent flumina inter 34 et 30 chiliometra aut amplius longa: {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" | [[Fluvius]] ! scope="col" | Alia nomina [[lingua Latina|Latina]] ! scope="col" | Nomen [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscum]] ! scope="col" | Longitudo (km) ! scope="col" | [[Ostium fluminis|Ostium]] ! scope="col" | [[Systema fluviorum|Systema]] |- | [[Acarse]]<ref name="Acarse">Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20240919231438/http://www.koeblergerhard.de/wikiling/index.php?f=lemmaFull&langType=reviews&lemmaID=3286 Köbler, Gerhard,as in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte, 2016], ubi dicitur "(...) Axtbach (M.) bzw. Beilerbach-Ems, 11. Jh., bei Beelen bei Warendorf, F1-60 AK (?) Acarse, Acarse Erh. Nr. 917 (um 1030) (...)".</ref> | | ''Axtbach'' | align="right" | 34 | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Aphilste]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Apphilste<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Apphelste<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Apphilstede<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Aphelste<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Appelste<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Apfelstädt'' | align="right" | 34 | [[Hiera]]<ref name="Hiera"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Auma]] | | ''Auma'' | align="right" | 34 | [[Wyda (flumen)|Wyda]]<ref name="Wyda"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Erlenbacum (Michelsbacum)|Erlenbacum Michelsbacense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Erlenbach'' | align="right" | 34 | [[Michelsbacum (Rhenus)|Michelsbacum Rheni]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Eymese]]<ref name="Eymese">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ems_(Eder)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss wurde im Jahr 1401 zum ersten Mal schriftlich erwähnt (''Eymese'') (...)".</ref> | |''Ems'' | align="right" | 34 | [[Adrana]]<ref name="Adrana"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Glatta (Nicer)|Glatta Niceri]]<ref name="Glatta">Fingitur hydronymum homonymo ex hydronymo Helvetico apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> | | ''Glatt'' | align="right" | 34 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Gotlavia]]<ref name="Gotlavia">Vide articulum [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Gottleuba-Berggie%C3%9Fh%C3%BCbel#Gottleuba homonymo de oppido apud Vicipediam Anglicam], ubi dicitur "(...) Gottleuba was first mentioned in 1363 as ''Gotlavia'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Gottleuba'' | align="right" | 34 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Hotepe]]<ref name="Hotepe">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoppecke#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Am Erstbeleg des Ortes Hoppecke von 1113 als ''Hotepe'' wird ersichtlich (...)".</ref> | | ''Hoppecke'' | align="right" | 34 | [[Dimel]]<ref name="Dimel"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Moraha]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Můraha<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Murach'' | align="right" | 34 | [[Swarza]]<ref name="Swarza"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Radegast (Stepenitz)|Radegast]]<ref name="Radegast">Vide [https://mvdok.lbmv.de/mjbrenderer?id=mvdok_document_00002847 Die slavischen Ortsnamen in Meklenburg], ubi dicitur "(...) Radegast, Nebenfluß der Stepenitz, 1188, 1202 Radagost, 1255 aqua Radegast, 1258 fluuius Radegost, 1262 Rodogost, 1310 aqua Radagast, (...)".</ref> | Radagost seu Radegost seu Rodogost seu Radagast | ''Radegast'' | align="right" | 34 | [[Stepenitz (Trabena)|Stepenitz Trabenae]] | [[Trabena]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Roda (Albis)|Roda]] | | ''Roda'' | align="right" | 34 | [[Sala (flumen)|Sala]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Schleuse]] | | ''Schleuse'' | align="right" | 34 | [[Weraha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Schlichem]] | | ''Schlichem'' | align="right" | 34 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Usa (Weteraha)|Usa]] | |''Usa'' seu ''Us'' seu ''Usbach'' | align="right" | 34 | [[Weteraha]]<ref name="Weteraha"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Wara (Amana)|Wara]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Waraha<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Wohra'' | align="right" | 34 | [[Amana (flumen)|Amana]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Albis (Adrana)|Albis Adranae]]<ref name="Albis Adranae">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymo flumine Theodisce ''Elbe'' dicto. De hoc ultimo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | | ''Elbe'' | align="right" | 33 | [[Adrana]]<ref name="Adrana"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Alina]]<ref name="Alina">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellebach#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die Ersterwähnung des Ortes Ellen als ''Alina'' lässt den ursprünglichen Namen erahnen (...)".</ref> | | ''Ellebach'' seu ''Ellbach'' seu ''Elle'' | align="right" | 33 | [[Rura (Eiflensis)|Rura Eiflensis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Mosa]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Antiquus Viadrus]]<ref name="Antiquus Viadrus">Fingitur hoc hydronymum homonymis ex hydronymo "Viadrus" et variationibus et adiectivo "antiquus-a-um". De hydronymo "Viadrus" vide {{Graesse}} aut [https://eshp.ijp.pan.pl/search/results/226313 Elektroniczny słownik hydronimów Polski] (Polonice), ubi dicitur "Oddere, Odere, Oddera, Oddore 992 RudnickiNO 21-3". Adiectivo "antiquus-a-um" Theodiscum adiectivum "Alte" vertitur.</ref> | Antiquus Viadus<ref name="Antiquus Viadrus"/> seu Antiqua Odora<ref name="Antiquus Viadrus"/> seu Antiquus Oder<ref name="Antiquus Viadrus"/> seu Antiqua Odagra<ref name="Antiquus Viadrus"/> seu Antiqua Odara<ref name="Antiquus Viadrus"/> seu Antiqua Odra<ref name="Antiquus Viadrus"/> seu Antiqua Odrita<ref name="Antiquus Viadrus"/> seu Antiqua Adora<ref name="Antiquus Viadrus"/> seu Antiquus Suevus Flavius<ref name="Antiquus Viadrus"/> seu Antiqua Oddera<ref name="Antiquus Viadrus"/> seu Antiquum Oddere<ref name="Antiquus Viadrus"/> seu Antiquum Oddore<ref name="Antiquus Viadrus"/> seu Antiquum Oddere<ref name="Antiquus Viadrus"/> | ''Alte Oder'' | align="right" | 33 | [[Viadrus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Viadrus]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Armissia]]<ref name="Armissia">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erms hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die '''Erms''' (lat. ''Armissia'') (...) Der Name der Erms geht zurück auf das römische ''Armis(s)a'' (...)".</ref> | Armisa seu Armissa | ''Erms'' | align="right" | 33 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Guldenbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Guldenbach'' | align="right" | 33 | [[Nava (flumen)|Nava]]<ref name="Fabricius II 1898"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Hache (flumen)|Hache]] | | ''Hache'' | align="right" | 33 | [[Othmunda]]<ref name="Ochtum">Vide [https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110338591.383/html?lang=en De Gruyter], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Ochtum, die''' (...) 1158 ''inter Othmundam'' (lies ''Ohtmundam'') ''et Wisaram'', 1171 ''usque in Ohtmundam'' (...)".</ref> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Heinbach]]<ref name="Heincbach">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainbach_(Woogbach)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) ''super fluvio Heinbach'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Hainbach'' seu ''Heimbach'' seu ''Wooggraben'' seu ''Krebsbächel'' | align="right" | 33 | [[Woogbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Hostrahun (Danubius)|Hostrahun Danubii]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Ostraha<ref name="Ostraha">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymo oppido. De hoc ultimo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | ''Ostrach'' | align="right" | 33 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Huhnerbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Hühnerbach'' | align="right" | 33 | [[Gennach (flumen)|Gennach]] | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Hune]]<ref name="Hune">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6nne#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Um 1230 wird der Fluss als ''Hune'' erstmals urkundlich erwähnt (...)".</ref> | | ''Hönne'' | align="right" | 33 | [[Rura]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Ilmede]]<ref name="Ilmede">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilme#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die ''Ilme'' wird im Jahr 1322 (''Ilmede'') erstmals schriftlich genann (...)".</ref> | | ''Ilme'' | align="right" | 33 | [[Layna]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Liuzenaha]]<ref name="Liuzenaha">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitzach#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) ''usque in Liuzenaha'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Leitzach'' | align="right" | 33 | [[Manachfialta]]<ref name="Manachfialta"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Lukavica]]<ref name="Lukavica">Vide [https://pdfcoffee.com/ivo-vukcevic-rex-german-or-um-populos-sclavorum-pdf-free.html Ivo Vukcevic Rex Germanorum populos Sclavorum], ubi dicitur "(...) Lukavica— Longawitzi, 1074 (Loquitz) (...)".</ref> | Longawitzi | ''Loquitz'' | align="right" | 33 | [[Sala (flumen)|Sala]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Lure (flumen)|Lure]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | |''Lauer'' | align="right" | 33 | [[Sala (Moenus)|Sala in pago Salvense]]<ref name="Sala in pago"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Nigrum Packaw]]<ref name="Nigrum Packaw">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymo oppido. De hoc ultimo, vide [[:de:Pockau#Geschichte]], ubi dicitur "(...) Die erstmalige Erwähnung des Ortes erfolgte im Jahre 1365 als „Packaw“ (...)". Adiectivo "nigrum" Theodiscum adiectivum ''Schwarze'' vertitur.</ref> | | ''Schwarze Pockau'' | align="right" | 33 | [[Flöha]] | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Nordradde]] | | ''Nordradde'' | align="right" | 33 | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Oorana]]<ref name="Oorana">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohrn#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss wurde im Jahr 795 als „Oorana fluvius“ erstmals urkundlich erwähn (...)".</ref> | | ''Ohrn'' | align="right" | 33 | [[Cochera]]<ref name="Cochera"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Radentia]]<ref name="Radiantia, Rezat, Redniz"/> | |''Schwäbische Rezat'' | align="right" | 33 | [[Redniz]]<ref name="Radiantia, Rezat, Redniz"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Tanger (flumen)|Tanger]]<ref name="Tanger">Vide [https://archive.org/stream/thietmarimersebu00thieuoft/thietmarimersebu00thieuoft_djvu.txt Thietmari Merseburgensis episcopi Chronicon, post editionem Ioh. M. Lappenbergii recognovit Fridericus Kurze"], ubi dicitur "(...) Tanger rivus, qui prope (...)".</ref> | | ''Tanger'' seu ''Vereinigten Tanger'' | align="right" | 33 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Trebe (Alestra)|Trebe]]<ref name="Trebe">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymo oppido. De hoc ultimo, vide [[:de:Trieb (Pöhl)#Geschichte|articulum Vicipaediae Theodiscae hoc de oppido]], ubi dicitur "(...) Das Waldhufendorf Trieb wurde im Jahr 1441 erstmals urkundlich als „Trebe“ erwähnt. (...)".</ref> | | ''Trieb'' | align="right" | 33 | [[Alestra]]<ref name="Alestra"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Warme]] | |''Warme'' seu ''Warmebach'' | align="right" | 33 | [[Dimel]]<ref name="Dimel"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Wietze (Alara)|Wietze Alarae]] | |''Wietze'' | align="right" | 33 | [[Alara]]<ref name=Gr/><ref name="Aller"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Wila (Agger)|Wila]]<ref name="Wila">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymo oppido. De hoc ultimo, vide [[:de:Wiehl#Geschichte|articulum Vicipaediae Theodiscae hoc de oppido]], ubi dicitur "(...) 1131 wurde Wiehl unter dem Namen Wila erstmals urkundlich erwähnt (...)".</ref> | | ''Wiehl'' | align="right" | 33 | [[Agger (flumen)|Agger]] | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Wissaha (Bregenze)|Wissaha Bregenzensis]]<ref name="Wissaha">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymo oppido. De hoc ultimo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | Wissha Bregenzensis<ref name="Wissaha"/> |''Weißach'' | align="right" | 33 | [[Bregenze]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Abilach]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Ablach<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> |''Ablach'' | align="right" | 32 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Boninaha]]<ref name="Boninaha">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bina#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die Bina wurde im Jahr 790 erstmals als ''Boninaha'' schriftlich genannt (...)".</ref> | |''Bina'' seu ''Binastorfer Mühlbach'' seu ''Gassauer Mühlbach'' | align="right" | 32 | [[Rota (Aenus)|Rota Aeni]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Calde (flumen)|Calde]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | |''Kahl'' | align="right" | 32 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Cruofdero]]<ref name="Cruofdero">Vide [file:///C:/Users/34622/Downloads/Heidenkeller%20korrigiert.pdf Kultspuren aus der Zeit der Völkerwanderung im südlichen Taunus?], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Der Bach Kriftel ist auf keiner heutigen Karte mehr zu finden, statt dessen läufter unter den Namen Dattenbach, Goldbach, Schwarzbach von den Taunushöhen'' (...) ''Frühe Namensbelege sind: Cruofdero (1043), Kruftelam und Cruftele (um 1250/60), Krüftel (1355); als zugehörige Ortsnamen sind belegt'' Cruftera (780-802), Crufdera, Cruftere, Cruftero (um 800), Cruftero (890), Acruftele (Okriftel 1103), Cruftelo (1226) (...)".</ref> | Kruftela<ref name="Cruofdero"/> seu Cruftera<ref name="Cruofdero"/> seu Crufdera<ref name="Cruofdero"/><ref name="Cruofdero"/> seu Cruftere<ref name="Cruofdero"/> seu Cruftero<ref name="Cruofdero"/> seu Cruftero<ref name="Cruofdero"/> seu Acruftele<ref name="Cruofdero"/> seu Cruftelo<ref name="Cruofdero"/> |''Schwarzbach'' seu ''Dattenbach'' seu ''Goldbach'' | align="right" | 32 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Dorsbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | |''Dörsbach'' | align="right" | 32 | [[Laugana]]<ref name="Murray">{{Murray}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Dürnach]] | |''Dürnach'' | align="right" | 32 | [[Westernach]] | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Elison]]<ref name="Elison">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seseke hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der römische Geschichtsschreiber Cassius Dio nennt im Zusammenhang mit den Drusus-Feldzügen (12 bis 8 v. Chr.) einen Fluss namens „Elison“ (...)".</ref> | | ''Seseke'' seu ''Sisecke'' seu ''Sesike'' seu ''Zesik'' | align="right" | 32 | [[Lupia]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Iazaha (Sinna)|Iazaha]]<ref name="Iazaha">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jossa_(Sinn)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss wurde ursprünglich Jazaha^[6]und später Jos^[7] genannt (...)".</ref><ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Ios<ref name="Iazaha"/> | ''Jossa'' seu ''Joßa'' | align="right" | 32 | [[Sinna (flumen)|Sinna]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Lerna (flumen)|Lerna]]<ref name="Lerna">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hase_(Fluss)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) ''In Lernam'' (786, Fälschung 12. Jh.) ''lerhna'' (um 1320) (...)".</ref> | Lerhna | ''Lehrde'' | align="right" | 32 | [[Alara]]<ref name=Gr/><ref name="Aller"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Luitra]]<ref name="Luitra">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauter_(Rhein,_Gernsheim)#Geschichte hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Für die Lauter wurden auch die Namen Ziegelbach und Luitra verwendet (...)".</ref> | | ''Lauter'' seu ''Winkelbach'' seu ''Ziegelbach'' | align="right" | 32 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Melia (flumen)|Melia]]<ref name="Melia">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6hlin_(Rhein)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) ''iuxta fluvium Melia'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Möhlin'' | align="right" | 32 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Murge]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | | ''Radolfzeller Aach'' seu ''Hegauer Aach'' | align="right" | 32 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Rivulus Niger (Falconis petra)|Rivulus Niger Falconis Petrae]]<ref name="Rivulus Niger"/><ref name="Falkensteinerbach"/> | | ''Schwarzbach'' seu ''Schwartzbach'' | align="right" | 32 | [[Falconis petra (Cinzele)|Falconis Petra]]<ref name="Falkensteinerbach">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymo oppido. De hoc ultimo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Sala (Layna)|Sala Laynae]]<ref name="Sala Laynae">Fingitur hydronymum homonymo ex hydronymo apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> | | ''Saale'' | align="right" | 32 | [[Layna]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Südradde]] | | ''Südradde'' | align="right" | 32 | [[Hassa]]<ref name="Hassa"/> | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Aha Goetzingensis]]<ref name="Aha Goetzingensis">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo flumine. Cui ultimo, vide [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9783258481142_A43727966/preview-9783258481142_A43727966.pdf FLüsse der Alpen: Vielfalt in Natur und Kultur]. Gentilicio "Goetzingensis-e" Theodiscum gentilicium "Götzinger" vertitur.</ref> | |''Götzinger Achen'' seu ''Götzinger Ache'' | align="right" | 31 | [[Salzaha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Brachtaha]]<ref name="Brachtaha">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymo oppido. De hoc ultimo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | | ''Bracht'' seu ''Hundsbach'' seu ''Horstbach'' | align="right" | 31 | [[Chinzechun]]<ref name="Chinzechun"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Hilda (flumen)|Hilda]]<ref name="Hilda">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryck#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) „Hildam fluvium“ (...)".</ref> | | ''Ryck'' | align="right" | 31 | [[Sinus Gryphiswaldensis]]<ref name="Sinus Gryphiswaldensis">Confer [[Gryphiswalda|urbem]] apud hanc sinum.</ref> | [[Hilda (flumen)|Hilda]]<ref name="Hilda"/> |- | [[Scuntra (Sala Moeni)|Scuntra Salae Moeni]]<ref name=Gr/> | | ''Schondra'' | align="right" | 31 | [[Sala (Moenus)|Sala in pago Salvense]]<ref name="Sala in pago"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Sebnitium (flumen)|Sebnitium]]<ref name="-itium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-itz'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-itium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Rockelvitium]], [[Denheritium]], [[Groditium]], [[Oelsnitium (Terra Advocatorum)|Oelsnitium]], [[Olnitium (Montes Metalliferi)|Olnitium]], [[Racovitium]] apud [[Index urbium et communium Saxoniae|articulum de indice urbium et ommunium Saxoniae]].</ref> | |''Sebnitz'' | align="right" | 31 | [[Lachsbacum (Albis)|Lachsbacum Albis]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Sulz (Alcmana)|Sulz Alcmanae]] | | ''Sulz'' | align="right" | 31 | [[Alcmana]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Veerse]] | | ''Veerse'' | align="right" | 31 | [[Wemma]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Wenne]] | |''Wenne'' | align="right" | 31 | [[Rura]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Wolf (flumen)|Wolf]] | | ''Wolf'' seu ''Wolfach'' | align="right" | 31 | [[Chinzechun]]<ref name="Chinzechun"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Alapa]]<ref name="Alapa">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpe_(Aller)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der erste Namensbeleg lautete 788 ''Alapam'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Alpe'' | align="right" | 30 | [[Alara]]<ref name=Gr/><ref name="Aller"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Altefeld (flumen)|Altefeld]] | | ''Altefeld'' seu ''Schwarzer Fluss'' seu ''Schwarzbach'' seu ''Altfell'' | align="right" | 30 | [[Slyrepha (flumen)|Slyrepha]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Andolfspach]]<ref name="Andolfspach">Vide [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftfurdi2185unse/zeitschriftfurdi2185unse_djvu.txt Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins], ubi dicitur "(...) et pratum ad duas carratas feni in Andolfspach (...)".</ref> | | ''Andelsbach'' seu ''Andel'' seu ''Andelnbach'' | align="right" | 30 | [[Abilach]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Aufseß (flumen)|Aufseß]] | |''Aufseß'' | align="right" | 30 | [[Wiesent]]<ref name="Wiesent"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Biverna (Osta)|Biverna Ostae]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Beverna Ostae<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Bever'' | align="right" | 30 | [[Osta (flumen)|Osta]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Branda (flumen)|Branda]]<ref name="Branda">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymo oppido. De hoc ultimo, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendlorenzen#Name articulum apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam].</ref> | Brande<ref name="Branda"/> seu Brente<ref name="Branda"/> seu Brante<ref name="Branda"/> seu Brenden<ref name="Branda"/> seu Brenten<ref name="Branda"/> seu Brent<ref name="Branda"/> | ''Brend'' | align="right" | 30 | [[Sala (Moenus)|Sala in pago Salvense]]<ref name="Sala in pago"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Datze]] | | ''Datze'' | align="right" | 30 | [[Tollense]]<ref name="Tollense"/> | [[Penus]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Dumna (flumen)|Dumna]]<ref name="Bruzen de La Martinière 1737">Bruzen de La Martinière, A. A. (1737). ''Thesaurus geographicus criticus: in quo omnium orbis terrarum regionum, civitatum, oppidorum, nominibus antiquis, medii aevi et modernis''. Ex Officina Wetsteniana.</ref> | | ''Wustrower Dumme'' seu ''Dumme'' | align="right" | 30 | [[Iesne]]<ref name="Iesne"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Eberbach (Atulla)|Eberbach Atullae]]<ref name="Ebrach">Fingitur hoc hydronymum homonymis ex hydronymo "Eberbach". De hydronymo "Eberbach" vide [https://dokumen.pub/deutsches-gewssernamenbuch-etymologie-der-gewssernamen-und-der-zugehrigen-gebiets-siedlungs-und-flurnamen-9783110338591-9783110190397-9783110578911.html dokumen.pub], ubi dicitur "(...) Rauhe Ebrach, l.z. Regnitz (z. Main), 1297 gegen die Ebrach; Eberbach (indirekt z. Unteren Murg z. Rhein), 1355 ripa Eberbach (...)".</ref> | | ''Ebrach'' | align="right" | 30 | [[Atulla]]<ref name="Attel"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Eberbach Medium]]<ref name="Eberbach Medium">Fingitur hoc hydronymum homonymis ex hydronymo "Eberbach" et adiectivo "medius-a-um". De hydronymo "Eberbach" vide [https://dokumen.pub/deutsches-gewssernamenbuch-etymologie-der-gewssernamen-und-der-zugehrigen-gebiets-siedlungs-und-flurnamen-9783110338591-9783110190397-9783110578911.html dokumen.pub], ubi dicitur "(...) Rauhe Ebrach, l.z. Regnitz (z. Main), 1297 gegen die Ebrach; Eberbach (indirekt z. Unteren Murg z. Rhein), 1355 ripa Eberbach (...)". Adiectivo "medius-a-um" Theodiscum adiectivum "Mittlere" vertitur.</ref> | | ''Mittlere Ebrach'' seu ''Mittelebrach'' | align="right" | 30 | [[Eberbach]]<ref name="Eberbach"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Ech]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | E<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Ehe<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Aich'' | align="right" | 30 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Erlenbacum (Nida)|Erlenbacum Nidae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Erlenbach'' | align="right" | 30 | [[Nida (Moenus)|Nida Moeni]]<ref name="Nida Moeni"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Feltchrucha]]<ref name=Gr/> | | ''Felda'' seu ''Katharinenbach'' seu ''Sengersbach'' | align="right" | 30 | [[Amana (flumen)|Amana]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Fluxus Tygelensis]]<ref name="Fluxus Tygelensis">Theodisca vox ''Fließ'' in Latinam linguam "fluxus-us" vertitur. De gentilicio "Tygelensis-e" vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin-Tegel#Geschichte hunc articulum apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Tegel wird 1322 erstmals urkundlich erwähnt als Kirchdorf ''Tygel''(...)".</ref> | |''Tegeler Fließ'' | align="right" | 30 | [[Habala]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Gerdauge]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Gherdou<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Gerdowe<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Gherdowe<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Gerdow<ref name="Gerdow">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerdau_(Fluss)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Name Gerdau (1352 ''Gerdow'') (...)".</ref> |''Gerdau'' | align="right" | 30 | [[Ilmena (Albis)|Ilmena]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Gramma (flumen)|Gramma]]<ref name="Gramma">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramme hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Im Jahr 1265 wird das Gewässer als Gramma erstmals urkundlich erwähnt (...)".</ref> | |''Gramme'' | align="right" | 30 | [[Onestrudis]]<ref name="Onestrudis"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Grindaha]]<ref name="Grindaha">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BCndau_(Fluss)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss wird 1173 als ''Grindaha'' erstmals schriftlich erwähnt (...)".</ref> | |''Gründau'' | align="right" | 30 | [[Chinzechun]]<ref name="Chinzechun"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Helre]]<ref name="Helre">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heller_(Sieg) hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Bereits am 24. Juni 1350 wurde die Heller in einer Urkunde als „Helre“ erwähnt (...)".</ref> | |''Heller'' | align="right" | 30 | [[Sega]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Ileda]]<ref name="Ileda">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihle hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss wird 1114 erstmals urkundlich genannt (''Ileda'') (...)" </ref> | |''Ihle'' | align="right" | 30 | Fossa inter [[Habala]]m<ref name=Gr/> et [[Albis|Albem]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Kander (Rhenus)|Kander Rheni]] | | ''Kander'' | align="right" | 30 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Ketzerbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | |''Ketzerbach'' | align="right" | 30 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Lumme]]<ref name="Lumme">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumda_(Fluss)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die ''Lumda'' wird 1339 als ''Lumme'' erstmals schriftlich erwähnt (...)" </ref> | |''Lumda'' | align="right" | 30 | [[Laugana]]<ref name="Murray">{{Murray}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Modenbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | |''Modenbach'' | align="right" | 30 | [[Spira (Rhenus)|Spira Rheni]]<ref name="Spira"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Salz]]<ref name="Salz">Vide [https://dokumen.pub/deutsches-gewssernamenbuch-etymologie-der-gewssernamen-und-der-zugehrigen-gebiets-siedlungs-und-flurnamen-9783110338591-9783110190397-9783110578911.html dokumen.pub], ubi dicitur "(...) in loco, qui dicitur Salz (...)".</ref> | |''Salz'' seu ''Salzbach'' | align="right" | 30 | [[Chinzechun]]<ref name="Chinzechun"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Schiltahe]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Schiltha<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Schiltache<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Schiltach<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> |''Schiltach'' | align="right" | 30 | [[Chinzechun]]<ref name="Chinzechun"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Sprotte]] | |''Sprotte'' | align="right" | 30 | [[Plissa]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Sura (Net Almanae)|Sura Netensis]]<ref name="Sura (Net Almanae)">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymo flumine Theodisce. De hoc ultimo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | | ''Sauer'' | align="right" | 30 | [[Net (Almana)|Net Almanae]]<ref name="Altenau (Alme)">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo flumine. Cui ultimo, vide [https://dokumen.pub/deutsches-gewssernamenbuch-etymologie-der-gewssernamen-und-der-zugehrigen-gebiets-siedlungs-und-flurnamen-9783110338591-9783110190397-9783110578911.html dokumen.pub], ubi dicitur "(...) sursum usque Net (...)".</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Vidaue]]<ref name="Vidaue">Vide [https://dokumen.pub/deutsches-gewssernamenbuch-etymologie-der-gewssernamen-und-der-zugehrigen-gebiets-siedlungs-und-flurnamen-9783110338591-9783110190397-9783110578911.html dokumen.pub], ubi dicitur "(...) iuxta Vidaue (...) ponte iuxta Withaue (...)".</ref> | Withaue<ref name="Vidaue"/> |''Weihung'' | align="right" | 30 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Wahnbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Wahnbach'' | align="right" | 30 | [[Sega]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Wisper]] | | ''Wisper'' | align="right" | 30 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Worpena]]<ref name="Worpena">Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20240924125310/http://www.koeblergerhard.de/wikiling/?f=gold&page=3515 koeblergerhard.de], ubi dicitur "(...) Gewässernamen Wörpe (Worpena 1324) (...)".</ref> | | ''Wörpe'' | align="right" | 30 | [[Wemma]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |} ===Flumina inter 29 et 25 chiliometra longa=== Inferiori in tabulā, solum apparent flumina inter 29 et 25 chiliometra aut amplius longa: {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" | [[Fluvius]] ! scope="col" | Alia nomina [[lingua Latina|Latina]] ! scope="col" | Nomen [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscum]] ! scope="col" | Longitudo (km) ! scope="col" | [[Ostium fluminis|Ostium]] ! scope="col" | [[Systema fluviorum|Systema]] |- | [[Clana (Manachfialta)|Clana]]<ref name="Clana Manachfialtae">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glonn_(Mangfall)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Name taucht 774 erstmals urkundlich auf (''Clana''). Er leitet sich vom keltischen Adjektiv *glano- für „rein, klar, glänzend“ ab (...)".</ref> | | ''Glonn'' | align="right" | 29 | [[Manachfialta]]<ref name="Manachfialta"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Guta (Chinzechun)|Gůta]]<ref name="Guta">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymo oppido. De hoc ultimo, vide [https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/krieger1904bd1/0422/image,info Topographisches Wörterbuch des Großherzogtums Baden], ubi dicitur "(...) ecclesia Gůta in decanatu Rotwil (...)".</ref> | | ''Gutach'' | align="right" | 29 | [[Chinzechun]]<ref name="Chinzechun"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Hostrahun (Hilaria)|Hostrahun Hilariae]]<ref name="Hostrahun">Fingitur hoc nomen homonymo e fluvio. De cuius ultimi nomine, vide [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9783110338591_A21718271/preview-9783110338591_A21718271.pdf ''Albrecht Greule Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch''].</ref> | |''Ostrach'' | align="right" | 29 | [[Hilaria (flumen)|Hilaria]]<ref name="Hilaria"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Ilaha]]<ref name="Ilaha">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illach#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss wird im Jahr 1060 (''Ilaha'') erstmals urkundlich genannt (...)".</ref> | | ''Illach'' | align="right" | 29 | [[Licus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Lotzmane]]<ref name="Lotzmane">Vide [https://www.rechtskarten.de/karten/kaufunger-wald/ Der Königsforst Kaufunger Wald], ubi dicitur "(...) ''silva que adiacet civitati inter Gelstram et Lotzmane amnes posita'', d.h. bis zur Gelster im Südosten und zur Losse im Südwesten (...)".</ref> | |''Losse'' | align="right" | 29 | [[Fuldaha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Mare Steinhudense]]<ref name="Mare Steinhudense">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo flumine. De hoc flumine, vide [https://books.google.de/books?id=rqboBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA381#v=snippet&q=Meerbach&f=false Etymologie der Gewässernamen], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Meerbach'' (...) riuum quendam effluentem de Stagno quod vocatur mare, 1250 mari (...)". Adiectivum "Steinhudense" refert vicinum ad oppidum Steinhude.</ref> | Mari Steinhudense<ref name="Mare Steinhudense"/> | ''Steinhuder Meerbach'' seu ''Aue'' seu ''Bäke'' | align="right" | 29 | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Marka (flumen)|Marka]] | | ''Marka'' | align="right" | 29 | [[Amisia Sygeltrensis]]<ref name="Sagter Ems">Fingitur hoc hydronymum homonymo ex hydronymo "Amisia" et adiectivo "Sygeltrensis-es". De hydronymis "Amisia" vide {{Graesse}}. De adiectivo "Sygeltrensis-es", vide [articulum Vicipaediae Theodiscae "Saterland"], ubi dicitur "(...) Von der Grafschaft Sögel (''Comitia Sygeltra'') hat das Saterland („Sagelter Land“) auch seinen Namen (...)"</ref> | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Net (Almana)|Net Almanae]]<ref name="Altenau (Alme)"/> | | ''Altenau'' | align="right" | 29 | [[Almana]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Panca]]<ref name="Riedel 1843">Riedel, Adolpho Friderico, auctore (1843). ''Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Sammlung der Urkunden, Chroniken und sonstigen Quellenschriften''. Berolini: F.H. Morin.</ref> | [[Pankowe]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> |''Panke'' | align="right" | 29 | [[Spreha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Rehbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Rehbach'' | align="right" | 29 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Röhr]] | | ''Röhr'' | align="right" | 29 | [[Rura]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Schlucht]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Schlüht<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> |''Schlücht'' | align="right" | 29 | [[Vutahe]]<ref name="Vutahe"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Schwülme]] | | ''Schwülme'' | align="right" | 29 | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Secheimer (Iages)|Secheimer Iagis]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Seccaher<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> Iagis seu Seggaha<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> Iagis seu Sekaha<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> Iagis |''Seckach'' | align="right" | 29 | [[Iages]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Sormitz]] | | ''Sormitz'' | align="right" | 29 | [[Lukavica]]<ref name="Lukavica"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Wetschaft]] | | ''Wetschaft'' | align="right" | 29 | [[Laugana]]<ref name="Murray"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Wirsenicz (Caminizi rivus)|Wirsenicz Caminizi rivi]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Wersnicz Caminizi rivi<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Würschnitz'' seu ''Beuthenbach'' | align="right" | 29 | [[Caminizi rivus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Wuta|Wůta]]<ref name="Wůta">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilde_Gutach#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss wird bei seiner Ersterwähnung im Jahr 1111 als Wůta bezeichnet (...)".</ref> | |''Wilde Gutach'' | align="right" | 29 | [[Helzaha]]<ref name="Helzaha"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Zwinga (Albis)|Zwinga Albis]]<ref name="Zwinga Albis">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymo flumine. De hoc ultimo, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwinge_(Peene)#Geschichten articulum hoc de flumine apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) In einer Urkunde des Herzogs Kasimir II. von 1219 wurde der Bach als „aqua molendini“ (Mühlengewässer) erwähnt.^[4] Die Erwähnung als „''Zwinga''“ erfolgte 1248 in einer Urkunde des Herzogs Wartislaw III. von Pommern-Demmin (...).</ref> | Aqua Molendini Albis<ref name="Zwinga Albis"/> |''Schwinge'' | align="right" | 29 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Amisia Sygeltrensis]]<ref name="Sagter Ems">Fingitur hoc hydronymum homonymo ex hydronymo "Amisia" et adiectivo "Sygeltrensis-es". De hydronymis "Amisia" vide {{Graesse}}. De adiectivo "Sygeltrensis-es", vide [articulum Vicipaediae Theodiscae "Saterland"], ubi dicitur "(...) Von der Grafschaft Sögel (''Comitia Sygeltra'') hat das Saterland („Sagelter Land“) auch seinen Namen (...)"</ref> | | ''Sagter Ems'' seu ''Sater Ems'' | align="right" | 28 | [[Lade]]<ref name="Lade"/> | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Bist]] | | ''Bist'' seu ''Biest'' seu ''Bießt'' | align="right" | 28 | [[Saravus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Breitaha|Breitaha Iagis]]<ref name="Breitaha Iagis">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo flumine. Cui ultimo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | |''Brettach'' | align="right" | 28 | [[Iages]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Dumme Salzwitense]]<ref name="Salzwitense">Gemtilicium "Salzwitense" ad Salzwitam refert. Hoc de oppido, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | |''Salzwedeler Dumme'' | align="right" | 28 | [[Iesne]]<ref name="Iesne"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Elera (Net)|Elera Netensis]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Elra Netensis<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Ellerbach'' seu ''Eller'' | align="right" | 28 | [[Net (Almana)|Net Almanae]]<ref name="Altenau (Alme)"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Esse (Dimel)|Esse Dimelis]] | |''Esse'' | align="right" | 28 | [[Dimel]]<ref name="Dimel"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Garda (Nicer)|Garda]]<ref name="Garda">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lein_(Neckar)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Früher hieß der Bach Gartach (988 ''fluvium Garda''), eine Bezeichnung, die sich außer im Namen einiger Orte am Lauf auch in dem des mittelalterlichen Gartachgaus wiederfindet (...)".</ref> | |''Lein'' seu ''Leinbach'' seu ''Schreckebach'' seu ''Seebach'' seu ''Gartach'' | align="right" | 28 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Hale (Ruma)|Hale]]<ref name="Hale">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hahle_(Rhume)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) ''aquam ... hale'' (...)".</ref> | |''Hahle'' | align="right" | 28 | [[Ruma (Layna)|Ruma]]<ref name="Ruma"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Iutraha (Nicer)|Iutraha Niceri]]<ref name="Iutraha Niceri">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itter_(Neckar)#Etymologie hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die ''Itter'' wird im Jahr 628 (''Iutraha'') erstmals urkundlich erwähnt. Der Name enthielt ursprünglich die Endung -aha, was für „Fließgewässer“ steht. (...)".</ref><ref name=Gr/><ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Yutra<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Iutra<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Iudra<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Euteraha<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Eutere<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> |''Itter'' seu ''Euterbach'' seu ''Itterbach'' | align="right" | 28 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Lutra (Slyphera)|Lutra Slypherae]]<ref name="Lutra"/> | |''Lauter'' | align="right" | 28 | [[Slyrepha (flumen)|Slyrepha]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Mercene]]<ref name="Mercene">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merzbach#Geschichte hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Bei Röhe wurde eine römische Siedlung ausgegraben, die vermutlich ''*Marcianum'' hieß (‚Landgut des Marcius‘) und namensgebend für den Fluss und die Flur war. Der Name ist erstmals 1149 als ''Mercene'' verschriftlicht (...)".</ref> | Marcianum<ref name="Mercene"/> |''Merzbach'' | align="right" | 28 | [[Rura (Eiflensis)|Rura Eiflensis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Mosa]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Mitrana]]<ref name="Mitrana">Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20241007103209/https://www.bietigheim-bissingen.de/fileadmin/user_upload_stadtverwaltung/newsletter/2022/06_Juni_2022/2022_06_30/Anlage_zur_PM__QR-Naturerlebnispfad_Mettertal.pdf QR-Natur- & Kultur-Erlebnisrundgang Mettertal], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Name Metter ist seit der Römerzeit belegt. Die Römer nannten das Flüsschen „Matisa“ und „Fluvius Mitrana“ (...)".</ref> | Matisa | ''Metter'' | align="right" | 28 | [[Enze]]<ref name="Enze"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Netha|Netha Nersae]]<ref name="Netha Nersae">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymo flumine. De hoc ultimo, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nette_(Innerste)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) 1149 wurde der Fluss als „iuxta Netham“ erstmals urkundlich erwähnt (...)".</ref> | |''Nette'' | align="right" | 28 | [[Nersa]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Mosa]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Olef]] | |''Olef'' | align="right" | 28 | [[Urdefa (flumen)|Urdefa]]<ref name="Urdefa"/> | [[Mosa]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Owe Rodenbergense]]<ref name="Owe Rodenbergense">Fingitur hoc hydronymum homonymis e hydronymis "Owe" et "Audan". De hydronymis "Owe" et "Audan" vide [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9783110338591_A21718271/preview-9783110338591_A21718271.pdf ], ubi dicitur "(...) Aue, Name mehrerer Flüsse im Einzugsgebiet von Leine, Unter- und Mittelweser und Unterer Elbe, z. B. Aue (z. Ammersbek z. Alster z. Elbe), 1263 ''ad riuulum, qui dicutur Owe'' (...) Aue, r.z. Leine, entspringt bei Westerhof (Lkr. Northeim, Niedersachsen, D), mündet bei Kreiensen (Lkr. Northeim). – 10. Jh. (Kopie 15. Jh.) ''in flumen Audan et sic per Audan,'' (...)". Gentilicium "Rodenbergense" ad [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodenberg#Geschichte Castrum Rodenbergum] refert.</ref> | |''Rodenberger Aue'' seu ''Aue'' | align="right" | 28 | [[Owe Occidentale]]<ref name="Westaue">Fingitur hoc hydronymum homonymis e hydronymis "Owe" et "Audan". De hydronymis "Owe" et "Audan" vide [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9783110338591_A21718271/preview-9783110338591_A21718271.pdf ], ubi dicitur "(...) Aue, Name mehrerer Flüsse im Einzugsgebiet von Leine, Unter- und Mittelweser und Unterer Elbe, z. B. Aue (z. Ammersbek z. Alster z. Elbe), 1263 ''ad riuulum, qui dicutur Owe'' (...) Aue, r.z. Leine, entspringt bei Westerhof (Lkr. Northeim, Niedersachsen, D), mündet bei Kreiensen (Lkr. Northeim). – 10. Jh. (Kopie 15. Jh.) ''in flumen Audan et sic per Audan,'' (...)". Adiectivo "Occidentale" Theodiscum praefixum ''West-'' vertitur.</ref> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Rivulus Niger (Elisinza)|Rivulus Niger Elisinzae]]<ref name="Rivulus Niger"/> | |''Schwarzbach'' | align="right" | 28 | [[Elisinza]]<ref name="Elisinza"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Raodhaha Caeca]]<ref name="Raodhaha Caeca">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo flumine. Cui ultimo, vide [https://books.google.de/books?id=rqboBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA381#v=snippet&q=Oberrot&f=false Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch]. Adiectivo "caecus-a-um" Theodiscum adiectivum "Blinde" vertitur.</ref> | Rotaha Caeca<ref name="Raodhaha Caeca"/> seu Rota Caeca <ref name="Raodhaha Caeca"/> |''Blinde Rot'' seu ''Adelmannsfelder Rot'' | align="right" | 28 | [[Cochera]]<ref name="Cochera"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Rotaha (Moenus)|Rotaha Moeni]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | |''Rodau'' | align="right" | 28 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Salzbuide]]<ref name="Salzbuide">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzb%C3%B6de#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Erstmalige Erwähnung erfährt die Bezeichnung Salzböde in einer Schenkungsurkunde aus dem 8. Jahrhundert, in der eine Edelfrau namens Adelburch ihre Besitzungen in der mündungsnahen Ortschaft „Salzbutine“ (Salzböden) dem Kloster Fulda überträgt. Im Landfriedensvertrag, den Bischof Wernher von Mainz 1265 mit hessischen Reichsstädten und benachbarten Territorialherren schloss, wird bei der Beschreibung der Grenze im Norden auch der Fluss Salzböde („..., ''et ab illa silva usque ad aquam, que dictur Salzbuide'',...“) (...)".</ref> | Salzbutine<ref name="Salzbuide"/> |''Salzböde'' | align="right" | 28 | [[Laugana]]<ref name="Murray"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Sinna Angusta]]<ref name="Sinna angusta">Vide [https://books.google.de/books?id=rqboBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA381#v=snippet&q=Oberrot&f=false Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch], auctore Alberto Greule. Adiectivum "angustus-a-um", quo Theodiscum adiectivum "Schmale" vertitur, adhibetur ad distinguendum hoc flumen suo ex homonymo flumine.</ref> | Sinne Angustum<ref name="Sinna angusta"/> |''Schmale Sinn'' seu ''Hintere Sinn'' seu ''Kleine Sinn'' | align="right" | 28 | [[Sinna (flumen)|Sinna Salae Moeni]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Aa Fera]]<ref name="Aa Fera">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo flumine. Cui ultimo, vide {{Lexicon Universale}}. Adiectivo "ferus-a-um" Theodiscum adiectivum "Wilde" vertitur.</ref> | Alpha Fera<ref name="Alpha Fera">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo flumine. Cui ultimo, vide {{Graesse}}. Adiectivo "ferus-a-um" Theodiscum adiectivum "Wilde" vertitur.</ref> |''Wilde Aa'' seu ''Aar'' seu ''Ogge'' seu ''Wilde Ah'' seu ''Wilde Aar'' | align="right" | 27 | [[Orcana]]<ref name="Orcana"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Aalbach (Moenus)|Aalbach Moeni]]<ref name="Aalbach Moeni">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo flumine. Cui ultimo, vide [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9783110338591_A21718271/preview-9783110338591_A21718271.pdf ''Albrecht Greule Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch''].</ref> | |''Aalbach'' seu ''Ahlbach'' seu ''Weidengraben'' seu ''Waldbüttelbrunner Augraben'' | align="right" | 27 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Barre]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | |''Kleine Paar'' seu ''Holzheimerbach'' | align="right" | 27 | [[Ach Frewbergense]]<ref name="Frewberga">Adiectivo "Frewbergensis-e" vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Cherse]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Koerse<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Kerse<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Körsch'' seu ''Sindelbach'' seu ''Aischbach'' | align="right" | 27 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Elera (Nava)|Elera Navae]]<ref name="Elera">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellerbach_(Nahe)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) ''super fluuiolum Elera'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Ellerbach'' | align="right" | 27 | [[Nava (flumen)|Nava]]<ref name="Fabricius II 1898"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Ghela]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | |''Gehle'' | align="right" | 27 | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Hamele]]<ref name="Hamele">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamel_(Fluss)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss wird im Jahr 1309 (Hamele) erstmals schriftlich erwähnt (...)".</ref> | |''Hamel'' | align="right" | 27 | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Lara (27 km)|Lara]]<ref name="Lara">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafenlohr_(Fluss)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Im Jahr 772 war sie in der Markbeschreibung der Benediktinerabtei Neustadt am Main erstmals als ''super fluviolum Lara'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Hafenlohr'' | align="right" | 27 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Rivulus Niger Rhenanus Wittlaerensis]]<ref name="Rivulus Niger"/> | |''Schwarzbach'' | align="right" | 27 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Tulba]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | |''Thulba'' | align="right" | 27 | [[Sala (Moenus)|Sala in pago Salvense]]<ref name="Sala in pago"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Wevene]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | |''Wabe'' | align="right" | 27 | [[Schuntra]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Wietze (Ursena)|Wietze Ursenae]] | | ''Wietze'' | align="right" | 27 | [[Ursena]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Withaa]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Withaea<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Widaae<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Hvidaae<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Wiedau'' seu ''Mehlandsbach'' seu ''Delmser Bach'' | align="right" | 27 | [[Wemma]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Bära]] | | ''Bära'' | align="right" | 26 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Canalis (Rura)|Canalis Rurae]]<ref name="Canalis">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymo flumine. De hoc ultimo, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallbach_(Urft)#Name articulum hoc de flumine apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Name könnte sich vom rheinischen Wort Kall(e) für 'Wasserrinne, Straßenrinne' (< lateinisch ''canalis'') herleiten (...).</ref> | | ''Kall'' | align="right" | 26 | [[Rura (Eiflensis)|Rura Eiflensis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Mosa]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Cupfere]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Kuppher<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Chupher<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Kupfer'' | align="right" | 26 | [[Cochera]]<ref name="Cochera"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Ekkerne]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | | ''Ecker'' | align="right" | 26 | [[Ovacra]]<ref name="Ovacra"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Erpe (Tuistina)|Erpe]] | | ''Erpe'' | align="right" | 26 | [[Tuistina (Dimel)|Tuistina]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Extera]]<ref name="Piderit 1846">Piderit, F. C. G. (1846). ''Geschichte der Lippe'schen Lande''. Detmoldae: Meyer.</ref> | | ''Exter'' | align="right" | 26 | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Hardna]]<ref name="Hardna">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aa_(Werre)#Bezeichnung hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Im Mittelalter trug die Aa den Namen „Hardna“, welcher sich vom mittelniederdeutschen Wort hart für 'Bergwald, waldiger Höhenzug' ableite (...)".</ref> | [[Aa (Wachna)|Aa Wachnae]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | ''Aa'' seu ''Johannisbach'' seu ''Westfälische Aa'' | align="right" | 26 | [[Wachna]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Hasalaha (flumen)|Hasalaha Werahae]]<ref name="Hasalaha">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasel_(Werra)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss wird im Jahr 824 als Hasalaha erstmals schriftlich genannt (...)".</ref> | | ''Hasel'' | align="right" | 26 | [[Weraha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Kessach]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Kessha<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Chessa<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Kessach'' seu ''Berolzheimer Kästle'' seu ''Schillingstadter Kästle'' | align="right" | 26 | [[Iages]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Lutra (Nicer)|Lutra Niceri]]<ref name="Lutra"/> | | ''Lauter'' seu ''Lenninger Lauter'' | align="right" | 26 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Lutturu (Amisia)|Lutturu Amisiae]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Lutteru Amisiae<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Lutter'' | align="right" | 26 | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Lutturu (Lachte)|Lutturu Lachtense]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Lutteru Lachtense<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Lutter'' | align="right" | 26 | [[Lachte]] | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Luya (Naba)|Luya Nabae]]<ref name="Luya Nabae">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo flumine. Cui ultimo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | Lia<ref name="Luya Nabae"/> | ''Luhe'' | align="right" | 26 | [[Naba]]<ref name=Gr/><ref name="Naba"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Miele (flumen)|Miele]] | | ''Miele'' | align="right" | 26 | [[Mare Germanicum]] | [[Miele (flumen)|Miele]] |- | [[Mosalbe]]<ref name="Mosalbe">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moosalbe_(Schwarzbach)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss wurde im Jahr 1180 erstmals urkundlich erwähnt (''Mosalbe'') (...)".</ref> | | ''Moosalbe'' seu ''Moosalb'' | align="right" | 26 | [[Burchalben]]<ref name="Burchalben"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Nisa (flumen)|Nisa]]<ref name="Nisa">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niese_(Emmer)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss wurde im Jahr 1005 als ''Nisa'' erstmals schriftlich erwähnt (...)".</ref> | | ''Niese'' | align="right" | 26 | [[Emmera]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Othmunda]]<ref name="Ochtum"/> | | ''Ochtum'' | align="right" | 26 | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Rotina (Itessa)|Rotina Itessae]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Rotene Itessae<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Röthen'' seu ''Röden'' | align="right" | 26 | [[Itessa]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Scherkonde]] | | ''Scherkonde'' | align="right" | 26 | [[Laz (flumen)|Laz]]<ref name="Laz"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Schoza]]<ref name="Schoza">Vide [https://dokumen.pub/deutsches-gewssernamenbuch-etymologie-der-gewssernamen-und-der-zugehrigen-gebiets-siedlungs-und-flurnamen-9783110338591-9783110190397-9783110578911.html dokumen.pub], ubi dicitur "(...) aput Schozam (...)".</ref> | | ''Schozach'' | align="right" | 26 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Steinlach]] | | ''Steinlach'' | align="right" | 26 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Stobrava]]<ref name="Stobrava">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B6bber#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) ''fluuium qui Stoborov nuncupatur'' (...) ''super Stobravam'' (...)".</ref> | Stoborov<ref name="Stobrava"/> | ''Stöbber'' seu ''Stobber'' seu ''Stobberow'' | align="right" | 26 | [[Antiquus Viadrus]]<ref name="Antiquus Viadrus"/> | [[Viadrus]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Sulmana (flumen)|Sulmana]]<ref name="Sulmana">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulm_(Neckar)#Geschichte hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) ''villa sulmana'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Sulm'' | align="right" | 26 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Weraha (Rhenus)|Weraha Rheni]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Werra Rheni<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Wehra'' | align="right" | 26 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Wieste]] | | ''Wieste'' | align="right" | 26 | [[Wemma]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Aqua Kotitzensis]]<ref name="Aqua Kotitzensis">Nomine "Aqua" Theodiscum nomen ''Wasser'' et gentilicio "Kotitzensis-e" Theodiscum gentilicium "Kotitzer" vertitur.</ref> | | ''Kotitzer Wasser'' | align="right" | 25 | [[Lubetowe]]<ref name="Lubetowe"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Aschau (Lachte)|Aschau]] | | ''Aschau'' | align="right" | 25 | [[Lachte]] | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Au Soholmense]]<ref name="Soholmense">Gentilicio "Soholmensis-e" Theodiscum gentilicium "Soholmer" vertitur.</ref> | Å Soholmense<ref name="Soholmense"/> | ''Soholmer Au'' | align="right" | 25 | [[Canalis Bongsielensis]]<ref name="Bongsielensis">Gentilicio "Bongsielensis-e" Theodiscum gentilicium "Bongsieler" vertitur.</ref> | [[Canalis Bongsielensis]]<ref name="Bongsielensis">Gentilicio "Bongsielensis-e" Theodiscum gentilicium "Bongsieler" vertitur.</ref> |- | [[Bresnica]]<ref name="Bresnica">Vide [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/268003452.pdf Historisches Ortsnamenbuch von Sachsen], ubi dicitur "(...) Beispiele hierfür sind Ortsnamen wie 11. Jh. ''Bresnica'' Prießnitz, (...)".</ref> | | ''Prießnitz'' | align="right" | 25 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Elsava]] | | ''Elsava'' | align="right" | 25 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Gerstenbacum (Plissa)|Gerstenbacum Plissae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Gerstenbach'' | align="right" | 25 | [[Plissa]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Gimmlitium]]<ref name="-itium"/> | | ''Gimmlitz'' | align="right" | 25 | [[Mulda Fribergensis]]<ref name="MF"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Heimbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Heimbach'' | align="right" | 25 | [[Glatta (Rhenus)|Glatta Rheni]]<ref name="Glatta">Fingitur hydronymum homonymo ex hydronymo Helvetico apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Kossau]] | | ''Kossau'' | align="right" | 25 | [[Lacus Tresdorfensis]]<ref name="Tresdorfensis">Hoc de gentilicio, confer scientificum epithetum "Tresdorfensis".</ref> | [[Kossau]] |- | [[Luppa (flumen)|Luppa]]<ref name="Luppa">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luppe_(Fluss) hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss wurde 1216 als „Luppa fluvio“ erstmals urkundlich erwähnt (...)".</ref> | | ''Luppe'' | align="right" | 25 | [[Sala (flumen)|Sala]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Muda (flumen)|Muda]]<ref name="Billbach"/> | | ''Mud'' seu ''Mudau'' seu ''Mudbach'' | align="right" | 25 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Net Guelpherbytense]]<ref name="Net Guelpherbytense">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo flumine. Cui ultimo, vide [https://dokumen.pub/deutsches-gewssernamenbuch-etymologie-der-gewssernamen-und-der-zugehrigen-gebiets-siedlungs-und-flurnamen-9783110338591-9783110190397-9783110578911.html dokumen.pub], ubi dicitur "(...) sursum usque Net (...)". Gentilicium "Guelpherbytense" ad [[Guelpherbytum]] refert.</ref> | | ''Altenau'' | align="right" | 25 | [[Ovacra]]<ref name="Ovacra"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Ohe Magnum]]<ref name="Große">Adiectivo "magnus-a-um" Theodiscum adiectivum "Große" vertitur.</ref> | | ''Große Ohe'' | align="right" | 25 | [[Ilissus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Osa (flumen)|Osa]]<ref name="Osa">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oos_(Fluss)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Erstmals urkundlich erwähnt wird der Fluss im 9. Jahrhundert als ''Osa fluvio'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Oos'' seu ''Oosbach'' | align="right" | 25 | [[Murga (Nigra silva septentrionalis)|Murga Nigra silva septentrionalis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Purnitium]]<ref name="-itium"/> | | ''Purnitz'' seu ''Kleine Jeetze'' | align="right" | 25 | [[Iesne]]<ref name="Iesne"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Russella (Albis)|Russella Albis]]<ref name="Russella Albis">Fingitur hydronymum homonymo ex hydronymo apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> | | ''Rossel'' | align="right" | 25 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Schmalkalde]] | | ''Schmalkalde'' | align="right" | 25 | [[Weraha|Weraha Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Seidewitium (flumen)|Seidewitium]]<ref name="-itium"/> | | ''Seidewitz'' | align="right" | 25 | [[Gotlavia]]<ref name="Gotlavia"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Smiehe]]<ref name="Smiehe">Vide [https://dokumen.pub/deutsches-gewssernamenbuch-etymologie-der-gewssernamen-und-der-zugehrigen-gebiets-siedlungs-und-flurnamen-9783110338591-9783110190397-9783110578911.html dokumen.pub], ubi dicitur "(...) Schmiech, die, l.z. Donau, entspringt oberhalb von Springen (Gundershofen, Stadt Schelklingen, AlbDonau-Kreis, B.-W., D) aus einer ergiebigen Karstquelle, mündet südlich von Ehingen (Alb-DonauKreis). – 1298 fluvium … Smiehe (...)".</ref> | | ''Schmiech'' | align="right" | 25 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Steina (Mogus Rufus)|Steina Mogi Rufi]]<ref name="Steina Calida">Fingitur hoc nomen ex adiectivo "calidus-a-um" -Theodiscum adiectivum ''Warme'' vertente- et homonymo flumine Theodisce ''Steinach''. De hoc ultimo, vide [https://books.google.de/books?id=rqboBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA381#v=snippet&q=Steina&f=false ''Albrecht Greule Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch''].</ref> | | ''Warme Steinach'' | align="right" | 25 | [[Mogus rufus|Mogus Rufus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Stillach]] | | ''Stillach'' | align="right" | 25 | [[Hilaria (flumen)|Hilaria]]<ref name="Hilaria"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Swarza Bavarica]]<ref name="Swarza Bavarica">Fingitur hoc hydronymum homonymo ex hydronymo "Swarza". Hoc de hydronymo ultimo, vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzach_(Naab) hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Bereits 1250 wurde die „Swarza“ erwähnt (...)". Gentilicum "Bavaricus-a-um" Theodiscum ''Bayerische'' vertit.</ref> | | ''Bayerische Schwarzach'' | align="right" | 25 | [[Swarza]]<ref name="Swarza"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Trierbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Trierbach'' | align="right" | 25 | [[Ara (flumen)|Ara]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Tymanize]]<ref name="Tymanize">Vide [https://mvdok.lbmv.de/mjbrenderer?id=mvdok_document_00002845 Jahrbücher des Vereins für meklenburgische Geschichte und Alterthumskunde], ubi dicitur "(...) Temnitz, Bach bei Netzeband, 1232 super Tymanize fluuium (...)".</ref> | |''Temnitz'' seu ''Hellbach'' seu ''Sandfurthgraben'' | align="right" | 25 | [[Plane (flumen)|Plane]] | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Verse]] | | ''Verse'' | align="right" | 25 | [[Lena (Rura)|Lena]]<ref name="Lena"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Waldaha]]<ref name="Waldaha">Vide [https://dokumen.pub/deutsches-gewssernamenbuch-etymologie-der-gewssernamen-und-der-zugehrigen-gebiets-siedlungs-und-flurnamen-9783110338591-9783110190397-9783110578911.html dokumen.pub], ubi dicitur "(...) iuxta Waldaha (...)".</ref> | | ''Waldach'' | align="right" | 25 | [[Nagalda (flumen)|Nagalda]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Warne]] | | ''Warne'' | align="right" | 25 | [[Ovacra]]<ref name="Ovacra"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Wesebach]]<ref name="Wesebach">Confer [https://www.google.com/search?q=+%22Wesebach+et+campo+Gallendal+%22&client=firefox-b-d&sca_esv=a5db118e05c2ad26&biw=1275&bih=280&ei=pZkCZ-SEMre7i-gP-JWo0Q8&ved=0ahUKEwik6-nn9vmIAxW33QIHHfgKKvoQ4dUDCA8&uact=5&oq=+%22Wesebach+et+campo+Gallendal+%22&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiHyAiV2VzZWJhY2ggZXQgY2FtcG8gR2FsbGVuZGFsICJIpzdQ6QNY6xhwAXgAkAEAmAG4AaABmwqqAQMwLjm4AQPIAQD4AQL4AQGYAgGgAsQBwgIFECEYoAGYAwCIBgGSBwMwLjGgB8wI&sclient=gws-wiz-serp hos exitūs] e [[Google|Gugulā]], ubi dicitur "(...) Wesebach et campo Gallendal et termini earum der Speyrer Domkirche (...)".</ref> | | ''Wesebach'' seu ''Wese'' | align="right" | 25 | [[Adrana]]<ref name="Adrana"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Ziethe]] | | ''Ziethe'' | align="right" | 25 | [[Fona]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |} ===Flumina inter 24 et 20 chiliometra longa=== Inferiori in tabulā, solum apparent flumina inter 24 et 20 chiliometra aut amplius longa: {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" | [[Fluvius]] ! scope="col" | Alia nomina [[lingua Latina|Latina]] ! scope="col" | Nomen [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscum]] ! scope="col" | Longitudo (km) ! scope="col" | [[Ostium fluminis|Ostium]] ! scope="col" | [[Systema fluviorum|Systema]] |- | [[Affata]]<ref name="Affata">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afte#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Erstbeleg von 1306 lautet ''inter fluvium Affatam'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Afte'' seu ''Wiele'' | align="right" | 24 | [[Almana]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Berentraph (flumen)|Berentraph]]<ref name="Berentraph">Fingitur nomen huius fluminis ex oppido homonymo. Latino de nomine huius oppidi, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferndorf_(Kreuztal)#Geschichte articulum de hoc oppido apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Erstmals urkundlich erwähnt wurde der Ort unter dem Namen „Berentraph“ bereits 1067 und ist somit einer der ältesten Orte des Siegerlandes (...)".</ref> | | ''Ferndorfbach'' seu ''Ferndorf'' | align="right" | 24 | [[Sega]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Brenza]]<ref name="Brenza">Vide [https://dokumen.pub/deutsches-gewssernamenbuch-etymologie-der-gewssernamen-und-der-zugehrigen-gebiets-siedlungs-und-flurnamen-9783110338591-9783110190397-9783110578911.html dokumen.pub], ubi dicitur "(...) Brettenbach r.z. Elz (z. Rhein) (...) super fluvium Brancia, (1143) aquam Bretten (...) super fluvium Brenze, lich), /br˛edebax/, 1317–41 an der Brettennun, iuxta (um 774, Original) super fluvium Brancia, (1143) aquam Bretten, (...) prope fluvium Brenza (...)".</ref> | Brancia<ref name="Brenza"/> seu Bretten<ref name="Brenza"/> seu Brenze<ref name="Brenza"/> | ''Brettenbach'' | align="right" | 24 | [[Helzaha]]<ref name="Helzaha"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Chivirinis]]<ref name="Chivirinis">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieferbach#Namensdeutung hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Bach tritt im 13. Jh. mit der Form ''ad locum … Chivirinis Ursprinch'' („Quelle des Kieferbachs“) erstmals urkundlich in Erscheinung (...)".</ref> | | ''Kieferbach'' seu ''Thierseer Ache'' seu ''Klausbach'' seu ''Klausenbach'' | align="right" | 24 | [[Aenus (flumen)|Aenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Dellina]]<ref name="Dellina">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalke#Geschichte hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die erste urkundliche Erwähnung des Flusses stammt aus dem Jahr 1001. Die „Dellina“ bzw. „Delchana“ bildete die Grenze des Paderborner Forstbannes (...)".</ref> | Delchana |''Dalke'' seu ''Dalkebach'' seu ''Bullerbach'' | align="right" | 24 | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Dietsulze]]<ref name="Dietsulze">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietzh%C3%B6lze#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) 1048 noch als Dietsulze bezeichnet, wurde der Name in der Neuzeit zu Dietzhölze umgedeutet (...)".</ref> | Dietsulza<ref name="Dietsulza">Vide [https://dokumen.pub/deutsches-gewssernamenbuch-etymologie-der-gewssernamen-und-der-zugehrigen-gebiets-siedlungs-und-flurnamen-9783110338591-9783110190397-9783110578911.html dokumen.pub], ubi dicitur "(...) Kyrorsum Dietsulzam (...)".</ref> | ''Dietzhölze'' | align="right" | 24 | [[Dillena]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Erlenbacum Bieringenense|Erlenbacum Bieringenense]]<ref name="-bacum"/><ref name="Bieringen">Gentilicium "Bieringense" ad oppidum Bieringen refertur.</ref> | | ''Erlenbach'' | align="right" | 24 | [[Iages]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Fehntjer Tief]] | | ''Fehntjer Tief'' | align="right" | 24 | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Gohbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | |''Gohbach'' | align="right" | 24 | [[Alara]]<ref name=Gr/><ref name="Aller"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Gundbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Gundbach'' seu ''Hengstbach'' | align="right" | 24 | [[Rivulus Niger Ginsheimensis Rhenanus]]<ref name="Rivulus Niger"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Herloga]]<ref name="Herloga">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harle_(Fluss)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss tritt in dem Gaunamen ''pagus Herloga'' um das Jahr 1100 erstmals urkundlich in Erscheinung (...)".</ref> | | ''Harle'' | align="right" | 24 | [[Mare Germanicum]] | [[Herloga]]<ref name="Herloga"/> |- | [[Hlunia]]<ref name="Hlunia">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenne_(Weser)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss wurde im Jahr 1007 als ''in Hluniam'' zum ersten Mal schriftlich erwähnt (...)".</ref> | | ''Lenne'' | align="right" | 24 | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Klingengraben (Vutahe)|Klingengraben Vutahense]] | |''Klingengraben'' | align="right" | 24 | [[Vutahe]]<ref name="Vutahe"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Lockwitzbacum (Albis)|Lockwitzbacum Albis]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Lockwitzbach'' | align="right" | 24 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Lungwitzbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Lungwitzbach'' seu ''Lungwitz'' | align="right" | 24 | [[Mulda Zviccaviensis]]<ref name="MZ"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Maior Strigus]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Maior Striguz<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Striguz<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Strigucz<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Kleine Striegis'' | align="right" | 24 | [[Stregus]]<ref name="Stregus"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Nassaha (Moenus)|Nassaha Moeni]]<ref name="Nassaha">Fingitur nomen huius fluminis ex homonymo oppido. Latino de nomine huius oppidi, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | | ''Nassach'' | align="right" | 24 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Pleisa]]<ref name="Pleisa">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleisbach#Etymologie hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Das Gewässer wurde im Jahr 948 als ''pleisa'' erstmals urkundlich erwähnt (...)".</ref> | | ''Pleisbach'' seu ''Pleissbach'' | align="right" | 24 | [[Sega]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Praitahe]]<ref name="Praitahe">Vide [https://texte.volare.vorarlberg.at/viewer/fulltext/VLB0067946/133/ Der Mittelberg. Geschichte, Landes- und Volkskunde des ehemaligen gleichnamigen Gerichtes], ubi dicitur "(...) Hinc sursum per illud flumen ilara usque ad ostium praitahe (Breitach.) (...)".</ref> | |''Breitach'' | align="right" | 24 | [[Hilaria (flumen)|Hilaria]]<ref name="Hilaria"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Rota (Redniz)|Rota Rednizensis]]<ref name="Rota Rednizensis">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymis oppidis Theodisce ''Roth''. De hoc ultimo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | |''Roth'' | align="right" | 24 | [[Redniz]]<ref name="Radiantia, Rezat, Redniz"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Scaflenze (Iages)|Scaflenze Iagis]]<ref name="Scaflenze Iagis">Fingitur hydronymum homonymo ex hydronymo apud [https://books.google.de/books?id=rqboBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA381#v=snippet&q=Oberrot&f=false Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch].</ref> | Scaflenzen Iagis<ref name="Scaflenze Iagis"/> seu Scaflenza Iagis<ref name="Scaflenze Iagis"/> | ''Schefflenz'' | align="right" | 24 | [[Iages]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Surdafalacha]]<ref name="Surdafalacha">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietzh%C3%B6lze#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Unterlauf wird 793 als Surdafalacha (lat. surda ='die Taube') erstmals urkundlich genannt (...)".</ref> | | ''Fallbach'' | align="right" | 24 | [[Kincicha]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Wickera]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Wykara<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Wickere<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Wickerbach'' | align="right" | 24 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Wisilaffa]]<ref name="Wisilaffa">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wieslauf#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die Wieslauf wird 1027 als ''Wisilaffa'' erstmals urkundlich erwähnt (...)".</ref> | | ''Wieslauf'' | align="right" | 24 | [[Remisus]]<ref name="Remisus"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Wiske]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Wisicher<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Wisicheim<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Wisicha<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Wiseche<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Wiseke<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Wyseche<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Wieseck'' | align="right" | 24 | [[Laugana]]<ref name="Murray">{{Murray}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Achaza]]<ref name="Achaza">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echaz#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss wird 938 als Achaza erstmals schriftlich erwähnt (...)".</ref> | | ''Echaz'' | align="right" | 23 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Alara Parva]]<ref name="Alara Parva">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo flumine maiore. Cui ultimo, vide articulum [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aller_(Germany) hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Anglicam], ubi dicitur "The river's name, which was recorded in 781 as ''Alera'', in 803 as ''Elera'', in 1096 as ''Alara'' (...)". Adiectivo "parvus-a-um" Theodiscum adiectivum "Kleine" vertitur.</ref> | Alera Parva<ref name="Alara Parva"/> seu Elera Parva<ref name="Alara Parva"/> | ''Kleine Aller'' | align="right" | 23 | [[Alara]]<ref name=Gr/><ref name="Aller"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Alinde]]<ref name="Alinde">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elte_(Fluss)#Namen hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der erste Namensbeleg ist ''Alinde'' (1014) und im späteren Mittelalter wird er als „ellna“ bezeichnet (...) wurde erstmals 1075 „in Elenen“ erwähnt. 1121 war bereits von einer „capella in Elnde“ die Rede. 1138 wurde er als „Elendi“ und 1304 als „in Elende“ benannt (...)".</ref> | Ellna<ref name="Alinde"/> seu Elenen<ref name="Alinde"/> seu Elnde<ref name="Alinde"/> seu Elendi<ref name="Alinde"/> seu Elende<ref name="Alinde"/> | ''Elte'' | align="right" | 23 | [[Weraha|Weraha Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Ambera]]<ref name=Gr/> | Ambra<ref name=Gr/> | ''Ammer'' | align="right" | 23 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Boda Calida]]<ref name="Boda Calida">Fingitur hoc nomen ex adiectivo "calidus-a-um" -Theodiscum adiectivum ''Warme'' vertente- et homonymo flumine Theodisce ''Bode''. De hoc ultimo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | | ''Warme Bode'' | align="right" | 23 | [[Boda]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Garthe]]<ref name="Garthe">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garte#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die ''Garte'' wird im Jahr 1325 erstmals urkundlich erwähnt (meatus fluuij … ''Garthe'') (...)".</ref> | | ''Garte'' | align="right" | 23 | [[Layna]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Gisala]]<ref name="Meibom 1688">Meibom, Henrico, auctore (1688); ''Rerum Germanicarum Scriptores''. Helmaestadii: Typis & sumtibus Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii.</ref> | Geysla<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Geizle<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu [[Geisla]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Geisel'' | align="right" | 23 | [[Klia]] | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Henne (flumen)|Henne]] | |''Henne'' | align="right" | 23 | [[Rura]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Holzape]] | | ''Holzape'' | align="right" | 23 | [[Dimel]]<ref name="Dimel"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Hombacum (Othmunda)|Hombacum Othmundae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Hombach'' | align="right" | 23 | [[Othmunda]]<ref name="Ochtum"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Iachna]]<ref name="Iachna">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jachen#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss Jachen wird 1313 als Jachna (...)".</ref> | | ''Jachen'' | align="right" | 23 | [[Isara (Bavaricus)|Isara]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Iazaha (Fuldaha)|Iazaha Fuldahae]]<ref name="Iazaha Fuldahae">Fingitur hydronymum homonymo ex hydronymo. Homonymo de flumine, vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jossa_(Sinn)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss wurde ursprünglich Jazaha^[6]und später Jos^[7] genannt (...)".</ref><ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | | ''Jossa'' | align="right" | 23 | [[Fuldaha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Lara (23 km)|Lara]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | | ''Lohr'' | align="right" | 23 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Medemahem]]<ref name="Medemahem">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medem_(Fluss)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die erste schriftliche Erwähnung gab es im Jahr 860 als ''Medemahem'' (...)".</ref> | |''Medem'' | align="right" | 23 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Niusta]]<ref name="Niusta">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCst#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss wurde 980 als ''Niusta'' erstmals schriftlich erwähnt (...)".</ref> | | ''Nüst'' | align="right" | 23 | [[Huna]]<ref name="Huna"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Sehma (flumen)|Sehma]] | | ''Sehma'' | align="right" | 23 | [[Scopa (flumen)|Scopa]]<ref name="Albinus 1590"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Steinebacum (Chinzechun)|Steinebacum Chinzechunis]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Steinebach'' seu ''Steinaubach'' seu ''Steineaubach'' | align="right" | 23 | [[Chinzechun]]<ref name="Chinzechun"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Umlach]] | |''Umlach'' | align="right" | 23 | [[Riussaia]]<ref name="Riussaia"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Uotenbach]]<ref name="Outenbach">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odenbach_(Glan)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der namensgleiche Ort Odenbach wurde 841 als Uotenbach erstmals urkundlich genannt (...)".</ref> | | ''Odenbach'' | align="right" | 23 | [[Glan (Nava)|Glan Navae]]<ref name="Glan Navae"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Wickriede]] | | ''Wickriede'' | align="right" | 23 | [[Owe Magnum]]<ref name="Owe Magnum"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Ascafa]]<ref name="Ascafa">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aschaff#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der ursprüngliche Name Ascafa (980) (...)".</ref> | | ''Aschaff'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Awinpach (Lara)|Awinpach Larae]]<ref name="Awinpach Larae">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo flumine. Cui ultimo, vide [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9783110338591_A21718271/preview-9783110338591_A21718271.pdf ''Albrecht Greule Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch''].</ref> | |''Aubach'' seu ''Wiesenbach'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Lara (23 km)|Lara]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Bibers]]<ref name="Bibers">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibers#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(„in ripa … Bibers“) (...)".</ref> | |''Bibers'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Cochera]]<ref name="Cochera"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Blavius]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | | ''Blau'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Bomlitium]]<ref name="-itium"/> | | ''Bomlitz'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Böhme (flumen)|Böhme]] | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Dickelsbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Dickelsbach'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Elbena]]<ref name="Elbena">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbbach_(Sieg) hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) ''usque in Elbenam'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Elbbach'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Sega]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Endert]] | | ''Endert'' seu ''Endertbach'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Mosella (flumen)|Mosella]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Finkenbacum (Laxbacum)|Finkenbacum Laxbacense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Finkenbach'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Laxbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Fliedina]]<ref name="Fliedina">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fliede#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) In den ersten schriftlichen Erwähnungen aus dem 9. Jahrhundert wird der Fluss ''Fliedina'' genannt (...)".</ref> | |''Fliede'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Fuldaha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Geysaha]]<ref name="Geysaha">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geisbach#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Erstmals schriftlich genannt wird der ''Geisbach'' in einer gefälschten Urkunde, die vor dem Jahr 1057 erstellt wurde. In dieser wird der Fluss als ''Geysaha'' bezeichne (...)".</ref> | | ''Geisbach'' seu ''Geis'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Fuldaha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Grintahe]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Gerffe<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Grintiffa<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Grintafo<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Grintafus<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Grintafum<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Grintifa<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Grenff'' seu ''Grenf'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Sualmanaha]]<ref name="Sualmanaha"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Hiedraha]]<ref name="Hiedraha">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idarbach_(Nahe)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die erste schriftliche Erwähnung fand im Jahr 897 (''Hiedraha'') statt (...)".</ref> | | ''Idarbach'' seu ''Idar'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Nava (flumen)|Nava]]<ref name="Fabricius II 1898"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Iatha]]<ref name="Iatha">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_(Fluss)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Das Wort ''Jade'' (1314: ''Jatha'') ist schwer zu deuten (...)".</ref> | | ''Jade'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Sinus Iathae]]<ref name="Iatha"/> | [[Iatha]]<ref name="Iatha"/> |- | [[Kropsbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Kropsbach'' seu ''Krebsbach'' seu ''Altenbach'' seu ''Mühlbachgraben'' seu ''Schlaggraben'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Spira (Rhenus)|Spira Rheni]]<ref name="Spira"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Lamma]]<ref name="Lamma">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamme_(Fluss)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die erste schriftliche Nennung erfolgte im Jahr 1065 als ''Lamma'' (...)".</ref> | |''Lamme'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Indistra]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref><ref name="Indistra"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Lee (Vidrus)|Lee]] | | ''Lee'' seu ''Kleine Lee" | align="right" | 22 | [[Vidrus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Lacus Yssel]] |- | [[Livianum]]<ref name="Livianum">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibi#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Name geht wohl auf einen römischen Ortsnamen Līviānum mit der Bedeutung (...)".</ref> | | ''Leibi'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Longna]]<ref name="Longna">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laugna_(Fluss)#Geschichte hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der ursprüngliche keltische Name „Longna“ wurde von den römischen Besatzern (15 v. Chr.) übernommen.[3] Um 890 wird der Fluss als ''Logena'' erstmals urkundlich erwähnt (...)".</ref> | Logena |''Laugna'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Duria (Danubius)|Duria Danubii]]<ref name="Duria"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Lutra (Bunaha)|Lutra Bunahae]]<ref name="Lutra"/> | | ''Lauter'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Bunaha (flumen)|Bunaha]]<ref name="Bunaha"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Malefinkbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | |''Malefinkbach'' seu ''Malefink'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Rura (Eiflensis)|Rura Eiflensis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Mosa]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Mittweida Magna]]<ref name="Große">Adiectivo "magnus-a-um" Theodiscum adiectivum "Große" vertitur.</ref> | | ''Große Mittweida'' seu ''Mitteweida'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Nigra Aqua (Mulda Zviccaviensis)|Nigra Aqua Muldae]]<ref name="Nigra Aqua"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Morre (Billbach)|Morre]] | | ''Morre'' seu ''Saubach'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Billbach (Muda)|Billbach]]<ref name="Billbach"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Mota (flumen)|Mota]]<ref name="Mota">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehe#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) 786 wird der Fluss als ''Motam'' erstmals urkundlich erwähnt (...)".</ref> | |''Mehe'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Osta (flumen)|Osta]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Murga (Nigra silva meridionalis)|Murga Nigra Silvae Meridionalis]]<ref name=Gr/> | |''Murg'' seu ''Hauensteiner Murg'' seu ''Obere Murg'' seu ''Murgbach'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Na de Owe]]<ref name="Na de Owe">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostenau#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "Die ersten schriftlichen Namensbelege des Gewässers sind „na de Owe“ (1512) (...)".</ref> | | ''Ostenau'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Arle (flumen)|Arle]]<ref name="Arle"/> | [[Arle (flumen)|Arle]]<ref name="Arle"/> |- | [[Natergowe]]<ref name="Natergowe">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notter_(Unstrut)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Flussname erscheint erstmals im Jahr 997 als Gauname ''Natergowe'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Notter'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Onestrudis]]<ref name="Onestrudis"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Nava (Schleuse)|Nava Schleusensis]]<ref name="Nava Schleusensis">Fingitur hydronymum homonymo ex hydronymo Rhenano. Hoc de ultimo, vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahe_(Rhein) hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "Die '''Nahe''' (lateinisch ''Nava'', ursprünglich keltisch ''Wilder Fluss'') (...)".</ref> | | ''Nahe'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Schleuse]] | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Nigra Aqua (Presnitium)|Nigra Aqua Presnitzensis]]<ref name="Nigra Aqua Presnitzensis">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo Helvetico. Cui ultimo, vide [https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/000914/2016-09-26/ Neirivue], ubi dicitur "Ehemalige politische Gemeinde FR, Bezirk Greyerz, am linken Saaneufer. 2002 mit Albeuve, Lessoc und Montbovon zur neuen Gemeinde Haut-Intyamon fusioniert. 1277 ''Nigra aqua'', früher dt. ''Schwarzwasser'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Schwarzwasser'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Presnitium (flumen)|Presnitium]]<ref name="-itium"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Nyeste]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | |''Nieste'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Fuldaha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Radaha Fera]]<ref name="Radaha Fera">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo flumine. Cui ultimo, vide {{Graesse}}. Adiectivo "ferus-a-um" Theodiscum adiectivum "Wilde" vertitur.</ref> | | ''Wilde Rodach'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Radaha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Rotbacum (Rhenus)|Rotbacum Rheni]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | |''Rotbach'' seu ''Vennbach'' seu ''Ebersbach'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Rotina (Mulda Zviccaviensis)|Rotina Muldae Zviccaviensis]]<ref name="Rotina Muldae Zviccaviensis">Fingitur hoc hydronymum homonymis ex hydronymis "Rotina" seu "Rotene". His de hydronymis, vide [https://dokumen.pub/deutsches-gewssernamenbuch-etymologie-der-gewssernamen-und-der-zugehrigen-gebiets-siedlungs-und-flurnamen-9783110338591-9783110190397-9783110578911.html dokumen.pub], ubi dicitur "(...) Rödelbach Steinach (Lkr. Sonneberg, Thüringen, D), mündet in Rödental (Lkr. Coburg, Bayern). – /rü5dn/, ON. Mönchröden (Stadt Rödental, Lkr. Coburg), 1108 (Kopie 12. Jh.) Rotina, 1171 Rotene (...)".</ref> | Rotene Muldae Zviccaviensis | ''Rödelbach'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Mulda Zviccaviensis]]<ref name="MZ"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Savus Ferus]]<ref name="Savus Ferus">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex paronymo flumine etymologice relato [[Savus|Savo]] seu Sao. Cui ultimo, vide [[:de:Wilde Sau (Fluss)#Name]], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Name ist wahrscheinlich slawischen Ursprungs, was auch die Namen benachbarter Elbezuflüsse nahelegen. Es könnte dieselbe sprachliche Wurzel wie bei dem Donauzufluss Sava/Save zugrunde liegen (...)". "Savus" est versio Latina Theodisci hydronymi ''Save''. Adiectivo "parvus-a-um" Theodiscum adiectivum ''Kleine'' vertiturAdiectivo "ferus-a-um" Theodiscum adiectivum "Wilde" vertitur.</ref> | Saus Ferus<ref name="Savus Ferus"/> | ''Wilde Sau'' seu ''Saubach'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Sechta Unterschneidheimensis]]<ref name="Unterschneidheimensis">Gentilicium "Unterschneidheimensis" ad oppidum [[Unterschneidheim]] refertur.</ref> | |''Schneidheimer Sechta'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Agira (Werenza)|Agira Werenzae]]<ref name="Agira"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Seebacum (Radiantia)|Seebacum Radiantiae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Seebach'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Canalis inter Moenum et Danubium]] | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Steinhaha (Neckarsteinach)|Steinhaha Neckarsteinachensis]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Steinaha Neckarsteinachensis<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> |''Steinach'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Sulaha (Weraha)|Sulaha Werahae]]<ref name="Sulaha">Vide [https://dokumen.pub/deutsches-gewssernamenbuch-etymologie-der-gewssernamen-und-der-zugehrigen-gebiets-siedlungs-und-flurnamen-9783110338591-9783110190397-9783110578911.html dokumen.pub], ubi dicitur "(...) Suhl, l.z. Werra (...) in fluvium Sulaha (...)".</ref> | | ''Suhl'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Weraha|Weraha Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Sydene]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | | ''Siede'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Owe Magnum]]<ref name="Owe Magnum"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Watter]] | |''Watter'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Tuistina (Dimel)|Tuistina]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Wida (Zurrega)|Wida Zurregae]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | | ''Wieda'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Zurrega (flumen)|Zurrega]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Zaberkou]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Zabernahgouwe<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Zabernogovi<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Zaberenkowe<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Zaber'' | align="right" | 22 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Ahbacum (Ara)|Ahbacum Arae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | Alia nomina | ''Ahbach'' | align="right" | 21 | [[Ara (flumen)|Ara]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Ana (flumen)|Ána]]<ref name="Ana">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahne_(Fulda)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "Der Erstbeleg des Namens stammt aus dem Jahr 1154 ''fluvium Ána'' (...)".</ref> | |''Ahne'' seu ''Ahna'' seu ''Ahnabach'' | align="right" | 21 | [[Fuldaha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Ardaha]]<ref name="Ardaha">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aar_(Dill)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "Im Althochdeutschen noch als Ardaha (Erwähnung 856) bezeichnet, (...)".</ref> | |''Aar'' | align="right" | 21 | [[Dillena]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Asdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> | |''Asdorf'' seu ''Asdorfer Bach'' seu ''Weibe'' | align="right" | 21 | [[Sega]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Beke]] | |''Beke'' | align="right" | 21 | [[Warnou]]<ref name="Warnou"/> | [[Warnou]]<ref name="Warnou"/> |- | [[Beysa]]<ref name="Beysa">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beise_(Fulda)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss wird 1521 erstmals urkundlich genannt (''Beysa'') (...)".</ref> | |''Beise'' seu ''Beisebach'' | align="right" | 21 | [[Fuldaha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Chinzechun Parvum]]<ref name="Chinzechun Parvum">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo flumine. Cui ultimo, vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinzig_(Rhein)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) 1099: ''ad Chinzechun; ad aliam Chinzichun''[6] 1128: ''flumen'' [Fluss] ''Kinzicha, flumen Kynzichun, ad aliam Kynzicham'' (...)" Adiectivo "parvus-a-um" Theodiscum adiectivum "Kleine" vertitur.</ref> | Chinzichun Parvum<ref name="Chinzechun Parvum"/> seu Kinzicha Parva<ref name="Chinzechun Parvum"/> seu Kynzichun Parvum<ref name="Chinzechun Parvum"/> seu Kynzicha Parva<ref name="Chinzechun Parvum"/> |''Kleine Kinzig'' seu ''Reinerzau'' | align="right" | 21 | [[Chinzechun]]<ref name="Chinzechun"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Demester]]<ref name="Demester">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emster_Kanal#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die mittelalterlichen Bezeichnungen für das Gewässer waren ''Demester'' (1351), ''Dempstar'' (1374), ''Demster'' (1380) und ''deinster'' (1441/45) (...)".</ref> | Dempstar seu Demster seu Deinster |''Emster Kanal'' seu ''Emster Gewässer'' seu ''Emster'' | align="right" | 21 | [[Habala]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Elsanpah]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Elsinpah<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Elsenbach<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Elsenpach<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Elsinbach<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> |''Kaiserbach'' seu ''Kappelbach'' seu ''Elsenbach'' | align="right" | 21 | [[Clingbacus (Michelsbacum)|Clingbacus]]<ref name="Kremer 1769"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Gilse]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | |''Gilsa'' | align="right" | 21 | [[Sualmanaha]]<ref name="Sualmanaha"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Kerkerbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | |''Kerkerbach'' seu ''Hüttenbach'' seu ''Fensterbach'' | align="right" | 21 | [[Laugana]]<ref name="Murray"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Lossa (Mulda)|Lossa]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | |''Lossa'' | align="right" | 21 | [[Mulda|Mulda Albis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Muche]]<ref name="Muche">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauch_(Fluss)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss wird 1293 als Muche erstmals urkundlich erwähn (...)".</ref> | |''Mauch'' | align="right" | 21 | [[Agira (Werenza)|Agira Werenzae]]<ref name="Agira"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Nau]] | |''Nau'' | align="right" | 21 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Odeborn]] | | ''Odeborn'' | align="right" | 21 | [[Adrana]]<ref name="Adrana"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Phiopha]]<ref name="Phiopha">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfieffe_(Fulda)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der gleichnamige Ort Pfieffe wird 1037 als ''Phiopha'' erstmals schriftlich erwähnt (...)".</ref> | | ''Pfieffe'' | align="right" | 21 | [[Fuldaha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Pöhlwasser]] | |''Pöhlwasser'' | align="right" | 21 | [[Mittweida Magna]]<ref name="Große"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Prime]]<ref name="Prime">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prim_(Neckar)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) („iuxta aquam … Prime“) (...)".</ref> | |''Prim'' | align="right" | 21 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Radau]]<ref name="Radau">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radau_(Fluss)#Etymologie hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Erwähnt wurde der Fluss 1308 bzw. 1325 als ''Radowe'', 1570 als ''Radow'', 1578 als ''Radaw'' und ebenfalls 1578 als ''Radau'' (...)".</ref> | Radowe seu Radow seu Radaw |''Radau'' | align="right" | 21 | [[Ovacra]]<ref name="Ovacra"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Rodawe]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | | ''Rodau'' | align="right" | 21 | [[Withaa]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Rotach (Werenza)|Rotach Werenzae]] | | ''Rotach'' seu ''Rotbach'' seu ''Rothach'' | align="right" | 21 | [[Werenza]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Ruda (flumen)|Ruda]]<ref name="Ruda">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauda_(Fluss) hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Das Gewässer wurde im Jahr 1266 als ''Ruda'' erstmals schriftlich genannt (...)".</ref> | |''Rauda'' | align="right" | 21 | [[Alestra]]<ref name="Alestra"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Rysele]]<ref name="Rysele">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aa_(Nethe)#Historische_Namen hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "Die ''Aa'' hatte im Mittelalter den Namen ''Riesel''. So erscheint sie in ihrem ersten schriftlichen Beleg von 1326 als „in fluvius … Rysele“, (...)".</ref> | |''Aa'' | align="right" | 21 | [[Nethe (Visurgis)|Nethe]] | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Sall (flumen)|Sall]] | |''Sall'' | align="right" | 21 | [[Cochera]]<ref name="Cochera"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Sulzaha]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Solza<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Sulza<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> |''Solz'' | align="right" | 21 | [[Fuldaha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Suntraha]]<ref name="Suntraha">Vide [https://dokumen.pub/deutsches-gewssernamenbuch-etymologie-der-gewssernamen-und-der-zugehrigen-gebiets-siedlungs-und-flurnamen-9783110338591-9783110190397-9783110578911.html dokumen.pub], ubi dicitur "(...) Sontra (Werdorf, synkopiert > *Sorsdorf, vereinfacht > *S¯osdorf. – ra-Meißner-Kreis), 1232 Suntraha, 1269 Suntrahe, Sperber, HG.A.5, S. 90. 1271 Sunthra, 1273 Suntra (und weitere Belege), 14. Jh. Sontra (...)".</ref> | Suntrahe<ref name="Suntraha"/> seu Sunthra<ref name="Suntraha"/> seu Suntra<ref name="Suntraha"/> seu Sontra<ref name="Suntraha"/> |''Sontra'' | align="right" | 21 | [[Wehre (Weraha)|Wehre Werahae]] | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Terueke]]<ref name="Terueke">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarpenbek#Namensherkunft hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die ältesten überlieferten urkundlichen Erwähnungen des Gewässers sind ''Terueke'' (1245 und 1263), ''Terveke'' (1266) und ''Terweke'' (1325), was sich über ''Tarwe'' zu ''Tarpe'' entwickelte (...)".</ref> | Terveke<ref name="Terueke"/> seu Terweke<ref name="Terueke"/> |''Tarpenbek'' | align="right" | 21 | [[Alstria]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Thidela]]<ref name="Thidela">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deilbach#Etymologie hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "Die ersten schriftlichen Belege des Deilbachs sind Thidela (875) und Thithelam (11. Jh.) (...)".</ref> | Thithela<ref name="Thidela"/> |''Deilbach'' | align="right" | 21 | [[Rura]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Trotzbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | |''Trotzbach'' seu ''Schledde'' | align="right" | 21 | [[Lupia]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Wissaha (Tegarinseo)|Wissaha Tegarinseonensis]]<ref name="Wissaha">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymo oppido. De hoc ultimo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | Wissha<ref name="Wissaha"/> |''Weißach'' | align="right" | 21 | [[Tegarinseo]]<ref name="Tegernsee">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegernsee#Namensgebung hoc de lacū apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Name des Sees ist erstmals in der Form Tegarinseo aus dem Jahr 796 überliefert, als die fürstlichen Brüder Oatkar und Adalbert ein Kloster am tegarin seo, das ist althochdeutsch und heißt großer See, gründeten (...)".</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Bada (Wippera)|Bada Wipperae]]<ref name="Bada">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bode_(Wipper)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "Der Erstbeleg ist aus dem Jahr 749 (''Bada'') (...)".</ref> | |''Bode'' | align="right" | 20 | [[Wippera (Onestrudis)|Wippera]]<ref name="Wippera Onestrudis"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Barnitium]]<ref name="-itium"/> | |''Barnitz'' seu ''Sult'' | align="right" | 20 | [[Horbinstenon]]<ref name="Beste">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beste hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Urkundlich wurde der Fluss erstmals bereits 1075 als ''Horbinstenon'' in einer Beschreibung des Limes Saxoniae erwähnt (...) Die erste schriftliche Erwähnung des Flusses fand 1263 als ''Bestene'' statt (...)".</ref> | [[Trabena]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Grobion]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Grob<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> |''Verlorenwasser'' | align="right" | 20 | [[Buckau]] | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Hora (Aphilste)|Hora Aphilstensis]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Ora Aphilstensis<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> |''Ohra'' | align="right" | 20 | [[Aphilste]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Hospira]]<ref name="Hospira">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochspeyerbach#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der mittelalterliche Name ''Hospira'' des Hochspeyerbachs ist bereits im 10. Jahrhundert nachgewiesen; er leitete sich möglicherweise vom Speyerbach (''Spira, Spiraha'') ab (...)".</ref> | Spiraha |''Hochspeyerbach'' | align="right" | 20 | [[Spira (Rhenus)|Spira Rheni]]<ref name="Spira"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Huttenbacum (Naba)|Huttenbacum Nabae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Hüttenbach'' | align="right" | 20 | [[Naba]]<ref name=Gr/><ref name="Naba"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Ieckenbacus]]<ref name="Widder 1786">Widder, J. G. (1786). ''Versuch einer vollständigen Geographisch-Historischen Beschreibung der Kurfürstlichen Pfalz am Rheine''.</ref> | Gekkinbach<ref name="Fabricius I 1898">Fabricius, W. (1898). ''Die Herrschaften des unteren Nahegebietes: Der Nahegau und seine Umgebung''. [[Bonna]]e: Behrendt; et: Fabricius, W. (1898). ''Die Herrschaften des unteren Nahegebietes: Erläuterungen zum geschichtlichen Atlas der Rheinprovinz''. Behrend & Co.</ref> seu Geckenbach<ref name="Fabricius I 1898"/> |''Jeckenbach'' | align="right" | 20 | [[Glan (Nava)|Glan Navae]]<ref name="Glan Navae"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Iutraha (Rhenus)|Iutraha Rheni]]<ref name="Iutraha Rheni">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo flumine. Cui ultimo, vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itter_(Neckar)#Etymologie hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die ''Itter'' wird im Jahr 628 (''Iutraha'') erstmals urkundlich erwähnt. Der Name enthielt ursprünglich die Endung -aha, was für „Fließgewässer“ steht. (...)" et {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | |''Itter'' seu ''Itterbach'' | align="right" | 20 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Lahe (flumen)|Lahe]] | |''Lahe'' seu ''Große Aue'' | align="right" | 20 | [[Soeste]] | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Maurine]] | | ''Maurine'' | align="right" | 20 | [[Stepenitium (Trabena)|Stepenitium Trabenae]]<ref name="-itium"/> | [[Trabena]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Netha|Netha Hassae]]<ref name="Netha Hassae">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymo flumine. De hoc ultimo, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nette_(Innerste)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) 1149 wurde der Fluss als „iuxta Netham“ erstmals urkundlich erwähnt (...)".</ref> | | ''Nette'' | align="right" | 20 | [[Hassa]]<ref name="Hassa"/> | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Oese (Hune)|Oese]] | |''Oese'' seu ''Gelmecke'' seu ''Heppingser Bach'' seu ''Sundwiger Bach'' seu ''Hemer-Bach'' | align="right" | 20 | [[Hune]]<ref name="Hune"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Pernaffa]]<ref name="Pernaffa">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perf hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Erstmals urkundlich erwähnt wird der Fluss im Jahre 913 als ''Pernaffa'', und er gab dem Perfgau (''pagus Pernaffa'') (...)".</ref> | |''Perf'' | align="right" | 20 | [[Laugana]]<ref name="Murray">{{Murray}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Rotbacum (Dreisima)|Rotbacum Dreisimae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | |''Rotbach'' seu ''Zartenbach'' seu ''Löffeltalbach'' seu ''Höllenbach'' | align="right" | 20 | [[Dreisima]]<ref name="Dreisima"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Sechta Rohilingenensis]]<ref name="Rohilingenensis">Gentilicium "Rohilingenensis" ad Rohilingen refertur. Hoc de toponymo, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6hlingen#Geschichte eius articulum apud Vicipaaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) ''in vico Rohilingen'' (...)".</ref> | |''Röhlinger Sechta'' seu ''Sechta'' | align="right" | 20 | [[Iages]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Sulza (Albis)|Sulza Albis]]<ref name="Sulza">Vide [https://dokumen.pub/deutsches-gewssernamenbuch-etymologie-der-gewssernamen-und-der-zugehrigen-gebiets-siedlungs-und-flurnamen-9783110338591-9783110190397-9783110578911.html dokumen.pub], ubi dicitur "(...) ON. Sülze (Stadt Rösrath, Rheinisch-Bergiae. ge-sod ‘Gericht’, as. soth ‘Fleischbrühe’, afr. scher Kreis), mündet nach 24,7km bei Lohmar soth ‘Brühe’, ahd. ki-sod ‘Gericht’), metaphorische (Rhein-Sieg-Kreis, NRW). – 1182 molendina in Sulza (...)".</ref> | |''Sülze'' | align="right" | 20 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Ziese]] | |''Ziese'' | align="right" | 20 | [[Lutense]]<ref name="Lutense"/> | [[Penus]]<ref name=Gr/> |} ===Flumina inter 19 et 15 chiliometra longa=== Inferiori in tabulā, solum apparent flumina inter 19 et 15 chiliometra aut amplius longa: {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" | [[Fluvius]] ! scope="col" | Alia nomina [[lingua Latina|Latina]] ! scope="col" | Nomen [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscum]] ! scope="col" | Longitudo (km) ! scope="col" | [[Ostium fluminis|Ostium]] ! scope="col" | [[Systema fluviorum|Systema]] |- | [[Aha Rordorfensis]]<ref name="Aha Rordorfensis">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo flumine. Cui ultimo, vide [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9783258481142_A43727966/preview-9783258481142_A43727966.pdf FLüsse der Alpen: Vielfalt in Natur und Kultur]. Gentilicio "Rordorfensis-e" ad [[Rodorfium]] (Theodisce ''Rodorf'') refertur. Cui ultimo toponymo, vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohrdorf_(am_Inn)#Geschichte hoc de oppido apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Erstmals urkundlich erwähnt wurde Rohrdorf 788 in der Notitia Arnonis, einer Aufstellung aller Güter und Besitzungen der Kirche Salzburg auf herzoglich-bayerischem Gebiet anlässlich der Eingliederung Bayerns in das Frankenreich Karls des Großen. Darin genannt sind auch die beiden heute eingemeindeten Dörfer Höhenmoos und Lauterbach, die seinerzeit ebenfalls bereits Kirchdörfer waren. Die damaligen Ortsbezeichnungen lauteten: Rordorf, (...)".</ref> | | ''Rohrdorfer Achen'' seu ''Achen'' seu ''Weißenbach'' | align="right" | 19 | [[Aenus (flumen)|Aenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Alnaha (flumen)|Alnaha]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Allanaher<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Alnahe<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Allna'' | align="right" | 19 | [[Laugana]]<ref name="Murray">{{Murray}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Aqua Mutinensis]]<ref name="Aqua Mutinensis">Nomine "Aqua" Theodiscum nomen ''Wasser'' et gentilicio "Mutinensis-e" Theodiscum gentilicium "Mutzschener" vertitur. De hoc ultimo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | | ''Mutzschener Wasser'' | align="right" | 19 | [[Mulda|Mulda Albis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Audan (Layna)|Audan Laynae]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | | ''Aue'' | align="right" | 19 | [[Layna]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Bastauwe]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | | ''Bastau'' | align="right" | 19 | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Fintau]] | | ''Fintau'' | align="right" | 19 | [[Wemma]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Hanfpach]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | | ''Hanfbach'' seu ''Irmerother Bach'' | align="right" | 19 | [[Sega]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Humme]] | | ''Humme'' | align="right" | 19 | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Iutraha (Dimel)|Iutraha Dimelensis]]<ref name="Iutraha Dimelensis">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo flumine. Cui ultimo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | |''Itter'' seu ''Itterbach'' seu ''Itterbecke'' | align="right" | 19 | [[Dimel]]<ref name="Dimel"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Lisba (flumen)|Lisba]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Lisburnensis<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> |''Liese'' | align="right" | 19 | [[Hassenbeck]]<ref name="Hassenbeck"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Lutra (Itessa)|Lutra Itessae]]<ref name="Lutra"/> | | ''Lauter'' seu ''Lauterbach'' | align="right" | 19 | [[Itessa]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Metime|Metimé]]<ref name="Metime">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mettma#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Das Gewässer wurde 1111 als ''fluvii Metimé'' erstmals schriftlich erwähnt (...)".</ref> | |''Mettma'' | align="right" | 19 | [[Schlucht]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Muglbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | Mohelnský seu Mohelenský |''Muglbach'' | align="right" | 19 | [[Wundreb (flumen)|Wundreb]]<ref name="Wundreb"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Munzbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | |''Münzbach'' seu ''Loßnitzbach'' | align="right" | 19 | [[Mulda Fribergensis]]<ref name="MF"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Orpe]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Urppe<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Orpe'' | align="right" | 19 | [[Dimel]]<ref name="Dimel"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Owe Parvum Radense]]<ref name="Owe Parvum Radense">Fingitur hoc hydronymum homonymis e hydronymis "Owe" et "Audan". De hydronymis "Owe" et "Audan" vide [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9783110338591_A21718271/preview-9783110338591_A21718271.pdf ], ubi dicitur "(...) Aue, Name mehrerer Flüsse im Einzugsgebiet von Leine, Unter- und Mittelweser und Unterer Elbe, z. B. Aue (z. Ammersbek z. Alster z. Elbe), 1263 ''ad riuulum, qui dicutur Owe'' (...) Aue, r.z. Leine, entspringt bei Westerhof (Lkr. Northeim, Niedersachsen, D), mündet bei Kreiensen (Lkr. Northeim). – 10. Jh. (Kopie 15. Jh.) ''in flumen Audan et sic per Audan,'' (...)". Adiectivo "parvum" Theodiscum adiectivum "Kleine" vertitur. Gentilicium "Radense" ad [[Radena]]m refertur; hoc de toponymo, vide: Büsching, A. F. (1768). ''A New System of Geography: Containing a Particular Description of the Quarters of the World''. Londinii: T. Lowndes; hoc de gentilicio, vide: Binterim, A. J., & Mooren, J. H. (1830). ''Die alte und neue Erzdiözese Köln in ihrer ehemaligen Ausdehnung''. Simon Müller.</ref> | Audan Parvum Radense<ref name="Owe Parvum Radense"/> | ''Kleine Aue'' | align="right" | 19 | [[Owe Magnum]]<ref name="Owe Magnum"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Ramme (flumen)|Ramme]] | | ''Ramme'' | align="right" | 19 | [[Osta (flumen)|Osta]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Rota (Ambra)|Rota Ambrae]]<ref name="Rota Ambrae">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rott_(Amper)#Namensherkunft hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die Rott wird um 1065 in der Wessobrunner Gründungslegende als ''Rota'' bezeugt (...)".</ref> | |''Rott'' seu ''Rottgraben'' | align="right" | 19 | [[Ambra (flumen)|Ambra]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Sorpe (Röhr)|Sorpe Röhrense]]<ref name="Sorpe">Vide [https://dokumen.pub/deutsches-gewssernamenbuch-etymologie-der-gewssernamen-und-der-zugehrigen-gebiets-siedlungs-und-flurnamen-9783110338591-9783110190397-9783110578911.html dokumen.pub], ubi dicitur "(...) 1307 iuxta rivum … Sorpe (...)".</ref> | Suropo Röhrensis<ref name="Suropo"/> seu Sorbece Röhrense<ref name="Suropo"/> seu Sorp Röhrense<ref name="Suropo"/> | ''Sorpe'' | align="right" | 19 | [[Röhr]] | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Sule (flumen)|Sule]] | | ''Sule'' | align="right" | 19 | [[Owe Magnum]]<ref name="Owe Magnum"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Wilstra]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Wilstera<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Wilstere<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Wilstria<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Wilsterau'' seu ''Wilster Au'' | align="right" | 19 | [[Stora]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Zahme Gera]] | | [[Zahme Gera]] | align="right" | 19 | [[Hiera]]<ref name="Hiera"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Aha Berchtesgadenensis]]<ref name="Aha Berchtesgadenensis">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo flumine. Cui ultimo, vide [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9783258481142_A43727966/preview-9783258481142_A43727966.pdf FLüsse der Alpen: Vielfalt in Natur und Kultur]. Gentilicium "Berchtesgadenensis-e" ad [[Berchtesgaden]] refertur.</ref> | Albe Berchtesgadenense<ref name="Albe Berchtesgadenense">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berchtesgadener_Ache hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Um 1815 wurde der Fluss noch als ''Albe'' (...)". Gentilicium "Berchtesgadenensis-e" ad [[Berchtesgaden]] refertur.</ref> |''Berchtesgadener Ache'' seu ''Königsseeache'' seu ''Alm'' seu ''Almbach'' seu ''Albe'' seu ''Niedere Al | align="right" | 18 | [[Salzaha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Ahle (Schwülme)|Ahle Schwülmense]] | |''Ahle'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Schwülme]] | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Armuthsbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | |''Armuthsbach'' seu ''Armutsbach'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Ara (flumen)|Ara]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Baarbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | |''Baarbach'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Rura]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Bahra (Gotlaviae)|Bahra Gotlaviae]] | |''Bahra'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Gotlavia]]<ref name="Gotlavia"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Bekena (Lupia)|Bekena]]<ref name="Bekena">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beke_(Lippe)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss wird im Mittelalter als ''Bekena'' bezeichnet (...)".</ref> | | ''Beke'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Lupia]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Belina (Albis)|Belina Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | |''Biela'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Boteburon]]<ref name="Boteburon">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottwar#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Es wird angenommen, dass der Name des Flusses von dem der Stadt Großbottwar abgeleitet ist, der bereits im Jahr 779 als ''Boteburon'' und 873 als ''Bodibura'' erwähnt wird. Erstmals 1260 wird der Fluss urkundlich ''Botebor'' genannt (...)".</ref> | Bodibura<ref name="Boteburon"/> seu Botebor<ref name="Boteburon"/> | ''Bottwar'' seu ''Auklingenbach'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Murrensis]]<ref name="Murrensis"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Brugga (Dreisima)|Brugga Dreisimae]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | | ''Nomen Theodiscum'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Dreisima]]<ref name="Dreisima"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Diesse]] | |''Dieße'' seu ''Diesse'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Ilmede]]<ref name="Ilmede"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Frioda (Weraha)|Frioda Werahae]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | | ''Frieda'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Weraha|Weraha Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Gelster]] | |''Gelster'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Weraha|Weraha Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Hasalaha (Mintela)|Hasalaha Mintelae]]<ref name="Hasalaha Mintelae">Fingitur hoc hydronymum homonymo e hydronymo. Hoc de hydronymo, vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasel_(Werra)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss wird im Jahr 824 als Hasalaha erstmals schriftlich genannt (...)".</ref> | | ''Hasel'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Mintela]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Helere]]<ref name="Helere">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haller_(Fluss)#Etymologie hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Schreibung: Helere (10.–11. Jahrhundert) (...)".</ref> | |''Haller'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Layna]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Lesnitz Magnum]]<ref name="Lesnitz Magnum">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymo urbe Theodisce ''Lößnitz''. De hoc ultimo, vide [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/268003452.pdf Historisches Ortsnamenbuch von Sachsen], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Lößnitz''' Stadt nö. Aue; Aue-Schwarzenberg (AKr. Aue) (1238) K 1533 Fridericus de Lesnitz (...)". Adiectivo "magnum" Theodiscum adiectivum "Große" vertitur</ref> | | ''Große Lößnitz'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Flöha]] | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Lutraha]]<ref name="Lutraha">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCtter#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die ''Lütter'' wurde im Jahr 826 als ''Lutraha'' erstmals urkundlich genannt (...)".</ref> | | ''Lütter'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Fuldaha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Owe Parvum Barenburgense]]<ref name="Owe Parvum Barenburgense">Fingitur hoc hydronymum homonymis e hydronymis "Owe" et "Audan". De hydronymis "Owe" et "Audan" vide [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9783110338591_A21718271/preview-9783110338591_A21718271.pdf ], ubi dicitur "(...) Aue, Name mehrerer Flüsse im Einzugsgebiet von Leine, Unter- und Mittelweser und Unterer Elbe, z. B. Aue (z. Ammersbek z. Alster z. Elbe), 1263 ''ad riuulum, qui dicutur Owe'' (...) Aue, r.z. Leine, entspringt bei Westerhof (Lkr. Northeim, Niedersachsen, D), mündet bei Kreiensen (Lkr. Northeim). – 10. Jh. (Kopie 15. Jh.) ''in flumen Audan et sic per Audan,'' (...)". Adiectivo "parvum" Theodiscum adiectivum "Kleine" vertitur. Gentilicium "Barenburgense" ad [[Barenburgum]] in [[Circulus Diepholz|Circulo Thefholte]] refertur.</ref> | Audan Parvum Barenburgense<ref name="Owe Parvum Barenburgense"/> | ''Kleine Aue'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Owe Magnum]]<ref name="Owe Magnum"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Parthanus]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Parthanum<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Partanus<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Partanum<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Partnach'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Liubasa]]<ref name="Liubasa"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Perlenbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | |''Perlenbach'' seu ''Schwalmbach'' seu ''Perlbach'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Rura (Eiflensis)|Rura Eiflensis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Mosa]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Rivulus Niger Klingengrabenensis]]<ref name="Rivulus Niger"/> | |''Schwarzbach'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Klingengraben (Vutahe)|Klingengraben Vutahense]] | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Ranschgraben]] | |''Ranschgraben'' seu ''Erbsengraben'' seu ''Waldgraben'' seu ''Bruchgraben'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Rehbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Raodhaha (Lein)|Raodhaha Leinensis]]<ref name="Raodhaha Leinensis">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymis fluminibus. Quibus ultimis, vide [https://books.google.de/books?id=rqboBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA381#v=snippet&q=Oberrot&f=false Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch].</ref> | Rotaha Leinensis<ref name="Raodhaha Leinensis"/> seu Rota Leinensis<ref name="Raodhaha Leinensis"/> |''Rot'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Lein (Cochera)|Lein]] | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Rinne Königseense|Rinne Königseënse]]<ref name="Königseënse">Gentilicium "Königseënse" ad oppidum [[Königsee]] in [[Circulus terrae Salfeldensis et Rudolphopolitanus|Circulo Salfeldensi-Rudolphopolitano]] refertur.</ref> | |''Königseer Rinne'' seu ''Rinne'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Schwarza (Sala)|Schwarza Salae]] | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Rivus Nonensis]]<ref name="Rivus Nonensis">Substantivum "Rivus-i" Theodiscum vocabulum ''Bach'' vertit et gentilicium "Nonensis-e" ad oppidum [[Nona (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Nonam]] refertur. Ultimo huic toponymo, vide: Browerus, C., & Masenius, J. (1670). ''Antiquitatum et annalium Trevirensium libri XXV''. Henricus Dehmen; et: Browerus, C., & Masenius, J. (1670). Antiquitatum et annalium Trevirensium libri XXV (Vol. 2). Coloniae Agrippinae: Joannis Wilhelmi Friessem.</ref> | |''Nohner Bach'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Trierbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Rohrbacum (Fuldaha)|Rohrbacum Fuldahae]]<ref name="Rohrbacum Fuldahae">Fingitur nomen huius fluminis ex oppido homonymo. Latino de nomine huius oppidi, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | |''Rohrbach'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Fuldaha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Rohrbacum (Saravus)|Rohrbacum Saravi]]<ref name="Rohrbacum Saravi">Fingitur nomen huius fluminis ex oppido homonymo. Latino de nomine huius oppidi, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | | ''Rohrbach'' seu ''Scheidter Bach'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Saravus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Schweinitium]]<ref name="-itium"/> | Svídnice |''Schweinitz'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Flöha]] | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Tribisa Parva]]<ref name="Tribisa Parva">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymo flumine Theodisce ''Triebisch'' dicto. De hoc ultimo, vide {{Graesse}}. Adiectivo "parvus-a-um" Theodiscum adiectivum "Kleine" vertitur.</ref> | |''Kleine Triebisch'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Tribisa]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Tyra (flumen)|Tyra]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Thira<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> |''Thyra'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Helmana]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Walhalben]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Walhalbin<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Walhalbe<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> |''Wallhalb'' seu ''Wallhalbe'' seu ''Wallalbe'' seu ''Wallalb'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Burchalben]]<ref name="Burchalben"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Warnau]] | | ''Warnau'' seu ''Schneebach'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Böhme (flumen)|Böhme]] | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Weiß (Sega)|Weiß]] | |''Weiß'' seu ''Weißbach'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Sega]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Wiesaz]] | | ''Wiesaz'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Steinlach]] | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Wilisch (flumen)|Wilisch]] | |''Wilisch'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Scopa (flumen)|Scopa]]<ref name="Albinus 1590"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Wizmoin]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Wizmone<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Wizmoune<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Wizmoven<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Weismain'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Wohlrose]] | |''Wohlrose'' | align="right" | 18 | [[Ilmena]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Aschbacum (Werma)|Aschbacum Wermae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Aschbach'' | align="right" | 17 | [[Werma]]<ref name="Werma"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Augraben (Nebula)|Augraben Nebulae]]<ref name="Augraben Nebulae">Fingitur hydronymum homonymo ex hydronymo. Cui ultimo, vide [https://documente.bcucluj.ro/web/bibdigit/fg/BCUCLUJ_FG_115352_1907_004.pdf Ente Istorice], ubi dicitur "(...) in rivulum, qui dicitur Augraben, et in rivulo (...)".</ref> | | ''Augraben'' | align="right" | 17 | [[Nebula (flumen Germanicum)|Nebula]]<ref name="Nebula"/> | [[Warnou]]<ref name="Warnou"/> |- | [[Biberaha (Kincicha)|Biberaha Kincichae]]<ref name="Biberaha Kincichae">Fingitur nomen huius fluminis ex oppido homonymo. Latino de nomine huius oppidi, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | | ''Bieber'' | align="right" | 17 | [[Kincicha]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Biberaha (Rotaha)|Biberaha Rotahae]]<ref name="Biberaha Rotahae">Fingitur nomen huius fluminis ex oppido homonymo. Latino de nomine huius oppidi, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | | ''Bieber'' seu ''Bieberbach'' | align="right" | 17 | [[Rotaha (Moenus)|Rotaha Moeni]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Boda Frigida]]<ref name="Boda Frigida">Fingitur hoc nomen ex adiectivo "frigidus-a-um" -Theodiscum adiectivum ''Kalte'' vertente- et homonymo flumine Theodisce ''Bode''. De hoc ultimo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | | ''Kalte Bode'' | align="right" | 17 | [[Boda]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Brombacum (Radentia)|Brombacum Radentiae]] | | ''Brombach'' | align="right" | 17 | [[Radentia]]<ref name="Radiantia, Rezat, Redniz"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Bruchbacum (Alara)|Bruchbacum Alarae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Bruchbach'' seu ''Wittbeck'' seu ''Heidbach'' seu ''Grobebach'' | align="right" | 17 | [[Alara]]<ref name=Gr/><ref name="Aller"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Bruchgraben (Indistra)|Bruchgraben Indistrae]] | | ''Bruchgraben'' | align="right" | 17 | [[Indistra]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref><ref name="Indistra"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Ettebach]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Etbach<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Epbach'' | align="right" | 17 | [[Oorana]]<ref name="Oorana"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Katzenbacum (Nicer)|Katzenbacum Niceri]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Katzenbach'' | align="right" | 17 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Lichte (flumen)|Lichte]] | | ''Lichte'' | align="right" | 17 | [[Schwarza (Sala)|Schwarza Salae]] | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Natzschung]] | Načetínský | ''Natzschung'' seu ''Keilbach'' | align="right" | 17 | [[Flöha]] | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Ovenbach (Glan)|Ovenbach Glanense]]<ref name="Ovenbach Glanense">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohmbach_(Glan)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der gleichnamige Ort Ohmbach wurde im Jahr 977 als ''Ouenbach'' erstmals schriftlich genannt (...)".</ref> | | ''Ohmbach'' | align="right" | 17 | [[Glan (Nava)|Glan Navae]]<ref name="Glan Navae"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Rankbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Rankbach'' | align="right" | 17 | [[Vurmicus (Nagalda)|Vurmicus Nagaldae]]<ref name="Vurmicus Nagalda"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Salzbacum (Murga)|Salzbacum Murgae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Salzbach'' seu ''Kröppenbach'' seu ''Buchbach'' seu ''Blümmelbach'' | align="right" | 17 | [[Murga (Neoburgum)|Murga Neoburgensis]]<ref name="Murga NB"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Vretere]]<ref name="Vretere">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fretterbach#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) In den ersten urkundlichen Nennungen wird der Bach als Vretere (1338 und 1387) bezeichnet (...)".</ref> | |''Fretterbach'' | align="right" | 17 | [[Lena (Rura)|Lena]]<ref name="Lena"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Waginstat (flumen)|Waginstat]]<ref name="Waginstat">Fingitur nomen huius fluminis ex valli homonymā. Latino de nomine huius vallis, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagensteig#Geschichte articulum apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Ort wurde erstmals im Jahr 1125 als ''Waginstat'' erwähnt, wobei es sich hier um einen Personennamen handeln soll (...)".</ref> | | ''Wagensteigbach'' | align="right" | 17 | [[Dreisima]]<ref name="Dreisima"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Wahlebacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Wahlebach'' seu ''Wahle'' seu ''Fahrenbach'' | align="right" | 17 | [[Fuldaha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Welpia (Alapa)|Welpia]]<ref name="Wölpe">Fingitur nomen huius fluminis ex oppido homonymo. Latino de nomine huius oppidi, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Welepa<ref name="Wölpe"/><ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Wilipia<ref name="Wölpe"/><ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Wilepa<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Wilippia<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Wilpa<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Wilipa<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Welpa<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Welipa<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Welepe<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> |''Wölpe'' | align="right" | 17 | [[Alapa]]<ref name="Alapa"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Wilde (Adrana)|Wilde Adranae]] | | ''Wilde'' seu ''Wölfte'' | align="right" | 17 | [[Adrana]]<ref name="Adrana"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Wuhle]] | | ''Wuhle'' | align="right" | 17 | [[Spreha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Adenova]]<ref name="Adenova">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenauer_Bach#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss wurde 992 als ''adenoua fluvius'' erstmals erwähnt, (...)".</ref> | | ''Adenauer Bach'' seu ''Breidscheider Bach'' | align="right" | 16 | [[Ara (flumen)|Ara]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Bahre]] | | ''Bahre'' | align="right" | 16 | [[Seidewitium (flumen)|Seidewitium]] | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Biberaha (Huna)|Biberaha Hunae]]<ref name="Biberaha Hunae">Fingitur nomen huius fluminis ex oppido homonymo. Latino de nomine huius oppidi, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | | ''Bieber'' | align="right" | 16 | [[Huna]]<ref name="Huna"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Buchenbacum (Moenus)|Buchenbacum Moeni]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Buchenbach'' seu ''Mühlbach'' seu ''Riedgraben'' | align="right" | 16 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Bünzau]] | | ''Bünzau'' seu ''Bünzer Au'' seu ''Bünzener Au'' | align="right" | 16 | [[Stora]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Charbach (Moenus)|Charbach Moeni]]<ref name="Charbach Moeni">Fingitur hoc nomen homonymo e toponymo. De cuius ultimi nomine, vide [https://books.google.de/books?id=rqboBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA381#v=snippet&q=Argen&f=false ''Albrecht Greule Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch''], ubi dicitur "(...) 853 in loco ... Charbach, 1155 in Karebach, 13. Jh. Charebach (...)".</ref> | Karebach seu Charebach | ''Karbach'' seu ''Egerbach'' | align="right" | 16 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Chemnitzbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Chemnitzbach'' | align="right" | 16 | [[Mulda Fribergensis]]<ref name="MF"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Daade]] | | ''Daade'' seu ''Daadenbach'' | align="right" | 16 | [[Helre]]<ref name="Helre"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Eitarhaha]]<ref name="Eitarhaha">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitrach_(Donau)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Name tritt im Jahr 770 in Form eines Gaunamens (''pago Eitrahuntal'') und 806 als Fluss selbst (''super fluvium Eitarhaha'') erstmals schriftlich in Erscheinung (...)".</ref> | ''Eitrahuntal''<ref name="Eitarhaha"/> |''Aitrach'' seu ''Baaralb'' | align="right" | 16 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Elta (flumen)|Elta]] | | ''Elta'' | align="right" | 16 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Ette (flumen)|Ette]] | | ''Ette'' | align="right" | 16 | [[Iages]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Espolde]] | | ''Espolde'' | align="right" | 16 | [[Layna]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Grümpen]] | | ''Grümpen'' | align="right" | 16 | [[Itessa]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Kehlbacum (Andolfspach)|Kehlbacum Andolfspachense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Kehlbach'' | align="right" | 16 | [[Andolfspach]]<ref name="Andolfspach"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Lempe]] | | ''Lempe'' | align="right" | 16 | [[Esse (Dimel)|Esse Dimelis]] | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Lutra (Murrensis)|Lutra Murrensis]]<ref name="Lutra"/> | | ''Lauter'' seu ''Spiegelberger Lauter'' seu ''Sommerlauter'' | align="right" | 16 | [[Murrensis]]<ref name="Murrensis"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Lutra (Vilisa)|Lutra Vilisae]]<ref name="Lutra"/> | | ''Lauter'' seu ''Degenfelder Lauter'' | align="right" | 16 | [[Vilisa (Nicer)|Vilisa Niceri]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Marsbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Marsbach'' seu ''Morsbach'' | align="right" | 16 | [[Billbach (Muda)|Billbach]]<ref name="Billbach"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Oelsabacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Oelsabach'' | align="right" | 16 | [[Rubrum Bistrice]]<ref name="Rubrum Bistrice"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Rigenbach (Glan)|Rigenbach Glanense]]<ref name="Rigenbach">Fingitur hoc nomen suis ex homonymis fluminibus. Quibus ultimis, vide [https://books.google.de/books?id=rqboBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA381#v=snippet&q=Reichenbach&f=false ''Albrecht Greule Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Reichenbach''', r.z. Fils (...) in Richenbach (...) '''Reichenbach''' (z. Simmerbach (...) usque in Rigen-bach, an Rigenbach deorsum (...)".</ref> | Richenbach Glanense<ref name="Rigenbach"/> | ''Reichenbach'' | align="right" | 16 | [[Glan (Nava)|Glan Navae]]<ref name="Glan Navae"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Rivus Godesbergensis]]<ref name="Rivus Godesbergensis">Substantivum "Rivus-i" Theodiscum vocabulum ''Bach'' vertit et gentilicium "Godesbergensis-e" Theodiscum gentilicium ''Godesberger'' vertit.</ref> | | ''Godesberger Bach'' seu ''Arzdorfer Bach'' | align="right" | 16 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Rottach (Hilaria, Rettenberg)|Rottach Hilariae Rettenbergense]]<ref name="Rettenbergensis">Gentilicium Latinum "Rettenbergensis-e" Theodiscum gentilicium ''Rettenberger'' vertit.</ref> | | ''Rottach'' | align="right" | 16 | [[Hilaria (flumen)|Hilaria]]<ref name="Hilaria"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Saidenbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Saidenbach'' | align="right" | 16 | [[Flöha]] | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Seltenbacum (Niceri)|Seltenbacum Niceri]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Seltenbach'' seu ''Sandegraben'' | align="right" | 16 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Suale]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | | ''Schwale'' | align="right" | 16 | [[Stora]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Trettach]] | | ''Trettach'' | align="right" | 16 | [[Hilaria (flumen)|Hilaria]]<ref name="Hilaria"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Welzbacum (Moenus)|Welzbacum Moeni]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Welzbach'' seu ''Pflaumbach'' | align="right" | 16 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Ymene]]<ref name="Ymene">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihme#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) ''supra aquam dictam Ymene'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Ihme'' | align="right" | 16 | [[Layna]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Zarow]] | | ''Zarow'' | align="right" | 16 | [[Lacuna Stetinensis]] | [[Zarow]] |- | [[Affeldrahe]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Affalteren<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Affeltre<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Affeltere<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Effelder'' | align="right" | 15 | [[Itessa]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Alestra secunda|Alestra Secunda]]<ref name="Alestra Secunda">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzbach_(Wei%C3%9Fe_Elster)#Geschichte hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) (''1122 Alestra secunda, 1165 Helstre inferius'') (...)".</ref> | Helstre Inferius<ref name="Alestra Secunda"/> | ''Schwarzbach'' seu ''Kleine Elster'' | align="right" | 15 | [[Alestra]]<ref name="Alestra"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Amlake]]<ref name="Amlake">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmelke hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die erste schriftliche Erwähnung der Emmelke war 1185 als ''Amlake'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Emmelke'' | align="right" | 15 | [[Medemahem]]<ref name="Medemahem"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Angere (Ambra)|Angere Ambrae]]<ref name="Angere Ambrae">Fingitur hoc nomen homonymo e fluvio Angere Rheni. De cuius ultimi nomine, vide [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9783110338591_A21718271/preview-9783110338591_A21718271.pdf ''Albrecht Greule Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch'']</ref> | Angeren Ambrae<ref name="Angere Ambrae"/> seu Angera Ambrae<ref name="Angere Ambrae"/> seu Anger Ambrae<ref name="Angere Ambrae"/> seu Angero Ambrae<ref name="Angero Ambrae">Fingitur hoc nomen homonymo e fluvio Angere Rheni. De cuius ultimi nomine, vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anger_(Rhein)#Namen hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die früheste bekannte urkundliche Erwähnung unter dem Namen ''Angero'' stammt aus dem Jahr 875 (...)".</ref> | ''Angerbach'' seu ''Ramseer Bach'' seu ''Stadtbach'' | align="right" | 15 | [[Ambra (flumen)|Ambra]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Bramau]] | | ''Bramau'' seu ''Stellau'' | align="right" | 15 | [[Stora]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Brunnisach]] | | ''Brunnisach'' | align="right" | 15 | [[Lacus Bodamicus]] | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Deinaha]]<ref name="Deinaha">Vide ''Acta Sanctorum. Index Topographicus'', ubi dicitur "(...) Deinaha ''Teinach'', flumen in Germania (...)".</ref> | | ''Teinach'' | align="right" | 15 | [[Nagalda (flumen)|Nagalda]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Gauchsbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Gauchsbach'' | align="right" | 15 | [[Swareza]]<ref name="Bavarikon"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Gornitzbacum (Alestra)|Gornitzbacum Alestrae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Görnitzbach'' | align="right" | 15 | [[Alestra]]<ref name="Alestra"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Halbleche]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | |''Halblech'' | align="right" | 15 | [[Licus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Hardtbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Hardtbach'' seu ''Der Alte Bach'' seu ''Dransdorfer Bach'' seu ''Rheindorfer Bach'' seu ''Mondorfer Bach'' | align="right" | 15 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Hergstbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Hergstbach'' seu ''Hergstgraben'' | align="right" | 15 | [[Iages]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Horbinstenon]]<ref name="Beste"/> | Bestene<ref name="Beste"/> | ''Beste'' | align="right" | 15 | [[Trabena]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Trabena]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Hundem]] | | ''Hundem'' | align="right" | 15 | [[Lena (Rura)|Lena]]<ref name="Lena"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Liersbacum (Ara)|Liersbacum Arae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Liersbach'' seu ''Rosensiefen'' | align="right" | 15 | [[Ara (flumen)|Ara]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Lobbacum (Elisinza)|Lobbacum Elisinzae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Lobbach'' seu ''Maienbach'' | align="right" | 15 | [[Elisinza]]<ref name="Elisinza"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Maade]] | | ''Maade'' | align="right" | 15 | [[Sinus Iathanus]]<ref name="Petrus Lucusaltianus">[http://www.lateinlexikon.com ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum vel Vocabularium Latinitatis Huius Aetatis''], auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo.</ref> | [[Maade]] |- | [[Mohrbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Mohrbach'' | align="right" | 15 | [[Glan (Nava)|Glan Navae]]<ref name="Glan Navae"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Morsbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Morsbach'' | align="right" | 15 | [[Wippera]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Neyrthere (flumen)|Neyrthere]]<ref name="Neyrthere">Fingitur nomen huius fluminis ex oppido homonymo. Latino de nomine huius oppidi, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neerdar_(Willingen)#Geschichte articulum hoc de oppido apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die älteste bekannte schriftliche Erwähnung von Neerdar erfolgte unter dem Namen ''Neyrthere'' im Jahr 1244.^[3] Ein ''Regenhardus de Neyrthere'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Neerdar'' | align="right" | 15 | [[Aa Fera]]<ref name="Aa Fera"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Ösper]] | | ''Ösper'' | align="right" | 15 | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Presnitz (flumen)|Presnitz]]<ref name="Presnitz">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymo oppido. De hoc ultimo, vide [[:de:Přísečnice#Geschichte|articulum Vicipaediae Theodiscae hoc de oppido]], ubi dicitur "(...) quae ducit de oppido Presnitz (...)".</ref> | |''Preßnitz'' | align="right" | 15 | [[Scopa (flumen)|Scopa]]<ref name="Albinus 1590"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Raodhaha Rechenbergensis]]<ref name="Raodhaha Rechenbergensis">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo flumine. Cui ultimo, vide [https://books.google.de/books?id=rqboBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA381#v=snippet&q=Oberrot&f=false Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch]. Gentilicio "Rechenbergensis-e" Theodiscum gentilicium "Rechenberger" vertitur.</ref> | Rotaha Rechenbergensis<ref name="Raodhaha Rechenbergensis"/> seu Rota Rechenbergensis<ref name="Raodhaha Rechenbergensis"/> | ''Rechenberger Rot'' seu ''Rotbach'' seu ''Gunzenbach'' seu ''Buchbach'' | align="right" | 15 | [[Iages]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Rhene (Dimel)|Rhene Dimelense]] | | ''Rhene'' | align="right" | 15 | [[Dimel]]<ref name="Dimel"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Rivus Ahrenhorstensis]]<ref name="Rivus Ahrenhorstensis">Substantivum "Rivus-i" Theodiscum vocabulum ''Bach'' vertit et gentilicium "Ahrenhorstensis-e" Theodiscum gentilicium ''Ahrenhorster'' vertit.</ref> | | ''Ahrenhorster Bach'' | align="right" | 15 | [[Werse]]<ref name="Werse"/> | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Rosenbacum (Filisa)|Rosenbacum Filisae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Rosenbach'' | align="right" | 15 | [[Filisa (Naba)|Filisa Nabae]]<ref name="Bavarikon"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Salzbacum (Rhenus)|Salzbacum Rheni]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | Alia nomina | ''Salzbach'' seu ''Rambach'' | align="right" | 15 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Sarna (flumen)|Sarna]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Sarno<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Sarnus<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Sarnum<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Sahrbach'' | align="right" | 15 | [[Ara (flumen)|Ara]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Strudelbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Strudelbach'' | align="right" | 15 | [[Enze]]<ref name="Enze"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Twista (Osta)|Twista Ostae]]<ref name="Twista Ostae">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymo flumine Theodisce ''Twiste''. De hoc ultimo, vide [https://dokumen.pub/deutsches-gewssernamenbuch-etymologie-der-gewssernamen-und-der-zugehrigen-gebiets-siedlungs-und-flurnamen-9783110338591-9783110190397-9783110578911.html dokumen.pub], ubi dicitur "(...) Arlau (...) prope Twistam (...) Tuistai, (963–1037, Kopie 15. Jh.) (...) Tuistina (...) in Tuista, 1127 in Tviste, 1235 (Kopie) de Twiste, 1240 HG.A.14, S. 419. (Kopie 14./15. Jh.) de Tuiste, 1251 in Thuiste, de Thuiste, 1257 de Twiste (und weitere Belege), 1310 in Twer- ¢ quer-. Duiste, (um 1350) prope tuisten (...)".</ref> | Tuistina Ostae seu Tuistai Ostae seu Tuista Ostae seu Twiste Ostae seu Tuiste Ostae seu Thuiste Ostae seu Tuisten Ostae | ''Twiste'' | align="right" | 15 | [[Osta (flumen)|Osta]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Waldangelbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Waldangelbach'' seu ''Angelbach'' | align="right" | 15 | [[Leimbach (Rhenus, Bruowele)|Leimbach Rheni Bruowelense]]<ref name="Bruowelense"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Wellingbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Wellingbach'' | align="right" | 15 | ? | ? |- | [[Wochniza]]<ref name="Wochniza">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakenitz hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Chronist Helmold von Bosau erwähnt sie Mitte des 12. Jahrhunderts in seiner ''Chronica Slavorum'' unter den Bezeichnungen ''wochniza'' oder ''wochenice'' (...)".</ref> | Wochenice<ref name="Wochniza"/> | ''Wakenitz'' | align="right" | 15 | [[Trabena]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Trabena]]<ref name=Gr/> |} ===Flumina 14 et 10 chiliometra longa=== Inferiori in tabulā, solum apparent flumina 14 et 10 chiliometra longa: {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" | [[Fluvius]] ! scope="col" | Alia nomina [[lingua Latina|Latina]] ! scope="col" | Nomen [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscum]] ! scope="col" | Longitudo (km) ! scope="col" | [[Ostium fluminis|Ostium]] ! scope="col" | [[Systema fluviorum|Systema]] |- | [[Aabacum (Affata)|Aabacum Affatae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Aabach'' seu ''Aa'' seu ''Große Aa'' | align="right" | 14 | [[Affata]]<ref name="Affata"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Ach Trauchgauense]]<ref name="Trauchgauense">Gentilicio "Trauchgauensis-e" Theodiscum gentilicium "Trauchgauer" vertitur.</ref> | | ''Trauchgauer Ach'' seu ''Ach'' | align="right" | 14 | [[Halbleche]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Aqua Crinitzensis]]<ref name="Aqua Crinitzensis">Substantivum "Aqua-ae" Theodiscum vocabulum ''Wasser'' vertit et gentilicium "Crinitzensis-e" Theodiscum gentilicium ''Crinitzer'' vertit.</ref> | | ''Crinitzer Wasser'' seu ''Crinitzbach'' | align="right" | 14 | [[Rotina (Mulda Zviccaviensis)|Rotina Muldae Zviccaviensis]]<ref name="Rotina Muldae Zviccaviensis"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Awinpach (Elsava)|Awinpach Elsavae]]<ref name="Awinpach Elsavae">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo flumine. Cui ultimo, vide [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9783110338591_A21718271/preview-9783110338591_A21718271.pdf ''Albrecht Greule Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch''].</ref> | | ''Aubach'' | align="right" | 14 | [[Elsava]] | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Bära Inferior]]<ref name="Bära Inferior">Adiectivo "inferior" Theodiscum adiectivum "Untere" vertitur.</ref> | | ''Untere Bära'' | align="right" | 14 | [[Bära]] | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Belina (Flöha)|Belina Flohae]]<ref name="Belina Flöhae">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo flumine. Cui ultimo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | | ''Bielabach'' seu ''Biela'' | align="right" | 14 | [[Flöha]] | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Bistrice]]<ref name="Bistrice">[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Zur_Geschichte_der_Besiedelung_der_Dresdner_Gegend Zur Geschichte der Besiedelung der Dresdner Gegend], ubi dicitur "Buistrizi ist der urkundliche, mit dem Flußnamen der Weißeritz (Wisteritz, 1206 flumen Bistrice, 1366 Wistricz) zusammenhängende Name des Burgwards (...)".</ref> | Buistrizi<ref name="Bistrice"/> seu Wisteritz<ref name="Bistrice"/> seu Wistricz<ref name="Bistrice"/> | ''Weißeritz'' seu ''Vereinigte Weißeritz'' | align="right" | 14 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Blabbergraben]] | | ''Blabbergraben'' | align="right" | 14 | [[Spreha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Bockau Magnum]]<ref name="Große"/> | | ''Große Bockau'' | align="right" | 14 | [[Mulda Zviccaviensis]]<ref name="MZ"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Boye (flumen)|Boye]] | | ''Boye'' | align="right" | 14 | [[Amsara]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Erle (flumen)|Erle]] | | ''Erle'' | align="right" | 14 | [[Nava (Schleuse)|Nava Schleusensis]]<ref name="Nava Schleusensis"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Fisgobah (Bilerna)|Fisgobah Bilernae]]<ref name="Fisgobah Bilernae">Vide [https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_naa002198101_01/_naa002198101_01_0008.php Naamkunde. Jaargang 13], ubi dicitur "(...) 817 Fischach (passim) naast 890 Fisgobah (gen mv.) (...)".</ref> | | ''Fischach'' seu ''Alte Fischach'' | align="right" | 14 | [[Bilerna]]<ref name="Bühler"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Fossa principalis Buckauensis|Fossa Principalis Buckauensis]]<ref name="Fossa Principalis Buckauensis">Substantivum Latinum "fossa-ae" Theodiscam vocem ''Graben'' et substantivum Latinum "principalis-e" Theodiscum praefixum ''Haupt-'' et gentilicium Latinum "Buckauensis-e" Theodiscum gentilicium ''Buckauer'' vertit.</ref> | | ''Buckauer Hauptgraben'' seu ''Kobser Bach'' | align="right" | 14 | [[Buckau]] | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Hene]]<ref name="Hene">Vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schafbach_(Elbbach)#Name articulum hoc de flumine apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Bis 1270 trug der Bach den Namen Hene, wovon sich der Ortsname Höhn ableitet (...)".</ref> | | ''Schafbach'' | align="right" | 14 | [[Elbbach]] | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Lautenbach (Flöha)|Lautenbach Flöha]]<ref name="Lautenbach">Fingitur huius fluminis nomen homonymo e toponymo. Hoc de topononymo, vide [file:///C:/Users/34622/Downloads/Pars%20III.%20Status%20ecclesiasticus%20regularis%20episcopatus%20Wirceburgensis.pdf ]Pars III. Status ecclesiasticus regularis episcopatus Wirceburgensis, ubi dicitur "(...) ibique abiurata fide et ducta uxore primo civium praetorem, dein praefectum in Lautenbach egit (...)".</ref> | | ''Lautenbach'' seu ''Pfützenbach'' | align="right" | 14 | [[Flöha]] | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Milzisa]]<ref name="Milzisa">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BClmisch#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der schriftliche Erstbeleg stammt vermutlich von einer im 11. Jh. gefälschten Urkunde, die in das Jahr 786 datiert wird. Hierin wird ein Fluss als ''Milzisa'' genannt (...)".</ref> | | ''Mülmisch'' | align="right" | 14 | [[Fuldaha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Polava]] | Pöhlbach |''Pöhlbach'' | align="right" | 14 | [[Scopa (flumen)|Scopa]]<ref name="Albinus 1590"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Rivus Casleocanus]]<ref name="Rivus Casleocanus">Substantivum "Rivus-i" Theodiscum vocabulum ''Bach'' vertit et gentilicium "Casleocanus-a-um" ad oppidum [[Casleoca]]m refertur. Ultimo huic toponymo, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesseling#Geschichte articulum hoc de oppido apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die Klosterzelle ''Casleoca'' war (...)".</ref> | | ''Kesselinger Bach'' seu ''Staffeler Bach'' seu ''Blasweiler Bach'' seu ''Auelbach'' seu ''Densbach'' seu ''Heckenbach'' | align="right" | 14 | [[Ara (flumen)|Ara]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Rivus Weesenensis]]<ref name="Rivus Weesenensis">Substantivum "Rivus-i" Theodiscum vocabulum ''Bach'' vertit et gentilicium "Weesenensis-e" Theodiscum gentilicium ''Weesener'' vertit.</ref> | | ''Weesener Bach'' seu ''Lutter'' seu ''Lutterbach'' | align="right" | 14 | [[Ursena]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | | [[Rottach (Hilaria, Cambodunum)|Rottach Hilariae Cambodunense]]<ref name="Cambodunense">Gentilicium Latinum "Cambodunensis-e" Theodiscum gentilicium ad [[Cambodunum]] refertur.</ref> | | ''Rottach'' | align="right" | 14 | [[Hilaria (flumen)|Hilaria]]<ref name="Hilaria"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Schmerach]] | | ''Schmerach'' | align="right" | 14 | [[Bilerna]]<ref name="Bühler"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Sconibrunno (Licus, Hohenfurch)|Sconibrunno Lici Hohenfurchensis]]<ref name="Sconibrunno Lici Hohenfurchensis">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo flumine. Cui ultimo, vide [https://dokumen.pub/deutsches-gewssernamenbuch-etymologie-der-gewssernamen-und-der-zugehrigen-gebiets-siedlungs-und-flurnamen-9783110338591-9783110190397-9783110578911.html dokumen.pub], ubi dicitur "(...) ON. Schonach (Schwarzwald971–um 977) iuxta fontem … Sconibrunno, 833 (Kopie Baar-Kreis, B.-W., D), 1275 Schonach, 1326 Schona, 12. Jh.) super fontem … Schonibrunno (...)".</ref> | Schonibrunno Lici Hohenfurchensis<ref name="Sconibrunno Lici Hohenfurchensis"/> seu Schonach Lici Hohenfurchensis<ref name="Sconibrunno Lici Hohenfurchensis"/> seu Schona Lici Hohenfurchensis<ref name="Sconibrunno Lici Hohenfurchensis"/> | ''Schönach'' | align="right" | 14 | [[Licus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Sindelbacum (Iages)|Sindelbacum Iagis]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Sindelbach'' | align="right" | 14 | [[Iages]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Talbacum (Glan)|Talbacum Glanense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Talbach'' | align="right" | 14 | [[Glan (Nava)|Glan Navae]]<ref name="Glan Navae"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Ulfe (Suntraha)|Ulfe Suntrahae]] | | ''Ulfe'' | align="right" | 14 | [[Suntraha]]<ref name="Suntraha"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Waldaffa]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Waldaphen<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Waldaffe<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Walluf'' seu ''Wallufbach'' seu ''Waldaffa'' | align="right" | 14 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Wierau]] | | ''Wierau'' | align="right" | 14 | [[Hassa]]<ref name="Hassa"/> | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Wirsenicz (Alestra)|Wirsenicz Alestrae]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Wersnicz Alestrae<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Würschnitzbach'' seu ''Würschnitz'' | align="right" | 14 | [[Alestra]]<ref name="Alestra"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Yach (Ambrae)|Yach Ambrae]]<ref name="Yach Ambrae">Fingitur hoc nomen homonymo e fluvio Yach in Enze influente. De cuius ultimi nomine, vide [https://books.google.de/books?id=rqboBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA381#v=snippet&q=H%C3%B6fen&f=false ''Albrecht Greule Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch''], ubi dicitur " (...) 2Eyach, l.z. Enz (...) ad fluvium ... Yach (...)".</ref> | | ''Eyach'' | align="right" | 14 | [[Ambra (flumen)|Ambra]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Aranbach (Muda)|Aranbach Mudae]]<ref name="Aranbach Mudae">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohrenbach_(Mud)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Bach wurde 1012 als ''Aranbach'' erstmals schriftlich genannt(...)".</ref> | | ''Ohrenbach'' seu ''Ohrnbach'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Muda (flumen)|Muda]]<ref name="Billbach"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Au Wedelense]]<ref name="Wedelense">Gentilicium Latinum "Wedelensis-e" Theodiscum gentilicium ''Wedeler'' vertit.</ref> | | ''Wedeler Au'' seu ''Wedelbeck'' seu ''Wedelbek'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Beber (Ora)|Beber Orae]] | | ''Beber'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Ora (Albis)|Ora Albis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Birkigsbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Birkigsbach'' seu ''Auegraben'' seu ''Näßlichbach'' seu ''Alte Bach'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Kincicha]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Eiderbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Eiderbach'' seu ''Eiderbachgraben'' seu ''Eiterbach'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Marsbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Farnthrapa]]<ref name="Farnthrapa">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felderbach#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) 837 ''inter duo flumina ... farnthrapa'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Felderbach'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Thidela]]<ref name="Thidela"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Fluvius Molendinorum (Nicer, Sulza)|Fluvius Molendinorum Niceri]] [[Sulz am Neckar|Sulzae]]<ref name="Fluvius Molendinorum">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo flumine [[Bauzanum|Bauzanensi]]. De hoc flumine, vide [https://www.schloesslmuehle.com/?page_id=2052 17 Mühlen in Bozen – die Geschichte der heutigen Schlösslmühle], ubi dicitur "(...) Die älteste bekannte urkundliche Nennung des Mühlbaches geschieht um 1180-90 und lautet „fluvius molendinorum“, was wörtlich übersetzt „der Wasserlauf der Mühlen“ oder kurz „Mühlbach“ bedeutet (...)". </ref> | Mühlbach<ref name="Mühlbach">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo flumine. De hoc flumine, vide www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu, ubi dicitur "(...) Hodie rivus Mühlbach, quem incolae vocant (...)".</ref> | ''Mühlbach'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Geraha (flumen)|Geraha]]<ref name="Geraha">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymo oppido. De hoc ultimo, vide [[:de:Neckargerach#Geschichte|articulum Vicipaediae Theodiscae hoc de oppido]], ubi dicitur "(...) Neckargerach wurde im Jahr 976 erstmals als Geraha erwähnt, was eine gebräuchliche Bezeichnung für ein sprudelndes Gewässer war, und gleichermaßen den Ort als auch das ihn durchfließende Gewässer bezeichnete (...)".</ref> | | ''Seebach'' seu ''Gerach'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Hehlenriede]] | |''Hehlenriede'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Canalis Alarae]] | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Fluvius Herschbacus|Herschbacus]]<ref name="Ahlfeldt Glossarium">Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.). (s. f.). ''Glossarium: Latin-German Place Names''. Regnum Francorum Online.</ref> | Hergispach<ref name="Hergispach">Fingitur nomen huius fluminis ex oppido homonymo. Latino de nomine huius oppidi, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herschbach#Geschichte articulum huius oppidi apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Es ist anzunehmen, dass dieses Areal schon früher besiedelt wurde, da in der Engerser Chronik 963 ein Ort namens ''Hergispach'' auftaucht. Der Ortsname entwickelt sich über 1267 ''Herincsbach'' (...)".</ref> seu Herincsbach<ref name="Hergispach"/> | ''Herschbach'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Rivus Casleocanus]]<ref name="Rivus Casleocanus"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Horne (flumen)|Horne]] | | ''Horne'' seu ''Hornebach'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Lupia]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Kerspe]] | | ''Kerspe'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Wippera]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Lierbacum (Reineche)|Lierbacum Reinechense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Lierbach'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Reineche]]<ref name="Reineche"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Luppa Nova]]<ref name="Luppa Nova">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymo flumine. De hoc ultimo, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luppe_(Fluss) hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss wurde 1216 als „Luppa fluvio“ erstmals urkundlich erwähnt (...)". Adiectivo "novus-a-um" Theodiscum adiectivum "Neu" vertitur.</ref> | | ''Neue Luppe'' seu ''Luppe-Kanal'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Alestra]]<ref name="Alestra"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Mare (Wiscoz)|Mare Wiscozense]]<ref name="Mare Wiscozense">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo flumine. De hoc flumine, vide [https://books.google.de/books?id=rqboBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA381#v=snippet&q=Meerbach&f=false Etymologie der Gewässernamen], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Meerbach'' (...) riuum quendam effluentem de Stagno quod vocatur mare, 1250 mari (...)".</ref> | Mari Wiscozense<ref name="Mare Wiscozense"/> | ''Meerbach'' seu ''Schliefenbach'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Wiscoz]]<ref name="Wiscoz"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Nesenbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Nesenbach'' seu ''Vaihinger Bach'' seu ''Kaltentaler Bach'' seu ''Laisebach'' seu ''Furtbach'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Nevigisa]]<ref name="Nevigisa">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardenberger_Bach#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Ursprünglich hieß der Bach ''Neuigisa'' (875) bzw. ''Navigisa'' (10./11. Jh.) (...)".</ref> | Navigisa<ref name="Nevigisa"/> | ''Hardenberger Bach'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Thidela]]<ref name="Thidela"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Ose (Nethe)|Ose Nethense]]<ref name="Ose Nethense">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96se_(Nethe) hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) „ab utraque parte fluvii Ose“ (...)".</ref> | | ''Öse'' seu ''Oese'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Nethe (Visurgis)|Nethe]] | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Owe Occidentale]]<ref name="Westaue"/> | | ''Westaue'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Layna]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Pobelbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Pöbelbach'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Rubrum Bistrice]]<ref name="Rubrum Bistrice"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Rivulus Liberorum (flumen)|Rivulus Liberorum]]<ref name="Nietzschmann 2013">Nietzschmann, E. (2013). ''Die Freien auf dem Lande: Ehemalige deutsche Reichsdörfer und ihre Wappen''. [[Guelpherbytum|Guelpherbyti]]: Melchior.</ref> | | ''Freisbach'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Nava (flumen)|Nava]]<ref name="Fabricius II 1898"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Rivulus Niger (Amsara)|Rivulus Niger Amsarae]]<ref name="Rivulus Niger"/> | | ''Schwarzbach'' seu ''Mühlen Bach'' seu ''Preußische Uraufnahme'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Amsara]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Rota (Duria)|Rota Duriae]]<ref name="Rota Duriae">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymis oppidis Theodisce ''Roth''. De hoc ultimo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | | ''Roth'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Duria (Danubius)|Duria Danubii]]<ref name="Duria"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Slieraha]]<ref name="Bavarikon"/><ref name="Manachfialta"/> | | ''Schlierach'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Manachfialta]]<ref name="Manachfialta"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Slitisa (flumen)|Slitisa]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Slidese<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Schlitz'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Fuldaha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Steinalp]] | | ''Steinalp'' seu ''Steinalb'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Glan (Nava)|Glan Navae]]<ref name="Glan Navae"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Steinhaha (Nicer, Nurtinga)|Steinhaha Niceri]] [[Nurtinga|Nurtingensis]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Steinaha Niceri Nurtingensis<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Steinach'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Tiefenbacum (Nicer, Nurtinga)|Tiefenbacum Niceri]]<ref name="-bacum"/> [[Nurtinga|Nurtingense]] | | ''Tiefenbach'' seu ''Saubach'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Ulmbacum (Kincicha)|Ulmbacum Kincichae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Ulmbach'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Kincicha]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Ulvina]]<ref name="Ulvina">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanzelbach#Geschichte hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Kanzelbach wurde erstmals im Jahre 772 als "Uluina", gesprochen [ˈylviːna], erwähnt (...)".</ref> | | ''Röschbach'' seu ''Altenbach'' seu ''Kanzelbach'' seu ''Kandelbach'' seu ''Ilbe'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Ursena Parva]]<ref name="Ursena Parva">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo flumine maiore. Cui ultimo, vide articulum [https://books.google.de/books?id=rqboBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA381#v=snippet&q=%C3%96rtze&f=false ''Albrecht Greule Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch'']. Adiectivo "parvus-a-um" Theodiscum adiectivum ''Kleine'' vertitur.</ref> | Ursene Parvum<ref name="Ursena Parva"/> | ''Kleine Örtze'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Ursena]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Werbe]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Werve<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Werbe'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Adrana]]<ref name="Adrana"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Wilzsch]] | | ''Wilzsch'' | align="right" | 13 | [[Mulda Zviccaviensis]]<ref name="MZ"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Allerbeeke]] | | ''Allerbeeke'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Owe Magnum]]<ref name="Owe Magnum"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Aquaeductus (Ovacra)|Aquaeductus Ovacrae]]<ref name="Aquaeductus Ovacrae">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abzucht_(Oker)#Geschichte hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Name leitet sich hierbei vom lat. Wort ''aquaeductus'' ab. So lautet die Ersterwähnung des Flusses im Jahr 1271 ''Agetucht'' (...)".</ref> | Agetucht Ovacrae | ''Abzucht'' seu ''Wintertalbach'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Ovacra]]<ref name="Ovacra"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Banefe]] | Bannefe | ''Banfe'' seu ''Oberster Fischelbach'' seu ''Fischelbach'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Laugana]]<ref name="Murray"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Bibara (Schleuse)|Bibara Schleusensis]]<ref name="Bibara Schleusensis">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo Helvetico. Cui ultimo, vide [https://search.ortsnamen.ch/de/record/5029908 ortsnamen.ch], ubi dicitur "(...) et inde sinistrorsum per plateam usque Rammesheim in fluvium Bibara (...)".</ref> | Bibera<ref name="Bibera Schleusensis">Fingitur hoc nomen homonymis e fluviis. De quorum ultimorum nomine, vide [https://books.google.de/books?id=rqboBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA381#v=snippet&q=Biber&f=false ''Albrecht Greule Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch''] (...)".</ref> seu Biberaha<ref name="Bibera Schleusensis"/> | ''Biber'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Schleuse]] | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Colmnitzbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Colmnitzbach'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Bobritzsch (flumen)|Bobritzsch]] | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Eschbach (Wippera)|Eschbach Wipperae]]<ref name="Eschbach Wipperae">Fingitur hoc hydronymum homonymo e hydronymo. Hoc de hydronymo, vide [https://www.geschichte-nieder-eschbach.de/startseite/nieder-eschbacher-chronik/ Heimat- und Geschichtesverein Nieder-Eschbach], ubi dicitur "(...) „Eschbach inferior“ (...)".</ref> | | ''Eschbach'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Wippera]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Eselsbacum (Lutra)|Eselsbacum Lutrae]]<ref name="-bacum">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-bach'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-bacum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Forbacum]], [[Gengenbacum]], [[Lambacum]], [[Muorbacum]], [[Orbacum]], [[Rohrbacum]], [[Rosbacum]], [[Rubeacum]], [[Solisbacum]], [[Swabacum]], [[Abacum (Germania)|Abacum]], [[Brubacum]], [[Corbacum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> | | ''Eselsbach'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Lutra (Glanis)|Lutra Glanensis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Greifenbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Greifenbach'' seu ''Rotes Wasser'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Scopa (flumen)|Scopa]]<ref name="Albinus 1590"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Haselbachium (Saidenbacum)|Haselbachium]]<ref name="Haselbach">Fingitur hoc hydronymum homonymo e toponymo. Hoc de toponymo, vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camena/calam1/calaminusrudolphottocarus.html ''RUDOLPHOTTOCARUS AUSTRIACA TRAGOEDIA GEORGIO CALAMINO SILESIO AUCTORE: ACTUS PRIMUS''], ubi dicitur "(...) et apud Haselbachium (...)".</ref> | | ''Haselbach'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Saidenbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Hedera (flumen)|Hedera]]<ref name="Hedera">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heder#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die Heder wird zwischen 836 und 840 erstmals schriftlich erwähnt (''Hedera'') (...)".</ref> | | ''Heder'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Lupia]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Iassaffa (Luder)|Iassaffa Luderensis]]<ref name="Iassaffa">Fingitur nomen huius fluminis ex oppido homonymo. Latino de nomine huius oppidi, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | | ''Jossa'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Luder (flumen)|Luder]]<ref name="Luder"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Itre]]<ref name="Itre">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itter_(Eder)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) ''itre riuus'' (...)".</ref> | | ''Itter'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Adrana]]<ref name="Adrana"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Knochenbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Wiggenbach'' seu ''Berlebecke'' seu ''Knochenbach'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Wachna]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Krebsbacum (Tyra)|Krebsbacum Tyrae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Krebsbach'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Tyra (flumen)|Tyra]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Kuhbacum (Itre)|Kuhbacum Itrense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Kuhbach'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Itre]]<ref name="Itre"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Lache (Kincicha)|Lache Kincichae]] | | ''Lache'' seu ''Rodenbach'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Kincicha]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- |- | [[Lutturu (Hardna)|Lutturu Hardnae]]<ref name="Lutturu Hardnae">Fingitur hydronymum homonymo ex hydronymo apud [https://books.google.de/books?id=rqboBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA381#v=snippet&q=Lutter&f=false Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch].</ref> | Lutteru Hardnae<ref name="Lutturu Hardnae"/> | ''Lutter'' seu ''Bielefelder Lutter'' seu ''Weser-Lutter'' seu ''Lutterbach'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Hardna]]<ref name="Hardna"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Michelsbacum (Rhenus)|Michelsbacum Rheni]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Michelsbach'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Mulahgowe]]<ref name="Mulahgowe">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maulach_(Fluss)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss tritt 846 im Gaunamen Maulachgau (''Mulahgouue'') erstmals schriftlich in Erscheinung (...)".</ref> | | ''Maulach'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Iages]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Musbach]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Muosbah<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Můsbach<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Můsbahc<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Můspach<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Mußbach'' seu ''Muschbach'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Rehbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Otimot]]<ref name="Otimot">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autmut#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Name ist im 11. Jahrhundert in den Formen „Otimot“ und „Ottmuot“, im 17. Jahrhundert als „Ottnach“ belegt (...)".</ref> | Ottmuot<ref name="Otimot"/> | ''Autmut'' seu ''Autmutbach'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Pfefferfließ]] | | ''Pfefferfließ'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Nieplitz]] | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Plohnbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Plohnbach'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Golz]]<ref name="Golz"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Rivus Antichensis]]<ref name="Rivus Antichensis">Substantivum "Rivus-i" Theodiscum vocabulum ''Bach'' vertit et gentilicium "Antichensis-e" ad oppidum [[Antiche]] refertur.</ref> | | ''Endenicher Bach'' seu ''Katzenlochbach'' seu ''Lengsdorfer Bach'' seu ''Villiper Bach'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Hardtbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Rivus Hachinger]]<ref name="Rivus">Substantivum "Rivus-i" Theodiscum vocabulum ''Bach'' vertit.</ref> | | ''Hachinger Bach'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Hüllgraben]] | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Rivus Hartmanstorphensis]]<ref name="Rivus Hartmanstorphensis">Substantivum "Rivus-i" Theodiscum vocabulum ''Bach'' vertit et gentilicium "Brunhiemensis-e" ad oppidum [[Hartmanstorph]] refertur. Ultimo huic toponymo, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fhartmannsdorf#Geschichte articulum hoc de oppido apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die erste urkundliche Erwähnung erfolgte 1368 als Hartmanstorph (...)".</ref> | | ''Großhartmannsdorfer Bach'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Mulda Fribergensis]]<ref name="MF"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Rivus Sitzenrodaensis|Rivus Sitzenrodaënsis]]<ref name="Rivus Sitzenrodaënsis">Substantivum "Rivus-i" Theodiscum vocabulum ''Bach'' vertit et gentilicium "Rivus Sitzenrodaënsis-e" Theodiscum gentilicium ''Sitzenrodaer'' vertit.</ref> | | ''Sitzenrodaer Bach'' seu ''Neumühlbach'' seu ''Neumühlbach'' seu ''Neumühlbach'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Heidebacum (Fossa Nigra)|Heidebacum Fossae Nigrae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Sandbacum (Presnitz)|Sandbacun Presnitzense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Sandbach'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Presnitz (flumen)|Presnitz]]<ref name="Presnitz"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Schwarzenbacum (Naba silvatica)|Schwarzenbacum Nabae Silvaticae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Schwarzenbach'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Naba silvatica|Naba Silvatica]]<ref name="Naba silvatica"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Schweizerbacum (Remisus, Oenopolis)|Schweizerbacum Remisi]]<ref name="-bacum"/> [[Oenopolis|Oenopolitanum]]<ref>Vide [https://forum.ahnenforschung.net/forum/allgemeine-diskussionsforen/begriffserkl-rung-wortbedeutung-und-abk-rzungen/2932224-begriff-oenopoli-scabini ''forum.ahnenforschung.net''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ein scabinus war in etwa ein Ratsherr, und Oenopolis ist "Weinstadt" (...)".</ref> | | ''Schweizerbach'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Remisus]]<ref name="Remisus"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Seebacum (Gädheim)|Seebach Gädheimense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Seebach'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Starzel (Prime)|Starzel Primensis]]<ref name="Starzel Primensis">Fingitur hydronymum homonymo ex hydronymo. Ultimo cui, vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_PLE_AAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_PLE_AAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt], ubi dicitur "(...) ad sinistram ripam Starzel rivi (...) Starzell diversorium in colle, ad rivulum in Wanpach fluentem (...)".</ref> | Starzell Primense<ref name="Starzel Primensis"/> | ''Starzel'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Prime]]<ref name="Prime"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Trebnitium]]<ref name="Trebnitium">Fingitur nomen huius fluminis ex oppido homonymo. Latino de nomine huius oppidi, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | Trebenezi<ref name="Trebnitium"/> seu Trebniczya<ref name="Trebnitium"/> seu Trebniczensis<ref name="Trebnitium"/> | ''Trebnitz'' seu ''Trebnitzbach'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Mohelnice]]<ref name="Mohelnice"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Westerbacum (Hasalana)|Westerbacum Hasalanae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | ''Westerbach'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Hasalaha (Mintela)|Hasalana Mintelae]]<ref name="Hasalaha Mintelae"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Wetuffa]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Wettiffa<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Wetfa<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Wetfhe<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Wetfe<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Wettfe<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Wetzbach'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Laugana]]<ref name="Murray">{{Murray}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Wildebacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Wildebach'' seu ''Wildenbach'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Helre]]<ref name="Helre"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Wirftbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Wirftbach'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Trierbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Zimmerbacum (Starzel)|Zimmerbacum Starzelense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Zimmerbach'' | align="right" | 12 | [[Starzel (Nicer)|Starzel Niceri]]<ref name="Starzel Niceri"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Aqua Cunewaldensis]]<ref name="Aqua Cunewaldensis">Substantivum "Aqua-ae" Theodiscum vocabulum ''Wasser'' vertit et gentilicium "Cunewaldensis-e" ad oppidum [[Cunewalde]] refertur. Ultimo huic toponymo, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunewalde#Geschichte articulum hoc de oppido apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Als Lokator der neuen Ansiedlung wird ein gewisser Henricus de Cunewalde angesehen, (...)".</ref> | | ''Cunewalder Wasser'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Spreha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Bewer]] | | ''Bewer'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Ilmede]]<ref name="Ilmede"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Biverna (Visurgis)|Biverna Visurgis]]<ref name="Biverna">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymo flumine. De hoc ultimo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | Beverna Visurgis<ref name="Biverna"/> | ''Bever'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Buhlertalbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Bühlertalbach'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Drusel]] | | ''Drusel'' seu ''Kleine Fulda'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Fuldaha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Gablenzbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Gablenzbach'' seu ''Stollberger Wasser'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Wirsenicz (Caminizi rivus)|Wirsenicz Caminizi rivi]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Grimmbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Grimmbach'' seu ''Steinach'' seu ''Grümbach'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Cochera]]<ref name="Cochera"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Haldenbacum (Remisus, Endersbacum)|Haldenbacum Remisi Endersbachense]]<ref name="-bacum"/><ref name="Endersbacense">Gentilicium "Endersbacensis-e" ad oppidum [[Endersbacum]] (Theodisce ''Endersbach'') refertur.</ref> | | ''Haldenbach'' seu ''Stettener Bach'' seu ''Alter Bach'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Remisus]]<ref name="Remisus"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Helmbacum (Spira)|Helmbacum Spirae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Helmbach'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Spira (Rhenus)|Spira Rheni]]<ref name="Spira"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Huttenbacum (Swarza Bavarica)|Huttenbacum Swarzae Bavaricae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Hüttenbach'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Swarza Bavarica]]<ref name="Swarza Bavarica"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Kampfelbacum (flumen)|Kampfelbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Kämpfelbach'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Phunzin]]<ref name="Phunzin"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Lohrbacum (Awinpach)|Lohrbacum Awinpachense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Lohrbach'' seu ''Heinrichsthaler Lohr'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Awinpach (Lara)|Awinpach Larae]]<ref name="Awinpach Larae"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Mühlenwasser]] | | ''Mühlenwasser'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Erpe (Tuistina)|Erpe]] | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Nebelbeeke]] | | ''Nebelbeeke'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Warme]] | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Orbaha]]<ref name="Orbaha">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orb_(Kinzig)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Das Gewässer wird 1059 als ''Orbaha'' erstmals urkundlich erwähnt (...)".</ref> | | ''Orb'' seu ''Aubach'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Kincicha]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Pyra Magna]]<ref name="Große">Adiectivo "magnus-a-um" Theodiscum adiectivum "Große" vertitur.</ref> | | ''Große Pyra'' seu ''Große Bühra'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Mulda Zviccaviensis]]<ref name="MZ"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Raodhaha (Lein, Voggenberger Sägmühle)|Raodhaha Leinensis de Voggenberger Sägmühle]]<ref name="Raodhaha Leinensis de Voggenberger Sägmühle">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo flumine. Cui ultimo, vide [https://books.google.de/books?id=rqboBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA381#v=snippet&q=Oberrot&f=false Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch].</ref> | Rotaha Leinensis de Voggenberger Sägmühle<ref name="Raodhaha Leinensis de Voggenberger Sägmühle"/> seu Rota Leinensis de Voggenberger Sägmühle<ref name="Raodhaha Leinensis de Voggenberger Sägmühle"/> | ''Rot'' seu ''Kaiserbacher Rot'' seu ''Mosbach'' seu ''Schwarze Rot'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Lein (Cochera)|Lein]] | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Rivus Brunheimensis Alfterensis]]<ref name="Rivus Brunheimensis Alfterensis">Substantivum "Rivus-i" Theodiscum vocabulum ''Bach'' vertit et gentilicium "Brunhiemensis-e" ad oppidum [[Brumheim]] refertur. Ultimo huic toponymo, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornheim_(Rheinland)#Geschichte articulum hoc de oppido apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Urkundlich wird der Hauptort Bornheim als „Brunheim“ im Bonngau, in der Grafschaft des Grafen Ehrenfried, erstmals am 2. August 945 genannt (...)". Denique, Gentilicium Latinum "Alfterensis-e" Theodiscum ''Alfterer'' vertit.</ref> | | ''Alfterer Bornheimer Bach'' seu ''Mirbach'' seu ''Görresbach'' seu ''Roisdorfer'' seu ''Bornheimer Bach'' seu ''Mühlenbach'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Rivus Mielenheimensis]]<ref name="Rivus Mielenheimensis]]">Substantivum "Rivus-i" Theodiscum vocabulum ''Bach'' vertit et gentilicium "Mielenheimensis-e" ad oppidum [[Mielenheim]] refertur. Ultimo huic toponymo, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehlem#Geschichte articulum hoc de oppido apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Urkundlich wird Mehlem erstmals im April 804 als ''Mielenheim'' genannt, wo dem Bonner Cassiusstift ein Weingut geschenkt wird (...)".</ref> | | ''Mehlemer Bach'' seu ''Eichenackersbach'' seu ''Kernbach'' seu ''Züllighovener Bach'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Schaafbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Schaafbach'' seu '' Schafbach'' seu ''Ahrmühle'' seu ''Eichholzbach'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Ara (flumen)|Ara]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Schweizerbacum (Remisus, Laurissa)|Schweizerbacum Remisi]]<ref name="-bacum"/> [[Lorch (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Laurissae]] | | ''Schweizerbach'' seu ''Wettenbach'' seu ''Mutlanger Haselbach'' seu ''Haselbach'' seu ''Tannbach'' seu ''Waldauer Bach'' seu ''Alfdorfer Haselbach'' seu ''Mühlbach'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Remisus]]<ref name="Remisus"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Sinisbach]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | | ''Siesbach'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Nava (flumen)|Nava]]<ref name="Fabricius II 1898"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Solisbacum (Moenus)|Solisbacum Moeni]]<ref name="Solisbacum Moeni">Fingitur nomen huius fluminis ex oppido homonymo. Latino de nomine huius oppidi, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | Sultzbacum Moeni<ref name="Solisbacum Moeni"/> seu Zulsbacum Moeni<ref name="Solisbacum Moeni"/> seu Zultzbacum Moeni<ref name="Solisbacum Moeni"/> | ''Sulzbach'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Sorbitz]] | | ''Sorbitz'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Schwarza (Sala)|Schwarza Salae]] | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Speltach]] | | ''Speltach'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Iages]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Sperrlutter]] | | ''Sperrlutter'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Odera (Ruma)|Odera Rumae]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Threne]] | | ''Threne'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Parda (flumen)|Parda]]<ref name="Bavarikon"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Ulfe (Fuldaha)|Ulfe Fuldahae]] | | ''Ulfe'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Fuldaha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Vesser (flumen)|Vesser]] | | ''Vesser'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Breitenbacum (Erle)|Breitenbacum Erlense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Vischelbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Vischelbach'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Ara (flumen)|Ara]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Vulle]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | | ''Fulde'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Böhme (flumen)|Böhme]] | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Waldbacum (Gabelbacum)|Waldbacum Gabelbacense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Waldbach'' seu ''Mangelsbach'' seu ''Wattbach'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Gabelbacum (Muda)|Gabelbacum Mudae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Walse]] | | ''Walse'' seu ''Sählenbach'' seu ''Beek'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Weraha|Weraha Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Weggentalbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Weggentalbach'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Zschampert]] | | ''Zschampert'' | align="right" | 11 | [[Luppa Vetus|Luppa Vetus]]<ref name="Alte Luppe">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymo flumine. De hoc ultimo, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luppe_(Fluss) hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss wurde 1216 als „Luppa fluvio“ erstmals urkundlich erwähnt (...)". Adiectivo "vetus veteris" Theodiscum adiectivum "Alte" vertitur.</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Aalenbacum (Bilerna)|Aalenbacum Bilernae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Aalenbach'' seu ''Äulesbach'' | align="right" | 10 | [[Bilerna]]<ref name="Bühler"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Biverna (Wippera)|Biverna Wippera]]<ref name="Biverna">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymo flumine. De hoc ultimo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | Beverna Wipperae<ref name="Biverna"/> | ''Bever'' | align="right" | 10 | [[Wippera]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Brunau (Ursena)|Brunau Ursenae]] | | ''Brunau'' | align="right" | 10 | [[Ursena]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Dreisbacum (Ara)|Dreisbacum Arae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Dreisbach'' | align="right" | 10 | [[Ara (flumen)|Ara]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Dammbacum (Elsava)|Dammbacum Elsavae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Dammbach'' | align="right" | 10 | [[Elsava]] | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Dusebacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Dusebach'' seu ''Duse'' seu ''Dause'' | align="right" | 10 | [[Mühlenwasser]] | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Fischbacum (Gaspentia)|Fischbacum Gaspentiae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Fischbach'' | align="right" | 10 | [[Gaspentia]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Griessebacum (flumen)|Griessebacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Grießebach'' | align="right" | 10 | [[Humme]] | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Gronach]] | | ''Gronach'' | align="right" | 10 | [[Iages]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Hadoluespach]]<ref name="Hadoluespach">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halsbach_(Alz) hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Ort Halsbach wird ca. 790 als ''Hadoluespach'' erstmals urkundlich genannt. (...)".</ref> | | ''Halsbach'' | align="right" | 10 | [[Alzus]]<ref name="Alzus"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Hetzbacum (Flöha)|Hetzbacum Flöhae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Hetzbach'' | align="right" | 10 | [[Flöha]] | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Kappelbacum (Zurrega)|Kappelbacum Zurregae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Kappelbach'' seu ''Hardtbach'' seu ''Krebsbach'' | align="right" | 10 | [[Zurrega (flumen)|Zurrega]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Lossnitzbacum (Mulda Zviccaviensis)|Lossnitzbacum Muldae Zviccaviensis]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Lößnitzbach'' seu ''Affalterbach'' | align="right" | 10 | [[Mulda Zviccaviensis]]<ref name="MZ"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Mooslauter]] | | ''Mooslauter'' | align="right" | 10 | [[Lutra (Glanis)|Lutra Glanensis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Mordgrundbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | Slatina | ''Mordgrundbach'' seu ''Mordgrund'' | align="right" | 10 | [[Bahra (Gotlaviae)|Bahra Gotlaviae]] | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Olepe]]<ref name="Olepe">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olpe_(Bigge)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Name tritt als ''Olepe'' 1120 erstmals urkundlich in Erscheinung (...)".</ref> | | ''Olpe'' seu ''Altenkleusheimer Bach'' seu ''Olpebach'' | align="right" | 10 | [[Bigge]]<ref name="Bigge"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Rigenbach (Zahme Gera)|Rigenbach Zahmegerense]]<ref name="Rigenbach"/> | Richenbach Zahmegerense<ref name="Rigenbach"/> | ''Reichenbach'' | align="right" | 10 | [[Zahme Gera]] | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Rivus Belmensis]]<ref name="Rivus Belmensis">Substantivum "Rivus-i" Theodiscum vocabulum ''Bach'' vertit et gentilicium "Belmensis-e" ad commune [[Belmum]] (Theodisce ''Belm'') refertur. Ultimo huic toponymo, vide: Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae..</ref> | | ''Belmer Bach'' | align="right" | 10 | [[Hassa]]<ref name="Hassa"/> | [[Amisia]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Rivus Berwangensis]]<ref name="Rivus Berwangensis">Substantivum "Rivus-i" Theodiscum vocabulum ''Bach'' vertit et gentilicium "Berwangensis-e" ad oppidum [[Berwangen]] refertur. Ultimo huic gentilicium, vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_die_Geschichte_des_Oberrheins._Bd._038%2C_1885_%28IA_zeitschriftfurdi3818unse%29.pdf Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins], ubi dicitur "(...) Georgius Fridericus Taub, Berwangensis (...)".</ref> | | ''Berwanger Bach'' seu ''Feldgraben'' seu ''Birkenbach'' seu ''Alte Bach'' | align="right" | 10 | [[Elisinza]]<ref name="Elisinza"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Rivus Henrici]]<ref name="Rivus Henrici">Fingitur hydronymum hoc ex informatione de [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrichsbach_(Wachenbach) hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Heinrichsbach ist wohl so benannt, weil Kaiser Heinrich IV. einige Zeit in der Umgebung lebte (...)".</ref> | | ''Heinrichswasser'' seu ''Heinrichsbach'' seu ''Cunerichswasser'' | align="right" | 10 | [[Wachenbacum (Lara)|Wachenbacum Larae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Rissbacum (Iages)|Rissbacum Iagis]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Rißbach'' seu ''Hollenbach'' | align="right" | 10 | [[Iages]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Rotelbacum (Iages)|Rotelbacum Iagis]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Rötelbach'' | align="right" | 10 | [[Iages]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Rubrum Packaw]]<ref name="Rubrum Packaw">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymo oppido. De hoc ultimo, vide [[:de:Pockau#Geschichte|articulum Vicipaediae Theodiscae hoc de oppido]], ubi dicitur "(...) Die erstmalige Erwähnung des Ortes erfolgte im Jahre 1365 als „Packaw“ (...)". Adiectivo "rubrum" Theodiscum adiectivum ''Rote'' vertitur.</ref> | | ''Rote Pockau'' seu ''Halbmeilenbach'' | align="right" | 10 | [[Nigrum Packaw]]<ref name="Nigrum Packaw"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Schlema (flumen)|Schlema]] | | ''Schlema'' | align="right" | 10 | [[Mulda Zviccaviensis]]<ref name="MZ"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Schobse]] | | ''Schobse'' | align="right" | 10 | [[Wohlrose]] | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Seebacum (Onestrudis)|Seebacum Onestrudis]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Seebach'' | align="right" | 10 | [[Onestrudis]]<ref name="Onestrudis"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Seebacum (Rhenus)|Seebacum Rheni]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Seebach'' | align="right" | 10 | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Suropo (Lena)|Suropo Lenae]]<ref name="Suropo">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo toponymo. Cui ultimo, vide [https://dokumen.pub/deutsches-gewssernamenbuch-etymologie-der-gewssernamen-und-der-zugehrigen-gebiets-siedlungs-und-flurnamen-9783110338591-9783110190397-9783110578911.html dokumen.pub], ubi dicitur "(...) Obersorpe, Mittelsorpe, Niedersorpe (Stadt Schmallenberg), 1072, 1101–31 Suropo, 1122 Sorbece, 1281–1313, 14. Jh. Sorpe, 14. Jh. Sorp superior, Sorp inferior (...)".</ref> | Sorbece Lenae<ref name="Suropo"/> seu Sorpe Lenae<ref name="Suropo"/> seu Sorp Lenae<ref name="Suropo"/> | ''Sorpe'' | align="right" | 10 | [[Lena (Rura)|Lena]]<ref name="Lena"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Tonna (flumen)|Tonna]] | | ''Tonna'' | align="right" | 10 | [[Onestrudis]]<ref name="Onestrudis"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Ulsna|Ůlsna]]<ref name="Ulsna">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oelze_(Fluss)#Geschichte hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss wird erstmals in einer Urkunde aus dem Jahre 1229 unter dem Namen Ůlsna erwähnt (...)".</ref> | | ''Oelze'' | align="right" | 10 | [[Schwarza (Sala)|Schwarza Salae]] | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Waldbacum (Fossa Terrestris)|Waldbacum Fossae Terrestris]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Waldbach'' | align="right" | 10 | Fossa Terrestris<ref name="Landgraben">Substantivum "Fossa-ae" Theodiscam vocem ''Graben'' et adiectivum Latinum "terrestris-e" Theodiscum praefixum ''Land-'' vertit.</ref> | ? |} ===Flumina 9 et 5 chiliometra longa=== Inferiori in tabulā, solum apparent flumina 9 et 5 chiliometra longa: {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" | [[Fluvius]] ! scope="col" | Alia nomina [[lingua Latina|Latina]] ! scope="col" | Nomen [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscum]] ! scope="col" | Longitudo (km) ! scope="col" | [[Ostium fluminis|Ostium]] ! scope="col" | [[Systema fluviorum|Systema]] |- | [[Elera (Ruma)|Elera Rumae]]<ref name="Elera Rumae">Fingitur hoc nomen homonymo e fluvio Elerā in Net influente. De quo ultimo homonymo, vide [https://books.google.de/books?id=rqboBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA381#v=snippet&q=Elera&f=false ''Albrecht Greule Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch''].</ref> | Elra Rumae<ref name="Elera Rumae"/> |''Eller'' | align="right" | 9 | [[Ruma (Layna)|Ruma]]<ref name="Ruma"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Finkenbacum (Hombacum)|Finkenbacum Hombacense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Finkenbach'' | align="right" | 9 | [[Hombacum (Othmunda)|Hombacum Othmundae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Grana (flumen)|Grana]]<ref name="Granae">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grane_(Fluss) hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss tritt in seinen ersten urkundlichen Erwähnungen des 12. Jahrhunderts als ''Grana'' in Erscheinung (...)".</ref> | | ''Grane'' | align="right" | 9 | [[Indistra]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref><ref name="Indistra"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Linkenbacum (Aisca)|Linkenbacum Aiscae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Linkenbach'' | align="right" | 9 | [[Aisca]]e<ref name="Aisca"/> fossa inundatibilis | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Loufaha]] | Louffa | ''Laufach'' | align="right" | 9 | [[Ascafa]]<ref name="Ascafa"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Fluvius Molendinorum (Saletio)|Fluvius Molendinorum Saletionis]]<ref name="Fluvius Molendinorum"/> | Mühlbach Saletionis<ref name="Mühlbach">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo flumine. De hoc flumine, vide www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu, ubi dicitur "(...) Hodie rivus Mühlbach, quem incolae vocant (...)".</ref> | ''Mühlbach'' | align="right" | 9 | [[Saletio (flumen)|Saletio]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Rivus Breitenbrunnensis]]<ref name="Rivus Breitenbrunnensis">Substantivum "Rivus-i" Theodiscum vocabulum ''Bach'' vertit. Gentilicium Latinum "Breitenbrunnensis-e" Theodiscum ''Breitenbrunner'' vertit.</ref> | | ''Breitenbrunner Bach'' seu ''Spitzerbach'' | align="right" | 9 | [[Rosenbacum (Filisa)|Rosenbacum Filisae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Eschbach (Nida)|Eschbach Nidae]]<ref name="Eschbach Nidae">Vide [https://www.geschichte-nieder-eschbach.de/startseite/nieder-eschbacher-chronik/ Heimat- und Geschichtesverein Nieder-Eschbach], ubi dicitur "(...) „Eschbach inferior“ (...)".</ref> | |''Eschbach'' | align="right" | 8 | [[Nida (Moenus)|Nida Moeni]]<ref name="Nida Moeni"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Gabelbacum (Muda)|Gabelbacum Mudae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Gabelbach'' | align="right" | 8 | [[Muda (flumen)|Muda]]<ref name="Billbach"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Grunnelbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Grunnelbach'' seu ''Grunnel-Bach'' | align="right" | 8 | [[Fuldaha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Rechtenbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Rechtenbach'' seu ''Kaibach'' | align="right" | 8 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Rohrbacum (Dürnach)|Rohrbacum Dürnachense]]<ref name="Rohrbacum Dürnachense">Fingitur nomen huius fluminis ex oppido homonymo. Latino de nomine huius oppidi, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | | ''Rohrbach'' | align="right" | 8 | [[Dürnach]] | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Sinse]]<ref name="Sinse">Fingitur hoc nomen homonymo e lacū. De cuius ultimi nomine, vide [https://books.google.de/books?id=rqboBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA381#v=snippet&q=Sims&f=false ''Albrecht Greule Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch''], ubi dicitur "(...) prope lacum Sinse (...)".</ref> | | ''Sims'' | align="right" | 8 | [[Aha Rordorfensis]]<ref name="Aha Rordorfensis"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Swelmenaha]]<ref name="Swelmenaha">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwelme hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Name ''Schwelme'' geht auf „Swelma auch Swelmna“ zurück. Aber auch vorher wurde der Name schon umgebildet, denn es hieß ursprünglich „Swelmenaha“ (...)".</ref> | Swelma<ref name="Swelmenaha"/> seu Swelmna<ref name="Swelmenaha"/> | ''Schwelme'' | align="right" | 8 | [[Wippera]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Beberbacum (Schuntra)|Beberbacum Schuntrae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Beberbach'' | align="right" | 7 | [[Schuntra]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Flotide (flumen)|Flotide]]<ref name="Flotide">Fingitur nomen huius fluminis ex [[Flöthe|oppido homonymo]]. Latino de nomine huius oppidi, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%B6the#Geschichte articulum hoc de flumine apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Alte Bezeichnungen des Ortes sind 780–802 Flathi</ref> seu Flatide<ref name="Flotide"/> seu Flothethe<ref name="Flotide"/> seu Vlothe<ref name="Flotide"/> seu Flotethe<ref name="Flotide"/> | Flathi''' seu '''Flatide''' seu '''Flothethe''' seu '''Vlothe''' seu '''Flotethe''' | ''Flöthe'' | align="right" | 7 | [[Owe Magnum]]<ref name="Owe Magnum"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Seebacum (Erlenbacum)|Seebacum Erlenbacense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Seebach'' | align="right" | 7 | [[Erlenbacum Bieringenense|Erlenbacum Bieringenense]]<ref name="-bacum"/><ref name="Bieringen"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Seebacum (Usa)|Seebacum Usae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Seebach'' | align="right" | 7 | [[Usa (Weteraha)|Usa]] | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Wublitz]] | | ''Wublitz'' | align="right" | 7 | [[Habala]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Brombacum (Nemaninga)|Brombacum Nemaningae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Brombach'' | align="right" | 6 | [[Nemaninga]]<ref name="Mümling">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCmling#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Die Römer nannten den Fluss ''Nemaninga'' (...) Die erste urkundliche Erwähnung als ''Mimilingum'' war im Jahre 741, die folgenden Schreibweisen sind dann 798 ''Mimelinga'' und ''Mimininga'', 819 ''Mimilingum'' und ''Mimelingen'', 1012 ''Minimingaha'' (...)".</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Goldbacum (Saletio)|Goldbacum Saletionis]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Goldbach'' | align="right" | 6 | [[Saletio (flumen)|Saletio]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Grenzau (Suale)|Grenzau Sualense]] | | ''Grenzau'' | align="right" | 6 | [[Suale]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Kapellenbacum (Wizmoin)|Kapellenbacum Wizmoinense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Kapellenbach'' seu ''Kapellenbek'' seu ''Spannbek'' | align="right" | 6 | [[Wizmoin]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Meizenbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Meizenbach'' seu ''Brombach'' | align="right" | 6 | [[Rotach (Werenza)|Rotach Werenzae]] | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Nahrenbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Nährenbach'' | align="right" | 6 | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Rivus Geesensis|Rivus Geësensis]]<ref name="Rivus Geësensis">Substantivum "Rivus-i" Theodiscum vocabulum ''Bach'' vertit. Gentilicium Latinum "Geësensis-e" Theodiscum ''Geeser'' vertit.</ref> | | ''Geeser Bach'' | align="right" | 6 | [[Kila]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Salzaha (Helmana)|Salzaha Helmanae]]<ref name="Salzaha">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymis toponymis Theodisce ''Salza''. De his ultimis, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | Salsa Helmanae | ''Salza'' | align="right" | 6 | [[Helmana]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Seebacum (Hene)|Seebacum Henense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Seebach'' | align="right" | 6 | [[Hene]]<ref name="Hene"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Swartzpach (Mittweida Magna)|Swartzpach Mittweidae Magnae]]<ref name="Swartzpach">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzbach_(Gro%C3%9Fe_Mittweida)#Etymologie hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Fluss trägt denselben Namen wie die erstmals 1240 urkundlich als „Swartzpach“ erwähnte Siedlung (...)".</ref> | | ''Schwarzbach'' | align="right" | 6 | [[Mittweida Magna]]<ref name="Große"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Weysluthera]]<ref name="Weysluthera">Vide articulum [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerbach_(Kahl)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Der ursprüngliche Gewässername ''Western'' (um 1282 ''Weysluthera'' genannt) (...)".</ref> | ''Westerbach'' seu ''Westernbach'' seu ''Westernkahl'' | align="right" | 6 | [[Calde (flumen)|Calde]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Gelbeke]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Gelenbeke<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Ghelenbeke<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Gelmke'' | align="right" | 5 | [[Aquaeductus (Ovacra)|Aquaeductus Ovacrae]]<ref name="Aquaeductus Ovacrae"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Lutra (Remisus)|Lutra Remisi]]<ref name="Lutra"/> | | ''Lauter'' | align="right" | 5 | [[Remisus]]<ref name="Remisus"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Seebacum (Isana)|Seebacum Isanae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Seebach'' | align="right" | 5 | [[Isana (Aenus)|Isana Aeni]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Seebacum (Ohe Magnum)|Seebacum Ohis Magni]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Seebach'' | align="right" | 5 | [[Ohe Magnum]]<ref name="Große">Adiectivo "magnus-a-um" Theodiscum adiectivum "Große" vertitur.</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Seebacum (Sala)|Seebacum Salae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Seebach'' | align="right" | 5 | [[Sala (Salzaha)|Sala Danubii]]<ref name="Saalach"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Westerbacum (Flotide)|Westerbacum Flotidense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | ''Westerbach'' | align="right" | 5 | [[Flotide (flumen)|Flotide]]<ref name="Flotide"/> | [[Visurgis]]<ref name=Gr/> |- | [[Ziegelbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Ziegelbach'' seu ''Mühlbach'' | align="right" | 5 | [[Moenus]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |} ===Flumina 4 chiliometra aut minus longa=== Inferiori in tabulā, solum apparent flumina 4 chiliometra aut minus longa: {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" | [[Fluvius]] ! scope="col" | Alia nomina [[lingua Latina|Latina]] ! scope="col" | Nomen [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscum]] ! scope="col" | Longitudo (km) ! scope="col" | [[Ostium fluminis|Ostium]] ! scope="col" | [[Systema fluviorum|Systema]] |- | [[Brombacum (Finkenbacum)|Brombacum Finkenbacense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Brombach'' | align="right" | 4 | [[Finkenbacum (Laxbacum)|Finkenbacum Laxbacense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Buchbacum (Speltach)|Buchbacum Speltachense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Buchbach'' | align="right" | 4 | [[Speltach]] | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Himmelsbacum (Wiese)|Himmelsbacum Wiesense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Himmelsbach'' | align="right" | 4 | [[Wiese (flumen)|Wiese]]<ref name="Wiese"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Hofbacum (Rivulus Liberorum)|Hofbacum Rivuli Liberorum]]<ref name="-bacum"/><ref name="Nietzschmann 2013"/> | | ''Hofbach'' | align="right" | 4 | [[Rivulus Liberorum (flumen)|Rivulus Liberorum]]<ref name="Nietzschmann 2013"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Lutra Alba|Lutra Alba]]<ref name="Lutra Alba">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymo flumine Rhenano. De hoc ultimo, vide {{Graesse}}. Adiectivum Latinum "albus-a-um" Theodiscum ''Weiße'' vertit.</ref> | | ''Weiße Lauter'' | align="right" | 4 | [[Lutra (Nicer)|Lutra Niceri]]<ref name="Lutra"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Patra]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | Patris<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Pathera<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Padra<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Padhera<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Padhre<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Padera<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Padre<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> seu Padra<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | ''Pader'' | align="right" | 4 | [[Lupia]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Rivus Asbachensis]]<ref name="Rivus Asbachensis">Substantivum "Rivus-i" Theodiscum vocabulum ''Bach'' vertit. Gentilicium Latinum "Asbachensis-e" Theodiscum ''Asbacher'' vertit.</ref> | | ''Asbacher Bach'' | align="right" | 4 | [[Longna]]<ref name="Longna"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Seebacum (Isara)|Seebacum Isarae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Seebach'' | align="right" | 4 | [[Isara (Bavaricus)|Isara]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Seebacum (Loufaha)|Seebacum Loufahae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Seebach'' | align="right" | 4 | [[Loufaha]] | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Seebacum (Steinlach)|Seebacum Steinlachense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Seebach'' | align="right" | 4 | [[Steinlach]] | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Billbach (Muda)|Billbach]]<ref name="Billbach">Vide [https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/ActaSanctorum/17.August.html Acta Sanctorum der Bollandisten], ubi dicitur "(...) Locum ipsum duo rivi, unus a meridie, ab incolis '''Muda (die Mud)''' alter ab oriente, vulgo '''Billbach''' dictus, præterfluunt (...)".</ref> | | ''Billbach'' | align="right" | 3 | [[Muda (flumen)|Muda]]<ref name="Billbach"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- [[Brombacum (Hemisa)|Brombacum Hemisae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Brombach'' | align="right" | 3 | [[Hemisa]]<ref name="Hemisa"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Echtbacum (Aalenbacum)|Echtbacum Aalenbacense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Echtbach'' seu ''Hilpertsklingenbach'' | align="right" | 3 | [[Aalenbacum (Bilerna)|Aalenbacum Bilernae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Erlenbacum (Chinzechun)|Erlenbacum Chinzechunense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Erlenbach'' | align="right" | 3 | [[Chinzechun]]<ref name="Chinzechun"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Huttenbacum (Seebacum)|Huttenbacum Seebacense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Hüttenbach'' | align="right" | 3 | [[Seebacum (Hene)|Seebacum Henense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Kapellenbacum (Bünzau)|Kapellenbacum Bünzauense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Kapellenbach'' seu ''Kapellenbek'' seu ''Spannbek'' | align="right" | 3 | [[Bünzau]] | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Lachsbacum (Albis)|Lachsbacum Albis]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Lachsbach'' | align="right" | 3 | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Seebacum (Rezat)|Seebacum Rezatense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Seebach'' | align="right" | 3 | [[Rezat]]<ref name="Radiantia, Rezat, Redniz"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Fluvius Molendinorum (Liubasa)|Fluvius Molendinorum Liubasae]]<ref name="Fluvius Molendinorum"/> | | ''Mühlbach'' | align="right" | 2 | [[Liubasa]]<ref name="Liubasa"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Hosewasch]] | Hoswaschbacum<ref name="-bacum"/> seu Hosewaschbacum<ref name="-bacum"/> | ''Hosewasch'' seu ''Hoswaschbach'' seu ''Hosewaschbach'' | align="right" | 2 | [[Sala (Salzaha)|Sala Danubii]]<ref name="Saalach"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Lutra Nigra]]<ref name="Lutra Nigra">Fingitur hoc nomen ex homonymo flumine Rhenano. De hoc ultimo, vide {{Graesse}}. Adiectivum Latinum "niger nigra nigrum" Theodiscum ''Schwarze'' vertit.</ref> | | ''Schwarze Lauter'' | align="right" | 2 | [[Lutra (Nicer)|Lutra Niceri]]<ref name="Lutra"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Seebacum (Buchbacum)|Seebacum Buchbacense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Seebach'' | align="right" | 2 | [[Buchbacum (Speltach)|Buchbacum Speltachense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Seebacum (Murga)|Seebacum Murgae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Seebach'' | align="right" | 2 | [[Murga (Neoburgum)|Murga Neoburgensis]]<ref name="Murga NB"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Biske]] | | ''Biske'' | align="right" | 1 | [[Elera (Net)|Elera Netensis]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Braunsel]] | | ''Braunsel'' | align="right" | 1 | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Bründelgraben]] | | ''Bründelgraben'' | align="right" | 1 | [[Scutara]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Fluvius Molendinorum (Alcmana)|Fluvius Molendinorum Alcmanae]]<ref name="Fluvius Molendinorum"/> | | ''Mühlbach'' | align="right" | 1 | [[Alcmana]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Huttenbacum (Himmelsbacum)|Huttenbacum Himmelsbacense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Hüttenbach'' | align="right" | 1 | [[Himmelsbacum (Wiese)|Himmelsbacum Wiesense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Kesselbacum (Aach Zwiveltense)|Kesselbacum in Aach Zwiveltense]] | | ''Kesselbach'' seu ''Kessel Aach'' | align="right" | 1 | [[Aach Zwiveltense]]<ref name="AZ"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Laxbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Laxbach'' seu ''Lachsbach'' | align="right" | 1 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Seebacum (Echtbacum)|Seebacum Echtbacense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Seebach'' | align="right" | 1 | [[Echtbacum (Aalenbacum)|Echtbacum Aalenbacense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Urspring]] | | ''Urspring'' | align="right" | 1 | [[Ach (Blavius)|Ach Blavii]] | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Weihermuhlbacum]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Weihermühlbach'' | align="right" | 1 | [[Alcmana]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Pfeffer (rivus)|Pfeffer]] | | ''Pfeffer'' | align="right" | 0.5 | [[Brancia (flumen)|Brancia]]<ref name="Brancia"/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Brunnbacensis (Nicer)|Brunnbacensis Niceri]]<ref name="Brunnbacensis">Fingitur hoc nomen homonymo e monasterio. De hoc ultimo, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pockau#Geschichte articulum Vicipaediae Theodiscae de huius monasterii oppido]], ubi dicitur "(...) (lateinisch ''Monasterium Brunnbacensis'') (...)".</ref> | | ''Bronnbach'' | align="right" | < 0.5 | [[Nicer]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Kapellenbacum (Alcmana)|Kapellenbacum Alcmanae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Kapellenbach'' | align="right" | < 0.5 | [[Alcmana]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Rivus de Tosingen]]<ref name="Rivus de Tosingen">Substantivum "Rivus-i" Theodiscum vocabulum ''Bach'' vertit et [[Syntagma (grammaticum)|syntagma]] "de Tosingen" ad oppidum [[Tosingen]] refertur. Ultimo huic gentilicium, vide [[:de:Deising (Riedenburg)|articulum apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam hoc de oppido]], ubi dicitur "(...) Das Auftreten eines Ortsadels lässt sich mit dem zwischen 1147 und 1160 auftretenden „Ainwic de Tosingen“ (...)".</ref> | | ''Deisinger Bach'' | align="right" | < 0.5 | [[Alcmana]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Springe (rivus)|Springe]] | | ''Springe'' | align="right" | < 0.5 | [[Smiehe Parvum]]<ref name="Smiehe Parvum">Fingitur hoc hydronymum homonymo ex hydronymo. Cui ultimo, vide [https://dokumen.pub/deutsches-gewssernamenbuch-etymologie-der-gewssernamen-und-der-zugehrigen-gebiets-siedlungs-und-flurnamen-9783110338591-9783110190397-9783110578911.html dokumen.pub], ubi dicitur "(...) Schmiech, die, l.z. Donau, entspringt oberhalb von Springen (Gundershofen, Stadt Schelklingen, AlbDonau-Kreis, B.-W., D) aus einer ergiebigen Karstquelle, mündet südlich von Ehingen (Alb-DonauKreis). – 1298 fluvium … Smiehe (...)". Adiectivo "parvus-a-um" Theodiscum adiectivum "Kleine" vertitur.</ref> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |} ===Flumina adhuc ignotā cum longitudine=== Inferiori in tabulā, solum apparent flumina adhuc ignotā cum longitudine: {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" | [[Fluvius]] ! scope="col" | Alia nomina [[lingua Latina|Latina]] ! scope="col" | Nomen [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscum]] ! scope="col" | [[Ostium fluminis|Ostium]] ! scope="col" | [[Systema fluviorum|Systema]] |- | [[Brombacum (Hofbacum)|Brombacum Hofbacense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Brombach'' | [[Hofbacum (Rivulus Liberorum)|Hofbacum Rivuli Liberorum]]<ref name="-bacum"/><ref name="Nietzschmann 2013"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Brombacum (Nagalda)|Brombacum Nagaldae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Brombach'' | [[Nagalda (flumen)|Nagalda]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Brombacum (Rota)|Brombacum Rotae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Brombach'' | [[Rota (Aenus)|Rota Aeni]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Danubius]]<ref name="Hofmann">{{Lexicon Universale}}</ref> |- | [[Brombacum (Rura)|Brombacum Rurae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Brombach'' | [[Rura (Eiflensis)|Rura Eiflensis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Mosa]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Brombacum (Sinisbach)|Brombacum Sinisbacense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Brombach'' | [[Sinisbach]]<ref name="Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Brombacum (Wiscoz)|Brombacum Wiscozense]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Brombach'' | [[Wiscoz]]<ref name="Wiscoz"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Brumbacum (Wippera)|Brumbacum Wipperae]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | | ''Brumbach'' seu ''Brombach'' | [[Wippera (Sala)|Wippera Salae]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Grenzau (Arle)|Grenzau Arlense]] | | ''Grenzau'' | [[Arle (flumen)|Arle]]<ref name="Arle"/> | [[Arle (flumen)|Arle]]<ref name="Arle"/> |- | [[Imme]] | | ''Imme'' | [[Arle (flumen)|Arle]]<ref name="Arle"/> | [[Arle (flumen)|Arle]]<ref name="Arle"/> |- | [[Nigra Aqua (Ruhland)|Nigra Aqua Ruhlandensis]]<ref name="Nigra Aqua Ruhlandensis">Fingitur hoc nomen suo ex homonymo Helvetico. Cui ultimo, vide [https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/000914/2016-09-26/ Neirivue], ubi dicitur "Ehemalige politische Gemeinde FR, Bezirk Greyerz, am linken Saaneufer. 2002 mit Albeuve, Lessoc und Montbovon zur neuen Gemeinde Haut-Intyamon fusioniert. 1277 ''Nigra aqua'', früher dt. ''Schwarzwasser'' (...)". Gentilicium "Ruhlandensis-e" Theodiscum ''Ruhlander'' vertit.</ref> | | ''Ruhlander Schwarzwasser'' | [[Elstra nigra|Elstra Nigra]]<ref name="Elstra Nigra"/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Olbe]] | | ''Olbe'' | [[Beber (Ora)|Beber Orae]] | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Rivulus Niger (Gohhusia)|Rivulus Niger Gohhusiae]]<ref name="Rivulus Niger Gohhusiae">Theodisca vox ''Schwarzbach'' in Latinam "Rivulus Niger" verti solet. V.gr. vide: Schöttgen, C., & Kreysig, G. C., auctoribus (1730). ''Diplomataria et Scriptores Historiae Germanicae Medii Aevi''. [[Altenburgum in Misnia|Altenburgi]]: Richter. De toponymo "Gohhusia", vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCchsen#Geschichtearticulum hoc de oppido apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Erstmals wurde der Ort unter dem Namen ''Gohhusia'' im Jahr 758 erwähnt (...)"</ref> | | ''Schwarzbach'' | ? | ? |- | [[Rivulus Niger (Mulda)|Rivulus Niger Muldae]]<ref name="Rivulus Niger"/> | | ''Schwarzbach'' | [[Mulda|Mulda Albis]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Rivulus Niger (Rotbacum)|Rivulus Niger Rotbacensis]]<ref name="Rivulus Niger">Theodisca vox ''Schwarzbach'' in Latinam "Rivulus Niger" verti solet. V.gr. vide: Schöttgen, C., & Kreysig, G. C., auctoribus (1730). ''Diplomataria et Scriptores Historiae Germanicae Medii Aevi''. [[Altenburgum in Misnia|Altenburgi]]: Richter.</ref> | | ''Schwarzbach'' | [[Rotbacum (Rhenus)|Rotbacum Rheni]]<ref name="-bacum"/> | [[Rhenus]]<ref name="Hofmann"/> |- | [[Struga (flumen)|Struga]] | | ''Struga'' | [[Spreha]]<ref name=Gr/> | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | [[Veerde]] | | ''Veerde'' | ? | ? |- | [[Weißer Schöps]] | | ''Weißer Schöps'' | [[Schwarzer Schöps]] | [[Albis]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> |} ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria:Flumina Germaniae| ]] [[Categoria:Indices fluminum|Germania]] fo4celphmal552dcxhx6cnm1ek8zvp4 0 4544 3979731 3922016 2026-08-09T15:26:35Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* In Nederlandia */ 3979731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:DescartesGraduationRegistry.JPG|thumb|upright=0.9|Tabularia de Cartesio Universitatis Pictaviensis, 1616.]] '''Renatus Cartesius''',<ref>Sic [[Petrus Gassendus]] in titulo libri ''Disquisitio metaphysica seu dubitationes et instantiae adversus Renati Cartesii Metaphysicam, et responsa'' (1644); sic saepe postea.</ref> seu '''Renatus Des Cartes''',<ref>Seu ''Des-Cartes''; sic, ipso vivo, in titulis librorum Latine divulgatorum, e.g. ''Renati Des-Cartes Meditationes de prima philosophia, inqva Dei existentia et anima immortalitas demonstratvr'' (1641) [http://hooke.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/bib_seek.cgi?cat=ul&bib=3355225]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; ''Geometria, à Renato Des Cartes anno 1637 Gallicè edita, nunc . . . in linguam Latinam versam et commentariis illustratam'' (1649) [http://hooke.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/bib_seek.cgi?cat=ul&bib=3355220]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref> vulgo ''René Descartes'' ([[Descartes (Inger et Liger)|Hagae Turonicae]], [[1596]] – [[Holmia]]e, [[1650]]), fuit [[philosophus]] et [[mathematicus]] [[Francia|Francicus]], qui ad [[illuminismus|illuminismum]] valde contulit. Saepe pater [[philosophia recens|philosophiae modernae]] appellatur, et quidem his de causis: quod inter primos [[Aristotelismus|Aristotelismum]] [[scholastica (philosophia)|scholasticorum]] reiecerit; quod [[dualismus (ontologia)|dualismum animae et corporis]] nova ratione imbuerit; quod [[scientia naturalis|scientias naturales]] in [[observatio]]nibus et [[experimentum|experimentis]] positas magnopere provexerit. Dubitatione usus [[ratio]]ne opinatam reiecit [[cognitio]]nem in auctoritate [[sensus|sensibus]] ratione positam, novaque fundamenta epistemica erexit hac [[intuitio]]ne nixus: cum cogito, sum. Quod his praeclaris verbis dixit: "[[Cogito ergo sum]]."<ref>''[[Principia philosophiae]]'' 1.7 sqq.</ref> Cartesius [[dualismus|dualismum]] [[ontologia|ontologicum]] effecit, qui [[anima]]m, quam ''[[res cogitans|rem cogitantem]]'' dixit, a [[materia (physica)|materia]], quam ''[[res extensa|rem extensam]]'' nuncupavit, prorsus distinxit. [[Metaphysica]] Cartesii [[rationalismus|rationalismum]] sequitur, quippe cum [[idea innata|ideae innatas]] animae materiae [[Deus|Dei]] postulent. [[Physica]] autem ac [[physiologia]] eius in [[sensus (biologia)|sensuum]] [[experientia]] positae [[mechanismus|mechanismo]] et [[empirismus|empirismo]] nituntur. Hic [[3587 Descartes|asteroides]] Cartesii nomine appellatus est. == De vita == [[Fasciculus:Vue du Collège des Jésuites de La Flèche (Boudan, 1695).jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Collegium Iesuitarum Flexiense.]] Renatus die [[31 Martii]] anno [[1596]] [[Descartes (Inger et Liger)|Hagae Turonicae]] apud aviam maternam natus est. Iam iam primum annum compleverat, cum Ioanna Brochard mater quodam morbo [[pulmo]]nis confecta obiit.<ref>Baillet 1691: 13 inexplicabilem "mal de poumon" coniectat.</ref> Ab avia [[educatio|eruditus]] est cum sorore fere annis sex maiore, et fratre annis quinque. [[Ioachim Descartes]] pater, qui praedia in [[Castrum Heraldi|Castro Heraldi]] possidebat ibique habitabat, [[iuris consultus]] [[parlamentum|parlamento]] provinciali operam navabat. Praeterea, Renatus fere annorum quattuor erat, cum pater rursus sibi [[matrimonium]] reparavit. === Initia vitae === [[Fasciculus:Maison de René DESCARTES - Jean-Charles GUILLO.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Aedes, ubi natus est Renatus Cartesius.]] Initia vitae Renati nobis latent. Nihilo minus puer infirmae valetudinis fuisse videtur, nam cum decem aut undecim annos natus [[Flexia]]m missus esset, ut apud [[Collège Henri-IV de La Flèche|collegium Iesuitarum]] studia coleret, permittebatur diu mane in lecto manere, cum ceteri pueri ad preces matutinas habendas cum ortu solis e lecto surgerent. (Quam consuetudinem per omnem vitam servaverit.) Apud [[collegium]] educatione liberali quam amplissima instructus est, nam non solum [[Latine|Latinam]] et [[Graece|Graecam]] [[lingua]]s didicit; philosophiaque ac [[rhetorica|arte rhetorica]] et dialectica eruditus est, sed etiam in studiis [[mathematica]]e et [[physica]]e versatus est. Disciplina in schola Iesuitarum tradita in [[scholastica (philosophia)|scholastica]] [[Aristoteles|Aristotelio]]-[[Thomas Aquinas|Thomistica]] posita magnas apud Renatum dubitationes suspicionesque excitavit, quamquam semper scholam suam magistrosque suos in honore habuit. === Initia curriculi === Finitis scholae studiis anno [[1616]] apud [[universitas Pictaviensis|universitatem Pictaviensem]] baccalaureati et iuris licentiati gradum cepit — voluntate patris, ut videtur, cum complures homines gentis iure graduati essent. Sed quae ante annum 1618 fecerit, incertum est. Doctrinam qua in schola eruditus erat varie ancipitique opinione passus est, nam institutionem laudabat, argumenta vituperabat. Post omnia studia dubitationibus laborabat conscius inscientiae suae: {{Citatio|Quapropter ubi primum mihi licuit per ætatem è præceptorum custodia exire, literarum studia prorsus reliqui: Captóque consilio nullam in posterum quærendi scientiam, nisi quam vel in me ipso, vel in vasto mundi volumine possem reperire, insequentes aliquot annos variis peregrinationibus impendi: Atque interea temporis, exercitus, urbes aulásque exterorum principum invisendo, cum hominibus diversorum morum & ordinis conversando, varia hinc inde experimenta colligendo, & me ipsum in diversis fortunæ casibus probando, sic ad omnia quæ in vita occurrebant attendebam, ut nihil ex quo eruditior fieri possem mihi viderer omittere.<ref>''Dissertatio de methodo'', p- 6.</ref>}} Anno 1618 in [[Nederlandia]]m profectus est, ut apud [[Mauritius Nassoviae|Mauritium Nassoviae]] voluntarium munus militiae sustineret, eo pacto arbitratus facilius se in Europa iter facere mundumque visere posse (nam sedes [[bellum octoginta annorum|belli]] tum alibi erat). [[Breda]]e cognovit [[Isaac Beeckman|Isaacum Beeckman]], mathematicum et philosophum Batavum octo annis maiorem natu, quocum amicitiam iunxit. Beeckman Cartesium excitavit, ut denuo arte mathemtica usus scientiis operam daret. Die [[31 Decembris]] [[1618]] [[strena]]m amico suo dicavit ''[[Compendium musicae]]'' (nam [[musica]] tum temporis pars mathematicae putabatur). Qui liber, primus ex libris a Cartesio conscriptis, non ante exiit quam anno 1650 post obitum Cartesii. === Ad novam scientiam versus === Anno [[1619]] Cartesius Isaaco Beeckman duce naviter in problemata mathematica et mechanica incumbebat, donec sub exitum anni, iam exorto [[bellum triginta annorum|bello triginta annorum]], Bredam reliquit nomen daturus exercitui catholico [[Maximilianus I (dux Bavariae)|Maximiliani]], [[Bavaria]]e ducis et [[Francia]]e socii. [[Ulma]]e pernoctans [[10 Novembris]] [[1619]] somnia vidit tria, quibus officium vitae sibi dari intellexit.<ref>Sebba 1987.</ref> In iis enim somniis iucundis et confusis fundamenta novae [[scientia (ratio)|scientia]]e illi apparuerunt, in quibus [[geometria analytica|geometriam analyticam]] poneret. Quibus visis Cartesius iuvenis nuntiari putavit omnem [[scientia (declarativa)|scientia]]m sibi reformandam esse. Itaque a philosophia incipere constituit, a qua principia ceterarum [[scientia (ratio)|scientia]]rum duci arbitrabatur. [[Anni 1620|Annis 1620]] hanc novam methodum excogitare coepit adgressus ad multa opera ad methodum attinentia, quae quidem non perfecit. Quas demum exercitationes anno [[1628]] reliquit. Aliis quoque operam dedit inquisitionibus, quae problemata sensui subiecta sicut [[optica]]m tractant. Anno [[1623]] in Italiam profectus est. Anno 1625 [[Lutetia]]m reversus [[Marinus Mersennus|Marinum Mersennum]]. philosophum multis in rebus versatum, convenit. Anno [[1628]] in [[Res Publica Coniunctarum Provinciarum|Nederlandiam]] demigravit, ubi usque ad annum [[1649]] habitavit. === In Nederlandia === [[Fasciculus:Westermarkt 6, Descarteshuis (links).JPG|thumb|Westermarkt 6, domus (ad sinistram) in qua Cartesius anno 1634 habitabat.]] Cur in Nederlandiam? Notum est Cartesium timidulum fuisse virum, qui per omnem vitam tranquillitatem expetivit et quidem latibulum quoddam, quo se ad studia recipere suosque mores respicere posset. Quas vivendi condiciones melius sub caelo septentrionali consequi se posse putabat.<ref>Baillet 1691: 166.</ref> Neque in Nederlandia quidem quietem consecutus est, ut optime apud Baillet 1691 apparet. Saepe domicilium mutabat, nam cum sine civitate esset, exspectabatur mox in viam se daturum. Aprili mense [[1629]] Cartesius se ad [[Academia Franekerensis|academiam Franekerensem]] iunxit, sed iam proximo anno ad [[Academia Lugduno-Batava|universitatem Leidensem]] scriptus est. Eodem anno ([[1630]]) discidium fecit cum Beeckman amico iuventutis, quod aliquid ab eius scriptis furatus esset. Anno [[1629]] Cartesius de mundo (''Le monde'') scribere coepit "tractatum parvum", quo demonstraret magnam copiam eventorum in mundo factorum physica mechanistica explanari posse sine [[scholasticismus|scholasticis]] substantivalium formarum et verarum qualitatum principiis, atque [[theoria heliocentrica|heliocentricam]] adfirmaret comprehensionem [[systema solare|systematis solaris]]. Quem librum fere anno [[1633]] complevit, sed ut audivit [[Galilaeus Galilaei|Galilaeum Galilaei]] [[haeresis]] damnatum esse, editionem libri suppressit. Putabat enim: si universum [[theoria heliocentrica|heliocentricum]] Galilaei falsum esse ecclesiae videtur, etiam suam doctrinam, quippe quae Galilaeum recte cogitasse confirmet, "falsam" videri. Deinde partem libri edere statuit ampla praefatione instructam. Itaque anno [[1637]] de [[dioptrica]] (''La dioptrique'') et de [[meteorum|meteoris]] (''Les météores'') et de [[geometria (Cartesius)|geometria]] (''La géométrie'') tractatus divulgavit, quibus ''dissertationem de methodo''<ref>Editio Latina anno [[1641]] divulgata.</ref> (''Discours de la méthode'') praemisit. Anno 1634 Amstelodami ad [[Westermarkt (Amstelodamum)|Westermarkt]] in aedibus Thomae Sergeant librarii Britannici consedit. Quo in loco amore et consuetudine usus est Helenae Jans van der Strom, ancillae huius locatoris. Renatus numquam Helenam in [[matrimonium]] duxisse videtur, sed vix cum qualibet puella concubuisset, nam sane longa consuetudine inter se coniuncti erant. Ex quo coniugio anno [[1635]] [[Daventria]]e nata est [[Francina Descartes|Francina]] filia, quae quidem quinque annis post [[scarlatina]] confecta est. Qui eventus tristis Cartesium patrem magno dolore adfecit.<ref>Porterfield 2018: 66.</ref> Anno [[1641]] ''Meditationes de prima philosophia'' divulgavit. Cum hoc opere haerebant reprehensiones, quas Cartesius per Mersennum ex doctissimis, sicut ex [[Antonius Arnauld|Antonio Arnauld]] et [[Petrus Gassendus|Petro Gassendo]] et [[Thomas Hobbes|Thoma Hobbes]], elicuerat. Prima editione ''Meditationum'' senae reprehensiones cum Cartesii responsionibus continebantur. Proximo anno Cartesius multis responsis se ab adversariorum calumniis defendere conabatur. [[Universitas Rheno-Traiectina]] adeo minaciter rem agebat, ut Cartesius sibi fugiendum esse [[Haga]]m intellegeret. ''Meditationes'' anno [[1644]] subsecuta sunt ''Principia philosophiae'', summa ''Dissertationis'' et ''Meditationum''. Anno [[1643]] Cartesius se epistularum commercio dedidit cum [[Elisabetha Bohemiae (1618-1680)|Elsabetha]], principissa [[Bohemia]]e, femina acuto nota ingenio. Quod suavissimum inter Elisabetham et Cartesium commercium initium cepit ab Elisabetha quaerente, quo modo substantia immaterialis materiali uti possit substantia. Cartesius ilico intellexit commercium sibi esse cum vera philosopha, quae problemata utilia proponere possit. Iam proximo anno sua ''Principia'' Elisabethae dedicavit. Elisabetha autem Cartesium probabat ab argumentis, sicut a [[liberum arbitrium|libero arbitrio]] et ab animi cupiditatibus, de quibus ille non satis disseruerat. Instigatu Elisabethae Cartesius de animae passionibus (''Les passions de l’âme'') scripsit paulo ante quam in Sueciam profectus est. === In Suecia === [[Fasciculus:Skeppsbron 1650.jpg|thumb|Arx Trium Coronarum (''Tre kronor'') et urbis pars, ubi habitabat Cartesius.]] [[Anni 1640|Annis 1640]] Cartesius nova philosophia sive [[mathesis universalis|mathesi universali]] adeo innotuit, ut iam ad aures [[Suecia|Suecas]] illius celebritatis fama perveniret. Nam per [[Petrus Chanut|Petrum Chanutium]], legatum Franciae [[Holmia]]m missum, inter Cartesium et [[Christina (regina Sueciae)|Christina]]m reginam, dominam doctissimam et studiosissimam, epistularum commercium anno 1646 ortum est. Cum Christina in primis de rebus moralibus disputare vellet, Cartesius ad eam ''Les passions de l’âme'' misit. Quo commercio epistularum effectum est, ut Christina anno 1649 Ianuario mense demum eum praeceptorem privatum sibi adesse iuberet. Cartesius autem invitus et diu cunctatus petenti concessit. Itaque mense Septembri 1649 regina navem longam misit, quae Cartesium Holmiam veheret. Sed calamitosissime commentus est Holmiam migrare. Cartesius apud Chanutium consedit in via longa occidentali ([[Västerlånggatan]]) non procul ab arce [[Tres Coronae (castellum)|Trium Coronarum]] (''Tre Kronor'') in Holmiae parte, quae hodie "urbs vetus" ([[Gamla stan]]) appellatur. Forsitan commentus sit quietem sub caelo frigido et solitudinwm reperire posse, sed cetera moribus eius minime obtemperabant. Nam regina cottidie eum audire volebat, sed quinta tantum ante meridiem hora ad praecepta vacabat — id quod moribus Cartesii parum convenit. Quibus incommodis valetudo Cartesii mox labefacta est, praesertim cum officii duxerit Chanutium graviter aegrotantem curare. Ex morbo refectus est Chanutius, Cartesius autem frigidissimo anni tempore [[11 Februarii]] [[1650]] vitam amisit. == De philosophia == [[Fasciculus:Descartes3.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Cartesius opere occupatus.]] Opus Cartesii non solum ad ipsas res physicas pertinebat, sed in primis verae scientiae habendae ac rationis perficiendae studio procurrebat, sive theoreticus sive practicus vel ethicus finis consequendus erat. Praeter primas disputationes opera eius, quae divulgata sunt, potius ad philosophiam systematicam pertinent quam ad solutiones aliquorum problematum scientificorum. Cum bene eruditus esset in schola Iesuitarum, Aristoteliam philosophiam naturae argumentis scholasticis in quaestionem vocare potuit. Attamen in fide catholica per omnem vitam mansit conatus fundamenta novae scientiae et tralaticios mores religiosos inter se conciliare. Sed eius notio Dei admodum peculiaris erat. In suo systemate physico Cartesius partes Dei omnipotentis in minimum contraxit, nam nec causas finales neque interventiones divinas invocare voluit. In [[epistemologia]] contra et [[metaphysica]] Deo partes maximas tribuit. Itaque non solum auctor universi physici Deus et maximus fons motus, sed etiam sponsor lucis naturalis, quae nos verum investigantes gubernat. Praeterea solus Deus partes causae efficacis agere potest atque aeternas creare veritates, sicut principia mathematica et logica. Doctrina metaphysica Cartesii novum defendit systema conceptuale et explanatorium, in quo materia extenta ex mentalibus separatur rebus, quae separatim intellegi explanarique debent. [[Dualismus|Dualismo]] celebri, quo anima ex corpore distinguitur, fundantur intellectus et cogitatio et actus morales et aliae eiusmodi res, quae explanari nequeunt ratione mechanistica, qua omnes res ad motus corpusculorum materialium redigantur. Systemate eius tamen novae quaestiones continebantur iunctae cum (1) coartanda apertura, quae esi inter animam humanam et mundum cuius conscius est, et (2) ita intellegenda natura humana, ut unio sit materiae et cogitationis, duorum generum disiunctorum. [[Fasciculus:ETH-BIB-Descartes, René (1596-1650)-Portrait-Portr 10942.tif|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Cartesius fere anno 1640.]] Doctrina philosophica Cartesiana magna, quamquam controversa, auctoritate semper fuit. Metaphysica eius et epistemologia et [[philosophia mentis]] haud ambigue ad formationem [[philosophia recens|philosophiae recentis]] contulerunt. Multae notiones aut sententiae in eius doctrina positae, sicut [[dualismus Cartesianus]], [[genius malignus]], [[dubitatio Cartesiana]], variis modis etiam nostrae aetatis philosophos occupant. Nam Cartesiana inter materiam et animam vel cogitationem distinctio plurimis subest modernae aetatis contemplationibus philosophicis, quae ex una parte ad animam et materiam, ex altera ad cognitionem certam remque cognoscendo obiectam pertinent. In ''[[Meditationes de prima philosophia|Meditationibus de prima philosophia]]'', opere omnium inlustrissomo, Cartesius omnia dubitat. Primo omnia a sensibus ducta dubitat, cum saepe sensus homines decipiant. Sunt, dicit, de quibus sensus nos decipere nequeant, nam "quamvis interdum sensus circa minuta quaedam & remotiora nos fallant, pleraque tamen alia sunt de quibus dubitari plane non potest, quamvis ab iisdem hauriantur."<ref>Cartesius, ''Meditationes'' I 4.</ref> Secundo, Cartesius deliberat, an ipse aut dormiat aut insanus sit. Quamquam potestatem insaniae somniique non negat, postulat omnia, quae homines in somniis aut in insaniis vident, esse res, quas illi iam cognoverunt, negatque se de rebus logicis (sicut de mathematica et suo [[systema Cartesianum coordinatarum|systemate coordinatarum]]) somnio decipi. Tertio, Deo bono negato, Cartesius supponit "genium aliquem malignum, eundemque summe potentem & callidum, omnem suam industriam in eo posuisse, ut me falleret."<ref>Cartesius, ''Meditationes'' I 12.</ref> Hic genius, ut postulat, Cartesium etiam de arithmetica decipere potest. Cum omnia maxime in dubio esse videantur, quaeritur aliquid certi, ut fundamenta verae scientiae inveniri possit: {{Citatio|In tantas dubitationes hesternâ meditatione conjectus sum, ut nequeam ampliùs earum oblivisci, nec videam tamen quâ ratione solvendae sint; sed, tanquam in profundum gurgitem ex improviso delapsus, ita turbatus sum, ut nec possim in imo pedem figere, nec enatare ad summum. Enitar tamen & tentabo rursus eandem viam quam heri fueram ingressus, removendo scilicet illud omne quod vel minimum dubitationis admittit, nihilo secius quàm si omnino falsum esse comperissem; pergamque porro donec aliquid certi, vel, si nihil aliud, saltem hoc ipsum pro certo, nihil esse certi, cognoscam. Nihil nisi punctum petebat [[Archimedes]], quod esset firmum & immobile, ut integram terram loco dimoveret; magna quoque speranda sunt, si vel minimum quid invenero quod certum sit & inconcussum.<ref>Cartesius, ''Meditationes'' II 1.</ref>}} == De operibus et doctrina Cartesii == In opusculo iuvenili aetate scripto (sed perdito), quod ''Studium bonae mentis'' inscribebatur, itemque in manuscripto fere annis 1626-1628 lucubrato (sed inperfecto), quod ''Regulae ad directionem ingenii'' inscribitur, Cartesius consilium magnificum ad novam scientiam creandam adumbrat, quae, praeter quod in nova methodo posita esset, non solum in verarum de mundo opinionum compagem, sed etiam in mentem humanam intellegendam ac cognoscendi facultates scrutandas coniecta esset. Ergo ''[[scientia (ratio)|scientia]]'', ars speculativa, hic cum ''sapientia'', cognitione practica vel morali ac tamquam corona illius, coniuncta esset. Quod programma generale scientiae etiam in operibus divulgatis, sicut in ''[[Dissertatio de methodo|Dissertatione de methodo]]'' (1637),<ref>''Discours de la méthode'', versio Latina postume anno [[1656]] edita.</ref> itemque in praefatione ''[[Principia philosophiae|Principiorum philosophiae]]'' ([[1644]]), et in illis visionibus moralibus, quas Cartesius, cum epistularum commercium cum Elisabetha et Chanutio habebat, denique in ''[[Les passions de l'âme|Passionibus animae]]'' (1649) adumbrabat. Haec descriptio in operibus, quae dum vivit edidit aut edere cogitavit, inveniri potest. === ''De mundo'' et ''de homine'' === Cartesius, cum in Nederlandia consedisset, primis octo mensibus "parvo studio" se dedicavit, quo et Deum esse et animam inmortalem ac rationalem esse demonstraret. Quod opus mox secessit incepto, cuius erat novam descriptionem [[humanitas|naturae humanae]] aliorumque [[phaenomenum naturae|naturae phaenomenorum]] proponere. Duo scripta ex hoc incepto superfuerunt, sc. ''De mundo'' (''Le Monde ou Le Traité de Lumière'', [[1664]]) et ''De homine'' ([[1662]]). ''De mundo'' docet [[universum]] materiale ex [[liquidum|liquida]] constare materia ad infinitum extenta, quae, etsi ipsa inanima sit, constanter movetur, quod a Deo in actu creationis ita posita sit. Omnes mutationes eius et processus explanari possunt nova 'materiae' notione in extentione posita: materiam 'rem extentam' esse. Particulas autem materiae vi pulsuosa causis motuum obtemperanti mutue inter se agere. Quas causas, ex quibus conservabilitas motus prima est et fundamentum, a Dei natura inmutabili oriri. Phaenomenorum naturalium ultima causa a minimarum particularum coniunctionibus et motibus duci possunt, sive de motibus planetarum sive de vita animali agitur. Cartesius hic [[cosmotheoria]]m mechanisticam perpetuo cohaerentem defendit. Praeterea reprobat physicam scholasticam, cui [[teleologia]] Aristotelia subfuerat cum notionibus q.s. 'forma substantialis', 'qualitas', 'elementum', 'facultates praestabilitis finibus naturalibus servientes'. Vix satis efferri potest, quanto pondere Cartesius ad intellectum vicissitudinum naturae contulerit, et qua ratione inter se sint "scitator" ('qui scitatur') et "sciendum" ('obiectum sciendi'). In physica Aristotelia universum esse putatur totum [[ratio geocentrica|geocentricum]], finitum, cyclicum ad singula minima structum, in quo res hylomorphicae hierarchice dispositae versentur. In his constat animam rationalem hominis altissimum plenisssimumque locum obtinere. Censet enim universum physicum infinitam et extentam esse plenitudinem, quae ex continua et liquida constet materia, in qua entia mutuis pulsibus formentur, crescant, dissolvantur. Quos pulsus iisdem causis ubique regulariter valentibus obtemperare. Cartesius pro empirismo Aristotelio causalem et mechanisticam theoriam [[perceptio]]nis substituit, cuius singula puncta iam in ''Regulis'' adumbraverat. Quam novam rationem mundi inlustrat notio caloris et lucis, quae variis motibus coniunctionibusque materiae ex minimis corpusculis consistentis exposita sunt. Quae corpuscula variis modis sentiendi organa movent, diversasque impressiones et cogitatationes in mente efficiunt. Theoriam suam Cartesius cautissime proponit tamquam commenticiam imaginationem novi mundi in spatio infinito a quodam philosopho posito. Cartesius nos rogat, ut Deum arbitremur spatium creavisse undique plenum materiae. Varie particulas materiae ciendo Deus diversitates efficit. Sed praeter propritates ab extentione et motu ductas nullae aliae res cum materia iunctae sunt. Quae opinio, quamquam tacita, posita est in [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicana]] ratione geocentrica, quae iam anno [[1619]] ab Ecclesia Catholica damnata erat. Cum deinde ''[[Dialogus de duobus maximis mundi systematibus|Dialogus]]'' [[Galilaeus Galiaei|Galilaei]] Romae publice condemnatus esset, Cartesius ''Mundo'' edendo abstitit. Aliquot quidem partes in ''Dissertatione'' et commentationibus illi coniunctis anno 1637 divulgavit. Disputationem systematicam anno [[1644]] in ''Principiis philosophiae'' edidit. In altera parte ''Mundi'' disserit ''de homine''. === ''Dissertatio de methodo'' === [[Fasciculus:Descartes Discours de la Methode.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Textus originalis ''Dissertationis''.]] Anno 1637 liber Francogallice scriptus ''Discours de la méthode'' cum titulo additicio ''Pour bien conduire sa raison, et chercher la vérité dans les sciences'' divulgatus est, qui lectoribus extra universitatem versatis legendus esset. Versio Latina ''Dissertatio de methodo: recte regendae rationis et veritatis in scientiis investigandae'' aliquot annis post e prelo exiit. Quae ''dissertatio'' reapse praefatio est trium tractatuum qui sunt ''Dioptrice'' (''La Dioptrique'') et ''Meteora'' (''Les Météores''), ''Geometria''<ref>Latine separatim edita.</ref> (''La Geomëtrique''). ''Dissertatio'' dispar est ''Regulis'' annis 1620 adumbratis, nam remissius nonnulla tractantur principia Cartesii. Etiam [[Autobiographia|autobiographiam]] intellectualem continet. Pars prima initio admonet de ratione (sive "bona mente") universis hominibus a natura distributa: necesse esse rationem colere [[Methodus scientifica|bona methodo]]. Deinde eruditionem in schola Flexiensi secundum programma translaticium narrat, seque destitutum queritur, quod tantulum certi a magistrorum disciplinis sibi traditum esset: {{Citatio|De philosophia nihil dicam, nisi quod, cum scirem illam a praestantissimis omnium seculorum ingeniis fuisse excultam, et nihil tamen adhuc in ea reperiri, de quo non in utramque parem disputetur, hoc est, quod non sit dubium & incertum: non tantum ingenio meo confidebam, ut aiquid in eá melius à me quàm à caeteris inveniri posse sperarem. Et cum attenerem quot deversae de eadem re opiniones saepe sint, quarum singulae à viris doctis defenduntur, & ex quibus tamen nunquam plus unà vera esse potest, quiquid ut probabile tantùm affertur, propemodo pro falso habendum esse existimabam.<ref>Cartesius, ''Dissertatio'' 1656, 6-7.</ref>}} Ita rationem reddit, cur post studia curriculo academico absistere cogitaret, et postea operam daret, ut a contradictoriis et praeiudicatis opinionibus usu receptis magistrorumve auctoritate se liberaret. Itaque a fundamentis exstruere constituit opinionum disciplinam, quam satis firmam et consequentem adprobare posset. Autobiographia rationem naturalem omnino defendere volebat: nam facultate rationis eiusque bono usu ad intellectum veritatis revocabilis ducimur. Quae praefatio etiam nuntiatrix erat novae scientiae, quam philosophia in schola defensa minime sustinebat. Quae autobiographia diligenter exarata certa patefacit argumenta, quae Cartesius satis tute — ne in litigium doctrinale caderet, nec tranquillitatem animi amitteret — proferri posse arbitrabatur. [[Methodus scientifica|Methodum]], quam optimi generis esse iudicabat, non ex logica scholastica prompsit, sed ex geometria et [[algebra]], quibus formandis ipse intererat. In ''Dissertatione'' paucis exemplis perquam generalibus illustrabat methodum, quae in omnibus disciplinis valeret. Prima, et quidem notissima, regula admonebat, {{Citatio|ut nihil unquam veluti verum admitterem, nisi quod certò & evidenter verum esse cognoscerem, hoc est, ut omnem praecipitantiam atque anticipationem in judicando diligentissime vitarem; nihilque amplius conclusione complecterer, quàm quod tam clare & distincte rationi meae paterer, ut nullo modo in dubium possem revocare.<ref>Cartesius, ''Dissertatio'' 1656, 14-15.</ref>}} Ceterae tres in ''Regulis'' reperiuntur. Cartesius eventus harum regularum observantia in variis artibus effectos laudat et ita concludit: {{Citatio|quia videbam illarum cognitionum à pricipiis quibusdam, quae ex Philosophia peti deberent, dependere, in Philosophia autem nulla hactenus satis certa principia fuisse inventa; non dubitavi quin de iis quaerendis mihi ante omnia esset cogitandum."<ref>Cartesius, ''Dissertatio'' 1656, p. 17.</ref>}} In quinta parte Cartesius ad physicam transit, et theoriam in ''Mundo'', tractatu inedito, excogitatam pronuntiat. Praeterea operam corporis humani explicat, sicut operam [[cor]]dis et [[apparatus circulatorius|circulationis sanguinis]], quas secundum suas investigationes [[anatomia|anatomicas]] edocet. Disserit etiam corpora humana animaliaque machinamenta sive automata manibus Dei facta esse, quorum motus operaeque [[physiologia|physiologicae]] materialium particularum in organis et nervis motibus pulsibusque efficiuntur. Quae differentia sit inter hominem et automatum, sub finem capituli explicat ratione, quae [[examen Turing|examini Turing]] similis est:<ref>Alanen 2018.</ref> {{Citatio|Et hic particulariter immoratus eram in ostendendo, si darentur ejusnodi machinæ, figurâ externå organisque omnibus simiæ vel cuivis alteri bruto animali simillimæ, nullà nos ratione agnituros ipsas naturà ab istis animantibus differre: Si autem aliquæ exstarent quæ nostrorum corporum imaginem referrent, nostrasque actiones quantum moraliter fieri posset imitarentur, nobis semper duas certissimas vias reliquas fore ad agnoscendum, eas non propterea veros homines esse. Quarum prima est, illas nunquam sermonis usum habituras, aut ullorum signorum, qualia adhibemus ad cogitationes nostras aliis aperiendas. Nam concipi quidem potest machina ita composita ut vocabula aliqua proferat, imo etiam ut quædam enunciet quæ præferentiæ objectorum, ipsius organa externa moventium, appositè respondeant.<ref>Cartesius, ''Dissertatio'' 1656, p. 44.</ref>}} Quarum (agnoscendi viarum) altera est, omnibus locis ratione uti posse instrumento universali. Cartesius hominibus animam rationalem esse adfirmat, etsi secundum principia quae ipse constituit nullo modo a materiae potentia duci potest. Itaque necesse esse ipsam creari. Quod ad mentis et corporis unionem attinet, Cartesius non sufficere ait, ut instar nautae in navi anima in corpore habitet; immo necesse esse, ut corpori artius uniatur.<ref>Cartesius, ''Dissertatio'' 1656, p. 46.</ref> Quam unionem suis principiis explanare non posse postea patefecit epistulis ad Elisabetham missis. Nam [[causalitas]] particularum collisionibus pulsibusque nixa sola forma est causalitatis a Cartesio accepta. Quomodo anima corpori unire deceat, quaestio difficillima erat Cartesio (sicut etiam hodiernis philosophis est). Animam rationalem dixit arte coniunctam esse corpori; ex alia parte, dixit eam haudquaquam corpori esse obnoxiam, nam etiam interito corpore superesse posse. Itaque [[dualismus|dualismum]] proposuit: animae et corporis unionem ad neuram partem reduci posse. === ''Meditationes de prima philosophia'' === [[Fasciculus:Meditationes de prima philosophia 1641.jpg|thumb|Prima editio ''Meditationum''.]] Opus magnum philosophiae Cartesianae, ''Meditationes de prima philosophia'', procudit et producit, nec non defendit, argumenta in quarto capitulo ''Dissertationis'' prolata, sed prorsus alio genere dicendi. Opus Aprili mense [[1640]] absolutum Lutetiae apud Michaelem Soly anno [[1641]] primum editum hunc habet titulum additicium: ''... in qua Dei existentia et animae immortalitas demonstratur.'' Cum quidem in ''Meditationibus'' minime de animae immortalitate agatur, editio secunda apud [[Ludovicus Elzevirius|Elzevirium]] anno [[1642]] facta rectius ''... in quibus Dei existentia, et animae humanae a corpore distinctio, demonstrantur'' dicit. Ut titulo operis indicatur, lector ad lente cogitandum invitatur: argumenta diligenter lenteque perlegat; certe singulae singulis diebus meditationes habere licet, vel diutius, si opus est. In ''Meditationibus'' lector idem esse exspectatur atque "[[ego]]", meditator, qui pro qualibet persona rationali et deliberabunda stare putatur. Meditator igitur humanus et eruditus meditationes finire exspectatur, non solum a falsis opinionibus purus sed etiam meliore sanioreque animo quam antea. Nam propositum est meditatorem ad veram et certam scientiam munire viam, quam nemo in quaestionem vocare potest. Hoc modo, finitis meditationibus, nova de scientia eiusque methodis visio cohaerens fundamentum philosophicum consecuta est, quod iam dudum Cartesius sibi proposuit. Cartesius, ut anno 1629 in Nederlandia consederat, primis mensibus ei incumbebat operi, quod ratione humana suscipere maximi momenti esse putabat: Deum ac se ipsum cognoscere. Quo opere id repperit, quod ipse "fundamentum physicae" descripsit. In '''praefatione''' ''Meditationum'' Cartesius se conari dicit his respondere duabus obiectionibus, quas excitaverunt argumenta in quarto capitulo ''Dissertationis'' posita. * Primo, ex eo, cum mens humana in se conversa se esse percipiat nihil nisi rem cogitantem, non sequi, ut eius natura sive [[essentia]] in eo tantum consistat, quod sit [[res cogitans]]. * Secundo: ex eo, quod notionem sive ideam rei me perfectioris in me habeam, non sequitur, ut ipsa idea me perfectior sit, et multo minus sequitur, ut exsistat illud, quod ista idea repraesentatur. Quae quaestiones ad problemata medullaria metaphysicae Cartesianae pertinent. Cartesius deinde [[scepticismus|scepticorum]] argumentorum seriem praebet, ut mentem liberet a sensibus, qui nos ad mundum materialem adligant, et lectorem adducant id tantum consideratum, quae intellectus clare et accurate intellegere åptest. Claris et accuratis ideis reperiuntur ea, quae sensibus percipi non possunt, sicut natura animae mentisve rationalis, et exsisentia Dei suprasensibilis, qua natura mentis nititur. Exsistentia Dei esse intellegitur fides veritatis ec non harum idearum, notionumque ab his ductarum fundamentum. Sunt, qui hoc argumentum circulare esse arbitrentur, sed continuo, num vero circulare sit, ambigitur, ac si est, num circularitas incommodo sit. Etiam, num cognitioni scientificae ius dari debeat, quaeritur. Sequitur synopsis argumentorum in his sex meditationibus inclusorum. In '''prima meditatione''' Cartesius argumenta scepticorum antiquorum adhibet, ut a falsis erroneisque opinionibus se liberet. Argumenta scepticorum ordinate et disposite in usum convertit, etsi non eo consilio, ut more scepticorum omnibus opinionibus se abstineat. Suas opinioes potius ad tempus putat dubitabiles vel falsas esse, ut ab integro incohare possit opiionibus, quae certe indubitabiles sint. Impetum facit in fundamenta principiorum empiricorum Aristoteliorum, quibus usitatae quas quondam habebat opiniones nitebantur. "Nempe quidquid hactenus ut maximè verum admisi, vel à sensibus, vel per sensus accepi, hos autem interdum fallere deprehendi."<ref>Cartesius, ''Meditationes'', 1642, p. 6.</ref> Empirismus Aristotelius similitudine nitebatur:species vel qualitates entium materialium quodam modo eaedem vel similes sunt ac qualitates sensibiles quas percipimus. Ita [[sensus (biologia)|sensus]] sani veram reddunt imaginem naturae et qualitatem entium quae percipimus. In '''secunda meditatione''' Cartesius contra communem opinionem demonstrat mentem nobis esse notiorem quam mundum qui nos circumdat (si vero exstat, nam hoc puncto argumenti in dubio sumus). In prima meditatione Cartesius argumentum [[genius malignus|genii maligni]] praebuerat: fieri posse, ut a deceptore, genio maligno, inducamur ad credendum quod verum esse putamus. Nunc vero Cartesius arguit genium in omni calliditate nequire me inducere, ut me non esse putem, quia ita cogitando aliquem cogitare commonefio. Itaque facere non potest meditator (alter ego Cartesii), quin, tum cum cogitat, exsistere se sibi persuadeat. {{Citatio|Nunquid ergo saltem ego aliquid sum? sed jam negavi me habere ullos sensus, & ullum corpus; haereo tamen, nam quid inde? sumne ita corpori, sensibusque alligatus, ut sine illis esse non possim? sed mihi persuasi, nihil plane esse in mundo, nullum caelum, nullam terram, nullas mentes, nulla corpora; nonne igitur etiam me non esse? imo certè ego eram si quid mihi persuasi: sed est deceptor nescio quis, potens, summe callidus, qui de industria me semper fallit; haud dubie igitur ego etiam sum, si me fallit, & fallat quantum potest, nunquam tamen efficiet, ut nihil sim quamdiu aliquid esse cogitabo, adeo ut omnibus satis superque pensitatis denique statuendum sit hoc pronuntiatum, Ego sum, ego existo, quoties à me profertur, vel mente concipitur, necessario esse verum.|Meditationes II 1642, p. 9.}} Quantaecumque sint causae dubitandi, oportet esse "ego" qui dubitare potest et a genio maligno falli potest. Sed quid sit ego ille? Quid sum? Cartesius respondit: mens sive res cogitans. Meditator accuratius, quid sit "ego" ille res cogitans, explicare conatur. Quo pacto cognoscere potest hanc rem cogitantem? Sensibus non est fides facienda, neque imaginationi. Per similitudinem inducit argumentum a [[cera]]. Quid de cera ex [[favus|favis]] sumpta cognosci potest per sensus? Gustum, odorem, colorem, figuram, magnitudinem, duritiam, etc. Meditator deinde interrogat, quidnam accidat, si liquescat cera ad ignem posita. Omnes qualitates sensibilea mutabantur: quod durum erat, nunc molle est; etc. Nihilo minus, cera eadem manet. Ceram solidam et ceram liquefactam eandem rem esse intellegimus. Quam ad [[scientia (declarativa)|scientia]]m non per semsus pervenimus, quoniam omnes proprietates sensibiles mutatae sunt. Meditator intellegit se de cera nihil aliud scire posse nisi quod extensa et flexibilis mutabilisque est. Quod non per sensus sed per intellectum cognovit. {{Citatio|Sumamus, exempli causâ, hanc ceram: nuperrime ex favis fuit educta; nondum amisit omnem saporem sui mellis; nonnihil retinet odoris florum ex quibus collecta est; ejus color, figura, magnitudo, manifesta sunt; dura est, frigida est, facile tangitur, ac, si articulo ferias, emittet sonum; omnia denique illi adsunt quae requiri videntur, ut corpus aliquod possit quàm distinctissime cognosci. Sed ecce, dum loquor, igni admovetur: saporis reliquiae purgantur, odor expirat, color mutatur, figura tollitur, crescit magnitudo, fit liquida, fit calida, vix tangi potest, nec jam, si pulses, emittet sonum. Remanetne adhuc eadem cera? Remanere fatendum est; nemo negat, nemo aliter putat. Quid erat igitur in eâ quod tam distincte comprehendebatur? Certe nihil eorum quae sensibus attingebam; nam quaecunque sub gustum, vel odoratum, vel visum, vel tactum, vel auditum veniebant, mutata jam sunt: remanet cera.|Renatus Cartesius, ''Meditationes de Prima Philosophia,'' meditatio II, xi (1641).}} In '''tertia meditatione''' meditator primum, quid hactenus cognoverit, percurrit. Quamquam de exsistentia rerum corporearum dubitat, se quidem ipsam exsistere et cogitantem quae dubitat rem esse sibi persuasit, et sane hoc clare et distincte percepit. Quod non pro certo habere posset, nisi omnes perceptiones clarae et distinctae essent. Itaque quidquid clare et distincte perceperit, necesse verum esse concludit. Confessa est antea se pro certo habuisse multas variasque res, quae nunc in dubium vocat. Quae res sensu percipiuntur, et nunc fateri cogitur se non eas ipsas res sed modo earum ideas menti apparentes percipere. Se non negat errasse, cum ex his ideis conclusit percipiendo de ipsis rebus doceri posse. De [[arithmetica]] et [[geometria]] minime dubitat, etsi fieri posse concedit, ut a Deo fallatur. Ut se non falli sciat, de natura Dei quaerere constituit. Sed primum meditator notiones sive ideas quas habet, ex fontibus unde fluunt in tres classes dividit: * internae sive innatae, quae in ipsa cogitandi natura consistunt * adventiciae, quae extrinsecus venire videntur, sicut eae quae ex auditu, visu odoratuque recipiuntur * commenticiae, quae ex imaginatione nascuntur. Deinde meditator noster hoc principium ad causalitatem pertinens definit: causam (ideae adventiciae) aeque veram esse oportet atque effectum; verbi causa, si imago elephanti ideam elephanti evocat, necesse est, ut imago non minus vera sit quam idea. Quod nisi ita esset, idea imagine evocari non potuit. Quo principio causalitatis usus meditator entia extra se versantia examinare incipit, et quidem fontes idearum quae ad ea referuntur. Arbitratur se ideas habere variorum entium materialium, aliorum hominum, bestiarum, [[angelus|angelorum]], nec non Dei. Ex quibus tamen putat ceteras praeter Dei et materialium entium ideas ex aliis ideis compositas esse posse. Quod autem ad ideas materiales attinet, non videtur talem habere, quae etiam ex eo ipso esse non possit. Itaque Deum, ut certissimam ideam adventiciam, investigare constituit. Meditator exsistentiam Dei variis probare vult argumentis, quorum notissimum [[argumentum ontologicum]] est. Primum igitur praenuntiat se habere notionem vel ideam Dei, substantiae infinitae perfectaeque. Cui notioni debet aliqua esse causa, nam [[ex nihilo nihil fit]]. Necesse est causam non minus veram esse quam ideam. Meditator dubitationes et desiderationes ex indigentia oriri putat, atque intellegit se suae indigentiae plane ignarum esse, nisi suam inperfectam naturam cum natura entis perfectissimi, cui ea sunt quibus ipse caret, comparare potest. Cum de aliarum rerum exsistentia dubitare possit, de Dei exsistentia non potest dubitare, cum clare et distincte perceptionem Dei habeat. Meditator deinde fieri posse imaginatur, ut ipse summum et perfectum ens sit, cuius indigentiae re vera "queentiae"<ref>Vide [[Quintilianus|Quintiiani]] ''Institutionem oratoriam'' 2.14.2</ref> vel facultates sint, quibus sensim ad perfectionem progrediatur. Si perfectio eius facultas est, veri simile est Dei ideam ultro in eo concipi posse. Sed meditator hanc possibilitatem reicit, quod Deus omnino actualis sit, non potentialis. Utcumque idea Dei in meditatorem pervenerit, postremo concludendum est eam nusquam nisi ex ipso Deo fluxisse. Meditator, cum Deum exsistere conclusisset, interrogat, quomodo ipse hanc ideam, neque adventiciam nec commenticiam, recepisset. Ergo innata est, nam meditator a Deo creatus ideà Dei instructus est. Clare et distincte percipit Deum deceptorem non esse, nam deceptio aliquem defectum indicat. Deo perfecto nulli sunt defectus. In '''quarta meditatione''', quae titulum additicium "de vero et falso" habet, meditator omnia quae certe scit — videlicet Deum exsistere — ex intellectu esse comperit, non ex [[sensus (biologia)|sensibus]] aut imaginatione. Nunc, cum exsistentiam Dei pro certo habet, multo plus sequentur, quae tractari debent. Primo Deum scit fallere nolle, quod voluntas fallendi aliena sit a perfectione Dei. Secundo Deus, siquidem meditatorem creavit, etiam eum iudicandi facultate instruxit. Itaque meditator, prout iudicio suo recte utatur, infallibilis est. Sed siquidem meditator a Deo infallibili iudicio praeditus est, cur tamen saepius errat? Meditator se alicubi inter Deum et nihil versari comperit, nam a supremo et perfectissimo ente creatus est, et constat omnia a Deo creata infallibilia esse, sed ipse etiam in hominem finitum creatus est. Cum particeps sit Dei, entis supremi, etiam partem habet nihili. Meditator, cum errorem commisit, non facultate in hunc finem a Deo tributa usus hoc fecit, sed quia facultas verum iudicandi, quam a Deo habet, non est in eo infinita. Omnia a Deo creata perfecta sunt, et Deus, si voluisset, meditatorem perfectum creaviset. Itaque meditator hic quaestionem de [[theodicaea]] excitat. {{Citatio| Verumtamen hoc nondum omnino satisfacit; non enim error est pura negatio, sed privatio, sive carentia cujusdam cognitionis, quae in me quodammodo esse deberet; atque attendenti ad Dei naturam non videtur fieri posse, ut ille aliquam in me posuerit facultatem, quae non sit in suo genere perfecta, sive quae aliquâ sibi debitâ perfectione sit privata. Nam si, quo peritior est artifex, eo perfectiora opera ab illo proficiscantur, quid potest a summo illo rerum omnium conditore factum esse, quod non sit omnibus numeris absolutum? Nec dubium est quin potuerit Deus me talem creare, ut nunquam fallerer; nec etiam dubium est quin velit semper id quod est optimum: anne ergo melius est me falli quàm non falli?|Quarta meditatio, 5}} Causae Dei cum meditatori tum ceteris creaturis finitis incomprehensibiles sunt. Ita etiam [[teleologia|causas finales]] Aristotelis reprehendit, nam hominis non est mentem Dei in totum amplecti. Nec satis est partes separatas intueri, cum rerum universitatem respicere debeamus. {{Citatio|Dum haec perpendo attentiùs, occurrit primò non mihi esse mirandum, si quaedam a Deo fiant quorum rationes non intelligam; nec de ejus existentiâ ideo esse dubitandum, quòd forte quaedam alia esse experiar, quae quare vel quomodo ab illo facta sint non comprehendo. Cùm enim jam sciam naturam meam esse valde infirmam & limitatam, Dei autem naturam esse immensam, incomprehensibilem, infinitam, ex hoc satis etiam scio innumerabilia illum posse quorum causas ignorem; atque ob hanc unicam rationem totum illud causarum genus, quod a fine peti solet, in rebus Physicis nullum usum habere existimo; non enim absque temeritate me puto posse investigare fines Dei. § Occurrit etiam non unam aliquam creaturam separatim, sed omnem rerum universitatem esse spectandam, quoties an opera Dei perfecta sint inquirimus; quod enim forte non immeritò, si solum esset, valde [56] imperfectum videretur, ut habens in mundo rationem partis est perfectissimum; & quamvis, ex quo de omnibus volui dubitare, nihil adhuc praeter me & Deum existere certò cognovi, non possum tamen, ex quo immensam Dei potentiam animadverti, negare quin multa alia ab illo facta sint, vel saltem fieri possint, adeo ut ego rationem partis in rerum universitate obtineam.|Quarta meditatio, 6-7}} Deinde meditator errorum fontes inspicit, qui simul ab intellectu et voluntate dependent. Intellectus (itemque memoria et imaginatio) nobis inperfectus tributus est, cum voluntas sive [[liberum arbitrium|arbitrii libertas]] aut tota aut nequaquam tribui possit. Itaque meditator, cum a Deo modicum facultatis intellegendi acceperit, et deinde arbitrii libertate usus fines intellectùs transgressus erit, in errores inducetur. {{Citatio|Cùm autem quid verum sit non satis clare & distincte percipio, si quidem a judicio ferendo abstineam, clarum est me recte agere, & non falli. Sed si vel affirmem vel negem, tunc libertate arbitrii non recte utor; atque [60] si in eam partem quae falsa est me convertam, plane fallar.|Quarta meditatio, 12}} Hic meditator, alter ego Cartesii, cum scepticis antiquis consentire videtur: cum rerum natura non satis clare et distncte percipi potest, ab iudcio abstinendum est. At tamen [[circulus Cartesianus]], qui dicitur, lectorem sollicitare videtur. Nam ex una parte Cartesius Deum ait nostras ideas claras et distinctas praestare, ex altera exsistentiam Dei ait ideis nostris claris et distinctis praestari. Quam reclamationem [[Antonius Arnaud]] cum multis aliis e vestigio fecit. Quae contradictio tantam inspiravit disputationem, quae nondum finita esse videatur. Adhuc meditator et se ipsum et Deum exsistere certo scit. In '''quinta meditatione'''("de essentia rerum materalium, et de Deo quod exstat") hunc numerum ad externas res meteriales extendere nititur. Etiam altero argumento Deum esse demonstrat. Sed primo probandum est, an quid certi de exsistentia rerum corporearum consequi, et quid de iis accurate imaginari possimus. Meditator examinat ideas suas, ad quas pertinent numerus et extensio ac notiones ab iis pendentes, sicut figurae, magnitudines, situs, durationes. Percipit se ideas habere rerum, quibus natura inmutabilis et aeterna est. Quae naturae a mente non pendunt, sicut idea [[triangulum|trianguli]], cui [[essentia]] per se est, sive extrinsecus est sive non est {{Citatio|Quodque hîc maxime considerandum puto, invenio apud me innumeras ideas quarumdam rerum, quae, etiam si extra me fortasse nullibi existant, non tamen dici possunt nihil esse; & quamvis a me quodammodo ad arbitrium cogitentur, non tamen a me finguntur, sed suas habent veras & immutabiles naturas. Ut cùm, exempli causâ, triangulum imaginor, etsi fortasse talis figura nullibi gentium extra cogitationem meam existat, nec unquam extiterit, est tamen profecto determinata quaedam ejus natura, sive essentia, sive forma, immutabilis & aeterna, quae a me non efficta est, nec a mente meâ dependet.|Renatus Cartesius, ''Meditationes de Prima Philosophia,'' meditatio V, v (1641).}} Meditator comperit innumerabiles sibi ideas esse, quas ipse non effecit quaeque a sua mente non pendent, sicut triangulum. Praeterea ens, cui omnes sunt perfectiones, etiam exsistere debet, quia exsistentia perfectio est. Itaque intellegit exsistentiam Dei similem esse exsistentiae rerum mathematicarum. Nequit enim Deum esse non cogitare. {{Citatio|Imo sophisma hîc latet; neque enim, ex eo quòd non possim cogitare montem nisi cum valle, sequitur alicubi montem & vallem existere, sed tantùm montem & vallem, sive existant, sive non existant, a se mutuo sejungi non posse. Atqui ex eo quòdnon possim cogitare Deum nisi existentem, sequitur existentiam a Deo esse inseparabilem, ac proinde illum reverà existere; non quòd mea cogitatio hoc efficiat, sive aliquam necessitatem ulli rei imponat, sed contrà quia ipsius rei, nempe existentiae Dei, necessitas me determinat ad hoc cogitandum: neque enim mihi liberum est Deum absque existentiâ (hoc est ens summe perfectum absque summâ perfectione) cogitare, ut liberum est equum vel cum alis vel sine alis imaginari.|Renatus Cartesius, ''Meditationes de Prima Philosophia,'' meditatio V, x (1641).}} Simili argumento etiam [[Anselmus Cantuariensis]] Deum esse demonstravit: exsistentiam ad essentiam Dei pertinere. '''Sexta meditatio''' ("De rerum materialium existentiâ, & reali mentis a corpore distinctione") denique lectorem reportat in sensuum mundum, a quo meditator in prima meditatione discedere voluit. Nunc autem argumentorum seriem finiens demonstrat exsistentiam rerum materialium sentiendo cognosci posse, dum intellectioni concedatur de veris naturis causis effectibus conclusiones capere. Meditator inter duos cognoscendi modos distinguit, imaginationem, quae ex imaginibus quae in mente sunt constat, et puram intellectionem, quae est aliquid quod intellegitur, quamquam non ut imago. Quam rem ipse ita explicat: {{Citatio|Nempe, exempli causâ, cùm triangulum imaginor, non tantùm intelligo illud esse figuram tribus lineis comprehensam, sed simul etiam istas tres lineas tanquam praesentes acie mentis intueor, atque hoc est quod imaginari appello. Si verò de chiliogono velim cogitare, equidem aeque bene intelligo illud esse figuram constantem mille lateribus, ac intelligo triangulum esse figuram constantem tribus; sed non eodem modo illa mille latera imaginor, sive tanquam praesentia intueor.|Renatus Cartesius, ''Meditationes de Prima Philosophia,'' meditatio VI, ii (1641).}} Deinde meditator prioribus imaginandi studiis nixus ait et facultatem imaginandi et perceptionem sensibilem non solum a mente pendere sed etiam corporea organa sensuum poscere. Imaginamur sensibusque percipimus colores sonos gustus [[dolor]]es et alia talia, quae quam clarissime animadvertimus, quamquam ideae indistinctae sunt. Aliquid veri continent. Quod non solum res materiales exsistere demonstrat, sed etiam mentem nostram arte corpori coniunctam esse, cum quo unionem efficit. ''Meditationibus'' adiunctae sunt admonitiones criticae, quarum solidissimae ab Antonio Arnaud theologo et logico, et [[Thomas Hobbes|Thoma Hobbes]] et Petro Gassendi philosophis [[materialismus|materialismi]] adsectatoribus factae sunt. Quae reprehensiones invitatoriae cum responsis Cartesii disputationes aperuerunt, quae per saecula adhuc constituerunt. === ''Principia philosophiae'' === [[Fasciculus:Principia philosophiae.tif|thumb|''Principia philosophiae'', 1685]] Post ''Meditationes'' Cartesius anno [[1644]] edidit ''Principia philosophiae'', quo opere quaripertito summam philosophiae suae ordine exponit in modum artis scholasticae. Prima parte ("de principiis cognitionis humanae") metaphysicam suam nec non epistemologiam et [[theoria mentis|theoriam mentis]] exhibet. Secunda autem parte ("de principiis rerum materialium") explicat partes sensuum perceptionum et fines nostrae de mundo scientiae, ac considerat, quomodo [[substantia]]m, quam extensionem spatialem esse putat, intellegere possimus. Ex qua abstracta corporeae substantiae definitione geometrica sequitur, ut neque [[vacuum]] absolutum neque [[atomus|atomi]] dari possint, nam substantia in infinitum dividi potest et per se inmobilis liberaque est. Omnis materiae variatio, quae in mundo materiali est, a motu dependet a Deo profecto. Prima lex motus Cartesii ab inmutablitate Dei ducta est. Quae lex postea lex accelerationis nota est. Tertia pars ("de mundo visibili") [[cosmologia]]m Cartesii exponit, et quarta, de origine formationeque terrae eiusque elementis motibusque narrat. Etiam [[magnetismus|magnetismum]] et [[ignis|ignem]] explanat, deinde organa sensuum eorumque officia tractat. === De affectibus animae === ''Les passions de l'âme'', ultimum opus Cartesii rogatu Elisabethae principissae Bohemiae exaratum, anno [[1649]] editum est. Quaerebat enim Elisabetha, quali potestate rationi humanae uti liceret in coercendis affectibus humanis. Quo opere breviarium [[physiologia]]e mechanisticae Cartesii et [[psychologia]]e dualisticae continetur, atque includitur talium expositio affectuum (sive "passionum"), quae implicatae res psychophysicae sint. Cartesius etiam explicationes accuratas reddit de speciebus psychologicis passionum, quarum physiologicas physicasque causas et consecutiones rite recenset. Quo pacto theoriam suam naturae humanae supplet. Quamquam nulla esse potest [[interactio|vis causalis inter]] '''mentem''' secundum principia Cartesii cogitantem et '''corpus''' extensum, tamen unionem quandam compactilem inter haec duo genera substantiarum animo concipit. In ''Passionibus'' etiam theoria moralis inclusa est ac therapia, quae naturam passionum inlustret. Semper enim passiones, quippe quae ex affectibus corporeis exsistant, cum cogitationibus confusis prodeunt, unde fit, ut causae nos lateant. Cartesius passones ait utique valetudinem corrporis prosperare atque unionem mentis et corporis protegere. Passiones, quamquam a corpore idque afficientibus rebus externis proficiscuntur, modi mentis sunt. Etsi earum causas corporeas directe tractare nequeamus, animi ratione et constantia, quomodo passiones mentem capiant, moderari possumus nec non effectibus incommodis resistere. == Opera selecta Renati Cartesii == * 1618. ''Compendium musicae'', liber de theoria rebusque aestheticis musicae Isaaco Beeckman dicatus. * 1626–1628. ''Regulae ad directionem ingenii'', opus inperfectum auctore mortuo anno 1684 divulgatus. * 1630–1633. ''Le Monde'' ('de mundo') et ''L'Homme'' ('de homine'), primum opus accuratum de scientia naturali Cartesii. ''Homo'' Latine 1662 est divulagatum, ''Mundo'' 1664. * 1637. ''Discours de la méthode'' (''[[Dissertatio de methodo]]''). Introductio est de ''Essais'', inter quae sunt et ''Dioptrique'' et ''Météores'' et ''Géométrie''. Versio Latine ''Géométrie'' omissit; id separatem editus est. * 1637. ''La Géométrie'' (''[[Geometria (Descartes)|Geometria]]''). [[Magnum opus]] Cartesii mathematicum. * 1641. ''Meditationes de prima philosophia'' sive ''Meditationes Metaphysicae''. Editio secunda proximo anno divulgata quoque habet et obiectiones et responsiones et epistolam ad Dinet. * 1644. ''[[Principia philosophiae]]'' quae Cartesius opera Aristoteliana in universitatibus substituere voluit. * 1647. ''Notae in programma'' responsio est discipulo quondam Henrico Regio. * 1647. ''[[Descriptio corporis humani]]''. Opus post mortem auctoris divulgatum est. * 1648. ''Responsiones Renati Des Cartes…''. Notae de controversia inter Cartesium et Fransiscum Burnam [[16 Aprilis]] [[1648]]. Liber inventus est [[1895]] divulgatusque [[1896]]. * 1649. ''Les passions de l'âme'' (''[[Passio]]nes [[anima]]e''). Dedicatus est liber Elizabetha Bohemiae. * 1657. Epistulae Cartesii, quae a Claudio Clerselier, qui multa de methematica omisit, divulgatae est. == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == ;Bibliographica *Sebba, Gregor (1964) ''Bibliographia Cartesiana: A Critical Guide to the Descartes Literature 1800-1960.'' Nijhoff. *Armogathe, Jean-Robert & Vincent Carraud (2003) ''Bibliographie cartésienne (1960-1996).'' Lupiae: Conte. ; Litterae secundariae * Alanen, Lilli (2003) ''Descartes’s Concept of Mind.'' Harvard University Press. * Alanen, Lilli (2014) The Second Meditation and the Nature of the Human Mind, apud D. Cunning (ed.) ''The Cambridge Companion to Descartes’ Meditation,'' 88–106. Cambridge University Press. * Baillet, Adrien (1691) ''La vie de Monsieur Descartes.'' Première partie. A Paris, chez Daniel Horthemels. * Broughton, Janet (2002) ''Descartes's Method of Doubt.'' Princeton University Press. * Clarke, Desmond (2003) ''Descartes’s Theory of Mind.'' Oxford University Press. * Gaukroger, Stephen (1995) ''Descartes: an intellectual biography''. Clarendon Press. * Grayling, A. C. (2006) ''Descartes: The Life of Rene Descartes and Its Place in His Times.'' Simon and Schuster. * Hatfield, Gary (2018) René Descartes. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. * Holbrook, Daniel (1992) Descartes on mind-body interaction. ''Southwest Philosophical Studies'' 14:74-83. * Monnoyeur, Françoise (2017) ''Matière et espace dans le système cartésien.'' Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-343-13394-2. * Moreno Romo, Juan Carlos (2010) ''Vindicación del cartesianismo radical.'' Barcinonae: Anthropos. * Porterfield, Jason (2018) ''René Descartes''. Rosen Publishing. * Rodis-Lewis, Geneviève (1992) Descartes life and the development of his philosophy. ''The Cambridge Companion to Descartes'', 21-57, ed. John Cottingham. Cambridge University Press. * Rodis-Lewis, Geneviève (1995) ''Descartes: biographie''. Calmann-Lévy. * Sebba, Gregor (1987) ''Dream of Descartes.'' Southern Illinois University Press. * Shorto, Russell (2008) ''Descartes' Bones: A Skeletal History of the Conflict Between Faith and Reason.'' Random House. * Wilson, Margaret (1974) ''Descartes.'' Routledge and Kegan Paul. * Wright, Georg Henrik von (1998) ''In the Shadow of Descartes.'' Kluwer. == Nexus interni == *[[Mathesis universalis]] *[[Quantitas imaginaria]] *[[Systema coordinatarum]] == Nexus externi == {{vicifons|Renatus Cartesius}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171112074354/http://zulu-ebooks.com/download/3-fachbuecher/859-discours-de-la-methode ''Discours de la méthode''] secundum editionem principem (1637), Adam & Tannery edd., Lutetiae: L. Cerf, 1902. (PDF, 80 p, 362 kB) *[http://descartesonline.blogspot.com/ The Rationalists Web] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929001239/http://www.vonhelmrich.de/cartesius.htm Renatus Cartesius] *[http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/bibliography/d.html Opera (vide Author Descartes, René)] {{Lifetime|1596|1650|Cartesius, Renatus}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Pictaviensis]] [[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini recentiores]] [[Categoria:Barocus]] [[Categoria:Mathematici Franciae]] [[Categoria:Ontologi]] [[Categoria:Philosophi Franciae]] [[Categoria:Philosophi mentis]] [[Categoria:Philosophi scientiae]] [[Categoria:Rationalistae]] [[Categoria:Renatus Cartesius|!]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Homines}} {{FA stella}} tpra44i2kcwst4lav9jhdzbccka7ska 0 4890 3979962 3668946 2026-08-09T22:23:19Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} <!-- The astronomical data on this page are transcluded from {{fn|Data Asteroidum 0000}}. Please don't try to edit them directly. --> {{Videdis|Vesta (discretiva)}} {{Capsa asteroidis |Numerus = 4 |Imago = [[Fasciculus:Vesta_Full-Frame.jpg|250px|4 Vesta ]] |Descriptio Imaginis = 4 Vesta (imago mense Iulio 2011 capta) |Genus = Asteroides Cinguli Principalis |Epocha = {{#time:j xg Y| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|4|epocha}} }} |Axis = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|4|axis semimaior}} |Perihelion = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|4|perihelion}} |Aphelion = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|4|aphelion}} |Periodus = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|4|periodus}} |Anomalia = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|4|anomalia media}} |Inclinatio = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|4|inclinatio}} |Nodus = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|4|omega}} |Argumentum = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|4|argumentum}} |Eccentricitas = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|4|eccentricitas}} |Diametrum = 578×560×458 <ref name="Thomas1997">{{cite journal |author=Thomas, P. C.; ''et al.'' |title=Impact excavation on asteroid 4 Vesta: Hubble Space Telescope results |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1997-09-05_277_5331/page/1492 |journal=Science |volume=277 |pages=1492 |year=1997 |doi=10.1126/science.277.5331.1492}}</ref>, <br />530 (media)<ref name=jpldata> {{cite web |date=19 Dec 2009 prox. obs. |title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 4 Vesta |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=4 |accessdate=16 Feb 2010}}</ref> |Massa = (2.67 ± 0.02){{e|20}} <ref name="Baer2007">{{cite journal |last=Baer |first=James |coauthors=Chesley, Steven R. |title=Astrometric masses of 21 asteroids, and an integrated asteroid ephemeris |journal=Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy |volume=100 |issue=2008 |pages=27–42 |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007 |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/h747307j43863228/fulltext.pdf |format=[[PDF]] |doi=10.1007/s10569-007-9103-8 |accessdate=2008-11-11 |year=2008}}</ref> |Densitas = 3.42<ref name="Baer2007" /> |Rotatio h = 5 |Rotatio m = 20.52 |Tholen = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|4|spectrum tholen}} |SMASS = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|4|spectrum smass}} |Magnitudo = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|4|magnitudo}} |Albedo = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|4|albedo}} |Repertor = Henricus Gulielmus Matthäus Olbers |Repertorbrevis = H. W. Olbers |Repertor2 = |Repertorbrevis2 = |Repertor3 = |Repertorbrevis3 = |Repertor4 = |Repertorbrevis4 = ; |Dies = {{#time:j xg| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|4|repertum}} }} |Annus = {{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|4|repertum}} }} |Designationes = }} '''4 {{Data Asteroidum 0000|4|nomen}}'''<ref>[[Nomina asteroidum]] iussu [[Unio Astronomica Internationalis|Unionis Astronomicae Internationalis]] imposita sunt.</ref> (symbolum: [[file:Vesta symbol (bold).svg|16px|⚶]]) est [[asteroides]] [[Systema Solare|systematis solaris]] nostri, [[Asteroides Cinguli Principalis|asteroidibus Cinguli Principalis]] attributus. [[Astronomia|Astronomis]] terrestribus [[magnitudo absoluta|magnitudinem absolutam]] {{Data Asteroidum 0000|4|magnitudo}} monstrat. Die [[{{#time:j xg| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|4|repertum}} }}]] [[{{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|4|repertum}} }}]] ab [[Henricus Gulielmus Matthäus Olbers|Henrico Gulielmo Olbers]] in [[Brema]] versato repertus est.<ref>{{Harvard MPC Discovery Circumstances}}</ref> In [[religio Romana|religione Romana]] [[Vesta]], e qua asteroides appellatus est, fuit dea domi et foci. Rerum orbitalium ratio [[epocha (astronomia)|epochae]] {{#time:j xg Y| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|4|epocha}} }} constitit. Qua epocha 4 {{Data Asteroidum 0000|4|nomen}} per dies {{#expr: (365.25 * {{Data Asteroidum 0000|4|periodus}}) round 0}} circa solem movebatur. Axem orbitalem habebat [[Unitas astronomica|unitatum astronomicarum]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 0000|4|axis semimaior}} round 2}} et eccentricitatem {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 0000|4|eccentricitas}} round 2}}, distans igitur a sole [[perihelion|quam minime]] unitatibus {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 0000|4|perihelion}} round 2}}, [[aphelion|quam maxime]] unitatibus {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 0000|4|aphelion}} round 2}}. [[Inclinatio orbitalis]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 0000|4|inclinatio}} round 2}}[[gradus (mensura)|°]] reperiebatur, [[anomalia media]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 0000|4|anomalia media}} round 2}}°. [[Meteorita]]e [[howardita]]e [[eucrita]]eque et [[diogenita]]e, ad tribum [[Howardita eucrita diogenita|HED]] adscripti, ex asteroide Vesta oriundos esse censentur.<!-- Discovered 1807-Mar-29 by Olbers, H. W. at Bremen <b>Reference:</b> DISCOVERY.DB <b>Last Updated:</b> 2003-08-29 --> [[Fasciculus:Moon and Asteroids 1 to 10.svg|thumb|left|Comparatio diametrorum asteroidum n°. 1-10 cum [[Luna]]]] == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * Makiko K. Haba, Jörn-Frederik Wotzlaw, Yi-Jen Lai, Akira Yamaguchi, Maria Schönbächler, "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333679918_Mesosiderite_formation_on_asteroid_4_Vesta_by_a_hit-and-run_collision Mesosiderite formation on asteroid 4 Vesta by a hit-and-run collision]" in ''[[Nature]] Geoscience'' vol. 12 no. 7 (Iulio 2019) pp. 1-6 == Nexus externi == {{NASA JPL|Data=[http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=4]}} {{systema solare nostrum}} [[Categoria:Asteroides anno {{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|4|repertum}} }} reperti]] [[Categoria:Asteroides Cinguli Principalis]] [[Categoria:Asteroides e mythologia Romana appellati|Vesta]] [[Categoria:Corpora astronomica speculatris visitata]] kqcbfyjbdiw6t65ar4b88y1sgpm8un2 0 5127 3979942 3978768 2026-08-09T21:56:26Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}}{{FA stella}} [[Fasciculus:C solarcorona2003.gif|thumb|Ortus solis monstratus in tempore accelerato. Ab antiquitate [[tempus]] motu [[Sol]]is [[Luna]]eque demonstratum et symbolizatum est. Theoria relativitatis Einsteiniana autem magnopere temporis ideam saeculo vicensimo commutatura erat. Simul eadem theoria quomodo [[sol]] noster per reactiones nucleares [[lux|lucem]] et [[energia]]m producat explicatura erat.]] {{res|Relativitas specialis}}{{FD ref}} sive {{res|theoria relativitatis specialis}} est theoria [[physica]] de [[natura]] [[continuum spatio-temporale|spatii temporisque]] ab [[Albertus Einstein|Alberto Einstein]] die [[30 Iunii]] anno [[1905]] edita. Theoria [[Aequationes Maxwellianae|leges electromagneticas Maxwellianas]] accurate adservat, sed multas aequationes Newtonianas commutat, notiones [[Isaacus Newtonus|Newtonianas]] de [[spatium|spatio]] ac [[tempus|tempore]] exauctorans. Theoria "specialis" vocatur quia ea sola adamussim idonea est, ubi effectus [[gravitas|gravitatis]] ignorabiles sunt. Decem annis post, Einstein theoriam [[relativitas generalis|relativitatis generalis]] edidit, quae etiam gravitationem comprehendit. Relativitas specialis Einsteiniana similis est theoriae [[aether (physica)|aetheris]] ab [[Henricus Antonius Lorentz|Henrico Lorentz]] prius anno [[1904]] editae, sed discrepat interpretatione naturae spatii temporisque, modo formulationis mathematicae, variisque conclusionibus [[experimentum|experimentis]] pertinentibus. Conclusio praeclara theoriae ab Alberto Einstein factae fuit [[aequatio massae et energiae|aequatio]]: :::<math>E = \gamma mc^2\,</math>, ubi ''E'' est energia, ''m'' [[massa]] et c [[celeritas luminis]]. Haec aequatio, quae fundamentum [[energia nuclearis|energiae nuclearis]] dat, monstrat generaliter quomodo [[massa]] ''m'' in energiam ''E'' transformari possit. Quae aequatio etiam, si ''E'' est completa energia corporis interna, quoque dat totam massam, quam particula cohibet. == Prima theoria relativitatis a Galilaeo concepta == [[Fasciculus:Galileo Galilei 2.jpg|thumb|Galilaeus Galilei circum annum [[1605]], qui primam theoriam relavitatis instituit.]] Prima theoria relativitatis concepta est a [[Galilaeus Galilaei|Galilaeo Galilaei]] in libro eius ''Dialogus de Duobus Systematis Maximis Mundani''<ref>(Italice) Galileo Galilei, [http://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Dialogo_sopra_i_due_massimi_sistemi_del_mondo_tolemaico_e_copernicano "Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo"], 1632; Wikifons Italica.</ref> anno [[1632]] edita. Salviatus, persona illius libri, invitat Simplicium, alteram personam, ad experimentum in parte magnae [[navis]] inferiore faciendum, ut motum detegat ipsius navis, quae [[velocitas|velocitate]] constanti in mari aequo sine fluctuatione movet. Simplicius autem non potest, neque possumus hodie, motum detegere, quod navis velocitas per se non producit effectus mensurabiles, et sola navis [[acceleratio]] producit illos. Experimenta similia etiam possumus hodie facere in [[aeroplanum|aëroplanibus]] [[autocinetum|autocinetisque]] velocitatibus constantibus. Et possumus animadvertere exemplum [[Tellus|Telluris]] nostrae circum solem velocitate 30 km/s volantis, cuius motum non possumus detegere ob accelerationem eius debilissimam. === Transformationes Galileanae === Post [[leges motus Newtoni|repperta Newtoniana]] [[saeculum 17|saeculo septimo decimo]], principium relativitatis [[Gallilaeus Gallilaei|Galilaei]] modo novo adhibitum est in aequationibus quae sinunt transformare inter systemata coordinatorum inertialia (id est systemata velocitatum constantium quae inter se velocitate discrepant). Hae aequationes dicuntur ''transformationes Galileanae.'' Ut transformationes scribamus, coordinata spatialia <math>\left(x', y', z'\right)</math> et tempus <math>t'</math> coniunctim putamus definere [[systema coordinatorum]] <math>\left(x',y',z',t'\right)</math> primum velocitate <math>\vec V= V_o\, \hat x</math> constante relativa systemati coordinatorum <math>\left(x,y,z,t\right)</math> alteri movens. Tunc, secundum Newtonum tempus est idem ubiquaque, ut habeamus <math>t'=t</math>. {{Citatio|Tempus Absolutum, verum, et mathematicum, in se et natura sua sine relatione ad externum quodvis, aequabiliter fluit, alioque nomine dicitur Duratio: Relativum, apparens, et vulgare est sensibilis et externa quaevis Durationis per motum mensura (seu accurata seu inaequabilis) qua vulgus vice veri temporis utitur; ut Hora, Dies, Mensis, Annus.|[[Isaacus Newtonus]], Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, Definitio VIII, Scholium, p.7., [[1687]].|}} Proin, cum <math>\vec V</math> constans sit, [[calculus infinitesimalis|integrando]] continuo potiamur: :::<math>x'=x-V_ot</math> :::<math>y'=y </math> :::<math>z'=z </math> :::<math>t'=t </math>. Secundum has transformationes velocitas <math>(v_x, v_y, v_z)</math> in systemate altero quaedam in systemate primo est: :::<math>v'_x = v_x - V_o</math> :::<math>v'_y = v_y </math> :::<math>v'_z = v_z </math>. === Quid experimenta a Michelson et Morely facta demonstraverint === [[Fasciculus:Albert Abraham Michelson.JPG|thumb|Albertus Michelson anno [[1923]], qui experimentum celeberrimaum fecit, aetherem indetegibilem esse demonstrans.]] [[Physica electromagnetica|Theoria electromagnetica a Maxwell et Lorentz facta]] putabat materiam totum spatium complentem nomine [[aether]]is esse necessariam, ut [[undae]] [[Aequationes Maxwellianae|electromagneticae]] a sole propagare possunt. Secundum hanc theoriam lux propagat [[Celeritas luminis|celeritate luminis]] aetheri relativa :::<math> c = 299\,792\,458 \;\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}</math>. Experimenta, autem, quae Albertus Michelson et Edwardus Morely anno [[1887]] fecerunt, inter experimenta quae umquam quisquam fecit celeberrima, demonstraverunt aethera non posse detegi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160307150033/https://www.aip.org/history/exhibits/gap/PDF/michelson.pdf Albert Michelson and Edward Morely, American Journal of Science, 34, 24 1887]</ref> Celeritas luminis erat eadem, ubique omnibus directionibus et omnibus temporibus, etsi scientifici in Tellure circum sole movente eam attente mensi sunt. Haec repperta transformationes Galileanas plane contradixerunt, quod secundum eas, si Tellus in eadem directione lucis moveat, celeritas luminis apparens <math>c'=c - V</math>. === De theoria aetheris a Lorentz concepta === Ad experimenta Michelson et Morely facta explicanda, [[Georgius Fitzgerald]] anno [[1889]] <ref>G. F. FitzGerald, The ether and the earth's atmosphere, Science, 13 (1889) 390, [http://www.jstor.org/view/00211753/ap010142/01a00090/0 reprinted with a commentary by S.G. Brush.]</ref> et [[Hendricus Lorentz]] anno [[1892]],<ref>H. A. Lorentz, The relative motion of the earth and the ether, Versl.Kon.Akad.Wetensch. 1 (1892) 74</ref> independenter contemplaverunt omnia corpora physica se contrahunt secundum cursum suum per aethera. Tandem anno [[1904]] Lorentz proposuit novam theoriam aetheris comprehensivam, omnia experimenta adhuc explicans, ubi si corpus quoddam velocitatem <math>\vec V = V_o \hat x</math> aetheri relativam habet: * [[Longitudo]] corporis <math>L</math> se contrahit secundum cursum corporis per aethera, ut nova longitudo <math>L'</math> movens detur :::<math>L' = L \sqrt{1-\left(\frac{V_o}{c}\right)^2}</math>; * [[Horologium]] omne ad corpus affixum segnius factum est, ut omne [[secundum]] <math>T'</math> eo designatum relativum durationi secundi <math>T</math> horologii quiescentis sit :::<math>T' = \frac{T} {\sqrt{1-\left(\frac{V_o}{c}\right)^2}}</math>. [[Fasciculus:Hendrik Antoon Lorentz.jpg|thumb|Hendricus Lorentz anno [[1916]], qui transformationes Lorentzianas, ut dicuntur, invenit.]] Quamobrem novae transformationes inter systemata coordinatorum definiendae sunt, quas Lorentz per multa argumenta enarrata facessit:<ref> Lorentz, H.A., "Electromagnetic phenomena in a system moving with any velocity smaller than that of light", KNAW, Proceedings, 6, 1903-1904, Amsterdam, 1904, pp. 809-831 (1904). [http://www.historyofscience.nl/search/detail.cfm?pubid=615&view=image&startrow=1 online]</ref><ref>Bell, John S, ''Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics'' (1987), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-36869-3, 2004 edition with introduction by [[Alain Aspect]] and two additional papers: ISBN 0-521-52338-9 </ref> ::: <math>x' = \gamma (x - V_o t)\,</math> ::: <math>y' = y\,</math> ::: <math>z' = z\,</math> ::: <math>t' = \gamma \left(t - \frac{V_o x}{c^{2}} \right)</math> ubi <math>\gamma = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{V_o}{c}\right)^2}}\,</math> dicitur factor Lorentzianus. Cum <math>V_o \ll c</math>, hae transformationes Lorentzianae novae ad transformationes Galileanas veteres reducuntur. Secundum theoriam Lorentzianam solum illud systema quiescens relativum aetheri est "verum" et "absolutum", et omnia systemata relativa aetheri moventia sunt "apparentia" et "relativa". Transformationum Lorentzianarum natura autem effecit, ut fieri non possit detegere, utrum quiescens vel movens sit systema quoddam solo utendo effectibus electromagneticis. Motum aetheri relativum detegere possumus, secundum hanc theoriam, solum per effectus non-electromagneticos. == Nova theoria axiomatica ab Einstein proposita == [[Fasciculus:Albert Einstein (Nobel).png|thumb|Einstein anno [[1921]].]] Anno [[1905]] [[Albertus Einstein]] novam theoriam proposuit. Quamquam Lorentz suas transformationes per tanta argumenta perplicata deduxit, Einstein simpliciter de axiomatis inferis potuit omnes eas transformationes derivare.<ref> [http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www/ A. Einstein, "Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper", Annalen der Physik 17, 891-921, 1905]; [http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/E_mc2/www/ A. Einstein, "Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energiegehalt abhängig?", Annalen der Physik 18, 639-641, 1905]; Et vide [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html Lectura Praemii Nobilici Alberti Einstein, "Fundamental Ideas and Problems of the Theory of Relativity."] </ref> # Axioma primum (principium relativitatis Galileanum) #: In systemate intertiale (velocitatis constantis), est impossibilis per experimenta motum systematis ipsis detegere. Vel, equivalenter: omnes leges physicae sunt aequales in omnibus systematis. # Axioma alterum (constantia celeritatis luminis) #: [[Celeritas luminis]] in [[vacuum|vacuo]], quae saepe ''c'' abbreviatur, eadem est in omnibus systematis inertialibus, ut demonstratum est a experimentis a Michelson et Morely factis. Haec theoria Einsteiniana a theoria Lorentziana discrepat, non solum quod secundum Einstein luminis celeritas est maxima celeritas possibilis in universo, re vera et non solum in apparentia, nec solum quod omnia coordinata, secundum Einstein, sunt relativa, ut superflua sit hypothesis Lorentziana, aetheris existentiam praedicens, quam nemo umquam potest verificare. Demagis theoria Einsteiniana leges motus Newtonianas magnopere emendari necesse esse demonstravit, tantum ut novae definitiones motus energiaeque corporis quaerendae sunt. === Quo modo Einstein transformationes Lorentzianas nanctus sit === Einstein incipit suam derivationem scribendo axioma alterum in forma differentiali<ref>Albert Einstein, "The Meaning of Relativity: Including the Relativistic Theory of the Non-Symmetric Field, 5th Ed., Princeton University Press., 1922.</ref> :::<math>dx^2+dy^2+dz^2-c^2dt^2=0</math> Quoniam in hac aequatione tempus est sicut quarta dimensio, possumus definire novum coordinatum [[Fasciculus:Relativity rotation angle.png|thumb|Angulum θ relativum axi ''w = ict'' quod transformationem Lorentzianam definit.]] :::<math>w=ict</math> [[numerus imaginarius|numero imaginario]] ''i'' utendo, ut :::<math>ds^2=dx^2+dy^2+dz^2+dw^2=0</math>. Haec aequatio nunc describit vectorem abstractam longitudinis zeri. Tunc Einstein semet rogavit: quae transformationes omnes vectorum longitudines asservant? Responsum quippe fuit: rotationes! Et pro rotatione in planum x-w simpliciter habemus :::<math>x'= x\,cos\theta - w\, sin\theta</math> :::<math>y'= y</math> :::<math>z'= z</math> :::<math>w'= x\,sin\theta + w\,cos\theta</math> Hoc in instante autem cautela quaedam est necessaria, quod angulum <math>\theta</math> axi ''w'' relativum est numerus imaginarius, ubi <math>tan\theta = x/w = -i V/c</math>, ut :::<math>sin \theta = \frac {x}{\sqrt{x^2+w^2}}= \frac {-iV/c}{\sqrt{1-(V/c)^2}}\;</math> et :::<math>cos \theta = \frac{w}{\sqrt{x^2+w^2}}=\frac {1}{\sqrt{1-(V/c)^2}}</math>. Hos valores supponiendo super, continuo obtinemus illas transformationes Lorentzianas. === De aequivalentia inter energiam et massam === [[Fasciculus:KEplot.png|thumb|Celeritas electronum versus eorum energiam cineticam. Linea curva theoriam Einsteinianam repraesentante, circuli monstrant puncta experimentalia quae Guilielmus Bertozzi anno [[1964]] commetitur, theoriam confirmans.<ref>[http://scitation.aip.org/vsearch/servlet/VerityServlet?smode=strresults&query_type=search&KEY=AJPIAS&CURRENT=NO&ONLINE=YES&SMODE=strsearch&possible1zone=fpage&pjournals=AJPIAS&pyears=2001%2C2000%2C1999&page=1&origquery=&vdk_query=&chapter=0&docdisp=0&sort=rel&maxdisp=25&threshold=0&fromvolume=32&possible1=551&%5BRetrieve%5D.x=77&%5BRetrieve%5D.y=4 William Bertozzi, Am. J. Phys. 32, 551 (1964)].</ref>]] [[Fasciculus:Operation Castle - Romeo 001.jpg|thumb|[[Bomba atomica]] cuius energia e fissione atomica secundum formulam Einsteinianam provenit.]] Axioma Alberti Einstein primum requirit omnes leges physicas esse identicas in omnibus systematis inertialibus, sed transformationibus Lorentzianis asservati sunt soli quattuor dimensionum [[vector (mathematica)|vectores]], vel quantitates scalares, vel tensores ex talibus vectoribus facti.<ref>In re physica, ''scalaris (-is)'' dicitur magnitudo simplex, quae directione caret; ''vector (-is)'' dicitur quantitas cui est et directio et magnitudo, et sicut positio transformatur.</ref> Quoniam in physica Newtoniana habemus quantitates fundamentales sicut positio <math>\vec x</math> et velocitas <math>\vec v</math>, quae soli trium dimensionum vectores sunt, tales ideae magnopere emendandae sunt, ut omnes leges physicae primum axioma satisfaciant. Quod ut perficeret, Einstein docuit quo modo possumus 4-vectorem velocitatis <math>v_{\mu}</math> definire ex 4-vectore positionis <math>x_{\mu}=(x,y,z,ict)</math> legibus Lorentzianis transformante, differentiando respectu illi tempori invariabili<ref>Dicimus "In calculo infintesimali dicimus "differentiare Y respectu X ", X in casu dativo, cum calculum ''dY/dX'' facimus. Vide etiam nexum externum: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070607050738/http://www.utlib.ee/ekollekt/vanadisser/senff.pdf Elementa Calculi Variationum Carolo Eduardo Senff auctore, 1838]</ref> :::<math>\tau =c^{-1}\sqrt{c^2t^2-x^2-y^2-z^2}= t\sqrt{1-(\frac{V}{c})^2} </math>, ut :::<math>v_{\mu}=\frac{d x_{\mu}}{d\tau} =\frac{\left( v_x, v_y, v_z, ic \right)}{\sqrt{1-(\frac{V}{c})^2} }</math>. Tunc 4-motus <math>p_{\mu}</math> definitur ut :::<math>p_{\mu}=m\,v_{\mu}=\frac{\left( mv_x, mv_y, mv_z, imc \right)}{\sqrt{1-(\frac{V}{c})^2} }</math>. Pars spatialis huius 4-vectoris est [[motus]] relativisticus :::<math>\vec p = \frac {m \vec v} {\sqrt{1-(\frac{V}{c})^2}}</math> et pars temporalis celeritate luminis multiplicata est [[energia]] relativistica :::<math>E = \frac{m c^2}{\sqrt{1-(\frac{V}{c})^2}} = mc^2 + \frac{1}{2} m v^2 + ...</math> quae cohibet, ut super series monstrat, energiam intra particulam <math>mc^2</math> inertam et energiam ob particulae motum cineticam. Haec praeclarissima aequatio a Einstein concepta, callide postea confirmata, hodie est fundamentum [[energia nuclearis|energiae nuclearis]], et scientiae solis. His in duobus exemplis energia provenit secundum <math>E=mc^2</math> quia elementorum intialium massa excedit massam [[elementum|elementorum]] finalium. === Paradoxum geminorum celeberrimum === [[Fasciculus:Twinparadox overview.png|thumb|Figura paradoxum geminorum monstrans: geminus (ruber) qui iter facit redit iuvenior gemine (viridi) qui Tellure manet. Ruber [[rucheta]] vivit 30+20=50 annos, dum Viridis simul Tellure vivit 60+20=80 annos.]] Paradoxum geminorum accidit ob effectum dilatationis temporalis relativisticum cum geminus, qui iter ad astrum distans facit, redit postilla multum iuvenior gemine altero qui Tellure manet. Haec dilatatio temporalis ob corporis motum, quam aequationes Lorentzianae praecinunt, cotidie Tellure verificata est, cum physici periti particulas impellunt ad celeritates paene luminales, ut particulae, quae quiescentes haud microsecunda vivunt, acceleratae diutius fere 30 microsecunda permanant.<ref> Bailey et al., "Measurements of relativistic time dilatation for positive and negative muons in a circular orbit," Nature 268, 301 (1977).</ref> Effectus etiam verificatus est experimentis ubi aëroplana horologiis atomicis instructa itinera circum orbem terrarum faciunt. <ref>J. Hafele and R. Keating, [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/177/4044/166 "Around the world atomic clocks:predicted relativistic time gains"], Science 177. 166 (1972); J. Hafele and R. Keating, [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/177/4044/168 "Around the world atomic clocks:observed relativistic time gains"], Science 177, 168 (1977).{{Ling|Anglice}}</ref> Dilatatio observata nullum paradoxum patefacit in theoria Lorentziana, quia in illa theoria Tellus fere non movet aetheri relativus, ut sola ruchetae horologia segnia sint. Paradoxum autem videtur in theoria Einsteiniana, quia, secundum axioma primum theoriae, ambo systemata coordinatorum sunt valida. Quia est impossibile certe, ut simul et ruchetae horologia segnia Telluris horologiis sint, et Telluris horologia segnia ruchetae, ecce paradoxum! Resolutionem huius paradoxi habemus, ut Einstein docuit,<ref>A. Einstein, "Dialog über Einwände gegen die Relativitätstheorie", ''Die Naturwissenschaften'' '''48''', 697, 29 (1918).</ref> quia rucheta Tellurem reditura, postquam ad astrum distans eat, est acceleranda. Et, cum rucheta distans accelerat, Tellus lapsum temporalem <math>\Delta t=\Delta x\, V/c^2</math> transformationibus Lorentzianis supris datam patitur, ut exactiter omnes contradictiones possibiles ruchetae relativae solvantur. Effectus Geminorum, qui dicitur, seu Effectus Horologii partem conspicuam habet in multis [[cinematographia|pelliculis cinematographicis]] et [[mythistoriae rerum futurarum|mythistoriis rerum futurarum]], exempli gratia pellicula ''[[Planeta Simiorum]]'',<ref>Vide exempli gratia Wikipediam anglicam: [[:en:Planet of the Apes|Planet of the Apes]].</ref> in qua astronautae iter longum in spatium facientes mysterio redeunt longe in futuro quando simii Tellurem regnant et homines sunt eorum servi. === De natura spatii temporisque secundum Einstein === Einstein anno [[1905]] imprimis peraccessit in faciendo tempus spatiumque res physicas de qua leges physicae possunt tractare.<ref>Rajesh Gopakumar, "Space, time and Einstein", Frontline India 22, (2005).</ref> Proporro, in legibus Einsteinianis, tempus est dimensio par spatii. Hae ideae ducturae erant Albertum Einstein ad novum reppertum anno [[1915]]: theoriam [[relativitas generalis|relativitatis generalis]], secundum quam gravitas est ob curvationem rei ''spatio-temporalis''. == Geometria spatio-temporis == === Spatia Euclidianum et Minkowskianum comparata === [[Fasciculus:Orthogonality and rotation.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Orthogonalitas et rotatio systematum coordinatarum comparatae (a sinistra) in [[Spatium Euclidianum|spatio Euclidiano]] per angulum circularem φ et (a dextra) in [[spatium Minkowskianum|spatio Minkowskiano]] per [[angulus hyperbolicus|angulum hyperbolicum]] φ (lineis rubris ''c'' notatis ut [[linea mundi|lineas mundi]] signi luminosi denotent; vector est sibi ipsi orthogonalis si in hac linea iacet).<ref>{{cite book|title=Gravitation|url=https://archive.org/details/gravitation0000misn_o3a5|author1=J.A. Wheeler |author2=C. Misner |author3=K.S. Thorne |publisher=W.H. Freeman & Co|page=[https://archive.org/details/gravitation0000misn_o3a5/page/58 58]|date=1973|isbn=0-7167-0344-0}}</ref>]] Relativitas specialis "plano" spatio Minkowskiano quattuor dimensionum, exemplo [[spatio-tempus|spatio-temporis]], utitur. Spatio-tempus Minkowskianum persimile normali [[Spatium Euclidianum|spatio Euclidiano]] trium dimensionum videtur, sed spatia insigniter inter se differunt quod ad tempus attinet. In spatio trium dimensionum, [[differentialis]] distantiae (elementum lineae) ''ds'' sic definitur: :<math> ds^2 = d\mathbf{x} \cdot d\mathbf{x} = dx_1^2 + dx_2^2 + dx_3^2, </math> ubi {{nowrap|1=''d'''''x''' = (''dx''₁, ''dx''₂, ''dx''₃)}} sunt differentiales trium dimensionum spatialium. In geometria Minkowskiana est alia dimensio cum coordinata ''X''⁰ a tempore derivata, ut distantia differentialis hanc aequationem exsequatur: :<math> ds^2 = -dX_0^2 + dX_1^2 + dX_2^2 + dX_3^2, </math> ubi {{nowrap|1=''d'''''X''' = (''dX''₀, ''dX''₁, ''dX''₂, ''dX''₃)}} sunt differentiales quattuor dimensionum spatio-temporis. Ex his nova notio theoretica sequitur, quod relativitas specialis est tantum [[symmetria rotationalis]] spatio-temporis nostri, symmetriae rotationali spatii Euclidiani similis (vide imaginem dextram).<ref>{{cite book|title=Dynamics and Relativity|url=https://archive.org/details/dynamicsrelativi0000fors|author1=J.R. Forshaw |author2=A.G. Smith |publisher=Wiley|page=[https://archive.org/details/dynamicsrelativi0000fors/page/247 247]|date=2009|isbn=978-0-470-01460-8}}</ref> Sicut spatium Euclidianum [[metricum Euclidianum|metrico Euclidiano]] [[metricum Minkowskianum|metrico Minkowskiano]] utitur. Itaque, relativitas specialis dici potest ( "invariantia intervalli spatio-temporis"hoc est distantia quattuor dimensionum inter quaelibet duo eventa), cum a quolibet systemate relationis inertiali visitur. Omnes aequationes et effectus relativitatis specialis ab hac symmetria rotationali ([[caterva Poincaré]]) spatio-temporis Minkowskiani deduci possunt. == Theoriae relativitatis et mechanica quantica == Relativitas ''specialis'' cum [[mechanica quantica]] in [[mechanica quantica relativistica]] coniungi potest, sed quomodo relativitas ''generalis'' cum mechanica quantica coniungi possit manet solvendum, quod theoriis recentibus [[gravitas quantica|gravitatis quanticae]] et [[theoria omnium|omnium rerum]] poscitur. In [[Formula Bohriana|formula atomica Bohr-Sommerfeld]] rationibus relativitatis specialis et primitivae mechanicae quanticae [[structura tenuis]] atomorum [[metallum alcalinum|metallorum alcalinorum]] explicatum est.<ref>{{cite book|title=Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei and Particles|url=https://archive.org/details/quantumphysicsof00eisb|edition=2nd|pages=114–116|author1=R. Resnick |author2=R. Eisberg |publisher=John Wiley & Sons|date=1985|isbn=978-0-471-87373-0}}</ref> Anno [[1928]] [[Paulus Dirac]] [[aequatio undarum|aequationem undarum]], nunc [[aequatio Dirac|aequationem Dirac]] appellatam, construxit,<ref name="Dirac">{{cite journal | author = P.A.M. Dirac | authorlink = P.A.M. Dirac | date =1930 | title = A Theory of Electrons and Protons | journal =Proceedings of the Royal Society | volume = A126 | page = 360 |bibcode=1930RSPSA.126..360D | jstor=95359 | doi=10.1098/rspa.1930.0013 | issue = 801}}</ref> quae omnino cum relativitate speciali et versione finali theoriae quanticae convenit. Non solum [[Vertigo quantica|vertiginem]], intrinsecum [[momentum angulare]] [[electron]]um, explicavit, sed etiam duxit ad praedictionem [[positron]]is, electronis [[antiparticula]]e,<ref name="Dirac" /><ref>{{cite journal|author=C.D. Anderson|authorlink=Carl David Anderson |title=The Positive Electron|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_physical-review_1933-03-15_43_6/page/491|journal=Phys. Rev. |volume=43|pages=491–494 |date=1933|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.43.491|issue=6|bibcode = 1933PhRv...43..491A }}</ref> et structura tenuis solum relativitate specialis omnino explicari potuit. Hoc fuit principium mechanicae quanticae relativisticae, quia in mechanica quantica non relativistica, vertigo est res phaenomenologica quae non explicari potest. Altera parte, quia antiparticulae sunt, scimus mechanicam quanticam relativisticam non satis esse ad accuratiorem theoriam interactionum particularum formandam. Potius necesse fuit theoriam particularum ut camporum quantizatorum creare, [[theoria camporum quanticorum|theoriam camporum quanticorum]] dictam, in qua particulae per spatium et tempus creari et deleri possint. {{NexInt}} * [[E=mc²]] * [[Gravitas (physica)]] * [[Iter transtemporale]] * [[Paradoxum geminorum]] * [[Systema relationum]] == Nexus externi == * [http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/1905_17_891-921.pdf Theoria Specialis Relativitatis sc. "Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper"] Opus originalis apud [[Annales Physicae]], [[Berna (urbs)|Berna]], 1905.{{Ling|Theodisce}} * [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Relativity:_The_Special_and_General_Theory Wikisource: Albert Einstein, Relativity: the Special and General Theory,1923] {{Ling|Anglice}} * N. David Mermin, Space and Time in Special Relativity, McGraw Hill, Inc, 1968. {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20010711203839/http://www2.corepower.com:8080/~relfaq/experiments.html Index Experimentorum quae theoriam relativitatis probant.] {{Ling|Anglice}} == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == === Latine === * [[Stephanus Berard|Berard, Stephanus]]. (2004). ''[http://www.boreoccidentales.com/latine/cataracta/auctore-berard/philosophia-exemplum.pdf De Philosophia Quantali deque Institutione Publica]''. Melissa. Bruxellis: Archetypum Latinum. * Borges de Meneses, Ramirus Delius. (2015). [http://www.humanum.org.pl/images/SiE/SiE_3_2015_www.pdf "Specialis relativitatis theoria: de invariantia ad valorem"]. ''Społeczeństwo i edukacja'' 18 (3). * Hoenen, Petrus. (1956). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=n-LvD_DWjk0C Cosmologia]'' (pdf). Editio quinta recognita. Romae: apud aedes Pont. Universitatis Gregorianae. ===Enchiridia=== * Einstein, Albert. [[1920]]. [[s:Relativity: The Special and General Theory|''Relativity: The Special and General Theory'']]. * Einstein, Albert. [[1996]]. ''The Meaning of Relativity''. Fine Communications. ISBN 1-56731-136-9. * Logunov, Anatoly A. [[2005]]. [http://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0408077 Henri Poincaré and the Relativity Theory] (ex Russico a G. Pontocorvo et V. O. Soleviev conversus, a V. A. Petrov compositus) Moscuae: Nauka. * [[Charles Misner|Misner, Charles]], [[Kip Thorne]], et [[John Archibald Wheeler]]. [[1971]]. ''Gravitation''. W. H. Freeman & Co. ISBN 0-7167-0334-3. * Post, E. J. (1962) [[1997]]. ''Formal Structure of Electromagnetics: General Covariance and Electromagnetics''. Dover Publications. * [[Wolfgang Rindler|Rindler, Wolfgang]]. [[1991]]. ''Introduction to Special Relativity,'' ed. secunda. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-853952-0; ISBN 0-19-853952-5. * Brown, Harvey R. [[2005]]. ''Physical relativity: space–time structure from a dynamical perspective.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-927583-1; ISBN 978-0-19-927583-0. * {{Cite book| last =Qadir | first =Asghar | authorlink =Asghar Qadir | title =Relativity: An Introduction to the Special Theory | publisher =[[World Scientific|World Scientific Publications]] | date = [[1989]]| location =Singapurae | page =128 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=X5YofYrqFoAC&printsec=frontcover| isbn =9971-5-0612-2.}} * Silberstein, Ludwik. [[1914]]. [[List of important publications in physics#The Theory of Relativity — Ludwik Silberstein|The Theory of Relativity]]. * {{cite book |title=Space, Time and Spacetime |author=Lawrence Sklar |url=https://books.google.com/?id=cPLXqV3QwuMC&pg=PA206 |isbn=0-520-03174-1 |publisher=University of California Press |date=1977 }} * {{cite book |title=Philosophy of Physics |author=Lawrence Sklar |url=https://books.google.com/?id=L3b_9PGnkMwC&pg=PA74 |isbn=0-8133-0625-6 |publisher=Westview Press |date=1992 }} * Taylor, Edwin, et [[John Archibald Wheeler]]. [[1992]]. ''Spacetime Physics,'' ed. secunda. W.H. Freeman & Co. ISBN 0-7167-2327-1 * Tipler, Paul, et Llewellyn, Ralph. [[2002]]. ''Modern Physics,'' ed. quarta. W. H. Freeman & Co. ISBN 0-7167-4345-0. ===Commentationes in periodicis=== * {{Cite journal | author1 = Alvager, T. | author2 = Farley, F. J. M. | date = 1964 | author3 = Kjellman, J. | author4 = Wallin, L. | title = Test of the Second Postulate of Special Relativity in the GeV region | journal = Physics Letters | volume = 12 | issue = 3| page = 260 | doi = 10.1016/0031-9163(64)91095-9 | bibcode = 1964PhL....12..260A}} * {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1086/430652 | last1 = Darrigol | first1 = Olivier | date = 2004 | title = The Mystery of the Poincaré–Einstein Connection | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_isis_2004-12_95_4/page/614 | journal = Isis | volume = 95 | issue = 4| pages = 614–26 | pmid = 16011297 }} * {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.56.4405 | last1 = Wolf | first1 = Peter | last2 = Petit | first2 = Gerard | date = 1997 | title = Satellite test of Special Relativity using the Global Positioning System | journal = Physical Review A | volume = 56 | issue = 6| pages = 4405–09 |bibcode = 1997PhRvA..56.4405W }} * [http://scholarpedia.org/article/Special_relativity Special Relativity] [[Scholarpedia]] *[http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Special_relativity:_kinematics Special relativity: Kinematics] [[Wolfgang Rindler]], [[Scholarpedia]], 6(2):8520. [[doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.8520]] [[Categoria:Physica]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} iqwia5karj2aclxm83wnqgdlh4n34gs 0 5183 3979880 3978416 2026-08-09T20:47:38Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{semi-protecta}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{FA stella}} {{Videdis|Mahometus (nomen)}} [[Fasciculus:Mohammed.jpg|thumb|Propheta Mahometus; ex ''[[Miradschname|Apocalypsi Mahometi]]'', 1436, [[Herat]]. Opus in thesauro [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|Bibliothecae Nationalis Francicae]] ([[Lutetia]]e) invenitur.]] '''Mahometus'''<ref>Polydori Vergilii Urbinatis ''De Rerum inventoribus libri octo'' (Basileae: 1525), lib. VII, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ydJMAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA225&dq=Mahometus p. 225].</ref> ([[Arabice]] محمد ''Muḥammad''; de scriptura nominis Latina vide [[#De nomine|infra]]) fuit [[Religio Islamica|religionis Islamicae]] conditor, quem Musulmani credunt ultimum [[Deus|Dei]] ([[Arabice]] [[الله]] Allāh) nuntium [[propheta]]mque fuisse et ultimum legiferum in serie prophetarum Islamicorum, et quem plurimi Musulmani<ref group="n">Non omnes Musulmani credunt ipsum fuisse prophetam ultimum; exempli gratia, [[Communitas Ahmadiyya Islamica]] habet [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]] fuisse prophetam quoque.</ref><ref>http://www.alislam.org/books/truth/finality.html Finality of Prophet hood [''sic''] <!--?--> Hadhrat Muhammad (PUBH) the Last Prophet - Al Islam Interretiale.]</ref> credunt ultimum prophetam ut docet [[Alcoranus]] (33:40–40), cui traditus sit Alcoranus, [[Gabriel]]e [[Archangelus|Archangelo]] ei [[verbum Dei]] nuntiante. Musulmani ergo eum putant restitutorem primae [[fides|fidei]] incorruptae et [[monotheismus|monotheisticae]] [[Adam|Adae]], [[Noe]], [[Abraham|Abrahae]], [[Moyses|Moysis]], [[Iesus|Iesu]], et aliorum prophetarum.<ref>Esposito 1998: 12.</ref><ref>Esposito 2002b: 4–5.</ref><ref name = "Peters 2003 9">Peters 2003: 9.</ref> Natus est [[Mecca]]e anno fere [[571]], et mortuus [[Medina]]e, in [[Arabia]] occidentali, die [[8 Iunii]] [[632]]. Ipse fuit [[Abdullachus|Abdullachi]] et [[Amina]]e filius, cui fuerunt nonnulli liberi, inter quos [[Fatima Zahra]] filia. == De nomine == Nomen Arabicum variis modis in litteras Latinas redditum est, ut ''Mahometus'', ''Muhammadus'', ''Mahumetus'', ''Machometus'', ''Mahometes'',<ref>"[http://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof3/s0020a.html Mahometes]" in {{Hofmannus}}</ref> ''Maometus''<ref>[http://www.archive.org/stream/divinacomoedia01piazgoog/divinacomoedia01piazgoog_djvu.txt Dantis Alligherii, ''Divina Comoedia'' (1321). Hexametris latinis reddita. Ab. Abbate Dalla PiaZZA. Vicentino. Praefatus est et vitam piazzae. Adiecit. Carolus Witti. Lipsiae: 1845, sumptibus Ioannis Ambrosii Barth]; [http://books.google.be/books?id=Qswhij07br0C&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16&dq=maometus&source=bl&ots=G5OEuAgLyJ&sig=ud3pm42L1tUO913EHZWwqV4F30Y&hl=fr&ei=2iX4S-uZGsn54Abhsp2KAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CCgQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=maometus&f=false [[Franciscus Petrarca]], ''Invective Contra Medicum'' (1355). Edizioni Di Storia Litteratura. Roma, 1978, p. 15.]</ref> et alia. Nomen plenum eius fuit ابو القاسم محمد ابن عبد الله ابن عبد المطلب ابن هاشم (''Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāšim'')‎, hoc est "pater Qasimi, Muhammadus, filius Abd-Allahi, filii Abd-al-Muttalibi, filii Hašimi." == Fontes == De nullo magnorum religionis auctorum Orientis tanti nuntii exstant quam de Mahometo<ref>R. Sellheim: Muhammeds erstes Offenbarungserlebnis. In: Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 10 (1987), p. 3</ref>, qui quidem aut a fidelibus conscripti sunt, ut Mahometum prophetam annuntiarent, aut ab inimicis ([[religio Christiana|Christianis]]), qui eum "corruptorem" recusarent. Fontes principales sunt: === Alcoranus === In vita Mahometi indaganda [[scientia Islamica]] [[Alcoranus|Alcoranum]] semper fontem primum duxit. Secundum [[memoria]]m Islamicam, Alcoranus a quibusdam Mahometi sectatoribus ipso ab initio (circiter ab anno [[610]]) litteris mandatus est, primo in foliis solutis (ṣaḥīfa, pl. ṣuḥuf / ‏صحف , صحيفة ‎ / ṣaḥīfa, pl. ṣuḥuf), maxima ex parte in pergamena sive in [[animal]]ium pelli (raqq /riqq / ‏رقّ ‎). Haec corpus maṣāḥif (ex sing. muṣḥaf ‏مصاحف , مصحف ‎ / maṣāḥif, muṣḥaf) nominatum est. Studiosi Islamici non consentiunt utrum ipse [[propheta (Islam)|propheta]] Alcoranum composuerit an compositio sub primo [[calipha]] [[Abu Bakr as-Siddiq]] (632-634) facta sit. Fontes autem in hoc conveniunt Alcoranum ab [[Uthman ibn Affan]] (653-656) [[canonizatio|canonizatum]] esse, exemplis discrepantibus deletis. {{vide-etiam|Historia Alcorani}} Mahometus ipse in Alcorano quater nominatur:<ref name="Alcoranus Latinus">[http://books.google.at/books?id=ye40VChDL6gC&printsec=frontcover&hl=de&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Alcorani textus universus ex correctioribus Arabum exemplaribus ... descriptus ... auctore Lodovico Marracci, Patavii 1698].</ref> * Sura 3,144: ''Et non est Mahometus nisi legatus; iam praeterierunt ante eum legati.'' * Sura 33,39: ''Non est Mahumetus pater ullius ex viris vestris, ita ut non possit ducere uxorem illius, sed est Legatus Dei, et sigillum Prophetarum.'' Uterque versus attestatur Mahometo persuasum fuisse se prophetam esse, qui nuntium prophetarum priorum continuaret perficeretque. * Sura 47,2: ''Qui vero fideles fuerint, et fecerint recta, et crediderunt in id, quod demissum fuit super Mahumetum (et ipsum est veritas a Domino eorum), expiabit ab eis mala eorum, et rectificabit intentionem eorum.'' * Sura 48,29: ''Mahumetus est legatus Dei; qui vero sunt cum eo, feroces sunt contra infideles, misericordes inter se.'' Ut versus demonstrant, Mahometus credidit se nuntium salvificum annuntiare, qui ipsum sectatoresque ab "infidelibus" (kuffār) distingueret. === Exegesis Alcorani (tafsīr) === Interpretationes multorum Alcorani versuum ([[tafsīr]]) indicia praebent, quae ad vitam Mahometi pertinent. Interpretes res gestas revelationis (‏أسباب النزول‎ / asbābu ’n-nuzūl) in quibusdam versibus inventas collegerunt ac disputaverunt, ex quo particularis exegeseos Alcorani ramus ortus est, qui nullos nisi illos versus tractat, quorum revelatio ad certas vitae Mahometi res gestas refert. === Sira === [[Fasciculus:Muhammad letter muqawqis.jpg|thumb|Mahumeti litterae ad [[Muqawquis]] datae.]] "Vita Mahometi" ([[Sira (Islam)|Sira]]) ab [[Ibn Ishaq|Muhammad ibn Ishaq]] conscripta, quae ab [[Ibn Hischam]] redacta ac suppleta exstat, est fons traditionis profanae. [[Auctor]] multos nuntios antiquiorum fontium, qui a saeculo septimo repetunt, suscepit. [[Historiographia|Historiographi]] posteriores, sicut [[al-Tabari]] in sua ''Historia Mundi,'' citeriores nuntios primordiales in "Vita Mahometi" non comprehensos acceperunt. Etiam quidam nuntii ab [['Urwa ibn az-Zubayr ibn al-'Awwam]] († circa annum [[712]]) litteris mandati, quas ad [[Caliphatus Omayadarum|Omayadarum Caliphum]] [[ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān]] dedit, res singulas de religionis Islamicae primo tempore magni momenti amplectuntur. Qui nuntii in "Historia Mundi" supradicti ''al-Tabari'', ut ''Hischam'', '''Urwae'' filius, eos tradiderat, comprehensi sunt. Auctoritas eorum a studiosis hodiernis non dubitatur.<ref>R.G. Khoury: Les sources islamiques de la "Sira" avant Ibn Hishām (m.213/834) et leur valeur hitorique. In: La vie du Prophète Mahomet. Colloque de Strasbourg (Octobre 1980) Presses Universitaires de France 1983. p. 7–29 (Fontes antiquissimos enumerat).</ref> === Bella (maghazi) === Praeter [[biographia]]m aliud genus litterarium vitam resque gestas Mahometi tractat, scilicet sic dictae litterae "[[maghazi]]", in quibus bella prophetae, postquam [[Medina]]m confugerat, usque ad mortem per annos singulos describuntur. Opus huius generis maximi momenti ab [[al-Waqidi]] conscriptum est, qui usque ad annum [[823]] [[Bagdatum|Bagdati]] operatus est. Opus tribus voluminbus anno [[1966]] typis Arabicis exscriptum est. === "Libri classium" (kutub al-ṭabaqāt) === Quartum genus historiographicum sunt sic dicti "Libri classium" (''kutub al-ṭabaqāt''); non [[Annales|res singulis annis gestas]] enarrant, sed argumenta secundum annos, quibus quaeque persona descripta ad religionem Islamicam convertit (''[[sahaba]]''), distributa sunt. Initium huius operis origini, vitae rebusque gestis Mahometi dedicatum est. Notissimum huius generis opus a discipulo supradicti al-Waqidi, [[Muhammed ibn Sa'd]], conscriptum est, qui ex [[Basra]] oriundus anno [[845]] Bagdati mortuus est. == Vita Mahometi == === Tempus antequam Mahometus propheta ingressus est (571–609) === [[Fasciculus:Birth of Muhammad from folio 44a of the Jami‘ al-tawarikh.jpg|thumb|Nativitas Mahumeti prophetae. Ex ''Jami' al-Tavarikh'' (Latine fere: Historia universalis), conscripta a [[Raschid ad-Din]], [[Irania]] ([[Tauris]]), circiter A.H. 714 / A.D. 1314–1315, atramentum, pigmenta coloris et aurum in charta. Edinburgh University Library (MS Arab 20, folio 42r), Cat. 6. Exemplari [[Christi Natalis|nativitatis Christi]] mutato tres feminae [[Sancti Magi|Sanctos Magos]] supplent. [[ʿAbd al-Muttalib ibn Hāschim|ʿAbd al-Muttalib]], prophetae [[avus]], (dextra) [[Iosephus (sanctus)|Iosephum]] supplet.]] [[Fasciculus:Young Mohammed and the monk Bahira.jpg|thumb|Mahometus adulescens a monacho [[Bahira]] cognoscitur. Pictura minima ("miniatura") ex ''Jami' al-Tavarikh'' a [[Raschid ad-Din]] conscripta, [[Irania]] ([[Tauris]], 1307). Bibliotheca Universitatis Edimburgi.]] * Mahometus circa annum [[570]] in urbe [[Arabia|Arabica]] [[Mecca]] ex nobilissima gente [[Corais|Corasina]] ortus est, pauper tamen, quod pater eius [[ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muttalib|Abdullah]] antequam Mahometus natus erat, mortuuus est; familia ex Mahometi proavo ‏[[Hāschim ibn ʿAbd Manāf|Hascem]] appellabatur [[Hascemita]]. Exactus dies ac annus natalis incerti, cum fontes varia et repugnantia tradant. Traditio Islamica Mahometum saepe "[[Annus elephantis|anno elephantis]]", qui dicitur, natum esse vult (circiter 552-554), quod autem verisimile non est<ref>Lawrence I. Conrad, "Abraha and Muhammad: Some observations apropos of chronology and literary topoi in the early Arabic historical tradition," ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (BSOAS)'' 50 (1987): 225–240; M. J. Kister, "The Campaign of Ḥulubān," ''Le Museon'' 78 (1965): 425-436; Ella Landau-Tessaron, "Sayf Ibn ʿUmar in Medieval and Modern Scholarship," ''Der Islam'' 67 (1990): 12</ref>. Iam historicus Islamicus ''Ibn al Kalbi'' (mortuus anno 819) annum 570 proposuit.<ref>Hartmut Bobzin, ''Mohammed'' (Monaci, 2000), 40ff.</ref> * Sex annos natus Mahometus matrem [[Āmina bint Wahb|Aminam]] amisit. Deinde apud avum ''ʿAbd al-Muttalib'', eo mortuo sub patruii ''Abu Talib'' filiorumque tutelam venit. Amina pagana mortua est. In antiquissimis [[Hadit]]-anthologiis pluries narratur Mahometum sepulcrum matris visitavisse et Deum, ut ei daret veniam, oravisse. Quapropter, ut exegesis Islamica putat, sura 9:115 relevata est:<ref name="Alcoranus Latinus"/> :Non est Prophetae, neque eorum, qui sunt fideles, ut veniam precentur pro associantibus, quamvis sint participes propinquitatis id est cognati, postquam innotueris eis, quod hi sint habitatores Tartari. * Adulescens pastor, postea commeatuum in [[Syria]]m (i.e. [[Imperium Romanum Orientale]]) particeps fuisse dicitur. In itinere [[monachus|monacho]] [[Bahīrā]] obvium datum esse traditur, qui sigillum prophetiae inter Mahometi umeros vidisset, de quo et in litteris Syro-Christianis saeculi noni<ref>Sidney H, Griffith, "The Prophet Muḥammad: his scripture and his message according to the christian apologies in Arabic and Syriac from the first Abbasid century," in ''The Life of Muḥammad,'' ed. Uri Rubim (Ashgate Variorum, 1998), 354-355; 380-384.</ref> et in [[narratio]]nibus Islamicis (qiṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ') mentio facta est. * Mahometus, antequam primas revelationes percepit, traditiones [[Polytheismus|polytheisticas]] populi sui sequebatur. Hoc spatium temporis Arabice ''Dschāhiliyya'' vocatur. Religiones [[Monotheismus|monotheisticae]] autem ([[Religio Iudaica|Iudaismus]] et [[Religio Christiana|Christianismus]]) magis magisque in [[Arabia]]m intrantes verisimiliter ad Mahometum pertinebant.<ref>Rudi Paret, ''Mohammed und der Koran,'' ed. 10 (Stuttgardiae: 2008), 42ff.</ref> In Mahometi vita ([[Sira (Islam)|Sira]]) a [[Ibn Ishaq|Muhammad ibn Ishaq]] conscripta Mahometum tum noto [[Zaid ibn ʿAmr]] occurrisse narratur; Mahometum illi Zaid carnem victimarum, quae idolis litata esset, obtulisse; quam Zaid repudiosam reiecisse. Ex illo die Mahometum idolis non iam sacrificavisse.<ref>Alfred Guillaume (1960), ''New light on the life of Muhammad,'' ''Journal of Semitic Studies,'' monographmu 1, pp. 27–28; versio Anglica Sirae ab Ibn Ishāq scriptae, ab Yūnus ibn Bukair retractatae, a Muḥammad Ḥamīdullāh editae (Iconii 1981), p. 98.</ref> Id apud posteros ab [[al-Buchari]] usque ad [[adh-Dhahabī]] saepius narratum est.<ref>M. J. Kister: „A bag of meat“ : A study of an early Ḥadīth. In: Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (BSOAS), 33 (1970), p. 267–275</ref> * Sub annum [[595]] divitissima mercatoris vidua nomine [[Chadidia Chowailidi filia|Chadidia]] (555?–619), cui Mahometus operam navabat, ei nupsit. Chadidia ex nobili gente [[Corais|Corasina]] ''ʿAbd al-ʿUzzā'' orta iam duo maritos habuerat et Mahometo 15 annis maior erat. Ita Mahometus [[pecunia]]e curis liberatus et in statum liberalem collocatus est. Sura 93,6-7 huius rei mentionem facit:<ref name="Alcoranus Latinus"/> :''Nonne (Deus) invenit te orphanum, et suscepit te, et invenit te pauperem et ditavit te?'' * Chadidia prima erat, quae Mahometi nuntio credidit; in historiographia Islamica ideo prima [[Musulmanus|musulmana]] Meccae habetur. * Ex Chadidia [[Fatima]] nata est, quae est mater stirpis Mahometi. * Primi Musulmani post Chadidiam secundum traditionem Islamicam erant [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] et [[Abubacer]], primus [[calipha]], postquam Mahometus mortuus est. === Tempus quo Mahometus Meccae prophetizavit === [[Fasciculus:Maome.jpg|thumb|left|Mahometus discipulos adloquitur, in [[liber|libro]] manuscripto [[saeculum 17|saeculi septimi decimi]] [[Albirunius|Albirunii]] operis ''al-[[Āthār al-bāqiya]]'' depicta est.]] Temporis primarum revelationum fons maximi momenti est Sira (Vita Mahometi) ab Ibn Ishaq scripta, quae in pluribus variantibus exstat. Mahometus quotannis unum mensem in monte [[Hira (Mecca)|Hira]] prope Meccam versari solebat, ut ibi paenitentiam ageret. Sub annum [[610]] ei [[archangelus]] [[Gabriel (archangelus)|Gabriel]] apparuisse dicitur, ut Mahometus ipse affirmavit. Secundum Ibn Ishaq prima revelatio in somnio facta est, qua Mahometus ad recitationem versuum hortatus sit. Primi quinque versus surae 96 principium revelationum sive Mahometi prophetiae esse dicuntur. Alii surae 74 versus 1-7 ut primos ponunt.<ref>Vide collationem opinionum repugnantium litterarum Islamicarum apud Richard Bell: Mohammed's Call; in: The Moslem World 24 (1934), p.13–19. Etiam in: Rudi Paret (ed.): Der Koran; Darmstadiae 1975; p. 86–92</ref> Illo tempore Mahometus circiter 40 annos natus erat. Etiam sura 10.17 hoc modo intellegitur:<ref name="Alcoranus Latinus"/> :''Iam porro moratus sum inter vos aetatem quadriganta annorum ante illum (i.e. Alcoranum)''. Versio Latina verbum Arabicum ''ʿumuran'', quod ad ad litteram "tota aetate" valet, "quadraginta annorum" exprimit ita interpretationem usitatam Islamicam sequens. [[Fasciculus:Siyer-i Nebi 151b.jpg|thumb|Mahometus prae [[Caaba]] (Pictura Turcica, saec. 16). Vultus Mahometi non depingitur.]] Initio, fere usque ad annum [[614]], ut supradictus '''Urwa'' caliphae ''ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān'' nuntiavit, primores Corasini Mahometi doctrinas, quas et publice et secreto ("sirran") pervulgavit, passi sunt. Cum autem [[idololatria]]m et [[polytheismus|polytheismum]] maiorum agressus est, multi ei restiterunt. Res eo venit, ut Mahometus ipse sectatoresque eius iniuriam passi sint. Cum maxima musulmanorum pars ad societatis ordinem sic dictorum mustaḍʿafūn pertinerent, qui victus suos mercando quaerebant, etiam a negotiis impediti sunt, ne amplius Meccae vivere possent. Mahometus, cui Meccae domus [[Arqam ibn Abi Arqam]] praesidio fuit (cira annum [[614]]), quosdam sectatores in [[Aethiopia]]m, ubi erat Meccanorum locus mercatorius, emigrare iussit (circa annum [[615]]). Ab historiographis primi musulmani dividuntur in eos, qui ante Mahometi in domum Arqua ingressum ad Islam converterunt, alios, qui tempore, quo ibi moratus est, et illos, qui in Aethiopiam emigraverunt.<ref>M. Muranyi: The First Muslims in Mekka: A Social Basis for a New Religion? In: The Life of Muḥammad. Ed. ab Uri Rubin. Aldershot: Ashgate Variorum, 1998. (The Formation of the Classical Islamic World, Vol. 4) p. 98 ss.</ref> Tempus Meccae inter 616–622 vix demonstrari potest, quod aliae relationes alia narrant. Ex suris Meccae scriptis colligi potest, Mahometum se populi monitorem (naḏīr, Arabice ‏نذير‎) censuisse (38,70) et quaedam officia religionis introducere studuisse: :Iam felices sunt fideles, qui in sua oratione sunt sese humiliantes, et qui sunt ab inani futilique sermone procul recedentes et qui sunt eleemosynam facientes et qui sunt mutones suos custodientes non utentes illis, nisi erga uxores suas aut quod possederunt dexterae eorum. (E.e., erga ancillas suas) (23:1-6)<ref name="Alcoranus Latinus"/> ==== Ascensus in caelum et iter nocturnum Hierosolyma ==== [[Fasciculus:Muhammad 1514.jpg|thumb|left|Mahometi iter nocturnum in [[equus|equo]] suo, Buraq; Folium ex exemplo operis Bustan poeatae Persici Sa'di (1514).]] Historiographia Islamica tempore, quo Mahometus Meccae versatus est, duas res factas esse vult, quibus vita moresque eius posteris clare demonstrarentur: * Ascensus (''al-miʿrāǧ'') a sanctuario [[Caaba]] in [[caelum]] die 27 mensis [[Ramadan]], qui 18 menses, antequam in urbem ''Yathrib'' (quae postea [[Medina]] nominata est) discessit, et * sic dictum iter nocturnum (''al-isrāʾ'') [[Hierosolyma]], quod 17 dies ante [[Hegira]] factum esse dicitur. Sive ascensus sive iter nocturnum saepissime in fontibus tranctantur, varie tamen et contrarie. Traditio Islamica ambas res in unum colligere studet Mahometum iter nocturnum Hiersolyma fecisse, ubi in caelum ascendisset. {{vide-etiam|Ascensus Mahometi in caelum}} Ex tempore quo [[calipha]] [[Abimelech]] (''ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān'') [[Tholus Saxi|Tholum Saxi]] in [[Mons Templi|Monte Templi]] urbis Hierosolymorum [[aedificium|aedificavisset]] ([[691]]), sanctuarium sive [[oratorium]] remotissimum (''al-bait al-muqaddas'' aut ''al-bait al-maqdis'') in sura 17,1 memoratum cum Hierosolymis sive cum [[Meschita al-Aqsa|Meschita Distantissima]] (''al-masǧid al-aqṣā'') paucis annis post erecta aequavisse videtur. In Tholi Saxi titulis temporis [[Caliphatus Omayadarum|Omayadarum]], qui ex solis versibus Alcorani exstant, sura 17:1 deest.<ref>Moshe Sharon, ''Corpus inscriptionum arabicarum palaestinae (CIAP),'' Addendum: Squeezes . . . 1-84, Handbuch der Orientalistik, Erste Abteilung, vol. 30, Brill (Leiden, 2007), 121. (Vide [books.google.com/books?id=1d8xHcor0psC&pg=PA121 hic] apud Google Books).</ref> Ceterum etiam in mescita [[Al-Aqsa]] hic versus non nisi in [[inscriptio]]ne [[saeculum 11|saeculi undecimi]] invenitur.<ref>H. Busse, "Jerusalem in the Story of Muhammad's Night Journey and Ascension," ''Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam'' 14 (1991): 1–40, imprimis 36–37.</ref> === Fuga ex Mecca === [[Fasciculus:Muhammad-Majmac-al-tawarikh-2.jpg|thumb|Iter Mahometi prophetae; folium operis Majma' al-tawarikh (Compendium Historiarum), circa annum 1425; Timurid. Herat, [[Afgania]]. In [[Museum Artium Metropolitanum|Museo Artium Metropolitano]].]] Variis ex causis Mahometus colloquia cum incolis urbis ''Yathrib'' seruit ad cognoscendum, si ibi sedem collocare posset: Religione poytheistica offendenda—etsi al-Kaaba, sanctuarium [[Arabia]]e gravissimum, agnovit—sibi multos inimicos fecerat; foedus cum incolis urbis [[Ta'if]] ad irritum ceciderat; multi sectatores fugati erant; tandem patronus [[Abu Talib]] et Chadidia uxor mortui sunt (sub annum [[619]]). Quidam nobiles urbis ''Yathrib'', cui postea nomen [[Medina]] (plenius: ''madīnat an-nabiy'' 'urbs prophetae') data est, Mahometo et sectatoribus eius praesidium obtulerunt, quod inter annos 621–622 foedere ictum est. Anno [[622]] vexatione augente Mahometus et sui Mecca exiverunt et Medinam fugerunt. Medinam cum advenissent, multi Mahometum secuti sunt. Ista fuga, [[Hegira]] appellata, est initium Islamici calendarii. Adventus in ''Qubā''' prope Yathrib sita postea in duodecimum ''Rabi’'' primi [[calendarium lunare|anni lunaris]] [[calendarium Islamicum|calendarii Islamici]] (dies 24 Septembris anno 622) constitutus est. Anni subsequentes ex anno [[622]] numerantur et ''[[Annus Hegirae|anni Hegirae]]'' vocantur. Ergo annus [[631]], exempli gratia, est [[Anno Hegirae|Annus Hegirae]] decimus (saepe scriptus "10 [[AH]]") in Islamico calendario. === Prius tempus, quo Mahometus Medinae prophetizavit === Societas ''Yathrib'' urbis, quae nunc Arabice ''al-Madina'' ([[Medina]]) vocatur, tempore [[Hegira]]e aliter ac Meccae constituta erat. Incolae ad civitates gentesque inter se contrarias ''[[Aus (gens)|Aus]]'' et ''[[Chasradsch]]'' pertinebant. Praeterea erant variae [[Iudaei|Iudaeorum]] gentes, inter quas ''[[Banu n-Nadir]]'', ''[[Banu Quraiza]]'' et ''[[Qaynuqa']]'' plurimum potuerunt, deinde nonnulli urbis incolae, qui iam ante Hegiram Musulmani facti quique "adiutores" (''[[al-Ansar]]'') appellati sunt, postremo ii Mahometi sectatores, qui cum eo Mecca fugerant et "emigrantes" (''[[Muhadschirun]]'') nominati sunt. Aliae sedes Iudaicae erant a Medina in septentriones versae apud [[Khaibar]]. Initio Mahometus omnes incolas in unam societatem coniungere studebat. A sic dicto [[Pactum Medinense|Pacto Medinensi]], quod ad litteram in prophetae biographia ab [[Ibn Ishaq]] conscripta servatum est quodque a studiosis, quamvis [[datatio]] disputetur, verum agnoscitur, non solum omnibus Musulmanis et Iudaeis eadem iura praebentur, sed etiam religiones agnoscuntur. Iudaei una cum fidelibus (id est, Musulmanis) ''[[ummah]]'' constituunt: "Iudaeis est ipsorum religio (''dīn''), Musulmanis ipsorum." "Ansar" et "Muhadschirun" iisdem iuribus gaudent. Se ipsum autem Mahometus hoc in pacto legatum Dei et prophetam vocat. Diserte et plane pacto exclusi sunt [[Polytheismus|polytheistae]] ("al-[[muschrik]]ūn"). Quomodo pactiones cum Iudaeis, quarum historiographia Islamica mentionem facit, circa singula conscriptae fuissent, nescitur, quod conditiones varie traduntur. Tales pactiones autem inter Mahometum et Iudaeis exstitisse a studiosis ponitur.<ref>Michael Lecker: ''Did Muḥammad conclude treaties with the Jewish tribes Naḍīr, Qurayẓa and Qaynuqāʿ?'' In: Israel Oriental Studies, Vol. 17 (1997), p.29–36</ref> Initio Mahometus ad distinctam segregationem ab aliis "possessoribus scripturae" („ahl al-kitāb“) annixus esse non videtur; iam Sura 109 ("Infideles") Meccae relevata religiones "aliorum" agnoscit:<ref name="Alcoranus Latinus"/> :''O Infideles! Non colam, quod colitis (…) Vobis religio vestra et mihi religio mea.'' Inimici Mahometi illius temporis erant polytheistae, quos iam Meccae oppugnaverat. === Directio orationis mutata === Primi de Mahometi vita fontes unanime referunt eum, dum Meccae vivit, in orando inter [[Caba]]e angulos meridianum orientalemque stetisse, ubi erat lapis niger. Ita se simul ad sanctuarium Meccanum et - ut Iudaei et Christiani - ad [[Hierosolyma]] (bait al-maqdis) inclinavit. 17 mensibus post migrationem, mense [[Radzabum|Radzabo]], directio orationis ([[Qibla]], Aarabice ‏قبلة‎) ab Hierosolymis ad Meccam mutata est.<ref>Uri Rubin: ''Between Arabia and the Holy Land: a Mecca-Jerusalem Axis of Sanctity''. In: Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam (JSAI), 34 (2008), p. 350-351; 354; W. M. Watt: ''Muhammad at Medina''. Oxoniae 1956, p. 202-203</ref> Directio orationis secundum revelationem Surae 2, 143-146 mutata est. {{vide-etiam|Quibla}} === Bella ("ghazawât") a Mahometo ac sociis gesta === Post [[hegira]]m - fugam [[Mecca]] in urbem Yathrib (sive [[Medina]]m) - Mahometus paulatim etiam militaris suorum dux factus est. Initio tum paucos asseclas a bello cohibuisse videtur<ref>Rudi Paret: ''Mohammed und der Koran. Geschichte und Verkündung des arabischen Propheten''. Kohlhammer, 2001. P. 129</ref>, quod hic [[Alcoranus|Alcorani]] versus primum post hegiram tempus commemorans attestatur: :(...) ''Continete manus vestras a proelio'' (...)(4,75)<ref name="Alcoranus Latinus"/> Denique ille versus revelatus est, quem [[Tafsīr (exegesis Alcorani)|exegesis Alcorani]] primam pugnandi potestatem esse putat:<ref>Vide Theodor Nöldeke: ''Geschichte des Qorans''. Lipsiae, 1938. P. 214 et fontes ibi citati</ref> :''Concessum fuit iis, qui proeliantur (idest concessum fuit fidelibus, ut pugnent contra infideles), quod ipsi iniuste vexati sint ab illis. Et quidem Deus ad auxilium eorum est sane potens.'' (22,41)<ref name="Alcoranus Latinus"/> [[Fasciculus:Muhammad 14.jpg|thumb|Imago Islamica demonstrans, quomodo Alcoranus Mahometo inter pugnam revelatus sit.]] Bellum Meccanum plurimae incursiones in commeatus Meccanos anteierunt. Prima pugna inter Musulamanos et gentem [[Coraisitae|Corasinam]] anno [[624]] apud [[Pugna apud Badr commissa|Badr]] commissa est. Musulmani, qui agmen mercatorium ex [[Syria]] revertens opprimere studebant, a copiis Meccanis [[Abu Sufyan]] duce necopinati ex insidiis agressi sunt. Quamvis numero minores nec ad pugnam parati Musulmani victores prodierunt. De quo in Alcorano legitur: :''Et iam quidem adiuvit vos Deus in Bedro, et vos inferiores eratis hostibus numero.'' (3,123)<ref name="Alcoranus Latinus"/> Mense Aprili eiusdem anni Mahometus gentem [[Iudaei|Iudaicam]] [[Banū Qaynuqāʾ]], qui aurifeces ac mercatores in urbe vivebant, in Wādī al-Qurā – a Medina in septentriones versus –, postea in Syriam depulit. De [[pugna apud Uhud commissa]], qua Musulmani anno [[625]] a Meccanis victi sunt, longi versus ad fideles docendos confirmandosque relevati sunt; in sura 3,173 e.g. legitur: :''Qui obaudierunt Deum et Legatum, postquam incidit illis ulcus in Ohod: illis, qui benefecerint ex eis et timuerint Deum, erit merces magna.''<ref name="Alcoranus Latinus"/> Gens Iudaica [[Banū ʾl-Naḍīr]],postquam diu sed frustra actum est -sedibus eorum obsessis, palmis a copiis Musulmanis succisis - mense Augusto anno [[625]] Medinae viciniam circiter 600 [[camelus|camelos]] secum ferens reliquerunt et primo in [[oasis|oasi]] [[Ḫaibar]] sedes collocaverunt, deinde, postquam Mahometus eos anno [[628]] etiam illinc exegit, in Syriam fugerunt. Tum Mahometus [[Ṣafiyya]]m, filiam ducis, quae praedam ceperat quaeque musulmana facta est, in matrimonium duxit. Omnis sura 59 (''al-Ḥašr'', Latine "congregatio"), ut in exegesi Alcorani putatur, de gente Banu Nadir expellenda narrat:<ref>Vide Theodor Nöldeke: ''Geschichte des Qorans''. Lipsiae, 1938. P. 206 et fontes ibi citati</ref> :''Ipse (Deus) est, qui eiecit eos, qui fuerunt increduli de familia Libri (Iudaeos scilicet Nodeirenses) a domibus suis ad primam congregationem eorum in Syriam. (...) Et nisi scripsisset Deus super eos transmigrationem (idest nisi decrevisset eos ex Arabia in Syriam eiciendos) certe eos punivisset in hoc mundo, et ipsis in futuro saeculo erit tormentum ignis. Hoc, quia ipsi schisma fecerunt adversus Deum et Legatum eius. (...) Quod excidistis de palmis vel reliquistis illas stantes super truncos suos, fuit porro per voluntatem Dei.'' (59,2–5)<ref name="Alcoranus Latinus"/> Anno [[627]] copiae Meccanae cum sociis Medinam oppugnaverunt (quae oppugnatio in historiographia Islamica ''ġazwat al-ḫandaq'', "bellum fossae", appellatur), sed frustra. Meccanis regressis gentem Iudaicam [[Banu Quraiza]] trucidari iussit, quod se in urbe defendenda - secundum traditionem Islamicam - non adiuvisset. Gens Banu Quraiza ab urbe Medina in austro-orientem versus agros coluerat.<ref>Michael Lecker: ''Muslims, Jews and Pagans. Studies on Early Islamic Medina''. Brill, 1995. P. 25 s.</ref> Dum urbs oppugnatur, gens Banu Quraiza formaliter recte egerat<ref>''The Encyclopaedia of Islam''. New Edition. Brill, Leiden. Vol. 5, P. 436</ref>, Musulmanis ad fossam effodendam palas commodaverant<ref>Meir J. Kister: The Massacre of the Banū Quraiza: A re-examination of a tradition. In: Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 8 (1986). P. 86</ref>, contra autem aggressores cibo instruxerant<ref>''Encyclopaedia Judaica''. 2. editio. Macmillan Reference USA, Detroit. Vol. 16, P. 776</ref> et cum eis clam egerant.<ref>W. Montgomery Watt, Alford T. Welch: ''Der Islam: Mohammed und die Frühzeit, Islamisches Recht, Religiöses Leben''. In: Christel Matthias Schröder: ''Die Religionen der Menschheit''. Kohlhammer, 1980. Vol. 25/1, p. 114</ref> Praeterea Mahometum ac asseclas a tergo adoriri moliti erant.<ref>W. Montgomery Watt: ''Muhammad. Prophet and Statesman''. Oxford University Press, 1961. P. 171</ref> Variae Alcorani surae "belli fossae" et gentis Banu Quraiza exstinctionis mentionem faciunt res gestas secundum Dei voluntatem factas praedicantes. :''Et reppulit Deus eos, qui erant infideles (nempe coniuratos) cum furore suo, non obtinuerunt bonum ullum, sufficiens fuit Deus ad proelium fidelibus, nam est Deus fortis, praepotens. Et descendere fecit eos ex scripturalibus ex arcibus suis (nempe Coraidenses) et coniecit in cordibus eorum terrorem: partem eorum occidistis et captivastis partem eorum et hereditare fecit vos Deus terram eorum et habitacula eorum et facultates eorum et terram, quam numquam calcaveratis. Nam est Deus ad omnem rem potens.'' (33,25–27)<ref name="Alcoranus Latinus"/> Vide etiam suras 2,109; 5, 41; 5,52 et 8, 58, quas exegetae ad fortunam gentium Banū ʾl-Naḍīr et Banu Quraiza referunt. Mahometus ex praeda inter alia [[Raihana|Raiyḥānam]] accepit, quam [[concubina]]m habuit. Sunt, qui eam postea religionem Islamicam secutam esse velint. Una cum gente Banu Quraiza etiam socii eorum, Arabes Banu Kilab ibn 'Amir, interfecti sunt. Unam ex feminis eorum, al-Naschāt (sive: al-Schāt) bint Rifā'a, Mahometus in matrimonium duxit, mox autem repudiavit. Cum feminae filiique Banu Quraiza in servitutem redacti sunt, de feminis filiisque Banu Kilab ibn 'Amir nihil certi notum est. === Al-Hudaibiya et Meccae expugnatio === [[Fasciculus:Muhammad destroying idols - L'Histoire Merveilleuse en Vers de Mahomet BNF.jpg|thumb|300px|Mahometus Meccam ingreditur (dextra). Sectatores eius [[Mythologia Arabica|idola Arabica]] ibi collocata delent (sinistra). Ex Mirzā Muḥammad Rafīʿ ("Bāzil") (1713-1781): ''Ḥamla-i-ḥaydarī'' (Impetus leonis [commentarius poeticus de Mahometo et quattuor primis caliphis]<ref>Hermann Ethé: ''Neupersische Literatur'', in: Wilhelm Geiger / Ernst Kuhn (ed.): ''Grundriss der iranischen Philologie'', Vol. 2, Trübner, Argentorati 1897, 212-368, ibi 235.</ref>), [[Caspira]] 1808, Ms. suppl. pers. 1030 s. 305v in thesauro [[Bibliothèque Nationale de France|Bibliothèque Nationale]] [[Lutetia]]e<ref>[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8432900m/f626.image in interrete] in BNF; [http://expositions.bnf.fr/parole/grand/sup-pers_1030_305v-306.htm Scitu digna] a BNF praebita ad folium.</ref>.]] Mense Martio anno [[628]] (anno sexto post hegiram) Mahometus una cum sectatoribus iter Meccam fecit, ut ibi parvam peregrinationem (''[['umra]]'') conficeret. Cum autem a Meccanis impeditus sit, prope sanctuarium Meccanum apud al-Hudaibiya foedus initum est quinque conventa principalia comprehendens: * Indutiae biennii (secundum alios: decem annorum); * Securitas musulmanorum, qui posthac peregrinationem confecturi aut in regionibus meridianis mercaturi essent; * Securitas gentis Quraisch, qui in regionibus septentrionalibus mercaturi essent; * Traditio musulmanorum, qui patronis inivitis Mecca Medinam fugituri essent; * Renuntiatio parvae peregrinationis anno foederis facti, sed peregrinitationis fides anno sequenti. Receptum Mahometi multi sectatores - imprimis traditionis profugorum causa - aegre passi sunt. Omnis sura 48 (''al-Fath'' = eventus, victoria) de hac re agit, quae autem res gestas victoriam Mahometi fuisse affirmat, quod expugnationem oasis [[Khaibar]], quae Iudaeis divitibus erat, comprehendit. Oasi Khaibar mense Maio anno [[628]] expugnata Mahometus una cum 2000 sectatoribus mense Martio anno [[629]] Meccam iit, ut ibi peregrinationem parvam ('''umra'') conficeret. Quod Meccani conventa fregissent,<ref>''The Encyclopaedia of Islam''. New Edition. Brill, Leiden. Bd. 6, S.&nbsp;147 („Makka“): „A breach of the terms of this treaty by Meccan allies led to a great Muslim expedition against Mecca with some 10,000 men. The town was surrendered almost without a blow, and all the Meccans, except a handful who were guilty of specific offences against Muhammad or some Muslim, were assured their lives and property would be safe if they behaved honourably.“</ref> mense Ianuario anno [[630]] exercitus musulmanorum bene instructus Meccam expugnavit. Quod Mahometus unicuique, qui pugna abstinuit, securitatem praestitit, Mecca paene sine caede capta est; soli 28 Meccani pugnantes ceciderunt, alii fugerunt. Mahometus nonnullas hebdomades Meccae remansit, sanctuarium (''[[Caba]]'') purgavit, statuas deorum et in sanctuario et in domibus privatis amoveri destruique iussit. In urbis vicinia templa deorum [[al-Manât]] et [[al-'Uzza]] destruxit et gentes [[Beduini|Beduinorum]], ut religioni Islamicae se coniungerent, invitavit. Gentes fortissimos circa Meccam viventes nomine [[Taif|al-Ta'if]] mense Ianuario anno [[630]] - quamvis magno labore (de quo sura 9,25–26) - subactae sunt. Pristinus Mahometi adversarius nomine [[Abu Sufyan|Abu Sufyân]], qui ante Meccam expugnatam ad religionem Islamicam converterat, deam principalem [[Alilat|al-Lât]] in Ta'if delevit. == Peregrinatio suprema et mors Mahometi == [[Fasciculus:Medina Grab des Propheten.JPG|thumb|Prinicipalis Medinae meschita, ubi est sepulcrum Mahometi. Siderographia (saec. 19).]] Anno [[632]] Mahometus peregrinationem supremam Meccam fecit, mense Martio ineunte cum asseclis Meccam advenit. In ritibus conficiendis singula caeremoniarum constituit etiam quosdam mores antiquos (qui ante religionem Islamicam exstiterunt) inserens. :''Antequam Meccam ingrederentur, consuetis ritibus sese praeparavere. Ducebat atuem secum centum, seu ut alii scribunt, sexaginta et sex oves mactandas. Еt in itinere seorsim ab aliis incedebat. . . . Sunt qui scribunt, quotidie in itinere [[Alcoranum]] super eum de [[caelum|coelo]] descendisse. Ingressus Meccam cum peregrinis, primus circuivit septies [[Caaba]]m, ter velociter currens, quater auter pedetentim incedens. Deinde invisit montes Sapham et Meruan et vallem Minam et montem Araphat, ubi concionem ad populum habuit. Deinde regrediens in vallem Minam septem lapillos de more post tergum suum projecit, quibus diabolum [[lapis|lapidaret]]; et mox [[ovis|oves]], quas adduxerat, immolavit. . . . Deinde ad Caabam reversus septies iterum eam circumivit. Bibit etiam aquam haustam ex [[puteus Zamzam|puteo Zamzam]]. Postea rediens in Minam, moratus еst ibi tribus diebus, projecitque quotidie contra diabolum tres lapillos, septies deambulando. . . . Deinde, praeparatis iis, quae ad reditum erant necessaria, iterum Caabam circumivit, ac deinde Medinam versus iter suscepit.''<ref>Alcorani textus universus ex correctioribus Arabum exemplaribus . . . descriptus . . . auctore Lodovico Marracci, Patavii 1698, pars prima, p. 29.</ref> Secundum traditionem Islamicam Mahometus in monte [[Araphat (mons)|Araphat]] suram quintam edidit, ut fidelibus quasi heredidatem relinqueret. Inter alia legitur: :''Hodie perfeci vobis religionem vestram et complevi super vos gratiam meam, et placuit mihi tradere vobis religionem Eslam (id est: Islam)'' (5,4).<ref name="Alcoranus Latinus"/> Saepe etiam haec ultima verba, quae in Corano non inveniuntur, referuntur: :''Vobis clara ac distincta reliqui; in quibus si permanseritis, numquam in errore eritis: Librum Dei ac [[Sunna]]m prophetae eius. Homines, audite verba mea et intellegite! Sciatis unumquemque Musulmanum esse Musulmani fratrem Musulmanosque inter ipsos fratres''.<ref>Ex commentatione [[:de:Mohammed]] sumptum ac Latine versum.</ref> Peregrinatio ultima, etiam "peregrinatio Islamica" dicta, rerum gestarum Mahometi culmen fuit. Medinam reversus administrationem bellorum sociis (''[[sahaba]]'') transtulit. Aegritudine subitanea affectus die [[8 Iunii]] anno [[632]] in domo [[Aischa bint Abi Bakr|Aisa]] uxoris necopinatus mortuus est. Nuntio mortis Medinae perturbatio magna orta est, ut [[corpus]] eius, ut quidam historiographi narrant, totum diem neglectum iaceret, donec in domo Aisae sepultum est. Sepulcrum Mahometi, una cum sepulcro [[Abu Bakr]] et [[Umar ibn al-Chattab]], hodie in [[Meschita prophetae]], quae est Medinae mescita principalis, invenitur. Mahometo mortuo Abu Bakr, qui mox Mahometum successit, inter alia hunc Alcorani versum recitasse dicitur: :Et non est Mahometus nisi legatus. Iam praeterierunt ante eum legati. An ergo si moriatur aut occidatur, convertemini super calcaneos vestros (id est: redibitis ad infidelitatem)? At qui conversus fuerit super calcaneos suos, non utique nocebit Deo quidquam, et mox remunerabit Deus gratias agentes. (3:144)<ref name="Alcoranus Latinus"/> {{NexInt}} * [[Hadit]] * [[Maulid]] == Notae == <references/> <references group="n"/> == Bibliographia == * Ahmed, Leila. [[1986]]. Women and the Advent of Islam. ''Signs'' 11(4):665–691. doi:10.1086/494271. * Ali, Muhammad Mohar. [[1997]]. ''The Biography of the Prophet and the Orientalists.'' King Fahd Complex for the Printing of the Holy Qur'an. ISBN 9960-770-68-0. http://www.islamhouse.com/p/51772. * Armstrong, Karen. [[1992]]. ''Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet.'' Harpercollins. ISBN 0-06-250886-5. * Awde, Nicholas. [[2000]]. ''Women in Islam: An Anthology from the Quran and Hadith.'' Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1012-4. * Ballard, Harold Wayne, Donald N. Penny, et W. Glenn Jonas. [[2002]]. ''A Journey of Faith: An Introduction to Christianity.'' Mercer University Press. ISBN 0-86554-746-7. * Barlas, Asma. [[2002]]. ''Believing Women in Islam.'' University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70904-8. * Bogle, Emory C. [[1998]]. ''Islam: Origin and Belief.'' Texas University Press. ISBN 0-292-70862-9. * Brown, Daniel. [[2003]]. ''A New Introduction to Islam.'' Blackwell Publishing Professional. ISBN 978-0-631-21604-9. * Bullough, Vern L., Brenda Shelton, et Sarah Slavin. [[1998]]. ''The Subordinated Sex: A History of Attitudes Toward Women.'' University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-2369-5. * Cohen, Mark R. [[1995]]. ''Under Crescent and Cross.'' Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01082-3/ * {{cite book | last = Dakake | first = Maria Massi | title =The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam | publisher = SUNY Press | year = [[2008]] | isbn = 0791470334}} * {{cite book | last=Donner | first = Fred | title=Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing | url=https://archive.org/details/narrativesofisla0000donn | publisher=Darwin Press | year = [[1998]] | isbn=0878501274}} * {{cite book | last=Endress | first=Gerhard | title=Islam | publisher=New Age Books | year=[[2003]] | isbn=978-8178221564}} * {{cite book | last=Ernst | first=Carl | year = [[2004]] | title = Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World | url=https://archive.org/details/followingmuhamma0005erns | publisher = University of North Carolina Press | isbn = 0807855774}} * {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | year=[[1998]] | title=Islam: The Straight Path | url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat0000espo | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=019-5112334}} * {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | year=[[1999]] | title=The Islamic Threat: Myth Or Reality? | url=https://archive.org/details/islamicthreatmyt00espo | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0-19-513076-6}} * {{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | year=[[2002]] | title=What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/whateveryoneneed0000espo | location=Oxoniae | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0-19-515713-3}} * {{cite book | last=Farah | first=Caesar | title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | year=[[1994]] | edition=5th | isbn=9780812018530}} * {{cite book | last=Glubb | first=John Bagot | title=The Life and Times of Muhammad | publisher=Hodder & Stoughton | year=[[1970]] (liber reimpressus [[2002]]) | isbn=0-8154-1176-6}} * {{cite book | last=Goldman | first=Elizabeth | title=Believers: spiritual leaders of the world | url=https://archive.org/details/believersspiritu00gold | location=Oxoniae | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=[[1995]] | isbn=0195082400}} * {{cite book | last=Goldman| first=Ann |coauthors=Richard Hain, Stephen Liben | title= Oxford Textbook of Palliative Care for Children| url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordtextbookof0000unse_g7j0| publisher=Oxford University Press | year=[[2006]] | isbn=0198526539}} * {{cite book | last=Haaren| first=John Henry |coauthors=Addison B. Poland| title=Famous Men of the Middle Ages| url=https://archive.org/details/famousmenofmiddl00robs| publisher=University Publishing Company | year=[[1904]] | isbn=188251405X}} * Al-Hibri, Azizah Y. [[2003]]. An Islamic Perspective on Domestic Violence. ''Fordham International Law Journal'' 27:195ff. * {{cite book | last=Holt | first=P. M. | coauthors=Ann K. S. Lambton, [[Bernardus Lewis|Bernard Lewis]] | title=The Cambridge History of Islam (Paperback) | year=[[1977]] | location=Cantabrigiae | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0521291354}} * {{cite book | last=Hourani | first=Albert | coauthor=[[Malise Ruthven|Ruthven, Malise]] | title=A History of the Arab Peoples | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofarabpeo0000hour_d0t2 | year=[[2003]] | publisher=Belknap Press; Revised edition | isbn=978-0674010178}} * {{cite book | last=ibn Isa |first=Muhammad (Imam Tirmidhi) | title=Syama'il Muhammadiyah: KeanggunanMu Ya Rasulullah | year=[[2011]] | publisher=PTS Islamika Sdn. Bhd. | location=Malaysia | isbn=9789673660643 | page=388 | language=Arabice et Malayane | format=Hardcover}} * {{cite book | last=Ishaq | first=Ibn | coauthor=[[Alfred Guillaume|Guillaume, Alfred]], ed. | title=The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah | location=Oxoniae | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=[[2002]] | isbn=978-0196360331}} * {{cite book | last=Jacobs | first=Louis| title=The Jewish Religion: A Companion | url=https://archive.org/details/jewishreligionco0000jaco | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1995 | isbn=0198264631}} * Jansen, Hans. [[2008]]. ''Mohammed: Eine Biographie''. C.H. Beck. ISBN 3-406-56858-0. * {{cite book | last=Kelsay | first=John| title=Islam and War: A Study in Comparative Ethics | url=https://archive.org/details/islamwarstudyinc0000kels | publisher=Westminster John Knox Press | year=[[1993]] | isbn=0664253024}} * {{cite book | last=Khan | first=Majid Ali | title=Muhammad The Final Messenger | publisher=Islamic Book Service, New Delhi, 110002 (India) | year=[[1998]] | isbn=81-85738-25-4}} * {{cite book | last=Kochler | first=Hans | title=Concept of Monotheism in Islam & Christianity | url=https://archive.org/details/conceptofmonothe0000unse | publisher=I.P.O. | year=[[1982]] | isbn=3-7003-0339-4}} * {{cite book | last = Lapidus| first = Ira | title = A History of Islamic Societies | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofislamic0000lapi_t2d2| publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = [[2002]] | edition = 2a | isbn = 978-0521779333}} * {{cite book | last=Larsson| first=Göran | title= Ibn Garcia's Shu'Ubiyya Letter: Ethnic and Theological Tensions in Medieval Al-Andalus| publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=[[2003]] | isbn=9004127402}} * {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | year=[[1993]], [[2002]] | title=The Arabs in History | location=Oxoniae | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0-19-280310-7}} * {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | title=Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry | url=https://archive.org/details/raceslaveryinmid0000lewi | publisher=Oxford University Press, USA | edition=Reprint | year=[[1992]] | isbn=978-0195053265}} * {{cite news | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | title=Islamic Revolution |date=12 Ianuarii [[1998]] | location=Novi Eboraci | publisher=The New York Review of Books | url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/4557}} * {{cite book | last=Lings | first=Martin | title=Muhammad: His Life Based on Earliest Sources | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadhislifeb0000mart | publisher=Inner Traditions International, Limited.| year=[[1987]] | isbn=0-89281-170-6}} * {{cite book | last = Madelung | first = Wilferd | title = The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate | url = https://archive.org/details/successiontomuam0000made | location=Cantabrigiae | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = [[1997]] | isbn = 0521646960}} * {{cite book | last=Momen| first=Moojan | title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi?ism | url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontosh0000mome_o5t2| publisher=Yale University Press| year=[[1985]] | isbn=0300035314}} * {{cite book | last=Neusner| first=Jacob | title=God's Rule: The Politics of World Religions | publisher=Georgetown University Press| year=[[2003]] | isbn=0878409106}} * {{cite book | last=Nigosian | first=S. A. | title= Islam:Its History, Teaching, and Practices | url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo_j9b3 | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=[[2004]] | isbn=0253216273}} * {{cite book | last=Ordoni | first=Abu Muhammad |coauthors=Muhammad Kazim Qazwini | title=Fatima the Gracious |publisher=Ansariyan Publications |year=[[1992]]| isbn=B000BWQ7N6}} * {{cite book | last=Peters | first=Francis Edward | year=[[1994]] | title=Muhammad and the Origins of Islam| url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadoriginso0000pete | publisher=SUNY Press | isbn=0791418766}} * {{cite journal|journal = International Journal of Middle East Studies|author = Peters, Francis Edward| title = The Quest of the Historical Muhammad|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1991-08_23_3/page/291|volume = 23|number = |year = [[1991]]|pages = 291–315|doi =10.1017/S0020743800056312|issue = 3 }} * {{cite book | last=Peters | first=Francis Edward | year=[[2003]]a | title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians| url=https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe | location=Princetoniae | publisher=Princeton University Press | isbn=0-691-11553-2}} * {{cite book | last=Peters | first=Francis Edward | year=[[2003]]b | title=The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition| url=https://archive.org/details/monotheistsjewsc00pete_0 | publisher=Princeton University Press | id=ASIN: B0012385Z6 | isbn=0691114617}} * {{cite book | last=Peterson | first=Daniel | year=[[2007]] | title=Muhammad, Prophet of God| url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadpropheto0000pete | publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company | isbn=0802807542}} * {{cite book | last=Rahman | first=Fazlur | year=[[1979]] | title= Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/islam0000rahm_s0w9 | publisher= University Of Chicago Press | isbn=0226702812}} * {{cite book | last=Ramadan | first=Tariq | authorlink=Tariq Ramadan | year=[[2007]] | title= In the Footsteps of the Prophet: Lessons from the Life of Muhammad | url=https://archive.org/details/infootstepsofpro00rama | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0195308808}} * {{cite book | last = Razwi | first = Ali Asgher | title =A Restatement of the History of Islam and Muslims | url = https://archive.org/details/restatementofhis0000razw | publisher = World Federation of K S I Muslim Communities Islamic Centre | year = [[1997]] | isbn = 0950987913}} * {{cite book | last=Reeves | first=Minou | title=Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadineurope0000mino | year=[[2003]] | publisher=NYU Press | isbn=978-0814775646}} * {{cite book | last=Robinson | first=David | title=Muslim Societies in African History | url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsocietiesi0000robi | location=Cantabrigiae | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=[[2004]] | isbn=0521826276}} * {{cite book | author=[[Maximus Rodinson|Rodinson, Maxime]] | title=Muhammad: Prophet of Islam | publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks | year=[[2002]] | isbn=1-86064-827-4}} * {{cite book | last=Rue | first=Loyal | title=Religion Is Not about God: How Spiritual Traditions Nurture Our Biological | publisher=Rutgers | year=[[2005]] | isbn=0813539552}} * {{cite book | last=Serin | first=Muhittin | title= Hattat Aziz Efendi | publisher=Istanbul | year=[[1998]] | isbn=9-7576-6303-4, OCLC 51718704}} * {{cite book | last=Sikand |first=Yoginder |title=Muslims in India since 1947: Islamic perspectives on inter-faith relations | url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsinindiasi0000sika |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon |location=London |year=[[2004]] |isbn=0-415-31486-0}} * {{cite book | last = Tabatabae | first = Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | title = Tafsir al-Mizan|Al-Mizan: An Exegesis of the Qur'an, conversus ab S. Saeed Rizvi| publisher = WOFIS| isbn =9646521142}} * {{cite book | last=Teed | first=Peter | title= A Dictionary of Twentieth Century History | url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoftwen00teed | location=Oxoniae | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=[[1992]] | isbn=0192116762}} * {{cite book | last=Turner | first=Colin | title= Islam: The Basics | url=https://archive.org/details/islambasics0000turn | publisher=Routledge | year=[[2005]] | location=Londinii | isbn=041534106X}} * {{cite book | last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery| title=Muhammad at Mecca | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadatmecca0000wmon | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=[[1953]] | id=ASIN: B000IUA52A | isbn=0195772776}} * {{cite book | last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery | title=Muhammad at Medina | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina0000watt | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=[[1956]] | isbn=0-19-577307-1}} * {{cite book | last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery | title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=[[1961]] | isbn=0-19-881078-4}} (Editio nova, [[1974]]) * {{cite journal |last1 = Weil |first1 = Gustav |last2 = Sanders |first2 = Frank K. |last3 = Dunning |first3 = Harry W. | year = [[1895]] |title = An Introduction to the Quran |url = https://archive.org/details/sim_biblical-world_1895-03_5_3/page/181 |journal = The Biblical World | location = Sicagi | publisher = The University of Chicago Press |volume = 5 |issue = 3 |pages = 181–191 |jstor = 3135387 |doi = 10.1086/471621}} * Weil, Gustav. [[1895]] An Introduction to the Quran II. ''The Biblical World'' 5(4):273–286. JSTOR 3135160. doi:10.1086/471639. * {{cite book |editor1-first=Jonathan E. |editor1-last=Brockopp |title=The Cambridge companion to Muhammad |url=http://www.cambridge.org/9780521713726 |series=Cambridge Companions to Religion |year=[[2010]] |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521713726}} === Encyclopediae === * McNeill, William H., Jerry H. Bentley, et David Christian. [[2005]]. ''Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History.''Berkshire Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-9743091-0-1. * {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Richard C. Martin, Said Amir Arjomand, Marcia Hermansen, Abdulkader Tayob, Rochelle Davis, John Obert Voll | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | year=[[2003]] | isbn=978-0-02-865603-8}} * {{cite encyclopedia | editor=P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | issn=1573-3912}} * {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Lindsay Jones | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion | publisher=MacMillan Reference Books | edition=2a | year=[[2005]] | isbn=978-0-02-865733-2}} * {{cite encyclopedia | editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Qur'an | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=[[2005]] | isbn=978-90-04-12356-4}} * {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of World History | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=[[1998]] | isbn=0-19-860223-5}} * {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=The New Encyclopædia Britannica | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated | edition=Rev | year=[[2005]] | isbn=978-1-59339-236-9}} == Bibliographia addita == * {{cite book | author=[[Tor Andrae|Andrae, Tor]] | title=Mohammed: The Man and His Faith | url=https://archive.org/details/mohammedmanhisfa0000andr_k5k0 | publisher=Dover | year=[[2000]] | isbn=0-486-41136-2}} * {{cite book | author=Berg, Herbert (ed) | title=Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins | publisher=E. J. Brill | year=[[2003]] | isbn=9004126023}} * {{cite book | author=Michael Cook | title=Muhammad | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammad0000cook_h0b4 | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=[[1983]] | isbn=0-19-287605-8 (reissue 1996)}} * {{cite book | author=Muhammad Hamidullah | title=The Life and Work of the Prophet of Islam | publisher=Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute | year=[[1998]] | isbn=969-8413-00-6}} * {{cite book |author=Haraldus Motzki, ed. | title=The Biography of Muhammad: The Issue of the Sources (Islamic History and Civilization: Studies and Texts, Vol. 32) |url=https://archive.org/details/biographyofmuham0000unse | publisher=Brill | year=[[2000]] |isbn=90-04-11513-7}} * Musa, A. Y. [[2008]]. ''Hadith as Scripture: Discussions on The Authority Of Prophetic Traditions in Islam.'' Novi Eboraci: Palgrave. * {{cite book | author=Uri Rubin | title=The Eye of the Beholder: The Life of Muhammad as Viewed by the Early Muslims (A Textual Analysis) | url=https://archive.org/details/eyeofbeholderlif0000rubi | publisher=Darwin Press | year=[[1995]] | isbn=087850110X}} * {{cite book | author=Anna Maria Schimmel | title=And Muhammad is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety | url=https://archive.org/details/andmuhammadishis00schi | publisher=The University of North Carolina Press | year=[[1985]] | isbn=0807841285}} * {{cite book |last = Spencer |first = Robert |year = [[2006]] |title = The Truth About Muhammad |url = https://archive.org/details/truthaboutmuhamm0000spen |publisher = Regnery Publishing, USA |isbn = 9781596980280}} * {{cite book | author=Norman Stillman | year=[[1975]] | title=The Jews of Arab Lands: a History and Source Book | url=https://archive.org/details/jewsofarablandsh0000norm | publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America | isbn=0-8276-0198-0}} * {{cite journal|journal = Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Turkish Art|author = Wijdan, Ali|title = From the Literal to the Spiritual: The Development of Prophet Muhammad's Portrayal from 13th century Ilkhanid Miniatures to 17th century Ottoman Art|volume = |location=Traiecti ad Rhenum eds. M. Kiel, N. Landman, and H. Theunissen.| date = 23–28 Augusti [[1999]]|url= |pages = 1–24|doi =|issue = 7}} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Muhammad|Mahometum}} {{Fontes biographici}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100325224057/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/MH_LM/default.htm De Vita Mahometi] {{Ling|Anglice}} {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Homines}} [[Categoria:Mortui 632]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 6]] [[Categoria:Auctores Arabici]] [[Categoria:Incolae Arabiae]] [[Categoria:Mahometus|!]] [[Categoria:Prophetae Islamici]] [[Categoria:Conditores religionum]] [[Categoria:Religionis doctores]] mpekosoaoj05agj3umkb0a96aazaedk 0 6064 3979989 3978470 2026-08-09T22:53:47Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa civitatis Vicidata}} '''Indonesia''',<ref>[[Ebbe Vilborg]], ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok,''ed. secunda (2009).</ref> rite ''Republik Indonesia'',<ref>''Republic of Indonesia,'' [[nomen proprium|nomen]] publicum [[Anglice|Anglicum]], usitate in tabulariis [[rectio]]nis, sed nomen ''Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia'' (Civitas Unitaria Reipublicae Indonesicae) in aliquot documentis publicis etiam adhibetur.</ref> est [[civitas sui iuris]] in [[Asia austro-orientalis|Asia Australi et Orientali]] et [[Oceania]] inter [[oceanus|oceanos]] [[Oceanus Indicus|Indicum]] et [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacificum]] sita. ​In plus quam 17&thinsp;000 [[insula| insulis]] consistit, inter quas [[Sumatra]], [[Iava]], [[Sulavesia]], et partes [[Borneum|Bornei]] et [[Nova Guinea|Novae Guineae]]. ​Indonesia est maxima [[orbis terrarum]] [[civitas insularis]] et quarta decima a maxima orbis terrarum [[civitas|civitate]] per [[area (geometria)|aream]] digesta, quae 1&thinsp;904&thinsp;569 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chiliometra quadrata]] est. Circa 270 milliones [[incola]]rum habens, quarta a maxima orbis terrarum civitas est, atque maxima civitas in qua maior civium pars sunt [[Islam|Musulmani]]. In Iava, insula orbis terrarum maxime [[incola|culta]], plus quam dimidium [[multitudo|multitudinis]] civium [[habitatio|habitant]]. Indonesia est [[res publica]] [[praeses|praesidentialis]] in [[parlamentum|parlamento]]<!--"People's Consultative Assembly"--> a civibus electo condita. ​Civitas triginta quattuor [[provincia]]s comprehendit, ex quibus quinque praecipuum statum administrativum habent. [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] est [[Jakarta]], cuius [[regio]] urbana est secunda a maxime orbis terrarum frequentissima. Indonesia fines [[terra|terrestres]] cum [[Papua Nova Guinea]], [[Timoria Orientalis|Timoria Orientali]], et [[oriens|orientali]] [[Malaesia]]e parte ac fines [[mare|maritimos]] cum [[Singapura]], [[Vietnamia]], [[Thailandia]], [[Philippinae|Philippinis]], [[Australia]], [[Belavia]], et [[India]] ([[Insulae Andamanenses et Nicobarenses|Insulis Andamanensibus et Nicobarensibus]]) partitur. Contra numerum civium regionesque creberrimas, Indonesiae sunt vasta loca deserta, quae unum ex maximis [[biodiversitas|biodiversitatis]] gradibus in orbe terrarum sustinent. Indonesia est una ex conditoribus [[Societas Civitatum Asiae Meridionalis et Orientalis|Societatis Civitatum Asiae Meridionalis et Orientalis]] et socius [[G20|Gregis 20]] magnarum [[oeconomia]] civitatum. Eius nominalis [[proventus domesticus grossus]] est septimus decimus a maximo orbis terrarum. Insulis Indonesicis est [[regio]] [[commercium|commercialis]] magni momenti saltem ex [[saeculum 7|saeculo septimo]], cum [[Sri Vijaya|Srivijaya]] et [[Majapahit]] [[merx|mercatus]] cum [[Sinae|Sinis]] [[India]]que facerent. == Geographia == [[Fasciculus:Indonesia map.png|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Tabula geographica]] Indonesiae.]] {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | caption_align = center | total_width = 260 | image1 = Presiden Sukarno.jpg | image2 = Mohammad Hatta 1950.jpg | footer = [[Sukarno]] (laeva) et [[Hatta]] (dextra), conditores Indonesiae, ac proprie primus praeses et vice praeses.}} Indonesia ex multis [[insula|insulis]] constat, inter [[oceanus|oceanos]] [[Oceanus Indicus|Indicum]] et [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacificum]] sitis. Maximae insulae sunt [[Borneum]], [[Sumatra]], [[Iava]], [[Celebis]], et [[occidens|occidentalis]] [[Nova Guinea|Novae Guineae]] pars. Inter insulas minores, [[Balya]] celebratur. == Historia == :''Vide rem principalis [[Historia Indonesiae]]. Etiam: [[Iuramentum iuvenum]]'' [[Saeculum|Saeculo]] [[saeculum 19|undevicesimo]], Indonesia erat [[colonia]] [[Nederlandia|Nederlandica]] (nomine Latino '''India Batava Orientalis'''),<ref>Confer titulum operis ''Plantae Indiae Batavae Orientalis quas, in itinere per insulas Archipelagi Indici Javam, Amboinam, Celebem, Ternatam, aliasque, annis 1815-1821 exploravit Casp. Georg. Carol. Reinwardt'' (Lugduni Batavorum, 1856) [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OJE_AAAAYAAJ Textus]</ref> sed anno [[1945]] [[libertas|libertatem]] capessivit. == Sermones == Plures [[lingua]]e civitati sunt, sed [[lingua Indonesia]] est [[lingua publica]]; lingua alicuius globus capitis [[Linguae Austronesiae]] est.<!--?--> {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Archipelagus Malaicus]] * [[Batik]] * [[Circulus Ignis Pacificus]] * [[Fretum Malaccense]] * [[Fretum Singapurense]] * [[Fretum Sundanum]] * ''[[Homo erectus]]'' * [[Insulae Moluccae]] * [[Joko Widodo]] * [[Lingua Iavanica]] * ''[[Piper cubeba]]'' * [[Suharto]] * ''[[Syzygium aromaticum]]'' * [[Alfredus Russel Wallace]] * ''[[Xenopoecilus poptae]]'' {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== {{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300 |image1=Rafflesia arnoldi 2013-12-31 21-48.JPG |image2=Man of the woods.JPG |image3=Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis).jpg |image4=Paradisaea apoda -Bali Bird Park-6.jpg |footer=Conspicuae [[species]] quae in Indonesia [[endemismus|endemicae]] sunt. [[Modus horologicus|Modo horologico]] a summa et laeva: ''[[Rafflesia arnoldii]]'' ([[Rafflesiaceae]]), ''[[pongo]]'' ([[Hominidae]]), ''[[Paradisaea apoda]]'' ([[Paradisaeidae]]), ''[[Varanus komodoensis]]'' ([[Varanidae]])}} * {{cite book|last=Cribb|first=Robert|title=Historical atlas of Indonesia|publisher=Routledge|year=[[2013]]}}. * {{cite book|last=Crouch | first=Harold | title=The army and politics in Indonesia | location = Ithacae Novi Eboraci | publisher=Cornell University Press|year=[[2019]]}}. * {{cite book|last=Effendy|first=Bahtiar|title=Islam and the State in Indonesia|url=https://archive.org/details/islamstateinindo0000effe|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=[[2003]]}} * {{Cite journal|last=Emmers|first=Ralf|date=[[2005]]|title=Regional Hegemonies and the Exercise of Power in Southeast Asia: A Study of Indonesia and Vietnam|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_asian-survey_july-august-2005_45_4/page/645|journal=Asian Survey|publisher=University of California Press|volume=45|issue=4|pages=645–65|doi=10.1525/as.2005.45.4.645|jstor=10.1525/as.2005.45.4.645}}. * {{cite book|last1=Fossati|first1=Diego|first2=Yew-Foong|last2=Hui|title=The Indonesia national survey project: Economy, society and politics|publisher=ISEAS Publishing|year=[[2017]]}}. *Friend, T. [[2003]]. ''Indonesian Destinies.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674011376. [https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo Archive.org.] * {{cite book|last1=Hadiz|first1=Vedi R.|first2=Richard|last2=Robison|title=The political economy of oligarchy and the reorganization of power in Indonesia|chapter=Beyond Oligarchy|publisher=Cornell University Press| location = Itghacae Novi Eboraci |year=[[2014]]|pages=35–56|url=https://ecommons.cornell.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1813/54629/INDO_96_0_1381338354_35_58.pdf?sequence=1}}. * {{cite book|last=Indonesia|first=Statistics|title=Statistical yearbook of Indonesia 2009|publisher=Statistics Indonesia, [[2019]]|url=https://seadelt.net/Asset/Source/Document_ID-184_No-01.pdf}}. * {{cite book|last=Kitley|first=Philip|title=Television, nation, and culture in Indonesia|publisher=Ohio University Press|year=[[2014]]}}. * {{cite book|last=Melvin|first=Jess|date=[[2018]]|title=The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Army-and-the-Indonesian-Genocide-Mechanics-of-Mass-Murder/Melvin/p/book/9781138574694|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-57469-4}}. * {{cite journal|last1=Mietzner|first1=Marcus|first2=Burhanuddin|last2=Muhtadi|title=Explaining the 2016 Islamist mobilisation in Indonesia: Religious intolerance, militant groups and the politics of accommodation|journal=Asian Studies Review|issue=42|volume=3|year=[[2018]]|pages=479–97|doi=10.1080/10357823.2018.1473335|s2cid=150302264|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326286879}}. *Ricklefs, Merle Calvin. [[2001]]. ''A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1200.'' Ed. tertia. Basingstoke et Stanfordiae: Palgrave et Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4480-5. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0GrWCmZoEBMC Google Books.] * {{cite book|last=Robinson|first=Geoffrey B.|date=[[2018]]|title=The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66|url=https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11135.html|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-8886-3}}. *Schwarz, A. [[1994]]. ''A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s.'' Westview Press. ISBN 1-86373-635-2. [https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw Archive.org.] *Taylor, Jean Gelman. [[2008]]. ''Indonesia: Peoples and Histories.'' Portu Novo et Londinii: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300105185. [https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean Archive.org.] *Vickers, Adrian. [[2005]]. ''A History of Modern Indonesia.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54262-6. [https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri Archive.org.] * {{cite book | last1=Whitten | first1=T. | last2=Soeriaatmadja | first2=R.&nbsp;E. | last3=Suraya | first3=A.&nbsp;A. | year=[[1996]] | title=The Ecology of Java and Bali | publisher=Periplus Editions | location=Hongcongi}}. * Winters, Jeffrey A. [[2014]]. "Oligarchy and democracy in Indonesia." In ''Beyond Oligarchy,'' 11–34. Ithacae Novi Eboraci: Cornell University Press. [https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/54621/INDO_96_0_1381338354_11_34.pdf?sequence=1 PDF.] * {{cite book|last=Witton|first=Patrick|year=[[2003]]|title=Indonesia|url=https://archive.org/details/indonesia0000unse_i2g4|publisher=Lonely Planet|location=Melburni Australie|isbn=978-1-74059-154-6}}. ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Indonesia|Indonesiam}} {{Fontes geographici}} {{Asia}} {{Capsae collectae|Indonesia|politica|{{Praesides Indonesiae}}{{Ministri rerum externarum Indonesiani}}}} {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Geographia}} [[Categoria:Archipelagi Oceani Pacifici]] [[Categoria:Civitates insulares]] [[Categoria:Civitates sui iuris]] [[Categoria:Condita 1945]] [[Categoria:Indonesia|!]] [[Categoria:Respublicae]] 38b4sx1lydvr8mc604khnyx3e8l72oe 0 8215 3979944 3679627 2026-08-09T21:58:24Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} [[Fasciculus:Cities of Tierra del Fuego.png|thumb|[[Tabula geographica]] Terrae Ignium]] [[Fasciculus:Ushuaia 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Ushuaia]], urbs in Terra Ignium sita.]] '''Terra Ignium'''{{FD ref}} ([[nomen adiectivum|adiectivum]] ''fuegianus,''<ref>Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Botanischen Pflanzennamen</ref> [[Hispanice]] ''Tierra del fuego'') est [[archipelagus]] ante maxime [[meridies|australem]] [[continens|continentis]] [[America Australis|Americae Australis]] apicem, plerumque trans [[Fretum Magellanicum]] iacens et [[Fretum Drakeanum|Drakeanum]] comprehendens. Quae corona insularum consistit in [[Grandis Insula Terrae Ignium|Grande Insula Terrae Ignium]] (maxima [[insula]], saepe etiam ''Terra Ignium'' ipsa vocata), cuius [[area (geometria)|area]] [[superficies|superficialis]] 48&thinsp;100 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chiliometra quadrata]] est, atque in grege multarum variarum [[magnitudo|magnitudinum]] [[insula]]rum, inter quas insigniter [[Hornanum Caput]] [[promontorium]] et [[Insulae Diego Ramírez]] numerantur. Omnis [[regio]]nis terra inter [[Tsilia]]m et [[Argentina]]m dividitur, quarum Argentina [[occidens|orientale]] principalis insulae dimidium, ac Tsilia dimidium [[occidens|occidentale]] et insulas ad australem [[Canalis Beagle|Canalis Beagle]] versus et insulas maxime australes temperat. Maxime australis archipelagi pars paene ad [[septentrio]]nes [[latitudo|latitudinis]] 56°S patet. Prima [[colonia]] [[homo sapiens|humana]] in Terra Ignium nota abhinc annorum 10&thinsp;000 fere constituta est.<ref name="Ant86-331">{{cite journal |title=Hunter-gatherers, biogeographic barriers and the development of human settlement in Tierra del Fuego |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_antiquity_2012-03_86_331/page/71 |journal=Antiquity |date=1 Martii [[2012]] |volume=86 |issue=331 |pages=71–87 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00062463|last1=Morello |first1=Flavia |last2=Borrero |first2=Luis |last3=Massone |first3=Mauricio |last4=Stern |first4=Charles |last5=García-Herbst |first5=Arleen |last6=McCulloch |first6=Robert |last7=Arroyo-Kalin |first7=Manuel |last8=Calás |first8=Elisa |last9=Torres |first9=Jimena |last10=Prieto |first10=Alfredo |last11=Martinez |first11=Ismael |last12=Bahamonde |first12=Gabriel |last13=Cárdenas |first13=Pedro |hdl=1893/3664 |s2cid=161882222 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[Navigatio|Navigatores]] [[Europa]]ei has insulas primum per expeditionem [[Ferdinandus Magellanus|Ferdinandi Magellani]] anno [[1520]] [[exploratio|exploraverunt]]. ''Terra Ignium'' et [[nomen proprium|nomina]] similia ex [[ignis|ignibus]] [[festum|festis]] ab [[indigena|indigenis]] factis appellabantur. == Historia == Anno [[1520]], [[Ferdinandus Magellanus]] primus eas insulas detexit cum [[orbis terrarum|orbem terrarum]] circumnavigare conaretur. Ei [[nomen proprium|nomen]] ''Terra Ignium'' dedit cum [[ignis|ignes]] incolarum videre crederet. Putabat eos [[navis|naves]] eius igne perdere velle. Hodie putatur hos ignes res naturales fuisse. [[Iacobus Le Maire]] (ca. 1585–1616), [[nauta]] [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]], primum promontorium [[Hornarum Caput|Hornarum]] circumnavigavit, sic Terram Ignium [[continens|continentem]] non esse demonstrans. Anno [[1881]], Terra Ignium ab [[Argentina]] [[Tsilia]]que in duas partes divisa est. Pars [[occidens|occidentalis]] maximae insulae et omnes insulae australes et occidentales Tsiliae provinciae ''Regioni Magellani'' (Hispanice ''Región de Magallanes y de la Antártica Chilena'') est. Regio [[oriens|orientalis]] maximae insulae Argentinae est (pars provinciae ''Tierra del Fuego''). == Oecologia == === Flora === Solum 30 centesimae insularum [[silva]]s sustinent, quae in classem [[silvae subpolares Magellanicae|silvarum subpolarium Magellanicarum]] discribuntur. [[Septentrio]] et orientalis [[regio]]nis pars ex [[steppa|steppis]] et [[desreta|semidesertis]] frigidis constat. Sex [[arbor]]um [[species]] in Terra Ignium inveniuntur, quae sunt ''[[Drimys winteri]],'' ''[[Maytenus magellanica]],'' ''[[Pilgerodendron uviferum]]'' (maxime australis orbis terrarum conifer), et tres species [[genus (taxinomia)|generis]] ''[[Nothofagus|Nothofagi]]'': ''[[Nothofagus antarctica]],'' ''[[Nothofagus pumilio]],'' et [[sempervirens]] ''[[Nothofagus betuloides]].'' Aliquot [[planta]]e [[fructus|fructiferae]] in spatiis apertis inter has silvas crescunt, sicut ''[[Fragaria chiloensis]]'' var. ''chiloensis'' forma ''chiloensis'') et ''[[Berberis buxifolia]],'' cuius fructus ab [[Indi Americani|Indis Americanis]] et [[colonia|colonis]] [[Europa]]eis diu colliguntur.<ref>Martínez Crovetto 1968.</ref> Quae sunt solae orbis terrarum silvae in [[clima]]te cui sunt [[aestas|aestates]] tales frigidi. Arbores paene ad maxime australem [[America Australis|Americae Australis]] apicem extenduntur, ubi [[ventus|venti]] sunt tam fortes ut arbores in spatiis ad ventos expositis formas tortas exhibeant, ut homines eas arbores vexillares appellant. [[Vegetatio]] arborea usque ad australem regionis apicem extenditur, ad [[Insula Hornos|Insulam Hornos]], quamquam [[Insulae Wollastonenses]] a [[tundra]] subantarctica plerumque teguntur, praeter in spatiis a [[ventus|vento]] protectis, ubi arbores melius supervivere possunt. <gallery class="center" caption="Flora in Tierra del Fuego" widths="180px"> Fasciculus:Drimys winteri.jpg|''[[Drimys winteri]]'' ([[flos|flores]]) Fasciculus:Nothofagus antarctica D.jpg|''[[Nothofagus antarctica]]'' Fasciculus:Nothofagus pumilio.jpg|''[[Nothofagus pumilio]]'' Fasciculus:Nothofagus betuloides.jpg|''[[Nothofagus betuloides]]'' </gallery> === Fauna === [[Fasciculus:IslaLosLobos.jpg|thumb|[[Otariinae]] in Insula Luporum ad Canalem Beagle prope [[Ushuaia]].]] Inter [[animalia]] notissima in archipelago numerantur [[aves]] ''[[Enicognathus ferrugineus]]'' ([[Psittacidae]]), [[Laridae]], [[Alcedinidae]], [[Cathartidae]], ''[[Aptenodytes patagonicus]]'' ([[Spheniscidae]]), [[Strigiformes]], et ''[[Sephanoides sephaniodes]]'' ([[Trochilidae]]),<ref>{{cite journal|title=Sephanoides sephaniodes.|date=1 Octobris [[2016]]|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22687857A93172170.en}}.</ref> ac [[mammalia]] ''[[Lama guanicoe]]'' ([[Camelidae]])<ref>{{cite journal|title=Lama guanicoe.|date=3 Februarii [[2016]]|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T11186A18540211.en}}.</ref> et [[vulpes]] ([[Canidae]]). [[Mare|Maria]] circa archipelagum pervarias [[cetacea|cetaceorum]] [[species]] sustinent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iwc.int/private/downloads/n-DEQOXouNkf8O248AmRQg/Argentina53.doc|title=Argentina: Progress Report on Cetacean Research, June 2000 to June 2001|first=Adrian|last=Schiavini|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710101422/https://iwc.int/private/downloads/n-DEQOXouNkf8O248AmRQg/Argentina53.doc|archive-date=10 Iulii 2019}}.</ref> ''[[Eubalaena australis|Eubalaenae australes]]'' ([[Balaenidae]]) in Terra Ignium magis atque magis annis 2000s videntur.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hoy en Rio Grande, Tierra del Fuego (ballena) |date=18 Aprilis [[2009]] |url=http://www.taringa.net/posts/imagenes/2453994/Hoy-en-Rio-Grande-Tierra-del-Fuego-ballena.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505232019/http://www.taringa.net/posts/imagenes/2453994/Hoy-en-Rio-Grande-Tierra-del-Fuego-ballena.html |archive-date=5 Maii 2014}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |first1=R. Natalie P. |last1=Goodall |last2=Benegas |first2=G. L. |last3=Dellabianca |first3=N. |last4=Riccialdelli |first4=L. |last5=Pimper |first5=E. L. |date=17 Ianuarii [[2014]] |title=The Presence of Southern Right Whales off Eastern Tierra del Fuego, 1987–2011 |url=http://iwcoffice.co.uk/_documents/sci_com/workshops/SRW/S11-RW30.pdf |access-date=2014-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505213903/http://iwcoffice.co.uk/_documents/sci_com/workshops/SRW/S11-RW30.pdf |archive-date=5 Maii 2014}}.</ref> Similiter quinque [[Balaenopteridae]]: ''[[Megaptera novaeangliae]],''<ref>{{cite web |title=Whale Watching in the Southern Cone – Argentina |url=http://www.sconewhales.co.uk/argentina.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531084614/http://sconewhales.co.uk/argentina.html |archive-date=31 Maii 2014|access-date=5 Maii 2014}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Whale Watching in the Southern Cone – Gallery |url=http://www.sconewhales.co.uk/gallery.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531085244/http://sconewhales.co.uk/gallery.html |archive-date=31 Maii 2014|access-date=5 May 2014}}.</ref> ''[[Balaenoptera musculus]],''<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Whale (''Balaenoptera musculus'') on Tierra del Fuego Check List |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/listed_taxa/1314922 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917220152/http://www.inaturalist.org/listed_taxa/1314922 |archive-date=17 Septembris 2016}}.</ref> ''[[Balaenoptera physalus]],'' ''[[Balaenoptera borealis]],''<ref>{{cite web |title=Minke Whale (Sei Whale?) |date=9 Decembris [[2011]] |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/gauchocat/6529053177/in/photostream/ |via=[[Flickr]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624062956/https://www.flickr.com/photos/gauchocat/6529053177/in/photostream/ |archive-date=24 Iunii 2016}}.</ref> et ''[[Balaenoptera bonaerensis]].''<ref>{{cite web |title=Minke Whale (''Balaenoptera acutorostrata'') on Tierra del Fuego Check List |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/listed_taxa/1314921 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104013930/https://www.inaturalist.org/listed_taxa/1314921 |archive-date=4 Ianuarii 2018}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Record of a dwarf minke whale (''Balaenoptera acutorostrata'') in northern Brazil |url=http://www.car-spaw-rac.org/IMG/pdf/Record_of_a_dwarf_minke_whale_Balaenoptera_acutorostrata_in_northern_Brazil.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505233922/http://www.car-spaw-rac.org/IMG/pdf/Record_of_a_dwarf_minke_whale_Balaenoptera_acutorostrata_in_northern_Brazil.pdf |archive-date=5 Maii 2014}}.</ref> [[Peregrinatio|Peregrinatores]] in canale Beagle rara cetacea [[endemismus|endemica]] saepissime visunt, inter quae certae [[delphinidae]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Scotia Sea: Part 5. The Great Marine Mammals |url=http://www.vulkaner.no/n/vlad/escotia5.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505232039/http://www.vulkaner.no/n/vlad/escotia5.html |archive-date=5 Maii 2014|access-date=5 Maii 2014 }}</ref> et ''[[Caperea marginata]]'' ([[Cetotheriidae]]), species quae haud bene investigata est. Inter [[pinnipedia]] quae regiones Terrae Ignium habitant sunt ''[[Otaria flavescens]]'' ([[Otariidae]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=Sailing to the Sea Lions and Les Eclaireurs Lighthouse in Catamarans |url=http://www.piratour.net/en/excursiones/ver/48-sailing-to-the-sea-lions-and-les-eclaireurs-lighthouse-in-catamarans.html |archive-date=20 Ianuarii [[2013]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120155937/http://www.piratour.net/en/excursiones/ver/48-sailing-to-the-sea-lions-and-les-eclaireurs-lighthouse-in-catamarans.html}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Southern Sea Lions: Tierra del Fuego, Argentina |date=25 Septembris [[2011]] |url=http://www.ontfin.com/Word/southern-sea-lions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505231204/http://www.ontfin.com/Word/southern-sea-lions/ |archive-date=5 Maii 2014}}.</ref> ''[[Arctophoca australis]]'' ([[Otariidae]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=Mark Horrell: Tierra del Fuego |date=28 Februarii [[2003]] |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/markhorrell/sets/72157651610126570/ |via=[[Flickr]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104113614/https://www.flickr.com/photos/markhorrell/sets/72157651610126570/ |archive-date=4 Novembris 2016}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ballenas en el Canal de Beagle |url=http://www.latdf.com.ar/2012/03/ballenas-en-el-canal-de-beagle.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505232401/http://www.latdf.com.ar/2012/03/ballenas-en-el-canal-de-beagle.html |archive-date=5 Maii 2014}}.</ref> ''[[Hydrurga leptonyx]]'' ([[Phocidae]], carnivorum quod alia pinnipedia venatur),<ref>{{cite web |title=Ushuaia Photo: leopard seal |url=https://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g312855-i19201023-Ushuaia_Province_of_Tierra_del_Fuego_Patagonia.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920011111/https://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g312855-i19201023-Ushuaia_Province_of_Tierra_del_Fuego_Patagonia.html |archive-date=20 Septembris [[2016]]}}.</ref> et ''[[Mirounga leonine]]'' ([[Phocidae]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Expedition Uncovers Wildlife Wonders at Tierra del Fuego |date=25 Februarii [[2011]] |url=http://www.wcs.org/news-and-features-main/admiralty-sound.aspx |archive-date=9 Iulii [[2011]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709101440/http://www.wcs.org/news-and-features-main/admiralty-sound.aspx }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cruceros Australis – Fjords of Tierra del Fuego, Patagonia & Cape Horn, Punta Arenas – Ushuaia – Punta Arenas |url=http://www.aonikenk.com/cruises-boats-ferries/cruceros-australis/fjords-of-tierra-del-fuego-patagonia-cape-horn/expedition-cruise-ship-beagle-channel-strait-of-magellan-fjords-punta-arenas-ushuaia-punta-arenas-mv-via-australis-mv-stella-australis |archive-date=5 Maii [[2014]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505233043/http://www.aonikenk.com/cruises-boats-ferries/cruceros-australis/fjords-of-tierra-del-fuego-patagonia-cape-horn/expedition-cruise-ship-beagle-channel-strait-of-magellan-fjords-punta-arenas-ushuaia-punta-arenas-mv-via-australis-mv-stella-australis }}</ref> == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * Bollen, Patrick. [[2000]]. "Tierra del Fuego." B/W Photobook. Tielt in Belgio: Lannoo Publishers. ISBN 90-209-4040-6. * Bridges, Lucas. (1948) [[1987]]. ''Uttermost Part of the Earth.'' Liber iterum impressa, praefatione a Gavin Young scripta. Century Hutchinson. ISBN 0-7126-1493-1. * De Agostini, Alberto M. [[1956]]. ''Treinta años en Tierra del Fuego 1.'' Bonaeropoli: Ediciones Peuser. * Keynes, Richard. [[2002]]. ''Fossils, Finches and Fuegians: Charles Darwin's Adventures and Discoveries on the ''[[Beagle (navis)|Beagle]],'' 1832–1836.'' Novi Eboraci et Londinii: HarperCollins Publishers. * King, Phillip Parker. [[1839]]. ''Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe.'' Proceedings of the first expedition, 1826-30, under the command of Captain P. Parker King, ed. Robert FitzRoy. Londinii: Henry Colburn. [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F10.1&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 Textus interretialis.] * Martínez Crovetto, Raúl. [[1968]]. "Estudios Etnobotánicos. Nombres de plantas y su utilidad según los indios Onas de Tierra del Fuego." ''Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria de la Universidad del Nordeste.'' * Pisano Valdés, Edmundo. [[1977]]. "Fitogeografía de Fuego-Patagonia chilena. I.-Comunidades vegetales entre las latitudes 52 y 56º S." In ''Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia,'' vol. VIII. Punta Arenas. == Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Tierra del Fuego|Terram Ingnium}}<!-- {{Wikivoyage|Tierra del Fuego|Terram Ingium}}--> {{Fontes geographici}} * [https://findelmundo.tur.ar/es Situs interretialis Terrae Ignium proprius.] * [http://www.chileculture.org/tierra-del-fuego/ "Tierra del Fuego"] apud Societatem Culturae Tsiliensis. {{coord|54|S|70|W|region:CL_type:isle_scale:5000000|display=title}} [[Categoria:Archipelagi Oceani Atlantici]] [[Categoria:Archipelagi Oceani Pacifici]] [[Categoria:Insulae Argentinae]] [[Categoria:Insulae Chiliae]] [[Categoria:Patagonia]] [[Categoria:Regiones]] [[Categoria:Terra Ignium| ]] {{Myrias|Geographia}} i1aiclbqh1pbs50cpeqmjistpm3o60g 0 8263 3979793 3978335 2026-08-09T19:08:18Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cautio}} [[Fasciculus:Mitochondrion mini la.svg|thumb|'''Mitochondrium'''. Adhuc quinque spatia cum functione propria divisa sunt.]] [[Fasciculus:Adenosintriphosphat protoniert.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[ATP]], fons [[energia]]e cellularis principalis; in mitochondrio copiose generatum.]] '''Mitochondrium'''<ref name="NH2">International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee (1983). ''Nomina Histologica'' (Baltimorae/Londinii: Williams & Wilkins).</ref><ref name="Pinkhof2012">Everdingen, J. J. E. van, Eerenbeemt, A. M. M. van den, ''Pinkhof Geneeskundig woordenboek,'' ed. 12a (Holtenii: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum, [[2012]]).</ref> ({{pns|i|n|mitochondrium}}) sive '''mitochondrion'''<ref name="NH2"/><ref name="NAV1994">International Committee on Veterinary Histological Nomenclature (1994). ''Nomina Histologica.'' Turici/Ithacae/Novi Eboraci.</ref> ({{pns|i|n|mitochondrion}}; [[Graece]] ''μίτος'' 'mitos', 'filum', + ''χονδρίον'' 'chondrion', 'granulum') in [[cytologia|biologia cellulari]] est [[organellum]] numerose in [[cytoplasma]]te plurimarum [[cellula]]rum [[Eucaryota|eucaryoticarum]]<ref name="mitosomes">{{cite journal |author=Henze K, Martin W |title=Evolutionary biology: essence of mitochondria |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2003-11-13_426_6963/page/127 |journal=Nature |volume=426 |issue=6963 |pages=127–8 |year=2003 |pmid=14614484 |doi=10.1038/426127a |last2=Martin |first2=William}}.</ref> inclusum. Non nunquam dicitur "[[electrificina]]" cellulae, quia copiam parit [[adenosinum triphosphoricum|adenosini triphosphorici]] (ATP), fontis [[energia]]e cellulae.<ref>{{cite book | last = Campbell | first = Neil A. | coauthors = Brad Williamson; Robin J. Heyden | title = Biology: Exploring Life | publisher = Pearson Prentice Hall | year = [[2006]] | location = Bostoniae | url = http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html | isbn = 0-13-250882-6 }}{{Ling|Anglice}}.</ref> In plerisque organismis cum mitochondriis illa plus quam 90% totius ATP generant. Praeter [[nucleus cellulae|nucleum]] solum mitochondria [[acidum desoxyribonucleicum|acida desoxyribonucleica]] continent ''propria'', quae solum a feminis per [[ovum (cellula)|ovum (oocytum secundarium)]] in filios filiasque transferuntur. Energiam praebentia mitochondria nonnullis aliis operibus implicantur, talis sicut cyclo cellulae, augmento cellulae, [[calor|calefactione]], [[communicatio]]ne<!--signaling-->, ortu differentium cellularum, morte cellulae praeparata ([[apoptosis|apoptose]]), etc. Quidam morbi cum dysfunctione mitochondriorum nexi sunt. == Contextus physiologicus == Necessitates organismi [[eukaryota|eukaryotici]] energiae [[glycolysis|glycolysi]] non satisfieri licent, quia numerus molecularum [[ATP]] ibi generatus parvus restat. Demum muneribus mitochondris impositis hae superentur. In cellula numerus mitochondriorum non quantitas constans est, sed variabilis. Pendeat quantitas ab necessitatibus energeticis cellulae: Incrementum earum ''biogenesem mitochondrialem'' requirit, decrementum resolvit. Hanc ob rem deminutio numeri mitochondriorum, ''mitophagia'' vocata, evenerit. == Anatomia microscopica == [[Fasciculus:Mitochondria, mammalian lung - TEM.jpg|thumb|Duo mitochondria [[microscopium electronicum|microscopio electronico]] vista.]] Mitochondria tantum minima sunt, ut solum [[microscopium electronicum|microscopii electronici]] ope ostendantur: Diameter 0.5-1.5 µm est. Quodque mitochondrium membranam externam atque internam continet<ref name= "Alberts">{{cite book |last=Alberts |first=Bruce |author2=Alexander Johnson |author3=Julian Lewis |author4=Martin Raff |author5=Keith Roberts |author6=Peter Walter |year=1994 |title=Molecular Biology of the Cell |url=https://archive.org/details/molecularbiology0004albe |publisher=Garland Publishing Inc. |location=New York |isbn=0-8153-3218-1}}</ref>. Cum haec structura sequitur ut quinque partes dividendae sint: # Membrana externa # Spatium intermembranaceum (matrix externa) # [[Membrana mitochondrialis interna|Membrana interna]] # Spatium cristarum # Matrix (maxtrix interna) === Membrana interna === Cum membrana interna sunt nexa diversa genera proteinorum: # [[phosphorylatio oxidativa|phosphorylationis oxidativae]] # [[ATPasis]], quae [[ATP]] in matrice generat # proteinorum transgressionum inter matrices internam et externam # machinationis proteina recipiendi # fusionis mitochondrialis # metalloproteasum<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Levytskyy R. M., Bohovych I., Khalimonchuk O. |title=Metalloproteases of the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane |journal=Biochemistry |year=2017 |month=Sep |volume=56 |issue=36 |pages=4737-46 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28806058}}</ref> === Matrix === Matrix est spatium per membranam internam cinctum. Insunt duae partes proteinorum mitochondrialium. In matrice sane generatio [[ATP]] mediantibus [[ATPasis|ATPasium]] in membrana interna adnexis fit. Illuc moleculas ATP primum redduntur, quo praeterea plurima enzymal, [[ribosoma]]ta mitochondrialia, [[TRNA|tARN]] ac 5-10 exempla ADN mitochondrialium (mtADN) inveniuntur. [[Cyclus acidi citrici]] hic, in matrice enim mitochondriali, locatus est. === ADN mitochondriale (mtADN) === {{main|ADN mitochondriale}} Intra cellulam omnibus mitochondriis materia genetica, [[acidum desoxyribonucleicum]] (ADN), propria est. Ad distinguendum ADN mitochondriorum ab ADN [[nucleus cellulae|nucleo cellulae]] in littera scientificia internationali de consuetudine praefixum "mt-" additur, ergo acidum dexoxyribonucleicum mitochondrialis ''mtADN'' abbrevietur. Intra mitochondrium mtADN ''anulum'' format, mtADN igitur ''anuliformi'' describitur. Quoque mitochondrio anuli mtADN ab quinque ad decem inveniuntur. Secundum A<small>NDERSON</small> et al. (1981) mtADN humanum ex 16&thinsp;569 binarum [[basis nucleici acidi|nucleobasium]] (circiter 16.5. kb) constitutum est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Anderson S., Bankier A. T., Barrell B. G., de Bruijn M. H., Coulson A. R., Drouin J., Eperon I. C., Nierlich D. P., Roe B. A., Sanger F., Schreier P. H., Smith A. J., Staden R., Young I. G. |title=Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome |journal=Nature |year=1981 |month=Apr |volume=290 |issue=5806 |pages=457-65 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7219534/}}</ref> exemplum geneticum tredecim genorum [[phosphorylatio oxidativa|phosphorylationis oxydativae]] essentialium. Insunt etiam [[genum|geni]] 12[[Svedberg|S]] et 16S [[rARN]], viginti duo [[tARN]], subunitatum cytochromi c oxidasis (I, II, III), subunitatis 6 [[ATPasis]], cytochromi b. ==== ADN polymerases ==== {{main|ADN replicatio}} [[Fasciculus:Replication fork.svg|thumb|Machinatio [[ADN replicatio|ADN replicationis]]: Polymerasis utroque latere ab 3'-termino ad 5' migrat.]] Ad [[ADN replicatio|ADN replicandum]] fissio ADN fili et deinde [[enzyma]] nominis ''polymerasis'' (adhuc 17 nota) nucleobases addentia necesse sunt, in mitochondriis [[ADN polymerasis subunitatis gamma]] (brevius polymerasis gamma, PolG; ex geno POLG). Nuper autem evidentia alias polymerases quoque activas esse evolvebatur, ut primasis/polymerasis (PrimPol) polymerases beta (PolB), eta (PolH), zeta (PolZ), theta (PolQ)<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Krasich R., Copeland W. C. |title=DNA polymerases in the mitochondria: A critical review of the evidence |journal=Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition) |year=2017 |month=Ian |volume=22 |issue= |pages=692-709 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27814640}}</ref>. Mala polymerasis gamma organismo morbos mitochondriales afficere possunt. == Physiologia == Mitochondriis dynamica non solum ex persona ''generatoris energiae'' oritur, sed etiam facultate eorum ''fusionis'' et ''fissionis'' et ''motuum'' et ''mitophagiae''<ref name="Chen09">{{cite journal |authors=Chen H., Chan D. C. |title=Mitochondrial dynamics--fusion, fission, movement, and mitophagy--in neurodegenerative diseases |journal=Human molecular genetics |year=2009 |month=Oct |volume=18 |issue=R2 |pages=R169-76 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19808793}}</ref>. Dubitatur ab pluribus imaginatio ''mitohormesis''. Notio ''mitophagiae'' ad autophagocytosem, vulnerationem sui ipsius, mitochondriorum refert. === Mitochondria sunt maternalia === [[Fasciculus:Acrosome reaction diagram.svg|thumb|Reactio acrosomalis, quo mitochondria a patre oocytum intrare non possunt.]] In [[fertilizatio]]ne [[cellula sexualis|cellulae sexuales]] (gameti) et maternalis ([[ovum (cellula)|oocytus secundarius]]) et paternalis ([[spermatozoidum]]) fusunt. Mitochondria maternalia iam in oocyti medio adsunt, quamquam paternalia solum in pars postica, flagellum eius energiam dans, locata sunt. In fusione ipsa fit, ut modo pars anterior spermatozoidi in oocytum secundarium (eo modo ''ootidum'', et paulo post ''ovum maturum'' generans) intret. Pars dicta postica cum flagello et mitochondriis paternalibus oocytum non intrant. Quo fit, ut progeniei tantum mitochondria a matre sua recipiat. === Bioneogenesis (mitochondriogenesis) === ''Biogenesis mitochondrialis'' vel ''mitochondriogenesis'' nova mitochondria intra cellulam generari significat. Non satis sane [[genum|gena]] ADN mitochondrialis septemdecim ad mitochondrium replicandum sunt. Nimirum gena ex [[nucleus cellulae|cellulae nucleo]] incluenda sunt. Pro eo interactiones inter [[nucleus cellulae|nucleum]] et mitochondria requirit<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Cannino G., Di Liegro C. M., Rinaldi A. M. |title=Nuclear-mitochondrial interaction |journal=Mitochondrion |year=2007 |month=Dec |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=359-66 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17822963/}}</ref>. Biogenesem novorum mitochondriorum de [[iter metabolicum|itinere metabolico]] ''PGC-1α - NRF -Tfam/mtTFA'' pendere demonstratum est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Wu Z., Puigserver P., Andersson U., Zhang C., Adelmant G., Mootha V., Troy A., Cinti S., Lowell B., Scarpulla R. C., Spiegelman B. M. |title=Mechanisms controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration through the thermogenic coactivator PGC-1 |journal=Cell |year=1999 |month=Iul |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=115-24 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10412986/}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |authors=Li P. A., Hou X., Hao S. |title=Mitochondrial biogenesis in neurodegeneration |journal=Journal of neuroscience research |year=2017 |month=Oct |volume=95 |issue=10 |pages=2025-9 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28301064}}</ref>. Pariter ''aequilibrium'' digiligenter gubernatum inter mitochondriorum ''formationem'' et ''destructionem''. Gubernatio haec inter alia per [[proventus hormon]] (somatotropinum, ''GH'') fit<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Hu B., Li H., Zhang X. |title=A Balanced Act: The Effects of GH-GHR-IGF1 Axis on Mitochondrial Function |journal=Frontiers in cell and developmental biology |year=2021 |month=Mar |volume=9 |pages=630248 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33816476/}}</ref>. Proteinorum, biogenesi ineunte, male plicatorum destructio ''[[ubiquitini proteasomatisque systema]]tis'' ope gubernatur. ==== Iter PGC1α NRF Tfam/mtTFA ==== Genoma mitochondriale post quinque gradus legitur: # Primum factoribus extracellularibus incitatio in cellulae nucleo coactivatoris transscriptionis '''[[coactivator receptorii peroxisomatis proliferatori actvati gamma 1-alpha|PGC-1α]]''' fit # In nucleo [[receptorium nucleare|receptorio nucleari]] [[receptorium peroxisomatis proliferatori activatum gamma|PPAR-γ]] activato gena duorum <u>n</u>uclearium <u>r</u>espiratoriorum <u>f</u>actorum, '''[[factor respiratorius nuclearis 1|NRF-1]]''' et '''[[factor respiratorius nuclearis 2|NRF-2]]''', leguntur # In nucleo genum [[factor transscriptionis mitochondrialis A|<u>m</u>i<u>t</u>ochondrialis <u>t</u>ransscriptionis <u>f</u>actoris <u>A</u>]], '''mtTFA''' (Tfam) legitur # mtTFA ab nucleo in mitochondrium transgreditur # In mitochondrio mtTFA [[promotor (genetica)|promotor]] transscriptionem ADN mitochondrialis permittit Per iter hoc [[genoma]]ta et [[nucleus cellulae|nucleare]] et [[ADN mitochondriale|mitochondriale]] pariter appelletur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Li L., Pan R., Li R., Niemann B., Aurich A. C., Chen Y., Rohrbach S. |title=Mitochondrial biogenesis and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) deacetylation by physical activity: intact adipocytokine signaling is required |journal=Diabetes |year=2011 |month=Ian |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=157-67 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20929977}}</ref>. Se movere [[ars athletica|arte athletica]] PGC-1α incitat<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Halling JF1, Jessen H., Nøhr-Meldgaard J., Buch B. T., Christensen N. M., Gudiksen A., Ringholm S., Neufer P. D., Prats C., Pilegaard H. |title=PGC-1α regulates mitochondrial properties beyond biogenesis with aging and exercise training |journal=American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism. |year=2019 |month=Sep |volume=317 |issue=3 |pages=E513-25 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31265325}}</ref>. ==== Axis proventus hormontis et receptoriorum proventus hormontis et factoris crescentis insulinoidei 1 ==== Liberatio [[proventus hormon]]tis (''GH'') de [[lobus anterior hypophysis|lobo anteriore hypophysis]] per homonta [[hypothalamus|hypothalamica]] duo, [[proventus hormon resolvens hormon]] (''GHRH'') et [[somatostatinum]] (SST) inhibens, iubetur. Ita proventus hormon in [[sanguis|sanguinem]] venit. Corporis cellulae imprimis [[iecur|iecoris]], iuxta vasa capillaria locatae, terminalia receptoriorum proventus hormontis ''transvasaliter'', in vasis capillaris fluxu ponunt. Ita fit, ut proventus hormon sanguineum cellulis signa dare queat. Haec signa [[iter IAK et STAT]] instigat, ope illius postea [[nucleus cellulae]] [[hepatocytus|hepatocytorum]] formationem [[factor crescentis insulinoideus 1|factorem crescentis insulinoideum 1]] (FCI 1) facessit. FCI 1 ipsum posthac receptoria sua stimulat, non solum in iecore sed etiam aliorum organorum, ut mitochodrigenesem initietur. ==== Ubiquitini proteasomatisque systema ==== {{main|Ubiquitinum}} Biogenesi ineunte proteina circumiectis oxygenii male plicantur, ita non in loco apto poni possunt. Hac de causa talia proteina male plicata destruenda sunt, ope ''[[ubiquitini proteasomatisque systema]]tis''<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Bragoszewski P, Turek M., Chacinska A. |title=Control of mitochondrial biogenesis and function by the ubiquitin-proteasome system |journal=Open biology |year=2017 |month=Apr |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages= 170007 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28446709/}}</ref>. === Dynamica mitochondriorum === Mitochondrio facultas formam suam mutandi est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Bereiter-Hahn J., Vöth M. |title=Dynamics of mitochondria in living cells: shape changes, dislocations, fusion, and fission of mitochondria |journal=Microscopy research and technique |year=1994 |month=Feb |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=198-219 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8204911/}}</ref>. Praeterea fusiones duorum mitochondriorum et fissiones occurrunt. === Mitohormesis === {{main|Mitohormesis}} [[Fasciculus:hormesis2-La.svg|thumb|[[Phaenomenon]] [[hormesis]] cum effectu bi(-/tri-)phasico: Incrementum positivum, decrementum positivum, decrementum negativum.]] [[Hormesis]] effectum bi-/tri-phasicum quorundam systematum biologicorum describit: Sub dosibus et minoribus ascendentibus effectus positivos (salubres) et ascendentes observari possunt. Dosibus iterum augentibus autem effectus descendentes, at positivos, perficiuntur, denique negativos (detrimentosos) (vid. imaginem). Pariter ''hormesis mitochondrialis'' sive abbreviatura ''mitohormesis'' ad metabolismi sui ipsius incitationem describendam responsum biochemicum mitochondrii proposita est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Schulz T. J., Zarse K., Voigt A., Urban N., Birringer M., Ristow M. |title=Glucose restriction extends Caenorhabditis elegans life span by inducing mitochondrial respiration and increasing oxidative stress |journal=Cell Metabolism |year=2007 |month=Oct |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=280-93 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17908557?dopt=Abstract}}</ref>, quo [[Phosphorylatio oxidativa|phosphorylatione oxidativa]] pluria [[species oxygenii reactiva]]s ([[radicale liberum|radicalia libera]]) oriuntur cumque effectibus [[salus|salutis]] bonis. Haec cogitatio hormesis autem in scientiis non generaliter omnibus accepta est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Axelrod D., Burns K., Davis D., Von Larebeke N. |title="Hormesis"--an inappropriate extrapolation from the specific to the universal |journal=International journal of occupational environmental health |year=2004 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=335-9 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15473091}}</ref>. Quapropter restat dubius quomodo [[Ars athletica|artes athleticae]] salubriter fiunt, incremento enim vel deminutione concentrationum radicalium oxygenii.<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Radak Z., Chung H. Y., Koltai E., Taylor A. W., Goto S. |title=Exercise, oxidative stress and hormesis |journal=Ageing Res Rev |year=2008 |volume=7(1) |pages=34-42 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17869589}}</ref> === Mitophagia === {{main|Mitophagia}} Notio ''mitophagiae'' ad autophagocytosem, vulnerationem sui ipsius, mitochondriorum refert. Mitophagia una cum diversis morbis coniuncta videtur, ut [[morbus Alzheimerianus|morbo Alzheimerianus]], [[diabetes mellitus|diabete mellito]], [[morbus cardiovascularis|morbis cardiovascularibus]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Doblado L., Lueck C., et al. |title=Mitophagy in Human Diseases |journal=International journal of moleclar sciences |year=2021 |month=Apr |volume=22 |issue=8 |pages=3903 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33918863/}}</ref>. == Biochemia == In mitochondriis quaedam [[iter metabolicum|itinera biochemica]] inveniuntur, per exemplum: [[beta oxidatio]], [[cyclus acidi citrici]], [[phosphorylatio oxidativa]], in parte [[cyclus ureae]]. === Beta oxidatio === {{main|Beta oxidatio}} === Cyclus acidi citrici === {{main|Cyclus acidi citrici}} === Phosphorylatio oxydativa (energiam ATP generare) === {{main|Phosphorylatio oxidativa}} Fons principalis energiae est [[ATP]], [[compositum chemicum]] in omnium [[cytoplasma]]te cellularum bacteriorumque generatum. Cellulis eukaryoticis quidem mitochondria insunt vera valentissima corpora, quo longe optime moleculae ATP fabricantur. Mitochondriorum ope copia permagna energiae cellulae arbitrio permittitur. [[Iter metabolicum]] ATP generans, intra mitochondria enim, ''phosphorylatio oxydativa'' nominata est. === Cyclus ureae === {{main|Cyclus ureae}} == Morbi mitochondriales (mitochondriopathiae) == Quidam morbi mitochondriales descripti sunt<ref name="Chen09" />, ut: * [[Acidosis lactica]] * [[Encephalomyopathia mitochondrialis]] * [[Retinitis pigmentosa]] ataxiaque fatigatioque muscularum neurogenica * [[Neuropathia optica hereditaria Leberiensis]] (NOHL sive ''LHON'') * [[Ophthalmoplegia externa progressiva chronica]] (OEPC, sive ''CPEO'') * [[Syndroma Kearns-Sayre]] (SKS, sive ''KSS'') * [[Syndroma Leighiense]] * [[Syndroma MELAS]] * [[Syndroma MERFF]] (epilepsia myoclonica cum fibris rubris serratisque, syndroma Fukuhara) == Nexus mitochondriorum aliis morbis == Disfunctio mitochondriorum morbis non paucis coniungi potuit, imprimis organorum late de [[oxygenium|oxygenii]] (seu [[ATP]] energiae) providentia pendentium, ut: * [[Cerebrum|Cerebri]] ([[neuron|cellularum nervalium]]) ** [[Depressio (psychiatria)|Depressio]] — et metabolismus et structura mitochondriales diminutae apparet<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Allen J., Romay-Tallon R., Brymer K. J., Caruncho H. J., Kalynchuk L. E. |title=Mitochondria and Mood: Mitochondrial Dysfunction as a Key Player in the Manifestation of Depression |journal=Frontiers in neuroscience |year=2018 |month=Iun |volume=12 |pages=386 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29928190/}}</ref>: et genoma mitochondriale (ADN mitochondriale) et membranae internae affectae spectantur, ut incrementum [[radicale liberum|radicalium liberorum]] suspicatur. * [[Iecur|Iecoris]] ([[hepatocytus|hepatocytorum]]) * [[Musculus|Musculorum]] ([[myocytus|myocytorum]]) == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Friedman, Jonathan R., et Jodi Nunnari. [[2014]]. "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4075653/ Mitochondrial form and function.]" ''Nature'' 335–343. * Know, L. [[2018]]. ''Mitochondria and the future of medicine.'' White River Junction in Monte Viride: Chelsea Green Publishing, ISBN 978-1-60358-767-9. {{NexInt}} * [[Coenzymum Q10]] * [[Morbus cardiovascularis]] * [[Phosphorylatio oxidativa]] [[Categoria:Anatomia cellularum]] [[Categoria:Cytologia]] [[Categoria:Organella]] [[Categoria:Mitochondria|!]] [[Categoria:Phosphorylatio oxidativa]] k64d35b3w6ahehnc04qwyyeaqpvlhcx 0 8283 3979879 3978137 2026-08-09T20:46:30Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Constantinopolis''' (olim '''Nova Roma''', hodie vulgo ''İstanbul'') est [[Index urbium Turciae|maxima urbs]] [[Turcia]]e. [[Constantinopolis (provincia)|Provincia metropolitana Constantinopolitana]] circa 13.26 [[millio]]nes hominum mense Decembri 2010 habuit, duodevicenas centesimas (18%) civium Turciae et tertia frequentissima [[area metropolitana]] in [[Europa]] sita (inter quam Asiaticum [[urbs|urbis]] latus), post [[Londinium]] et [[Moscua|Moscuam]]. Constantinopolis est [[megalopolis]] et sedes [[cultura]]e, [[oeconomia]]e, et [[argentaria]]e. Ad fretum [[Bosporus|Bosporum]] iacet, ubi [[Sinus Ceratinus|Sinum Ceratinum]], [[portus|portum]] naturalem in boreoccidentem civitatis situm, complectitur. In Bospori lateribus Europaeo et Asiatico patens, sola est orbis terrarum [[metropolis]] quae inter duas [[continens|continentes]] iacet. Constantinopolis [[Urbs Mundi|urbs mundi alpha]] designatur. Per [[historia]]m longinquam, Constantinopolis fuit [[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Imperium Romanum|Imperii Romani]] (330–395), [[Imperium Byzantinum|Imperii Romani Orientalis (Byzantini)]] (395–1204 et 1261–1453), [[Imperium Latinum|Imperii Latini]] (1204–1261), et [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Imperii Ottomanici]] (1453–1922). [[Turcia|Republica Turcica]] die [[29 Octobris]] [[1923]] declarata, [[Ancyra]], quae per [[bellum libertatis Turciae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[motus nationalis Turcicus|motus nationalis Turcici]] fuerat, novum civitatis Turcicae caput facta est. Urbs [[Europaeum Culturae Caput]] pro anno [[2010]] et Europaeum Artium Athleticarum Caput pro [[2012]] electus est.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aces-europa.eu/ |title=ACES> Home |publisher=ACES |accessdate=5 December 2010}}</ref> Historicae urbis regiones inter [[UNESCO]] [[UNESCO Mundi Hereditas|Situs Hereditatis Mundi]] anno [[1985]] perscriptae sunt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/356 |title=UNESCO &#124; Historic Areas of Istanbul |publisher=Whc.unesco.org |accessdate=28 May 2009}}</ref> Urbs triginta novem districtus [[Constantinopolis (provincia)|Provinciae Constantinopolitanae]] complectitur. Anno [[2010]] Constantinopolis [[caput culturale Europaeum]] fuit. == Nomen == [[Byzantium]] ([[Graece]] {{Polytonic|Βυζάντιον}}) appellata est urbs quam [[Megara|Megarii]] [[saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculo septimo a.C.n.]] [[colonia|colonizaverunt]]. Nomen ''Constantinopolis'' ([[Graece]] {{polytonic|Κωνσταντινούπολις}}), scil. "urbs Constantini," a novo conditore [[Constantinus I|Constantino]] [[imperatores Romani|imperatore Romano]] accepit, qui ibi alterum imperii caput anno [[330]] constituit. Ab hac concurrentia cum vetere urbe [[Roma]] nuncupationem [[Nova Roma|Novae Romae]] ([[Graece]] {{polytonic|Νέα Ῥώμη}}) nacta est.<ref>E.g. [[Socrates Scholasticus]], ''[[Historia ecclesiastica (Socrates)|Historia ecclesiastica]]'' 6.1.12</ref> Milites et mercatores [[Vicingi]], qui hic temporibus mediaevalibus venerunt, ''Miklagarðr'' ("magna urbs") appellaverunt. [[Slavi]] qui religionem suam Christianam et litteras a Constantinopoli hauserunt Цѣсарьградъ ''Cesarygrad'' ("Caesaris urbs") nuncupaverunt; ipsi autem incolae Graeci saepissime {{Polytonic|ἡ Πόλις}} ("urbs"). Ab anno [[1930]] nuncupatio vernacularis [[lingua Turcica|Turcica]] "İstanbul" ([[abecedarium Arabicum|litteris Arabicis]] استنبول) erecta est in nomen publicum et sollemne,<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20071218080707/http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9368294/Istanbul Istanbul]" in ''Concise Britannica'': ''When the Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923, the capital was moved to Ankara, and Constantinople was officially renamed Istanbul in 1930.''</ref> quod ex locutione Graeca {{Polytonic|εἰς τὴν πόλιν}}, scil. 'ad urbem' oriundum esse censetur.<ref>Demetrius John Georgacas, "The Names of Constantinople" in ''Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association'' vol. 78 (1947) pp. 347–367.</ref> == Geographia == [[Fasciculus:Istanbul Köppen Map.png|thumb|right|[[Clima]] Constantinopoleos secundum [[Enumeratio climatum Köppen–Geiger|classificationem climatum Köppeniana]]:<br>Cfb: [[Clima oceanicum]]<br>Cfa: [[Clima subtropicum humidum]]<br>Csa: [[Clima mediterraneum|Clima mediterraneum aestate calida]]]] Media urbs ad extremitatem [[Europa]]e meridianam et orientalem sita est, in ea regione quae a [[Thraces|Thracibus]] antiquissimis incolis [[Thracia]] usque ad tempora nostra appellata est, ad oram occidentalem freti [[Bosporus|Bospori]] quo Europa et Asia separantur et iuxta oram borealem [[Propontis|Propontidis]]. Prope ripam australem [[Sinus Ceratinus|Sinus Ceratini]] (qui portum latam et securam praebet) in promunturio [[Chrysoceras|Chrysocerate]] eminet. Hodie megalopolis late extenditur ad occidentem et boream sed etiam trans Bosporum in pagos proximos [[Anatolia]]e qui ad regionem antiquam [[Bithynia]]e pertinent. [[Pons Bospori]] primus anno [[1973]] constructus est, alterum anno [[1988]]; cuniculus ad usum ferroviae metropolitanae nondum perfectus est. A [[Statio Sirkeci|statione Sirkeci]] ferrivia anno [[1870]] incepta ad partes Europae it; a [[Statio Haydarpaşa|statione Haydarpaşa]] ferrivia anno [[1872]] incepta ad [[Ancyra]]m partesque Asiae tendit. [[Navis|Naves]] creberrime per Bosporum inter [[Pontus Euxinus|Pontum Euxinum]] et [[Mare Mediterraneum]] vehuntur. [[Aeroportus Internationalis Atatürk|Aeroportus Atatürk]] 24 chiliometris a media urbe distat ad occidentem versus. Urbs Constantinopolis sub [[clima]]tibus tribus ordinatur, videlicet [[clima oceanicum|oceanico]], [[Clima subtropicum humidum|subtropico humido]], [[clima mediterraneum|mediterraneo]] [[clima mediterraneum aestate calida|aestate calida]]. A mediterraneo praecipue differt quia aër ad partes boreales frigidior ob proximitatem [[Pontus Euxinus|Ponti Euxini]] est, sed omnibus fere partibus humidior, caliginibus matutinis, temperaturis aestivis ad 29[[°]] sublevatis, hibernis ad circa 4–5° reductis. [[Saeculum 5|Saeculo quinto]] ineunte, [[Theodosius II|Theodosio II]] imperante, Constantinopolis in [[Regiones Constantinopolitanae Theodosianae|quattuordecim regiones urbanas]] divisa est, quarum indicem praebet documentum anno circiter [[424]] titulo ''[[Notitia urbis Constantinopolitanae]]'' conscriptum. Constantinopoli sunt anno [[2009]] [[index regionum urbanarum Constantinopolis|triginta novem regiones urbanae]]. == Historia == [[Fasciculus:Français 5594, fol. 217 haut, Flotte des croisés devant Byzance.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.2|Classis Venetianorum et Cruce signatorum ante Constantinopolim iacet anno [[1203]]. [[Sebastianus Mamerot]] et [[Ioannes Colombe]], ''[[Les passages d'Outremer]]'': [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica]] MS [[BNF Français 5594|Français 5594]] f. 217r (saec. XV).]] [[Fasciculus:Map of Constantinople, Buondelmonti.jpg|thumb|Tabula Constantinopolis anno fere 1422 depicta. [[Christophorus Bondelmontius]], ''[[Liber insularum Archipelagi]].'']] [[Fasciculus:1840 S.D.U.K. Map of Constantinople ( Istanbul, Turkey ) - Geographicus - Istanbul-sduk-1841.jpg|thumb|Forma Constantinopolis anno 1841 depicta]] [[Fasciculus:Konstantinopel - 47-41.jpg|thumb|Regio Constantinopolitana anno fere 1940 depicta.]] === Byzantium antiquum === {{Vide-etiam|Byzantium}} Urbem [[Graecia|Graeci]] [[Megara|Megarii]] circa annum [[667 a.C.n.]] aut condiderunt aut iam stantem occupaverunt; nomen derivari traditur e nomine regis Thracici "[[Byzas|Byzantis]]".<ref>E.g. [[Diodorus Siculus]], ''[[Bibliotheca historica (Diodorus)|Bibliotheca historica]]'' 4.49.1.</ref> Antiqui coloni [[Arx|acropolim]] construxerunt ad fastigium promunturii [[Chrysoceras|Chrysoceratis]]. Inde Byzantii occidentalem [[Bosporus|Bospori]] oram tenuerunt (sed ad oram orientalem [[Calchedon]] iam anno circiter [[680 a.C.n.]] ab eisdem Megariis aedificata erat). Urbs cito e [[commercium|commercio]] [[Pontus Euxinus|Ponti Euxini]] atque e [[piscatus|piscatu]] [[thunnini|thunnorum]] dives facta est. Omnes [[navis|naves]] quae frumenta e planitie [[Scythia|Scythica]] (vel hodie [[Ucraina|Ucrainica]]) [[Athenae|Athenas]] et ad alias Graeciae urbes advehebant per Bosporum ire debebant et [[vectigal]]ia Byzantinorum solvere. Byzantium ab [[Otanes|Otane]] [[saeculum 5 a.C.n.|saeculo quinto a.C.n.]] ineunte capto, [[exercitus|exercituum]] regis [[Achaemenidae]] [[Darius I|Darii I]] duce, paucos annos sub dominatione [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|Persarum]] iacebat. Anno [[478 a.C.n.|478]] a [[Pausanias (Cleombroti filius)|Pausania]] [[Sparta|Lacedaemonio]] liberata, post aliquot annos a [[Cimon]]e ad [[Foedus Delium]] (vel oboedientiam Atheniensem) reducta est. Inde per tria fere saecula dominatio Byzantii inter civitates varias, Athenas, Spartam, [[Thebae (Graecia)|Thebas]], [[Macedonia (regnum)|Macedones]], [[Bithynia (regnum)|Bithynes]] et mox [[Galli|Gallos]] ambigebatur, sed Romani medio [[saeculum 2 a.C.n.|saeculo secundo a.C.n.]] statum urbis liberae confirmaverunt ob beneficia in bello Macedonico reddita. Quam libertatem Byzantium sub [[Imperium Romanum|imperio Romano]] per multos annos retinuit usque ad tempus [[Vespasianus|Vespasiani]] principis, qui libertatem revocavit et sub provincia [[Thracia (provincia)|Thracia]] comprehendit. Anno autem [[196]] Byzantiis [[Pescennius Niger|Pescennii Nigri]] sectatoribus in bellis civilibus tunc ortis, urbs a [[Septimius Severus|Septimio Severo]] capta est et vastata, muris delapidatis. Mox autem ab eodem restaurata est et prosperitatem priorem resumpsit. Moenia etiam fortiora constructa sunt. [[Licinius (imperator)|Licinius]] ibi igitur refugium petivit, a [[Constantinus I|Constantino]] in [[Proelium ad Hadrianopolim (324)|proelio ad Hadrianopolim]] devictus, sed statim captus anno insequenti, interfectus est. === Constantinopolis mediaevalis === {{Vide-etiam|Constantinopolis mediaevalis}} Constantinus mox in hoc loco divite et forti [[caput (urbs)|caput]] orientale [[Imperium Romanum|Imperii sui]] aedificare statuit. Die [[11 Maii]] [[330]] sollemnissime sub appellatione "Novae Romae" condidit. Quam urbem conditor ipse multis modis renovavit, amplificavit, munivit. Nova moenia designavit, et palatium suum domúsque nobilium construi iussit. Civitas munere [[caput (urbs)|capitis]] [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|Imperii Romani Orientalis]] plus quam mille annos est functa, sed imperium ab initio "mundiale" (i.e. inter civitatibus orbis terrarum notabilissimas numerandum) gradatim diminuabatur. Cum munere civili ut caput imperii, Constantinopolis et munera ecclesiastica adsumpsit. [[Index episcoporum Byzantinorum|Episcopi Byzantii]] (annum 330 usque) et [[Index Archiepiscoporum et Patriarcharum Constantinopolitanorum|archiepiscopi]] (usque ad [[451]]) eo anno dignitatem [[Patriarcha Oecumenicus Constantinopolitanus|Patriarchae Constantinopolitani]] reclamaverunt, quippe a [[Concilium Constantinopolitanum Primum|Concilio Constantinopolitano primo]] (anno [[381]]) in locum secundum sub papa sive [[papa|episcopo Romano]] elevatus est. Varia [[Oecumenicum Concilium|Concilia Oecumenica]] locum tenuerunt vel in urbe vel prope urbem. [[Schisma Orientale]] anno fere [[1054]] Christianos Graecos a Romanis dividit; a quo aevo Constantinopolis metropolis est non solum patriarchatús sed etiam ecclesiae "sui iuris" suorumque morum et usuum. ''[[Notitia urbis Constantinopolitanae]]'', inter annos fere [[425]] et [[445]] confecta, amoenitates et utilitates urbis sicut medio saeculo quinto enumerandae sunt ita ad textús finem compendiose describit: :Cognita urbe per partes, fas est etiam situm conclusae iam universitatis aperire, ut magnificentiae unicum decus non solum videatur opere et manu confectum, sed etiam conspirantibus elementis naturae felicitate munitum. Providentia ergo divina tot futurorum hominum domiciliis consulente, longo tractu in promunturii qualitatem spatiosior terra, faucibus Pontici maris opposita, sinuosis portuosa lateribus, angustior latitudine, circumflui maris tutela vallatur; hoc quoque spatium, quod solum apertum maris circulus derelinquit, duplici muro acies turrium extensa custodit. Intra quas saepta civitas continet in se omnia singillatim memorata, quae nunc ad firmioris memoriae qualitatem summatim collecta referemus. :Habet ergo urbs Constantinopolitana: Palatia 5, ecclesias 14, domos divinas Augustarum 6, domos nobilissimas 3, thermas octo, basilicas 2, fora quattuor, senatus 2, horrea 5, theatra 2, lusoria 2, portus 4, [[Hippodromus (Constantinopolis)|circum]] 1, cisternas 4, nymphea 4; vicos 322, domos 4&nbsp;388, porticus 52, balneas privatas 153, pistrina publica 20, pistrina privata 120, gradus 117, macellos 5; curatores 13, vernaculos 14, collegiatos 560, vicomagistros 65; [[Columna Constantini|columnam purpuream]], columnas intra se pervias 2, [[Obeliscus Constantini|colossum]] 1, [[Milium (Constantinopolis)|tetrapylum aureum]] 1; [[Augustaeum|Augusteum]], [[Philadelphium|Capitolium]], [[Moneta (Constantinopolis)|Monetam]]; scalas maritimas 3. :Habet sane longitudo urbis a [[porta aurea]] usque ad litus maris directa linea pedum quattuordecim milia septuaginta quinque, latitudo autem pedum sex milia centum quinquaginta.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150504215246/http://www.livius.org/cn-cs/constantinople/notitia_urbis_constantinopolitanae.html Textus apud livius.org]</ref> Maximum urbis mediaevalis templum, [[Aedes Sanctae Sophiae]] sive "divinae sapientiae", est anno [[536]] ab imperatore [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniano I]] exstructa, et ab eodem rededicata anno [[563]]. Urbs ab imperatoribus aliisque ornata saepe ob incendia partim destructa est. [[Incendium Constantinopolitanum (1197)|Incendium anni 1197]] poëta [[Constantinus Stilbes|Constantino Stilbe]] flevit. [[Incendium Constantinopolitanum (1182)|Anno 1182]] emporia Italianorum combusta sunt eodem tempore quo Graeci [[Caedes Latinorum (1182)|mercatores Latinos occiderunt]]. Annis [[Incendium Constantinopolitanum (465)|465]], [[Incendium Constantinopolitanum (1203)|1203]] et [[Incendium Constantinopolitanum (1865)|1865]] ignes, a [[Boreas|Borea]] vecti, viam sibi straverunt a [[Sinus Ceratinus|Sinu]] trans paeninsulam usque ad [[Propontis|Propontidem]]. Civitas cum Imperio Romano (quod [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|Imperium Byzantinum]] ab hodiernis [[historicus|historicis]] appellatur) decrescebat. Anno [[1204]] a militibus [[quarta expeditio sacra|quartae expeditionis sacrae]] obsessa et capta est; inde usque ad annum [[1261]] [[imperatores Latini]] hic regnaverunt, Graeci autem [[Nicaea (Turcia)|Nicaeae]] in urbe. Ab [[1261]], Constantinopoli rursus dominaverunt imperatores Graeci, usque ad [[1453]], sed imperio parvo et paupere. == İstanbul hodierna == Constantinopolis anno [[1453]] a Turcis [[Ottomannidae|Ottomanicis]] capta et eorum metropolis facta est. Victor [[Mahometus II (sultanus Ottomanicus)|Mahometus II]] urbem suam devastatam et fere inhabitatam augere studuit. Templa Christiana, imprimis magna ecclesia [[Aedes Sanctae Sophiae|Sanctae Sophiae]], in [[meschita]]s conversa sunt; alia aedifica publica et palatia mox exstructa sunt. Ibi laboravit [[Sinan Architectus|Sinan]], [[architectura|architectus]] Turcorum notabilissimus. Post casum [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Imperii Ottomanici]], [[Turcia]] civitas hodierna in his [[regio]]nibus floruit. [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] autem huius rei publicae ab anno [[1923]] non iam Constantinopolis sed [[Ancyra]] est. Anno [[1930]], urbi nuncupatio popularis ''İstanbul'' proclamata est nomen publicum. Hodie sicut antea est urbs maxima [[Turcia]]e. Numerus incolarum anno [[2018]] erat 15&thinsp;067&thinsp;724. === Commeatus === In medio urbe rete [[laophorium|laophoriorum]] et [[ferrivia metropolitana|ferriviae metropolitanae]] est. [[Ferrivia metropolitana Constantinopolitana]] adhuc septem lineas ministrant. Hodie Constantinopoli tres aeroportus internationales sunt: [[Aeroportus internationalis İstanbul|Aeroportus ''İstanbul'']], [[Aëroportus internationalis Atatürk|Aeroportus ''Atatürk'']]<ref>ab 6. Aprilis 2019 praeter [[Navigatio aerea commercialis|navigationem aeream commercialem]]</ref>, [[Aeroportus internationalis Sabiha Gökçen|Aeroportus ''Sabiha Gökçen'']]. === Ars athletica === Constantinopololitanae turmae diversarum artium athleticarum in orbe terrarum praeclarae sunt, exemplum gratia in [[pediludium|pediludio]] vel [[canistriludium|canistriludio]]. == Loci aedificiaque notissima == === Aedificia === ==== Moenia Theodosiana ==== [[Fasciculus:Walls of Constantinople.JPG|thumb|Moenia Theodosiana]] [[Saeculum 5|Quinto saeculo]] imperator [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|Imperii Constantinopolitani]] [[Theodosius II|Theodosius Flavius Secundus]] timebat, ut imprimis [[hunni]] ac alii hostes urbem opprimant. Constructio ab anno 413 ad annum 447 accidebat, quia anno 447, secundum inscriptionem, "''ingenti terrae motu per loca varia inminente plurimi urbis augustae muri recenti adhuc reaedificatione constructi cum quinquaginata septem turribus corruerunt''". Haec reaedificatio celerissime orta est: "''Theodosii iussis gemino nec mense peracto Constantinus ovans haec moenia firma locavit tam cito tam stabilem Pallas vix conderet arcem''". Longitudinis circiter 20 chiliometrorum denique cum tribus cingulis murorum finem assequitur. Etiam initio [[saeculum 15|saeculi 15]] aditum inimicum impetrare difficillimum erat. Post obsidionem anni 1453 [[Mahometus II (sultanus Ottomanicus)|Mahometus Secundus]] sultanus Ottomanicus mures superavit expugnavit non solem urbem sed pariter ultimam partem imperii Romani. ==== Palatium ''Dolmabahçe'' ==== [[Fasciculus:Dolmabahce.jpg|thumb|Palatium ''Dolmabahçe'']] Palatium ''Dolmabahçe'' (Latine: [[Palatium]] [[hortus|hortorum]] completorum) est aedificium Ottomanicum: Sultanus [[Abdülmecid I.|Abdulmecidus Primus]] architectis [[Garabed Amira Balyanus|G. Balyano]] et [[Nicogus Bey Balyanus|N. Balyano]] mandavit, ut ab anno 1843 ad annum 1856 palatium aedificaretur. Sumptus aedificationis imperio Ottomanico adeo tolerari non potuerunt, ut concursus reipublicae evenit. [[Palatium]], simul maximum Turciae, 600 [[metrum|metra]] longum est. Ei 46 atria et 285 cubicula insunt. [[Area (geometria)|Area]] totalis est 45&thinsp;000 [[chiliometrum quadratum|m²]] (11.1 [[Acra (mensura)|acrarum]]). Aspectus externus partes [[eclecticismus|eclecticismi]] ex generibus [[barocus|baroco]], [[genus conchatum|conchato]], velut neoclassico comprendit. Intus pretiosae [[materia]]e adhibitae sunt: [[aurum]], [[marmor]], [[alabastrites]], [[porphyrites]] rubens. Inter plus quam 200 [[pictura]]rum etiam quadam opera [[Ioannes Ajvazovskij|Ioannis Ajvazovskij]] [[pictor]]is [[Russia|Russici]] in palatio conservantur. [[Mustapha Kemal Atatürk]] ultimas dies vitae suae in cubiculo palatii degebat. Sub mortem eius, 09.05 horae, indices omnium [[horologium|horologiorum]] palatii ad tempus ipsum ponati sunt. Adhuc [[horologium]] cubiculi loci eius mortis id tempus indicat.<!-- ==== Sinus Ceratinus ==== [[Fasciculus:Haliç.jpg|thumb|Sinus Ceratinus]] {{main|Sinus Ceratinus}} ==== Palatium ''Beylerbeyi'' ==== [[Fasciculus:Bosfor B17-35.jpg|thumb|Palatium ''Beylerbeyi'']] ==== Palatium ''Topkapı'' ==== [[Fasciculus:Gate of Salutation Topkapi Istanbul 2007 Pano.jpg|thumb|Palatium ''Topkapı'']] {{main|Palatium Topkapı}} Palatium ''Topkapı'' (Latine: Palatium portae [[canno]]num) ==== Palatium ''Yıldız'' ==== [[Fasciculus:İstanbul 5716.jpg|thumb|Palatium ''Yıldız'']] Palatium ''Yıldız'' ('Palatium [[stella]]rum') ==== Palatium ''Çırağan'' ==== [[Fasciculus:Pałac Ciragan Istambuł RB1.jpg|thumb|Palatium ''Çırağan'']] Palatium ''Çırağan'' (olim de verbo [[Lingua Persica|Persico]] ''چراغ'', "[[lumen|luminis]]", derivatum erat, hoc Latine: Palatium luminum) --> ==== Sycaena turris ==== [[Fasciculus:Galata Tower from the Harem - 2014.10.23 (1).JPG|thumb|Sycaena Turris]] Sycaena<ref>Adiectivum de nomine vetere [[antiquitas posterior|ex antiquitate posteriori]] ''Galata''e, '''Sycae''' enim (→[[Notitia urbis Constantinopolitanae]]) derivatum</ref> turris (anno [[1348]]: Christea Turris secundum [[Res publica Genuensis|Respublicam Genuensem]] pristinam) non procul ab [[Sinus Ceratinus|Sinu Ceratino]]. ==== Cisterna Basilica ==== [[Fasciculus:Basilica Cistern Istanbul.JPG|thumb|Cisterna Basilica]] Inter annos [[532]] et [[542]] imperator Romanus [[Iustinianus I]] cisternam [[Palatium Magnum (Constantinopolis)|Palatii Magni]] aedificaturam esse iussit. Nomen cum [[basilica]] [[Seditio Nika appellata|seditione Nia appellata]] ineunte destructa coniunctum est. Aqua ab [[silva Belogradiensis|silva Belogradiensi]] ad Constantinopolem accedebat, ubi in cisternam mensurarum centum quadraginta tres sexagies quinquies metrorum influit, quo fit, ut circiter 80&thinsp;000 m³ aquae impleri possint. Cisterna Basilica in [[pellicula]] ''James Bond'' ''Ab Russia cum amore'' ostenditur. ==== Schola Graecae gentis Phanarii ==== Aedificium [[schola Graecae gentis Phanarii|magnae scholae gentis Graecae]] [[Phanarium|Phanarii]] in regione, ab architecto [[Constantinus Demades|Constantino Demade]] designatum, anno [[1882]] confectum est. === Pontes === Transeunt * [[Sinus Ceratinus|Sinum Ceratinum]]: [[Pons Galatae]] (''Galata Köprüsü''), [[Pons Atatyrci]] (''Atatürk Köprüsü'') et [[Pons Sinus]] (''Haliç Köprüsü''), * [[Bosporus|Bosporum]]: [[Pons Martyrum 15 Iulii]] (''15 Temmuz Şehitler Köprüsü''), [[Pons Sultani Mahometi Expugnatoris]] (''Fatih Sultan Mehmet Köprüsü''), et [[Pons Sultani Selimi Acris]] (''Yavuz Sultan Selim Köprüsü''), * [[Lacus Büyükçekmece|lacum Büyükçekmece]]: [[Pons Sultani Suleimani Legum Latoris]] === Fora === ==== Forum ''Taksim'' ==== {{main|Forum Taksim}} [[Fasciculus:Taksim Square.jpg|thumb|Forum ''Taksim'']] Forum ''Taksim'' in [[Pera]] locatum est. Adhuc, iuxta forum, aedificium parietum vetum octonariorum divisionis aquae, ab [[silva Belogradiensis|silva Belogradiensi]] orientibus, conservatum est. Hodie forum Taksim est compitum maius [[commeatus]] Constantinopolitani, tam vehiculorum quam [[ferrivia subterranea Constantinopolitana|ferriviae subterraneae Constantinopolitanae]]. Ab hoc ''[[İstiklal Caddesi]]'' (via libertatis) olim ''Grande rue de Pera'' (Perae Platea), ad occidentem [[via peditibus tantum patens]] una cum [[T2 (currus electricus nostalgicus Constantinopolitanus)|linea T2 tramviario nostalgico]] ad forum ''Tünel'' proficiscens et pedites et visitatores invitat. ==== Hippodromus (forum sultani Ahmedi) ==== [[Fasciculus:Hippodrome of Constantinople 1.jpg|thumb|[[Hippodromus]].]] {{main|Hippodromus (Constantinopolis)}} Hippodromus vetus Romanus hodie nomine Turcico fori sultani Ahmedi, ''Sultanahmet Meydanı'', appellatur. Olim centrum [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|Imperii Romani Orientalis]] athleticum socialeque, nunc superficies duo metra supra vetam est, sed [[Obeliscus Theodosii]] et [[Obeliscus Constantini]] et pars [[Columna Serpentina|Columnae Serpentinae]] visi possunt. <!-- ==== Forum Baiazethis ==== [[Fasciculus:İstanbul Üniversitesi.JPG|thumb|Forum Baiazethis]] Nomen de sultano ottomanico [[Baiazethes II (sultanus Ottomanicus)|Baiazethes II]]. --> == Incolae == {{Vide-etiam|Index incolarum notorum Constantinopolis}} Constantinopoli habitaverunt [[Ottomannidae|sultani]], [[imperator]]es [[Imperatores Constantinopolitani|Romani]] [[Index Imperatorum Latinorum|Latinique]], [[Patriarcha Oecumenicus Constantinopolitanus|patriarchae]], eruditi, machinatores, [[mercator]]es fere innumeri. === Religiones === Constantinopoli hominum congregationes et convocationes plures sunt. Numerus maximus sunt congregationes [[religio Islamica|Islamicae]]. Minores sunt [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa|Ecclesiae Orthodoxae Graecae]], [[Ecclesia Apostolica Armena|Ecclesiae Apostolicae Armenae]], [[Sepharditae|Sepharditarum Iudaicarum]], [[Aschenates|Aschenatum Iudaicorum]]. Anno 2000 in Constantinopoli inventae sunt 2&thinsp;691 [[meschita]]rum, 123 [[Ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesiarum]], 26 [[synagoga]]rum. == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == {{Vide-etiam|Constantinopolis mediaevalis#Bibliographia}} ; Historica * "[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:id=constantinopolis-geo Constantinopolis]" in {{Smith-geo}} * {{Cite book|last=Baynes|first=Norman H.|editor-last=Baynes|editor-first=Norman H.|editor2-last=Moss|editor2-first=Henry S. L. B.|title=Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization|year=1949|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxonii|ref=harv|isbn=1406756598}} * {{Cite book|last=Atil|first=Esin|year=1987|title=The Age of Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent|url=https://archive.org/details/ageofsultansleym0000atle|publisher=National Gallery of Art|location=Vasingtoniae, D.C.|isbn=9780894680984|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Boyar|first=Ebru|last2=Fleet|first2=Kate|title=A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cantabrigiae|isbn=9780521136235|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Çelik|first=Zeynep|title=The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_T4MUpP6zCuIC|year=1986|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520082397|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Gregory|first=Timothy E.|title=A History of Byzantium|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti0000greg_2ndedi|year=2010|publisher=Wiley|location=Oxonii|isbn=140518471X|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Haldon|first=John F.|title=Byzantium: A History|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantiumhistory0000john|year=2002|publisher=Tempus|location=Stroud|isbn=0752434721|edition=2nd|ref=harv}} * William Holden Hutton, ''Constantinople: the story of the old capital of the empire''. Londinii: Dent, 1900 [http://archive.org/details/constantinoples00hutt Textus apud archive.org] * {{cite book|last=Isaac|first=Benjamin H.|title=The Greek Settlements in Thrace Until the Macedonian Conquest|year=1986|publisher=Brill|location=Lugduni Batavorum|isbn=9004069216|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Landau|first=Jacob M.|year=1984|title=Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey|url=https://archive.org/details/ataturkmoderniza0000unse|publisher=Brill|location=Lugduni Batavorum|isbn=9004070702|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=Bernard|title=Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/istanbulciviliza00bern|year=1963|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|location=Norman Oclahomae|isbn=0806110600|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Limberis|first=Vasiliki|title=Divine Heiress: The Virgin Mary and the Creation of Christian Constantinople|url=https://archive.org/details/divineheiressvir0000limb|year=1994|publisher=Routledge|location=Londinii|isbn=0415096774|ref=harv}} * Mansel, Philip. [[1995]]. ''Constantinople: City of the World's Desire 1453-1924.'' Londinii: John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-5076-9. ; Topographica et artistica * Thomas Allom, Robert Walsh, ''Constantinople, and the scenery of the seven churches of Asia Minor, illustrated in a series of drawings from nature''. 2 voll. Londinii: Fisher, 1839 [http://archive.org/details/constantinoplesc01allo Vol. 1] [http://archive.org/details/constantinoplesc02allo vol. 2] * B. Granville Baker, ''The Walls of Constantinople''. Novi Eboraci: J. Pott, 1910 [http://archive.org/details/cu31924102201377 Textus apud archive.org] * Bertrand Bareilles, ''Constantinople: ses cités franques et levantines (Péra, Galata, banlieue)''. Lutetiae: Bossard, 1918 [http://archive.org/details/constantinoplese00bare Textus apud archive.org] * Hermann Barth, ''Constantinople''. Lutetiae: Librairie Renouard, 1913 {{Ling|Francogallice}} [http://archive.org/details/constantinopl00bart Textus apud archive.org] * Demetrius Coufopoulos, ''A Guide to Constantinople''. Londinii: A. & C. Black, 1910 [http://archive.org/details/guidetoconstanti00coufuoft Textus apud archive.org] * {{DuCangeHB}} * John Freely, Ahmet H. Cakmak, ''Byzantine Monuments of Constantinople''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77257-0 [http://assets.cambridge.org/97805217/72570/excerpt/9780521772570_excerpt.pdf Paginae selectae] * Edwin Augustus Grosvenor, ''Constantinople''. Bostoniae: Roberts, 1895. 2 voll. [http://archive.org/details/constantinople01grosuoft Vol. 1] [http://archive.org/details/constantinople02grosuoft vol. 2] * Edwin Augustus Grosvenor, ''The Hippodrome of Constantinople and its Still Existing Monuments''. Londinii, 1889 [http://archive.org/details/hippodromeconst00grosgoog Textus apud archive.org] * {{Janin CB}} * Paul Magdalino, ''Constantinople médiévale''. Lutetiae: De Boccard, 1996 {{Ling|Francogallice}} * Paul Magdalino, ''Studies on the History and Topography of Byzantine Constantinople''. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007. ISBN 978-0-86078-999-4 * {{cite book |last=Mamboury|first=Ernest|title=The Tourists' Istanbul |publisher=Çituri Biraderler Basimevi |location=Istanbul |year=1953|ref=harv}} * [[Alexander van Millingen]], ''Byzantine Churches in Constantinople: their history and architecture''. Londinii: Macmillan, 1912 [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/29077 Textus apud gutenberg.org] * [[Alexander van Millingen]], ''Byzantine Constantinople: the walls of the city and adjoining historical sites''. Londinii: John Murray, 1899 [http://archive.org/details/byzantineconstan00vanm Textus apud archive.org] * [[Alexander van Millingen]], [[Warwick Goble]], ''Constantinople: painted by Warwick Goble; described by Alexander van Millingen''. Londinii: A. & C. Black, 1906 [http://archive.org/details/constantinoplepa00vanmuoft Textus apud archive.org] * Wolfgang Müller-Wiener, ''Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls. Byzantion – Konstantinupolis – Istanbul bis zum Beginn des 17. Jahrhunderts''. Tubingae, 1977. ISBN 3-8030-1022-5 {{Ling|Theodisce}} * Miss Pardoe, W. H. Bartlett, ''The Beauties of the Bosporus''. Londinii: Virtue, 1838 [https://archive.org/details/beautiesofbospho1838pard Textus apud archive.org] ; De architectura * {{Cite book|last=Bertram|first=Carol|year=2008|title=Imagining the Turkish House: Collective Visions of Home|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin Texiae|isbn=9780292718265|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|author=Chamber of Architects of Turkey|title=Architectural Guide to Istanbul: Galata|year=2005|volume=2|publisher=Chamber of Architects of Turkey, Istanbul Metropolitan Branch|location=Istanbul|isbn=9753958951|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|author=Chamber of Architects of Turkey|title=Architectural Guide to Istanbul: Historic Peninsula|year=2006a|volume=1|publisher=Chamber of Architects of Turkey, Istanbul Metropolitan Branch|location=Istanbul|isbn=9753958994|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|author=Chamber of Architects of Turkey|title=Architectural Guide to Istanbul: Bosphorus & The Asian Side|year=2006b|volume=3|publisher=Chamber of Architects of Turkey, Istanbul Metropolitan Branch|location=Istanbul|isbn=9753958978|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|author=Chamber of Architects of Turkey|title=Architectural Guide to Istanbul: Modern & Contemporary|year=2006c|volume=4|publisher=Chamber of Architects of Turkey, Istanbul Metropolitan Branch|location=Istanbul|isbn=975395896X|ref=harv}} ; De oeconomia et politica urbana * Paul André Desjardins, ''La Turquie officielle: Constantinople: son gouvernement, ses habitants, son présent et son avenir''. Lutetiae: Libraries-Imprimeries Réunies, 1891 [http://archive.org/details/laturquieofficie00desj Textus apud archive.org] * [[Henricus Otis Dwight|Henry Otis Dwight]], ''Constantinople and its Problems: its peoples, customs, religions and progress''. Londinii: Oliphant, 1901 [http://archive.org/details/constantinopleit00dwiguoft Textus apud archive.org] * {{cite book|last=Karpat|first=Kemal H.|title=The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization|url=https://archive.org/details/gecekondururalmi0000karp|year=1976|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cantabrigiae|isbn=0521209544|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.288.5466.661|last=Parsons|first=Tom|last2=Toda|first2=Shinji|last3=Stein|first3=Ross S.|last4=Barka|first4=Aykut|last5=Dieterich|first5=James H.|year=2000|title=Heightened Odds of Large Earthquakes Near Istanbul: An Interaction-Based Probability Calculation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2000-04-28_288_5466/page/661|journal=Science|pmid=10784447 |volume=288|issue=5466 |pages=661–665 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Turan|first=Neyran|editor1-last=Sorensen|editor1-first=André|editor2-last=Okata|editor2-first=Junichiro|title=Megacities: Urban Form, Governance, and Sustainability|series=Library for Sustainable Urban Regeneration|publisher=Springer|year=2010|pages=223–42|chapter=Towards an Ecological Urbanism for Istanbul|isbn=4431992669|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|author=WCTR Society; Un'yu Seisaku Kenkyu Kiko|title=Urban Transport and the Environment: An International Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/urbantransporten0000unse_l6o6|year=2004|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing|isbn=0080445128|ref=harv}} * Clarence Richard Johnson, ''Constantinople to-day; or, The pathfinder survey of Constantinople; a study in oriental social life''. Novi Eboraci: Macmillan, 1922 [http://archive.org/details/constantinoplet00john Textus apud archive.org] * {{Cite book|last=Keyder|first=Çaglar|year=1999|title=Istanbul: Between the Global and the Local|url=https://archive.org/details/istanbulbetweeng0000unse|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=Lanham Terrae Mariae|isbn=084769495X|ref=harv}} ; Peregrinationes et commentaria veteriora * Louis Bonneville de Marsangy, ''Le chevalier de Vergennes. Son ambassade à Constantinople''. 2 voll. Lutetiae: Plon, Nourrit, 1894 [http://archive.org/details/lechevalierdever01bonn Vol. 1] [http://archive.org/details/lechevalierdever02bonn vol. 2] * Victor-Louis Bourrilly, ''Bertrand de La Borderie et le discours du voyage de Constantinople (1537-1538)''. Lutetiae: Henri Champion, 1911 [http://archive.org/details/bertranddelabord00bour Textus apud archive.org] * Antoine Laurent Castellan, ''Lettres sur la Morée, l'Hellespont et Constantinople''. 2 voll. Lutetiae: Nepveu, 1820. [http://archive.org/details/lettressurlamor00castgoog Vol. 1] [http://archive.org/details/letterssurlamor01cast exemplar alterum] [http://archive.org/details/lettressurlamor01castgoog vol. 2] * Charles White, ''Three Years in Constantinople; or, Domestic manners of the Turks in 1844''. 3 voll. Londinii: Henry Colburn, 1845 [http://archive.org/details/threeyearsincons01whituoft Vol. 1] [http://archive.org/details/threeyearsincons02whituoft vol. 2] [http://archive.org/details/threeyearsincons03whituoft vol. 3] ; Peregrinationes et commentaria recentiora * [[Edmundus De Amicis|Edmondo De Amicis]], ''[[Costantinopoli (De Amicis)|Costantinopoli]]''. Mediolani: Fratelli Treves, 1877 {{Ling|Italiane}} [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ITA2903/_IDX002.HTM Textus] [http://archive.org/details/constantinopletr01deam Versionis Anglicae vol. 1] [http://archive.org/details/constantinopletr02deamuoft vol. 2] * Gaston Deschamps, ''A Constantinople''. Lutetiae: Calmann-Lévy, 1913 [http://archive.org/details/constantinople00descuoft Textus apud archive.org] * Harrison Griswold Dwight, ''Constantinople Old and New''. Londinii: Longmans, 1915 [http://archive.org/details/constantinopleol00dwiguoft Textus apud archive.org] * Lewis David Einstein, ''Inside Constantinople; a diplomatist's diary during the Dardanelles Expedition, April-September, 1915''. Londinii: John Murray, 1917 [http://archive.org/details/insideconstantin00einsuoft Textus apud archive.org] * [[Theophilus Gautier|Théophile Gautier]], ''[[Constantinople (Gautier)|Constantinople]]''. Lutetiae, 1851 {{Ling|Francogallice}} [http://archive.org/details/constantinople00gaut Textus apud archive.org] [http://archive.org/details/travelsofthoph03gautuoft Versio Anglica] [[Fasciculus:Gautier_-_Constantinople,_1891.djvu|thumb|page=9|''Constantinople'']] * [[Robertus Smythe Hichens|Robert Smythe Hichens]], ''The Near East: Dalmatia, Greece and Constantinople''. Londinii: Hodder & Stoughton, 1913 [http://archive.org/details/neareastdalmatia00hichuoft Textus apud archive.org] * Georgina Adelaide Müller, ''Letters from Constantinople''. Londinii: Longmans, Green, 1897 [http://archive.org/details/lettersfromconst00gamguoft Textus apud archive.org] * [[Gerardus de Nerval|Gérard de Nerval]], ''[[Voyage en Orient (Nerval)|Voyage en Orient]]''. Lutetiae, 1851 {{Ling|Francogallice}} [http://archive.org/details/voyageenorient01nerv Vol. 1] [http://archive.org/details/voyageenorient02nerv vol. 2] * [[Nathaniel Newnham-Davis]], ''The Gourmet's Guide to Europe'' (3a ed. Londinii: Grant Richards, 1911) [https://archive.org/details/b2804938x/page/358/mode/2up pp. 358-364] * [[Edwinus Pears|Edwin Pears]], ''Forty years in Constantinople: the recollections of Sir Edwin Pears, 1873-1915''. Londinii, 1916 [http://archive.org/details/fortyyearsincons00pearuoft Textus apud archive.org] * [[Gulielmus Mitchell Ramsay|William Mitchell Ramsay]], ''The revolution in Constantinople and Turkey, a diary''.Londinii: Hodder & Stoughton, 1909 [http://archive.org/details/revolutionincons00ramsuoft Textus apud archive.org] *Stuermer, Harry. [[1917]]. ''Two War Years in Constantinople: sketches of German and young Turkish ethics and politics.'' Londinii: Hodder & Stoughton. [http://archive.org/details/twowaryearsincon00stueuoft Textus apud archive.org.] *Washburn, George. [[1911]]. ''Fifty Years in Constantinople, and recollections of Robert College.'' Bostoniae: Houghton Mifflin. [http://archive.org/details/fiftyyearsincons00washuoft Textus apud archive.org.] ; Peregrinatio hodierna * Bell, Lydia. [[2014]]. [http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2014/nov/08/istanbul-city-guide-eat-drink-hotels-galleries "Istanbul city guide: essential sights, and where to eat, drink and stay."] ''[[The Guardian]],'' 8 Novembris 2014. {{NexInt}} * [[Fenerbahçe]] * [[Galatasaray]] * [[Palatium Magnum (Constantinopolis)|Palatium Magnum]] * [[Pera Palatium]] * [[Porta Aurea]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Istanbul|Constantinopolim}} {{Coord|41|0|36|N|28|57|37|E|display=title}} {{Urbes Europae maximae}} {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Geographia}} [[Categoria:Constantinopolis|!]] [[Categoria:Urbes Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Urbes sanctae]] [[Categoria:Thracia]] [[Categoria:Patrimonium totius mundi]] [[Categoria:Constantinus I]] [[Categoria:Urbes milies milium incolarum]] [[Categoria:Portus Ponti Euxini]] [[Categoria:Portus Propontidis]] [[Categoria:Emporia speciaria]] 6qbqs3lrwu8js5dt5zhqhptukr367tb 0 8782 3980092 3911853 2026-08-10T00:13:32Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980092 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Isolated Neutron Star RX J185635-3754 - opo9732a.jpg|thumb|right|Prima observatio directa stellae neutronicae solitariae per lucem visibilem. Stella neutronica est [[RX J1856.5−3754]].]] [[Fasciculus:Degenerate star sizes.png|thumb|Comparatio [[magnitudo|magnitudinum]] (a latere sinistro ad dextrum) [[pumilio alba|pumilionis albae]], [[pulsar]]is et [[Tellus|Telluris]]. In observationibus, stellae neutronicae (inde pulsaria, [[magnetar]]ia, etc.), ob suas altissimas [[temperatura]]s et ideo [[luminositas|luminositates]], patescunt maiores suis realibus dimensionibus.]] {{Res|Stella neutronica}}<ref>{{*Cfr}} [https://archive.org/details/CompositioLatinaIAProfessoreBlasioAmataSdbRomaeA.mmviii ''Compositio Latina'', pars prima, a professore Blasio Amata redacta] ([[2008]]). Romae: Pontificium Institutum Altioris Latinitatis. [https://archive.org/details/CompositioLatinaIAProfessoreBlasioAmataSdbRomaeA.mmviii/page/n7/mode/2up?view=theater p. 9]: “Haec {{Lectio|stella neutronica}}, in [[Sagittarius (constellatio)|constellatione Sagittarii]], [[stella degener|reliquum]] est sideris gigantei, cuius [[diametros]] tantum XX chiliometra extenditur et gyrus octo secundis completur.” </ref> est nucleus collapsus [[Supergigas (stella)|supergigantis]], cuius prior massa inter 10 et 25 [[massa Solis|massarum solarium]] erat, vel fortasse maior si stella dives erat metallorum,<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Heger | first1 = A. | last2 = Fryer | first2 = C. L. | last3 = Woosley | first3 = S. E. | last4 = Langer | first4 = N. | last5 = Hartmann | first5 = D. H. | year = 2003 | title = How Massive Single Stars End Their Life | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2003-07-01_591_1/page/288 | journal = [[Astrophysical Journal]] | volume = 591 | issue = 1 | pages = 288–300 | arxiv = astro-ph/0212469 | bibcode = 2003ApJ...591..288H | doi = 10.1086/375341 | s2cid = 59065632 }}</ref> qui factus est [[stella degener]]. Praeter [[foramen nigrum|foramina nigra]] et alia corpora hypothetica (e.g. [[foramen album|foramina alba]], [[stella quarcica|stellae quarcicae]]), stellae neutronicae sunt minimae et densissimae corporum stellarum.<ref>{{cite book | title = Compact Stars: Nuclear Physics, Particle Physics and General Relativity | edition = illustrated | first1 = Norman K. | last1 = Glendenning | publisher = Springer Science & Business Media | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1-4684-0491-3 | page = 1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cCDlBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 | access-date = 2016-03-21 | archive-date = 2017-01-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170131202613/https://books.google.com/books?id=cCDlBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 | url-status = live }}</ref> Radium habent [[Ordo magnitudinis|ordine]] 10 [[metrum|chiliometrorum]] et massam circiter 1.4 [[massa Solis|massarum solarium]].<ref>{{cite book | title = Astronomy: The Solar System and Beyond | edition = 6th | first1 = Michael | last1 = Seeds | first2 = Dana | last2 = Backman | publisher = Cengage Learning | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0-495-56203-0 | page = 339 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DajpkyXS-NUC&pg=PT356 | access-date = 2018-02-22 | archive-date = 2021-02-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210206222508/https://books.google.com/books?id=DajpkyXS-NUC&pg=PT356 | url-status = live }}</ref> Coniunctio explosionis supergigantis cum collapsione gravitationali – quae [[nucleus stellaris|nucleum stellarem]] plus quam ad densitatem [[pumilio alba|pumilionum albarum]] et usque ad densitatem [[Nucleus atomi|nucleorum atomicorum]] comprimit – stellam neutronicam gignit. Cum creatae sint, stellae neutronicae non alium calorem generant et lente refrigerant; possunt tamen ultro, per collisiones vel accretionem, evolvere. Pleraque coniectationes de his corporibus inferunt stellas neutronicas paene omnino e [[Neutron|neutronibus]] constare ({{*ie}} [[particula subatomica|particulae subatomicae]] nullo onere electrico et massā paulo maiore quam massā protonis). Sub quidem extremo regimine stellarum neutronicarum, [[electron|electrones]] materiei vulgaris cum [[proton|protonibus]] ita miscentur ut neutrones generent. Secundum [[principium exclusionis Paulianum]], ulteriorem contractionem stellis neutronicis [[pressio degenerationis]] neutronum negat, tamquam pressio degenerationis electronum [[pumilio alba|pumiliones albas]] sustinet. Talis pressio tamen non sufficit ad stellam ultra {{Massae astronomicae|0.7|Sol}} sustinendam,<ref>{{cite journal | first = R. C. | last = Tolman | date = 1939 | title = Static Solutions of Einstein's Field Equations for Spheres of Fluid | journal = [[Physical Review]] | volume = 55 | issue = 4 | pages = 364–373 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.55.364 | bibcode = 1939PhRv...55..364T | url = https://authors.library.caltech.edu/4362/1/TOLpr39.pdf | access-date = 2019-06-30 | archive-date = 2018-07-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180722071018/https://authors.library.caltech.edu/4362/1/TOLpr39.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | first1 = J. R. | last1 = Oppenheimer | first2 = G. M. | last2 = Volkoff | date = 1939 | title = On Massive Neutron Cores | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_physical-review_1939-02-15_55_4/page/374 | journal = [[Physical Review]] | volume = 55 | issue = 4 | pages = 374–381 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.55.374 | bibcode = 1939PhRv...55..374O }}</ref> et nonnullae repulsivae [[vis fortis|vires nucleares]] maxime interveniunt ad stellas neutronicas maiores sustinendas.<ref>{{cite web | title = Neutron Stars | url = https://www.astro.princeton.edu/~burrows/classes/403/neutron.stars.pdf | website = www.astro.princeton.edu | access-date = 14 December 2018 | archive-date = 9 September 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210909160017/https://www.astro.princeton.edu/~burrows/classes/403/neutron.stars.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Douchin | first1 = F. | last2 = Haensel | first2 = P. | date = December 2001 | title = A unified equation of state of dense matter and neutron star structure | journal = Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume = 380 | issue = 1 | pages = 151–167 | doi = 10.1051/0004-6361:20011402 | issn = 0004-6361 | arxiv = astro-ph/0111092 | bibcode = 2001A&A...380..151D | s2cid = 17516814 }}</ref> Si massa stellae [[limes Tolmanianus-Oppenheimerianus-Volkoffianus|limitem Tolmanianum-Oppenheimerianum-Volkoffianum]] duarum massarum solarium excedit, aequilibrium inter pressionem et vires nucleares rumpitur, et stella tum collabitur adusque [[foramen nigrum]] creatur. Stella neutronica maxima massa detecta, [[PSR J0952–0607]], 2.35 ± 0.17 massis solaribus aestimatur.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.sciencenews.org/article/heaviest-neutron-star-mass-sun-record-black-holes | title = The heaviest neutron star on record is 2.35 times the mass of the sun | date = 22 July 2022 | publisher = sciencenews | access-date = 30 July 2022 }}</ref><!-- After this point comes the old article, which I have reorganized in paragraphs - Grufo --> == Genesis == Stella, quae plus quam sesqualterum (exacte: 1,4) massae [[Sol]]is nostri habet, cum paene omne [[plasma]] [[metallum|metallorum]] in [[ferrum|ferri]] [[plasma]] mutavisset, [[sphaera|sphaeris]] externis amissis contrahitur. [[Massa]] autem stellae tanta est ut [[electron]]es et [[proton]]a non iam libere esse possint, sed coeant ita ut [[neutron]]a existant [[neutrinum|neutrinaque]] emittantur. Quae actio beta dissolutio inversa vocatur. Si quidem massa stellae plus quam triplum (exacte 3.2) massae [[Sol]]is est, aliud obiectum fit [[foramen nigrum]]. Stellae minoris massae autem [[pumilio alba|pumiliones albae]] fiunt. == Qualitates == Stella neutronica usualis circiter sesqualtera massa [[Sol]]is habet, [[diametrum]] autem modo viginti [[chiliometrum|chiliometrûm]]. [[Superficies]] frigida est,^{citatio desiderata} sine ulla [[pressio atmosphaerica|pressione atmosphaerica]]. [[Beta dissolutio]]nis causa non e [[neutron]]ibus constat, sed ferrea est, quia ferro [[nucleus]] maxime stabilis est. In interiore autem [[materia]] e [[neutron]]ibus constat, quae materia ibi quasi fluida est. Si stella gravior est, in imo [[neutron]]a in [[quarcium|quarcia]] dissolvi possint: Hae stellae hypotheticae '''stellae insolentae''' vocantur. Stellae neutronicae radios et [[lux|lucis]] et [[radiatio Roentgeniana|roentgenios]] emittere solent, et celerrime circum [[axis|axem]] suam rotantur. Radii roentgenii si quasi in lineam conferti emittuntur, stella [[pulsar]] appellatur; nam haec linea radiorum propter rotationem stellae ad nos non nisi pulsata pervenit. {{NexInt}} *[[Pulsar enormium radiorum Roentgenianorum]] *[[Foramen nigrum]] *[[Magnetar]] *[[Mollis radiationis gamma iteratrum]] *[[Pulsar]] *[[Planetae pulsarium]] *[[Stella degener]] *[[Supernova]] == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Stellarum genera]] [[Categoria:Stellae]] [[Categoria:Stellae neutronicae|!]] {{Myrias|Physica}} lhf4720otnib8c6hy9nplvb792f5kof 0 9073 3979723 3978828 2026-08-09T15:21:55Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3979723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Flumen| Mississippius | [[Fasciculus:Mississippi River map.png|thumb|center|Mississippius amnis]] | 6270 | 450 | 12&thinsp;800 | 2&thinsp;980&thinsp;000 | [[Itasca]] | [[Sinus Mexicanus]] | [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] | }} {{res|Mississippius}}<ref>“Territoria, quae inter superiorem Mississippium et Missurium flumen continentur”: [http://cdigital.dgb.uanl.mx/la/1080046134/1080046134_MA.PDF pp. 136-137]; “amnem Mississippium {{omissis}} Ubi enim Mississippius et Missurius confluunt {{omissis}}” {{Google Books|Yg1fAAAAcAAJ|p. 21 nota 37}}. “Mississippius”: Egger, C (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum'', Officina Libraria Vaticana, s.v. “Mississippi (flumen)”. “Mississipius fluvius” {{Google Books|uJpPAAAAYAAJ|p. 1227}}</ref> seu {{res|flumen Mississippiense}},<ref>“Flumen Mississippiense”: Franciscus Glass, ''A Life of George Washington, in Latin Prose,'' ed. J. N. Reynolds (Novi Eboraci: Harper & Brothers, 1835), pp. 145, 170</ref> [[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]] etiam agnominibus ''Old Man River'' ('Fluvius Senex') et ''Big Muddy'' ('Magnum Turbidum') notum, est [[amnis]] qui per [[decem]] [[civitas|civitates]] [[Civitates Foederatae|foederatas Americanas]] fluit, [[respublica|reipublicae]] [[longitudo|longissimus]], [[aqua]]mque e maximis [[superficies|superficiebus]] siccans [[flumen]]. Longitudine systema Mississippii et [[Missurius|Missurii]] in orbe terrarum tertium est, area [[pelvis hydrographica]]e sexta. A [[Ferdinandus de Soto|Ferdinando de Soto]], [[explorator]]e [[Hispania|Hispanico]], anno [[1541]] Mississipius repertum est. Saeculo XVIII finis erat, qui [[Ludoviciana (Nova Francia)|Ludovicianam]], partem [[Nova Francia|Novae Franciae]] et [[Nova Hispania|Novae Hispaniae]] a terris [[Imperium Britannicum|Imperii Britannici]] et Civitatum Foederatarum separaret. Usque adhuc interdum finis putatur, qui [[Civitates Foederatae Occidentales|partem occidentalem Civitatum Foederatarum]] ab orientali separat. [[Fasciculus:First Bridge over the Mississippi River.jpg|thumb|Pons primus trans Mississippium (prope ad Itascam lacum)]] [[Fasciculus:Saint Anthony Falls aerial.jpg|thumb|Mississippius in Minneapoli et [[aqua cadens]] Sancti Antonii]] ==Fluxus== E lacu [[Itasca]] (vel a rivis in eum fluentibus) in [[Minnesota]] oritur. [[Minneapolis|Minneapolim]] et [[Urbs Sancti Pauli de Minnesota|Urbem Sancti Pauli]] Minnesotae urbes maximae in ripis eius stant. POstea per confinium Minnesotae et [[Visconsinia]]e fluit, Visconsiniae et [[Iowa]]e, Iowae et [[Illinoesia]]e, Illinoesiae et [[Missuria]]e; fluxus Mississippii superior usque ad [[Urbs Sancti Ludovici|Urbem Sancti Ludovici]] in Missuria habetur, ubi [[Missurius]] accola longissimus cum Mississippio coniungitur. [[Fasciculus:Memphis Bridge.jpg|thumb|Pons trans Mississippium in Memphi]] Fluxus medius brevis est, nam ab ostio Missurii usque ad ostium [[Ohium (flumen)|Ohii]] accolae aquosissimi habetur; decursus aquae Ohii in ostio maior, quam Mississipii est. Fluxus inferior ab ostio Ohii usque ad [[delta fluminis|deltam]] continuatur. [[Tennesia]]m ab [[Arcansia]] hic Mississippius separat; [[Memphis (Tennesia)|Memphis]] Tennesiae urbs hic ad ripam eius laevam aedificata est, a ripa autem dextra [[Arkansa]] accola fluxus inferioris maximus effundutur. Postea Arcansiam a [[Mississippia]] flumen separat et Missisisippiam a [[Ludoviciana]]; in Ludoviciana [[Rubribaculum]] civitatis caput et [[Novum Aurelianum]] urbs maxima et famosissima ad Mississippium patent. ==Delta== Mississippius [[delta fluminis|delta]] maximum areae 28,6 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² habet in [[Ludoviciana]] civitate, ubi in [[Sinus Mexicanus|sinum Mexicanum]] influit; regio autem, quae saepius ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Delta Mississippii||en|qid=Q1426203}}'' nominatur, sensu geographico nec delta nec delta interius est. [[Fasciculus:Mississippi River - New Orleans.jpg|thumb|Mississippius in [[Novum Aurelianum|Novο Aurelianο]]]] [[Flumen Rubrum (Civitates Foederatae)|Flumen Rubrum]], quod antea tributarius Mississipii erat, nunc per [[Atchafalaya]]m (in quam et pars Mississippii aquarum abit) in sinum Mexicanum se effundit. Notum est Mississipii alveum principalem in delta mutari, nam priscum arenis obfusum fluvius relinquit ut [[bracchium fluminis|bracchium]]; his locis talia bracchia ''bayou'' nominantur. Millennio secundo a.C.n. [[Bayou Teche]] alveus principalis fuit; a saeculo secundo vel tertio usque ad decimum [[Bayou Lafourche]] fuit alveus maximus. Nunc ad Atchafalayam moveri videtur. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{cite book|first=John O.|last=Anfinson|coauthors=Thomas Madigan, Drew M. Forsberg, et Patrick Nunnally|year=[[2003]]|title=The River of History: A Historic Resources Study of the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area|location=Sancti Pauli Minnesotae|publisher=U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District|oclc=53911450}}. * {{Cite book | last=Bartlett | first=Richard A.| title=Rolling rivers: an encyclopedia of America's rivers | url=https://archive.org/details/rollingriversenc00bart | year=[[1984]] | publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=Novi Eboraci|isbn=0-07-003910-0|oclc=10807295}}. * {{Cite book | last=Penn | first=James R.| title=Rivers of the world: a social, geographical, and environmental sourcebook| url=https://archive.org/details/riversofworldsoc00penn |year=[[2001]]|publisher=ABC-CLIO| locationBarbaropoli Californiae| isbn=1-57607-042-5|oclc=260075679}}. * {{Cite book | last=Smith | first=Thomas Ruys|title=River of dreams: imagining the Mississippi before Mark Twain | url=https://archive.org/details/riverofdreamsima0000smit | year=[[2007]] |publisher=Louisiana State University Press | location=Rubribaculi Ludovicianae|isbn=978-0-8071-3233-3|oclc=182615621}}. * {{cite book|first=Quinta|last=Scott|title=The Mississippi: A Visual Biography|year=[[2010]]|publisher=University of Missouri Press|location=Columbiae Missuriae|isbn=978-0-8262-1840-7|oclc=277196207}}. == Nexus externi == {{Grc|Μισσισσιππής (ποταμός)}} {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Geographia}} [[Categoria:Mississippius| ]] [[Categoria:Flumina Arcansiae]] [[Categoria:Flumina Illinoesiae]] [[Categoria:Flumina Iovae]] [[Categoria:Flumina Ludovicianae]] [[Categoria:Flumina Kentukiae]] [[Categoria:Flumina Minnesotae]] [[Categoria:Flumina Mississippiae]] [[Categoria:Flumina Missuriae]] [[Categoria:Flumina Tennesiae]] [[Categoria:Res geographicae Visconsiniae]] sc0uweb04nirg6dc5z0zt15id7nt60f 0 9143 3979876 3956749 2026-08-09T20:44:41Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Eques (discretiva)}} [[Fasciculus:Roman Museum 007.jpg|thumb|Simulacrum equitis.]] '''Eques''' apud [[Roma antiqua|Romanos]] appellabatur homo '''ordinis equestris''', qui media dignitate utebatur inter ordinem [[senatus Romanus|senatorum]] et [[plebs|plebem]]. An quis ad ordinem equestrem pertineret, et a [[pater|patre]] et a censu pendebat. [[Vocabulum]] ''equitis'' sane ab ''[[equus|equo]]'' originem trahit, cum equites aut equo publico donari aut censum talem habere deberent, ut equum possidere eoque vecti militare possent. In principio tantummodo [[Patricius|patricii]] in equitatu militabant, aliquanto tamen post [[rex|reges]] exactos etiam [[Plebs|plebei]] inter equites asciti sunt. == Historia == === In republica libera === Initio, a [[Servius Tullius|Servio Tullio]] si historiographiae Romanae credimus<ref>[[Titus Livius]] I.42.</ref>, in [[Comitia centuriata|comitiis centuriatis]] equites, qui plurimi inter cives censebantur, primas centurias 18 formabant et ob id ipsum bellum in equitatu gerebant. Equus publicus ut anulus aureus semper insigne equitum fuit etiam tempore posteriore cum nullam militarem significationem retinebat. Ita a quarto saeculo a.C.n. exeunte atque adhuc sub [[Imperator Romanus|imperatoribus]] die [[15 Iulii|15 iulii]] ([[Idus|Idibus]] [[Quinctilis|Quinctiliis]]) quotannis [[Transvectio equitum|equitum iuniorum transvectio]] per urbem fiebat, in sex turmas divisa quibus [[Sevir equitum Romanorum|seviri]] praeerant<ref>{{CIL|11|3718}}. {{CIL|11|3367}}. Carolus Fridericus Menser, ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101071958043&seq=1 Dissertatio de annua equitum Romanorum transvectione et de eorundem recognitione seu censura]'', Lipsiae, 1734</ref>. Senatores antequam magistratus peterent atque in album senatus a [[censor|censoribus]] inscriberentur equites erant. Magistratus gesti senatores a ceteris equitibus distinguebant. Secundo saeculo a.C.n. apparet praefiguratio ordinis equestris senatorio oppositi tum cum societates [[Publicani|publicanorum]] provinciarum [[Vectigal|vectigalia]] conducebant et ''lex Sempronia iudiciaria'' a [[Gaius Sempronius Gracchus|Gaio Graccho]] [[121 a.C.n.]] lata iudicia repetundarum senatoribus ademit atque equitibus tradidit<ref>Robert J. Rowland, Jr., "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/283738 C. Gracchus and the Equites]", ''Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association'', 1965: 361-73.</ref>. Nam in provinciis diripiendis utilitates equitum et senatorum in diversum abibant. Certamen igitur de iudiciis inter eos fuit usque ad [[Lex Aurelia iudiciaria|legem Aureliam iudiciariam]] quae iudicis munus inter senatores et equites aequaliter divisit. Et anno incerto ante [[Sylla|Syllam]] [[Dictatura|dictatorem]] equus publicus senatoribus ademptus est qui non iam inter equites numerabantur. Consilium politicum Ciceronis semper fuit concordia duorum maiorum ordinum<ref>D. H. Berry, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3556492 Eqvester ordo tvvs est: Did Cicero Win His Cases Because of His Support for the Eqvites?]", ''The Classical Quarterly,'' 2003: 222-234 </ref> contra [[optimates]] qui [[Privilegium|privilegia]] senatus tuebantur. In summa senatores res publicas gerebant et nisi imperium provinciale acceperant non procul Roma manere debebant; econtra equites in quinque iudicum decurias<ref> {{CIL|6|3539}}: ... ''equo publico ex quinque decuriis'' ...</ref> inscribebantur et iudicandi officio operam dare nonnumquam debebant; alioqui rebus privatis consulebant et saepe in provinciis negotiabantur ubi libenter considebant. Tempore quo agri divites faciebant equites fundos imprimis possidebant et ex eorum reditibus vivebant. Optimum exemplar equitis Romani fuit Ciceronis amicus [[Titus Pomponius Atticus]] qui a rebus publicis et [[bellum civile|bellis civilibus]] diligenter abstinebat et vitam otiosam et litteris deditam egit [[Athenae|Athenis]] et [[Buthrotum|Buthroti]]. === Sub imperatoribus === Augustus duos primos ordines reipublicae, senatorium et equestrem, rursus ordinavit. Censum decies [[Sestertius|sestertium]] senatoribus, quadringentorum milium sestertium equitibus adsignavit. Ipse imperator equites albo equestri inscribit post annuam recognitionem in qua mores et census candidatorum inspiciuntur ([[Senatusconsultum|senatusconsultum]] anni [[23]]). Simul certas [[praefectura|praefecturas]] a se creatas ([[Praefectus Aegypti|Aegypti]], [[Praefectus annonae|annonae]], [[Praefectus vigilum|vigilum]], [[praefectus praetorio|praetorii]]) equitibus reservavit. Alios equites in rebus [[Fiscum|fiscalibus]] et pecuniariis, item in bonorum suorum administratione adhibuit cum [[Procurator|procuratoris]] titulo<ref>[[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]'' LII.19 et 25; LIII.15.</ref>. Claudius procurationes multiplicavit et equites palatii [[Tabularium|tabulariis]] praeposuit. Simul verum [[Cursus honorum|cursum honorum]] equestrem ordinavit a senatorio dissimilem: tribus militiis inchoabat, plerumque praefectura [[Cohors (pars legionis)|cohortis]], praefectura [[Ala (exercitus)|alae]] et [[Tribunus militum|tribunatu]] angusticlavio [[Legio Romana|legionis]] (tribunus laticlavius erat senator)<ref>[[Suetonius]], ''Divus Claudius'' 25: ''Equestris militias ita ordinavit, ut post cohortem alam, post alam tribunatum legionis daret''.</ref>. Deinde procurationes et praefecturas equestres usque ad praefectum praetorio gerebant in quibus [[hierarchia]] per [[salarium]] indicabatur: ita procurationes sexagenariae, centenariae<ref> {{CIL|8|11174}}</ref>, ducenariae<ref>[[Suetonius]], ''Divus Claudius'' 24.</ref> (60 000[[HS]], 100 000HS, 200 000HS annua) fuerunt<ref>[[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]'' LII.25; LIII.15.</ref>. Eorum numerus usque ad tertium saeculum inflabatur sed minima pars totius ordinis equestris rebus publicis operam dabat. Paulatim dignitates equestris et senatoria [[Hereditas|hereditariae]] factae sunt. Nihil tamen obstabat quominus princeps aut [[centurio|centurionem]] bene meritum in equestrem ordinem aut equitem bene meritum ad [[magistratus]] senatorii honorum cursus promoveret. A tertio saeculo medio legiones et exercitus ducendi equitibus dantur qui antea senatoribus dabantur. In provinciis legionibus praeditis praesides ordinis equestris inveniuntur ubi antea legati Augusti pro praetore e senatorio ordine fuerant<ref>{{AE|1915|00051}}: διασημοτάτου = perfectissimi.</ref>. Simul primores ordinis titulo "viri perfectissimi" honorantur. At anno [[326]] imperatore [[Constantinus I|Constantino Magno]] ordines senatorius et equester in unum coaluerunt et nomen equitis Romani abolevit. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *P. A. Brunt, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300072 Princeps and Equites]", ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1983: 42-75 *Mireille Cébeillac-Gervasoni, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_2011_num_22_1_1752 L’ordre équestre et la méthode prosopographique]", ''Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz'', 2011: 69-83 *Benjamin Cohen, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/bude_0004-5527_1975_num_1_2_3319 La notion d' "ordo" dans la Rome antique]", ''Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé'', 1975: 259-282 *Caillan Davenport, ''A History of the Roman Equestrian Order'', Cambridge University Press, 2019 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2019/2019.10.16 Recensio critica] [https://books.google.fr/books?id=JsyCDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *Ségolène Demougin, ''[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1992_ths_153_1 Prosopographie des chevaliers romains julio-claudiens (43 av. J.-C. - 70 ap. J.-C.)]'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1992 **''[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1988_ths_108_1 L'ordre équestre sous les Julio-claudiens]'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1988 *Claudius Nicolet, ''L'ordre équestre à l'époque républicaine (312-43 a. C). T. 1. Définitions juridiques et structures sociales'', de Boccard, 1966 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1967_num_45_2_2685_t1_0504_0000_2 Recensio critica] **T. 2. ''Prosopographie des chevaliers Romains'', de Boccard, 1974 *''[https://www.persee.fr/issue/efr_0223-5099_1999_act_257_1 L’ordre équestre. Histoire d’une aristocratie (IIe siècle av. J.-C. - IIIe siècle ap. J.-C.)] Actes du colloque international de Bruxelles-Leuven, 5-7 octobre 1995. [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1999. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2001_num_79_1_6061_t1_0295_0000_3 Recensio critica] *Hans-Georg Pflaum, ''[https://fr.scribd.com/document/806526844/Hans-Georg-Pflaum-Les-carrieres-procuratoriennes-equestres-sous-le-Haut-Empire-romain-P-Geuthner-1960 Les carrières procuratoriennes équestres sous le Haut-Empire romain]'', P. Geuthner, 1960 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Equites equites Romanos] pertinent {{Roma antiqua}}<!-- {{Hist-stipula}} {{roma-stipula}}--> == Bibliographia == *Birley, Anthony. [[2002]]. ''Band of Brothers: Garrison Life at Vindolanda.'' {{Vicificanda}} * Burton, G. (1987): Government and the Provinces. In J. Wacher ed. ''The Roman World'' Vol I *{{cite book|author=Bury,J.B.|title=The History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the death of Marcus Aurelius (27 BC-180 AD)|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1898}} (Bury(1898)): * Cornell, T. J. (1995): ''The Beginnings of Rome'' * Eck, Werner (2000): Emperor, Senate & Magistrates. In ''Cambridge Ancient History'' 2nd Ed. Vol XI * Goldsworthy, Adrian (2000): ''Roman Warfare'' * Goldsworthy, Adrian (2003): ''The Complete Roman Army'' * Heather, Peter (2005): ''Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Jones, A.H.M. (1964): ''Later Roman Empire'' * {{cite book |last=Keppie |first=Lawrence |title="The Army and the Navy" in Cambridge Ancient History 2nd Ed Vol X (The Augustan Empire 30BC - 69 AD) |year=1996}} * Ritner, R.K. (1998): Egypt Under Roman Rule: the Legacy of Ancient Egypt. In ''Cambridge History of Egypt, Vol I''. Ed. C.F. Petry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. * Scheidel, Walter (2006): ''Population & Demography'' (Princeton-Stanford Working Papers in Classics) * Sidnell, Philip (2006): ''Warhorse'' * Smith W. (1890): ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities'' * Talbert, Richard (1996): The Senate and Senatorial and Equestrian Posts. In ''Cambridge Ancient History, Vol X'' 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. * {{cite book |last=Tomlin |first=R. S. O. |title=The Army of the Late Empire. In ''The Roman World'' (ed J. Wacher) |year=1988}} * {{cite web|first=J.B. |last=Greenough |first2=G.L. |origyear=1902 |date=17 June 2005 |last2=Kittredge |url=http://www.uah.edu/society/texts/misc/romancon.html |title=The Roman Constitution|publisher=[http://www.uah.edu/society/about.html The Society for Ancient Languages] |accessdate=22 August 2012}} ("This essay is reproduced in its entirety from 'Introduction: VI. The Roman Constitution', Select Orations and Letters of Cicero. ed. J.B. Greenough & G.L. Kittredge. Boston: Ginn and Company, 1902." * {{cite journal |last = Hill |first = H. |title = Equites and Celeres |url = https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-philology_1938-07_33_3/page/283 |journal = Classical Philology |volume = 33 |issue = 3 |pages = 283–290|date = July 1938|doi = 10.1086/362138 |jstor=265360}} * {{cite web|year=2009 |url=http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/socialclass.html |title=Roman Social Class and Public Display}} * {{cite web|last=Lendering |first=Jona |date=16 August 2012 |url=http://www.livius.org/ei-er/eques/eques.html Livius.org: |title=Eques (Knight)}} [[Categoria:Roma antiqua]] [[Categoria:Tituli dignitatis]] jg6kir8gcjg7467omczlq1ytd44ucp5 0 9617 3979737 3978632 2026-08-09T15:31:44Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3979737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} {{Capsa linguae desuetae |nomen latine ={{PAGENAME}} |nomen =[[:sa:संस्कृत|{{lang|sa|संस्कृत}}]] |color familiae=lawngreen |familia =[[Linguae Indoeuropaeae|lingua Indoeuropaea]] e familia [[linguae Indoiranicae|Indoiranica]] |status =status fere antiquissimus [[linguae Indicae|linguarum Indicarum]]; parens proxima multarum recentiorum |aevum =saec. X a.C.n. (fortasse antea) – saec. IV p.C.n. |civitas =[[India]] septentrionalis |vivacitas =hodie lingua culturalis; [[Linguarum officialium catalogus|officialis]] Indiae; lingua sollemnis [[Hinduismus|Hinduismi]] |scriptura =[[Devanagari]] aliaeque scripturae fere omnes Asiae meridionalis |litteratura =[[Litterae Sanscritae]] |iso1 =sa |iso2 =san |iso3 =san |tabula =[[Fasciculus:Human Language Families (wikicolors).png|center|255px|Familiae linguisticae coloribus Vicipaedicis pictae]] |syllabus =[[Linguae mundi|Familiae linguisticae coloribus Vicipaedicis pictae]] |tabula2 = |syllabus2 = }} {{res|Lingua Sanscrita}}<ref>{{Lassen}} pp. 31–36, al.</ref> ([[Devanagari]] संस्कृतम् ''saṃskṛtam'') est antiquissima [[linguae Indoeuropaeae|lingua Indoeuropaea]] familiae [[linguae Indoiranicae|Indoiranicae]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Woodard|first=Roger D.|title=The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages0000unse|publisher=SUNY Buffalo|year=2008|isbn=9780521684941|location=|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages0000unse/page/1 1]}}</ref> divisionis [[Linguae Indicae|Indicae]] sive Indoaryanae. Hodierni [[sermo]]nes Indoiranici, inter quos [[lingua Hindica|Hindicus]] et [[lingua Bengalica|Bengalicus]], e Sanscrito oriuntur. Fuit [[lingua]] maximi momenti in [[historia]] [[Historia Indiae|subcontinentis Indicae antiquae]], abhinc annorum 3500 coepti,<ref>Murray 2007: v–vi, 1–18, 31–32, 115–116.</ref><ref>Coward 1990: 3–12, 36–47, 111–112.</ref> cum primariă [[Hinduismus|Hinduismi]] [[lingua sacra]] et sermo plurimorum operum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|philosophia Hinduica|philosophiae Hinduicae|d|qid=Q1079293}} ac nonnullorum praecipuorum [[Buddhismus|Buddhismi]] et [[Iainismus|Iainismi]] [[textus|textuum]] esset. Per multas [[variatio (linguistica)|variationes]] [[dialectos]]que, fuit [[lingua franca]] [[India]]e [[antiquitas|antiquae]] et [[medium aevum|mediaevalis]].<ref>Keown et Prebish 2013: 15.</ref><ref>Deshpande 2011: 218–220.</ref><ref>Ruppel 2017: 1–2, 102–104.</ref> Primo [[millennium|millennio]] ineunte, cum Buddhismus et Hinduismus ad [[Asia Meridio-Orientalis|Asiam Meridio-Orientalem]],<ref>Majumdar 1974: 1–4.</ref> [[Asia Orientalis|Orientalem]],<ref name="OrzechSørensen2011">{{cite book|author1=Charles Orzech|author2=Henrik Sørensen|author3=Richard Payne|title=Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=F0XNX3N1a2AC&pg=PA985 |year=2011| publisher=BRILL Academic | isbn=978-90-04-18491-6|pages =985–996}}; {{cite book|author=Upendra Thakur|title=India and Japan, a Study in Interaction During 5th Cent.-14th Cent. A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8mLKzeLApVIC |year=1992|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-289-5|pages=53–61}}.</ref> et [[Asia Media|Mediam]]<ref>Banerji 1989: 595–96.</ref> [[migratio|migravissent]], lingua {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|alta cultura|altae culturae|d|qid=Q1479257}} et [[rex|regalis]] illorum locorum facta est.<ref>Howard 2012: 21.</ref><ref>Pollock 2009: 14.</ref> [[Fasciculus:Devimahatmya Sanskrit MS Nepal 11c.jpg|300px|left|Liber Sanscrite [[saeculum 1-|saeculo decimo]] [[manuscriptum|manu scriptus]] [[Nepalia|Nepalensis]].]] Haec lingua, etiamnunc a nonnullis adhibita, una est e duobus et viginti [[sermo]]nibus Indiae [[Index linguarum sollemnium Indiae|schedulo]] enumeratis, atque una ex quattuor linguis classicis hucusque a gubernatione Indica laureatis. E [[scriptor]]ibus [[litterae Sanscritae|litterarum Sanscritarum]] enumerari merent poëta [[Kalidasa|Kālidāsa]] et [[grammatica|grammaticus]] [[Panini|Pāṇini]], sed opera maxima nominibus auctorum incertis et fortasse fictis traduntur, exempli gratia [[carmen|carmina]] epica ''[[Mahabharata|Mahābhārata]]'' et ''[[Ramayana|Rāmāyaṇa]],'' necnon collectanea lyrica antiquissima ''[[Rigveda|Ṛgveda]]'', ''[[Samaveda|Sāmaveda]]'', ''[[Yajurveda]],'' et ''[[Atharvaveda]]''. Lingua Sanscrita hodie [[character|characteribus]] [[devanagari]] saepius scribitur et divulgatur, at in [[India]] et [[Asia Meridiorientalis|Asia Meridiorientali]] multi alii [[abecedarium|abecedarii]] e [[scriptura]] antiqua {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|scriptura Brahminica|Brahminica|d|qid=Q185083}} orti etiam adhibentur. Et [[abecedarium Latinum|abecedario Latino]] [[philologia|philologi]] [[Europa]]ei [[America Septentrionalis|Americanique]], [[translitteratio]]nem "[[Alphabetum Internationale Translitterationis Sanscriticae|IAST]]" consecuti, utuntur. == Lingua oralis == Lingua Sanscrita ([[Veda|Vedica]] et classica) per longum spatium temporis numquam scribebatur, sed exstabat et solum [[memoria]]e tradebatur, et Vedae partim, antequam Arii [[India]]m ingressi sunt, compositi sunt. Fuit lingua culta a grege doctorum virorum, quibus nomen Sanscrite ''pandita,'' inde ab [[aetas antiqua|aetate antiqua]] usque ad dies nostros. Opera maximi momenti hac lingua composita sunt (sed serius exarata) aetate qua vulgus ea non iam loquebatur (fortasse periodo Vedica excepta). == Historia == === Origo explicatioque === Lingua Sanscrita membrum generis linguarum Indo-Iranicarum ex familia linguarum Indo-Europearum est. Linguae cognatae quibus proxima est sunt illae Iranicae Avestan et Persica Vetus.  Multi scholastici proposuerunt hypotheses migrationis ad qualitates Sanscritae et multis aliis linguis Indo-Europaeis communes explicandas, locutores nativos linguae Sanscritae futurae in hodiernam Indiam et Pakistan ex septentrione occidentali aliqua tempestate recentis secundi millennii AD advenisse adfirmantes. Indicia ad talem theoriam defendendam sunt, inter alia, relatio propinqua inter linguas Indo-Iranicas et linguas Balticasque Slavicasque, commercium vocabulorum cum linguis Uralicis (quae non sunt Indo-Europeanae), et natura [[vocabulum|vocabulorum]] Indo-Europeorum quibus [[flora]]que [[animalia]]que videntur olim denotari.  Textus recentissimi linguae Sanscritae videntur textus Brahmanici Rigvedae esse, qui creduntur permansisse ex medio secundi millennii. Nulla [[narratio]] scripta attamen habita ex ea tempestate antiqua est, etiamsi [[scriptura]] ad Sanscritam scribendam ea tempestate adfuisset. Scholastici nihilominus adcredunt transmissionem textuum supra dictorum oralem fidam esse. Hi texti erant litterae sollemnes, integritas quorum pronuntiatus ad pietatem exsequendam valde intererat.  Ex Rigveda usque ad Pāṇini tempestatem (quarti saeculi) explicatio recentis linguae Vedicae per alios textus Vedicos perspici potest: Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda, Brahmana, Upanishadque. Etiamsi in hoc tempore, linguae fama, utilitas, pietasque, atque molimentum enunciationis rectae inhibuissent Sanscritam linguam facile mutari secundum processus normales mutationis linguisticae, explicatio linguae quinque graduum ex Rigveda ad Upanishadan et recentissimas Sutrah (e.g., Baudhayana) praestat.  == Hodie == [[Fasciculus:Rigveda MS2097.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Rigveda [[manuscriptio]]nis in [[Devanagari]], tempore saeculo 19.]] [[Fasciculus:The word संस्कृतम् (Sanskrit) in Sanskrit.svg|thumb|Verbum 'lingua Sanscrita' (संस्कृतम्) in [[Devanagari]] scripta.]] Idem ac lingua Latina, lingua Sanscrita adhuc hodie longe lateque usurpatur velut lingua viva; non solum extant commentaria, emissiones [[radiophonia|radiophonicae]], et [[universitas|universitates studiorum]] quae eam colant, sed [[Unio Indiana]] eam constitutione inter linguas [[natio]]num agnovit, quarum sunt viginti duae (vide [[Index linguarum sollemnium Indiae]]). Omnes chartae nummariae inscriptiones habent his viginti duabus linguis, Sanscrita addita.<ref>Chartae nummariae Europaeae duas habent voces, EURO Graecis Latinisque typis. Si volumus ''euro, euronis'' accipere, affirmare possumus linguam Latinam quoque inscriptionem chartas nostras habere!<!--=??? POV?--></ref> Census anno [[1991]] habitus numeravit 49 736 hominum quibus patrius sermo est Sanscritus.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060110024611/http://www.ciil.org/languages/indian.html (Fons)].</ref> Nam cum lingua Sanscrita sit sacra [[Hinduismus|Hinduistis]], quidam parentes eam usurpant loquendo cum liberis. Quod ad circulos vel institutiones linguae Sanscritae vivae attinet, unam saltem laudare sufficit, cui nomen est Samskrita Bharati<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071126081519/http://www.samskrita-bharati.org/ (Fons).]</ref> qui commentarium vulgat, cui index ''Sambhasanah sandeśah'' est. Quanto lingua Sanscrita simillima sit [[Lingua Graeca antiqua|Graecae linguae]], Latinaeque aliisque linguis Indoeuropaeis clarissime patet cum paucis verbis oculos intendamus: {| class="wikitable" |- !colspan="8"|'''Familia''' |- |मातृ<br>mātṛ |पितृ<br>pitṛ |दुहितृ<br>duhitṛ |सूनु<br>sūnu |भ्रातृ<br>bhrātṛ |स्वासृ<br>svāsṛ |श्वशऊर<br>śvaśura |विधवा<br>vidhavā |- |mater |pater |filia<br><small>anglice:</small> daughter<br><small>graece:</small> θυγάτηρ (thygátēr)<br><small>theodisce:</small> Tochter |filius<br><small>anglica:</small> son <br><small>theodisca:</small> Sohn |frater |soror |socer |vidua |- |} {| class="wikitable" |- !colspan="6"|'''Corpus''' |- |दन्त<br>danta |नासा<br>nāsā |पाद<br>pāda |कर​<br>kara |केश<br>keśa |हृद्/हृदय​<br>hṛd/hṛdaya |- |dēns <small>(dentis)</small> |nasus |pēs <small>(pedis)</small> |manus, hir<br><small>graece:</small> χείρ (chīr) |capillus, caesaries |cor <small>(cordis)</small><br><small>anglice:</small> heart<br><small>theodisce:</small> Herz |- |} {| class="wikitable" |- !colspan="3"|'''Dei''' |- |देव​<br>deva |द्यौष्पितृ<br>Dyauṣpitṛ́ |- |deus |Iuppiter |- |} {| class="wikitable" |- !colspan="6"|'''Pronomina''' |- |अहम्<br>aham |त्वम्<br>tvam |आवाम्<br>āvām |युवाम्<br>yuvām |वयम्<br>vayam |यूयम्<br>yūyam |- |ego |tū |nōs ambō |vōs ambō |nōs |vōs |- |} {| class="wikitable" |- !colspan="11"|'''Numeri''' |- |एक<br>eka |द्व​​<br>dva |त्रि<br>tri |चतुर्<br>catur |पञ्च​<br>pañca |षष्<br>ṣaṣ |सप्त​<br>sapta |अष्ट​<br>aṣṭa |नव​<br>nava |दश​<br>daśa |शतम्<br>śatam |- |ūnus |duo |trēs |quattuor |quīnque |sex |septem |octō |novem |decem |centum |- |} {| class="wikitable" |- !colspan="9"|Verbum ''sum'' |- |अस्मि<br>asmi |असि<br>asi |अस्ति<br>asti |स्वः<br>svaḥ |स्थः<br>sthaḥ |स्तः<br>staḥ |स्मः<br>smaḥ |स्थ<br>stha |सन्ति<br>santi |- |sum |es |est |ambō sumus |ambō estis |ambō sunt |sumus |estis |sunt |- |} et alia. == Morphologia == '''Verbum''' :Lingua Sanscrita multas [[Declinatio (grammatica)|declinationis]] ac [[coniugatio]]nis formas possidet. E. g., systema verbi Sanscritici ex his constat: * [[persona (grammatica)|personae]] tres (''bharā-mi'' "fero" vs. ''bhara-si'' "fers" vs. ''bhara-ti'' "fert") * [[numerus (grammatica)|numeri]] tres(''bhara-ti'' "fert" vs. ''bharā-mas'' "ambo ferimus" vs. ''bhara-tha'' "fertis") * [[verbum temporale|verbi]] genera duo ([[activum]], sanscrite: '''Parasmaipada''' vs. mediopassivum, sanscrite: '''Ātmanepada'''; ''bharā-mas'' "ferimus" vs. ''bharā-mahe'' "ferimur") * [[modus (grammatica)|modi]] tres (vel, exnumerando altero, quattuor)(Indicativus, [[Optativus]], e. g., ''bhavem'' "feram", [[Imperativus]], e. g. ''bhara-tu'' "ferto" et Precativus) * tempora (praesens et [[imperfectum]], [[perfectum]], aoristum, condicionale, [[futurum]]) == Textus exempli == Commentatione prima [[Universa Iurum Humanorum Declaratio|Universae Iurum Humanorum Declaratio]] (a [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociatione Nationum]]) cum translitteratione Latina: :{{lang|sa|सर्वे मानवाः स्वतन्त्राः समुत्प्न्नाः वर्तन्ते अपि च, गौरवदृशा अधिकारदृशा च समानाः एव वर्तन्ते । एते सर्वे चेतना-तर्क-शक्तिभ्यां सुसम्पन्नाः सन्ति । अपि च, सर्वेऽपि बन्धुत्व-भावनया परस्परं व्यवहरन्तु ।}} :{{lang|sa-Latn|Sarvē mānavāḥ svatantrāḥ samutpannāḥ vartantē api ca, gauravadr̥śā adhikāradr̥śā ca samānāḥ ēva vartantē. Ētē sarvē cētanā-tarka-śaktibhyāṁ susampannāḥ santi. Api ca, sarvē’pi bandhutva-bhāvanayā parasparaṁvyavaharantu}}. ::Translatus Sanscrite ab Arvind Iyengar. E situ [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/sanskrit.htm ''Omniglot'']. :Omnes homines dignitate et iure liberi et pares nascuntur, rationis et conscientiae participes sunt, quibus inter se concordiae studio est agendum. ::E situ [http://ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=ltn ''United Nations Human Rights - Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights'']. {{NexInt}} * [[Sanscritismus]] == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == {{Imago multiplex| align = right| image1 = IE expansion.png| width1 = 175| alt1 = | caption1 = | image2 = IE1500BP.png | width2 = 235| alt2 = | caption2 = | footer = Laeva: [[hypothesis Kurgan]] de migrationibus [[Indoeuropaei|Indoeuropaeorum]] inter 4000 et [[1000 a.C.n.]]. Dextra: [[distributio geographica]] linguarum Indoeuropaearum, Sanscrita in subcontinente Indica.}} * Banerji, Sures. [[1989]]. ''A companion to Sanskrit literature: spanning a period of over three thousand years, containing brief accounts of authors, works, characters, technical terms, geographical names, myths, legends, and several appendices.'' Delli: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0063-2. * Burrow, T., ''The Sanskrit language.'' Londinii: Faber, 1973. Reimpressum Calcuttae: Motilal Banarsidass, 2001 ISBN 81-208-1767-2 * Pollock, Sheldon I. (2006), ''The language of the gods in the world of men: Sanskrit, culture, and power in premodern India.'' University of California Press, ISBN 9780520245006. * Salomon, Richard. [[1998]]/ ''Indian epigraphy: a guide to the study of inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan languages.'' Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0195099842. * van Gulik, Robert. [[1956]]. ''Siddham; an essay on the history of Sanskrit studies in China and Japan.'' Nagpur: International Academy of Indian Culture, ISBN 8177420380. ;Res philologicae * Abhyankar, Kashinath V. (1986), ''A dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar.'' Gaekwad's Oriental Series, 134, Baroda: Oriental Institute * [[Franciscus Bopp|Bopp, Franciscus]]. ''Grammatica critica Linguae Sanscritae''. 1832 {{Ling|Latine}} [http://books.google.com/books?id=aQEUAAAAYAAJ Textus apud google.books] * Franciscus Bopp, ''Ausführliches Lehrgebäude der Sanskrita-Sprache''. Berolini, 1828 {{Ling|Theodisce}} [http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/bopp1827 Textus interretialis] * Berthold Delbrück. [[1876]]. ''Altindische Tempuslehre.'' ISBN 1421246880. * Berthold Delbrück. [[1888]]. ''Altindische Syntax.'' Halle. Nachdruck: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1988, ISBN 3534041054. * Masica, Colin. [[1991]]. ''The Indo-Aryan Languages.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978052129944-2.<!--{{Google Books|J3RSHWePhXwC|Paginae selectae}}--> * Mayrhofer, Manfred. [[1978]]. ''Sanskrit-Grammatik mit sprachvergleichenden Erläuterungen.'' Berolini: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110071771. * Oberlies, Thomas. [[2003]]. ''A Grammar of Epic Sanskrit.'' Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3110144484. * Wackernagel, Jacob, et Albert Debrunner. ''Altindische Grammatik''. 3 voll. Goettingae, 1896-1954 ;Lexica * Mayrhofer, Manfred. [[2001]]. ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen.'' 3 vol. ISBN 3-8253-1477-4. * Monier-Williams, Monier. 1898. ''A Sanskrit-English Dictionary.'' * Mylius, Klaus. [[2005]]. ''Sanskrit–Deutsch, Deutsch–Sankrit: Wörterbuch.'' Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-05143-4. ;Artes grammaticae * Bartholomaeus, Paulus. ''Vyacarana'' (1904) [http://www.archive.org/details/vycaranaseulocu00bartgoog Textus apud archive.org] * Coulson, M. [[2003]]. ''Teach Yourself Sanskrit.'' Londinii: Teach Yourself, ISBN 0-340-85990-3 * Goldman, Robert P. [[1999]]. ''Devavāṇīpraveśikā: An Introduction to the Sanskrit Language.'' Berkeley: Center for South Asia Studies, University of California, ISBN 0-944613-40-3. * Kielhorn, Franz. [[1888]]. ''Grammatik der Sanskrit-Sprache.'' Berolini: Dümmler. * Maurer, Walter Harding. [[2000]]. ''The Sanskrit Language: An Introductory Grammar and Reader.'' Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, ISBN 0700713824. * Morgenroth, Wolfgang. [[1973]]. ''Lehrbuch des Sanskrit: Grammatik, Lektionen, Glossar.'' Lipsiae: Verlag Enzyklopädie * Shastri, Vagish. [[2000]]. ''Conversational Sanskrit.'' Varanasi: Vāgyoga Chetanāpitham, ISBN 81-85570-12-4. * Stenzler, Adolf Friedrich. ''Elementarbuch der Sanskrit-Sprache.'' Zahlreiche Auflagen (Die 7. Auflage 1902, und auch die 9. Auflage 1915 {{Ling|Theodisce}} [http://www.sanskritweb.net/deutsch/#BUECHER Textus interretialis] * Stiehl, Ulrich. ''Sanskrit-Kompendium. Ein Lehr-, Übungs- und Nachschlagewerk.'' Devanagari-Ausgabe. 4. überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Hüthig Jehle Rehm, Heidelberg 2007, ISBN 978-3-87081-539-4 [http://www.sanskritweb.net/deutsch/ Textus interretialis] * Whitney, William Dwight. [[1889]]. ''Sanskrit Grammar: Including both the Classical Language and the Older Dialects.'' Breitkopf & Härtel * Williams, Monier. [[1846]]. ''An elementary grammar of the Sanscrit language''. Londinii: W. H. Allen. {{Ling|Anglice}} {{Google Books|REQhAAAAMAAJ}} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Sanskrit|linguam Sanscritam}} * Lexicon Anglicum-Sanscritum et vice versa apud [http://spokensanskrit.de/ ''spokensanskrit.de dictionary''] * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/sanskrit.htm Lingua Sanscita] apud encyclopaedia [http://www.omniglot.com/ Omniglot] * [http://sanskritdocuments.org/TextsElsewhere.html Index litterarum Sanscritarum in interrete repertarum] * [http://veda.wikidot.com/sanskrit-numbers Numeri Sanscrite] apud Vicipaedia [http://veda.wikidot.com/ ''Veda''] {{InterWiki|code=sa}} {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Anthropologia}} [[Categoria:Lingua Sanscrita| ]] [[Categoria:Linguae auxiliares]] m0p2rslh8anrorzvo0rus1qg7xp14bb 0 10135 3979933 3978786 2026-08-09T21:43:26Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Videhom|Via lactea}} [[Fasciculus:NGC 4414 (NASA-med).jpg|thumb|Galaxias [[NGC 4414]], Latine [[Floccus Comae Berenices|Floccus]] [[Coma Berenices|Comae Berenices]], [[diametrum|diametro]] est circa 55 000 [[Spatium lucis annuae|spatiorum lucis annuae]] et circa 60 milliones spatiorum lucis annuae a [[Tellus|Tellure]] procul.]] '''Galaxias''' {{victio|galaxias|ae|m}} litteris Graecis γαλαξίας, est [[massa|massivum]] [[systema]] [[gravitatio]]nis conligatum quod in [[stella|stellis]], [[reliquiae stellarum|reliquiis stellarum]]<!-- STELLAR REMNANTS -->, et [[reliqua supernovae|reliquis supernovae]] [[medium interstellare|medio interstellari]] [[gasium|gasii]] [[pulvis cosmicus|pulverisque cosmici]], et parte gravi sed tenuiter comprehensa pro tempore [[materia obscura]] appellatum consistit.<ref name=nasa060812>{{cite web |last1=Hupp |first1=E. |last2=Roy |first2=S. |last3=Watzke |first3=M. |date=[[12 Augusti]] [[2006]] |title=NASA Finds Direct Proof of Dark Matter |url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2006/aug/HQ_06297_CHANDRA_Dark_Matter.html |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=[[17 Aprilis]] [[2007]] }}</ref> Galaxiae ordinarii inter se variant a [[galaxias nanus|nanis]], cum solum 10 millionum (10⁷) stellarum,<ref name=eso000503>{{cite web |date=2000-05-03 |title=Unveiling the Secret of a Virgo Dwarf Galaxy |url=http://www.eso.org/outreach/press-rel/pr-2000/pr-12-00.html |publisher=[[ESO]] |accessdate=[[3 Ianuarii]] [[2007]] }}</ref> ad gigantes, cum 100 trillionum (10¹⁴) stellarum,<ref name=science250_4980_539>{{cite journal |last1=Uson |first1=J. M. |last2=Boughn |first2=S. P. |last3=Kuhn |first3=J. R. |year=1990 |title=The central galaxy in Abell 2029 – An old supergiant |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1990-10-26_250_4980/page/539 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=250 |issue=4980 |pages=539–540 |bibcode=1990Sci...250..539U |doi=10.1126/science.250.4980.539 }}</ref> quorum omnes circa galaxiae [[medium massae]] moventer. Galaxiae multa [[systema stellarum|systemata stellarum]], [[fasciculus stellarum|fasciculos stellarum]]<!--star clusters-->, variasque [[nubes interstellaris|nubes interstellares]] contineri possunt. [[Sol]] est una ex stellis in galaxia [[Via Lactea]], et [[Systema Solare]], [[Tellus|Tellurem]], et omnes alias res comprehendit quae circa Solem moventur. ==Vocabula== [[Fasciculus:Hoag's object.jpg|thumb|Galaxias [[PGC 54559]], Latine [[Hoagium Serpentis|Hoagium]] [[Serpens (constellatio)|Serpentis]] vel Anglice ''Hoag's Object'', exemplum [[galaxias annularis|galaxiae annularis]].]] [[Vocabulum]] "galaxias" e [[lingua Graeca]] oritur, ubi interdum adiectivum (κύκλος γαλαξίας 'circulus lacteus'), interdum substantivum, [[nomen substantivum|nomen]] est illius galaxiae ubi habitamus nos, qui [[lingua Latina archaica|Latinitate antiqua]] a Graecizantibus "galaxias" appellari solebatur, sed ab aliis [[Via lactea]]. Tali modo nomina bina tam Graecum quam [[Anglice|Anglicum]] apud [[Galfridus Chaucer|Galfridum Chaucer]] poëtam [[saeculum 14|saeculi quarti decimi]] exeuntis reperiuntur: ::''See yonder, lo, the <u>Galaxyë</u>''<br /> ::''Which men clepeth the <u>Milky Wey</u>''<br /> ::''For hit is whyt.''<ref>[[Galfridus Chaucer]], ''[[The House of Fame]].''</ref> Galaxias extraneos [[Gulielmus Herschel]] anno [[1786]] enumerare conatus est, vera eorum [[natura]] nondum recognita: ille eos "[[nebula (astronomia)|nebulas]] spirales" nuncupavit. Tempore nostro nomen origine Graecum "galaxias" ad omnes res huius generis applicatur, nuncupatione "via lactea" ad galaxiam nostrum reservata. [[Saeculum|Saeculis]] [[saeculum 20|vicensimo]] et [[saeculum 21|vicensimo uno]] galaxiarum myriades, etiam distantissimorum, [[telescopium|telescopiorum]] ope recognoscuntur et enumerantur. Catalogis [[Ioannes Baptista Hodierna|Ioannis Baptistae Hodiernae]] anni [[1654]] et Gulielmi Herschel anni [[1786]] fere oblitis, astronomi galaxias appellare solent ex enumerationibus catalogorum [[Carolus Messier|Caroli Messier]] anno [[1771]] editi,<ref>Vide [[:Categoria:Res astronomicae nominibus Messier agnitae]].</ref> deinde ''[[New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars|NGC]]''<ref>Vide [[:Categoria:Res astronomicae nominibus NGC agnitae]].</ref> et ''[[Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars|IC]]'' post Herschel ab [[Iohannes Ludovicus Aemilius Dreyer|Iohanne Ludovico Aemilio Dreyer]] confecti, ''[[Catalogue of Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies|CGCG]]'' auctore [[Fridericus Zwicky|Friderico Zwicky]], ''[[Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies|MCG]]'' auctore [[Borises Voroncov-Vel'jaminov|Borise Voroncov-Vel'jaminov]], ''[[Uppsala General Catalogue of Galaxies|UGC]]'' anno [[1973]] apud [[Observatorium Astronomicum Upsaliense]], denuo [[Catalogue of Principal Galaxies|PGC]] anno [[1989]] confecti.<ref>Vide [http://messier.seds.org/xtra/similar/catalogs.html "Deep Sky Collections and Catalogs"] et [http://messier.seds.org/xtra/similar/similar.html "Deep Sky collections and catalogs similar to Messier's"] apud ''Students for the Exploration and Development of Space''; [http://archive.eso.org/starcat/astrocat/astrocat.html ''Astronomical Catalogues at the ESO/ST-ECF Archive.'']{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Galaxiae autem potiores nomina habent communia, variis linguis vernacularibus recognita. Ergo [[Gerardus Bodifee]], [[physicus]] [[Belgia|Belga]], et [[Michael Berger]] philologus catalogum elaboraverunt galaxiarum mille, titulo ''CMG'' seu ''[[Catalogue of One Thousand Named Galaxies]],'' in quo nomina singulis galaxiis Latina proponuntur.<ref>Vide bibliographiam et [http://www.bodifee.be/acms/acmsdata/document/9/184_CNG%20catalogue.pdf recensionem brevem]</ref> ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *{{Cite book |ref=harv |last1=Belkora |first1=L. |year=[[2003]] |title=Minding the Heavens: the Story of our Discovery of the Milky Way |publisher=CRC Press }} ISBN 0750307307 *{{Cite book |ref=harv |last1=Bertin |first1=G. |last2=Lin |first2=C.-C. |year=[[1996]] |title=Spiral Structure in Galaxies: a Density Wave Theory |url=https://archive.org/details/spiralstructurei0000bert |publisher=Cantabrigiae Massachusettensium: MIT Press | }} ISBN 0262023962 *{{Cite book |last1=Binney |first1=J. |last2=Merrifield |first2=M. |year=[[1998]] |title=Galactic Astronomy |url=https://archive.org/details/galacticastronom0000binn |publisher=Princetoniae: Princeton University Press | |oclc=39108765 }} ISBN 0691004021. *Bodifee, Gerard, et Michel Berger. [[2010]]. ''CMG: Catalogue of One Thousand Named Galaxies.'' 2 voll. Hove Belgiae: Volkssterrenwacht Urania. [http://www.bodifee.be/en-GB/Layout003.aspx?PID=136 De hoc libro]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [http://www.bodifee.be/acms/acmsdata/document/9/184_CNG%20catalogue.pdf Recensio brevis] *{{Cite book |last1=Dickinson |first1=T. |year=[[2004]] |title=The Universe and Beyond |url=https://archive.org/details/universebeyond0004dick |edition=4a |publisher=Firefly Books | |oclc=55596414 }} ISBN 1552979016. *Feiler, Michael, et Philip Noack. [[2005]]. ''Deep Sky: Reiseatlas; Sternhaufen, Nebel und Galaxien schnell und sicher finden.'' Erlangen: Oculum-Verlag. ISBN 3938469056. *Feitzinger, Johannes V. ''Galaxien und Kosmologie''. Stutgardiae: Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH. ISBN 9783440104903. {{Ling|Theodisce}} *{{Cite book |ref=harv |last1=Heidarzadeh |first1=T. |year=[[2008]] |title=A History of Physical Theories of Comets, from Aristotle to Whipple |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofphysica0000heid |publisher=Berolini: Springer | }} ISBN 140208322X. *Hetznecker, Helmut. [[2009]]. '''Kosmologische Strukturbildung: Von der Quantenfluktuation zur Galaxie.'' Heidelbergae: Spektrum. ISBN 9783827419354. *Ho, Houjun, Frank van den Bosch, et Simon White. [[2010]]. ''Galaxy Formation and Evolution.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521857932. *{{Cite book |ref=harv |last1=Kepple |first1=G. R. |last2=Sanner |first2=G. W. |year=[[1998]] |title=The Night Sky Observer's Guide, Volume 1 |publisher=Richmond Virginiae: Willmann-Bell | }} ISBN 0943396581. *Longair, Malcolm S. [[2008]]. ''Galaxy Formation.'' Berolini: Springer. ISBN 9783540734772. *Mackie, Glen. [[2011]]. ''The Multiwavelength Atlas of Galaxies.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521620628. *Merritt, D. [[2013]]. ''Dynamics and Evolution of Galactic Nuclei.'' Princetoniae: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400846122. *{{Cite book |ref=harv |last1=Paul |first1=E. R. |year=[[1993]] |title=The Milky Way Galaxy and Statistical Cosmology, 1890–1924 |url=https://archive.org/details/milkywaygalaxyst0000paul |publisher=Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press | }} ISBN 0521353637 *Schneider, Peter. [[2005]]. ''Einführung in die Extragalaktische Astronomie und Kosmologie.'' Heidelbergae: Springer. ISBN 3540258329. *{{Cite book |ref=harv |last1=Sparke |first1=L. S. |last2=Gallagher III |first2=J. S. |year=[[2000]] |title=Galaxies in the Universe: An Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/galaxiesinuniver0000spar |publisher=Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press | }} ISBN 0521597044. *Van den Bergh, S. [[1998]]. ''Galaxy Morphology and Classification.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521623359. *{{cite book |ref=harv |last1=Waller |first1=W. H. |last2=Hodge |first2=P. W. |year=[[2003]] |title=Galaxies and the Cosmic Frontier |url=https://archive.org/details/galaxiescosmicfr0000wall |publisher=Cantabrigiae Massachusettensium: Harvard University Press | }} ISBN 0674010795. {{NexInt}} * [[Astronomia galactica]] * [[Ordo Hubble]] * [[Immanis diruptio]] * [[Celeritas lucis]] * [[Iactus (astrophysica)]] * [[Messier 63|Helianthus Canum Venaticorum]] * [[Materia nigra]] * [[Nebula (astronomia)]] * [[Punctulum rubrum (galaxiarum genus)]] * [[Systema solare]] ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Galaxies|galaxias}} *T. H. Jarrett, ''[http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/2mass/gallery/galmorph/ Near-Infrared Galaxy Morphology Atlas]'' apud [[Institutum Technologiae Californiense]] *Wolfgang Steinicke, ''[http://www.klima-luft.de/steinicke/ Astronomie: Deep-Sky Objekte (Kataloge, Geschichte, visuelle Beobachtung) - Kosmologie - Theoretische Physik]'' {{Ling|Theodisce|Anglice}} *''[http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/ An Atlas of The Universe]'' *"[https://web.archive.org/web/20150912191650/http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies/ Galaxies — Information and amateur observations]" apud ''NightSkyInfo'' *''[https://web.archive.org/web/20100317000419/http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/research/gr/public/gal_home.html Cambridge Cosmology: Galaxies]'' **"[https://web.archive.org/web/20150307142214/http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/research/gr/public/gal_lss.html Galaxy Clusters and Large-Scale Structure]" *"[https://web.archive.org/web/20060411094750/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm "The First Starlight]" apud ''[[NASA]] Science: Science News'' (2002) *"[http://www.galaxyzoo.org Galaxy classification project: harnessing the power of the internet and the human brain]" apud ''Galaxy Zoo'' *"[https://web.archive.org/web/20150821071507/http://www.physics.org/facts/sand-galaxies.asp How do we know how many galaxies are in our universe?]" apud physics.org *"[http://www.astronoo.com/en/galaxies.html Galaxies and the Milky Way]" apud ''Astronoo'' [[Categoria:Astronomia]] [[Categoria:Galaxiae|!]] [[Categoria:Verba Graeca mutuata]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} g6gmdp93f06ykcf5l6jsfd9f211kx1s 0 10233 3979956 3978535 2026-08-09T22:10:16Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Formicae | fossil_range = {{fossil range|130|0|r=[[Cretaceum]] > [[Recens]]}} | image = Ant bridge.jpg | image_caption = [[Formicae legionariae]]<!--army ants--> [[pons|pontem]] formant. | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Hymenoptera]] | subordo = [[Apocrita]] | superfamilia = [[Vespoidea]] | familia = '''Formicidae''' | familia_authority = [[Petrus Andreas Latreille|Latreille]], [[1809]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Subfamilia]]e | subdivision = *[[Aenictogitoninae]] *[[Agroecomyrmecinae]] *[[Amblyoponinae]] (inter quas "[[Apomyrminae]]") *[[Aneuretinae]] *[[Cerapachyinae]] *[[Dolichoderinae]] *[[Ecitoninae]] (inter quas "[[Dorylinae]]" et "[[Aenictinae]]") *[[Ectatomminae]] *[[Formicinae]] *[[Heteroponerinae]] *[[Leptanillinae]] *[[Leptanilloidinae]] *[[Martialinae]] *[[Myrmeciinae]] (inter quas "[[Nothomyrmeciinae]]") *[[Myrmicinae]] *[[Paraponerinae]] *[[Ponerinae]] *[[Proceratiinae]] *[[Pseudomyrmecinae]] [[Cladogramma]] [[subfamilia]]rum formicarum {{clade|style=font-size:75%;line-height:75% |1={{clade| |1=[[Martialinae]] |2=[[Leptanillinae]] |3=[[Amblyoponinae]] |4=[[Paraponerinae]] |5=[[Agroecomyrmecinae]] |6=[[Ponerinae]] |7=[[Proceratiinae]] |8={{clade| |1={{clade| |1={{clade| |1=[[Ecitoninae]] |2=[[Aenictinae]] |3={{clade| |1=[[Dorylini]] |2=[[Aenictogitoninae]] }} }} |2=[[Cerapachyinae]]* |3=[[Leptanilloidinae]] }} |2={{clade| |1={{clade| |1={{clade| |1=[[Dolichoderinae]] |2=[[Aneuretinae]] }} |2={{clade| |1=[[Pseudomyrmecinae]] |2=[[Myrmeciinae]] }} }} |2={{clade| |1={{clade| |1=[[Ectatomminae]] |2=[[Heteroponerinae]] }} |2=[[Myrmicinae]] |3=[[Formicinae]] }} }} }} }} }} [[Phylogenia]] [[subfamilia]]rum formicarum exstantium.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ward |first=Philip S |title=Phylogeny, classification, and species-level taxonomy of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=1668 | year=2007 |pages=549–563| url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/zt01668p563.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name=martialis>{{cite journal|author=Rabeling C, Brown JM & Verhaagh M|year=2008|title=Newly discovered sister lineage sheds light on early ant evolution|journal=PNAS|doi=10.1073/pnas.0806187105|volume=105|page=14913|pmid=18794530|issue=39|pmc=2567467|bibcode = 2008PNAS..10514913R|pages=14913–7}}.</ref><br/> <nowiki>*</nowiki>Cerapachyinae sunt [[paraphyleticus|paraphyleticae]]. }} '''Formica''' {{victio|formica|ae|f}} est quaelibet ex permultis [[species|speciebus]] [[insecta|insectorum]] [[eusocialitas|socialium]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Formicidae|Formicidarum]] et, cum [[Vespa|vespis]] [[apis (genus)|apibusque]] insectis cognatis, [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordinis]] [[Hymenoptera|Hymenopterorum]]. Formicae se [[evolutio|evolvebant]] ex maioribus vesparum similibus medio [[Aevum Cretaceum|Aevo Cretaceo]], abhinc annorum 110 ad 130 [[millio]]nes, et se latissime [[radiatio evolutionaria|variabant]] postquam [[angiospermae|plantae florentes]] ortae erant.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100618130157/http://www.harvardscience.harvard.edu/animal-vegetable-mineral/articles/ants-are-surprisingly-ancient-arising-140-168-million-years-ago Ants are surprisingly ancient, arising 140-168 million years ago.]</ref> Plus quam 12&thinsp;500 ex summa aestimata 22&thinsp;000 [[species|specierum]] a [[zoologus|zoologis]] descriptae sunt.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/15/science/15wils.html | title=Taking a Cue From Ants on Evolution of Humans|first=Nicholas|last=Wade|work=New York Times|date=[[15 Iulii]] [[2008]]}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://atbi.biosci.ohio-state.edu:210/hymenoptera/tsa.sppcount?the_taxon=Formicidae | title=Hymenoptera name server. Formicidae species count. |publisher=[[Ohio State University]]}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book |coauthors=D. Agosti N. F. Johnson |title = La nueva taxonomía de hormigas. Pages 45-48 in Fernández, F. Introducción a las hormigas de la región neotropical. |publisher = Instituto Humboldt, Bogotá |year = [[2003]] |url= http://antbase.org/ants/publications/20973/20973.pdf}}.</ref> Earum [[antenna (biologia)|antennis]] sicut [[cubitum (anatomia)|cubita]] curva et propriá structurá sicut nodus quae tenuissimum corpus medium conformat facile agnoscuntur. [[Fasciculus:Meat eater ant feeding on honey02.jpg|thumb|left|150px|''[[Iridomyrmex purpureus]]'' [[mel]]le [[victus|vescitur]].]] Plurimae formicarum species communiter in [[colonia|coloniis]] perennibus [[habitatio|habitant]], quae [[magnitudo|magnitudine]] variant inter fere quinquaginta singulos [[praedator]]ios qui in parvis foraminibus [[natura]]libus vivunt et in coloniis bene ordinatis, quae magnas [[regio]]nes occupare et ex millionibus singulorum constare possunt. Maiores coloniae plerumque in [[femina (sexus)|feminis]] [[sterilitas|sterilibus]] sine [[ala|alis]] consistunt, quae "[[faber|fabros]]," "[[miles|milites]]," vel alios greges proprios sunt. Paene omnibus coloniis sunt nonnulli [[mas|mares]] fertiles, fuci appellati, et una vel plures feminae fertiles, [[formica regina|reginae]] appellatae. Coloniae aliquando appellantur [[superorganismus|superorganismi]] quia singuli ut videntur effectum habent ut una res, coniunctim laborantes ad sustinendam coloniam.<ref>{{cite book | author=G. F. Oster et E. O. Wilson | year=[[1978]] | title=Caste and ecology in the social insects | url=https://archive.org/details/casteecologyinso00osterich | publisher=Princetoniae: Princeton University Press | pages=[https://archive.org/details/casteecologyinso00osterich/page/21 21]–22 | isbn=0-691-02361-1}}.</ref> [[Fasciculus:Formica rufa2 mrowka rudnica.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Formicae [[species|speciei]] ''[[Solenopsis invicta]]e.'']] [[Fasciculus:Bullant head detail.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[Myrmecia]]'' [[maxilla (insectum)|maxilla]]s potentem et magnos [[oculus|oculos]] compositos<!--that provide excellent vision--> monstrat.]] [[Fasciculus:Scheme ant worker anatomy-en.svg|thumb|300px|Diagramma fabri speciei ''[[Pachycondyla verenae|Pachycondylae verenae]]'' (tabula [[Anglice]] signata).]] [[Fasciculus:WeaverAntsAgainstRedAnt.JPG|thumb|200px|Formicae generis ''[[Oecophylla]]e'' formicam [[ruber|rubram]] coniunctim discerpunt.<!--(the two at the extremities are pulling the red ant, while the middle one cuts the red ant until it snaps)-->.]] [[Fasciculus:Ant trail.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Trames]] formicarum.]] [[Fasciculus:Plectroctena sp ants.jpg|thumb|200px|Alia ''[[Plectroctena]]'' aliam oppugnat ad defendendam suam terram.]] [[Fasciculus:WeaverAntDefense.JPG|thumb|200px|Formica generis ''[[Oecophylla]]e'' gestum pugnacem monstrat, [[maxilla (insectum)|maxilla]] aperta.]] [[Fasciculus:Ants in amber.jpg|thumb|200px|Formicae in [[sucinum|sucino]] [[Mare Balticum|Baltico]] [[fossile|fossiles]] conservantur.]] Formicae colonias in paene omnibus [[tellus|orbis terrarum]] [[regio]]nibus [[aedificium|aedificant.]] Solae regiones formicis omnino carentes sunt [[Antarctica]] et paucae [[insula]]e inhospitales. Formicae in plurimis [[oecosystema]]tibus vigent, ubi in 15–25 centesimis [[biomassa (oecologia)|biomassae]] [[animal terrestre|animalium terrestrium]] consistere possunt.<ref name="schultz">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schultz TR | title = In search of ant ancestors | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 97 | issue = 26 | pages = 14028–9 | date = December 2000 | pmid = 11106367 | pmc = 34089 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.011513798| bibcode = 2000PNAS...9714028S}}.</ref> Prosperitas in permultis circumiectibus earum organizationi sociali facultatique mutandarum [[habitatio]]num, adhibendarum opium, et sui defendendarum tributa est. Earum [[coevolutio]] diutina cum aliis speciebus ad coniunctiones [[imitatio|mimeticas]], [[commensalismus|commensales]], [[parasitismus|parasiticas]], [[mutualismus|mutuas]] impulit.<ref name=TheAntsRelations>Hölldobler et Wilson 1990: 471.</ref> Societatibus formicarum sunt [[divisio laboris]], [[communicatio]] inter singulos, et potestas [[difficultates solvere|solvendarum difficultatum multiplicum]]<!--nexus:problem solving-->.<ref name="SANdisk">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dicke E, Byde A, Cliff D, Layzell P |year=2004 |title=An ant-inspired technique for storage area network design |journal=Proceedings of Biologically Inspired Approaches to Advanced Information Technology: First International Workshop, BioADIT 2004 LNCS 3141 |pages=364–379 |editor1=A. J. Ispeert |editor2=M. Murata |editor3=N. Wakamiya }}</ref> Hae similitudines cum [[civilizatio|societatibus humanis]] [[entomologia|entomologos]] aliosque spectatores diu excitaverunt, proque quaestione studii fuerunt. Multae [[cultura]]e humanae formicis in [[ars coquinaria|arte coquinaria]], [[medicina]], et [[ritus|ritibus]] utuntur. Nonnullae species magni fiunt in earum persona ut procuratores [[biologica pestium moderatio|biologicae pestium moderationis]]<!--biological pest control-->.<ref name = HolldoblerWilsonAnts3>Hölldobler et Wilson 1990: 619–629.</ref> Earum autem facultas adhibendarum opium eas contendere cum [[homo|hominibus]] cogere potest, quia eae messes laedere et in [[aedificium|aedificia]] invadere possunt. Nonnullae species, sicut ''[[Solenopsis invicta]],'' habentur [[species invasiva]], quae se facile confirmant in [[regio]]nibus ubi fortuito introductae sunt.<ref name="pests">{{cite web|url=http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7411.html|title=Pest Notes: Ants (Publication 7411)|publisher=University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources|year=2007|access-date=5 Iunii 2008}}.</ref> Saepe ad habitandum colonia [[cumulus formicarum|cumulum]]<ref>{{Kirp|муравейник}}</ref> magnum aedificat. ==Taxinomia et evolutio== {{cladogram| |caption=Phylogeneticus Formicidarum locus.<ref>{{cite journal | author=D. J. Brothers | year=[[1999]] | title=Phylogeny and evolution of wasps, ants and bees (Hymenoptera, Chrysisoidea, Vespoidea, and Apoidea) | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_zoologica-scripta_1999_28_1-2/page/233 | journal=Zoologica Scripta | volume=28 | pages=233–249 | doi=10.1046/j.1463-6409.1999.00003.x}}.</ref> |cladogram={{clade| style=font-size:75%;line-height:75% |label1=[[Vespoidea]] |1={{clade |1=[[Sierolomorphidae]] |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Tiphiidae]] |2={{clade |1=[[Sapygidae]] |2=[[Mutillidae]] }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Pompilidae]] |2=[[Rhopalosomatidae]] }} |2={{clade |1='''Formicidae''' |2={{clade |1=[[Vespidae]] |2=[[Scoliidae]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} Familia Formicidarum ad ordinem [[Hymenoptera|Hymenopterorum]] pertinet, quae etiam subordinem [[Symphyta|Symphytorum]], superfamiliam [[Apoidea|Apoideorum]], et alia [[insecta]] [[subordo|subordinis]] [[Apocrita|Apocritorum]] comprehendit. Formicae se ex stirpe intra [[Vespoidea]] evolverunt. Indicia [[fossile|fossilia]] significant formicas [[Aevum Iurassicum|Iurassico]] exeunte vixisse, abhinc annorum 150 milliones.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scienceblog.com/community/older/1996/A/199600496.html |title=Two Recent Fossil Discoveries Show Insects' Recycling Traits |year=[[1996]] |work=Science Blog |publisher=University of Colorado at Boulder}}.</ref> [[Angiospermae|Plantae florentes]], abhinc annorum 100 milliones ortae, variatae sunt et dominatum [[oecologia|oecologicum]] abhinc annorum 60 milliones ceperunt.<ref name="grimaldi2001">{{cite journal | author=D. Grimaldi, D. Agosti |year=[[2001]] |title=A formicine in New Jersey Cretaceous amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and early evolution of the ants |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=97 | pages=13678–13683 | url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/ijlink? linkType=ABST&journalCode=pnas&resid=97/25/13678 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.240452097 |pmid=11078527 |issue=25 |pmc=17635|bibcode = 2000PNAS...9713678G}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Science |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/312/5770/101 | doi = 10.1126/science.1124891 | title=Phylogeny of the ants: Diversification in the Age of Angiosperms |author=C. S. Moreau, C. D. Bell, R. Vila, S. B. Archibald, N. E. Pierce |volume=312 | issue=5770 |pages=101–104 |year=[[2006]] |pmid=16601190 | bibcode = 2006Sci...312..101M }}.</ref><ref name=riseofants>{{Cite journal | volume = 102 | issue = 21 | pages = 7411–7414 | author= [[Eduardus O. Wilson]], B. Hölldobler | title = The rise of the ants: A phylogenetic and ecological explanation | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/102/21/7411 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0502264102 | year = [[2005]] | pmid = 15899976 | pmc = 1140440|bibcode = 2005PNAS..102.7411W}}.</ref> Anno [[1966]], [[Eduardus O. Wilson]] et socii [[fossile|fossilia]] formicae ''[[Sphecomyrma freyi|Sphecomyrmae freyi]]'' reliquia agnoverunt, quae [[Aevum Cretaceum|Aevo Cretaceo]] vixerat. Specimen, in [[sucinum|sucino]] captum ex [[tempus absolutum|aevo]]<!--nexus:absolute dating--> abhinc annorum plus quam 80 milliones, proprietates formicarum et vespoideorum habet.<ref>{{cite journal | author= [[Eduardus O. Wilson]], F. M. Carpenter, W. L. Brown | title=The first Mesozoic ants | url= https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1967-09-01_157_3792/page/1038 |journal=Science |year=[[1967]] |volume=157 |pages=1038–1040 | doi = 10.1126/science.157.3792.1038 | pmid=17770424 | issue=3792|bibcode = 1967Sci...157.1038W}}.</ref> [[Sphecomyrma|Haec insecta]] probabiliter fuerunt pabulatores terrestres, sed nonnulli subiciunt, propter greges sicut [[Leptanillinae]] et [[Martialinae]], veri simile esse formicas priscas fuisse [[praedator]]es subterraneos.<ref name=martialis/> [[Cretaceum|Aevo Cretaceo]], nonnullae formicarum priscarum species late in [[supercontinens|supercontinente]] [[Laurasia]] ([[Hemisphaerium Septentrionale|Hemisphaerio Septentrionali]]) errabant. Contra numeros aliorum [[insecta|insectorum]], eae formicae erant rarae, fortasse solum 1 centesima omnium insectorum illius temporis. Eae autem dominatum ceperunt post [[radiation adaptiva|radiationem adaptivam]]{{dubsig}} [[Aevum Palaeogenum|Aevo Palaeogeno]] ineunte. Ab aevis [[Oligocaenum|Oligocaeno]] et [[Miocaenum|Miocaeno]], formicae factae sunt 20–40 centesimae omnium insectorum in maioribus fossilium depositis inventorum. Ex speciebus quae [[Eocaenum|Eocaeno]] vivebant, circa [[unus|unum]] ex [[decem]] generibus ad praesentem supervivunt. Genera iam exstantia sunt 56 centesimae generum in fossilibus in sucino [[regio Baltica|Baltico]] conservatorum (Oligocaeno ineunte), et 92 centesimae generum in sucino [[Respublica Dominicana|Dominicano]] (ut videtur Miocaeno ineunte).<ref name="grimaldi2001"/><ref name=TheAntEvo>Hölldobler & Wilson (1990), 23–24.</ref> Membra [[epifamilia]]e [[Termitoidae|Termitoidarum]], quamquam in variis [[lingua|linguis]] ''formicae albae'' appellantur, formicae non existimantur; quae pertinent revera ad ordinem [[Isoptera|Isopterorum]]. Termitoidae, aliis [[Blattodea|Blattodeis]] et [[Mantidae|Mantidis]] artius cognatae, etiam sunt [[eusocialitas|eusociales]], sed inter se magnopere in [[genetica]] [[systema reproductionis|reproductionis]] variantur. Quod earum [[structura socialis]] eiusdem formicarum similis est [[evolutio convergens|evolutioni convergenti]] tribuitur.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Thorne|first=Barbara L|year=[[1997]] | title=Evolution of eusociality in termites|journal=Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. |volume=28 | pages=27–53|url=http://www.thornelab.umd.edu/Termite_PDFS/EvolutionEusocialityTermites.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.27}}.</ref> [[Mutillidae]] ad magnas formicas accedunt, sed [[Vespoidea]] [[femina (sexus)|feminea]] sine [[ala|alis]] sunt.<ref>[http://bugguide.net/node/view/601964 Bugguide] apud bugguide.net. Accessum [[24 Augusti]] [[2012]].</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bugguide.net/node/view/69 | title=Order Isoptera – Termites | accessdate=[[12 Iunii]] [[2008]] | publisher=Iowa State University Entomology | date=[[16 Februarii]] [[2004]] | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080615140449/http://bugguide.net/node/view/69| archivedate= [[15 Iunii]] [[2008]] | deadurl= no}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bugguide.net/node/view/159/ |title=Family Mutillidae&nbsp;– Velvet ants |publisher=Iowa State University Entomology |date=[[16 Februarii]] [[2004]] | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080630045231/http://bugguide.net/node/view/159/| archivedate=[[30 Iunii]] [[2008]]| deadurl= no}}.</ref> {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} *[[Acidum formicum]] *[[M. C. Escher]] *''[[Formica (genus)|Formica]]'' (genus) *[[Formicidae]] *[[Index Doloris Punctorum Starranus]] *''[[Myrmecological News]]'' (diarium) *[[Punctum formicae]] *''[[The Ants]]'' {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Bolton, Barry. [[1995]]. ''A New General Catalogue of the Ants of the World. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674615144. * {{cite book|author=Borror, D. J., C. A. Triplehorn, et D. M.Delong|title=Introduction to the Study of Insects, ed. 6a|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontost0000borr_c8c3|publisher=Saunders College Publishing|year=[[1989]]|isbn=0030253977}} * {{cite book |author=Hölldobler, B., et E. O. Wilson|title=The Ants |url=https://archive.org/details/ants0000holl|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=[[1990]]|isbn=0674040759}} * {{cite book|author=Hölldobler, B., et E. O. Wilson|year=[[1998]]|title=Journey to the Ants: A Story of Scientific Exploration|url=https://archive.org/details/journeytoants00holl|publisher=Belknap Press|isbn=0674485262}} * {{cite book|author=Hölldobler, B., et E. O. Wilson|year=[[1990]]|title=The Ants|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9783540520924}} * {{cite book|author=Hölldobler, B., et E. O. Wilson|year=[[2009]]|title=The Superorganism: The Beauty, Elegance and Strangeness of Insect Societies|url=https://archive.org/details/superorganismbea0000holl|publisher=Norton & Co.|isbn=9780393067040}} == Nexus externi == {{fontes biologici}} {{wikiquote}} {{CommuniaCat|Formicidae|formicas}} {{Wikispecies|Formicidae|''formicas''}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141027044504/http://www.antweb.org/ Antweb,] apud www.antweb.org (California Academy of Sciences) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161119084919/http://www.antblog.co.uk/ AntBlog,] apud www.antblog.co.uk (de studio coloniarum formicarum) * [http://antbase.org/ AntBase,] apud antbase.org (database taxonomicum cum fontibus in litteris) * [http://www.pestworld.org/pest-guide/ant/ "Ant Species Fact Sheets on Argentine, Carpenter, Odorous House Ants and other species,"]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} apud www.pestworld.org * [http://www.antmacroecology.org/ant_genera/index.html "Ant Genera of the World,"] apud www.antmacroecology.org (tabulae distributionis) * [http://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Formicidae Imagines, nexus, etc.,] apud www.discoverlife.org (Discover Life) * [http://bugguide.net/node/view/165 BugGuide,] apud bugguide.net * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090212115241/http://gap.entclub.org/ Global Ant Project,] apud gap.entclub.org * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090807120842/http://nap.entclub.org/ Navajo Ant Project,] apud nap.entclub.org * [http://ant.edb.miyakyo-u.ac.jp/BE/Gakken79/title.html Gakushu Kenkyusha (1979), ''Ants: Gakken's Photo Encyclopedia,''] apud ant.edb.miyakyo-u-ac.jp * [https://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermReviews/Myrmecophytes.html "The super-nettles: a dermatologist's guide to ants-in-the-plants,"] apud www.botanical-dermatology-database.info *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120906081055/http://anic.ento.csiro.au/ants/index.aspx "Australian Ants, A CSIRO guide to their identification and distribution,"] apud anic.ento.csiro.au {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Biologia}} [[Categoria:Formicidae| ]] [[Categoria:Insecta dilecta]] [[Categoria:Symbiosis]] [[Categoria:Taxa Latreille]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1809]] [[Categoria:Vespoidea]] 4btnhrqgrt08mwissykh2c8e10onufq 0 10624 3980090 3359747 2026-08-10T00:12:24Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videhom|sensus (discretiva)}} [[Imago:Makart Fuenf Sinne.jpg|thumb|''Die fünf Sinne'' ('Quinque sensus'), pictura a [[Ioannes Makart|Ioanne Makart]] circa annum 1879 facta.]] '''Sensus''' est facultas [[systema sensorium|systematis sensorium]] vel membrum corporis, quo mundus exterior interiorve percipi potest. Homini sunt quinque sensus: #[[visus]]<ref>[Bröder https://books.google.de/books?id=O9pFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA93&dq=gustum+Kleine+lateinische+Grammatik:+mit+leichten+Lectionen+f%C3%BCr+Anf%C3%A4nger&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjD3KWHqujTAhWJWhoKHZxEC30Q6AEIKjAB#v=onepage&q=gustum%20Kleine%20lateinische%20Grammatik%3A%20mit%20leichten%20Lectionen%20f%C3%BCr%20Anf%C3%A4nger&f=false] (1832) scripsit in grammatica breve sua: visum, auditum, olfactum, gustum et tactum</ref> sive sensus videndi. #[[auditus]] sive sensus audiendi. #[[tactus]] sive sensus hapticus. #[[gustatus]] sive sensus gustandi in [[lingua (anatomia)|lingua]] [[vertebrata|vertebratorum]] situs. #[[odoratus]] sive sensus [[odor|olfaciendi]] in [[nasus|naso]] [[vertebrata|vertebratorum]] situs. == Nullorum sensuum specificatorum imperio obnoxiosa perceptio == === Tempus === {{Main|Tempus}} [[Perceptio]]nes temporum [[philosophia]] et [[psychologia]] et [[neuroscientia]] spectant. Temporis perceptio sensus est species minus clara et aliis internis fontibus [[cerebrum|cerebri]] comprehensio temporis. === Sensus efficiendi === {{Main|Sensus efficiendi}} Animadversio per se ipsa initiandi et efficiendi [[voluntas libera|voluntate libera]]. Detrimentum, ut in [[schizophrenia]], huius sensus torporem efficere potest. === Familiaritas === Familiaritas est functio [[memoria]]e durae<ref>{{cite journal | last = Mandler | year = 1980 | title = Recognizing: the judgement of prior occurrence | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-review_1980-05_87_3/page/252 | journal = psychological review | volume = 87| pages = 252–271 | doi = 10.1037/0033-295X.87.3.252}}</ref>. == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Auris]] * [[Oculus]] * [[Paralysis]] * [[Sensualismus]] * [[Synaesthesia]] * [[Allegoriae sensuum coniunctorum (Bruegel)|Allegoriae sensuum coniunctorum]], picturae Ioannis Bruegel * [[Allegoriae sensuum separatorum (Bruegel)|Allegoriae sensuum separatorum]], picturae Ioannis Bruegel [[Categoria:Sensus|!]] [[pt:Sentido]] {{Myrias|Anthropologia}} ki74i5nfja433wi7htn7brx1i6ej11t 1 11287 3980188 3263398 2026-08-10T04:27:13Z ~2026-42524-32 213256 /* sive Vasingtopolis */ Reply 3980188 wikitext text/x-wiki == Campus Columbiae aut Regio Columbiae == Should Campus Columbiae of Regio Columbiae be used?[[Usor:Davus618|Davus618]] 00:46, 16 Februarii 2006 (UTC) *In Caroli Egger '''LEXICON NOMINVM LOCORVM''' "Territorium Columbianum" (n.) nomen est.[[Usor:D Ambulans|D Ambulans]] 01:06, 16 Februarii 2006 (UTC) Smith et Hall Heroopolis, -is, f. habent. [[Formula:William Smith]] [[Usor:Alex1011|Alex1011]] 12:30, 20 Augusti 2006 (UTC) The basic sense of ''campus'' is 'plain, field'. In recollection & honor of the ''Campus Martius'' at Rome, the ''Campus'' in the District of Columbia is obviously the Mall, no? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] :http://books.google.com/books?id=PiYDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6&dq=districtus+columbiae&source=web&ots=20AVlzS8J_&sig=3fXUMUbcGaYoO88UJ0DgazH8AHI&hl=la#PPA5,M1 Settled? --[[Usor:Ioscius Rocchius|Ioscius]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioscius Rocchius|(disp)]]}</small> 16:52, 30 Martii 2008 (UTC) ::Je crois que oui. Vide etiam ''Columbianus'' (voce Romano) non ''Columbiae'' (voce Anglica). [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 17:02, 30 Martii 2008 (UTC) ==Dies Annique== Cur haec res diebus annisque Romanis utitur? Ut difficile legere fiat? Sine usu, mea sententia, est. [[Usor:Sinister Petrus|Sinister Petrus]] 03:42, 20 Augusti 2006 (UTC) :Consentio scilicet. Paginae quae Americae important tam in statibus malissimis sunt, ut modo cogitatio eas emendare conandi caput meum permaxime doleat...--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus Rocchio]] 06:35, 20 Augusti 2006 (UTC) ::Proh dolor! Mihi caput dolens tuum diplicet. Etiam dies annique mutati sunt. [[Usor:Sinister Petrus|Sinister Petrus]] 01:15, 21 Augusti 2006 (UTC) :::The precedence from other wikis is to follow the formatting that was origionally used in the article. I have reverted the changes in accordance with that. [[Usor:Davus618|Davus618]] 18:15, 30 Augusti 2006 (UTC) ::I have reverted your changes in accordance with ''our'' policies.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus Rocchio]] 18:16, 30 Augusti 2006 (UTC) :::I assume good face and that you mean Vicipaedia's policies by "''our'' policies;" however I did not see the policy you are refering to. The [[Auxilium pro editione (latine)|Auxilium pro editione]] points one to other wikipedias for editing styles. Based both on Wikipedia's stance on CE/BCE vs. AD/BC and on the Auxilium pro editione article's section on dates I would conclude that keeping Roman dates in the system is the correct course of action. [[Usor:Davus618|Davus618]] 18:26, 30 Augusti 2006 (UTC) ::::I agree, I did not see it either on page [[Auxilium pro editione (latine)]] ;-) But there is a reference to [[Vicipaedia:Numeri Romani]]. And I see, you haven't been ''officially'' welcomed yet, so I did it on your talk page. ;-) --[[Usor:Roland2|Roland]] <small>([[Disputatio Usoris:Roland2|disp.]])</small> 20:03, 30 Augusti 2006 (UTC) :::::<s>Hey! I've not been officially welcomed either. ;) [[Usor:Sinister Petrus|Sinister Petrus]] 20:08, 30 Augusti 2006 (UTC)</s>--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus Rocchio]] 20:17, 30 Augusti 2006 (UTC) ::Interjecting here, you may both agree, but it most certainly does address roman dates, saying them to be both "unwieldly and unsightly".--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus Rocchio]] 20:15, 30 Augusti 2006 (UTC) :::It also specifically says that Roman dates can be used "if wanted." [[Usor:Davus618|Davus618]] 20:51, 30 Augusti 2006 (UTC) P.S. I reformatted the thread so it would be more logical--hopefully no one minds. ::I certainly don't mind. As I said, it may need a rewrite. The problem again is that this is not a roman wikipedia. The old style of dates went out of practice in the christian era. There isn't much practical use for them these days.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus Rocchio]] 21:05, 30 Augusti 2006 (UTC) :::The article '''Ioannes Bosco''' contains the Roman numeral MDCCCMXV. I think that's an example of the unwieldiness that Ioshus decries, not least because I can't figure it out! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 21:23, 30 Augusti 2006 (UTC) ::Right, "arabic" numerals are in use for a reason.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus Rocchio]] 01:01, 31 Augusti 2006 (UTC) :::Indo-Arabic numerals are used for complicated numbers in Roman numbers such as the one the IacobusAmor pointed out (however that numeral makes no sense); however, this is nothing supporting the use of I nor 1 instead of the other. [[Usor:Davus618|Davus618]] 04:09, 31 Augusti 2006 (UTC) ::Same principle though. Who wants to subtract 753 years from every date they see. Same principle for lower case letters and punctuation. It's the modern mode. I feel your desire for an antiquated feel, but so few people read roman numerals well, and fewer know the roman date system.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus Rocchio]] 04:14, 31 Augusti 2006 (UTC) :::Truth be told, I have had to look for most of the Roman dates on the days of the year articles I've written. Not that I can't figure them out, but it's never been important enough to be more than a curiosity to aware of and understand in rough outline. There is no way I'd recognize any dates other than the Kalends or their pridie or the Ides of March (and no other month). [[Usor:Sinister Petrus|Sinister Petrus]] 05:25, 31 Augusti 2006 (UTC) ::::I move: :::::'''(1) that all dates throughout Vicipaedia take either of the forms "31 Augusti 2006" and "31 Aug. 2006," with "a.C.n." and "p.C.n." added only when disambiguation is necessary; :::::'''(2) except that dates that occurred during, and were pertinent to, the lives of ancient Romans, or their imitators in later ages, may in parentheses take the form prescribed by the Roman system, in any of several styles, which may vary as appropriate, thus: ::::::'''28 March 58 a.C.n. (a. d. V Kal. Apr. DCLXXXVI AUC) ::::::'''28 March 58 a.C.n. (ad diem quintum Kalendas Aprilis DCLXXXVI ab urbe condita) ::::::'''28 March 58 a.C.n. (ad diem quintum Kalendas Aprilis DCLXXXVI anno urbis conditae) ::::::'''28 March 58 a.C.n. (a. d. V Kal. Apr., L. Pisone A. Gabinio coss.) ::::::'''28 March 58 a.C.n. (ad diem quintum Kalendas Aprilis, Lucio Pisone Aulo Gabinio consulibus); :::::'''(3) and that dates may in parentheses take the forms prescribed by other calendars where appropriate.''' ::::A punctuational nuance: for about fifty years, American genealogists (of whom there are millions) have been omitting the period after abbreviations in dates; consequently, the form "31 Aug 2006" may be acceptable to many, but it should probably ''not'' be in free variation with "31 Aug. 2006" (with the period): professional copyeditors would prefer that an encyclopedia use one form or the other. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 14:03, 31 Augusti 2006 (UTC) ::I addend that BCE and CE should have Latin translations, but agree that BC and AD or in our case ACN or PCN are antiquated and should be replaced by common era/before common era. I do not want to think about Christ every time I write a date. I move not to abbreviate the month, but write out 31 Augusti 2006, duing away with the punctuational nuance. Also agree that it is appropriate to include in parentheses roman style dates if we are talking about ancient romans, or as Iacobus says, their imitators.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus Rocchio]] 14:44, 31 Augusti 2006 (UTC) :::I agree with the observation about Christ: putting Christ in dates offends many, possibly a majority of the people in the world. Is there an acceptable Latin translation for "(Before) Common Era", one that would be obvious to ignoramuses&mdash;that is, one that would use the initials (B)CE? For ''Common,'' we could have ''Communis, -e''; but ''Era'' is apparently a late Latin metaphor (drawn from ''aera''), and the Romans might have preferred something like ''Aevum'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 14:50, 31 Augusti 2006 (UTC) ::::The traditional translation of 'Common Era' is [[Aera Vulgaris]]. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 23:56, 30 Martii 2008 (UTC) :::Sententias sursum scriptas movi ad [[Vicipaedia:Taberna]]m.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus Rocchio]] 15:13, 31 Augusti 2006 (UTC) ::::While your proposal is somewhat reasonable I suggest you propose it in the propper place--with some changes I might support it. For now, there is no such rule prohibiting the use of Roman dates in an article. If you can not show anything to suport the changing of Roman dates to Gregorian than the article should be reverted (unless of course you can also show that the Vicipaedia does not follow the rules of other wikis in absense of any such rules here as supported by the AUXILIUM PRO EDITIONE section in the help article.) [[Usor:Davus618|Davus618]] 17:41, 31 Augusti 2006 (UTC) :It is in the proper place, now, Dave.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus Rocchio]] 19:35, 31 Augusti 2006 (UTC) ==Commentarii nomen== Wouldn't it be more in keeping with Vicipaedia's nomenclature if the name were changed from '''Vasingtonia, D.C.,''' to '''Vasingtonia (D.C.)?''' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 17:12, 30 Martii 2008 (UTC) :Yes, it would. Does anyone object? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:55, 31 Martii 2008 (UTC) ==''sive Vasingtopolis''== Usor ignotus 190.20.102.127 "sive Vasingtopolis" inseruit, sed nego hanc formam esse verisimilem quia male ut videtur est facta. (Fortasse ''Vasingtonopolis'' sit grata.) Ubi attestata est? Quid est fons? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 18:07, 16 Novembris 2008 (UTC) :Meâ sententiâ aliquid ut "Vasingt'''''u'''''nopolis" rectius est quia servat veram qualitatem vocalis et Anglosaxonicè et Anglicè etiam hodiernè (contra normannos). [[Specialis:Conlationes/&#126;2026-42524-32|&#126;2026-42524-32]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&#126;2026-42524-32|talk]]) 04:27, 10 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ==Pagus melius est quam Districtus== Secundum lexica, pagus voci anglicae "district" adamussim correspondit, quamquam "districtus" Latine proprie dicit Anglice "stretched in various directions, drawn asunder, distracted, busy". Quamobrem, censeo recte dicturum esse "Vasingtonia, pagus Columbianus vel Vasingtonia, P.C." Estne qui dissentit?--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 00:11, 29 Decembris 2008 (UTC) :Perhaps we've been using ''pagus'' more in the sense of a subdivision of a larger political entity, but the District of Columbia is a special enclave, maybe more like a territory. The ''real'' trick will be to come up with a term that starts with the letter dee, so as to preserve the acronym by which the residents of greater Washington typically call their city, as when (in English of course) they cheer their professional football team: :::Hail to the Redskins! :::Hail victory! :::Braves on the warpath! :::Fight for old D.C.! ::Run or pass and score: we want a lot more! ::Beat 'em, swamp 'em, ::Touchdown! Let the points soar! ::Fight on, fight on till you have won, ::Sons of Wash-ing-ton. Rah! rah! rah! :::Hail to the Redskins! :::Hail victory! :::Braves on the warpath! :::Fight for old D.C.!!! :Hey, I'm not making this up! :) [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 03:27, 29 Decembris 2008 (UTC) ::::In that vein, how about ''divisio'' 'a partition'? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 03:30, 29 Decembris 2008 (UTC) :::::I believe the classical vocabulary for distict consists of the following: pagus, tractus, regio, territorium and plaga. Regio doesn't fit because it is supposed to be of indefinite extent. The etymology for tractus (a stretch of something) seems to explain perhaps why someone felt the term districtus (stretched in all directions) would describe a stretch of land as well. Comparing the various words, indeed territorium would describe best what the district of columbia is, but it misses the fact that it is a district with fixed boundaries. Pagus seems the best to me. FOr example "territorium urbis Vasintoniae nomen "Pagus Columbianus" habet". D.C. is a subdivision of the land of the united states and in particular was a district (county) taken from Maryland. :::::{{lewshort|pagus}} ="a place with fixed boundaries; hence, a district, canton, province (opp. to the city), the country (cf. vicus)" :::::{{lewshort|tractus}} ="a drawing, dragging, hauling, pulling, drawing out, trailing.... Transf., a space drawn out, i. e. a stretch, extent, tract of a thing (class.): castrorum, Liv. 3, 28, 1: cujus (urbis) is est tractus ductusque muri, ut, etc., Cic. Rep. 2, 6, 11 Moser N. cr.: cum mediae jaceant immensis tractibus Alpes, Luc. 2, 630; and Claud. Rapt. Pros. 3, 9. — 2 Concr., of places, a territory, district, region, tract of land (class.; syn.: regio, plaga): oppidi, Caes. B. C. 3, 112: corruptus caeli tractus, Verg. A. 3, 138 Serv.: tractus ille celeberrimus Venafranus, Cic. Planc. 9, 22:..." :::::{{lewshort|regio}} = "a direction, line"..." A The line which bounds the sight, the visual line, boundary-line, boundary (cf: limes, finis). 1 Primarily in the lang. of augury: intra eas regiones, quā oculi conspiciant, Varr. L. L. 7... B A portion (of the earth or heavens) of indefinite extent; a tract, territory, region (cf.: tractus, plaga). " :::::{{lewshort|territorium}} = "the land round a town, a domain, district, territory: colonis locus communis, qui prope oppidum relinquitur, territorium, Varr. L. L. 5, § 21 Müll.; cf.: territorium est universitas agrorum intra fines cujusque civitatis, Dig. 50, 16, 239 fin.: florentis coloniae territorium, Cic. Phil. 2, 40, 102" :::::--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 14:08, 29 Decembris 2008 (UTC) ::::::OK here is what I found detailing the origin of the word districtus in italy after the year 1000: [http://books.google.com/books?id=u-SsbHs5zTAC&pg=PA121&vq=districtus&dq=districtus&source=gbs_search_s&cad=0 The New Cambridge Medieval History]. Aparently at one point districtus was a legal/governmental term used to describe the power to punish and judge (a iurisdictio) exercised by some bishops and counts, and then by extension refers to the region over which that iurisdiction was granted. So I guess we can leave it as districtus but we should have a page describing this legal/governmental development.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 14:55, 29 Decembris 2008 (UTC) == De nominibus == Numero nominum alternativorum ad quinque stante, reduxi: suadeo melius esse lectoribus nostris nomina non omnia (si multa sint) sed utilissima in prima sententia praebere. An etiam oportet "Territorium Columbianum" demovere? Id nomen non mihi sonat "urbs" sed "regio administrativa" -- sed hic urbem describimus. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 11:08, 20 Augusti 2012 (UTC) :I had a go at cleaning up the intro more, by finally removing "Campus Columbianus" and tightening the references. Even administratively the city and district are exactly the same, so I do think it makes sense to mention whatever we're using for D.C. We don't technically have a source for "Districtus Columbianus" (only for Districtus Columbiae), so I added a "convertimus". [[Usor:Lesgles|Lesgles]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Lesgles|disputatio]]) 14:25, 3 Aprilis 2014 (UTC) 3gzctf2k2ujyxo7gdps1t4fnsjefv2a 0 13243 3979836 3978780 2026-08-09T20:11:27Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 4 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi''' ([[Lingua Gujaratensis|Gujaratice]] મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, [[Devanagari]] मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी), '''Mahatma''' ('Magnanimus') et '''Bapu''' ('Pater') emeritus appellatus (natus [[Porbandar]] in [[oppidum|oppido]] [[Gujarat]]ensi die [[2 Octobris]] [[1869]]; necatus [[Dellium Novum|Dellii Novii]] die [[30 Ianuarii]] [[1948]]), fuit causarum actor [[India|Indicus]], diurnarius, [[asceta]], [[pacifista]]. Gandhi fuit dux [[civilitas|politicus]] ac spiritalis motus [[saeculum 20|saeculi 20]] [[India]]e [[libertas|libertatem]] ac [[maiestas (ius constitutionale)|maiestatem]] appetentis, quas anno [[1947]] [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regno]] sine violentia resistendo, magistratibus non oboediendo et "ieiunio usque ad mortem" ad verum perduxit Britannicamque super Indiam dominationem finivit. Iam antea in [[Africa Australis|Africa Australi]] contra [[apartheid]] et pro Indorum paritate contenderat. Gandhi affectus conscientiamque adversariorum suo habitu [[satyagraha]]e (quae est "adhaesio ad [[veritas|veritatem]]") et [[ahimsa]]e (quae est "[[non-violentia]]" una cum patientia laborum) tangere studuit, quam vi potentiorem duxit. Ita se animos eorum allecturum speravit. [[Iura humana]] sic dictorum "Intactilium" ([[Dalit]]) et mulierum poposcit, reconciliationem [[Hinduismus|Hinduorum]] et [[Islam|Musulmanorum]] temptavit, direptionem [[colonialismus|colonialisticam]] respuens ad novum systema oeconomicum annisus est, quae liberum esset et vita rusticorum signatum. == Nomina honesta == === Mahatma === Nomen honestum [[Lingua Sanscritica|Sanscriticum]] Mahatma (महात्मा "anima magna") a [[philosophus|philosopho]] Indico et [[Praemio Nobeliano Litterarum laureati|Praemio Nobeliano Litterarum laureato]] [[Rabindranath Tagore]] repetere putatur, qui Gandhi die [[9 Ianuarii]] [[1915]] ex Africa Australi in [[Mumbai]] urbem advenientem ita salutavit. Gandhi hoc cognomen diu moleste ferebat, quod se invito in usum venit, cum omnem sui cultum abnueret. In libro, quem de vita sua scripsit, titulum Mahatma sibi non solum sine honore, sed etiam magno dolori fuisse.<ref>''Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi: Die Geschichte meiner Experimente mit der Wahrheit'' (Gladenbach, 1977), p. 12.</ref> Tamen postea nomen, quod hodie originali longe notius est, probavit et, ut ei par fieret, studuit. === Bapu === Aliud nomen honestum in India usitatum, quod libenter ferebat quoque eum etiam uxor et amici allocuti sunt, fuit Bapu ([[Lingua Gujaratensis|Gujaratice]]: બાપુ "pater"). Postea in titulum "pater civitatis" amplificatus est, quod nomen regimen Indicum publice agnovit. == Vita == === Pueritia ac adulescentia === [[Fasciculus:Mohandas K Gandhi, age 7.jpg|thumb|Photographema antiquissimum Gandhi septem annos nati (circa [[1876]]).]] Natus est Gandhi die [[2 Octobris]] anno [[1869]] [[Porbandar]] in [[urbs|urbe]] [[Gujarat]]ensi in [[Raj Britannicum|India Britannica]], quae tunc pars [[Imperium Britannicum|Imperii Britannici]] erat. Familia ad [[tribus (India)|tribum]] pertinebat, quod [[commercium]] exercere solebat. [[Avus]] [[pater]]que eius autem consiliarii sive primi ministri (''divan'') munere in civitate Porbandar fungebantur, quae specie quidem autonoma, re vera autem [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regno]] subiecta erat. Post [[schola]]m elementarem, Gandhi studia superiora in [[Rajkot]] frequentavit, quo pater muneris primi ministri causa se contulerat. [[Fasciculus:Gandhi and Kasturbhai 1902.jpg|thumb|left|Gandhi et [[uxor]], [[Kasturba Gandhi|Kasturba]] ([[1902]]).]] Anno [[1881]] duodecim annos natus Gandhi, ut tum mos erat, Kastürbā Gāndhi coaetaneam in matrimonium duxit. Postea pluries "crudelem nuptiarum minorum usum" condemnavit.<ref> Gandhi in libro a se de vita sua scripto, e.g. in editione Italiana ''La mia vita per la libertà: L'autobiografia del profeta della non-violenza,'' p. 19-22.</ref> Maritis quattuor filii erant. Septendecim annos natus, tribus mensibus [[mors|mortis]] patris post, [[Londinium|Londinii]] iit, ut ibi in [[Collegium Universitatis Londiniensis|Collegio Universitatis]] [[ius]] disceret. Gens sive genus, cum praecepta Induistica in [[Anglia]] observari pro impossibili poneret, se itineri opposuerat, sed frustra, quare Gandhi a generis principe extra genus esse condemnatus est. Londinii se quodam modo moribus Anglicis accomodat, vestibus occidentalibus induitur, more "gentleman" vivere studuit. Duobus diebus post quam examina [[iurisprudentia]]e superavit, Angliam die [[12 Iunii]] [[1891]] reliquit Indiam reversurus. In [[Mumbai]] ex [[navis|navi]] egrediens de [[mater|matris]] morte certior factus est. [[Frater|Fratre]] adiutore in genus denuo acceptus [[causidicus]] laborare coepit. Cum autem imprimis scientias theoricas haberet neque ius Indicum bene novisset, praeterea coram publico loqui veritus sit, post sex menses ob reditus insufficientes coepto abstinuit. === Gandhi in Africa Australi (1893-1914) === [[Fasciculus:Gandhi South-Africa.jpg|thumb|Gandhi in [[Africa Australis|Africa Australi]] ([[1895]]).]] Deinde Gandhi in Rajkot urbem revertit, ut apud fratrem suum, qui etiam fuit causarum actor, laboraret. Duobus annis post societas Indica Dada Abdullah & C., quae [[mercaturas]] in [[Natal]] fecit, ei ut causam in [[Africa Australis|Africa Australi]] defenderet negotium dedit. Gandhi illa aetate erat homo dulcis, timidus, nequaquam salutis publicae studiosus, gravis in tribunali. In Africa Australi cum [[apartheid]] (segregationem generum), tum despectionem ac miserabiles vitae conditiones Indorum, quorum ibi 150&thinsp;000 servorum instar vivebant, cognovit. Quo viso animum permutare coepit. Varia dicta memoratu digna hanc mutationem demonstrant: cum quondam in aliquo tribunali [[Durban]]ensi magistratus eum capitis tegumen ([[turbanus|turbanum]]) deponere iussisset, Gandhi recusans e tribunali expulsus est. Alio tempore in [[Pietermaritzburg]] ex [[hamaxostichus|hamaxosticho]] missus est, quoniam ex vehiculo primae classis in alium tertiae ire iussus abnuit, quod tesseram primae validam haberet. Deinde ubi gestationem raedae facere voluit, praefectus primo, ut in raeda una cum aliis vectoribus [[Europa]]eis sederet, vetuit, deinde eum pulsavit, quod in podio stare denegavit.<ref>M. K. Gandhi, ''La mia vita per la libertà,'' p. 115.</ref> Talibus casibus commotus Gandhi, quae sit sua ipsius in societate positio populique Indici in Britanniarum Regno status, quaerere coepit. Tandem ei persuasum erat sibi contra iniurias ab Indis acceptas pugnandum esse: numerosas litteras querulas publicavit, [[Praetoria]]e concilium omnium Indorum convocavit, ubi primam orationem publicam habuit, petitionis verba concepit. Gandhi etiam negotio peracto in Africa Australi permanebat, ut Indos in lege avertenda adiuvaret, qua eorum ius suffragii tolleretur. Gandhi libellum ad [[Joseph Chamberlin]], coloniae Britannicae praefectum, misit rogans, ut legem retraheret.<ref>Gandhi In South Africa, The Journal Of Modern African Studies, 1969, http://www.jstor.org/stable/159062</ref> Quamvis non potens legis prohibendae, tamen Indorum querelis audientiam fecit. ''Natal Indian Congress'' (conventum Indorum Natalensem) anno [[1894]] condere adiuvit,<ref>Tendulkar, D. G. (1951). Mahatma; life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Delhi: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.</ref>, qua organizatione communitas Indica Africae Australis in vim politicam unitam crevit. Mense Ianuario [[1897]], cum Gandhi in [[Durban]] nave exiit, a turba colonorum coloris albi petitus non nisi auxilio uxoris principis vigilum effugit. Tamen omni accusatione destitit, id a principiis suis abhorrere declarans. <ref>Tendulkar (1951)</ref>. Gandhi intentionem in Indos vertit; erga indigenas Africae initio simili benevolentia non erat; saepius iniuriis ab Europaeis acceptis autem omnem segregationis formam repudiavisse videtur. Cum anno [[1906]] Britannici Zulu regno in Natal sito bellum intulerunt,Gandhi Britannicos ut Indos conscriberent hortatus est,<ref>Beene, Gary (December 2010). [http://books.google.at/books?id=vbsinKnW2rMC&pg=PA272&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false The Seeds We Sow: Kindness That Fed a Hungry World]. Sunstone Press. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-86534-788-5.</ref> arbitratus id rei Indicae utilitatem allaturum. Re vera viginti Indi Gandhi duce per duos menses vulneratis opem tulerunt. Potentia exercitus Britannici visa Gandhi cognovit Britanniarum Regno se non nisi [[non-violentia|nonviolentia]] et puro corde resistere posse.<ref>Gandhi, Rajmohan (2006). [http://books.google.co.in/books?id=FauJL7LKXmkC Gandhi: the man, his people, and the empire]. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25570-8, p. 108–109</ref> === Propugnatio Indiae liberandae (1915-1947) === [[Fasciculus:Gandhi Kheda 1918.jpg|upright|thumb|Gandhi anno [[1918]], tempore Kheda et Champaran Satyagrahas.]] Anno [[1915]] Gandhi in omnem vitam in Indiam rediit, fama se rem Indicam ratione ac usu maxime adiuvisse notissimus. Conventui Indorum gentilicio (''[[Indian National Congress]]'') adiunctus praecipue a [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]] factionis principe ad res Indiae agendas ac populum Indicum cognoscendum introductus est. Gandhi [[liberalismus|liberales]] eius viri sententias, qui temperantia modestiaque intra systema laborandum esse affirmavit, secutus eas in speciem plane Indicam commutavit.<ref>Prashad, Ganesh (September 1966). "Whiggism in India". Political Science Quarterly 81 (3): 412–431. JSTOR 2147642.</ref> Gandhi anno [[1920]] dux factionis factus plus plusque postulare coepit, donec die [[26 Ianuarii]] [[1930]] Conventus Indorum gentilicius Indiae libertatem declaravit. Anno [[1930]] primo et die [[4 Ianuarii]] [[1932]] iterum propugnator libertatis Indiae a Britannis in[[carcer]]atus et [[duo]]s annos sine iudicio retentus est. Cum libertas a Britannis agnita non sit, plures disceptationes secutae sunt, tamen variis in provinciis Conventus administrationi interfuit. Ubi Vicerex anno [[1939]] nullis consultis [[Germania]]e bellum indixit, Gandhi factioque eius regimini auxilium detraxit. Contentiones crescebant, donec Gandhi anno [[1942]] libertatem sine mora poposcit; Britanni eum cum multis milibus factionis ducum in carcerem coniecerunt. Contra [[Liga Musulmanorum]] cum Britannis cooperata civitatem plene Islamicam, quod Gandhi fortiter impugnavit, appetevit. Mense Augusto anno [[1947]], cum colonia in libertatem missa est, duae civitates liberae, [[India]] et [[Pakistania]], natae sunt, Gandhi invito.<ref>Claude Markovits (2004). A History of Modern India, 1480-1950. Anthem Press. p. 367–86.</ref> [[Dellium Novum|Dellii Novi]] die [[30 Ianuarii]] [[1948]] Gandhi a quodam [[Nathuram Godse]] necatus est. Exemplum pacis et pietatis fuit, qui multis admirationi erat. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == === Libri === [[Fasciculus:Gandhi spinning.jpg|thumb|Mahatma filum [[lana]]e net, anno [[1920]] exeunte.]] [[Fasciculus:Gandhi 1929.jpg|thumb|Mahatma Gandhi ([[1929]]).]] [[Fasciculus:Nehru and Gandhi, All India Congress, Mumbai, July 6, 1946.jpg|thumb|Gandhi et Nehru ([[1942]]).]] [[Fasciculus:Tagore Gandhi.jpg|thumb|Gandhi et [[Rabindranath Thakur]], [[poeta]] celeberrimo ([[1940]]).]] [[Fasciculus:Gandhi churchilllaan.jpg|thumb|Statua Gandhi [[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]] sita.]] [[Fasciculus:Raj-ghat-gandhi.jpg|thumb|Raj Ghat, monumentum Mahatma Gandhi, [[Dellium|Delii]] situm.]] [[Fasciculus:Stamps of Germany (BRD) 1969, MiNr 608.jpg|thumb|[[Pittacium cursuale]] [[Germania]]e, 1969.]] * {{cite book|last1=Bhana|first1=Surendra|last2=Vahed|first2=Goolam H.|title=The making of a political reformer: Gandhi in South Africa, 1893–1914|url=|year=[[2005]]|publisher=Manohar|isbn=978-81-7304-612-4}} * {{cite book|last=Bondurant|first=Joan Valérie|title=Conquest of violence: the Gandhian philosophy of conflict|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4hcf8jPrSKYC|accessdate=7 February 2012|year=[[1971]]|publisher=University of California Press|id=GGKEY:NDWFBERN9B5}} * Brown, Judith M. [[2004]]. Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand [Mahatma Gandhi] (1869–1948). ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.'' Oxford University Press; [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33318 editio interretialis, Ianuario 2011,] accessum [[25 Februarii]] [[2012]]. * {{cite book|last=Brown|first=Judith M.|title=Gandhi's Rise to Power: Indian Politics 1915-1922|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HUo4AAAAIAAJ|accessdate=[[25 Februarii]] [[2012]]|date=[[25 Octobris]] [[1974]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-09873-1}}<!--used--> * {{cite book|last=Brown|first=Judith Margaret|title=Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=boDAE8MLAJMC|accessdate=[[13 Ianuarii]] [[2012]]|date=[[23 Octobris]] [[1991]]|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-05125-4}} * {{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Judith M.|authorlink1=Iuditha M. Brown|last2=Parel|first2=Anthony|authorlink2=Antonius Parel|title=The Cambridge Companion to Gandhi|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KLM8kMZZu-IC|accessdate=[[7 Februarii]] [[2012]]|date=[[21 Februarii]] [[2011]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-13345-6}} * {{cite book|last=Chadha|first=Yogesh|title=Gandhi: a life|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vSduAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=[[8 Februarii]] [[2012]]|year=[[1997]]|edition=Illustrated, reprint|publisher=John Wiley|isbn=978-0-471-24378-6}} * {{cite book|author=Harold G. Coward|title=Indian critiques of Gandhi|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GGGudMuE4PIC|accessdate=[[11 Februarii]] [[2012]]|year=[[2003]]|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-5910-2}}<!--used--> * {{cite book|author=Desai, Mahadev Haribhai |title=Day-to-day with Gandhi: secretary's diary|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iDQKAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=[[16 Ianuarii]] [[2012]]|publisher=Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan|chapter=Preface|chapterurl=http://www.wikilivres.ca/wiki/Day_to_Day_with_Gandhi/Volume_1/Preface|archiveurl=http://www.wikilivres.ca/wiki/Day_to_Day_with_Gandhi|archivedate=3 June 2007|others=Hemantkumar Nilkanth (translation)|year=[[1930]]}} * {{cite book|last=Easwaran|first=Eknath|authorlink=Eknath Easwaran|title=Gandhi, the man: the story of his transformation|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=v_hpUlMRjWsC|accessdate=[[8 Februarii]] [[2012]]|date=[[1 Augusti]] [[1997]]|publisher=Nilgiri Press|isbn=978-0-915132-96-6}} * {{cite book|last=Fischer|first=Louis|authorlink=Ludovicus Fischer|title=The life of Mahatma Gandhi|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofmahatmagan0000fisc_e1y3|date=[[4 Augusti]] [[1997]]|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-00-638887-6}} * {{cite book|last=Gandhi|first= Rajmohan |authorlink=Rajmohan Gandhi|title=Gandhi: the man, his people, and the empire|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=FauJL7LKXmkC|accessdate=[[7 Februarii]] [[2012]]|year=[[2006]]|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25570-8}} * {{cite book|last=Gangrade|first=K. D.|title=Moral Lessons From Gandhi S Autobiography And Other Essays|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UODB6R_LmWsC|accessdate=[[11 Ianuarii]] [[2012]]|date=[[1 Ianuarii]] [[2004]]|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-084-6|chapter=Role of Shanti Sainiks in the Global Race for Armaments}} * {{cite book|last=Hardiman|first=David|title=Gandhi in his time and ours: the global legacy of his ideas|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UWYV5qYZ3-oC|accessdate=[[8 Februarii]] [[2012]]|year=[[2003]]|publisher=C. Hurst & Co.|isbn=978-1-85065-711-8}} * {{cite book|last=Hatt|first=Christine|title=Mahatma Gandhi|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=f6vvy-J7vhcC|accessdate=[[26 Februarii]] [[2012]]|date=[[12 Aprilis]] [[2002]]|publisher=Evans Brothers|isbn=978-0-237-52308-4}} * {{cite book|author=Herman, Arthur|title=Gandhi and Churchill: the epic rivalry that destroyed an empire and forged our age|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tquxD6dk914C|accessdate=[[11 Februarii]] [[2012]]|year=[[2008]]|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-553-80463-8}} * {{cite book|last=Jai|first=Janak Raj|title=Commissions and Omissions by Indian Prime Ministers: 1947-1980|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5Wrc1K0uJTgC|accessdate=[[26 Februarii]] [[2012]]|year=[[1996]]|publisher=Regency Publications|isbn=978-81-86030-23-3}} * {{cite book|author1=Jones, Constance |author2=Ryan, James D. |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hZET2sSUVsgC|accessdate=[[13 Ianuari]] [[2012]]|date=[[28 Februarii]] [[2007]]|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9|pages=160}} * {{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Shanti|title=Gandhi meets primetime: globalization and nationalism in Indian television|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=abPsWgqrmMMC&pg=PA170|accessdate=[[14 Ianuarii]] [[2012]]|year=[[2006]]|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-07244-4|page=170}} * {{cite book|author=Lapping, Brian |title=End of empire|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xBsiAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=[[16 Ianuarii]] [[2012]]|date=[[1 Ianuarii]] [[989]]|publisher=Paladin|isbn=978-0-586-08870-8}} * {{cite book|last=Lelyveld|first=Joseph|authorlink=Iosephus Lelyveld|title=Great soul: Mahatma Gandhi and his struggle with India|url=https://archive.org/details/greatsoulmahatma0000lely|date=[[29 Martii]] [[2011]]|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-307-26958-4}} * {{cite book|last=Majmudar|first=Uma|title=Gandhi's pilgrimage of faith: from darkness to light|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xM4paHEq5oQC|accessdate=[[12 Ianuarii]] [[2012]]|year=[[2005]]|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-6405-2}} * {{cite book|last=Miller|first=Jake C.|title=Prophets of a just society|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uiBNJWqtiVcC|accessdate=[[12 Ianuarii]] [[2012]]|year=[[2002]]|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-59033-068-5}} * {{cite book|last=Nayyar|first=Pyarelal|title=Mahatma Gandhi—the last phase, Vol 1|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=E8wBAAAAMAAJ|authorlink=Pyarelal Nayyar|accessdate=[[16 Ianuarii]] [[2012]]|year=[[1956]]|publisher=Navajivan Publishing House|isbn=0-85283-112-9}} * {{cite book|last=Pa??eya|first=Visva Mohana|title=Historiography of India's partition: an analysis of imperialist writings|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Vu2lu-ZI-vQC|accessdate=[[8 Februarii]] [[2012]]|date=[[1 Ianuarii]] [[2003]]|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0314-6}} * {{cite book|last=Parekh|first=Bhikhu C.|title=Gandhi: a very short introduction|accessdate=[[17 Ianuarii]] [[2012]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|url= http://books.google.co.in/books?id=0chB4q7XeHcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0-19-285457-5|pages=6–9|year=[[2001]]}} * {{cite book|last1=Pilisuk|first1=Marc|last2=Nagler|first2=Michael N.|title=Peace Movements Worldwide: Players and practices in resistance to war|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=GTJV2UcZVHcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=[[21 Ianuarii]] [[2012]]|year=[[2011]]|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-36482-2}}<!--used--> * {{cite book|last1=Rudolph|first1=Susanne Hoeber|last2=Rudolph|first2=Lloyd I.|title=Gandhi, the traditional roots of charisma|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JsPYNLAU9KYC&pg=PA48|accessdate=[[12 Ianuarii]] [[2012]]|date=[[15 Aprilis]] [[1983]]|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-73136-0|page=48}} * {{cite book|last=Rühe|first=Peter|title=Gandhi|url=https://archive.org/details/gandhi0000rhep|date=[[5 Octobris]] [[2004]]|publisher=Phaidon|isbn=978-0-7148-4459-6}} * {{cite book|last=Schouten|first=Jan Peter|title=Jesus as guru: the image of Christ among Hindus and Christians in India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pIoKdTH7KPsC|accessdate=[[18 Februarii]] [[2012]]|date=[[30 Septembris]] [[2008]]|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-420-2443-4}} * {{cite book|last=Sharp|first=Gene|title=Gandhi as a political strategist: with essays on ethics and politics|url=https://archive.org/details/gandhiaspolitica0000shar_n9g6|year=[[1979]]|publisher=P. Sargent Publishers|isbn=978-0-87558-090-6}} * {{cite book|last=Shashi|first=S. S.|title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh|year=[[1996]]|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn=978-81-7041-859-7}} * {{cite book|last=Sofri|first=Gianni|title=Gandhi and India: a century in focus|url=https://archive.org/details/gandhiindiacentu0000sofr|year=[[1999]]|publisher=Windrush Press|isbn=978-1-900624-12-1}} * {{cite book|last=Sorokin|first=Pitirim Aleksandrovich|title=The ways and power of love: types, factors, and techniques of moral transformation|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DGCleCxTkbIC|accessdate=[[12 Ianuarii]] [[2012]]|date=Martio [[2002]]|publisher=Templeton Foundation Press|isbn=978-1-890151-86-7|page=169}} * {{cite book|last=Tendulkar|first=D. G.|title=Mahatma; life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LHJuAAAAMAAJ|year=[[1951]]|publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|location=Delhi|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Thacker|first=Dhirubhai|editor=Amaresh Datta|title=The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti)|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1345|accessdate=[[14 Ianuarii]] [[2012]]|date=[[1 Ianuarii]] [[2006]]|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0|pages=1345|chapter="Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand" (entry)}} * {{cite book|author1=Todd, Anne M. |title=Mohandas Gandhi |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=svxDMQZ7fakC|year=[[2004]]|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-7910-7864-8}} === Fontes primarii === * {{cite book|last=Andrews|first=C. F.|title=Mahatma Gandhi's Ideas Including Selections from His Writings|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3EAV6JhQmgkC|year=[[2008]]|publisher=Pierides Press|isbn=978-1-4437-3309-0|chapter=VII – The Teaching of Ahimsa|origyear=1930}} * {{cite book|last=|first=|editor=Dalton, Dennis |title=Mahatma Gandhi: selected political writings|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=afqmUWX5yeoC|year=[[1996]]|publisher=Hackett Publishing|isbn=978-0-87220-330-3}} * {{cite book|last=|first=|editor=Duncan, Ronald|title=Selected Writings of Mahatma Gandhi|url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=54615149|date=Maio [[2011]]|publisher=Literary Licensing, LLC|isbn=978-1-258-00907-6}} * {{cite book|last1=Gandhi|first1=M. K.|last2=Fischer|first2=Louis|editor=Louis Fischer|title=The essential Gandhi: an anthology of his writings on his life, work and ideas|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialgandhia0000gand|year=[[2002]]|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=978-1-4000-3050-7}} * {{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Mohandas Karamchand|title=Satyagraha in South Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/satyagrahainsout00mkga_0|year=[[1928]]|publisher=Navajivan Publishing House|location=Ahmedabad|format=paperback|edition=1|language=Gujarati|quote=Translated by Valji G. Desai}} Free online access at [http://wikilivres.ca/wiki/Satyagraha_in_South_Africa Wikilivres.ca (1/e)]. Pdfs from [https://web.archive.org/web/20130121014232/http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL034.PDF Gandhiserve (3/e)] & [http://arvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/gandhisouthafrica.pdf Yann Forget (hosted by Arvind Gupta) (1/e)]. * {{cite book|last=Gandhi |first=Mohandas Karamchand|title=The collected works of Mahatma Gandhi|year=[[1994]]|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|isbn=978-81-230-0239-2}} (100 vol.). Liber accessum interretiale apud[https://web.archive.org/web/20080509143405/http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/cwmg.html online access] (Gandhiserve). * {{cite book|last = Gandhi|first = Mohandas Karamchand |title = [[The Story of My Experiments with Truth|An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments With Truth]]|publisher=Navajivan Publishing House|location=Ahmedabad|edition=2|pages= | year =[[1940]]|isbn = 0-8070-5909-9}} Also available at [[wikisource:An Autobiography or The Story of my Experiments with Truth|Wikisource]]. * {{cite journal |last1=Gandhi |first1=Mohandas Karamchand|year=[[1928]] |title=[http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/item/20111212-545 Drain Inspector's Report] |journal=The United States of India |volume=5 |issue=6,7,8 |pages=3-4}} * {{cite book|editor=Jack, Homer A.|title=The Gandhi reader: a source book of his life and writings|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pjN3jZQ74AoC|year=[[1994]]|publisher=Grove Press|isbn=978-0-8021-3161-4}} * {{cite book|author1=Johnson, Richard L.|author2=Gandhi, M. K.|title=Gandhi's experiments with truth: essential writings by and about Mahatma Gandhi|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dRQcKsx-YgQC|year=[[2006]]|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-1143-7}}<!--used--> * {{cite book|editor=Parel, Anthony J. |title=Gandhi: 'Hind Swaraj' and Other Writings Centenary Edition|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oc47gUOPZfcC|year=[[2009]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-14602-9}} === Commentarii in diariis === * {{cite journal |last1=Cribb |first1=R. B. |year=[[1985]]|month=Augusto |title=The Early Political Philosophy of M. K. Gandhi, 1869-1893 |journal=Asian Profile |publisher= |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=353–360}} * {{cite journal|title=Champaran and Gandhi: Planters, Peasants and Gandhian Politics by Jacques Pouchepadass (Review)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society_2001-04_11_1/page/99|first=David|last=Hardiman|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume=11|issue=1|date=Aprili [[2001]]|pages=99–101|jstor=25188108}} * {{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=Yasmin | year= [[2011]]|month=Ianuario|title=Performing Peace: Gandhi's assassination as a critical moment in the consolidation of the Nehruvian state |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=57–80 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0026749X10000223 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X10000223|format=abstract |accessdate=[[21 Ianuarii]] [[2012]]}} * {{cite journal |last1=Mohanty |first1=Rekha |year=[[2011]] |title=From Satya to Sadbhavna |journal=Orissa Review |issue=January 2011 |pages=45–49 |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/Jan/engpdf/january.pdf#page=58 |accessdate=[[23 Februarii]] [[2012]]}} * {{cite journal |last1=Murali |first1=Atlury |year=Ianuario [[1985]] |title=Non-Cooperation in Andhra in 1920–22: Nationalist Intelligentsia and the Mobilization of Peasantry |journal=Indian Historical Review |publisher=|volume=12 |issue=1/2 |pages=188–217 |issn= 0376-9836 |ref=harv }} * {{cite journal |last1=Norvell |first1=Lyn |year=[[1997]] |title=Gandhi and the Indian Women's Movement |url=https://archive.org/details/british-library-journal_spring-1997_23_1/page/12 |journal=British Library Journal |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=12–27 |issn=0305-5167}} * {{cite journal |last1=Prashad |first1=Ganesh |year=[[1966]]|month=September |title=Whiggism in India|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_political-science-quarterly_1966-09_81_3/page/412 |journal=[[Political Science Quarterly]] |volume=81 |issue=3|pages= 412–431 |jstor=2147642}} * {{Cite journal|title=Power, Hegemony and Politics: Leadership Struggle in Congress in the 1930s|last=Sarkar|first=Jayabrata|journal=Modern Asian Studies|date=[[18 Aprilis]] [[2006]]|volume=40|issue=2|pages=333–370|doi=10.1017/S0026749X0600179X|ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last1=Sarma |first1=Bina Kumari |year=Ianuario [[1994]] |title=Gandhian Movement and Women's Awakening in Orissa |journal=Indian Historical Review |volume=21 |issue=1/2 |pages=78–79|issn= 0376-9836}} * {{Cite journal|title=On the Origins of Gandhi's Political Methodology: The Heritage of Kathiawad and Gujarat|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-asian-studies_1971-02_30_2/page/361|last=Spodek|first=Howard|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=30|issue=2|date=Februario [[1971]]|pages=361–372|jstor=2942919}} === Fontes interretiales === * {{cite web |last = Keen |first = Shirin |title = The Partition of India |publisher=Emory University |date = [[Ver]]e, [[1998]] |url = http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Part.html|accessdate=[[16 Ianuarii]] [[2012]]}} * {{cite web |last = Sannuti |first = Arun |title = Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869–1948) – Vegetarianism: The Road to Satyagraha |publisher=International Vegetarian Union (IVU) |url = http://www.ivu.org/history/gandhi/road.html%7Cdate=6 April 2010 |accessdate=[[12 Ianuarii]] [[2012]]}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.polity.org.za/article/mbeki-mahatma-gandhi-satyagraha-100th-anniversary-01102006-2006-10-01|title=Mbeki: Mahatma Gandhi Satyagraha 100th Anniversary (01/10/2006) |last=Smith|first=Colleen|date=1 October 2006 |work=Speeches|publisher=http://www.polity.org.za |accessdate=[[20 Ianuarii]] [[2012]]}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.Bapu.sughosh.in |title=Bapu: Complete Life of Bapu |last=Sughosh|first=India|date=[[2 Octobris]] [[2010]] |work=Life History|publisher=http://www.bapu.sughosh.in |accessdate=[[15 Augusti]] [[2012]]}} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Mohandas K. Gandhi|Mahatmam Gandhi}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070712110932/http://www.gandhismriti.gov.in/indexb.asp Gandhi Smriti,] www.gandhismriti.gov.in (Administratio Indiae) * [http://www.gandhi-manibhavan.org/ Mani Bhavan Gandhi Sangrahalaya Gandhi Museum et Bibliotheca,] www.gandhi-manibhavan.org * [http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/subject/mk-gandhi "Mohandas K. Ghadhi materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive,"] www.saadigitalarchive.org * [http://www.gandhifoundation.net/ "One-Stop Info in Gandhi,"] www.gandhifoundaiton,net (Gandhi Research Foundation) {{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhi}} {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Homines}} [[Categoria:Mortui 1948]] [[Categoria:Nati 1869]] [[Categoria:Alumni Collegii Universitatis Londiniensis]] [[Categoria:Ascetici]] [[Categoria:Autobiographi]] [[Categoria:Causidici]] [[Categoria:Incolae Africae Australis]] [[Categoria:Iuris consulti]] [[Categoria:Eruditi Indiae]] [[Categoria:Auctores Gujaratenses]] [[Categoria:Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|!]] [[Categoria:Necati]] [[Categoria:Pacifistae]] [[Categoria:Philosophi]] [[Categoria:Politici Indiae]] [[Categoria:Vegetarismus]] dmnaj8edg1mhxzhvjzwmfu2qdugs932 0 13550 3979945 3978680 2026-08-09T21:59:22Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | image = Agaricales.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = ''[[Amanita muscaria]]'' ([[Agaricaceae]]) | regnum = [[Fungi]] | divisio = [[Basidiomycota]] | subdivisio = [[Agaricomycotina]] | classis = [[Agaricomycetes]] | subclassis = [[Agaricomycetidae]] | ordo = '''Agaricales''' | ordo_authority = [[Lucien Marcus Underwood|Underw.]] (1899)<ref name=Underwood1899>{{cite book |author=Underwood LM. |year=1899 |title=Moulds, mildews and mushrooms: a guide to the systematic study of the Fungi and Mycetozoa and their literature |location=New York, New York |publisher=Henry Holt |page=97}}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Subdivisiones | subdivision = *[[Agaricaceae]] *[[Amanitaceae]] *[[Bolbitiaceae]] *[[Cortinariaceae]] *[[Crepidotaceae]] *[[Entolomataceae]] *[[Fistulinaceae]] *[[Hygrophoraceae]] *[[Omphalotaceae]] *[[Pleurotaceae]] *[[Pluteaceae]] *[[Podaxaceae]] *[[Psathyrellaceae]] *[[Schizophyllaceae]] *[[Strophariaceae]] *[[Tricholomataceae]] }} '''Agaricales,''' vulgo '''fungi lamellati'''{{FD ref}} (ob earum [[lamella (fungi)|lamellas]] proprias) vel raro '''euagaricae,''' sunt [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordo]] [[fungi|fungorum]], cui sunt nonnulli ex familiarissimis [[boletus|boletis]]. Ordini sunt triginta-tres [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[taxon exstans|exstantes]], 413 [[genus (taxinomia)|genera]], et plus quam 13&thinsp;000 [[species (taxinomia)|species]] descriptae,<ref name=Kirk2008>{{cite book |author=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |url=https://archive.org/details/ainsworthbisbysd0000unse_r4s9 |edition=10th |publisher=CABI |location=Wallingford, UK |year=2008 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ainsworthbisbysd0000unse_r4s9/page/12 12] |isbn=0-85199-826-7}}</ref> atque [[quinque]] genera [[exstinctio|exstincta]] solum ex [[fossile|fossilibus]] nota.<ref name=Poinar2007>{{Cite journal |author=Poinar, GO, Buckley R. |year=2007 |title=Evidence of mycoparasitism and hypermycoparasitism in Early Cretaceous amber |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_fungal-biology_mycological-research_2007-04_111_4/page/503 |journal=Mycological Research |volume=111 |issue=4 |pages=503–506 |doi=10.1016/j.mycres.2007.02.004 |pmid=17512712}}</ref><ref name=Hibbett1997>{{cite journal |title=Evolution of gilled mushrooms and puffballs inferred from ribosomal DNA sequences |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1997-10-28_94_22/page/12002 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA |year=1997 |author=Hibbett DS, Pine EM, Langer E, Langer G, Donoghue MJ. |volume=94 |issue=22 |pages=12002–6 |doi=10.1073/pnas.+94.22.12002}}</ref> ==Notae== <references /> {{NexInt}} * ''[[Tricholoma matsutake]]'' == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biologici}} {{fungi-stipula}} [[Categoria:Agaricales]] [[Categoria:Taxa Underwood]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1899]] [[Categoria:Ordines fungorum]] g27hiiojbjoeahvfxbt8fy0ok9wd6w4 0 13855 3979801 3978468 2026-08-09T19:19:36Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Mustapha Kemal''' (natus die [[19 Maii]] [[1881]]; mortuus die [[10 Novembris]] [[1938]]), post [[primum bellum mundanum]] rem publicam [[Turcia|Turcarum]] restituit atque reformavit. Plurimi [[civis|cives]] tamquam salvatorem aut [[heros|heroem]] eum venerantur, cui, ut vero [[pater patriae|patri patriae]], [[cognomen]] '''''Ataturcus''''' ([[Turcice]] ''Atatürk'') a [[parlamentum|parlamento]] Turcarum anno [[1934]] additum est; quod [[vocabulum]], '[[pater]] Turcarum' significans, postea saepe solum per se ad eum designandum adhiberi solet. == Vita et facta == Mustapha Kemal natus est [[Thessalonica]]e anno [[1881]]. Dux diuturna [[militia]] spectatus, cum anno [[1915]] [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannos]], ne ad [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolim]] ire possent, [[Proelium Callipolitanum|prohibuisset]], quominus [[Hellespontus|Hellesponto]] potirentur, quamvis [[Turcia]] [[bellum|bello]] superata esset, anno [[1921]], quidquid supererat de imperio Turcarum [[imperator]]e invito tam feliciter redintegravit, ut [[Graecia|Graecorum]] [[exercitus|exercitum]] [[Asia Occidentalis|Asiae Occidentalis]] occupandae cupidum e finibus patriae propellere posset. Graecos autem ipsos, qui diutius duobus milibus annorum et septingentis in [[Asia]] habitaverant, numero ad ter decies centena milia, in Graeciam expulit, Turcarum ex [[Europa]] ortarum ad quater centena milia in Turciam recepit. Quam ob rem sua [[auctoritas]] tanta est facta ut, cum in re publica ad exemplum populorum [[Europa]]eorum radicitus renovanda et restituenda, [[nihil]] non moliretur: omnia facile impetraverit. Abolito igitur [[regnum|regno]] et [[pontificatus|pontificatu]] [[imperator]]is summaque rerum Constantinopoli [[Ancyra]]m translata [[laicismus|cultum religionis a rebus publicis procul removit]] [[iura mulierum|feminasque eiusdem iuris]] esse curavit atque viros. Anno [[1928]], [[lingua Turcica|linguam Turcicam]] in [[abecedarium Latinum]] [[emendatio linguae|converti]] iussit. Quas [[lex|leges]] ne quis converteret, id quod nostra aetate iudicantibus [[tyrannia|tyrannico]] quodam more fecisse a multis videtur, quae gentes quam populus Turcarum multitudine minores in Turcia sedes habent, velut [[Curdi|Carduchi]], [[Armenia|Armenii]], Lases, eas linguis [[institutio]]nibus [[mores|moribusque]] oppressis sub Turcarum nomine coegit omnes et exercitui custodiam rei publicae perpetuam mandavit. Mortuus est Atatürk [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] die [[10 Novembris]] [[1938]]. == Bibliographia == * Ahmad, Feroz. [[1993]]. ''The Making of Modern Turkey.'' Londinii, Novi Eboraci: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-07835-1. * Armstrong, Harold Courtenay. [[1972]]. ''Grey Wolf, Mustafa Kemal: An Intimate Study of a Dictator.'' Freeport Novi Eboraci: Books for Libraries Press. ISBN 978-0-8369-6962-7. * {{Cite book |last=Atillasoy |first=Yüksel|title= Atatürk: First President and Founder of the Turkish Republic|url=https://archive.org/details/ataturkfirstpres0000atil |publisher= Woodside House|location=Woodside Novi Eboraci|year=[[2002]]|isbn=978-0971235342}}. * {{Cite book |last=Barber |first=Noel|authorlink= |title=Lords of the Golden Horn: From Suleiman the Magnificent to Kemal Ataturk|url=https://archive.org/details/lordsofgoldenhor0000barb_d2o8 |publisher=Arrow|location=Londinii|year= [[1988]] |isbn= 978-0099539506}}. * {{Cite book |last=Barlas | first = Dilek | title = Statism and Diplomacy in Turkey: Economic and Foreign Policy Strategies in an Uncertain World, 1929–1939 | publisher = Brill Academic Publishers | location = Novi Eboraci | year = [[1998]] | isbn = 978-9004108554 }}. * {{Cite book |last=Cleveland |first=William L|title=A History of the Modern Middle East|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernm00will |publisher=Westview Press|location=Boulder Colorati|year=[[2004]]|isbn= 978-0813340487}}. * {{Cite book |last=Dogan |first=Çagatay Emre|title=Formation of Factory Settlements Within Turkish Industrialization and Modernization in 1930s: Nazilli Printing Factory|location=Ankara|publisher=Middle East Technical University|year=[[2003]] |oclc 54431696|language=Turkish}}. * {{Cite book |last=Huntington |first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Political Order in Changing Societies|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalorderin0000samu |publisher=Yale University Press|location=Portu Novo et Londinii|year= [[2006]] |isbn= 978-0300116205}}. * {{Cite book |last=Igdemir |first=Ulug|coauthors=Mango, Andrew, interpr.|title=Atatürk|publisher=Turkish National Commission for UNESCO|location=Ancyrae|year=[[1963]]|oclc= 75604149|pages= 165–170}} * {{Cite book |last=Inan |first=Ayse Afet|authorlink= |title=Atatürk Hakkinda Hatiralar ve Belgeler|publisher=Türkiye Is Bankasi Kültür Yayinlari|location=Istanbul|year= [[2007]] |isbn= 9944881401|language=Turkish}}. * {{Cite book |last=Inan |first=Ayse Afet|coauthors=Sevim, Ali; Süslü, Azmi; Tural, M Akif |title=Medeni bilgiler ve M. Kemal Atatürk'ün el Yazilari|location=Ankara|publisher=AKDTYK Atatürk Arastirma Merkezi|year=[[1998]]|isbn= 978-9751612762|language=Turkish}}. * {{Cite book |last=Kinross |first=Patrick|authorlink=|title=Atatürk: The Rebirth of a Nation |url=https://archive.org/details/atatrkrebirthofn0000patr |publisher=Phoenix Press |year=[[2003]] |location=Londinii|isbn= 978-1842125991|oclc=55516821}}. * {{Cite book |last=Kinross |first=Patrick|title=The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/ottomancenturies0000kinr |publisher=Morrow |year=[[1979]] |location=Novi Eboraci|isbn= 978-0688080938 }}. * {{Cite book |last=Landau |first= Jacob M |title=Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey |url=https://archive.org/details/ataturkmoderniza0000unse |year=[[1983]] |publisher= Westview Press |location= Boulder Colorati|isbn=978-0865319868}}. * {{Cite book |last=Lengyel |first=Emil|title=They Called Him Atatürk|publisher=The John Day Co|location=Novi Eboraci|year=[[1962]]|oclc= 1337444}}. * {{Cite book |last=Mango |first=Andrew|authorlink= | title= Ataturk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey |url=https://archive.org/details/ataturk00andr |origyear= [[1999]] |edition= Paperback |year= [[2002]] |publisher=Overlook Press, Peter Mayer Publishers, Inc |location= Woodstock Novi Eboraci|isbn=1-58567-334-x}}. * {{Cite book |last=Mango |first=Andrew|authorlink= |title=Atatürk|publisher=John Murray |location=Londinii|year=[[2004]] |isbn= 978-0719565922}}. * {{Cite book |last=Saikal |first=Amin|coauthors=Schnabel, Albrecht|title=Democratization in the Middle East: Experiences, Struggles, Challenges|location=Tocii|publisher=United Nations University Press|year=[[2003]]|isbn= 978-9280810851| url = http://books.google.com/?id=qFhU3kWXLvEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=ataturk+and+islam}}. * {{Cite book |last=Shaw |first=Stanford Jay|authorlink= |coauthors=Shaw, Ezel Kural |title=History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman00stan |publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cantabrigiae et Novi Eboraci|year=[[1976]]–[[1977]]|isbn=978-0521212809}}. * {{Cite book |last=Spangnolo |first= John|title=The Modern Middle East in Historical Perspective: Essays in Honour of Albert Hourani |year=[[1992]] |publisher= Middle East Centre, St. Antony's College |location= Oxoniae|oclc=80503960|isbn=978-0863721649}}. * {{Cite book |last=Tunçay |first=Mete|title=Mesaî: Halk Sûrâlar Firkasi Programi, 1920|location=Ankara|publisher=Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi|year=[[1972]]|oclc=1926301|language=Turkish}}. * {{Cite book |last=Tüfekçi |first=Gürbüz D|title=Universality of Atatürk's Philosophy|location=Ankara|publisher=Pan Matbaacilik |year=[[1981]]|oclc=54074541}}. * {{Cite book |last=Yapp |first= Malcolm|title=The Making of the Modern Near East, 1792–1923|url=https://archive.org/details/makingofmodern00yapp |publisher=Longman|location=Londinii et Novi Eboraci|year=[[1987]]|isbn=978-0582493803}}. * {{Cite book |last=Webster |first= Donald Everett|title=The Turkey of Atatürk; Social Process in the Turkish Reformation |year= [[1973]] |publisher=AMS Press|location= Novi Eboraci |isbn=978-0404563332}}. * {{Cite book |last=Zürcher |first=Erik Jan|title=Turkey: A Modern History|url=https://archive.org/details/turkeymodernhist0000zrch |publisher=I. B. Tauris|location=Londinii et Novi Eboraci|year=[[2004]]|isbn=978-1850433996}}. ; Diurna * {{Cite journal |last=Eastham |first=J. K.|journal= The Economic Journal|title=The Turkish Development Plan: The First Five Years|location=Novi Eboraci|publisher=Macmillan|year=1964|month=March|pages=132–136|volume=74|issue=298|issn=0013-0133|doi=10.2307/2228117 |url=http://jstor.org/stable/2228117}}. * {{Cite journal |last=Emrence |first=Cem |journal= Middle Eastern Studies|title=Turkey in Economic Crisis (1927–1930): A Panaromic Vision|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-eastern-studies_2003-10_39_4/page/67 |location=London|publisher=F. Cass.|year=[[2003]]|pages=67–80|volume=39|issue=4|issn=0026-3206|doi=10.1080/00263200412331301787}}. * {{Cite journal |last= Omur |first= Asli |journal= Turkish Times|year= [[2002]]|month= December |title= Modernity and Islam: Experiences of Turkish Women|volume=13 |issue= 312 |issn= 1043-0164 |url= http://www.theturkishtimes.com/archive/02/12_01/c_women.html |accessdate= 2007-10-10}}. * {{Cite journal |last =Özelli |first =M. Tunç |journal= International Journal of Middle East Studies |title = The Evolution of the Formal Educational System and its Relation to Economic Growth Policies in the First Turkish Republic|issn = 0020-7438 | publisher = Cambridge University Press |location = Londinii| volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 77–92 | month = Ianuarius | year = [[1974]]| url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0020-7438%28197401%295%3A1%3C77%3ATEOTFE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-G}}. * {{Cite journal |last=Stone |first=Norman |journal= The National Interest|authorlink= |title=Talking Turkey |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_national-interest_fall-2000_61/page/66 |location=New York|publisher=National Affairs, Inc|year=2000|pages=66|volume=61|issn=0884-9382}}. * {{Cite journal |last=Volkan |first=Vamik D.|journal= Psychoanalytic Study of Society|title=Immortal Atatürk — Narcissism and Creativity in a Revolutionary Leader|publisher= Psychohistory Press |location= Novi Eboraci |year=[[1981]] |volume=9|issn=0079-7294|pages=221–55|oclc=60448681}}. * {{Cite journal |last=Wolf-Gazo |first=Ernest |journal= Journal of American Studies of Turkey|title=John Dewey in Turkey: An Educational Mission |publisher=American Studies Association of Turkey|location=Ankara, Turkey|year=[[1996]]|volume=3|issn= 1300-6606| pages=15–42|url=http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/~jast/Number3/Gazo.html }} {{Dead link|date=Iunius 2010}}. * {{Cite news | title=Mustafa Kemal Atatürk | url=http://www.teknikportal.com/mustafa-kemal-ataturk-hayati-basarilari-t9870.0.html | work=TP Editors | pages= 7–8 | date= | accessdate=2008-04-29}}. * {{Cite news | title=The Burial of Atatürk| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,860125,00.html | work=Time Magazine | pages= 37–39 | date= 23 Novembris [[1953]] | accessdate=2007-08-07}}. {{NexInt}} * [[Aëroportus Atatürk]] * [[Neoturcae]] == Nexus externi == * [http://www.ataturk.com/ Situs interretialis Mustaphae Kemal Ataturci proprius.] {{Praesides Turciae}} {{Lifetime|1881|1938|Atatürk, Mustapha Kemal}} [[Categoria:Duces civitatum]] [[Categoria:Gubernatores civitatum]] [[Categoria:Incolae Imperii Ottomanici]] [[Categoria:Politici Turciae]] [[Categoria:Rerum novarum cupidi]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Homines}} kuwst0wfq8i6onafn3t5q09ymztb3zj 0 15139 3979745 3978308 2026-08-09T15:45:06Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3979745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} {{Capsa civitatis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:80 - Machu Picchu - Juin 2009 - edit.jpg|upright=1|thumb|Despectus in [[Machu Pikchu]].]] {{res|Imperium Incarum}} in [[America Australis|America Australi]] rexit, antequam [[conquisitatores Hispani]] id ceperunt ubi maximum imperium in [[America praecolumbiana|America Praecolumbiana]] fuit. [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] imperii fuit [[Cuscum]]. Imperium [[linguá Quechua]] ''Tawantinsuyu'' nominabatur. Linguá Quechua ''tawa'' est quattuor; ''-ntin'', colligatus,a,um; ''suyu'', regio; ''Tawantinsuyu'' igitur "quattuor regiones colligatas" significat. Tavantinsuius territoria fuerunt [[Peruvia]], [[Aequatoria]], [[Columbia]], [[Chilia]], [[Argentina]] et [[Bolivia]], et pars Amazonium Nemoris, ubi quoque [[Indi Americani]] alii vivebant. Tavantinsuiu in "dominia" ([[Hispanice]] ''señoríos'') dividebatur, [[societas humana|societate]] etiam in classes divisa. [[Imperator]] [[Sapa Inca|Sapae Incae]] titulum habebat. [[Vocabulum]] ''inca'' '[[deus|deum]] in [[terra]]' significat. [[Cuscum]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]] fuit, ubi [[Sacsaiuaman]], sedes imperii, patebat. Tavantinsuiu in [[suiu]]a quattuor: [[Chinchasuiu]], [[Antisuiu]], [[Contisuiu]] et [[Collasuiu]] ([[linguá Quechua]] ''Chinchay Suyu, Antisuyu, Kuntisuyu'' et ''Qulla Suyu,'' proprie) dividebatur. [[Quechua]] lingua Incarum erat. == Origo == [[Fasciculus:Machu-picchu-c15.jpg|thumb|[[Lapis|Lapides]] instructi in [[Machu Pikchu]].]] Duae [[fabula]]e asseverant [[Mancus Capac|Mancum Capacum]] et [[Mama Ocllo|Mamam Ocllonem]] primos Incas fuisse. === Prima fabula === Secundum primam fabula, Mancus Capac et Mama Ocllo exiverunt e [[Lacus Titicaca|Lacu Titicaca]], Solis iussu, ut quaererent bonum locum ad colendum imperium et [[caput (urbs)|caput]], [[Cuscum]]. === Secunda fabula === Altera fabula dicit fratrem [[Ayar]]es Imperium Incarum condidisse. == Ordinatio imperii == [[Fasciculus:Capitulo-XXXVIII.jpg|thumb|Prima imago Incarum in [[Europa]] visa, in [[Petrus Cieza de León|Petri Cieza de León]] ''[[Cronica del Peru]]'' (1553).]] [[Fasciculus:Manqu Qhapaqwan Mama Uqllu.gif|thumb|Manco Cápac et Mama Ocllo, [[filius|filii]] [[Inti]].]] [[Fasciculus:Luis Montero - The Funerals of Inca Atahualpa - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Unus ex maioribus eventibus per Imperium Incarum victum fuit [[mors]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Atabalipa|Atabalipae|es|qid=Q179577}}, ultimi [[Sapa Inca]] imperii, die [[29 Augusti]] [[1533]].]] === Ordinatio Politica === Maxima auctoritas Sapa Inca fuit. Suiu regebatur a [[suiuiuquus|suiuiuquo]] (gubernator delegatus). {{Pars vicificanda}} ==== Imperator ==== [[Sapa Inca]] maximus imperatoris Incarum titulus erat. * '''Imperium Fabularum''' ** '''Parvum Cuscum''' ([[linguá Quechua]] ''Rurin Qusqu''): *** ~[[1200]] - ~[[1230]]: [[Mancus Capac]] *** ~[[1230]] - ~[[1260]]: [[Sinchius Roca]] *** ~[[1260]] - ~[[1290]]: [[Lloceus Iupancius]] *** ~[[1290]] - ~[[1320]]: [[Maita Capacus]] *** ~[[1320]] - ~[[1350]]: [[Capacus Iupancius]] ** '''Altum Cuscum''' (linguá Quechua ''Hanan Qusqu''): *** ~[[1350]] - ~[[1380]]: [[Inca Roca]] *** ~[[1380]] - ~[[1400]]: [[Iavar Vacacus]] *** ~[[1400]] - [[1438]]: [[Viracocha Inca]] * '''Imperium Historicum''' ** '''Altum Cuscum''' (linguá Quechua ''Hanan Qusqu''): *** [[1438]] - [[1471]]: [[Pachacutecus]] *** [[1471]] - [[1493]]: [[Tupacus Yupanquius]] *** [[1493]] - [[1525]]: [[Huayna Capacus]] *** [[1525]] - [[1532]]: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Atabalipa||es|qid=Q179577}} ==== Consilium Imperantium ==== Consilium Imperantium constitutum erat ex his: * [[Suiu]]s praefectus ([[Suiuiuquus]]) * Princeps Incarum ([[Aucius]]) * Summus Sacerdos ([[Vilca Umus]]) * Magister Imperii ([[Amauta]]) * Militaris praefectus ([[Apuscipaius]]) === Ordo Territorii === ==== Quattuor suiua ==== ''Suyu'' (Latine fere ''suiua'') est verbum Quechua quod significat 'regionem' vel 'quadrans'. Quattor suiua [[Tahuansuiu]] constituebant: * Superiora suiua (linguá Quechua ''Hanan suyukuna'') erant: ** [[Chinchasuiu]] (''Chinchay Suyu'') ** [[Collasuiu]] (''Qulla Suyu'') * Inferiora suiua (''Rurin suyukuna'') erant: ** [[Antisuiu]] (''Anti Suyu'') ** [[Contisuiu]] (''Kunti Suyu'') Suiua dividebantur in [[provincia]]s (regio 10000 incolarum), quae dividebantur in ''saiacuna'', quae dividebantur in ''aellucuna'' (familiae). === Ordo societatis === ==== Classes societatis ==== In consociationes Incae dividebantur. Erant magnae differentiae in consociatonibus. Inca potestatem habebat. Plebs basis societatis erat. {| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;" |+'''Classes societatis in imperio Incarum''' |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" !Classis societatis !Vicarius |- bgcolor="#F5F5F5" | Inca | * Inca |- bgcolor="#F5F5F5" | Regalis dignitas | * Auci: Filius Incae. * Panacas Regalis: Primae progenies Panacae. |- bgcolor="#F5F5F5" | Nobilitas | * Nobilitas Sanguinis: Alia membra Panacae. * Nobilitas Privilegii: Sacerdotes et Ancillae. |- bgcolor="#F5F5F5" | Plebs | * Hatun Runa: Plebs universa (rustici). * Mitimaes: Milites. * Yanaconas: Servi. |} ==== Ratio controli{{dubsig}} plebis ==== {| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;" |+'''Ratio controli plebis''' |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" !Praeceptor !Copia familiae |- bgcolor="#F5F5F5" | ''Purec'' | 1 familia |- bgcolor="#F5F5F5" | ''Pisca camaioc'' | 5 familiae |- bgcolor="#F5F5F5" | ''Chunca camaioc'' | 10 familiae |- bgcolor="#F5F5F5" | ''Pisca chunca camaioc'' | 50 familiae |- bgcolor="#F5F5F5" | ''Pachaca camaioc'' | 100 familiae |- bgcolor="#F5F5F5" | ''Pisca pachaca camaioc'' | 500 familiae |- bgcolor="#F5F5F5" | ''Huaranca camayoc'' | 1000 familiae |- bgcolor="#F5F5F5" | ''Pisca uaranca camaioc'' | 5000 familiae |- bgcolor="#F5F5F5" | ''Hunu camaioc'' | 10000 familiae |} == Ars Incarum == Ars et Architectura Incarum progressae erant. Architecturae Incarum aedificia sunt: *[[Archaeoropolis]] sive ''[[Machu Pikchu]]'' *[[Ollantaytambum]] *[[Palatium regis]] *[[Pisacum]] *[[Sacsayhuaman]] *[[Solis Templum]] ==Bibliographia== ; Fontes antiquiores * 1609-1617 : [[Garcias Lasus Inca]], ''[[Comentarios Reales de los Incas]]'' [https://archive.org/details/primerapartedelo00vega pars 1]; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_cRWQ_k1TXmUC pars 2]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20170203075207/http://shemer.mslib.huji.ac.il/lib/W/ebooks/001531300.pdf recensio interretialis] ; Eruditio recentior *{{Cite book |last=Куприенко |first=Сергей |title=Источники XVI-XVII веков по истории инков: хроники, документы, письма |location=Kyiv |publisher=Видавець Купрієнко С.А. |year=2013 |url=http://books.google.ru/books?printsec=frontcover&id=vnYVTrJ2PVoC#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-617-7085-03-3}}. *{{cite book |last=Bengoa |first=José |title=Historia de los antiguos mapuches del sur |url= |accessdate= |year=2003 |edition= |publisher=Catalonia |location=Santiago |isbn=956-8303-02-2}}. * {{Cite book |last=Hemming |first=John |title=The Conquest of the Incas |publisher=Harvest Press |year=2003 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=I2QmzGPIf7EC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=0-15-602826-3}}. * {{Cite book |last=MacQuarrie |first=Kim |title=The Last Days of the Incas |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2007 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Emql_kU0QLIC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0-7432-6049-7}}. * {{Cite book |last=Mann |first=Charles C. |title=1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=2005 |pages=64–105 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Jw2TE_UNHJYC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0-307-27818-0}}. * McEwan, Gordon Francis. 2008. [http://books.google.com/books?id=J3WZuTINl2QC&lpg=PA56&dq=Inca%20civilization&pg=PA221#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The Incas: New Perspectives.''] Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-33301-5. *{{Cite book |last=Morales |first=Edmundo |title =The Guinea Pig: Healing, Food, and Ritual in the Andes |publisher=University of Arizona Press |year=1995 |url=https://archive.org/details/guineapighealing0000mora|isbn=0-8165-1558-1}}. *{{Cite book |last=Popenoe |first=Hugh |author2=Steven R. King |author3=Jorge Leon |author4=Luis Sumar Kalinowski |author5=Noel D. Vietmeyer |title=Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation |publisher=National Academy Press |year=1989 |location=Vasingtoniae |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iT0rAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=0-309-04264-X}}. *Sanderson, Steven E. 1992. [http://books.google.com/books?id=_xWYSJw3aAQC&lpg=PP1&dq=steven%20sanderson&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The politics of trade in Latin American development.''] Stanfordiae: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2021-2. * Sandoval, José R. et al. 2018. "[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00438-018-1427-4 Genetic ancestry of families of putative Inka descent]". ''Molecular Genetics and Genomics'', 3 Martii 2018. *Steward, Julian H., ed. 1946. ''[http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/113599#page/5/mode/1up The Handbook of South American Indians, 143, vol. 2: The Andean Civilizations]''. Vasingtoniae: Smithsonian Institution. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Inca Empire|Imperium Incarum}} {{America praecolumbiana}} {{Myrias|Historia}} [[Categoria:Culturae archaeologicae Americae]] [[Categoria:Historia Aequatoriae]] [[Categoria:Historia Argentinae]] [[Categoria:Historia Boliviae]] [[Categoria:Historia Chiliae]] [[Categoria:Historia Columbiae]] [[Categoria:Historia Peruviae]] [[Categoria:Imperium Incarum|!]] {{1000 paginae}} ji8snnxlxza4pycgk30q7aq4b3xraa6 0 15201 3979726 3713160 2026-08-09T15:23:46Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3979726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Carolus IV''' Luxemburgensis ([[Praga]]e die [[14 Maii]] [[1316]] - ibidem die [[29 Novembris]] [[1378]]) fuit [[rex]] [[Bohemia]]e et [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium|Sacri Romani Imperii]] [[imperator]]. == Vita == Carolus IV fuit filius [[Iohannes (rex Bohemiae)|Ioannis Luxemburgensis]], filii imperatoris [[Henricus VII a Luxemburgio|Henrici VII]], et uxoris eius [[Elisabetha Bohemiae|Elisabethae]], filiae regis Bohemiae [[Venceslaus II (rex Bohemiae)|Venceslai II]]. Carolo fuit in [[Baptisma|baptismate]] nomen Venceslaus, quod in [[Confirmatio|confirmatione]] eius a [[Carolus IV (rex Franciae)|Carolo]], Francorum rege, mutatum est, apud quem [[Lutetia|Lutetiae]] pueritiae rudimenta peregit.<ref>[http://147.231.53.91/src/index.php?s=v&cat=11&bookid=280&page=125 Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini (papa Pius II), Historica Bohemica, in: Fontes rerum Bohemicarum VII, p. 123.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Puer in [[Francia]] et [[Italia]] studuit. Anno [[1333]] in Bohemiam rediit. Mortuo patre coronatus est 2 Septembris [[1347]] ab archiepiscopo Pragense Arensto in regem Bohemiae [[corona sancti Venceslai]], quam ipse fieri fecerat. Anno [[1348]] Carolus praeclaram [[Universitas Carolina Pragensis|Universitatem Carolinam]] [[Praga]]e condidit, eodem anno fundavit Urbem Novam Pragensem atque [[Arx Carlsteinensis|arcem Carlsteinensem]]. Anno [[1357]] imperator posuit primarium lapidem in fundamento novi [[Pons Caroli|pontis Pragensis]] in litore [[Multavia|Multaviae]] prope monasterium sancti Clementis in [[Vetus Urbs Pragensis|Vetere Urbe Pragensi]].<ref name="benes">[http://www.clavmon.cz/clavis/FRRB/chronica/CRONICA%20ECCLESIAE%20PRAGENSIS.htm Benessius Krabice de Weitmile: Cronica ecclesiae Pragensis. Saeculo 14 scripta.]</ref> Die 5 Aprilis [[1355]] coronatus est [[Roma|Romae]] in imperatorem Romanorum, cum eo etiam coronata est in imperatricem uxor eius [[Anna Svidnicensis]]. Anno [[1356]] scripsit ''[[Bulla Aurea|Bullam Auream]]'', quae fuit lex fundamentalis Sacri Romani Imperii.<ref name="bulla">[http://books.google.cz/books?id=nl1KAAAAcAAJ&source= Bulla aurea Caroli Quarti Romanorum Imperatoris Noribergae Sancita Anno 1356 ]</ref> Sepultus est cum uxoribus suis in [[Ecclesia Cathedralis Sancti Viti Pragensis|Ecclesia cathedrali Sancti Viti]] in [[Arx Pragensis|arce regia Pragensi]]. Carolus de linguarum litterarumque scientia sua haec scripsit: "Ex divina autem gracia non solum [[Lingua Bohemica|Boemicum]], sed [[Lingua Francogallica|Gallicum]], [[Lingua Italiana|Lombardicum]], [[Lingua Theodisca|Teutunicum]] et Latinum ita loqui, scribere et legere scivimus."<ref>In autobiographia sua (''Vita Caroli''), e qua longius citare licet: "Et sic cum venissemus in Boemiam, non invenimus nec patrem nec matrem nec fratrem nec sorores nec aliquem notum. Idioma quoque Boemicum ex toto oblivioni tradideramus, quod post redidicimus, ita ut loqueremur et intelligeremus ut alter Boemus. Ex divina autem gracia non solum Boemicum, sed Gallicum, Lombardicum, Teutunicum et Latinum ita loqui, scribere et legere scivimus, ut una lingua istarum sicut altera ad scribendum, legendum loquendum et intelligendum nobis erat apta."</ref> == Familia == [[Fasciculus:Busta Karel IV.jpg|thumb|Herma Caroli IV in [[Ecclesia Cathedralis Sancti Viti Pragensis|Ecclesia Pragensi]] a [[Petrus Parlerius|Petro Parlerio]] perfecta]] [[Fasciculus:Charles IV-John Ocko votive picture-fragment.jpg|thumb|Carolus IV. Imago ex voto [[archiepiscopus|archiepiscopi]] [[Ioannes Ocellus|Ioannis Ocelli]]]] Carolo IV quattuor uxores erant: * anno [[1323]]–[[1348]] [[Bianca de Valois]] ([[1316]] nata, [[1348]] mortua) * anno [[1349]]–[[1353]] [[Anna de Bavaria]] ([[1329]] nata, [[1353]] mortua) * anno [[1353]]–[[1362]] [[Anna Svidnicensis]] ([[1339]] nata, [[1362]] mortua) * anno [[1363]]–[[1378]] [[Elisabetha de Pomerania]] ([[1346]] aut [[1347]] nata, [[1393]] mortua) === Liberi === Carolo IV undecim liberi erant: * cum uxore prima Bianca: ** Margarita ([[1335]] nata, [[1349]] mortua), uxor [[Ludovicus I (rex Hungariae)|Ludovici I]], regis [[Hungaria]]e ** Catharina ([[1342]] nata, [[1395]] mortua), uxor [[Rudolphus IV (dux Austriae)|Rudolphi IV]] et Ottonis de Bavaria * cum uxore secunda Anna: ** Venceslaus ([[1350]] natus, [[1351]] mortuus) * cum uxore tertia Anna: ** Elisabetha ([[1358]] nata, [[1373]] mortua), uxor Albrechti III Habsburgis ** [[Venceslaus a Luxemburgio|Venceslaus]] ([[1361]] natus, [[1419]] mortuus), rex [[Bohemia]]e et [[Imperium Romanum Sacrum|S.I.R.]] * cum uxore quarta Elisabetha: ** Anna ([[1366]]-[[1394]]), uxor [[Ricardus II (rex Angliae)|Ricardi II]], regis [[Anglia]]e ** [[Sigismundus Luxemburgicus|Sigismund]] ([[1368]]-[[1437]]), rex [[Bohemia]]e [[Hungaria]]eque, [[Imperium Romanum Sacrum|S.I.R.]] imperator ** [[Ioannes de Gorlicio]] ([[1370]] natus, [[1396]] mortuus), dux Gorlicii ** Carolus ([[1372]] natus, [[1373]] mortuus) ** Margarita ([[1373]] nata, [[1410]] mortua), uxor Ioannis III Hohenzollern ** Henricus ([[1377]] natus, [[1378]] mortuus) == Opera == *''[[Vita Caroli]]'' - curriculum vitae suae *[[Bulla Aurea]] {{NexInt}} * [[Magister Theodoricus]] (pictor aulae Caroli IV) * [[Petrus Parlerius]] (architectus et sculptor aulae Caroli IV) == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> == Nexus externi == [[Fasciculus:Armoiries empereur Charles IV.svg|thumb|120px|Insigne Caroli IV]] {{CommuniaCat|Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Carolum IV}} {{vicifons|Scriptor:Carolus IV}} * [http://www.cuni.cz/UK-145.html Littera fundationis Universitatis Carolinae Pragensis] {{Ling|Latine}} * [http://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost14/CarolusIV/car_vi00.html Vita Caroli Magni] {{Ling|Latine}} * {{BBKL|k/Karl_IV_k|auctor=Stephan Haering|commentatio=KARL IV., Kaiser|tomus=3|columnae=1136-1140}} {{Imperatores SRI}} {{Reges Bohemiae}} {{Myrias|Homines}} [[Categoria:Imperatores Romani Sacri]] [[Categoria:Reges Bohemiae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Cechiae]] [[Categoria:Nati 1316]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1378]] [[Categoria:Autobiographi]] [[Categoria:Carolus IV (imperator)|!]] [[Categoria:Thermae Carolinae]] [[Categoria:Sigismundus (imperator)]] pn1kbd0v0y4hun03g5nsx0yvcj01jtc 0 16745 3979773 3646871 2026-08-09T16:17:01Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3979773 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; width: 25em; font-size: 90%; clear: right" cellspacing="3" |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | '''Lingua Anglo-Saxonica''' |- | colspan="2" style="padding: 1em 0; text-align: center;" | [[Fasciculus:map of England within the United Kingdom.png|thumb|right|280px|[[Britannia]], [[Hibernia]] et [[Anglia]] (haec coccinea)]] |- |- style="vertical-align: top;" |'''nomen latine''' |style="padding-right: 1em;" | ''Anglosaxonica'' |- style="vertical-align: top;" |'''nomen''' |style="padding-right: 1em;" | ''Ænglisc, Englisc'' |- style="vertical-align: top;" |'''civitas''' |style="padding-right: 1em;" | [[Anglia]], [[Scotia]] |- style="vertical-align: top;" |'''loquentes''' |style="padding-right: 1em;" | perpauci |- style="vertical-align: top;" |'''familia''' |style="padding-right: 1em;" | [[Linguae mundi#Familia Germanica|Linguae Germanicae]] |- style="vertical-align: top;" |'''nationes''' |style="padding-right: 1em;" | [[Anglia]] |- style="vertical-align: top;" |} '''Lingua Anglo-Saxonica'''<ref>Michaeler 1776: 4; Rask 1839: LVIII; eli alibi.</ref> ([[Anglice]]: ''Old English'' vel ''Anglo-Saxon'', Anglo-Saxonice: ''Ænglisc'' vel ''Englisc'') est prima [[lingua Anglica|linguae Anglicae]] forma [[historia|historica]], quae primo [[Medium Aevum|medio aevo]] in usu in [[Anglia]] et [[Scotia]] meridiana et orientali erat. Ad [[Magna Britannia|Magnam Britanniam]] a [[colonia|colonis]] [[Anglosaxones|Anglosaxonibus]] [[saeculum 5|saeculo quinto medio]] primum allata est, et primae [[litterae Anglosaxonicae]] ex medio [[saeculum 7|saeculo septimo]] exstant. Post [[victoria Angliae Normannica|victoriam Angliae Normannicam]] anno [[1066]] effectam, [[lingua]] classium superiorum [[lingua Anglonormannica]] facta est, linguae [[lingua Francogallica|Francogallicae]] aliarumque ''[[langues d'oïl]]'' cognata. Quod finem [[significatio (linguistica)|significat]] aevi Anglosaxonici, quia hoc tempore lingua Anglica ab Anglonormannica magnopere movebatur, ut demum in genus hodie [[lingua Anglica media]] appellatum. == Origo == Lingua Anglo-Saxonica orta est ex [[lingua Saxonica antiqua]] et [[lingua Nordica antiqua]], cum primo [[Angli]] [[Saxones]]que, deinde ex [[Dania]] et [[Norvegia]] [[Vicingus|Vicingi]] [[Britannia]]m invasissent. == De grammatica == Flexura Anglosaxonica tortuosior est quam [[lingua Anglica]]. Casus grammatici sunt sex, et nomina omnia aut masculini aut feminini aut neutrius generis sunt. Sex casus sunt: {| border="1" cellpadding="2" !width="120"|Casus !width="120"|Singulare !width="120"|Pluralia |- |nominativus |eorl |eorlas |- |genitivus |eorles |eorla |- |dativus |eorle |eorlum |- |accusativus |eorl |eorlas |- |instrumentalis |eorle |nihil |- |vocativus |eorl |eorlas |} == Orthographia == [[Fasciculus:Anglosaxonrunes.JPG|thumb|Runae Anglo-Saxonicae (futhark)]] Lingua Anglo-Saxonica primo litteris [[runae|runicis]] scribebatur, sed Anglis ad [[Christianitas|Christianismum]] traductis [[scriptor]]es Anglici [[abecedarium Latinum|abecedario Latino]] usi sunt additis novis litteris, quae sunt ''[[yogh]]'' (Ȝ ȝ, vi [[phonema]]tica) /g/) e [[lingua Hibernica]], ''[[eth]]'' (Ð ð, [[IPA]] aut [θ] aut [ð]), et ''[[thorn]]'' (Þ þ, IPA aut [θ] aut [ð]) et ''[[wynn]]'' (Ƿ&nbsp;ƿ, IPA [w]) e futhark. Multi etiam scriptores signa ⁊ et [[Fasciculus:OE thaet.png| ]] scripserunt, quae primum 'et' (vulgo ''and'' vel ''ond''), deinde 'qui' (vulgo ''þæt'') significavit. [[Fasciculus:Beowulf.firstpage.jpeg|thumb|Versus primi ''[[Beowulf]],'' [[poema]]tis [[poesis epica|epici]].]] == Oratio dominica Anglosaxonice == :''Fæder ure, þu þe eart on heofonum,'' :''Si þin nama gehalgod.'' :''To becume þin rice,'' :''gewurþe ðin willa, on eorðan swa swa on heofonum.'' :''urne gedæghwamlican hlaf syle us todæg,'' :''and forgyf us ure gyltas, swa swa we forgyfað urum gyltendum.'' :''and ne gelæd þu us on costnunge, ac alys us of yfele.'' === Vocabula Latine conversa === :''Pater noster, qui es in caelis,'' :''Sanctificetur nomen tuum.'' :''Adveniat regnum tuum.'' :''Fiat voluntas tua, sicut in caelo et in terra.'' :''Panem nostrum quotidianum da nobis hodie,'' :''et dimitte nobis debita nostra sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris.'' :''Et ne nos inducas in tentationem, sed libera nos a malo.'' == Numeri == {| border="1" cellpadding="2" !width="50"|Numerus !width="120"|Latine !width="120"|Anglice !width="120"|Saxonice !width="120"|Anglosaxonice |- |I |unum |one |een |án |- |II |duo |two |twee |twá, twegen |- |III |tria |three |dree |ðréo |- |IV |quattuor |four |veer |féower |- |V |quinque |five |fiev |fif |- |VI |sex |six |sos |síex |- |VII |septem |seven |söben |seofon |- |VIII |octo |eight |acht, tacht |eahta |- |IX |novem |nine |negen |nigon |- |X |decem |ten |teihn |tíen |- |XI |undecim |eleven |ölben, elben |endleofon |- |XII |duodecim |twelve |tvölv |twelf |- |XIII |tredecim |thirteen |dörteihn |ðríetíene |- |XIV |quattuordecim |fourteen |veerteihn |féowertíene |- |XV |quindecim |fifteen |foffteihn |fíftíene |- |XX |viginti |twenty |twintig |twentig |- |XXX |triginta |thirty |dörtig |ðrítig |- |XL |quadraginta |fourty |veertig |féowertig |- |L |quinquaginta |fifty |fofftig |fiftig |- |LX |sexaginta |sixty |sostig |síextig |- |LXX |septuaginta |seventy |söbentig |seofontig |- |LXXX |octoginta |eighty |achtig |eahtatig |- |XC |nonaginta |ninety |negentig |nigontig |- |C |centum |hundred |hunnert |hund |- |M |mille |thousand |dusend |ðusund |- |} == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} *''[[Beowulf]]'' == Bibliographia == * Baker, Peter S. [[2003]]. ''Introduction to Old English.'' Oxoniae. ISBN 0-631-23454-3. * Campbell, A. [[1959]]. ''Old English Grammar.'' Oxoniae. * [[Fausto Cercignani|Cercignani, Fausto]]. [[1983]]. "The Development of */k/ and */sk/ in Old English." ''Journal of English and Germanic Philology'' 82: 313–23. * [[David Crystal|Crystal, David]], ed. [[2003]]. ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-53033-4. * [[Charles F. Hockett|Hockett, Charles F.]] [[1959]]. "The stressed syllabics of Old English." ''Language'' 35: 575–97. * [[Otto Jespersen|Jespersen, Otto]]. (1909) [[1949]]. ''A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles.'' Hafniae. * Kuhn, Sherman M. [[1961]]. "On the Syllabic Phonemes of Old English." ''Language'' 37: 522–38. * Lass, Roger. [[1994]]. ''Old English: A historical linguistic companion.'' Cantabrigiae. ISBN 0-521-43087-9. * [[Carolus Michaeler|Michaeler, Carolus]]. [[1776]]. [https://books.google.fi/books?id=AAxZAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA4&dq=%22linguae+Anglo-Saxonicae%22&hl=fi&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjD842LrvDWAhWMCJoKHc43BuoQ6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&q=%22linguae%20Anglo-Saxonicae%22&f=false ''Tabulae parallelae antiquissimarum Teutonicae linguae dialectorum'']. Oeniponte. * Mitchell, Bruce, et Fred C. Robinson. [[2001]]. ''A Guide to Old English.'' Oxoniae. ISBN 0-631-22636-2. * [[Erasmus Rask|Rask, Erasmus]]. [[1830]]. [https://books.google.fi/books?id=ah778hrc3hkC&pg=PR58&dq=%22linguae+Anglo-Saxonicae%22&hl=fi&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjD842LrvDWAhWMCJoKHc43BuoQ6AEISzAF#v=onepage&q=%22linguae%20Anglo-Saxonicae%22&f=false ''A Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon Tongue.''] Hafniae. ; Lexica * [[Thomas Benson|Benson, Thomas]]. [[1701]]. ''Vocabularium anglo-saxonicum, lexico Gul. Somneri magna parte auctius.'' Oxoniae. [https://archive.org/details/vocabulariumangl00bens/ Textus] apud ''Internet Archive.'' * Bosworth, Joseph. [[1898]]. ''An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, based on the manuscript collections of the late Joseph Bosworth,'' ed T. Northcote Toller. Oxoniae: Clarendon Press. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.506623/ Textus] apud ''Internet Archive.'' * Clark Hall, J. R., et H. D. Merritt. [[1969]]. ''A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary.'' cantabrigiae. * [[Gulielmus Somnerus|Somnerus, Gulielmus]]. [[1659]]. ''Dictionarium Saxonico-Latino-Anglicum . . . adjectis . . . plurimisque in gratiam linguae Anglosaxonicae studiosorum observationibus.'' Londinii. [https://archive.org/details/b30325377_0002/ Textus] apud ''Internet Archive.'' * Wright, Thomas, et Wülcker, Richard Paul, edd. 1884. ''Anglo-Saxon and Old English vocabularies.'' 2a ed. 2 voll. Londinii: Trübner. [https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonoldeng01wriguoft vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonoldeng02wriguoft 2] apud ''Internet Archive'' == Nexus externi == * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/oldenglish.htm Elementa Anglosaxonica] {{Ling|Anglice}} * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20191031161933/https://blogs.bl.uk/files/digitised-manuscripts-from-the-anglosaxon-kingdoms.pdf Digitised manuscripts from the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms]" apud [[Bibliotheca Britannica|Bibliothecam Britannicam]] {{InterWiki|code=ang}} {{Linguae Germanicae}} [[Categoria:Lingua Anglica antiqua|!]] {{Myrias|Anthropologia}} nuzctir1r2cpwrl4lm3844vfiuhhirs 0 17557 3980040 2530735 2026-08-09T23:35:27Z Bartholomite 116968 /* Eventa */ 3980040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Decennium|170|MDCC}} ==Eventa== * [[26 Ianuarii]] - [[Terrae motus Cascadiae anni 1700|Terrae motus Cascadiae]] accidit. * [[18 Februarii]] - Civitates [[Lutheranus|Lutheranae]] [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium|Imperii Sacri Romani]] [[Calendarium Gregorianum]] acceperunt et proximum diem in [[1 Martii]] posuerunt. * [[16 Novembris]] - [[Leopoldus I]] imperator [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium| Sacri Romani Imperii]] et [[Fridericus I (rex Borussiae)|Fridericus III]] de nomine regis Borussici futuri inter se convenerunt: Fridericus "rex in Borussia" erit, i.e. in [[Borussia orientalis|Borussia Orientali]], quae non ad Imperium Sacrum pertinuit: Die [[18 Ianuarii]] [[1701]] Fridericus I coronatus est. * [[23 Novembris]] - [[Ioannes Franciscus Albani]], papa creatus, sibi nomen imposuit [[Clemens XI]]. ==Nati== {{Nati desiderati}} ==Mortui== * [[27 Septembris]] - [[Innocentius XII]] papa, (natus anno [[1615]]) * [[1 Novembris]] - [[Carolus II (rex Hispaniae)|Carolus II]], [[Hispania]]e rex; natus est anno [[1661]]. 6lpde24ptajaaojcufjhvrby0f5krer 3980185 3980040 2026-08-10T03:34:41Z Bartholomite 116968 /* Nati */ 3980185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Decennium|170|MDCC}} ==Eventa== * [[26 Ianuarii]] - [[Terrae motus Cascadiae anni 1700|Terrae motus Cascadiae]] accidit. * [[18 Februarii]] - Civitates [[Lutheranus|Lutheranae]] [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium|Imperii Sacri Romani]] [[Calendarium Gregorianum]] acceperunt et proximum diem in [[1 Martii]] posuerunt. * [[16 Novembris]] - [[Leopoldus I]] imperator [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium| Sacri Romani Imperii]] et [[Fridericus I (rex Borussiae)|Fridericus III]] de nomine regis Borussici futuri inter se convenerunt: Fridericus "rex in Borussia" erit, i.e. in [[Borussia orientalis|Borussia Orientali]], quae non ad Imperium Sacrum pertinuit: Die [[18 Ianuarii]] [[1701]] Fridericus I coronatus est. * [[23 Novembris]] - [[Ioannes Franciscus Albani]], papa creatus, sibi nomen imposuit [[Clemens XI]]. ==Nati== * [[2 Februarii]]: [[Ioannes Christophorus Gottschedius]], [[scriptor]] [[Germania|Germanicus]]; mortuus anno [[1766]]. * [[8 Februarii]]: [[Daniel Bernoullius]], [[mathematicus]] [[physicus]]que [[Helvetia|Helveticus]]; mortuus anno [[1782]]. * [[3 Martii]]: [[Carolus Iosephus Natoire]], [[pictor]] [[Francia|Francicus]]; mortuus anno [[1777]]. * [[12 Maii]]: [[Ludovicus Vanvitelli]], pictor [[architectus]]que [[Italia|Italicus]]; mortuus anno [[1773]]. * [[10 Iunii]]: [[Evaldus Georgius von Kleist]], physicus Germanicus; mortuus anno [[1748]]. === Ignotis diebus === * [[Ioannes Korobov]], [[architectus]] [[Russia|Russicus]]; mortuus anno [[1747]]. * [[Charito Laptev]], [[nauta]] Russicus; mortuus anno [[1763]]. * [[Bartholomaeus Rastrelli]] architectus Italicus; mortuus anno [[1771]]. ==Mortui== * [[27 Septembris]] - [[Innocentius XII]] papa, (natus anno [[1615]]) * [[1 Novembris]] - [[Carolus II (rex Hispaniae)|Carolus II]], [[Hispania]]e rex; natus est anno [[1661]]. 21576w8ucgf0quezc8sulckz8w8mdnp 3980200 3980185 2026-08-10T05:39:22Z Bartholomite 116968 /* Mortui */ 3980200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Decennium|170|MDCC}} ==Eventa== * [[26 Ianuarii]] - [[Terrae motus Cascadiae anni 1700|Terrae motus Cascadiae]] accidit. * [[18 Februarii]] - Civitates [[Lutheranus|Lutheranae]] [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium|Imperii Sacri Romani]] [[Calendarium Gregorianum]] acceperunt et proximum diem in [[1 Martii]] posuerunt. * [[16 Novembris]] - [[Leopoldus I]] imperator [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium| Sacri Romani Imperii]] et [[Fridericus I (rex Borussiae)|Fridericus III]] de nomine regis Borussici futuri inter se convenerunt: Fridericus "rex in Borussia" erit, i.e. in [[Borussia orientalis|Borussia Orientali]], quae non ad Imperium Sacrum pertinuit: Die [[18 Ianuarii]] [[1701]] Fridericus I coronatus est. * [[23 Novembris]] - [[Ioannes Franciscus Albani]], papa creatus, sibi nomen imposuit [[Clemens XI]]. ==Nati== * [[2 Februarii]]: [[Ioannes Christophorus Gottschedius]], [[scriptor]] [[Germania|Germanicus]]; mortuus anno [[1766]]. * [[8 Februarii]]: [[Daniel Bernoullius]], [[mathematicus]] [[physicus]]que [[Helvetia|Helveticus]]; mortuus anno [[1782]]. * [[3 Martii]]: [[Carolus Iosephus Natoire]], [[pictor]] [[Francia|Francicus]]; mortuus anno [[1777]]. * [[12 Maii]]: [[Ludovicus Vanvitelli]], pictor [[architectus]]que [[Italia|Italicus]]; mortuus anno [[1773]]. * [[10 Iunii]]: [[Evaldus Georgius von Kleist]], physicus Germanicus; mortuus anno [[1748]]. === Ignotis diebus === * [[Ioannes Korobov]], [[architectus]] [[Russia|Russicus]]; mortuus anno [[1747]]. * [[Charito Laptev]], [[nauta]] Russicus; mortuus anno [[1763]]. * [[Bartholomaeus Rastrelli]] architectus Italicus; mortuus anno [[1771]]. == Mortui == * [[12 Ianuarii]]: [[Margarita Bourgeoys]], fundatrix Congregationis Nostrae Dominae; nata anno [[1620]]. * [[5 Februarii]]: [[Ludovicus Marracci]], [[professor]] orientalis et [[presbyter]] [[Italia|Italicus]]; natus anno [[1612]]. * [[12 Februarii]]: [[Alexius Šein]], [[miles]] [[Russia|Russicus]]; natus anno [[1652]]. * [[3 Martii]]: [[Hieronymus Casanate]] [[cardinalis]]; natus anno [[1620]]. * [[29 Aprilis]]: [[Petrus de Roestraeten]], [[pictor]] [[Nederlandia|Batavicus]]; natus anno [[1630]]. * [[12 Maii]]: [[Ioannes Drydenius]], [[scriptor]] [[Anglia|Anglicus]]; natus anno [[1631]]. * [[15 Maii]]: [[Ioannes Hale]], [[clericus]] [[Puritani|Puritanus]]; natus anno [[1636]]. * [[29 Maii]]: [[Michael Antonius Baudrand]], [[geographus]] [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus anno [[1633]]. * [[6 Iunii]]: [[Vespasianus Kochowski]], [[poeta]] [[historicus]]que [[Polonia|Polonus]]; natus anno 1633. * [[7 Iulii]]: [[Silvester Valerius]], [[index ducum rei publicae Venetae|dux]] [[Res publica Veneta|Venetae]]; natus anno [[1630]]. * [[15 Septembris]]: [[Andreas Le Nôtre]], [[architectus]] Francicus; natus anno [[1613]]. * [[27 Septembris]]: [[Innocentius XII]] papa; natus anno [[1615]]. * [[1 Novembris]]: [[Carolus II (rex Hispaniae)|Carolus II]], [[Hispania]]e rex; natus anno [[1661]]. * [[26 Novembris]]: [[Amandus Hermann]] [[theologus]] et [[orator]] [[Bohemia|Bohemicus]]; natus anno [[1639]]. === Ignotis diebus === * [[Gregorius Dexter]], [[impressio|impressor]], [[clericus]] [[Baptistae|Baptista]]; natus anno [[1610]]. f7siizuvlqh3e8jglspyrs0lbndnqk7 0 19310 3979757 3977938 2026-08-09T15:55:02Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3979757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina discretiva nominis}} {{Videdis|Albertus I|Albertus II}} {{Nomen | genus = Masculinum | origo = Germanica | significatio = “multus praeclarus” | imago = Dürer self portrait 28.jpg | capitulum = [[Albertus Durerus]], pictor Theodiscus }} {{res|Albertus}}, vel {{res|Albrechtus}} {{victio|Albertus|i|m}}, est nomen atque [[praenomen]] masculinum Germanicum ([[Theodisce]]: ''Albert'', ''Albrecht''). E vocabulis ''adal'' ('nobilis') atque ''beraht'' ('praeclarus') originem ducit.<ref name=":03">''Behind the Name'', s.v. “[https://www.behindthename.com/name/albert Albert]”. {{Ling|Anglice}}.</ref> {{res|Alberta}} est forma feminina nominis. == Qui hoc nomen habuerint == * [[Albertus (antipapa)|Albertus]], antipapa * [[Albertus de Saxonia]], dictus “Parvus” === Imperatores Germanorum === * [[Albertus I (imperator)|Albertus I]] * [[Albertus II (rex Romanorum)|Albertus II]] === Principes Monoecenses === * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Albertus I (princeps Monoecensis)|Albertus I|fr|qid=Q159646}} * [[Albertus II (princeps Monoecensis)|Albertus II]] === Reges Belgarum === * [[Albertus I (rex Belgarum)|Albertus I]] * [[Albertus II (rex Belgarum)|Albertus II]] == Qui hoc praenomen habuerunt == * [[Albertus Altdorfer]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Albertus Angela||it|qid=Q514695}} * [[Albertus de Broglie]] * [[Albertus Camus]] * [[Albertus de Gota]] * [[Albertus Descamps]] * [[Albertus Durerus|Albertus Durerus Noricus]] * [[Albertus Einstein]] * [[Albertus Fernández]] * [[Albertus Fujimori]] * [[Albertus Giacometti]] * [[Albertus Gore]] * [[Albertus Grenier]] * [[Albertus Carolus Ludovicus Gotthilfus Guntherus]] * [[Albertus Koenders]] * [[Albertus Magnus]] * [[Albertus Moravia]] * [[Albertus Otárola]] * [[Albertus Milcolumbus Ranjith]] * [[Albertus Sordi]] * [[Albertus Uderzo]] * [[Albertus Üksip]] == Notae == <references /> ==Nexus interni== * [[Lacus Albertus (discretiva)]] * [[Adalbertus]] * [[Carolus Albertus]] == Nexus externus == {{victionarium|Albertus}} [[Categoria:Praenomina]] t5fc16z3v1rukjyhtw7pbk4lbamxxxa 0 19893 3979655 3979585 2026-08-09T12:23:46Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Archipoeta]] ad [[Archipoëta]]: Nomenclatura uniformis 3979585 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Archipoeta''' ('poeta supremus') fuit [[poeta]] incognitus [[saeculum 12|saeculi duodecimi]], qui [[Colonia Agrippina|Coloniam Agrippinam]] habitans, [[poema]]ta [[lingua Latina|Latina]] [[compositio|composuit]]. Eius [[carmen|carmina]] composita sunt inter annos 1162 et 1164; nonnulla [[Rainaldus de Dassela|Rainaldo de Dassela]], archicancellario [[Fredericus I Imperator|Frederici I]] [[imperator]]is et [[archiepiscopus|archiepiscopo]] [[Colonia Agrippina|Coloniensis]] dicata sunt. == Tabula carminum == # ''Lingua balbus, hebes ingenio'' # ''Fama tuba dante sonum'' # ''Omnia tempus habent, et ego breve postulo tempus'' # ''Archicancellarie, vir discrete mentis'' # ''Nocte quadam sabbati somno iam refectus'' # ''En habeo versus te precipiente reversus'' (laus urbis [[Salernum|Salerni]]) # ''Archicancellarie, viris maior ceteris'' # ''Presul urbis [[Agrippina|Agripine]]'' # ''Salve mundi domine, Cesar noster, ave'' (laus imperatoris Frederici) # ''Estuans intrinsecus ira vehementi'' == Archipoeta tempore nostro == Carmen decimum (''Estuans intrinsecus ira vehementi'') invenitur in cantata musicali ''[[Carmina Burana (Carolus Orff)|Carmina Burana]]'' a [[Carolus Orff|Caroli Orff]] composita. Archipoeta est persona [[fabula]]e ''[[Baudolino]]'' ab [[Humbertus Eco|Humberti Eco]] conscriptae. {{NexInt}} *[[Maximilianus Manitius]] == Bibliographia == * ''[[Hugo Primas Aurelianensis|Hugh Primas]] and the Archpoet''; translated and edited by Fleur Adcock. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1994. [Latine et Anglice] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Poetae Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 12]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 12]] [[Categoria:Carmina Burana]] ciky482gpkq521i02i4hyftxoyts8fs 3979658 3979655 2026-08-09T12:25:17Z Grufo 64423 Paginam redintegravi 3979658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{res|Archipoëta}} ('poëta supremus') fuit [[poëta]] incognitus [[saeculum 12|saeculi duodecimi]], qui [[Colonia Agrippina|Coloniam Agrippinam]] habitans, [[poema]]ta [[lingua Latina|Latina]] [[compositio|composuit]]. Eius [[carmen|carmina]] composita sunt inter annos 1162 et 1164; nonnulla [[Rainaldus de Dassela|Rainaldo de Dassela]], archicancellario [[Fredericus I Imperator|Frederici I]] [[imperator]]is et [[archiepiscopus|archiepiscopo]] [[Colonia Agrippina|Coloniensis]] dicata sunt. == Tabula carminum == # ''Lingua balbus, hebes ingenio'' # ''Fama tuba dante sonum'' # ''Omnia tempus habent, et ego breve postulo tempus'' # ''Archicancellarie, vir discrete mentis'' # ''Nocte quadam sabbati somno iam refectus'' # ''En habeo versus te precipiente reversus'' (laus urbis [[Salernum|Salerni]]) # ''Archicancellarie, viris maior ceteris'' # ''Presul urbis [[Agrippina|Agripine]]'' # ''Salve mundi domine, Cesar noster, ave'' (laus imperatoris Frederici) # ''Estuans intrinsecus ira vehementi'' == Archipoëta tempore nostro == Carmen decimum (''Estuans intrinsecus ira vehementi'') invenitur in cantata musicali ''[[Carmina Burana (Carolus Orff)|Carmina Burana]]'' a [[Carolus Orff|Caroli Orff]] composita. Archipoëta est persona [[fabula]]e ''[[Baudolino]]'' ab [[Humbertus Eco|Humberti Eco]] conscriptae. {{NexInt}} *[[Maximilianus Manitius]] == Bibliographia == * ''[[Hugo Primas Aurelianensis|Hugh Primas]] and the Archpoet''; translated and edited by Fleur Adcock. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1994. [Latine et Anglice] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Poetae Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 12]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 12]] [[Categoria:Carmina Burana]] lj6mqgez9c2zrhyu0x5311hyfezex15 3979663 3979658 2026-08-09T12:27:13Z Grufo 64423 3979663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{res|Archipoëta}} (‘poëta supremus’) fuit [[poëta]] incognitus [[saeculum 12|saeculi duodecimi]], qui [[Colonia Agrippina|Coloniam Agrippinam]] habitans, [[poema]]ta [[lingua Latina|Latina]] [[compositio|composuit]]. Eius [[carmen|carmina]] composita sunt inter annos 1162 et 1164; nonnulla [[Rainaldus de Dassela|Rainaldo de Dassela]], archicancellario [[Fredericus I Imperator|Frederici I]] [[imperator]]is et [[archiepiscopus|archiepiscopo]] [[Colonia Agrippina|Coloniensis]] dicata sunt. == Tabula carminum == # ''Lingua balbus, hebes ingenio'' # ''Fama tuba dante sonum'' # ''Omnia tempus habent, et ego breve postulo tempus'' # ''Archicancellarie, vir discrete mentis'' # ''Nocte quadam sabbati somno iam refectus'' # ''En habeo versus te precipiente reversus'' (laus urbis [[Salernum|Salerni]]) # ''Archicancellarie, viris maior ceteris'' # ''Presul urbis [[Agrippina|Agripine]]'' # ''Salve mundi domine, Cesar noster, ave'' (laus imperatoris Frederici) # ''Estuans intrinsecus ira vehementi'' == Archipoëta tempore nostro == Carmen decimum (''Estuans intrinsecus ira vehementi'') invenitur in cantata musicali ''[[Carmina Burana (Carolus Orff)|Carmina Burana]]'' a [[Carolus Orff|Caroli Orff]] composita. Archipoëta est persona [[fabula]]e ''[[Baudolino]]'' ab [[Humbertus Eco|Humberti Eco]] conscriptae. {{NexInt}} *[[Maximilianus Manitius]] == Bibliographia == * ''[[Hugo Primas Aurelianensis|Hugh Primas]] and the Archpoet''; translated and edited by Fleur Adcock. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1994. [Latine et Anglice] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Poetae Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 12]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 12]] [[Categoria:Carmina Burana]] 3mz2wnsl1kzq9a9nk401jahlnoezohr 3979664 3979663 2026-08-09T12:27:55Z Grufo 64423 3979664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{res|Archipoēta}} (‘poëta supremus’) fuit [[poëta]] incognitus [[saeculum 12|saeculi duodecimi]], qui [[Colonia Agrippina|Coloniam Agrippinam]] habitans, [[poema]]ta [[lingua Latina|Latina]] [[compositio|composuit]]. Eius [[carmen|carmina]] composita sunt inter annos 1162 et 1164; nonnulla [[Rainaldus de Dassela|Rainaldo de Dassela]], archicancellario [[Fredericus I Imperator|Frederici I]] [[imperator]]is et [[archiepiscopus|archiepiscopo]] [[Colonia Agrippina|Coloniensis]] dicata sunt. == Tabula carminum == # ''Lingua balbus, hebes ingenio'' # ''Fama tuba dante sonum'' # ''Omnia tempus habent, et ego breve postulo tempus'' # ''Archicancellarie, vir discrete mentis'' # ''Nocte quadam sabbati somno iam refectus'' # ''En habeo versus te precipiente reversus'' (laus urbis [[Salernum|Salerni]]) # ''Archicancellarie, viris maior ceteris'' # ''Presul urbis [[Agrippina|Agripine]]'' # ''Salve mundi domine, Cesar noster, ave'' (laus imperatoris Frederici) # ''Estuans intrinsecus ira vehementi'' == Archipoëta tempore nostro == Carmen decimum (''Estuans intrinsecus ira vehementi'') invenitur in cantata musicali ''[[Carmina Burana (Carolus Orff)|Carmina Burana]]'' a [[Carolus Orff|Caroli Orff]] composita. Archipoëta est persona [[fabula]]e ''[[Baudolino]]'' ab [[Humbertus Eco|Humberti Eco]] conscriptae. {{NexInt}} *[[Maximilianus Manitius]] == Bibliographia == * ''[[Hugo Primas Aurelianensis|Hugh Primas]] and the Archpoet''; translated and edited by Fleur Adcock. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1994. [Latine et Anglice] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Poetae Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 12]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 12]] [[Categoria:Carmina Burana]] 3dhjq1sbny98lwokze6nsvcqhx1bu1h 3979668 3979664 2026-08-09T12:31:01Z Grufo 64423 +{{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3979668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{res|Archipoēta}} (‘poëta supremus’) fuit [[poëta]] incognitus [[saeculum 12|saeculi duodecimi]], qui [[Colonia Agrippina|Coloniam Agrippinam]] habitans, [[poema]]ta [[lingua Latina|Latina]] [[compositio|composuit]]. Eius [[carmen|carmina]] composita sunt inter annos [[1162]] et [[1164]]; nonnulla {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Rainaldus de Dassela|Rainaldo de Dassela|en|qid=Q55619}}, archicancellario [[Fredericus I Imperator|Frederici I]] [[imperator]]is et [[archiepiscopus|archiepiscopo]] [[Colonia Agrippina|Coloniensis]] dicata sunt. == Tabula carminum == # ''Lingua balbus, hebes ingenio'' # ''Fama tuba dante sonum'' # ''Omnia tempus habent, et ego breve postulo tempus'' # ''Archicancellarie, vir discrete mentis'' # ''Nocte quadam sabbati somno iam refectus'' # ''En habeo versus te precipiente reversus'' (laus urbis [[Salernum|Salerni]]) # ''Archicancellarie, viris maior ceteris'' # ''Presul urbis [[Agrippina|Agripine]]'' # ''Salve mundi domine, Cesar noster, ave'' (laus imperatoris Frederici) # ''Estuans intrinsecus ira vehementi'' == Archipoëta tempore nostro == Carmen decimum (''Estuans intrinsecus ira vehementi'') invenitur in cantata musicali {{Op|[[Carmina Burana (Orff)|Carmina Burana]]}} a [[Carolus Orff|Caroli Orff]] composita. Archipoëta est persona [[fabula]]e {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Baudolino||en|qid=Q791487}}}} ab [[Humbertus Eco|Humberti Eco]] conscriptae. {{NexInt}} * [[Maximilianus Manitius]] == Bibliographia == * ''[[Hugo Primas Aurelianensis|Hugh Primas]] and the Archpoet''; translated and edited by Fleur Adcock. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1994. [Latine et Anglice] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Poetae Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 12]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 12]] [[Categoria:Carmina Burana]] ak998legttbugdr8omeqpm6wj4nnvs0 0 23708 3979704 3979210 2026-08-09T14:45:33Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3979704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bellum et res militaris}} {{res|Incursio magna}}{{FD ref}} [[miles|militum]] est, si multi milites regni [[terra (regio)|terram]] alterius regni invadunt, ut omnem vel magnam eius terrae partem diu vel ad aeternum occupent. Propter invadendi [[vocabulum]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Lingua hodierna|linguis hodiernis|en|qid=Q1288568}} [[vox]] [[Lingua Latina recens|Latina recens]] ''invasionis'' in usu est. Incursiones militum exempli gratia [[antiquitas|antiquitate]] fuerunt: * Incursio Romanorum in [[Gallia]]m duce [[Caesar]]e * Incursio Romanorum in terram [[Germani|Germanorum]] * Incursio [[Gothi|Gothorum]] in [[imperium Romanum]] [[Medium aevum|Medio aevo]]: * Incursio [[Normanni|Normannorum]] in [[Anglia]]m * [[Expeditio sacra|Expeditiones sacrae]] in [[terra sancta|terram sanctam]], quae dicitur. Hodiernis temporibus: * Incursio Germanorum in [[Russia]]e terram [[secundum bellum mundanum|altero bello mundano]] * Incursio diei [[6 Iunii]] [[1944]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] at aliarum civitatum militum ex [[Anglia]] in [[Normannia]]m, quae terra tum a Germania occupabatur. Incursiones fieri possunt [[aer]]iales, [[mare|maritimae]], [[terra|terrestries]] In [[Mythistoriae rerum futurarum|fabulis phantasticis]], [[animalia]] aliena sive extraterranea ex universitatis [[spatium|spatio]] [[tellus (planeta)|terram planetam]] nonnumuquam invadunt. Hodie [[Charta Consociationis Nationum]] incursiones quae [[libertas|libertatem]] civitatum [[sui iuris]] vel [[territorium|territoria]] violant vetat.<ref>[[Charta Consociationis Nationum]], Pars I, Articlus II, sectio 4.</ref> == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Image:Landings on Omaha beach.jpg|Milites [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|CFA]] Normanniam a Germanis occupatam invadunt. Image:Normandy Invasion, June 1944.jpg|Milites civitatum alligatarum Normanniam anno [[1944]] mari invadunt. Image:Danish invasion fleet-Claus Møinichen.jpg|Incursionis [[classis (naves)|classis]] [[Dania|Danica]] in [[Bellum Scanium|Bello Scanio]] Image:Russian bombardment of Kyiv TV Tower.jpg|[[Incursio Russica in Ucrainam (2022)|Miles Russiae anno 2022 in Ucrainam invadunt.]] </gallery> == Nota == <references/> {{NexInt}} * [[Annexatio]] * [[Bellum]] * [[Belli scelus]] * [[Casus belli]] * [[Colonialismus]] * [[Dies internationalis impuberium innocentorum victimarum de incursione]] * [[Incursio]] * [[Res militaris]] * [[Scelus contra humanitatem]] [[Categoria:Res militares]] {{Myrias|Societas}} dibgjymbjyk43szxxydovu35iz4dl24 0 23990 3979768 3977931 2026-08-09T15:58:24Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3979768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina discretiva nominis}} {{Nomen | genus = Masculinum | origo = Anglosaxonica | significatio = “qui felicem hastam possidet” | imago = 1849 face detail, from- Unknown maker, American - Edgar Allan Poe - Google Art Project (cropped).jpg | capitulum = [[Edgarus Allan Poe]], scriptor Americanus }} {{res|Edgarus}} ({{pns|i|m}}; vulgo ''Edgar'') est [[nomen]] et praenomen compositum [[bahuvrīhi|''bahuvrīhi'']] origine [[Lingua Anglosaxonica|Anglo-Saxonica]], quod “qui felicem (''ead'') hastam (''gar'') possidet” significat. == Qui hoc nomen habuerint == * [[Edgarus (rex Anglorum)]] * [[Edgarus I (rex Scotiae)]] == Qui hoc praenomen habuerint == * [[Edgarus Adrian]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Edgarus Athelinus||en|qid=Q215224}} * [[Edgarus Česnauskis]] * [[Edgarus Degas]] * [[Edgarus Jankauskas]] * [[Edgarus Jenkins]] * [[Edgarus Lungu]] * [[Edgarus Mitchell]] * [[Edgarus Froese]] * [[Edgarius Allanus Poe|Edgarus Allanus Poe]] * [[Edgarus Rice Burroughs]] * [[Edgarus Rinkēvičs]] * [[Edgarus Howard Sturtevant|Edgarus Sturtevant]] * [[Edgarus Wallace]] * [[Edgarus Wright]] {{NexInt}} * [[Edgardus]] [[Categoria:Nomina]] [[Categoria:Praenomina masculina]] 7yg0uqoid857t1wsiywkwlw46zddczp 0 26255 3979947 3965670 2026-08-09T22:02:50Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[File:Hr8799 orbit hd.gif|alt=Timelapse of exoplanets orbit motion|thumb|upright=1.5|Quattuor planetae exasolares in [[systema planetarium|systemate]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|HR 8799||d|en|qid=Q584300}} tempus annorum septem per ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Observatorium Gulielmus Myron Keck|Observatorium Gulielmum Myronem Keck|d|en|qid=Q210997}}'' inspecti.]] [[Fasciculus:Exoplanet Discovery Methods Bar.png|thumb|450px|Methodi exoplanetarum reperiendorum.]] {{Res|Planeta extrasolaris}}<ref>Talis locutio in multis [[lingua|linguis]] invenitur: confer Catalane ''planeta extrasolar'', Anglice ''Extrasolar planet''.</ref> vel '''exoplaneta'''<ref>Ita Bohemice, Vasconice necnon Lusitane; haud dissimiliter in aliis linguis hodiernis.</ref> est [[planeta]] qui ultra [[Systema Solare|Systematis Solaris]] limites motat.<ref name="Encyclopaedia">{{cite web |last1=Schneider |first1=Jean |date=10 Septembris 2011 |title=Interactive Extra-Solar Planets Catalog |url=http://exoplanet.eu/catalog.php |work=[[The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopedia]] |accessdate=10 Septembris 2011}}</ref> Permultis [[stellae|stellis]] planetae circumire censentur, inter quas fortasse sunt dimidium omnium stellarum [[Sol]]is similium.<ref name=harps2011>[http://arxiv.org/abs/1109.2497 The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XXXIV. Occurrence, mass distribution and orbital properties of super-Earths and Neptune-mass planets], M. Mayor, M. Marmier, C. Lovis, S. Udry, D. Ségransan, F. Pepe, W. Benz, J.-L. Bertaux, F. Bouchy, X. Dumusque, G. Lo Curto, C. Mordasini, D. Queloz, N. C. Santos (September 2011).</ref> Secundum [[statistica]]m anni [[2012]] investigationem, quaeque ex circa 100 billionibus stellarum in [[galaxias|galaxia]] nostro seu [[Via Lactea]] "in medio . . . saltem 1.6 planetas" habere fertur.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |title=160 Billion Alien Planets May Exist in Our Milky WayGalaxy |url=http://www.space.com/14200-160-billion-alien-planets-milky-galaxy.html |date=11 January 2012 |publisher=[[Space.com]] |accessdate=2012-01-11 }}</ref><ref name="Nature-20120111">{{cite journal |author=Cassan, A. et al. |title=One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v481/n7380/full/nature10684.html |doi=10.1038/nature10684 |date=11 Ianuarii 2012 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=481 |pages=167–169 |accessdate=11 Ianuarii 2012 |bibcode = 2012Natur.481..167C }}</ref> Non minus ergo quam 160 billiones planetarum stellis circumeuntium in sola Via Lactea exsistere possunt.<ref name="Nature-20120111" /> [[Planemo]]num (seu corporum massam planetariam habentium) libere in Via Lactea fluitantium fortasse exstant trilliones, sive videlicet corporum [[Pluto (planeta)|Plutone]] maiorum 100&thinsp;000 pro omni [[stella sequentiae principalis]].<!--for every main-sequence star--><ref>[http://arxiv.org/abs/1201.2687 Nomads of the Galaxy], Louis E. Strigari, Matteo Barnabe, Philip J. Marshall, Roger D. Blandford.</ref> == Passus primi == Iam diu homo interrogat soline sit in universo. Qui est alius modus quaerendi, sintne alii planetae in quibus crescant aliae formae vitae. [[Christianus Hugenius]] erat primus astronomus cui erat notio utendorum instrumentorum observationis ut tales planetae detegerentur. [[saeculum 20|Saeculo vicensimo]] [[telescopium|telescopiis]] melioribus novae artes inventae: inventio ex onere parta ([[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]]: ''charge-coupled device'' sive ''CCD''), cura imaginum, [[Hubble (telescopium)|spatii telescopum Hubble]], res omnes quae stellarum motus optime metiantur. Ob eam causam multi [[astronomus|astronomi]] planetas extrasolares detegi posse putant. Annis 1980 et annis 1990 incipientibus pauci nuntii planetae inventi facti sunt, qui quidem multitudine nuntiorum aliorum resumpti; dehinc verificatis rebus (per menses vel annos) illi nuntii inveterati sunt (ut mos est hominum doctorum). Communio hominum doctorum spem amisit nonnullique iam concludebant [[systema solare]] esse unum in universo. Denique anno 1995 revera primus planeta exter est repertus. == Primi planetae extrasolares reperti == [[Fasciculus:Osirisplanet.jpg|thumb|Pictura imaginata quae monstret exhalationem planetae [[HD 209458 b]] ("Osiris" interdum nuncupati)<br />''fontes: [[NASA]]/[[ESA]]/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS]]'']] Primus planeta extrasolaris repertus nuntiatus est die 6 Octobris 1995 a Michaele Mayor et Didier Queloz (ex observatorio [[Genava]]e) sito, secundum observata quae facta sunt in observatorio Superioris Provinciae quaeque ad velocitatem radialem stellarum pertinebant. Qui planeta dimidio minor [[Iuppiter (planeta)|Iove stella]] orbitam tantum 4,2 dierum habens astro ita est prope ut (sicut alii huiusmodi planetae) ''Iuppiter calidus'' vocatur et appellationem [[51 Pegasi b]] habet (sed interdum "Bellerophon" nuncupatur): astrum enim est [[51 Pegasi]], in constellatione [[Pegasus (constellatio)|Pegasi]] visum, 40 [[spatium lucis annuae|spatia lucis annuae]] a [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellure]] remota. Ex illo tempore plus quam quincenti planetae inventi sunt, quorum multi a grege qui a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Galfridus Marcy|Galfrido Marcy|en|qid=Q736811}} ex Universitate Californiae in Berkeleia sita ducebatur reperti sunt. Plus quam dimidium autem reperti sunt in Universitate [[Genava|Genevae]] sita a gregibus internationalibus. Primum systema ubi detecti sunt plures planetae erat [[Upsilon Andromedae]] in constellatione [[Andromeda (constellatio)|Andromedae]]. Alter fuit [[55 Cancri|55]] [[Cancer (constellatio)|Cancri]]. Quod est maximum systema planetarum quod adhuc notum est (praeter nostrum), nam saltem quattuor planetas continet. Maior pars planetarum nunc repertorum [[gigas gasosus|gigantes gasosi]], aliqui quidem [[pumilio fusca|pumiliones fuscae]] sunt. Praecipue detecti sunt gigantes circum stellis proximis propter observationis modum. Alii sunt Ioves excentricii, saepe maiores [[Iuppiter (planeta)|Iove]] planeta, orbitis maioris [[Excentricitas|excentricitatis]] adfecti. Etiam planetae [[Neptunus (planeta)|Neptuni]] [[magnitudo|magnitudinis]] iam inventi sunt, exempli causa illi duo planetae stellam [[Gliese 876]] vocatam revolventes. Multo facilius est reperire planetam massae maximae rapide stellam circumeuntem propter velocitatem radialem. Planetae minoris magnitudinis nondum inveniri poterant, cum methodus investigandi solum maiores indicet: Observantur vacillationes stellae ex quibus massae atque orbitae planetarum circum eam revolventium ratiocinantur. Namque imagines planetarum exterorum capere nondum possumus. In priore spatio semestri 2005 disputatio per mundum astronomorum acta est. Greges ex NASA (Agentia spatii [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]]) et ex ESO nuntiavere telescopos VLT et Spitzer planetas exteros repperisse. Tandem Europa obtinuisse primas imagines directas planetarum extrasolarium videbatur. Singillatim pumilionem fuscam [[2MASSW J1207334-393254|2M1207]] et stellam [[GQ Lupi]] circumeunt. Hoc dicto comitem GQ Lupi pumilionem fuscam esse putatur. ==Inventa== Die 1 Augusti 2022 numerantur<ref>http://exoplanet.eu/catalog.php</ref>: * 5125 planetae extrasolares in * 3794 systematibus planetariis distributi (inter quae systemata 829 plures planetas habent) [[Fasciculus:444226main exoplanet20100414-a-full.jpg|thumb|[[Tres]] noti [[stella]]e [[HR8799]] [[planeta]]e, ex [[Telescopium Hale|Telescopio Hale]] visi. [[Lux]] mediae stellae (locus ''star'' Anglice designatus) a [[coronagraphia vorticis vectoralis|coronagrammate vorticis vectoralis]]<!--vector vortex coronagraph--> celatur.]] [[Fasciculus:Brown dwarf 2M J044144 and planet.jpg|thumb|[[2MASS J04414489+2301513|2M J044144]] est [[nanus fuscus]] cui est comes circa quinquies-decies [[massa]]e [[Iuppiter (planeta)|Iovis]].<!-- It is not clear whether this companion object is a [[sub-brown dwarf]] or a planet.-->]] [[Fasciculus:The Star AB Pictoris and its Companion - Phot-14d-05-normal.jpg|thumb|Imago [[coronagraphia|coronographica]] stellae [[AB Pictoris]] comitem (laeva et ima parte) monstrat, qui est vel nanus fuscus vel planeta massivus.<!-- The data were obtained on 16 March 2003 with [[Very Large Telescope#Instruments|NACO]] on the [[Very Large Telescope|VLT]], using a 1.4 arcsec occulting mask on top of AB Pictoris.-->]] ==Planetae exteri noti== * Die [[27 Novembris]] [[2001]] detegitur primus gigas gasosus, [[HD 209458 b]] ("Osiris" interdum nuncupatus), [[oxygenium]] et [[carbonium]] in atmosphaera sua continens. Cum sit planeta proximus soli eius, videt atmosphaeram exspirari vento stellae. Quae impullere peritos classem novam exoplanetarum animo fingere, quam appellant [[planeta Chthonius|planetas Chthonios]], qui sunt reliquiae rupium gigantium gasosorum quorum atmosphaera exspirata est stella eorum. * Die [[25 Augusti]] [[2004]], planeta, [[Mu Arae c]] vel "Venus Mu Arae", gravis 14 massas terrestres repertus est. Quae massa est infra limitem theoricum 15 massarum terrestrium ubi licet invenire planetam telluricum. Periti enim quaerunt num sit maximus planeta e rupibus, primus ergo huius generis repertus, an minimus gigas gasosus. * Anno [[2005]], semel, astronomi discrevere lumen emissum directe duobus planetis, quamquam lucent maxime stellae proximae. Hactenus, indirecte erant reperti, inspiciendo perturbationes adhibitae planetis in stellas eorum vel metiendo lumen deminutum per obscurationem. Hac vice, duo greges observantes planetas varios exoplanetas repererunt simul. Sed cum duo greges usi essent telescopo spatii infrarubro " Spitzer" Civitatium Foederatarum, NASA statuit casu frui ut ambo simul nuntiati essent. Interest notare ambos exoplanetas observatos detectos esse prius velocitatis radialis artis gratia. * Die [[14 Iulii]] [[2005]], astrophysicus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Matthaeus Konacki||en|qid=Q366733}} [[Institutum Technologiae Californiense|Instituti Technologiae Californiae]] in libello periodico ''[[Nature]]'' reperire exoplanetam ([[HD 188753]] Ab) proclamavit in systemate trium stellarum quae inveniuntur longae 149 spatia lucis annuae a Terra. [[Havaii]] telescopii Keck I gratia, potuit hunc planetam invenire cuius revolutio circum stellam eius fit in minus quam quattuor diebus. Exempla hodierna formationis planetarum non explicant quomodo talis planeta oriatur in spatio ambienti tam incerto quod attinet ad [[gravitatio]]nem. Hic planeta "planeta Tatooinus" ab inventore cognominatur in laudem planetae fictici eiusdem [[nomen proprium|nominis]] in [[pellicula]] de ''[[Star Wars|Bellis Stellarum]].'' Astronomi posteriores, qui eum planetam rursus reperire conati sunt, jusque hodie non potuerunt. * Die [[26 Ianuarii]] [[2006]], tres collaborationes usantes effectum lentium microgravitationalium ducti per "Probans lentium anomalia retem" (vulgo ''Probing Lensing Anomalies NETwork'' vel ''PLANET'') aperiant planetam [[OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb]] quae videtur prima exoplaneta tellurica nota. Haec planeta sita est longius 22 milia spatiorum lucis annuae a terra. Eius massa valet circa quinquies pro Terra; temperatura est parva -220&nbsp;°C gradus (53 K), quod sinit supponere planetam solidam esse. * Die [[17 Maii]] [[2006]], grex inventorum planetarum (cuius est particeps Michaelis Maior) nuntiat reperisse, spectrographi Harps gratia, tres planetas Neptunianos circumeuntes sidus generis solaris [[HD 69830]]. Massae sunt pro se quisque decies, duodecies, duodevicies (10, 12,18) superiores massae Terrae (quod est debile, Iove centies septemdecies (117) valenti massam Terrae). Hoc systema putatur possidere asteroidum cingulum longum 1 [[Unitas astronomica|ua]] a stella. * Raius Iaiavardhana et Valentinus Ivanov repererunt, Nova technologia telescopio longo 3,5 m observatorii La Silla in observatorio Europeano australi (ESO), [[Oph 162225-240515]], systema duplex duorum planetarum se circumeuntium et in spatio libere navigantium . * Die [[18 Septembris]] [[2006]], grex astronomorum [[Institutum Smithsonianum|Smithsoniani]] nuntiat probabilem inventionem novi generis planetae: cum [[radius (geometria)|radio]] aequo 1.38 vices Iovi sed cuius pondus ne quidem est dimidium massae, est exoplaneta levissimus quem umquam invenere! Est densitate inferiore suberi: fluctuet commode si sit vas maius quam ut contineatur. Res nominatur [[ADS 16402|HAT-P-1]]. Stella est sidus praecipuum systematis duplicis, longum 450 spatia lucis annuae a Terra in constellatione [[Lacerta (constellatio)|Lacerta]] et notum nomine poetico [[ADS 16402]]. Ambae stellae similes sunt soli sed iuniores, natae circa 3,6 mille milia milia annis post solem. * Die [[5 Octobris]] [[2006]], Kailashus Sahu, Baltimori Instituti Scientiae telescopi spatii (vulgo ''Space Telescope Science Institute'') collegaeque Civitatum Foederatarum, Chiliani, Sueci, Itali, putantur reperisse, telescopo spatii Hubble, quinque exoplanetas novi generis appellatos "Planetas Periodo Revolutionis Brevissimo" vel Anglice ''USPP'' , ''Ultra-Short-Period Planet'' quia circumeunt sidus minus quam intra diem terrestrem (Velocissima revolvitur intra 0.4 diem, minus quam decem horae). Res videntur planetae gasi gigantes debili densitate similes Iovi, circumeuntes stellas minores quam Sol. ==Modi inveniendi== Invenire exoplanetam indirecte non est res facilis, variis rationibus: * Planeta [[lux|lucem]] non edit: solum lumen refert quod excipit e stella, quod paucum est. * Stella distat a nobis multo magis quam stella distat a planeta suo: oportet potestatem separandi ergo instrumentorum altissimam esse ut distinguentur. Sic, maior quantus exoplanetae qui valebant usque nuperrime appellantur modi "indirecti", nam non detegunt directe photona venientia a planeta. Sunt plures modi, praesentes et futuri ut reperiatur extrasolaris planeta. Plerique deteguntur ab observatoriis in solo. ==Notae== <references /> ==Bibliographia== * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120314054218/http://www.iop.org/publications/iop/2010/page_42551.html Exoplanets – The search for planets beyond our solar system]''. Institute of Physics, [[2010]]. * Giada N. Arney, "[https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ab0651/meta The K Dwarf Advantage for Biosignatures on Directly Imaged Exoplanets]" in ''Astrophysical Journal Letters'' vol. 873 (6 Martii 2019) * R. P. Butler, "[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/504701;jsessionid=A420BF41B7A906D69EDDB4C5C8FB27C5.ip-10-40-1-105 Catalog of Nearby Exoplanets]" in ''Astrophysical Journal'' vol. 646 (2006) * David R. Ciardi et al., "[https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.05665v1 Astro2020 Science White Paper: Toward Finding Earth 2.0: Masses and Orbits of Small Planets with Extreme Radial Velocity Precision]" (13 Martii 2019) apud ''arXiv.org'' * Chuanfei Dong, Zhenguang Huang, Manasvi Lingam, Gábor Tóth, Tamas Gombosi, Amitava Bhattacharjee, "[https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.01219 The dehydration of water worlds via atmospheric losses]" (5 Septembris 2017) apud ''arXiv.org'' pro ''Astrophysical Journal Letters'' *{{Cite journal|author=Artie P. Hatzes, Günther Wuchter |title=Astronomy: Giant planet seeks nursery place|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2005-07-14_436_7048/page/182 |journal=Nature |volume= 436|pages= 182–183|year=2005 |doi=10.1038/436182a|pmid=16015311|issue=7048|bibcode = 2005Natur.436..182H }} [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v436/n7048/full/436182a.html Situs venalis] * René Heller, Michael Hippke, Kai Rodenbeck, "[https://www.aanda.org/component/article?access=doi&doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201935600 Transit least-squares survey. II. Discovery and validation of 17 new sub- to super-Earth-sized planets in multi-planet systems from K2]" in ''Astronomy & Astrophysics'' (13 May 2019) * Danley C. Hsu, Eric B. Ford, Darin Ragozzine, Keir Ashby, "[https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.01417 Occurrence Rates of Planets orbiting FGK Stars: Combining Kepler DR25, Gaia DR2 and Bayesian Inference]" (14 Augusti 2019) apud ''arXiv.org'' pro ''Astronomical Journal'' vol. 158 * L. Kaltenegger, J.Pepper, K. Stassun, R. Oelkers, "[https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.11539 TESS Habitable Zone Star Catalog]" (27 Martii 2019) apud ''arXiv.org'' pro '' Astrophysical Journal Letters'' vol. 874 no. L8 (2019) * Jonathan I. Lunine, Bruce Macintosh, Stanton Peale, "[http://ptonline.aip.org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-ft/vol_62/iss_5/46_1.shtml?type=PTALERT The detection and characterization of exoplanets]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}" in ''Physics Today'' (Maii 2009) * Sarah R. N. McIntyre, Charles H. Lineweaver, Michael J. Ireland, "[https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.03123 Planetary Magnetism as a Parameter in Exoplanet Habitability]" (7 Martii 2019) apud ''arXiv.org'' pro ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'' [https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2018/EPSC2018-989.pdfhttps://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2018/EPSC2018-989.pdf Epitome alibi reperta] * Sarah Millholland, Gregory Laughlin, "[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-019-0701-7 Obliquity-driven sculpting of exoplanetary systems]" in ''[[Nature]] Astronomy Letters'' (4 Martii 2019) * {{Cite journal|author=Mark R. Swain, Gautam Vasisht & Giovanna Tinetti |title=The presence of methane in the atmosphere of an extrasolar planet|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2008-03-20_452_7185/page/329 |journal=Nature |volume= 452|pages= 329–331|year=2008 |doi=10.1038/nature06823|pmid=18354477|issue=7185|bibcode = 2008Natur.452..329S }} [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7185/full/nature06823.html Situs venalis] * Tomoyuki Kudo et al., "[https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/aaeb1c/meta A Spatially Resolved au-scale Inner Disk around DM Tau]" in ''Astrophysical Journal Letters'' vol. 868 (14 Novembris 2018) * Vincent Van Eylen, Simon Albrecht, "[https://arxiv.org/abs/1505.02814 Eccentricity from transit photometry: small planets in Kepler multi-planet systems have low eccentricities]" (11 Maii 2015) apud ''arXiv.org'' pro ''Astrophysical Journal'' {{NexInt}} * [[Satelles extrasolaris]] * [[Planeta extragalacticus]] * [[Zona habitabilis]] * [[Consortium N2K]] * [[Index planetarum extrasolarium]] * [[Krypton (planeta ficticius)|Krypton]] ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Exoplanets|exoplanetas}} ; Indices nexuum * ''[http://www.ucm.es/info/Astrof/recopilaciones/planetas_ext.html Planetas extrasolares]'' ;Encyclopaediae et indices * ''[http://exoplanet.eu The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]'' - De planetis extrasolaribus * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20081119143348/http://exoplanets.org/esp/hd117618/hd117618.shtml Exoplanets Data Explorer]" apud ''University of California Planet Search Project'' * M. Mayor et alii, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20060926165047/http://obswww.unige.ch/~udry/planet/planet.html The Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search Programmes]" * ''[http://phl.upr.edu/projects/habitable-exoplanets-catalog The Habitable Exoplanets Catalog]'' apud ''Planetary Habitability Laboratory'' * ''[http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/ NASA Exoplanet Archive]'' * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120313095039/http://exoplanet.hanno-rein.de/ The Visual Exoplanet Catalogue]'' * [http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/exoplanet/id327702034?mt=8 Data exoplanetaria iPhone/Ipodium/iPad accommodata] * ''[http://www.planetary.org/exoplanets/ Catalog of Exoplanets]'' apud ''Planetary Society '' * ''[http://www.planetarybiology.com/exoexplorer_planets/ Complete List of Exoplanets]'' apud ''Planetary Biology'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081203091324/http://media4.obspm.fr/exoplanets/ De exoplanetis] apud ''Observatoire de Paris'' * [http://jumk.de/astronomie/exoplanets/index.shtml List of important exoplanets] ; Atlantes * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20060929092206/http://planetquest1.jpl.nasa.gov/atlas/atlas_index.cfm PlanetQuest Atlas]'' apud [[NASA]] * [http://www.exosolar.net/ exosolar.net] Atlas stellarum et exoplanetarum ; Instituta exoplanetaria * [http://www.exoplanet.de/ Center for Exo-Planet Research Jena/Tautenburg] * [http://www.astro.uni-jena.de/ Astrophysical Institute & University Observatory Jena (AIU)] * ''[http://www.superwasp.org/ SuperWASP Wide Angle Search for Planets]'' Institutorum Britannicorum * ''[http://www.planetquest.org/ PlanetQuest]'' * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20121027061546/http://www.nsf.gov/mps/ast/exoptf.jsp ExoPlanet Task Force (ExoPTF)]'' apud ''National Science Foundation'' ; Varia et breviora * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110225110149/http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/ PlanetQuest] apud [[NASA]] * "[https://www.nasa.gov/kepler/discoveries How many exoplanets has Kepler discovered?]" apud ''NASA'' * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20120316170533/http://alum.mit.edu/pages/sliceofmit/2011/02/15/exoplanets/ 10 Things You May Not Know About ... Exoplanets]" apud ''Slice of MIT'' * "[http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1024/ Exoplanet Caught on the Move]" apud ''european Southern Observatory'' * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20081220100255/http://exoplanets.org/index_gl.html 6–8 Earth-Mass Planet Discovered orbiting Gliese 876]" apud exoplanets.org * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20081030022342/http://www.ece.vt.edu/swe/lwa/memo/lwa0013.pdf Radio Detection of Extrasolar Planets: Present and Future Prospects]" * [http://www.astronomycast.com/astronomy/ep-125-a-zoo-of-extrasolar-planets/ "Vivarium" planetarum extrasolarium] apud astronomycast.com * Natalie M. Batalha et al., "[http://arxiv.org/abs/1202.5852 Planetary Candidates Observed by Kepler, III: Analysis of the First 16 Months of Data]" (Feb. 2012) * Laurence R. Doyle, "[http://www.space.com/searchforlife/090319-seti-planet-nomenclature.html Naming New Extrasolar Planets]" apud ''SPACE.com'' (19 Martii 2009) * D. Lafreniere, R. Jayawardhana, M. van Kerkwijk, "[http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap080919.html Companion of a Young, Sun-like Star]" apud [[NASA]] * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090130144603/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Beyond Beyond Our Solar System]" apud ''[http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/ NASA's Solar System Exploration]'' * "[http://www.perseus.gr/Astro-Photometry.htm Differential Photometry]" apud ''Perseus'' * ''[https://www.centauri-dreams.org/ Centauri Dreams]'' [[Categoria:Exoplanetologia]] {{Myrias|Physica}} {{FA stella}} kjx5bj1cn9l1b5399vbl5a07uyexm51 0 26290 3979904 3978529 2026-08-09T21:14:54Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Insecta | fossil_range = {{fossil range|396|0|r=[[Devonium]] inferius > [[Recens]]<ref name="EngelGrim">{{cite journal | url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v427/n6975/full/nature02291.html | last=Engel | first=Michael S. | coauthors=David A. Grimaldi | year=[[2004]] | title=New light shed on the oldest insect | journal=Nature | volume=427 | pages=627–30 | doi=10.1038/nature02291 | pmid=14961119 | issue=6975}}.</ref>}} | image = Insect collage.png | image_caption = Horologice ex summa laeva: ''[[Empis livida]], [[Rhinotia hemistictus]], [[Gryllotalpa brachyptera]], [[Vespula germanica]], [[Opodiphthera eucalypti]], [[Harpactorinae]]'' | image_width = 300px | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | subphylum = [[Mandibulata]] | superclassis = [[Hexapoda]] | classis = '''Insecta''' | classis_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[Systema Naturae|1758]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Classis (taxinomia)|Subclasses]] | subdivision = * [[Monocondylia]] ([[Archaeognatha]]) * [[Dicondylia]] *: [[Apterygota]] *: [[Pterygota]] }} {{res|Insecta}} ({{pns|orum|n|Insectum}}; ab ''insecto'', {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|calque||en|qid=Q204826}} a [[lingua Graeca|Graeco]] ἔντομον ‘in partes sectum’) sunt [[animalia]] [[corpus|corpore]] [[exosceletus|exosceleto]] e [[chitina|chitino]] constituto operta, tripartito (in [[caput]], [[thorax]], et [[abdomen]] diviso), tres pares extremitatum articulationibus praeditarum in thorace, [[oculus|oculos]] compositos, et binas {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|antenna (zoologia)|antennas|en|qid=Q204664}} habentia. In {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|taxinomia biologica||en|qid=Q8269924}} sunt [[classis (taxinomia)|classis]] [[phylum (taxinomia)|phyli]] [[Arthropoda|Arthropodorum]]. Insecta sunt diversissima [[animalia|animalium]] grex, plus quam 1 000 000 [[species (taxinomia)|specierum]] descriptas comprehendentes, et sunt pro plus quam dimidio omnium [[orbis terrarum]] [[organismus|organismorum]] vivorum.<ref name="Chapman">{{cite book |author=Chapman, A. D. |year=[[2006]] |title=Numbers of living species in Australia and the World |pages=60pp |publisher=[[Canberra]]e: Australian Biological Resources Study |isbn=978-0-642-56850-2 |url=http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/other/species-numbers/index.html.}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/biodiversity/biodiversity.html|title=Threats to Global Diversity|last=Wilson|first=E. O. |accessdate=2009-05-17.}}</ref> == Introductio == Numerus specierum [[taxon exstans|exstantium]] inter sexies et decies centena milia aestimatur,<ref name="Chapman" /><ref>{{cite journal |author=Vojtech Novotny, Yves Basset, Scott E. Miller, George D. Weiblen, Birgitta Bremer, Lukas Cizek & Pavel Drozd |year=[[2002]] |title=Low host specificity of herbivorous insects in a tropical forest |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2002-04-25_416_6883/page/841 |journal=Nature |pmid=11976681 |volume=416 |issue=6883 |pages=841–844 |doi=10.1038/416841a.}}</ref><ref name="number">{{cite book|author=Erwin, Terry L. |year=[[1997]] |title=Biodiversity at its utmost: Tropical Forest Beetles |pages=27–40}} In: {{cite book |author=Reaka-Kudla, M. L., D. E. Wilson, et E. O. Wilson (eds.) |title=Biodiversity II |year=1997 |url=https://archive.org/details/biodiversityiiun00reak |publisher=Vasingtoniae: Joseph Henry Press}}.</ref> et fortasse sunt pro plus quam 90 centesimis [[metazoa|metazoorum]] variantium orbis terrarum vitae formarum.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Erwin|first=Terry L.|year=[[1982]]|title=Tropical forests: their richness in Coleoptera and other arthropod species|journal=Coleopt. Bull.|volume=36|pages=74–75.}}</ref> Insecta in paene omnibus [[circumiecta naturalia|circumiectis naturalibus]] inveniuntur, sed solum paucae species sunt in [[oceanus|oceanis]] [[endemismus|endemicae]], [[habitatio]]ne cui alius arthropodorum grex, [[crustacea]], dominantur. Circuli vitae insectorum variant, sed plurima ex [[ovum|ovis]] excluduntur. Auctu ab [[exosceletus|exosceleti]] rigore coacto, eorum progressus series [[commutatio exosceleti|commutationum exosceleti]] exigit. Gradus immaturi structurá, consuetudine, et habitatione ab adultis discrepare possunt. Greges qui [[metamorphosis absoluta|metamorphosim absolutam]] (transformationem) patiuntur gradum passivum appellatum [[pupa (biologia)|pupa]]m complecti possunt; greges qui [[hemimetabolismus|metamorphosim imperfectam]] patiuntur gradu [[pupa (biologia)|pupa]]e carent, et adulti per series graduum [[Nympha (biologia)|nympharum]] crescunt.<ref name="mcgraw-hill">"insect physiology" McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, ch. 9, pp. 233, 2007.</ref> Summae [[hexapoda|hexapodorum]] coniunctiones taxinomicas sunt incertae. Fossilizata{{dubsig}} magnitudinis ingentis insecta ex [[Palaeozoicum|Aevo Palaeozoico]] inventa sunt, quorum immania [[anisoptera]] [[ala]]s 55 ad 70 cm latas habuerunt. Diversissimi insectorum greges cum [[planta|plantis]] florentibus [[coevolutio|coevolvisse]] videntur. Insecta ambulatione, [[volatus|volatu]], vel aliquando simul submersione et [[natatio]]ne<!--??? (sic ait en:)--> usitate moventur. Ut motum rapidum sed stabilem faciant, multa incessu tripedario utuntur, quo cruribus in [[triangulum|triangulis]] alternantibus solum tangentibus ambulant. Insecta sunt sola [[invertebrata]] quae volatum evolverunt. Multa insecta aliquam eorum vitae partem in [[aqua]] degunt, cum adaptationibus [[Larva (zoologia)|larvalibus]] quae [[branchiae|branchias]] comprehendunt; nonnulla adulta sunt aquatica, adaptationibus [[natatio]]nis praedita. Aliquae genera, sicut ''[[Gerridae]],'' in superficie aquae ambulare possunt. Insecta plerumque sunt solitaria, sed nonnulla, sicut certa [[anthophila]], [[formicidae]], et [[isoptera]], sunt sociales et in magnis coloniis bene ordinatis vivunt. Nonnulla insecta, sicut [[dermaptera]], curam maternam monstrant, [[ovum|ova]] et iuvenes custodientes. Insecta singularia inter se variis modis communicare possunt. [[Heterocera]] mares [[pheromonum|pheromona]] heterocerorum femineorum trans spatia multorum chiliometrorum sentire possunt. Alia genera sonis communicant: [[gryllidae]] [[Stridulatio|stridulant]] vel [[ala]]s conterunt ut coniugem attrahant aliosque mares repellant. [[Lampyridae]], ordinis [[Coleoptera|coleopterorum]], [[luc]]e communicant. == Signa et anatomia == [[Fasciculus:Insect anatomy diagram.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Anatomia]] insectorum (si descriptionem videre vis, vide [[:Image:Robal.png|paginam descriptionis fasciculi]]. Ibi multis in linguis descriptum est.]] Corpus insectorum, ut nomen dicit, insectum est et in tres partes partitur. Partes sunt ''[[caput]], [[thorax]],'' et ''[[abdomen]]''. Praeterea, quae partes nonnulla in segmenta partitur. Sicut omnia [[hexapoda]], sex [[pes|pedes]] habent. Ceterum habent [[exosceletum]], quod ex [[chitina|chitino]] constat. ===Nervi=== Insecta [[nervus|nervorum]] habent systema in nonnullis [[ganglion|gangliis]] consistens, quorum unum, magnum et in [[caput|capite]] versatus, est [[cerebrum]]. Cerebrum cum rebus ab antennis oculisque sensibus fungitur. Sub cerebro, in capite sed [[thorax|thorace]] propinquum, secundum ganglion situm est; quod dirigit [[os (oris)|os]] cenandi causa. In thorace tria ganglia sita sunt, volandi cedendique causa et nonnulla, in varia multitudine, in [[abdomen|abdomine]] ut organa regere. Systema nervorum peripherica cerebrum et cetera ganglia movendi causa [[musculus|musculis]] coniungit, ut organa regere ganglia organis systema nervarum vegetativa coniuncti sunt. === Caput === [[Fasciculus:Drosophilidae_compound_eye.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Oculus compositus, ab individuum familiae insectorum cuius nominatur ''[[Drosophilidae]].'']] Conspicui in capite insectorum sunt ''[[Oculus compositus|oculi compositi]],'' quos insecta non semper, sed saepissime habent, et [[antenna]]e. [[Fasciculus:Insect antennae.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Antenna]]e in variis insectorum [[species|speciebus]].]] Oculi compositi sunt duo oculi magni, qui multis ex oculis minoribus consistunt. Nonnumquam alii, non compositi oculi, ocelli dicti (saepe tres) habentur praeter oculos compositos. [[Antenna]]s habent ut tangere et nonnumquam ut [[olfactio|olfacere]]. Os varium est. In initio ut mordere, ''labrum, labium, mandibulae,'' et ''maxillae'' interdum in [[Evolutio|evolutione]] mutaverunt, nunc sunt varii cibi causa nonnumquam ascoperae. Itaque ''[[Lepidoptera]]'' [[nectar]] sorbillare possunt. Praeterea in capite [[cerebrum]] situm est et secundum [[ganglion]]. Si de hac re legere vis, vide in parte [[Insecta#Nervi|Nerv]]<nowiki/>i. === Thorax === [[Fasciculus:Insect leg scheme.svg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Pes insecti.]] Thorax habet tria segmenta: ''[[prothorax]], [[mesothorax]],'' et ''[[metathorax]]'', tres pares pedum, tres ganglia et nonnumquam duo pares alarum. ''Protonum'', quod est tergus ''prothoracis,'' [[ala]]s non habet. * A:Coxa * B:Trochanter * C:Femur * D:Tibia * E:Tarsus ** e1:Metatarsus (primus tarsomerus) ** e2:secundus tarsomerus ** e3:tertius tarsomerus ** e4:quartus tarsomerus ** e5:Praetarsus (quintus tarsomerus) Identificationis{{dubsig}} causa partes pedum nomen praecipuum habent. Igitur coxae pedum ''Prothoracis'' exempli gratia ''Procoxae'' nominantur, coxae pedum ''mesothoracis, mesocoxae,'' et coxae pedum ''metathoracis, metacoxae,'' etc. === Abdomen === [[Abdomen|Abdomine]] multa vitalia et [[organum (corpus)|organa]] feturae insunt. === Systema digestivum === [[Fasciculus:Grasshopper defecating collage 01 (MK).jpg|thumb|800px|center|[[Caelifera|Caeliferum]] defaecat.]] ==Taxa selecta== {{div col|3}} * '''Subclassis: [[Archaeognatha]]''' ** Ordo:[[Archaeognatha]] * '''Subclassis: [[Dicondylia]]''' ** Infraclassis: [[Thysanura]] *** Ordo:[[Monura]] † *** Ordo:[[Thysanura]] ** Infraclassis: [[Pterygota]] *** Legio: [[Ephemeroptera]] **** Ordo: [[Ephemeroptera]] *** Legio: [[Odonata]] **** Ordo: [[Protodonata]] **** Ordo: [[Odonata]] *** Legio: [[Neoptera]] **** Ordo: [[Protoperlaria]] **** Ordo: [[Paraplecoptera]] **** Ordo: [[Protorthoptera]] **** Ordo: [[Protelytroptera]] **** Ordo: [[Plecoptera]] **** Ordo: [[Grylloblattodea]] **** Ordo: [[Dermaptera]] **** Ordo: [[Mantophasmatodea]] **** Ordo: [[Embioptera]] **** Ordo: [[Zoraptera]] **** Sublegio: [[Orthoptera]] ***** Ordo: [[Dictyoptera]] ***** Ordo: [[Blattodea]] ***** Ordo: [[Isoptera]] ***** Ordo: [[Mantodea]] **** Sublegio: [[Paraneoptera]] ***** Ordo: [[Heteroptera]] ***** Ordo: [[Hemiptera]] ***** Ordo: [[Homoptera]] ***** Ordo: [[Thysanoptera]] ***** Ordo: [[Psocoptera]] ***** Ordo: [[Anoplura]] ***** Ordo: [[Mallophaga]] ***** Ordo: [[Zoraptera]] **** Sublegio: [[Endopterygota]] ***** Ordo: [[Strepsiptera]] ***** Ordo: [[Coleoptera]] ***** Ordo: [[Mioptera]] ***** Cohors: [[Neuropterida]] ****** Ordo: [[Megaloptera]] ****** Ordo: [[Neuroptera]] ****** Ordo: [[Raphidioptera]] ***** Cohort: [[Mecopterida]] ****** Superordo: [[Antliophora]] ******* Ordo: [[Paramecoptera]] ******* Ordo: [[Siphonaptera]] ******* Ordo: [[Mecoptera]] ******* Ordo: [[Diptera]] ****** Superordo: [[Amphiesmenoptera]] ******* Ordo: [[Trichoptera]] ******* Ordo: [[Lepidoptera]] ******* Ordo: [[Hymenoptera]] {{div col end}} {{NexInt}} [[Fasciculus:Philanthus triangulum.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Philanthus triangulum]].'']] {{div col|2}} * [[Animalia volantes et labientes]] * [[Animalium soni]] * ''[[Dryococelus australis]]'' * [[Elytra]] * [[Entomologia]] * [[Imago (biologia)]] * [[Insecta praehistorica]] * [[Insecticidium]] * [[Oecologia insectoru+m]] * [[Oecologicum apium momentum]] * [[Pulvilli]] * [[Rete papilionum]] * [[Telomerum (morphologia insectorum)]]<!--part of "genital clasper" in certain orders; should be worked into text--> {{div col end}} == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == *Bellmann, Heiko. [[2005]]. ''Welches Insekt ist das?'' Stutgardiae: Franckh-Kosmos. ISBN 3-440-09874-5. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat}} {{Fontes biologici}} {{Vicispecies}} * [http://www.insektenbox.de/ Insektenbox ('Cista Insectorum'), situs interretialis de insectis, Theodisce scriptus.] [[Categoria:Arthropoda]] [[Categoria:Classes animalium]] [[Categoria:Entomologia]] [[Categoria:Insecta|*]] [[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1758]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Biologia}} ds8gwm245rzti2gxqj8sfub0a9y7myq 0 27141 3979941 3978578 2026-08-09T21:55:07Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Videdis|Cyrus}} {{capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Cyrus II}} sive '''Cyrus Magnus'''<ref>Xenophon, ''Anabasis'' I. IX; vide etiam M. A. Dandamaev "Cyrus II," in ''Encyclopaedia Iranica.''</ref> ([[Graece]] {{lang|grc|Κῦρος}}, [[lingua Persica antiqua]] {{lang|peo|𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁}} ''Kūruš'';<ref>{{harv|Bachenheimer|2018|p=188}}</ref> natus circa annum [[600 a.C.n.]], mortuus anno [[530 a.C.n.]]<ref>{{harv|Dandamaev|1989|p=71}}</ref>) fuit conditor [[Achaemenidae|Imperii Achaemenidarum]].<ref name=schmitt-EI-i>[[#refachaemenids-EI|Schmitt]] Achaemenid dynasty (i. The clan and dynasty).</ref> Sub eius dominatione, [[imperium]] omnes [[civilizatio|civilizatas]] [[Antiquus Oriens Medius|antiqui orientis medii]] [[civitas|civitates]] comprehendit,<ref name=schmitt-EI-i/> magnopere expandit, et ad extremum plurimum [[Asia Meridio-Occidentalis|Asiae Meridio-Occidentalis]] et multum [[Asia Media|Asiae Mediae]] [[Caucasus|Caucasique]] vicit. A [[Mare Mediterraneum|Mari Mediterraneo]] et [[Hellespontus|Hellesponto]] in [[occidens|occidente]] ad [[Indus|Indum]] in [[oriens|oriente]], Cyrus maximum [[tellus|orbis terrarum]] [[imperium]] usque id tempus creavit.<ref name="kuhrt647">{{cite book |last=Kuhrt |first=Amélie |title=The Ancient Near East: C. 3000-330 BC |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientneareastc00akuh |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-16762-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ancientneareastc00akuh/page/647 647] |chapter=13 |year=[[1995]]}}.</ref> Sui tituli [[rex|regales]] pleni fuerunt ''Magnus Rex, Rex Persis, Rex Anshan, Rex Mediae, Rex Babylonis, Rex Sumer et Akkad, Rex Quattuor Angulorum Mundi.'' Enuntiavit praeterea in [[Cylindrus Cyri|Cylindro]], inter [[539 a.C.n.|539]] et [[530 a.C.n.]] iusso, rem quam nonnulli habent [[unus|unam]] ex primis in [[historia]] gravibus [[iura humana|iurum humanorum]] declarationibus, sed haec interpretatio ab aliis in controversiam vocatum est. [[Fasciculus:Standard of Cyrus the Great (Blue).svg|thumb|upright=0.4|left|[[Vexillum]] Cyri Magni.]] Regnum Cyri inter 29 et 31 [[annus|annos]] duravit. Ille imperium confecit primum per [[Media|Imperium Mediae]], tum [[Lydia (regnum)|Imperium Lydium]], et deinde [[Imperium Neobabylonicum]] devictum. Aut paulo ante aut paulo post [[Babylon]] superatum, expeditionem in Asiam Mediam duxit, quae maiora efficit [[proelium|proelia]] quae, ut apud [[Herodotus|Herodotum]] [[historia|historicum]] [[Graecia|Graecum]] legimus, "in [[servitus|servitutem]] quamque [[civitas|civitatem]], omnes ad unum," redegerunt.<ref>"Into subjection every nation without exception," [[#refcah-iv|''Cambridge Ancient History IV,'']] capitulo 3c, p. 170.</ref> Cyrus se in [[Aegyptus|Aegyptum]] numquam contulit, quia in proelio cecidit, [[Massagetae|Massagetas]] secundum [[Iaxartes|Iaxartem]] [[December|Decembri]] [[530 a.C.n.]] pugnans.<ref>Christopher Beckwith, ''Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present'' (Princetoniae et Oxoniae: Princeton University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2), 63.</ref><!--<ref name="date">Cyrus's date of death can be deduced from the last two references to his own reign (a tablet from Borsippa dated to 12 August and the final from Babylon 12 September 530 BC) and the first reference to the reign of his son Cambyses (a tablet from Babylon dated to 31 August and or 4 September), but a undocumented tablet from the city of [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]] dates the last official reign of Cyrus to 4 December 530 BC.--><ref>Vide R. A. Parker et W. H. Dubberstein, ''Babylonian Chronology 626 B.C.–A.D. 75'' (1971).</ref> Ei successit [[Cambyses II]] [[filius]], qui imperium per regnum breve amplificavit, [[Aegyptus|Aegyptum]], [[Nubia]]m, [[Cyrenaica]]m vicissim devicens. [[Fasciculus:Pasargades winged man.jpg|thumb|''[[Custos]] [[quattuor]] [[ala|alis]] praeditus,'' qui Cyrum Magnum repraesentat, [[caelamen]] [[Pasargadae|Pasargadis]] inventum, in summa parte sententia "Sum Cyrus [[rex]], [[Achaemenidae|Achaemenianus]]," in [[tres|tribus]] [[lingua|linguis]] inscripta.<ref name=maxmallowan>[[#refchi2|Max Mallowan]] pp. 392 et 417.</ref>]] [[Fasciculus:I am Cyrus, Achaemenid King - Pasargadae.JPG|thumb|"Cyrus [[rex]] sum, [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|Achaemenida]]," declaratio [[lingua|linguis]] [[lingua Persica antiqua|Persica antiqua]], [[lingua Elamitica|Elamitica]], et [[lingua Accadica|Accadica]] scripta et in [[columna]] [[Pasargadae|Pasargadis]] sita caelata.]] [[Fasciculus:Kroisos stake Louvre G197.jpg|thumb|''Croesus in rogo.'' [[Attica]] figurarum [[ruber|rubrarum]] [[amphora]], [[500 a.C.n.|500]]–[[490 a.C.n.]], [[Museum Lupariense]] (G 197).]] [[Fasciculus:Median Empire.jpg|thumb|Imperia [[Media]], [[Lydia (regnum)|Lydia]], et [[Imperium Neo-Babylonianum|Neo-Babylon]] ante victorias Cyri Magni.]] [[Fasciculus:Preti,_Mattia_-_Queen_Tomyris_Receiving_the_Head_of_Cyrus,_King_of_Persia_-_1670-72.jpg|thumb|''Regina Tomrys [[caput]] Cyri accipit.'' Tabula a [[Mathaeus Preti|Mathaeo Preti]], [[1670]]–[[1672]] [[oleum|oleo]] picta.]] [[Fasciculus:Cyrus II le Grand et les Hébreux.jpg|thumb|Cyrus II et [[Iudaeus|Iudaei]]. Imago a [[Ioannes Fouquet|Ioanne Fouquet]], [[1470]]–[[1475]] [[oleum|oleo]] picta.]] [[Fasciculus:Pasargades cyrus cropped.jpg|thumb|[[Sepulcrum Cyri]], [[Pasargadae|Pasargadis]], [[Irania]], [[UNESCO Mundi Hereditas|Situs Hereditatis Mundi]] ([[2006]]).]] [[Fasciculus:Cyrus Cylinder.jpg|thumb|[[Cylindrus Cyri]], [[scriptura]] sui temporis quae eum declarat [[lex|legitimum]] [[Babylon]]is [[rex|regem]]. [[Museum Britannicum]].]] [[Fasciculus:Olympic Park Cyrus.jpg|thumb|Signum Cyri Magni in Horto Olympico [[Sydneium|Sydneii]] [[Australia]]e situm.]] Cyrus [[religio]]nes aliosque [[mos|mores]] populorum qui vicerat magni aestimavit.<ref name=cyrus-EI-iii-religious>[[#refIranicaCyrus|Dandamayev]] Cyrus (iii. Cyrus the Great) religiosae Cyri rationes.</ref> Quod factum est felix [[gubernatio|administrationis]] ad unum delatae exemplar, [[rectio]]nem constituens quae subiectis civibusque prodesset.<ref name="schmitt-EI-i"/> Administratio imperii per [[satrapes]] et principium rectionis [[Pasargadae|Pasargadis]] constitutae erant opera ipsius Cyri.<ref name="cah-vol4">[[#refcah-iv|The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. IV]], p. 42. Vide etiam G. Buchaman Gray, "The foundation and extension of the Persian empire," caput I in ''The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. IV,'' ed. secunda (Cantabrigiae: The University Press, 1927), p. 15: "The administration of the empire through satrap, and much more belonging to the form or spirit of the government, was the work of Cyrus."</ref> Quod aliquando [[edictum Cyri|Edictum Restaurationis]] (revera duo edicta) appellatur, et in [[Biblia Sacra|Bibliis Sacris]] Cyro tribuitur, [[religio]]nem [[Iudaismus|Iudaicam]] magnopere movit. Apud [[Liber Isaïae|librum Isaïae]] 45:1 in [[Biblia Hebraica]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livius.org/men-mh/messiah/messiah_04.html|title=Messiah – Roots of the concept: From Josiah to Cyrus|author=Jona Lendering|year=2012|publisher=livius.org|accessdate=26 Ianuarii 2012}}.</ref> legitur [[Deus|Deum]] Iudaicum hoc opus Cyro mandavisse, quem etiam [[messias]] appella. Cyrus est solus [[vir]] in his [[textus|textibus]] sic descriptus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBR&Volume=19&Issue=5&ArticleID=3|title=Cyrus the Messiah |author=The Biblical Archaeology Society (BAS)|work=bib-arch.org|date=24 Augusti 2015 }}.</ref> == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == === Fontes antiqui === ;Fontes Babylonii * [[Annales Nabonidi]] ex [[Annales Babyloniani|Annalibus Babylonianis]] * ''Narratio Nabonidi in versibus'' * ''Prex Nabonidi'' * [[Cylindrus Cyri]] ;Fontes Graeci * [[Herodotus]], ''[[Historiae]]'' I.75-214. * [[Ctesias]], ''Persica'' ;Fontes Hebraei * ''[[Liber Isaïae|Isaïas]]'', ''[[Liber Daniel|Daniel]]'', ''[[Liber Ezra|Ezra]],'' ''[[Liber Neemiah|Neemiah]]'' (libri biblici) ;Miscellanea * [[Flavius Iosephus]], ''[[Antiquitates Iudaicae]]'' * [[Thucydides]], ''[[Historia Belli Peloponnesii]]'' * [[Plato]], ''[[Leges (dialogus)|Leges]]'' * [[Xenophon (scriptor)|Xenophon]], ''[[Cyropaedia]]'' * [[Quintus Curtius Rufus]], ''Library of World History'' * [[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vitae]]'' * Fragmenta [[Nicolaus Damascenus|Nicolai Damasceni]] * [[Arrianus]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' * [[Polyaenus]], ''Stratagemata in Bello'' * [[Iustinus (historicus)|Iustinus]], [http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/justin/english/index.html ''Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus''] * [[Polybius]], ''[[Historiae (Polybius)|Historiae]]'' * [[Diodorus Siculus]], ''[[Bibliotheca historica]]'' * [[Athenaeus]], ''[[Deipnosophistae]]'' * [[Strabo]], ''Historia'' * [[Quran]], ''[[Dhul-Qarnayn]]'', ''[[Al-Kahf]]'' === Fontes recentiores === * {{cite book | title = Old Persian: Dictionary, Glossary and Concordance | year = 2018 | publisher = Wiley and Sons | location = | editor-last = | editor-first = | last = Bachenheimer | first = Avi | authorlink = | chapter = | pages = 1–799 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=i_tyDwAAQBAJ |ref=harv}} *Ball, Charles James. [[1899]]. ''Light from the East: Or the witness of the monuments.'' Londinii: Eyre and Spottiswoode. *Boardman, John. [[1994]]. ''The Cambridge Ancient History IV: Persia, Greece, and the Western Mediterranean, C. 525-479 B.C.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22804-2. *{{cite book|last=Cannadine|first=David|title=Rituals of royalty : power and ceremonial in traditional societies|url=https://archive.org/details/ritualsofroyalty0000unse|year=[[1987]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cantabrigiae|isbn=0-521-33513-2|edition=1. publ.|coauthors=Price, Simon}} * <cite id="refbabylon-EI">{{cite encyclopedia | last1 = Cardascia| first1 =G| encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica | title = Babylon under Achaemenids | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/babylon-under-the-achaemenids| year = 1988| volume = 3 | publisher =Routledge|location =Londinii | isbn =0-939214-78-4}}.</cite> *{{cite book|editor-last=Chavalas|editor-first=Mark W.|title=The ancient Near East : historical sources in translation|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientneareasth0000unse|year=[[2007]]|publisher=Blackwell|location=Malden, Mass.|isbn=0-631-23580-9}}. *Church, Alfred J. [[1881]]. ''[http://www.archive.org/details/storieseastfrom00churgoog Stories of the East From Herodotus].'' Londinii: Seeley, Jackson & Halliday. * Dandamaev, M. A. [[1989]]. ''A political history of the Achaemenid empire.''[ Lugduni Batavorum: Brill. ISBN 90-04-09172-6 * Freeman, Charles. [[1999]]. ''The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World.'' Novi Eboraci: Viking. ISBN 0-7139-9224-7. *{{cite journal|last=Fried|first=Lisbeth S.|title=Cyrus the Messiah? The Historical Background to Isaiah 45:1|journal=Harvard Theological Review|year=[[2002]]|volume=95|issue=4|doi=10.1017/S0017816002000251}}. * Frye, Richard N. [[1962]]. ''The Heritage of Persia.'' Londinii: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 1-56859-008-3. * <cite id="refchi2">{{cite book |last=Gershevitch | first=Ilya |year=[[1985]] | title=The Cambridge History of Iran: Vol. 2 ; The Median and Achaemenian periods | publisher= Cambridge University Press|location=Cantabrigiae|isbn= 0-521-20091-1}}.</cite> * Moorey, P. R. S. [[1991]]. ''The Biblical Lands,'' 6. Novi Eboraci: Peter Bedrick Books. ISBN 0-87226-247-2. * Olmstead, A. T. [[1948]]. ''History of the Persian Empire [Achaemenid Period].'' Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-62777-2. * Palou, Christine, et Jean Palou. [[1962]]. ''La Perse Antique.'' Lutetiae: Presses Universitaires de France. * <cite id="refachaemenids-EI">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Schmitt|first=Rüdiger|title=Achaemenid dynasty|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/achaemenid-dynasty|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica|volume=vol. 3|location=Londinii|publisher=Routledge|year=[[1983]]}}.</cite> * <cite id="refIranicaCyrus"> {{cite encyclopedia | last1 = Schmitt | first1 = Rüdiger | last2= Shahbazi | first2= A. Shapur| last3=Dandamayev | first3=Muhammad A.| last4= Zournatzi| first4=Antigoni | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica | title = Cyrus | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cyrus-index |year =[[1993]]| publisher =Routledge | volume = Vol. 6 | location = Londinii| isbn =0-939214-78-4}}</cite> * Schmitt, Rüdiger. [[2010]].l ''Cyrus I: The Name.'' Londinii: Routledge & Kegan Paul. * Tait, Wakefield. [[1846]]. ''The Presbyterian review and religious journal.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University. [http://books.google.com/?id=khYEAAAAQAAJ Google Books.] === Fontes additi === *{{cite journal|last=Bickermann|first=Elias J.|title=The Edict of Cyrus in Ezra 1|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-biblical-literature_1946-09_65_3/page/249|journal=JournaI of Biblical Literature|year=[[1946]]|month=September|volume=65|pages=249–275|doi=10.2307/3262665|issue=3}}. *{{cite book|last=Dougherty|first=Raymond Philip|title=Nabonidus and Belshazzar: A Study of the Closing Events of the Neo-Babylonian Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/nabonidusbelshaz0015raym|year=[[1929]]|publisher=Yale University Press|location=Portu Novo}}. *{{cite journal|last=Drews|first=Robert|title=Sargon, Cyrus, and Mesopotamian Folk History|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-near-eastern-studies_1974-10_33_4/page/387|journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies|year=[[1974]]|month=October|volume=33|pages=387–393|doi=10.1086/372377|issue=4|ref=harv}} *{{cite journal|last=Harmatta|first=J.|title=The Rise of the Old Persian Empire: Cyrus the Grea|journal=Acta Antiquo|year=[[1971]]|volume=19|pages=3–15}}. *Kuhrt, Amelie. [[2007]]. [http://ia700808.us.archive.org/30/items/AncientNearEasternHistoryTheCaseOfCyrusTheGreatOfPersia2007/Kuhrt2007AncientNearEasternHistoryTheCaseOfCyrusTheGreatOfPersia.pdf Ancient Near Eastern History: The Case of Cyrus the Great of Persia.] In ''Understanding the History of Ancient Israel,'' ed. Hugh Godfrey Maturin Williamson. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press, 107–128. ISBN 978-0-19-726401-0. *{{cite journal|last=Lawrence|first=John M.|title=Cyrus: Messiah, Politician, and General|journal=Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin|year=[[1985]]|volume=25|series=n.s.|pages=5–28}}. *{{cite journal|last=Lawrence|first=John M.|title=Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian Attitudes Towards Foreigners and Their Religion|journal=Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin|year=[[1982]]|volume=19|series=n.s.|pages=27–40}}. *{{cite journal|last=Mallowan|first=Max|title=Cyrus the Great (558-529 BC)|journal=Iran|year=[[1972]]|volume=10|pages=1–17|doi=10.2307/4300460}}. *{{cite book|last=Wiesehöfer|first=Josef|title=Ancient Persia : from 550 BC to 650 AD|year=[[1996]]|publisher=I.B. Tauris|location=Londinii|isbn=1-85043-999-0|others= Azizeh Azodi, conv.}} *{{cite book|last=Jovy|first=Alexander|title=I am Cyrus: The story of the real Prince of Persia|url=https://archive.org/details/iamcyrusstoryofr0000jovy|year=[[2012]]|publisher=Garnet Publishing|location=Reading|isbn=978-1-85964-281-8}}. {{NexInt}} *[[Architectura Achaemenida]] *[[Cyrus Magnus in Alcorano]] *[[Historia Iraniae]] *[[Immortales (Imperium Persicum)]] *[[Irania Maior]] *[[7209 Cyrus]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Cyrus the Great|Cyrum}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|Cyrus}} {{Fontes biographici}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070224215254/http://www.livius.org/ct-cz/cyrus_I/cyrus_cylinder.html Cylindrus Cyri,] apud www.livius.org. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120218101721/http://www.iranchamber.com/history/cyrus/cyrus.php Cyrus Magnus,] apud www.iranchamber.com (Iran Chamber Society). *[http://gravity.ir/7-panorama/shiraz/8-cyrus-the-great-pasargadae Imago Panoramica: Sepulcrum Cyri Magni,]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} apud gravity.ir. *Xenophon. [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2085 ''Cyropaedia: the education of Cyrus,'' ab Henrico Graham Dakyns conversa, et ab F. M. Stawell retractata,] apud www.gutenberg.org (Propositum Gutenbergianum). {{Reges Persarum| praedecessor= [[Astyages (rex Medorum)|Astyages]]| annus-annus= 550-529| successor= [[Cambyses II|Cambyses II]]}} [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 7 a.C.n.]] [[Categoria:Mortui 530 a.C.n.]] [[Categoria:Liber Esdrae]] [[Categoria:Liber Isaïae]] [[Categoria:Reges Persarum]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Homines}} cf4n4ecb2bhpfyi4g3bcromzqki0a3a 0 27629 3980049 3964263 2026-08-09T23:41:07Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980049 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Neuron_la.svg|right|thumb|300px|Schema [[neuron]]i - '''Axon''' est pars [[Flammeus|flammea]] picta.]] '''Axon'''<ref name="Donáth1969">Donáth, T. & Crawford, G.C.N. (1969). ''Anatomical dictionary with nomenclature and explanatory notes.'' Oxoniae/Londinii/Edinburgi/Novi Eboraci/Toronti/Sidneii/Lutetiae/Brunsvici: Pergamon Press.</ref><ref name="Arnaudov">Arnaudov, G.D. (1964). ''Terminologia medica polyglotta. Latinum-Bulgarski-Russkij-English-Français-Deutsch.'' Serdicae: Editio medicina et physcultura.</ref><ref name="NHV1994">International Committee on Veterinary Histological Nomenclature (1994). ''Nomina Histologica.'' Turici/Ithacae/Novi Eboraci.</ref><ref name="TH">Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FICAT) (2005). ''Terminologia Histologica. International terms for human cytology and histology.'' Philadelphiae/Baltimorae/Novi Eboraci/Londinii/Boni Aëris/Hongcongi/Sidneii/Tokii: Wolter Kluwers-Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.</ref> (-onis, ''m.'' <ref name="Freund1844">Freund, W. (1844/45). ''Gesammtwörterbuch der lateinischen Sprache, zum Schul- und Privat-Gebrauch.'' Bratislaviae: Georg Philipp Aderholz.</ref><ref name="Arnaudov"/>; -onos, ''m.'' <ref name="Donáth1969"/>) sive '''axonum'''<ref name="TH">Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FICAT) (2005). ''Terminologia Histologica. International terms for human cytology and histology.'' Philadelphiae/Baltimorae/Novi Eboraci/Londinii/Boni Aëris/Hongcongi/Sidneii/Tokii: Wolter Kluwers-Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.</ref> (''n.'' <ref name="TH"/>) ([[Lingua Graeca|Graece]] ''ὁ ἄξων, áxon'' quod [[Latine]] axis sonat) est pars cellularum nervalium, inter [[perikaryon]] (soma) et [[synapsis chemica|synapses]] interposita. Axon est, ut [[dendritum|dendrita]], protrusio [[cytoplasma]]tis cellulae nervalis, quae signa transmittit. Longitudines eius inter cellulas corporis nervales diversae sunt: Corticis cerebralis interneuronis axones breves sunt, ac neuronis tractus pyramidalis longissimi. == Procreatio et axonum crescentia == Generatio axonum momentum maximum [[procreatio systematis nervosi|procreatione systematis nervosi]] ineunte habet. Elongatio eius ''conu crescente'', proteinis [[actinum|actini]] onerato ita [[microfilamentum|microfilamenta]] formantibus, fit. Auxilio [[factor neurotrophicus|factoribus neurotrophicis]] biochemico directio crescentium axonum, atque tempus gubernantur. == Classificatio axonum == Classificationes axonum ordinem [[nervus motorius|''motorii'']] — [[nervus sensorius|''sensorii'']] — [[systema nervosum autonomicum|''autonomici'']] sequitur. '''Axones motorii''' {| class="wikitable" |+ Typi fibrarum motoriarum |- ! Typus !! Classificatio sec.<br/>Erlanger et Gasser || Diameter<br />(µm) || Myelinum || Conductionis<br />velocitas (m/s) !! Sociatae [[fibra muscularis|fibrae musculares]] |- ! [[Neuron motorium alpha|Neuron motorium alpha (α)]] | [[fibra nervosa gregis Aα|Aα]] || 13-20 || Ita || 80–120 || Fibrae musculares extrafusales |- ! [[Neuron motorium beta|Neuron motorium beta (β)]] | [[fibra nervosa gregis Aβ|Aβ]] || || || || |- ! [[Neuron motorium gamma|Neuron motorium gamma (γ)]] | [[fibra nervosa gregis Aγ|Aγ]] || 5-8 || Ita || 4–24<ref>{{cite journal |authors = Andrew B. L., Part N. J. |title=Properties of fast and slow motor units in hind limb and tail muscles of the rat |journal=Quarterly journal of experimental physiology and cognate medical sciences |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=213–25 |year=1972 |month=Apr}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |authors=Russell N. J. |title=Axonal conduction velocity changes following muscle tenotomy or deafferentation during development in the rat |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-physiology_1980-01_298/page/347 |journal =The journal of physiology |volume=298 |pages=347–60 |year=1980 |month=Ian}}</ref> || Fibrae musculares intrafusales |} '''Axones sensorii''' {| class="wikitable" |+ Typi fibrarum sensoriarum |- ! Typus !! Classificatio sec.<br/>Erlanger et Gasser || Diameter<br />(µm) || Myelinum || Conductionis<br />velocitas (m/s) !! Sociata [[receptorium sensorium|receptoria sensoria]] !! [[proprioceptorium|Proprioceptoria]] !! [[mechanoceptorium|Mechanoceptoria]] !! [[nociceptorium|Nociceptoria]] et<br />[[thermoceptorium|thermoreceptoria]] |- ! [[fibra sensoria Ia|Ia]] | [[fibra nervosa gregis Aα|Aα]] || 13-20 || Ita || 80–120 || Receptoria primaria [[fusus muscularis|fusorum muscularium]] (terminales anulospirales) || rowspan="3" align="center" | ✔ || rowspan=2 | || rowspan=3 | |- ! [[fibra sensoria Ib|Ib]] | [[fibra nervosa gregis Aα|Aα]] || 13-20 || Ita || 80–120 || [[Organum tendinis Golgianum]] |- ! [[fibra sensoria II|II]] | [[fibra nervosa gregis Aβ|Aβ]] || 6-12 || Ita || 33–75 || Receptoria secundaria [[fusus muscularis|fusorum muscularium]] (germinales florales, organum Ruffinianum),<br />omnia [[mechanoreceptorium cutaneus|mechanoreceptoria cutanea]]|| rowspan="2" align="center" | ✔ |- ! [[fibra sensoria III|III]] | [[fibra nervosa gregis Aδ|Aδ]] || 1-5 || Tenue || 3–30 || [[Terminalia nervosa libera]] tactionis et pressus.<br />[[Nociceptorium|Nociceptoria]] [[tractus spinothalamicus lateralis|tractus spinothalamici lateralis]],<br />[[receptorium frigoris|receptoria frigoris]] ||rowspan=2| || rowspan=2 align=center | ✔ |- ! [[fibra sensoria IV|IV]] | [[fibra nervosa gregis C|C]] || 0.2-1.5 || Abest || 0.5-2.0 || [[Nociceptorium|Nociceptoria]] [[tractus spinothalmicus anterior|tractus spinothalamici anterioris]],<br />[[receptorium teporis|receptoria teporis]] || |} '''Axones autonomici''' {| class="wikitable" |+ Fibrarum typi autonomicarum |- ! Typus !! Classificatio sec.<br/>Erlanger et Gasser || Diameter<br />(µm) || Myelinum || Conductionis<br />velocitas (m/s) |- ! Fibrae praeganglionares | B || 1–5 || Ita || 3–15 |- ! Fibrae postganglionares | C || 0.2–1.5 || Abest || 0.5–2.0 |} == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} * [[Gradiens electrochemicus]] {{biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Systema nervosum]] [[Categoria:Anatomia]] [[Categoria:Neurohistologia]] are9fhz46yquct5q45q3ieb7gj2xxl2 0 28363 3980108 3978840 2026-08-10T00:22:22Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} '''Thea''' (-ae, ''f.'')<ref>"Bartal, ''Glossarium'', 1901" et "''Pharmacopoeia Austriaca''" [1855 vel antea?] (secundum [https://web.archive.org/web/20130405083522/http://eweb.furman.edu/~dmorgan/lexicon/adumbratio.htm Davidem Morgan])</ref><ref>"[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/zwinger/zwinger1/bd1/jpg/s492.html Thee]" in {{Zvinger}} vol. 1 p. 480; "[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/blanckaert/blanckaert1/jpg/s687.html Thee]" in {{Blancardus}} p. 663</ref> seu '''Cha'''<ref>"Chaa" (litteris italicis) in {{qc|id=Linscotanus (1599)}}</ref><ref>"[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof1/s0813a.html Cha]" in {{Lexfons}}</ref> est [[infusum]] ex [[aqua]] calida et [[folium|foliis]] [[flos|floribusque]] [[angiospermae|plantae]] ''[[Camellia sinensis|Camelliae sinensis]]'' confecta, quam permulti homines ut potum vel calidum, vel cum [[glacies|glacie]], aut purum aut cum [[saccharum|saccharo]], [[lac]]te, ac [[sucus|suco]] [[limonium|limoniorum]] sumunt. [[Caffeinum]] continet. Textuum Latinorum antiquissimus, quo thea describitur, est versio itinerarii [[Ioannes Hugonis Linscotanus|Ioannis Hugonis Linscotani]] saeculo XVI exeunte divulgata: :Mos Iaponiorum in praeparandis epulis a ritu aliarum gentium plane abhorret. Praedictae ferventi aquae pulverem iniiciunt ex herba, quam ''chaa'' vocant, in magnam huius potus aestimationem. Inde qui aliqua opulentia pollent, loco fere secreto aquam hanc servant, eamque excipientes amicos summa benignitate depromunt. Ipsi eam domini principesque praeparant, summo item ollarum, quibus herba custoditur, coquitur ac propinantur pretio.<ref>{{qc|id=Linscotanus (1599)}}</ref> == De variis generibus theae == [[Fasciculus:Camellia sinensis - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-025.jpg|upright|thumb|''[[Camellia sinensis]],'' [[planta]] ex cuius [[folium|foliis]] et [[flos|floribus]] thea efficitur. Imago ex ''[[Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen]].'']] Secundum regionem cultus varietates theae tres distinguuntur: ''Assam'', thea [[sapor (sensus)|saporis]] validi ex [[India]] orientali, ''Ceylon'', sapore acerbo e [[Sri Lanca]] et nominata "regina theae" sapore subtili et clementi: varietas ''Darjeeling'', quae in regione orientali Indiae in fastigiis [[Himalaia]]e crescit. === Thea pura === [[Fasciculus:Teestrauch Detail.jpg|thumb|''[[Camellia sinensis]],'' [[planta]] theae.]] [[Fasciculus:Tea Plantation in Southern India.jpg|thumb|Plantatio theae in Munnar [[Malabaria]]e sita]] Quamvis de eadem planta sint, genera theae et modo fabricationis differunt. Diuturnitate variabile depositionis ac [[fermentatio]]nis foliorum variabilitas coloris et saporis efficitur. * '''Thea e foliis fermentatis''': Si planta theae post messe agitur, propter contagionem [[sucus|suci]] et [[aer]]is [[fermentatio]] incipit. Fermentatio foliorum theae [[color]]em [[niger|nigrum]] et [[sapor (sensus)|saporem]] acerbiorem perficit; [[liquidum]] e foliis fermentatis rutilus vel [[fulvus]] est. In [[Asia]] orientali, aut etiam [[Lingua Hispanica|Hispanice]], ea varietas "thea rubra" appellatur, [[Lingua Germanica|Germanice]] "thea nigra." E thea fermentata quae marcescit diu relicta, thea ''pu-erh'' ([[Lingua Sinica|Sinice]] pro regione cultus) oritur, quae etiam nigrior et saporis fortioris est. * '''Thea ''Oolong''''': Sicut thea fermentata, thea ''Oolong'' ([[Lingua Sinica|Sinice:]] 'draco niger') e foliis et floribus fermentatis confecta est. Sed cum in illa fermentatio plena sit, in haec quodam tempore fermentatio calefactione interrupta est. Itaque ea thea sapore clementior est et colore clarior. Quaedam theae ''oolong'' confinguntur quae sapore dulcissimae sunt. * '''[[Thea viridis]]''': Fermentatione vitando folia theae statim post messe calefacta sunt. Hoc modo virida manent et aeque thea virida in pocillo clarius est et saporem molliorem habet quam thea nigra. In [[Iaponia]] thea virida praeterea secundum modo praeparationis distinguitur, velut thea ''Genmaicha'' ([[Lingua Iaponica|Iaponice]]) cum [[oryza (cibus)|oryza]] praeparatur. Specialitas pretiosa theae viridae est varietas ''Pai Mu Tan'' ([[Lingua Sinica|Sinice]]), quae etiam 'thea alba' appellatur. Fabricatio theae albae paene eadem est quam ea theae viridae. Sed pro ea varietate solum folia iuvena utitur, qui capilli tenues albi et argentei in latere inferiore habent. Itaque folia alba videntur. Praeterea theae ''Pai Mu Tan'' paulum fermentationis licet. Sapor eae theae comparabilis est eo theae viridae, sed subtilior. === Thea odorificata et amplificata === [[Fasciculus:Organic mountain grown tea leaf.jpg|thumb|Folia ''Camelliae sinensis,'' plantae teae.]] [[Fasciculus:Teaprocessing.svg|thumb|Modi theae efficiendae.]] * '''Thea fumo siccata''': Haec varietas theae fermentatae fumo ligni resinosi siccata est. Eo modo fabricationis sapor fumosus et firmus efficitur. Huius saporis causa frequenter cum lacte et saccharo fusci arundinis bibitur. Etiam coquendo in locum lardi uti potest. Varietas eius notissima est ''Lapsang Souchong''. * '''Thea ''Chai''''': Haec varietas thea e foliis fermentatis cum condimento et lacte est, quae imprimis in [[India]] bibitur. Species condimentorum variant, sed frequenter [[cinnamum]], [[zingiber]], [[cardamomum]], [[piper]] aut [[syzygium]] utentur. * '''Theae odorificatae''': Hodierna tempore multitudo thearum odorificatarum est, quae plus minusve dividi potest in mixturas traditionis sinensis et in mixturas occidentales nostri tempore. Exempla earum thea [[Jasminum|jasmini]] aut thea [[Rosa (planta)|rosae]] sunt, illarum velut varietas ''Earl Grey'' cum oleo [[Citrus bergamia|citri bergamiae]] aut generaliter mixturae cum qualibet fructu vel condimento. Fabricatio huiusmodi theae aut simpliciter in mixtura additamentarum consistit aut in odorificatione foliorum theae ipsorum, quae sumptuosior et pretiosior est. == De modis praeparationis et consumptionis theae == [[Fasciculus:TeaLeaves.JPG|thumb|Folia theae [[magnitudo|magnitudinum]] variarum. Minus folium, pretiosior thea.]] [[Fasciculus:Gorskii 03992u.jpg|thumb|Statio ubi thea ponderatur, ad septentriones a [[Bathys|Bathy]] urbe [[Imperium Russicum|Imperii Russici]], ante [[1915]].]] Praeparatio theae e varietate pendet. Cum thea e foliis fermentatis infusione aquam ferventem necessitet, thea [[viridis]] cum [[aqua]] [[temperatura]]e de septuaginta octogintave [[Temperatura|°C]] infunditur. Post infusionem thea spatio [[duo]]rum [[tres|triumve]] minutorum relinquitur, etiam pendens ex varietate: generaliter dicitur, quo firmior et obscurior varietas theae est, eo longior thea relinquendo est. Theae fermentatae frequenter cum [[saccharum|saccharo]] et [[lac]]te potantur, cum theis viridibus potius puriter utantur. Eae regulae autem non [[lex|leges]] sunt, sed secundum mores civitatum et iudicium privatum variant. == Historia == De antiquo usu infusionis theae, mythis incertitudinibusque reiectis, fons litterarius primus qui citari potest est carmen satyricum anno [[59 a.C.n.]] ab [[Wang Bao]] scriptum, titulo "[[僮約 (Wang Bao)|Tong yue]]" (scilicet "syngrapha servi"). Auctor e regione meridio-occidentali [[Shu (regnum)|Shu]] oriundus, sed qui ad aulam imperatorum [[Siganum|Sigani]] in urbe degit, inde in patriam se profectum praetendit ad urbem [[Chengdu]] ut servum locaret cuius officia taediosa enumerat, inter quae "theam bulliendam vasaque implenda curabit".<ref>[[Wang Bao]], "[[僮約 (Wang Bao)|Tong yue]]"</ref><ref>Ying-shih Yü, "Han" in K. C. Chang, ed., ''Food in Chinese Culture'' (Novo Portu, 1977) p. 70</ref> Inde scimus potionem theae in Chengdu iam saeculo I a.C.n. usitatam; folia iam in palatio imperatorum nota, sed sicut medicamenta. Scholiasta antiquus non "potionem" sed "embamma amarum" ad hunc versum adnotat.<ref>Clarence Martin Wilbur, ''Slavery in China during the Former Han dynasty, 206 B.C.-A.D. 25'' (Chicagine: Field Museum of Natural History, 1943. ''Publications'', 525. ''Anthropological Series'', vol. 34) [https://archive.org/stream/slaveryinchinadu341wilb#page/390/mode/2up p. 391 n. 19]</ref> Paulo postea auctor [[Yang Xiong]], qui e Chengdu ortus est et saeculo I ineunte floruit, in laudatione regionis natalis theam brevissime refert,<ref>[[Yang Xiong]], ''[[蜀都赋 (Yang Xiong)|Shu du fu]]'' [http://www.tsiosophy.com/2012/11/excerpt-from-the-rhapsody-on-the-capital-of-shu/ citatio]</ref> atque in glossario suo verborum provincialium ait populum Sichuensem meridio-occidentalem nomine huius plantae non ''cha'' sed ''she'' uti.<ref>[[Yang Xiong]], ''[[方言|Fangyan]]'' (versio [https://web.archive.org/web/20130517223937/http://www.lcy.net/tea/ch2.php hic reperta]</ref> [[Fasciculus:Masala Chai.JPG|thumb|200px|''[[Masala chai]]'' ex subcontinente Indico.]] Usus huius potionis a regione Shu in [[Tibetum]]<ref>[[Bertholdus Laufer|Berthold Laufer]], "Loan-Words in Tibetan" in ''T'oung Pao'' 2a ser. vol. 17 (1916) pp. 403-552 ad p. 505 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4526512 JSTOR]</ref> et ad urbes Sericae orientalis et borealis tardius et graduatim pervenit. Consuetudinem theae sorbendae inter Sinas saeculo VIII pervulgatam esse asseverat historia [[domus Tang]].<ref>''[[新唐書|Xin Tang shu]]'' 1.196.10a</ref> Eo tempore pro certo libellus ''[[茶經|Cha jing]]'' (scilicet "Canon theae") ab auctore [[Lu Yu]] (e provincia meridiana [[Hubei]] oriundo) editus est.<ref>[[Eduardus Schafer|Edward Schafer]], ''[[The Golden Peaches of Samarkand]]'' (Berkeleiae, 1963) p. 20; Edward Schafer, "T'ang" in K. C. Chang, ed., ''Food in Chinese Culture'' (Novo Portu, 1977) pp. 122-124</ref> [[Fasciculus:Teapot P1100116.jpg|thumb|200px|Cortina super cineres in [[domus theae|domo theae]] [[Jiufeng]] in [[urbs|urbe]], [[Taivania]]e.]] [[Fasciculus:Cup of Earl Gray.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Infusum]] theae [[niger|nigrae]] generis "Earl Grey."]] Mox [[Sulaimān al-Tājir]] mercator, qui anno fere 851 ex urbe [[Sīrāf]] in [[Irania]] in [[Serica (regio)|Sinis]] ad emporium [[Quancheum]] navigavit, primus occidentalium de infusione theae nuntiavit: :Inter mercaturas Sericae profusas, rex Sinensis vectigalia imponit in salem atque in herbam quandam siccatam quae ex aqua calida sorbetur. Haec herba ubique in urbibus reditu maximo venditatur. Appellatur ''sāḫ''; foliis prodigalior est quam [[medicago sativa|medicago]] et paulo odoratior, sed gustu amara. Aqua ebullitur et in folia funditur: potio sic confecta contra omnes invaletudines efficit.<ref>Textus a Vicipaediano redditus e versione Francogallica Gabrielis Ferrand, ''Voyage du marchand arabe Sulaymân en Inde et en Chine'' (Lutetiae: Bossard, 1922) [https://archive.org/stream/voyagedumarchand00sirauoft#page/58/mode/2up p. 58]. Anglice reperis s.v. "[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:302.hobson Tea]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}" in {{Hobson}}. Arabice reperis [https://archive.org/details/relationdesvoya01sulagoog hic]</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == ; Opera antiquiora * 59 a.C.n. : [[Wang Bao]], ''[[Syngrapha servi|Tong yue]]'' ("Syngrapha servi") * saec. VIII exeunte : [[Lu Yu]], ''[[Canon theae|Cha jing]]'' ("Canon theae") * 1330 : {{ec|id=Hu|c=Hu Si-hui, ''[[Propria ad mensam Imperatoris principia]]'' (Paul D. Buell, Eugene N. Anderson, edd. et interprr., ''A Soup for the Qan: Chinese dietary medicine of the Mongol era as seen in Hu Szu-hui's Yin-shan cheng-yao'' [Londinii: Kegan Paul, 2000] pp. 391-394)}} * ante 1374 : {{ec|id=Ni Zan|c=[[Ni Zan]], ''[[Aedis silvarum nebulosarum regimentarium|Yunlintang yinshi zhidu shi]]'' (Teresa Wang, E. N. Anderson, "Ni Tsan and his Cloud Forest Hall Collection of Rules for Drinking and Eating" in ''Petits Propos Culinaires'' no. 60 (1998) pp. 24-41) }} * 1599 : {{ec|id=Linscotanus (1599)|c= [[Iohannes Hugonis Linscotanus]], ''Navigatio ac itinerarium Iohannis Hugonis Linscotani in orientalem sive Lusitanorum Indiam'' (Hagae Comitum, 1599) [https://archive.org/details/Nauigatio-ac-itinerarium-Iohannis-Hugonis-Linscotani-in-orientalem-siue-Lusitanoru-PHAIDRA_o_386621/page/n51/mode/2up p. 31] apud ''Internet Archive'' }} * 1669 : [[Kenelmus Digbius|Kenelm Digby]]; George Hartman, ed.? ''[[The Closet of Sir Kenelme Digbie Opened|The Closet of the Eminently Learned Sir Kenelme Digbie Kt. Opened]]''. Londinii: Henry Brome, 1669 {{Google Books|yc1EAQAAMAAJ|p. 155}} [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16441 editio interretialis] apud ''Project Gutenberg'' * 1796 : [[Yuan Mei]], ''[[Praecepta ex horto plenitudinis|Suiyuan shidan]]'' (Sean J. S. Chen, ed. et interpr., ''Recipes from the Garden of Contentment'' [Great Barrington Massachusettensium: Berkshire Publishing, 2018] {{Google Books|iGi9DwAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}}) * 1850 : Gideon Nye, ''Tea and the tea trade''. Novi Eboraci: G. W. Wood, 1850 [https://archive.org/details/teateatradeparts00nyegricht Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1898 : [[Georgius Watt|George Watt]], ''The pests and blights of the tea plant being a report of investigations conducted in Assam and to some extent also in Kangra''. Calcuttae: Superintendent, Government Printing [https://archive.org/details/cu31924024006623/page/n6 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1940 : Claud Bald, ''Indian Tea: 'A Textbook on the Culture and Manufacture of Tea.'' Ed. 5a. Calcuttae: Thacker, Spink & Co. [https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.3392 4a ed., 1922] apud ''Internet Archive'' ; Lexicographica * "[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:302.hobson Tea]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}" in {{Hobson}} ; De historia et anthropologia * "Le thé en Inde" in ''Les Cahiers de la gastronomie'' n° 21 (2015) * Arcimovicová, Jana, et Pavel Valícek. [[1998]]. ''Vune caje.'' Start Benešov. ISBN 80-902005-9-1. * Chow, Kit, et Ione Kramer. [[1990]]. ''All the Tea in China.'' China Books & Periodicals Inc. ISBN 0-8351-2194-1. * Evans, John C. [[1992]]. ''Tea in China: The History of China's National Drink.'' Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-28049-5 * Harler, C. R. [[1933]], [[1956]]. ''The Culture and Marketing of Tea.'' Ed. 2a. , Novi Eboraci et Bombay: Oxford University Press. * Hesse, Eelco. [[1982]]. ''Tea: The eyelids of Bodhidharma.'' Prism Press. * {{Cite journal | last = Hobhouse | first = Henry | title = Seeds of Change: Six Plants that Transformed Mankind | url = https://archive.org/details/seedsofchangesix0000hobh_h2c4 | year = [[2005]] | publisher = Shoemaker & Hoard | isbn = 1-59376-049-3}} * {{Cite news| last = Karmakar| first = Rahul| title = The Singpho: The cup that jeers| newspaper = [[Hindustan Times]]| page = 12|location = Dellii Novi| date = 13 Aprilis [[2008]]| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/india/The-cup-that-jeers/Article1-304178.aspx}}. * {{Cite book | year=[[2000]] | editor-last=Kiple | editor-first=Kenneth F. | editor2-last=Ornelas | editor2-first=Kriemhild Coneè | title=The Cambridge World History of Food | publication-place=Cambridge | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=1 | isbn =0521402166}}. * Lysaght, Patricia. [[1987]]. "When I makes Tea, I makes Tea": The Case of Tea in Ireland. ''Ulster Folklife'' 33. * [[Roy Moxham|Moxham, Roy]]. [[2003]]. ''Tea: Addiction, Exploitation, and Empire.'' * Mair, Victor H., et Erling Hoh. [[2009]]. ''The True History of Tea.'' Novi Eboraci et Londinii: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 9780500251461. * Pettigrew, Jane [[2002]]. ''A Social History of Tea.'' * Pratt, James Norwood. [[2005]]. ''Tea Dictionary.'' * [[Stephanus Reimertz|Reimertz, Stephan]]. [[1998]]. ''Vom Genuß des Tees: Eine heitere Reise durch alte Landschaften, ehrwürdige Traditionen und moderne Verhältnisse, inklusive einer kleinen Teeschule.'' * Saberi, Helen. 2010. ''Tea: a global history''. Londinii: Reaktion Books. ; De cultu * {{Cite book | last=Mondal | first=T. K. | year=2007 | contribution=Tea | editor-last=Pua | editor-first=E. C. | editor2-last=Davey | editor2-first=M. R. | title=Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry | publication-place=Berolini | publisher=Springer | volume=60: Transgenic Crops V | pages=519–535 | isbn =3540491600}}. ; De re diaetetica * Packer, Lester, Choon Nam Ong, et Barry Halliwell. [[2004]]. ''Herbal and Traditional Medicine: Molecular Aspects of Health.'' CRC Press. ISBN 0-8247-5436-0. * {{Cite journal | doi=10.1136/jech.53.8.481 | last=Tunstal-Pedoe|first= M.|year=1999 | title=Coffee and tea consumption in the Scottish Heart Health Study follow up: conflicting relations with coronary risk factors, coronary disease, and all cause mortality | volume=53 | pages=481–487. | pmid = 10562866 | issue=8 | pmc=1756940 | journal=Journal of epidemiology and community health | url=http://jech.bmj.com/content/53/8/481.abstract}} * {{Cite journal | last=Yamamoto | first=T. | last2=Kim | first2=M. | last3=Juneja | first3=L. R. | year=[[1997]] | title=Chemistry and Applications of Green Tea | publisher=CRC Press}} * {{Cite journal | last= | year=[[1999]] | month=Nov-Dec | title=Tea and Health | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nutrition_november-december-1999_15_11-12/page/946| volume=15 | pages=946–949 | first1=CS | issue=11–12 | journal=Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) | pmid=10575676}} {{NexInt}} * [[Infusum]] * [[Coffeum]] * [[Mate]] * [[Polyphenolum]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Tea|Theam}} * [http://www.tsiosophy.com Historica, litteraria, versiones de thea] apud ''Tsiosophy'' * [http://www.tea.co.uk/ Consilium Theae Britanniarum Regni] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080516034343/http://www.teekunde.info/ De thea] apud ''Teekunde'' {{Ling|Theodisce}} * [http://www.tee-buch.de/ Liber theae] {{Ling|Theodisce}} * [http://www.teesorten.de/ Porta varietatum theae] apud ''Teesorten'' {{Ling|Theodisce}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120307234118/http://www.londonfoodfilmfiesta.co.uk/Literature%20Main/Tea.htm Tea in Artibus] apud ''London food film fiesta'' {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Anthropologia}} [[Categoria:Thea| ]] gkxg6ksn38leacy6vpivzid5kimi66a 0 31762 3980126 3978373 2026-08-10T00:40:53Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 3 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} [[Fasciculus:AlterOrient2.png|thumb|Fines [[viridis|virides]] colorati: Imperium Assyrium circa [[Saeculum 14 a.C.n.|1400 a.C.n.]]]] '''Assyria''' ([[scriptura cuneiformis|litteris cuneiformibus]] Neo-Assyriacis [[Fasciculus:Inscription mat Assur-ki for Assyria in the Rassam cylinder, 1st column, line 5.jpg|75px]], romanizatis ''māt Aššur''&thinsp;; [[lingua Syriaca|Syriace]] <big>ܐܬܘܪ</big> ''ʾāthor''&thinsp;; [[Graece]] Ασσυρία) fuit [[civilizatio]] [[antiquitas|antiqua]] in [[Mesopotamia]] [[Antiquus Oriens Medius|inter aetatem aeneam et ferream]], quae [[urbs-civitas]] magni momenti apud ripas [[Tigris (flumen)|Tigris]] orta primum [[floruit]], [[regio]]nibus in primis [[terra (regio)|terris]] [[Assyrii (antiquitas)|Assyriorum]] interdum a [[saeculum|saeculo]] [[saeculum 21 a.C.n.|vicensimo uno]] ad [[saeculum 14 a.C.n.|saeculum quartum decimum]] [[a.C.n.]] moderans, tum [[civitas territorialis]], et ad ultimum [[imperium]] a saeculo quarto decimo ad [[saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculum septimum a.C.n.]], cum anno [[609 a.C.n.]] finem haberet, ab [[Babylonia|Imperio Babylonio]] victa. Eius [[nomen proprium|nomen]] ex [[Assur (urbs)|Assyria]] principali [[urbs|urbe]] appellatur. == Chronologia Assyriae == * [[Subartu]], vel Assyria aetate [[Sumeria]] et [[Imperium Accadium|Accadia]]. * [[Regnum Assyrium vetus]] * [[Imperium Assyrium medium]] (1365–934 a.C.n.) * [[Imperium Neoassyrium]] ([[744 a.C.n.]]-[[609 a.C.n.]]) * [[Athura]] * [[Assyria (provincia Romana)]] {{NexInt}} {{div col|3}} * [[Anos]] * [[Antiquus Oriens Medius]] * [[Assur (urbs)]] * [[Chale]] (''Nimrud'') * [[Ištar]] * [[Ninive]] * [[Ninus]] * [[Paradisus (hortus)]] * [[Regnum Parthorum]] * [[Religio Mesopotamena]] * [[Sardanapalus moriturus (Delacroix)]] * [[Seleucidae]] * [[Thammuz]] {{div col end}}<!-- == Notae == <references/> --> == Bibliographia == *{{Cite journal|last=Albenda|first=Pauline|date=[[2018]]|title=Royal Gardens, Parks, and the Architecture Within: Assyrian Views|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=138|issue=1|pages=105–120|doi=10.7817/jameroriesoci.138.1.0105|jstor=10.7817/jameroriesoci.138.1.0105}} *{{Cite book|last=Aberbach|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t0qHDAAAQBAJ|title=Major Turning Points in Jewish Intellectual History|publisher=Palgrave MacMillan|year=[[2003]]|isbn=978-1403917669|location=Novi Eboraci}} *{{Cite journal|last=Aissaoui|first=Alex|date=[[2018]]|title=The Amarna diplomacy in IR perspective:a system of states in the making|journal=Estudos Internacionais|volume=6|issue=2|pages=9–29|doi=10.5752/P.2317-773X.2018v6n2p9|s2cid=158689222|issn=2317-773X}} *{{cite book|last=Akopian|first=Arman|title=Introduction to Aramean and Syriac Studies|publisher=Gorgias Press|year=[[2017]]|isbn=978-1463238933|location=Piscataway in Nova Caesarea}}<!-- *{{harvc|last=Bagg|first=Ariel|year=[[2017]]|in=Frahm|c=Assyrian Technology}}--> *{{Cite journal|last=Bahrani|first=Zainab|date=[[2006]]|title=Race and Ethnicity in Mesopotamian Antiquity |journal=World Archaeology|volume=38|issue=1|pages=48–59|doi=10.1080/00438240500509843|jstor=40023594 |s2cid=144093611}} *{{cite book|last=Becker|first=Adam H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DbTtBgAAQBAJ|title=Revival and Awakening: American Evangelical Missionaries in Iran and the Origins of Assyrian Nationalism|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=[[2015]]|isbn=978-0226145280|location=Sicagi}} *{{Cite book|last=Bedford|first=Peter R.|title=The Dynamics of Ancient Empires: State Power from Assyria to Byzantium|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=[[2009]]|isbn=978-0-19-537158-1|editor-last=Morris|editor-first=Ian|location=Oxoniae|chapter=The Neo-Assyrian Empire|editor-last2=Scheidel|editor-first2=Walter}} *{{Cite book|last=Benjamen|first=Alda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_IxVEAAAQBAJ|title=Assyrians in Modern Iraq: Negotiating Political and Cultural Space|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=[[2022]]|isbn=978-1108838795|location=Cantabrigiae}} *{{cite book|last=Bertman|first=Stephen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1C4NKp4zgIQC|title=Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=[[2003]]|isbn=978-0195183641|location=Novi Eboraci}} *{{Cite book|last=BetGivargis-McDaniel|first=Maegan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K2XctSfgPTEC|title=Assyrians of New Britain|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|year=[[2007]]|isbn=978-0738550121|location=Carolopoli in Carolina Meridiana}} * {{Cite journal|last=Biggs|first=Robert D.|title=My Career in Assyriology and Near Eastern Archaeology|journal=Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies|year=[[2005]]|volume=19|number=1|pages=1–23|url=http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v19n1/Biggs-Biography-final.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227130515/http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v19n1/Biggs-Biography-final.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-02-27}} *{{cite book|last=Breasted|first=James Henry|title=The Conquest of Civilization|publisher=Harper & Brothers Publishers|year=[[1926]]|location=Novi Eboraci|oclc=653024}} *{{cite book|last=[[Averil Cameron|Cameron]]|first=Averil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59c6PSa5JCAC|title=The Byzantines|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4051-9833-2|location=Oxoniae}} *{{Cite book|last=Cassidy|first=Edward Idris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TU0Xc1O3CpgC|title=Ecumenism and Interreligious Dialogue: Unitatis Redintegratio, Nostra Aetate|publisher=Paulist Press|year=[[2005]]|isbn=0-8091-4338-0|location=Mahwah}} *{{cite book|last=Chavalas|first=Mark|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYudy66ymrUC|title=Faith, Tradition, and History: Old Testament Historiography in Its Near Eastern Context|publisher=Eisenbrauns|year=[[1994]]|isbn=0-931464-82-X|editor-last=Millard|editor-first=A. R.|location=Winona Lake|chapter=Genealogical History as "Charter": A Study of Old Babylonian Period Historiography and the Old Testament|editor-last2=Hoffmeier|editor-first2=James K.|editor-last3=Baker|editor-first3=David W.}} *{{cite book|last=Chen|first=Fei|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3znDwAAQBAJ|title=Study on the Synchronistic King List from Ashur|publisher=BRILL|year=[[2020]]|isbn=978-9004430914|location=Lugduni Batavorum}} * Dandamaev, M., et al. https://web.archive.org/web/20110405230447/http://www.iranica.com/articles/assyria- "Assyria.]" ''[[Encyclopaedia Iranica|Encyclopaedia Iranica Online]].'' {{Ling|Anglice}} * {{cite book|last=Donabed|first=Sargon George|chapter=Persistent Perseverence: A Trajectory of Assyrian History in the Modern Age|title=Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East|editor-last=Rowe|editor-first=Paul S.|year=[[2019]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=taxvDwAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1138649040|location=Londinii}} *{{cite book|last=Düring|first=Bleda S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1NLKDwAAQBAJ|title=The Imperialisation of Assyria: An Archaeological Approach|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=[[2020]]|isbn=978-1108478748|location=Cantabrigiae}} *{{cite encyclopaedia|title=Osroëne|encyclopaedia=The Oxford Classical Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001/acref-9780199545568-e-4620?rskey=tBMgE4&result=2|date=[[2012]]|editor-last1=Hornblower|editor-first1=Simon|edition=4|isbn=978-0-19-954556-8|last2=Gray|first2=Eric William|last3=Sherwin-White|first3=Susan Mary|last1=Drower|editor-first3=Esther|editor-last3=Eidinow|first1=Margaret Stephana|editor-last2=Spawforth|editor-first2=Antony}} *{{Cite book|last=Elayi|first=Josette|title=Sargon II, King of Assyria|publisher=SBL Press|year=[[2017]] |isbn=978-1628371772 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TsctDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Sargon+II%22&pg=PP1}} *{{cite journal|last=Eppihimer|first=Melissa|year=[[2013]]|title=Representing Ashur: The Old Assyrian Rulers' Seals and Their Ur III Prototype|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-near-eastern-studies_2013-04_72_1/page/35|journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies|volume=72|issue=1|pages=35–49 |doi=10.1086/669098 |jstor=10.1086/669098|s2cid=162825616}}<!-- *{{harvc|last=Fales|first=Frederick Mario|year=2017|in=Frahm|c=Assyrian Legal Traditions}}--> *{{Cite book|last=Filoni|first=Fernando|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xp8rDwAAQBAJ|title=The Church in Iraq|publisher=The Catholic University of America Press|year=[[2017]]|isbn=978-0813229652|location=Vasingtoniae}}<!-- *{{harvc|last=Fincke|first=Jeanette C.|year=[[2017]]|in=Frahm|c=Assyrian Scholarship and Scribal Culture in Kalḫu and Nineveh}}--> *{{Cite book|last=Fink|first=Sebastian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJb-DwAAQBAJ|title=The Routledge Companion to Women and Monarchy in the Ancient Mediterranean World|publisher=Routledge|year=[[2020]] |isbn=978-0429434105 |editor-last=Carney|editor-first=Elizabeth D.|location=London|chapter=Invisible Mesopotamian royal women?|pages=137–148|doi=10.4324/9780429434105-15|s2cid=224979097|editor-last2=Müller |editor-first2=Sabine|chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429434105-15/invisible-mesopotamian-royal-women-sebastian-fink|name-list-style=amp}} *{{Cite book|last=Foster|first=Benjamin R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O680CwAAQBAJ|title=The Age of Agade: Inventing Empire in Ancient Mesopotamia|publisher=Routledge|year=[[2016]]|isbn=978-1315686561 |location=Oxoniae}} *{{cite book|editor-last=Frahm|editor-first=Eckart|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhsmDwAAQBAJ |title=A Companion to Assyria|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=[[2017]]|isbn=978-1118325247|location=Hoboken in Nova Caesarea}}<!-- *{{harvc|last=Frahm|first=Eckart|anchor-year=2017a|year=[[2017]]|in=Frahm|c=Introduction}} *{{harvc|last=Frahm|first=Eckart|anchor-year=2017b|year=[[2017]]|in=Frahm|c=The Neo-Assyrian Period (ca. 1000–609 BCE)}}--> *{{cite book|last=Garfinkle|first=Steven J.|title=Current Issues and the Study of the Ancient Near East|publisher=Regina Books|year=[[2007]]|isbn=978-1930053465|editor-last=Rubio|editor-first=Gonzalo |series=Publications of the Association of Ancient Historians|location=Claremont|chapter=The Assyrians: A New Look at an Ancient Power|editor-last2=Garfinkle|editor-first2=Steven J.|editor-last3=Beckman |editor-first3=Gary|editor-last4=Snell|editor-first4=Daniel C.|editor-last5=Chavalas|editor-first5=Mark W.}} *{{Cite book|last1=Gaunt|first1=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9E9DQAAQBAJ|title=Let Them Not Return: Sayfo – The Genocide Against the Assyrian, Syriac, and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire |last2=Atto |first2=Naures|last3=Barthoma|first3=Soner O.|publisher=Berghahn|year=[[2017]]|isbn=978-1785334986 |location=Npvo Eboraci}} *{{cite book|last=Gerster|first=Georg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7cdfUfxDcTsC|title=The Past from Above: Aerial Photographs of Archaeological Sites|publisher=J. Paul Getty Museum|year=[[2005]] |isbn=978-0892368174 |location=Angelopoli in California}} *{{Cite book|last=Haider|first=Peter W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KgVD3WL0vAsC|title=The Variety of Local Religious Life in the Near East: In the Hellenistic and Roman Periods|publisher=BRILL |year=[[2008]]|isbn=978-9004167353|editor-last=Kaizer|editor-first=Ted|location=Lugduni Batavorum|chapter=Tradition and change in the beliefs at Assur, Nineveh and Nisibis between 300 BC and AD 300}} *{{Cite book|last1=Harper|first1=Prudence O.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LSaeT9CloGIC |title=Assyrian Origins: Discoveries at Ashur on the Tigris: Antiquities in the Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin|last2=Klengel-Brandt|first2=Evelyn|last3=Aruz|first3=Joan|last4=Benzel|first4=Kim |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|year=[[1995]]|isbn=0-87099-743-2|location=Novi Eboraci}}<!-- *{{harvc|last=Hauser|first=Stefan R.|year=[[2017]]|in=Frahm|c=Post-Imperial Assyria}} *{{harvc|last=Heeßel|first=Nils P.|year=[[2017]]|in=Frahm|c=Assyrian Scholarship and Scribal Culture in Ashur}}--> *{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Cailah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LngxEAAAQBAJ|title=Islamic Manuscripts of Late Medieval Rum, 1270s-1370s: Production, Patronage and the Arts of the Book|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=[[2020]]|isbn=978-1474451505|location=Edimburgi}} *{{cite book|last=Jacobsen|first=Douglas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f_ArEAAAQBAJ|title=The World's Christians: Who They Are, Where They Are, and How They Got There|publisher=Wiley Blackwell|year=2021 |isbn=978-1119626107 |location=Hoboken}}<!-- *{{harvc|last=Jakob|first=Stefan|anchor-year=2017a|year=2017|in=Frahm|c=The Middle Assyrian Period (14th to 11th Century BCE)}} *{{harvc|last=Jakob|first=Stefan|anchor-year=2017b|year=[[2017]]|in=Frahm|c=Economy, Society, and Daily Life in the Middle Assyrian Period}}--> *{{cite book|last=James|first=E. O.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KN-mDwAAQBAJ|title=The Tree of Life: An Archaeological Study|publisher=BRILL|year=[[1966]]|isbn=978-9004378025}} *{{cite book|last=Jupp|first=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgoFxfSTfYAC|title=Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, its People and their Origins|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=[[2001]]|isbn=0-521-80789-1|location=Cantabrigiae}} * {{Cite book|last1=Kalimi|first1=Isaac|last2=Richardson|first2=Seth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bF_bAgAAQBAJ |title=Sennacherib at the Gates of Jerusalem: Story, History and Historiography|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=[[2014]]|isbn=978-9004265615|editor-last=Kalimi|editor-first=Isaac|editor-last2=Richardson|editor-first2=Seth |location=Lugduni Batavorum|chapter=Sennacherib at the Gates of Jerusalem: Story, History and Historiography: An Introduction}} *{{cite book|last=Kaufman|first=Stephen A.|url=https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/publications/as/19-akkadian-influences-aramaic|title=The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=[[1974]]|isbn=0-226-62281-9|series=The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago Assyriological Studies|location=Sicagi}} *{{Cite journal|last=Kertai|first=David|year=[[2013]]|title=The Queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire |journal=Altorientalische Forschungen|volume=40|issue=1|pages=108–124|doi=10.1524/aof.2013.0006|s2cid=163392326}} *{{Cite book|last=Kertai|first=David|chapter=The Throne Room of Assyria|pages=41–56|editor-last=Bietak |editor-first=Manfred|editor-last2=Matthiae|editor-first2=Paolo|editor-last3=Prell|editor-first3=Silvia |title=Ancient Egyptian and Ancient Near Eastern Palaces. Volume II: Proceedings of a workshop held at the 10th ICAANE in Vienna, 25-26 April 2016|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|location=Wiesbaden|year=[[2019]]|isbn=978-3447111836 |doi=10.2307/j.ctvh4zg0s.6 |jstor=j.ctvh4zg0s.6|s2cid=194319884}} *{{Cite journal|last1=Kletter|first1=Raz|last2=Zwickel|first2=Wolfgang|date=[[2006]]|title=The Assyrian Building of ʿAyyelet ha-Šaḥar|journal=Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins |volume=122|issue=2|pages=151–186 |jstor=27931796}} *{{Cite journal|last=Lambert|first=W. G.|date=[[1983]]|title=The God Aššur|journal=Iraq|volume=45|issue=1|pages=82–86|doi=10.2307/4200181|jstor=4200181|s2cid=163337976 }} *{{cite book|last=Lewy|first=Hildegard|title=The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume I Part 2: Early History of the Middle East|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=[[1971]]|isbn=0-521-07791-5|editor-last=Edwards |editor-first=I. E. S.|edition=tertia|location=Cantabrigiae|editor-last2=Gadd|editor-first2=C. J.|editor-last3=Hammond|editor-first3=N. G. L.|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-ancient-history/assyria-c-26001816-bc/4F20E593BE3257C3F9A34689E0A25B9C |chapter=Assyria ''c''. 2600–1816 BC}} *{{Cite book|last=Liverani|first=Mario|translator-last=Tabatabai|translator-first=Soraia|title=The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientneareasth0000live|publisher=Routledge|year=[[2014]]|isbn=978-0415679053|location=Oxford}} *{{Cite journal|last=Livingstone|first=Alasdair|date=2009|title=Remembrance at Assur: The Case of the dated Aramaic memorials|url=https://journal.fi/store/article/view/52458|journal=Studia Orientalia Electronica |volume=106 |pages=151–157}}<!-- *{{harvc|last=Livingstone|first=Alasdair|year=[[2017]]|in=Frahm|c=Assyrian Literature}}--> *{{Cite journal|last=Llop|first=Jaume|year=[[2012]]|title=The Development of the Middle Assyrian Provinces |journal=Altorientalische Forschungen|volume=39|issue=1|pages=87–111|doi=10.1524/aofo.2012.0007 |jstor=41440513 |s2cid=163552048}}<!-- *{{harvc|last1=Luukko|first1=Mikko|last2=Van Buylaere|first2=Greta|year=[[2017]]|in=Frahm|c=Languages and Writing Systems in Assyria}}--> *{{cite book|last=Mack|first=Jennifer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2il0DwAAQBAJ|title=The Construction of Equality: Syriac Immigration and the Swedish City|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|year=[[2017]]|isbn=978-1452955018|location=Minneapoli}} *{{Cite book|last=Mallowan|first=Max E. L.|title=The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume I Part 2: Early History of the Middle East|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=[[1971]]|isbn=0-521-07791-5|editor-last=Edwards|editor-first=I. E. S.|edition=3rd|location=Cantabrigiae|chapter=The Early Dynastic Period in Mesopotamia|editor-last2=Gadd|editor-first2=C. J.|editor-last3=Hammond|editor-first3=N. G. L.|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-ancient-history/early-dynastic-period-in-mesopotamia/433C3C658FBC3B41587C5181FBE776A1}} *{{Cite journal|last1=Marciak|first1=Michal|last2=Wójcikowski|first2=Robert S.|year=[[2016]]|title=Images of the Kings of Adiabene: Numismatic and Sculptural Evidence|journal=Iraq|volume=78|pages=79–101 |doi=10.1017/irq.2016.8 |s2cid=56050063|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/iraq/article/images-of-kings-of-adiabene-numismatic-and-sculptural-evidence/585AC7947F510E51A1AD2297922DE103}} *{{Cite book|last=Marciak|first=Michał|title=Sophene, Gordyene, and Adiabene: Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West|publisher=BRILL|year=[[2017]]|isbn=978-9004350700|location=Lugduni Batavorum}}<!-- *{{harvc|last=Maul|first=Stefan M.|year=[[2017]]|in=Frahm|c=Assyrian Religion}} *{{harvc|last=Michel|first=Cécile|year=[[2017]]|in=Frahm|c=Economy, Society, and Daily Life in the Old Assyrian Period}}--> *{{cite book|last=Murre-van den Berg|first=Heleen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oyJXEAAAQBAJ|title=Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History Volume 18. The Ottoman Empire (1800-1914)|publisher=BRILL|year=[[2021]]|isbn=978-9004448094|editor-last=Thomas|editor-first=David|location=Lugduni Batavorum|chapter=Syriac literature and Muslim-Christian relations under the Ottomans, 16th-19th centuries|editor-last2=Chesworth|editor-first2=John A.}} *{{Cite journal|last=Na'aman|first=Nadav|date=[[1991]]|title=Chronology and History in the Late Assyrian Empire (631—619 B.C.)|url=https://www.academia.edu/13458703|journal=Zeitschrift für Assyriologie|volume=81|issue=1–2|pages=243–267|doi=10.1515/zava.1991.81.1-2.243|s2cid=159785150}} *{{cite book|last=Novák|first=Mirko|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WBrfDQAAQBAJ|title=Assyria to Iberia: Art and Culture in the Iron Age|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|year=[[2016]]|isbn=978-1588396068|editor-last=Aruz|editor-first=Joan|location=Novi Eboraci|chapter=Assyrians and Arameans: Modes of Cohabitation and Acculuration at Guzana (Tell Halaf)|editor-last2=Seymour|editor-first2=Michael}} *{{Cite book|last=Oates|first=Joan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OGBGauNBK8kC&q=sin-shumu-lishir+eunuch|title=The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 3 Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=[[1992]]|isbn=978-3111033587|chapter=The fall of Assyria (635–609 BC)}} *{{cite book|last=Odisho|first=Edward Y.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ON7BEtQvejcC|title=The Sound System of Modern Assyrian (Neo-Aramaic)|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz|year=1988|isbn=3-447-02744-4|location=Wiesbaden}} *{{Cite journal|last=Parker|first=Bradley J.|date=[[2011]]|title=The Construction and Performance of Kingship in the Neo-Assyrian Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-anthropological-research_fall-2011_67_3/page/357|journal=Journal of Anthropological Research|volume=67|issue=3|pages=357–386|doi=10.3998/jar.0521004.0067.303|jstor=41303323|s2cid=145597598}} *{{Cite journal|last=Parpola|first=Simo|date=[[2004]]|title=National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times|url=https://archive.org/details/parpolaidentityarticlefinal/page/n1/mode/2up|journal=Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies|volume=18|issue=2|pages=5–22}} *{{cite book|last=Payne|first=Richard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KteqCwAAQBAJ|title=Visions of Community in the Post-Roman World: The West, Byzantium and the Islamic World, 300–1100|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|year=[[2012]]|isbn=978-1409427094|editor-last=Pohl|editor-first=Walter|location=Farnham|chapter=Avoiding Ethnicity: Uses of the Ancient Past in Late Sasanian Northern Mesopotamia|editor-last2=Gantner|editor-first2=Clemens|editor-last3=Payne|editor-first3=Richard}} *{{Cite book|last=Radner|first=Karen|title=Ancient Assyria: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientassyriave0000radn|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=[[2015]]a|isbn=978-0198715900, ISBN 0198715900|locaton=Oxoniae}}. *{{cite encyclopedia|year=[[2015]]b|title=Royal pen pals: the kings of Assyria in correspondence with officials, clients and total strangers (8th and 7th centuries BC)|encyclopedia=Official Epistolography and the Language(s) of Power |publisher=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press|last=Radner|first=Karen|editor1=S. Prochazka|editor2=L. Reinfandt|editor3=S. Tost |url=https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/27226/1/Radner_Official_Epistolography_2015_Royal_Pen_Pals.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/27226/1/Radner_Official_Epistolography_2015_Royal_Pen_Pals.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}<!-- *{{harvc|last=Radner|first=Karen|year=[[2017]]|in=Frahm|c=Economy, Society, and Daily Life in the Neo‐Assyrian Period}}--> *{{Cite journal|last=Radner|first=Karen|date=[[2019]]|title=Last Emperor or Crown Prince Forever? Aššur-uballiṭ II of Assyria according to Archival Sources|url=https://www.academia.edu/39300596|journal=State Archives of Assyria Studies|volume=28|pages=135–142}} *{{Cite book|last=Radner|first=Karen|title=Multilingualism in Ancient Contexts: Perspectives from Ancient Near Eastern and Early Christian Contexts|publisher=African Sun Media|year=[[2021]]|isbn=978-1991201164|editor-last=Jonker |editor-first=Louis C.|location=Stellenbosch|chapter=Diglossia and the Neo-Assyrian Empire’s Akkadian and Aramaic Text Production|editor-last2=Berlejung|editor-first2=Angelika|editor-last3=Cornelius |editor-first3=Izak|name-list-style=amp}} *{{Cite journal|last=Reade|first=Julian|date=[[2011]]|title=The Evolution of Assyrian Imperial Architecture: Political Implications and Uncertainties|journal=Mesopotamia|volume=XLVI|pages=109–125|issn=0076-6615}} *{{cite book|last=de Ridder|first=Jacob Jan|title=Subartu XXXIX: Kültepe International Meetings, Vol. II: Movement, Resources, Interaction|publisher=Brepols Publishers|year=[[2017]]|isbn=978-2503575223|editor-last1=Kulakoğlu|editor-first1=Fikri|location=Turnhout|chapter=Slavery in Old Assyrian Documents|editor-last2=Barjamovic|editor-first2=Gojko}} *{{Cite journal|last=Rollinger|first=Robert|date=[[2006]]|title=The Terms "Assyria" and "Syria" Again |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-near-eastern-studies_2006-10_65_4/page/283|journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies|volume=65|issue=4|pages=283–287|doi=10.1086/511103 |jstor=10.1086/511103 |s2cid=162760021}} *{{Cite book|last=Roux|first=Georges|title=Ancient Iraq|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientiraq0000roux_h6g4|publisher=Penguin Books|year=[[1992]]|isbn=978-0140125238}}<!-- *{{harvc|last=Russell|first=John M.|anchor-year=2017a|year=[[2017]]|in=Frahm|c=Assyrian Cities and Architecture}} *{{harvc|last=Russell|first=John M.|anchor-year=2017b|year=[[2017]]|in=Frahm|c=Assyrian Art}}--> *{{Cite book|last=Saggs|first=Henry W. F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MNJGwAACAAJ|title=The Might That Was Assyria|publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson|year=[[1984]]|isbn=9780312035112|location=Londinii}} *{{cite encyclopedia|year=2012|title=Parthian Assur|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 8|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/assyria-iii|last=Schippmann|first=K.|pages=816–817}} *{{Cite journal|last=Svärd|first=Saana|year=[[2015]]|title=Changes in Neo-Assyrian Queenship|journal=State Archives of Assyria Bulletin|volume=XXI|pages=157–171}} *{{Cite book|last=Tamari|first=Steve|title=Grounded Identities: Territory and Belonging in the Medieval and Early Modern Middle East and Mediterranean|publisher=BRILL|year=[[2019]]|isbn=978-9004385337|editor-last=Tamari|editor-first=Steve|location=Lugduni Batavorum|chapter=The Land of Syria in the Late Seventeenth Century: ʿAbd al-Ghani al-Nabulusi and Linking City and Countryside through Study, Travel, and Worship|chapter-url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004385337/BP000006.xml}} *{{cite book|last=Travis|first=Hannibal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kd8lAQAAMAAJ|title=Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan|publisher=Carolina Academic Press|year=[[2010]]|isbn=978-1594604362|location=Durham}} *{{cite book|last1=Van De Mieroop|first1=Marc|title=A History of the Ancient Near East|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000vand_w8g2|date=[[2016]]|publisher=Wiley Blackwell|edition=tertia|location=Oxoniae}} *{{Cite book|last1=Veenhof|first1=Klaas R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vYMmrenUywQC|title=Mesopotamia: The Old Assyrian Period|last2=Eidem|first2=Jesper|publisher=Academic Press Fribourg|year=[[2008]]|isbn=978-3727816239|series=Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis|location=Gottingae}}<!-- *{{harvc|last=Veenhof|first=Klaas R.|year=[[2017]]|in=Frahm|c=The Old Assyrian Period (20th–18th century BCE)}}--> *{{Cite book|last=Wagensonner|first=Klaus|title=Multilingualism, Lingua Franca and Lingua Sacra |url=https://www.mprl-series.mpg.de/studies/10/|publisher=Max Planck Institute for the History of Science |year=[[2018]]|isbn=978-3945561133|editor-last=Braarvig|editor-first=Jens|location=Berlin|chapter=Sumerian in the Middle Assyrian Period|editor-last2=Geller|editor-first2=Markham J.|chapter-url=https://www.mprl-series.mpg.de/media/studies/10/11/Studies10Chap8.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.mprl-series.mpg.de/media/studies/10/11/Studies10Chap8.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}} *{{cite book|last=Waters|first=Matt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__xGAgAAQBAJ|title=Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire 550–330 BCE|publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=[[2014]]|isbn=978-1107009608|location=Cantabrigiae}} * Widengren, G. [[1986]]. "Āsōristān." ''[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]]'' 2 (8): 785–86. [https://iranicaonline.org/articles/asoristan Textus inerretialis.] *{{Cite book|last=Yamada|first=Shiego|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xovifEBCsAgC|title=The Construction of the Assyrian Empire: A Historical Study of the Inscriptions of Shalmanesar III (859–824 B.C.) Relating to His Campaigns to the West|publisher=BRILL|year=[[2000]]|isbn=90-04-11772-5|location=Lugduni Bataviorum}}<!-- *{{harvc|last=Yamada|first=Shiego|year=[[2017]]|in=Frahm|c=The Transition Period (17th to 15th century BCE)}}--> *{{cite book|last=Yapp|first=Malcolm|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IkcBgAAQBAJ|title=The Making of the Modern Near East 1792–1923|publisher=Routledge|year=[[1988]]|isbn=978-0582493803|location=Londinii}} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Assyria|Assyriam}} * {{Cite web|title=Ashurbanipal|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ashurbanipal|access-date=28 Novembris 2019|website=Encyclopaedia Britannica|ref=CITEREFEncyclopaedia_Britannica}}. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141114220550/http://www.miglus.com/Themen/Assur/assur.html Excavationes Assuriae in urbe ipsa annis 2000 et 2001.] * [http://assur.de/Themen/themen.html Novae excavationes.] * {{Cite web|last=Bain|first=Robert|date=[[2017]]|title=Women, Fundamentalism and Terror: Echoes of Ancient Assyria|url=https://lb.boell.org/en/2017/02/09/women-fundamentalism-and-terror-echoes-ancient-assyria|access-date=29 Ianuarii 2022|website=Heinrich Böll Stiftung}} * {{Cite web|last=|date=23 Ianuarii [[2022]]|title=Newly Digitised Manuscript Sheds Valuable Light on Assyrian Identity|url=https://acsya.org/post/23012022.html|access-date=25 Ianuarii 2022|website=Assyrian Cultural & Social Youth Association|language=en|ref=CITEREFacsya.org}} * Radner, Karen. [[2012]]|. "The King's Road: the imperial communication network." ''Assyrian empire builders.'' Londinii: University College London. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200819111900/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/sargon/essentials/governors/thekingsroad/ Textus interretialis.] [[Categoria:Antiquus Oriens Medius]] [[Categoria:Assyria| ]] [[Categoria:Culturae aetatis aëneae]] [[Categoria:Levans]] [[Categoria:Mesopotamia]] [[Categoria:Saeculum 9 a.C.n.]] [[Categoria:Saeculum 8 a.C.n.]] [[Categoria:Saeculum 7 a.C.n.]] {{Myrias|Historia}} cu1632ufnwhzj6e412f1yipmpx1g8wj 0 32561 3979851 3978171 2026-08-09T20:27:53Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 5 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979851 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 2015).pdf|thumb|upright=2|Tabula litterarum IPA anno 2015 edita]] '''Abecedarium Phoneticum Internationale,'''{{Convertimus}} saepe notum ob [[littera]]s primas nominis [[Lingua Anglica|Anglici]] '''IPA''' (''[[:en:International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet]]''<ref>"Stricto sensu, litterae 'IPA' refert [...] ''Societatem'' Phoneticam Internationalem. At nunc, tam vulgum est litteris uti etiam pro abecedario ipso [...] ut resistere puditum videtur." Laver, ''Principles of Phonetics'', p. 561.</ref>), sive [[Lingua Francogallica|Francogallici]] '''API''' (''[[:fr:Alphabet phonétique international|Alphabet phonétique international]]''), est [[abecedarium]] [[phonetica|phoneticum]], a [[linguista|linguistis]] [[Francia|Francicis]] et [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannicis]] anno [[1888]] excogitatum, cuius ratio creandi est [[sonus|sonos]] omnium [[lingua]]rum eodem [[orthographia]]e systemate explicare. {{NexInt}} * [[Vicipaedia:Translitteratio]] * {{fn|IPA}} et {{fn|IPA2}} (formulae ad hanc [[translitteratio]]nem in paginis nostris praebendam) == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references/></div> == Bibliographia == *{{Cite journal|last=Ball|first=Martin J.|coauthors=John H. Esling & B. Craig. Dickson|year=[[1995]]|title=The VoQS system for the transcription of voice quality|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-phonetic-association-journal_1995-12_25_2/page/71|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Alphabet|volume=25|issue=2|pages=71–80|doi=10.1017/S0025100300005181}} *{{Cite journal|last=Duckworth |first=M. |coauthors=G. Allen, M.J. Ball |year=[[1990]] |month=December |title=Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for the transcription of atypical speech |url=https://archive.org/details/clinical-linguistics-phonetics_october-december-1990_4_4/page/273 |journal=Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=273–280 |doi=10.3109/02699209008985489}} *{{Cite journal|last=Hill |first=Kenneth C. |coauthors= |year=[[1988]] |last2=Pullum |month=March |first2=Geoffrey K. |last3=Ladusaw |first3=William |title=Review of ''Phonetic symbol guide'' by G. K. Pullum & W. Ladusaw |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_language_1988-03_64_1/page/143 |journal=Language |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=143–144 |doi=10.2307/414792 |jstor=414792}} *{{Cite journal|author=International Phonetic Association|year=[[1989]]|title=Report on the 1989 Kiel convention|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Alphabet|volume=19|issue=2|pages=67–80}} *{{Cite book|author=International Phonetic Association|year=[[1999]]|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofintern0000inte|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-65236-7 (hb); ISBN 0-521-63751-1 (pb)}} * {{Cite book|last=Jones |first=Daniel|authorlink=Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title=English pronouncing dictionary |year=[[1988]]| edition= 14a retractata |publisher=Dent |location=Londinii |oclc=18415701|isbn=0521862302}} *{{Cite journal|last=Ladefoged |first=Peter|authorlink=Peter Ladefoged |year=[[1990]] |month=September |title=The revised International Phonetic Alphabet |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_language_1990-09_66_3/page/550 |journal=Language |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=550–552 |doi=10.2307/414611 |jstor=414611}} *{{Cite journal|last=Ladefoged |first=Peter |coauthors=Morris Hale |year=[[1988]] |month=September |title=Some major features of the International Phonetic Alphabet |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_language_1988-09_64_3/page/577 |journal=Language |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=577–582 |doi=10.2307/414533 |jstor=414533}} *{{Cite book|last=Laver|first=John|title=Principles of Phonetics|url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofphon0000lave|year=[[1994]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Novi Eboraci|isbn=0-521-45031-4 (hb); ISBN 0-521-45655-X (pb)}} *{{Cite book|last=Pullum |first=Geoffrey K. |authorlink=Geoffrey Pullum |coauthors=William A. Laduslaw |title=Phonetic symbol guide |url=https://archive.org/details/phoneticsymbolgu0000pull |year=[[1986]] |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |location=Sicagi |isbn=0-226-68532-2}} *{{Cite book|last=Skinner |first=Edith |coauthors=Timothy Monich, and Lilene Mansell |title=Speak with Distinction |url=https://archive.org/details/speakwithdistinc0000skin |location=Novi Eboraci |publisher=Applause Theatre Book Publishers |year=[[1990]]|isbn=1557830479}} == Nexus externi == === Societatis ipsius === * [https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/ Situs Societatis Phonetica Internationalis] * [https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/full-ipa-chart Abecedarium ipsum] === Claviaturae === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070105002746/http://www.webmasterei.com/en/tools/ipa Altera] cum [[MP3]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080704075615/http://www.linguiste.org/phonetics/ipa/chart/keyboard/ Claviatura interretialis] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090131160512/http://davidmontero.net/Linguistics.php IPACharMap] === Soni === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20030604130512/http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/ Petri Ladefoged's Curriculum Phoneticum]* [http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/course/chapter1/chapter1.html IPA charta] cum [[AIFF]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050703083533/http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/vowels/contents.html Praefatio sonis linguarum] [[Categoria:Linguistica]] [[Categoria:Transscriptio]] [[Categoria:Translitteratio]] {{Myrias|Anthropologia}} 10tr3ap6ug8lmbckdvlusns9kajy8t1 0 32765 3980042 3932147 2026-08-09T23:37:13Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Fridericus Franciscus Chopin''' ([[Polonice]] ''Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin''; [[Francice]] ''Frédéric François Chopin'', natus [[Żelazowa Wola]] in [[vicus|vico]] die [[1 Martii]] [[1810]]; [[Lutetia]]e obiit die [[17 Octobris]] [[1849]]) fuit [[compositor]] [[Polonia|Polonicus]] et [[clavile|clavilista]] [[egregius]]<!--?virtuoso--> [[romanticismus|aevi romantici]], qui opera plerumque pro [[clavile|clavili]] [[compositio|composuit]]. Ab anno [[1831]] exsul in [[Francia]] vixit. Universe notus est unus e praestantibus sui aevi [[musicus|musicis]], cuius "ingenium [[poesis|poeticum]], in [[ars|technica ratione]] [[professio]]nali conditum, singulare sua aetate erat."<ref>[[Anglice]] "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation."</ref><ref>Rosen 1995: 284.</ref> Inter operae [[Studia (Chopin)]]<ref>Inter eos [[Studium Op. 10, No. 12 (Chopin)|Studium Op.10, numerus 12]] est.</ref> et [[Sonata secunda pro clavili]] sunt. Asteroides [[3784 Chopin]] in eius honorem nominatus est. ==De vita== [[Fasciculus:Manor house in Żelazowa Wola.JPG|thumb|upright=0.6|left|[[Domus]] natalis [[Żelazowa Wola]] in vico.]] [[Fasciculus:Eugène Ferdinand Victor Delacroix 043.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Chopin aetate sua vicensima octava, ex ''Imagine Friderici Chopin et Georgii Sand,'' ab [[Eugenius Delacroix|Eugenio Delacroix]] picta, [[1838]].]] [[Fasciculus:Frederic Chopin photo.jpeg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Daguerreotypus]] a [[Ludovicus Augustus Bisson|Ludovico Augusto Bisson]] factus, circa [[1849]].]] [[Fasciculus:Ostatnie chwile Fryderyka Chopina.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Chopin moribundus.'' [[Pictura]] a [[Theophilus Kwiatkowski|Theophilo Kwiatkowski]] facta et a [[Ioanna Stirling]] mandata, [[1849]]. A laeva: Alexander Jełowicki, Ludovica Jędrzejewicz ([[compositor]]is [[soror]]), Principissa [[Marcelina Czartoryska]], Wojciech Grzymała, et Kwiatkowski ipse.]] [[Fasciculus:Chopin's_Heart.png|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Pericardium]] eius [[cor]]dis.]] [[Fasciculus:Pillar containing Chopin's heart.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Monumentum]] funereum in columna intra [[Ecclesia Crucis Sanctae (Varsovia)|Ecclesiam Crucis Sanctae]] Varsoviae eius [[cor]] comprehendit.]] Chopin natus est '''Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin''' in [[Ducatus Varsoviensis|Ducatu Varsoviensi]], accurate Żelazowa Wola in [[vicus|vico]] [[Varsovia]]no, qui [[ducatus]]. anno [[1815]] pars [[Polonia Congressionalis|Poloniae Congressionalis]] factus est. [[Puer mirabilis]] [[educatio]]nem mox confecit, magistris [[Iosephus Elsner|Iosepho Elsner]] et Adalberto Żywny, et sua prima opera [[Varsovia]]e [[compositio|composuit]] antequam a Polonia discessit anno aetatis suae vicensimo, minus quam unus mensis ante [[rebellio Novembris|rebellionem Novembrem]]. Anno suae aetatis vicensimo uno, [[Lutetia]]e habitare coepit, ubi [[compositor]] et doctor clavilis se sustinebat, postquam, ultimis suae vitae annis undevicensimis, solum tricies in publico perfuctus est, quia familiaritatem [[salon (coetus)|salon]] malebat. [[Amicitia|Amicus]] factus est [[Franciscus Liszt|Francisci Liszt]], ac multi alii musici criticique suae temporis eum admirabantur, [[Robertus Schumann|Roberto Schumann]] non excluso. Post pactionem nuptialem cum [[Maria Wodzińska]] annis [[1836]] et [[1837]] defectam, in affinitatem saepe turbulentam Amantinae Dupin ([[Georgius Sand|Georgii Sand]] melius notae) [[scriptor|scripticis]] [[Francia|Francicae]] pervenit. Iter breve et infelix in [[Maiorica]]m cum Sand annis [[1838]] et [[1839]] unum ex eius fecundissimis [[compositio]]nis temporibus erat. Eius ultimis annis [[salarium]] ab [[Ioanna Stirling]] admiratore accepit, sub cuius aegide [[Scotia]]m anno [[1848]] visit. Plurimum suae vitae Chopin [[morbus|morbosus]] erat. [[Lutetia]]e anno [[1849]] mortuus est, anno tricensimo nono suae aetatis, [[pericarditis|pericardite]] ut videtur, [[tuberculosis|tuberculose]] aggravato. Eius [[corpus]] in [[Coemeterium Patris Chaizii|Coemeterio Patris Chaizii]] [[sepultura|sepultum est]]. == Notae == <references /> ==Bibliographia== *Ashbrooke, William. n.d. [http://0-www.oxfordmusiconline.com.catalogue.ulrls.lon.ac.uk/subscriber/article/grove/music/O008022 "Chopin.]" ''The New Grove Dictionary of Opera,'' editio interretialis. *Atwood, William G. [[1999]]. ''The Parisian Worlds of Frédéric Chopin.'' Portu Novo et Londinii: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07773-5. *Barcz, Maria. [[2010]]. "Etiuda paryska" ('Studium Lutetiense'). ''Gwiazda Polarna'' 101: 17 (14 Augusti 2010): 15–16. *Bellman, Jonathan. [[2000]]. "Chopin and His Imitators: Notated Emulations of the "True Style" of Performance." ''19th-Century Music'' 24: 2 (Autumnus): 149–60. *Bowers, Faubion. [[1996]]. ''Scriabin: A Biography.'' Mineolae Novi Eboraci: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-28897-8. *Brown, Maurice. [[1980]]. "Nocturne." ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians,'' ed. [[Stanley Sadie]], 13: 258–59. Londinii: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 0-333-23111-2. *Chen, Shu-fen Viola. [[2009]]. ''A Performer's Analysis of the Four Ballades by Frederic Chopin.'' ProQuest. ISBN 978-1-109-13042-3. [https://books.google.com/books?id=rf-qiAc9miUC&pg=PA14 Google Books.] *Chopin, Frédéric. [[1988]], ''Chopin's Letters,'' ed. et conv. E. L. Voynich. Novi Eboraci: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0486255644. *Chopin, Fryderyk. [[1962]]. ''Selected Correspondence of Fryderyk Chopin,'' coll. B. Sydow, conv. Arthur Hedley. Londinii: Heinemann. *Conway, David. [[2012]]. ''Jewry in Music: Entry to the Profession from the Enlightenment to Richard Wagner.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-01538-8. *Cooke, Charles. [[1966]]. "Chopin and Liszt with a Ghostly Twist" in ''Notes.'' Series secunda, 22, no. 2 (Hiems 1965–Hiems 1966): 855–61. *De Val, Dorothy, et Cyril Ehrlich. "Repertory and Canon." ''The Cambridge Companion to the Piano,'' ed. David Rowland, 176–91. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47986-8. *Downes, Stephen. [[2001]]. "Eros and PanEuropeanism." In Harry White and Michael Murphy (eds.), ''Musical Constructions of Nationalism: Essays on the History and Ideology of European Musical Culture 1800–1945.'' Cork: Cork University Press, 51–71. ISBN 1-85918-322-0. *Eddie, William. [[2013]]. ''Charles Valentin Alkan: His Life and His Music.'' Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4094-9364-8. [https://books.google.com/books?id=08qhAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 Google Books.] *Eigeldinger, Jean-Jacques. [[1988]]. ''Chopin: Pianist and Teacher: As Seen by his Pupils.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36709-7. * Ferguson, Howard. [[1980]]. "Study." ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians,'' ed. Stanley Sadie, 18: 304–05. Londinii: Macmillan. * Golos, George S. [[1960]]. "Some Slavic Predecessors of Chopin." ''The Musical Quarterly'' 46 (4): 437–47. *Goldberg, Halina. [[2004]]. ''The Age of Chopin: Interdisciplinary Inquiries.'' Bloomingtoniae: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21628-1. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lPSSMhdW_bQC&pg=PA88 Google Books.] * {{cite book|last=Hall-Swadley|first=Janita R. |title=The Collected Writings of Franz Liszt: F. Chopin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrivAkWuo8cC&pg=PA32|date=15 Iulii 2011|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-1-4616-6409-3}} *Hamilton, Kenneth. [[2008]]. ''After the Golden Age: Romantic Pianism and Modern Performance.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517826-5. *Hedley, Arthur, et al. [[2005]]. "Chopin, Frédéric (François)." ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]],'' ed. quinta decima, 3: 263–64. *Hedley, Arthur, et Maurice Brown. [[1980]]. "Chopin, Fryderyk Franciszek [Frédéric François]," Sectiones 1–6 in ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians,'' ed. Stanley Sadie, 4: 292–98. Londinii: Macmillan. *Hutchings, A. G. B. [[1968]]. "The Romantic Era." In Alec Robertson and Denis Stevens (eds.), ''The Pelican History of Music 3: Classical and Romantic'', Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 99–139. * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Jachimecki|first=Zdzisław|title=Chopin, Fryderyk Franciszek|encyclopedia=Polski słownik biograficzny|volume=3|location=Cracoviae|publisher=Polska Akademia Umiejętności|year=1937|pages=420–26|language=Polonice}} * {{cite book|editor-last=Jakubowski|editor-first=Jan Zygmunt|title=Literatura polska od średniowiecza to pozytywizmu|trans-title=Polish Literature from the Middle Ages to Positivism|language=Polonice|location=Warsaw|publisher=Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe|year=1979|isbn=978-83-01-00201-5}} *Jones, J. Barrie. [[1998]]a. "Piano music for concert hall and salon c. 1830–1900", in David Rowland (ed.), ''The Cambridge Companion to the Piano'', 151–75. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47986-8. *Jones, J. Barrie. [[1998]]b. "Nationalism", in David Rowland (ed.), ''The Cambridge Companion to the Piano'', 176–91. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47986-8. *Kallberg, Jeffrey. [[2001]]. "Chopin's March, Chopin's Death." ''19th-Century Music'' 25, no. 1 (Aestas): 3–26. *Kennedy, Michael. [[1980]]. ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-311315-2. *Kubba, Adam, et Madeleine Young. [[1998]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085703/http://graduateinstitute.ch/files/live/sites/iheid/files/sites/developpement/shared/developpement/mdev/soutienauxcours0809/rainhorn_sante/Kubba.Chopin.pdf "The Long Suffering of Frederic Chopin."] ''Chest'' 113: 210–16. *Kuhnke, Monika. [[2010]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140122020240/http://www.nimoz.pl/upload/wydawnictwa/cenne_bezcenne_utracone/2010_1/Strony_08-12.pdf "Oryginalne kopie, czyli historia portretów rodziny Chopinów"], in ''Cenne Bezcenne Utracone'', no. 62 (2010 no. 1): 8–12. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140122020235/http://www.nimoz.pl/upload/wydawnictwa/cenne_bezcenne_utracone/2010_1/Strony_48.pdf Summarium Anglicum, PDF.] *Kuzemko, J. A. [[1994]]. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1294992/pdf/jrsocmed00078-0059.pdf "Chopin's Illnesses."] ''Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine'' 87 (December): 769–72. *Lanza, Andrea. n.d. "[http://0-www.oxfordmusiconline.com.catalogue.ulrls.lon.ac.uk/subscriber/article/grove/music/2042 Orefice, Giacomo.]" In ''Oxford Companion to Music,'' ''Oxford Music Online.'' *Latham, Alison. n.d.). "[http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com.catalogue.ulrls.lon.ac.uk/subscriber/article/opr/t114/e5796 Rubato.]" In ''Oxford Companion to Music.'' '[Oxford Music Online.'' *{{Cite book|url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details/Jim_Samson_The_Cambridge_Companion_to_Chopin?id=CGAgAwAAQBAJ|title=The Cambridge Companion to Chopin|series=Cambridge Companions to Music|last=Leikin|first=Anatole|contribution=The sonatas|editor-last=Samson|editor-first=Jim|date=1994-12-08|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-82499-6|language=Anglice|ref=Cantabrigiae}} *Liszt, Franz, conv.. M.W. Cook. [[1880]]. ''Life of Chopin.'' Ed. quarta. [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4386.kindle.noimages E-text] in [[Amazon Kindle|Kindle]] version at [[Project Gutenberg]]. *Majka, Lucyna, Joanna Gozdzik, et Michał Witt. [[2003]]. [http://www.romania-muzical.ro/info/boala%20chopin.pdf "Cystic fibrosis: a probable cause of Frédéric Chopin's suffering and death."] ''Journal of Applied Genetics'' 44 (1): 77–84. *Methuen-Campbell, James. [[1981]]. ''Chopin Playing from the Composer to the Present Day.'' Londinii: Victor Gollancz Ltd. *Michałowski, Kornel, et Jim Samson. n.d. "[http://0-www.oxfordmusiconline.com.catalogue.ulrls.lon.ac.uk/subscriber/article/grove/music/51099 Chopin, Fryderyk Franciszek]", [[Grove Music Online]]. *Milewski, Barbara. [[1999]]. "Chopin's Mazurkas and the Myth of the Folk." ''19th-Century Music'' 23, no. 2 (Autumnus): 113–35. *Müller-Streicher, Friederike. [[1949]]. "Aus dem Tagebuch einer Wiener Chopin-Schülerin (1839–1841, 1844–1845)." ''Chopin Almanach'' 134–42. *Niecks, Frederick. [[1902]]. ''Frederick Chopin as a Man and Musician.'' Ed. tertia. [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4973.kindle.noimages E-text] in Kindle version. [[Propositum Gutenberg]]. *{{cite journal | title = Chopin and the Ghost of Beethoven | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nineteenth-century-music_spring-1999_22_3/page/281 | journal = 19th-Century Music | date = Spring 1999 | first = Wayne C. | last = Petty | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 281–99 | jstor = 746802 | ref = Petty| doi = 10.2307/746802 }} *Reiss, Jozef, et Maurice Brown. [[1980]]. "Polonaise." ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians,'' ed. [[Stanley Sadie]], 15: 49–52. Londinii: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 0-333-23111-2. *[[Carolus Rosen|Rosen, Charles]]. [[1995]]. ''The Romantic Generation''. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-77933-4. *{{cite book|last=Samson|first=Jim|title=The Cambridge Companion to Chopin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spdmAgb78xwC&pg=PA136|date=8 December 1994|location=Cantabrigiae|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-47752-9}}. *Samson, Jim. [[1996]]. ''Chopin''. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-816703-7. *Scholes, Percy. [[1938]]. ''The Oxford Companion to Music.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. *{{cite book|last=Schonberg|first=Harold C.|authorlink=Harold C. Schonberg|title=Great Pianists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gtlCuMH2O4gC&pg=PA151|year=1987|location=Novi Eboraci|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-671-63837-5}}. *Schumann, Robert. [[1988]]. ''Schumann on Music: A Selection from the Writings,'' ed. et conv. Henry Pleasants. Novi Eboraci: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-25748-8. * {{cite journal|first=Artur|last=Szklener|title=Fryckowe lato: czyli wakacyjne muzykowanie Chopina| trans-title =Fritz's Summers: Chopin's Musical Vacations|journal=Magazyn Chopin: Miesięcznik Narodowego Instytutu Fryderyka Chopina|year=2010| pages=8–9|language=Polonice|issue=4}} * {{cite book|last=Szulc|first=Tad|title=Chopin in Paris: the Life and Times of the Romantic Composer|location=Novi Eboraci|publisher=Scribner|year=1998|isbn=978-0-684-82458-1|url=https://archive.org/details/chopininparislif00szul}} *Taruskin, Richard. [[1996]]. ''Stravinsky and the Russian Traditions.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-816250-2. *Taruskin, Richard. [[2010]]. ''Music in the Nineteenth Century.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-538483-3. *Temperley, Nicholas. [[1980]]. "Chopin, Fryderyk Franciszek [Frédéric François]," sectionrs 1–7 in ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians,'' ed. Stanley Sadie, 4: 298–307. Londinii: Macmillan. *Turnbull, Michael T. R. B. [[1989]]. ''Monuments and Statues of Edinburgh.'' Edimburgi: Chambers. ISBN 0-550-20050-9. *Walker, Alan.[[2018]]. ''Fryderyk Chopin: A Life and Times.'' Londinii: Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-34855-8. *Wheeldon, Marianne. [[2009]]. ''Debussy's Late Style.'' Bloomingtoniae: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35239-2. *Young, Pablo, et al. [[2014]]. [http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/rmc/v142n4/art18.pdf "Federico Chopin (1810–1849) y su enfermedad"], ''Revista médica de Chile'' 142 (4): 529–35. *Załuski, Iwo, et Pamela. [[1992]]. "Chopin in London." ''The Musical Times,'' 133, no. 1791 (Maius): 226–30. *Zamoyski, Adam. [[2010]]. ''Chopin: Prince of the Romantics.'' Londinii: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-735182-4. == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{CommuniaCat|Frederic Chopin|Fridericum Chopin}} *[http://www.chopin.pl ''Polska strona internetowa o Fryderyku Chopinie''] {{Ling|Polonice|Anglice}} *[http://classicalarchives.com/chopin.html Works by Chopin - ''Classical Music Archives''] {{Ling|Anglice}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120125133246/http://en.chopin.nifc.pl/chopin/life/calendar Biographia.] Situs Instituti Friderici Chopin proprius. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20181116173653/http://www.fortepian.instrumenty.edu.pl/en/pianos/show/piano/10 Ultimum clavile Chopinianum (Pleyel 14810).] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20170123175843/http://ikonografiachopina.pl/wstep.html Iconographia Chopiniana.] *[http://chopin.lib.uchicago.edu/ ''Chopin Early Editions.''] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160104170812/http://www.cfeo.org.uk/jsp/browsecollection.jsp ''Chopin's First Editions Online.''] {{Lifetime|1810|1849|Chopin, Fridericus}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Varsoviensis]] [[Categoria:Clavilistae]] [[Categoria:Compositores Poloniae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Lutetiae]] [[Categoria:Sepulturae in Coemeterio Père Lachaise]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Homines}} tj07rg605jmsauc4801but93it0ejdt 0 33155 3980120 3978061 2026-08-10T00:32:55Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 4 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980120 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:El Greco - Portrait of a Man - WGA10554.jpg|thumb|''Imago viri'', quae imago ipsius pictoris esse putatur, inter anno 1595 et 1600 picta, oleo in telo, 52.7 × 46.7&nbsp;cm, in [[Museum Artium Metropolitanum|Museo artium metropolitanis]] [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]] servata<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/collections/search-the-collections/110001016 Descriptio tabulae] in paginae Musei Metropolitani</ref>]] '''Dominicus Theotocopulus''' (Graece {{lang|el|Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος}}; natus anno [[1541]], mortuus die [[7 Aprilis]] [[1614]]), saepius '''El Greco'''<ref>Agnomen origine ignota; nec Hispanicum (ubi ''El Griego'' fuisset) neque Italianum (ubi fuisset ''Il Greco'').</ref> "Graecus" appellatus, fuit [[pictor]], [[sculptor]], atque [[architectus]] [[Renascentia]]e, qui ex Graecia ortus [[Hispania]]m habitabat. [[Fasciculus:El Greco, The Vision of Saint John (1608-1614).jpg|thumb|Sigillum quintum secundum visionem Iohannis (''[[Apocalypsis|apoc.]]'' 6, 9) apertum pinxit El Greco]] Natus est in [[Creta]], quae illo tempore erat pars [[Respublica Veneta|Rei publicae Venetae]] et magnus locus artis [[schola Cretica|artis post-Byzantini]]. Quam artem perdidiscens magister factus est, antequam annos 26 natus [[Venetia]]m iit, viam aliorum artificum Graecorum sequens. Anno [[1570]] [[Roma]]m migravit, ubi officinam aperuit et seriem operum perfecit. In Italia suum pingendi modum partibus [[Mannerismus|Mannerismi]] et renascentiae Veneticae locupletavit. Anno [[1577]] [[Toletum]] migravit, ubi usque ad mortem habitavit et laboravit. In Hispania plura magna mandata accepit et opera clarissima pinxit. [[Fasciculus:ElGreco signature.jpg|thumb|left|"{{lang|grc|Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος ἐποίει}}": "Dominicus Theotocopulus faciebat"]] Pictura eius dramatica et expressiva, a pluribus contemporaneis contempta, [[saeculum 20|saeculo XX]] maiorem favorem accepit. Nunc praecursor et [[expressionismus|expressionismi]] et [[cubismus|cubismi]] habetur, et ingenium eius nonnullos scriptores, ut [[Rainerius Maria Rilke|Rainerium Maria Rilke]] et [[Nicolaus Cazantzaces|Nicolaum Cazantzacen]] movit. A scriptoribus recentibus artifex singularis, ad nullam scholae vulgarem pertinens, ducitur. Tabulae eius saepe figuras tortuosas et longas monstrant, prodigiosis coloribus pictas; sic pictor mores orientales occidentalesque coniunxit. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == ;Libri et commentationes * {{cite book|last=Acton|first=Mary|title=Learning to Look at Paintings|year=1991| publisher=Oxford University Press|ISBN=0-521-40107-0}} * {{cite book|last=Allardyce|first=Isabel|title=Historic Shrines of Spain 1912|url=https://archive.org/details/historicshrineso0000isab|year=2003| publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=0-7661-3621-3|chapter=Our Lady of Charity, at Illescas}} * {{cite book|last=Álvarez Lopera|first=José|title=in M. Tazartes' "El Greco"|year=2005| publisher=Explorer| isbn=960-7945-83-2|chapter=El Greco: From Crete to Toledo (translated in Greek by Sofia Giannetsou)}} * {{cite journal|last=Anstis|first=Stuart|title=Was El Greco Astigmatic|journal=Leonardo|volume=35|issue=2|page=208|year=2002|url=http://psy.ucsd.edu/~sanstis/PDFs/Greco.pdf|doi=10.1162/00240940252940612|format=PDF}} * {{cite journal|last=Arslan|first=Edoardo|title=Cronisteria del Greco Madonnero|journal=Commentari|volume=xv|issue=5|pages=213–231|year=1964}} * {{cite book|last=Boubli|first=Lizzie|title=Reactions to the Master edited by Francis Ames-Lewis and Paul Joannides|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780754608073|year=2003| publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=0-7546-0807-7|chapter=Michelangelo and Spain: on the Dissemination of his Draughtsmanship}} * {{cite journal|last=Braham|first=Allan|title=Two Notes on El Greco and Michelangelo|journal=Burlington Magazine|volume=108|issue=759|pages=307–310|publisher=The Burlington Magazine Publications, Ltd.|date=June 1966|jstor=874984}} * {{cite book|last=Bray|first=Xavier|title=El Greco|url=https://archive.org/details/elgreco0000bray|year=2004| publisher=National Gallery Company, London|isbn= 1-85709-315-1}} * {{cite book|last=Brown|first=Jonathan (ed.)|title=El Greco of Toledo (catalogue)|year=1982| publisher=Little Brown|id=ASIN B-000H4-58C-Y|chapter=El Greco and Toledo}} * {{cite journal|last=Brown Jonathan|first=Kagan Richard L.|title=View of Toledo|journal=Studies in the History of Art|volume=11|pages=19–30|year=1982}} * {{cite book|last=Brown Jonathan|first=Mann Richard G.|title=Spanish Paintings of the Fifteenth Through Nineteenth Centuries|year=1997| publisher=Routledge (UK)|isbn=0-415-14889-8|chapter=Tone}} * {{cite journal|last=Byron|first=Robert|title=Greco: The Epilogue to Byzantine Culture|journal=Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs|volume=55|issue=319|pages=160–174|publisher=The Burlington Magazine Publications, Ltd.|date=October 1929|jstor=864104}} * {{cite journal|last=Constantoudaki|first=Maria|title=D. Theotocópoulos, from Candia to Venice (in Greek)|journal=Bulletin of the Christian Archeological Society|volume=8 (period IV)|pages=55–71|date=1975–1976}} * {{cite book|last=Cormack|first=Robin|title=Painting the Soul, Icons, Death Masks and Shrouds|year=1997| publisher=Reaktion Books, London}} * {{cite book|last=Cossío|first=Manuel Bartolomé|title=El Greco (in Spanish)|year=1908| publisher=Victoriano Suárez, Madrid}} * {{cite book|last=Crow|first=John Armstrong|title=Spain: The Root and the Flower|url=https://archive.org/details/spainrootflower00john|year=1985| publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-05133-5|chapter=The Fine Arts—End of the Golden Age}} * {{cite book|last=Davies|first=David|title=El Greco of Crete (proceedings) edited by Nicos Hadjinicolaou|year=1990| publisher=Herakleion|chapter=The Byzantine Legacy in the Art of El Greco}} * {{cite book|last=Davies|first=David|title=El Greco of Crete (proceedings) edited by Nicos Hadjinicolaou|year=1990| publisher=Herakleion|chapter=The Influence of Christian Neo-Platonism on the Art of El Greco}} * {{cite book|last=Engass Robert|first=Brown Jonathan|title=Italian and Spanish Art, 1600–1750|url=https://archive.org/details/italianspanishar0000engg|year=1992| publisher=Northwestern University Press|isbn=0-8101-1065-2|chapter=Artistic Practice—El Greco versus the Hospital of Charity, Illescas}} * {{cite journal|last=Fernádez|first=Francisco de San Román|title=De la Vida del Greco—Nueva Serie de Documentos Inéditos|language=es|journal=Archivo Español del Arte y Arqueologia|volume=8|pages=172–184|year=1927}} * {{cite journal|last=Firestone|first=Chaz|title=On the Origin and Status of the 'El Greco Fallacy'|journal=Perception|volume=42|issue=6|pages=672–674|year=2013|url=http://www.perceptionweb.com/abstract.cgi?id=p7488|doi=10.1068/p7488}} * {{cite book|last=Foundoulaki|first=Efi|title=From El Greco to Cézanne (catalogue)|year=1992| publisher=National Gallery-Alexandros Soutsos Museum|chapter=From El Greco to Cézanne}} * {{cite journal|last=Foundoulaki|first=Efi|title=Reading El Greco through Manet (in Greek)|journal=Anti|issue=445|pages=40–47|date=24 August 1990}} * {{cite book|last=Gautier|first=Théophile|title=Voyage en Espagne (in French)|year=1981| publisher=Gallimard-Jeunesse|isbn=2-07-037295-2|chapter=Chapitre X}} * {{cite encyclopedia|title=Greco, El|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2002}} * {{cite book|last=Grierson|first=Ian|title=The Eye Book|url=https://archive.org/details/eyebookeyeseyepr0000grie|year=2000| publisher=Liverpool University Press|isbn=0-85323-755-7|chapter=Who am Eye}} * {{cite book|last=Griffith|first=William|title=Great Painters and Their Famous Bible Pictures|year=2005| publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=1-4179-0608-1|chapter=El Greco}} * {{cite book|last=Gudiol|first=José|title=Doménicos Theotocópoulos, El Greco, 1541–1614|year=1973| publisher=Viking Press|id=ASIN B-0006C-8T6-E}} * {{cite journal|last=Gudiol|first=José|title=Iconography and Chronology in El Greco's Paintings of St. Francis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_art-bulletin_1962-09_44_3/page/n26|journal=Art Bulletin|volume=44|issue=3|pages=195–203|publisher=College Art Association|date=September 1962|doi=10.2307/3048016|jstor=3048016}} * {{cite book|last=Hadjinicolaou|first=Nicos|title=El Greco of Crete (proceedings) edited by Nicos Hadjinicolaou|year=1990| publisher=Herakleion|chapter=Doménicos Theotocópoulos, 450 Years from his Birth}} * {{cite book|last=Hadjinicolaou|first=Nicos|title=Meanings of the Image edited by Nicos Hadjinicolaou (in Greek)|year=1994| publisher=University of Crete|isbn=960-7309-65-0|chapter=Inequalities in the work of Theotocópoulos and the Problems of their Interpretation}} * {{cite journal|last=Harris|first=Enriquetta|title=A Decorative Scheme by El Greco|journal=Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs|volume=72|issue=421|pages=154–155+157–159+162–164|publisher=The Burlington Magazine Publications, Ltd.|date=April 1938|jstor=867279}} * {{cite book|last=Helm|first=Robert Meredith|title=Neoplatonism and Western Aesthetics edited by Aphrodite Alexandrakis and Nicholas J. Moutafakis|year=2001| publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=0-7914-5279-4|chapter=The Neoplatonic Tradition in the Art of El Greco}} * {{cite book|last=Hispanic Society of America|title=El Greco in the Collection of the Hispanic Society of America|year=1927| publisher=Printed by order of the trustees}} * {{cite journal|last=Johnson|first=Ron|title=Picasso's "Demoiselles d'Avignon" and the Theatre of the Absurd|journal=Arts Magazine|volume=V|issue=2|pages=102–113|date=October 1980}} * {{cite book|last=Kandinsky Wassily|first=Marc Franz|title=L'Almanach du "Blaue Reiter"|year=1987| publisher=Klincksieck|isbn=2-252-02567-0}} * {{cite book|last=Lambraki-Plaka|first=Marina|title=El Greco-The Greek|url=https://archive.org/details/elgrecohohellena0000lamp|year=1999| publisher=Kastaniotis|isbn=960-03-2544-8}} * {{cite journal|last=Lambraki-Plaka|first=Marina|title=El Greco, the Puzzle. Doménicos Theotocópoulos today|journal=To Vima|date=19 April 1987}} * {{cite book|last=Lambraki-Plaka|first=Marina|title=From El Greco to Cézanne (catalogue)|year=1992| publisher=National Gallery-Alexandros Soutsos Museum|chapter=From El Greco to Cézanne (An "Imaginary Museum" with Masterpieces of Three Centuries)}} * {{cite book|last=Landon|first=A.E.|title=Reincarnation Magazine 1925|year=2003| publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=0-7661-3775-9}} * {{cite book|last=Lefaivre Liane|first=Tzonis Alexander|title=El Greco—The Greek|year=2003| publisher=Routledge (UK)|isbn=0-415-26025-6|chapter=El Greco (Domenico Theotocopoulos)}} * {{cite book|last=Mango Cyril|first=Jeffreys Elizabeth|title=The Oxford History of Byzantium|year=2002| publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-814098-3|chapter=Towards a Franco-Greek Culture}} * {{cite journal|last=Mann|first=Richard G.|title=Tradition and Originality in El Greco's Work|journal=Journal of the Rocky Mountain|volume=23|pages=83–110|year=2002|url=http://humanities.byu.edu/rmmra/pdfs/23.pdf|publisher=The Medieval and Renaissance Association|format=PDF}} * {{cite book|last=Marias|first=Fernando|title=El Greco, Identity and Transformation edited by Alvarez Lopera|year=1999| publisher=Skira|isbn=88-8118-474-5|chapter=El Greco's Artistic Thought}} * {{cite book|last=Marias Fernando|first=Bustamante García Agustín|title=Las Ideas Artísticas de El Greco (in Spanish)|year=1981| publisher=Cátedra|isbn=84-376-0263-7}} * {{cite journal|last=Mayer|first=Aygust L.|title=El Greco—An Oriental Artist|journal=Art Bulletin|volume=11|issue=2|pages=146–152|date=June 1929|publisher=College Art Association|doi=10.2307/3045440|jstor=3045440}} * {{cite journal|last=Mayer|first=Aygust L.|title=Notes on the Early El Greco|journal=Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs|volume=74|issue=430|pages=28–29+32–33|publisher=The Burlington Magazine Publications, Ltd.|date=January 1939|jstor=867546}} * {{cite book|last=Meier-Graefe|first=Julius|title=The Spanish Journey (translated form German by J. Holroyd-Reece)|year=1926| publisher=Jonathan Cape, London}} * {{cite journal|last=Mertzios|first=K.D.|title=Selections of the Registers of the Cretan Notary Michael Maras (1538–1578) (in Greek)|journal=Cretan Chronicles|volume=2|issue=15–16|pages=55–71|date=1961–1962}} * {{cite journal|last=Nagvi-Peters|first=Fatima|title=A Turning Point in Rilke's Evolution: The Experience of El Greco|journal=Germanic Review|volume=72|date=22 September 1997|url=http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=97922727}} * {{cite journal|last=Pallucchini|first=Rodolfo|title=Some Early Works by El Greco|journal=Burlington Magazine|volume=90|issue=542|pages=130–135, 137|publisher=The Burlington Magazine Publications, Ltd.|date=May 1948|jstor=869910}} * {{cite book|last=Panayotakis|first=Nikolaos M.|title=Festschrift In Honor Of Nikos Svoronos, Volume B|year=1986| publisher=Crete University Press| chapter="The Cretan Period of the Life of Doménicos Theotocópoulos}} * {{cite journal|last=Pijoan|first=Joseph|title=El Greco—A Spaniard|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_art-bulletin_1930-03_12_1/page/12|journal=Art Bulletin|volume=12|issue=1|pages=12–19|date=March 1930|publisher=College Art Association|doi=10.2307/3050759|jstor=3050759}} * {{cite journal|last=Procopiou|first=Angelo|title=El Greco and Cretan Painting|journal=Burlington Magazine|volume=94|issue=588|pages=74+76–80|date=March 1952|url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0007-6287(195203)94%3A588%3C74%2B76%3AEGACP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P|publisher=The Burlington Magazine Publications, Ltd.}} * {{cite book|author1=Rassias John |author2=Alexiou Christos |author3=Bien Peter |title=Demotic Greek II: The Flying Telephone Booth|year=1982| publisher=UPNE|isbn=0-87451-208-5|chapter=Greco}} * {{cite journal|last=Richardson|first=John|title=Picasso's Apocalyptic Whorehouse|journal=The New York Review of Books|volume=34|issue=7|pages=40–47|date=23 April 1987|publisher=The Burlington Magazine Publications, Ltd.|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1987/apr/23/picassos-apocalyptic-whorehouse/}} * {{cite journal|last=Salas|first=X. de|title=The Velazquez Exhibition in Madrid|journal=Burlington Magazine|volume=103|issue=695|pages=54–57|date=February 1961}} * {{cite book|last=Sanders Alan|first=Kearney Richard|title=The Wake of Imagination: Toward a Postmodern Culture|year=1998| publisher=Routledge (UK)|isbn=0-415-11950-2|chapter=Changing Faces}} * {{cite book|last=Scholz-Hansel|first=Michael|title=El Greco|url=https://archive.org/details/elgrecodomenikos0000scho|year=1986| publisher=Taschen| isbn=3-8228-3171-9}} * {{cite book|last=Sethre|first=Janet|title=The Souls of Venice|url=https://archive.org/details/soulsofvenice0000seth|year=2003| publisher=McFarland & Company| isbn=0-7864-1573-8|chapter=El Greco}} * {{cite book|last=Sheehanl|first=J.J.|title=Museums in the German Art World|url=https://archive.org/details/museumsingermana00shee_0|year=2000| publisher=Oxford University Press US| isbn=0-19-513572-5|chapter=Critiques of a Museum Culture}} * {{cite book|last=Souchère de la|first=Dor|title=Picasso à Antibes (in French)|year=1960| publisher=Fernan Hazan (Paris)}} * {{cite book|last=Talbot Rice|first=David|title=Enjoying Paintings|url=https://archive.org/details/enjoyingpainting0000unse_y2i3|year=1964| publisher=Penguin| location=London| editor=David Piper| id=ASIN B-000-BGRP4-C}} * {{cite book|last=Tazartes|first=Mauricia|title=El Greco (translated in Greek by Sofia Giannetsou)|year=2005| publisher=Explorer| isbn=960-7945-83-2}} * {{cite encyclopedia|title=Theotocópoulos, Doménicos|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia The Helios|year=1952}} * {{cite journal|last=Valliere|first=James T.|title=The El Greco Influence on Jackson Pollock's Early Works|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_art-journal-uk_fall-1964_24_1/page/6|journal=Art Journal|volume=24|issue=1|pages=6–9|date=Autumn 1964|publisher=College Art Association.|doi=10.2307/774739|jstor=774739}} * {{cite book|last=Wethey|first=Harold E.|title=El Greco and his School (Volume II)|year=1962| publisher=Princeton University Press| id=ASIN B-0007D-NZV-6}} * {{cite journal|last=Wethey|first=Harold E.|title=El Greco in Rome and the [[Portrait of Vincenzo Anastagi]]|journal=Studies in the History of Art|volume=13|pages=171–178|year=1984}} * {{cite journal|last=Wethey|first=Harold E.|title=Letter to the Editor|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_art-bulletin_1966-03_48_1/page/125|journal=Art Bulletin|volume=48|issue=1|pages=125–127|date=March 1966|publisher=College Art Association.|jstor=3048356|last2=Forsyth|first2=G. H.|last3=Levitine|first3=G.|last4=Wethey|first4=H. E.|last5=Kelemen|first5=P. l.}} ;In interrete * {{cite news | title = Collector is Vindicated as Icon is Hailed as El Greco | last = Alberge | first = Dalya |work=The Times |location=London | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2002/nov/23/artsandhumanities.arts | date = 24 August 2006 | accessdate = 17 December 2006 }} * {{cite web | title = El Greco in Toledo | last = Berg | first = Liisa | url = http://www.kaiku.com/greco.html | accessdate = 14 October 2006 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060621074024/http://kaiku.com/greco.html |archivedate = 21 June 2006}} * {{cite news | title = The Baptism of Christ New Light on Early El Greco | publisher=Apollo Magazine | last = Cormack | first = Robin |author2=Vassilaki Maria | url = http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+baptism+of+Christ+new+light+on+early+El+Greco.-a0135246782 |date = August 2005| accessdate = 17 December 2006}} * {{cite news | title = Art: Dominick the Greek | work=Time | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,801244,00.html |date = January 1941| accessdate = 28 August 2009}} * {{cite web | title = El Greco | work=The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Department of European Paintings | url = http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/grec/hd_grec.htm | accessdate = 17 October 2006}} * {{cite news | title = El Greco Drawings could fetch £400,000 |work=The Guardian |location=London | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2002/nov/23/artsandhumanities.arts | date = 23 November 2002 | accessdate = 17 December 2006 }} * {{cite news | title = Film on life of painter El Greco planned, Athens | date =9 May 2006 | publisher=Athens News Agency | url = http://www.hri.org/news/greek/ana/2006/06-05-09.ana.html#32 | accessdate = 17 December 2006}} * {{cite news | title = Greece buys unique El Greco for 1.2&nbsp;million dollars, Athens | date = 9 June 1995 | publisher=Athens News Agency | url = http://www.hri.org/news/greek/ana/1995/95-06-09.ana.html#10 | accessdate = 7 December 2006}} * {{cite news | title = El Greco Paintings Lead Toward 'City of God' | publisher=Catholic Herald | last = Hamerman | first = Nora | url = http://www.catholicherald.com/stories/bEl-Greco-Paintings-Lead-Toward-City-of-Godb,2888 | date = 4 December 2003 | accessdate = 17 December 2006 }} * {{cite news | title = Art Review; Getting in Touch With That Inner El Greco |work=New York Times | last = Harrison | first = Helen A | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9504EFDA133CF933A15750C0A9639C8B63 | date = 20 March 2005 | accessdate = 17 December 2006}} * {{cite web | title = The Shock of the Old | last = Horsley | first = Carter B | url = http://www.thecityreview.com/elgreco.html | accessdate = 26 October 2006}} * {{cite news | title = How to Beat the Spanish Inquisition | last = Irving | first = Mark | publisher=[[The Independent on Sunday]] | url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1827701.html | date = 8 February 2004 | accessdate = 17 December 2006}} * {{cite news | title = The Reluctant Disciple | last = Jones | first = Jonathan |work=The Guardian |location=London | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2004/jan/24/1 | date = 24 January 2004 | accessdate = 18 December 2006 }} * {{cite news | title = A Cretan Village that Was the Painter's Birthplace Bridles at a nearby Town's Claim |work=The Boston Globe | last = Kakissis | first = Joanna | url = http://www.boston.com/travel/articles/2005/03/06/the_root_of_the_matter__el_greco/ | date = 6 March 2005 | accessdate = 17 December 2006}} * {{cite web | title = Cubism and El Greco (Ta Nea) | last = Katimertzi | first = Paraskevi | url = http://ta-nea.dolnet.gr/print_article.php?e=A&f=16585&m=R26&aa=1 | accessdate = 4 December 2006 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20051127194214/http://ta-nea.dolnet.gr/print_article.php?e=A&f=16585&m=R26&aa=1| archivedate = 27 November 2005}} * {{cite news | title = Art Review; El Greco, Bearer Of Many Gifts |work=The New York Times | last = Kimmelman | first = Michael | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A04E1DB173CF930A35753C1A9659C8B63 | date = 3 October 2003 | accessdate = 17 December 2006}} * {{cite web | title = St Francis Receiving The Stigmata | last = McGarr | first = Simon | url = http://www.tuppenceworth.ie/ArtsEnt/elgreco-st-francis-receiving-the-stigmata.htm | accessdate = 24 November 2006}} * {{cite web | title = At the National Gallery | last = Penny | first = Nicholas | url = http://www.lrb.co.uk/v26/n05/nicholas-penny/at-the-national-gallery | accessdate = 25 October 2006}} * {{cite news | title = Revelations—The first Major British Retrospective of El Greco Has the Power of a Hand Grenade |work=The Guardian |location=London | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2004/feb/10/1 | date = 10 February 2004 | accessdate = 17 December 2006 | first=Adrian | last=Searle}} * {{cite web | title = El Greco's Mystical Vision | last = Romaine | first = James | url = http://oldarchive.godspy.com/culture/El-Grecos-Mystical-Vision.cfm.html | accessdate = 24 November 2006 }} * {{cite news | title = Art View; Seeing the Art of El Greco as never before |work=New York Times | last = Russel | first = John | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE5DC1739F93BA25754C0A964948260 | date = 18 July 1982 | accessdate = 17 December 2006}} {{bio-stipula}} [[Categoria:Saeculum Aureum Hispanicum]] [[Categoria:Pictores]] [[Categoria:Nati 1541]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1614]] {{Myrias|Homines}} 8mcxgwz2moo5tmvl8me8nh383ss8agn 0 33571 3979744 3978324 2026-08-09T15:44:33Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3979744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Henricus Alfredus Kissinger}} (natus ''Heinz Alfred Kissinger'' [[27 Maii ]] [[1923]]; mortuus [[Cantia (Connecticuta)|Cantiae]] in [[Connecticuta]] die [[29 Novembris]] [[2023]]<ref>[https://orf.at/stories/3001141/ "Henry Kissinger ist tot."] - necrologus apud ORF.at, 30.11.2023</ref>) fuit [[diplomatia|diplomaticus]], [[scientia civilis|scientista civilis]], consiliorum adiutor {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Geopolitica|geopoliticus|en|qid=Q159385}}, et [[politicus]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]]. Etiam fuit consiliarius ministerii defensionis ([[1969]]-[[1973]]) et, [[Ricardus Nixon|Ricardo Nixon]] et [[Giraldus Ford|Giraldo Ford]] praesidibus, [[minister rerum externarum]] annis inter [[1973]] et [[1977]]. Kissinger fuit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|profugus Iudaicus||en|qid=Q878794}}, qui [[Germania nazistica|Germaniam nazisticam]] cum [[familia]] anno [[1938]] effugit. In [[schola|scholis]] Americanis [[academia|rebus acdemicis]] excelluit, et [[Collegium Harvardianum]] frequentavit, gradum [[Artium Baccalaureatus|A.B.]] [[summa cum laude]] anno [[1950]] adipiscens, ubi sub {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gulielmus Yandell Elliott|Gulielmo Yandell Elliott|en|qid=Q8020651}} studuerat. Gradus [[Artium Magister|Artium Magistri]] et [[PhD|Philosophiae Doctoris]] apud [[Universitas Harvardiana|Universitatem Harvardianam]] annis [[1951]] et [[1954]] proprie adeptus est. Alumnus et postea professor apud [[Universitas Harvardiana|Universitatem Harvardianam]] fuit. == Vita == [[Fasciculus:Henry Kissinger (1950 Harvard yearbook).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.5|Kissinger anno 1950.]] [[Parens|Parentes]] fuerunt Ludovicus et Paula Kissinger, ambo stirpis [[Iudaei|Iudaicae]]. Anno [[1938]] propter vexationes et [[lex|leges]] [[NSDAP|Nazismi]] contra Iudaeos, [[familia]] Henrici Kissinger in [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] migravit. Die [[19 Iunii]] [[1943]], Kissinger {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|civis Americanus||en|qid=Q15133865}} factus est. Ab anno [[1947]] usque ad annum [[1952]] apud [[Universitas Harvardiana|Universitatem Harvardianam]] studuit. Anno [[1973]] una cum [[Vietnamia]]nus [[Le Duc To]] [[Praemium Nobelianum|Praemium Nobelianum Pacis]] accepit. [[Fasciculus:Henry and Nancy Kissinger.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Henry et Nancy Kissinger apud {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Opera Metropolitana|Operam Metropolitanam|en|qid=Q10583424}} apertam anno [[2008]].]] [[Fasciculus:Henry Kissinger 5 Shankbone Metropolitan Opera 2009.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Henricus Kissinger a [[David Shankbone|Davide Shankbone]] anno [[2009]] pictus.]] Kissinger domi [[Cantia (Connecticuta)|Cantiae]] in [[Connecticuta]] die [[29 Novembris]] [[2023]] mortuus est, aetate suae centesima.<ref name=":9">{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/29/us/henry-kissinger-dead.html|title = Henry Kissinger Is Dead at 100; Shaped Nation's Cold War History|last = Sanger|first = David E.|author-link=David E. Sanger|date = 29 Novembris 2023|access-date = 29 Novembis 2023|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|url-access = limited|archive-date = 30 Novembris 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231130015820/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/29/us/henry-kissinger-dead.html|url-status = live}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=30 Nevembris 2023 |title=Henry Kissinger, secretary of state to Richard Nixon, dies at 100 |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/nov/29/henry-kissinger-dies-secretary-of-state-richard-nixon |access-date=November 30, 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=30 Novembris 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130021956/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/nov/29/henry-kissinger-dies-secretary-of-state-richard-nixon |url-status=live }}.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 Novembris 2023 |title=Key facts about Henry Kissinger, US diplomat and presidential adviser |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/key-facts-about-henry-kissinger-us-diplomat-presidential-adviser-2023-11-30/ |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-date=30 Novembris 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130061133/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/key-facts-about-henry-kissinger-us-diplomat-presidential-adviser-2023-11-30/ |url-status=live }}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-30 |title=The Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) and the Henry A. Kissinger Center for Global Affairs mourn the passing of Dr. Henry Kissinger. |url=https://sais.jhu.edu/kissinger/news-press/kissinger-center-mourns-passing-dr-henry-kissinger |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Johns Hopkins SAIS |language=en}}.</ref> Inter superstites erant [[uxor]], Nancy Maginnes Kissinger; duo [[liberi]], David et Elizabeth; et quinque nepotes.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=30 Novembris 2023 |title=Henry Kissinger, who shaped world affairs under two presidents, dies at 100 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2023/11/29/henry-kissinger-dead-obituary/ |access-date=30 Novembris 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en |archive-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130015237/https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2023/11/29/henry-kissinger-dead-obituary/ |url-status=live }}.</ref> == Scripta == === Generalia === * 1994 : ''Diplomacy''. Novi Eboraci: Simon and Schuster === Autobiographi === * 1979. ''The White House Years.'' ISBN 0-316-49661-8. [[Praemium Librorum Nationale]] in Historia. * 1982. ''Years of Upheaval.'' ISBN 0-316-28591-9. * 1999. ''Years of Renewal.'' ISBN 0-684-85571-2. == Bibliographia == === Generalia === * Benedetti, Amedeo. [[2005]]. ''Lezioni di politica di Henry Kissinger: Linguaggio, pensiero ed aforismi del più abile politico di fine Novecento.'' [[Ianua]]e: Erga. ISBN 8881633914. * {{Cite journal |last=Bernkopf Tucker |first=Nancy |author-link= |date=Iunius [[2005]] |title=Taiwan Expendable? Nixon and Kissinger Go to China |journal=The Journal of American History |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=109–135 |doi=10.2307/3660527 |jstor=3660527}}. * Hitchens, Christopher. [[2002]]. ''The Trial of Henry Kissinger.'' Londinii: Verso. * {{Cite book |last=Karnow |first=Stanley |year=[[1983]] |title=Vietnam: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/vietnamhistory0000karn_p4s2 |publisher=Viking |isbn=0-14-007324-8}} * Klitzing, Holger. [[2007]]. ''The Nemesis of Stability: Henry A. Kissinger's Ambivalent Relationship with Germany.'' Augustae Treverorum: WVT. ISBN 9783884769423. * {{Cite book |last=Lacey |first=Robert |year=[[1981]] |title=The Kingdom |url=https://archive.org/details/kingdom00lace |publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich |isbn=0-15-147260-2}}. * {{cite book | last=Sela | first=Avraham |author-link= | title=The Decline of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: Middle East Politics and the Quest for Regional Order | publisher=State University of New York Press | year=[[2012]] | isbn=978-1-4384-1939-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SxaDsuKUKp8C&pg=PP1 | access-date=30 Novembris 2023}} * {{cite news |last=Turse|first=Nick |author-link=|date=[[2023]] |title=Kissinger's Killing Fields |url=https://theintercept.com/series/henry-kissinger-killing-fields/|work=[[The Intercept]] |location= }}. * {{Cite book |last=Zonis |first=Marvin |year=[[1991]] |title=Majestic Failure |url=https://archive.org/details/majesticfailuref00zoni |url-access=registration | location = Sicagi | publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-98928-3}}. === Biographiae ===<!-- {{external media| float = right| video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?327972-1/after-words-niall-ferguson ''After Words'' interview with Ferguson on ''Kissinger: 1923–1968: The Idealist'', November 20, 2015], [[C-SPAN]]| video2 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?415826-1/early-life-career-henry-kissinger Presentation by Ferguson on ''Kissinger: 1923–1968: The Idealist'', September 26, 2016], [[C-SPAN]]}}--> * 1973. Graubard, Stephen Richards. ''Kissinger: Portrait of a Mind''. ISBN 0-393-05481-0. * 1974. [[Marvin Kalb|Kalb, Marvin L.]] et [[Bernardus Kalb|Kalb, Bernard]]. ''Kissinger''. ISBN 0-316-48221-8. * 1974. Schlafly, Phyllis, ''Kissinger on the Couch.'' Arlington House Publishers. ISBN 0-87000-216-3 * 1983. Hersh, Seymour, ''The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House.'' Summit Books. ISBN 0-671-50688-9.<!--Awards: National Book Critics Circle, General Non-Fiction Award. Best Book of the Year: ''New York Times Book Review''; ''Newsweek''; ''San Francisco Chronicle''--> * 1989. Schulzinger, Robert D. [[1989]]. ''Henry Kissinger: Doctor of diplomacy.'' [[Urbs Novum Eboracum|Urbis Novi Eboraci]]: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231069529. * 1992. {{Cite book |last=Isaacson |first=Walter |author-link=[[Gualterius Isaacson|Walter Isaacson]] |date=[[1992]] |title=Kissinger: A Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/kissinger00walt | location = Novi Eboraci | publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-671-66323-0}}. * 2004. [[Iussi Hanhimäki|Hanhimäki, Jussi]]. ''The Flawed Architect: Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy.'' ISBN 0-19-517221-3. * 2009. Kurz, Evi. ''The Kissinger Saga: Walter and Henry Kissinger, Two Brothers from Fuerth, Germany.'' Londinii: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-85675-7. * 2015. Ferguson, Niall. ''Kissinger, 1923–1968: The Idealist.'' Novi Eboraci: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-59420-653-5. * 2020. [[David Runciman|Runciman, David]]. "Don't be a Kerensky!" Censura libris a Barry Gewen, ''The Inevitability of Tragedy: Henry Kissinger and His World'' (Norton, Aprilis 2020, ISBN 978 1 324 00405 9) et a Thoma Schwartz, ''Henry Kissinger and American Power: A Political Biography'' (Hill and Wang, September 2020, ISBN 978-0-8090-9537-7). ''[[London Review of Books]]'' 42 no. 23 (December 3, 2020), 13–16, 18. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Henry Kissinger|Henricum Kissinger}} {{fontes biographici}} * [http://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/kissinger-henry-a Vita] apud historiographi officinam * [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1962/ De Henrico Kissinger] in pagina (nobelprize.org) Nobeliano Pacis Praemio dicata {{Ling|Anglice}} == Notae == <references/> {{Secretarii Status CFA}} {{Lifetime|1923|2023|Kissinger, Henricus}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Harvardianae]] [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Autobiographi Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Consequentialistae]] [[Categoria:Eruditi Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Incolae Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Massachusettae]] [[Categoria:Politici Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Praemium Caroli Magni]] [[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Pacis]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Harvardianae]] [[Categoria:Secretarii Civitatis Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]] {{Myrias|Homines}} 1ebo22emyppj126s5wr9eatp11xllyy 3979943 3979744 2026-08-09T21:57:39Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Henricus Alfredus Kissinger}} (natus ''Heinz Alfred Kissinger'' [[27 Maii ]] [[1923]]; mortuus [[Cantia (Connecticuta)|Cantiae]] in [[Connecticuta]] die [[29 Novembris]] [[2023]]<ref>[https://orf.at/stories/3001141/ "Henry Kissinger ist tot."] - necrologus apud ORF.at, 30.11.2023</ref>) fuit [[diplomatia|diplomaticus]], [[scientia civilis|scientista civilis]], consiliorum adiutor {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Geopolitica|geopoliticus|en|qid=Q159385}}, et [[politicus]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]]. Etiam fuit consiliarius ministerii defensionis ([[1969]]-[[1973]]) et, [[Ricardus Nixon|Ricardo Nixon]] et [[Giraldus Ford|Giraldo Ford]] praesidibus, [[minister rerum externarum]] annis inter [[1973]] et [[1977]]. Kissinger fuit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|profugus Iudaicus||en|qid=Q878794}}, qui [[Germania nazistica|Germaniam nazisticam]] cum [[familia]] anno [[1938]] effugit. In [[schola|scholis]] Americanis [[academia|rebus acdemicis]] excelluit, et [[Collegium Harvardianum]] frequentavit, gradum [[Artium Baccalaureatus|A.B.]] [[summa cum laude]] anno [[1950]] adipiscens, ubi sub {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gulielmus Yandell Elliott|Gulielmo Yandell Elliott|en|qid=Q8020651}} studuerat. Gradus [[Artium Magister|Artium Magistri]] et [[PhD|Philosophiae Doctoris]] apud [[Universitas Harvardiana|Universitatem Harvardianam]] annis [[1951]] et [[1954]] proprie adeptus est. Alumnus et postea professor apud [[Universitas Harvardiana|Universitatem Harvardianam]] fuit. == Vita == [[Fasciculus:Henry Kissinger (1950 Harvard yearbook).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.5|Kissinger anno 1950.]] [[Parens|Parentes]] fuerunt Ludovicus et Paula Kissinger, ambo stirpis [[Iudaei|Iudaicae]]. Anno [[1938]] propter vexationes et [[lex|leges]] [[NSDAP|Nazismi]] contra Iudaeos, [[familia]] Henrici Kissinger in [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] migravit. Die [[19 Iunii]] [[1943]], Kissinger {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|civis Americanus||en|qid=Q15133865}} factus est. Ab anno [[1947]] usque ad annum [[1952]] apud [[Universitas Harvardiana|Universitatem Harvardianam]] studuit. Anno [[1973]] una cum [[Vietnamia]]nus [[Le Duc To]] [[Praemium Nobelianum|Praemium Nobelianum Pacis]] accepit. [[Fasciculus:Henry and Nancy Kissinger.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Henry et Nancy Kissinger apud {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Opera Metropolitana|Operam Metropolitanam|en|qid=Q10583424}} apertam anno [[2008]].]] [[Fasciculus:Henry Kissinger 5 Shankbone Metropolitan Opera 2009.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Henricus Kissinger a [[David Shankbone|Davide Shankbone]] anno [[2009]] pictus.]] Kissinger domi [[Cantia (Connecticuta)|Cantiae]] in [[Connecticuta]] die [[29 Novembris]] [[2023]] mortuus est, aetate suae centesima.<ref name=":9">{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/29/us/henry-kissinger-dead.html|title = Henry Kissinger Is Dead at 100; Shaped Nation's Cold War History|last = Sanger|first = David E.|author-link=David E. Sanger|date = 29 Novembris 2023|access-date = 29 Novembis 2023|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|url-access = limited|archive-date = 30 Novembris 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231130015820/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/29/us/henry-kissinger-dead.html|url-status = live}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=30 Nevembris 2023 |title=Henry Kissinger, secretary of state to Richard Nixon, dies at 100 |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/nov/29/henry-kissinger-dies-secretary-of-state-richard-nixon |access-date=November 30, 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=30 Novembris 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130021956/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/nov/29/henry-kissinger-dies-secretary-of-state-richard-nixon |url-status=live }}.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 Novembris 2023 |title=Key facts about Henry Kissinger, US diplomat and presidential adviser |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/key-facts-about-henry-kissinger-us-diplomat-presidential-adviser-2023-11-30/ |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-date=30 Novembris 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130061133/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/key-facts-about-henry-kissinger-us-diplomat-presidential-adviser-2023-11-30/ |url-status=live }}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-30 |title=The Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) and the Henry A. Kissinger Center for Global Affairs mourn the passing of Dr. Henry Kissinger. |url=https://sais.jhu.edu/kissinger/news-press/kissinger-center-mourns-passing-dr-henry-kissinger |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Johns Hopkins SAIS |language=en}}.</ref> Inter superstites erant [[uxor]], Nancy Maginnes Kissinger; duo [[liberi]], David et Elizabeth; et quinque nepotes.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=30 Novembris 2023 |title=Henry Kissinger, who shaped world affairs under two presidents, dies at 100 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2023/11/29/henry-kissinger-dead-obituary/ |access-date=30 Novembris 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en |archive-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130015237/https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2023/11/29/henry-kissinger-dead-obituary/ |url-status=live }}.</ref> == Scripta == === Generalia === * 1994 : ''Diplomacy''. Novi Eboraci: Simon and Schuster === Autobiographi === * 1979. ''The White House Years.'' ISBN 0-316-49661-8. [[Praemium Librorum Nationale]] in Historia. * 1982. ''Years of Upheaval.'' ISBN 0-316-28591-9. * 1999. ''Years of Renewal.'' ISBN 0-684-85571-2. == Bibliographia == === Generalia === * Benedetti, Amedeo. [[2005]]. ''Lezioni di politica di Henry Kissinger: Linguaggio, pensiero ed aforismi del più abile politico di fine Novecento.'' [[Ianua]]e: Erga. ISBN 8881633914. * {{Cite journal |last=Bernkopf Tucker |first=Nancy |author-link= |date=Iunius [[2005]] |title=Taiwan Expendable? Nixon and Kissinger Go to China |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-history_2005-06_92_1/page/109 |journal=The Journal of American History |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=109–135 |doi=10.2307/3660527 |jstor=3660527}}. * Hitchens, Christopher. [[2002]]. ''The Trial of Henry Kissinger.'' Londinii: Verso. * {{Cite book |last=Karnow |first=Stanley |year=[[1983]] |title=Vietnam: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/vietnamhistory0000karn_p4s2 |publisher=Viking |isbn=0-14-007324-8}} * Klitzing, Holger. [[2007]]. ''The Nemesis of Stability: Henry A. Kissinger's Ambivalent Relationship with Germany.'' Augustae Treverorum: WVT. ISBN 9783884769423. * {{Cite book |last=Lacey |first=Robert |year=[[1981]] |title=The Kingdom |url=https://archive.org/details/kingdom00lace |publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich |isbn=0-15-147260-2}}. * {{cite book | last=Sela | first=Avraham |author-link= | title=The Decline of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: Middle East Politics and the Quest for Regional Order | publisher=State University of New York Press | year=[[2012]] | isbn=978-1-4384-1939-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SxaDsuKUKp8C&pg=PP1 | access-date=30 Novembris 2023}} * {{cite news |last=Turse|first=Nick |author-link=|date=[[2023]] |title=Kissinger's Killing Fields |url=https://theintercept.com/series/henry-kissinger-killing-fields/|work=[[The Intercept]] |location= }}. * {{Cite book |last=Zonis |first=Marvin |year=[[1991]] |title=Majestic Failure |url=https://archive.org/details/majesticfailuref00zoni |url-access=registration | location = Sicagi | publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-98928-3}}. === Biographiae ===<!-- {{external media| float = right| video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?327972-1/after-words-niall-ferguson ''After Words'' interview with Ferguson on ''Kissinger: 1923–1968: The Idealist'', November 20, 2015], [[C-SPAN]]| video2 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?415826-1/early-life-career-henry-kissinger Presentation by Ferguson on ''Kissinger: 1923–1968: The Idealist'', September 26, 2016], [[C-SPAN]]}}--> * 1973. Graubard, Stephen Richards. ''Kissinger: Portrait of a Mind''. ISBN 0-393-05481-0. * 1974. [[Marvin Kalb|Kalb, Marvin L.]] et [[Bernardus Kalb|Kalb, Bernard]]. ''Kissinger''. ISBN 0-316-48221-8. * 1974. Schlafly, Phyllis, ''Kissinger on the Couch.'' Arlington House Publishers. ISBN 0-87000-216-3 * 1983. Hersh, Seymour, ''The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House.'' Summit Books. ISBN 0-671-50688-9.<!--Awards: National Book Critics Circle, General Non-Fiction Award. Best Book of the Year: ''New York Times Book Review''; ''Newsweek''; ''San Francisco Chronicle''--> * 1989. Schulzinger, Robert D. [[1989]]. ''Henry Kissinger: Doctor of diplomacy.'' [[Urbs Novum Eboracum|Urbis Novi Eboraci]]: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231069529. * 1992. {{Cite book |last=Isaacson |first=Walter |author-link=[[Gualterius Isaacson|Walter Isaacson]] |date=[[1992]] |title=Kissinger: A Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/kissinger00walt | location = Novi Eboraci | publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-671-66323-0}}. * 2004. [[Iussi Hanhimäki|Hanhimäki, Jussi]]. ''The Flawed Architect: Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy.'' ISBN 0-19-517221-3. * 2009. Kurz, Evi. ''The Kissinger Saga: Walter and Henry Kissinger, Two Brothers from Fuerth, Germany.'' Londinii: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-85675-7. * 2015. Ferguson, Niall. ''Kissinger, 1923–1968: The Idealist.'' Novi Eboraci: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-59420-653-5. * 2020. [[David Runciman|Runciman, David]]. "Don't be a Kerensky!" Censura libris a Barry Gewen, ''The Inevitability of Tragedy: Henry Kissinger and His World'' (Norton, Aprilis 2020, ISBN 978 1 324 00405 9) et a Thoma Schwartz, ''Henry Kissinger and American Power: A Political Biography'' (Hill and Wang, September 2020, ISBN 978-0-8090-9537-7). ''[[London Review of Books]]'' 42 no. 23 (December 3, 2020), 13–16, 18. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Henry Kissinger|Henricum Kissinger}} {{fontes biographici}} * [http://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/kissinger-henry-a Vita] apud historiographi officinam * [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1962/ De Henrico Kissinger] in pagina (nobelprize.org) Nobeliano Pacis Praemio dicata {{Ling|Anglice}} == Notae == <references/> {{Secretarii Status CFA}} {{Lifetime|1923|2023|Kissinger, Henricus}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Harvardianae]] [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Autobiographi Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Consequentialistae]] [[Categoria:Eruditi Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Incolae Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Massachusettae]] [[Categoria:Politici Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Praemium Caroli Magni]] [[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Pacis]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Harvardianae]] [[Categoria:Secretarii Civitatis Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]] {{Myrias|Homines}} eixcqznqublwh67xlqb1cizwcrlh5qr 0 36221 3980129 3978301 2026-08-10T00:43:30Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 4 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Chaplin The Kid.jpg|thumb|Charlie Chaplin et [[Ioannes Coogan|Jackie Coogan]] in pellicula ''The Kid'']] '''Carolus Spencer Chaplin Minor,''' [[Eques]] (natus [[Londinium|Londinii]] die [[16 Aprilis]] [[1889]]; mortuus [[Vibiscum|Vibisci]] in [[Pagus Valdensis|Pago Valdensi]] in [[Helvetia]] die [[25 Decembris]] [[1977]]), [[pseudonymum|nomine usitatissimo]] '''Charlie Chaplin''', fuit [[histrio]] [[comoedia|comicus]], [[moderator cinematographicus]], et [[compositor]] [[Anglia|Anglicus]], qui aetate [[cinematographia muta|cinematographiae mutae]] ad [[fama]]m crevit. Per [[The Tramp]], suam [[persona]]m [[cinematographia|cinematographicam]], [[icon]] per [[orbis terrarum|orbem terrarum]] patens factus est, unde unus e personis maximi momenti in [[industria]] cinematographica late putatur. Suum [[curriculum vitae]] plus quam septuaginta septem annos durabat, ex [[puer]]itia [[aevum Victorianum|aevo Victoriano]] incipiens, usque ad unum annum ante [[mors|mortem]], atque adulationem et controversiam una amplectebatur. <!--Vetus textus:-->Multos annos in [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis]] vixit. [[Puer]]ulus [[Walworth]] in [[vicus|vico]] urbano prope [[Londinium]] habitavit. An ibi natus sit, incertum manet. Ab anno [[1913]] in Civitatibus Foederatis habitavit, unde ([[Herbertus Hoover|Herberto Hoover]] aliisque suadente) anno [[1952]] exclusus [[Helvetia]]m usque ad mortem incoluit. Anno [[1955]], [[Consilium Pacis Mundi]] Praemium ei dedit, annoque [[1965]] Chaplin [[Praemium Erasmianum]] accepit. == Pelliculae == {{div col|3}} * [[1914]]: ''Making a Living'' * 1916: ''The Floorwalker'' * 1916: ''The Fireman'' * 1916: ''The Vagabond'' * 1916: ''One A.M.'' * 1916: ''The Count'' * 1916: ''The Pawnshop'' * 1916: ''Behind the Screen'' * 1916: ''The Rink'' * 1917: ''Easy Street'' * 1917: ''The Cure'' * 1917: ''The Immigrant'' * 1917: ''The Adventurer'' * 1918: ''A Dog's Life'' * 1918: ''The Bond'' * 1918: ''Shoulder Arms'' * 1919: ''Sunnyside'' * 1919: ''A Day's Pleasure'' * 1921: ''The Kid'' * 1921: ''The Idle Class'' * 1922: ''Pay Day'' * 1923: ''The Pilgrim'' * 1925: ''[[The Gold Rush]]'' * 1928: ''The Circus'' * 1931: ''[[City Lights]]'' * 1936: ''[[Modern Times]]'' * 1940: ''[[The Great Dictator]]'' * 1947: ''Monsieur Verdoux'' * 1952: ''[[Limelight]]'' * 1957: ''A King in New York'' {{div col end}} == Bibliographia == {{div col|2}} * {{Cite journal| last=Balio| first=Tino| title=Charles Chaplin, Entrepreneur: A United Artist| journal=Journal of the University Film Association| volume=31| issue=1|pages=11–21|year=[[1979]]|ref={{sfnRef|Balio}}}}. * {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Claire|title=Limelight and After|year=[[1982]]|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|location=Londinii|isbn=978-0-297-78051-9|author-link= |ref={{sfnRef|Bloom}}}}. * {{cite book|last=Brownlow|first=Kevin|title=The Search for Charlie Chaplin|year=[[2010]]|orig-year=[[2005]]|publisher=UKA Press|location=Londinii|isbn=978-1-905796-24-3|author-link=|ref={{sfnRef|Brownlow}}}}. * {{cite book|last=Cardullo|first=Bert|title=Vittorio De Sica: Actor, Director, Auteur|year=[[2009]]|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|location=Cantabrigiae|isbn=978-1-4438-1531-4|ref={{sfnRef|Cardullo}}}}. * {{cite book|last=Canemaker|first=John |title=Felix: The Twisted Tale of the World's Most Famous Cat |url=https://archive.org/details/felixtwistedtale0000cane|year=[[1996]] |publisher=Da Capo Press|location=Cantabrigiae Massachusettae|isbn=978-0-306-80731-2|author-link=|ref={{sfnRef|Canemaker}}}}. * Chaplin, Charles. [[1964]]. ''My Autobiography.'' Novi Eboraci: Simon & Schuster. * Chaplin, Charles. [[1964]]. ''Die Geschichte meines Lebens.'' Fischer-Verlag. Germanice. * {{cite book|last=Chaplin|first=Charles|title=My Autobiography|year=[[2003]]|orig-year=[[1964]]|publisher=Penguin Classics|location=Londinii|isbn=978-0-14-101147-9|ref={{sfnRef|Chaplin}}|title-link=My Autobiography (Chaplin)}}. * Chaplin, Charlie. [[2006]]. "Die Wurzeln meiner Komik." In ''Jüdische Allgemeine Wochenzeitung'' 3.3.67, gekürzt: wieder ebd.{{dubsig}} 12.4. 2006, p. 54. * Chaplin, Charles. [[1974]]. ''My Life in Pictures.'' Bodley Head. * {{cite book|last1=Chaplin|first1=Lita Grey|last2=Vance|first2=Jeffrey|title=Wife of the Life of the Party|url=https://archive.org/details/wifeoflifeofpart0000chap|date=[[1998]]|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanhamiae Terrae Mariae|isbn=978-0-8108-3432-3|author-link1= |author-link2= |ref={{sfnRef|Chaplin and Vance}}}}. * Comte, Michel, et Sam Stourdze. [[2002]]. ''Charlie Chaplin: A Photo Diary.'' Steidl. ISBN 3-88243-792-8. * Cooke, Alistair. [[1978]]. ''Six Men.'' Harmondsworth. * {{cite book|last=Cousins|first=Mark|title=The Story of Film: An Odyssey|year=[[2004]]|publisher=Pavilion Books|location=Londinii|isbn=978-1-86205-574-2|author-link= |ref={{sfnRef|Cousins}}}}. * {{cite book|last=Dale|first=Alan S.|title=Comedy Is a Man in Trouble: Slapstick in American Movies|url=https://archive.org/details/comedyismanintro00alan|url-access=registration|year=[[2000]]|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapoli|isbn=978-0-8166-3658-7|ref={{sfnRef|Dale}}}}. * {{cite book|last=Epstein|first=Jerry|title=Remembering Charlie|url=https://archive.org/details/rememberingcharl0000epst|year=[[1988]]|publisher=Bloomsbury|location=Londinii|isbn=978-0-7475-0266-1|ref={{sfnRef|Epstein}}}}. * {{cite book|last=Friedrich|first=Otto|title=City of Nets: A Portrait of Hollywood in the 1940s|year=[[1986]]|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeleiae Californiae|isbn=978-0-520-20949-7|author-link=Otto Friedrich|ref={{sfnRef|Friedrich}}|url=https://archive.org/details/cityofnetsportra00frie}}. * Frind, S. [[1966]]. "Die Sprache als Propagandainstrument des Nationalsozialismus." In ''Muttersprache'' 76: 129–35. * {{Cite journal| last=Frost| first=Jennifer| title='Good Riddance to Bad Company': Hedda Hopper, Hollywood Gossip, and the Campaign against Charlie Chaplin, 1940–1952| journal=Australasian Journal of American Studies| volume=26| issue=2|pages=74–88|year=[[2007]]|ref={{sfnRef|Frost}}}}. * {{cite book|last=Gehring|first=Wes D.|title=Chaplin's War Trilogy: An Evolving Lens in Three Dark Comedies, 1918–1947|url=https://archive.org/details/chaplinswartrilo0000gehr|year=[[2014]]|publisher=McFarland|location=Ieffersoniae Carolinae Septentrionalis|isbn=978-0-7864-7465-3|ref={{sfnRef|Gehring}}}}. * {{Cite journal| last=Gunning| first=Tom| title= ''Chaplin and American Culture: The Evolution of a Star Image'' by Charles J. Maland| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_film-quarterly_spring-1990_43_3/page/41| journal=Film Quarterly| volume=43| issue=3| pages=41–43|year=[[1990]]| doi=10.2307/1212638| jstor=1212638|ref={{sfnRef|Gunning}}}}. * Hale, Georgia. [[1999]]. ''Charlie Chaplin: Intimate Close-Ups.'' Ed. Heather Kiernan. Lanhamiae Terrae Mariae: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 1-57886-004-0. * {{cite book|last=Hansmeyer|first=Christian|title=Charlie Chaplin's Techniques for the Creation of Comic Effect in his Films|year=[[1999]]|publisher=University of Portsmouth|location=Portsmuthae|isbn=978-3-638-78719-2|ref={{sfnRef|Hansmeyer}}}}. * {{Cite journal| last=Jackson| first=Kathy Merlock| title= Mickey and the Tramp: Walt Disney's Debt to Charlie Chaplin | journal=The Journal of American Culture| volume=26| issue=1|pages=439–444|year=[[2003]]| doi=10.1111/1542-734X.00104|ref={{sfnRef|Jackson}}}}. * {{cite book|contributor-last=Vance|contributor-first=Jeffrey|last1=James|first1=Eric|title=Making Music with Charlie Chaplin|year=[[2000]]|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanhamiae Terrae Mariae|contribution=Introduction|isbn=978-0-8108-3741-6|url=https://archive.org/details/makingmusicwithc00jame}}. * {{cite book|last=Kamin|first=Dan|title=The Comedy of Charlie Chaplin: Artistry in Motion|year=[[2011]]|orig-year=[[2008]]|publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Lanhamiae Terrae Mariae|isbn=978-0-8108-7780-1|ref={{sfnRef|Kamin}}}}. * {{Cite book|editor-last=Kemp|editor-first=Philip|title=Cinema: The Whole Story|url=https://archive.org/details/cinemawholestory0000phil|year=[[2011]]|publisher=Thames & Hudson|location=Londinii|isbn=978-0-500-28947-1|ref={{sfnRef|Kemp}}}}. * [[Victor Klemperer|Klemperer, Victor]]. [[1990]]. ''LTI—Notizbuch eines Philologen.'' Lipsiae: Reclam, 1990. ISBN 3-379-00125-2. Francofurti: 2004. * {{Cite journal| last=Kuriyama| first=Constance B.| title=Chaplin's Impure Comedy: The Art of Survival| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_film-quarterly_spring-1992_45_3/page/26| journal=Film Quarterly| volume=45| issue=3| pages=26–38|year=[[1992]]| doi=10.2307/1213221| jstor=1213221|ref={{sfnRef|Kuriyama}}}}. * {{cite book|last=Larcher|first=Jérôme|title=Masters of Cinema: Charlie Chaplin|url=https://archive.org/details/charliechaplin0000larc_e1q0|year=[[2011]]|publisher=Cahiers du Cinéma|location=Londinii|isbn=978-2-86642-606-4|ref={{sfnRef|Larcher}}}}. * {{cite book|last=Louvish|first=Simon|title=Chaplin: The Tramp's Odyssey|url=https://archive.org/details/chaplintrampsody0000louv_y4v4|year=[[2010]]|orig-year=[[2009]]|publisher=Faber and Faber|location=Londinii|isbn=978-0-571-23769-2 |author-link= |ref={{sfnRef|Louvish}}}}. * Lynn, Kenneth S. [[1997]]. ''Charlie Chaplin and His Times''. Novi Eboraci: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80851-2 {{Google Books|DpPjHbz3FrUC|Paginae selectae}}. [https://archive.org/details/charliechaplinhi00lynn Archivum.] * {{cite book|last=Maland|first=Charles J.|title=Chaplin and American Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/chaplinamericanc0000mala|url-access=registration|year=[[1989]]|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princetoniae Novae Caesareae|isbn=978-0-691-02860-6}}. * {{cite book|last=Marriot|first=A. J.|title=Chaplin: Stage by Stage|year=[[2005]]|publisher=Marriot Publishing|location=Hitchin Hartfordiae|isbn=978-0-9521308-1-9|ref={{sfnRef|Marriot}}}}. * {{cite book|last=Mast|first=Gerald|title=A Short History of the Movies: Third Edition|url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofmo0000mast_u6j2|year=[[1985]]|orig-year=[[1981]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxonmiae|isbn=978-0-19-281462-3|author-link= |ref={{sfnRef|Mast}}}}. * {{cite book|editor-last=McCaffrey|editor-first=Donald W.|title=Focus on Chaplin|url=https://archive.org/details/focusonchaplin0000unse|year=[[1971]] |publisher=Prentice Hall|location=Englewood Cliffs Novae Caesareae|isbn=978-0-13-128207-0|ref={{sfnRef|McCaffrey}}}}. * {{Cite journal| last=Neibaur| first=James L.| title=Chaplin at Essanay: Artist in Transition| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_film-quarterly_fall-2000_54_1/page/23| journal=Film Quarterly| volume=54| issue=1|pages=23–25|year=[[2000]]| doi=10.2307/1213798| jstor=1213798|ref={{sfnRef|Neibaur}}}}. * {{cite book|editor-last=Nowell-Smith|editor-first=Geoffrey|title=Oxford History of World Cinema|year=[[1997]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxoniae|isbn=978-0-19-874242-5|ref={{sfnRef|Nowell-Smith}}|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofw00geof}}. * Okuda, Ted, et David Maska. [[2005]]. ''Charlie Chaplin at Keystone and Essanay: Dawn of the Tramp.'' [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]: iUniverse. * {{Cite journal| last1=Raksin| first1=David| last2=Berg| first2=Charles M.| title=Music Composed by Charles Chaplin: Auteur or Collaborateur?| journal=Journal of the University Film Association| volume=31| issue=1| pages=47–50|year=[[1979]]|author-link= |ref={{sfnRef|Raksin and Berg}}}}. * {{cite book|last=Robinson|first=David|title=Chaplin: His Life and Art|year=[[1986]]|orig-year=[[1985]]|publisher=Paladin|location=Londinii|isbn=978-0-586-08544-8|author-link= |ref={{sfnRef|Robinson}}|title-link=Chaplin: His Life and Art}}. * Robinson, David. [[2001]]. ''Chaplin: His Life and Art.'' Editio secunda. Novi Eboraci: McGraw-Hill. * {{cite book|last=Sarris|first=Andrew|title=You Ain't Heard Nothin' Yet: The American Talking Film – History and Memory, 1927–1949|year=[[1998]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Novi Eboraci|isbn=978-0-19-503883-5|author-link= |ref={{sfnRef|Sarris}}|url=https://archive.org/details/youaintheardnoth00sarr}}. * {{cite book|last=Sbardellati|first=John|title=J. Edgar Hoover Goes to the Movies: The FBI and the Origins of Hollywood's Cold War|url=https://archive.org/details/jedgarhoovergoes00sbar|year=[[2012]]|publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithacae Novi Eboraci|isbn=978-0-8014-5008-2|ref={{sfnRef|Sbardellati}}}}. * {{Cite journal|last1=Sbardellati| first1=John| last2=Shaw| first2=Tony|title=Booting a Tramp: Charlie Chaplin, the FBI, and the Construction of the Subversive Image in Red Scare America| journal=Pacific Historical Review| volume=72| issue=4|pages=495–530|year=[[2003]]|url=http://web.viu.ca/davies/H323Vietnam/CharlieChaplin.McCarthyism.pdf| doi=10.1525/phr.2003.72.4.495| s2cid=161624961|ref={{sfnRef|Sbardellati and Shaw}}}}. * {{cite book|editor-last=Schickel|editor-first=Richard|title=The Essential Chaplin – Perspectives on the Life and Art of the Great Comedian|year=[[2006]]|publisher=Ivan R. Dee|location=Sicagi|isbn=978-1-56663-682-7|ref={{sfnRef|Schickel}}}}. * {{cite book |last=Schmadel |first=Lutz D. |author-link= |title=Dictionary of Minor Planet Names |page=305 |edition = 5th |year=[[2003]] |publisher=Springer Verlag |location=Novi Eboraci|url=https://books.google.com/books?q=3623+Chaplin+1981+TC2 |isbn=978-3-540-00238-3|ref={{sfnRef|Schmadel}}}}. * {{cite book|editor-last=Schneider|editor-first=Steven Jay|title=1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die|url=https://archive.org/details/1001moviesyoumus0000unse_f5h4|year=[[2009]]|publisher=Quintessence|location=Londinii|isbn=978-1-84403-680-6|ref={{sfnRef|Schneider}}|title-link=}}. * {{cite book|last=Silverberg|first=Miriam|title=Erotic Grotesque Nonsense: The Mass Culture of Japanese Modern Times|url=https://archive.org/details/eroticgrotesquen0000silv|year=[[2006]]|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeleiae, Angelopoli, Londinii|isbn=978-0-520-26008-5|ref={{sfnRef|Silverberg}}}}. * {{cite book|last=Sheaffer|first=Louis|title=O'Neill: Son and Artist|year=[[1973]]|publisher=Little, Brown & Company|location=Bostoniae et Toronti|isbn=978-0-316-78336-1|ref={{sfnRef|Sheaffer}}|url=https://archive.org/details/oneillsonartist00shea}}. * {{Cite journal| last=Simmons| first=Sherwin| title=Chaplin Smiles on the Wall: Berlin Dada and Wish-Images of Popular Culture| journal=New German Critique| issue=84|pages=3–34|year=[[2001]]| doi=10.2307/827796| jstor=827796|ref={{sfnRef|Simmons}}}}. * {{cite book|last=Sklar|first=Robert|title=Film: An International History of the Medium |year=[[2001]]|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=Upper Saddle River, NJ|isbn=978-0-13-034049-8|author-link= |ref={{sfnRef|Sklar}}|edition=Secunda}}. * {{cite book|last=Slowik|first=Michael|title=After the Silents: Hollywood Film Music in the Early Era, 1926-1934|url=https://archive.org/details/aftersilentsholl0000slow|year=[[2014]]|publisher=Columbia Univ. Press|location=Novi Eboraci|isbn=978-0-231-16583-9|ref={{sfnRef|Slowik}}}}. * {{cite journal|last1=Vance|first1=Jeffrey|title=The Circus: A Chaplin Masterpiece|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_film-history_1996_8_2/page/186|journal=Film History|year=[[1996]]|volume=8|issue=2|pages=186–208|jstor=3815334|author-link= }}. * {{cite book|last1=Vance|first1=Jeffrey|title=Chaplin: Genius of the Cinema|date=[[2003]]|publisher=Harry N. Abrams|location=Novi Eboraci|isbn=978-0-8109-4532-6|url=https://archive.org/details/chaplingeniusofc00vanc}}. * {{Cite journal| last=Weissman| first=Stephen M.| title=Charlie Chaplin's Film Heroines| journal=Film History| volume=8| issue=4|pages=439–45|year=[[1999]]|author-link= }}. * {{cite book|last=Weissman|first=Stephen M.|title=Chaplin: A Life|url=https://archive.org/details/chaplinlife0000weis_l2z5|year=[[2009]]|publisher=JR Books|location=Londinii|isbn=978-1-906779-50-4|title-link= }}. * {{cite book |last=Williams|first=Gregory Paul|title=The Story of Hollywood: An Illustrated History|publisher=B L Press|location=Angelopoli|year=[[2006]]|isbn=978-0-9776299-0-9|ref={{sfnRef|Williams}}}}. {{div col end}} == De cinematographia muta == * Brownlow, Kevin. [[1980]]. ''Hollywood: The Pioneers.'' Novi Eboraci: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-50851-1. [https://archive.org/details/hollywoodpioneer0000brow Archivum.] * Davis, Lon. [[2008]]. ''Silent Lives.'' Albaniae Novi Eboraci: BearManor Media. ISBN 978-1-59393-124-7. * Everson, William K. [[1978]]. ''American Silent Film.'' Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-502348-0. [https://archive.org/details/americansilentfi00ever_1 Archivum.] * {{Cite journal| last=Thompson| first=Kristin| title= Lubitsch, Acting and the Silent Romantic Comedy | journal=Film History| volume=13| issue=4|pages=390–408|year=[[2001]]|author-link= | doi=10.2979/FIL.2001.13.4.390|ref={{sfnRef|Thompson}}}}. * Toles, George. [[2011]]. "Cocoon of Fire: Awakening to Love in Murnau's Sunrise." ''Film International'' 9 (6). ISSN 1651-6826. * Usai, Paolo Cherchi. [[2000]]. ''Silent Cinema: An Introduction.'' Ed. secunda. Londinii: British Film Institute. ISBN 978-0-85170-745-7. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Charlie Chaplin|Carolum Chaplin}} {{Fontes biographici}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080213052333/http://www.film-zeit.de/home.php?action=result&sub=person&person_id=11564 Biographia] {{Ling|Germanice}}. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070809074020/http://www.flocom-world.com/1pics.html Photographemata.] * [http://www.cosmopolis.ch/cosmo17/chaplin.htm Biographia]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Ling|Germanice}}. {{Lifetime|1889|1977|Chaplin, Charlie}} [[Categoria:Actores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Actores Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Actores Helvetiae]] [[Categoria:Agnostici Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Agnostici]]<!--Scil. Helvetiae--> [[Categoria:Autobiographi Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Carolus Chaplin|!]] [[Categoria:Mimi]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Helvetiae]] [[Categoria:Moderatores cinematographici Civitatum Foederatarum]] {{1000 paginae}}{{Myrias|Homines}} tf5w9cxzqrn9y0674a4z9b0ydsx0k4f 0 37752 3980209 3725387 2026-08-10T11:06:12Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3980209 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Rafal Blechacz.jpg|thumb|Raphael Blechacz, anno fere 2006.]] '''Raphael Blechacz''' (natus in [[Nakel]] die [[30 Iunii]] [[1985]]) est illustrissimus [[clavile|clavilista]] [[Polonia|Polonus]], pianista laureatus. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080421223836/http://www.blechacz.net/?nodeid=home&lang=EN Pagina officialis] * [http://ws4.orf.at/newspool/83653 Biographia Raphaelis Blechacz]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Blechacz, Raphael}} [[Categoria:Musici Poloniae]] [[Categoria:Clavilistae]] [[Categoria:Nati 1985]] [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] m3oi7ywxwcpoiu9amrf0fxrnwm0gpkb 0 38250 3979796 3662566 2026-08-09T19:12:54Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3979796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Malham'''<ref>[http://shigen.lab.nig.ac.jp/algae/strainDetailAction.do?strainId=2011 http://shigen.lab.nig.ac.jp/algae/strainDetailAction.do?strainId=2011] dat nomen adiectivum "Malhamensis"</ref> ([[Anglice]]: ''Malham'') est vicus [[Anglia|Anglicus]] incolarum circiter 120 in area nationale conservationis [[Yorkshire Dales]], in comitatu [[Isuria Septentrionalis|Isuriae Septentrionalis]]. Sicut in ceteris partibus illius regionis, est periegesis prope Malhamensem vicum. Inter locos notos circum vicum sunt Lacus Malhamensis ad septentrionem (''Malham Tarn'') et Sinus Malhamensis calcinus naturalis (''Malham Cove''). == Pinacotheca == <gallery> imago:Malham countryside.jpg|Rus circum Malhamensem Vicum imago:Malham Beck small bridge.JPG|Ponticulus trans amnem imago:Malham store.JPG|Groceria vicana </gallery> == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Malham}} * [http://www.malhamdale.com/ Situs interretialis vici] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151128165540/http://www.malhamdale.org.uk/ Situs interretialis de Geologia vallis Malhamensis] [[Categoria:Loci habitati comitatus Isuriae]] 22akvsj5fb4oq7rzeyqy9sdju2iyhc7 0 38516 3979806 3737976 2026-08-09T19:25:47Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa taxinomica | name = Gnatostomados | fossil_range = {{rango fósil| Ordovícico superior| Reciente |[[Ordovícico]] superior - Reciente }} | image = Orca-Schädel.jpg | image_width= 240px | image_caption = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | subregnum = [[Eumetazoa]] | superphylum = [[Deuterostomia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | infraphylum = '''Gnathostomata''' | infraphylum_authority = [[Carolus Gegenbauer|Gegenbauer]], [[1874]]<ref>[[Carolus Gegenbauer|C. Gegenbauer]], ''Grundriss der Vergleichenden Anatomie'' (1874) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/2157#/summary editio 2a]</ref> }} '''Gnathostomata''' (< [[lingua Graeca|Graecis]] ''γνάθος'' '[[maxilla]]' + ''στόμα'' '[[os (oris)|os]]') sunt [[phylum|infraphylum]] [[Vertebrata|Vertebratorum]] [[maxilla|maxillis praeditorum]]. Infraphylo sunt circa 60&thinsp;000 [[species (taxinomia)|specierum]] descriptarum, quae 99 centesimae omnium Vertebratorum [[vita|vivorum]] una sunt. Praeter maxillas oppositas, Gnathostomatibus sunt [[dens|dentes]], pares appendices, et aequus<!--horizontal--> [[auris]] interioris [[canalis semicircularis]], cum [[physiologia|physiologicis]] et [[cellula]]ribus proprietatibus [[anatomia|anatomicis]], inter quas vaginae [[myelinum|myelini]]{{dubsig}}<!--myelin--> [[neuronum|neuronorum]]. Alia proprietas est [[systema immunitatis accommodans]],<!--adaptive immune system--> quod [[recombinatio V(D)J|recombinatione V(D)J]] utitur ad creandos situs agnoscentes [[antigenum|antigenorum]] pro recombinatione genetica in [[genum|geno]] variabilium receptorum [[lymphocytum|lymphocytorum]]{{dubsig}}.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cooper, M. D., et M. N. Alder|title=The evolution of adaptive immune systems |url=https://archive.org/details/cell_2006-02-24_124_4/page/815|journal=Cell |volume=124 |issue=4 |pages=815–22 |year=[[2006]] |month=Februario |pmid=16497590 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.001}}.</ref> ==Taxinomia== [[Fasciculus:DunkleosteusSannoble.JPG|thumbnail|''[[Dunkleosteus]].'']] *Subphylum [[Vertebrata]] :*Infraphylum '''Gnathostomata''' ::::*Classis [[Placodermi]]<!--''exstincta'--> ::*Microphylum [[Eugnathostomata]] ::::*Classis [[Chondrichthyes]] :::(sine gradu) [[Teleostomi]] (Acanthodii et Osteichthyes) ::::*Classis [[Acanthodii]]<!--''exstincta''--> :::*Superclassis [[Osteichthyes]] ::::*Classis [[Actinopterygii]] ::::*Classis [[Sarcopterygii]] :::*Superclassis [[Tetrapoda]] ::::*Classis [[Amphibia]] ::::(sine gradu) [[Amniota]] ::::*Classis [[Sauropsida]] ::::*Classis [[Aves]] ::::*Classis [[Synapsida]] ::::*Classis [[Mammalia]] ==Phylogenia== {{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100% |label1=&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Vertebrata]]&nbsp;&nbsp; |1={{clade |label1='''&nbsp;&nbsp;Gnathostomata&nbsp;&nbsp;''' |1={{clade |1 =&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Placodermi]]&nbsp;&nbsp; |label2=&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Eugnathostomata]]&nbsp;&nbsp; |2={{clade |1 =&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Chondrichthyes]]&nbsp;&nbsp; |label2=&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Teleostomi]]&nbsp;&nbsp; |2={{clade |1 =&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Acanthodii]]&nbsp;&nbsp; |label2=&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Osteichthyes]]&nbsp;&nbsp; |2={{clade |1 =&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Actinopterygii]]&nbsp;&nbsp; |label2=&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Sarcopterygii]]&nbsp;&nbsp; |2={{clade |label1=&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Tetrapoda]]&nbsp;&nbsp; |1={{clade |1 =&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Amphibia]]&nbsp;&nbsp; |label2=&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Amniota]]&nbsp;&nbsp; |2={{clade |label1=&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Sauropsida]]&nbsp;&nbsp; |1={{clade |1 =&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Sauropsida]]&nbsp;&nbsp; }} |label2=&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Synapsida]]&nbsp;&nbsp; |2={{clade |1 =&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Mammalia]]&nbsp;&nbsp; }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} ==Notae== [[Fasciculus:Kaprosuchus.jpg|thumb|''[[Kaprosuchus saharicus]]'']] <references/> ==Nexus externi== {{Vicispecies|Vertebrata}} {{CommuniaCat|Vertebrata}} {{fontes biologici}} *[http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Bones/Gill_Arches/Meckelian.html "The Gill Arches: Meckel's Cartilage,"] apud ''Palaeos'' *[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Gnathostomata.html#Gnathostomata Gnathostomata,] apud ''Animaldiversity web'' *[http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198858 Gnathostomata,] apud ''Systema Naturae'' *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060813153431/http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Gnathostomata&contgroup=Vertebrata Gnathostomata,] apud ''Arbor Vitae'' [[Categoria:Gnathostomata|!]] [[Categoria:Vertebrata]] [[Categoria:Infraphyla animalium]] [[Categoria:Taxa Gegenbauer]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1874]] {{Myrias|Biologia}} cziqp5gk07t1zjqizi6a0vvptpe5m6e 0 39061 3979697 3979511 2026-08-09T14:34:11Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}; +{{[[Formula:Capsa hominis Vicidatorum|Capsa hominis Vicidatorum]]}} 3979697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:DeSoto-Hernando-1791.jpeg|thumb|Ferdinandus Sotus.]] [[Fasciculus:DeSoto Map HRoe 2008.jpg|thumb|[[Iter]] Ferdinandi Soti.]] {{res|Ferdinandus Sotus}}<ref>“Ferdinandus Sotus” {{Google Books|aNF18E4NZDEC|p. 153}} {{Google Books|vvPSjOUNcWEC|p. 86}}</ref> seu {{res|plene=Ferdinandus de Soto|de Soto}}, <ref>“Ferdinandus de Soto”: {{lexfons}} s.v. ''Florida''</ref> [[Hispanice]] ''Hernando de Soto'' ([[1500]]–[[1542]]), [[conquisitatores Hispani|miles et explorator Hispanus]], [[Florida Hispanica|Floridam]] [[exploratio|exploravit]] et [[Missisippius Fluvius|flumen Missisippium]] primus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Greges ethnicae in Europa|Europaeus|en|qid=Q1464982}} invenit. [[Extremadura]]e in [[nobilis|nobili]] [[familia]] natus, [[pecunia]] autem carens, ad [[America]]m profectus est, [[fortuna]]e obtinendae causa. == Primum iter ad Americam == Anno [[1514]], Sotus fuit ad [[Cuba]]m et [[Panama]]m ut [[miles]] solum cum [[spatha]] et [[scutum|scuto]], sed anno [[1516]] fuit dux turmae [[eques|equitum]] in exploratione [[Nicaragua]]e et [[Honduria]]e. Tunc, ab anno [[1528]] usque ad annum [[1536]] Sotus fuit dux expeditionis a [[litus|litore]] [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Atlantico]] ad [[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceanum Pacificum]], et ita cum [[Franciscus Pizarro|Francisco Pizarro]] iter per [[Peruvia]]m fecit. Ibi Sotus [[Athaualpa]]m imperatorem invenit, et contra [[Imperium Incae|Incas]] pugnavit; quorum imperio deleto, Hispaniam cum 100&thinsp;000 unciis [[aurum|auri]] redivit. Cum in Hispania degeret, Sotus [[liber|librum]] [[Alvarus Nunnius Cabeza de Vaca|Alvari Nunnii Cabeza de Vaca]] de [[Florida]] et [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]] legit, unde cum parvo [[exercitus|exercitu]] ad has terras profectus est. == Alterum iter ad Americam == Mense Maio anno [[1539]], Sotus cum 600 militibus, 24 [[sacerdos|sacerdotibus]], 29 [[navis|navibus]], et 220 [[eques|equitibus]] Floridam intravit. === [[Florida Hispanica|Florida]] === Sotus veluit{{dubsig}} urbem magnam simul [[Mexicopolis]] condere, sed Florida locos optimos carebat. Ibi Floridam exploravit et cum indis foedera creavit, ne in poenis [[Pamphilus de Narvaez|Pamphili de Narvaez]] incucurrisse. Sotus accepit auxilium [[Ioannes Ortiz|Ioannis Ortiz]], viri qui cum Narvaez ad Floridam profecti est, sed ab Indis captus erat. === Plus ultra === A Florida [[explorator]]es Hispanici per [[Georgia (CFA)|Georgiam]] et [[Carolina Meridionalis|Carolinam]] ambulaverunt anno [[1540]], [[aurum]] inveniendi causa. Tunc in loco Mauvila appellato, Indi auxilium Hispanis negaverunt et conquisitatores oppidum obsidione clauserunt et indiorum 6&thinsp;000 fere occiderunt. Hispani autem victoriam Pyrrhicam acceperunt. Militibus fessis, expeditio ad meridionem prefecta{{dubsig}} est. ==Notae== <references/> == Bibliographia == ; Fontes fere coaevi * 1537 : [[Carolus V (imperator)|Carlos V]], “Asiente y capitulación hechas por el capitán Hernando de Soto con el emperador Carlos V” in {{qc|id= Smith, ed. (1857)}} {{Google Books|W5RWAAAAMAAJ|pp. 140-146}} * c. 1543 : Luís Hernández de Biedma, “Relación de la suceso del jornada que hizo Hernando de Soto y de la calidad de la tierra por donde anduvo” in {{qc|id= Smith, ed. (1857)}} {{Google Books|W5RWAAAAMAAJ|pp. 47-64}} * ante 1545 : Rodrigo Ranjel, diarium ([[Gundisalvus Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés|Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés]]; José Amador de los Ríos, ed., ''[[Historia general y natural de las Indias, islas y tierra-firme del mar Océano]]'' [vol. 1. Matriti: Real Academia de la Historia, 1851] [https://archive.org/details/gri_33125007267921/page/560/mode/1up p. 560 sqq.] * 1557 : ''Relaçam verdadeira dos trabalhos que ho governador dom Fernando de Souto y certos fidalgos portugueses passarom no descobrimento da provincia da Frolida''. Eborae: Andrés de Burgos; [https://web.archive.org/web/20250608014654/https://almamater.uc.pt/item/56455 Textus] apud Conimbrigenses; [https://historyarchive.org/works/books/relacam-verdadeira-dos-trabalhos-que-ho-gouernador-dom-fernando-de-souto-1557 Textus] apud History Archive {{Google Books|8bg_AAAAYAAJ|Reimpressio 1844}} * 1605 : [[Garcias Lasus Inca|Inca Garcilaso de la Vega]], ''La Florida del Ynca''. Olisipone: Pedro Crasbeeck [http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/detalle/bdh0000012387 Textus]; [https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/portales/inca_garcilaso_de_la_vega/su_obra_florida/ aliter] {{Google Books|ep3QmNeIcLoC}} * 1609 : [[Ricardus Hakluytus|Richard Hackluyt]], interpr., ''Virginia richly valued, by the description of the maine land of Florida ... out of the foure yeeres continuall trauell ... of Don Ferdinando de Soto ... by a Portugall gentleman of Elvas''. Londinii: Matthew Lownes; [https://archive.org/details/virginiarichlyva00knig/ Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''; [https://web.archive.org/web/20231026152108/https://ota.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/repository/xmlui/handle/20.500.12024/A12615 Recensio interretialis Oxoniensium] et [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A12615.0001.001/1:1?rgn=div1;view=fulltext Michiganensium] necnon [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34997/34997-h/34997-h.htm incepti Gutenberg] ; Editiones fontium * Edward Gaylord Bourne, ed.; Buckingham Smith, interpr., ''Narratives of the career of Hernando de Soto in the conquest of Florida, as told by a knight of Elvas, and in a relation by Luys Hernandez de Biedma factor of the expedition''. Novi Eboraci: Bradford Club, 1866 [https://archive.org/details/narrativesofcare01knig Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * Edward Gaylord Bourne, ed., ''Narratives of the career of Hernando de Soto ... together with an account ... based on the diary of Rodrigo Ranjel'' [editio aucta]. 2 voll. Novi Eboraci: A. S. Barnes, 1904; [https://archive.org/details/narrativesofcare01bouruoft/ vol. 1], [https://archive.org/details/narrativesofcare02bouruoft/ vol. 2] * Lawrence A. Clayton, Vernon J. Knight, Edward C. Moore, edd., ''The De Soto Chronicles: the Expedition of Hernando De Soto to North America in 1539-1543''. 2 voll. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1996 * Peter Force, ed., ''Tracts and other papers relating principally to the origin, settlement and progress of the colonies in North America'' (Vasingtoniae, 1846) fasc. 4? {{Google Books|jD4VAAAAYAAJ|Textus huius fasciculi}} * Benjamin Franklin French, ed., ''Historical collections of Louisiana ... part 2''. Philadelphiae: Daniels & Smith, 1850 (insunt: “An original letter of Hernando de Soto”; “Manuscript journal of the expedition of Hernando de Soto ... by Luis Hernandez de Biedma”; “Narrative of the expedition of Hernando de Soto ... translated by Richard Hackluyt”; etc.) {{Google Books|Yk95AAAAMAAJ}} [https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=rbfr&fileName=0008//rbfr0008.db&recNum=128 Textus imperfectus apud Bibliothecam Congressus] * William B. Rye, ed., ''The Discovery and conquest of Terra Florida by Don Ferdinando de Soto'' [etc.] Londinii: Hakluyt Society [https://archive.org/details/discoveryconques00ryewrich/ Textus] * {{ec|id= Smith, ed. (1857)|c= Buckingham Smith, ed., ''Coleccion de varios documentos para la historia de la Florida y tierras adyacentes'' vol. 1. Londinii: Trübner, 1857) {{Google Books|W5RWAAAAMAAJ}} }} ; Eruditio * Patricia Galloway, ed., ''Hernando de Soto''. Lincolniae: University of Nebraska, 1997 * Charles Moore, “[https://rilzea.cialc.unam.mx/jspui/bitstream/CIALC-UNAM/A_CA327/1/CA_132_6.pdf Entre el silencio y el fracaso: la Relación “oficial” de Luis Hernández de Biedma sobre la exploración de Hernando de Soto en la Florida]” in ''Cuadernos Americanos'' n.s. vol. 2, nº. 132 (2010) pp. 139-158 * José Rabasa, “On writing back: alternative historiography in La Florida del Inca”, in ''Latin American identity and constructions of difference'' (Minneapoli: University of Minnesota, 1994) p. 135 == Nexus externi == * “[https://earlyfloridalit.net/luys-hernandez-de-biedma-from-the-“relacion-de-la-isla-de-florida”/ Luys Hernández de Biedma, Relación de la Isla de Florida]” apud ''Early Visions of Florida'' {{Anni vitae|saeculo 15|1542|Sotus, Ferdinandus}} [[Categoria:Conquisitatores Hispani]] [[Categoria:Exploratores Floridae]] [[Categoria:Florida Hispanica]] {{Myrias|Homines}} jn0j6hzn9k06bov77ffrhbr3wy4erx8 0 39611 3980055 3711262 2026-08-09T23:47:15Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Apoplexia}} {{cautio}} {| class="wikitable floatright" ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" | Apoplexia cerebri |- ! colspan="2" | Cognitores |- | style="font-size: 85%" | ''[[Medicina|Disciplina medica]]'' || style="font-size: 85%" | [[Neurologia]]e<br />[[necessitas medica]] |- | style="font-size: 85%" | ''[[ICD-9]]'' || style="font-size: 85%" | 434.91 |- | style="font-size: 85%" | ''[[ICD-10]]'' || style="font-size: 85%" | I61-I64 |- ! colspan="2" | Rationes clinicae |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <div style="position: relative;">[[Fasciculus:MCA Territory Infarct.svg|250px|Apoplexia latere dextre]]</div> |- | colspan="2" style="font-size: 85%; width:250px" | Infarctus territorialis, [[arteria cerebri media|arteriae cerebri mediae]] dextri area, [[scanner radiis X operans|scanner radiis X operante]] demonstratus. [[iconismus medicus|Iconismo medico]] aegrotantis caput in scanner, pedes eius versus examinatorem iacent, ita infarctus dexter in imagine sinistre visibilis est. |- | style="font-size: 85%" | ''[[Pathologia]]'' || style="font-size: 85%" | ischaemica sive<br />haemorrhagica |- | style="font-size: 85%" | ''[[Symptoma]]ta'' || style="font-size: 85%" | repentina, at diversa:<br />[[hemiparesis]],<br />[[hemianaesthesia]],<br />[[hemianopsia]],<br />[[aphasia]],<br />[[apathia]] (initio) |- | style="font-size: 85%" | ''[[Therapia]]'' || style="font-size: 85%" | Infarctus ischaemicus:<br />lysis<br />thrombectomia<br />Infarctus haemorrhagicus:<br />antihypertensiva |} '''Apoplexia cerebri'''<ref>"I64: Apoplexia cerebri ut haemorrhagia sive infarctus non specificata" apud ''[http://www.stetoskop.info/mkb.php?action=search&data%5Bsection_id%5D=&filter%5Bcode%5D=I64&submit%5Bsearch%5D=+Pretraži+&filter%5Bkeyword%5D= Stetoskop]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'' e classificatione [[ICD-10]].</ref><ref name="Pinkhof2012">Everdingen, J. J. E. van, Eerenbeemt, A. M. M. van den (2012), ''Pinkhof Geneeskundig woordenboek,'' ed. decima (Houten: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum).</ref><ref name="Arnaudov"/> sive '''ictus apoplecticus'''<ref name="Arnaudov">Arnaudov, G. D. (1964), ''Terminologia medica polyglotta. Latinum-Bulgarski-Russkij-English-Français-Deutsch'' (Serdicae: Editio medicina et physcultura).</ref> est rapidum muneris [[cerebrum|cerebri]] ob turbationem [[copia sanguinis|copiae sanguinis]] in cerebro detrimentum.<ref name=HLB2014W>{{cite web|title=What Is a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov/|access-date=26 February 2015|date=26 Martii 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218230259/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/|archive-date=18 Februarii 2015|df=}}.</ref><ref name=HLB2014S>{{cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/signs|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 Februarii 2015|date=26 Martii 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227083736/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/signs|archive-date=27 Februarii 2015|df=}}.</ref> Causa esse potest [[ischemia]] (inopia fluctus [[sanguis|sanguinis]]) ab occlusione ([[thrombosis|thrombosi]] aut [[embolia arterialis|embolia arteriali]]) effecta, vel [[haemorrhagia]] ([[sanguis|sanguinis]] effusio in textum).<ref>N. R. Sims et H. Muyderman (2009), "Mitochondria, oxidative metabolism and cell death in stroke," ''Biochimica et Biophysica Acta'' 1802(1): 80–91 (pmid 19751827; doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.09.003).</ref> Ergo adfecta cerebri regio operari non potest, unde aegrotus fortasse unum vel plura membra in uno [[corpus|corporis]] latere movere ([[hemiplegia]]), [[sermo]]nem intellegere ([[aphasia receptiva]]) aut creare ([[aphasia expressiva]]), vel unum [[campus visualis|campi visualis]] latus [[visus|videre]] ([[hemianopsia]]) non potest.<ref name=Donnan>{{cite journal |author=Donnan G. A., M. Fisher, M. Macleod, et S. M. Davis |title=Stroke |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_may-10-16-2008_371_9624/page/1612 |journal=Lancet |volume=371 |issue=9624 |pages=1612–23 |year=[[2008]] |month=Maio |pmid=18468545 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60694-7}}.</ref> Ictus [[homo sapiens|hominibus]] aliquando est gravis [[morbus]], qui multas [[mors|mortes]] pluresque invalidos praecipue in [[civitas sui iuris|civitatibus]] opulentibus, efficit. Apoplexia cerebri est [[necessitas medica]], auxilium medicum statim pernecesse est. == Indicia == [[Fasciculus:Schlaganfall Symptome.png|thumb|Indicia ictus (tabula [[Germanice]] signata)]] * repentes difficultates videndi * repentes difficultates deambulandi, imbecillitatis unilateralis et repentini causa * repens [[paralysis]] [[vultus]] ac [[bracchium|bracchii]] vel [[crus|cruris]], praecipue torpor solius lateris corporis * repens [[delirium]] * repentes perturbationes loquendi, scribendi, aut intelligendi * repentes et vehementes dolores [[caput|capitis]] * repens [[vertigo (symptoma)|vertigo]] == Aetiologia == [[Fasciculus:MCA-Stroke-Brain-Human-2.JPG|thumb|Sectio<!--?slice--> [[cerebrum|cerebri]] [[homo sapiens|hominis]] qui acutum [[arteria cerebri media|arteriae cerebri mediae]] ictum passus est, per [[autopsia]]m facta]] [[Fasciculus:Cortical pseudolaminar necrosis - lfb - very low mag.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Micrographema]] [[necrosis corticalis pseudolaminaris|necrosin corticalem pseudolaminarem]] monstrat, inventionem in ictibus per [[imaginatio medicalis|imaginationem medicalem]]<!--?medical imaging--> et per [[autopsia]]m visam ([[macula LFB|macula H&E-LFB]]).]] [[Fasciculus:Stroke world map-Deaths per million persons-WHO2012.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Mortes ex apoplexia per millionem hominum, anno [[2012]] {{legend|#ffff20|58-316}}{{legend|#ffe820|317-417}}{{legend|#ffd820|418-466}}{{legend|#ffc020|467-518}}{{legend|#ffa020|519-575}}{{legend|#ff9a20|576-640}}{{legend|#f08015|641-771}}{{legend|#e06815|772-974}}{{legend|#d85010|975-1,683}}{{legend|#d02010|1,684-3,477}}]] Apoplexiae cerebri causae multae sunt. Saepius sunt [[hypertensio arterialis]], [[atherosclerosis]], [[diabetes mellitus]], [[fibrillatio atrialis]] (→[[embolus]]). Iuvenes quoque homines in apoplexiam delabi possunt. === Apoplexia cerebri thrombosi causa (Apoplexia ischaemica) === De hac aetiologia exsistentia atherosclerosis putatur. [[Thrombosis]] non improviso sed lente evolvitur, quamquam thrombus crescens eruptus secundo flumine ad apoplexiam embolo causa adducere potest. Duo typi thrombosum noti sunt: * Morbus vasorum magnorum<ref>Anglice: ''large vessel disease''</ref> — Tacta saepissmime sunt arteriae [[arteria carotis communis|carotides communes]] ac [[arteria carotis interna|internae]], [[arteria vertebralis]] et [[Circulus arteriosus|circulus arteriosus Willisii]]. * Morbus vasorum minorum<ref>Anglice: ''small vessel disease''</ref> — Tacta sunt vasa minora ut rami [[Circulus arteriosus|circuli arteriosi Willisii]], [[arteria cerebri media]], rami [[arteria basilaris|arteriae basilaris]] (e.g. a. cerebelli inferior posterior). === Apoplexia cerebri ruptura vasis sanguinei causa (Apoplexia haemorrhagica) === Ruptura vasis sanguinei intracerebralis vel ruptura [[aneurysma]]tis cerebralis [[haemorrhagia]]m cerebri et symptomata apoplexiae cerebri efficere potest. === Apoplexiae cerebri hominum iuvenum === Morbi sanguinis ([[factor V Lugduni|mutatio genetica factoris V (Lugduni)]], mutatio prothrombini, inopia proteini C, inopia proteini S, inopia AT-III), cellularum ([[syndroma MELAS|MELAS]]), vasorum ([[dissectio arteriae carotidis]], [[vasculitis|vasculitides]]), cordis (endocarditis, cardiomyopathia, foramen ovale patens/persistens), [[intestinum crassum|intestini crassi]] ([[colitis ulcerosa]]), [[cocainum|cocaini]] [[heroinum|heroinique]], [[infectio]]nes atque [[graviditas]] sunt causarum exempli. == Historia == ==== Definitio annis 1763 ==== I. I. Stahlius et Ioannis Iuncker in opere "[https://books.google.de/books?id=lsRaAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA657&dq=hemiplexia&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiay_Hf08zdAhXGlCwKHZK7BS84FBDoAQg9MAM#v=onepage&q=hemiplexia&f=false Conspectus medicinae theoretico-practicae]" scripserunt: "Apoplexia est praeceps et simultanea sensus ac motus per universum corpus talis abolitio, ut patientes vel simul et semel omnem harum rerum usum amittant, vel, si auditus et visus adhuc aliqua signa adsint, motuum tamen voluntariorum plena impotentia laborent; quae motuum plenaria remissio a taedio Principii vitalis a motibus, antea frustra institutis, originem ducit. Derivatur ab, ''άποπλήτω'', percutio." (Tabula CII de apopolexia.) == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == *Hamann, Gerhard F., Mario Siebler, et Wolfgang von Scheidt. [[2002]]. ''Schlaganfall: Klinik, Diagnostik, Therapie, Interdisziplinäres Handbuch.'' Ecomed Verlagsgesellschaft. ISBN 3609519908. *Mohr, J. P., Dennis Choi, James Grotta, et Philip Wolf.[[2004]]. ''Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management.'' Novi Eboraci: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 0-443-06600-0. OCLC 50477349 52990861. *Warlow, Charles P., Jan van Gijn, Martin S. Dennis, Joanna M. Wardlaw, John M. Bamford, Graeme J. Hankey, Peter A. G. Sandercock, Gabriel Rinkel, Peter Langhorne, Cathie Sudlow, et Peter Rothwell. [[2008]]. ''Stroke: Practical Management.'' Ed. 3a. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 1-4051-2766-X. {{NexInt}} * [[Acalculia (symptoma)]] * [[Aphasia]] * [[Arteriosclerosis]] * [[DWI]] * [[Fibrillatio atrialis]] * [[Index Barthel]] * [[Neuropsychologia]] * Scala [[Scala CHA2DS2-VASc|CHA₂DS₂-VASc]] * [[Tractus pyramidalis]] == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Stroke|ictum}} *[http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de/WWW/AWMF/ll/030-075.htm Diagnosis ac therapia ictus,] www.uni-dusseldorf.de *{{dmoz|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Neurological_Disorders/Stroke/}} [[Categoria:Morbi]] [[Categoria:Necessitates medicae (morbi)]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Biologia}} ql21axfq3anm3giju1i0a2xqx10bn71 0 40644 3980100 3978736 2026-08-10T00:17:11Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa familiae linguarum |nomen=Linguae Austronesicae |cognomen= |regio=[[Insulindia]], [[Oceania]], [[Madagascar]], [[Formosa]] |color=pink |familia=una e familiis maximis linguarum; a nonnullis in familia [[Linguae Austro-Tai|Austro-Tai]] inclusa, aliis renuentibus |filia1=[[Linguae Formosanae]] |filia2=[[Linguae Malaico-Polynesicae]], inter quas [[Linguae Polynesiae|Polynesiae]] |iso2=map |tabula=[[Fasciculus:Human Language Families (wikicolors).png|250px|center|Familiae linguisticae coloribus Vicipaediae pictae]] |syllabus=Familiae linguisticae coloribus Vicipaedicis pictae}} [[Fasciculus:Austric homeland.PNG|thumb|Situs antiquissimus [[linguae Austricae|linguarum "Austricarum"]] secundum [[Robertus Blust|Blust]].]] '''Linguae Austronesicae'''<ref>De adiectivo vide speciem ''[[:species:Proceratium|Proceratium austronesicum]]''.</ref> sunt [[familia linguarum]] latissime per [[Paeninsula Malaesiana|Paeninsulam Malaesianam]],<ref>Klamer 2019.</ref> [[Asia Meridio-Orientalis|Asiam Meridio-Orientalem]] [[mare|maritimam]], [[Madagascar]]m, [[insula|insulas]] [[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceani Pacifici]], et [[Taivania]]m (ab aboriginibus Taivanesibus) dispersarum. Etiam sunt aliquot locutores in [[Asia|Asia]] [[continens|continentali]].<ref>{{cite web|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|title=Austronesian Languages|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Austronesian-languages|accessdate=26 Octobris 2016}}</ref> Quibus 386 [[millio]]nes fere hominum (4.9% [[multitudo mundi|multitudinis mundi]]) loquuntur, ut haec familia sit quinta a maxima per numerum locutorum. Inter [[lingua|linguas]] Austronesicas maximi momenti sunt [[lingua Malaica]] ([[lingua Indonesiana|Indonesiana]] et [[lingua Malaesiana|Malaesiana]]), [[lingua Iavensis|Iavensis]], et [[lingua Philippinica|Tagalog]] (lingua Philippinica). Secundum nonnullas aestimationes, familia 1257 linguas comprehendit, secunda a maxima ullius familiae linguarum.<ref>Blust 2016.</ref> Inter linguas Austronesicas magni momenti sunt: ** [[linguae Formosanae]] ** [[linguae Malaico-Polynesicae]] ** [[Lingua Philippinica]] sive ''Tagalog'' ** [[Lingua Cebuanensis]] ** [[Lingua Malaica]] ** [[Lingua Indonesiana]] ** [[Lingua Malagasiensis]] ** [[Lingua Havaiana]] ** [[Lingua Maoriana]] ** [[Lingua Samoana]] ** [[Lingua Tetumica]] == Notae == <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Bellwood, Peter. [[1991]]. "The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages." ''Scientific American'' 265: 88–93. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0791-88. BIBCODE 1991SciAm.265a..88B.} * {{cite book | title = Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian archipelago | url = https://archive.org/details/prehistoryofindo0000bell | last = Bellwood | first = Peter | year = 1997 | publisher = University of Hawai'i Press | place=Honolulu }} * {{cite journal | title = Taiwan and the Prehistory of the Austronesians-speaking Peoples | last = Bellwood | first=Peter | year = 1998 | journal = Review of Archaeology | volume = 18 | pages = 39–48 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | title = The Austronesians: Historical and comparative perspectives | last = Bellwood | first=Peter| last2 = Fox | first2 = James | last3 = Tryon | first3 = Darrell | publisher=Department of Anthropology, Australian National University | year=1995 | isbn=0-7315-2132-3 }} * {{cite journal | title=Human Migrations in Continental East Asia and Taiwan: Genetic, Linguistic, and Archaeological Evidence | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_2005-06_46_3/page/480 |author1=Bellwood, Peter |author2=Alicia Sanchez-Mazas |lastauthoramp=yes | journal=Current Anthropology |date=June 2005 | volume=46 | pages=480–484 | issue=3 | doi=10.1086/430018 }}<!-- * {{cite conference | title = Stratification in the peopling of China: how far does the linguistic evidence match genetics and archaeology? | last = Blench | first = Roger | url =http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/China/Geneva%20paper%202004%20submit.pdf | format=PDF | accessdate= | conference = Human migrations in continental East Asia and Taiwan: genetic, linguistic and archaeological evidence | place = Geneva | date = 10–13 Iunii 2004--> * {{cite journal |title=A Long Lost Sister of Proto-Austronesian? Proto-Ongan, Mother of Jarawa and Onge of the Andaman Islands |last=Blevins |first=Juliette |year=2007 |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=154–198 |url=http://email.eva.mpg.de/~blevins/pdf/webpub2007a.pdf |doi=10.1353/ol.2007.0015 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111172242/http://email.eva.mpg.de/~blevins/pdf/webpub2007a.pdf |archivedate=2011-01-11 |df= }} *Blundell, David. "Austronesian Dispersal." ''Newsletter of Chinese Ethnology'' 35: 1–26. * {{cite journal | title = The Austronesian Homeland: A Linguistic Perspective | last = Blust | first = Robert | journal=Asian Perspectives | year=1985 | volume=26 | pages=46–67 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | chapter = Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: some issues in Austronesian comparative | last=Blust|first=Robert | year = 1999 | editor1-first=E.|editor1-last=Zeitoun |editor2-first=P.J.K |editor2-last=Li | title=Selected papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics | pages=31–94 | publisher=Academia Sinica | place=Taipei | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | contribution=Languages of the world | last = Comrie | first=Bernard | year = 2001 | title = The Handbook of LinguisticsLanguages of the world | pages = 19–42 | editor1-first = Mark | editor1-last = Aronoff | editor2-first = Janie |editor2-last = Rees-Miller, | publisher = Blackwell | place = Oxoniae | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | title=Taiwan's gift to the world | last=Diamond|first=Jared M| authorlink=Jared Diamond | year=2000 | url=http://faculty.washington.edu/plape/pacificarchwin06/readings/Diamond%20nature%202000.pdf |format=PDF | journal=Nature | volume=403 | pages=709–10 | ref=harv | doi=10.1038/35001685 | pmid=10693781 | issue=6771 | bibcode=2000Natur.403..709D}} * {{cite journal | title=A Lexicostatistical classification of the Austronesian languages | last=Dyen | first=Isidore | author-link=Isidore Dyen | year=1965 | journal=International Journal of American Linguistics | issue=Memoir 19 | ref=harv}}<!-- * {{cite conference | title = Current Developments in Comparative Austronesian Studies | last = Fox | first = James J. | url = http://dspace.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/43158/1/Comparative_Austronesian_Studies.pdf | format=PDF | conference = Symposium Austronesia Pascasarjana Linguististik dan Kajian Budaya | place=Universitas Udayana, Bali | date=19–20 August 2004 | ref=harv}}--> * {{cite web | title=Reading the Full Picture | author=Fuller, Peter | publisher=Canberra, Australia: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies | year=2002 | work=Asia Pacific Research | url=http://rspas.anu.edu.au/qb/articleFile.php?searchterm=3-4-3| accessdate=July 28, 2005 }} * {{cite journal | title = The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics | last1 = Greenhill | first = S.J. | last2 = Blust | first2 = R. | last3 = Gray |first3=R.D | year=2008 | url=http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/publications/index.php?pub=Greenhill_et_al2008 | journal = Evolutionary Bioinformatics |volume=4 |pages=271&ndash;283 | ref=harv }}. * {{cite web | title=Homepage of linguist Dr. Lawrence Reid | url=http://www2.hawaii.edu/~reid/ | accessdate=July 28, 2005 | ref=harv }} * {{cite journal | title = Origins of the East Formosans:Basay, Kavalan, Amis, and Siraya | year = 2004 | last1 = Li | first = Paul Jen-kuei | journal=Language and Linguistics | volume=5 | pages=363&ndash;376 | ref=harv | issue=2}}<!-- * {{cite conference | title = The Internal Relationships of Formosan Languages | last = Li | first = Paul Jen-kuei | url=http://www.sil.org/asia/philippines/ical/papers/Li-internal%20relationships%20formosan | format=PDF | accessdate= | conference = Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (ICAL) | date=17–20 Ianuarii 2006 | place=Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines | ref = harv}}--> * {{cite book | title = The Oceanic languages | place = Richmond, Surrey | publisher = Curzon Press | year = 2002 | authors = [[Ioannes Lynch (linguista)|Lynch, John]], [[Malcolm Ross (linguista)|Malcolm Ross]], et [[Terry Crowley (linguista)|Terry Crowley]] }} * {{cite journal | title=Genetic evidence for the proto-Austronesian homeland in Asia: mtDNA and nuclear DNA variation in Taiwanese aboriginal tribes | year = 1998 | accessdate= | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume=63 | pages=1807–23 | ref = {{harvid|Melton et al.|1998}} | pmc=1377653 | pmid=9837834 |author1=Melton T. |author2=Clifford S. |author3=Martinson J. |author4=Batzer M. |author5=Stoneking M. |last-author-amp=yes | doi=10.1086/302131 | issue=6 }} * {{cite book | contribution = Kra–Dai and Austronesian: Notes on phonological correspondences and vocabulary distribution | last = Ostapirat | first = Weera | year = 2005 | editors = Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench & Alicia Sanchez-Mazas | title = The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics | pages = 107–131 | place = Londinii | publisher = Routledge Curzon}}<!-- * {{cite conference | title= Austronesian: What linguists know and what they believe they know | last=Peiros| first=Ilia | conference = the workshop on Human migrations in continental East Asia and Taiwan | place= Geneva | date = June 10–13, 2004 | ref=harv}}--> * {{cite book | chapter= Proto Austronesian verbal morphology: a reappraisal | year= 2009 | last= Ross | first= Malcolm | title= Austronesian Historical Linguistics and Culture History: A Festschrift for Robert Blust | editor1-last= Adelaar | editor1-first= K. Alexander | editor2-last= Pawley | editor2-first= Andrew | location= Canberra | publisher= Pacific Linguistics | pp= 295–326 | ref= harv }} * {{cite journal | title=Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-anthropology_1993_22/page/425 | author=[[Malcolm Ross (linguista)|Ross, Malcolm]] |author2=Andrew Pawley |last-author-amp=yes | journal=Annual Review of Anthropology | year=1993 | volume=22 | pages= 425–459| doi=10.1146/annurev.an.22.100193.002233 | ref=harv | oclc=1783647 }} * {{cite book | chapter=Final words: research themes in the history and typology of western Austronesian languages | last=Ross | first=John | editor1-last=Wouk|editor1-first=Fay|editor2-first=Malcolm|editor2-last=Ross|year=2002 | title=The history and typology of Western Austronesian voice systems | pages=451–474 | place=Canberra | publisher=Pacific Linguistics | ref=harv}}<!-- * {{cite conference | title = Sino-Tibeto-Austronesian: An updated and improved argument | last = Sagart | first = Laurent | date = 8–11 January 2002 | url = http://halshs.ccsd.cnrs.fr/docs/00/08/50/59/PDF/canberra.pdf | format=PDF | accessdate= | conference = Ninth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (ICAL9) | place = Canberra, Australia | ref = harv}}--> * {{cite journal | title = The higher phylogeny of Austronesian and the position of Tai–Kadai | last = Sagart | first = Laurent | year = 2004 | journal = Oceanic Linguistics | volume=43 | issue = 2 | pages = 411–440 | ref = harv | doi=10.1353/ol.2005.0012 }} * {{cite book | contribution = Sino-Tibeto-Austronesian: An updated and improved argument | last = Sagart | first = Laurent | year = 2005 | editor-first = Roger | editor-last = Blench | editor2-first = Alicia | editor2-last=Sanchez-Mazas | title = The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics | url = https://archive.org/details/peoplingofeastas0000unse | pages = [https://archive.org/details/peoplingofeastas0000unse/page/161 161]–176 | publisher = Routledge Curzon | place = Londinii | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | contribution = Time perspective in aboriginal American culture: a study in method | last = Sapir | first = Edward | year = 1968 | title = Selected writings of Edward Sapir in language, culture and personality | url = https://archive.org/details/selectedwritings0000unse_t1d1 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/selectedwritings0000unse_t1d1/page/389 389]–467 | editor-first = D. G. | editor-last = Mandelbaum | place = Berkeleiae | publisher = University of California Press | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | title=A ramble through southern Formosa | last1=Taylor | first=G. | year=1888 | journal=The China Review | volume=16 | pages=137&ndash;161 | ref=harv }} * {{cite journal | title=Introduction: 'Austronesia' and the great Austronesian migration | last=Terrell | first=John Edward | journal=World Archaeology |date=December 2004 | volume=36 | pages=586–590 | ref=harv | issue =4 | doi=10.1080/0043824042000303764 }} * {{Cite journal | title=From Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects. Two Thousand Years of Language Contact and Change. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications No. 28 | last1=Thurgood | first=Graham | publisher=University of Hawai'i Press| place=Honolulu | year=1999 | ref=harv }} * {{cite journal | title = Traces of archaic mitochondrial lineages persist in Austronesian-speaking Formosan populations | year = 2005 | url = http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv?request=get-pdf&file=10.1371_journal.pbio.0030247-p-S.pdf | format=PDF | accessdate= | journal = PLoS Biol | volume = 3 | page = e247 | ref = {{harvid|Trejaut et al.|2005}} | author2 = Kivisild, T. | author3 = Loo, J. H. | author4 = Lee, C. L. | author5 = He, C. L. | author = Trejaut, J. A. | issue = 8 | doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030247 | pmid=15984912 | pmc=1166350 }} *Wouk, Fay, et [[Malcolm Ross (linguista)|Malcolm Ross]], eds. [[2002]]. The history and typology of western Austronesian voice systems. ''Pacific Linguistics.'' Canberrae: Australian National University. ==Bibliographia addita== *Bengtson, John D. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081030195658/http://jdbengt.net/articles/Austric.pdf ''The "Greater Austric" Hypothesis.''] Association for the Study of Language in Prehistory. *Blust, Rovert A. [[1983]]. ''Lexical reconstruction and semantic reconstruction: the case of the Austronesian "house" words.'' Hawaii: R. Blust. *Blust, Robert A. [[2016]]. ''History of the Austronesian Languages.'' Honolulu: University of Hawaii at Manoa. *Cohen, E. M. K. [[1999]]. ''Fundaments of Austronesian roots and etymology.'' Canberrae: Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 0 85883 4367. *Klamer, Marian. [[2019]]. "The dispersal of Austronesian languages in Island South East Asia: Current findings and debates." ''Language and Linguistics Compass'' 13 (4): e12325. doi:10.1111/lnc3.12325. *Marion, P. [[2009]]. ''Liste Swadesh élargie de onze langues austronésiennes.'' Editions Carré de sucre. *Pawley, Andrew, & Malcolm Ross. [[1994]]. ''Austronesian terminologies: continuity and change''. Canberrae: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University. ISBN 0858834243. *Sagart, Laurent, Roger Blench, et Alicia Sanchez-Nazas, eds. [[2004]]. ''The peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics.'' Londinii: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0415322421. *Tryon, D. T., et S. Tsuchida. [[1995]]. ''Comparative Austronesian dictionary: an introduction to Austronesian studies.'' Trends in linguistics, 10. Berolini: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3110127296. *Wittmann, Henri. [[1972]]. Le caractère génétiquement composite des changements phonétiques du malgache. 'http://www.nou-la.org/ling/1972a-malgache.pdf ''Proceedings of the International Congress of Phonetic Sciences''] 7.807-10. La Haye: Mouton. *Wolff, John U. [[1997]]. Comparative Austronesian Dictionary: An Introduction to Austronesian Studies. ''Language'' 73(1):145–156. ISSN 0097-8507. {{NexInt}} *[[Associatio Linguisticae Formalis Austronesicae]] *[[Austronesienses]] *[[Linguae mundi]] [[Categoria:Linguae Austronesicae|!]] {{Myrias|Anthropologia}} 3nn8l0vunjlr1jf0ry3uf9h2jceqpja 0 40699 3979936 3645027 2026-08-09T21:51:42Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cautio}} [[Fasciculus:Gray1224.png|thumb|Apparatus digestorius hominis: Intestinum tenue subrufum est colore.]] '''Intestinum tenue''' est pars [[Apparatus digestorius|apparatus digestorii]], accurate [[intestinum|intestini]], inter [[stomachus|stomachum]] et [[intestinum crassum]] sita. Intestinum tenue divisum est in: * [[Duodenum]] * [[Ieiunum]] * [[Ileum]] == Morbi intestini tenuis == === Enteritis === {{main|Enteritis}} [[Inflammatio]] intestini tenuis dicitur ''enteritis''. === Alii morbi (exempla) === * [[Alvi profluvium]] * [[Morbus Crohn]] * [[Ulcus duodeni]] * [[Ileus (morbus)|Ileus]] * [[Morbus Whipple]] * [[Cancer (morbus)|Cancer]] * [[Volvulus]] * [[Invaginatio (intestinum)|Invaginatio]] ==Bibliographia== * {{cite book | last = Sherwood | first = Lauralee | authorlink = | title = Fundamentals of physiology: a human perspective | publisher = Cengage Learning | year = [[2006]] | edition = Third | location = Florence, KY | pages = 768 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=GoMD0tpYgBkC | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-53-446697-4}} * Solomon, et al. [[2002]]. ''Biology.'' Ed. 6a. Brooks-Cole/Thomson Learning. ISBN 0-03-033503-5. * Townsend, et al. [[2004]]. ''Sabiston Textbook of Surgery.'' Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-0409-9. * {{cite journal | author = Thomson A, Drozdowski L, Iordache C, Thomson B, Vermeire S, Clandinin M, Wild G | title = Small bowel review: Normal physiology, part 1. | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_digestive-diseases-and-sciences_2003-08_48_8/page/1546 | journal = Dig Dis Sci | volume = 48 | issue = 8 | pages = 1546–64 | year = [[2003]] | pmid = 12924651 | doi = 10.1023/A:1024719925058}} * {{cite journal | author = Thomson A, Drozdowski L, Iordache C, Thomson B, Vermeire S, Clandinin M, Wild G | title = Small bowel review: Normal physiology, part 2. | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_digestive-diseases-and-sciences_2003-08_48_8/page/1565 | journal = Dig Dis Sci | volume = 48 | issue = 8 | pages = 1565–81 | year = [[2003]] | pmid = 12924652 | doi = 10.1023/A:1024724109128}} {{med-stipula}} {{Apparatus digestorius}} [[Categoria:Apparatus digestorius]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Biologia}} 53iqc0v0qcu7uu199s22o025avt9pdm 0 41444 3979718 3979487 2026-08-09T15:12:36Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De homine litterato */ 3979718 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Roma, metà di dittico con un'apoteosi, 400 circa.JPG|thumb|Consecratio Symmachi (ut vulgo putatur). Nam hoc dimidium [[Diptychon consulare|diptychum]] [[ebur|eburneum]] [[Monogramma|monogramma]] Symmachorum fert et circa 400 scalptum est.]] '''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus''' signo '''Eusebius''' (natus circa annum [[342]] - obiit anno [[402]]/[[403|3]]), filius [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus|Lucii Aurelii Avianii Symmachi]] fuit [[Senatus|senator]], [[consul]], [[praefectus urbi Romae]] annis [[384]] et [[385]] et orator. Vulgo pro opulentissimo oratore aetatis suae habitus absque nonnullis ipsi [[Cicero]]ni comparatus est<ref>Etiam ab adversariis ut [[Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'': I.632-642.</ref>. Notus est imprimis commendationis indulgentiae in omnes religiones causa, quam in controversia de ara Victoriae affirmavit. == De familia == Primus ex illa gente avus Quinti Symmachi, Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus, [[Consul|consulatus]] insignia "severitatis merito" anno [[330]] accepit; nova familia igitur in ordine senatorio erant Symmachi. Eo magis praerogativas ordinis vindicare visi sunt. Quintus sororem unam<ref>''Ep''. VIII.49</ref> et tres fratres habuit qui omnes ante ipsum obierunt<ref>Nam circa 380 de Celsino Titiano ita scripsit: ''tertius hic mihi de optimis fratribus luctus est'' (''ep''. III.6).</ref>. Circa 370 Quintus Rusticianam, filiam praefecti [[Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus|Orfiti]], uxorem duxit. Filia eis fuit ignoto nomine nomine<ref>''Ep''. VI.12, 67, 79</ref> quae [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior|Nicomacho Flaviano iuniori]] nupsit, ita adfinitatem inter duos e maximis scriptoribus illius aetatis firmans, et aliquanto postea filius [[Quintus Fabius Memmius Symmachus]] operum patris sui editor posthumus. A maioribus multa [[Immobile|bona immobilia]] hereditario accepit: tres domus Romae, unam [[Capua (urbs antiqua)|Capuae]], quindecim [[villa|villas]] plerumque in Italia meridionali sitas, praedia quoque in [[Samnium|Samnio]], [[Apulia]], [[Sicilia (provincia Romana)|Sicilia]], [[Mauretania (discretiva)|Mauretania]]. Inter tamen senatores modice divites numerabatur et ad munera [[Praetor|praetoria]] filii sui duo milia argenti pondo erogasse dicitur<ref>[[Olympiodorus Thebanus|Olympiodorus]], Fragmentum 44.</ref>. == De cursu honorum == * Annis incertis [[Quaestor|quaesturam]] et [[praetor|praeturam]] gessit. Circa idem tempus [[pontifex |pontifex maior]] cooptatus est<ref>''Epistulae'' I.49, 51 ;II.53 ; IX.147-8.</ref> nec aliud sacerdotium umquam suscepit, quamvis studiosus paganismi defensor<ref>CIL VI, 1699, stela a filio erecta quae cursum honorum Symmachi nobis servavit.</ref>. *364-5 tum cum pater [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] erat ipse corrector [[Lucania|Lucaniae]] et [[Bruttium|Brittiorum]] fit<ref>Cf ''Epistulae'' II.48.</ref>. Tum vetustissimas epistulas scribit quas quidem adhuc habeamus. * anno 369 [[Panegyricus|panegyricos]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] et [[Gratianus|Gratiani]] coram principibus pronuntiat<ref>''Orationes'' I-III.</ref>. In Gallia apud Valentinianus usque ad annum 370 mansit ubi [[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonium]] cognovit cuius amicitiam coluit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.14 et 32.</ref>. Mox [[comes]] tertii ordinis renuntiatur. * 373-4 [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsul Africae]] fit, officium honorificum sine vera potentia<ref>CIL VIII, 24584 et 5347 inscriptiones in [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa]] repertae. Cf ''Epistulae'' VIII.5 et 20. X.1.2-3.</ref>. * anno 376 Gratiani nuntium de morte [[Flavius Maximinus|Maximini]] in senatu recitat<ref>''Epistulae'' I.13 et X.2</ref>. Die 9 Ianuarii orationem ''Pro Trygetio'' in senatu habuit gratias agens quod patrem plebe seditiosa expulsum honorifice revocassent<ref>''Oratio'' V. Cf ''Epistulae'' I.44</ref>. *377-8 Aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.20 et 85. III.47.</ref> * anno 382 legatus senatorum ad Gratianum missus [[Ara Victoriae|aram Victoriae]] in [[Curia Hostilia|curia]] restituendam poscere volebat sed aditu principis prohibitus est<ref>Ambrosius, ''Epistulae'' 17.10</ref> * anno 384 [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] cum matre [[Iustina]] imperante [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus Urbi]] ''sub aestatis exordio''<ref>''Relatio'' 25.3</ref> fit. Tum iterum arae Victoriae restitutionem petiit<ref>''Relatio'' tertia.</ref> sed ab [[Ambrosius|Ambrosio]] episcopo victus est. Praeterea annonae angustiae eum ad magistratum deponendum incitaverunt (februario 385)<ref>Eventa huius praefecturae ab ipsius ''relationibus'' nota sunt. Vide etiam ''Epistulas'' II.36 et 55, III.28.</ref>. In praefectura [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinum]] magistrum rhetoricae nominavit<ref>''[[Confessiones (Augustinus)|Confessiones]]'' V.13.</ref>. * anno 387 partes usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Magni Maximi]] oratione quidem non armis<ref>[[Gennadius Scholasticus|Gennadius]], ''De Viris illustribus'' 49.</ref> sequitur quo mox a Theodosio victo veniam quidem impetrat (et Theodosio in oratione gratias agebat<ref>''Epistulae'' II.13, 28, 30-32.</ref>) sed eius dignitas aliquantum imminuta est<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistulae'' 1008</ref>. Revera [[Novatianus|Novatianorum]] intercessio episcopi ei saluti fuerat. * iamdiu orator disertissimus velut praeco senatorum erat et anno incerto [[princeps senatus]] publice nominatur<ref>[[Socrates Scholasticus]] V.14.6.</ref> * anno 390 cum Theodosio in gratiam redit et ad [[consul|consulatum ordinarium]] anni proximi designatur<ref>[[Prudentius]], [[Contra Symmachum]] I.622-5. Cf ''Epistulae'' II.62-4. V.15. IX.149. </ref> *anno 391 gratiarum actionem in aula Mediolani habet sed quia aram Victoriae memoravit a Theodosio ex urbe expellitur. * annis 392-4 ab [[Eugenius|Eugenii]] [[Arbogastes|Arbogastis]]que usurpatione ipse abstinet sed filius quaestor, gener praefectus Urbi sunt et amicus Virius Nicomachus Flavius post cladem sibi mortem voluntariam conscivit. *Usque ad annum 398 in umbra remanet. 396/7 aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' III.38-39, V.58 etc.</ref>, anno 398 plebe irata expulsus est ac postea revocatus<ref>''Epistulae'' VI.66, VIII.64-5, IX.81.</ref>. Ab illo anno cursui honorum Memmi filii (sc. praeturae) operam dat<ref>''Ep''. IV.7, 8, 12, 58, 59, 60, 63 etc. </ref> et usque ad mortem [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichoni]] tum in Occidente dominanti satis propinquus est. In summa munera honorifica multa absolvit, numquam tamen in aula apud principes vitam egit. Plerumque Romae aut in villis tempus litteris terebat. Itaque ad res magnas decidendas momentum non habuit. == De homine litterato == E litteris igitur et facultate dicendi pleramque auctoritatem suam ducebat. In litteris ut in republica aut religione [[mos maiorum|morem maiorum]] imprimis venerabatur. Ita [[Vergilius|Vergilium]], [[Cicero|Ciceronem]], [[Titus Maccius Plautus|Plautum]], [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentium]], [[Horatius|Horatium]] imprimis amat quorum sententiarum saepe in ''Epistulis'' meminit. Amplam bibliothecam sibi pararat: novimus enim apud Symmachum fuisse Titum Livium integrum quem emendare coeperat<ref>''Epistulae'' IX.13.</ref>, necnon [[Plinius Maior|Plinium Maiorem]] aut ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|Commentarios de Bello Gallico]]''. Ita quodam modo 'litteras classicas' iam invenerat quas spreta lingua suae aetatis colebat<ref>De Symmachi studiis vide G. Kroll(1891).</ref> et litteras amatas ut posteris traderentur curabat. Librarii enim apud Symmachos textus duplicabant. Adulescentes suae aetatis quoque ad rhetoricam studendam hortabatur<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004.</ref> et filio instituendo ipse operam dedit<ref>''Ep''. V.5 et VI.61</ref> In ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalibus]]''<ref>I.24.8.</ref> Vergilium non tantum litterarum sed etiam [[Theologia|theologiae]] et [[ritus|rituum]] magistrum esse contendebat. Non minus enim a novitatibus orientalibus in [[Polytheismus|polytheismum]] nuper introductis abhorrebat quam a Christianismo. Vetus Romanus volebat esse. == De operibus == Tria genera operum reliquit Symmachus, epistulas, relationes, orationes: * '''orationes''' octo ab ipso circa 376 publicatae sunt quae ad patrem, Valentinianos principes et alios homines nobiles pertinent == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == *[[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/foto/F010361 VI, 1699] ; VIII, 24584 ; VIII, 5347 *[[Ambrosius]], ''Epistulae'' XVII et XVIII *[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004. * [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' *[[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' == Editiones criticae et commentarii == [[Fasciculus:Base statua di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco - Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|CIL VI, 1699 = basis statuae a filio Memmio patri in [[Mons Caelius|monte Caelio]] erectae ubi eorum domus erat: cursum honorum brevem legere licet.]] *[[Collection des Universités de France]]: J.P. Callu, ''Symmaque. Correspondance.'' Les Belles Lettres, 1972-2002 (quattuor tomi) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1973_num_42_1_1704_t1_0288_0000_5 Recensio critica] ** ''Symmaque. Discours. Rapports'', ibidem, 2009 (tomus V operum) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2013_num_82_1_3841_t17_0359_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Giovanni Alberto Cecconi, ''Commento storico al libro II dell'Epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : con introduzione, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 2002 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003.11.17 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2004_num_73_1_2554_t1_0408_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/84769725/Giovanni_Alberto_Cecconi_Commento_storico_al_libro_II_dellepistolario_di_Q_Aurelio_Simmaco_Con_introduzione_testo_traduzione_e_indici Tertia recensio critica] *Maria Lubello, ''[https://flore.unifi.it/retrieve/5f4d48db-5049-487b-ac42-4092ba20a52a/Lubello_Maria_Commento_storico_libri_VII-VIII_2024.pdf Commento storico ai libri VII e VIII dell’epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, testo, traduzione, commento storico]'', Florentiae, 2024 [https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/1374992 Dissertatio academica] * Arnaldo Marcone, ''Commento storico al libro IV dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1987 ** Commento storico al libro VI dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: Introd., commento storico, teste, traduzione, indici, Pisae, 1983 *Andrea Pellizzari, ''Commento storico al libro III dell epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1983. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2003_num_72_1_2530_t1_0416_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Paola Rivolta Tiberga, ''Commento storico al libro V dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1982 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1996_num_65_1_1262_t1_0346_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Sergio Roda, ''Commento storico al libro IX dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 1981 * Domenico Vera, ''Commento storico alle "relationes" di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento, testo, traduzione, appendice sul libro X, 1-2, indici'', Pisae, 1981 == Plura legere si cupis == *Philippe Bruggisser, ''Symmaque ou le rituel épistolaire de l'amitié littéraire. Recherches sur le premier livre de la correspondance'', Fribourg, 1993 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1995_num_64_1_1237_t1_0337_0000_2 Recensio critica] *JP Callu, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2006_ant_361_1_11709 En marge des vieux livres : les manuscrits perdus de Symmaque]", ''Revue d’histoire des textes'', 1976: 197-217 *Nicolas Cavuoto-Denis, ''Vsus scribendi : le projet littéraire de Symmaque dans les Lettres, les Discours et les Rapports'', Turnhout, Brepols, 2023 [https://www.academia.edu/71771621/Vsus_scribendi_le_projet_litt%C3%A9raire_de_Symmaque_dans_les_Lettres_les_Discours_et_les_Rapports Summarium] *Octavius Clason, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=QywUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Symmachi epistularum codice Parisino]'', Bonnae, [1867] '''LATINE''' *Gerd Haverling, ''Studies on Symmachus' Language and Style'', [[Gothoburgum|Gothoburgi]], 1988 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1990_num_59_1_2300_t1_0385_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Gaëlle Hébert de la Portbarré-Viard, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2018_num_197_1_1925 Symmaque dans le ''Contra Symmachum'' de Prudence : enjeux et significations d’une mise à mort littéraire]", ''Vita Latina'', 2018: 148-172 * Bettina Hecht, ''Störungen der Rechtslage in den Relationen des Symmachus : Verwaltung und Rechtsprechung in Rom 384/385 n. Chr'', Berolini, 2006 [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7767/zrgra.2008.125.1.775/html Recensio critica] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/864/mode/2up 865-871] * R. Klein, Symmachus, ''Eine tragische Gestalt des ausgehenden Heidentums'', [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 1971 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3927_t1_0322_0000_1 Recensio critica] * Otto Koren, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=4akiGJ2DkE8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Quaestiones Symmachianae]'', Vindobonae, 1874 '''LATINE''' *Guilelmus Kroll, ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024459482&seq=5 De Q. Aurelii Symmachi studiis graecis et latinis]'', Vratislaviae, 1891 '''LATINE''' * Federico Lizzani, ''Il patrimonio di Q. Aurelius Symmachus a Roma e nel Lazio : una restituzione archeologica dall'epistolario'', Romae, "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2024 ISBN 978-88-913-3294-3 *John Alexander McGeachy, ''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and the Senatorial Aristocracy of the West'', University of Chicago, 1942 * Jill Mitchell, ''[https://www.academia.edu/118514477/The_Religious_world_of_Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]'', Trivent Publishing, 2021 *Eugenius Morin, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=6c9gM4kqQkIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Disquisitio chronologica de dimidia altera quarti saeculi parte juxta Symmachum]'', Parisiis, excudebat Panckoucke, 1847 '''LATINE''' * F. Paschoud (curator), ''Colloque genevois sur Symmaque : à l'occasion du mille six centième anniversaire du conflit de l'autel de la Victoire'', [1984], Les Belles lettres, 1986 *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 * Ernestus Theodorus Schulze, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=hIhHAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false De Q. Aurelii Symmachi vocabulorum formationibus ad sermonem vulgarem pertinentibus]'', Halis Saxonum, 1884 '''LATINE''' * Ramón Teja, ''La más antigua polémica sobre la tolerancia religiosa: el debate entre San Ambrosio de Milán y el senador Símaco sobre el Altar de la Victoria'', Matriti, 2023 ISBN 978-84-19782-23-6 *Cristiana Sogno, ''Q. Aurelius Symmachus : a political biography'', University of Michigan Press, 2006 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=N3qFtZRLuXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *L. M. A. Viola, ''Quinto Aurelio Simmaco : lo splendore della romanitas : la perfezione dell'uomo religioso romano-italiano e la costituzione della civiltà universale della pace'', Forii, Victrix, 2010 [https://bibcatalogo.uca.es/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=870445&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=2642939] {{NexInt}} * [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus Quintum Aurelium Symmachum] spectant *[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Libri_Decem_Epistolarum Libri decem epistolarum apud Vicifontem] * [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/3292.html De Quinto Aurelio Symmacho in ''A dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology'', I, [[Londinium|Londinii]], anno 1870, p. 959] (???? nexus falsus) * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~Harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Symmachus/sym_re03.html Tertia Relatio Symmachi] * [https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_auct_ant_6_1/index.htm#page/(III)/mode/1up Editio Ottonis Seeck, Q''. Aurelii Symmachi quae supersunt'' ] in Monumenta Germaniae Historica - (dMGH) * {{BBKL|s/s4/symmachus_a|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=SYMMACHUS EUSEBIUS, Q. AURELIUS|tomus=11|columnae=363-366}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090814190634/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/sym-amb/ambrepf.html Ambrosius, Epistulae xvii et xviii] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Valentinianus II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Neoterius]]| annus= 391<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Eutolmius Tatianus|Flavio Eutolmio Tatiano]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] II et [[Flavius Rufinus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|402|Aurelius Symmachus, Quintus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Gens Aurelia]] swq1c0z0i84fbm7l0m1hfm4abb0aj6d 3979719 3979718 2026-08-09T15:17:24Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De operibus */ 3979719 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Roma, metà di dittico con un'apoteosi, 400 circa.JPG|thumb|Consecratio Symmachi (ut vulgo putatur). Nam hoc dimidium [[Diptychon consulare|diptychum]] [[ebur|eburneum]] [[Monogramma|monogramma]] Symmachorum fert et circa 400 scalptum est.]] '''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus''' signo '''Eusebius''' (natus circa annum [[342]] - obiit anno [[402]]/[[403|3]]), filius [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus|Lucii Aurelii Avianii Symmachi]] fuit [[Senatus|senator]], [[consul]], [[praefectus urbi Romae]] annis [[384]] et [[385]] et orator. Vulgo pro opulentissimo oratore aetatis suae habitus absque nonnullis ipsi [[Cicero]]ni comparatus est<ref>Etiam ab adversariis ut [[Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'': I.632-642.</ref>. Notus est imprimis commendationis indulgentiae in omnes religiones causa, quam in controversia de ara Victoriae affirmavit. == De familia == Primus ex illa gente avus Quinti Symmachi, Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus, [[Consul|consulatus]] insignia "severitatis merito" anno [[330]] accepit; nova familia igitur in ordine senatorio erant Symmachi. Eo magis praerogativas ordinis vindicare visi sunt. Quintus sororem unam<ref>''Ep''. VIII.49</ref> et tres fratres habuit qui omnes ante ipsum obierunt<ref>Nam circa 380 de Celsino Titiano ita scripsit: ''tertius hic mihi de optimis fratribus luctus est'' (''ep''. III.6).</ref>. Circa 370 Quintus Rusticianam, filiam praefecti [[Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus|Orfiti]], uxorem duxit. Filia eis fuit ignoto nomine nomine<ref>''Ep''. VI.12, 67, 79</ref> quae [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior|Nicomacho Flaviano iuniori]] nupsit, ita adfinitatem inter duos e maximis scriptoribus illius aetatis firmans, et aliquanto postea filius [[Quintus Fabius Memmius Symmachus]] operum patris sui editor posthumus. A maioribus multa [[Immobile|bona immobilia]] hereditario accepit: tres domus Romae, unam [[Capua (urbs antiqua)|Capuae]], quindecim [[villa|villas]] plerumque in Italia meridionali sitas, praedia quoque in [[Samnium|Samnio]], [[Apulia]], [[Sicilia (provincia Romana)|Sicilia]], [[Mauretania (discretiva)|Mauretania]]. Inter tamen senatores modice divites numerabatur et ad munera [[Praetor|praetoria]] filii sui duo milia argenti pondo erogasse dicitur<ref>[[Olympiodorus Thebanus|Olympiodorus]], Fragmentum 44.</ref>. == De cursu honorum == * Annis incertis [[Quaestor|quaesturam]] et [[praetor|praeturam]] gessit. Circa idem tempus [[pontifex |pontifex maior]] cooptatus est<ref>''Epistulae'' I.49, 51 ;II.53 ; IX.147-8.</ref> nec aliud sacerdotium umquam suscepit, quamvis studiosus paganismi defensor<ref>CIL VI, 1699, stela a filio erecta quae cursum honorum Symmachi nobis servavit.</ref>. *364-5 tum cum pater [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] erat ipse corrector [[Lucania|Lucaniae]] et [[Bruttium|Brittiorum]] fit<ref>Cf ''Epistulae'' II.48.</ref>. Tum vetustissimas epistulas scribit quas quidem adhuc habeamus. * anno 369 [[Panegyricus|panegyricos]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] et [[Gratianus|Gratiani]] coram principibus pronuntiat<ref>''Orationes'' I-III.</ref>. In Gallia apud Valentinianus usque ad annum 370 mansit ubi [[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonium]] cognovit cuius amicitiam coluit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.14 et 32.</ref>. Mox [[comes]] tertii ordinis renuntiatur. * 373-4 [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsul Africae]] fit, officium honorificum sine vera potentia<ref>CIL VIII, 24584 et 5347 inscriptiones in [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa]] repertae. Cf ''Epistulae'' VIII.5 et 20. X.1.2-3.</ref>. * anno 376 Gratiani nuntium de morte [[Flavius Maximinus|Maximini]] in senatu recitat<ref>''Epistulae'' I.13 et X.2</ref>. Die 9 Ianuarii orationem ''Pro Trygetio'' in senatu habuit gratias agens quod patrem plebe seditiosa expulsum honorifice revocassent<ref>''Oratio'' V. Cf ''Epistulae'' I.44</ref>. *377-8 Aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.20 et 85. III.47.</ref> * anno 382 legatus senatorum ad Gratianum missus [[Ara Victoriae|aram Victoriae]] in [[Curia Hostilia|curia]] restituendam poscere volebat sed aditu principis prohibitus est<ref>Ambrosius, ''Epistulae'' 17.10</ref> * anno 384 [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] cum matre [[Iustina]] imperante [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus Urbi]] ''sub aestatis exordio''<ref>''Relatio'' 25.3</ref> fit. Tum iterum arae Victoriae restitutionem petiit<ref>''Relatio'' tertia.</ref> sed ab [[Ambrosius|Ambrosio]] episcopo victus est. Praeterea annonae angustiae eum ad magistratum deponendum incitaverunt (februario 385)<ref>Eventa huius praefecturae ab ipsius ''relationibus'' nota sunt. Vide etiam ''Epistulas'' II.36 et 55, III.28.</ref>. In praefectura [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinum]] magistrum rhetoricae nominavit<ref>''[[Confessiones (Augustinus)|Confessiones]]'' V.13.</ref>. * anno 387 partes usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Magni Maximi]] oratione quidem non armis<ref>[[Gennadius Scholasticus|Gennadius]], ''De Viris illustribus'' 49.</ref> sequitur quo mox a Theodosio victo veniam quidem impetrat (et Theodosio in oratione gratias agebat<ref>''Epistulae'' II.13, 28, 30-32.</ref>) sed eius dignitas aliquantum imminuta est<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistulae'' 1008</ref>. Revera [[Novatianus|Novatianorum]] intercessio episcopi ei saluti fuerat. * iamdiu orator disertissimus velut praeco senatorum erat et anno incerto [[princeps senatus]] publice nominatur<ref>[[Socrates Scholasticus]] V.14.6.</ref> * anno 390 cum Theodosio in gratiam redit et ad [[consul|consulatum ordinarium]] anni proximi designatur<ref>[[Prudentius]], [[Contra Symmachum]] I.622-5. Cf ''Epistulae'' II.62-4. V.15. IX.149. </ref> *anno 391 gratiarum actionem in aula Mediolani habet sed quia aram Victoriae memoravit a Theodosio ex urbe expellitur. * annis 392-4 ab [[Eugenius|Eugenii]] [[Arbogastes|Arbogastis]]que usurpatione ipse abstinet sed filius quaestor, gener praefectus Urbi sunt et amicus Virius Nicomachus Flavius post cladem sibi mortem voluntariam conscivit. *Usque ad annum 398 in umbra remanet. 396/7 aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' III.38-39, V.58 etc.</ref>, anno 398 plebe irata expulsus est ac postea revocatus<ref>''Epistulae'' VI.66, VIII.64-5, IX.81.</ref>. Ab illo anno cursui honorum Memmi filii (sc. praeturae) operam dat<ref>''Ep''. IV.7, 8, 12, 58, 59, 60, 63 etc. </ref> et usque ad mortem [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichoni]] tum in Occidente dominanti satis propinquus est. In summa munera honorifica multa absolvit, numquam tamen in aula apud principes vitam egit. Plerumque Romae aut in villis tempus litteris terebat. Itaque ad res magnas decidendas momentum non habuit. == De homine litterato == E litteris igitur et facultate dicendi pleramque auctoritatem suam ducebat. In litteris ut in republica aut religione [[mos maiorum|morem maiorum]] imprimis venerabatur. Ita [[Vergilius|Vergilium]], [[Cicero|Ciceronem]], [[Titus Maccius Plautus|Plautum]], [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentium]], [[Horatius|Horatium]] imprimis amat quorum sententiarum saepe in ''Epistulis'' meminit. Amplam bibliothecam sibi pararat: novimus enim apud Symmachum fuisse Titum Livium integrum quem emendare coeperat<ref>''Epistulae'' IX.13.</ref>, necnon [[Plinius Maior|Plinium Maiorem]] aut ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|Commentarios de Bello Gallico]]''. Ita quodam modo 'litteras classicas' iam invenerat quas spreta lingua suae aetatis colebat<ref>De Symmachi studiis vide G. Kroll(1891).</ref> et litteras amatas ut posteris traderentur curabat. Librarii enim apud Symmachos textus duplicabant. Adulescentes suae aetatis quoque ad rhetoricam studendam hortabatur<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004.</ref> et filio instituendo ipse operam dedit<ref>''Ep''. V.5 et VI.61</ref> In ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalibus]]''<ref>I.24.8.</ref> Vergilium non tantum litterarum sed etiam [[Theologia|theologiae]] et [[ritus|rituum]] magistrum esse contendebat. Non minus enim a novitatibus orientalibus in [[Polytheismus|polytheismum]] nuper introductis abhorrebat quam a Christianismo. Vetus Romanus volebat esse. == De operibus == Tria genera operum reliquit Symmachus, epistulas, relationes, orationes: * '''orationes''' octo ab ipso circa 376 publicatae sunt quae ad patrem, Valentinianos principes et alios homines nobiles pertinent. Anno [[1815]] in [[Palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] ab [[Angelus Mai|Angelo Mai]] inventae sunt, antea a septimo saeculo deperditae. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == *[[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/foto/F010361 VI, 1699] ; VIII, 24584 ; VIII, 5347 *[[Ambrosius]], ''Epistulae'' XVII et XVIII *[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004. * [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' *[[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' == Editiones criticae et commentarii == [[Fasciculus:Base statua di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco - Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|CIL VI, 1699 = basis statuae a filio Memmio patri in [[Mons Caelius|monte Caelio]] erectae ubi eorum domus erat: cursum honorum brevem legere licet.]] *[[Collection des Universités de France]]: J.P. Callu, ''Symmaque. Correspondance.'' Les Belles Lettres, 1972-2002 (quattuor tomi) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1973_num_42_1_1704_t1_0288_0000_5 Recensio critica] ** ''Symmaque. Discours. Rapports'', ibidem, 2009 (tomus V operum) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2013_num_82_1_3841_t17_0359_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Giovanni Alberto Cecconi, ''Commento storico al libro II dell'Epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : con introduzione, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 2002 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003.11.17 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2004_num_73_1_2554_t1_0408_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/84769725/Giovanni_Alberto_Cecconi_Commento_storico_al_libro_II_dellepistolario_di_Q_Aurelio_Simmaco_Con_introduzione_testo_traduzione_e_indici Tertia recensio critica] *Maria Lubello, ''[https://flore.unifi.it/retrieve/5f4d48db-5049-487b-ac42-4092ba20a52a/Lubello_Maria_Commento_storico_libri_VII-VIII_2024.pdf Commento storico ai libri VII e VIII dell’epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, testo, traduzione, commento storico]'', Florentiae, 2024 [https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/1374992 Dissertatio academica] * Arnaldo Marcone, ''Commento storico al libro IV dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1987 ** Commento storico al libro VI dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: Introd., commento storico, teste, traduzione, indici, Pisae, 1983 *Andrea Pellizzari, ''Commento storico al libro III dell epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1983. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2003_num_72_1_2530_t1_0416_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Paola Rivolta Tiberga, ''Commento storico al libro V dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1982 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1996_num_65_1_1262_t1_0346_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Sergio Roda, ''Commento storico al libro IX dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 1981 * Domenico Vera, ''Commento storico alle "relationes" di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento, testo, traduzione, appendice sul libro X, 1-2, indici'', Pisae, 1981 == Plura legere si cupis == *Philippe Bruggisser, ''Symmaque ou le rituel épistolaire de l'amitié littéraire. Recherches sur le premier livre de la correspondance'', Fribourg, 1993 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1995_num_64_1_1237_t1_0337_0000_2 Recensio critica] *JP Callu, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2006_ant_361_1_11709 En marge des vieux livres : les manuscrits perdus de Symmaque]", ''Revue d’histoire des textes'', 1976: 197-217 *Nicolas Cavuoto-Denis, ''Vsus scribendi : le projet littéraire de Symmaque dans les Lettres, les Discours et les Rapports'', Turnhout, Brepols, 2023 [https://www.academia.edu/71771621/Vsus_scribendi_le_projet_litt%C3%A9raire_de_Symmaque_dans_les_Lettres_les_Discours_et_les_Rapports Summarium] *Octavius Clason, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=QywUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Symmachi epistularum codice Parisino]'', Bonnae, [1867] '''LATINE''' *Gerd Haverling, ''Studies on Symmachus' Language and Style'', [[Gothoburgum|Gothoburgi]], 1988 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1990_num_59_1_2300_t1_0385_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Gaëlle Hébert de la Portbarré-Viard, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2018_num_197_1_1925 Symmaque dans le ''Contra Symmachum'' de Prudence : enjeux et significations d’une mise à mort littéraire]", ''Vita Latina'', 2018: 148-172 * Bettina Hecht, ''Störungen der Rechtslage in den Relationen des Symmachus : Verwaltung und Rechtsprechung in Rom 384/385 n. Chr'', Berolini, 2006 [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7767/zrgra.2008.125.1.775/html Recensio critica] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/864/mode/2up 865-871] * R. Klein, Symmachus, ''Eine tragische Gestalt des ausgehenden Heidentums'', [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 1971 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3927_t1_0322_0000_1 Recensio critica] * Otto Koren, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=4akiGJ2DkE8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Quaestiones Symmachianae]'', Vindobonae, 1874 '''LATINE''' *Guilelmus Kroll, ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024459482&seq=5 De Q. Aurelii Symmachi studiis graecis et latinis]'', Vratislaviae, 1891 '''LATINE''' * Federico Lizzani, ''Il patrimonio di Q. Aurelius Symmachus a Roma e nel Lazio : una restituzione archeologica dall'epistolario'', Romae, "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2024 ISBN 978-88-913-3294-3 *John Alexander McGeachy, ''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and the Senatorial Aristocracy of the West'', University of Chicago, 1942 * Jill Mitchell, ''[https://www.academia.edu/118514477/The_Religious_world_of_Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]'', Trivent Publishing, 2021 *Eugenius Morin, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=6c9gM4kqQkIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Disquisitio chronologica de dimidia altera quarti saeculi parte juxta Symmachum]'', Parisiis, excudebat Panckoucke, 1847 '''LATINE''' * F. Paschoud (curator), ''Colloque genevois sur Symmaque : à l'occasion du mille six centième anniversaire du conflit de l'autel de la Victoire'', [1984], Les Belles lettres, 1986 *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 * Ernestus Theodorus Schulze, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=hIhHAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false De Q. Aurelii Symmachi vocabulorum formationibus ad sermonem vulgarem pertinentibus]'', Halis Saxonum, 1884 '''LATINE''' * Ramón Teja, ''La más antigua polémica sobre la tolerancia religiosa: el debate entre San Ambrosio de Milán y el senador Símaco sobre el Altar de la Victoria'', Matriti, 2023 ISBN 978-84-19782-23-6 *Cristiana Sogno, ''Q. Aurelius Symmachus : a political biography'', University of Michigan Press, 2006 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=N3qFtZRLuXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *L. M. A. Viola, ''Quinto Aurelio Simmaco : lo splendore della romanitas : la perfezione dell'uomo religioso romano-italiano e la costituzione della civiltà universale della pace'', Forii, Victrix, 2010 [https://bibcatalogo.uca.es/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=870445&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=2642939] {{NexInt}} * [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus Quintum Aurelium Symmachum] spectant *[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Libri_Decem_Epistolarum Libri decem epistolarum apud Vicifontem] * [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/3292.html De Quinto Aurelio Symmacho in ''A dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology'', I, [[Londinium|Londinii]], anno 1870, p. 959] (???? nexus falsus) * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~Harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Symmachus/sym_re03.html Tertia Relatio Symmachi] * [https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_auct_ant_6_1/index.htm#page/(III)/mode/1up Editio Ottonis Seeck, Q''. Aurelii Symmachi quae supersunt'' ] in Monumenta Germaniae Historica - (dMGH) * {{BBKL|s/s4/symmachus_a|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=SYMMACHUS EUSEBIUS, Q. AURELIUS|tomus=11|columnae=363-366}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090814190634/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/sym-amb/ambrepf.html Ambrosius, Epistulae xvii et xviii] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Valentinianus II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Neoterius]]| annus= 391<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Eutolmius Tatianus|Flavio Eutolmio Tatiano]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] II et [[Flavius Rufinus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|402|Aurelius Symmachus, Quintus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Gens Aurelia]] jdeamhxk17r8p9vuvp1uo48ce9ui86q 3979722 3979719 2026-08-09T15:21:05Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De operibus */ 3979722 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Roma, metà di dittico con un'apoteosi, 400 circa.JPG|thumb|Consecratio Symmachi (ut vulgo putatur). Nam hoc dimidium [[Diptychon consulare|diptychum]] [[ebur|eburneum]] [[Monogramma|monogramma]] Symmachorum fert et circa 400 scalptum est.]] '''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus''' signo '''Eusebius''' (natus circa annum [[342]] - obiit anno [[402]]/[[403|3]]), filius [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus|Lucii Aurelii Avianii Symmachi]] fuit [[Senatus|senator]], [[consul]], [[praefectus urbi Romae]] annis [[384]] et [[385]] et orator. Vulgo pro opulentissimo oratore aetatis suae habitus absque nonnullis ipsi [[Cicero]]ni comparatus est<ref>Etiam ab adversariis ut [[Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'': I.632-642.</ref>. Notus est imprimis commendationis indulgentiae in omnes religiones causa, quam in controversia de ara Victoriae affirmavit. == De familia == Primus ex illa gente avus Quinti Symmachi, Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus, [[Consul|consulatus]] insignia "severitatis merito" anno [[330]] accepit; nova familia igitur in ordine senatorio erant Symmachi. Eo magis praerogativas ordinis vindicare visi sunt. Quintus sororem unam<ref>''Ep''. VIII.49</ref> et tres fratres habuit qui omnes ante ipsum obierunt<ref>Nam circa 380 de Celsino Titiano ita scripsit: ''tertius hic mihi de optimis fratribus luctus est'' (''ep''. III.6).</ref>. Circa 370 Quintus Rusticianam, filiam praefecti [[Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus|Orfiti]], uxorem duxit. Filia eis fuit ignoto nomine nomine<ref>''Ep''. VI.12, 67, 79</ref> quae [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior|Nicomacho Flaviano iuniori]] nupsit, ita adfinitatem inter duos e maximis scriptoribus illius aetatis firmans, et aliquanto postea filius [[Quintus Fabius Memmius Symmachus]] operum patris sui editor posthumus. A maioribus multa [[Immobile|bona immobilia]] hereditario accepit: tres domus Romae, unam [[Capua (urbs antiqua)|Capuae]], quindecim [[villa|villas]] plerumque in Italia meridionali sitas, praedia quoque in [[Samnium|Samnio]], [[Apulia]], [[Sicilia (provincia Romana)|Sicilia]], [[Mauretania (discretiva)|Mauretania]]. Inter tamen senatores modice divites numerabatur et ad munera [[Praetor|praetoria]] filii sui duo milia argenti pondo erogasse dicitur<ref>[[Olympiodorus Thebanus|Olympiodorus]], Fragmentum 44.</ref>. == De cursu honorum == * Annis incertis [[Quaestor|quaesturam]] et [[praetor|praeturam]] gessit. Circa idem tempus [[pontifex |pontifex maior]] cooptatus est<ref>''Epistulae'' I.49, 51 ;II.53 ; IX.147-8.</ref> nec aliud sacerdotium umquam suscepit, quamvis studiosus paganismi defensor<ref>CIL VI, 1699, stela a filio erecta quae cursum honorum Symmachi nobis servavit.</ref>. *364-5 tum cum pater [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] erat ipse corrector [[Lucania|Lucaniae]] et [[Bruttium|Brittiorum]] fit<ref>Cf ''Epistulae'' II.48.</ref>. Tum vetustissimas epistulas scribit quas quidem adhuc habeamus. * anno 369 [[Panegyricus|panegyricos]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] et [[Gratianus|Gratiani]] coram principibus pronuntiat<ref>''Orationes'' I-III.</ref>. In Gallia apud Valentinianus usque ad annum 370 mansit ubi [[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonium]] cognovit cuius amicitiam coluit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.14 et 32.</ref>. Mox [[comes]] tertii ordinis renuntiatur. * 373-4 [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsul Africae]] fit, officium honorificum sine vera potentia<ref>CIL VIII, 24584 et 5347 inscriptiones in [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa]] repertae. Cf ''Epistulae'' VIII.5 et 20. X.1.2-3.</ref>. * anno 376 Gratiani nuntium de morte [[Flavius Maximinus|Maximini]] in senatu recitat<ref>''Epistulae'' I.13 et X.2</ref>. Die 9 Ianuarii orationem ''Pro Trygetio'' in senatu habuit gratias agens quod patrem plebe seditiosa expulsum honorifice revocassent<ref>''Oratio'' V. Cf ''Epistulae'' I.44</ref>. *377-8 Aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.20 et 85. III.47.</ref> * anno 382 legatus senatorum ad Gratianum missus [[Ara Victoriae|aram Victoriae]] in [[Curia Hostilia|curia]] restituendam poscere volebat sed aditu principis prohibitus est<ref>Ambrosius, ''Epistulae'' 17.10</ref> * anno 384 [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] cum matre [[Iustina]] imperante [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus Urbi]] ''sub aestatis exordio''<ref>''Relatio'' 25.3</ref> fit. Tum iterum arae Victoriae restitutionem petiit<ref>''Relatio'' tertia.</ref> sed ab [[Ambrosius|Ambrosio]] episcopo victus est. Praeterea annonae angustiae eum ad magistratum deponendum incitaverunt (februario 385)<ref>Eventa huius praefecturae ab ipsius ''relationibus'' nota sunt. Vide etiam ''Epistulas'' II.36 et 55, III.28.</ref>. In praefectura [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinum]] magistrum rhetoricae nominavit<ref>''[[Confessiones (Augustinus)|Confessiones]]'' V.13.</ref>. * anno 387 partes usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Magni Maximi]] oratione quidem non armis<ref>[[Gennadius Scholasticus|Gennadius]], ''De Viris illustribus'' 49.</ref> sequitur quo mox a Theodosio victo veniam quidem impetrat (et Theodosio in oratione gratias agebat<ref>''Epistulae'' II.13, 28, 30-32.</ref>) sed eius dignitas aliquantum imminuta est<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistulae'' 1008</ref>. Revera [[Novatianus|Novatianorum]] intercessio episcopi ei saluti fuerat. * iamdiu orator disertissimus velut praeco senatorum erat et anno incerto [[princeps senatus]] publice nominatur<ref>[[Socrates Scholasticus]] V.14.6.</ref> * anno 390 cum Theodosio in gratiam redit et ad [[consul|consulatum ordinarium]] anni proximi designatur<ref>[[Prudentius]], [[Contra Symmachum]] I.622-5. Cf ''Epistulae'' II.62-4. V.15. IX.149. </ref> *anno 391 gratiarum actionem in aula Mediolani habet sed quia aram Victoriae memoravit a Theodosio ex urbe expellitur. * annis 392-4 ab [[Eugenius|Eugenii]] [[Arbogastes|Arbogastis]]que usurpatione ipse abstinet sed filius quaestor, gener praefectus Urbi sunt et amicus Virius Nicomachus Flavius post cladem sibi mortem voluntariam conscivit. *Usque ad annum 398 in umbra remanet. 396/7 aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' III.38-39, V.58 etc.</ref>, anno 398 plebe irata expulsus est ac postea revocatus<ref>''Epistulae'' VI.66, VIII.64-5, IX.81.</ref>. Ab illo anno cursui honorum Memmi filii (sc. praeturae) operam dat<ref>''Ep''. IV.7, 8, 12, 58, 59, 60, 63 etc. </ref> et usque ad mortem [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichoni]] tum in Occidente dominanti satis propinquus est. In summa munera honorifica multa absolvit, numquam tamen in aula apud principes vitam egit. Plerumque Romae aut in villis tempus litteris terebat. Itaque ad res magnas decidendas momentum non habuit. == De homine litterato == E litteris igitur et facultate dicendi pleramque auctoritatem suam ducebat. In litteris ut in republica aut religione [[mos maiorum|morem maiorum]] imprimis venerabatur. Ita [[Vergilius|Vergilium]], [[Cicero|Ciceronem]], [[Titus Maccius Plautus|Plautum]], [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentium]], [[Horatius|Horatium]] imprimis amat quorum sententiarum saepe in ''Epistulis'' meminit. Amplam bibliothecam sibi pararat: novimus enim apud Symmachum fuisse Titum Livium integrum quem emendare coeperat<ref>''Epistulae'' IX.13.</ref>, necnon [[Plinius Maior|Plinium Maiorem]] aut ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|Commentarios de Bello Gallico]]''. Ita quodam modo 'litteras classicas' iam invenerat quas spreta lingua suae aetatis colebat<ref>De Symmachi studiis vide G. Kroll(1891).</ref> et litteras amatas ut posteris traderentur curabat. Librarii enim apud Symmachos textus duplicabant. Adulescentes suae aetatis quoque ad rhetoricam studendam hortabatur<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004.</ref> et filio instituendo ipse operam dedit<ref>''Ep''. V.5 et VI.61</ref> In ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalibus]]''<ref>I.24.8.</ref> Vergilium non tantum litterarum sed etiam [[Theologia|theologiae]] et [[ritus|rituum]] magistrum esse contendebat. Non minus enim a novitatibus orientalibus in [[Polytheismus|polytheismum]] nuper introductis abhorrebat quam a Christianismo. Vetus Romanus volebat esse. == De operibus == Tria genera operum reliquit Symmachus, epistulas, relationes, orationes: * '''orationes''' octo ab ipso circa 376 publicatae sunt quae ad patrem, Valentinianos principes et alios homines nobiles pertinent. Anno [[1815]] in [[Palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] ab [[Angelus Mai|Angelo Mai]] inventae sunt, antea a septimo saeculo deperditae. *'''relationes''' 49 statim post prefecturam circa 385 edidit inter quas celeberrima tertia relatio de ara Victoriae versatur. Illae relationes illius actionem in magistratus gerendo recensent. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == *[[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/foto/F010361 VI, 1699] ; VIII, 24584 ; VIII, 5347 *[[Ambrosius]], ''Epistulae'' XVII et XVIII *[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004. * [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' *[[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' == Editiones criticae et commentarii == [[Fasciculus:Base statua di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco - Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|CIL VI, 1699 = basis statuae a filio Memmio patri in [[Mons Caelius|monte Caelio]] erectae ubi eorum domus erat: cursum honorum brevem legere licet.]] *[[Collection des Universités de France]]: J.P. Callu, ''Symmaque. Correspondance.'' Les Belles Lettres, 1972-2002 (quattuor tomi) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1973_num_42_1_1704_t1_0288_0000_5 Recensio critica] ** ''Symmaque. Discours. Rapports'', ibidem, 2009 (tomus V operum) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2013_num_82_1_3841_t17_0359_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Giovanni Alberto Cecconi, ''Commento storico al libro II dell'Epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : con introduzione, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 2002 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003.11.17 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2004_num_73_1_2554_t1_0408_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/84769725/Giovanni_Alberto_Cecconi_Commento_storico_al_libro_II_dellepistolario_di_Q_Aurelio_Simmaco_Con_introduzione_testo_traduzione_e_indici Tertia recensio critica] *Maria Lubello, ''[https://flore.unifi.it/retrieve/5f4d48db-5049-487b-ac42-4092ba20a52a/Lubello_Maria_Commento_storico_libri_VII-VIII_2024.pdf Commento storico ai libri VII e VIII dell’epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, testo, traduzione, commento storico]'', Florentiae, 2024 [https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/1374992 Dissertatio academica] * Arnaldo Marcone, ''Commento storico al libro IV dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1987 ** Commento storico al libro VI dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: Introd., commento storico, teste, traduzione, indici, Pisae, 1983 *Andrea Pellizzari, ''Commento storico al libro III dell epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1983. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2003_num_72_1_2530_t1_0416_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Paola Rivolta Tiberga, ''Commento storico al libro V dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1982 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1996_num_65_1_1262_t1_0346_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Sergio Roda, ''Commento storico al libro IX dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 1981 * Domenico Vera, ''Commento storico alle "relationes" di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento, testo, traduzione, appendice sul libro X, 1-2, indici'', Pisae, 1981 == Plura legere si cupis == *Philippe Bruggisser, ''Symmaque ou le rituel épistolaire de l'amitié littéraire. Recherches sur le premier livre de la correspondance'', Fribourg, 1993 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1995_num_64_1_1237_t1_0337_0000_2 Recensio critica] *JP Callu, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2006_ant_361_1_11709 En marge des vieux livres : les manuscrits perdus de Symmaque]", ''Revue d’histoire des textes'', 1976: 197-217 *Nicolas Cavuoto-Denis, ''Vsus scribendi : le projet littéraire de Symmaque dans les Lettres, les Discours et les Rapports'', Turnhout, Brepols, 2023 [https://www.academia.edu/71771621/Vsus_scribendi_le_projet_litt%C3%A9raire_de_Symmaque_dans_les_Lettres_les_Discours_et_les_Rapports Summarium] *Octavius Clason, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=QywUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Symmachi epistularum codice Parisino]'', Bonnae, [1867] '''LATINE''' *Gerd Haverling, ''Studies on Symmachus' Language and Style'', [[Gothoburgum|Gothoburgi]], 1988 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1990_num_59_1_2300_t1_0385_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Gaëlle Hébert de la Portbarré-Viard, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2018_num_197_1_1925 Symmaque dans le ''Contra Symmachum'' de Prudence : enjeux et significations d’une mise à mort littéraire]", ''Vita Latina'', 2018: 148-172 * Bettina Hecht, ''Störungen der Rechtslage in den Relationen des Symmachus : Verwaltung und Rechtsprechung in Rom 384/385 n. Chr'', Berolini, 2006 [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7767/zrgra.2008.125.1.775/html Recensio critica] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/864/mode/2up 865-871] * R. Klein, Symmachus, ''Eine tragische Gestalt des ausgehenden Heidentums'', [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 1971 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3927_t1_0322_0000_1 Recensio critica] * Otto Koren, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=4akiGJ2DkE8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Quaestiones Symmachianae]'', Vindobonae, 1874 '''LATINE''' *Guilelmus Kroll, ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024459482&seq=5 De Q. Aurelii Symmachi studiis graecis et latinis]'', Vratislaviae, 1891 '''LATINE''' * Federico Lizzani, ''Il patrimonio di Q. Aurelius Symmachus a Roma e nel Lazio : una restituzione archeologica dall'epistolario'', Romae, "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2024 ISBN 978-88-913-3294-3 *John Alexander McGeachy, ''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and the Senatorial Aristocracy of the West'', University of Chicago, 1942 * Jill Mitchell, ''[https://www.academia.edu/118514477/The_Religious_world_of_Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]'', Trivent Publishing, 2021 *Eugenius Morin, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=6c9gM4kqQkIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Disquisitio chronologica de dimidia altera quarti saeculi parte juxta Symmachum]'', Parisiis, excudebat Panckoucke, 1847 '''LATINE''' * F. Paschoud (curator), ''Colloque genevois sur Symmaque : à l'occasion du mille six centième anniversaire du conflit de l'autel de la Victoire'', [1984], Les Belles lettres, 1986 *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 * Ernestus Theodorus Schulze, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=hIhHAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false De Q. Aurelii Symmachi vocabulorum formationibus ad sermonem vulgarem pertinentibus]'', Halis Saxonum, 1884 '''LATINE''' * Ramón Teja, ''La más antigua polémica sobre la tolerancia religiosa: el debate entre San Ambrosio de Milán y el senador Símaco sobre el Altar de la Victoria'', Matriti, 2023 ISBN 978-84-19782-23-6 *Cristiana Sogno, ''Q. Aurelius Symmachus : a political biography'', University of Michigan Press, 2006 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=N3qFtZRLuXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *L. M. A. Viola, ''Quinto Aurelio Simmaco : lo splendore della romanitas : la perfezione dell'uomo religioso romano-italiano e la costituzione della civiltà universale della pace'', Forii, Victrix, 2010 [https://bibcatalogo.uca.es/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=870445&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=2642939] {{NexInt}} * [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus Quintum Aurelium Symmachum] spectant *[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Libri_Decem_Epistolarum Libri decem epistolarum apud Vicifontem] * [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/3292.html De Quinto Aurelio Symmacho in ''A dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology'', I, [[Londinium|Londinii]], anno 1870, p. 959] (???? nexus falsus) * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~Harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Symmachus/sym_re03.html Tertia Relatio Symmachi] * [https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_auct_ant_6_1/index.htm#page/(III)/mode/1up Editio Ottonis Seeck, Q''. Aurelii Symmachi quae supersunt'' ] in Monumenta Germaniae Historica - (dMGH) * {{BBKL|s/s4/symmachus_a|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=SYMMACHUS EUSEBIUS, Q. AURELIUS|tomus=11|columnae=363-366}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090814190634/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/sym-amb/ambrepf.html Ambrosius, Epistulae xvii et xviii] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Valentinianus II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Neoterius]]| annus= 391<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Eutolmius Tatianus|Flavio Eutolmio Tatiano]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] II et [[Flavius Rufinus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|402|Aurelius Symmachus, Quintus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Gens Aurelia]] 3352gz39umb506bod0p3wek87bqjweq 3979725 3979722 2026-08-09T15:22:51Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De operibus */ 3979725 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Roma, metà di dittico con un'apoteosi, 400 circa.JPG|thumb|Consecratio Symmachi (ut vulgo putatur). Nam hoc dimidium [[Diptychon consulare|diptychum]] [[ebur|eburneum]] [[Monogramma|monogramma]] Symmachorum fert et circa 400 scalptum est.]] '''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus''' signo '''Eusebius''' (natus circa annum [[342]] - obiit anno [[402]]/[[403|3]]), filius [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus|Lucii Aurelii Avianii Symmachi]] fuit [[Senatus|senator]], [[consul]], [[praefectus urbi Romae]] annis [[384]] et [[385]] et orator. Vulgo pro opulentissimo oratore aetatis suae habitus absque nonnullis ipsi [[Cicero]]ni comparatus est<ref>Etiam ab adversariis ut [[Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'': I.632-642.</ref>. Notus est imprimis commendationis indulgentiae in omnes religiones causa, quam in controversia de ara Victoriae affirmavit. == De familia == Primus ex illa gente avus Quinti Symmachi, Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus, [[Consul|consulatus]] insignia "severitatis merito" anno [[330]] accepit; nova familia igitur in ordine senatorio erant Symmachi. Eo magis praerogativas ordinis vindicare visi sunt. Quintus sororem unam<ref>''Ep''. VIII.49</ref> et tres fratres habuit qui omnes ante ipsum obierunt<ref>Nam circa 380 de Celsino Titiano ita scripsit: ''tertius hic mihi de optimis fratribus luctus est'' (''ep''. III.6).</ref>. Circa 370 Quintus Rusticianam, filiam praefecti [[Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus|Orfiti]], uxorem duxit. Filia eis fuit ignoto nomine nomine<ref>''Ep''. VI.12, 67, 79</ref> quae [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior|Nicomacho Flaviano iuniori]] nupsit, ita adfinitatem inter duos e maximis scriptoribus illius aetatis firmans, et aliquanto postea filius [[Quintus Fabius Memmius Symmachus]] operum patris sui editor posthumus. A maioribus multa [[Immobile|bona immobilia]] hereditario accepit: tres domus Romae, unam [[Capua (urbs antiqua)|Capuae]], quindecim [[villa|villas]] plerumque in Italia meridionali sitas, praedia quoque in [[Samnium|Samnio]], [[Apulia]], [[Sicilia (provincia Romana)|Sicilia]], [[Mauretania (discretiva)|Mauretania]]. Inter tamen senatores modice divites numerabatur et ad munera [[Praetor|praetoria]] filii sui duo milia argenti pondo erogasse dicitur<ref>[[Olympiodorus Thebanus|Olympiodorus]], Fragmentum 44.</ref>. == De cursu honorum == * Annis incertis [[Quaestor|quaesturam]] et [[praetor|praeturam]] gessit. Circa idem tempus [[pontifex |pontifex maior]] cooptatus est<ref>''Epistulae'' I.49, 51 ;II.53 ; IX.147-8.</ref> nec aliud sacerdotium umquam suscepit, quamvis studiosus paganismi defensor<ref>CIL VI, 1699, stela a filio erecta quae cursum honorum Symmachi nobis servavit.</ref>. *364-5 tum cum pater [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] erat ipse corrector [[Lucania|Lucaniae]] et [[Bruttium|Brittiorum]] fit<ref>Cf ''Epistulae'' II.48.</ref>. Tum vetustissimas epistulas scribit quas quidem adhuc habeamus. * anno 369 [[Panegyricus|panegyricos]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] et [[Gratianus|Gratiani]] coram principibus pronuntiat<ref>''Orationes'' I-III.</ref>. In Gallia apud Valentinianus usque ad annum 370 mansit ubi [[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonium]] cognovit cuius amicitiam coluit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.14 et 32.</ref>. Mox [[comes]] tertii ordinis renuntiatur. * 373-4 [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsul Africae]] fit, officium honorificum sine vera potentia<ref>CIL VIII, 24584 et 5347 inscriptiones in [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa]] repertae. Cf ''Epistulae'' VIII.5 et 20. X.1.2-3.</ref>. * anno 376 Gratiani nuntium de morte [[Flavius Maximinus|Maximini]] in senatu recitat<ref>''Epistulae'' I.13 et X.2</ref>. Die 9 Ianuarii orationem ''Pro Trygetio'' in senatu habuit gratias agens quod patrem plebe seditiosa expulsum honorifice revocassent<ref>''Oratio'' V. Cf ''Epistulae'' I.44</ref>. *377-8 Aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.20 et 85. III.47.</ref> * anno 382 legatus senatorum ad Gratianum missus [[Ara Victoriae|aram Victoriae]] in [[Curia Hostilia|curia]] restituendam poscere volebat sed aditu principis prohibitus est<ref>Ambrosius, ''Epistulae'' 17.10</ref> * anno 384 [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] cum matre [[Iustina]] imperante [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus Urbi]] ''sub aestatis exordio''<ref>''Relatio'' 25.3</ref> fit. Tum iterum arae Victoriae restitutionem petiit<ref>''Relatio'' tertia.</ref> sed ab [[Ambrosius|Ambrosio]] episcopo victus est. Praeterea annonae angustiae eum ad magistratum deponendum incitaverunt (februario 385)<ref>Eventa huius praefecturae ab ipsius ''relationibus'' nota sunt. Vide etiam ''Epistulas'' II.36 et 55, III.28.</ref>. In praefectura [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinum]] magistrum rhetoricae nominavit<ref>''[[Confessiones (Augustinus)|Confessiones]]'' V.13.</ref>. * anno 387 partes usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Magni Maximi]] oratione quidem non armis<ref>[[Gennadius Scholasticus|Gennadius]], ''De Viris illustribus'' 49.</ref> sequitur quo mox a Theodosio victo veniam quidem impetrat (et Theodosio in oratione gratias agebat<ref>''Epistulae'' II.13, 28, 30-32.</ref>) sed eius dignitas aliquantum imminuta est<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistulae'' 1008</ref>. Revera [[Novatianus|Novatianorum]] intercessio episcopi ei saluti fuerat. * iamdiu orator disertissimus velut praeco senatorum erat et anno incerto [[princeps senatus]] publice nominatur<ref>[[Socrates Scholasticus]] V.14.6.</ref> * anno 390 cum Theodosio in gratiam redit et ad [[consul|consulatum ordinarium]] anni proximi designatur<ref>[[Prudentius]], [[Contra Symmachum]] I.622-5. Cf ''Epistulae'' II.62-4. V.15. IX.149. </ref> *anno 391 gratiarum actionem in aula Mediolani habet sed quia aram Victoriae memoravit a Theodosio ex urbe expellitur. * annis 392-4 ab [[Eugenius|Eugenii]] [[Arbogastes|Arbogastis]]que usurpatione ipse abstinet sed filius quaestor, gener praefectus Urbi sunt et amicus Virius Nicomachus Flavius post cladem sibi mortem voluntariam conscivit. *Usque ad annum 398 in umbra remanet. 396/7 aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' III.38-39, V.58 etc.</ref>, anno 398 plebe irata expulsus est ac postea revocatus<ref>''Epistulae'' VI.66, VIII.64-5, IX.81.</ref>. Ab illo anno cursui honorum Memmi filii (sc. praeturae) operam dat<ref>''Ep''. IV.7, 8, 12, 58, 59, 60, 63 etc. </ref> et usque ad mortem [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichoni]] tum in Occidente dominanti satis propinquus est. In summa munera honorifica multa absolvit, numquam tamen in aula apud principes vitam egit. Plerumque Romae aut in villis tempus litteris terebat. Itaque ad res magnas decidendas momentum non habuit. == De homine litterato == E litteris igitur et facultate dicendi pleramque auctoritatem suam ducebat. In litteris ut in republica aut religione [[mos maiorum|morem maiorum]] imprimis venerabatur. Ita [[Vergilius|Vergilium]], [[Cicero|Ciceronem]], [[Titus Maccius Plautus|Plautum]], [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentium]], [[Horatius|Horatium]] imprimis amat quorum sententiarum saepe in ''Epistulis'' meminit. Amplam bibliothecam sibi pararat: novimus enim apud Symmachum fuisse Titum Livium integrum quem emendare coeperat<ref>''Epistulae'' IX.13.</ref>, necnon [[Plinius Maior|Plinium Maiorem]] aut ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|Commentarios de Bello Gallico]]''. Ita quodam modo 'litteras classicas' iam invenerat quas spreta lingua suae aetatis colebat<ref>De Symmachi studiis vide G. Kroll(1891).</ref> et litteras amatas ut posteris traderentur curabat. Librarii enim apud Symmachos textus duplicabant. Adulescentes suae aetatis quoque ad rhetoricam studendam hortabatur<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004.</ref> et filio instituendo ipse operam dedit<ref>''Ep''. V.5 et VI.61</ref> In ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalibus]]''<ref>I.24.8.</ref> Vergilium non tantum litterarum sed etiam [[Theologia|theologiae]] et [[ritus|rituum]] magistrum esse contendebat. Non minus enim a novitatibus orientalibus in [[Polytheismus|polytheismum]] nuper introductis abhorrebat quam a Christianismo. Vetus Romanus volebat esse. == De operibus == Tria genera operum reliquit Symmachus, epistulas, relationes, orationes: * '''orationes''' octo ab ipso circa [[376]] publicatae sunt quae ad patrem, Valentinianos principes et alios homines nobiles pertinent. Anno [[1815]] in [[Palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] ab [[Angelus Mai|Angelo Mai]] inventae sunt, antea a septimo saeculo deperditae. *'''relationes''' 49 statim post praefecturam circa [[385]] edidit inter quas celeberrima tertia relatio de ara Victoriae versatur. Illae relationes illius actionem in magistratus gerendo recensent. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == *[[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/foto/F010361 VI, 1699] ; VIII, 24584 ; VIII, 5347 *[[Ambrosius]], ''Epistulae'' XVII et XVIII *[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004. * [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' *[[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' == Editiones criticae et commentarii == [[Fasciculus:Base statua di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco - Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|CIL VI, 1699 = basis statuae a filio Memmio patri in [[Mons Caelius|monte Caelio]] erectae ubi eorum domus erat: cursum honorum brevem legere licet.]] *[[Collection des Universités de France]]: J.P. Callu, ''Symmaque. Correspondance.'' Les Belles Lettres, 1972-2002 (quattuor tomi) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1973_num_42_1_1704_t1_0288_0000_5 Recensio critica] ** ''Symmaque. Discours. Rapports'', ibidem, 2009 (tomus V operum) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2013_num_82_1_3841_t17_0359_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Giovanni Alberto Cecconi, ''Commento storico al libro II dell'Epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : con introduzione, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 2002 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003.11.17 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2004_num_73_1_2554_t1_0408_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/84769725/Giovanni_Alberto_Cecconi_Commento_storico_al_libro_II_dellepistolario_di_Q_Aurelio_Simmaco_Con_introduzione_testo_traduzione_e_indici Tertia recensio critica] *Maria Lubello, ''[https://flore.unifi.it/retrieve/5f4d48db-5049-487b-ac42-4092ba20a52a/Lubello_Maria_Commento_storico_libri_VII-VIII_2024.pdf Commento storico ai libri VII e VIII dell’epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, testo, traduzione, commento storico]'', Florentiae, 2024 [https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/1374992 Dissertatio academica] * Arnaldo Marcone, ''Commento storico al libro IV dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1987 ** Commento storico al libro VI dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: Introd., commento storico, teste, traduzione, indici, Pisae, 1983 *Andrea Pellizzari, ''Commento storico al libro III dell epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1983. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2003_num_72_1_2530_t1_0416_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Paola Rivolta Tiberga, ''Commento storico al libro V dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1982 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1996_num_65_1_1262_t1_0346_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Sergio Roda, ''Commento storico al libro IX dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 1981 * Domenico Vera, ''Commento storico alle "relationes" di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento, testo, traduzione, appendice sul libro X, 1-2, indici'', Pisae, 1981 == Plura legere si cupis == *Philippe Bruggisser, ''Symmaque ou le rituel épistolaire de l'amitié littéraire. Recherches sur le premier livre de la correspondance'', Fribourg, 1993 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1995_num_64_1_1237_t1_0337_0000_2 Recensio critica] *JP Callu, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2006_ant_361_1_11709 En marge des vieux livres : les manuscrits perdus de Symmaque]", ''Revue d’histoire des textes'', 1976: 197-217 *Nicolas Cavuoto-Denis, ''Vsus scribendi : le projet littéraire de Symmaque dans les Lettres, les Discours et les Rapports'', Turnhout, Brepols, 2023 [https://www.academia.edu/71771621/Vsus_scribendi_le_projet_litt%C3%A9raire_de_Symmaque_dans_les_Lettres_les_Discours_et_les_Rapports Summarium] *Octavius Clason, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=QywUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Symmachi epistularum codice Parisino]'', Bonnae, [1867] '''LATINE''' *Gerd Haverling, ''Studies on Symmachus' Language and Style'', [[Gothoburgum|Gothoburgi]], 1988 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1990_num_59_1_2300_t1_0385_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Gaëlle Hébert de la Portbarré-Viard, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2018_num_197_1_1925 Symmaque dans le ''Contra Symmachum'' de Prudence : enjeux et significations d’une mise à mort littéraire]", ''Vita Latina'', 2018: 148-172 * Bettina Hecht, ''Störungen der Rechtslage in den Relationen des Symmachus : Verwaltung und Rechtsprechung in Rom 384/385 n. Chr'', Berolini, 2006 [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7767/zrgra.2008.125.1.775/html Recensio critica] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/864/mode/2up 865-871] * R. Klein, Symmachus, ''Eine tragische Gestalt des ausgehenden Heidentums'', [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 1971 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3927_t1_0322_0000_1 Recensio critica] * Otto Koren, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=4akiGJ2DkE8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Quaestiones Symmachianae]'', Vindobonae, 1874 '''LATINE''' *Guilelmus Kroll, ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024459482&seq=5 De Q. Aurelii Symmachi studiis graecis et latinis]'', Vratislaviae, 1891 '''LATINE''' * Federico Lizzani, ''Il patrimonio di Q. Aurelius Symmachus a Roma e nel Lazio : una restituzione archeologica dall'epistolario'', Romae, "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2024 ISBN 978-88-913-3294-3 *John Alexander McGeachy, ''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and the Senatorial Aristocracy of the West'', University of Chicago, 1942 * Jill Mitchell, ''[https://www.academia.edu/118514477/The_Religious_world_of_Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]'', Trivent Publishing, 2021 *Eugenius Morin, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=6c9gM4kqQkIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Disquisitio chronologica de dimidia altera quarti saeculi parte juxta Symmachum]'', Parisiis, excudebat Panckoucke, 1847 '''LATINE''' * F. Paschoud (curator), ''Colloque genevois sur Symmaque : à l'occasion du mille six centième anniversaire du conflit de l'autel de la Victoire'', [1984], Les Belles lettres, 1986 *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 * Ernestus Theodorus Schulze, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=hIhHAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false De Q. Aurelii Symmachi vocabulorum formationibus ad sermonem vulgarem pertinentibus]'', Halis Saxonum, 1884 '''LATINE''' * Ramón Teja, ''La más antigua polémica sobre la tolerancia religiosa: el debate entre San Ambrosio de Milán y el senador Símaco sobre el Altar de la Victoria'', Matriti, 2023 ISBN 978-84-19782-23-6 *Cristiana Sogno, ''Q. Aurelius Symmachus : a political biography'', University of Michigan Press, 2006 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=N3qFtZRLuXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *L. M. A. Viola, ''Quinto Aurelio Simmaco : lo splendore della romanitas : la perfezione dell'uomo religioso romano-italiano e la costituzione della civiltà universale della pace'', Forii, Victrix, 2010 [https://bibcatalogo.uca.es/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=870445&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=2642939] {{NexInt}} * [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus Quintum Aurelium Symmachum] spectant *[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Libri_Decem_Epistolarum Libri decem epistolarum apud Vicifontem] * [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/3292.html De Quinto Aurelio Symmacho in ''A dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology'', I, [[Londinium|Londinii]], anno 1870, p. 959] (???? nexus falsus) * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~Harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Symmachus/sym_re03.html Tertia Relatio Symmachi] * [https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_auct_ant_6_1/index.htm#page/(III)/mode/1up Editio Ottonis Seeck, Q''. Aurelii Symmachi quae supersunt'' ] in Monumenta Germaniae Historica - (dMGH) * {{BBKL|s/s4/symmachus_a|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=SYMMACHUS EUSEBIUS, Q. AURELIUS|tomus=11|columnae=363-366}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090814190634/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/sym-amb/ambrepf.html Ambrosius, Epistulae xvii et xviii] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Valentinianus II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Neoterius]]| annus= 391<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Eutolmius Tatianus|Flavio Eutolmio Tatiano]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] II et [[Flavius Rufinus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|402|Aurelius Symmachus, Quintus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Gens Aurelia]] buwb9517tngsi13dcoayftiwyvucmrh 3979732 3979725 2026-08-09T15:29:03Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De operibus */ 3979732 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Roma, metà di dittico con un'apoteosi, 400 circa.JPG|thumb|Consecratio Symmachi (ut vulgo putatur). Nam hoc dimidium [[Diptychon consulare|diptychum]] [[ebur|eburneum]] [[Monogramma|monogramma]] Symmachorum fert et circa 400 scalptum est.]] '''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus''' signo '''Eusebius''' (natus circa annum [[342]] - obiit anno [[402]]/[[403|3]]), filius [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus|Lucii Aurelii Avianii Symmachi]] fuit [[Senatus|senator]], [[consul]], [[praefectus urbi Romae]] annis [[384]] et [[385]] et orator. Vulgo pro opulentissimo oratore aetatis suae habitus absque nonnullis ipsi [[Cicero]]ni comparatus est<ref>Etiam ab adversariis ut [[Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'': I.632-642.</ref>. Notus est imprimis commendationis indulgentiae in omnes religiones causa, quam in controversia de ara Victoriae affirmavit. == De familia == Primus ex illa gente avus Quinti Symmachi, Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus, [[Consul|consulatus]] insignia "severitatis merito" anno [[330]] accepit; nova familia igitur in ordine senatorio erant Symmachi. Eo magis praerogativas ordinis vindicare visi sunt. Quintus sororem unam<ref>''Ep''. VIII.49</ref> et tres fratres habuit qui omnes ante ipsum obierunt<ref>Nam circa 380 de Celsino Titiano ita scripsit: ''tertius hic mihi de optimis fratribus luctus est'' (''ep''. III.6).</ref>. Circa 370 Quintus Rusticianam, filiam praefecti [[Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus|Orfiti]], uxorem duxit. Filia eis fuit ignoto nomine nomine<ref>''Ep''. VI.12, 67, 79</ref> quae [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior|Nicomacho Flaviano iuniori]] nupsit, ita adfinitatem inter duos e maximis scriptoribus illius aetatis firmans, et aliquanto postea filius [[Quintus Fabius Memmius Symmachus]] operum patris sui editor posthumus. A maioribus multa [[Immobile|bona immobilia]] hereditario accepit: tres domus Romae, unam [[Capua (urbs antiqua)|Capuae]], quindecim [[villa|villas]] plerumque in Italia meridionali sitas, praedia quoque in [[Samnium|Samnio]], [[Apulia]], [[Sicilia (provincia Romana)|Sicilia]], [[Mauretania (discretiva)|Mauretania]]. Inter tamen senatores modice divites numerabatur et ad munera [[Praetor|praetoria]] filii sui duo milia argenti pondo erogasse dicitur<ref>[[Olympiodorus Thebanus|Olympiodorus]], Fragmentum 44.</ref>. == De cursu honorum == * Annis incertis [[Quaestor|quaesturam]] et [[praetor|praeturam]] gessit. Circa idem tempus [[pontifex |pontifex maior]] cooptatus est<ref>''Epistulae'' I.49, 51 ;II.53 ; IX.147-8.</ref> nec aliud sacerdotium umquam suscepit, quamvis studiosus paganismi defensor<ref>CIL VI, 1699, stela a filio erecta quae cursum honorum Symmachi nobis servavit.</ref>. *364-5 tum cum pater [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] erat ipse corrector [[Lucania|Lucaniae]] et [[Bruttium|Brittiorum]] fit<ref>Cf ''Epistulae'' II.48.</ref>. Tum vetustissimas epistulas scribit quas quidem adhuc habeamus. * anno 369 [[Panegyricus|panegyricos]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] et [[Gratianus|Gratiani]] coram principibus pronuntiat<ref>''Orationes'' I-III.</ref>. In Gallia apud Valentinianus usque ad annum 370 mansit ubi [[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonium]] cognovit cuius amicitiam coluit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.14 et 32.</ref>. Mox [[comes]] tertii ordinis renuntiatur. * 373-4 [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsul Africae]] fit, officium honorificum sine vera potentia<ref>CIL VIII, 24584 et 5347 inscriptiones in [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa]] repertae. Cf ''Epistulae'' VIII.5 et 20. X.1.2-3.</ref>. * anno 376 Gratiani nuntium de morte [[Flavius Maximinus|Maximini]] in senatu recitat<ref>''Epistulae'' I.13 et X.2</ref>. Die 9 Ianuarii orationem ''Pro Trygetio'' in senatu habuit gratias agens quod patrem plebe seditiosa expulsum honorifice revocassent<ref>''Oratio'' V. Cf ''Epistulae'' I.44</ref>. *377-8 Aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.20 et 85. III.47.</ref> * anno 382 legatus senatorum ad Gratianum missus [[Ara Victoriae|aram Victoriae]] in [[Curia Hostilia|curia]] restituendam poscere volebat sed aditu principis prohibitus est<ref>Ambrosius, ''Epistulae'' 17.10</ref> * anno 384 [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] cum matre [[Iustina]] imperante [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus Urbi]] ''sub aestatis exordio''<ref>''Relatio'' 25.3</ref> fit. Tum iterum arae Victoriae restitutionem petiit<ref>''Relatio'' tertia.</ref> sed ab [[Ambrosius|Ambrosio]] episcopo victus est. Praeterea annonae angustiae eum ad magistratum deponendum incitaverunt (februario 385)<ref>Eventa huius praefecturae ab ipsius ''relationibus'' nota sunt. Vide etiam ''Epistulas'' II.36 et 55, III.28.</ref>. In praefectura [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinum]] magistrum rhetoricae nominavit<ref>''[[Confessiones (Augustinus)|Confessiones]]'' V.13.</ref>. * anno 387 partes usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Magni Maximi]] oratione quidem non armis<ref>[[Gennadius Scholasticus|Gennadius]], ''De Viris illustribus'' 49.</ref> sequitur quo mox a Theodosio victo veniam quidem impetrat (et Theodosio in oratione gratias agebat<ref>''Epistulae'' II.13, 28, 30-32.</ref>) sed eius dignitas aliquantum imminuta est<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistulae'' 1008</ref>. Revera [[Novatianus|Novatianorum]] intercessio episcopi ei saluti fuerat. * iamdiu orator disertissimus velut praeco senatorum erat et anno incerto [[princeps senatus]] publice nominatur<ref>[[Socrates Scholasticus]] V.14.6.</ref> * anno 390 cum Theodosio in gratiam redit et ad [[consul|consulatum ordinarium]] anni proximi designatur<ref>[[Prudentius]], [[Contra Symmachum]] I.622-5. Cf ''Epistulae'' II.62-4. V.15. IX.149. </ref> *anno 391 gratiarum actionem in aula Mediolani habet sed quia aram Victoriae memoravit a Theodosio ex urbe expellitur. * annis 392-4 ab [[Eugenius|Eugenii]] [[Arbogastes|Arbogastis]]que usurpatione ipse abstinet sed filius quaestor, gener praefectus Urbi sunt et amicus Virius Nicomachus Flavius post cladem sibi mortem voluntariam conscivit. *Usque ad annum 398 in umbra remanet. 396/7 aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' III.38-39, V.58 etc.</ref>, anno 398 plebe irata expulsus est ac postea revocatus<ref>''Epistulae'' VI.66, VIII.64-5, IX.81.</ref>. Ab illo anno cursui honorum Memmi filii (sc. praeturae) operam dat<ref>''Ep''. IV.7, 8, 12, 58, 59, 60, 63 etc. </ref> et usque ad mortem [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichoni]] tum in Occidente dominanti satis propinquus est. In summa munera honorifica multa absolvit, numquam tamen in aula apud principes vitam egit. Plerumque Romae aut in villis tempus litteris terebat. Itaque ad res magnas decidendas momentum non habuit. == De homine litterato == E litteris igitur et facultate dicendi pleramque auctoritatem suam ducebat. In litteris ut in republica aut religione [[mos maiorum|morem maiorum]] imprimis venerabatur. Ita [[Vergilius|Vergilium]], [[Cicero|Ciceronem]], [[Titus Maccius Plautus|Plautum]], [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentium]], [[Horatius|Horatium]] imprimis amat quorum sententiarum saepe in ''Epistulis'' meminit. Amplam bibliothecam sibi pararat: novimus enim apud Symmachum fuisse Titum Livium integrum quem emendare coeperat<ref>''Epistulae'' IX.13.</ref>, necnon [[Plinius Maior|Plinium Maiorem]] aut ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|Commentarios de Bello Gallico]]''. Ita quodam modo 'litteras classicas' iam invenerat quas spreta lingua suae aetatis colebat<ref>De Symmachi studiis vide G. Kroll(1891).</ref> et litteras amatas ut posteris traderentur curabat. Librarii enim apud Symmachos textus duplicabant. Adulescentes suae aetatis quoque ad rhetoricam studendam hortabatur<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004.</ref> et filio instituendo ipse operam dedit<ref>''Ep''. V.5 et VI.61</ref> In ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalibus]]''<ref>I.24.8.</ref> Vergilium non tantum litterarum sed etiam [[Theologia|theologiae]] et [[ritus|rituum]] magistrum esse contendebat. Non minus enim a novitatibus orientalibus in [[Polytheismus|polytheismum]] nuper introductis abhorrebat quam a Christianismo. Vetus Romanus volebat esse. == De operibus == Tria genera operum reliquit Symmachus, epistulas, relationes, orationes: * '''orationes''' octo ab ipso circa [[376]] publicatae sunt quae ad patrem, Valentinianos principes et alios homines nobiles pertinent. Anno [[1815]] in [[Palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] ab [[Angelus Mai|Angelo Mai]] inventae sunt, antea a septimo saeculo deperditae. *'''relationes''' 49 statim post praefecturam circa [[385]] edidit inter quas celeberrima tertia relatio de ara Victoriae versatur. Illae relationes illius actionem in magistratus gerendo recensent. *'''epistulae''' plus quam nongentae in decem libros digestae magnum opus eius faciunt. Liber primus paulo post 385 in lumen prodisse vulgo creditur (epistulas ad patrem et fratrem continet necnon ad poetam [[Ausonius|Ausonium]] filiumque eius Hesperium et ad amicum Praetextatum fratrem in paganismo. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == *[[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/foto/F010361 VI, 1699] ; VIII, 24584 ; VIII, 5347 *[[Ambrosius]], ''Epistulae'' XVII et XVIII *[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004. * [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' *[[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' == Editiones criticae et commentarii == [[Fasciculus:Base statua di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco - Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|CIL VI, 1699 = basis statuae a filio Memmio patri in [[Mons Caelius|monte Caelio]] erectae ubi eorum domus erat: cursum honorum brevem legere licet.]] *[[Collection des Universités de France]]: J.P. Callu, ''Symmaque. Correspondance.'' Les Belles Lettres, 1972-2002 (quattuor tomi) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1973_num_42_1_1704_t1_0288_0000_5 Recensio critica] ** ''Symmaque. Discours. Rapports'', ibidem, 2009 (tomus V operum) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2013_num_82_1_3841_t17_0359_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Giovanni Alberto Cecconi, ''Commento storico al libro II dell'Epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : con introduzione, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 2002 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003.11.17 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2004_num_73_1_2554_t1_0408_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/84769725/Giovanni_Alberto_Cecconi_Commento_storico_al_libro_II_dellepistolario_di_Q_Aurelio_Simmaco_Con_introduzione_testo_traduzione_e_indici Tertia recensio critica] *Maria Lubello, ''[https://flore.unifi.it/retrieve/5f4d48db-5049-487b-ac42-4092ba20a52a/Lubello_Maria_Commento_storico_libri_VII-VIII_2024.pdf Commento storico ai libri VII e VIII dell’epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, testo, traduzione, commento storico]'', Florentiae, 2024 [https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/1374992 Dissertatio academica] * Arnaldo Marcone, ''Commento storico al libro IV dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1987 ** Commento storico al libro VI dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: Introd., commento storico, teste, traduzione, indici, Pisae, 1983 *Andrea Pellizzari, ''Commento storico al libro III dell epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1983. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2003_num_72_1_2530_t1_0416_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Paola Rivolta Tiberga, ''Commento storico al libro V dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1982 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1996_num_65_1_1262_t1_0346_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Sergio Roda, ''Commento storico al libro IX dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 1981 * Domenico Vera, ''Commento storico alle "relationes" di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento, testo, traduzione, appendice sul libro X, 1-2, indici'', Pisae, 1981 == Plura legere si cupis == *Philippe Bruggisser, ''Symmaque ou le rituel épistolaire de l'amitié littéraire. Recherches sur le premier livre de la correspondance'', Fribourg, 1993 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1995_num_64_1_1237_t1_0337_0000_2 Recensio critica] *JP Callu, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2006_ant_361_1_11709 En marge des vieux livres : les manuscrits perdus de Symmaque]", ''Revue d’histoire des textes'', 1976: 197-217 *Nicolas Cavuoto-Denis, ''Vsus scribendi : le projet littéraire de Symmaque dans les Lettres, les Discours et les Rapports'', Turnhout, Brepols, 2023 [https://www.academia.edu/71771621/Vsus_scribendi_le_projet_litt%C3%A9raire_de_Symmaque_dans_les_Lettres_les_Discours_et_les_Rapports Summarium] *Octavius Clason, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=QywUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Symmachi epistularum codice Parisino]'', Bonnae, [1867] '''LATINE''' *Gerd Haverling, ''Studies on Symmachus' Language and Style'', [[Gothoburgum|Gothoburgi]], 1988 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1990_num_59_1_2300_t1_0385_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Gaëlle Hébert de la Portbarré-Viard, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2018_num_197_1_1925 Symmaque dans le ''Contra Symmachum'' de Prudence : enjeux et significations d’une mise à mort littéraire]", ''Vita Latina'', 2018: 148-172 * Bettina Hecht, ''Störungen der Rechtslage in den Relationen des Symmachus : Verwaltung und Rechtsprechung in Rom 384/385 n. Chr'', Berolini, 2006 [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7767/zrgra.2008.125.1.775/html Recensio critica] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/864/mode/2up 865-871] * R. Klein, Symmachus, ''Eine tragische Gestalt des ausgehenden Heidentums'', [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 1971 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3927_t1_0322_0000_1 Recensio critica] * Otto Koren, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=4akiGJ2DkE8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Quaestiones Symmachianae]'', Vindobonae, 1874 '''LATINE''' *Guilelmus Kroll, ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024459482&seq=5 De Q. Aurelii Symmachi studiis graecis et latinis]'', Vratislaviae, 1891 '''LATINE''' * Federico Lizzani, ''Il patrimonio di Q. Aurelius Symmachus a Roma e nel Lazio : una restituzione archeologica dall'epistolario'', Romae, "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2024 ISBN 978-88-913-3294-3 *John Alexander McGeachy, ''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and the Senatorial Aristocracy of the West'', University of Chicago, 1942 * Jill Mitchell, ''[https://www.academia.edu/118514477/The_Religious_world_of_Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]'', Trivent Publishing, 2021 *Eugenius Morin, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=6c9gM4kqQkIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Disquisitio chronologica de dimidia altera quarti saeculi parte juxta Symmachum]'', Parisiis, excudebat Panckoucke, 1847 '''LATINE''' * F. Paschoud (curator), ''Colloque genevois sur Symmaque : à l'occasion du mille six centième anniversaire du conflit de l'autel de la Victoire'', [1984], Les Belles lettres, 1986 *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 * Ernestus Theodorus Schulze, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=hIhHAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false De Q. Aurelii Symmachi vocabulorum formationibus ad sermonem vulgarem pertinentibus]'', Halis Saxonum, 1884 '''LATINE''' * Ramón Teja, ''La más antigua polémica sobre la tolerancia religiosa: el debate entre San Ambrosio de Milán y el senador Símaco sobre el Altar de la Victoria'', Matriti, 2023 ISBN 978-84-19782-23-6 *Cristiana Sogno, ''Q. Aurelius Symmachus : a political biography'', University of Michigan Press, 2006 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=N3qFtZRLuXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *L. M. A. Viola, ''Quinto Aurelio Simmaco : lo splendore della romanitas : la perfezione dell'uomo religioso romano-italiano e la costituzione della civiltà universale della pace'', Forii, Victrix, 2010 [https://bibcatalogo.uca.es/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=870445&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=2642939] {{NexInt}} * [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus Quintum Aurelium Symmachum] spectant *[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Libri_Decem_Epistolarum Libri decem epistolarum apud Vicifontem] * [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/3292.html De Quinto Aurelio Symmacho in ''A dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology'', I, [[Londinium|Londinii]], anno 1870, p. 959] (???? nexus falsus) * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~Harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Symmachus/sym_re03.html Tertia Relatio Symmachi] * [https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_auct_ant_6_1/index.htm#page/(III)/mode/1up Editio Ottonis Seeck, Q''. Aurelii Symmachi quae supersunt'' ] in Monumenta Germaniae Historica - (dMGH) * {{BBKL|s/s4/symmachus_a|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=SYMMACHUS EUSEBIUS, Q. AURELIUS|tomus=11|columnae=363-366}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090814190634/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/sym-amb/ambrepf.html Ambrosius, Epistulae xvii et xviii] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Valentinianus II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Neoterius]]| annus= 391<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Eutolmius Tatianus|Flavio Eutolmio Tatiano]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] II et [[Flavius Rufinus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|402|Aurelius Symmachus, Quintus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Gens Aurelia]] j2oy5qgi2h3t4n0gje0kuuhtgbkzz2p 3979736 3979732 2026-08-09T15:31:31Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De operibus */ 3979736 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Roma, metà di dittico con un'apoteosi, 400 circa.JPG|thumb|Consecratio Symmachi (ut vulgo putatur). Nam hoc dimidium [[Diptychon consulare|diptychum]] [[ebur|eburneum]] [[Monogramma|monogramma]] Symmachorum fert et circa 400 scalptum est.]] '''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus''' signo '''Eusebius''' (natus circa annum [[342]] - obiit anno [[402]]/[[403|3]]), filius [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus|Lucii Aurelii Avianii Symmachi]] fuit [[Senatus|senator]], [[consul]], [[praefectus urbi Romae]] annis [[384]] et [[385]] et orator. Vulgo pro opulentissimo oratore aetatis suae habitus absque nonnullis ipsi [[Cicero]]ni comparatus est<ref>Etiam ab adversariis ut [[Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'': I.632-642.</ref>. Notus est imprimis commendationis indulgentiae in omnes religiones causa, quam in controversia de ara Victoriae affirmavit. == De familia == Primus ex illa gente avus Quinti Symmachi, Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus, [[Consul|consulatus]] insignia "severitatis merito" anno [[330]] accepit; nova familia igitur in ordine senatorio erant Symmachi. Eo magis praerogativas ordinis vindicare visi sunt. Quintus sororem unam<ref>''Ep''. VIII.49</ref> et tres fratres habuit qui omnes ante ipsum obierunt<ref>Nam circa 380 de Celsino Titiano ita scripsit: ''tertius hic mihi de optimis fratribus luctus est'' (''ep''. III.6).</ref>. Circa 370 Quintus Rusticianam, filiam praefecti [[Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus|Orfiti]], uxorem duxit. Filia eis fuit ignoto nomine nomine<ref>''Ep''. VI.12, 67, 79</ref> quae [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior|Nicomacho Flaviano iuniori]] nupsit, ita adfinitatem inter duos e maximis scriptoribus illius aetatis firmans, et aliquanto postea filius [[Quintus Fabius Memmius Symmachus]] operum patris sui editor posthumus. A maioribus multa [[Immobile|bona immobilia]] hereditario accepit: tres domus Romae, unam [[Capua (urbs antiqua)|Capuae]], quindecim [[villa|villas]] plerumque in Italia meridionali sitas, praedia quoque in [[Samnium|Samnio]], [[Apulia]], [[Sicilia (provincia Romana)|Sicilia]], [[Mauretania (discretiva)|Mauretania]]. Inter tamen senatores modice divites numerabatur et ad munera [[Praetor|praetoria]] filii sui duo milia argenti pondo erogasse dicitur<ref>[[Olympiodorus Thebanus|Olympiodorus]], Fragmentum 44.</ref>. == De cursu honorum == * Annis incertis [[Quaestor|quaesturam]] et [[praetor|praeturam]] gessit. Circa idem tempus [[pontifex |pontifex maior]] cooptatus est<ref>''Epistulae'' I.49, 51 ;II.53 ; IX.147-8.</ref> nec aliud sacerdotium umquam suscepit, quamvis studiosus paganismi defensor<ref>CIL VI, 1699, stela a filio erecta quae cursum honorum Symmachi nobis servavit.</ref>. *364-5 tum cum pater [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] erat ipse corrector [[Lucania|Lucaniae]] et [[Bruttium|Brittiorum]] fit<ref>Cf ''Epistulae'' II.48.</ref>. Tum vetustissimas epistulas scribit quas quidem adhuc habeamus. * anno 369 [[Panegyricus|panegyricos]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] et [[Gratianus|Gratiani]] coram principibus pronuntiat<ref>''Orationes'' I-III.</ref>. In Gallia apud Valentinianus usque ad annum 370 mansit ubi [[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonium]] cognovit cuius amicitiam coluit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.14 et 32.</ref>. Mox [[comes]] tertii ordinis renuntiatur. * 373-4 [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsul Africae]] fit, officium honorificum sine vera potentia<ref>CIL VIII, 24584 et 5347 inscriptiones in [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa]] repertae. Cf ''Epistulae'' VIII.5 et 20. X.1.2-3.</ref>. * anno 376 Gratiani nuntium de morte [[Flavius Maximinus|Maximini]] in senatu recitat<ref>''Epistulae'' I.13 et X.2</ref>. Die 9 Ianuarii orationem ''Pro Trygetio'' in senatu habuit gratias agens quod patrem plebe seditiosa expulsum honorifice revocassent<ref>''Oratio'' V. Cf ''Epistulae'' I.44</ref>. *377-8 Aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.20 et 85. III.47.</ref> * anno 382 legatus senatorum ad Gratianum missus [[Ara Victoriae|aram Victoriae]] in [[Curia Hostilia|curia]] restituendam poscere volebat sed aditu principis prohibitus est<ref>Ambrosius, ''Epistulae'' 17.10</ref> * anno 384 [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] cum matre [[Iustina]] imperante [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus Urbi]] ''sub aestatis exordio''<ref>''Relatio'' 25.3</ref> fit. Tum iterum arae Victoriae restitutionem petiit<ref>''Relatio'' tertia.</ref> sed ab [[Ambrosius|Ambrosio]] episcopo victus est. Praeterea annonae angustiae eum ad magistratum deponendum incitaverunt (februario 385)<ref>Eventa huius praefecturae ab ipsius ''relationibus'' nota sunt. Vide etiam ''Epistulas'' II.36 et 55, III.28.</ref>. In praefectura [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinum]] magistrum rhetoricae nominavit<ref>''[[Confessiones (Augustinus)|Confessiones]]'' V.13.</ref>. * anno 387 partes usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Magni Maximi]] oratione quidem non armis<ref>[[Gennadius Scholasticus|Gennadius]], ''De Viris illustribus'' 49.</ref> sequitur quo mox a Theodosio victo veniam quidem impetrat (et Theodosio in oratione gratias agebat<ref>''Epistulae'' II.13, 28, 30-32.</ref>) sed eius dignitas aliquantum imminuta est<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistulae'' 1008</ref>. Revera [[Novatianus|Novatianorum]] intercessio episcopi ei saluti fuerat. * iamdiu orator disertissimus velut praeco senatorum erat et anno incerto [[princeps senatus]] publice nominatur<ref>[[Socrates Scholasticus]] V.14.6.</ref> * anno 390 cum Theodosio in gratiam redit et ad [[consul|consulatum ordinarium]] anni proximi designatur<ref>[[Prudentius]], [[Contra Symmachum]] I.622-5. Cf ''Epistulae'' II.62-4. V.15. IX.149. </ref> *anno 391 gratiarum actionem in aula Mediolani habet sed quia aram Victoriae memoravit a Theodosio ex urbe expellitur. * annis 392-4 ab [[Eugenius|Eugenii]] [[Arbogastes|Arbogastis]]que usurpatione ipse abstinet sed filius quaestor, gener praefectus Urbi sunt et amicus Virius Nicomachus Flavius post cladem sibi mortem voluntariam conscivit. *Usque ad annum 398 in umbra remanet. 396/7 aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' III.38-39, V.58 etc.</ref>, anno 398 plebe irata expulsus est ac postea revocatus<ref>''Epistulae'' VI.66, VIII.64-5, IX.81.</ref>. Ab illo anno cursui honorum Memmi filii (sc. praeturae) operam dat<ref>''Ep''. IV.7, 8, 12, 58, 59, 60, 63 etc. </ref> et usque ad mortem [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichoni]] tum in Occidente dominanti satis propinquus est. In summa munera honorifica multa absolvit, numquam tamen in aula apud principes vitam egit. Plerumque Romae aut in villis tempus litteris terebat. Itaque ad res magnas decidendas momentum non habuit. == De homine litterato == E litteris igitur et facultate dicendi pleramque auctoritatem suam ducebat. In litteris ut in republica aut religione [[mos maiorum|morem maiorum]] imprimis venerabatur. Ita [[Vergilius|Vergilium]], [[Cicero|Ciceronem]], [[Titus Maccius Plautus|Plautum]], [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentium]], [[Horatius|Horatium]] imprimis amat quorum sententiarum saepe in ''Epistulis'' meminit. Amplam bibliothecam sibi pararat: novimus enim apud Symmachum fuisse Titum Livium integrum quem emendare coeperat<ref>''Epistulae'' IX.13.</ref>, necnon [[Plinius Maior|Plinium Maiorem]] aut ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|Commentarios de Bello Gallico]]''. Ita quodam modo 'litteras classicas' iam invenerat quas spreta lingua suae aetatis colebat<ref>De Symmachi studiis vide G. Kroll(1891).</ref> et litteras amatas ut posteris traderentur curabat. Librarii enim apud Symmachos textus duplicabant. Adulescentes suae aetatis quoque ad rhetoricam studendam hortabatur<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004.</ref> et filio instituendo ipse operam dedit<ref>''Ep''. V.5 et VI.61</ref> In ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalibus]]''<ref>I.24.8.</ref> Vergilium non tantum litterarum sed etiam [[Theologia|theologiae]] et [[ritus|rituum]] magistrum esse contendebat. Non minus enim a novitatibus orientalibus in [[Polytheismus|polytheismum]] nuper introductis abhorrebat quam a Christianismo. Vetus Romanus volebat esse. == De operibus == Tria genera operum reliquit Symmachus, epistulas, relationes, orationes: * '''orationes''' octo ab ipso circa [[376]] publicatae sunt quae ad patrem, Valentinianos principes et alios homines nobiles pertinent. Anno [[1815]] in [[Palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] ab [[Angelus Mai|Angelo Mai]] inventae sunt, antea a septimo saeculo deperditae. *'''relationes''' 49 statim post praefecturam circa [[385]] edidit inter quas celeberrima tertia relatio de ara Victoriae versatur. Illae relationes illius actionem in magistratus gerendo recensent. *'''epistulae''' plus quam nongentae in decem libros digestae magnum opus eius faciunt. Liber primus paulo post 385 in lumen prodisse vulgo creditur (epistulas ad patrem et fratrem continet necnon ad poetam [[Ausonius|Ausonium]] filiumque eius Hesperium et ad amicum [[Vettius Agorius Praetextatus|Praetextatum]] fratrem in paganismo. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == *[[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/foto/F010361 VI, 1699] ; VIII, 24584 ; VIII, 5347 *[[Ambrosius]], ''Epistulae'' XVII et XVIII *[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004. * [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' *[[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' == Editiones criticae et commentarii == [[Fasciculus:Base statua di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco - Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|CIL VI, 1699 = basis statuae a filio Memmio patri in [[Mons Caelius|monte Caelio]] erectae ubi eorum domus erat: cursum honorum brevem legere licet.]] *[[Collection des Universités de France]]: J.P. Callu, ''Symmaque. Correspondance.'' Les Belles Lettres, 1972-2002 (quattuor tomi) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1973_num_42_1_1704_t1_0288_0000_5 Recensio critica] ** ''Symmaque. Discours. Rapports'', ibidem, 2009 (tomus V operum) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2013_num_82_1_3841_t17_0359_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Giovanni Alberto Cecconi, ''Commento storico al libro II dell'Epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : con introduzione, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 2002 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003.11.17 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2004_num_73_1_2554_t1_0408_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/84769725/Giovanni_Alberto_Cecconi_Commento_storico_al_libro_II_dellepistolario_di_Q_Aurelio_Simmaco_Con_introduzione_testo_traduzione_e_indici Tertia recensio critica] *Maria Lubello, ''[https://flore.unifi.it/retrieve/5f4d48db-5049-487b-ac42-4092ba20a52a/Lubello_Maria_Commento_storico_libri_VII-VIII_2024.pdf Commento storico ai libri VII e VIII dell’epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, testo, traduzione, commento storico]'', Florentiae, 2024 [https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/1374992 Dissertatio academica] * Arnaldo Marcone, ''Commento storico al libro IV dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1987 ** Commento storico al libro VI dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: Introd., commento storico, teste, traduzione, indici, Pisae, 1983 *Andrea Pellizzari, ''Commento storico al libro III dell epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1983. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2003_num_72_1_2530_t1_0416_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Paola Rivolta Tiberga, ''Commento storico al libro V dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1982 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1996_num_65_1_1262_t1_0346_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Sergio Roda, ''Commento storico al libro IX dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 1981 * Domenico Vera, ''Commento storico alle "relationes" di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento, testo, traduzione, appendice sul libro X, 1-2, indici'', Pisae, 1981 == Plura legere si cupis == *Philippe Bruggisser, ''Symmaque ou le rituel épistolaire de l'amitié littéraire. Recherches sur le premier livre de la correspondance'', Fribourg, 1993 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1995_num_64_1_1237_t1_0337_0000_2 Recensio critica] *JP Callu, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2006_ant_361_1_11709 En marge des vieux livres : les manuscrits perdus de Symmaque]", ''Revue d’histoire des textes'', 1976: 197-217 *Nicolas Cavuoto-Denis, ''Vsus scribendi : le projet littéraire de Symmaque dans les Lettres, les Discours et les Rapports'', Turnhout, Brepols, 2023 [https://www.academia.edu/71771621/Vsus_scribendi_le_projet_litt%C3%A9raire_de_Symmaque_dans_les_Lettres_les_Discours_et_les_Rapports Summarium] *Octavius Clason, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=QywUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Symmachi epistularum codice Parisino]'', Bonnae, [1867] '''LATINE''' *Gerd Haverling, ''Studies on Symmachus' Language and Style'', [[Gothoburgum|Gothoburgi]], 1988 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1990_num_59_1_2300_t1_0385_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Gaëlle Hébert de la Portbarré-Viard, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2018_num_197_1_1925 Symmaque dans le ''Contra Symmachum'' de Prudence : enjeux et significations d’une mise à mort littéraire]", ''Vita Latina'', 2018: 148-172 * Bettina Hecht, ''Störungen der Rechtslage in den Relationen des Symmachus : Verwaltung und Rechtsprechung in Rom 384/385 n. Chr'', Berolini, 2006 [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7767/zrgra.2008.125.1.775/html Recensio critica] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/864/mode/2up 865-871] * R. Klein, Symmachus, ''Eine tragische Gestalt des ausgehenden Heidentums'', [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 1971 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3927_t1_0322_0000_1 Recensio critica] * Otto Koren, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=4akiGJ2DkE8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Quaestiones Symmachianae]'', Vindobonae, 1874 '''LATINE''' *Guilelmus Kroll, ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024459482&seq=5 De Q. Aurelii Symmachi studiis graecis et latinis]'', Vratislaviae, 1891 '''LATINE''' * Federico Lizzani, ''Il patrimonio di Q. Aurelius Symmachus a Roma e nel Lazio : una restituzione archeologica dall'epistolario'', Romae, "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2024 ISBN 978-88-913-3294-3 *John Alexander McGeachy, ''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and the Senatorial Aristocracy of the West'', University of Chicago, 1942 * Jill Mitchell, ''[https://www.academia.edu/118514477/The_Religious_world_of_Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]'', Trivent Publishing, 2021 *Eugenius Morin, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=6c9gM4kqQkIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Disquisitio chronologica de dimidia altera quarti saeculi parte juxta Symmachum]'', Parisiis, excudebat Panckoucke, 1847 '''LATINE''' * F. Paschoud (curator), ''Colloque genevois sur Symmaque : à l'occasion du mille six centième anniversaire du conflit de l'autel de la Victoire'', [1984], Les Belles lettres, 1986 *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 * Ernestus Theodorus Schulze, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=hIhHAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false De Q. Aurelii Symmachi vocabulorum formationibus ad sermonem vulgarem pertinentibus]'', Halis Saxonum, 1884 '''LATINE''' * Ramón Teja, ''La más antigua polémica sobre la tolerancia religiosa: el debate entre San Ambrosio de Milán y el senador Símaco sobre el Altar de la Victoria'', Matriti, 2023 ISBN 978-84-19782-23-6 *Cristiana Sogno, ''Q. Aurelius Symmachus : a political biography'', University of Michigan Press, 2006 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=N3qFtZRLuXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *L. M. A. Viola, ''Quinto Aurelio Simmaco : lo splendore della romanitas : la perfezione dell'uomo religioso romano-italiano e la costituzione della civiltà universale della pace'', Forii, Victrix, 2010 [https://bibcatalogo.uca.es/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=870445&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=2642939] {{NexInt}} * [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus Quintum Aurelium Symmachum] spectant *[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Libri_Decem_Epistolarum Libri decem epistolarum apud Vicifontem] * [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/3292.html De Quinto Aurelio Symmacho in ''A dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology'', I, [[Londinium|Londinii]], anno 1870, p. 959] (???? nexus falsus) * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~Harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Symmachus/sym_re03.html Tertia Relatio Symmachi] * [https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_auct_ant_6_1/index.htm#page/(III)/mode/1up Editio Ottonis Seeck, Q''. Aurelii Symmachi quae supersunt'' ] in Monumenta Germaniae Historica - (dMGH) * {{BBKL|s/s4/symmachus_a|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=SYMMACHUS EUSEBIUS, Q. AURELIUS|tomus=11|columnae=363-366}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090814190634/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/sym-amb/ambrepf.html Ambrosius, Epistulae xvii et xviii] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Valentinianus II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Neoterius]]| annus= 391<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Eutolmius Tatianus|Flavio Eutolmio Tatiano]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] II et [[Flavius Rufinus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|402|Aurelius Symmachus, Quintus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Gens Aurelia]] 7iq1xkonxc52wizhxuh5drryi6jflw6 3979748 3979736 2026-08-09T15:46:42Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De operibus */ 3979748 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Roma, metà di dittico con un'apoteosi, 400 circa.JPG|thumb|Consecratio Symmachi (ut vulgo putatur). Nam hoc dimidium [[Diptychon consulare|diptychum]] [[ebur|eburneum]] [[Monogramma|monogramma]] Symmachorum fert et circa 400 scalptum est.]] '''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus''' signo '''Eusebius''' (natus circa annum [[342]] - obiit anno [[402]]/[[403|3]]), filius [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus|Lucii Aurelii Avianii Symmachi]] fuit [[Senatus|senator]], [[consul]], [[praefectus urbi Romae]] annis [[384]] et [[385]] et orator. Vulgo pro opulentissimo oratore aetatis suae habitus absque nonnullis ipsi [[Cicero]]ni comparatus est<ref>Etiam ab adversariis ut [[Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'': I.632-642.</ref>. Notus est imprimis commendationis indulgentiae in omnes religiones causa, quam in controversia de ara Victoriae affirmavit. == De familia == Primus ex illa gente avus Quinti Symmachi, Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus, [[Consul|consulatus]] insignia "severitatis merito" anno [[330]] accepit; nova familia igitur in ordine senatorio erant Symmachi. Eo magis praerogativas ordinis vindicare visi sunt. Quintus sororem unam<ref>''Ep''. VIII.49</ref> et tres fratres habuit qui omnes ante ipsum obierunt<ref>Nam circa 380 de Celsino Titiano ita scripsit: ''tertius hic mihi de optimis fratribus luctus est'' (''ep''. III.6).</ref>. Circa 370 Quintus Rusticianam, filiam praefecti [[Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus|Orfiti]], uxorem duxit. Filia eis fuit ignoto nomine nomine<ref>''Ep''. VI.12, 67, 79</ref> quae [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior|Nicomacho Flaviano iuniori]] nupsit, ita adfinitatem inter duos e maximis scriptoribus illius aetatis firmans, et aliquanto postea filius [[Quintus Fabius Memmius Symmachus]] operum patris sui editor posthumus. A maioribus multa [[Immobile|bona immobilia]] hereditario accepit: tres domus Romae, unam [[Capua (urbs antiqua)|Capuae]], quindecim [[villa|villas]] plerumque in Italia meridionali sitas, praedia quoque in [[Samnium|Samnio]], [[Apulia]], [[Sicilia (provincia Romana)|Sicilia]], [[Mauretania (discretiva)|Mauretania]]. Inter tamen senatores modice divites numerabatur et ad munera [[Praetor|praetoria]] filii sui duo milia argenti pondo erogasse dicitur<ref>[[Olympiodorus Thebanus|Olympiodorus]], Fragmentum 44.</ref>. == De cursu honorum == * Annis incertis [[Quaestor|quaesturam]] et [[praetor|praeturam]] gessit. Circa idem tempus [[pontifex |pontifex maior]] cooptatus est<ref>''Epistulae'' I.49, 51 ;II.53 ; IX.147-8.</ref> nec aliud sacerdotium umquam suscepit, quamvis studiosus paganismi defensor<ref>CIL VI, 1699, stela a filio erecta quae cursum honorum Symmachi nobis servavit.</ref>. *364-5 tum cum pater [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] erat ipse corrector [[Lucania|Lucaniae]] et [[Bruttium|Brittiorum]] fit<ref>Cf ''Epistulae'' II.48.</ref>. Tum vetustissimas epistulas scribit quas quidem adhuc habeamus. * anno 369 [[Panegyricus|panegyricos]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] et [[Gratianus|Gratiani]] coram principibus pronuntiat<ref>''Orationes'' I-III.</ref>. In Gallia apud Valentinianus usque ad annum 370 mansit ubi [[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonium]] cognovit cuius amicitiam coluit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.14 et 32.</ref>. Mox [[comes]] tertii ordinis renuntiatur. * 373-4 [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsul Africae]] fit, officium honorificum sine vera potentia<ref>CIL VIII, 24584 et 5347 inscriptiones in [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa]] repertae. Cf ''Epistulae'' VIII.5 et 20. X.1.2-3.</ref>. * anno 376 Gratiani nuntium de morte [[Flavius Maximinus|Maximini]] in senatu recitat<ref>''Epistulae'' I.13 et X.2</ref>. Die 9 Ianuarii orationem ''Pro Trygetio'' in senatu habuit gratias agens quod patrem plebe seditiosa expulsum honorifice revocassent<ref>''Oratio'' V. Cf ''Epistulae'' I.44</ref>. *377-8 Aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.20 et 85. III.47.</ref> * anno 382 legatus senatorum ad Gratianum missus [[Ara Victoriae|aram Victoriae]] in [[Curia Hostilia|curia]] restituendam poscere volebat sed aditu principis prohibitus est<ref>Ambrosius, ''Epistulae'' 17.10</ref> * anno 384 [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] cum matre [[Iustina]] imperante [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus Urbi]] ''sub aestatis exordio''<ref>''Relatio'' 25.3</ref> fit. Tum iterum arae Victoriae restitutionem petiit<ref>''Relatio'' tertia.</ref> sed ab [[Ambrosius|Ambrosio]] episcopo victus est. Praeterea annonae angustiae eum ad magistratum deponendum incitaverunt (februario 385)<ref>Eventa huius praefecturae ab ipsius ''relationibus'' nota sunt. Vide etiam ''Epistulas'' II.36 et 55, III.28.</ref>. In praefectura [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinum]] magistrum rhetoricae nominavit<ref>''[[Confessiones (Augustinus)|Confessiones]]'' V.13.</ref>. * anno 387 partes usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Magni Maximi]] oratione quidem non armis<ref>[[Gennadius Scholasticus|Gennadius]], ''De Viris illustribus'' 49.</ref> sequitur quo mox a Theodosio victo veniam quidem impetrat (et Theodosio in oratione gratias agebat<ref>''Epistulae'' II.13, 28, 30-32.</ref>) sed eius dignitas aliquantum imminuta est<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistulae'' 1008</ref>. Revera [[Novatianus|Novatianorum]] intercessio episcopi ei saluti fuerat. * iamdiu orator disertissimus velut praeco senatorum erat et anno incerto [[princeps senatus]] publice nominatur<ref>[[Socrates Scholasticus]] V.14.6.</ref> * anno 390 cum Theodosio in gratiam redit et ad [[consul|consulatum ordinarium]] anni proximi designatur<ref>[[Prudentius]], [[Contra Symmachum]] I.622-5. Cf ''Epistulae'' II.62-4. V.15. IX.149. </ref> *anno 391 gratiarum actionem in aula Mediolani habet sed quia aram Victoriae memoravit a Theodosio ex urbe expellitur. * annis 392-4 ab [[Eugenius|Eugenii]] [[Arbogastes|Arbogastis]]que usurpatione ipse abstinet sed filius quaestor, gener praefectus Urbi sunt et amicus Virius Nicomachus Flavius post cladem sibi mortem voluntariam conscivit. *Usque ad annum 398 in umbra remanet. 396/7 aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' III.38-39, V.58 etc.</ref>, anno 398 plebe irata expulsus est ac postea revocatus<ref>''Epistulae'' VI.66, VIII.64-5, IX.81.</ref>. Ab illo anno cursui honorum Memmi filii (sc. praeturae) operam dat<ref>''Ep''. IV.7, 8, 12, 58, 59, 60, 63 etc. </ref> et usque ad mortem [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichoni]] tum in Occidente dominanti satis propinquus est. In summa munera honorifica multa absolvit, numquam tamen in aula apud principes vitam egit. Plerumque Romae aut in villis tempus litteris terebat. Itaque ad res magnas decidendas momentum non habuit. == De homine litterato == E litteris igitur et facultate dicendi pleramque auctoritatem suam ducebat. In litteris ut in republica aut religione [[mos maiorum|morem maiorum]] imprimis venerabatur. Ita [[Vergilius|Vergilium]], [[Cicero|Ciceronem]], [[Titus Maccius Plautus|Plautum]], [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentium]], [[Horatius|Horatium]] imprimis amat quorum sententiarum saepe in ''Epistulis'' meminit. Amplam bibliothecam sibi pararat: novimus enim apud Symmachum fuisse Titum Livium integrum quem emendare coeperat<ref>''Epistulae'' IX.13.</ref>, necnon [[Plinius Maior|Plinium Maiorem]] aut ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|Commentarios de Bello Gallico]]''. Ita quodam modo 'litteras classicas' iam invenerat quas spreta lingua suae aetatis colebat<ref>De Symmachi studiis vide G. Kroll(1891).</ref> et litteras amatas ut posteris traderentur curabat. Librarii enim apud Symmachos textus duplicabant. Adulescentes suae aetatis quoque ad rhetoricam studendam hortabatur<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004.</ref> et filio instituendo ipse operam dedit<ref>''Ep''. V.5 et VI.61</ref> In ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalibus]]''<ref>I.24.8.</ref> Vergilium non tantum litterarum sed etiam [[Theologia|theologiae]] et [[ritus|rituum]] magistrum esse contendebat. Non minus enim a novitatibus orientalibus in [[Polytheismus|polytheismum]] nuper introductis abhorrebat quam a Christianismo. Vetus Romanus volebat esse. == De operibus == Tria genera operum reliquit Symmachus, epistulas, relationes, orationes: * '''orationes''' octo ab ipso circa [[376]] publicatae sunt quae ad patrem, Valentinianos principes et alios homines nobiles pertinent. Anno [[1815]] in [[Palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] ab [[Angelus Mai|Angelo Mai]] inventae sunt, antea a septimo saeculo deperditae. *'''relationes''' 49 statim post praefecturam circa [[385]] edidit inter quas celeberrima tertia relatio de ara Victoriae versatur. Illae relationes illius actionem in magistratus gerendo recensent. *'''epistulae''' plus quam nongentae in decem libros digestae magnum opus eius faciunt. Liber primus paulo post 385 in lumen prodisse vulgo creditur (epistulas ad patrem et fratrem continet necnon ad poetam [[Ausonius|Ausonium]] filiumque eius Hesperium et ad amicum [[Vettius Agorius Praetextatus|Praetextatum]] fratrem in paganismo. Cetera post mortem auctoris sed ante annum 409 a filio Memmio edita putantur. In septem primis libris epistulae per personas quibus missae sunt disponuntur sine ulla [[Chronologia|chronologica]] aut [[Thema (litterae)|thematica]] dispositione. In octavo et nono sine ordine miscentur (pars maxima decimi deperdita est), ne persinae quidem quibus mittuntur semper indicantur. Unde eruditi coniecerunt auctorem editionem usque ad septimum librum praeparasse, postea filium solum relictum ut potuit reliqua edidisse. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == *[[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/foto/F010361 VI, 1699] ; VIII, 24584 ; VIII, 5347 *[[Ambrosius]], ''Epistulae'' XVII et XVIII *[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004. * [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' *[[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' == Editiones criticae et commentarii == [[Fasciculus:Base statua di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco - Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|CIL VI, 1699 = basis statuae a filio Memmio patri in [[Mons Caelius|monte Caelio]] erectae ubi eorum domus erat: cursum honorum brevem legere licet.]] *[[Collection des Universités de France]]: J.P. Callu, ''Symmaque. Correspondance.'' Les Belles Lettres, 1972-2002 (quattuor tomi) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1973_num_42_1_1704_t1_0288_0000_5 Recensio critica] ** ''Symmaque. Discours. Rapports'', ibidem, 2009 (tomus V operum) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2013_num_82_1_3841_t17_0359_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Giovanni Alberto Cecconi, ''Commento storico al libro II dell'Epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : con introduzione, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 2002 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003.11.17 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2004_num_73_1_2554_t1_0408_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/84769725/Giovanni_Alberto_Cecconi_Commento_storico_al_libro_II_dellepistolario_di_Q_Aurelio_Simmaco_Con_introduzione_testo_traduzione_e_indici Tertia recensio critica] *Maria Lubello, ''[https://flore.unifi.it/retrieve/5f4d48db-5049-487b-ac42-4092ba20a52a/Lubello_Maria_Commento_storico_libri_VII-VIII_2024.pdf Commento storico ai libri VII e VIII dell’epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, testo, traduzione, commento storico]'', Florentiae, 2024 [https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/1374992 Dissertatio academica] * Arnaldo Marcone, ''Commento storico al libro IV dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1987 ** Commento storico al libro VI dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: Introd., commento storico, teste, traduzione, indici, Pisae, 1983 *Andrea Pellizzari, ''Commento storico al libro III dell epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1983. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2003_num_72_1_2530_t1_0416_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Paola Rivolta Tiberga, ''Commento storico al libro V dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1982 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1996_num_65_1_1262_t1_0346_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Sergio Roda, ''Commento storico al libro IX dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 1981 * Domenico Vera, ''Commento storico alle "relationes" di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento, testo, traduzione, appendice sul libro X, 1-2, indici'', Pisae, 1981 == Plura legere si cupis == *Philippe Bruggisser, ''Symmaque ou le rituel épistolaire de l'amitié littéraire. Recherches sur le premier livre de la correspondance'', Fribourg, 1993 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1995_num_64_1_1237_t1_0337_0000_2 Recensio critica] *JP Callu, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2006_ant_361_1_11709 En marge des vieux livres : les manuscrits perdus de Symmaque]", ''Revue d’histoire des textes'', 1976: 197-217 *Nicolas Cavuoto-Denis, ''Vsus scribendi : le projet littéraire de Symmaque dans les Lettres, les Discours et les Rapports'', Turnhout, Brepols, 2023 [https://www.academia.edu/71771621/Vsus_scribendi_le_projet_litt%C3%A9raire_de_Symmaque_dans_les_Lettres_les_Discours_et_les_Rapports Summarium] *Octavius Clason, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=QywUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Symmachi epistularum codice Parisino]'', Bonnae, [1867] '''LATINE''' *Gerd Haverling, ''Studies on Symmachus' Language and Style'', [[Gothoburgum|Gothoburgi]], 1988 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1990_num_59_1_2300_t1_0385_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Gaëlle Hébert de la Portbarré-Viard, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2018_num_197_1_1925 Symmaque dans le ''Contra Symmachum'' de Prudence : enjeux et significations d’une mise à mort littéraire]", ''Vita Latina'', 2018: 148-172 * Bettina Hecht, ''Störungen der Rechtslage in den Relationen des Symmachus : Verwaltung und Rechtsprechung in Rom 384/385 n. Chr'', Berolini, 2006 [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7767/zrgra.2008.125.1.775/html Recensio critica] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/864/mode/2up 865-871] * R. Klein, Symmachus, ''Eine tragische Gestalt des ausgehenden Heidentums'', [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 1971 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3927_t1_0322_0000_1 Recensio critica] * Otto Koren, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=4akiGJ2DkE8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Quaestiones Symmachianae]'', Vindobonae, 1874 '''LATINE''' *Guilelmus Kroll, ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024459482&seq=5 De Q. Aurelii Symmachi studiis graecis et latinis]'', Vratislaviae, 1891 '''LATINE''' * Federico Lizzani, ''Il patrimonio di Q. Aurelius Symmachus a Roma e nel Lazio : una restituzione archeologica dall'epistolario'', Romae, "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2024 ISBN 978-88-913-3294-3 *John Alexander McGeachy, ''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and the Senatorial Aristocracy of the West'', University of Chicago, 1942 * Jill Mitchell, ''[https://www.academia.edu/118514477/The_Religious_world_of_Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]'', Trivent Publishing, 2021 *Eugenius Morin, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=6c9gM4kqQkIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Disquisitio chronologica de dimidia altera quarti saeculi parte juxta Symmachum]'', Parisiis, excudebat Panckoucke, 1847 '''LATINE''' * F. Paschoud (curator), ''Colloque genevois sur Symmaque : à l'occasion du mille six centième anniversaire du conflit de l'autel de la Victoire'', [1984], Les Belles lettres, 1986 *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 * Ernestus Theodorus Schulze, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=hIhHAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false De Q. Aurelii Symmachi vocabulorum formationibus ad sermonem vulgarem pertinentibus]'', Halis Saxonum, 1884 '''LATINE''' * Ramón Teja, ''La más antigua polémica sobre la tolerancia religiosa: el debate entre San Ambrosio de Milán y el senador Símaco sobre el Altar de la Victoria'', Matriti, 2023 ISBN 978-84-19782-23-6 *Cristiana Sogno, ''Q. Aurelius Symmachus : a political biography'', University of Michigan Press, 2006 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=N3qFtZRLuXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *L. M. A. Viola, ''Quinto Aurelio Simmaco : lo splendore della romanitas : la perfezione dell'uomo religioso romano-italiano e la costituzione della civiltà universale della pace'', Forii, Victrix, 2010 [https://bibcatalogo.uca.es/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=870445&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=2642939] {{NexInt}} * [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus Quintum Aurelium Symmachum] spectant *[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Libri_Decem_Epistolarum Libri decem epistolarum apud Vicifontem] * [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/3292.html De Quinto Aurelio Symmacho in ''A dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology'', I, [[Londinium|Londinii]], anno 1870, p. 959] (???? nexus falsus) * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~Harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Symmachus/sym_re03.html Tertia Relatio Symmachi] * [https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_auct_ant_6_1/index.htm#page/(III)/mode/1up Editio Ottonis Seeck, Q''. Aurelii Symmachi quae supersunt'' ] in Monumenta Germaniae Historica - (dMGH) * {{BBKL|s/s4/symmachus_a|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=SYMMACHUS EUSEBIUS, Q. AURELIUS|tomus=11|columnae=363-366}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090814190634/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/sym-amb/ambrepf.html Ambrosius, Epistulae xvii et xviii] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Valentinianus II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Neoterius]]| annus= 391<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Eutolmius Tatianus|Flavio Eutolmio Tatiano]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] II et [[Flavius Rufinus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|402|Aurelius Symmachus, Quintus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Gens Aurelia]] c1nfmkfjl8jmql42tz5o8w9sxz4biq1 3979749 3979748 2026-08-09T15:47:24Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De operibus */ 3979749 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Roma, metà di dittico con un'apoteosi, 400 circa.JPG|thumb|Consecratio Symmachi (ut vulgo putatur). Nam hoc dimidium [[Diptychon consulare|diptychum]] [[ebur|eburneum]] [[Monogramma|monogramma]] Symmachorum fert et circa 400 scalptum est.]] '''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus''' signo '''Eusebius''' (natus circa annum [[342]] - obiit anno [[402]]/[[403|3]]), filius [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus|Lucii Aurelii Avianii Symmachi]] fuit [[Senatus|senator]], [[consul]], [[praefectus urbi Romae]] annis [[384]] et [[385]] et orator. Vulgo pro opulentissimo oratore aetatis suae habitus absque nonnullis ipsi [[Cicero]]ni comparatus est<ref>Etiam ab adversariis ut [[Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'': I.632-642.</ref>. Notus est imprimis commendationis indulgentiae in omnes religiones causa, quam in controversia de ara Victoriae affirmavit. == De familia == Primus ex illa gente avus Quinti Symmachi, Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus, [[Consul|consulatus]] insignia "severitatis merito" anno [[330]] accepit; nova familia igitur in ordine senatorio erant Symmachi. Eo magis praerogativas ordinis vindicare visi sunt. Quintus sororem unam<ref>''Ep''. VIII.49</ref> et tres fratres habuit qui omnes ante ipsum obierunt<ref>Nam circa 380 de Celsino Titiano ita scripsit: ''tertius hic mihi de optimis fratribus luctus est'' (''ep''. III.6).</ref>. Circa 370 Quintus Rusticianam, filiam praefecti [[Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus|Orfiti]], uxorem duxit. Filia eis fuit ignoto nomine nomine<ref>''Ep''. VI.12, 67, 79</ref> quae [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior|Nicomacho Flaviano iuniori]] nupsit, ita adfinitatem inter duos e maximis scriptoribus illius aetatis firmans, et aliquanto postea filius [[Quintus Fabius Memmius Symmachus]] operum patris sui editor posthumus. A maioribus multa [[Immobile|bona immobilia]] hereditario accepit: tres domus Romae, unam [[Capua (urbs antiqua)|Capuae]], quindecim [[villa|villas]] plerumque in Italia meridionali sitas, praedia quoque in [[Samnium|Samnio]], [[Apulia]], [[Sicilia (provincia Romana)|Sicilia]], [[Mauretania (discretiva)|Mauretania]]. Inter tamen senatores modice divites numerabatur et ad munera [[Praetor|praetoria]] filii sui duo milia argenti pondo erogasse dicitur<ref>[[Olympiodorus Thebanus|Olympiodorus]], Fragmentum 44.</ref>. == De cursu honorum == * Annis incertis [[Quaestor|quaesturam]] et [[praetor|praeturam]] gessit. Circa idem tempus [[pontifex |pontifex maior]] cooptatus est<ref>''Epistulae'' I.49, 51 ;II.53 ; IX.147-8.</ref> nec aliud sacerdotium umquam suscepit, quamvis studiosus paganismi defensor<ref>CIL VI, 1699, stela a filio erecta quae cursum honorum Symmachi nobis servavit.</ref>. *364-5 tum cum pater [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] erat ipse corrector [[Lucania|Lucaniae]] et [[Bruttium|Brittiorum]] fit<ref>Cf ''Epistulae'' II.48.</ref>. Tum vetustissimas epistulas scribit quas quidem adhuc habeamus. * anno 369 [[Panegyricus|panegyricos]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] et [[Gratianus|Gratiani]] coram principibus pronuntiat<ref>''Orationes'' I-III.</ref>. In Gallia apud Valentinianus usque ad annum 370 mansit ubi [[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonium]] cognovit cuius amicitiam coluit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.14 et 32.</ref>. Mox [[comes]] tertii ordinis renuntiatur. * 373-4 [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsul Africae]] fit, officium honorificum sine vera potentia<ref>CIL VIII, 24584 et 5347 inscriptiones in [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa]] repertae. Cf ''Epistulae'' VIII.5 et 20. X.1.2-3.</ref>. * anno 376 Gratiani nuntium de morte [[Flavius Maximinus|Maximini]] in senatu recitat<ref>''Epistulae'' I.13 et X.2</ref>. Die 9 Ianuarii orationem ''Pro Trygetio'' in senatu habuit gratias agens quod patrem plebe seditiosa expulsum honorifice revocassent<ref>''Oratio'' V. Cf ''Epistulae'' I.44</ref>. *377-8 Aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.20 et 85. III.47.</ref> * anno 382 legatus senatorum ad Gratianum missus [[Ara Victoriae|aram Victoriae]] in [[Curia Hostilia|curia]] restituendam poscere volebat sed aditu principis prohibitus est<ref>Ambrosius, ''Epistulae'' 17.10</ref> * anno 384 [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] cum matre [[Iustina]] imperante [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus Urbi]] ''sub aestatis exordio''<ref>''Relatio'' 25.3</ref> fit. Tum iterum arae Victoriae restitutionem petiit<ref>''Relatio'' tertia.</ref> sed ab [[Ambrosius|Ambrosio]] episcopo victus est. Praeterea annonae angustiae eum ad magistratum deponendum incitaverunt (februario 385)<ref>Eventa huius praefecturae ab ipsius ''relationibus'' nota sunt. Vide etiam ''Epistulas'' II.36 et 55, III.28.</ref>. In praefectura [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinum]] magistrum rhetoricae nominavit<ref>''[[Confessiones (Augustinus)|Confessiones]]'' V.13.</ref>. * anno 387 partes usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Magni Maximi]] oratione quidem non armis<ref>[[Gennadius Scholasticus|Gennadius]], ''De Viris illustribus'' 49.</ref> sequitur quo mox a Theodosio victo veniam quidem impetrat (et Theodosio in oratione gratias agebat<ref>''Epistulae'' II.13, 28, 30-32.</ref>) sed eius dignitas aliquantum imminuta est<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistulae'' 1008</ref>. Revera [[Novatianus|Novatianorum]] intercessio episcopi ei saluti fuerat. * iamdiu orator disertissimus velut praeco senatorum erat et anno incerto [[princeps senatus]] publice nominatur<ref>[[Socrates Scholasticus]] V.14.6.</ref> * anno 390 cum Theodosio in gratiam redit et ad [[consul|consulatum ordinarium]] anni proximi designatur<ref>[[Prudentius]], [[Contra Symmachum]] I.622-5. Cf ''Epistulae'' II.62-4. V.15. IX.149. </ref> *anno 391 gratiarum actionem in aula Mediolani habet sed quia aram Victoriae memoravit a Theodosio ex urbe expellitur. * annis 392-4 ab [[Eugenius|Eugenii]] [[Arbogastes|Arbogastis]]que usurpatione ipse abstinet sed filius quaestor, gener praefectus Urbi sunt et amicus Virius Nicomachus Flavius post cladem sibi mortem voluntariam conscivit. *Usque ad annum 398 in umbra remanet. 396/7 aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' III.38-39, V.58 etc.</ref>, anno 398 plebe irata expulsus est ac postea revocatus<ref>''Epistulae'' VI.66, VIII.64-5, IX.81.</ref>. Ab illo anno cursui honorum Memmi filii (sc. praeturae) operam dat<ref>''Ep''. IV.7, 8, 12, 58, 59, 60, 63 etc. </ref> et usque ad mortem [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichoni]] tum in Occidente dominanti satis propinquus est. In summa munera honorifica multa absolvit, numquam tamen in aula apud principes vitam egit. Plerumque Romae aut in villis tempus litteris terebat. Itaque ad res magnas decidendas momentum non habuit. == De homine litterato == E litteris igitur et facultate dicendi pleramque auctoritatem suam ducebat. In litteris ut in republica aut religione [[mos maiorum|morem maiorum]] imprimis venerabatur. Ita [[Vergilius|Vergilium]], [[Cicero|Ciceronem]], [[Titus Maccius Plautus|Plautum]], [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentium]], [[Horatius|Horatium]] imprimis amat quorum sententiarum saepe in ''Epistulis'' meminit. Amplam bibliothecam sibi pararat: novimus enim apud Symmachum fuisse Titum Livium integrum quem emendare coeperat<ref>''Epistulae'' IX.13.</ref>, necnon [[Plinius Maior|Plinium Maiorem]] aut ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|Commentarios de Bello Gallico]]''. Ita quodam modo 'litteras classicas' iam invenerat quas spreta lingua suae aetatis colebat<ref>De Symmachi studiis vide G. Kroll(1891).</ref> et litteras amatas ut posteris traderentur curabat. Librarii enim apud Symmachos textus duplicabant. Adulescentes suae aetatis quoque ad rhetoricam studendam hortabatur<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004.</ref> et filio instituendo ipse operam dedit<ref>''Ep''. V.5 et VI.61</ref> In ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalibus]]''<ref>I.24.8.</ref> Vergilium non tantum litterarum sed etiam [[Theologia|theologiae]] et [[ritus|rituum]] magistrum esse contendebat. Non minus enim a novitatibus orientalibus in [[Polytheismus|polytheismum]] nuper introductis abhorrebat quam a Christianismo. Vetus Romanus volebat esse. == De operibus == Tria genera operum reliquit Symmachus, epistulas, relationes, orationes: * '''orationes''' octo ab ipso circa [[376]] publicatae sunt quae ad patrem, Valentinianos principes et alios homines nobiles pertinent. Anno [[1815]] in [[Palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] ab [[Angelus Mai|Angelo Mai]] inventae sunt, antea a septimo saeculo deperditae. *'''relationes''' 49 statim post praefecturam circa [[385]] edidit inter quas celeberrima tertia relatio de ara Victoriae versatur. Illae relationes illius actionem in magistratu gerendo recensent. *'''epistulae''' plus quam nongentae in decem libros digestae magnum opus eius faciunt. Liber primus paulo post 385 in lumen prodisse vulgo creditur (epistulas ad patrem et fratrem continet necnon ad poetam [[Ausonius|Ausonium]] filiumque eius Hesperium et ad amicum [[Vettius Agorius Praetextatus|Praetextatum]] fratrem in paganismo. Cetera post mortem auctoris sed ante annum 409 a filio Memmio edita putantur. In septem primis libris epistulae per personas quibus missae sunt disponuntur sine ulla [[Chronologia|chronologica]] aut [[Thema (litterae)|thematica]] dispositione. In octavo et nono sine ordine miscentur (pars maxima decimi deperdita est), ne persinae quidem quibus mittuntur semper indicantur. Unde eruditi coniecerunt auctorem editionem usque ad septimum librum praeparasse, postea filium solum relictum ut potuit reliqua edidisse. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == *[[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/foto/F010361 VI, 1699] ; VIII, 24584 ; VIII, 5347 *[[Ambrosius]], ''Epistulae'' XVII et XVIII *[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004. * [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' *[[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' == Editiones criticae et commentarii == [[Fasciculus:Base statua di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco - Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|CIL VI, 1699 = basis statuae a filio Memmio patri in [[Mons Caelius|monte Caelio]] erectae ubi eorum domus erat: cursum honorum brevem legere licet.]] *[[Collection des Universités de France]]: J.P. Callu, ''Symmaque. Correspondance.'' Les Belles Lettres, 1972-2002 (quattuor tomi) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1973_num_42_1_1704_t1_0288_0000_5 Recensio critica] ** ''Symmaque. Discours. Rapports'', ibidem, 2009 (tomus V operum) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2013_num_82_1_3841_t17_0359_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Giovanni Alberto Cecconi, ''Commento storico al libro II dell'Epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : con introduzione, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 2002 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003.11.17 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2004_num_73_1_2554_t1_0408_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/84769725/Giovanni_Alberto_Cecconi_Commento_storico_al_libro_II_dellepistolario_di_Q_Aurelio_Simmaco_Con_introduzione_testo_traduzione_e_indici Tertia recensio critica] *Maria Lubello, ''[https://flore.unifi.it/retrieve/5f4d48db-5049-487b-ac42-4092ba20a52a/Lubello_Maria_Commento_storico_libri_VII-VIII_2024.pdf Commento storico ai libri VII e VIII dell’epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, testo, traduzione, commento storico]'', Florentiae, 2024 [https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/1374992 Dissertatio academica] * Arnaldo Marcone, ''Commento storico al libro IV dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1987 ** Commento storico al libro VI dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: Introd., commento storico, teste, traduzione, indici, Pisae, 1983 *Andrea Pellizzari, ''Commento storico al libro III dell epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1983. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2003_num_72_1_2530_t1_0416_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Paola Rivolta Tiberga, ''Commento storico al libro V dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1982 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1996_num_65_1_1262_t1_0346_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Sergio Roda, ''Commento storico al libro IX dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 1981 * Domenico Vera, ''Commento storico alle "relationes" di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento, testo, traduzione, appendice sul libro X, 1-2, indici'', Pisae, 1981 == Plura legere si cupis == *Philippe Bruggisser, ''Symmaque ou le rituel épistolaire de l'amitié littéraire. Recherches sur le premier livre de la correspondance'', Fribourg, 1993 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1995_num_64_1_1237_t1_0337_0000_2 Recensio critica] *JP Callu, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2006_ant_361_1_11709 En marge des vieux livres : les manuscrits perdus de Symmaque]", ''Revue d’histoire des textes'', 1976: 197-217 *Nicolas Cavuoto-Denis, ''Vsus scribendi : le projet littéraire de Symmaque dans les Lettres, les Discours et les Rapports'', Turnhout, Brepols, 2023 [https://www.academia.edu/71771621/Vsus_scribendi_le_projet_litt%C3%A9raire_de_Symmaque_dans_les_Lettres_les_Discours_et_les_Rapports Summarium] *Octavius Clason, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=QywUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Symmachi epistularum codice Parisino]'', Bonnae, [1867] '''LATINE''' *Gerd Haverling, ''Studies on Symmachus' Language and Style'', [[Gothoburgum|Gothoburgi]], 1988 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1990_num_59_1_2300_t1_0385_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Gaëlle Hébert de la Portbarré-Viard, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2018_num_197_1_1925 Symmaque dans le ''Contra Symmachum'' de Prudence : enjeux et significations d’une mise à mort littéraire]", ''Vita Latina'', 2018: 148-172 * Bettina Hecht, ''Störungen der Rechtslage in den Relationen des Symmachus : Verwaltung und Rechtsprechung in Rom 384/385 n. Chr'', Berolini, 2006 [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7767/zrgra.2008.125.1.775/html Recensio critica] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/864/mode/2up 865-871] * R. Klein, Symmachus, ''Eine tragische Gestalt des ausgehenden Heidentums'', [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 1971 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3927_t1_0322_0000_1 Recensio critica] * Otto Koren, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=4akiGJ2DkE8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Quaestiones Symmachianae]'', Vindobonae, 1874 '''LATINE''' *Guilelmus Kroll, ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024459482&seq=5 De Q. Aurelii Symmachi studiis graecis et latinis]'', Vratislaviae, 1891 '''LATINE''' * Federico Lizzani, ''Il patrimonio di Q. Aurelius Symmachus a Roma e nel Lazio : una restituzione archeologica dall'epistolario'', Romae, "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2024 ISBN 978-88-913-3294-3 *John Alexander McGeachy, ''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and the Senatorial Aristocracy of the West'', University of Chicago, 1942 * Jill Mitchell, ''[https://www.academia.edu/118514477/The_Religious_world_of_Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]'', Trivent Publishing, 2021 *Eugenius Morin, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=6c9gM4kqQkIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Disquisitio chronologica de dimidia altera quarti saeculi parte juxta Symmachum]'', Parisiis, excudebat Panckoucke, 1847 '''LATINE''' * F. Paschoud (curator), ''Colloque genevois sur Symmaque : à l'occasion du mille six centième anniversaire du conflit de l'autel de la Victoire'', [1984], Les Belles lettres, 1986 *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 * Ernestus Theodorus Schulze, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=hIhHAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false De Q. Aurelii Symmachi vocabulorum formationibus ad sermonem vulgarem pertinentibus]'', Halis Saxonum, 1884 '''LATINE''' * Ramón Teja, ''La más antigua polémica sobre la tolerancia religiosa: el debate entre San Ambrosio de Milán y el senador Símaco sobre el Altar de la Victoria'', Matriti, 2023 ISBN 978-84-19782-23-6 *Cristiana Sogno, ''Q. Aurelius Symmachus : a political biography'', University of Michigan Press, 2006 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=N3qFtZRLuXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *L. M. A. Viola, ''Quinto Aurelio Simmaco : lo splendore della romanitas : la perfezione dell'uomo religioso romano-italiano e la costituzione della civiltà universale della pace'', Forii, Victrix, 2010 [https://bibcatalogo.uca.es/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=870445&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=2642939] {{NexInt}} * [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus Quintum Aurelium Symmachum] spectant *[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Libri_Decem_Epistolarum Libri decem epistolarum apud Vicifontem] * [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/3292.html De Quinto Aurelio Symmacho in ''A dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology'', I, [[Londinium|Londinii]], anno 1870, p. 959] (???? nexus falsus) * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~Harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Symmachus/sym_re03.html Tertia Relatio Symmachi] * [https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_auct_ant_6_1/index.htm#page/(III)/mode/1up Editio Ottonis Seeck, Q''. Aurelii Symmachi quae supersunt'' ] in Monumenta Germaniae Historica - (dMGH) * {{BBKL|s/s4/symmachus_a|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=SYMMACHUS EUSEBIUS, Q. AURELIUS|tomus=11|columnae=363-366}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090814190634/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/sym-amb/ambrepf.html Ambrosius, Epistulae xvii et xviii] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Valentinianus II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Neoterius]]| annus= 391<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Eutolmius Tatianus|Flavio Eutolmio Tatiano]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] II et [[Flavius Rufinus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|402|Aurelius Symmachus, Quintus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Gens Aurelia]] sfphisr7d6988t5du54cy30kayar1hj 3979750 3979749 2026-08-09T15:49:19Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De operibus */ 3979750 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Roma, metà di dittico con un'apoteosi, 400 circa.JPG|thumb|Consecratio Symmachi (ut vulgo putatur). Nam hoc dimidium [[Diptychon consulare|diptychum]] [[ebur|eburneum]] [[Monogramma|monogramma]] Symmachorum fert et circa 400 scalptum est.]] '''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus''' signo '''Eusebius''' (natus circa annum [[342]] - obiit anno [[402]]/[[403|3]]), filius [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus|Lucii Aurelii Avianii Symmachi]] fuit [[Senatus|senator]], [[consul]], [[praefectus urbi Romae]] annis [[384]] et [[385]] et orator. Vulgo pro opulentissimo oratore aetatis suae habitus absque nonnullis ipsi [[Cicero]]ni comparatus est<ref>Etiam ab adversariis ut [[Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'': I.632-642.</ref>. Notus est imprimis commendationis indulgentiae in omnes religiones causa, quam in controversia de ara Victoriae affirmavit. == De familia == Primus ex illa gente avus Quinti Symmachi, Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus, [[Consul|consulatus]] insignia "severitatis merito" anno [[330]] accepit; nova familia igitur in ordine senatorio erant Symmachi. Eo magis praerogativas ordinis vindicare visi sunt. Quintus sororem unam<ref>''Ep''. VIII.49</ref> et tres fratres habuit qui omnes ante ipsum obierunt<ref>Nam circa 380 de Celsino Titiano ita scripsit: ''tertius hic mihi de optimis fratribus luctus est'' (''ep''. III.6).</ref>. Circa 370 Quintus Rusticianam, filiam praefecti [[Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus|Orfiti]], uxorem duxit. Filia eis fuit ignoto nomine nomine<ref>''Ep''. VI.12, 67, 79</ref> quae [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior|Nicomacho Flaviano iuniori]] nupsit, ita adfinitatem inter duos e maximis scriptoribus illius aetatis firmans, et aliquanto postea filius [[Quintus Fabius Memmius Symmachus]] operum patris sui editor posthumus. A maioribus multa [[Immobile|bona immobilia]] hereditario accepit: tres domus Romae, unam [[Capua (urbs antiqua)|Capuae]], quindecim [[villa|villas]] plerumque in Italia meridionali sitas, praedia quoque in [[Samnium|Samnio]], [[Apulia]], [[Sicilia (provincia Romana)|Sicilia]], [[Mauretania (discretiva)|Mauretania]]. Inter tamen senatores modice divites numerabatur et ad munera [[Praetor|praetoria]] filii sui duo milia argenti pondo erogasse dicitur<ref>[[Olympiodorus Thebanus|Olympiodorus]], Fragmentum 44.</ref>. == De cursu honorum == * Annis incertis [[Quaestor|quaesturam]] et [[praetor|praeturam]] gessit. Circa idem tempus [[pontifex |pontifex maior]] cooptatus est<ref>''Epistulae'' I.49, 51 ;II.53 ; IX.147-8.</ref> nec aliud sacerdotium umquam suscepit, quamvis studiosus paganismi defensor<ref>CIL VI, 1699, stela a filio erecta quae cursum honorum Symmachi nobis servavit.</ref>. *364-5 tum cum pater [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] erat ipse corrector [[Lucania|Lucaniae]] et [[Bruttium|Brittiorum]] fit<ref>Cf ''Epistulae'' II.48.</ref>. Tum vetustissimas epistulas scribit quas quidem adhuc habeamus. * anno 369 [[Panegyricus|panegyricos]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] et [[Gratianus|Gratiani]] coram principibus pronuntiat<ref>''Orationes'' I-III.</ref>. In Gallia apud Valentinianus usque ad annum 370 mansit ubi [[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonium]] cognovit cuius amicitiam coluit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.14 et 32.</ref>. Mox [[comes]] tertii ordinis renuntiatur. * 373-4 [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsul Africae]] fit, officium honorificum sine vera potentia<ref>CIL VIII, 24584 et 5347 inscriptiones in [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa]] repertae. Cf ''Epistulae'' VIII.5 et 20. X.1.2-3.</ref>. * anno 376 Gratiani nuntium de morte [[Flavius Maximinus|Maximini]] in senatu recitat<ref>''Epistulae'' I.13 et X.2</ref>. Die 9 Ianuarii orationem ''Pro Trygetio'' in senatu habuit gratias agens quod patrem plebe seditiosa expulsum honorifice revocassent<ref>''Oratio'' V. Cf ''Epistulae'' I.44</ref>. *377-8 Aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.20 et 85. III.47.</ref> * anno 382 legatus senatorum ad Gratianum missus [[Ara Victoriae|aram Victoriae]] in [[Curia Hostilia|curia]] restituendam poscere volebat sed aditu principis prohibitus est<ref>Ambrosius, ''Epistulae'' 17.10</ref> * anno 384 [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] cum matre [[Iustina]] imperante [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus Urbi]] ''sub aestatis exordio''<ref>''Relatio'' 25.3</ref> fit. Tum iterum arae Victoriae restitutionem petiit<ref>''Relatio'' tertia.</ref> sed ab [[Ambrosius|Ambrosio]] episcopo victus est. Praeterea annonae angustiae eum ad magistratum deponendum incitaverunt (februario 385)<ref>Eventa huius praefecturae ab ipsius ''relationibus'' nota sunt. Vide etiam ''Epistulas'' II.36 et 55, III.28.</ref>. In praefectura [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinum]] magistrum rhetoricae nominavit<ref>''[[Confessiones (Augustinus)|Confessiones]]'' V.13.</ref>. * anno 387 partes usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Magni Maximi]] oratione quidem non armis<ref>[[Gennadius Scholasticus|Gennadius]], ''De Viris illustribus'' 49.</ref> sequitur quo mox a Theodosio victo veniam quidem impetrat (et Theodosio in oratione gratias agebat<ref>''Epistulae'' II.13, 28, 30-32.</ref>) sed eius dignitas aliquantum imminuta est<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistulae'' 1008</ref>. Revera [[Novatianus|Novatianorum]] intercessio episcopi ei saluti fuerat. * iamdiu orator disertissimus velut praeco senatorum erat et anno incerto [[princeps senatus]] publice nominatur<ref>[[Socrates Scholasticus]] V.14.6.</ref> * anno 390 cum Theodosio in gratiam redit et ad [[consul|consulatum ordinarium]] anni proximi designatur<ref>[[Prudentius]], [[Contra Symmachum]] I.622-5. Cf ''Epistulae'' II.62-4. V.15. IX.149. </ref> *anno 391 gratiarum actionem in aula Mediolani habet sed quia aram Victoriae memoravit a Theodosio ex urbe expellitur. * annis 392-4 ab [[Eugenius|Eugenii]] [[Arbogastes|Arbogastis]]que usurpatione ipse abstinet sed filius quaestor, gener praefectus Urbi sunt et amicus Virius Nicomachus Flavius post cladem sibi mortem voluntariam conscivit. *Usque ad annum 398 in umbra remanet. 396/7 aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' III.38-39, V.58 etc.</ref>, anno 398 plebe irata expulsus est ac postea revocatus<ref>''Epistulae'' VI.66, VIII.64-5, IX.81.</ref>. Ab illo anno cursui honorum Memmi filii (sc. praeturae) operam dat<ref>''Ep''. IV.7, 8, 12, 58, 59, 60, 63 etc. </ref> et usque ad mortem [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichoni]] tum in Occidente dominanti satis propinquus est. In summa munera honorifica multa absolvit, numquam tamen in aula apud principes vitam egit. Plerumque Romae aut in villis tempus litteris terebat. Itaque ad res magnas decidendas momentum non habuit. == De homine litterato == E litteris igitur et facultate dicendi pleramque auctoritatem suam ducebat. In litteris ut in republica aut religione [[mos maiorum|morem maiorum]] imprimis venerabatur. Ita [[Vergilius|Vergilium]], [[Cicero|Ciceronem]], [[Titus Maccius Plautus|Plautum]], [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentium]], [[Horatius|Horatium]] imprimis amat quorum sententiarum saepe in ''Epistulis'' meminit. Amplam bibliothecam sibi pararat: novimus enim apud Symmachum fuisse Titum Livium integrum quem emendare coeperat<ref>''Epistulae'' IX.13.</ref>, necnon [[Plinius Maior|Plinium Maiorem]] aut ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|Commentarios de Bello Gallico]]''. Ita quodam modo 'litteras classicas' iam invenerat quas spreta lingua suae aetatis colebat<ref>De Symmachi studiis vide G. Kroll(1891).</ref> et litteras amatas ut posteris traderentur curabat. Librarii enim apud Symmachos textus duplicabant. Adulescentes suae aetatis quoque ad rhetoricam studendam hortabatur<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004.</ref> et filio instituendo ipse operam dedit<ref>''Ep''. V.5 et VI.61</ref> In ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalibus]]''<ref>I.24.8.</ref> Vergilium non tantum litterarum sed etiam [[Theologia|theologiae]] et [[ritus|rituum]] magistrum esse contendebat. Non minus enim a novitatibus orientalibus in [[Polytheismus|polytheismum]] nuper introductis abhorrebat quam a Christianismo. Vetus Romanus volebat esse. == De operibus == Tria genera operum reliquit Symmachus, epistulas, relationes, orationes: * '''orationes''' octo ab ipso circa [[376]] publicatae sunt quae ad patrem, Valentinianos principes et alios homines nobiles pertinent. Anno [[1815]] in [[Palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] ab [[Angelus Mai|Angelo Mai]] inventae sunt, antea a septimo saeculo deperditae. *'''relationes''' 49 statim post praefecturam circa [[385]] edidit inter quas celeberrima tertia relatio de ara Victoriae versatur. Illae relationes illius actionem in magistratu gerendo recensent. *'''epistulae''' plus quam nongentae in decem libros digestae magnum opus eius faciunt. Liber primus paulo post 385 in lumen prodisse vulgo creditur (epistulas ad patrem et fratrem continet necnon ad poetam [[Ausonius|Ausonium]] filiumque eius Hesperium et ad amicum [[Vettius Agorius Praetextatus|Praetextatum]] fratrem in paganismo). Cetera post mortem auctoris sed ante annum 409 a filio Memmio edita putantur. In septem primis libris epistulae per personas quibus missae sunt disponuntur sine ulla [[Chronologia|chronologica]] aut [[Thema (litterae)|thematica]] ordinatione. In octavo et nono sine ordine miscentur epistulae (pars maxima decimi deperdita est), ne personae quidem quibus mittuntur semper indicantur. Unde eruditi coniecerunt auctorem editionem usque ad septimum librum praeparasse, postea filium solum relictum ut potuit reliqua edidisse. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == *[[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/foto/F010361 VI, 1699] ; VIII, 24584 ; VIII, 5347 *[[Ambrosius]], ''Epistulae'' XVII et XVIII *[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004. * [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' *[[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' == Editiones criticae et commentarii == [[Fasciculus:Base statua di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco - Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|CIL VI, 1699 = basis statuae a filio Memmio patri in [[Mons Caelius|monte Caelio]] erectae ubi eorum domus erat: cursum honorum brevem legere licet.]] *[[Collection des Universités de France]]: J.P. Callu, ''Symmaque. Correspondance.'' Les Belles Lettres, 1972-2002 (quattuor tomi) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1973_num_42_1_1704_t1_0288_0000_5 Recensio critica] ** ''Symmaque. Discours. Rapports'', ibidem, 2009 (tomus V operum) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2013_num_82_1_3841_t17_0359_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Giovanni Alberto Cecconi, ''Commento storico al libro II dell'Epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : con introduzione, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 2002 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003.11.17 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2004_num_73_1_2554_t1_0408_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/84769725/Giovanni_Alberto_Cecconi_Commento_storico_al_libro_II_dellepistolario_di_Q_Aurelio_Simmaco_Con_introduzione_testo_traduzione_e_indici Tertia recensio critica] *Maria Lubello, ''[https://flore.unifi.it/retrieve/5f4d48db-5049-487b-ac42-4092ba20a52a/Lubello_Maria_Commento_storico_libri_VII-VIII_2024.pdf Commento storico ai libri VII e VIII dell’epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, testo, traduzione, commento storico]'', Florentiae, 2024 [https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/1374992 Dissertatio academica] * Arnaldo Marcone, ''Commento storico al libro IV dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1987 ** Commento storico al libro VI dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: Introd., commento storico, teste, traduzione, indici, Pisae, 1983 *Andrea Pellizzari, ''Commento storico al libro III dell epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1983. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2003_num_72_1_2530_t1_0416_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Paola Rivolta Tiberga, ''Commento storico al libro V dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1982 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1996_num_65_1_1262_t1_0346_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Sergio Roda, ''Commento storico al libro IX dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 1981 * Domenico Vera, ''Commento storico alle "relationes" di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento, testo, traduzione, appendice sul libro X, 1-2, indici'', Pisae, 1981 == Plura legere si cupis == *Philippe Bruggisser, ''Symmaque ou le rituel épistolaire de l'amitié littéraire. Recherches sur le premier livre de la correspondance'', Fribourg, 1993 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1995_num_64_1_1237_t1_0337_0000_2 Recensio critica] *JP Callu, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2006_ant_361_1_11709 En marge des vieux livres : les manuscrits perdus de Symmaque]", ''Revue d’histoire des textes'', 1976: 197-217 *Nicolas Cavuoto-Denis, ''Vsus scribendi : le projet littéraire de Symmaque dans les Lettres, les Discours et les Rapports'', Turnhout, Brepols, 2023 [https://www.academia.edu/71771621/Vsus_scribendi_le_projet_litt%C3%A9raire_de_Symmaque_dans_les_Lettres_les_Discours_et_les_Rapports Summarium] *Octavius Clason, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=QywUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Symmachi epistularum codice Parisino]'', Bonnae, [1867] '''LATINE''' *Gerd Haverling, ''Studies on Symmachus' Language and Style'', [[Gothoburgum|Gothoburgi]], 1988 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1990_num_59_1_2300_t1_0385_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Gaëlle Hébert de la Portbarré-Viard, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2018_num_197_1_1925 Symmaque dans le ''Contra Symmachum'' de Prudence : enjeux et significations d’une mise à mort littéraire]", ''Vita Latina'', 2018: 148-172 * Bettina Hecht, ''Störungen der Rechtslage in den Relationen des Symmachus : Verwaltung und Rechtsprechung in Rom 384/385 n. Chr'', Berolini, 2006 [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7767/zrgra.2008.125.1.775/html Recensio critica] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/864/mode/2up 865-871] * R. Klein, Symmachus, ''Eine tragische Gestalt des ausgehenden Heidentums'', [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 1971 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3927_t1_0322_0000_1 Recensio critica] * Otto Koren, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=4akiGJ2DkE8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Quaestiones Symmachianae]'', Vindobonae, 1874 '''LATINE''' *Guilelmus Kroll, ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024459482&seq=5 De Q. Aurelii Symmachi studiis graecis et latinis]'', Vratislaviae, 1891 '''LATINE''' * Federico Lizzani, ''Il patrimonio di Q. Aurelius Symmachus a Roma e nel Lazio : una restituzione archeologica dall'epistolario'', Romae, "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2024 ISBN 978-88-913-3294-3 *John Alexander McGeachy, ''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and the Senatorial Aristocracy of the West'', University of Chicago, 1942 * Jill Mitchell, ''[https://www.academia.edu/118514477/The_Religious_world_of_Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]'', Trivent Publishing, 2021 *Eugenius Morin, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=6c9gM4kqQkIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Disquisitio chronologica de dimidia altera quarti saeculi parte juxta Symmachum]'', Parisiis, excudebat Panckoucke, 1847 '''LATINE''' * F. Paschoud (curator), ''Colloque genevois sur Symmaque : à l'occasion du mille six centième anniversaire du conflit de l'autel de la Victoire'', [1984], Les Belles lettres, 1986 *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 * Ernestus Theodorus Schulze, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=hIhHAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false De Q. Aurelii Symmachi vocabulorum formationibus ad sermonem vulgarem pertinentibus]'', Halis Saxonum, 1884 '''LATINE''' * Ramón Teja, ''La más antigua polémica sobre la tolerancia religiosa: el debate entre San Ambrosio de Milán y el senador Símaco sobre el Altar de la Victoria'', Matriti, 2023 ISBN 978-84-19782-23-6 *Cristiana Sogno, ''Q. Aurelius Symmachus : a political biography'', University of Michigan Press, 2006 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=N3qFtZRLuXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *L. M. A. Viola, ''Quinto Aurelio Simmaco : lo splendore della romanitas : la perfezione dell'uomo religioso romano-italiano e la costituzione della civiltà universale della pace'', Forii, Victrix, 2010 [https://bibcatalogo.uca.es/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=870445&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=2642939] {{NexInt}} * [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus Quintum Aurelium Symmachum] spectant *[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Libri_Decem_Epistolarum Libri decem epistolarum apud Vicifontem] * [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/3292.html De Quinto Aurelio Symmacho in ''A dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology'', I, [[Londinium|Londinii]], anno 1870, p. 959] (???? nexus falsus) * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~Harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Symmachus/sym_re03.html Tertia Relatio Symmachi] * [https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_auct_ant_6_1/index.htm#page/(III)/mode/1up Editio Ottonis Seeck, Q''. Aurelii Symmachi quae supersunt'' ] in Monumenta Germaniae Historica - (dMGH) * {{BBKL|s/s4/symmachus_a|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=SYMMACHUS EUSEBIUS, Q. AURELIUS|tomus=11|columnae=363-366}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090814190634/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/sym-amb/ambrepf.html Ambrosius, Epistulae xvii et xviii] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Valentinianus II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Neoterius]]| annus= 391<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Eutolmius Tatianus|Flavio Eutolmio Tatiano]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] II et [[Flavius Rufinus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|402|Aurelius Symmachus, Quintus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Gens Aurelia]] 50q7s94ccj15kz82ebjqvh4sd2wdzip 3979774 3979750 2026-08-09T16:37:13Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De cursu honorum */ 3979774 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Roma, metà di dittico con un'apoteosi, 400 circa.JPG|thumb|Consecratio Symmachi (ut vulgo putatur). Nam hoc dimidium [[Diptychon consulare|diptychum]] [[ebur|eburneum]] [[Monogramma|monogramma]] Symmachorum fert et circa 400 scalptum est.]] '''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus''' signo '''Eusebius''' (natus circa annum [[342]] - obiit anno [[402]]/[[403|3]]), filius [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus|Lucii Aurelii Avianii Symmachi]] fuit [[Senatus|senator]], [[consul]], [[praefectus urbi Romae]] annis [[384]] et [[385]] et orator. Vulgo pro opulentissimo oratore aetatis suae habitus absque nonnullis ipsi [[Cicero]]ni comparatus est<ref>Etiam ab adversariis ut [[Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'': I.632-642.</ref>. Notus est imprimis commendationis indulgentiae in omnes religiones causa, quam in controversia de ara Victoriae affirmavit. == De familia == Primus ex illa gente avus Quinti Symmachi, Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus, [[Consul|consulatus]] insignia "severitatis merito" anno [[330]] accepit; nova familia igitur in ordine senatorio erant Symmachi. Eo magis praerogativas ordinis vindicare visi sunt. Quintus sororem unam<ref>''Ep''. VIII.49</ref> et tres fratres habuit qui omnes ante ipsum obierunt<ref>Nam circa 380 de Celsino Titiano ita scripsit: ''tertius hic mihi de optimis fratribus luctus est'' (''ep''. III.6).</ref>. Circa 370 Quintus Rusticianam, filiam praefecti [[Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus|Orfiti]], uxorem duxit. Filia eis fuit ignoto nomine nomine<ref>''Ep''. VI.12, 67, 79</ref> quae [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior|Nicomacho Flaviano iuniori]] nupsit, ita adfinitatem inter duos e maximis scriptoribus illius aetatis firmans, et aliquanto postea filius [[Quintus Fabius Memmius Symmachus]] operum patris sui editor posthumus. A maioribus multa [[Immobile|bona immobilia]] hereditario accepit: tres domus Romae, unam [[Capua (urbs antiqua)|Capuae]], quindecim [[villa|villas]] plerumque in Italia meridionali sitas, praedia quoque in [[Samnium|Samnio]], [[Apulia]], [[Sicilia (provincia Romana)|Sicilia]], [[Mauretania (discretiva)|Mauretania]]. Inter tamen senatores modice divites numerabatur et ad munera [[Praetor|praetoria]] filii sui duo milia argenti pondo erogasse dicitur<ref>[[Olympiodorus Thebanus|Olympiodorus]], Fragmentum 44.</ref>. == De cursu honorum == * Annis incertis [[Quaestor|quaesturam]] et [[praetor|praeturam]] gessit. Circa idem tempus [[pontifex |pontifex maior]] cooptatus est<ref>''Epistulae'' I.49, 51 ;II.53 ; IX.147-8.</ref> nec aliud sacerdotium umquam suscepit, quamvis studiosus paganismi defensor<ref>CIL VI, 1699, stela a filio erecta quae cursum honorum Symmachi nobis servavit.</ref>. *364-5 tum cum pater [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] erat ipse corrector [[Lucania|Lucaniae]] et [[Bruttium|Brittiorum]] fit<ref>Cf ''Epistulae'' II.48.</ref>. Tum vetustissimas epistulas scribit quas quidem adhuc habeamus. * anno 369 [[Panegyricus|panegyricos]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] et [[Gratianus|Gratiani]] coram principibus pronuntiat<ref>''Orationes'' I-III.</ref>. In Gallia apud Valentinianus usque ad annum 370 mansit ubi [[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonium]] cognovit cuius amicitiam coluit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.14 et 32.</ref>. Mox [[comes]] tertii ordinis renuntiatur. * 373-4 [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsul Africae]] fit, officium honorificum sine vera potentia<ref>CIL VIII, 24584 et 5347 inscriptiones in [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa]] repertae. Cf ''Epistulae'' VIII.5 et 20. X.1.2-3.</ref>. * anno 376 Gratiani nuntium de morte [[Flavius Maximinus|Maximini]] in senatu recitat<ref>''Epistulae'' I.13 et X.2</ref>. Die 9 Ianuarii orationem ''Pro Trygetio'' in senatu habuit gratias agens quod patrem plebe seditiosa expulsum honorifice revocassent<ref>''Oratio'' V. Cf ''Epistulae'' I.44</ref>. *377-8 Aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.20 et 85. III.47.</ref> * anno 382 legatus senatorum ad Gratianum missus [[Ara Victoriae|aram Victoriae]] in [[Curia Hostilia|curia]] restituendam poscere volebat sed aditu principis prohibitus est<ref>Ambrosius, ''Epistulae'' 17.10</ref> * anno 384 [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] cum matre [[Iustina]] imperante [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus Urbi]] ''sub aestatis exordio''<ref>''Relatio'' 25.3</ref> fit. Tum iterum arae Victoriae restitutionem petiit<ref>''Relatio'' tertia.</ref> sed ab [[Ambrosius|Ambrosio]] episcopo victus est. Praeterea annonae angustiae eum ad magistratum deponendum incitaverunt (februario 385)<ref>Eventa huius praefecturae ab ipsius ''relationibus'' nota sunt. Vide etiam ''Epistulas'' II.36 et 55, III.28.</ref>. In praefectura [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinum]] magistrum rhetoricae nominavit<ref>''[[Confessiones (Augustinus)|Confessiones]]'' V.13.</ref>. * anno 387 partes usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Magni Maximi]] oratione quidem non armis<ref>[[Gennadius Scholasticus|Gennadius]], ''De Viris illustribus'' 49.</ref> sequitur quo mox a Theodosio victo veniam quidem impetrat (et Theodosio in oratione gratias agebat<ref>''Epistulae'' II.13, 28, 30-32.</ref>) sed eius dignitas aliquantum imminuta est<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistulae'' 1008</ref>. Revera [[Novatianus|Novatianorum]] intercessio episcopi ei saluti fuerat. * iamdiu orator disertissimus velut praeco senatorum erat et anno incerto [[princeps senatus]] publice nominatur<ref>[[Socrates Scholasticus]] V.14.6.</ref> * anno 390 cum Theodosio in gratiam redit et ad [[consul|consulatum ordinarium]] anni proximi designatur<ref>[[Prudentius]], [[Contra Symmachum]] I.622-5. Cf ''Epistulae'' II.62-4. V.15. IX.149. </ref> *anno 391 gratiarum actionem in aula Mediolani habet sed quia aram Victoriae memoravit a Theodosio ex urbe expellitur. * annis 392-4 ab [[Eugenius|Eugenii]] [[Arbogastes|Arbogastis]]que usurpatione ipse abstinet sed filius quaestor, gener praefectus Urbi sunt et amicus Virius Nicomachus Flavius post cladem sibi mortem voluntariam conscivit. *Usque ad annum 398 in umbra remanet. 396/7 aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' III.38-39, V.58 etc.</ref>, anno 398 plebe irata expulsus est ac postea revocatus<ref>''Epistulae'' VI.66, VIII.64-5, IX.81.</ref>. Ab illo anno cursui honorum Memmi filii (sc. praeturae) operam dat<ref>''Ep''. IV.7, 8, 12, 58, 59, 60, 63 etc. </ref> et usque ad mortem [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichoni]] tum in Occidente dominanti satis propinquus est<ref>''Epistulae'' IV.1-14.</ref>. In summa munera honorifica multa absolvit, numquam tamen in aula apud principes vitam egit. Plerumque Romae aut in villis tempus litteris terebat. Itaque ad res magnas decidendas momentum non habuit. == De homine litterato == E litteris igitur et facultate dicendi pleramque auctoritatem suam ducebat. In litteris ut in republica aut religione [[mos maiorum|morem maiorum]] imprimis venerabatur. Ita [[Vergilius|Vergilium]], [[Cicero|Ciceronem]], [[Titus Maccius Plautus|Plautum]], [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentium]], [[Horatius|Horatium]] imprimis amat quorum sententiarum saepe in ''Epistulis'' meminit. Amplam bibliothecam sibi pararat: novimus enim apud Symmachum fuisse Titum Livium integrum quem emendare coeperat<ref>''Epistulae'' IX.13.</ref>, necnon [[Plinius Maior|Plinium Maiorem]] aut ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|Commentarios de Bello Gallico]]''. Ita quodam modo 'litteras classicas' iam invenerat quas spreta lingua suae aetatis colebat<ref>De Symmachi studiis vide G. Kroll(1891).</ref> et litteras amatas ut posteris traderentur curabat. Librarii enim apud Symmachos textus duplicabant. Adulescentes suae aetatis quoque ad rhetoricam studendam hortabatur<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004.</ref> et filio instituendo ipse operam dedit<ref>''Ep''. V.5 et VI.61</ref> In ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalibus]]''<ref>I.24.8.</ref> Vergilium non tantum litterarum sed etiam [[Theologia|theologiae]] et [[ritus|rituum]] magistrum esse contendebat. Non minus enim a novitatibus orientalibus in [[Polytheismus|polytheismum]] nuper introductis abhorrebat quam a Christianismo. Vetus Romanus volebat esse. == De operibus == Tria genera operum reliquit Symmachus, epistulas, relationes, orationes: * '''orationes''' octo ab ipso circa [[376]] publicatae sunt quae ad patrem, Valentinianos principes et alios homines nobiles pertinent. Anno [[1815]] in [[Palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] ab [[Angelus Mai|Angelo Mai]] inventae sunt, antea a septimo saeculo deperditae. *'''relationes''' 49 statim post praefecturam circa [[385]] edidit inter quas celeberrima tertia relatio de ara Victoriae versatur. Illae relationes illius actionem in magistratu gerendo recensent. *'''epistulae''' plus quam nongentae in decem libros digestae magnum opus eius faciunt. Liber primus paulo post 385 in lumen prodisse vulgo creditur (epistulas ad patrem et fratrem continet necnon ad poetam [[Ausonius|Ausonium]] filiumque eius Hesperium et ad amicum [[Vettius Agorius Praetextatus|Praetextatum]] fratrem in paganismo). Cetera post mortem auctoris sed ante annum 409 a filio Memmio edita putantur. In septem primis libris epistulae per personas quibus missae sunt disponuntur sine ulla [[Chronologia|chronologica]] aut [[Thema (litterae)|thematica]] ordinatione. In octavo et nono sine ordine miscentur epistulae (pars maxima decimi deperdita est), ne personae quidem quibus mittuntur semper indicantur. Unde eruditi coniecerunt auctorem editionem usque ad septimum librum praeparasse, postea filium solum relictum ut potuit reliqua edidisse. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == *[[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/foto/F010361 VI, 1699] ; VIII, 24584 ; VIII, 5347 *[[Ambrosius]], ''Epistulae'' XVII et XVIII *[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004. * [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' *[[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' == Editiones criticae et commentarii == [[Fasciculus:Base statua di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco - Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|CIL VI, 1699 = basis statuae a filio Memmio patri in [[Mons Caelius|monte Caelio]] erectae ubi eorum domus erat: cursum honorum brevem legere licet.]] *[[Collection des Universités de France]]: J.P. Callu, ''Symmaque. Correspondance.'' Les Belles Lettres, 1972-2002 (quattuor tomi) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1973_num_42_1_1704_t1_0288_0000_5 Recensio critica] ** ''Symmaque. Discours. Rapports'', ibidem, 2009 (tomus V operum) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2013_num_82_1_3841_t17_0359_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Giovanni Alberto Cecconi, ''Commento storico al libro II dell'Epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : con introduzione, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 2002 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003.11.17 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2004_num_73_1_2554_t1_0408_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/84769725/Giovanni_Alberto_Cecconi_Commento_storico_al_libro_II_dellepistolario_di_Q_Aurelio_Simmaco_Con_introduzione_testo_traduzione_e_indici Tertia recensio critica] *Maria Lubello, ''[https://flore.unifi.it/retrieve/5f4d48db-5049-487b-ac42-4092ba20a52a/Lubello_Maria_Commento_storico_libri_VII-VIII_2024.pdf Commento storico ai libri VII e VIII dell’epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, testo, traduzione, commento storico]'', Florentiae, 2024 [https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/1374992 Dissertatio academica] * Arnaldo Marcone, ''Commento storico al libro IV dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1987 ** Commento storico al libro VI dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: Introd., commento storico, teste, traduzione, indici, Pisae, 1983 *Andrea Pellizzari, ''Commento storico al libro III dell epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1983. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2003_num_72_1_2530_t1_0416_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Paola Rivolta Tiberga, ''Commento storico al libro V dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1982 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1996_num_65_1_1262_t1_0346_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Sergio Roda, ''Commento storico al libro IX dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 1981 * Domenico Vera, ''Commento storico alle "relationes" di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento, testo, traduzione, appendice sul libro X, 1-2, indici'', Pisae, 1981 == Plura legere si cupis == *Philippe Bruggisser, ''Symmaque ou le rituel épistolaire de l'amitié littéraire. Recherches sur le premier livre de la correspondance'', Fribourg, 1993 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1995_num_64_1_1237_t1_0337_0000_2 Recensio critica] *JP Callu, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2006_ant_361_1_11709 En marge des vieux livres : les manuscrits perdus de Symmaque]", ''Revue d’histoire des textes'', 1976: 197-217 *Nicolas Cavuoto-Denis, ''Vsus scribendi : le projet littéraire de Symmaque dans les Lettres, les Discours et les Rapports'', Turnhout, Brepols, 2023 [https://www.academia.edu/71771621/Vsus_scribendi_le_projet_litt%C3%A9raire_de_Symmaque_dans_les_Lettres_les_Discours_et_les_Rapports Summarium] *Octavius Clason, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=QywUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Symmachi epistularum codice Parisino]'', Bonnae, [1867] '''LATINE''' *Gerd Haverling, ''Studies on Symmachus' Language and Style'', [[Gothoburgum|Gothoburgi]], 1988 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1990_num_59_1_2300_t1_0385_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Gaëlle Hébert de la Portbarré-Viard, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2018_num_197_1_1925 Symmaque dans le ''Contra Symmachum'' de Prudence : enjeux et significations d’une mise à mort littéraire]", ''Vita Latina'', 2018: 148-172 * Bettina Hecht, ''Störungen der Rechtslage in den Relationen des Symmachus : Verwaltung und Rechtsprechung in Rom 384/385 n. Chr'', Berolini, 2006 [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7767/zrgra.2008.125.1.775/html Recensio critica] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/864/mode/2up 865-871] * R. Klein, Symmachus, ''Eine tragische Gestalt des ausgehenden Heidentums'', [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 1971 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3927_t1_0322_0000_1 Recensio critica] * Otto Koren, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=4akiGJ2DkE8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Quaestiones Symmachianae]'', Vindobonae, 1874 '''LATINE''' *Guilelmus Kroll, ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024459482&seq=5 De Q. Aurelii Symmachi studiis graecis et latinis]'', Vratislaviae, 1891 '''LATINE''' * Federico Lizzani, ''Il patrimonio di Q. Aurelius Symmachus a Roma e nel Lazio : una restituzione archeologica dall'epistolario'', Romae, "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2024 ISBN 978-88-913-3294-3 *John Alexander McGeachy, ''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and the Senatorial Aristocracy of the West'', University of Chicago, 1942 * Jill Mitchell, ''[https://www.academia.edu/118514477/The_Religious_world_of_Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]'', Trivent Publishing, 2021 *Eugenius Morin, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=6c9gM4kqQkIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Disquisitio chronologica de dimidia altera quarti saeculi parte juxta Symmachum]'', Parisiis, excudebat Panckoucke, 1847 '''LATINE''' * F. Paschoud (curator), ''Colloque genevois sur Symmaque : à l'occasion du mille six centième anniversaire du conflit de l'autel de la Victoire'', [1984], Les Belles lettres, 1986 *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 * Ernestus Theodorus Schulze, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=hIhHAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false De Q. Aurelii Symmachi vocabulorum formationibus ad sermonem vulgarem pertinentibus]'', Halis Saxonum, 1884 '''LATINE''' * Ramón Teja, ''La más antigua polémica sobre la tolerancia religiosa: el debate entre San Ambrosio de Milán y el senador Símaco sobre el Altar de la Victoria'', Matriti, 2023 ISBN 978-84-19782-23-6 *Cristiana Sogno, ''Q. Aurelius Symmachus : a political biography'', University of Michigan Press, 2006 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=N3qFtZRLuXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *L. M. A. Viola, ''Quinto Aurelio Simmaco : lo splendore della romanitas : la perfezione dell'uomo religioso romano-italiano e la costituzione della civiltà universale della pace'', Forii, Victrix, 2010 [https://bibcatalogo.uca.es/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=870445&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=2642939] {{NexInt}} * [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus Quintum Aurelium Symmachum] spectant *[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Libri_Decem_Epistolarum Libri decem epistolarum apud Vicifontem] * [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/3292.html De Quinto Aurelio Symmacho in ''A dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology'', I, [[Londinium|Londinii]], anno 1870, p. 959] (???? nexus falsus) * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~Harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Symmachus/sym_re03.html Tertia Relatio Symmachi] * [https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_auct_ant_6_1/index.htm#page/(III)/mode/1up Editio Ottonis Seeck, Q''. Aurelii Symmachi quae supersunt'' ] in Monumenta Germaniae Historica - (dMGH) * {{BBKL|s/s4/symmachus_a|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=SYMMACHUS EUSEBIUS, Q. AURELIUS|tomus=11|columnae=363-366}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090814190634/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/sym-amb/ambrepf.html Ambrosius, Epistulae xvii et xviii] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Valentinianus II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Neoterius]]| annus= 391<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Eutolmius Tatianus|Flavio Eutolmio Tatiano]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] II et [[Flavius Rufinus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|402|Aurelius Symmachus, Quintus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Gens Aurelia]] kxr7ipit0he0yqxyc42qwc1lrcgdw6q 3979785 3979774 2026-08-09T18:42:01Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De operibus */ 3979785 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Roma, metà di dittico con un'apoteosi, 400 circa.JPG|thumb|Consecratio Symmachi (ut vulgo putatur). Nam hoc dimidium [[Diptychon consulare|diptychum]] [[ebur|eburneum]] [[Monogramma|monogramma]] Symmachorum fert et circa 400 scalptum est.]] '''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus''' signo '''Eusebius''' (natus circa annum [[342]] - obiit anno [[402]]/[[403|3]]), filius [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus|Lucii Aurelii Avianii Symmachi]] fuit [[Senatus|senator]], [[consul]], [[praefectus urbi Romae]] annis [[384]] et [[385]] et orator. Vulgo pro opulentissimo oratore aetatis suae habitus absque nonnullis ipsi [[Cicero]]ni comparatus est<ref>Etiam ab adversariis ut [[Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'': I.632-642.</ref>. Notus est imprimis commendationis indulgentiae in omnes religiones causa, quam in controversia de ara Victoriae affirmavit. == De familia == Primus ex illa gente avus Quinti Symmachi, Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus, [[Consul|consulatus]] insignia "severitatis merito" anno [[330]] accepit; nova familia igitur in ordine senatorio erant Symmachi. Eo magis praerogativas ordinis vindicare visi sunt. Quintus sororem unam<ref>''Ep''. VIII.49</ref> et tres fratres habuit qui omnes ante ipsum obierunt<ref>Nam circa 380 de Celsino Titiano ita scripsit: ''tertius hic mihi de optimis fratribus luctus est'' (''ep''. III.6).</ref>. Circa 370 Quintus Rusticianam, filiam praefecti [[Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus|Orfiti]], uxorem duxit. Filia eis fuit ignoto nomine nomine<ref>''Ep''. VI.12, 67, 79</ref> quae [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior|Nicomacho Flaviano iuniori]] nupsit, ita adfinitatem inter duos e maximis scriptoribus illius aetatis firmans, et aliquanto postea filius [[Quintus Fabius Memmius Symmachus]] operum patris sui editor posthumus. A maioribus multa [[Immobile|bona immobilia]] hereditario accepit: tres domus Romae, unam [[Capua (urbs antiqua)|Capuae]], quindecim [[villa|villas]] plerumque in Italia meridionali sitas, praedia quoque in [[Samnium|Samnio]], [[Apulia]], [[Sicilia (provincia Romana)|Sicilia]], [[Mauretania (discretiva)|Mauretania]]. Inter tamen senatores modice divites numerabatur et ad munera [[Praetor|praetoria]] filii sui duo milia argenti pondo erogasse dicitur<ref>[[Olympiodorus Thebanus|Olympiodorus]], Fragmentum 44.</ref>. == De cursu honorum == * Annis incertis [[Quaestor|quaesturam]] et [[praetor|praeturam]] gessit. Circa idem tempus [[pontifex |pontifex maior]] cooptatus est<ref>''Epistulae'' I.49, 51 ;II.53 ; IX.147-8.</ref> nec aliud sacerdotium umquam suscepit, quamvis studiosus paganismi defensor<ref>CIL VI, 1699, stela a filio erecta quae cursum honorum Symmachi nobis servavit.</ref>. *364-5 tum cum pater [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] erat ipse corrector [[Lucania|Lucaniae]] et [[Bruttium|Brittiorum]] fit<ref>Cf ''Epistulae'' II.48.</ref>. Tum vetustissimas epistulas scribit quas quidem adhuc habeamus. * anno 369 [[Panegyricus|panegyricos]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] et [[Gratianus|Gratiani]] coram principibus pronuntiat<ref>''Orationes'' I-III.</ref>. In Gallia apud Valentinianus usque ad annum 370 mansit ubi [[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonium]] cognovit cuius amicitiam coluit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.14 et 32.</ref>. Mox [[comes]] tertii ordinis renuntiatur. * 373-4 [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsul Africae]] fit, officium honorificum sine vera potentia<ref>CIL VIII, 24584 et 5347 inscriptiones in [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa]] repertae. Cf ''Epistulae'' VIII.5 et 20. X.1.2-3.</ref>. * anno 376 Gratiani nuntium de morte [[Flavius Maximinus|Maximini]] in senatu recitat<ref>''Epistulae'' I.13 et X.2</ref>. Die 9 Ianuarii orationem ''Pro Trygetio'' in senatu habuit gratias agens quod patrem plebe seditiosa expulsum honorifice revocassent<ref>''Oratio'' V. Cf ''Epistulae'' I.44</ref>. *377-8 Aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.20 et 85. III.47.</ref> * anno 382 legatus senatorum ad Gratianum missus [[Ara Victoriae|aram Victoriae]] in [[Curia Hostilia|curia]] restituendam poscere volebat sed aditu principis prohibitus est<ref>Ambrosius, ''Epistulae'' 17.10</ref> * anno 384 [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] cum matre [[Iustina]] imperante [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus Urbi]] ''sub aestatis exordio''<ref>''Relatio'' 25.3</ref> fit. Tum iterum arae Victoriae restitutionem petiit<ref>''Relatio'' tertia.</ref> sed ab [[Ambrosius|Ambrosio]] episcopo victus est. Praeterea annonae angustiae eum ad magistratum deponendum incitaverunt (februario 385)<ref>Eventa huius praefecturae ab ipsius ''relationibus'' nota sunt. Vide etiam ''Epistulas'' II.36 et 55, III.28.</ref>. In praefectura [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinum]] magistrum rhetoricae nominavit<ref>''[[Confessiones (Augustinus)|Confessiones]]'' V.13.</ref>. * anno 387 partes usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Magni Maximi]] oratione quidem non armis<ref>[[Gennadius Scholasticus|Gennadius]], ''De Viris illustribus'' 49.</ref> sequitur quo mox a Theodosio victo veniam quidem impetrat (et Theodosio in oratione gratias agebat<ref>''Epistulae'' II.13, 28, 30-32.</ref>) sed eius dignitas aliquantum imminuta est<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistulae'' 1008</ref>. Revera [[Novatianus|Novatianorum]] intercessio episcopi ei saluti fuerat. * iamdiu orator disertissimus velut praeco senatorum erat et anno incerto [[princeps senatus]] publice nominatur<ref>[[Socrates Scholasticus]] V.14.6.</ref> * anno 390 cum Theodosio in gratiam redit et ad [[consul|consulatum ordinarium]] anni proximi designatur<ref>[[Prudentius]], [[Contra Symmachum]] I.622-5. Cf ''Epistulae'' II.62-4. V.15. IX.149. </ref> *anno 391 gratiarum actionem in aula Mediolani habet sed quia aram Victoriae memoravit a Theodosio ex urbe expellitur. * annis 392-4 ab [[Eugenius|Eugenii]] [[Arbogastes|Arbogastis]]que usurpatione ipse abstinet sed filius quaestor, gener praefectus Urbi sunt et amicus Virius Nicomachus Flavius post cladem sibi mortem voluntariam conscivit. *Usque ad annum 398 in umbra remanet. 396/7 aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' III.38-39, V.58 etc.</ref>, anno 398 plebe irata expulsus est ac postea revocatus<ref>''Epistulae'' VI.66, VIII.64-5, IX.81.</ref>. Ab illo anno cursui honorum Memmi filii (sc. praeturae) operam dat<ref>''Ep''. IV.7, 8, 12, 58, 59, 60, 63 etc. </ref> et usque ad mortem [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichoni]] tum in Occidente dominanti satis propinquus est<ref>''Epistulae'' IV.1-14.</ref>. In summa munera honorifica multa absolvit, numquam tamen in aula apud principes vitam egit. Plerumque Romae aut in villis tempus litteris terebat. Itaque ad res magnas decidendas momentum non habuit. == De homine litterato == E litteris igitur et facultate dicendi pleramque auctoritatem suam ducebat. In litteris ut in republica aut religione [[mos maiorum|morem maiorum]] imprimis venerabatur. Ita [[Vergilius|Vergilium]], [[Cicero|Ciceronem]], [[Titus Maccius Plautus|Plautum]], [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentium]], [[Horatius|Horatium]] imprimis amat quorum sententiarum saepe in ''Epistulis'' meminit. Amplam bibliothecam sibi pararat: novimus enim apud Symmachum fuisse Titum Livium integrum quem emendare coeperat<ref>''Epistulae'' IX.13.</ref>, necnon [[Plinius Maior|Plinium Maiorem]] aut ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|Commentarios de Bello Gallico]]''. Ita quodam modo 'litteras classicas' iam invenerat quas spreta lingua suae aetatis colebat<ref>De Symmachi studiis vide G. Kroll(1891).</ref> et litteras amatas ut posteris traderentur curabat. Librarii enim apud Symmachos textus duplicabant. Adulescentes suae aetatis quoque ad rhetoricam studendam hortabatur<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004.</ref> et filio instituendo ipse operam dedit<ref>''Ep''. V.5 et VI.61</ref> In ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalibus]]''<ref>I.24.8.</ref> Vergilium non tantum litterarum sed etiam [[Theologia|theologiae]] et [[ritus|rituum]] magistrum esse contendebat. Non minus enim a novitatibus orientalibus in [[Polytheismus|polytheismum]] nuper introductis abhorrebat quam a Christianismo. Vetus Romanus volebat esse. == De operibus == Tria genera operum reliquit Symmachus, epistulas, relationes, orationes: * '''orationes''' octo ab ipso circa [[376]] publicatae sunt quae ad patrem, Valentinianos principes et alios homines nobiles pertinent. Anno [[1815]] in [[Palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] ab [[Angelus Mai|Angelo Mai]] inventae sunt, antea a septimo saeculo deperditae. *'''relationes''' 49 statim post praefecturam circa [[385]] edidit inter quas celeberrima tertia relatio de ara Victoriae versatur. Illae relationes illius actionem in magistratu gerendo recensent. *'''epistulae''' plus quam nongentae in decem libros digestae magnum opus eius faciunt. Liber primus paulo post 385 in lumen prodisse vulgo creditur (epistulas ad patrem et fratrem continet necnon ad poetam [[Ausonius|Ausonium]] filiumque eius Hesperium et ad amicum [[Vettius Agorius Praetextatus|Praetextatum]] fratrem in paganismo). Cetera post mortem auctoris sed ante annum 409 a filio Memmio edita putantur. In septem primis libris epistulae per personas quibus missae sunt disponuntur sine ulla [[Chronologia|chronologica]] aut [[Thema (litterae)|thematica]] ordinatione. In octavo et nono sine ordine miscentur epistulae (pars maxima decimi deperdita est), ne personae quidem quibus mittuntur semper indicantur. Unde eruditi coniecerunt auctorem editionem usque ad septimum librum praeparasse, postea filium solum relictum ut potuit reliqua edidisse. Certe Nicomachi magnam partem epistularum recipiunt: liber secundus totus [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virio Nicomacho Flaviano]] dicatur, sextum librum ceteri inter se Nicomachi partiuntur. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == *[[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/foto/F010361 VI, 1699] ; VIII, 24584 ; VIII, 5347 *[[Ambrosius]], ''Epistulae'' XVII et XVIII *[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004. * [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' *[[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' == Editiones criticae et commentarii == [[Fasciculus:Base statua di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco - Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|CIL VI, 1699 = basis statuae a filio Memmio patri in [[Mons Caelius|monte Caelio]] erectae ubi eorum domus erat: cursum honorum brevem legere licet.]] *[[Collection des Universités de France]]: J.P. Callu, ''Symmaque. Correspondance.'' Les Belles Lettres, 1972-2002 (quattuor tomi) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1973_num_42_1_1704_t1_0288_0000_5 Recensio critica] ** ''Symmaque. Discours. Rapports'', ibidem, 2009 (tomus V operum) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2013_num_82_1_3841_t17_0359_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Giovanni Alberto Cecconi, ''Commento storico al libro II dell'Epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : con introduzione, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 2002 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003.11.17 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2004_num_73_1_2554_t1_0408_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/84769725/Giovanni_Alberto_Cecconi_Commento_storico_al_libro_II_dellepistolario_di_Q_Aurelio_Simmaco_Con_introduzione_testo_traduzione_e_indici Tertia recensio critica] *Maria Lubello, ''[https://flore.unifi.it/retrieve/5f4d48db-5049-487b-ac42-4092ba20a52a/Lubello_Maria_Commento_storico_libri_VII-VIII_2024.pdf Commento storico ai libri VII e VIII dell’epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, testo, traduzione, commento storico]'', Florentiae, 2024 [https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/1374992 Dissertatio academica] * Arnaldo Marcone, ''Commento storico al libro IV dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1987 ** Commento storico al libro VI dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: Introd., commento storico, teste, traduzione, indici, Pisae, 1983 *Andrea Pellizzari, ''Commento storico al libro III dell epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1983. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2003_num_72_1_2530_t1_0416_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Paola Rivolta Tiberga, ''Commento storico al libro V dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1982 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1996_num_65_1_1262_t1_0346_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Sergio Roda, ''Commento storico al libro IX dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 1981 * Domenico Vera, ''Commento storico alle "relationes" di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento, testo, traduzione, appendice sul libro X, 1-2, indici'', Pisae, 1981 == Plura legere si cupis == *Philippe Bruggisser, ''Symmaque ou le rituel épistolaire de l'amitié littéraire. Recherches sur le premier livre de la correspondance'', Fribourg, 1993 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1995_num_64_1_1237_t1_0337_0000_2 Recensio critica] *JP Callu, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2006_ant_361_1_11709 En marge des vieux livres : les manuscrits perdus de Symmaque]", ''Revue d’histoire des textes'', 1976: 197-217 *Nicolas Cavuoto-Denis, ''Vsus scribendi : le projet littéraire de Symmaque dans les Lettres, les Discours et les Rapports'', Turnhout, Brepols, 2023 [https://www.academia.edu/71771621/Vsus_scribendi_le_projet_litt%C3%A9raire_de_Symmaque_dans_les_Lettres_les_Discours_et_les_Rapports Summarium] *Octavius Clason, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=QywUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Symmachi epistularum codice Parisino]'', Bonnae, [1867] '''LATINE''' *Gerd Haverling, ''Studies on Symmachus' Language and Style'', [[Gothoburgum|Gothoburgi]], 1988 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1990_num_59_1_2300_t1_0385_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Gaëlle Hébert de la Portbarré-Viard, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2018_num_197_1_1925 Symmaque dans le ''Contra Symmachum'' de Prudence : enjeux et significations d’une mise à mort littéraire]", ''Vita Latina'', 2018: 148-172 * Bettina Hecht, ''Störungen der Rechtslage in den Relationen des Symmachus : Verwaltung und Rechtsprechung in Rom 384/385 n. Chr'', Berolini, 2006 [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7767/zrgra.2008.125.1.775/html Recensio critica] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/864/mode/2up 865-871] * R. Klein, Symmachus, ''Eine tragische Gestalt des ausgehenden Heidentums'', [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 1971 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3927_t1_0322_0000_1 Recensio critica] * Otto Koren, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=4akiGJ2DkE8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Quaestiones Symmachianae]'', Vindobonae, 1874 '''LATINE''' *Guilelmus Kroll, ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024459482&seq=5 De Q. Aurelii Symmachi studiis graecis et latinis]'', Vratislaviae, 1891 '''LATINE''' * Federico Lizzani, ''Il patrimonio di Q. Aurelius Symmachus a Roma e nel Lazio : una restituzione archeologica dall'epistolario'', Romae, "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2024 ISBN 978-88-913-3294-3 *John Alexander McGeachy, ''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and the Senatorial Aristocracy of the West'', University of Chicago, 1942 * Jill Mitchell, ''[https://www.academia.edu/118514477/The_Religious_world_of_Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]'', Trivent Publishing, 2021 *Eugenius Morin, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=6c9gM4kqQkIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Disquisitio chronologica de dimidia altera quarti saeculi parte juxta Symmachum]'', Parisiis, excudebat Panckoucke, 1847 '''LATINE''' * F. Paschoud (curator), ''Colloque genevois sur Symmaque : à l'occasion du mille six centième anniversaire du conflit de l'autel de la Victoire'', [1984], Les Belles lettres, 1986 *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 * Ernestus Theodorus Schulze, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=hIhHAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false De Q. Aurelii Symmachi vocabulorum formationibus ad sermonem vulgarem pertinentibus]'', Halis Saxonum, 1884 '''LATINE''' * Ramón Teja, ''La más antigua polémica sobre la tolerancia religiosa: el debate entre San Ambrosio de Milán y el senador Símaco sobre el Altar de la Victoria'', Matriti, 2023 ISBN 978-84-19782-23-6 *Cristiana Sogno, ''Q. Aurelius Symmachus : a political biography'', University of Michigan Press, 2006 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=N3qFtZRLuXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *L. M. A. Viola, ''Quinto Aurelio Simmaco : lo splendore della romanitas : la perfezione dell'uomo religioso romano-italiano e la costituzione della civiltà universale della pace'', Forii, Victrix, 2010 [https://bibcatalogo.uca.es/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=870445&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=2642939] {{NexInt}} * [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus Quintum Aurelium Symmachum] spectant *[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Libri_Decem_Epistolarum Libri decem epistolarum apud Vicifontem] * [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/3292.html De Quinto Aurelio Symmacho in ''A dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology'', I, [[Londinium|Londinii]], anno 1870, p. 959] (???? nexus falsus) * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~Harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Symmachus/sym_re03.html Tertia Relatio Symmachi] * [https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_auct_ant_6_1/index.htm#page/(III)/mode/1up Editio Ottonis Seeck, Q''. Aurelii Symmachi quae supersunt'' ] in Monumenta Germaniae Historica - (dMGH) * {{BBKL|s/s4/symmachus_a|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=SYMMACHUS EUSEBIUS, Q. AURELIUS|tomus=11|columnae=363-366}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090814190634/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/sym-amb/ambrepf.html Ambrosius, Epistulae xvii et xviii] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Valentinianus II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Neoterius]]| annus= 391<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Eutolmius Tatianus|Flavio Eutolmio Tatiano]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] II et [[Flavius Rufinus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|402|Aurelius Symmachus, Quintus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Gens Aurelia]] igot7m407lwhshffoqp791jfydyxuwv 3979786 3979785 2026-08-09T18:47:51Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De cursu honorum */ 3979786 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Roma, metà di dittico con un'apoteosi, 400 circa.JPG|thumb|Consecratio Symmachi (ut vulgo putatur). Nam hoc dimidium [[Diptychon consulare|diptychum]] [[ebur|eburneum]] [[Monogramma|monogramma]] Symmachorum fert et circa 400 scalptum est.]] '''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus''' signo '''Eusebius''' (natus circa annum [[342]] - obiit anno [[402]]/[[403|3]]), filius [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus|Lucii Aurelii Avianii Symmachi]] fuit [[Senatus|senator]], [[consul]], [[praefectus urbi Romae]] annis [[384]] et [[385]] et orator. Vulgo pro opulentissimo oratore aetatis suae habitus absque nonnullis ipsi [[Cicero]]ni comparatus est<ref>Etiam ab adversariis ut [[Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'': I.632-642.</ref>. Notus est imprimis commendationis indulgentiae in omnes religiones causa, quam in controversia de ara Victoriae affirmavit. == De familia == Primus ex illa gente avus Quinti Symmachi, Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus, [[Consul|consulatus]] insignia "severitatis merito" anno [[330]] accepit; nova familia igitur in ordine senatorio erant Symmachi. Eo magis praerogativas ordinis vindicare visi sunt. Quintus sororem unam<ref>''Ep''. VIII.49</ref> et tres fratres habuit qui omnes ante ipsum obierunt<ref>Nam circa 380 de Celsino Titiano ita scripsit: ''tertius hic mihi de optimis fratribus luctus est'' (''ep''. III.6).</ref>. Circa 370 Quintus Rusticianam, filiam praefecti [[Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus|Orfiti]], uxorem duxit. Filia eis fuit ignoto nomine nomine<ref>''Ep''. VI.12, 67, 79</ref> quae [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior|Nicomacho Flaviano iuniori]] nupsit, ita adfinitatem inter duos e maximis scriptoribus illius aetatis firmans, et aliquanto postea filius [[Quintus Fabius Memmius Symmachus]] operum patris sui editor posthumus. A maioribus multa [[Immobile|bona immobilia]] hereditario accepit: tres domus Romae, unam [[Capua (urbs antiqua)|Capuae]], quindecim [[villa|villas]] plerumque in Italia meridionali sitas, praedia quoque in [[Samnium|Samnio]], [[Apulia]], [[Sicilia (provincia Romana)|Sicilia]], [[Mauretania (discretiva)|Mauretania]]. Inter tamen senatores modice divites numerabatur et ad munera [[Praetor|praetoria]] filii sui duo milia argenti pondo erogasse dicitur<ref>[[Olympiodorus Thebanus|Olympiodorus]], Fragmentum 44.</ref>. == De cursu honorum == * Annis incertis [[Quaestor|quaesturam]] et [[praetor|praeturam]] gessit. Circa idem tempus [[pontifex |pontifex maior]] cooptatus est<ref>''Epistulae'' I.49, 51 ;II.53 ; IX.147-8.</ref> nec aliud sacerdotium umquam suscepit, quamvis studiosus paganismi defensor<ref>CIL VI, 1699, stela a filio erecta quae cursum honorum Symmachi nobis servavit.</ref>. *364-5 tum cum pater [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] erat ipse corrector [[Lucania|Lucaniae]] et [[Bruttium|Brittiorum]] fit<ref>Cf ''Epistulae'' II.48.</ref>. Tum vetustissimas epistulas scribit quas quidem adhuc habeamus. * anno 369 [[Panegyricus|panegyricos]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] et [[Gratianus|Gratiani]] coram principibus pronuntiat<ref>''Orationes'' I-III.</ref>. In Gallia apud Valentinianum usque ad annum 370 mansit ubi [[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonium]] cognovit cuius amicitiam coluit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.14 et 32.</ref>. Mox [[comes]] tertii ordinis renuntiatur. * 373-4 [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsul Africae]] fit, officium honorificum sine vera potentia<ref>CIL VIII, 24584 et 5347 inscriptiones in [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa]] repertae. Cf ''Epistulae'' VIII.5 et 20. X.1.2-3.</ref>. * anno 376 Gratiani nuntium de morte [[Flavius Maximinus|Maximini]] in senatu recitat<ref>''Epistulae'' I.13 et X.2</ref>. Die 9 Ianuarii orationem ''Pro Trygetio'' in senatu habuit gratias agens quod patrem plebe seditiosa expulsum honorifice revocassent<ref>''Oratio'' V. Cf ''Epistulae'' I.44</ref>. *377-8 Aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.20 et 85. III.47.</ref> * anno 382 legatus senatorum ad Gratianum missus [[Ara Victoriae|aram Victoriae]] in [[Curia Hostilia|curia]] restituendam poscere volebat sed aditu principis prohibitus est<ref>Ambrosius, ''Epistulae'' 17.10</ref> * anno 384 [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] cum matre [[Iustina]] imperante [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus Urbi]] ''sub aestatis exordio''<ref>''Relatio'' 25.3</ref> fit. Tum iterum arae Victoriae restitutionem petiit<ref>''Relatio'' tertia.</ref> sed ab [[Ambrosius|Ambrosio]] episcopo victus est. Praeterea annonae angustiae eum ad magistratum deponendum incitaverunt (februario 385)<ref>Eventa huius praefecturae ab ipsius ''relationibus'' nota sunt. Vide etiam ''Epistulas'' II.36 et 55, III.28.</ref>. In praefectura [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinum]] magistrum rhetoricae nominavit<ref>''[[Confessiones (Augustinus)|Confessiones]]'' V.13.</ref>. * anno 387 partes usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Magni Maximi]] oratione quidem non armis<ref>[[Gennadius Scholasticus|Gennadius]], ''De Viris illustribus'' 49.</ref> sequitur quo mox a Theodosio victo veniam quidem impetrat (et Theodosio in oratione gratias agebat<ref>''Epistulae'' II.13, 28, 30-32.</ref>) sed eius dignitas aliquantum imminuta est<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistulae'' 1008</ref>. Revera [[Novatianus|Novatianorum]] intercessio episcopi ei saluti fuerat. * iamdiu orator disertissimus velut praeco senatorum erat et anno incerto [[princeps senatus]] publice nominatur<ref>[[Socrates Scholasticus]] V.14.6.</ref> * anno 390 cum Theodosio in gratiam redit et ad [[consul|consulatum ordinarium]] anni proximi designatur<ref>[[Prudentius]], [[Contra Symmachum]] I.622-5. Cf ''Epistulae'' II.62-4. V.15. IX.149. </ref> *anno 391 gratiarum actionem in aula Mediolani habet sed quia aram Victoriae memoravit a Theodosio ex urbe expellitur. * annis 392-4 ab [[Eugenius|Eugenii]] [[Arbogastes|Arbogastis]]que usurpatione ipse abstinet sed filius quaestor, gener praefectus Urbi sunt et amicus Virius Nicomachus Flavius post cladem sibi mortem voluntariam conscivit. *Usque ad annum 398 in umbra remanet. 396/7 aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' III.38-39, V.58 etc.</ref>, anno 398 plebe irata expulsus est ac postea revocatus<ref>''Epistulae'' VI.66, VIII.64-5, IX.81.</ref>. Ab illo anno cursui honorum Memmi filii (sc. praeturae) operam dat<ref>''Ep''. IV.7, 8, 12, 58, 59, 60, 63 etc. </ref> et usque ad mortem [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichoni]] tum in Occidente dominanti satis propinquus est<ref>''Epistulae'' IV.1-14.</ref>. In summa munera honorifica multa absolvit, numquam tamen in aula apud principes vitam egit. Plerumque Romae aut in villis tempus litteris terebat. Itaque ad res magnas decidendas momentum non habuit. == De homine litterato == E litteris igitur et facultate dicendi pleramque auctoritatem suam ducebat. In litteris ut in republica aut religione [[mos maiorum|morem maiorum]] imprimis venerabatur. Ita [[Vergilius|Vergilium]], [[Cicero|Ciceronem]], [[Titus Maccius Plautus|Plautum]], [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentium]], [[Horatius|Horatium]] imprimis amat quorum sententiarum saepe in ''Epistulis'' meminit. Amplam bibliothecam sibi pararat: novimus enim apud Symmachum fuisse Titum Livium integrum quem emendare coeperat<ref>''Epistulae'' IX.13.</ref>, necnon [[Plinius Maior|Plinium Maiorem]] aut ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|Commentarios de Bello Gallico]]''. Ita quodam modo 'litteras classicas' iam invenerat quas spreta lingua suae aetatis colebat<ref>De Symmachi studiis vide G. Kroll(1891).</ref> et litteras amatas ut posteris traderentur curabat. Librarii enim apud Symmachos textus duplicabant. Adulescentes suae aetatis quoque ad rhetoricam studendam hortabatur<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004.</ref> et filio instituendo ipse operam dedit<ref>''Ep''. V.5 et VI.61</ref> In ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalibus]]''<ref>I.24.8.</ref> Vergilium non tantum litterarum sed etiam [[Theologia|theologiae]] et [[ritus|rituum]] magistrum esse contendebat. Non minus enim a novitatibus orientalibus in [[Polytheismus|polytheismum]] nuper introductis abhorrebat quam a Christianismo. Vetus Romanus volebat esse. == De operibus == Tria genera operum reliquit Symmachus, epistulas, relationes, orationes: * '''orationes''' octo ab ipso circa [[376]] publicatae sunt quae ad patrem, Valentinianos principes et alios homines nobiles pertinent. Anno [[1815]] in [[Palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] ab [[Angelus Mai|Angelo Mai]] inventae sunt, antea a septimo saeculo deperditae. *'''relationes''' 49 statim post praefecturam circa [[385]] edidit inter quas celeberrima tertia relatio de ara Victoriae versatur. Illae relationes illius actionem in magistratu gerendo recensent. *'''epistulae''' plus quam nongentae in decem libros digestae magnum opus eius faciunt. Liber primus paulo post 385 in lumen prodisse vulgo creditur (epistulas ad patrem et fratrem continet necnon ad poetam [[Ausonius|Ausonium]] filiumque eius Hesperium et ad amicum [[Vettius Agorius Praetextatus|Praetextatum]] fratrem in paganismo). Cetera post mortem auctoris sed ante annum 409 a filio Memmio edita putantur. In septem primis libris epistulae per personas quibus missae sunt disponuntur sine ulla [[Chronologia|chronologica]] aut [[Thema (litterae)|thematica]] ordinatione. In octavo et nono sine ordine miscentur epistulae (pars maxima decimi deperdita est), ne personae quidem quibus mittuntur semper indicantur. Unde eruditi coniecerunt auctorem editionem usque ad septimum librum praeparasse, postea filium solum relictum ut potuit reliqua edidisse. Certe Nicomachi magnam partem epistularum recipiunt: liber secundus totus [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virio Nicomacho Flaviano]] dicatur, sextum librum ceteri inter se Nicomachi partiuntur. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == *[[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/foto/F010361 VI, 1699] ; VIII, 24584 ; VIII, 5347 *[[Ambrosius]], ''Epistulae'' XVII et XVIII *[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004. * [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' *[[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' == Editiones criticae et commentarii == [[Fasciculus:Base statua di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco - Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|CIL VI, 1699 = basis statuae a filio Memmio patri in [[Mons Caelius|monte Caelio]] erectae ubi eorum domus erat: cursum honorum brevem legere licet.]] *[[Collection des Universités de France]]: J.P. Callu, ''Symmaque. Correspondance.'' Les Belles Lettres, 1972-2002 (quattuor tomi) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1973_num_42_1_1704_t1_0288_0000_5 Recensio critica] ** ''Symmaque. Discours. Rapports'', ibidem, 2009 (tomus V operum) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2013_num_82_1_3841_t17_0359_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Giovanni Alberto Cecconi, ''Commento storico al libro II dell'Epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : con introduzione, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 2002 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003.11.17 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2004_num_73_1_2554_t1_0408_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/84769725/Giovanni_Alberto_Cecconi_Commento_storico_al_libro_II_dellepistolario_di_Q_Aurelio_Simmaco_Con_introduzione_testo_traduzione_e_indici Tertia recensio critica] *Maria Lubello, ''[https://flore.unifi.it/retrieve/5f4d48db-5049-487b-ac42-4092ba20a52a/Lubello_Maria_Commento_storico_libri_VII-VIII_2024.pdf Commento storico ai libri VII e VIII dell’epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, testo, traduzione, commento storico]'', Florentiae, 2024 [https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/1374992 Dissertatio academica] * Arnaldo Marcone, ''Commento storico al libro IV dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1987 ** Commento storico al libro VI dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: Introd., commento storico, teste, traduzione, indici, Pisae, 1983 *Andrea Pellizzari, ''Commento storico al libro III dell epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1983. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2003_num_72_1_2530_t1_0416_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Paola Rivolta Tiberga, ''Commento storico al libro V dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1982 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1996_num_65_1_1262_t1_0346_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Sergio Roda, ''Commento storico al libro IX dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 1981 * Domenico Vera, ''Commento storico alle "relationes" di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento, testo, traduzione, appendice sul libro X, 1-2, indici'', Pisae, 1981 == Plura legere si cupis == *Philippe Bruggisser, ''Symmaque ou le rituel épistolaire de l'amitié littéraire. Recherches sur le premier livre de la correspondance'', Fribourg, 1993 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1995_num_64_1_1237_t1_0337_0000_2 Recensio critica] *JP Callu, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2006_ant_361_1_11709 En marge des vieux livres : les manuscrits perdus de Symmaque]", ''Revue d’histoire des textes'', 1976: 197-217 *Nicolas Cavuoto-Denis, ''Vsus scribendi : le projet littéraire de Symmaque dans les Lettres, les Discours et les Rapports'', Turnhout, Brepols, 2023 [https://www.academia.edu/71771621/Vsus_scribendi_le_projet_litt%C3%A9raire_de_Symmaque_dans_les_Lettres_les_Discours_et_les_Rapports Summarium] *Octavius Clason, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=QywUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Symmachi epistularum codice Parisino]'', Bonnae, [1867] '''LATINE''' *Gerd Haverling, ''Studies on Symmachus' Language and Style'', [[Gothoburgum|Gothoburgi]], 1988 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1990_num_59_1_2300_t1_0385_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Gaëlle Hébert de la Portbarré-Viard, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2018_num_197_1_1925 Symmaque dans le ''Contra Symmachum'' de Prudence : enjeux et significations d’une mise à mort littéraire]", ''Vita Latina'', 2018: 148-172 * Bettina Hecht, ''Störungen der Rechtslage in den Relationen des Symmachus : Verwaltung und Rechtsprechung in Rom 384/385 n. Chr'', Berolini, 2006 [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7767/zrgra.2008.125.1.775/html Recensio critica] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/864/mode/2up 865-871] * R. Klein, Symmachus, ''Eine tragische Gestalt des ausgehenden Heidentums'', [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 1971 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3927_t1_0322_0000_1 Recensio critica] * Otto Koren, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=4akiGJ2DkE8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Quaestiones Symmachianae]'', Vindobonae, 1874 '''LATINE''' *Guilelmus Kroll, ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024459482&seq=5 De Q. Aurelii Symmachi studiis graecis et latinis]'', Vratislaviae, 1891 '''LATINE''' * Federico Lizzani, ''Il patrimonio di Q. Aurelius Symmachus a Roma e nel Lazio : una restituzione archeologica dall'epistolario'', Romae, "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2024 ISBN 978-88-913-3294-3 *John Alexander McGeachy, ''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and the Senatorial Aristocracy of the West'', University of Chicago, 1942 * Jill Mitchell, ''[https://www.academia.edu/118514477/The_Religious_world_of_Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]'', Trivent Publishing, 2021 *Eugenius Morin, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=6c9gM4kqQkIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Disquisitio chronologica de dimidia altera quarti saeculi parte juxta Symmachum]'', Parisiis, excudebat Panckoucke, 1847 '''LATINE''' * F. Paschoud (curator), ''Colloque genevois sur Symmaque : à l'occasion du mille six centième anniversaire du conflit de l'autel de la Victoire'', [1984], Les Belles lettres, 1986 *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 * Ernestus Theodorus Schulze, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=hIhHAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false De Q. Aurelii Symmachi vocabulorum formationibus ad sermonem vulgarem pertinentibus]'', Halis Saxonum, 1884 '''LATINE''' * Ramón Teja, ''La más antigua polémica sobre la tolerancia religiosa: el debate entre San Ambrosio de Milán y el senador Símaco sobre el Altar de la Victoria'', Matriti, 2023 ISBN 978-84-19782-23-6 *Cristiana Sogno, ''Q. Aurelius Symmachus : a political biography'', University of Michigan Press, 2006 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=N3qFtZRLuXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *L. M. A. Viola, ''Quinto Aurelio Simmaco : lo splendore della romanitas : la perfezione dell'uomo religioso romano-italiano e la costituzione della civiltà universale della pace'', Forii, Victrix, 2010 [https://bibcatalogo.uca.es/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=870445&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=2642939] {{NexInt}} * [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus Quintum Aurelium Symmachum] spectant *[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Libri_Decem_Epistolarum Libri decem epistolarum apud Vicifontem] * [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/3292.html De Quinto Aurelio Symmacho in ''A dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology'', I, [[Londinium|Londinii]], anno 1870, p. 959] (???? nexus falsus) * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~Harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Symmachus/sym_re03.html Tertia Relatio Symmachi] * [https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_auct_ant_6_1/index.htm#page/(III)/mode/1up Editio Ottonis Seeck, Q''. Aurelii Symmachi quae supersunt'' ] in Monumenta Germaniae Historica - (dMGH) * {{BBKL|s/s4/symmachus_a|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=SYMMACHUS EUSEBIUS, Q. AURELIUS|tomus=11|columnae=363-366}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090814190634/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/sym-amb/ambrepf.html Ambrosius, Epistulae xvii et xviii] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Valentinianus II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Neoterius]]| annus= 391<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Eutolmius Tatianus|Flavio Eutolmio Tatiano]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] II et [[Flavius Rufinus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|402|Aurelius Symmachus, Quintus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Gens Aurelia]] 0da09jkch09bkegkvv9iotb3veaca2v 3979787 3979786 2026-08-09T18:49:48Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De cursu honorum */ 3979787 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Roma, metà di dittico con un'apoteosi, 400 circa.JPG|thumb|Consecratio Symmachi (ut vulgo putatur). Nam hoc dimidium [[Diptychon consulare|diptychum]] [[ebur|eburneum]] [[Monogramma|monogramma]] Symmachorum fert et circa 400 scalptum est.]] '''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus''' signo '''Eusebius''' (natus circa annum [[342]] - obiit anno [[402]]/[[403|3]]), filius [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus|Lucii Aurelii Avianii Symmachi]] fuit [[Senatus|senator]], [[consul]], [[praefectus urbi Romae]] annis [[384]] et [[385]] et orator. Vulgo pro opulentissimo oratore aetatis suae habitus absque nonnullis ipsi [[Cicero]]ni comparatus est<ref>Etiam ab adversariis ut [[Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'': I.632-642.</ref>. Notus est imprimis commendationis indulgentiae in omnes religiones causa, quam in controversia de ara Victoriae affirmavit. == De familia == Primus ex illa gente avus Quinti Symmachi, Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus, [[Consul|consulatus]] insignia "severitatis merito" anno [[330]] accepit; nova familia igitur in ordine senatorio erant Symmachi. Eo magis praerogativas ordinis vindicare visi sunt. Quintus sororem unam<ref>''Ep''. VIII.49</ref> et tres fratres habuit qui omnes ante ipsum obierunt<ref>Nam circa 380 de Celsino Titiano ita scripsit: ''tertius hic mihi de optimis fratribus luctus est'' (''ep''. III.6).</ref>. Circa 370 Quintus Rusticianam, filiam praefecti [[Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus|Orfiti]], uxorem duxit. Filia eis fuit ignoto nomine nomine<ref>''Ep''. VI.12, 67, 79</ref> quae [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior|Nicomacho Flaviano iuniori]] nupsit, ita adfinitatem inter duos e maximis scriptoribus illius aetatis firmans, et aliquanto postea filius [[Quintus Fabius Memmius Symmachus]] operum patris sui editor posthumus. A maioribus multa [[Immobile|bona immobilia]] hereditario accepit: tres domus Romae, unam [[Capua (urbs antiqua)|Capuae]], quindecim [[villa|villas]] plerumque in Italia meridionali sitas, praedia quoque in [[Samnium|Samnio]], [[Apulia]], [[Sicilia (provincia Romana)|Sicilia]], [[Mauretania (discretiva)|Mauretania]]. Inter tamen senatores modice divites numerabatur et ad munera [[Praetor|praetoria]] filii sui duo milia argenti pondo erogasse dicitur<ref>[[Olympiodorus Thebanus|Olympiodorus]], Fragmentum 44.</ref>. == De cursu honorum == * Annis incertis [[Quaestor|quaesturam]] et [[praetor|praeturam]] gessit. Circa idem tempus [[pontifex |pontifex maior]] cooptatus est<ref>''Epistulae'' I.49, 51 ;II.53 ; IX.147-8.</ref> nec aliud sacerdotium umquam suscepit, quamvis studiosus paganismi defensor<ref>CIL VI, 1699, stela a filio erecta quae cursum honorum Symmachi nobis servavit.</ref>. *364-5 tum cum pater [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] erat ipse corrector [[Lucania|Lucaniae]] et [[Bruttium|Brittiorum]] fit<ref>Cf ''Epistulae'' II.48.</ref>. Tum vetustissimas epistulas scribit quas quidem adhuc habeamus. * anno 369 [[Panegyricus|panegyricos]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] et [[Gratianus|Gratiani]] coram principibus pronuntiat<ref>''Orationes'' I-III.</ref>. In Gallia apud Valentinianum usque ad annum 370 mansit ubi [[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonium]] cognovit cuius amicitiam coluit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.14 et 32.</ref>. Mox [[comes]] tertii ordinis renuntiatur. * 373-4 [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsul Africae]] fit, officium honorificum sine vera potentia<ref>CIL VIII, 24584 et 5347 inscriptiones in [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa]] repertae. Cf ''Epistulae'' VIII.5 et 20. X.1.2-3.</ref>. * anno 376 Gratiani nuntium de morte [[Flavius Maximinus|Maximini]] in senatu recitat<ref>''Epistulae'' I.13 et X.2</ref>. Die 9 Ianuarii orationem ''Pro Trygetio'' in senatu habuit gratias agens quod patrem plebe seditiosa expulsum honorifice revocassent<ref>''Oratio'' V. Cf ''Epistulae'' I.44</ref>. *377-8 Aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.20 et 85. III.47.</ref> * anno 382 legatus senatorum ad Gratianum missus [[Ara Victoriae|aram Victoriae]] in [[Curia Hostilia|curia]] restituendam poscere volebat sed aditu principis prohibitus est<ref>Ambrosius, ''Epistulae'' 17.10</ref> * anno 384 [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] cum matre [[Iustina]] imperante [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus Urbi]] ''sub aestatis exordio''<ref>''Relatio'' 25.3</ref> fit. Tum iterum arae Victoriae restitutionem petiit<ref>''Relatio'' tertia.</ref> sed ab [[Ambrosius|Ambrosio]] episcopo victus est. Praeterea annonae angustiae eum ad magistratum deponendum incitaverunt (februario 385)<ref>Eventa huius praefecturae ab ipsius ''relationibus'' nota sunt. Vide etiam ''Epistulas'' II.36 et 55, III.28.</ref>. In praefectura [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinum]] magistrum rhetoricae nominavit<ref>''[[Confessiones (Augustinus)|Confessiones]]'' V.13.</ref>. * anno 387 partes usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Magni Maximi]] oratione quidem non armis<ref>[[Gennadius Scholasticus|Gennadius]], ''De Viris illustribus'' 49.</ref> sequitur quo mox a Theodosio victo veniam quidem impetrat (et Theodosio in oratione hodie deperdita gratias agebat<ref>''Epistulae'' II.13, 28, 30-32.</ref>) sed eius dignitas aliquantum imminuta est<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistulae'' 1008</ref>. Revera [[Novatianus|Novatianorum]] intercessio episcopi ei saluti fuerat. * iamdiu orator disertissimus velut praeco senatorum erat et anno incerto [[princeps senatus]] publice nominatur<ref>[[Socrates Scholasticus]] V.14.6.</ref> * anno 390 cum Theodosio in gratiam redit et ad [[consul|consulatum ordinarium]] anni proximi designatur<ref>[[Prudentius]], [[Contra Symmachum]] I.622-5. Cf ''Epistulae'' II.62-4. V.15. IX.149. </ref> *anno 391 gratiarum actionem in aula Mediolani habet sed quia aram Victoriae memoravit a Theodosio ex urbe expellitur. * annis 392-4 ab [[Eugenius|Eugenii]] [[Arbogastes|Arbogastis]]que usurpatione ipse abstinet sed filius quaestor, gener praefectus Urbi sunt et amicus Virius Nicomachus Flavius post cladem sibi mortem voluntariam conscivit. *Usque ad annum 398 in umbra remanet. 396/7 aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' III.38-39, V.58 etc.</ref>, anno 398 plebe irata expulsus est ac postea revocatus<ref>''Epistulae'' VI.66, VIII.64-5, IX.81.</ref>. Ab illo anno cursui honorum Memmi filii (sc. praeturae) operam dat<ref>''Ep''. IV.7, 8, 12, 58, 59, 60, 63 etc. </ref> et usque ad mortem [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichoni]] tum in Occidente dominanti satis propinquus est<ref>''Epistulae'' IV.1-14.</ref>. In summa munera honorifica multa absolvit, numquam tamen in aula apud principes vitam egit. Plerumque Romae aut in villis tempus litteris terebat. Itaque ad res magnas decidendas momentum non habuit. == De homine litterato == E litteris igitur et facultate dicendi pleramque auctoritatem suam ducebat. In litteris ut in republica aut religione [[mos maiorum|morem maiorum]] imprimis venerabatur. Ita [[Vergilius|Vergilium]], [[Cicero|Ciceronem]], [[Titus Maccius Plautus|Plautum]], [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentium]], [[Horatius|Horatium]] imprimis amat quorum sententiarum saepe in ''Epistulis'' meminit. Amplam bibliothecam sibi pararat: novimus enim apud Symmachum fuisse Titum Livium integrum quem emendare coeperat<ref>''Epistulae'' IX.13.</ref>, necnon [[Plinius Maior|Plinium Maiorem]] aut ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|Commentarios de Bello Gallico]]''. Ita quodam modo 'litteras classicas' iam invenerat quas spreta lingua suae aetatis colebat<ref>De Symmachi studiis vide G. Kroll(1891).</ref> et litteras amatas ut posteris traderentur curabat. Librarii enim apud Symmachos textus duplicabant. Adulescentes suae aetatis quoque ad rhetoricam studendam hortabatur<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004.</ref> et filio instituendo ipse operam dedit<ref>''Ep''. V.5 et VI.61</ref> In ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalibus]]''<ref>I.24.8.</ref> Vergilium non tantum litterarum sed etiam [[Theologia|theologiae]] et [[ritus|rituum]] magistrum esse contendebat. Non minus enim a novitatibus orientalibus in [[Polytheismus|polytheismum]] nuper introductis abhorrebat quam a Christianismo. Vetus Romanus volebat esse. == De operibus == Tria genera operum reliquit Symmachus, epistulas, relationes, orationes: * '''orationes''' octo ab ipso circa [[376]] publicatae sunt quae ad patrem, Valentinianos principes et alios homines nobiles pertinent. Anno [[1815]] in [[Palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] ab [[Angelus Mai|Angelo Mai]] inventae sunt, antea a septimo saeculo deperditae. *'''relationes''' 49 statim post praefecturam circa [[385]] edidit inter quas celeberrima tertia relatio de ara Victoriae versatur. Illae relationes illius actionem in magistratu gerendo recensent. *'''epistulae''' plus quam nongentae in decem libros digestae magnum opus eius faciunt. Liber primus paulo post 385 in lumen prodisse vulgo creditur (epistulas ad patrem et fratrem continet necnon ad poetam [[Ausonius|Ausonium]] filiumque eius Hesperium et ad amicum [[Vettius Agorius Praetextatus|Praetextatum]] fratrem in paganismo). Cetera post mortem auctoris sed ante annum 409 a filio Memmio edita putantur. In septem primis libris epistulae per personas quibus missae sunt disponuntur sine ulla [[Chronologia|chronologica]] aut [[Thema (litterae)|thematica]] ordinatione. In octavo et nono sine ordine miscentur epistulae (pars maxima decimi deperdita est), ne personae quidem quibus mittuntur semper indicantur. Unde eruditi coniecerunt auctorem editionem usque ad septimum librum praeparasse, postea filium solum relictum ut potuit reliqua edidisse. Certe Nicomachi magnam partem epistularum recipiunt: liber secundus totus [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virio Nicomacho Flaviano]] dicatur, sextum librum ceteri inter se Nicomachi partiuntur. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == *[[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/foto/F010361 VI, 1699] ; VIII, 24584 ; VIII, 5347 *[[Ambrosius]], ''Epistulae'' XVII et XVIII *[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004. * [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' *[[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' == Editiones criticae et commentarii == [[Fasciculus:Base statua di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco - Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|CIL VI, 1699 = basis statuae a filio Memmio patri in [[Mons Caelius|monte Caelio]] erectae ubi eorum domus erat: cursum honorum brevem legere licet.]] *[[Collection des Universités de France]]: J.P. Callu, ''Symmaque. Correspondance.'' Les Belles Lettres, 1972-2002 (quattuor tomi) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1973_num_42_1_1704_t1_0288_0000_5 Recensio critica] ** ''Symmaque. Discours. Rapports'', ibidem, 2009 (tomus V operum) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2013_num_82_1_3841_t17_0359_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Giovanni Alberto Cecconi, ''Commento storico al libro II dell'Epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : con introduzione, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 2002 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003.11.17 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2004_num_73_1_2554_t1_0408_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/84769725/Giovanni_Alberto_Cecconi_Commento_storico_al_libro_II_dellepistolario_di_Q_Aurelio_Simmaco_Con_introduzione_testo_traduzione_e_indici Tertia recensio critica] *Maria Lubello, ''[https://flore.unifi.it/retrieve/5f4d48db-5049-487b-ac42-4092ba20a52a/Lubello_Maria_Commento_storico_libri_VII-VIII_2024.pdf Commento storico ai libri VII e VIII dell’epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, testo, traduzione, commento storico]'', Florentiae, 2024 [https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/1374992 Dissertatio academica] * Arnaldo Marcone, ''Commento storico al libro IV dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1987 ** Commento storico al libro VI dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: Introd., commento storico, teste, traduzione, indici, Pisae, 1983 *Andrea Pellizzari, ''Commento storico al libro III dell epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1983. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2003_num_72_1_2530_t1_0416_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Paola Rivolta Tiberga, ''Commento storico al libro V dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1982 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1996_num_65_1_1262_t1_0346_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Sergio Roda, ''Commento storico al libro IX dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 1981 * Domenico Vera, ''Commento storico alle "relationes" di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento, testo, traduzione, appendice sul libro X, 1-2, indici'', Pisae, 1981 == Plura legere si cupis == *Philippe Bruggisser, ''Symmaque ou le rituel épistolaire de l'amitié littéraire. Recherches sur le premier livre de la correspondance'', Fribourg, 1993 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1995_num_64_1_1237_t1_0337_0000_2 Recensio critica] *JP Callu, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2006_ant_361_1_11709 En marge des vieux livres : les manuscrits perdus de Symmaque]", ''Revue d’histoire des textes'', 1976: 197-217 *Nicolas Cavuoto-Denis, ''Vsus scribendi : le projet littéraire de Symmaque dans les Lettres, les Discours et les Rapports'', Turnhout, Brepols, 2023 [https://www.academia.edu/71771621/Vsus_scribendi_le_projet_litt%C3%A9raire_de_Symmaque_dans_les_Lettres_les_Discours_et_les_Rapports Summarium] *Octavius Clason, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=QywUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Symmachi epistularum codice Parisino]'', Bonnae, [1867] '''LATINE''' *Gerd Haverling, ''Studies on Symmachus' Language and Style'', [[Gothoburgum|Gothoburgi]], 1988 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1990_num_59_1_2300_t1_0385_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Gaëlle Hébert de la Portbarré-Viard, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2018_num_197_1_1925 Symmaque dans le ''Contra Symmachum'' de Prudence : enjeux et significations d’une mise à mort littéraire]", ''Vita Latina'', 2018: 148-172 * Bettina Hecht, ''Störungen der Rechtslage in den Relationen des Symmachus : Verwaltung und Rechtsprechung in Rom 384/385 n. Chr'', Berolini, 2006 [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7767/zrgra.2008.125.1.775/html Recensio critica] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/864/mode/2up 865-871] * R. Klein, Symmachus, ''Eine tragische Gestalt des ausgehenden Heidentums'', [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 1971 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3927_t1_0322_0000_1 Recensio critica] * Otto Koren, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=4akiGJ2DkE8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Quaestiones Symmachianae]'', Vindobonae, 1874 '''LATINE''' *Guilelmus Kroll, ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024459482&seq=5 De Q. Aurelii Symmachi studiis graecis et latinis]'', Vratislaviae, 1891 '''LATINE''' * Federico Lizzani, ''Il patrimonio di Q. Aurelius Symmachus a Roma e nel Lazio : una restituzione archeologica dall'epistolario'', Romae, "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2024 ISBN 978-88-913-3294-3 *John Alexander McGeachy, ''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and the Senatorial Aristocracy of the West'', University of Chicago, 1942 * Jill Mitchell, ''[https://www.academia.edu/118514477/The_Religious_world_of_Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]'', Trivent Publishing, 2021 *Eugenius Morin, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=6c9gM4kqQkIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Disquisitio chronologica de dimidia altera quarti saeculi parte juxta Symmachum]'', Parisiis, excudebat Panckoucke, 1847 '''LATINE''' * F. Paschoud (curator), ''Colloque genevois sur Symmaque : à l'occasion du mille six centième anniversaire du conflit de l'autel de la Victoire'', [1984], Les Belles lettres, 1986 *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 * Ernestus Theodorus Schulze, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=hIhHAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false De Q. Aurelii Symmachi vocabulorum formationibus ad sermonem vulgarem pertinentibus]'', Halis Saxonum, 1884 '''LATINE''' * Ramón Teja, ''La más antigua polémica sobre la tolerancia religiosa: el debate entre San Ambrosio de Milán y el senador Símaco sobre el Altar de la Victoria'', Matriti, 2023 ISBN 978-84-19782-23-6 *Cristiana Sogno, ''Q. Aurelius Symmachus : a political biography'', University of Michigan Press, 2006 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=N3qFtZRLuXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *L. M. A. Viola, ''Quinto Aurelio Simmaco : lo splendore della romanitas : la perfezione dell'uomo religioso romano-italiano e la costituzione della civiltà universale della pace'', Forii, Victrix, 2010 [https://bibcatalogo.uca.es/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=870445&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=2642939] {{NexInt}} * [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus Quintum Aurelium Symmachum] spectant *[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Libri_Decem_Epistolarum Libri decem epistolarum apud Vicifontem] * [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/3292.html De Quinto Aurelio Symmacho in ''A dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology'', I, [[Londinium|Londinii]], anno 1870, p. 959] (???? nexus falsus) * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~Harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Symmachus/sym_re03.html Tertia Relatio Symmachi] * [https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_auct_ant_6_1/index.htm#page/(III)/mode/1up Editio Ottonis Seeck, Q''. Aurelii Symmachi quae supersunt'' ] in Monumenta Germaniae Historica - (dMGH) * {{BBKL|s/s4/symmachus_a|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=SYMMACHUS EUSEBIUS, Q. AURELIUS|tomus=11|columnae=363-366}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090814190634/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/sym-amb/ambrepf.html Ambrosius, Epistulae xvii et xviii] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Valentinianus II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Neoterius]]| annus= 391<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Eutolmius Tatianus|Flavio Eutolmio Tatiano]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] II et [[Flavius Rufinus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|402|Aurelius Symmachus, Quintus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Gens Aurelia]] hasy2zskjm5qf6guzdyhp4b09n3s9qs 3979789 3979787 2026-08-09T18:54:39Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De operibus */ 3979789 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Roma, metà di dittico con un'apoteosi, 400 circa.JPG|thumb|Consecratio Symmachi (ut vulgo putatur). Nam hoc dimidium [[Diptychon consulare|diptychum]] [[ebur|eburneum]] [[Monogramma|monogramma]] Symmachorum fert et circa 400 scalptum est.]] '''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus''' signo '''Eusebius''' (natus circa annum [[342]] - obiit anno [[402]]/[[403|3]]), filius [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus|Lucii Aurelii Avianii Symmachi]] fuit [[Senatus|senator]], [[consul]], [[praefectus urbi Romae]] annis [[384]] et [[385]] et orator. Vulgo pro opulentissimo oratore aetatis suae habitus absque nonnullis ipsi [[Cicero]]ni comparatus est<ref>Etiam ab adversariis ut [[Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'': I.632-642.</ref>. Notus est imprimis commendationis indulgentiae in omnes religiones causa, quam in controversia de ara Victoriae affirmavit. == De familia == Primus ex illa gente avus Quinti Symmachi, Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus, [[Consul|consulatus]] insignia "severitatis merito" anno [[330]] accepit; nova familia igitur in ordine senatorio erant Symmachi. Eo magis praerogativas ordinis vindicare visi sunt. Quintus sororem unam<ref>''Ep''. VIII.49</ref> et tres fratres habuit qui omnes ante ipsum obierunt<ref>Nam circa 380 de Celsino Titiano ita scripsit: ''tertius hic mihi de optimis fratribus luctus est'' (''ep''. III.6).</ref>. Circa 370 Quintus Rusticianam, filiam praefecti [[Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus|Orfiti]], uxorem duxit. Filia eis fuit ignoto nomine nomine<ref>''Ep''. VI.12, 67, 79</ref> quae [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior|Nicomacho Flaviano iuniori]] nupsit, ita adfinitatem inter duos e maximis scriptoribus illius aetatis firmans, et aliquanto postea filius [[Quintus Fabius Memmius Symmachus]] operum patris sui editor posthumus. A maioribus multa [[Immobile|bona immobilia]] hereditario accepit: tres domus Romae, unam [[Capua (urbs antiqua)|Capuae]], quindecim [[villa|villas]] plerumque in Italia meridionali sitas, praedia quoque in [[Samnium|Samnio]], [[Apulia]], [[Sicilia (provincia Romana)|Sicilia]], [[Mauretania (discretiva)|Mauretania]]. Inter tamen senatores modice divites numerabatur et ad munera [[Praetor|praetoria]] filii sui duo milia argenti pondo erogasse dicitur<ref>[[Olympiodorus Thebanus|Olympiodorus]], Fragmentum 44.</ref>. == De cursu honorum == * Annis incertis [[Quaestor|quaesturam]] et [[praetor|praeturam]] gessit. Circa idem tempus [[pontifex |pontifex maior]] cooptatus est<ref>''Epistulae'' I.49, 51 ;II.53 ; IX.147-8.</ref> nec aliud sacerdotium umquam suscepit, quamvis studiosus paganismi defensor<ref>CIL VI, 1699, stela a filio erecta quae cursum honorum Symmachi nobis servavit.</ref>. *364-5 tum cum pater [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] erat ipse corrector [[Lucania|Lucaniae]] et [[Bruttium|Brittiorum]] fit<ref>Cf ''Epistulae'' II.48.</ref>. Tum vetustissimas epistulas scribit quas quidem adhuc habeamus. * anno 369 [[Panegyricus|panegyricos]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] et [[Gratianus|Gratiani]] coram principibus pronuntiat<ref>''Orationes'' I-III.</ref>. In Gallia apud Valentinianum usque ad annum 370 mansit ubi [[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonium]] cognovit cuius amicitiam coluit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.14 et 32.</ref>. Mox [[comes]] tertii ordinis renuntiatur. * 373-4 [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsul Africae]] fit, officium honorificum sine vera potentia<ref>CIL VIII, 24584 et 5347 inscriptiones in [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa]] repertae. Cf ''Epistulae'' VIII.5 et 20. X.1.2-3.</ref>. * anno 376 Gratiani nuntium de morte [[Flavius Maximinus|Maximini]] in senatu recitat<ref>''Epistulae'' I.13 et X.2</ref>. Die 9 Ianuarii orationem ''Pro Trygetio'' in senatu habuit gratias agens quod patrem plebe seditiosa expulsum honorifice revocassent<ref>''Oratio'' V. Cf ''Epistulae'' I.44</ref>. *377-8 Aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.20 et 85. III.47.</ref> * anno 382 legatus senatorum ad Gratianum missus [[Ara Victoriae|aram Victoriae]] in [[Curia Hostilia|curia]] restituendam poscere volebat sed aditu principis prohibitus est<ref>Ambrosius, ''Epistulae'' 17.10</ref> * anno 384 [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] cum matre [[Iustina]] imperante [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus Urbi]] ''sub aestatis exordio''<ref>''Relatio'' 25.3</ref> fit. Tum iterum arae Victoriae restitutionem petiit<ref>''Relatio'' tertia.</ref> sed ab [[Ambrosius|Ambrosio]] episcopo victus est. Praeterea annonae angustiae eum ad magistratum deponendum incitaverunt (februario 385)<ref>Eventa huius praefecturae ab ipsius ''relationibus'' nota sunt. Vide etiam ''Epistulas'' II.36 et 55, III.28.</ref>. In praefectura [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinum]] magistrum rhetoricae nominavit<ref>''[[Confessiones (Augustinus)|Confessiones]]'' V.13.</ref>. * anno 387 partes usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Magni Maximi]] oratione quidem non armis<ref>[[Gennadius Scholasticus|Gennadius]], ''De Viris illustribus'' 49.</ref> sequitur quo mox a Theodosio victo veniam quidem impetrat (et Theodosio in oratione hodie deperdita gratias agebat<ref>''Epistulae'' II.13, 28, 30-32.</ref>) sed eius dignitas aliquantum imminuta est<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistulae'' 1008</ref>. Revera [[Novatianus|Novatianorum]] intercessio episcopi ei saluti fuerat. * iamdiu orator disertissimus velut praeco senatorum erat et anno incerto [[princeps senatus]] publice nominatur<ref>[[Socrates Scholasticus]] V.14.6.</ref> * anno 390 cum Theodosio in gratiam redit et ad [[consul|consulatum ordinarium]] anni proximi designatur<ref>[[Prudentius]], [[Contra Symmachum]] I.622-5. Cf ''Epistulae'' II.62-4. V.15. IX.149. </ref> *anno 391 gratiarum actionem in aula Mediolani habet sed quia aram Victoriae memoravit a Theodosio ex urbe expellitur. * annis 392-4 ab [[Eugenius|Eugenii]] [[Arbogastes|Arbogastis]]que usurpatione ipse abstinet sed filius quaestor, gener praefectus Urbi sunt et amicus Virius Nicomachus Flavius post cladem sibi mortem voluntariam conscivit. *Usque ad annum 398 in umbra remanet. 396/7 aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' III.38-39, V.58 etc.</ref>, anno 398 plebe irata expulsus est ac postea revocatus<ref>''Epistulae'' VI.66, VIII.64-5, IX.81.</ref>. Ab illo anno cursui honorum Memmi filii (sc. praeturae) operam dat<ref>''Ep''. IV.7, 8, 12, 58, 59, 60, 63 etc. </ref> et usque ad mortem [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichoni]] tum in Occidente dominanti satis propinquus est<ref>''Epistulae'' IV.1-14.</ref>. In summa munera honorifica multa absolvit, numquam tamen in aula apud principes vitam egit. Plerumque Romae aut in villis tempus litteris terebat. Itaque ad res magnas decidendas momentum non habuit. == De homine litterato == E litteris igitur et facultate dicendi pleramque auctoritatem suam ducebat. In litteris ut in republica aut religione [[mos maiorum|morem maiorum]] imprimis venerabatur. Ita [[Vergilius|Vergilium]], [[Cicero|Ciceronem]], [[Titus Maccius Plautus|Plautum]], [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentium]], [[Horatius|Horatium]] imprimis amat quorum sententiarum saepe in ''Epistulis'' meminit. Amplam bibliothecam sibi pararat: novimus enim apud Symmachum fuisse Titum Livium integrum quem emendare coeperat<ref>''Epistulae'' IX.13.</ref>, necnon [[Plinius Maior|Plinium Maiorem]] aut ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|Commentarios de Bello Gallico]]''. Ita quodam modo 'litteras classicas' iam invenerat quas spreta lingua suae aetatis colebat<ref>De Symmachi studiis vide G. Kroll(1891).</ref> et litteras amatas ut posteris traderentur curabat. Librarii enim apud Symmachos textus duplicabant. Adulescentes suae aetatis quoque ad rhetoricam studendam hortabatur<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004.</ref> et filio instituendo ipse operam dedit<ref>''Ep''. V.5 et VI.61</ref> In ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalibus]]''<ref>I.24.8.</ref> Vergilium non tantum litterarum sed etiam [[Theologia|theologiae]] et [[ritus|rituum]] magistrum esse contendebat. Non minus enim a novitatibus orientalibus in [[Polytheismus|polytheismum]] nuper introductis abhorrebat quam a Christianismo. Vetus Romanus volebat esse. == De operibus == Tria genera operum reliquit Symmachus, epistulas, relationes, orationes: * '''orationes''' octo ab ipso circa [[376]] publicatae sunt quae ad patrem, Valentinianos principes et alios homines nobiles pertinent. Anno [[1815]] in [[Palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] ab [[Angelus Mai|Angelo Mai]] inventae sunt, antea a septimo saeculo deperditae. *'''relationes''' 49 statim post praefecturam circa [[385]] edidit inter quas celeberrima tertia relatio de ara Victoriae versatur. Illae relationes illius actionem in magistratu gerendo recensent. *'''epistulae''' plus quam nongentae in decem libros digestae magnum opus eius faciunt. Liber primus paulo post 385 in lumen prodisse vulgo creditur (epistulas ad patrem et fratrem continet necnon ad poetam [[Ausonius|Ausonium]] filiumque eius Hesperium et ad amicum [[Vettius Agorius Praetextatus|Praetextatum]], fratrem in paganismo). Cetera post mortem auctoris sed ante annum 409 a filio Memmio edita putantur. In septem primis libris epistulae per personas quibus missae sunt disponuntur sine ulla [[Chronologia|chronologica]] aut [[Thema (litterae)|thematica]] ordinatione. In octavo et nono sine ordine miscentur epistulae (pars maxima decimi deperdita est), ne personae quidem quibus mittuntur semper indicantur. Unde eruditi coniecerunt auctorem editionem usque ad septimum librum praeparasse, postea filium solum relictum ut potuit reliqua edidisse. Certe Nicomachi non parvam partem epistularum recipiunt: liber secundus totus [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virio Nicomacho Flaviano]] dicatur, sextum librum ceteri inter se Nicomachi partiuntur. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == *[[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/foto/F010361 VI, 1699] ; VIII, 24584 ; VIII, 5347 *[[Ambrosius]], ''Epistulae'' XVII et XVIII *[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004. * [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' *[[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' == Editiones criticae et commentarii == [[Fasciculus:Base statua di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco - Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|CIL VI, 1699 = basis statuae a filio Memmio patri in [[Mons Caelius|monte Caelio]] erectae ubi eorum domus erat: cursum honorum brevem legere licet.]] *[[Collection des Universités de France]]: J.P. Callu, ''Symmaque. Correspondance.'' Les Belles Lettres, 1972-2002 (quattuor tomi) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1973_num_42_1_1704_t1_0288_0000_5 Recensio critica] ** ''Symmaque. Discours. Rapports'', ibidem, 2009 (tomus V operum) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2013_num_82_1_3841_t17_0359_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Giovanni Alberto Cecconi, ''Commento storico al libro II dell'Epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : con introduzione, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 2002 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003.11.17 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2004_num_73_1_2554_t1_0408_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/84769725/Giovanni_Alberto_Cecconi_Commento_storico_al_libro_II_dellepistolario_di_Q_Aurelio_Simmaco_Con_introduzione_testo_traduzione_e_indici Tertia recensio critica] *Maria Lubello, ''[https://flore.unifi.it/retrieve/5f4d48db-5049-487b-ac42-4092ba20a52a/Lubello_Maria_Commento_storico_libri_VII-VIII_2024.pdf Commento storico ai libri VII e VIII dell’epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, testo, traduzione, commento storico]'', Florentiae, 2024 [https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/1374992 Dissertatio academica] * Arnaldo Marcone, ''Commento storico al libro IV dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1987 ** Commento storico al libro VI dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: Introd., commento storico, teste, traduzione, indici, Pisae, 1983 *Andrea Pellizzari, ''Commento storico al libro III dell epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1983. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2003_num_72_1_2530_t1_0416_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Paola Rivolta Tiberga, ''Commento storico al libro V dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1982 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1996_num_65_1_1262_t1_0346_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Sergio Roda, ''Commento storico al libro IX dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 1981 * Domenico Vera, ''Commento storico alle "relationes" di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento, testo, traduzione, appendice sul libro X, 1-2, indici'', Pisae, 1981 == Plura legere si cupis == *Philippe Bruggisser, ''Symmaque ou le rituel épistolaire de l'amitié littéraire. Recherches sur le premier livre de la correspondance'', Fribourg, 1993 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1995_num_64_1_1237_t1_0337_0000_2 Recensio critica] *JP Callu, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2006_ant_361_1_11709 En marge des vieux livres : les manuscrits perdus de Symmaque]", ''Revue d’histoire des textes'', 1976: 197-217 *Nicolas Cavuoto-Denis, ''Vsus scribendi : le projet littéraire de Symmaque dans les Lettres, les Discours et les Rapports'', Turnhout, Brepols, 2023 [https://www.academia.edu/71771621/Vsus_scribendi_le_projet_litt%C3%A9raire_de_Symmaque_dans_les_Lettres_les_Discours_et_les_Rapports Summarium] *Octavius Clason, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=QywUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Symmachi epistularum codice Parisino]'', Bonnae, [1867] '''LATINE''' *Gerd Haverling, ''Studies on Symmachus' Language and Style'', [[Gothoburgum|Gothoburgi]], 1988 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1990_num_59_1_2300_t1_0385_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Gaëlle Hébert de la Portbarré-Viard, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2018_num_197_1_1925 Symmaque dans le ''Contra Symmachum'' de Prudence : enjeux et significations d’une mise à mort littéraire]", ''Vita Latina'', 2018: 148-172 * Bettina Hecht, ''Störungen der Rechtslage in den Relationen des Symmachus : Verwaltung und Rechtsprechung in Rom 384/385 n. Chr'', Berolini, 2006 [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7767/zrgra.2008.125.1.775/html Recensio critica] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/864/mode/2up 865-871] * R. Klein, Symmachus, ''Eine tragische Gestalt des ausgehenden Heidentums'', [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 1971 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3927_t1_0322_0000_1 Recensio critica] * Otto Koren, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=4akiGJ2DkE8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Quaestiones Symmachianae]'', Vindobonae, 1874 '''LATINE''' *Guilelmus Kroll, ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024459482&seq=5 De Q. Aurelii Symmachi studiis graecis et latinis]'', Vratislaviae, 1891 '''LATINE''' * Federico Lizzani, ''Il patrimonio di Q. Aurelius Symmachus a Roma e nel Lazio : una restituzione archeologica dall'epistolario'', Romae, "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2024 ISBN 978-88-913-3294-3 *John Alexander McGeachy, ''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and the Senatorial Aristocracy of the West'', University of Chicago, 1942 * Jill Mitchell, ''[https://www.academia.edu/118514477/The_Religious_world_of_Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]'', Trivent Publishing, 2021 *Eugenius Morin, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=6c9gM4kqQkIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Disquisitio chronologica de dimidia altera quarti saeculi parte juxta Symmachum]'', Parisiis, excudebat Panckoucke, 1847 '''LATINE''' * F. Paschoud (curator), ''Colloque genevois sur Symmaque : à l'occasion du mille six centième anniversaire du conflit de l'autel de la Victoire'', [1984], Les Belles lettres, 1986 *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 * Ernestus Theodorus Schulze, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=hIhHAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false De Q. Aurelii Symmachi vocabulorum formationibus ad sermonem vulgarem pertinentibus]'', Halis Saxonum, 1884 '''LATINE''' * Ramón Teja, ''La más antigua polémica sobre la tolerancia religiosa: el debate entre San Ambrosio de Milán y el senador Símaco sobre el Altar de la Victoria'', Matriti, 2023 ISBN 978-84-19782-23-6 *Cristiana Sogno, ''Q. Aurelius Symmachus : a political biography'', University of Michigan Press, 2006 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=N3qFtZRLuXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *L. M. A. Viola, ''Quinto Aurelio Simmaco : lo splendore della romanitas : la perfezione dell'uomo religioso romano-italiano e la costituzione della civiltà universale della pace'', Forii, Victrix, 2010 [https://bibcatalogo.uca.es/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=870445&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=2642939] {{NexInt}} * [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus Quintum Aurelium Symmachum] spectant *[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Libri_Decem_Epistolarum Libri decem epistolarum apud Vicifontem] * [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/3292.html De Quinto Aurelio Symmacho in ''A dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology'', I, [[Londinium|Londinii]], anno 1870, p. 959] (???? nexus falsus) * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~Harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Symmachus/sym_re03.html Tertia Relatio Symmachi] * [https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_auct_ant_6_1/index.htm#page/(III)/mode/1up Editio Ottonis Seeck, Q''. Aurelii Symmachi quae supersunt'' ] in Monumenta Germaniae Historica - (dMGH) * {{BBKL|s/s4/symmachus_a|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=SYMMACHUS EUSEBIUS, Q. AURELIUS|tomus=11|columnae=363-366}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090814190634/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/sym-amb/ambrepf.html Ambrosius, Epistulae xvii et xviii] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Valentinianus II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Neoterius]]| annus= 391<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Eutolmius Tatianus|Flavio Eutolmio Tatiano]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] II et [[Flavius Rufinus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|402|Aurelius Symmachus, Quintus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Gens Aurelia]] 5qlm5nd4qkzo9siyp994wveiis356bq 0 42769 3980069 3978306 2026-08-09T23:56:48Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980069 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Semideus''' seu '''semidea''' est homo cuius parentium alter est vel [[deus]] vel [[dea]], alter mortalis. Semideus est essens divina in corpore [[mythologia]]e cuius vox fortasse fictio sit a [[poeta]] romano [[Naso]] attingente deos minores, ut [[dryades]].<ref name="Weinstock1">{{cite book | title=Divus Julius | url=https://archive.org/details/divusjulius0000stef | publisher=The Clarendon Press | author=Weinstock, Stefan | year=1971 | location=Oxford | page=[https://archive.org/details/divusjulius0000stef/page/53 53]}}</ref> Verbum in variis pactis adhibetur variis temporibus et denotare potest figuram statum divinum adeptam post mortem vel [[numen]] vel mortalis proles dei humanisque. In orbe vetere graeci romanique verbum non congruebat <ref name="Talbert">{{cite journal | title=The Concept of Immortals in Mediterranean Antiquity | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-biblical-literature_1975-09_94_3/page/419 | author=Talbert, C H | journal=Journal of Biblical Literature | year=1975 | volume=94 | issue=3 | pages=419–436 | doi=10.2307/3265162}}</ref> et vix adhibebatur et plures sensus habebat.<ref name="LS">{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=Charlton |authorlink= |year = 1904|title=An Elementary Latin Dictionary |url= |accessdate= |publisher=Oxford University Press |location= |page=767}}</ref> Primum in memoria inscripti sunt apud [[Homerus]] et [[Hesiodus]] ubi repperi potest verbum 'hemitheoi' ut mortuum [[heros|heroem]] describat ut dimidius [[deus]]. Non consequitur quod alter parens fuisset divina et alter mortalis.<ref name="Hansen">{{cite book | title=Handbook of Classical Mythology | url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans | publisher=ABC-CLIO Ltd | author=Hansen, W | year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans/page/199 199]}}</ref> In vicem, secundum Price, qui "fortitudinem, et valentem, et honestum locum natum et bonam morem" demonstraverint nuncupati sunt heros et post mortuus hemitheoi nuncupari possunt.<ref name="Price">{{cite journal | title=Hero-cult and Homer | author=Price, T H | journal=Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte | year=1973 | volume=22 | issue=2 | pages=129–144}}</ref> [[Pindarus]] quoque saepe vocem utitur ut [[synonymum]] pro voce heros.<ref name="Lid&S">{{cite book | title=A Greek-English Lexicon | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=Liddell, H | year=1897}}</ref> ==Semidei Praeclari== *[[Achilles]] *[[Aeneas]] *[[Argonautae]] *[[Dionysus]] *[[Heracles]] *[[Odysseus]] *[[Perseus]] *[[Theseus]] == Bibliographia == <references/> {{NexInt}} *[[Angelus]] *[[Apotheosis]] *[[Incarnatio]] *[[Heros]] *[[Superhomo]] [[Categoria:Mythologia]] m7wqygvlxvbexwz10sg01i4wyd8tpde 0 45252 3980052 3978139 2026-08-09T23:44:56Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Joule's Apparatus (Harper's Scan).png|thumb|Apparatus Joulianus ad metiendum [[machina|mechanicum]] [[calor]]is par.]] '''Iacobus Prescott Joule,''' [[Regalis Societas Londini|Socius Societatis Regalis]] (natus [[Salfordia]]e [[Lancastria]]e, [[24 Decembris]] [[1818]]; mortuus [[Sale]] Lancastriae, [[11 Octobris]] [[1889]]), fuit [[physicus]] et [[braxatio|braxator]] [[cervisia]]e [[Anglia|Anglicus]]. [[Natura]]e [[calor]]is studuit, cuius coniunctionem cum [[labor mechanicus|labore mechanico]] invenit (vide [[energia]]m). Haec inventio ad [[doctrina]]m [[conservatio energiae|conservationis energiae]] duxit, quae ad evolutionem [[thermodynamica|primae legis thermodynamicae]] vicissim duxit. [[Iulium]], [[Systema Internationale|unitas SI]] energiae, ex eo appellatur. Cum [[Gulielmus Thomson, baro Kelvin|Domino Kelvin]] ad evolvendum absolutum [[temperatura]]e gradum collaboravit, [[magnetostrictio]]nem investigavit, atque coniunctionem [[fluxio electrica|fluxionis electricae]] per [[resistor|resistentiam]] et [[calor]]is dissipati, nunc [[prima lex Jouliana|primam legem Joulianam]] appellatam, excogitavit. Eius experimenta de transformatione energiae primum anno [[1843]] edita sunt. [[Fasciculus:Joule memorial, Sale.JPG|thumb|[[Monumentum]] Iacobo Joule dedicatum, Salfordiae (prope [[Mancunium]], Anglia).]] == De vita == Iacobus Prescott Joule natus est anno [[1818]], [[filius]] Beniamini Joule (1784–1858), divitis braxatoris, et Aliciae Prescott [[uxor]]is, in Via New Bailey [[Salfordia]]e in [[urbs|urbe]] [[Anglia|Anglica]]. Socius erat [[Societas Electrica Londiniensi|Societatis Electricae Londiniensis]], a [[Gulielmus Sturgeon|Gulielmo Sturgeon]] aliisque constitutae. {{NexInt}} * [[Joulium]] == Bibliographia == * Bottomley, James Thomson. [[1881]]. "James Prescott Joule." ''Nature'' 26 (678): 617–20. Bibcode 1882Natur..26..617B. {{doi|10.1038/026617a0}}. * {{cite book | author = Cardwell, D. S. L. | title=James Joule: A Biography | publisher=Manchester college Press | year= [[1991]] | isbn=0-7190-3479-5 }}. * {{cite journal | author = Forrester, J. | title = Chemistry and the Conservation of Energy: The Work of James Prescott Joule | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_studies-in-history-and-philosophy-of-science_1975-11_6_4/page/273 | year = [[1975]] | journal = Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science | volume = 6 | pages = 273–313 | doi = 10.1016/0039-3681(75)90025-4 | issue = 4}}. * Fox, R. [[1969]]. "James Prescott Joule, 1818–1889." In ''Mid-nineteenth-century scientists,'' ed. J. North, 72–103. Elsevier. ISBN 0-7190-3479-5. * {{cite book | author = Reynolds, Osbourne | title = Memoir of James Prescott Joule | year = [[1892]] | publisher = Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society | place = Manchester, Angliae | url = http://books.google.com/?id=Zs93x6asUPgC&pg=PA154&dq=joule | accessdate =15 March 2008}}. * {{cite journal | author = Sibum, H. O. | title = Reworking the mechanical value of heat: instruments of precision and gestures of accuracy in early Victorian England | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_studies-in-history-and-philosophy-of-science_1995-03_26_1/page/73 | year = [[1995]] | journal = Studies in History and Philosophy of Science | volume = 26 | pages = 73–106 | doi = 10.1016/0039-3681(94)00036-9}}. * {{cite book | author = Smith, C. | title = The Science of Energy: A Cultural History of Energy Physics in Victorian Britain | location = Londinii | publisher = Heinemann | year = [[1998]] | isbn = 0-485-11431-3 }}. * Smith, Crosbie. [[2004]]. "Joule, James Prescott." ''DNB. * {{cite book | author=Smith, C., et M. N. Wise. | title=Energy and Empire: A Biographical Study of Lord Kelvin | url=https://archive.org/details/energyempirebiog0000smit | location = Cantabrigiae | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=[[1989]] | isbn=0-521-26173-2 }}. * {{cite book | author=Steffens, H. J. | title=James Prescott Joule and the Concept of Energy | publisher=Watson | year=[[1979]] | isbn=0-88202-170-2 }}. * {{cite book | author=Walker, James | title=Physics, ed. quarta| publisher=Pearson | year=[[1950]] | isbn= 978-0-321-54163-5 }}. == Nexus externus == * [http://books.google.com/books?id=BCUJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA209&dq=joule&as_brr=1#PPA208,M1 De Iacobo Prescott Joule in ''Dictionary of National Biography'' (anno 1892),] apud books.google.com. {{Lifetime|1818|1889|Joule, Iacobus Prescott}} {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Homines}} [[Categoria:Braxatores]] [[Categoria:Physici Britanniae]] giq3mszzltia71ekhmnxzoxllgrncql 0 45565 3979961 3978263 2026-08-09T22:22:02Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 10 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Testudines | image = Florida Box Turtle Digon3 re-edited.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Terrapene carolina]]'' | fossil_range = <br />[[Iurassicum|Iurassico]] medio – [[Holocaenum|Praesens]],<ref name=Joyc17>{{Cite journal |last1=Joyce |first1=Walter G. |date=2017 |title=A review of the fossil record of basal Mesozoic turtles |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=65–113 |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1376/536c2532f31d85abb717ad953a4b283d7cab.pdf?_ga=2.250513540.362473231.1559202212-723086894.1556281898 |accessdate=2 Iunii 2019 |doi=10.3374/014.058.0105 }}.</ref> {{Fossil range|Aalenian|Holocaenum}} | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum= [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Reptilia]] | cladus = [[Perichelydia]] | ordo = '''Testudines''' | taxon = Testudines | ordo_authority = [[Batsch]], [[1788]]<ref name="TTWG2017"/> | range_map = World.distribution.testudines.1.png | range_map_caption = [[Distributio geographica]]: [[caeruleus]], testudines maritimi; [[niger]], testudines terrestres | diversity_link = List of Testudines families | diversity = 14 [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] exstantes et 356 [[species]] | subdivision_ranks = Subgreges | subdivision = [[Cryptodira]]<br /> [[Pleurodira]]<br /> †[[Paracryptodira]] | synonyms = * Chelonii <small>Latreille 1800</small> * Chelonia <small>Ross and Macartney 1802</small> | synonyms_ref = <ref name="TTWG2017"/> }} '''Testudines''' sunt [[animalia]] [[classis (taxinomia)|classis]] [[reptilia|reptilium]], quibus est praecipua [[testa]] [[os (ossis)|ossea]] vel [[cartilago|cartilaginea]], ex eorum [[costa|costis]] evoluta et [[scutum]] agendum.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hutchinson|1996}}.</ref> Ordo [[species]] ambas [[taxon exstans|exstantis]] [[exstinctio|exstinctasque]] comprehendit. Primae huius [[grex|gregis]] species [[Iurassicum|Iurassico]] medio ortae sunt,<ref name="Joyc17"/> qua pro causa testudines sunt unus ex veterrimis reptilium gregibus, atque [[anguis|anguibus]] [[crocodilia|crocodiliisque]] antiquior. Ex 356 speciebus notis<ref name="TTWG2017">{{Cite book|author=Turtle Taxonomy Working Group |authorlink=Turtle Taxonomy Working Group |date= 2017|title=Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (ed. octava).|url= http://images.turtleconservancy.org/documents/2017/crm-7-checklist-atlas-v8-2017.pdf|journal=Chelonian Research Monographs|volume=7|pages= 1–292|doi=10.3854/crm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017|isbn= 9781532350269}}.</ref> quae hodie in [[vita]] sunt, nonnullae in [[periculum]] addicuntur.<ref name="TTWG2017"/> Testudines sunt [[ectothermi]]—animalia vulgo [[poikilothermi]] appellata—quod [[significatio (linguistica)|significat]] eorum [[temperatura]]m internum cum temperatura ambiente variare. [[Corpus|Corporea]] autem ''[[Dermochelys coriacea|Dermochelytis coriaceae]]'' temperatura, propter eius altam proportionem [[metabolismus|metabolicam]], [[aqua]] circumpatenti insigniter altior est. Testudines [[amniota]] [[taxinomia|classificantur]], cum aliis reptilibus, [[aves|avibus]], et [[mammalia|mammalibus]]. Aliorum amniotorum similes, [[aer]]em suspirant, et [[ovum|ova]] in aqua non pariunt, quamquam multae species in aut prope aquam [[habitatio|habitant]]. == Classificatio == Ordo '''Testudines''' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> * Subordo [[Pleurodira]] <small>Cope, 1864</small> ** Familia †Apertotemporalidae <small>Kühne, 1937</small> ** Familia †Platychelyidae <small>Brän, 1965 sensu Gaffney, Tong & Buffetaut, 2006</small> ** Familia †Dortokidae <small>Lapparent de Broin & Murelaga, 1996</small> ** Familia †Notoemyidae <small>Fernandez & Fuente, 1994</small> ** Superfamilia Cheloides <small>Gray, 1825 sensu Gaffney, Tong & Buffetaut, 2006</small> *** Familia [[Chelidae]] <small>Gray, 1825</small> ** Superfamilia [[Pelomedusoides]] <small>Cope, 1868 sensu Broin 1988</small> *** Familia †[[Araripemydidae]] <small>Price, 1973</small> *** Familia [[Pelomedusidae]] *** Familia †Euraxemydidae <small>Gaffney, Tong & Buffetaut, 2006</small> *** Familia †[[Bothremydidae]] <small>Baur, 1891</small> *** Familia [[Podocnemididae]] <small>Cope, 1868</small> * Subordo [[Cryptodira]] <small>Duméril & Bibron, 1835</small> ** Infraordo [[Eucryptodira]] <small>Gaffney, 1975a sensu Gaffney, 1984</small> *** Familia †[[Macrobaenidae]] <small>Sukhanov 1964</small> *** Familia †[[Eurysternidae]] <small>Dollo, 1886</small> *** Familia †[[Plesiochelyidae]] <small>Baur, 1888</small> *** Familia †[[Xinjiangchelyidae]] <small>Nesov, 1990</small> *** Cladus Centrocryptodira **** Familia †Osteopygidae <small>Zangerl, 1953</small> **** Familia †[[Sinemydidae]] <small>Yeh, 1963</small> *** Cladus [[Polycryptodira]] <small>Gaffney, 1988</small> **** Cladus Pantrionychia ***** Familia †[[Adocidae]] ***** Superfamilia [[Trionychoidea]] <small>Gray, 1870</small> ****** Familia [[Carettochelyidae]] <small>Boulenger, 1887</small> ****** Familia [[Trionychidae]] <small>Fitzinger, 1826</small> ***** Superfamilia [[Testudinoidea]] <small>Baur, 1893</small> ****** Familia †[[Haichemydidae]] <small>Sukhanov & Narmandakh, 2006</small> ****** Familia †[[Lindholmemydidae]] <small>Chkhikvadze, 1970</small> ****** Familia †[[Sinochelyidae]] <small>Chkhikvadze, 1970</small> ****** Familia [[Emydidae]] <small>(Rafinesque, 1815)</small> ****** Familia [[Geoemydidae]] <small>Theobald, 1868</small> ****** Familia [[Testudinidae]] <small>Batsch, 1788</small> ***** Cladus [[Americhelydia]] <small>Crawford et al., 2014</small> ****** Familia [[Chelydridae]] <small>Gray, 1831</small> ****** Superfamilis [[Kinosternoidea]] <small>Joyce, Parham, and Gauthier 2004</small> ******* Familia [[Dermatemydidae]] <small>Gray, 1870</small> ******* Familia [[Kinosternidae]] <small>Agassiz, 1857</small> ****** Superfamilia [[Chelonioidea]] <small>Bauer, 1893</small> ******* Familia †[[Toxochelyidae]] <small>Baur, 1895</small> ******* Familia [[Cheloniidae]] <small>Oppel, 1811</small> ******* Familia†Thalassemydidae ******* Familia [[Dermochelyidae]] <small>Fitzinger, 1843</small> ******* Familia †[[Protostegidae]] <small>Cope, 1872</small> *Cladus †[[Paracryptodira]] ** Familia †[[Pleurosternidae]] <small>Cope, 1868</small> ** Familia †Compsemyidae ** Familia †[[Baenidae]] <small>Cope, 1882</small> == Notae == [[Fasciculus:TurtleOmaha.jpg|thumb|Testudo maritimus in [[Henry Doorly Zoo]] [[Omaha]]e [[Nebrasca]]e.]] <references/> == Bibliographia == * {{Cite book | last = Alderton | first = D. | year = 1986 | title = An Interpret Guide to Reptiles & Amphibians | publisher = Salamander Books | location = Londinii & Novi Eboraci | asin = B0010NVLQS | ref = harv}} * {{Cite video | last = Amato | first = George | year = 2007 | title = A Conversation at the Museum of Natural History | url = https://www.pbs.org/pov/chancesoftheworld/special_video.php#.UKeS2BJ-qzc | format = video | medium = .flv | publisher = POV25 | accessdate =November 1, 2012 }}. * {{Cite news | last = Angier | first = N. |date=12 Decembris 2012 | title = All but Ageless, Turtles Face Their Biggest Threat: Humans | newspaper = The New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/12/science/12turt.html | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Anquetin | first = J. | year = 2012 | title = Reassessment of the phylogenetic interrelationships of basal turtles (Testudinata) | journal = Journal of Systematic Palaeontology | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–45 | doi = 10.1080/14772019.2011.558928 | ref = harv| url = http://osf.io/dt6yj/ }} * {{Cite web | last = Barzyk | first = J.E. |date=November 1999 | title = Turtles in Crisis: The Asian Food Markets | publisher = Tortoise Trust | url = http://www.tortoisetrust.org/articles/asia.html | accessdate =1 Novembris 2012 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Benton | first = M. J. | year = 2000 | title = Vertebrate Paleontology | url = https://archive.org/details/vertebratepalaeo0000bent_b1i8 | edition = secunda | publisher = Blackwell Science | location=London | isbn = 978-0-632-05614-9 | ref = harv}} (Ed. tertia, [[2004]], ISBN 0-632-05637-1. * {{Cite book | last = Brennessel | first = B. | title = Diamonds in the Marsh: A Natural History of the Diamondback Terrapin | publisher = UPNE | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-1584655367 | ref = harv | url = https://archive.org/details/diamondsinmarshn00bren }} * {{Cite web |title=Turtles as Pets &#124; CDC Healthy Pets Healthy People |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |date=October 2007 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/spotlight_an_turtles.htm |accessdate=1 Augusti 2012 |ref={{harvid|CDC|2007}} |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805004302/http://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/spotlight_an_turtles.htm |archivedate=1 Augusti 2012 }} * {{Cite book | last = Marshall Cavendish | year = 2001 | title = Endangered Wildlife and Plants of the World | isbn = 978-0761471943 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | last1 = Chen | first1 = T.-H. | year = 2009 | last2 = Chang | first2 = H.-C. | last3 = Lue | first3 = K.-Y. | title = Unregulated Trade in Turtle Shells for Chinese Traditional Medicine in East and Southeast Asia: The Case of Taiwan | url = https://archive.org/details/chelonian-conservation-and-biology_2009-05_8_1/page/11 | journal = Chelonian Conservation and Biology | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 11–18 | doi = 10.2744/CCB-0747.1 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | last1 = Cheung | first1 = S.M. |date=November–December 2006 | last2 = Dudgeon | first2 = D. | title = Quantifying the Asian turtle crisis: market surveys in southern China, 2000–2003 | journal = Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems | volume = 16 | issue = 7 | pages = 751–770 | doi = 10.1002/aqc.803 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | last1 = Chiari | first1 = Y. | year = 2012 | last2 = Cahais | first2 = V. | last3 = Galtier | first3 = N. | last4 = Delsuc | first4 = F. | title = Phylogenomic analyses support the position of turtles as the sister group of birds and crocodiles (Archosauria) | journal = BMC Biology | volume = 10 | issue = 65 | pages = 65 | doi = 10.1186/1741-7007-10-65 | pmid = 22839781 | pmc = 3473239 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite web | last = Connor | first = Michael J. | year = 2009 | title = CTTC's Turtle Trivia | url = http://www.tortoise.org/general/wildfaqs.html#largest | publisher = California Turtle & Tortoise Club | accessdate =March 1, 2009 | ref = harv}} *{{Cite journal | year = 2012 | last1 = Crawford | first1 = Nicholas G. | last2 = Faircloth | first2 = Brant C. | last3 = McCormack | first3 = John E. | last4 = Brumfield | first4 = Robb T. | last5 = Winker | first5 = Kevin | last6 = Glen | first6 = Travis C. | title = More than 1000 ultraconserved elements provide evidence that turtles are the sister group to archosaurs | journal = Biology Letters | volume = 8 | issue = 5 | pages = 783–6 | url = http://faculty.oxy.edu/mccormack/McCormack/picks/Crawford_2012_BioLett.pdf |accessdate=21 Septembris 2014 | doi = 10.1098/rsbl.2012.0331 | pmid = 22593086 | ref = harv | pmc=3440978}} * {{Cite web | last = Dharmananda | first = S. | year = 2011 | title = Endangered Species Issues Affecting Turtles and Tortoises Used in Chinese Medicine: Appendix 1, 2, and 3 | publisher = Institute for Traditional Medicine | url = http://www.itmonline.org/arts/turtles.htm | accessdate =1 Novembris 2012 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | last1 = Dubois | first1 = A. | year = 2010 | last2 = Bour | first2 = R. | title = The distinction between family-series and class-series nomina in zoological nomenclature, with emphasis on the nomina created by Batsch (1788, 1789) and on the higher nomenclature of turtles | journal = Bonn Zoological Bulletin | volume = 57 | issue = 2 | pages = 149–171 | url = http://zfmk.de/BZB/Band_57_2/149-171_06_dubois.pdf | issn = 0006-7172 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Ernst | first1 = C.H. | year = 2009 | last2 = Lovich | first2 = J.E. | title=Turtles of the United States and Canada | publisher = JHU Press | isbn = 9780801891212 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite web | last = Everhart | first = Mike | year = 2012 | url = http://www.oceansofkansas.com/Turtles.html | title = Marine Turtles | publisher = Oceans of Kansas Paleontology | accessdate =1 Martii 2009 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite web | title = CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21: FDA Regulation, Sec. 1240.62, page 678 part d1 | publisher = U.S. Food and Drug Administration | year = 2012 | url = http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?fr=1240.62 | accessdate =November 1, 2012 | ref = {{Harvid|FDA|2012}}}} * {{Cite book | last = Fergus | first = Charles | year = 2007 | title = Turtles: Wild Guide | page = viii | publisher = Stackpole books | location = Mechanicsburgi Pennsylvaniae | series = Wild guide | isbn = 9780811734202 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite web |title=Turtle farms threaten rare species, experts say |publisher=Fish Farmer |date=30 Martii 2007 |url=http://www.fishfarmer-magazine.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/993/Turtle_farms_threaten_rare_species,_experts_say.html |accessdate=1 Novembris 2012 |ref={{Harvid|Fish Farmer| 2007}} |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218191219/http://www.fishfarmer-magazine.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/993/Turtle_farms_threaten_rare_species%2C_experts_say.html |archivedate=18 Februarii 2012 }} * {{Cite web | author1 = Doctors Foster | author2 = Smith educational staff | lastauthoramp = yes | year = 2012 | title = Anatomy and Diseases of the Shells of Turtles and Tortoises | url = http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?articleid=2700 | publisher = Pet Education | accessdate = 1 Martii 2009 | ref = {{Harvid|Pet Education|2012}} | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070208084015/http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?articleid=2700 | archive-date = 8 Februarii 2007 | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite journal | last = Gaffney | first = E. S. | year = 1996 | title = The postcranial morphology of ''Meiolania platyceps'' and a review of the Meiolaniidae | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-american-museum-of-natural-history_1996_229/page/n6 | journal = Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume = 229 | pages = 1–166 | ref = harv| hdl = 2246/1670 }} * {{Cite journal | last1 = Gaffney | first1 = E. S. | year = 2006 | last2 = Tong | first2 = H. | last3 = Meylan | first3 = P. A. | title = Evolution of the side-necked turtles: the families Bothremydidae, Euraxemydidae, and Araripemydidae | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-american-museum-of-natural-history_2006_300/page/n2 | journal = Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume = 300 | pages = 1–698 | ref = harv | doi=10.1206/0003-0090(2006)300[1:EOTSTT]2.0.CO;2| hdl = 2246/5824 }} * {{Cite journal | last1 = Gafney | first1 = E. | year = 1987 | last2 = Hutchinson | first2 = H. | last3 = Jenkins | first3 = F. | last4 = Meeker | first4 = L. | title = Modern turtle origins; the oldest known cryptodire | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1987-07-17_237_4812/page/289 | journal = Science | volume = 237 | issue = 4812 | pages = 289–291 | pmid = 17772056 | doi = 10.1126/science.237.4812.289 | ref = harv| bibcode = 1987Sci...237..289G}} * {{Cite web | last = Gannon | first = Megan |date=31 Octobris 2012 | title = Jurassic turtle graveyard found in China | url = http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-205_162-57542904/jurassic-turtle-graveyard-found-in-china/ | publisher = Livescience.com | ref = harv}} * {{Cite web | title = Isn't it against the law to sell turtles that are smaller than 4 inches? | publisher = Gulf Coast Turtle and Tortoise Society |date=November 2007 | url = http://www.gctts.org/node/31 | accessdate =1 Novembris 2012 | ref = {{Harvid|GCTTS|2007}}}} * {{Cite magazine | last = Hylton | first = H. | title = Keeping U.S. Turtles Out of China | magazine = Time | date = 8 Maii 2007 | url = http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1618565,00.html | accessdate =November 1, 2012 | ref = harv}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20160309000537/http://turtlesurvival.org/may082007 Exemplar.] * {{Cite web | last = Hutchinson | first = J. | year = 1996 | title = Introduction to Testudines: The Turtles | url = http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anapsids/testudines/testudines.html | publisher = University of California Museum of Paleontology | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal |last1 = Iwabe |first1 = Naoyuki |last2 = Hara |first2 = Yuichiro |last3 = Kumazawa |first3 = Yoshinori |last4 = Shibamoto |first4 = Kaori |last5 = Saito |first5 = Yumi |last6 = Miyata |first6 = Takashi |last7 = Katoh |first7 = Kazutaka |title = Sister group relationship of turtles to the bird-crocodilian clade revealed by nuclear DNA-coded proteins |date=December 2004 |journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 22 | issue = 4 | pages = 810–813 |issn = | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msi075 | pmid = 15625185 | ref = harv |url = http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/22/4/810.long |accessdate =12 Decembris 2010 |doi-access = free}} * {{cite web | last1 = Iverson | first1 = J. B. | year = 1999 | last2 = Kimerling | first2 = A. Jon | last3 = Kiester | first3 = A. Ross | title = List of All Families | url = http://emys.geo.orst.edu/collection/fam/family_page.html | publisher = Terra Cognita Laboratory, Geosciences Department of Oregon State University | accessdate =1 Octobris 2012 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | year = 2002 | last = Jackson | first = D. C. | title = Hibernating without oxygen: Physiological adaptations of the painted turtle | journal = Journal of Physiology | volume = 543 | issue = Pt 3 | pages = 731–7 | doi = 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.024729 | ref = harv | pmid=12231634 | pmc=2290531}} * {{cite journal | last = Joyce | first = Walter G. | year = 2007 | title = Phylogenetic relationships of Mesozoic turtles | journal = Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History | volume = 48 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–102 | url = http://www.geo.uni-tuebingen.de/fileadmin/website/arbeitsbereich/palaeo/biogeologie/Images/Joyce_Publications/18__Joyce_2007.pdf | ref = harv | doi = 10.3374/0079-032x(2007)48[3:promt]2.0.co;2 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130606110806/http://www.geo.uni-tuebingen.de/fileadmin/website/arbeitsbereich/palaeo/biogeologie/Images/Joyce_Publications/18__Joyce_2007.pdf | archivedate = 6 Iunii 2013 }} * {{Cite journal | last1 = Katsu | first1 = Y. |date=March 2010 | last2 = Braun | first2 = E. L. | last3 = Guillette | first3 = L. J. Jr. | last4 = Iguchi | first4 = T. | title = From reptilian phylogenomics to reptilian genomes: analyses of c-Jun and DJ-1 proto-oncogenes | journal = Cytogenetic and Genome Research | volume = 127 | issue = 2–4 | pages = 79–93 | issn = | doi = 10.1159/000297715 | pmid = 20234127 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last1 = King | first1 = G. L. | year = 2009 | last2 = Berrow | first2 = S. D. | title = Marine turtles in Irish waters (Supplement to the Irish Naturalists Journal) | isbn = 978-0956970404 | ref = harv}} * {{cite web | last = Laurin | first = Michel | year = 1996 | title = Introduction to Procolophonoidea | publisher = University of California Museum of Paleontology | url = http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anapsids/procolophonoidea.html | accessdate = 1 Martii 2009| ref = harv}} * {{cite journal | last = Lee | first = M. S. Y. | year = 2001 | title = Molecules, morphology, and the monophyly of diapsid reptiles | journal = Contributions to Zoology | volume = 70 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–2 | url = http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/ctz/vol70/nr01/art01 | ref = harv | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121010071427/http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/ctz/vol70/nr01/art01 | archivedate = October 10, 2012 | df = mdy-all | doi = 10.1163/18759866-07001001 | doi-access = free }} * {{Cite journal | author1 = Chun Li | author2 = Xiao-Chun Wu | last3 = Rieppel | first3 = Olivier | author4 = Li-Ting Wang | author5 = Li-Jun Zhao | title = An ancestral turtle from the Late Triassic of southwestern China | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2008-11-27_456_7221/page/497 |date=November 2008 | journal = Nature | volume = 456 | issue = 7221 | pages = 497–501 | pmid = 19037315 | doi = 10.1038/nature07533 |ref = harv| bibcode = 2008Natur.456..497L }} * {{Cite journal | last1 = Lyson |first1 = Tyler R. | last2 = Sperling |first2 = Erik A. | last3 = Heimberg |first3 = Alysha M. | last4 = Gauthier |first4 = Jacques A. | last5 = King |first5 = Benjamin L. | last6 = Peterson |first6 = Kevin J. | title = MicroRNAs support a turtle + lizard clade | date = 2012 | journal = Biology Letters | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 104–107 | doi = 10.1098/rsbl.2011.0477 | ref = harv | pmid=21775315 | pmc=3259949}} * {{Cite journal | last1 = Lyson | first1 = Tyler R. | last2 = Bever | first2 = Gabe S. | last3 = Bhullar | first3 = Bhart-Anjan S. | last4 = Joyce | first4 = Walter G. | last5 = Gauthier |first5 = Jacques A. | title = Transitional fossils and the origin of turtles | date = 2010 | journal = Biology Letters | volume = 6 | issue = 6 | pages = 830–33 | doi = 10.1098/rsbl.2010.0371 | pmid = 20534602 | ref = harv | pmc=3001370}} * {{Cite journal | last1 = Mannen | first1 = Hideyuki | last2 = Li | first2 = Steven S.-L. | title = Molecular evidence for a clade of turtles | url = https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_1999-10_13_1/page/144 |date=October 1999 | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 13 |issue = 1 | pages = 144–148 | doi = 10.1006/mpev.1999.0640 | pmid = 10508547 | ref = harv}} * {{cite news | last = Maugh II | first = T. H. |date=May 18, 2012 | title = Researchers find fossil of a turtle that was size of a Smart car | newspaper = Los Angeles Times | url = http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-largest-turtle-20120518,0,6876731.story | accessdate = 18 Augusti 2016 | ref = harv}} * {{cite book | last = Müller | first = Johannes | year = 2004 | chapter = The relationships among diapsid reptiles and the influence of taxon selection | editor1-last = Arratia | editor1-first = G | editor2-last = Wilson | editor2-first = M. V. H. | editor3-last = Cloutier | editor3-first = R. | title = Recent Advances in the Origin and Early Radiation of Vertebrates | publisher = Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil | pages = 379–408 | isbn = 978-3-89937-052-2 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite web | title = Alligator Snapping Turtle | publisher = nationalgeographic.com | year = 2011 | url = http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptiles/alligator-snapping-turtle/ | accessdate = 14 Augusti 2011 | ref = {{harvid|National Geographic|2011}} }} * {{Cite web |title = NOAA'S Marine Forensics Laboratory |url = http://www.magazine.noaa.gov/stories/mag110.htm |accessdate = 1 Novembris 2012 |date = Augustus 2003 |ref = {{Harvid|NOAA|2003}} |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130221173800/http://www.magazine.noaa.gov/stories/mag110.htm |archivedate = 21 Februarii 2013 |df = mdy-all }} * {{Cite news | last = Pittman | first = C. |date= 9 Octobris 2008 | title = China Gobbling Up Florida Turtles | newspaper = St. Petersburg Times | url = http://www.theledger.com/article/20081009/NEWS/810090272?p=all&tc=pgall | accessdate = 18 Augusti 2016 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | last1 = Priest | first1 = Toni E. |date=December 2002 | last2 = Franklin | first2 = Craig E. | title = Effect of Water Temperature and Oxygen Levels on the Diving Behavior of Two Freshwater Turtles: ''Rheodytes leukops'' and ''Emydura macquarii'' | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-herpetology_2002-12_36_4/page/555 | journal = Journal of Herpetology | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 555–61 | jstor = 1565924 | issn = 0022-1511 | doi = 10.1670/0022-1511(2002)036[0555:EOWTAO]2.0.CO;2 | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Rieppel | first1 = O. | year = 1996 | last2 = DeBraga | first2 = M. | title = Turtles as diapsid reptiles | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1996-12-05_384_6608/page/453 | journal = Nature | volume = 384 | issue = 6608 | pages = 453–55 | doi = 10.1038/384453a0 | ref = harv| bibcode = 1996Natur.384..453R}} * {{Cite book | editor1-last = Rhodin | editor1-first = A. G. J. | year = 2011 | editor2-last = Walde | editor2-first = A. D. | editor3-last = Horne | editor3-first = B. D. | editor4-last = van Dijk | editor4-first = P. P. | editor5-last = Blanck | editor5-first = T. | editor6-last = Hudson | editor6-first = R. | title = Turtles in Trouble: The World's 25+ Most Endangered Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles—2011 | publisher = Turtle Conservation Coalition | location = Lunenburg Massachusettae | url = http://www.iucn-tftsg.org/top-25-2011/ | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | last1 = Roos | first1 = J. | last2 = Aggarwal | first2 = R. K. | last3 = Janke | first3 = A. | title = Extended mitogenomic phylogenetic analyses yield new insight into crocodylian evolution and their survival of the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 45 | issue = 2 | pages = 663–73 | date = November 2007 | url =https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2007-11_45_2/page/663| issn = | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.06.018 | pmid = 17719245 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Tanke | first1 = D. H. | last2 = Brett-Surman | first2 = M. K. | chapter = Evidence of Hatchling and Nestling-Size Hadrosaurs (Reptilia: Ornithischia) from Dinosaur Provincial Park (Dinosaur Park Formation: Campanian), Alberta, Canada | title = Mesozoic Vertebrate Life—New Research Inspired by the Paleontology of Philip J. Currie | year = 2001 | editor1-last = Tanke | editor1-first = D. H. | editor2-last = Carpenter | editor2-first = K. | publisher = Indiana University Press | location = Bloomington Indianae | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | chapter = Old fashioned turtle soup recipe | year = 1881 | chapter-url = http://www.publicbookshelf.com/public_html/The_Household_Cyclopedia_of_General_Information/turtlesou_beh.html | title = The Household Cyclopedia of General Information | url = http://www.publicbookshelf.com/public_html/The_Household_Cyclopedia_of_General_Information | publisher = LoveToKnow Corp | ref = {{Harvid|Turtle Soup Recipe|1881}}}} * {{Cite journal | last1 = Wings | first1 = Oliver | last2 = Rabi | first2 = Márton | last3 = Schneider | first3 = Jörg W. | last4 = Schwermann | first4 = Leonie | author5 = Ge Sun | author6 = Chang-Fu Zhou | last7 = Joyce |first7=Walter G. | title = An enormous Jurassic turtle bone bed from the Turpan Basin of Xinjiang, China | year = 2012 | journal = Naturwissenschaften | volume = 114 | issue = 11 | pages = 925–35 | doi = 10.1007/s00114-012-0974-5 | pmid = 23086389 | ref = harv| bibcode = 2012NW.....99..925W }} * {{Cite journal | last1 = Valenzuela | first1 = N. | last2 = Adams | first2 = D. C. | title = Chromosome number and sex determination coevolve in turtles | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_evolution_2011-06_65_6/page/1808 | year = 2011 | journal = Evolution | volume = 65 | issue = 6 | pages = 1808–13 | doi = 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01258.x | pmid = 21644965 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite web | title = Declared Turtle Trade From the United States – Totals | publisher = World Chelonian Trust |date=Maius 2006 | url = http://www.chelonia.org/articles/us/USmarket_51.htm | accessdate =November 15, 2012 | ref = {{Harvid|World Chelonian Trust: Totals|2006}}}} * {{Cite web | title = Declared Turtle Trade From the United States: Destinations | publisher = World Chelonian Trust |date=May 2006 | url = http://www.chelonia.org/articles/us/Destinations.htm | accessdate =November 15, 2012 | ref = {{Harvid|World Chelonian Trust: Destinations|2006}}}} * {{Cite web | title = Declared Turtle Trade From the United States: Observations | publisher = World Chelonian Trust |date=Maius 2006 | url = http://www.chelonia.org/articles/us/Observations.htm | accessdate = 15 Novembris 2012 | ref = {{Harvid|World Chelonian Trust: Observations|2006}}}} * {{Cite journal | last1 = Zardoya | first1 = R. | last2 = Meyer | first2 = A. | title = Complete mitochondrial genome suggests diapsid affinities of turtles | year = 1998 | journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 95 | issue = 24 | pages = 14226–14231 | issn = 0027-8424 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.95.24.14226 | pmid = 9826682 | pmc = 24355 | ref = harv| bibcode = 1998PNAS...9514226Z | url = https://kops.uni-konstanz.de/bitstream/123456789/6719/1/Complete_mitochondrial_genome_1998.pdf}} == Bibliographia addita == *Pritchard, Peter Charles Howard.[[1979]]. ''Encyclopedia of turtles.'' Neptunus Novae Caesareae: T. F. H. Publications. ISBN 978-0-87666-918-1. [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaoftu00pete Editio interretialis.] *Wyneken, Jeanette, Matthew H. Godfrey, et Vincent Bels, eds. [[2008]]. ''Biology of turtles.'' Boca Raton Floridae: CRC Press. ISBN 9780849333392, ISBN 0849333393. == Nexus externi == {{Wikibooks|Animal Care|Turtle}} * "Recipes from Another Time." [[2001]]. [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/recipes-from-another-time-52824959/?all ''Smithsonian Magazine.''] * [http://www.studbook.ffept.org/pti_stats.php?lang=en "Chelonian studbook."] * [http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/dc11235d-8b3b-43f7-b991-8429f477a1d4/files/18-fauna-2a-chelonia-biogeography.pdf "Biogeography and Phylogeny of the Chelonia."] * [https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17442-embryo-origami-gives-the-turtle-its-shell.html De evolutione testae testudinis.] ''New Scientist.'' [[Categoria:Ordines animalium]] [[Categoria:Testudines| ]] [[Categoria:Taxa Batsch]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1788]] {{Myrias|Biologia}} js74xaomcc92kx4h8spy7c1slbjw65a 0 45785 3979855 3948201 2026-08-09T20:31:34Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas}} :''Si regionem hodiernam quaeris, vide paginam de [[Vandalitia]].'' [[Fasciculus:Map of expansion of Caliphate.svg|thumb|Aetas caliphatuum: {{legend|#a1584e|[[Muhammad]], 622–632}} {{legend|#ef9070|[[Caliphatus Rashidun]], 632–661}} {{legend|#fad07d|[[Caliphatus Omayadarum]], 661–750}}]] [[Fasciculus:Map Iberian Peninsula 750-en.svg|thumb|[[Provincia]] al-Andalus anno [[750]].]] [[Fasciculus:Mezquita-Catedral de Cordoba 01.JPG|thumb|upright|Interiores [[Meschita–Cathedralis Cordubensis|Meschitae–Cathedralis Cordubensis]] partes, olim Maximae Meschitae [[Corduba]]e. Primum [[meschita]] super locum basilicae Sancti Vincentii [[Visigothi|Visigothorum]] anni [[600]] anno [[742]] [[aedificium|aedificatum est]].]] [[Fasciculus:Spain Andalusia Cordoba BW 2015-10-27 13-54-14.jpg|Corduba|thumb]][[Fasciculus:Al-Andalus-de-910.jpg|thumb|Andalusia anno 910]] '''Andalusia'''{{FD ref}} ([[Hispanice]] ''al-Ándalus''; [[Arabice]] {{lang|ar|الأندلس}} ''al-ʾAndalus'') fuit [[Paeninsula Iberica]] in dicione [[Musulmanus|Musulmanorum]]. Hoc [[vocabulum]] prioribus [[civitates Islamicae|civitatibus Islamicis]] in [[Iberia]] ab [[historicus|historicis]] hodiernis adhibetur.<ref name="Gómez-Rivas2014">{{cite book|author=Camilo Gómez-Rivas|title=Law and the Islamization of Morocco under the Almoravids: The Fatwās of Ibn Rushd al-Jadd to the Far Maghrib|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eCWeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|date=21 Novembris [[2014]]|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-27984-1|pages=1, note 3}}.</ref> [[Terra]]e huius [[regio]]nis tempore maximi [[spatium|spatii]] [[geographia|geographici]] plurimam [[paeninsula]]e partem<ref name="FrydeReitz2009">{{cite book|author=Fernando Luis Corral|editor1=Natalie Fryde|editor2=Dirk Reitz|title=Walls, Ramparts, and Lines of Demarcation: Selected Studies from Antiquity to Modern Times|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9_moud2DyQC&pg=PA67|year=[[2009]]|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-9478-8|page=67|chapter=The Christian Frontier against al-Andalus (Muslim Spain): concept and politics during the reigns of King Fernando I of Castile and Leon and his successors until 1230}},</ref> et [[Septimania]]m, partem [[Francia]]e [[meridies|meridianae]] hodiernae, [[saeculum 8|saeculo octavo]] occupaverunt, ac paene uno [[saeculum|saeculo]] (inter saecula [[saeculum 9|nonum]] et [[saeculum 10|decimum]]) dicionem a [[Fraxinet]] per [[transitus]] [[Alpes|alpinos]] quae [[Italia]]m [[Europa Occidentalis|Europamque Occidentalem]] coniungebant extenderunt.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Versteegh|first=Kees|date=1 Ianuarii [[1990]]|title=The Arab Presence in France and Switzerland in the 10Th Century|journal=Arabica|language=en|volume=37|issue=3|pages=359–388|doi=10.1163/157005890X00041|issn=1570-0585|jstor=4057147}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wenner|first=Manfred W.|date=Augustus [[1980]]|title=The Arab/Muslim Presence in Medieval Central Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1980-08_12_1/page/59|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=59–79|doi=10.1017/S0020743800027136|issn=1471-6380|jstor=163627}}.</ref> [[Litterae]], [[medicina]], [[poesis]], [[mathematica]] sub imperium [[calipha]]rum et [[rex|regum]] [[floruit|floruerunt]]. {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Alhambra]] * [[Arabes]] * [[Granata (Hispania)]] * [[Mauri]] * [[Mazaces]] * [[Recuperatio Hispanica]] * [[Regnum Granatae]] * [[Vandalitia]] {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== * Alfonso, Esperanza. [[2007]]. ''Islamic Culture Through Jewish Eyes: al-Andalus from the Tenth to Twelfth Century.'' Novi Eboraci: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-43732-5. * Al-Djazairi, Salah Eddine. [[2005]]. ''The Hidden Debt to Islamic Civilisation.'' Mancuniae: Bayt Al-Hikma Press. ISBN 0-9551156-1-2. * Bossong, Georg. [[2002]]. "Der Name ''Al-Andalus'': Neue Überlegungen zu einem alten Problem." In ''Sounds and Systems: Studies in Structure and Change: A Festschrift for Theo Vennemann,'' ed. David Restle et Dietmar Zaefferer, 149–64. Berolini: Mouton de Gruyter. * Calderwood, Eric. [[2018]]. ''Colonial al-Andalus: Spain and the making of modern Moroccan culture.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press * Cohen, Mark. [[1994]]. ''Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages.'' Princetoniae Novae Caesareae: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01082-X. * Collins, Roger. [[1989]]. ''The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710–797.'' Oxoniae: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19405-3. * Dodds, Jerrilynn D. [[1992]]. ''Al-Andalus: the art of Islamic Spain.'' Novi Eboraci: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9780870996368. [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/45966/rec/1 Editio interretialis.] * Fernandez-Morera, Dario. [[2016]]. ''The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise: Muslims, Christians, and Jews under Islamic Rule in Medieval Spain.'' Novi Eboraci: Intercollegiate Studies Institute. ISBN 978-1610170956. * Frank, Daniel H., et Oliver Leaman. [[2003]]. ''The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Jewish Philosophy.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-65574-9. * Gerli, E. Michael, ed. [[2003]]. ''Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia.'' Novi Eboraci: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-93918-6. * Halm, Heinz. [[1989]]. "Al-Andalus und Gothica Sors." [https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/islm.1989.66.2.252/html ''Der Islam''] 66: 252–63. * Hamilton, Michelle M., Sarah J. Portnoy, et David A. Wacks, eds. [[2004]]. ''Wine, Women, and Song: Hebrew and Arabic Literature in Medieval Iberia.'' Newark Delavariea: Juan de la Cuesta Hispanic Monographs. * Harzig, Christiane, Dirk Hoerder, ry Adrian Shubert. [[2003]]. ''The Historical Practice in Diversity.'' Berghahn Books. ISBN 1-57181-377-2. * Jayyusi, Salma Khadra. [[1992]]. ''The Legacy of Muslim Spain.'' 2 vol. Lugduni Batavorum, Novi Eboraci, et Coloniae: Brill. * Kennedy, Hugh. [[1996]]. ''Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus.'' Londinii: Longman. ISBN 0-582-49515-6. * Kraemer, Joel. [[1997]]. "Comparing Crescent and Cross.'' [Libri recognitio.] ''The Journal of Religion'' 77 (3): 449–54. * Kraemer, Joel. [[2005]]. "Moses Maimonides: An Intellectual Portrait." In ''The Cambridge Companion to Maimonides'', ed. Kenneth Seeskin. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81974-1. * Kraemer, Joel. [[2008]]. ''Maimonides: the Life and World of One of Civilization's Greatest Minds.'' Novi Eboraci: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-51199-X. * Lafuente y Alcántara, Emilio, conv. [[1867]]. ''Akhbār majmūʿa|Ajbar Machmua (colección de tradiciones: crónica anónima del siglo XI, dada a luz por primera vez, traducida y anotada.'' Matriti: Real Academia de la Historia y Geografía. * Luscombe, David, et Jonathan Riley-Smith, eds. [[2004]]. ''The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 4, c. 1024{{Snd}} c. 1198, Part 1.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-41411-3. * Marcus, Ivan G. [[1985]]. "Beyond the Sephardic mystique." ''Orim'' 1: 35–53. * Marín, Manuela, ed. [[1998]]. ''The Formation of Al-Andalus,'' vol. 1: ''History and Society.'' Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN|0-86078-708-7. * Menocal, Maria Rosa. [[2002]]. ''Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain.'' Bostoniae: Little, Brown and Company; Londinii: Back Bay Books. ISBN 0-316-16871-8. * Monroe, James T. [[1970]]. ''Islam and the Arabs in Spanish scholarship: Sixteenth century to the present.'' Lugduni Batavorum: Brill. * Monroe, James T. [[1974]]. ''Hispano-Arabic Poetry: A Student Anthology.'' Berkeleiae Californiae: University of California Press. * Netanyahu, Benzion. [[1995]]. ''The Origins Of The Inquisition in Fifteenth Century Spain.'' Novi Eboraci: Random House. ISBN 0-679-41065-1. * O'Callaghan, Joseph F. [[1975]]. ''A History of Medieval Spain.'' Ithacae Novi Eboraci: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9264-5. * Reilly, Bernard F. [[1993]]. ''The Medieval Spains.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN|0-521-39741-3. * Roth, Norman. [[1994]]. ''Jews, Visigoths and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict.'' Lugduni Batavorum: Brill. ISBN 90-04-06131-2. * Sanchez-Albornoz, Claudio. (1965) [[1974]]. ''El Islam de España y el Occidente.'' Matriti: Espasa-Calpe. Colección Austral; 1560. In ''L'occidente e l'islam nell'alto medioevo: 2-8 aprile 1964'', 2 vol. Spoleto: Centro Italiano di studi sull'Alto Medioevo. Series: Settimane di studio del Centro Italiano di studi sull'Alto Medioevo; 12 (1): 149–308. * Schorsch, Ismar. [[1989]]. "The myth of Sephardic supremacy." ''The Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook'' 34: 47–66. * Stavans, Ilan. [[2003]]. ''The Scroll and the Cross: 1,000 Years of Jewish-Hispanic Literature.'' Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92930-X. * Metropolitan Museum of Art. [[1993]]. ''The Art of medieval Spain, A.D. 500–1200.'' Novi Eboraci: Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0870996851. [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/45966/rec/1 Editio interretialis.] * Wasserstein, David J. [[1995]]. "Jewish élites in Al-Andalus." In ''The Jews of Medieval Islam: Community, Society and Identity,'' ed. Daniel Frank. Lugduni Batavorum: Brill. ISBN|90-04-10404-6. ==Nexus externi== * Omaar, Rageh. [[2005]]. '[https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/islamic-history-europe.shtml ''An Islamic History of Europe.]'' Pellicula documentaria, [[BBC]] 4, Augustus 2005. [[Categoria:Andalusia]] [[Categoria:Arabes]] [[Categoria:Religio Islamica]] [[Categoria:Medium Aevum Hispanicum]] {{Myrias|Historia}} bpujbrj8pqj0c0782ekme7hl75mm1ow 0 47441 3979972 3978158 2026-08-09T22:36:29Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Fasciculus:Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.01.jpg|thumb|[[Sphinx]] et [[Necropolis Gizensis|pyramidae Gizenses]] sunt inter notissima signa [[civilizatio]]nis Aegypti antiquae.]] [[Fasciculus:Ancient Egypt map-la.svg|thumb|Tabula Aegypti antiquae maiores urbes et locos temporum domuum regalium (circa [[3150 a.C.n.|3150]] ad [[30 a.C.n.]])]] '''Aegyptus antiqua''' fuit [[antiquitas|antiqua]] [[Africa]]e [[civilizatio]] in [[septentrio]]ne et [[oriens|oriente]] [[continens|continentis]] [[regio]]ne sita, in [[unus|unum]] secundum ripas inferiores [[Nilus|fluminis Nili]] collata, in [[terra]] quae nunc est [[Aegyptus]], [[civitas sui iuris|civitas]] hodierna. Civilizatio Aegyptia circa [[3150 a.C.n.]] secundum [[chronologia Aegyptia usu recepta|chronologiam Aegyptiam]] coaluit,<ref>[http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/index.html Chronology] apud ''Digital Egypt for Universities, University College London.''</ref> [[Aegyptus superior|Aegypto superiore]] et [[Aegyptus inferior|inferiore]] sub primo [[pharao]]ne [[civilitas|civilitate]] [[Aegyptus superior et inferior|coniunctis]].<ref>Dodson 2004: 46.</ref> [[Historia Aegypti antiquae]] in serie [[regnum|regnorum]] constantium facta est, a temporibus inconstantiae interregna appellandis separatorum: in [[Regnum Vetus Aegypti|Regno Vetere]] [[aetas aenea|aetatis aeneae ineuntis]], [[Regnum Medium Aegypti|Regno Medio]] aetatis aeneae mediae, [[Regnum Novum Aegypti|Regno Novo]] aetatis aeneae exeuntis. Aegyptus culmen potestatis per Regnum Novum attigit, tempore [[Ramessidarum]], postquam lentam coepit deminutionem. [[Terra]] a continuatione potestatum externarum, inter quas [[Libya antiqua|Libya]], [[Nubia]], [[Assyria]], [[Babylonia]], [[Achaemenidae|Imperium Achaemenidarum]], et [[Macedonia antiqua|Macedonia]], [[Tertium interregnum Aegyptium|tertio interregno]] et [[Aevum recentius Aegyptium|aevo recentiori]] invasa vel superata est. [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] morte, [[Ptolemaeus Soter]], unus ex eius legatis, se ut novus [[Regnum Ptolemaicum|Aegypti rector]] instituit; [[Ptolemaei|domus Ptolemaica]] deinde [[civitas|civitati]] temperavit usque ad [[30 a.C.n.]], cum ab [[Imperium Romanum|Imperio Romano]] victa, [[Aegyptus (provincia Romana)|provincia Romana]] facta est.<ref>Clayton 1994: 217.</ref> [[Religio Aegyptica|Multos deos]] venerabantur Aegyptii antiqui; [[rex]], quem humanam [[Horus|Hori dei]] [[incarnatio]]nem esse putabant, [[pharao]] appellabatur. Regnum anno [[31 a.C.n.]], vero iam [[Imperium Romanum|Imperio Romano]] subiectum, post pugnam [[Actium|Actiacam]], interiit. == Historia == Historia Aegypti antiquae plerumque est ita divisa: * [[Aevum praedynasticum Aegyptium|Aevum praedynasticum]] (ante coniunctionem Aegypti superioris Aegyptique inferioris 3150 a.C.n.) * [[Aevum protodynasticum]] (inter 3100 a.C.n. et 3000 a.C.n.) * [[Aevum primarum domorum Aegyptium|Aevum primarum domorum]] (prima secundaque domus) * [[Regnum Vetus Aegypti|Regnum Vetus]] (inter tertiam sextamque domos) * [[Primum interregnum Aegyptium|Interregnum I]] (inter septimam undecimamque domos 2181 - 2050 a.C.n.) * [[Regnum Medium Aegypti|Regnum Medium]] (duodecima tertiaque decima domus 2050 - 1690 a.C.n.) * [[Secundum interregnum Aegyptium|Interregnum II]] (inter quartam decimam septimamque decimam domos 1690 - 1549 a.C.n.) * [[Regnum Novum Aegypti|Regnum Novum]] (inter duodevicensimam vicensimamque domos 1549 - 1069 a.C.n.) * [[Tertium interregnum Aegyptium|Interregnum III]] (inter primam et vicensimam quintamque et vicensimam domos 1069 - 653 a.C.n.) * [[Aevum recentius Aegyptium|Aevum recentius]] (inter sextam et vicensimam primamque et tricensimam domos) * [[Regnum Ptolemaicum]] (Aegyptus Ptolemaica 332 - 30 a.C.n.) == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:Tourist at Sphinx, Giza plateau.jpg|In [[Oropedium Gizense|oropedio Gizensi]], peregrinator subsidit Fasciculus:Camel and the pyramids.jpg|[[Periegesis|Peregrinatores]] pro [[pyramides Gizenses]] [[camelus|camelum]] vehuntur Fasciculus:The Pharaoh Tutankhamun destroying his enemies.jpg|Proelium inter regem [[Tutenchamun]] et homines quosdam [[Asia]]e, in [[ebur]]e pictum [[saeculum 14 a.C.n.|saeculo 14 a.C.n.]] </gallery> == Papyri == <gallery> File:Book of the Dead Papyrus with Chapters 100 and 129 MET 24.2.18 EGDP015963-5964 Stitched.jpg File:PapyrusWestcar-AltesMuseum-Berlin.jpg File:TurinPapyrus1.jpg File:Joseph Smith Papyrus I and XI.jpg File:Abusir papyrus.jpg File:GranPapiroHarris (46200286811).jpg File:Edwin Smith Papyrus v2.jpg File:Papyrus Hearst Plate 2b.jpg File:Papyrus, 7th - 4th century B.C.E.,47.218.156a-c.jpg File:Joseph Smith Papyrus VIII.jpg File:Egyptian Bryce papyrus, 280-250 BC Wellcome L0015020.jpg File:Joseph Smith Papyrus III.jpg File:Papyrus Harris I Pl. LXXVI.jpg File:Heqanakht Letter I MET EG39 22.3.516.jpg File:Joseph Smith Papyrus VII.jpg File:Ebers7766.jpg File:Joseph Smith Papyrus Segment IV.jpg File:Joseph Smith Papyrus V.jpg File:Joseph Smith Papyrus VI.jpg File:Papyrus Nash.jpg </gallery> === Regnum Medius === {{Main|Regnum Medium Aegypti}} <gallery> File:Two papyrus fragments MET 09.180.534A recto 0066.jpg File:Two papyrus fragments MET 09.180.534A verso 0067.jpg File:Papyrus Ramesseum A 01.jpg File:Papyrus fragment MET 09.180.532 0065.jpg File:Two papyrus fragments MET 09.180.537B recto 0068.jpg File:Two papyrus fragments MET 09.180.537B verso 0069.jpg File:Papyrus MET 09.180.535 recto 0071.jpg File:Papyrus MET 09.180.535 verso 0072.jpg File:Two papyrus fragments MET 09.180.534B 0085.jpg File:Two papyrus fragments MET 09.180.537A verso 0084.jpg File:Papyrus fragment MET 27.3.159 3195.jpg File:Papyrus fragment MET 27.3.159 EGDP012542.jpg File:Three frames with papyrus fragments MET 09.180.536A recto 0073.jpg File:Three frames with papyrus fragments MET 09.180.536A verso 0074.jpg File:Three frames with papyrus fragments MET 09.180.536C recto 0078.jpg File:Two papyrus fragments MET 09.180.537A recto 0083.jpg File:Three frames with papyrus fragments MET 09.180.536C verso 0077.jpg File:Three frames with papyrus fragments MET 09.180.536B recto 0081.jpg File:Three frames with papyrus fragments MET 09.180.536B verso 0082.jpg </gallery> === Secundus medius === <gallery> File:Rhind Mathematical Papyrus.jpg </gallery> == Notae == <references/> == Fontes Graeci antiqui == * [[Diodorus Siculus]], ''[[Bibliotheca historica (Diodorus)|Bibliotheca Historica]]'' liber primus * [[Herodotus]], ''[[Historiae (Herodotus)|Historiae]]'' liber secundus * [[Plutarchus]], ''De Iside et Osiride'' * {{Strabo}} libro decimo septimo capite primo == Bibliographia == * {{Cite book |author=Aldred, Cyril |title=Akhenaten, King of Egypt |url=https://archive.org/details/akhenatenkingofe00aldr |publisher=Thames and Hudson |location=Londinii |year=[[1988]] |pages= |isbn=0-500-05048-1}} * {{Cite book |author=Allen, James P. |title=Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs |url=https://archive.org/details/middleegyptianin0000alle |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cantabrigiae |year=[[2000]] |isbn=0-521-77483-7}} * {{Cite book | last=Badawy | first=Alexander | title=A History of Egyptian Architecture. Vol III | publisher=University of California Press | location=Berkeleiae Californiae| year=[[1968]] | isbn=0-520-00057-9}} * {{Cite book |last=Billard|first=Jules B.|title=Ancient Egypt: Discovering its Splendors|publisher=National Geographic Society|location=Washington D.C.|year=[[1978]]}} * {{Cite book|first =J|last=Cerny|title=Egypt from the Death of Ramesses III to the End of the Twenty-First Dynasty' in The Middle East and the Aegean Region c.1380–1000&nbsp;BC|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cantabrigiae, BR|year=[[1975]]|isbn=0-521-08691-4}} * {{Cite book|title= Ancient Egyptian Construction and Architecture |url= https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptianc0000clar |last=Clarke |first=Somers |publisher=Dover Publications, Unabridged Dover reprint of ''Ancient Egyptian Masonry: The Building Craft,'' primum ab Oxford University Press/Humphrey Milford, Londinii, editus ([[1930]])| location=Novi Eboraci |year=[[1990]] |isbn=0-486-26485-8 |coauthors=R. Engelbach}} * {{Cite book|last=Clayton |first=Peter A. |title = Chronicle of the Pharaohs |url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofphara00clay |publisher= Thames and Hudson |location=Londinii| year= [[1994]] |isbn=0-500-05074-0 }} * {{Cite book |author=Cline, Eric H.; O'Connor, David Kevin |title=Amenhotep III: Perspectives on His Reign |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |year=[[2001]] |page= 273|isbn=0-472-08833-5}} * {{Cite book |title=Egyptian Rock Cut Tombs |url=https://archive.org/details/egyptianrockcutt0000dods |last=Dodson |first=Aidan |publisher=Shire Publications Ltd |year=[[1991]] |location=Buckinghamshire, BR |isbn=0-7478-0128-2}} * {{Cite book|author=Dodson, Aidan|coauthor=Hilton, Dyan|title=The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/completeroyalfam0000dods_a3h8|publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=Londinii|year=[[2004]]|isbn=0-500-05128-3}} * {{Cite book | last=El-Daly | first=Okasha | title=Egyptology: The Missing Millennium | location=Londinii | publisher=UCL Press | year=[[2005]] | isbn=1-84472-062-4}} * {{Cite book |author=Filer, Joyce |title=Disease |url=https://archive.org/details/disease00file |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin, Texiae |year=[[1996]] |isbn=0-292-72498-5}} * {{Cite book | last=Gardiner | first=Sir Alan | title=Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs | publisher=Griffith Institute | location=Oxoniae | year=[[1957]] | isbn=0-900416-35-1}} * {{Cite journal | last=Hayes | first= W. C. | title=Most Ancient Egypt: Chapter III. The Neolithic and Chalcolithic Communities of Northern Egypt | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-near-eastern-studies_1964-10_23_4/page/217 | journal=[[Journal of Near Eastern Studies|JNES]] | edition=No. 4 | month=October | year=[[1964]] | pages=217–272 | volume= 23}} * {{Cite book | last=Imhausen | first=Annette | coauthors= Eleanor Robson, Joseph W. Dauben, Kim Plofker, J. Lennart Berggren, Victor J. Katz | title=The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook | url=https://archive.org/details/mathematicsofegy0000unse | publisher=Princeton University Press | location=Princetoniae | year=[[2007]] | isbn=0-691-11485-4}} * {{Cite book|last=James|first=T. G. H.|title=The British Museum Concise Introduction to Ancient Egypt |url=https://archive.org/details/britishmuseumcon00jame|publisher=University of Michigan Press|location=Ann Arbor, Michiganiae|year=[[2005]] |isbn=0-472-03137-6}} * {{Cite book|author=Kemp, Barry|title=Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization|publisher=Routledge|year=[[1991]]|location=Londinii|isbn=0-415-06346-9}} * {{Cite book |last= Lichtheim |first=Miriam|title=Ancient Egyptian Literature, vol. 1|publisher=University of California Press|year=[[1975]]|location=Londinii |isbn=0-520-02899-6}} * {{Cite book |last= Lichtheim | first=Miriam | title=Ancient Egyptian Literature, A Book of Readings. Vol III: The Late Period | publisher=University of California Press | year=[[1980]] | location=Berkeleiae Californiae| isbn=}} * {{Cite book | last=Loprieno | first=Antonio | title= Ancient Egyptian: A linguistic introduction | url=https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptianl0000lopr | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cantabrigiae | year=[[1995]]a |isbn=0-521-44849-2}} * {{Cite book | last=Loprieno | first=Antonio | contribution=Ancient Egyptian and other Afroasiatic Languages | title=Civilizations of the Ancient Near East | editor-last=Sasson | editor-first=J. M. | volume=4 | publisher=Charles Scribner | place=Novi Eboraci | year=[[1995]]b | pages=2137–2150 | isbn=1-56563-607-4}} * {{Cite book | last=Loprieno | first=Antonio | contribution=Ancient Egyptian and Coptic | title=The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages | url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeencyclo0000unse_t8o9 | editor-last=Woodward | editor-first=Roger D. | publisher=Cambridge University Press | place=Cantabrigiae | year=[[2004]] | pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeencyclo0000unse_t8o9/page/160 160]–192 | isbn=0-521-56256-2}} * {{Cite book |last=Lucas |first=Alfred |title=Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, ed. 4a |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptianm0000luca |location=Londinii |year=[[1962]] |publisher=Edward Arnold Publishers|isbn=1-85417-046-5}} * {{Cite journal | last=Mallory-Greenough | first=Leanne M. | title=The Geographical, Spatial, and Temporal Distribution of Predynastic and First Dynasty Basalt Vessels | journal=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology | location=Londinii | publisher=Egypt Exploration Society | year=[[2002]] | volume=88 | pages=67–93 | doi=10.2307/3822337 | jstor=3822337}} * {{Cite book|year=[[1998]]|author=Manuelian, Peter Der|title=Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs|url=https://archive.org/details/egyptworldofphar00unse|location=Bonner Straße, Coloniae Germaniae|publisher=Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbH|isbn=3-89508-913-3}} * {{Cite book |author=McDowell, A. G. |title=Village life in ancient Egypt: laundry lists and love songs |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxoniae |year=[[1999]]|isbn=0-19-814998-0 }} * {{Cite book |author=Meskell, Lynn |title=Object Worlds in Ancient Egypt: Material Biographies Past and Present (Materializing Culture) |publisher=Berg Publishers |location=Oxoniae|year= [[2004]]|isbn=1-85973-867-2}} * {{Cite book | last=Midant-Reynes | first=Béatrix | title=The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Pharaohs | url=https://archive.org/details/prehistoryofegyp0000mida | location=Oxoniae | publisher=Blackwell Publishers | year=[[2000]] | isbn=0-631-21787-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Nicholson |first=Paul T. |title=Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cantabrigiae |year=[[2000]] |isbn=0-521-45257-0 |author-separator=, |display-authors=1}} * {{Cite book |author=Oakes, Lorna |title=Ancient Egypt: An Illustrated Reference to the Myths, Religions, Pyramids and Temples of the Land of the Pharaohs |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptillu00unse |publisher=Barnes & Noble |location=Novi Eboraci |year=[[2003]]|isbn=0-7607-4943-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Robins |first=Gay |title=The Art of Ancient Egypt |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=[[2000]] |location=Cantabrigiae Massachusettae|isbn=0-674-00376-4 }} * {{Cite book |author=Ryholt, Kim|title=The Political Situation in Egypt During the Second Intermediate Period |year=[[1997]] |month=January |location=Copenhagen, Denmark|publisher=Museum Tusculanum |isbn=87-7289-421-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Scheel |first=Bernd |title=Egyptian Metalworking and Tools |publisher= Shire Publications Ltd |location=Haverfordwest, Great Britain |year=[[1989]]|isbn=0-7478-0001-4}} * {{Cite book|last=Shaw|first=Ian|title=The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00shaw|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=[[2003]]|location=Oxoniae|isbn=0-500-05074-0}} * {{Cite book |author=Siliotti, Alberto |title=The Discovery of Ancient Egypt |publisher=Book Sales, Inc |location=Edison, Novae Caesareae|year=[[1998]]|isbn=0-7858-1360-8}} * {{Cite book | last=Strouhal | first=Eugen | title=Life in Ancient Egypt | url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofancientegy0000stro | publisher=University of Oklahoma Press | location=Norman, Oklahomae | year=[[1989]] | isbn=0-8061-2475-X}} * {{Cite book|author=Tyldesley, Joyce A. |title=Ramesses: Egypt's greatest pharaoh |url=https://archive.org/details/ramessesegyptsgr0000tyld |publisher=Penguin|location=Harmondsworth Angliae|year=[[2001]]|pages= [https://archive.org/details/ramessesegyptsgr0000tyld/page/76 76]–77|isbn=0-14-028097-9}} * {{Cite journal | last=Vittman | first=G. | title=Zum koptischen Sprachgut im Ägyptisch-Arabisch | journal=Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes | location=Vindobonae | publisher=Institut für Orientalistik, Vienna University | year=[[1991]] | volume=81 | pages=197–227}} * {{Cite book |author=Walbank, Frank William |title=The Cambridge ancient history |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cantabrigiae |year=[[1984]] |isbn=0-521-23445-X}} * {{Cite book |author=Wasserman, James; Faulkner, Raymond Oliver; Goelet, Ogden; Von Dassow, Eva |title=The Egyptian Book of the dead, the Book of going forth by day: being the Papyrus of Ani |url=https://archive.org/details/egyptianbookofde0000unse |publisher=Chronicle Books |location= Franciscopoli Californiae |year=[[1994]] |isbn=0-8118-0767-3}} * {{Cite book|last=Wilkinson|first=R. H.|year=[[2000]]|title=The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/completetempleso0000wilk|location=Londinii|publisher=Thames and Hudson|isbn=0-500-05100-3}} == Bibliographia addita == * {{Cite book|author=Baines, John, et Jaromir Malek|title=The Cultural Atlas of Ancient Egypt|edition=revised|publisher=Facts on File|year=[[2000]]|isbn=0-8160-4036-2}} * {{Cite book | last = Bard | first = K. A. | title = Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415185899 | publisher = Routledge | location = Novi Eboraci| year = [[1999]]|isbn=0-415-18589-0}} * {{Cite book|first=Nicolas|last=Grimal|title=A History of Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000grim_o8d3|publisher=Blackwell Books|year=[[1992]]|isbn=0-631-19396-0}} {{Ling|Theodisce}} * {{cite book|editor1-last=Helck|editor1-first=Wolfgang|editor2-last=Otto|editor2-first=Eberhard|title=Lexikon der Ägyptologie|publisher=O. Harrassowitz|year=[[1972]]–[[1992]]|isbn=3-447-01441-5}} * {{Cite book|author=Lehner, Mark|title=The Complete Pyramids|url=https://archive.org/details/completepyramids00lehn|location=Londinii|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=[[1997]]|isbn=0-500-05084-8}} * {{cite book|editor-last=Redford|editor-first=Donald B.|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_t6r2|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=[[2001]]|isbn=0-19-510234-7}} * {{Cite book|last=Wilkinson|first=R. H.|title=The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/completegodsgodd00wilk_0|location=Londinii|publisher=Thames and Hudson|year=[[2003]]|isbn=0-500-05120-8}} {{NexInt}} {{div col|3}} * [[Aegyptologus]] * [[Aegyptus inferior]] * [[Aegyptus (satrapia)]] * [[Aegyptus superior]] * [[Aegyptus superior et inferior]] * [[Aegyptus (provincia Romana)]] * [[Africa Septentrionalis]] * [[Feles in Aegypto antiqua]] * [[Heliopolis (Aegyptus)]] * [[Hieroglyphica Aegyptia]] * [[Historia Aegypti]] * [[Lingua Aegyptia]] * [[Lingua Coptica]] * [[Lingua Graeca antiqua]] * [[Mycerinus]] * [[Naqada III]] * [[Necropolis Gizensis]] * [[Nilus]] * [[Obeliscus]] * [[Paeninsula Sinaitica]] * [[Pharao]] * [[Pyramides]] * [[Pyramides Gizenses]] * [[Rhamses II]] * [[Regnum Medium Aegypti]] * [[Regnum Novum Aegypti]] * [[Regnum Ptolemaicum]] * [[Regnum Vetus Aegypti]] * [[Religio Aegyptia]] * [[Stela Amenephthis]] * [[Valles Regum]] {{div col end}} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Ancient Egypt|Aegyptum antiquam}} (lingua Anglice) * [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ammianus/22.shtml#15 Ammianus Mercellinus (22,15-16) de Aegypto antiquo refert] apud www.thelatinlibrary.com * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/ BBC Historia: Aegyptii] * [http://www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk/index.html Aegyptus antiqua inlinea] * [http://www.ancient.eu.com/egypt/ Encyclopedia historia antiqua] * [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN&id=9ToLAAAAIAAJ&dq=PtahHotep&as_brr=1 Antiqua Aegyptia scientia: Liber Fons ''Door Marshall Clagett'', MCMLXXXIX] * [http://www.aldokkan.com/science/metallurgy.htm Antiqua Aegyptia Metallurgy] * ''Napoleon in Nilo: Milites, Artifices, et inventio Aegypti '', [https://web.archive.org/web/20080602082144/http://arthistory.about.com/od/from_exhibitions/ig/Napoleon-on-the-Nile/Joseph--1874.htm Ars Historia] * [http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/ Aegyptus antiqua] * [http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/ Aegypto Digital ad Universitates] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141216191750/http://ancient-egypt-priests.com/ Sacerdotes Aegyptus antiqua] * [http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-egypt Aegyptus antiqua] * [http://escholarship.org/uc/nelc_uee?rmode=showAll Encyclopedia ex studio Aegypto] UCLA * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/women_01.shtml Aegyptus antiqua et adiuvantia actio ex mulieres] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Historia}} [[Categoria:Aegyptus antiqua| ]] [[Categoria:Antiquae civitates Africae]] [[Categoria:Civilizationes]] [[Categoria:Historia Africae]] 0naielynkcvzq3n62uqpgzi8habiuqa 0 50049 3979902 3971065 2026-08-09T21:13:16Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Temperatura (discretiva)}} [[Fasciculus:Worlds Tallest Thermometer.jpg|thumb|Maximum in toto [[orbis terrarum|orbe terrarum]] [[thermometrum]], ut dicitur, in [[California]] positum.]] {{res|Temperatura}} est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|quantitas physica||en|qid=Q107715}} quae [[natura]]m [[calor]]is vel frigoris per [[quantitas|quantitates]] [[significatio (linguistica)|significat]]. Temperatura est [[mensura]] quae [[thermometrum|thermometro]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Calibratio|computatur|en|qid=Q736777}}. [[Energia kinetica|Energiam kineticam]] [[atomus|atomorum]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Vibratio|vibrantium|en|qid=Q3695508}} et confligentium quibus [[substantia]] constituitur ostendit. Haec [[magnitudo]] olim '''gradus caloris''' appellabatur, sed hoc nomen dubiosum proveniebat ex [[theoria]] falsa, quae [[calor]]em esse [[materia]]m sicut [[aqua]]m inter res fluentem dicebat. Temperatura hodie saepe secundum scalam thermodynamicam scientificam indicatur, gradibus K = [[Kelvinus (unitas)|Kelvinianis]]. Hoc nomen unitatis ex [[Gulielmus Thomson, baro Kelvinus|Guilielmo Thomson, Barone Kelvino]] electum appellatur, propter eius conlationes maximi momenti ad theoriam thermodynamicam amplificandam. Secundum [[axioma]]ta thermodynamica, [[0]] [[Kelvin (unitas)|Kelvin]] est temperatura minima in [[aequilibrium thermale|statu aequilibrii]], quamquam temperaturae negativae fieri sunt in statibus quo aequilibrio caretur. Quamquam autem gradus K est unitas probata per [[Systema Internationale|Systema Unitatium Internationale]], aliae unitates ad temperaturae thermodynamicae mensuram hodie etiam adhibitae sunt, sicut gradus °C appellata secundum [[Andreas Celsius|Andream Celsium]], °F secundum [[Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit|Danielem Gabrielem Fahrenheit]], °R secundum [[Réaumur]], et R aut °Ra secundum [[Gulielmus Ioannes Macquorn Rankine|Gulielmum Rankine]]. Temperatura magni momenti in omnibus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Scientia naturalis|scientiae naturalis|en|qid=Q7991}} [[disciplina|disciplinis]] est, inter quas [[astronomia]], [[biologia]], [[chemia]], [[geographia]], [[ingeniaria mechanica]], [[medicina]], [[metallurgia]], [[oecologia]], [[physica]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Scientia materiarum|scientia materiarum|en|qid=Q228736}}, et [[scientia telluris]], atque in plurimis [[vita]]e quotidianae [[res|rebus]]. In [[meteorologia|re meteorologica]], temperatura inter variabiles maximi momenti quantitates numeratur, [[praecipitatio]]nis modum, [[ventus|ventorum]] vehementiam, et [[tempestas|tempestatum]] magnitudines determinantes. == De vocabulis == Latinitate classica haec notio saepius vocibus ''[[calor]]'' vel ''[[frigus]]'' describitur. Voces ''temperatio'', ''temperies'', ''temperamentum'', ''temperatura'' rerum mixtionem aequatam significant,<ref>{{Forcellini-fons}}</ref> sic tempestas moderata ''aeris'' vel ''caeli temperatio'' dicebatur. Hodierna notio temperaturae "gradus caloris" dici potest, sed vocabulum ''temperatura'' in libris eruditis recentibus usitatum est.<ref>{{Morgan}}</ref><ref>Philipp Roelli, ''Latin as the Language of Science and Learning'' (De Gruyter, 2021), [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Latin_as_the_Language_of_Science_and_Lea/pFdYEAAAQBAJ?pg=PA494 p. 494]</ref> == Effectus temperaturae == [[Fasciculus:Body Temp Variation.svg|thumb|Media [[corpus humanum|corporis humani]] temperaturae quotidianae [[variatio]].]] [[Fasciculus:Thermometer CF.svg|thumb|Dua thermometra temperaturam Celsianam et Fahrenheitianam ostendunt.]] [[Fasciculus:Pakkanen.jpg|thumb|Usitatum thermometrum Celsianum temperaturam [[dies|diei]] [[hiems|hiemalis]] −17C metitur.]] Multae rationes physicae ad temperaturam coniunguntur, quarum aliquot infra perscribuntur. * physicae materiarum [[proprietas|proprietates]], inter quas {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Phases materiae|phases materiae|en|qid=Q104837}} ([[solidum]], [[liquidum]], [[gasium]], [[plasma]]), [[densitas]], [[solubilitas]], [[Pressio vaporis|pressura vaporis]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Conductivitas electrica|conductivitas electrica|en|qid=Q4593291}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Duritia|duritia|en|qid=Q3236003}}, [[Attritus|resistentia usalis]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Conductivitas thermalis|conductivitas thermalis|en|qid=Q487005}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Rosio|resistentia rosionis|en|qid=Q137056}}, [[vires]]. * modus et ambitus quibus [[reactio chemica|reactiones chemicae]] fiunt<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UKkQAQAAMAAJ|title=Thermal discharges at nuclear power stations: their management and environmental impacts: a report prepared by a group of experts as the result of a panel meeting held in Vienna, 23–27 October 1972|last=Agency|first=International Atomic Energy|date=[[1974]]|publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency}}.</ref> * summa et proprietates {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Radiatio thermalis|radiationis thermalis|en|qid=Q192593}} quae e [[superficies|superficie]] [[res|rei]] emittitur * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|temperatura aeris||en|qid=Q1160424}}, quae omnes [[organismus|organismos]] [[vita|vivos]] afficit * [[celeritas soni]], quae in gasio pro [[radix quadrata|radice quadrata]] temperaturae absolutae est<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eVpITJfPxMEC&pg=PA34|title=The Art of Digital Audio|last=Watkinson|first=John|date=[[2001]]|location:Novi Eboraci|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-240-51587-8}}.</ref> == De scala Kelviniana, Celsiana, Fahrenheitiana == Cum systema [[aequor maris|aequore maris]] sub [[pressio]]ne atmosphaerica (1 atm) quoddam calefaciatur, temperatura augmentat gradibus: * 0 [[kelvinus (unitas)|K]], −273,15 [[gradus Celsianus|°C]], −459,67 °F: [[zerum absolutum|temperatura thermodynamica minima]], quae scalam incipit; praeter [[helium]], omnes [[materia extrastellaris|materiae extrastellares]] hac temperatura sunt solidae * 63,15 K, −210,00 °C, −346,00 °F: [[nitrogenium]] (quod 78% [[aër]]is Tellurici constituit) [[gelatio|gelatur]] * 77,36 K, −195,79 °C, −320,33 °F: nitrogenium liquidum conversum est in [[gasium]] * 273.15 K, 0 °C, 32 °F: [[aqua]] in [[glacies|glaciem]] vertur * 310 K, 37 °C, 98 °F: ordinaria hominis [[temperatura interna]] * 373.15 K, 100 °C, 212 °F: [[aqua]] liquida nunc fervet in [[vapor]]em * 1808 K, 1535 °C, 2795 °F: [[ferrum]] liquefit * ca. 6500 K: superficies [[sol]]aris quae videri potest Ad usum quotidianum, homines scalam Celsianam malunt, ubi aquae congelationis temperatura valore zero assignatur, et ebullitionis centum. Ad temperaturas Kelvinienses in Celsienses et vice versa convertant, habemus igitur formulas: :: Kelvin = °Celsius + 273.15 :: °Celsius = Kelvin − 273.15 Scala vetus in usu [[Civitates Foederatae|Americano]] populo gratissima habetur Fahrenheitiana, cui formula definiens est :: <math>^{\circ}\text{Fahrenheit} = 32^{\circ} + \frac{9}{5} (\text{Kelvin} - 273.15)</math> == De temperaturae natura == Temperatura plerumque per quodquam rei adiunctum decernitur, quod cum res calefit augmentat.{{dubsig}} [[Thermometrum|Thermometra]] primitiva utuntur, exempli gratia columnis [[vitrium|vitrii]] longis [[hydrargyrum|hydrargyri]] plenis; his in thermometris prope temperaturas ordinarias hydrarguntum{{dubsig}} in proportione calori dato expandit. Saepe autem adiuncta in proportione calori applicato agumentare nolunt. [[Aqua]], exempli gratia, cum calefit, primum contrahit, tunc expandit; qua de causa [[crystallum|crystalla]] aquae in [[superficies|superficie]] [[corpus aquae|corporis aquae]] [[hiems|hieme]] fluitant, quod ea minus densa sunt quam aqua [[liquidum|liquida]]. == Temperaturae praecipuae == {{div col|2}} * [[Punctum criticum]] * [[Punctum fervoris]] * [[Punctum liquefactionis]] * [[Punctum triplex]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Temperatura Curiensis||en|qid=Q191073}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Temperatura coloris||en|qid=Q327408}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Temperatura neutronum||en|qid=Q1969703}} * [[Temperatura planckiana]] {{div col end}} == Bibliographia == * Adkins, C. J. (1968) [[1983]]. ''Equilibrium Thermodynamics.'' ed. tertia. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-25445-0. * Buchdahl, H. A. [[1966]]. ''The Concepts of Classical Thermodynamics.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. * Chang, Hasok. [[2004]]. ''Inventing Temperature: Measurement and Scientific Progress.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517127-3. * Jaynes, E. T. [[1965]]. "Gibbs vs Boltzmann entropies." ''American Journal of Physics'' 33 (5), 391–398. * Middleton, W. E. K. [[1966]]. ''A History of the Thermometer and its Use in Metrology.'' Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins Press. * Miller, J. [[2013]]. "Cooling molecules the optoelectric way." ''Physics Today'' 66 (1): 12–14. {{doi|10.1063/pt.3.1840}}. Bibcode 2013PhT....66a..12M. * [[Iacobus Riddick Partington|Partington, Iacobus Riddick]]. [[1949]]. ''An Advanced Treatise on Physical Chemistry,'' vol. 1, ''Fundamental Principles: The Properties of Gases.'' Londinii: Longmans, Green & Co. * [[Alfredus Brianus Pippard|Pippard, Alfred Brian.]] (1957) [[1966]]. ''Elements of Classical Thermodynamics for Advanced Students of Physics.'' Iterum impressum. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. * Quinn, T. J. [[1983]]. ''Temperature.'' Londinii: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-569680-9. * Schooley, J. F. [[1986]]. ''Thermometry.'' Boca Raton Floridae: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-5833-7. * Roberts, J. K., et A. R. Miller. (1928) [[1960]]. ''Heat and Thermodynamics.'' Ed. quinta. Glasgoviae: Blackie & Son Limited. * Thomson, W. (Lord Kelvin). (1843) [[1863]]. "On an absolute thermometric scale founded on Carnot's theory of the motive power of heat, and calculated from Regnault's observations," ''Proceedings of the Cambridge Phil. Society.'' 1 (5): 66–71. * Thomson, W. [[1851]]. "On the Dynamical Theory of Heat, with numerical results deduced from Mr Joule's equivalent of a Thermal Unit, and M. Regnault's Observations on Steam." ''Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh'' 20, pars 2 ((Martius): 261–268, 289–298. * Truesdell, C. A. [[1980]]. ''The Tragicomical History of Thermodynamics, 1822–1854.'' Novi Eboraci: Springer. ISBN 0-387-90403-4. * Tschoegl, N. W. [[2000]]. ''Fundamentals of Equilibrium and Steady-State Thermodynamics.'' Amstelodami: Elsevier. ISBN 0-444-50426-5. * Zemansky, Mark Waldo. [[1964]]. ''Temperatures Very Low and Very High.'' Princetoniae: Van Nostrand. * {{cite journal | last1 = Zeppenfeld | first1 = M. | last2 = Englert | first2 = B. G. U. | last3 = Glöckner | first3 = R. | last4 = Prehn | first4 = A. | last5 = Mielenz | first5 = M. | last6 = Sommer | first6 = C. | last7 = van Buuren | first7 = L. D. | last8 = Motsch | first8 = M. | last9 = Rempe | first9 = G. | year = [[2012]] | title = Sysiphus cooling of electrically trapped polyatomic molecules | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2012-11-22_491_7425/page/570 | journal = Nature | volume = 491 | issue = 7425| pages = 570–573 | doi=10.1038/nature11595|arxiv = 1208.0046 |bibcode = 2012Natur.491..570Z | pmid=23151480| s2cid = 4367940 }}. == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Aestas]] * [[Ars coquinaria]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Biothermia||en|qid=Q4915352}} * [[Daemon Maxwellianus]] * [[Ebullitio]] * [[Hypothermia]] * [[Ignis]] * [[Index magnitudinum physicarum]] * [[Scalar (physica)]] * [[Status normalis]] * [[Thermae]] * [[Thermae Romanae]] * [[Thermodynamica]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Thermographia||en|qid=Q624587}} {{div col end}} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Temperature|temperaturam}} {{Victionarium|Temperature|temperaturam}} [[Categoria:Calor]]<!--Heat transfer--> [[Categoria:Physica]]<!--melius: Fundamental physics concepts--> [[Categoria:Quantitates physicae]] [[Categoria:Temperatura]] [[Categoria:Thermodynamica]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} mi6bi7wgqckh8xnmptzn7wqaat0vt6f 0 50859 3979999 3978752 2026-08-09T23:00:15Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979999 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:EmperorSuleiman.jpg|thumb|Suleimanus Magnificus. Imago [[Titianus|Titiano]] tributa, circa [[1530]].]] [[Fasciculus:Tughra of Suleiman I the Magnificent.svg|thumb|Nominis [[subscriptio]] Suleimani magnifici (‏سليمان شاه بن سليم شاه خان المظفّر دائما‎ Süleymān-şāh b. Selīm-şāh Ḫān el-muẓaffer dāʾimā)]] [[Fasciculus:Ottoman empire.svg|thumb|Imperium Ottomanicum cum terris quas Suleimanus occupavit.]] [[Fasciculus:Süleyman I.jpg|thumb|Sultanus [[Selimus I (sultanus Ottomanicus)|Selim II]] id temporis, cum corpus mortui Suleimani prope [[Belgradum]] allatum est (miniatura ex ''Nüzhet el-Esrar'').]] [[Fasciculus:Semailname 47b.jpg|thumb|Suleimanus Magnificus iuvenis.]] [[Fasciculus:Battle of Mohács, with Suleiman I in the middle.jpg|thumb|Suleimanus ad pugnam Mohacsensem, anno 1526; imago e libro manu scripto saeculo XVI]] '''Suleimanus I'''<ref>Ad fontes nominis vide [[Suleimanus]]</ref> (natus [[Trapezus|Trapezunte]] die [[6 Novembris]] [[1494]] aut [[27 Aprilis]] [[1495]] aut mense Aprili aut Maio [[1496]]; mortuus ad arcem [[Sigethum]] [[Hungaria]]e die [[6 Septembris]] [[1566]]) fuit a die [[21 Septembris]] [[1520]] usque ad [[mors|mortem]] [[chalipha]] et decimus et clarissimus [[imperator]] [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Ottomanicus]]. Regnum eius diuturnissimum [[historia]]e [[Ottomanidae|Ottomanicae]] fuit. In [[Europa]] etiam '''Suleimanus magnificus'''<ref>"''Suleimanus'' magnificus ille imperator": Thomas Smith, ''Epistolae quatuor'' (Oxonii, 1674) {{Google Books|W69QUyNhs0YC|vol. 1 p. 57}}</ref> appellatur, in [[Levans|Levante]] autem ''Süleymān al-Qānūnī'' (litteris Arabicis سليمان القانوني), quod nomen Latine "Suleimanus legis lator" significat. == Vita == === Exordia === Suleimanus I ex [[Selimus I (sultanus Ottomanicus)|Selimo I]] et Hafsa muliere [[Trapezus|Trapezunte]] natus est. Annus ac dies natalis in fontibus varie indicantur, sive dies [[27 Aprilis]] sive [[6 Novembris]] anni [[1494]] aut [[1495]] aut [[1496]]. Iam anno [[1509]] praefectus [[Theodosia (urbs)|Theodosiae]] urbis [[Crimaea]]e (tempore Ottomanico ''Kefe'' dictae) factus est, anno [[1513]] [[Magnesia ad Sipylum|Magnesiae ad Sipylum]]. Patre mortuo die [[21 Septembris]] [[1520]], Suleimanus in [[sultanus|sultanum]] evectus est. Quamquam mortem patris certe non exspectavit, tamen condicio rerum potiendi opportuna erat: tres fratres eius Muradus, Mahometus, et Abdullah anno [[1514]] a Selimo patre interfecti erant, quare Suleimanus heres relictus est unicus.<ref>Ahmed Tevhid Bey laut Danişmed, in ''Osmanli Tarihi Kronoloji'' II.5.</ref> Sunt quidem, qui filios principis demum Suleimano regnante interfectos esse arbitrentur. Suleimanus, ut mos erat [[Ottomanidae|Ottomanidarum]], [[ars|artem]] didicerat, scilicet aurificis. Praeterea linguam [[lingua Turcica|Ottomanicam]], [[lingua Arabica|Arabicam]], [[lingua Persica|Persicam]] et Turcicam [[Chanatus]] [[Chanatus Tsagatai|Tsagatai]] didicerat.<ref>Esin Atıl, ''Süleymanname'' (Vasingtoniae, 1986), 20.</ref> Inter Suleimani familiares praecipuus fuit [[Ibrahim Bassa]], [[Epirus (despotatus)|Epirota]] polyglottus et artium rerumque politicarum peritus. Iam anno [[1520]] [[Roxolana]] quarta Suleimani [[concubina]] facta est, quae plurimum apud eum potuit. === Res gestae exterae === Suleimani gloria imprimis in eo nititur, quod [[imperium Ottomanicum]] non solum ambitu divitiisque auxit, sed ad summum potentiae fastigium eduxit. Cum debitum imperii occupati tributum recusatum esset, primum ex tredecim bellis inchoavit, quod [[Regnum Hungariae|Regno Hungariae]] intulit. Victor urbes [[Sabac]], [[Semlin]] et anno [[1521]] [[Belgradum]] cepit. Anno [[1522]], insulam [[Rhodus|Rhodum]] aggressus est, quae, postquam per sex menses obsessa est, die [[25 Decembris]] [[1522]] se dedidit. Insula in Imperium Ottomanicum inserta est, [[Eques (medium aevum)|Equitibus]] [[Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani|ordinis Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani]], qui Rhodum strenuissime defenderant, ut impune abirent concessum est. Qui anno [[1530]] in [[Melita (insula)|Melita]] insula sedes collocaverunt, ubi anno [[1565]] iterum, frustra tamen, a Suleimano oppugnati sunt. Rhodo capta, Suleimanus mense Aprili anno [[1526]] [[exercitus|exercitu]] 100&thinsp;000 virorum et 300 [[canno]]num denuo Regno Hungarico bellum intulit. Die [[29 Augusti]] [[Pugna Mohacsensis|pugna Mohacsensi]] victoriam adeptus est, die [[10 Septembris]] [[Pest]] et [[Buda]] victori portas aperuerunt. Hungaria inter Imperium Ottomanicum et Imperium [[Domus Habsburgensis|Dominium Austriae]] divisa est, maiore parte ad [[Ottomanidae|Ottomanidas]] perveniente. Ex terris [[Austria]]cis cum Hungaricis coniunctis postea [[Imperium Austro-Hungaricum]] ortum est. Seditione in [[Asia Minor]]e oppressa anno [[1529]], ut [[Ioannes de Zapolia|Ioannem de Zapolia]], [[Banus|Banum]] [[Transsilvania]]e, adiuvaret, qui factione [[Habsburgi]]s opposita rex electus erat, tertiam in [[Hungaria]]m expeditionem fecit, die [[8 Septembris]] [[Buda]]m expugnavit, die [[27 Septembris]] exercitus 120&thinsp;000 militum usque ad [[Vindobona]]m progressus est. Ab hac [[Prima obsidio Viennensis (1529)|prima Vindobonae obsidione]] autem, postquam 40&thinsp;000 [[miles|militum]] amisit, die [[14 Octobris]] destitit. Tum Suleimanus [[Persia]]e bellum intulit. Tempore autumni anno [[1533]] exercitum [[Ibrahim Bassa]] [[Vezirus|magno veziro]] duce in [[Asia]]m misit, ubi arces [[Erciş]], [[Ahlat]] et [[Van]] oppugnatae sunt, die [[13 Iulii]] anno [[1534]] caput Persicum [[Tauris]] captum et etiam [[Bagdadum]] die [[4 Decembris]] eiusdem anni occupatum est. Terrae circumiacentes nove divisae sunt, Bagdado sede administrativa facto. Interdum Suleimani classis [[Ariadenus Barbarussa|Ariadeno Barbarussa]] duce [[Hispania|Hispanicis]] anno [[1533]] [[Corone]]n (in [[Messenia]] sitam) detraxit, anno [[1534]] [[Tunes|Tunetem]] occupavit, quod autem anno [[1535]] a [[Carolus V (imperator)|Carolo V]] imperatore a [[Turci]]s denuo recuperatum est. Anno [[1541]] Suleimanus plus quam dimidiam Hungariae partem occupavit, ut [[Ioannes de Zapolia|Zapoliae]] filius principatu [[Transsilvania]]e contentus esse deberet. Anno [[1547]] indutiae quinque annorum cum imperio Habsburgico initae sunt, quarum conditionibus Suleimanus tributum annuum 50&thinsp;000 [[ducatus (nummus)|ducatorum]] accepit. Deinde bellum duorum annorum in Persiam gessit, anno [[1551]] [[bellum]] in Hungariam renovavit, ubi demum anno [[1562]] pax facta est. === Diurni expeditionum commentarii === Suleimanus hos diurnos expeditionum commentarios describere iussit:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130114035145/http://www.kakanien.ac.at/mat/MPopovic1.pdf PDF.]</ref> * Diurni commentarii primae expeditionis Hungaricae (1521) * Diurni commentarii secundae expeditionis Hungaricae (1526) * Diurni commentarii quartae expeditionis in Viennam (1529) * Diurni commentarii quintae expeditionis in imperatorem [[Carolus V (imperator)|Carolum V]] (1532) * Diurni commentarii sextae expeditionis in [[Transsilvania]]m (1533) * Diurni commentarii septimae expeditionis in [[Aulon]]em (1537) === Vesirii aliique ministri === * [[Ibrahim Bassa]], primus vesirius 1523-1536 * ''Ayas Mehmed Pasha'', primus vesirius 1536-1539 * [[Lutzis Bassa]], primus vesirius 1539-1541 * ''Hadım Suleiman Pasha'', primus vesirius 1541-1544 * [[Rustanus Bassa]], primus vesirius 1544-1553 et 1555-1561<ref name="Busb38">"Rustanus inter bassas": [[Augerius Gislenius Busbequius]], ''[[Legationis Turcicae epistolae]]'' I [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenahist/busbecq1/jpg/s038.html editionis 1595,] p.38.</ref> * ''Semiz Ali Pasha'', primus vesirius 1561-1565 * ''Sokollu Mehmed Paşa'', primus vesirius 1565-1579 * [[Achomates Bassa]], vesiriorum secundus sub Rustano Bassa, primus vesirius 1553-1555<ref>"Achmat": [[Augerius Gislenius Busbequius]], ''[[Legationis Turcicae epistolae]]'' I [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenahist/busbecq1/jpg/s043.html p. 43 editionis 1595]. "Achomati Bassae primo visirio" (cas. dat.): [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenahist/busbecq1/jpg/s095.html ibid. II p. 95].</ref> * [[Mahometus Bassa]] (''Zal Mahmud Paşa''), "vesiriorum tertius" sub Rustano Bassa * [[Hally Bassa]]<ref>"Hally Bassa Epirota", eunuchus, "natione Dalmata": [[Augerius Gislenius Busbequius]], ''[[Legationis Turcicae epistolae]]'' III [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenahist/busbecq1/jpg/s149.html pp. 149-157], praecipue 152; [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenahist/busbecq1/jpg/s246.html ibidem IV pp. 246-247].</ref> * [[Ionas Beius]] dragomanus * [[Ebrahimus Beius]] dragomanus<ref>"interprete Ebrahimo natione Polono": [[Augerius Gislenius Busbequius]], ''[[Legationis Turcicae epistolae]]'' III [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenahist/busbecq1/jpg/s148.html pp. 148-149]</ref> === Feminae et progenies === * [[Bosphorana]]<ref name="Busb37">"Bosphorana", "Roxolana", "Mustapham" (cas. accus.; alibi "Mustaphae"): [[Augerius Gislenius Busbequius]], ''[[Legationis Turcicae epistolae]]'' I [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenahist/busbecq1/jpg/s037.html p. 37 editionis 1595]</ref> ** [[Mustapha (Suleimani I filius)|Mustapha]] filius natu maximus<ref>"Mustapha, -am, -ae": [[Augerius Gislenius Busbequius]], ''[[Legationis Turcicae epistolae]]'' [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenahist/busbecq1/jpg/s037.html editionis 1595,] pp. 37-44 et 97.</ref> * [[Roxolana]]<ref name="busb97">"ex Roxolana . . . quam in iustae coniugis locum habet ... Mahometes, Selimus, Baiazetes & Giangir": [[Augerius Gislenius Busbequius]], ''[[Legationis Turcicae epistolae]]'' II [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenahist/busbecq1/jpg/s097.html p. 97].</ref> ** [[Mahometes (Suleimani I filius)|Mahometes]], mortuus iuvenis ** [[Selimus II (sultanus Ottomanicus)|Selimus]] ** [[Cameria (Suleimani I filia)|Cameria]] (''Mihr-i-Māh''), [[Rustanus Bassa|Rustani]] uxor<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150906212701/http://blog.peramuzesi.org.tr/en/haftanin-eseri/mihrimah-sultan/ De effigiebus]</ref> ** Abd Allah, mortuus iuvenis ** [[Baiazetes (Suleimani I filius)|Baiazetes]] ** [[Giangir (Suleimani I filius)|Giangir]], gibbus, mortuus iuvenis {{NexInt}} * [[Ottomanidae]] == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{cite book |last=Atıl |first=Esin |title=The Age of Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent|url=https://archive.org/details/ageofsultansleym0000atle |year=1987 |publisher=National Gallery of Art |location=Vasingtoniae D.C.|isbn=978-0-89468-098-4}}. * {{cite journal |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198704/the.golden.age.of.ottoman.art.htm|title=The Golden Age of Ottoman Art|accessdate=2007-04-18 |journal=Saudi Aramco World |year=1987 |month=Iul./Aug.|volume=38|issue=4|pages=24–33 |issn=1530-5821 |last=Atıl|first=Esin}} * Bittar, Thérèse. ''Soliman: l'empire magnifique''. Lutetiae: [[Découvertes Gallimard]] (nº 196), 1994. ISBN 978-2-07-053201-8. * {{cite book |last=Bridge |first=Anthony|title=Suleiman the Magnificent, Scourge of Heaven |url=https://archive.org/details/suleimanmagnific0000brid_b6b3 |year=1983 |location=Novi Eboraci |publisher=F. Watts |oclc=9853956 |isbn=0-88029-169-9}} * {{cite book |last=Clot | first=André | title=Soliman Le Magnifique|year=1983 |publisher=Fayard |location=Lutetiae|isbn=2-213-01260-1}}. * {{cite book |last=Downey |first=Fairfax Davis |title=The Grand Turke, Suleyman the Magnificent, sultan of the Ottomans |year= |publisher=Minton, Balch |location=Novi Eboraci|oclc=25776191}} * Garnier, Édith. ''L'Alliance impie: François Ier et Soliman le Magnifique contre Charles Quint, 1529-1547''. Lutetiae: Le Félin, 2008. ISBN 978-2-86645-678-8. * Gomez-Géraud, Marie-Christine et Stéphane Yérasimos, edd., '' Nicolas de Nicolay: Dans l'empire de Soliman le Magnifique''. Lutetiae:, Presses du CNRS, 1989. ISBN 2-87682-032-3. * {{cite book |last=Greenblatt |first=Miriam |title=Süleyman the Magnificent and the Ottoman Empire |year=2003|publisher=Benchmark Books |location=Novi Eboraci |isbn=978-0-7614-1489-6.}} * {{cite journal|journal=International journal of Middle East studies|last=Labib|first=Subhi|title=The Era of Suleyman the Magnificent: Crisis of Orientation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1979-11_10_4/page/435|month=November|year=1979|pages=435–451|volume=10|issue=4|issn=0020-7438}} * {{cite book |last=Lamb|first=Harold|title=Suleiman, the Magnificent, Sultan of the East|url=https://archive.org/details/suleimanthemagni001564mbp|location=Garden City Novi Eboraci |publisher=Doubleday |year=1951 |oclc=397000 |isbn=1-4067-7271-2}} * {{cite book |last=Lybyer|first=Albert Howe|authorlink=Albertus Howe Lybyer |title=The government of the Ottoman empire in the time of Suleiman the Magnificent |url=http://archive.org/details/governmentofotto00lyby |year=1913 |location=Cantabrigiae Massachusettae |publisher=Harvard University Press |oclc=1562148 |isbn=0-404-14681-3}}. * {{cite book |last=Mansel |first=Phillip |title=Constantinople: City of the World's Desire, 1453–1924|url=https://archive.org/details/constantinopleci0000mans |year=1998|publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |location=Novi Eboraci |isbn=978-0-312-18708-8}} * Mantran, Robert. ''Istanbul au siècle de Soliman le Magnifique''. Lutetiae: Hachette Littératures, 2008. ISBN 978-2-01-279487-0. * {{cite journal|journal=National geographic|last=Severy|first=Merle |title=The World of Süleyman the Magnificent |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_national-geographic_national-geographic_1987-11_172_5/page/n23|month=November |year=1987 |pages=552–601 |volume=172|issue=5 |issn=0027-9358}}. * {{cite book |last=Merriman|first=Roger Bigelow |title=Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520–1566|location=Cantabrigiae Massachusettae |publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1944|oclc=784228 |isbn=1-4067-7272-0}}. * Szabó, János B. et Ferenc Tóth. ''Mohács, 1526: Soliman le Magnifique prend pied en Europe centrale''. Lutetiae: Economica, 2009. ISBN 978-2-7178-5740-5. * Veinstein, Gilles, ed. ''Soliman le Magnifique et son temps: actes du colloque de Paris, Galeries nationales du Grand Palais, 7-10 mars 1990''. Lutetiae: La Documentation française, 1992. ISBN 2-11-002540-9. * Veinstein, Gilles. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20120127134919/http://www.brillonline.nl/public/suleyman Süleymān]". ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''. Lugduni Batavorum: Brill, 2006. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Suleiman I|Suleimanum I}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/OTTOMAN/SULEYMAN.HTM |last=Hooker|first=Richard |title=The Ottomans: Suleyman |accessdate=2007-09-02 }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us/History/MidEast/04/embree/embree.htm|title=Suleiman The Magnificent |accessdate=2007-04-18 |first=Mark|last=Embree|year=2004| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060930054118/http://www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us/History/MidEast/04/embree/embree.htm| archivedate = September 30, 2006}} * {{cite web |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060309091926/http://www.byegm.gov.tr/yayinlarimiz/NEWSPOT/1999/JulyAug/N6.htm |title=Suleyman the Magnificent Poet|archivedate=2006-03-09|url=http://www.byegm.gov.tr/yayinlarimiz/NEWSPOT/1999/JulyAug/N6.htm |accessdate=2007-04-18 |last=Halman|first=Talat|year=1988}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.turkcebilgi.net/kim-kimdir/m/muhibbi-kanuni-sultan-suleyman-31612.html |title=Muhibbî (Kanunî Sultan Süleyman) |accessdate=2008-01-13 |work=Türkçe Bilgi—Kim kimdir? |language=Turcice }} {{Ottomanidae| praedecessor= [[Selimus I]]| annus-annus= 1520-1566| successor= [[Selimus II]] }} {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Homines}} {{FA stella}} [[Categoria:Nati 1494]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1566]] [[Categoria:Chalifi]] [[Categoria:Suleimanus Magnificus|!]] [[Categoria:Legis latores]] iyesm79ixd5r1ulilolgtunn0o7j21a 0 51552 3980109 3948945 2026-08-10T00:22:51Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3980109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} {{Videdis|Murcia (discretiva)}} '''Murcianum'''<ref name="H" /> seu '''Mavitania'''<ref name="H">"[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/s0940c.html "''Murcia'', regio Hispaniae: ''Murcianum regnum, Mavitania'']" in {{Hofmannus}}</ref> ([[Hispanice]]: ''región de Murcia'') est [[communitas autonoma]] [[Hispania|Hispanica]], cuius maior pars ad historicum territorium [[Regnum Murcianum|Regni Murciani]] (e [[provincia]]libus [[saeculum 19|saeculi XIX]] divisionibus territoria deducta sunt) correspondet, formata ex [[Recuperatio Hispanica|occupatione Christiana]] et hoc Regno [[colonia|colonizato]] a [[Catalaunia|Catalaunis]], [[Corona Castellae|Castellanis]] atque [[Aragonia|Aragoniensibus]] praesertim et coronarum [[Corona Aragoniae|Aragoniae]] ([[saeculum 13|saeculo XIII]]) ac [[Corona Castellae|Castellae]] (e [[saeculum 13|saeculo XIII]] usque ad [[Hispania|Civitatis Hispanicae]] apparitionem) historica pars. [[Hiberia]]e Austroriente, inter [[Vandalitia]]m ac [[Communitas Valentiana|Communitatem Valentianam]] et inter litus [[Mare Mediterraneum|Mediterraneum]] ac [[Castella-Manica|Castellam-Manicam]], sita. Eius [[caput (urbs)|caput]] urbs [[Murcia]] sive [[Murtia]] sive [[Vergilia]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Murcia'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Múrcia'') est et aliae praecipuae urbes [[Carthago Nova]] sive [[Carthago Spartaria]] sive [[Carthagenna]] ([[Hispanice]] et [[Valentiane]]; ''Cartagena'') et [[Eliocrata]]<ref>[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/s0931c.html Lexicon Universale Hofmann]</ref> sive [[Eliocroca]]<ref>[http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorca#Edad_Antigua Vicipaedia Hispania]</ref> ([[Hispanice]]; ''Lorca'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Llorca'') sunt. Antique et historice [[Provincia Albasitensis|provinciae Albasitensis]] pars ad hanc regionem pertinebat, quoad anno [[1833]] regio in provincias duas divisa sit, anno [[1982]] ingrediens velut pars in [[Castella-Manica|autonomiam Manicensem]]. Paene tertia pars totius [[numerus incolarum|numeri incolarum]] in Murcia in [[Murcia|eius capite]] vivunt et regio maxima [[fructus|fructuum]], [[holus|holerum]] atque [[flos|florum]] productoria in [[Europa]] est. Sunt praecipua vineta prope [[municipium|municipia]] [[Bullae (Murcia)|Bullas]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Bullas'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Bulles''), [[Iecla]]m ([[Hispanice]]; ''Yecla'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Iecla'') et [[Gemellae (Murcia)|Gemellas]]<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/acis/ets/Graesse/orblatg.html Orbis Latinus Graesse]</ref> ([[Hispanice]]; ''Jumilla'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Jumella''). Eius territorium calidum, aridum est, sed eius [[agricultura]] [[traditio]]naliter [[irrigatio]]nis est. [[Aqua]]e comparatio a flumine [[Tader]]e ([[Hispanice]] et [[Valentiane]]; ''Segura'') originem trahit. Regionis cacumen est mons [[Episcopi (Murcia)|Episcopi]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Los Obispos'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Els Bisbes''), 2 015 [[metrum|metra]] altus. == Etymologia == Secundum [http://www.infopedia.pt/toponimia/Mur%C3%A7a Dictionarium Toponymiae societatis Porto Editora], [[toponymum|toponymorum]] et [[lingua Hispanica|Hispanici]] ''Murcia'' (unde [[Latine]] "Murcia") et [[Lingua Lusitana|Lusici]] ''Murça'' ([[Latine]]; "[[Moyses (Villa Lusitania)|Moyses]]") origo [[lingua Arabica|Arabicum]] [[anthroponymum]] موسى, ''Mūsā'' transcriptum et [[Latine]] "[[Moyses]]", est, quod satis vulgare [[Mosarabes|Mosarabicā]] epochā erat et cui circum [[saeculum 14|saeculum XIV]] [[r]] intercalatum est. Secundum [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/s0940c.html Lexicon Universale Iohannis Iacobi Hofmanni], Regio Murciae [[Latine]] etiam [[Mavitania]] nuncupari postest, cuius nomen, secundum [http://books.google.es/books?id=2_0HAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA173&lpg=PA173&dq=Mavitania&source=bl&ots=Rnc7_DNTHn&sig=dLmkCRqiG7aqn26KDPbygBaES4w&hl=es&sa=X&ei=A5h-Uu6dO6WS7AbQwoGwCA&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Mavitania&f=false Dictionarium Geographico-Etymologicum Hispaniae Antiquae Michaelis Cortés y López], ex [[Lingua Hebraica|Hebraico]] anthroponymo מוות, "mortalem rem" significante et ''Maveth'' transcripto, ortum est. == Historia == [[Fasciculus:Teatro romano cartagena.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|[[Theatrum]] [[Roma antiqua|Romanum]] [[Carthago Nova|Carthaginis Novae]].]] [[Fasciculus:Location map Taifa of Murcia.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Taifa]] [[Taifa Murciae|Murciae]] circa annum [[1037]].]] [[Karthago|Karthaginenses]] stativum [[portus|portum]] [[commercium|commercialem]] apud [[Carthago Nova|Carthaginis Novae]] litus condidere. Karthaginensibus mercatoribus [[mons|montanum]] territorium mere [[Hiberia|Hiberica]] eorum litoralis [[imperium|imperii]] [[interior regio]] erat. Per [[Roma antiqua|Romanam]] perihodon Murcia non erat sed eius praesentes limites intra [[Index provinciarum Romanarum Imperii|provinciam]] [[Hispania Tarraconensis|Hispaniam Tarraconensem]] fuere. [[Mauri]]s gubernantibus, qui magnae scalae [[irrigatio]]nem e qua Murciana [[agricultura]] pendet introduxere, provincia [[Regnum Theodomiri]] ([[Arabice]]; تدمير et [[Hispanice]]; ''Tudmir'' sive ''Todmir'') nuncupabatur; quod, secundum [[Dreses|Dresen]], [[saeculum 11|saeculi XI]] [[Arabes|Arabem]] [[cartographia|cartographum]] cum domicilio in [[Sicilia]], urbes [[Auraiola]]m ([[Hispanice]]; ''Orihuela'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Oriola''), [[Eliocrata]]m ([[Hispanice]]; ''Lorca'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Llorca''), [[Mula (Murcia)|Mulam]] ([[Hispanice]] et [[Catalanice]]; ''Mula'') et [[Saltigi|Saltigos]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Chinchilla de Monte-Aragón'') includebat. [[Taifa Murciae|Regnum Murciae]] independens [[taifa]] cum [[caput (urbs)|capite]] [[Mauri|Maura]] urbe [[Murcia]] facta est, collapso [[Omayadae|Omayadico]] [[Caliphatus Cordubae|Caliphatu Cordubae]] ([[saeculum 11|saeculo XI]]). [[Mauri|Maura]] [[taifa]] Murciae etiam [[Provincia Albasitensis|Albasitum]] et [[Portus Magnus (provincia)|Portus Magni]] partem includebat. Post [[proelium in Sacraliis]] anno [[1088]] [[Almoravides|Almoravidum]] [[dynastia]] taifas voravit et denui [[Andalusia|Hispaniam Islamicam]] coniunxit. [[Ferdinandus III (rex Castellae et Legionis)|Ferdinandus III]] [[Regnum Castellae|Castellae]] Mauri regis Murciani submissionem anno [[1243]] prout [[Foedus Alcarazense (1243)|Foederis Alcarazensis]] cognitionem accepit. Solito modo, [[Mulsumanus|Musulmani]] ex urbibus deducti sunt, Ferdinandi [[heres]] [[Alphonsus X (rex Castellae et Legionis)|Alphonsus X]] [[Regnum Castellae|Castellae]], qui fructus est regenda valde deserta Murcia, finitimum regnum in regiones tres divisit administrativis propositis, quae commendatae sunt respective ad [[concilium|concilia]] [[realengum|realengi]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''concejos de realengo''), ad [[ecclesia]]sticos dominos saeculares, velut praemium propter contributiones in [[Recuperatio Hispanica|Recuperatione]] et ad [[Ordo militaris|Ordines Militares]] [[saeculum 11|saeculo XI]] conditas. [[Alphonsus X (rex Castellae et Legionis)|Alphonsus X]] Taifam Murciae sicut Regnum Murciae et [[Dominium directum|Dominium]] [[Carthagenna]]e omnino anno [[1266]] annexuit, et technice vassalum [[Hispania]]e regnum remansit usque ad reformationes liberalis [[constitutio]]nis anno [[1812]]. Murcia [[communitas autonoma|regio autonoma]] anno [[1982]] facta est. [[Regnum Castellae|Castellana]] Murciae occupatio significativa fuit quoniam antiquum accessum ad [[Mare Mediterraneum]] primum dedit et [[Regnum Aragoniae|Regni Aragoniae]] expansionem finivit, quod se versus Meridiem iuxta litus moverat. == Geographia == === Prominentia === [[Fasciculus:Macizo de Revolcadores, Moratalla, Murcia, España, cara sur, desde poco antes de Cañada de la Cruz.jpg|thumb|400px|Septemtrionale montis [[Revolcadores|Revolcadorum]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Revolcadores'') latus.]] Regio in Orientali [[Cordillera]]rum [[Iugum Baeticum|Baeticarum]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Cordilleras Béticas'') parte sita est et earum [[orographia|orographiā]] afficitur. Haec iuga montium divisa sunt in Iuga Praebetica, Subbaetica et [[Iugum Paenibaeticum|Paenibaetica]] (e Septemtrione in Meridiem). [[Fasciculus:Murcia Sat.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Satelles artificialis|Satellitale]] Regionis Murciae [[photographema]].]] Traditionaliter consideratum est cacumen [[Revolcadores]], [[Revolcadores (iugum)|homonymo in iugo]], altissimum locum in Regione Murciae, 2 027 [[metrum|metra]] celsum, esse; sed secundum recentes Servitii Nationalis Informationis Geographicae [[Hispania]]e mensuras, Revolcadores cum 1 999 metrorum altitudine apparet et mons [[Episcopi (Murcia)|Episcopi]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Los Obispos'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Els Bisbes''), aliquanto versus Septemtrionem situs, altior est (cum 2 015 metris). Circiter 27% Murciani territorii velut [[mons|montes]], 38% velut intramontanae [[Depressio (geographia)|depressiones]] atque concurrentes [[vallis|valles]] et reliquae 35% velut [[planities]] atque [[oropedion|oropedia]] describi possunt. === Climatologia === Regio Murciae [[clima semiaridum|semiaridi typi]] [[Clima mediterraneum|climate Mediterraneo]] fruitur, cum placidis [[hiems|hiemibus]] (cum media 11&nbsp;°C [[December|Decembri]] ac [[Ianuarius|Ianuario]]) et calidis [[aestas|aestatibus]] (ubi quotidiana maxima [[temperatura]] regulariter 40&nbsp;°C superat). Media annua temperatura 18&nbsp;°C est. Cum pauca [[praecipitatio]]ne circa inter 300 et 350 mm per annum, regio inter 120 et 150 dies per annum habet ubi caelum totum apertum est. [[Aprilis]] et [[October]] maximae praecipitationis [[mensis|menses]] sunt, cum magna nubifragia crebra eodem die sunt. Ab [[mare|mari]] distantia et [[prominentia]] thermicas dissimilitudines inter [[litus]] et intestinas terras, faciunt, praesertim hieme, ubi temperatura infra 10&nbsp;°C rare descendit, dum intestinis in regionibus minima temperatura 6&nbsp;°C superare non solet et praecipitationis gradus maior est (usque ad 600 mm). Urbs [[Murcia]] seu [[Vergilia]] temperaturae verticem [[saeculum 20|saeculi XX]] in [[Hispania]] habet. Attacti sunt 46,1&nbsp;°C (115&nbsp;°F) die [[4 Iulii]] [[1994]]. Anni [[2005]] [[hiems]] iamdudum frigidissima fuit, cum [[nix|nive]] adhuc Murciano in litore casa. === Hydrographia === ==== Flumina ==== [[Fasciculus:Murcia - Puente Viejo.jpg|thumb|[[Flumen]] [[Tader]] per Pontem Veterem [[Murcia|capitis Murciani]] transeuns.]] Hydrographicum regionis rete flumine [[Tader]]e ([[Hispanice]] et [[Valentiane]]; ''Segura'') et eius [[tributarius|tributariis]] constituitur, quae sunt: * [[Terebs]]<ref>[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/s0952a.html Lexicon Universale]</ref> ([[Hispanice]] et [[Valentiane]]; ''Mundo''), in [[Provincia Albasitensis|Albasito]] ortus, est qui contribuit Taderi maximum volumen; * [[Alharăbe]] ([[Hispanice]] et [[Valentiane]]; ''Alhárabe'') et eius tributarius [[Benamor]] ([[Hispanice]] et [[Valentiane]]; ''Benamor''); * [[Mula (flumen)|Mula]]; * [[Chrysius (flumen Murciae)|Chrysius]]<ref>[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/s0923a.html Lexicon Universale Hofmann]</ref> ([[Hispanice]] et [[Valentiane]]; ''Guadalentín'' sive ''Reguerón'' sive ''Sangonera''). Propter incapacitatem praebendae [[aqua]]e in [[Pelvis hydrographica|pelvi]] [[Tader]]is, contributiones ad huius fluminis pelvem e pelvi [[Tagus|Tagi]] per transfusionem e Tago in Tadere oriuntur. ==== Maria ==== [[Fasciculus:Cartagena, Mar Menor, i Cap de Pals (foto satèl·lit).jpg|thumb|left|[[Satelles artificialis|Satellitale]] lacunae [[Belich]] [[photographema]].]] Maximus naturalis [[lacus]] in [[Hispania]] in regione inveniri potest: [[lacuna]] [[Belich]]<ref>[http://www.viajesdeprimera.com/2012/07/sabias-que-murcia-tiene-la-laguna-salada-mas-grande-de-europa/ Viajes de Primera]</ref> ([[Hispanice]] et [[Valentiane]]; ''Mar Menor''). Est [[aqua marina|aquae salsae]] [[lacuna]], [[Mare Mediterraneum|Mari Mediterraneo]] contermina. Cuius speciales [[oecologia|oecologicae]] et [[natura]]les characteres [[Belich]] unicum naturalem locum et maximum aquae salsae lacum in [[Europa]] faciunt. Semicirculari cum forma, separatum est a Mari Mediterraneo [[harena|harenosā]] laciniā 22 [[chiliometrum|km]] longā et inter 100 ac 1 200 m amplā, [[Vadum Belichense|Vado Belichensi]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Manga del Mar Menor'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''La Mànega del Mar Menor'') nuncupatā. Lacuna a [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociatione Nationum]] Zona Specialiter Protecta Ponderis Mediterraneo designata est. Cuius litoralis [[perimetros]] 73 km litorum habet ubi [[acta]]e se continenter sequuntur cum crystallina clara brevi aqua (cuius maxima profunditas metra septem non superat). Lacus [[area (geometria)|aream]] 170 [[chilimetrum quadratum|chiliometrorum quadratorum]] habet. == Natura == === Flora === [[Fasciculus:Tetraclinis articulata8.jpg|right|thumb|240px|[[Tetraclinis articulata]], [[endemismus|endemica]] [[species (taxinomia)|species]]. In [[Fodina|Fodinis]] [[Roma antiqua|Romanis]] [[Carthago Nova|Neocarthaginensibus]] situm exemplar.]] [[Clima]]tica Regionis Murciae condicio iam descripta varium panorama et valde dissimile in eo ad [[flora]]m attinente conformat. In intestinis [[Mons|montanis]] zonis, cum maiore [[pluviometria]], praesens tegmen [[plantae|vegetale]] ad quamvis zonarum inter Baeticas aut Castellanas phytobiologicas regiones assimilabile est, quod componunt [[pinus]] in eius subspeciebus [[Pinus halepensis|hapelensi]], [[Pinus nigra|nigra]] ac [[Pinus pinaster|pinastro]] (duabus ultimis in altissimis montium zonis), [[Quercus ilex|ilex]] et [[arbor]]eā et [[frutex|fruticis]] formā (scilicet [[quercus coccifera]]), [[Juniperus|iuniperi]] maculae (velut [[Campus Sancti Ioannis (Murata Tallea)|Campi Sancti Ioannis]] [[Murata Tallea|Muratae Talleae]]), [[Arbutus unedo|unedo]] (velut in [[Iugum Pilae|Iugo Pilae]]) et adhuc relicta [[Quercus suber|suberis]] exemplaria ex antiqua Mediterranea silva in [[Iugum Portus|Iugo Portus]] (in [[Carascoy]]) praesenti. In umidissimis [[Commarca]]e [[Boreoccidens (commarca)|Boreoccidentis]] iugis montium quoque silvae Mediterraneae deciduae exempla inveniuntur, addita [[sorbus|sorbi]] ac [[Fraxinus|fraxini]] praesentia, etiam marcescentis [[Quercus faginea|fagineae]]. Multa intestina iuga montium [[desilvatio]]nis processibus per saecula passa sunt, quod adduxit ut, ob tegminis vegetalis carentiam, [[inundatio]]nis processibus in [[vallis|vallibus]] cyclicarum [[Gutta Frigida|Guttae Frigidae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Gota Fría'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Gota Freda'') causā faveret. Quamobrem, effectus est ingens innovativusque [[Anadasosis|anadasoseōs]] processus in aliquibus horum iugorum, inter quae primum fuit [[Iugum Espunnae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Sierra de Espuña'') exeunte [[saeculum 19|saeculo XIX]], qui ex illo tempore encomiabilem [[silva|silvestris]] massae recuperationem in variis Regionis Murciae regionibus, praesertim in media zona, produxit. In Meridionali Regionis area, cum minore altitudinis gradiente et cum arto pluviometrico indice, invenitur zona phytobiologica Murciano-Almeriensis nuncupata. Quamquam haec regio semiaridi characteris est, tamen numerosos [[endemismus|endemismos]] habet, e quibus aliquae maximi ponderis hiberoafricanismi esse solent. Intra has endemicas [[Species (taxinomia)|species]] [[tetraclinis]], [[chamaerops humilis]], [[rhamnus oleoides]], [[thymus moroderi]], [[periploca angustifolia]] aut rarissimus [[astragalus nitidiflorus]] excellit. Dumetum per eminentiam his zonis [[stipa tenacissima]] est. In [[Locus uliginosus|uliginosis]] consociatis cum [[via pluvialis|viis pluvialibus]] apparet [[tamarix]], aut in permanentibus aquae cursibus (in interiore zona) aliquae [[ripisilva]]e ([[Populus (genus plantarum)|populi]] et [[Salix|salices]]) inveniuntur. [[Species (taxinomia)|species]] zonarum aquaticarum et hortuum characteristica [[Phoenix dactylifera|phoenicis dactyliferae]] introductio est. === Fauna === [[Fasciculus:Nabeulensis sarda.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|left|[[Testudo graeca|Testudinis Graecae]], [[endemismus|endemicae]] speciei, exemplar.]] [[Fasciculus:Echinaster sepositus20.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Echinaster sepositus]] [[Pertusium (Murcia)|Pertusii]]<ref>[http://www.calameo.com/read/002609483a4b40b7f0803 Calameo]</ref> ([[Hispanice]]; ''El Portús''), [[Carthago Nova|Carthagine Nova]].]] Ex [[avis|avibus]] Regio Murciae magnas [[Aquila chrysaetos|aquilae chrysaetou]], [[Aquila fasciata|aquilae fasciatae]], [[aquila pennata|aquilae pennatae]], [[Circaetus gallicus|circaeti Gallici]], [[Falco peregrinus|falconis peregrini]] aut [[Bubo bubo|bubonis]] colonias in [[iugum montium|montanis]] zonis habet, in aliquibus iugis—velut in [[Carascoy et Vallis|Carascoy et Valle]] ([[Hispanice]] ''Carrascoy y El Valle'')—huius rapacis colonia una inter numerosissimas in [[Hispania]] et maximae [[spissitudo incolarum|spissitudinis]] in toto orbe terrarum est. In altissimis Occidentalis zonae iugis montium (in [[Iugum Moiantium|Iugis Moiantium]] et [[Iugum Gigantis|Gigantis]]) etiam [[Gyps fulvus|gypis fulvi]] coloniae sunt. Inter [[mammalia]], excellit [[Capra pyrenaica|caprae Pyrenaicae]] praesentia in Boreoccientis iugis montium et recuperata [[Cervidae|cervi]] praesentia in numerosis intestinis [[mons|montibus]]. [[Decennium 198|Decennio 198]] [[venatio|cynegeticis propositis]] introductus est [[ammotragus lervia]], [[species (taxinomia)|species]] qui per alios montes in medio regionis sectore se diffudit. Etiam nuper rursus introducta est species quae Murcianis in montibus exstincta erat et quae, a contrario [[ammotragus lervia|ammotrago lerviae]], exotica species invasor non est, velut [[Capreolus capreolus|capreolus]]. Quoque eminent [[sus scrofa]], [[felis silvestris]], [[Meles meles|meles]], [[Vulpes vulpes|vulpes]] aut endemicae subspecies sicut [[sciurus vulgaris]] [[Sciurus vulgaris hoffmani|Hoffmani]]. In paene toto fluminis [[Tader]]is cursu (usque ad ipsam urbem [[Murcia]]m) et in aliquibus [[tributarius|tribitariis]] (velut in [[Alharăbe]]) nuperrime denuo apparuit [[Lutrinae|lutrina]]. In meridianis aridis zonis eminent aliae endemicae species velut [[Testudo graeca|testudo Graeca]], et in [[litus|litoralibus]] ac praelitoralibus [[uliginosa|uliginosis]] zonis alius [[endemismus]] velut parvulus [[piscis]] [[Aphanius iberus|aphanius Hiberus]] nuncupatus, et quoque aves migrantes sicut [[phoenicopterus roseus]], [[ardea alba]], [[Recurvirostra avosetta|avosetta]] inter multa alia. In aliquibus litoris insulis apparet [[Ichthyaetus audouinii|ichthyaetus Audouinii]], cuius colonia [[Insula Grossa|Insulae Grossae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Isla Grosa'') praesens tertia maxima in toto orbe terrarum est. === Naturales opes === [[Fasciculus:EZEQUIELA001.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[Salinae et Harenifodinae Sancti Petri Pinatarensis]].]] [[Fasciculus:Cañon almadenes fsalmeron.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[Fauces Almadēnes]].]] Regio Murciae areas undeviginti sub dissimilibus statutis protectionis habet, 6% territorii repraesentantes et quae sunt: * [[Iugum Espunnae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Sierra de Espuña'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Serra Espunya''), protectum spatium naturale, 17 804 [[Hectarium|hectaria]] latum est. In [[Cordillera]] [[Iugum Baeticum|Baetica]] intra [[Pelvis hydrographica|pelvem]] [[Tader]]is situm est. Consaeptum Regionale Monti Espunnae, 1 583 [[metrum|metra]], circumvolvitur. Etiam Area Protecta Specialis Avibus declaratum est. * [[Salinae et Harenifodinae Sancti Petri Pinatarensis]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Salinas y Arenales de San Pedro del Pinatar'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Salines i Arenals de San Pedro del Pinatar''), [[sal]]sa uligo apud [[Belich]] ([[Hispanice]] et [[Valentiane]]; ''Mar Menor''). * Promunturium Calpe<ref>[http://digitum.um.es/xmlui/bitstream/10201/21960/1/08%20Calpe%20Cope%20y%20un%20grupo%20importante%20de%20nombres%20de%20montanas.pdf Calpe y Cope y un grupo importante de nombres de montaña]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> et Linguae Capitis Nigri<ref>[http://www.onomastica.cat/sites/onomastica.cat/files/02_grandal.PDF Aliquae data de Neocarthaginensi Catalanicae originis toponymia]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ([[Hispanice]]; ''Cabo Cope y Puntas de Calnegre'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Cap Cope i Puntes de Calnegre'') inter [[Aquilae|Aquilas]]<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81guilas#History Vicipaedia Anglica]</ref> ([[Hispanice]]; ''Águilas'') et [[Eliocroca]]m ([[Hispanice]]; ''Lorca'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Llorca''), apud [[Mare Mediterraneum]]. Gubernatio Murciae Legem 1/2001 diei [[24 Aprilis]] de Terra in Regione Murciae mutavit, quae summam 1 600 [[hectarium|hectariorum]] terrae a [[Saeptum Naturale Promunturii Calpis et Linguarum Capitis Nigri|Saepto Naturali Promunturii Calpis et Linguarum Capitis Nigri]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Parque natural de Cabo Cope y Puntas de Calnegre'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Parc Natural de Cap Cope i Puntes de Calnegre'') protectae declassificat. Rarae [[animal]]ium (velut [[aquila fascita]] aut [[Testudo graeca|testudo Graeca]]) et [[planta]]rum [[species (taxinomia)|species]] periclitantur. * [[Caput Blancum, Mons Cinerum et Pinna Aquilae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Calblanque, Monte de las Cenizas y Peña del Águila''), inter [[Vadum Belichense]] et [[Carthago Nova|Carthaginem Novam]], [[Caput Blancum]]<ref>[http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Uni%C3%B3n_%28Espa%C3%B1a%29#Cultura Vicipaedia Hispanica]</ref> etiam una inter [[acta]]s favoritissimas Murcianorum est quamquam haud evoluta area est. * [[Carascoy et Vallis]]<ref>[http://es.calameo.com/read/0026094839229cade7afc Toponymia Murciana, testimonium vivum in eius Historia]</ref> ([[Hispanice]]; ''Carrascoy y El Valle'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Carrascoy-La Vall'') [[Zona Protectionis Specialis Avibus]] et [[Locus Ponderis Communitarii]] est. * [[Iugum Pilae (Murcia)|Iugum Pilae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Sierra de la Pila'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Serra de la Pila''), etiam [[Zona Protectionis Specialis Avibus]]. * [[Iugum Carchis]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Sierra del Carche'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Serra del Carxe''), etiam [[Cordillera]]e [[Iugum Baeticum|Baeticae]] pars. * [[Fauces Almadēnes]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Cañón de Almadenes''). * [[Uliginosa Aiuaquensia et Via Pluvialis Salsa]], alia [[uliginosa]] et etiam [[Zona Protectionis Specialis Avibus]]. * [[Cirrus Capitii Gurdi]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Cerro de Cabezo Gordo''), ubi est situs archaeologicus [[Fovea Columbarum]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Sima e las Palomas''), [[spelunca]] ubi secundae antiquissimae reliquiae humanae in [[Hiberia]] inventae sunt. * [[Iugum Molae, Promunturii Tineosi et Rolandi|Mola et Promunturium Tineosum]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''La Muela y Cabo Tiñoso''). * Insularum et parvularum insularum circulus in Mediterraneo Murciano magnum oecologicum pondus habet. * [[Spatia Aperta et Insulae Belichenses]], ubi quinque [[Mons ignifer|vulcanicae]] insulae [[Belich]]enses includuntur. * [[Iugum Mororum]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Sierra de las Moreras''). * [[Cannaverosa]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Cañaverosa''). * [[Iugum Salinarum]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Sierra de Salinas'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Serra de Salines''). * [[Colliquiae Gebarum]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Barranco de Gebas''). * [[Uligines Salsae Chrysii]]<ref>[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/s0923a.html Lexicon Universale Hofmann]</ref> ([[Hispanice]]; ''Saladares de Guadalentín'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Saladars del Guadalentí''). * [[Quattuor Aestuaria]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Cuatro Calas''). == Civilitas et gubernatio == [[Fasciculus:Asamblea Regional de Murcia.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Conventus Regionalis Murciae]].]] [[Statutum Autonomiae]] Regionia Murciae anno [[1982]] probatum est. Institutionalia Regionis Murciae organa esse statuit: * [[Conventus Regionalis Murciae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Asamblea Regional de Murcia'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Assemblea Regional de Múrcia'') populum ´Murcianum repraesentat et est organum in quod [[potestas legisfera]] adit. A regionalibus [[deputatus|deputatis]] per [[suffragium universale]] per [[repraesentatio proportionalis|repraesentationem proportionalem]] quattuor annorum perihodo electis integratur. Lex deputatorum numerum nec minorem quam 45 nec maiorem quam 55 futurum esse statuit. In praesenti 45 habet. * [[Praeses]] Regionis Murciae ([[Hispanice]]; ''Presidente de la Región de Murcia'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''President de la Regió de Múrcia'') [[potestas exsecutiva|exsecutivus]] dux est, supremus Regionis repraesentans, qui adhuc tunc [[Hispania]]e ordinariam territorio ostendit. Per [[maioritas absoluta|maioritatem absolutam]] primo citato aut per [[maioritas simplex|maioritatem simplicem]] subsequentibus a Conventu Regionali ex eius membris eligitur et a [[Index regum Hispaniae|Rege Hispaniae]] nominatur. Praeses Consilii Gubernationis actionem dirigit et coordinat, cuius membra designat. Hic inferius est praesidum Murcianorum catalogus ex anno [[1978]]: {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" width="65%" |----- bgcolor="cccccc" ! No. ! Nomen ! Initium ! Finis ! [[Factio politica|Factio]] |----- bgcolor="#FFFFDD" | 1. || [[Antonius Pérez Crespo]] || [[1978]] | [[1979]] || [[Unio Centri Democratici|UCD]] |----- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 2. || [[Andreas Henández Ros]] || [[1979]] | [[1984]] | [[Partes Socialisticae Operariae Hispanicae|PSOE]] |----- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 3. || [[Carolus Collado Mena]] || [[1984]] | [[1993]] | [[Partes Socialisticae Operariae Hispanicae|PSOE]] |----- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 4. || [[Maria Antonia Martínez García]] | [[1993]] || [[1995]] | [[Partes Socialisticae Operariae Hispanicae|PSOE]] |----- bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 5. || [[Raimundus Ludovicus Valcárcel Siso]] | [[1995]] | ''praesens'' || [[Factio Popularis Hispanica|PP]] |} * [[Consilium Gubernationis Murciae|Consilium Gubernationis]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Consejo de Gobierno'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Consell de Govern'') est collegiatum organum regionalem [[civilitas|civilitatem]] in [[potestas exsecutiva|exsecutivis]] administrativisque Regionis muneribus dirigens. A Praeside, Praeside Vicario et consiliariis ([[Hispanice]]; ''consejeros'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''consellers'') qui Praeses libere nominat integratur. == Divisiones administrativae == {{Vide-etiam|Catalogus Municipiorum Regionis Murciae}} [[Fasciculus:Comarcas de la Región de Murcia.svg|thumb|Murciae [[commarca]]e.]] Regio Murciae in [[municipium|municipia]] 45 divisa est. E quibus aliquae 1 000 [[chiliometrum quadratum|km²]] extensionis superant, velut [[Eliocrata]]<ref>[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/s0931c.html Lexicon Universale Hofmann]</ref> sive [[Eliocroca]]<ref>[http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorca#Edad_Antigua Vicipaedia Hispania]</ref> ([[Hispanice]]; ''Lorca'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Llorca''), quae est secundum [[municipium]] maximum in [[Hispania]] post [[Norba Caesarina|Norbam Caesarinam]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Cáceres''). Quamobrem est commune municipia in [[Pars (oppidum)|partes]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''pedanías'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''pedanies'') dividere. Municipium [[Murcia]] sive [[Murtia]] sive [[Vergilia]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Murcia'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Múrcia'') 54 [[Pars (oppidum)|partes]] possidet, quarum multae maiorem [[numerus incolarum|numerum incolarum]] quam multa intestinae [[Hiberia]]e municipia habent. Nihilominus [[municipium]] [[Carthago Nova]] seu [[Carthago Spartaria]] seu [[Carthagenna]] ([[Hispanice]] et [[Valentiane]]; ''Cartagena'') non in partes sed in [[deputatio]]nes ([[Hispanice]]; ''diputaciones'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''diputacions'') 24 subdivisum est. Regio Murciae etiam in [[commarca]]s ([[Hispanice]]; ''comarcas'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''comarques'') subdivisa est, quamquam naturali modo definitae sunt et nec iuridicis nec politicis moribus ad gerendas suas voluntates fruuntur. Hic inferius est tabula Murcianas commarcas [[Latine]], [[Hispanice]] et [[Valentiane]] indicans. {| class="wikitable" ! [[Commarca]] [[Latine]] ! [[Commarca]] [[Hispanice]] ! [[Commarca]] [[Valentiane]] ! [[Caput (urbs)|Urbs]] [[Latine]] ! [[Caput (urbs)|Urbs]] [[Hispanice]] ! [[Caput (urbs)|Urbs]] [[Valentiane]] |- | [[Commarca Belichensis|Belich]]<ref>[http://www.viajesdeprimera.com/2012/07/sabias-que-murcia-tiene-la-laguna-salada-mas-grande-de-europa/ Viajes de Primera]</ref> | ''Mar Menor'' | ''Mar Menor'' | [[Turris Pachecensis]] | ''Torre-Pacheco'' | ''Torre-Pacheco'' |- | [[Boreoccidens (commarca)|Boreoccidens]] | ''Noroeste'' | ''Terres Altes'' | [[Caravacca]]<ref>[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/s0905c.html Lexicon Universale Hofmann]</ref> | ''Caravaca de la Cruz'' | ''Caravaca de la Creu'' |- | [[Campus Carthaginis Novae]] | ''Campo de Cartagena'' | ''Camp de Cartagena'' | [[Carthago Nova]] | ''Cartagena'' | ''Cartagena'' |- | [[Campus Medius Taderis]] | ''Vega Media del Segura'' | ''Segura Mitjà'' | [[Molina Taderis]] | ''Molina de Segura'' | ''Molina de Segura'' |- | [[Campus Superior Taderis]] | ''Vega Alta del Segura'' | ''Alt Segura'' | [[Cieza]] | ''Cieza'' | ''Cieza'' |- | [[Chrysius Inferior]] | ''Bajo Guadalentín'' | ''Baix Guadalentí'' | [[Deitana]]<ref>[http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totana#cite_note-3 Vicipaedia Hispanica]</ref> | ''Totana'' | ''Totana'' |- | [[Chrysius Superior]] | ''Alto Guadalentín'' | ''Alt Guadalentí'' | [[Eliocroca]] | ''Lorca'' | ''Llorca'' |- | [[Commarca Orientalis]] | ''Comarca Oriental'' | ''L'Oriental'' | [[Fabanella]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131202022751/http://www.abanilla.es/ayuntamiento/index.php/abanilla/historia Buleuterium Fabanellae]</ref> | ''Abanilla'' | ''Favanella'' |- | [[Commarca Fluminis Mulae|Flumen Mula]] | ''Río Mula'' | ''Riu Mula'' | [[Mula (Murcia)|Mula]] | ''Mula'' | ''Mula'' |- | [[Horti Murciae]] | ''Huerta de Murcia'' | ''Horta de Múrcia'' | [[Murcia]] | ''Murcia'' | ''Múrcia'' |- | [[Oropedium Murcianum|Oropedium]] | ''Altiplano'' | ''Altiplà'' | [[Iecla]] | ''Yecla'' | ''Iecla'' |- | [[Vallis Ricotensis]] | ''Valle de Ricote'' | ''Vall de Ricote'' | [[Calidae Aquae (Murcia)|Calidae Aquae]]<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/acis/ets/Graesse/orblatc.html Orbis Latinus Graesse]</ref> | ''Archena'' | ''Archena'' |} == Demographia == [[Fasciculus:Poblacion-Murcia-ciudad-y-region-1900-2005.png|right|200px|thumb|Demographica evolutio per [[decennium|decennia]] et anno [[2005]]. [[Viridis|Viride]] claro Regio; viride obscuro, [[Murcia|caput.]].]] Regio Murciae [[numerus incolarum|numerum incolarum]] 1 424 063 anno [[2008]] habebat, secundum [[Institutum Nationalis Statisticae (Hispania)|Institutum Nationalis Statisticae]], e quibus fere una tertia pars (30,7%) in municipio [[Murcia]]e vivunt. 3% [[Hispania|Hispanici]] [[numerus incolarum|numeri incolarum]] constituit. Praeterea, post [[Septa]]m et [[Rusadir]], Murcia maximum numeri incolarum incrementum (5,52 pro mille incolarum) et quoque maximum natalium indicem in [[Hispania|natione]] habet. * [[Natalium index]] ([[2004]]): 13 pro mille * [[Mortalitatis index]] ([[2004]]): 7,48 pro mille * [[Exspectatio vitae]] ([[2002]]): ** [[Vir]]i: 76,01 anni ** [[Femina]]e: 82 anni Inter annos [[1991]] et [[2005]] numerus incolarum in Regione Murciae 26,06% crevit, versus nationalem mediam 11,85%. 12,35% incolarum peregrinae originis sunt, secundum [[Institutum Nationalis Statisticae (Hispania)|Instituti Nationalis Statisticae]] anni [[2005]] censum, qui 4% maiore quam Hispanica media est. Praecipuissimi [[immigratio|immigrantium]] circuli [[Aequatoria]]ni (33,71% omnium advenarum), [[Marocum|Marocenses]] (27,13%), [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanni]] (5,95%), [[Bolivia]]ni (4,57%) et [[Columbia]]ni (3,95%) sunt === Lingua === [[Fasciculus:Nuclis de població del Carxe.svg|thumb|[[Carche|Carchis]] ([[Valentiane]]; ''El Carxe'' et [[Hispanice]]; ''El Carche'') et eius nucleorum incolarum [[lingua Valentiana|Valentianophonorum]] tabula.]] [[Dialectos Murciana]] est [[natura]]lis et [[historia|historica]] [[linguae Romanicae|Romanica]] [[dialectos]] in territorio quod antiquum [[Regnum Murciae (Corona Castellae)|Regnum Murciae]] comprehendebat et suas origines [[saeculum 13|saeculis XIII]] ac [[saeculum 14|XIV]] habet ubi super [[lingua|liguistico]] essentialiter [[Hispania|Hispanico]]-[[Lingua Latina|Latino]]-[[lingua Arabica|Arabico]] fundamento mixtae sunt dissimiles linguisticae varietates quae illic se invenere ([[Lingua Mosarabica|Mosarabica]], [[Lingua Aragonensis|Aragonensis]], [[lingua Hispanica|Hispanica]], [[lingua Catalana|Catalana]], [[Lingua Arabica|Arabica litterarum]] et [[Lingua Arabica|Arabica dialectalis]], etc...) quod sermonem [[pidgin]] Murcianum creavit. Prima regionalia documenta [[linguae Romanicae|Romanicae]] varietate scripta sunt in quo observari coepere multae linguisticae peculiaritates quae postea in dialecto Murciana inveniuntur. In linguistica academica oratio [[dialectos Murciana|Murciana]] consideratur [[lingua Hispanica]] [[dialectos]], quamquam [[Regia Academia Hispanica]] usque ad recens tempus Murcianam [[lingua Aragonensis|Aragonensem]] [[dialectos|dialecton]] considerabat. Exeunte [[saeculum 19|saeculo XIX]], locales auctores dialecto Murciana suis [[poësis|poëticis]] aut [[drama]]ticis compositionibus uti coepere, [[Costumbrismus|Costumbrismi]] ac [[Regionalismus (litterae)|Regionalismi]] prosperitate imbuti, inter quos excellunt praeclari [[Vincentius Medina]], [[Petrus Díaz Cassou]], [[Iosephus Martínez Tornel]] aut [[Iosephus Martínez Tornel]]. Studium ab [[Universitas Studiorum Murciana|Universitate Murciana]] factum ut loquela [[cultura]]lis aspectus esset cum quo Murciani maxime se identificati sentirent determinavit. In [[Iugum Carchis|Iugi Carchis]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Sierra del Carche'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Serra del Carxe'') area, plerique incolae [[lingua Valentiana]] utuntur, quae est in usu in his [[Pars (oppidum)|partibus]] circiter ex exeunte [[saeculum 19|saeculo XIX]] cum proximorum [[Lucentum (provincia)|Lucentinorum]] viculorum [[Pinosus|Pinosi]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Pinoso'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''El Pinós'') ac [[Mons Novar|Montis Novaris]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Monóvar'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Monòver'') vicini suas sedes in hac regione collocavere. Nihilominus, [[lingua Valentiana]] nullam officialem agnitionem in Regio Murciae habet. == Oeconomia == [[Fasciculus:Cieza Almorchon y melocotoneros.jpg|right|thumb|[[Prunus persica|Pruni Persicae]] florentes [[Cieza]]e.]] Regio [[traditio]]naliter [[agricultura]]lis propter suum [[clima]] et suas fertiles terras fuit. Attamen, propter [[decennium 200|decennii 200]] [[Ariditas|ariditatem]], [[constructio]] et [[periegesis]] Murcianae [[oeconomia]]e fundamenta factae sunt. Quamquam [[agricultura]] adhuc praecipuum motrum Regionis progressioni est, quae "Hortus [[Europa]]e" putatur. Inter alias eminentes [[industria]]s [[industria salgamaria|salgamaria]], [[supellex|supellectilis]] et [[constructio navalis|navalis]] sunt. == Infrastructura == === Vectura === ==== Aëroportus ==== [[Fasciculus:San Javier Airport, Murcia, Spain, 15 Sept. 2011.jpg|180px|thumb|Terminalis conspectus e societatis [[EasyJet]] [[aëroplanum|aëroplano]] [[Airbus]] [[Airbus A319|A319]].]] In Murcia est [[Aëroportus Murciae-Sancti Xaverii]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Aeropuerto de Murcia-San Javier'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Aeroport de Múrcia-San Javier''), dum aedificatur [[Aëroportus Internationalis Regionis Murciae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Aeropuerto Internacional de la Región de Murcia'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Aeroport Internacional de la Regió de Múrcia''), cuius opus adumbratum in [[Consilium Operum Publicorum|Consilii Operum Publicorum]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Consejería de Obras Públicas'') aedificium visitari postest. ==== Vectura maritima ==== [[Fasciculus:Puertoct.jpg|thumb|left|[[Portus Carthaginis Novae]].]] Regionis Murciae [[portus]] intra [[districtus|districtum]] [[Provincia Maritima Carthaginis Nova|Provinciae Maritimae Carthaginis Novae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Provincia Marítima de Cartagena'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Província Marítima de Cartagena'') complectuntur, quae, vicissim, subdivisa est in [[districtus]] [[Aquilae|Aquilas]] ([[Hispanice]] et [[Valentiane]]; ''Águilas''), [[Ficaria (Murcia)|Ficariam]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Mazarrón'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Massarró''), [[Carthago Nova|Cathaginem Novam]] ([[Hispanice]] et [[Valentiane]]; ''Cartago'') et [[Sanctus Petrus Pinatarensis|Sanctum Petrum Pinatarensem]] ([[Hispanice]] et [[Valentiane]]; ''San Pedro del Pinatar''). Intra quemque districtum inveniuntur dissimiles portus [[disportus|disportivi]] et [[piscatus|piscatorii]], inclusis etiam portibus [[commercium|commercialibus]], inter quos praecipuus est [[Portus Carthaginis Novae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Puerto de Cartagena''), quamquam quoque excellit [[Portus Aquilarum]] aut [[Portus Sancti Petri Pinatarensis]]. ==== Viae et autoviae ==== Regio proprias vias autocineticas et [[autovia]]sintra Rete Viarum Regionis complexas habet. ==== Ferriviae ==== [[Fasciculus:Plano Cercanías Murcia-Alicante.svg|thumb|right|200px|[[Traminum]] propinquitatis inter [[Murcia]]m et [[Lucentum]] tabula.]] [[Fasciculus:Cartagena estacion.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Modernismus|Modernisticum]] [[Statio Carthago Nova|Stationis Carthaginis Novae]] [[frontiscipium]].]] [[Fasciculus:Cercanías San Vicente del Raspeig.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Tramen]] propinquitatis in usu inter nucleos [[Murcia]]m et [[Lucentum]].]] [[Ferrivia]]e diaconiae in Regione Murciae duorum generum sunt; [[intervallum Hibericum|intervalli Hiberici]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''ancho ibérico'') et [[ferrivia angusta|ferriviae angustae]], excepta [[ferrivia strataria]]. Inter [[intervallum Hibericum|intervalli Hiberici]] [[ferrivia]]s sunt ferriviae propinquitatis (''líneas de cercanías'') duae, quae sunt: {|class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto" |+'''Murciae ferriviae propinquitatis''' |- |[[Fasciculus:Cercanías C1.svg|25px]] | style="background-color:blue; color:white;" | Murcia - Illici - Lucentum |- |[[Fasciculus:Cercanías C2.svg|25px]] | style="background-color:green; color:white;" | Murcia - Eliocroca - Aquilae |- |[[Fasciculus:Cercanías C4 (Amarillo).svg|25px]] | style="background-color:yellow; color:grey;" | Carthago Nova - Unio - Mastiam |} Inter ferrivias longiquae distantiae in Murcia sunt: {|class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto" |+'''Ferriviae longiquae distantiae in Murcia''' |- align="center" |'''trames'''||'''tramen'''||'''diaconia'''||'''societas''' |- |[[Eliocroca]]-[[Carthago Nova]] <> [[Barcino]]||Talgo||longiqua distantia||Renfe |- |[[Matritum]] <> [[Murcia]]-[[Carthago Nova]]||Altaria||longiqua distantia||Renfe |- |[[Eliocroca]]-[[Carthago Nova]] <> [[Monspessulanus]]||Talgo||longiqua distantia||Renfe |} Denique ferriviae mediae distantiae in Murcia sunt: {|class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto" |+'''Ferriviae mediae distantiae in Murciae''' |- align="center" |'''trames'''||'''tramen'''||'''diaconia'''||'''societas''' |- |[[Murcia]] <> [[Carthago Nova]]||Regionale/Regionale Celerrimum||mediae distantiae||Renfe |- |[[Valentia]] <> [[Lucentum]] <> [[Murcia]]-[[Carthago Nova]]||Regionale/Regionale Celerrimum||mediae distantiae||Renfe |} Inter praecipuas stationes in Regione Murciae [[Statio Murciae Carmeli]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Estación de Murcia del Carmen'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Estació de Múrcia del Carmen''), [[Statio Eliocrocae-Sutullenae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Estación de Lorca-Sutullena'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Estació de Llorca-Sutullena'') et [[Statio Carthaginis Novae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Estación de Cartagena'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Estació de Cartagena'') sunt. Haec Murcianae [[ferrivia strataria|ferriviae stratariae]] [[transmissio Diseliana-electrica|Diselianum electricum]] systema tractionis habebunt, cum [[motrum|motro]] [[motrum Diselianum|Diseliano]] quod velut [[dynamon]] fungitur et [[electricitas|electrica]] tractionis motra alit. ==== Ferriviae stratariae ==== [[Fasciculus:Citadis 302 Tranvia de Murcia.JPG|thumb|right|[[Ferrivia strataria|Traminis stratarii]] [[Murcia]]ni [[photographema]].]] Solum urbs [[Murcia]] [[ferrivia strataria|ferriviae stratariae]] diaconiam habet. Usque ad primum [[saeculum 20|saeculi XX]] dimidium, velut multae aliae [[Hispania|Hispanicae]] urbes, amplum ferriviarum urbanarum et interurbanarum rete habebat. Adventa [[petroleum|petrolei]] aera, ferriviae pro [[combustio]]nis [[laophorium|laophoriis]] substituta sunt. Anno [[2002]], [[Buleuterium]] [[Murcia]]num denuo [[ferrivia strataria|ferriviae stratariae]] ideam cepit, sicut fecere alia [[caput (urbs)|capita]]. In praesenti linea 1 quae [[Murcia]]m cum [[Universitas Studiorum Murciana|Campo Universitario]] [[Espinardus|Espinardensi]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Campus Universitario de Espinardo'') ac [[Universitas Catholica Sanctus Antonius|Universitate Catholica Murciae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Universidad Católica de Murcia'') et cum [[Emporium (aedificium)|emporiis]] ac [[Stadium Nova Condomina|Stadio Nova Condomina]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Estadio Nueva Condomina'') coniungit diaconiam praebet; et iam propositae et promptae ad effectionem duae lineae magis sunt: linea 2, quae [[Murcia]] cum [[Alcantarilla]] et [[Espinardus|Espinardo]] coniunget, et linea 3, quae e [[Murcia]] in Urbem Sanitariam ([[Hispanice]]; ''Ciudad Sanitaria''), in [[Palmar (Murcia)|Palmari]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''El Palmar''), percurret. Omnes lineae [[ferrivia strataria|stratariae]] in statione [[Statio Murciae Carmeli|Murciae Carmeli]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Estación de Murcia del Carmen'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Estació de Múrcia del Carmen'') societatis [[ADIF]] consistent, quae magnus nexus inter [[laophorium|laophoria]] (urbana ac interurbana), lineas [[ferrivia strataria|stratarias]] ac [[tramen|traminum]] (propinquitatis, mediae, longinquae distantiae ac [[ferrivia civitatensis|civitatensis]] [[AVE]]) fiet. === Media communicationis === [[Fasciculus:Cabecera la verdad 1900.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Diarii [[La Verdad (Murcia)|La Verdad]] [[titulus actorum]] ineunte [[saeculum 20|saeculo XX]].]] [[Fasciculus:7rm hd.png|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Tramitis [[7 Región de Murcia HD]] [[logotypus]].]] Regio Murciae tria [[diarium|diaria]] habet, quae sunt: [[La Verdad (Murcia)|La Verdad]], [[La Opinión (Murcia)|La Opinión]] et [[El Faro]]. De eo quod attinet ad [[televisio]]nem [[televisio digitalis|digitalem]] [[televisio digitalis terrestris|terrestrem]], quattuor tramites e Regione emittentes sunt: * [[7 Región de Murcia]], [[communitas autonoma|autonomica]] televisio publica, coetus [[Radiotelevisión de la Región de Murcia]] * [[Televisión Murciana]] (TVM) * [[LaVerdadTV]], ad diarium [[La Verdad (Murcia)|La Verdad]] pertinens * Televisión Popular de la Región de Murcia ([[Popular TV]]) Est statio [[radiphonia|radiophonica]] publica in Regione Murciae: [[Onda Regional de Murcia]], ad [[Radiotelevisión de la Región de Murcia]] coetum pertinens. == Cultura == === Praecipua monumenta === [[Fasciculus:Murcia Cathedral.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Cathedralis Murciae|Cathedralis Sanctae Mariae Murciae]].]] [[Fasciculus:Casino de Murcia.jpg|180px|thumb|Praecipuum [[Regium Aleatorium Murciae|Regii Aleatorii Murciae]] frontiscipium in via Trapería.]] Haec sunt praecipua Regionis Murciae monumenta: * [[Cathedralis Murciae|Cathedralis Sanctae Mariae Murciae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Catedral de Santa María de Murcia'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Catedral de Santa María de Múrcia''), velut [[Cathedralis Murciae]] melius nota, praecipuum templum et [[Dioecesis Carthaginensis in Hispania|Dioecesis Carthaginensis]] sedes est. In historico urbis [[Murcia]]e centro sita est. Anno [[1465]] consecrata, aliquot additiones, velut [[campanarium]], praesertim inter [[saeculum 16|saecula XVI]] et [[saeculum 18|XVIII]] passa est, quamobrem [[architectura gothica|stylum Gothicum]] integrat. * [[Capella Velezensis]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Capilla de los Vélez'') ([[Cathedralis Murciae]]), [[Ars Gothica flammigera|Gothici flammigeri]] styli, cum stellarum [[tholus|tholi]] decem apices habente. * [[Regium Aleatorium Murciae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Real Casino de Murcia''), vulgo Aleatorium Murciae nuncupatum, est unum inter emblematicissima aedificia in urbe [[Murcia]]e. In cuius centro sita, in via Trapería, haud longe a catherali. Aedificium anno [[1847]] construi coepit. * [[Castellum Eliocrocae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Castillo de Lorca'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Castell de Llorca'') inter [[saeculum 9|saecula IX]] et [[saeculum 15|XV]] aedificatum est. Est unum inter maxima [[castellum|castella]] in [[Hispania]]. [[Fasciculus:Teatro Romano Cartagena vista panorámica.jpg|180px|thumb|left|Panoramicus [[Theatrum Romanum Carthaginis Novae|Theatri Romani Carthaginis Novae]] conspectus.]] * [[Theatrum Romanum Carthaginis Novae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Teatro romano de Cartagena'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Teatre romà de Cartagena''), inter [[5 a.C.n.]] et [[1 a.C.n.]] aedificatum. Anno [[1988]] inventum est et excavatio effecta est. In usu fuit usque ad [[saeculum 3|saeculum III]], et ex illo tempore aliquot aedificia superposita sunt. * [[Conventus Sancti Dominici et Capella Rosarii|Conventus Sancti Dominici]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Convento de Santo Domingo'') in [[Forum Sancti Dominici (Murcia)|Forum Sancti Dominici]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Plaza de Santo Domingo''), Forum Mercatus etiam nuncupata, quia ibi vendendi et emendi activitates factae sunt, quod hunc locum verum commercii centrum fecit. * [[Cathedralis Carthaginis Novae|Cathedralis Antiqua Carthaginis Novae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Catedral Antigua de Cartagena'' ) [[saeculum 13|saeculo XIII]], anno [[1243]], aedificata est, in [[Cirrus Conceptionis|Cirro 46Conceptionis]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Cerro de la Concepción'') sita. Anno [[1246]] [[Carthago Nova|Carthaginis Novae]] [[Recuperatio Hispanica|recuperationem]] materializat.<ref>[http://www.slideshare.net/mariajesusps/the-most-important-monuments-of-the-region-of-murcia Secundum slideshare.net a Chaima et Ikram Hejjaj]</ref> === Musea === Inter praecipua [[museum|musea]] in Regione Murciae sunt: [[Fasciculus:080113-039-CT ARQUA-MUSEO ARQUEOLOGIA-800.jpg|thumb|right|[[Museum Nationalis Archaeologiae Subaquaticae]] [[Carthago Nova|Carthaginis Novae]].]] * [[Museum Nationalis Archaeologiae Subaquaticae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Museo Nacional de Arqueología Subacuática''), in [[Carthago Nova|Carthagine Nova]]; * [[Museum Theatri Romani Carthaginis Novae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Museo del Teatro Romano de Cartagena''); * [[Museum Archaeologiae Murciae|Musea Archaeologiae Murciae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Museos de Arqueología de Murcia''), [[Eliocroca]]e, [[Carthago Nova|Carthagine Nova]], [[Gemellae (Murcia)|Gemellis]], etc; * [[Museum Artis Hibericae Cigarraleiense]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Museo de Arte Ibérico El Cigarralejo''), [[Mula (Murcia)|Mulae]]; * [[Museum Bellarum Artium Murciae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Museo de Bellas Artes de Murcia''); * [[MURAM]] sive [[Museum Regionale Artis Modernae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Museo Regional de Arte Moderno''), in [[Carthago Nova|Carthagine Nova]]; * [[Museum Salzillo]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Museo Salzillo''), [[Murcia]]e; * [[Museum Cathedralis Murciae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Museo Salzillo''); * Museum Siyāsae [[Cieza]]e ([[Hispanice]]; ''Museo Siyāsa de Cieza''); * [[Museum Ethnologicum Horti]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Museo Etnológico de la Huerta''), [[Alcantarilla]]e. === Gastronomia === [[Fasciculus:Zarangollo-2011.JPG|200px|thumb|[[zarangollum|Zarangolli]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''zarangollo'') [[tapa (cibus)|tapa]].]] Murcia [[coquina Mediterranea|coquinam Mediterraneam]] cum materiis rudibus evolvit: in intestinis terris horticultura [[Vicia faba|fabas]], [[Brassica oleracea|brassicas oleraceas]], [[Cynara scolymus|articoctos]] aut [[Capparis spinosa|cappares spinosas]] praebet, dum [[Belich]]enses opes [[sparidae]], [[dicentrarchus labrax]] et [[melicertus]] sunt. [[Caldarium (ferculum)|Caldarium]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''caldero''), ex [[oryza]], [[piscis|pisci]] et [[Capsicum annuum|capsicis annuis]] factum, traditionale piscatorum ferculum est. Forsitan typicissimum Murciae ferculum est [[zarangollum]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''zarangollo''), [[holus|holerum]] collectio, plerumque [[Cucurbita pepo|pepones]], [[allium cepa|cepae]] et [[ovum|ova]] [[oleum|oleo]] cocta. [[Oryza]] in aliquot traditionalibus praescriptis apparet, inter quae oryzae iuscellum cum holeribus, [[cuniculus|cuniculo]] et [[Cochlea (animal)|cochleis]] aut oryza cum [[caro|carne]] et [[costa (anatomia)|costis]]. Inter notissima Regionis fercula [[caro|carnis]] [[costula]]e cum [[allium capannile|allio capannili]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''ajo cabañil''), ex [[Allium sativum|allio]] et [[acetum|aceto]] facto liquamine, et costulae [[agnina]]e cum iure ac [[laurus nobilis|lauri]] foliis sunt. Murcianae [[ficus carica|fici]] typicum [[tragemata|tragēma]] sunt. Aestimatissima Murciae [[vinum|vina]] varietatis rubrae [[uva Saguntina|Saguntinae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Monastrell'') sunt. Sunt tres [[Appellatio Originis Protecta|Appellationes Originis Protectae]] in Regione, plurimum hac varietate utentes: AOP [[Gemellae (vinum)|Gemellae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''DO Jumilla''), AOP [[Iecla (vinum)|Iecla]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''DO Yecla'') et AOP [[Bullae (vinum)|Bullae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''DO Bullas'').<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131221121705/http://www.foodsfromspain.com/icex/cda/controller/pageSGT/0,9459,35868_311115382_6902174_4448378,00.html Cibi ex Hispania]</ref> === Figlina === [[Fasciculus:Reyesmagos02 lou.jpg|180px|thumb|Limosae [[Sancti Magi|Sanctorum Magorum]] imagunculae e Murciana [[Praesepe|praesepium]] [[manufactura]].]] [[Figlina]] in Regione Murciae fluminum [[Mula (flumen)|Mulae]] et [[Tader]]is [[Pelvis hydrographica|pelvibus]] geographice determinata est, fruens solariis naturalibus apud alveorum pluvialiumque viarum ripas, qui necessaria elementa ad colendum hoc artificium praebent; aquam, limum et spatium. Alia praecipua condicio [[Levans Hispanicum|Levantinorum]], praesertim [[Manises|Manisensibus]], et [[Vandalitia Orientalis|Vandalitiae Orientalis]] fontium vicinitas et pondus fuit. Praeter notam [[Andalusia|Musulmanam]] haederitatem in elaboranda aquae ignisque figlina et aestimabilem [[urceus|urceorum]] productionem ad satisfacendum locali mercatui, Murcianus figulus e [[saeculum 18|saeculo XVIII]] parvam industriam [[manufactura|manufactis]] [[Praesepe|praesepis]] imagunculis dicatam evolvit. [[Fasciculus:Escultura Alfarero Totana Murcia (España).jpg|180px|left|thumb|Homagium figulo [[Deitana]]e.]] Quamquam productio ad [[periegesis|periegesin]] et [[exportatio]]nem directa est, [[figlina|figuli artificium]] in Regione Murciana familiaris characteris adhuc est, transmissum e patribus in filios. Maxima productio anno [[2010]] [[Deitana]]e et [[Aledo]]ne sita erat. Primus traditionalis processus gradus in colligendis parandisque limis consistit, quia obiecta [[argilla]]m cum determinatis textibus proprietatibusque requirit. Postea, figulus necessarias aquae et argillae mixtiones electrico [[agitatrum|agitatro]] efficit. Olim, in stagno longis palis miscebantur. Excendente aquā eliminatā et subiecto limo [[condepstrum|condepstro]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''sobadora''), quod ei homogeneitatem praebet, cribratur, ut limus promptus sit torno paratur limi portio lino ([[Hispanice]]; ''sedal''). Eae quae non colorandae sunt post coctionem, [[vitrum|vitreantur]] aut [[maltha]]ntur. Intra [[figulina]]m, secundum traditionem, operantur artifices, operarii et tirones ([[Hispanice]]; ''oficiales, peones'' et ''aprendices,'' respective). In familiaribus nucleis, a patre aut fratre maiore directis, etiam feminae collaborant in delicatis processibus velut [[ludicrum|ludicrorum]] circulis coniunctis, elementis collocatis velut ansis ac epistomiis aut ornamentalibus delineationibus. === Musica === [[Fasciculus:Cuadrilla de la Zarzadilla de Totana.JPG|thumb|E [[Zarzadilla Deitanae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Zarzadilla de Totana'') [[Manipulus Animarum|Manipuli Animarum]] musici et spontanearum [[bailaor]]ae, per Coetum [[Aguaderae|Aguaderarum]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Aguaderas'').]] Murcia est regio [[Hispania]]e Austroriente cum multis externis affectionibus variantibus ex antiquis [[Mauri]]s, qui aream per saecula occupavere, ad adiacentes [[Communitas autonoma|communitates autonomas]] ([[Vandalitia]]m, [[Castella-Manica|Castellam-Manicam]], [[Communitas Valentiana|Communitatem Valentianam]]). Cuius [[musica]] determinatur magno usu [[chordophonum|chordophonorum]], inter quae [[pandurium]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''bandurria'') aut [[cithara Hispanica]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''guitarra''), et [[Membranophonum|membranophonorum]], inter quae [[crotala]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''castañuelas'' sive ''postizas'') ac [[tympaniolum]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''pandereta''). Musica Murciana notissime repraesentatur [[religio]]sis [[Carmen|Cantibus]] [[Cantus Aurororum|Aurororum]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Cantos de Auroros''), qui e [[Manica|Manicensi]] et [[Vandalitia]]na [[musica vulgaris|musica vulgari]] orti sunt. Qui [[cantus]] [[a cappella]], aliquando cum ecclesiae [[campana]]rum comitatu, includunt et crebro in parvis semitis in [[Arbustum|arbustis]] noctu aguntur. [[Manipulus Animarum|Manipuli Animarum]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Cuadrillas de Ánimas'') festiva carmina a reductis manibus cum muneribus velut [[messor]]um aut [[murarius|murariorum]] canta sunt, sed nunc aguntur in celebrationibus et [[Calendarium Romanae Ecclesiae|festis]], praesertim in [[Christi Natalis|Christi Natali]], a reductis gregibus cum occasionali [[saltatio]]ne. [[Fandangum Murcianum]] ([[Hispanice]]: ''fandango murciano'') notissima [[Vandalitia]]ni [[fandangum|fandangi]] variatio est, longis vocis extensionibus pincta. Iosephi Verdú "[[Cantus populares Murciae]]" ([[Hispanice]]; ''Cantos populares de Murcia'') bene nota carminum Murcianorum collectio est. === Festivalia === [[Fasciculus:La Union mercado.jpg|180px|left|thumb|[[Unio]]nis Mercatus Publicus, [[Festivalia Internationalia Cantus Fodinarum|Festivalium Internationalium Cantus Fodinarum]] sedes.]] Inter praecipua Regionis Murciae [[festivalia]] sunt: * [[Festivalia Internationalia Cantus Fodinarum]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Festival Internacional del Cante de las Minas'') [[Unio]]nis, * [[Festivalia Internationalia Iazensis Sancti Xaverii]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Festival Internacional de Jazz de San Javier''), * [[Mare Musicarum]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''La Mar de Músicas'') [[Carthago Nova|Carthaginis Novae]], * [[Festivalia Internationalia Laographiae Murciae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Festival Internacional de Folklore de Murcia''), * [[Festivalia SOS 4.8]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Festival SOS 4.8'') [[Murcia]]e, * [[Festivalia Cinematographica Carthaginis Novae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Festival de Cine de Cartagena'' sive ''FICC''). === Universitates === [[Fasciculus:Murcia University.jpg|thumb|[[Universitas Studiorum Murciana|Universitatis Studiorum Murcianae]] Campus Mercedis [[Hispanice]]; ''Campus de la Merced''.]] * [[Universitas Studiorum Murciana]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Universidad de Murcia'' sive ''UMU'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Universitat de Múrcia'') Anno [[1914]] condita. Quinque campis conformatur, qui sunt: Mercedis ([[Hispanice]]; ''de la Merced''), [[Espinardus|Espinardensis]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''de Espinardo''), Scientiarum Salutis in [[Palmar (Murcia)|Palmari]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''de Ciencias de la Salud en El Palmar''), Scientiarum Activitatis Physicae et Disportus in litorali municipio [[Sanctus Xaverius (Hispania)|Sancti Xaverii]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte en la población costera de San Javier'') et omnium nuperrimus [[Eliocroca]]e ([[Hispanice]]; ''de Lorca''). Hoc in instituto student circa 38 000 alumni. * [[Universitas Polytechnica Carthaginis Novae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena'' sive ''UPCT'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Universitat Politècnica de Cartagena'') Est una inter quattuor universitates polytechnicas [[Hispania]]e. Quattuor campos habet, qui sunt: Campus Moenia Maris ([[Hispanice]]; ''Campus Muralla del Mar''), iuxta Moenium Caroli III portionem in portu; Campus Alphonsi XIII ([[Hispanice]]; ''Campus de Alfonso XIII'') in homonyma via lata; Campus CIM ([[Hispanice]]; ''Campus CIM''), in portu iuxta Armamentarium Militare ([[Hispanice]]; ''Arsenal Militar''); et Campus Technologicus [[Fons Populi Murciae|Fontis Populi]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Fuente Álamo''). Prima Schola Fodinae fuit, quae in praesenti est Schola Ingeniariae Viarum, Canalium Portuumque et Fodinarum ([[Hispanice]]; ''Escuela de Ingeniería de Caminos, Canales y Puertos y de Minas'') et quae lectiones ex anno [[1871]] dabat et formaliter [[decretum|decreto]] [[4 Septembris|pridie Nonas Septembres]] nata est et est antiquissima in Regione quae adhuc in effectu est. * [[Universitas Catholica Sanctus Antonius Murciae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia'' sive ''UCAM'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Universitat Catòlica Sant Antoni de Múrcia'') Univesitas privata anno [[1996]] condita. Unico campo iuxta Monasterium Hieronymorum Norae ([[Hispanice]]; ''Monasterio de los Jerónimos en La Ñora''), in municipio [[Murcia]]e, sita est. * [[Universitas Nationalis Educationis Distantis]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia'' sive ''UNED'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Universitat Nacional d'Educació a Distància'') Ex universitate [[UNED]] Centri Consociati sedes in Regione Murciae in [[Carthago Nova|Carthagine Nova]], viā Ingeniero de la Cierva, s/n, sita est. === Festa === [[Fasciculus:A_los_caballos_del_vino.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Sculptura]] a [[Raphael Pi Belda|Raphaële Pi Belda]], cui titulus "Ad Equos Vini" ([[Hispanice]]; ''A los Caballos del Vino'') est, [[Caravacca]]e.]] [[Fasciculus:Doloricasalida.JPG|right|thumb|Virgo Dolorum Gressus Caerulei [[Hebdomada Sancta|Hebdomadae Sanctae]] [[Eliocroca]]e ([[Hispanice]]; ''Semana Santa en Lorca'').]] [[Fasciculus:VirgenCalifornia.JPG|right|thumb|Virgo Primi Doloris (Californiorum) [[Hebdomada Sancta|Hebdomadae Sanctae]] [[Carthago Nova|Carthaginis Novae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Semana Santa en Cartagena'').]] Die [[9 Iunii]] [[Dies Regionis Murciae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Día de la Región de Murcia'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''Dia de la Regió de Múrcia'') celebratur, promulgatae [[Statutum Autonomiae|Statuti Autonomiae]] [[Lex Organica|Legis Organicae]] anniversarium commemorans. Sed praeterea varia festa localia sunt. Sunt varia festa Significationis Periegeticae Internationalis declarata: * [[Festa Patronalia Sanctissimae et Verae Crucis]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Fiestas Patronales de la Santísima y Vera Cruz''), [[Equi Vini]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Caballos del Vino'') et [[Mauri et Christiani]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Moros y Cristianos'') [[Caravacca]]e, * [[Hebdomada Sancta]] [[Carthago Nova|Carthaginis Novae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Semana Santa en Cartagena''), * [[Funus Sardinae Murciae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Entierro de la Sardina en Murcia''), * [[Hebdomada Sancta]] [[Eliocroca]]e ([[Hispanice]]; ''Semana Santa en Lorca''), * [[Hebdomada Sancta]] [[Murcia]]e ([[Hispanice]]; ''Semana Santa en Murcia''), * [[Manus Horti]] [[Murcia]]e ([[Hispanice]]; ''Bando de la Huerta en Murcia''). Sic sunt alia Significationis Periegeticae Nationalis: * [[Carnelevarium]] [[Aquilae|Aquilarum]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Carnavales de Águilas''), * [[Hebdomada Sancta]] [[Gemellae (Murcia)|Gemellarum]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Semana Santa en Jumilla''), * [[Hebdomada Sancta]] [[Cieza]]e ([[Hispanice]]; ''Semana Santa en Cieza''), * Festa [[Carthaginenses et Romani|Carthaginensium et Romanorum]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Fiestas de Carthagineses y Romanos''), per secundum [[September|Septembris]] semestrium [[Carthago Nova|Carthagine Nova]] celebratum, urbis conditionem ab [[Hasdrubal]]e anno [[227 a.C.n.]] et posteriorem occupationem a [[Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus|Scipione]] commemorans, * Festa Patronalia in Honore Purissimae Conceptionis [[Iecla]]e ([[Hispanice]]; ''Fiestas Patronales en Honor a la Purísima Concepción, en Yecla''), * [[Festa Manipulorum]] [[Barranda]]e ([[Hispanice]]; ''Fiesta de las Cuadrillas de Barranda''), * Nox Tympanorum [[Mula (Murcia)|Mulae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Noche de los Tambores en Mula''). Praeterea sunt Significationis Periegeticae Regionalis aut alius declarationis: * Festum Pueri [[Favaran]]is ([[Hispanice]]; ''Fiesta del Niño de Abarán''), * [[Actus Sanctorum Magorum]] [[Aledo]]nis ([[Hispanice]]; ''Auto de los Reyes Magos de Aledo''), * [[Festum Candelariae]] [[Alhama Murciae|Alhamae Murciae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Fiesta de la Candelaria en Alhama de Murcia''), * [[Peregrinatio Sancti Blasii]] [[Sanctus Xaverius (Hispania)|Sancti Xaverii]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Romería de San Blas en San Javier''), * [[Carnelevarium]] [[Carthago Nova|Carthaginis Novae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Carnavales en Cartagena''), * [[Hebdomada Sancta]] [[Favaran]]is ([[Hispanice]]; ''Semana Santa en Abarán''), * [[Hebdomada Sancta]] Fodinaria [[Union]]is ([[Hispanice]]; ''Semana Santa Minera en La Unión''), * [[Hebdomada Sancta]] [[Calidae Aquae (Murcia)|Calidarum Aquarum]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Semana Santa en Archena''), * [[Hebdomada Sancta]] [[Murata Tallea|Muratae Talleae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Semana Santa en Moratalla''), * [[Hebdomada Sancta]] [[Mula (Murcia)|Mulae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Semana Santa en Mula''), * [[Betulla Pentecostalis]] [[Alhama Murciae|Alhamae Murciae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Los Mayos de Alhama de Murcia''), * Festa in Honore Nostrae Dominae Salutis [[Alcantarilla]]e ([[Hispanice]]; ''Fiestas en honor a Nuestra Señora de la Salud en Alcantarilla''), * Festa in Honore Sanctissimi Christi Radii [[Murata Tallea|Muratae Talleae]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Fiestas en honor al Stmo. Cristo del Rayo en Moratalla''), cum cursibus taurorum ([[Hispanice]]; ''encierros de toros''), * Festa in Honore Virginis Carmeli [[Sanctus Petrus Pinatarensis|Sancti Petri Pinatarensis]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Fiestas de la Virgen del Carmen en San Pedro del Pinatar''), * Festa Vindemiae [[Gemellae (Murcia)|Gemellarum]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Fiestas de la Vendimia en Jumilla''), * Festa Sancti Clementis ([[Hispanice]]; ''Fiestas de San Clemente'') et [[Mauri et Christiani|Maurorum et Christianorum]] [[Eliocroca]]e ([[Hispanice]]; ''Moros y Cristianos en Lorca''), * Festa [[Mauri et Christiani|Maurorum et Christianorum]] [[Fabanella]]e et [[Murcia]]e ([[Hispanice]]; ''Moros y Cristianos en Abanilla y en Murcia''). Hoc ultimum per [[Feria Murciae|Feriam Septembris]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''Feria de Septiembre'') celebratur. Sunt alia magnae traditionis festa patronalia et [[Hebdomada Sancta|Hebdomadae Sanctae]], [[Mauri et Christiani|Maurorum et Christianorum]] et [[Carnelevarium|Carnelevarii]] in multis Regionis Murciae oppidulis celebrationes. === Celebres Murciani === [[Fasciculus:Isaac Peral buena.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Isaac Peral]] fuit [[Hispania|Hispanicus]] [[scientificus]], [[nauta]] et [[res militaris|militaris]], [[Regia Classis Hispanica|Regiae Classis Hispanicae]] [[locumtenens navis]] et torpedinarii [[submarinum|submarini]], [[Submarinum Peralianum|Submarini Peraliani]] nuncupati, inventor.]] [[Fasciculus:Arturo Pérez-Reverte.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Arthurus Pérez-Reverte]], Murcianus [[scriptor]].]] Celebres Murciani sunt: [[Ibn Arabi]] ([[1165]]-[[1240]]), [[sufismus|Sufisticus]] [[mystica|mysticus]], [[poëta]], [[philosophus]], viator ac sapiens, notus in toto orbe terrarum [[mystica]]e ambitu; [[Hasimus al-Quartaianni]] ([[1211]]-[[1284]]), [[Andalusia|Andalusiensis]] [[poëta]]; [[Abu al-Abbas al-Mursi]] ([[1219]]-[[1287]]), [[sufismus|Sufisticus]] magister qui nomen dat praecipuissimae [[meschita]]e [[Alexandria]]e in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]]; [[Ibn Razin al-Tuiibi]] ([[1227]]-[[1293]]), [[poëta]] ac [[gastronomia|gastronomus]]; [[Ioannes Fernández (explorator)|Ioannes Fernández]] ([[1528]]-[[1599]]), [[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceani Pacifici]] ac [[Polynesia]]e [[nauta]] ac [[explorator]], ac [[Nova Zelandia|Novae Zelandiae]] repertor; [[Petrus de Orrente]] ([[1580]]-[[1645]]), [[Barocus]] [[pictor]] [[Italia]]ni [[Naturalismus|Naturalismi]] diffusor in [[Hispania]]; [[Didacus de Saavedra Fajardo]] ([[1584]]-[[1648]]), [[scriptor]] ac [[Philippus IV (rex Hispaniae)|Philippi IV]] [[diplomaticus]]; [[Franciscus Salzillo]] ([[1707]]-[[1783]]), [[sculptor]] ac [[imaginarius]], [[Hispania|Hispanici]] [[saeculum XVIII|saeculi XVIII]] repraesentativissimus ac Scholae Murcianae [[Sculptura]]e creator; Iosephus Moñino y Redondo, [[comes Floridablancae]] ([[1728]]-[[1808]]), [[vir civilis]] qui aliquot muneribus functus est, rege [[Carolus III (rex Hispaniae)|Carolo III]] ac [[Carolus IV (rex Hispaniae)|Carolo IV]], ac praeterea fuit [[Iuncta Centralis Suprema|Iunctae Centralis Supremae]] primus [[praeses]] per [[Bellum Independentiae Hispanicae]]; [[Ioannes Oliver Astorga]] ([[1733]]-[[1830]]), [[compositor]]; [[Rochus López]] ([[1747]]-[[1811]]), [[sculptor]] ac [[imaginarius]], [[Franciscus Salzillo|Francisci Salzillo]] discipulus; [[Didacus Clemencín]] ([[1765]]-[[1834]]), [[scriptor]] ac [[Liberalismus|Liberalis]] [[politicus]]; [[Isidorus Máiquez]] ([[1768]]-[[1820]]), [[actor]]; [[Ioannes Palarea y Blanes]] ([[1780]]-[[1842]]), [[Liberalismus|Liberalis]] [[Bellum clandestinum|bellator cladestinus]] ac [[res militaris|militaris]]; [[Raphaël Maroto]] ([[1783]]-[[1853]]), [[Carlismus|Carlisticus]] [[res militaris|militaris]] ac dux; [[Raphaël Tejeo]] ([[1798]]-[[1856]]), [[pictor]]; [[Iulianus Romea]] ([[1813]]-[[1868]]), [[Motus romanticus|Romanticus]] [[theatrum|theatralis]] [[actor]]; [[Manuel Fernández Caballero]] ([[1835]]-[[1906]]), [[zarzuela]]rum [[compositor]]; [[Isaac Peral]] ([[1851]]-[[1895]]), [[scientificus]], [[nauta]] ac [[res militaris|militaris]]; [[Ioannes de la Cierva y Peñafiel]] ([[1864]]-[[1938]]), [[politicus]]; [[Vincentius Medina]] ([[1866]]-[[1937]]), [[poëta]] ac [[dramaturgus]]; [[Marianus Ruiz-Funes]] ([[1889]]-[[1953]]), [[respublica|republicanus]] [[iurista]] ac [[politicus]]; [[Iosephus Pérez Mateos]] ([[1884]]-[[1956]]) [[Otorhinolaryngologia|otorhinolaryngologus]] [[medicus]] ac [[Organizatio Medica Collegialis Hispaniae|Organizatiobis Medicae Collegialis Hispanicae]] [[Praeses]]; et [[Ioannes de la Cierva y Codorniú]] ([[1895]]-[[1936]]), [[ingeniarius]] ac [[inventor]], [[autogyrus|autogyri]] creator. Et ecce Murciani illustres [[saeculum 20|saeculi XX]] nati: [[Ioannes López Sánchez]] ([[1900]]-[[1972]]), [[syndicalismus|syndicalista]] [[anarchismus|anarchista]], [[Res Publica Hispanica Secunda|Rei Publicae Hispanicae Secundae]] [[minister]] `per [[Bellum Civile Hispanicum]]; [[Raimundus Serrano Súñer]] ([[1901]]-[[2003]]), [[Franquismus|Franquista]] [[minister]]; [[Carmen Conde]] ([[1907]]-[[1996]]), [[poëta|poëtisa]] ac [[scriptor|scriptrix]], prima femina [[Regia Academia Hispanica|Regiae Academiae Hispanicae]] socia; [[Ioannes González Moreno]] ([[1908]]-[[1996]]), [[sculptor]] ac [[imaginarius]]; [[Raimundus Gaya]] ([[1910]]-[[2005]]), [[pictor]] ac [[scriptor]], [[Praemium Nationalis Artium Plasticarum Hispaniae|Praemio Nationali Artium Plasticarum Hispaniae]] laureatus; [[Iacobus Campmany]] ([[1925]]-[[2005]]), [[diurnarius]], [[mythistoria|mythistoricus]] ac [[satura|satiricus]] [[poëta]]; [[Franciscus Rabal]] ([[1926]]-[[2001]]), [[actor]]; [[Narcissus Yepes]] ([[1927]]-[[1997]]), [[cithara Hispanica|citharista]]; [[Eligius Sánchez Rosillo]] ([[1948]]-), [[poëta]]; [[Ludovicus del Rivero]] ([[1950]]-), societatis [[Sacyr Vallehermoso]] [[praeses]] [[ergolabus]]; [[Arthurus Pérez-Reverte]] ([[1951]]-), [[scriptor]]; [[Alexander Valverde Belmonte]] (1980-), [[birotatio|birotarius]] [[Publicum Certamen Viarum Hispanum|campio Hispaniae]] anno [[2008]], victor in generali circuitus [[ProTour UCI]] annis [[2006]] atque [[2008]] ac victor [[Circuitus Hispaniae]] anno [[2009]];´[[Ludovicus Leo Sanchez Gil]] ([[1983]]-) [[birotatio|birotarius]]; [[Nicolaus Almagro]] ([[1985]]-), [[Teniludus|tenilusor]] professionalis, septem torneamentorum [[ATP]] victor; aut [[grex musicus|greges musici]] [[M Clan]], [[Presuntos Implicados]] (suorum antiquorum sociorum duo), [[Second (grex musicus)|Second]] ac [[Maldita Nerea]]. == Miscellanea == * Circa centum Murciani in [[Nazismus|Nazisticis]] [[Castra carceralia|castris carceralibus]] mortui sunt. * Regio Murciae, [[Cantabria]] et [[Catalaunia]] unicae [[communitas autonomae|communitates autonomae]] sine ullo [[Taurus Osborne|Tauro Osborne]] sunt. * Murciana [[traditio]]nalis mensurae unitas [[atahulla]] sive [[tahulla]] sive [[tafulla]] ([[Hispanice]]; ''atahúlla'' sive ''tahúlla'' et [[Valentiane]]; ''tafulla'') est, quae ad 1 118 [[metrum quadratum|metra quadrata]] aequivalet. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Region of Murcia|Regionem Murciae}} {{provinciae Hispanae}} [[Categoria:Communitates Autonomae Hispaniae]] [[Categoria:Murcia]] [[Categoria:Provinciae Hispaniae]] 7yijowdbmepl2ec0pazuoaf2jimg4ol 0 53048 3979887 3764933 2026-08-09T20:52:48Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = khaki | name = Protist | fossil_range = Neoproterozoico – Recens | image = Protist collage.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = | domain='''[[Eukarya]]''' | regnum = '''Protista'''[[paraphyly|*]] | regnum_authority = [[Ernestus Haeckel|Haeckel]], [[1866]] | subdivision_ranks = Phyla usitata | subdivision = <div> *'''[[Chromalveolata]]''' ** [[Heterokontophyta]] ** [[Haptophyta]] ** [[Cryptophyta]] (cryptomonada) ** '''[[Alveolate|Alveolata]]''' *** [[Dinoflagellata]] *** [[Apicomplexa]] *** [[Ciliophora]] * '''[[Excavata]]''' ** [[Euglenozoa]] ** [[Percolozoa]] ** [[Metamonada]] * '''[[Rhizaria]]''' ** [[Radiolaria]] ** [[Foraminifera]] ** [[Cercozoa]] * '''[[Archaeplastida]] (partim)''' ** [[Rhodophyta]] (algae rubrae) ** [[Glaucophyta]]<!--basal archaeplastids--> * '''[[Unikonta]] (partim)''' ** [[Amoebozoa]] ** [[Choanozoa]] <center><br />Multa alia; classificatio variatur.</center></div> }} [[Fasciculus:Tetrahymena thermophila.png|thumb|''[[Tetrahymena thermophila]]'']] '''Protista,''' olim '''Protoctista,''' sunt diversus [[eukaryota|eukaryoticorum]] [[microorganismus|microorganismorum]] grex. Ea olim habebantur [[regnum (biologia)|regnum]] sui generis, cui plerumque sunt [[organismus|organismi]] [[organismus unicellularis|unicellulares]] quae in aliis regnis non apti sunt, sed hic grex in [[taxinomia]] hodierna contenditur.<ref name=Simonite2005>{{cite journal |author=Simonite, T. |title=Protists push animals aside in rule revamp |journal=Nature |volume=438 |issue=7064 |pages=8–9 |year=2005 |month=November |pmid=16267517 |doi=10.1038/438008b |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2005-11-03_438_7064/page/n25}}</ref> Ea "potius habentur laxa dispositio ex [[triginta]] vel [[quadraginta]] [[phyla|phylis]] dissimilibus, cum diversis coniunctionibus modorum [[trophismus|trophicorum]], machinationum [[motilitas|motilitatis]], tegmentorum [[cellula]]rum, et [[biologicus vitae circulus|circulorum vitae]]."<ref name="isbn1-4051-4157-3">"Better regarded as a loose grouping of 30 or 40 disparate phyla with diverse combinations of trophic modes, mechanisms of motility, cell coverings and life cycles." {{cite book |author=Harper, David; Benton, Michael |title=Introduction to Paleobiology and the Fossil Record |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location= |year=2009 |pages=207 |isbn=1-4051-4157-3 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> Protista res communes non habent praeter organizationem simplicem<ref name="urlSystematics of the Eukaryota">{{cite web |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/alllife/eukaryotasy.html |title=Systematics of the Eukaryota |work= |accessdate=2009-05-31}}</ref>: ea sunt aut unicellulares, aut [[organismus multicellularis|multicellulares]] sine [[textura (biologia)|texturis]] peculiaribus. Haec organizatio cellularis simplex ea ab aliis eukaryotis (sicut [[fungi]]s, [[animal]]ibus, [[planta|plantis]]) distinguit. [[Vocabulum]] ''protista'' primum ab [[Ernestus Haeckel|Ernesto Haeckel]] anno [[1866]] adhibitum est. Protista usitate in nonnullos greges similitudinibus cum regnis "altioribus" digerebantur: in [[protozoa]], unicellularia et animalium similia, [[protophyta]], plantarum (plerumque unicellularia [[alga]]e) similia, et [[mucor limosum|mucora limosa]]{{dubsig}}<!--slime molds--> (praecipue [[myxomycetes]]) et [[mucor aquatile|aquatilia]]{{dubsig}}<!--water molds--> ([[Oömycota]]), fungorum similia. Hae divisiones usitatae, plerumque ad commonalitates{{dubsig}} [[superficies|superficiales]] spectantes, a [[classificatio biologica|classificationibus]] quae ad [[phylogenetica]]s (coniunciones [[evolutio]]narias inter organismos) substitutae sunt. Veteriora autem vocabula iam adhibentur ut nomina haud sollemni more ad describendas [[morphologia (biologia)|morphologiam]] et [[oecologia]]m variorum protistorum. Protista in paene omne circumiectu [[aqua liquida|aquam liquidam]] continente [[habitatio|habitant]]. Multa, sicut [[alga]]e, in se [[photosynthesis|photosynthetin]] recipiunt et in oecosystematibus sunt [[vita]]les [[fabricator primus|fabricatores primi]]<!--primary producers-->, praecipue in [[oceanus|oceano]] inter [[plancton]]; alia, sicut [[Kinetoplastida]] et [[Apicomplexa]], graves hominum [[morbus|morbos]] efficiut, sicut [[malaria]] et [[trypanosomiasis Africana]] ("morbus dormiendi"). {{NexInt}} * [[Biota]] * [[Protistologia]] * [[Protozoa]] == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references/></div> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Protista}} {{wikispecies|Protista}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110907012031/http://www.planktonchronicles.org/en/episode/9 Annales Plancton,] apud www.planktonchronicles.org * [http://phylogenetics.bioapps.biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de/etv/ Applet java pro Eukaryotis,] apud phylogenetics.bioapps.biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120129074456/http://tolweb.org/Eukaryotes/3 Eukaryota,] apud tolweb.org (Arbor Vitae) {{biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Biota]] [[Categoria:Eucaryota]] [[Categoria:Protista|!]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Biologia}} 047bxgdq5rlel62nhvo3bpbfpz685ra 0 53062 3979824 3479279 2026-08-09T20:01:59Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 5 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox|name = Apoda |image = Dermophis mexicanus.jpg |image_caption = ''[[Dermophis mexicanus]]'' |fossil_range = {{Fossil range|100|0|r=[[Cretaceum]] superius > [[Recens]]<ref name=Evans&SigogneauRussell2001 />}} |regnum = [[Animalia]] |phylum = [[Chordata]] |classis = [[Amphibia]] |ordo = '''Apoda''' |ordo_authority = Oppel, 1811 |range_map = Distribution.gymnophiona.2.png |range_map_caption = Hodierna apodorum distributio (viride) ||subdivision_ranks = [[Familia (taxinomia)|Familiae]] |subdivision = [[Caeciliidae]]<br /> [[Chikilidae]]<br /> [[Dermophiidae]]<br /> [[Herpelidae]]<br /> [[Ichthyophiidae]]<br /> [[Indotyphlidae]]<br /> [[Rhinatrematidae]]<br /> [[Scolecomorphidae]]<br /> [[Siphonopidae]]<br /> [[Typhlonectidae]] }} '''Apoda''' sunt grex [[amphibia|amphibiorum]] [[serpens|serpentinorum]] sive [[vermis|vermiformium]] membris carentium. Plerumque in [[humus|humo]] et in substratis [[flumen|fluminum]] latent, ut ignotissimus amphibiorum ordo sint. Omnes caeciliani exstantes et eorum proxima [[fossile|fossilia]] cognata unus [[cladus]] habentur, intra [[Gymnophiona]], maiorem gregem, quae etiam priora amphibia caeciliformia [[exstinctio|exstincta]] comprehendunt.<ref name=Evans&SigogneauRussell2001>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/1475-4983.00179|title=A stem-group caecilian (Lissamphibia: Gymnophiona) from the Lower Cretaceous of North Africa|journal=Palaeontology|volume=44|issue=2|pages=259–273|year=2001|last1=Evans|first1=Susan E.|last2=Sigogneau-Russell|first2=Denise}}</ref> Apoda plerumque in [[regio]]nibus [[zona tropica|tropicis]] [[America Media|Americae Mediae]] [[America Australis|Australisque]], [[Africa]]e, et [[Asia]]e meridianae distribuuntur. [[Megadrilacea|Megadrilaceis]] parvisque [[animal]]ibus subterraneanis [[victus|vescuntur]]. ==Taxinomia== [[Fasciculus:Caecilian.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|''[[Ichthyophis]]'' in [[Hortus Zoologicus Antoniopolis|Horto Zoologico Antoniopoli]].]] Recentissima apodorum [[taxinomia|classificatio]] caecilianos in novem [[familia (taxinomia)|familias]] digessit, quibus sunt paene ducentae [[species]].<ref>Wilkinson et al. 2011.</ref> Ex quo tempore, [[Chikildae]], decima familia, inventa est.<ref name=Chiklidae>{{cite journal|last=Kamei|first= R.G. |author2=San Mauro, D. |author3=Gower, D. J. |author4=Van Bocxlaer, I. |author5=Sherratt, E. |author6=Thomas, A. |author7=Babu, S. |author8=Bossuyt, F. |author9=Wilkinson, M. |author10=Biju, S. D. |year=2012|title=Discovery of a new family of amphibians from Northeast India with ancient links to Africa|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B|volume= 279|issue= 1737|pages= 2396–401|doi= 10.1098/rspb.2012.0150|pmid= 22357266|pmc= 3350690}}.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= New amphibian family found in India |agency=Associated Press |publisher=CBC News |date=21 Februarii 2012 |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/story/2012/02/21/science-new-amphibian-chikildae.html}}.</ref> Haec classificatio in perfectam indiciorum [[monophylia]]e [[molecula]]risque definitionem condita est,<ref>{{cite journal|last=San Mauro|first= D.|author2=Gower, D. J. |author3=Oommen, O. V. |author4=Wilkinson, M. |author5= Zardoya, R. |year=2004|title=Phylogeny of caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona) based on complete mitochondrial genomes and nuclear RAG1|url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2004_33_2/page/413|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume= 33|issue= 2|pages= 413–427|doi= 10.1016/j.ympev.2004.05.014|pmid= 15336675}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=San Mauro|first= D.|author2=Gower, D. J. |author3=Massingham, T. |author4=Wilkinson, M. |author5=Zardoya, R. |author6= Cotton, J. A. |year=2009|title=Experimental design in caecilian systematics: phylogenetic information of mitochondrial genomes and nuclear rag1|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_systematic-biology_2009-08_58_4/page/425|journal=Systematic Biology|volume= 58|issue= 4|pages= 425–438|doi= 10.1093/sysbio/syp043|pmid= 20525595|citeseerx= 10.1.1.577.2856}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Zhang|first= P.|author2=Wake, M. H.|year=2009|title=A mitogenomic perspective on the phylogeny and biogeography of living caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona)|url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2009-11_53_2/page/479|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume= 53|issue= 2|pages= 479–491|doi= 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.06.018|pmid= 19577653}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=San Mauro|first= D.|author2=Gower, D. J. |author3=Cotton, J. A. |author4=Zardoya, R. |author5=Wilkinson, M. |author6= Massingham, T. |year=2012|title=Experimental design in phylogenetics: testing predictions from expected information|journal=Systematic Biology|volume= 61|issue= 4|pages= 661–674|doi= 10.1093/sysbio/sys028|pmid= 22328568}}.</ref> et vetustissimas [[paraphylia]]e [[Caeciliidae|Caeciliidarum]] in prioribus classificationibus quaestiones solvit, sine propria fudicia in [[synonymia]].<ref>Wilkinson et al. 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Frost |year=2006|title= The Amphibian Tree of Life|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-american-museum-of-natural-history_2006_297/page/n24 |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=297|pages= 1–370, appendices|doi=10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2|first1=Darrel R.|last2=Grant|first2=Taran|last3=Faivovich|first3=Julián|last4=Bain|first4=Raoul H.|last5=Haas|first5=Alexander|last6=Haddad|first6=Célio F.B.|last7=De Sá|first7=Rafael O.|last8=Channing|first8=Alan|last9=Wilkinson|first9=Mark|last10=Donnellan|first10=Stephen C.|last11=Raxworthy|first11=Christopher J.|last12=Campbell|first12=Jonathan A.|last13=Blotto|first13=Boris L.|last14=Moler|first14=Paul|last15=Drewes|first15=Robert C.|last16=Nussbaum|first16=Ronald A.|last17=Lynch|first17=John D.|last18=Green|first18=David M.|last19=Wheeler|first19=Ward C.|issn=0003-0090}}</ref> Ordo 256 [[species]] in 56 [[genus (taxinomia)|generibus]] comprehendit. * [[Rhinatrematidae]] – 2 genera, 11 species; [[America Australis]] * [[Ichthyophiidae]] – 3 genera, 52 species; [[Asia]] [[Asia Meridiana|Meridiana]] et [[Asia Meridiorientalis|Meridiorientalis]] * [[Scolecomorphidae]] – 2 genera, 6 species; [[Africa]] * [[Herpelidae]] – 2 genera, 9 species; Africa * [[Chikilidae]] – 1 genus, 4 species; [[India]] * [[Caeciliidae]] – 22 genera, 106 species; [[America]] [[Media America|Media]] et [[America Australis|Australis]] * [[Typhlonectidae]] – 5 genera, 13 species; America Australis * [[Indotyphlidae]] – 7 genera, 20 species; [[Insulae Seisellenses]], India, Africa * [[Siphonopidae]] – 8 genera, 21 species; America Australis * [[Dermophiidae]] – 4 genera, 14 species; Africa, America Media et Australis Recentissima caecilianorum phylogenia in indiciis molecularibus et mitogenomicis a San Mauro et aliis (2014) investigatis condita est.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Pyron, R. A. | author2=Wiens, J. J. |year=2011 |title=A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians|url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2011-11_61_2/page/543 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume= 61| issue=2 |pages= 543–583|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012 |pmid=21723399}}</ref><ref>San Mauro et al. 2014.</ref> {{Clade| style=font-size:80%;line-height:80% |label1=[[Gymnophiona]] |1={{clade |label1=[[Eocaeciliidae]] |1=†''[[Eocaecilia micropodia]]'' |2={{clade |1=†''[[Rubricacaecilia monbaroni]]'' |label2=Apoda |2={{clade |label1=[[Rhinatrematidae]] |1={{clade |1=''[[Rhinatrema]]'' |2=''[[Epicrionops]]'' }} |label2=[[Stegokrotaphia]] |2={{clade |label1=[[Ichthyophiidae]] |1={{clade |1=''[[Uraeotyphlus]]'' |2=''[[Ichthyophis]]'' }} |label2=[[Teresomata]] |2={{clade |label1=[[Scolecomorphidae]] |1={{clade |1=''[[Crotaphatrema]]'' |2=''[[Scolecomorphus]]'' }} |label2=Caecilioidei |2={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |label1=[[Chikilidae]] |1=''[[Chikila]]'' |label2=[[Herpelidae]] |2={{clade |1=''[[Herpele]]'' |2=''[[Boulengerula]]'' }} }} |label2=Hedraeoglossi |2={{clade |label1=[[Caeciliidae]] |1={{clade |1=?''[[Atretochoana]]'' |2=?''[[Nectocaecilia]]'' |3=?''[[Potomotyphlus]]'' |4=''[[Chthonerpeton]]'' |5={{clade |1=''[[Typhlonectes]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Oscaecilia]]'' |2=''[[Caecilia]]'' }} }} }} |label2=Siphonopidei |2={{clade |label1=[[Indotyphlidae]] |1={{clade |1=?''[[Idiocranium]]'' |2=?''[[Indotyphlus]]'' |3=?''[[Sylvacaecilia]]'' |4=''[[Gegeneophis]]'' |5={{clade |1=''[[Hypogeophis]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Praslinia]]'' |2=''[[Grandisonia]]'' }} }} }} |2={{clade |label1=[[Dermophiidae]] |1={{clade |1=''[[Geotrypetes]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Schistometopum]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Gymnopis]]'' |2=''[[Dermophis]]'' }} }} }} |label2=[[Siphonopidae]] |2={{clade |1=?''[[Brasilotyphlus]]'' |2=?''[[Microcaecilia]]'' |3=?''[[Mimosiphonops]]'' |4=''[[Luetkenotyphlus]]'' |5=''[[Siphonops]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} ==Nitae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== [[Fasciculus:Eocaecilia BW.jpg|thumb|''[[Eocaecilia]],'' primus caecilianus notus.]] [[Fasciculus:CaecilianNHM.png|thumb|Cura materna in ''Ichthyophis.'']] *San Mauro, D., D. J. Gower, H. Müller, S. P. Loader, R. Zardoya, R. A. Nussbaum, et M. Wilkinson. [[2014]]. Life-history evolution and mitogenomic phylogeny of caecilian amphibians. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 73: 177–89. [[doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.01.009]]. PMID 24480323. HDL 10261/123960. *Wilkinson, M., D. San Mauro, E. Sherratt, et D. J. Gower. [[2011]]. A nine-family classification of caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). ''Zootaxa'' 2874: 41–64. [http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/zt02874p064.pdf PDF.] ==Nexus externi== {{Wikispecies|Gymnophiona}} {{CommuniaCat|Gymnophiona|Gymphiona}} [[Categoria:Apoda| ]] [[Category:Gymnophiona]] [[Categoria:Taxa Oppel]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1811]]<!-- [[Category:Extant Early Jurassic first appearances]]--> sp6y8w9p5u3i42by9tkg519r4wahsns 0 53268 3979861 3717523 2026-08-09T20:36:37Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Glires | fossil_range = {{fossilrange|65|0|r=[[Palaeocaenum]] > [[Recens]]}} | image = kangaroo-rat.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = ''[[Dipodomys]]'' | regnum = [[Animalia]] | classis = [[Mammalia]] | infraclassis = [[Eutheria]] | magnordo = [[Boreoeutheria]] | superordo = [[Euarchontoglires]] | unranked_familia = '''Glires''' | subdivision_ranks = [[Ordo (taxinomia)|Ordines]] | subdivision = * [[Rodentia]] * [[Lagomorpha]] }} '''Glires''' sunt [[cladus]] [[mammalia|mammalium]] [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordinum]] [[Rodentia|Rodentium]] et [[Lagomorpha|Lagomorphum]] ([[familia (taxinomia)|familiarum]] [[Leporidae|Leporidarum]] et [[Ochotonidae|Ochotonidarum]]). ==Systema taxinomicum== * Imperium: [[Eucaryota]] ** Regnum: [[Animalia]] *** Gradus: [[Metazoa]] **** Subgradus: [[Eumetazoa]] ***** Subregnum: [[Bilateria]] ****** Infraregnum: [[Eucoelomata]] ******* Supraphylum: [[Deuterostomia]] ******** Infraphylum: [[Chordonia]] ********* Phylum: [[Chordata]] ********** Subphylum: [[Vertebrata]] *********** Infraphylum: [[Gnathostomata]] ************ Supraclassis: [[Tetrapoda]] ************* Infraclassis: [[Amniota]] ************** Ramus: [[Mammaliaformes]] *************** Classis: [[Mammalia]] **************** Subclassis: [[Theriiformes]] ***************** Infraclassis: [[Holotheria]] ****************** Supralegion: [[Trechnotheria]] ******************* Legion: [[Cladotheria]] ******************** Sublegion: [[Zatheria]] ********************* Infralegion: [[Tribosphenida]] ********************** Supracohort: [[Theria]] *********************** Cohort: [[Placentalia]] ************************ Superordo: [[Euarchontoglires]] ************************* Taxon inordinatum: '''Glires''' ==Bibliographia== [[Fasciculus:Goldmantelziesel.jpg|thumb|''[[Spermophilus lateralis]]'']] *{{cite journal |author=Asher, R. J., J. Meng J, J. R. Wible, et al. |title=Stem Lagomorpha and the antiquity of Glires |journal=Science |volume=307 |issue=5712 |pages=1091–4 |year=2005 |month=February |pmid=15718468 |doi=10.1126/science.1107808 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15718468}} *{{cite journal |author=Arnason, U., J. A. Adegoke, K. Bodin, et al. |title=Mammalian mitogenomic relationships and the root of the eutherian tree |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue=12 |pages=8151–6 |year=2002 |month=June |pmid=12034869 |pmc=123036 |doi=10.1073/pnas.102164299 |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/99/12/8151}} *{{cite journal |author=Kriegs, J. O., G. Churakov, J. Jurka, J. Brosius, J. Schmitz |title=Evolutionary history of 7SL RNA-derived SINEs in Supraprimates |journal=Trends Genet. |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=158–61 |year=2007 |month=April |pmid=17307271 |doi=10.1016/j.tig.2007.02.002 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168-9525(07)00037-6}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070803072737/http://zmbe2.uni-muenster.de/expath/articles/31_Kriegs_TiG.pdf as PDF] *{{cite journal |author=Madsen, O., M. Scally, C. J. Douady, et al. |title=Parallel adaptive radiations in two major clades of placental mammals |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2001-02-01_409_6820/page/610 |journal=Nature |volume=409 |issue=6820 |pages=610–4 |year=2001 |month=February |pmid=11214318 |doi=10.1038/35054544}} *{{cite journal |author=Meng, J., Y. Hu Y, C. Li |title=The osteology of ''Rhombomylus'' (Mammalia, Glires): implications for phylogeny and evolution of Glires |journal=Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. |volume=275 |pages=1–247 |year=2003 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2246/442 |doi=10.1206/0003-0090(2003)275<0001:TOORMG>2.0.CO;2}} *{{cite journal |author=Meng, J., A. R. Wyss |title=The morphology of ''Tribosphenomys'' (Rodentiaformes, Mammalia): phylogenetic implications for basal Glires |journal=J. Mammal. Evol. |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=1–71 |year=2001 |doi=10.1023/A:1011328616715}} *{{cite journal |author=Murphy, W. J., E. Eizirik, W. E. Johnson, Y. P. Zhang, O. A. Ryder, et S. J. O'Brien |title=Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2001-02-01_409_6820/page/614 |journal=Nature |volume=409 |issue=6820 |pages=614–8 |year=2001 |month=February |pmid=11214319 |doi=10.1038/35054550}} ==Nexus externi== {{fontes biologici}} {{mammalia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Mammalia]] i5qap0a066oqjnu1ekkqnplzzjad7rh 0 55708 3979703 3979259 2026-08-09T14:43:48Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3979703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina discretiva nominis}} {{Nomen | genus = Masculinum | origo = Hebraica | significatio = “hortus Dei” | imago = Carmelo Sciuto Patti.jpg | capitulum = {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Carmelus Sciuto Patti||it|qid=Q3660269}}, architectus Italicus | dies = 16 Iulii }} {{videdis|Carmelus (discretiva)}} {{res|Carmelus}}, seu {{res|Carminus}},<ref>“CARMINUS CIOFFI EPISC. ANTINOP. VIC. GEN.” apud ''Sacre prose panegiriche con gli argomenti'n verso, di frate Fulgenzo della Croce'' [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Sacre_prose_panegiriche_con_gli_argoment/EeFyknnY_dAC?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=carminus&pg=PP14&printsec=frontcover] atque “CARMINUS LANTRICENI SCULPTOR NEAPOLI A. D. 1728” invenitur apud subscriptionem sculptoris [https://web.archive.org/web/20240809081154/https://catalogo.beniculturali.it/detail/HistoricOrArtisticProperty/1500045551].</ref> est nomen et praenomen masculinum. E nomine [[Carmelus (mons)|Carmeli]] montis [[Palaestina|Palaestini]], e vocabulo [[Hebraice|Hebraico]] ''karmel'' (כַּרְמֶל), quod 'hortum' significat, originem ducit.<ref>''Behind the Name'', s.v. “[https://www.behindthename.com/name/carmel Carmel]”. {{Ling|Anglice}}.</ref> Formae femininae {{res|Carmela}} ac {{res|[[Carmen (praenomen)|Carmen]]}} sunt. == Qui hoc nomen habuerint == * Vincentius Salvator Carmelus Franciscus Bellini, vel breviter [[Vincentius Bellini]] * [[Ioannes Carmelus Heenan]] * [[Alexander Carmelus Ruffinoni]] == Qui hoc praenomen habuerint == * [[Carmelus Abela]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Carmelus Anthony||en|qid=Q129041}}, [[bascaudarius]]{{dubsig}} * [[Carmelus Bene]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Carmelus Borg Pisani||mt|qid=Q1074175}} * [[Carmelus Ciccia]] * [[Carmelus Crocco]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Carmelus Mifsud Bonnici||mt|qid=Q1043593}}, politicus Melitensis * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Carmelus Sciuto Patti||it|qid=Q3660269}} == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Nomina]] [[Categoria:Praenomina]] 5pbj0y0hrbdt68i0rsxl6ucffx1uj6q 0 56482 3980213 3889865 2026-08-10T11:22:18Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3980213 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Reblochon AOC.jpg|thumb|Caseus ''Reblochon'']] '''Reblochon''' est nomen varietatis [[caseus|casei]] bubuli in [[Sabaudia]] inventae. Hic caseus admodum recens et lente fluens formam rotulae habet, diametro usque ad 14 cm, largitudine vel 3 cm, pondere aut 250 aut 500 gm. Etiam caseoli nomine ''Petit Reblochon'' conficiuntur. == Appellatio Originis Protecta == Caseus sub hoc nomine in civitatibus Europaeis venundatus debet in regione delimitata et in modis definitis fieri. Caseus ''Reblochon'' vel ''Reblochon de Savoie'' ab anno [[1958]] [[Appellatio Originis Verificata|appellationem in Francia verificatam]] portabat et ab anno [[2009]] [[Appellatio Originis Protecta|appellationem in Europa protectam]] monstrabit. Casei in fundis confecti (''[[Reblochon fermier]]'') pittacium viride, in officinis (''[[Reblochon fruitier]]'') rutilum habent. == Bibliographia == * Nicole Maurice-Guilleux, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/annor_0570-1600_1995_hos_26_1_2280 Étymologie synchronique et diachronique : le cas de reblochon]" in ''Cahier des Annales de Normandie'' n° 26 (1995) pp. 347-354 * S. Montigaud, "[https://journals.openedition.org/rga/3175 Le reblochon du Reposoir, du mythe à l’AOC. Discours et controverses autour de l’invention d’un fromage de Haute-Savoie]" in ''Revue de géographie alpine'' (2016) == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat}} *[http://www.reblochon.fr/ Situs officialis] {{Ling|Francogallice}} *[http://www.marque-savoie.com/fromages_reblochon.php De caseis Sabaudiensibus]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Ling|Francogallice}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081221020715/http://www.specialites-de-savoie.com/fromageUK.htm De caseis ''Reblochon fermier'', ''Reblochon fruitier'', ''Petit Reblochon''] {{Ling|Anglice}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012709/http://www.cniel.com/site.asp?where=prodlait/appell/AOC31.html De appellationibus lacticiniis Francicis] {{Ling|Francogallice}} *[http://www.fromages-aop.com/ De appellationibus lacticiniis] {{Ling|Francogallice}} * Marc-Jérôme Hassid, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155703/https://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/geoconfluences/doc/territ/FranceMut/FranceMutDoc5.htm Le terroir, un territoire hybride. L’exemple des fromages des Alpes du Nord]" (2005) apud ''Géoconfluences'' {{Alimenta-stipula}} [[Categoria:Casei Francici]] [[Categoria:Appellatio Originis Protecta]] [[Categoria:Gastronomia Sabauda]] [[Categoria:Casei bubuli]] i704cyh0grq7pkr7wx62gz7yd822nbt 0 61192 3979667 2864129 2026-08-09T12:30:24Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3979667 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:June Allyson-publicity.jpg|thumb|June Allyson anno 1944.]] '''June Allyson''' (nata ''Ella Geisman'' [[Urbs Novum Eboracum|Urbe Novo Eboraco]] die [[7 Octobris]] [[1917]] nata; mortua in [[Ojai]], [[California]] die [[8 Iulii]] [[2006]]) fuit [[actrix]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americana]]. == Pelliculae selectae == * ''[[Little Woman (1949 pellicula)|Little Woman]] '' (1949) == Biographia ab ipsa scripta == * ''June Allyson''. Putnam, Urbe Novo Eboraco 1982, ISBN 0399127267. == Nexus externi == * {{Imdb name|0000742|June Allyson}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061026055216/http://film.virtual-history.com/person.php?personid=4732 June Allyson imagines] {{bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1917|2006|Allyson, June}} [[Categoria:Mulieres]] [[Categoria:Actores Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Incolae Novi Eboraci]] elpog1a7xo6284dyt8ylewcv5d4ydud 0 61517 3980006 3978799 2026-08-09T23:05:51Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980006 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Temperature reconstruction last two millennia.svg|thumb|300px|Mediae [[superficies|superficiei]] [[Tellus|Telluris]] [[temperatura]]e secundum varias per [[duo]] [[millennium|millennia]] refectiones, ex [[procurator (clima)|procuratoribus climatis]]<!--c. proxies-->, quoque in gradu decadali levato<!--each smoothed on a decadal scale-->, [[perscriptio temperaturae instrumentalis|perscriptione temperaturae instrumentalis]]<!--i.t. record--> [[niger|nigro]] inducto (tabula [[Anglice]] signata).]] [[Fasciculus:All palaeotemps.png|thumb|300px|[[Temperatura]] [[tellus|orbis terrarum]], ab [[Aera Palaeozoica]] usque ad tempora nostra (tabula [[Anglice]] signata).]] [[Fasciculus:WhereIsTheHeatOfGlobalWarming.svg|260px|thumb|[[Energia]] ([[calor]]) variis systematis climatis ob calefactionem globalem addita (tabula [[Anglice]] signata).]] '''Calefactio globalis''' sive '''climatis mutatio'''<ref>In littera encyclica papae Francisci "[https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/la/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si.html#_ftn1 Laudato si']".</ref> est auctio mediae [[temperatura]]e [[atmosphaera]]e et [[oceanus|oceanorum]] [[Tellus|Telluris]] post [[saeculum 19|saeculum undevicensimum]] exiens et eius continuatio opinabilis. Post [[saeculum 20|saeculum vicensimum]] ineunte, media [[superficies|superficiei]] Telluris temperatura circa 0.8 C crevit, cuius circa duae partes incrementi post annum [[1980]] factae sunt.<ref name = "AmericasClimateChoices-2011-FullReport"> {{Cite book | publisher = The National Academies Press | isbn = 978-0-309-14585-5 | title = America's Climate Choices | location = Vasingtoniae, D.C. | year = 2011 | url = http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12781&page=1 | page = 15 | quote = The average temperature of the Earth’s surface increased by about {{val|1.4|u=°F}} ({{val|0.8|u=°C}}) over the past 100 years, with about {{val|1.0|u=°F}} ({{val|0.6|u=°C}}) of this warming occurring over just the past three decades }}</ref> Calefactio [[systema climatis|systematis climatis]] est clarissima, et [[Homo scientiae|scientistae]] sunt certi plus quam 90 centesimas<!--? more than 90% sure--> eam praecipue per crescentis [[gas thermocepicum|gasorum thermocepicorum]] concentrationes ob actiones [[homo|humanas]] sicut [[fomes fossilis|fomes fossiles]] incensi et [[desilvatio]]<!--deforestation--> effectam esse.<ref>"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level." IPCC, [https://web.archive.org/web/20181102182622/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/main.html Synthesis Report], [https://web.archive.org/web/20180804231804/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mains1.html Section 1.1: Observations of climate change], in {{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 SYR|2007}}.</ref><ref>"Three different approaches are used to describe uncertainties each with a distinct form of language. . . . Where uncertainty in specific outcomes is assessed using expert judgment and statistical analysis of a body of evidence (e.g. observations or model results), then the following likelihood ranges are used to express the assessed probability of occurrence: virtually certain >99%; extremely likely >95%; very likely >90%." IPCC, [https://web.archive.org/web/20181102182622/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/main.html Synthesis Report], [https://web.archive.org/web/20130309213209/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mainssyr-introduction.html Treatment of Uncertainty], in {{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 SYR|2007}}.</ref><ref>IPCC, [https://web.archive.org/web/20181102182622/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/main.html Synthesis Report], [https://web.archive.org/web/20181103000828/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mains2-4.html Section 2.4: Attribution of climate change], in {{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 SYR|2007}}.</ref><ref> {{Cite book | publisher=The National Academies Press | isbn = 0-309-14588-0 | last = America's Climate Choices: Panel on Advancing the Science of Climate Change; National Research Council | title = Advancing the Science of Climate Change | location = Vasingtoniae, D.C. | year = 2010 | url = http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12782 | quote = (p1) there is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities. While much remains to be learned, the core phenomenon, scientific questions, and hypotheses have been examined thoroughly and have stood firm in the face of serious scientific debate and careful evaluation of alternative explanations. . . . [pp. 21-22]. Some scientific conclusions or theories have been so thoroughly examined and tested, and supported by so many independent observations and results, that their likelihood of subsequently being found to be wrong is vanishingly small. Such conclusions and theories are then regarded as settled facts. This is the case for the conclusions that the Earth system is warming and that much of this warming is very likely due to human activities. }}</ref> Hae inventiones agnoscuntur ab omnibus academiis [[scientia naturalis|scientiae naturalis]] omnium maiorum [[civitas sui iuris|civitatum]] [[industrializatio|industrializatarum]].<ref> {{cite web|url=http://nationalacademies.org/onpi/06072005.pdf |title=Joint Science Academies' Statement |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=[[9 Augusti]] [[2010]] }}</ref> Epitoma proiectionum [[exemplar climatis|exemplaris climatis]] in ''[[Quarta Aestimationis Relatio IPCC|Quarta Aestimationis Relatione IPSS]]'' ([[2007]]) ab [[Societas professionis inter-rectionis de mutatione climae|Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] datur; quo IPCC indicat per [[saeculum 20|saeculum vicensimum]] globalem superficiei temperaturam probabiliter elevari addita 1.1 ad 2.9 C in sua minima, et a 2.4 ad 6.4 C in sua maxima [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|aestimatione emissionum]].<ref>Meehl et al., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415020743/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch10.html "Global Climate Projections"] (capitulum 10), [https://web.archive.org/web/20111116102329/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch10s10-es-1-mean-temperature.html "Mean Temperature"] (sectio 10), in {{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG1|2007}}.</ref> Variationes harum aestimationum ex usu exemplarium quibus sunt variae [[facultas climatis sentiendi|climatis sentiendi facultates]]<!--climate sensitivity--> erga [[gas thermocepicum|gasia thermocepica]] oriuntur.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schneider Von Deimling |first=Thomas |coauthors=Held, Ganopolski, Rahmstorf |title=Climate sensitivity estimated from ensemble simulations of glacial climate |journal=Climate Dynamics|year=[[2006]] |id = {{citeseerx|10.1.1.172.3264}} |accessdate=[[20 Iulii]] [[2011]] }}</ref><ref>Meehl et al., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415020743/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch10.html "Global Climate Projections"] (capitulum 10), [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch10s10-5.html "Quantifying the Range of Climate Change"] (sectio 10.5), in {{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG1|2007}}.</ref> Calefactio et mutationes coniunctae ob [[regionales calefactionis globalis effectus|effectus inter regiones]] circa [[Tellus|Tellurem]] variabuntur.<ref>Solomon et al., [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ts.html "Technical Summary,"] [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/tssts-5-3.html "Regional-Scale Projections"] (sectio TS.5.3), in {{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG1|2007}}.</ref> Inter [[effectus calefactionis globalis|effectus]] incrementi temperaturae globalis sunt [[hodierna aequoris maris elevatio|elevatio]] [[aequor maris|aequoris maris]], mutatio summae et exemplaribus [[praecipitatio (meteorologia)|praecipitationis]], et probabilis [[deserta|desertorum]] [[subtropica|subtropicorum]] expansio.<ref> {{Cite journal |last1= Lu |first1= Jian |last2= Vechhi |first2= Gabriel A. |last3= Reichler |first3= Thomas |title= Expansion of the Hadley cell under global warming |journal= Geophysical Research Letters |volume=34 |issue= 6 |page= L06805 |year= [[2007]] | url= http://www.atmos.berkeley.edu/~jchiang/Class/Spr07/Geog257/Week10/Lu_Hadley06.pdf | format=PDF |doi=10.1029/2006GL028443 |bibcode=2007GeoRL..3406805L }}</ref> Calefactio exspectari [[contractus Arcticus|maxima in regione Arctica]], cum continuo [[recessus montium glaciei post 1850|recessu montium glaciei]], [[pruina perennis|pruinae perennis]],<!--permafrost--> et [[glacies marina|glaciei marinae]] consociata. Alii calefactionis effectus probabiles frequentiores eventuum [[caelum extremum|caeli extremi]]<!--extreme-weather--> casus comprehendunt, inter quos [[unda caloris|undae caloris]], [[siccitas|siccitates]], maior [[pluvia]], [[acidificatio oceanorum]], et [[exstinctio]]nes [[species (taxinomia)|specierum]] ob permutantia temperaturae regimina. Inter effectus [[homo|hominibus]] magni momenti sunt [[agricultura|amplus cibus]] ex messibus deminutis et detrimentum [[habitatio]]nis ob [[inundatio]]nes. Si media temperatura globalis 4 C super gradum praeindustrialem augetur, veri simile erit fines adaptionis humanae in multis orbis terrarum [[regio]]nibus excedi, et multa systemata [[natura]]lia se accommodare plerumque nequire; quo facto, homines damnum contrahere beneficiorum <!-- + ([[ecosystem services]])--> quae illa systemata praebent et ex quibus [[vita]] et [[cultura]] humanae dependent.<ref name="Warren2011">{{cite journal |author=Warren, Rachel|doi=10.1098/rsta.2010.0271 |journal=Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A |year=[[2011]]|month=Ianuarius|volume=369|pages=217–241 |title=The role of interactions in a world implementing change adaptation and mitigation solutions to climate |url= http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/369/1934/217.full.pdf+html|issue=1934 |pmid=21115521|bibcode=2011RSPTA.369..217W }}</ref> ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== [[Fasciculus:Enso-global-temp-anomalies.png|thumb|300px|''Annual Global Temperature Anomalies 1950–2011,'' charta [[NOAA]], [[Agitatio Australis El Niño / La Niña|Agitationem Australem El Niño / La Niña ]] monstrat (tabula [[Anglice]] signata).]] [[Fasciculus:Solar-cycle-data.png|thumb|Observationes [[variatio solaris|summae irradiationis solaris]] a [[1979]] ad [[2006]] ex [[satelles|satellitibus]] (tabula [[Anglice]] signata).]] [[Fasciculus:Glacier Mass Balance.png|thumb|Perscriptiones sparsae monstrant [[mons glaciei|montes glaciei]] decrevisse post [[saeculum 19|saeculum undevicensimum]] iniens. [[Decennium 196|Decennio 196]], mensiones observationem librationis [[massa]]e [[glacies|glacialis]] sinere coeperunt.<!-- reported to the [[World Glacier Monitoring Service]] et [[National Snow and Ice Data Center]]--> (tabula [[Anglice]] signata).]] * {{Cite book | title = Financial Risks of Climate Change|author=Association of British Insurers|year=2005–06| url = http://www.climatewise.org.uk/storage/610/financial_risks_of_climate_change.pdf|format=PDF}} * {{Cite journal|last=Ammann|first=Caspar|coauthors=et al.|year=[[2007]] | title = Solar influence on climate during the past millennium: Results from transient simulations with the NCAR Climate Simulation Model|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=104|issue=10| pages =3713–3718| url = http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/104/10/3713.pdf|format=PDF|quote=Simulations with only natural forcing components included yield an early 20th century peak warming of {{val|p=˜|0.2|u=°C}} (˜1950 AD), which is reduced to about half by the end of the century because of increased volcanism|doi=10.1073/pnas.0605064103|pmid=17360418|pmc=1810336| bibcode=2007PNAS..104.3713A}} * Asmerom, Yemane, et al. 2020. "[https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/7/eaax3644 Intertropical convergence zone variability in the Neotropics during the Common Era.]" ''[[Science]] Advances'' vol. 6 no. 7 (14 Februarii 2020) * {{Cite journal|last=Barnett|first=Tim P.|coauthors=Adam, J. C.; Lettenmaier, D. P.|date = [[17 Novembris]] [[2005]] | title = Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions|journal=Nature|volume=438|issue=7066| pages =303–309| url = http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7066/abs/nature04141.html|doi=10.1038/nature04141|format=abstract|pmid=16292301|last1=Barnett|first1=Tim P.|last2=Adam|first2=J. C.|last3=Lettenmaier|first3=D. P.| bibcode=2005Natur.438..303B}} * {{Cite journal|last=Behrenfeld|first=Michael J.|coauthors=et al.|date = [[7 Decembris]] [[2006]] | title = Climate-driven trends in contemporary ocean productivity|journal=Nature|volume=444|issue=7120| pages =752–755| url = http://www.icess.ucsb.edu/~davey/MyPapers/Behrenfeld_etal_2006_Nature.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1038/nature05317|pmid=17151666|last1=Behrenfeld|first1=MJ|last2=O'Malley|first2=RT|last3=Siegel|first3=DA|last4=McClain|first4=CR|last5=Sarmiento|first5=JL|last6=Feldman|first6=GC|last7=Milligan|first7=AJ|last8=Falkowski|first8=PG|last9=Letelier|first9=RM| bibcode=2006Natur.444..752B}} * {{Cite journal|first=Onelack|last=Choi|coauthors=Fisher, Ann|date = Maio [[2005]]| title = The Impacts of Socioeconomic Development and Climate Change on Severe Weather Catastrophe Losses: Mid-Atlantic Region (MAR) and the U.S|journal=Climate Change|volume=58|issue=1–2| pages =149–170|doi=10.1023/A:1023459216609| url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/m6308777613702q0/}} * {{Cite book|last=Dyurgerov|first=Mark B.|coauthors=Meier, Mark F.|year=[[2005]] | title = Glaciers and the Changing Earth System: a 2004 Snapshot|publisher=Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research Occasional Paper #58| url = http://instaar.colorado.edu/other/download/OP58_dyurgerov_meier.pdf|format=PDF|issn=0069-6145}} * {{Cite journal|last=Emanuel|first=Kerry A.|date = [[4 Augusti]] [[2005]] | title = Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the past 30 years|journal=Nature|volume=436|issue=7051| pages =686–688|url=ftp://texmex.mit.edu/pub/emanuel/PAPERS/NATURE03906.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1038/nature03906|pmid=16056221|last1=Emanuel|first1=K|bibcode=2005Natur.436..686E}} * {{Cite journal|last=Hansen|first=James|authorlink=James E. Hansen|coauthors=et al.|date = [[3 Iunii]] [[2005]] | title = Earth's Energy Imbalance: Confirmation and Implications|journal=Science|volume=308|issue=5727| pages =1431–1435| url = http://pangea.stanford.edu/research/Oceans/GES205/Hansen_Science_Earth's%20Energy%20Balance.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1126/science.1110252|pmid=15860591| bibcode=2005Sci...308.1431H}} * {{Cite journal|last=Hinrichs|first=Kai-Uwe|coauthors=Hmelo, Laura R.; Sylva, Sean P.|date = [[21 Februarii]] [[2003]] | title = Molecular Fossil Record of Elevated Methane Levels in Late Pleistocene Coastal Waters|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2003-02-21_299_5610/page/1214|journal=Science|volume=299|issue=5610| pages =1214–1217|doi=10.1126/science.1079601|pmid=12595688|bibcode=2003Sci...299.1214H}} * {{Cite news|last=Hirsch|first=Tim|publisher=BBC | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4604332.stm | title = Plants revealed as methane source|date = [[11 Ianuarii]] [[2006]]}} * {{Cite journal|last=Hoyt|first=Douglas V.|coauthors=Schatten, Kenneth H.|year=[[1993]]–11 | title = A discussion of plausible solar irradiance variations, 1700–1992|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=98|issue=A11| pages =18,895–18,906| bibcode = 1993JGR....9818895H|doi=10.1029/93JA01944}} * {{Cite journal|last=Karnaukhov|first=A. V.|year=[[2001]] | title = Role of the Biosphere in the Formation of the Earth's Climate: The Greenhouse Catastrophe|journal=Biophysics|volume=46|issue=6| url = http://avturchin.narod.ru/Green.pdf|format=PDF}} * {{Cite book|last=Kenneth|first=James P.|coauthors=et al.|date = [[14 Februarii]] [[2003]] | title = Methane Hydrates in Quaternary Climate Change: The Clathrate Gun Hypothesis|publisher=American Geophysical Union| url = https://www.agu.org/cgi-bin/agubooks?book=ASSP0542960}} * {{Cite news|last=Keppler|first=Frank|coauthors=et al. | title = Global Warming&nbsp;– The Blame Is not with the Plants| url = http://www.mpg.de/english/illustrationsDocumentation/documentation/pressReleases/2006/pressRelease200601131/index.html|publisher=Max Planck Society|date = [[18 Ianuarii]] [[2006]]}} * {{Cite journal | title = The effect of increasing solar activity on the Sun's total and open magnetic flux during multiple cycles: Implications for solar forcing of climate|last=Lean|first=Judith L.|coauthors=Wang, Y. M.; Sheeley, N. R.|date = [[2002]]–12|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=29|issue=24| bibcode = 2002GeoRL..29x..77L|doi=10.1029/2002GL015880| page =2224|format=abstract}} * {{Cite book|last=Lerner|first=K. Lee|coauthors=Lerner, K. Lee; Wilmoth, Brenda | title = Environmental issues: essential primary sources|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781414406251|publisher=Thomson Gale|date = [[26 Iulii]] [[2006]]|isbn = 1-4144-0625-8}} * {{Cite book|last=McKibben|first=Bill | title = ''[http://www.orbooks.com/our-books/gwr/ The Global Warming Reader]''|publisher=[[OR Books]]|year = [[2011]]|isbn = 978-1-935928-36-2}} * Mora, Camilo, et al. 2018. "[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0315-6.epdf?referrer_access_token=40iHTgdm3t4WvkpZJObH5NRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0MpBFb5oK9YR4Jvx3dMn7ibn9GIWJWKwJdisCvkAMy74nxG-ZyqT6wOe7PObYm5vN4ockwRmPJOOv0Sv9aiCk_WkclLH85rkiCJ3dvEQf0WANIT7BvWsKF4TFduIWUzj-7TKtPmpEMUcRDHm-YI5ljESLtikWja60ae66hvcRRa3j4FnU3YPbZ1jOGhxrFgDAxuVqLpovdYXAFuTjA08d3kby4UcAo_JRVJQNI0InayKbUbCk1hbJDwpD3IwVXa9diUnDP4KSBolGcj9RVaUuYOWI1ocgjttjSQJAw2jEqdj9RNjFtc6tV09UX60u5kXQ45sGumByh3TAV8MS3t5MvuA08dBlWeB1ouXjyL8ky_mQ%3D%3D&tracking_referrer=abonnes.lemonde.fr Broad threat to humanity from cumulative climate hazards intensified by greenhouse gas emissions]" in ''[[Nature]] Climate Change'' (November 2018) * {{Cite journal|last=Muscheler, Raimund|coauthors=et al.|date = [[28 Iulii]] [[2005]] | title = Climate: How unusual is today's solar activity?|journal=Nature|volume=436|issue=7012| pages =1084–1087| url = http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/ccr/raimund/publications/Muscheler_et_al_Nature2005.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1038/nature04045|pmid=16049429|last1=Muscheler|first1=R|last2=Joos|first2=F|last3=Müller|first3=SA|last4=Snowball|first4=I| bibcode=2005Natur.436E...3M}} * {{Cite journal|last=Oerlemans|first=J.|date = [[29 Aprilis]] [[2005]] | title = Extracting a Climate Signal from 169 Glacier Records|journal=Science|volume=308|issue=5722| pages =675–677| url = http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU05/04572/EGU05-J-04572.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1126/science.1107046|pmid=15746388| bibcode=2005Sci...308..675O}} * {{Cite journal|last=Purse|first=Bethan V.|coauthors=et al. | title = Climate change and the recent emergence of bluetongue in Europe|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|volume=3|issue=2| pages =171–181|date=Februario [[2005]]|doi=10.1038/nrmicro1090| url = http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v3/n2/abs/nrmicro1090_fs.html|format=abstract|pmid=15685226|last1=Purse|first1=B. V.|last2=Mellor|first2=P. S.|last3=Rogers|first3=D. J.|last4=Samuel|first4=A. R.|last5=Mertens|first5=P. P.|last6=Baylis|first6=M.}} * {{Cite news|last=Revkin|first=Andrew C|date = [[5 Novembris]] [[2005]] | title = Rise in Gases Unmatched by a History in Ancient Ice|work=The New York Times| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/25/science/earth/25core.html?ei=5090&en=d5078e33050b2b0c&ex=1290574800&adxnnl=1&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss}} * {{cite web | title = Joint science academies' statement: Global response to climate change|author=[[Royal Society]]| url = http://royalsociety.org/Joint-science-academies-statement-Global-response-to-climate-change/|accessdate=[[19 Aprilis]] [[2009]]|year=[[2005]]}} * {{Cite book|last=Ruddiman|first=William F.|authorlink=William Ruddiman|date = [[15 Decembris]] [[2005]] | title = Earth's Climate Past and Future|location=New York|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn = 0-7167-3741-8| url = http://www.whfreeman.com/ruddiman/}} * {{Cite book|last=Ruddiman|first=William F.|date = [[1 Augusti]] [[2005]] | title = Plows, Plagues, and Petroleum: How Humans Took Control of Climate|url=https://archive.org/details/plowsplaguespetr00will|location=New Jersey|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn = 0-691-12164-8}} * {{Cite journal|last=Solanki|first=Sami K.|authorlink=Sami Solanki|coauthors=et al.|date = [[23 Octobris]] [[2004]] | title = Unusual activity of the Sun during recent decades compared to the previous 11,000 years|journal=Nature|volume=431| pages =1084–1087| url = http://cc.oulu.fi/%7Eusoskin/personal/nature02995.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1038/nature02995|pmid=15510145|last1=Solanki|first1=S. K.|last2=Usoskin|first2=I. G.|last3=Kromer|first3=B.|last4=Schüssler|first4=M.|last5=Beer|first5=J.|issue=7012| bibcode=2004Natur.431.1084S}} * {{Cite journal|last=Solanki|first=Sami K.|coauthors=et al.|date = [[28 Iulii]] [[2005]] | title = Climate: How unusual is today's solar activity? (Reply)|journal=Nature|volume=436|issue=7050| pages =E4–E5| url = http://cc.oulu.fi/%7Eusoskin/personal/sola_nature05.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1038/nature04046| bibcode=2005Natur.436E...4S}} * {{Cite journal|last=Sowers|first=Todd|date = [[10 Februarii]] [[2006]]|journal=Science|volume=311|issue=5762| pages =838–840 | title = Late Quaternary Atmospheric CH₄ Isotope Record Suggests Marine Clathrates Are Stable|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-02-10_311_5762/page/838|doi=10.1126/science.1121235|pmid=16469923|bibcode=2006Sci...311..838S}} * Steffen, Will, et al. 2018. "Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene." ''PNAS.'' 6 Augusti 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180806212510/http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/07/31/1810141115 Epitome] * {{Cite journal|last=Svensmark|first=Henrik|coauthors=et al.|date = 8 Februarii [[2007]] | title = Experimental evidence for the role of ions in particle nucleation under atmospheric conditions|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society A|volume=463|issue=2078| pages =385–396|publisher=FirstCite Early Online Publishing|doi=10.1098/rspa.2006.1773|bibcode=2007RSPSA.463..385S}}''(online version requires registration)'' * {{Cite journal|last=Walter|first=K. M.|coauthors=et al.|date = 7 Septembris [[2006]] | title = Methane bubbling from Siberian thaw lakes as a positive [[feedback]] to climate warming|journal=Nature|volume=443|issue=7107| pages =71–75|doi=10.1038/nature05040|pmid=16957728|last1=Walter|first1=K. M.|last2=Zimov|first2=S. A.|last3=Chanton|first3=J. P.|last4=Verbyla|first4=D.|last5=Chapin F. S.|first5=3rd|bibcode=[[2006]]Natur.443...71W}} * {{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Y.-M.|coauthors=Lean, J. L.; Sheeley, N. R.|date = [[20 Maii]] [[2005]] | title = Modeling the sun's magnetic field and irradiance since 1713|journal=Astrophysical Journal|volume=625|issue=1| pages =522–538| url = http://climatesci.colorado.edu/publications/pdf/Wang_2005.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1086/429689| bibcode=2005ApJ...625..522W}} ; Commentationes ab IPCC edita {{Pars vicificanda}} * {{Citation | year = [[2007]] | author = Ipcc ar4 syr | author-link = IPCC | title = Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report | series = Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the [[IPCC Fourth Assessment Report|Fourth Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | editors = Core Writing Team; Pachauri, R. K; et Reisinger, A. | publisher = IPCC | url= http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/contents.html | isbn = 92-9169-122-4 }} * {{Citation | year = [[2007]] | author = Ipcc ar4 wg1 | author-link = IPCC | title = Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis | series = Contribution of Working Group I to the [[IPCC Fourth Assessment Report|Fourth Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | editor = S. Solomon; D. Qin.; M. Manning; Z. Chen; M. Marquis; K. B. Averyt; M. Tignor; et H. L. Miller | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/contents.html | isbn = 978-0-521-88009-1 }} * {{Citation | year = [[2007]] | author = Ipcc ar4 wg2 | author-link = IPCC | title = Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | series = Contribution of Working Group II to the [[IPCC Fourth Assessment Report|Fourth Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | editor = Parry, M. L.; Canziani, O. F.; Palutikof, J. P.; van der Linden, P. J.; et Hanson, C. E. | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/contents.html | isbn = 978-0-521-88010-7 }} * {{Citation | year = [[2007]] | author = Ipcc ar4 wg3 | author-link = IPCC | title = Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change | series = Contribution of Working Group III to the [[IPCC Fourth Assessment Report|Fourth Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | editor = Metz, B.; Davidson, O. R.; Bosch, P. R.; Dave, R.; et Meyer, L.A. | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/contents.html | isbn = 978-0-521-88011-4 }} * {{Citation | year = [[1996]] | author = Ipcc sar syr | author-link = IPCC | title = Climate Change 1995: A report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | series = [[IPCC Second Assessment Report|Second Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | publisher = IPCC | url = }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20180913173945/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/climate-changes-1995/ipcc-2nd-assessment/2nd-assessment-en.pdf pdf]. <small>The "Full Report", consisting of "The IPCC Second Assessment Synthesis of Scientific-Technical Information Relevant to Interpreting Article 2 of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change" and the Summaries for Policymakers of the three Working Groups.</small> *{{Citation | year = [[1996]] | author = Ipcc sar wg3 | author-link = IPCC | title = Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change | series = Contribution of Working Group III to the [[IPCC Second Assessment Report|Second Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | editor = J. P. Bruce, H. Lee, et E. F. Haites. | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = | isbn = 0-521-56051-9 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20171011184935/http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sar/wg_III/ipcc_sar_wg_III_full_report.pdf pdf]. * {{Citation | year = [[2001]] | author = Ipcc tar wg1 | author-link = IPCC | title = Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis | series = Contribution of Working Group I to the [[IPCC Third Assessment Report|Third Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | editor = Houghton, J. T.; Ding, Y.; Griggs, D. J.; Noguer, M.; van der Linden, P. J.; Dai, X.; Maskell, K.; et Johnson, C. A. | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc%5Ftar/?src=/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/index.htm | isbn = 0-521-80767-0 }} * {{Citation | year = [[2001]] | author = Ipcc tar wg2 | author-link = IPCC | title = Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | series = Contribution of Working Group II to the [[IPCC Third Assessment Report|Third Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | editor = McCarthy, J. J.; Canziani, O. F.; Leary, N. A.; Dokken, D. J.; et White, K. S. | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc%5Ftar/?src=/climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/index.htm | isbn = 0-521-80768-9 }} * {{Citation | year = [[2001]] | author = Ipcc tar wg3 | author-link = IPCC | title = Climate Change 2001: Mitigation | series = Contribution of Working Group III to the [[IPCC Third Assessment Report|Third Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | editor = Metz, B.; Davidson, O.; Swart, R.; et Pan, J. | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc%5Ftar/?src=/climate/ipcc_tar/wg3/index.htm | isbn = 0-521-80769-7 }} * {{Citation | year = [[2001]] | author = Ipcc tar syr | author-link = IPCC | title = Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report | series = Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the [[IPCC Third Assessment Report|Third Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | editor = Watson, R. T.; et Core Writing Team | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/vol4/english/index.htm | isbn = 0-521-80770-0 }} *{{Citation | publisher= The National Academies Press | isbn = 0-309-14588-0 | title = America's Climate Choices: Panel on Advancing the Science of Climate Change; | author = National Research Council | location = Vasingtoniae, D.C. | year = [[2010]] | url = http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12782 }} {{NexInt}} *[[Anthropocaenum]] *[[Concilium climaticum Cancunense]] *[[Dies Veneris pro posteritate]] *[[Desilvatio]] *[[Effectus thermocepicus]] *''[[El Niño]]'' *[[Eremopoesis]] *[[Negatio calefactionis globalis]] *[[Energia renovabilis]] *''[[Laudato si']]'' *''[[The Day After Tomorrow]]'' ==Nexus externi== ;Investigationes * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150502112810/http://dels.nas.edu/Climate/Climate-Change/Reports-Academies-Findings Climate Change at the National Academies,] dels.nas.edu *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130404221841/http://discover.itsc.uah.edu/ DISCOVER,] discover.itsc.ush.edu * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150323033013/http://edgcm.columbia.edu/ Educational Global Climate Modelling,] edgcm.columbia.edu (EdGCM) * [http://www.istl.org/01-fall/internet.html Global Science and Technology Sources on the Internet,] www.istl.org *[http://www.globalwarmingart.com/ Global Warming Art,] www.globalwarmingart.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101127075407/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climatechange/ Met Office: Climate change,] www.metoffice.gov.uk (National Weather Service) * [http://www.giss.nasa.gov/ NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies,] www.giss.nasa.gov (Global Change Research) * [http://www.nature.com/climate/index.html Nature Reports Climate Change,] www.nature.com * [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/2011/2 NOAA State of the Climate Report,] www.ncdc.noaa.gov ;Educatio * [http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/BestEffortGlobalWarmingTrajectories Best Effort Global Warming Trajectories,] demonstrations.wolfram.com (Harvey Lam, Wolfram Demonstrations Project) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120508171551/http://cgs.illinois.edu/content/global-warming-resources Global Warming,] cgs.illinois.edu (Center for Global Studies at the University of Illinois) * [http://www.c2es.org/ Center for Climate and Energy Solutions,] www.c2es.org * [http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/indicators.html Climate Change Indicators in the United States,] www.epa.gov (United States Environmental Protection Agency) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090101170714/http://www.hamburger-bildungsserver.de/welcome.phtml?unten=/klima/ipcc2007 Collectio materialium de calefactione globali,] www,hamburger-bildungsserver.de * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121214123043/http://climate.jpl.nasa.gov/ Global Climate Change: NASA's Eyes on the Earth,] climate.jpl.nasa.gov (NASA, JPL; Caltech) * [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/indicators/ Global Climate Change Indicators,] www.ncdc.noaa.gov (NOAA) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100614033126/http://site.videoproject.com/coralreefs/ Climate Change: Coral Reefs on the Edge,] site.videoproject.com (Prof. Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, University of Auckland) * [http://chemistry.beloit.edu/Warming/index.html Global Warming,] chemistry.beloit.edu * [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalwarming.html Global Warming Frequently Asked Questions,] www.ncdc.noaa.gov (NOAA) * [http://www.ipy.org/links-a-resources/item/135-koshland-science-museum--global-warming-facts-and-our-future Koshland Science Museum&nbsp;– Global Warming Facts and Our Future,] www.ipy.org (National Academy of Sciences) * [http://www.klimawiki.org Klimawiki,] www.klimawiki.org * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110703210729/http://www.climate.gov/#understandingClimate NOAA Climate Services,] www.climate.gov (NOAA) * [http://ourworld.unu.edu/en/series/climate/ OurWorld 2.0,] ourworld.unu.edu (United Nations University) * [http://www.ipcc.ch/ Pagina IPCC] et eius [http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/assessments-reports.htm Quarta relatio de calefactione globali] {{Ling |Anglice}} * [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/extremeice/thin_01_q_300.html Pellicula de effectibus calefactionis globalis] in [[Insula Sancti Laurentii]] in [[Mare Beringianum|mari Beringiano]], www.pbs.org (PBS) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090305100721/http://www.ucar.edu/news/features/climatechange/faqs.jsp Understanding Climate Change&nbsp;– Frequently Asked Questions,] www.ucar.edu (UCAR) * [http://green.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/gw-overview.html What Is Global Warming?] green.nationalgeographic.com (National Geographic) {{1000 paginae}} [[Categoria:Calefactio globalis|!]] [[Categoria:Globalizatio]] [[Categoria:Historia climatis]] [[Categoria:Meteorologia]] [[Categoria:Societas hominum]] {{Myrias|Physica}} gk9ltwv9wgc930nwifgazezi33zsz43 0 61995 3980202 3752920 2026-08-10T05:54:40Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3980202 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Lot2.jpg|thumb|right|Pecuniae fiduciariae a Germania.]] [[Fasciculus:USCurrency Federal Reserve.jpg|thumb|right|Pecuniae fiduciariae a [[CFA]].]] '''Pecunia fiduciaria''' est [[pecunia symbolica]] cuius [[valor]]em [[civitatis rectio]]nes legibus moderantur. Valor eius solus ex iusso rectionis provenit. Valore intrinsico omnino caret, quod cives eum nec in [[aurum|auro]] nec [[merx|merce]] nec pecunia altera convertere necesse possunt. == Historia == Pecunia fiduciaria primum in [[America]] adhibita est [[saeculum 17|saeculo septemdecimo]] et tunc post [[Depressio oeconomica magna|Depressionem Magnam]] [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicesimo]]. [[Praeceptum aureum]] cives protegit ab malo [[hyperinflatio]]nario et aliis iniuriis [[doctrina monetarista|doctrinae monetaristae]], sicut eis quae visae sunt dum [[Magna Depressio]] fit. [[Magna Depressio]]ne incipiente, igitur, homines et civitates aurum cupienter composuissent, ne casus [[bursa]]rum [[argentaria]]rumque vel [[inflatio monetaria]] capitalem suum delevit. Quae cum ita sint, interventores, qui, ut severa depressionis mala leniantur, oeconomiam destricte a rectione regi volebant, praeceptum aureum malum habebant. Quamobrem circum annum [[1933]] civitates [[praeceptum aureum]] partim reliquerunt. In CFA, hoc accidit per [[Iussum Exsecutivum Numerum 6102]], quo dominium auri ab civibus vetatum est.<ref>Iussum per se vetavit dominium nummorum quae centum dollarium excedit, nisi in [[ornamentum|ornamento]] facti sunt aut ad res fabricandas teneatur. Confer [https://web.archive.org/web/20110903050244/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=14611 Textum Iussi Exsecutivi 6102] ab Incepto de Praesidentia Americana {{ling|Anglice}}.</ref> Ex anno [[1933]] pleraeque [[moneta (fabrica)|monetae]] nummos aureos iam non cuderunt. Hoc facto aetas pecuniae chartaceae advenit. Civitates mundi anno [[1944]] [[systema Bretton Woods]] adoptaverunt, quo civitates inter se aurum pro charta argentaria mutabunt, sed civibus ipsis iam aurum non habebunt.<ref>Lege de conventu Bretton-Woods apud [[:en:Bretton Woods system|Wikipediam Anglicam]].</ref> [[Dollarium]] CFA per conventum internationale sicut pecunia reserva internationalis functus est. Hoc autem systema demum anno [[1971]] quoque succubuit, quo tempore omnes civitates mundi ad systema fiduciarium adusque conversi sunt. Hoc in systemate valor [[moneta civitatis|monetae civitatis]] aestimatur per [[cambium internationale]] ([[FOREX]]) et aequilibrium omnium mercimoniorum quae inter nationes commerciantur. Valor monetae cuiusdam civitatis tandem diminuit siquando [[lacuna commercialis]] magna accumulatur. [[Argentaria centralis]] quoque potest valorem moderari per [[usuria]]s et [[reserva capitalis|reservas capitales]] accomondandas et [[aerarium civicum]] potest novas chartas novas imprimendo ad [[oblatum monetarium]] augendum.<ref>Vide paginam Wikipediae Anglicae nomine [[:en:Foreign exchange market|Foreign exchange market]].</ref> == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} *[[Charta argentaria]] {{oecon-stipula}} [[Categoria:Oeconomia]] seu7leacirxqemmbbygbmo7xlxragcv 0 62436 3980157 3158322 2026-08-10T01:25:18Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980157 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Hendrikus Colijn.png|thumb|Henricus Colijn]] '''Henricus Colijn''' (''Hendrikus'' seu ''Hendrik Colijn''; natus apud [[Burgerveen]] die [[22 Iunii]] [[1869]]; mortuus [[Ilmenavia]]e die [[18 Septembris]] [[1944]]) fuit miles et politicorum peritus [[Nederlandia]]e et particeps factionis [[Factio Antirevolutionaria (Nederlandia)|Antirevolutionariae]]. Fuit praeses ministrorum annis [[1925]] et [[1926]] et ab anno [[1933]] usque ad [[1939]], [[colonia]]rum minister et scriptor de re imperiali. == Opera == * ''Koloniale vraagstukken van heden en morgen'' (Amstelodami: De Standaard, 1928) * ''Geen rust, maar bezinning'' (Amstelodami: De Standaard, 1929) == Bibliographia == * [[Christianus Snouck Hurgronje|C. Snouck Hurgronje]], ''Colijn over Indië''. Amstelodami: H. J. W. Becht, 1928 * Jan Bank, Chris Vos, ''Hendrikus Colijn antirevolutionair''. Houtern: De Haan, 1987. ISBN 90-269-4245-1 * Jan de Bruijn, Herman Jan Langeveld, ''Colijn: bouwstenen voor een biografie''. Kampen: Kok, 1994. ISBN 90-242-8377-9 == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Hendrikus Colijn|Henricum Colijn}} * "[http://www.inghist.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/BWN/lemmata/bwn2/colijn Colijn, Hendrikus (1869-1944)]" in ''Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland'' {{Bio-stipula}} {{Primi Ministri Nederlandici}} {{Ministri rerum externarum Nederlandici}} {{Ministri munitionis Nederlandici}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Colijn, Hendricus}} [[Categoria:Scriptores Nederlandiae]] [[Categoria:Primi Ministri Nederlandiae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de re imperiali]] [[Categoria:Auctores Nederlandici]] [[Categoria:Nati 1869]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1944]] 9bo7cvaekbun0mo5llj8d736mdavf9d 0 62497 3980064 3965813 2026-08-09T23:52:41Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Thomas J. Lopez & Slobodan Milošević.jpg|thumb|Slobodan Milošević (ad dextram) cum [[T. Joseph Lopez]], classi praefecto, [[Belgradum|Belgradi]] mense Septembri [[1996]] sedet.]] {{res|Slobodan Milošević}} ([[Serbice]] Слободан Милошевић [{{IPA|slɔˈbɔdan miˈlɔːʃɛvitɕ}}], {{Audio|Sr-SlobodanMilosevic.ogg|pronunciatio}}; natus in [[Požarevac]] [[Serbia]]e die [[20 Augusti]] [[1941]]; repente mortuus captivus [[generis occidio|genocidii]] causa [[Haga]]e civitatis [[Nederlandia]]e die [[11 Martii]] [[2006]], ubi [[Iudicium Criminale inter Gentes pro Iugoslavia Pristina]] stat, a quo Milošević in custodiam datus est die [[12 Februarii]] [[2002]] [[scelus contra humanitatem|scelerum contra humanitatem]] causa) fuit [[rerum politicarum peritus]] [[Iugoslavia|Iugoslavus]] et postea ab anno [[1989]] usque ad annum [[1997]] [[Serbia]]e et ab anno [[1997]] usque ad diem [[5 Octobris]] [[2000]] [[Iugoslavia]]e praeses. == Bibliographia == * Civikov, Germinal. ''Der Milosevic-Prozess. Bericht eines Beobachters''. Promedia, [[Vindobona]]e 2006, ISBN 3-85371-264-9. {{ling|Theodisce}} *{{Cite journal |last=Clark |first=Janine |date=Maio 2007 |title=National Minorities and the Milošević Regime |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nationalities-papers_2007-05_35_2/page/317 |journal=Nationalities Papers |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=317–339 |doi=10.1080/00905990701254375 |s2cid=153832814}} {{Ling|Anglice}} *Crnobrnja, Mihailo, "The Yugoslav Drama" (McGill 1996) {{Ling|Anglice}} * Djukić, Slavoljub. ''Milošević und die Macht. Serbiens Weg in den Abgrund''. 2000, ISBN 3-9806814-2-4. {{ling|Theodisce}} *Herman, Eduardus S. and David Peterson, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090126202221/http://www.zmag.org/simonsyugo.htm Marlise Simons on the Yugoslavia Tribunal: A Study in Total Propaganda Service], ZNet, 2004. {{Ling|Anglice}} *Herman, Eduardus S. and David Peterson, [https://web.archive.org/web/20060904021301/http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=21&ItemID=10258 Milosevic's Death in the Propaganda System], ZNet, 14 Maii 2006. {{Ling|Anglice}} *Herman, Eduardus S. and David Peterson, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080313024024/http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=21&ItemID=12321 Marlise Simons and the ''New York Times'' on the International Court of Justice Decision on Serbia and Genocide in Bosnia], ZNet, 2007. {{Ling|Anglice}} *Kelly, Michael J., ''Nowhere to Hide: Defeat of the Sovereign Immunity Defense for Crimes of Genocide & the Trials of Slobodan Milosevic and Saddam Hussein'' (Peter Lang 2005). {{Ling|Anglice}} *Laughland, Ioannes, "Travesty: the Trial of Slobodan Milosevic and the Corruption of International Justice" (Londinii: Pluto Press, 2007){{Ling|Anglice}} *{{Cite journal |last=Vladisavljevic |first=Nebojsa |date=Martio 2004 |title=Institutional power and the rise of Milošević |url=https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/17235/ |journal=Nationalities Papers |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=183–205 |doi=10.1080/0090599042000186160 |s2cid=154090422 |archive-date=20 Novembris 2023 |access-date=17 Octobris 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120001953/https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/17235/ |url-status=live }} {{Ling|Anglice}} *{{Cite book |last=Parenti |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qWbGftW07WoC |title=To Kill a Nation: The Attack on Yugoslavia |publisher=Verso |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-85984-366-6 |author-link=Michael Parenti |orig-year=2000 }} {{Ling|Anglice}} *{{Cite journal |last=Fridman |first=Orli |year=2010 |title='It was like fighting a war with our own people': anti-war activism in Serbia during the 1990s |journal=The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=507–522 |doi=10.1080/00905992.2011.579953 |s2cid=153467930}} {{Ling|Anglice}} {{NexInt}} * [[Index regum praesidumque Serbiae]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Slobodan Milošević|{{PAGENAME}}}} {{Fontes biographici}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20021216213225/http://www.un.org/icty/indictment/english/mil-ai021023.htm Tribunalis criminalis internationalis Hagae accusatio contra Milošević propter crimina] in Croatia{{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040525020127/http://www.un.org/icty/indictment/english/mil-ai040421-e.htm Tribunalis criminalis internationalis Hagae accusatio contra Milošević propter crimina] in Bosnia et Herzegovina {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20011115022854/http://www.un.org/icty/indictment/english/mil-2ai011029e.htm Tribunalis criminalis internationalis Hagae accusatio contra Milošević propter crimina] in Kosovo {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131210091933/http://vonhelmrich.de/milosevic3.htm SLOBODAN MILOŚEVIĆ sive ab infortunato ad martyrem] {{Praesides Serbiae}} {{Lifetime|1941|2006|Milosevic, Slobodan}} [[Categoria:Duces civitatum]] [[Categoria:Mortui captivi]] [[Categoria:Politici Serbiae]] {{Myrias|Homines}} 0q19s4cl17qwkmuhmjuiosqf71fx1in 0 62502 3979985 3467199 2026-08-09T22:51:38Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3979985 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Modern Times''''' (scilicet [[Latine]] ''Nova tempora'') est [[historia]]e [[cinematographia]]e [[pellicula muta]] a [[moderator cinematographicus|moderatore]] [[Carolinus Chaplin|Carolino Chaplin]], qui etiam ut primus [[histrio]] agit, anno [[1936]] edita. In hac pellicula, in qua [[fabula]] de nova [[vita]] [[homo|hominis]] [[laborator]]is in [[opificina|opificinis]] modo [[industrializatio]]nis quae [[dignitas|dignitate]] humanam privat enarratur et quam homines docti [[Institutum Pellicularum Americanarum|Americani Pellicularum Instituti]] inter [[Centum celeberrimae pelliculae|Centum celeberrimas pelliculas]] enumerant, hi actores agunt: * [[Carolinus Chaplin]] * [[Paulina Goddard]] * [[Stanley S. Sanford]] * [[Chester Conklin]] * [[Caecilius Reynolds]] * [[Henricus Bergman]] * [[Aloysius Natheaux]] * [[Allan Garcia]] == Nexus externus == * {{Imdb title|0027977}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081231202112/http://www.charliechaplin.com/en/articles/6 De hac pellicula] {{cine-stipula}} [[Categoria:Carolus Chaplin]] [[Categoria:Centum celeberrimae pelliculae]] [[Categoria:Pelliculae 1936]] [[Categoria:Pelliculae Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Pelliculae comoedicae]] [[Categoria:Pelliculae mutae]] q7lcv9grnsjcjoxqax5pkph0g3c8xh4 0 63096 3979965 3869808 2026-08-09T22:28:27Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Myxinidae | image = Pacific_hagfish_Myxine.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Eptatretus stoutii]]'' super alveum oceani <!--280&nbsp;m depth--> ante litus [[Oregonia]]e quiescit. | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | unranked_classis = [[Craniata]] | classis = '''Myxini''' | ordo = '''Myxiniformes''' | familia = '''Myxinidae''' | subdivision_ranks = [[Genus (taxinomia)|Genera]] | subdivision = * ''[[Eptatretus]]'' * ''[[Myxine]]'' * ''[[Nemamyxine]]'' * ''[[Neomyxine]]'' * ''[[Notomyxine]]'' * ''[[Paramyxine]]'' (sed vide infra) }} '''Myxinidae''' sunt [[craniata]] marina [[classis (taxinomia)|classis]] [[Agnatha|Agnathorum]], vel Myxinorum, etiam Hyperotreti appellatorum. Aliqui investigatores habent Myxinas non ad [[phylum (taxinomia)|subphylum]] [[Vertebrata]] pertinere.<ref>[[Neil A. Campbell|N. A. Campbell]] et [[Jane Reece|J. B. Reece]], ''Biology,'' ed.7a (Franciscopole: Benjamin Cummings, 2005).</ref> == Nota == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{vicispecies|Myxinidae}} == Fontes == * {{FishBase family|family=Myxinidae|year=2011|month=February}} * {{cite journal|doi=10.1643/0045-8511(2006)6[225:ANSOGS]2.0.CO;2|url=http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1643%2F0045-8511%282006%296%5B225%3AANSOGS%5D2.0.CO%3B2|last1=Mincarone|first1=Michael M.|last2=Stewart|first2=Andrew L.|title=New species ''Eptatretus goliath''|journal=BIOONE Online Journals|volume=6|issue=2|pages=225|accessdate=2008-02-19|year=2006}} * {{cite book|author=J. M. Jørgensen, J. P. Lomholt, R. E. Weber, et H. Malte (eds.)|title=The biology of hagfishes|location=London|publisher=[[Chapman & Hall]]|year=1997}} * {{cite journal|author=Delarbre ''et al.''|year=2002|title=Complete Mitochondrial DNA of the Hagfish, Eptatretus burgeri: The Comparative Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Sequences Strongly Supports the Cyclostome Monophyly|url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2002-02_22_2/page/184|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=22|issue=2|pages=184–192|doi=10.1006/mpev.2001.1045|pmid=11820840|last2=Gallut|first2=C|last3=Barriel|first3=V|last4=Janvier|first4=P|last5=Gachelin|first5=G}} * {{cite journal|author=Bondareva and Schmidt|year=2003|title=Early Vertebrate Evolution of the TATA-Binding Protein, TBP|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=20|issue=11|pages=1932–1939|doi=10.1093/molbev/msg205|pmid=12885957|last2=Schmidt|first2=EE|pmc=2577151}} * Fudge, D. (2001). Hagfishes: Champions of Slime. ''Nature Australia'' (Spring):61–69. . Australian Museum Trust, Sydney. == Bibliographia == * Bardack, D. [[1991]]. First fossil hagfish (Myxinoidea): A record from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois. ''Science'' 254: 701-703. * Bardack, D., et E. S. Richardson Jr. [[1977]]. New agnathous fishes from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois. ''Fieldiana: Geology'' 33: 489-510. * Brodal, A., et R. Fänge., eds. [[1963]]. ''The Biology of Myxine.'' Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. * Fernholm, B., et K. Holmberg. [[1975]]. "The eyes in three genera of hagfish (Eptatretus, Paramyxine and Myxine): A case of degenerative evolution." ''Vision Research'' 15: 253-259. * Hardisty, M. W. [[1982]]. "Lampreys and hagfishes: Analysis of cyclostome relationships." In ''The Biology of Lampreys,'' ed. M. W. Hardisty et I. C. Potter), 4B:165–259. Londinii: Academic Press. * Janvier, P. [[1996]]. ''Early vertebrates.'' Oxford Monographs in Geology and Geophysics, 33 Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. * Marinelli, W., et A. Strenger. [[1956]]. ''Vergleichende Anatomie und Morphologie der Wirberltiere: Myxine glutinosa.'' Vindobonae: Franz Deuticke. * Yalden, D.W. [[1985]]. "Feeding mechanisms as evidence for cyclostome monophyly." ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society'' 84: 291-300. * Stock, D. W., et G. S. Whitt. [[1992]]. "Evidence from 18S ribosomal RNA that lampreys and hagfishes form a natural group." ''Science'' 257: 787-789. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Myxinidae|Myxinidas}} * [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?ID=2 FishBase entry for Myxinidae] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071018031200/http://oceanlink.island.net/oinfo/hagfish/hagfish.html OceanLink description of hagfish] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160126130722/http://www.tellapallet.com/tree_of_life.htm Tree of life illustration showing hagfish's relation to other organisms] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NYRr_MrjebA YouTube 5+ minute video of Scripps scientist/diver on hagfish] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110825100652/http://www.metacafe.com/watch/1597296/hagfish_and_the_disgusting_slime/] {{piscis-stipula}} [[Categoria:Agnatha]] [[Categoria:Myxinidae| ]] [[Categoria:Necrophagi]] [[Categoria:Pisces esculenti]] [[Categoria:Pisces Oceani Pacifici]] ipf8hyu9s90au1jhgxht04lmarmkgtu 0 63104 3979898 3737847 2026-08-09T21:09:53Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Craniata | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|540|0|r=[[Cambrium]] inferius > [[Recens]]}} | image = Hoatzin_in_Peru.jpg | image_caption = [[Opisthocomus hoazin]] | image_width=250px | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | subdivisio = '''Craniata''' | subdivisio_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]]<ref name = Donoghue2000> {{Cite journal | last1 = Donoghue | first1 = Phillip C. J. | last2 = Forey | first2 = Peter L. | last3 = Aldridge | first3 = Richard J. | year = 2000 | title = Conodont affinity and chordate phylogeny | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-reviews_2000-05_75_2/page/n24 | journal = Biological Reviews | volume = 75 | issue = 2 | pages = 191–251 | doi = 10.1017/S0006323199005472 | pmid = 10881388 }}</ref>, [[1758]] | subdivision_ranks = Subphyla | subdivision = *Subphylum '''[[Myxini]]''' * Subphylum '''[[Vertebrata]]''' * Subphylum '''[[Petromyzontida]]''' }} '''Craniata''' sunt cladus [[animal]]ium accurate propositus animalium [[chordata|chordatum]] cladus qui [[vertebrata]] et [[myxini]] continere debuit id es omnia animalia quae [[calva|cranium]] habent. == Pinacotheca imaginum == <gallery> Imago:Hippo skull dark.jpg|''[[Hippopotamus]]'' Imago:Tyrannoskull.jpg|''[[Tyrannosaurus]]'' Imago:Felis catus-skull-drawing.jpg|''[[Feles]]'' </gallery> == Notae == * Blieck, A. [[1992]]. "At the origin of chordates." ''Géobios'' 25: 101-113. * Forey, P. L. (1984). Yet more reflections on agnathan-gnathostome relationships. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 4, 330-343. * Forey, P. L., et P. Janvier. (1993). Agnathans and the origin of jawed vertebrates. Nature, 361, 129-134. * Forey, P. L., et P. Janvier. (1994). Evolution of the early vertebrates. American Scientist, 82, 554-565. * Gagnier, P. Y. (1993a). Sacabambaspis janvieri, Vertébré ordovicien de Bolivie. 1, Analyse morphologique. Annales de Paléontologie, 79, 19-69. * Gans, C. (1989). Stages in the origin of vertebrates: analysis by means of scenarios. Biological Reviews, 64, 221-268. * Gans, C. (1993). Evolutionary origin of the vertebrate skull. In The skull (ed. J. Hanken and B. K. Hall), Vol. 2, pp. 1-35. The University of Chicago Press. * Gans, C., et R. G. Northcutt. (1983). Neural crest and the origin of vertebrates: A new head. Science, 220, 268-274. * Gee, H. (1996). Before the backbone. Chapman & Hall, London. * Hardisty, M. W. (1982). Lampreys and hagfishes: Analysis of cyclostome relationships. In The Biology of Lampreys, (ed. M. W. Hardisty and I. C. Potter), Vol.4B, pp. 165-259. Academic Press, London. * [[Philippus Janvier|Janvier, P.]] (1981). The phylogeny of the Craniata, with particular reference to the significance of fossil 'agnathans'. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 1, 121-159. * Janvier, P. (1993). Patterns of diversity in the skull of jawless fishes. In The skull (ed. J. Hanken and B. K. Hall), Vol. 2, pp. 131-188. The University of Chicago Press. * Janvier, P. (1996a). The dawn of the vertebrates: characters versus common ascent in current vertebrate phylogenies. Palaeontology, 39, 259-287. * Janvier, P. (1996b). Early vertebrates. Oxford Monographs in Geology and Geophysics, 33, Oxford University Press, Oxford. * Jefferies, R. P. S.(1986). The ancestry of the vertebrates. British Museum (Natural History), London. * Løvtrup, S. (1977). The Phylogeny of Vertebrata. Wiley, New York. * Maisey, J. G. (1986). Heads and tails: a chordate phylogeny. Cladistics, 2, 201-256. * Maisey, J. G. (1988). Phylogeny of Early vertebrate skeletal induction and ossification pattern. Evolutionary Biology, 22, 1-36. * Moy-Thomas, J. A., et Miles, R. S. (1971). Palaeozoic Fishes, 2nd edn, extensively revised by R. S. Miles. Chapman and Hall, London. * Nelson, G. J. [[1969]]. "Gill arches and the phylogeny of fishes, with notes on the classification of vertebrates." ''Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History'' 141: 475-552. * Nelson, G. J. [[1989]]. "Phylogeny of major fish groups." In ''The hierarchy of life,'' ed. B. Fernholm, K. Bremer, et H. Jörnvall, 325-336, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam. * Northcutt, R. G., et C. Gans. [[1983]]. "The genesis of neural crest and epidermal placodes: a reinterpretation of vertebrate origins." ''The Quarterly Review of Biology'' 58: 1-28. * Schaeffer, B., et K. S. Thomson. [[1980]]. "Reflections on agnathan-gnathostome relationships." In ''Aspects of vertebrate life,'' ed. L. L. Jacobs, 19-33. Museum of Northern Arizona Press, Flagstaff. * Yalden, D. W. (1985). "Feeding mechanisms as evidence for cyclostome monophyly." ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society'' 84: 291-300. == Nexus externi == * [http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonList.aspx?subject=Taxon&by=ScientificName&search=craniata* Craniata apud Systema Natura] * [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Craniata.html#Craniata Craniata apud Animaldiversityweb] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090129173924/http://tolweb.org/Craniata/14826 Craniata apud '''Tree of Life'''] <references/> {{Vicispecies|Chordata Craniata|Craniata}} {{CommuniaCat|Craniata}} [[Categoria:Chordata]] [[Categoria:Taxa intercalaria]] [[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1758]] 27euup84qoo7w4lyksj8kw5nn3yry91 0 67616 3980113 3541973 2026-08-10T00:25:52Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = '''Caelifera''' | fossil_range = [[Triassicum|Triassico]] ineunte – recenst<ref>{{cite book |author=Zeuner, F. E. |date=1939 |title=Fossil Orthoptera Ensifera |publisher=British Museum Natural History |oclc=1514958}}.</ref> {{fossilrange|250|0}} | image = Pygmy mole cricket (8071068977) cropped.jpg | image_caption = [[Species]] [[Tridactyloidea|tridactyloideorum]] | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | subclassis = [[Pterygota]] | infraclassis = [[Neoptera]] | superordo = [[Orthopteroidea]] | ordo = [[Orthoptera]] | subordo = [[Caelifera]] | subordo_authority = [[Kjell Ernestus Victor Ander|Ander]], [[1939]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Infraordo|Infraordines]] | subdivision = * [[Acrididea]] * [[Tridactylidea]] }} [[Fasciculus:Tetrigid WG.jpg|thumb|Species [[Tetrigidae|tetrigidarum]].]] '''Caelifera''' sunt [[subordo]] [[insecta|insectorum]] [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordinis]] [[Orthoptera|Orthopterorum]].<ref>TOLweb.</ref> Comprehendunt [[acrididea]] cum insectis similibus, aliasque [[superfamilia]]s cum eis digestas: [[tetrigoidea]] et [[tridactyloidea]]. Tridactyloidea vicissim non confundenda sunt cum [[gryllotalpidae|gryllotalpidis]], ad [[Ensifera]], alium orthoperorum subordinem, pertinentibus. ==Subdivisiones et earum distributiones== Caelifera comprehendunt 2400 fere [[genus (taxinomia)|genera]] descripta et 12 000 fere [[species|specierum]] notarum. Multae species non dum descriptae ut videtur existunt, praecipue in [[silva pluvialis|silvis pluvialibus]]. Caeliferis, ut quidem plurimis orthopteris, est [[distributio geographica|distribitio]] plerumque [[zona tropica|tropica]], paucioribus speciebus in [[regio]]nibus [[clima temperatum|temperatis]] inventis. Caelifera in duos [[infraordo|infraordines]] digeruntur: Tridactylidea (basaliora) et Acrididea. [[Nomen proprium|Nomen]] ''acrididea'' ex veterioribus fontibus derivatur, sicut operibus [[Augustus Daniel Imms|Augusti Danielis Imms]].<ref name = "Imms">Imms A. D., rev. Richards O. W. & Davies R. G. (1970), ''A General Textbook of Entomology,'' ed. nona, Methuen.</ref> * Infraordo [[Tridactylidea]] ** [[Tridactyloidea]] <small>Brullé, 1835</small><ref>Ragge 1965: 299.</ref> (omnes [[continens|continentes]] praeter [[Antarctica]]m) ** [[Dzhajloutshelloidea]] <small>Gorochov, 1994</small> † * Infraordo [[Acrididea]]<ref>[https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=657454#null ITIS: Acrididea (Retrieved 23/7/2017)].</ref><ref>[http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1100421 Orthoptera Species File: infraorder Acrididea (Retrieved 20/7/2017)].</ref> ** [[Tetrigoidea]] ([[taxon]] [[monotypismus|monotypicum]]) <small>Serville, 1838</small><ref>Ragge 1965: 299.</ref><ref name = "Imms"/> (omnes [[continens|continentes]] praeter [[Antarctica]]m) ** Superfamilia: [[Acridomorpha]], grex privatus *** [[Acridoidea]] <small>MacLeay, 1821</small> ([[mundus]]), circiter 10 000 specierum in [[Acrididae|Acrididis]] solae *** [[Eumastacoidea]] <small>Burr, 1899</small> ([[America]], [[Africa]], [[Australasia]]) *** [[Locustopsoidea]] <small>Handlirsch, 1906</small> † *** [[Pneumoroidea]] <small>Blanchard, 1845</small> ([[Africa]]) *** [[Proscopioidea]] <small>Serville, 1838</small> ([[America Australis]]) *** [[Pyrgomorphoidea]] ([[taxon]] [[monotypismus|monotypicum]]) <small>B. von Wattenwyl, 1882</small> (omnes continentes tropicae et subtropicae) *** [[Tanaoceroidea]] ([[taxon]] [[monotypismus|monotypicum]]) <small>Rehn, 1948</small> ([[America Septentrionalis]]) *** [[Trigonopterygoidea]] <small>Walker, 1870</small> ([[America Media]], [[Asia meridio-orientalis]]) ===Coniunctiones=== [[Phylogenia]] [[Acrididea|Acridideorum]] bene describitur, sex ex octo [[superfamilia|superfamiliis]] infra in [[cladogramma]]te perscriptis. Sicut [[Ensifera]], Caelifera et eius superfamiliae [[monophyletismus|monophyleticae]] videntur.<ref>TOLweb</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Flook |first1=P. K. |last2=Rowell |first2=C. H. F. |title=The Phylogeny of the Caelifera (Insecta, Orthoptera) as Deduced from mtrRNA Gene Sequences |url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_1997-08_8_1/page/89 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=1997 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=89–103 |doi=10.1006/mpev.1997.0412 |pmid=9242597}}.</ref> {{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:90% |label1=[[Orthoptera]] |1={{clade |label1=[[Ensifera]] |1=[6 superfamiliae] [[Fasciculus:Gryllus01.jpg|70px]] |label2='''Caelifera''' |2={{clade |label1=''' [[Tridactylidea]] ''' |1={{clade |1=[[Tridactyloidea]] [[Fasciculus:Pygmy mole cricket (8071068977) cropped.jpg|70px]] |2=[[Dzhajloutshelloidea]] ([[exstinctio|exstincta]]) }} |label2=''' [[Acrididea]] ''' |2={{clade |1=[[Tetrigoidea]] [[Fasciculus:Tetrix subulata 2.JPG|70px]] |label3=''' Acridomorpha ''' |3={{clade |1=[[Eumastacoidea]] [[Fasciculus: Monkey hopper (14795010039).jpg|70px]] |2={{clade |1=[[Pneumoroidea]] [[Fasciculus:Bladder Grasshopper (Bullacris intermedia) (30068047440).jpg |70px]] |2={{clade |1=[[Pyrgomorphoidea]] [[Fasciculus:Variegated grasshopper (Zonocerus variegatus).jpg|70px]] |2=[[Acridoidea]] ''etc.'' [[Fasciculus:SGR laying.jpg|70px]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} [[Phylogenia]] Caeliferorum, secundum [[RNA]] [[ribosoma]]tis [[mitochondrium|mitochondriorum]] triginta duarum taxonorum, in sex ex septem superfamiliis ut [[cladogramma]] infra monstratur. Ensifera, Caelifera, et omnes acridideorum superfamiliae praeter Pamphagoidea monophyleticae videntur.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Flook |first1=P.K. |last2=Rowell |first2=C.H.F. |title=The Phylogeny of the Caelifera (Insecta, Orthoptera) as Deduced from mtrRNA Gene Sequences |url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_1997-08_8_1/page/89 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=1997 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=89–103 |doi=10.1006/mpev.1997.0412 |pmid=9242597}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Hong-Li|last2=Huang |first2=Yuan|last3=Lin |first3=Li-Liang |last4=Wang |first4=Xiao-Yang |last5=Zheng|first5=Zhe-Min |title=The phylogeny of the Orthoptera (Insecta) as deduced from mitogenomic gene sequences |journal=Zoological Studies |date=2013 |volume=52 |page=37 |doi=10.1186/1810-522X-52-37|doi-access=free }}.</ref> {{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85% |label1=[[Orthoptera]] |1={{clade |label1=[[Ensifera]] |1=[6 superfamilies] [[Fasciculus:Gryllus campestris MHNT.jpg|35px]] |label2=Caelifera |2={{clade |1=[[Tridactyloidea]] [[Fasciculus:Ripipteryx mopana.jpg|50px]] |2={{clade |1=[[Tetrigoidea]] [[Fasciculus:Tetrix bipunctata01 crop.jpg|50px]] |2={{clade |1=[[Eumastacidae]] [[Fasciculus:Genera Insectorum - Eumastax vittata.jpg|80px]] |2={{clade |1=[[Proscopiidae]] [[Fasciculus:Pseudoproscopia spec. - Tiergarten Schönbrunn crop.jpg|50px]] |2={{clade |1=[[Pneumoridae]] [[Fasciculus:Bladder Grasshopper (Bullacris intermedia) (30068047440).jpg |50px]] |2={{clade |1=[[Pyrgomorphidae]] [[Fasciculus:Pyrgomorphidae - Phymateus aegrotus.JPG|50px]] |2=[[Acrididae]] + [[Pamphagidae]] [[Fasciculus:Annualreportofag1119021903univ 0052AA2 Figure 1.jpg|50px]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} ==Significatio oeconomica et vocabula== Nonnullae species, praeter in acridoideis, sunt [[pestis (organismus)|pestes]] [[agricultura]]e magni momenti, sed non omnes sunt species cuius multitudines [[morphologia|morphologice]] commutari possunt cum conferti sint, et [[mores]] [[examinatio]]nis<!--swarming behaviour--> exhibere possunt.<ref>Uvarov 1966.</ref> Alia exempla pestium agriculturae sunt ''[[Oedaleus senegalensis]]'' et certae species inter [[Pyrgomorphidae|Pyrgomorphidas]], praecipue ''[[Zonocerus variegatus]].'' ==Notae== [[Fasciculus:Fossil grasshoppers - Royal Ontario Museum - DSC00013.JPG|thumb|[[Fossile|Fossilia]] Caeliferorum in [[Museum Ontarionis Regale|Museo Ontarionis Regali]] [[exhibitio|exhibita]].]] <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Ander. [[1936]]. "Orthoptera Saltatorias filogeni pa grundval av jämförande anatomiska studier." ''Opuscule Entomologica'' 1: 93–94. *Baur, Bertrand, Hannes Baur, Christian Roesti, et Daniel Roest. [[2006]]. ''Die Heuschrecken der Schweiz.'' Bernae: Haupt Verlag. ISBN 3-258-07053-9. *Bellmann, Heiko. [[1993]]. ''Heuschrecken: beobachten, bestimmen.'' Naturbuch Verlag. ISBN 3-894-40028-5. *Bellmann, Heiko.l [[2004]]. ''Heuschrecken: Die Stimmen von 61 heimischen Arten.'' CD. Amp Europe. ISBN 3-935-32948-2. *Detzel, Peter. [[1998]]. ''Heuschrecken.'' Baden-Württembergs: Ulmer Verlag; Stutgardiae. ISBN 3-800-13507-8. *Ingrisch, Siegfried, et Günther Köhler. [[1998]]. ''Die Heuschrecken Mitteleuropas.'' Westarp Wissenschaften. ISBN 3-894-32461-9. *Kreuwels, A. [[2003]]. ''Saltatoria (ou Orthoptera): sauterelles, criquets, grillons et courtilières.'' *Ragge, D. R. [[1965]]. ''Grasshoppers, Crickets & Cockroaches of the British Isles.'' Londinii: F. Warne & Co. *Szij, Josef. [[2004]]. ''Die Springschrecken Europas.'' Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei, 652. Westarp-Wissenschaften, Hohenwarsleben. ISBN 3-894-32910-6. *Tauscher, Heinrich. [[1986]]. ''Unsere Heuschrecken.'' Stutgardiae: Kosmos Franckh'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. ISBN 3-440-05617-1. *Uvarov, B. P. [[1966]]. ''Grasshoppers & Locusts: A Handbook of General Acridology.'' Cantabrigiae et Londinii: Cambridge University Press. {{NexInt}} *[[Gryllidae]] ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Caelifera}}<!-- {{Taxonbar|from=Q83902}}--> [[Categoria:Caelifera|*]] [[Categoria:Subordines animalium]] [[Categoria:Taxa Ander]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1939]] {{Myrias|Biologia}} fbfy72bo141tn3jwvox7e78xifnibnm 0 69665 3980197 3724027 2026-08-10T05:01:09Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3980197 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus: Pope_Julius_II.jpg|thumb|Papa [[Iulius II]]]] {{L-1}} '''''Papae Iulii II effigies''''' est tabula quae [[pictor]]i [[Italia|Italico]] [[Raphael Sanctius Urbinas|Raphaeli]] tribuitur. Haec tabula, anno fere 1511 vel 1512 confecta, hodie [[Londinium|Londinii]] in [[Pinacotheca Nationalis (Britannia)|Pinacotheca Nationali]] servatur.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120203215721/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/raphael-portrait-of-pope-julius-ii/*/key-facts Siglo NG27]</ref> Aliae duae tabulae [[Florentia]]e exstant in [[Porticus Officiorum|Portico Officiorum]] et [[Palatium Pitti|Palatio Pitti]] quae etiam [[papa]]m [[Iulius II |Iulium II]] effingere putantur; quarum primam ad officinam Raphaelis pertinere, alteram a [[Titianus Vecellii|Titiano]] pictam esse constat. == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> ==Nexus externi== {{commonscat|Julius II portrait by Raffaello Sanzio}} *[http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/raphael-portrait-of-pope-julius-ii Catalogus Pinacothecae Nationalis] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050324201842/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0PAL/is_512_160/ai_n9480372 De operis vero auctore pagina a Caecilio Gould scripta anno 1970] [[Categoria:Tabulae pictae]] [[Categoria:Homines figurati|Iulius II]] [[Categoria:Confecta 1512]] [[Categoria:Pinacotheca Nationalis (Britannia)]] [[Categoria:Raphael Sanctius Urbinas]] [[Categoria:Effigies]] 36waf5z13r39m5vln5ndjnt2kq2io3k 0 69779 3980116 3807371 2026-08-10T00:27:44Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Chilopoda | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|418|0|r=[[Silurium]] > [[Recens]]}} | image = Lithobius forficatus.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Lithobius forficatus]]'' | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | subphylum = [[Myriapoda]] | authority = [[Petrus Andreas Latreille|Latreille]], [[1817]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Ordo (taxinomia)|Ordines]] et [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] | subdivision = ; [[Scutigeromorpha]] *[[Pselliodidae]] *[[Scutigeridae]] *[[Scutigerinidae]] ; [[Lithobiomorpha]] *[[Henicopidae]] *[[Lithobiidae]] ; [[Craterostigmomorpha]] *[[Craterostigmidae]] ; [[Scolopendromorpha]] *[[Cryptopidae]] *[[Scolopendridae]] *[[Scolopocryptopidae]] ; [[Geophilomorpha]] *[[Himantariidae]] *[[Mecistocephalidae]] *[[Neogeophilidae]] *[[Geophilidae]] *[[Oryidae]] *[[Linotaeniidae]] }} '''Chilopoda''' sunt [[arthropoda]] [[subphylum|subphyli]] [[Myriapoda|Myriopodum]], gregis cui etiam [[diplopoda]] et alia [[animalia]] multicrura sunt. Chilopoda sunt elongata animalia [[metamerismus (biologia)|metamerica]] quibus unum par [[crus|crurum]] per segmentum [[corpus|corporeum]] est. Chilopoda sunt [[venenum|venenosissima]], quae saepe venenum [[paralysis|paralyzans]] iniciunt. [[Fasciculus:Scolopendra fg02.JPG|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Forcipulae videntur in inferiori ''[[Scolopendra cingulata|Scolopendrae cingulatae]]'' parte.]] Contra nomen, Chilopoda crura a triginta ad 354 habent, quae semper [[paritas (mathematica)|numerus impar]] sunt.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lloyd |first=John |year=[[2006]] |title=The Book of General Ignorance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uCgRY6llQpYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |location=London |publisher=Bloomsbury House |page=119 |isbn=978-0571273782 |accessdate=10 Iunii 2014}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Arthur |first=W. |year=[[2002]] |title=The interaction between developmental bias and natural selection from centipede segmentation to a general hypothesis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_heredity_2002-10_89_4/page/n6 |journal=Heredity |volume=89 |issue=4 |pages=239–46 |pmid=12242638 |doi=10.1038/sj.hdy.6800139}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arthur |first1=Wallace |last2=Chapman |first2=Ariel D. |year=[[2005]] |title=The centipede ''Strigamia maritima'': what it can tell us about development and evolution of segmentation |journal=BioEssays |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=653–60 |pmid=15892117 |doi=10.1002/bies.20234}}.</ref> Ergo, contra nomen in variis [[lingua|linguis]], Chilopodis [[crus|crura]] subtiliter [[centum]] non sunt. Proprietas quae insigniter hunc gregem congregat est par [[forcipula]]rum [[venenum|venenosarum]], quae e prima [[appendix|appendice]] oriuntur. Chilopoda plerumque sunt [[carnivoria|carnivora]].<ref name="Biology">{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=J. G. E. |title=The Biology of Centipedes |year=[[2007]] |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-03411-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AEp22u6tJgsC}}.</ref> Sunt circiter octo milia specierum,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adis |first1=Joachim |last2=Harvey |first2=Mark S. |year=[[2000]] |title=How many Arachnida and Myriapoda are there worldwide and in Amazonia? |journal=Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=139–41 |doi=10.1076/0165-0521(200008)35:2;1-9;FT139}}.</ref> quarum tria milia [[taxinomia|descriptae sunt]]. Chilopodibus est lata [[distributio geographica]], ubi etiam praeter [[Circulus Arcticus|Circulum Arcticum]] extenduntur.<ref name="Biology"/> In magnopere variis [[habitatio]]nibus terrestribus inveniuntur, [[silva pluvialis|silvis pluvialibus]] [[zona tropica|tropicis]] et [[desertum|desertis]] non exclusis, sed intra has habitationes, microhabitationis umidae egent, quia [[cera|cereo]] [[insecta|insectorum]] [[arachnida|arachnidorumque]] [[cuticulum arthropodorum|cuticulo]] carent, unde [[aqua]]m rapide amittunt. Proinde in [[humus|humo]] et [[detritus foliorum|detritu foliorum]], infra [[saxum|saxa]] et [[lignum]] tabescens, et intra stipites inveniuntur. Chilopoda inter maximos [[invertebrata|invertebratorum]] [[praedator]]es terrestres numerantur, quae saepe praedatoriam invertebratorum [[biomassa]]m in [[oecosystema]]tibus terrestribus insigniter amplificant. == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:Scutigera coleoptrata.JPG|''[[Scutigera coleoptrata]]'' (Scutigeromorpha: Scutigeridae) Fasciculus:Steinläufer (Lithobius forficatus) 1.jpg|''[[Lithobius forficatus]]'' (Lithobiomorpha: Lithobiidae) Fasciculus:Geophilus flavus.jpg|''[[Geophilus flavus]]'' (Geophilomorpha: Geophilidae) Fasciculus:Scolopendra cataracta from Zookeys.jpg|''[[Scolopendra cataracta]]'' (Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae) </gallery> == Evolutio == Phylogenia interna Chilopodorum {{clade|1= [[Scutigeromorpha]]|label2= [[Pleurostigmophora]]|2= {{clade|1= [[Lithobiomorpha]]|label2= [[Phylactometria]]|2= {{clade|1= [[Craterostigmomorpha]]|label2= [[Epimorpha]]|2= {{clade|1= [[Scolopendromorpha]]|2= [[Geophilomorpha]] }} }} }} }} == Species selectae == [[Fasciculus:Centipede, Trinidad.jpg|thumb|upright|Dr. Ted Hill ''[[Scolopendra gigantea|Scolopendram giganteam]]'' tenet. [[Insula Trinitatis]], [[1961]].]] [[Binomen]] * ''[[Alipes grandidieri]]'' * ''[[Ethmostigmus trigonopodus]]'' * ''[[Lithobius forficatus]]'' * ''[[Pachymerium ferrugineum]]'' * ''[[Scolopendra galapagoensis]]'' * ''[[Scolopendra cataracta]]'' * ''[[Scutigera coleoptrata]]'' * ''[[Scolopendra gigantea]]'' * ''[[Scolopendra heros]]'' * ''[[Scolopendra morsitans]]'' * ''[[Scolopendra polymorpha]]'' * ''[[Scolopendra subspinipes]]'' == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Chilopoda}} {{fontes biologici}} *''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' 1911. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110423203659/http://chilobase.bio.unipd.it/ Chilobase.] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090416065704/http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Chilopoda&contgroup=Arthropoda Chilopoda]. [[Propositum Arboris Vitae]]. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140105113506/http://nadiplochilo.com/centi.html Chilopoda Americae Septentrionalis.] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20190817202751/http://www.ento.csiro.au/biology/centipedes/centipedeKey.html Chilopoda Australiae.] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030922/http://www.polydesmida.info/tasmanianmultipedes/centi-key.html Chilopoda Tasmaniae.] *[http://atshq.org/articles/centipedes.html De nonnullis mythis chilopodorum.] American Tarantula Society. *[http://www.cut-the-knot.org/language/centipede.shtml "What do you call a centipede?"] {{Myrias|Biologia}} [[Categoria:Chilopoda| ]] [[Categoria:Silurium]] [[Categoria:Taxa Latreille]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1817]] sr97n3cwveu9imehyaoxz267bljv7dx 0 69908 3980158 3268132 2026-08-10T01:26:20Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980158 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Grundsteinlegung-schiffshebewerk-ndf-2009-38.jpg|thumb|Matthias Platzeck anno 2009]] '''Matthias Platzeck''' (natus [[29 Decembris]] [[1953]] [[Potestampium|Potestampii]]) vir publicus [[Germania]]e et sodalis [[Socialis Democratica Factio Germaniae|Socialis Democraticae Factionis Germaniae]] (SPD) est. == Munus == Platzek filius medici est. Postquam maturitatem anno [[1972]] adeptus est, [[Ilmenavia]]e medicinae et biologiae studebat. Tum [[Chemnicium|Chemnici]] et Potestampii instituto circumiectorum tutelae operam dedit. == Cursus honorum == === Administer Brandenburgi === Anno [[1988]] cum aliis civibus [[Res publica Democratica Germanica|DDR]] contra contaminationem circumiectorum certavit. Ab anno 1990, postquam communistae in Re publica Democratica Germanica auctoritatem amiserunt, Platzek sodalis [[Foedus 90/Virides|Foederis 90/Viridum]] fuit et minister [[Brandenburgum|Brandenburgi]]. === Magister Civium Potestampii === Anno [[1995]] ad SPD transiit et annis [[1998]] ad [[2002]] magister civium [[Potestampium|Potestampii]] fuit. === Praeses ministrorum Brandenburgi === [[26 Iunii]] 2002 praeses ministrorum Brandenburgii successor [[Manfredus Stolpe|Manfredi Stolpe]] electus est, quem honorem adhuc tenet. Primo foedere cum factione [[CDU]] regnavit: Anno [[2004]] factiones huius foederis electionem vicerunt et una terram Brandenburgum regebant. Sed post electionem anni [[2009]] Platzek nunc cum [[Sinistra]] de foedere agit. Die [[29 Iulii]] [[2013]] Platzeck pronuntiavit se mox a magistratu se abdicturum, quod mense Iunio [[Ictus (morbus)|Ictu]] affectus noniam tam diu operam dare posset. [[Dietmarius Woidke|Dietmarium Woidke]] adhuc administrum Brandenburgi rerum internarum successorem proposuit<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/platzeck-verkuendet-ruecktritt-in-brandenburg-mit-nachfolger-woidke-a-913777.html Spiegel Online 29 Iulii 2013]</ref>. Die [[28 Augusti]] eiusdem anni a senatus terrae electus Woidke hunc officium adiit<ref>[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/dietmar-woidke-vereidigt-brandenburg-hat-einen-neuen-ministerpraesidenten/8703792.html tagesspiegel.de die 28 Augusti 2013]</ref>. === Praeses factionis SPD === Anno [[2005]]/[[2006]] et praeses SPD fuit, sed mox morbo coactus ab hoc honore se recessit. == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat|Matthias Platzeck|Matthiam Platzeck}} * [http://www.matthias-platzeck.de/ Pagina personalis (Lingua Theodisca)] == Notae == <references /> {{Praesides Ministrorum Brandenburgi}} {{Praesides Consilii Foederalis Germaniae}} {{Praesides Factionis Socialis Democraticae Germaniae}} {{Lifetime|1953||Platzeck, Matthias}} [[Categoria:Praesides SPD]] [[Categoria:Praesides ministrorum Brandenburgii]] [[Categoria:Praesides Consilii Foederalis Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Brandenburgum]] m1ktzfd5hf9vn8e6dh2kgkyf22yp62f 0 69928 3979955 3895821 2026-08-09T22:08:54Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979955 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:MauryanCoin.JPG|thumb|Argenteus [[Imperium Mauryanum|Imperii Mauryani]] [[nummus]] [[rota]]m [[elephas|elephantemque]] ostendit; saeculo tertio a.C.n.]] [[Fasciculus:Nanda Empire, c.325 BCE.png|thumb|Imperium Dhana Nanda, circa annum [[323 a.C.n.]]]] '''Cāṇakyus''' vel Cāṇakya ([[Devanagari]] चाणक्यः&nbsp;; circa [[370 a.C.n.|370]]–[[283 a.C.n.]]<ref name="SKAgarwal2008">{{cite book | author=S. K. Agarwal | title=Towards Improving Governance | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1nIkFqh_TmEC&pg=PA17 | accessdate=[[6 Iunii]] [[2012]] | date=[[1 Septembris]] [[2008]] | publisher=Academic Foundation | isbn=978-81-7188-666-1 | page=17}}.</ref>) fuit magister, [[philosophus]], [[oeconomus]], [[ius|iurista]], et regalis consiliarius [[India|Indicus]].<ref>"Kautilya aliquando appellatur cancellarius vel primus minister Chandraguptae, aliquantum sicut Bismarck" (Boesche 2003).</ref> Chanakya, postquam in [[Taxila|Takṣaśila]], antiqua dogmatis sede, docuit, ascensum ad dominationem tractavit [[Candragupta Maurya|Candraguptae]] iuvenis, primi [[Imperium Mauryanum|Imperii Mauryani]] [[imperator]]is. Late tradunt eum partes magni momenti egisse in constitutionem Imperii Mauryani, quod fuit primum [[imperium]] in [[historia]] ab [[archaeologia]] confirmatum quod plurimum [[subcontinens Indicus|subcontinentis Indici]] temperavit. Chanakya fuit pro [[primus minister|primo ministro]] Chandraguptae et [[Bindusara]]e [[filius|filii]]. '''Kauṭilyus''' et '''Viṣnuguptus,''' [[nomen proprium|nomina]] quibus ''[[Kautilya Arthasastra|Arthaśāstra]],'' antiquus tractatus civilis [[Historia Indiae|Indicus]], suum [[auctor]]em nominat, Cāṇakyo usitate tribuuntur.<ref name=Mabbett>{{cite journal | first = I. W. | last = Mabbett | year = [[1964]] | month = Aprili | title = The Date of the Arthaśhāstra | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_april-june-1964_84_2/page/162 | journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume = 84 | issue = 2 | pages = 162–69 | id = ISSN 0003-0279 | doi = 10.2307/597102 | publisher = American Oriental Society}}.</ref> Cāṇakyus praecursor in disciplinis [[oeconomica]] et [[scientia politica]] habetur, et sua opera putatur gravis [[oeconomica classica|oeconomicae classicae]] praecursor.<ref>L. K. Jha et K. N. Jha, 1998, "Chanakya: the pioneer economist of the world", ''International Journal of Social Economics'' 25 (2–4): 267–82.</ref><ref name="bss.sfsu.edu">C. Waldauer, W. J. Zahka, et S. Pal, 1996, [http://bss.sfsu.edu/mbar/ECON605/Arthashastra.pdf "Kautilya's Arthashastra: A neglected precursor to classical economics,"] ''Indian Economic Review, 31 (1): 101–108.</ref><ref>C. Tisdell, (2003), [http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:84337 "A Western perspective of Kautilya's Arthasastra: does it provide a basis for economic science?"] ''Economic Theory, Applications and Issues Working Paper No. 18.'' Brisbane: School of Economics, The University of Queensland.</ref><ref>B. S. Sihag, 2007, Kautilya on institutions, governance, knowledge, ethics and prosperity, ''Humanomics'' 23 (1): 5–28.</ref> Canakyus saepe appellatus est [[Nicolaus Maclavellus|Maclavellum]] Indicum, sed [[liber|libri]] Cāṇakyilibros Maclavalli circa 1800 annos ante anteiverunt.<ref>Herbert H. Gowen, 1929, "'The Indian Machiavelli' and in a much more conventional world; or Political Theory in India Two Thousand Years Ago," ''Political Science Quarterly'' 44 (2): 173–92.</ref> Sua opera, prope finem [[Domus Gupta]]e amissa, iterum inventa sunt [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicensimo]] ineunte.<ref name="bss.sfsu.edu"/> == Opera == [[Duo]] Cāṇakyo tribuuntur [[liber|libri]]: ''[[Kautilya Arthasastra|Arthaśāstra]]'' et ''[[Canakya Nitisastra|Nītiśāstra]],'' etiam appellatus ''Cāṇakya Niti.'' ''Arthaśāstra'' de singulis tractat propositorum [[Propositum monetarium|monetariorum]] [[Propositum fiscale|fiscaliumque]], [[Commodum|auxiliorum ad aerarium pertinens]], [[negotia inter civitates|negotiorum inter civitates]], et [[ars belli gerendi|artis belli gerendi]]. ''Nītiśāstra'' tractat perfectam [[vita]]e viam, et Cāṇakyi studium [[Cultura Indica|culturae Indicae]] patefacit. Cāṇakyus "''nītisūtrā''" ('dicta, breves sententias') evolvit, 455 [[sutra]]s quae mores hominum ordinare proponunt, quorum circa 216 ''rājanīti,'' regulas ad administrandum [[regnum]], perstringunt. Cāṇakyus ut videtur his sutris usus est ad parandum Chandraguptam aliosque discipulos in arte imperii regnandi. == Fortuna == Opera Cāṇakyi prope finem [[Imperium Guptana|Imperii Guptani]] amissa sunt; iterum inventa sunt anno [[1905]] a [[Rudrapatnam Shamasastry]] [[bibliotheca]]rio [[India|Indico]], qui ea anno [[1909]] divulgavit et anno [[1915]] [[Anglice]] vertit; post quem annum editiones et versiones plurimae confectae sunt. Saepimentum diplomaticum in [[Novum Dellium|Novo Dellio]] [[Canakyapuri|Cāṇakyapuri]] ad eius honorem appellatur. ===Ludi=== Nonnullae [[legendum|legendi]] Canakyi adaptationes hodiernae eius [[fabula]]m in forma [[fictio|semifictionali]] [[narratio|enarrant]], haec legenda evolventes. In ''[[Chandragupta (ludus)|Chandragupta]]'' (1911), [[ludus|ludo]] a [[Dwijendralal Ray]] scripto, Nanda [[rex]] Chandraguptam [[frater|fratrem]] consanguineum in exsilium mittit, qui suum nomen [[exercitus|exercitui]] [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri Magni]] dat. Deinde, Chanakya et Katyayan (priore [[primus minister|primo ministro]] Magadhae) iuvantibus, Chandragupta Nandam vincit, quem Chanakya necat.<ref name= sourcessukumar>{{cite book |last1=Ray |first1= Dwijendralal |editor1-first=Sukumar |editor1-last=Bandyopadhyay |title=Dwijendralaler Chandragupta |trans-title=Chandragupta by Dwindralal |edition=quarta |year=[[1969]] |publisher=Modern Book Agency |location=Kolkatae |language=Bengali |pages=Preface–10–14 |trans-chapter=Preface: Historic References |chapter=Bhumika: Aitihasikata }}.</ref> {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Arthashastra]] * [[Asokus]] * [[Bindusara]] * [[Candragupta Maurya]] * [[Dasaratha Maurya]] * [[Domus Mauryana]] * [[Imperium Magadha]] * [[Rajamandala]] * [[Shang Yang]] (circa [[390 a.C.n.|390]]–[[338 a.C.n.]]) {{div col end}} == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * Boesche, Roger. [[2003]]. "Kautilya's ''Arthaśāstra'' on War and Diplomacy in Ancient India." ''The Journal of Military History'' 67 (1): 9–37. ISSN 0899-3718. * Frédéric, Louis. [[1987]]. ''Dictionnaire de la civilisation indienne.'' Robert Laffont. * Kulke, Hermann, et Dietmar Rothermund. [[2006]]. ''Geschichte Indiens: Von der Induskultur bis heute.'' Monaci: C. H. Beck. ISBN 3-406-54997-7. * Mabbett, I. W. [[1964]]. "The Date of the Arthaśhāstra." ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' 84 (2): 162–69. ISSN 0003-0279. *Mookerji, Radha Kumud. (1966) [[1988]]. ''Chandragupta Maurya and his times.'' Ed. quarta. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-0433-3. [https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C Google Books.] * Rangarajan, L. N., conv. [[1987]]. Kautilya: ''The Arthashastra edited, rearranged, translated and introduced.'' Novi Dellii: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-044603-6. *Rice, B. Lewis. [[1889]]. ''Epigraphia Carnatica.'' Vol. II: ''Inscriptions and Sravana Belgola.'' Bangalore: Mysore Government Central Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=EMUUAAAAYAAJ Google Books.] *Singh, Upinder. [[2016]]. ''A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century.'' Pearson Education. ISBN 978-93-325-6996-6 [https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ Google Books.] *Stein, O. [[1922]]. ''Megasthenes und Kautilya.'' Vindobonae: Hölder. *Trautmann, Thomas R. [[1971]]. ''Kauṭilya and the Arthaśāstra: a statistical investigation of the authorship and evolution of the text.'' Brill. [https://books.google.com/books?id=v3iDAAAAMAAJ Google Books.] *Varadpande, Manohar Laxman. [[2005]]. ''History of Indian Theatre.'' Abhinav. ISBN 978-81-7017-430-1. [https://books.google.com/books?id=fOZB7MbeMrAC&pg=PA223 Google Books.] == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070706200542/http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/history/primarydocs/Arthashastra/index.htm Kautilyae ''Arthashastra'' (plenus 1915 Shamasastry textus, in quindecim libros divisus).] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140716182652/http://www.hinduism.co.za/chanakya.htm Chanakya Nitishastra,] www.hinduism.co.za * [http://intellectualhinduism.blogspot.com/search/label/Chanakya Cāṇakya TV Serial Online,] intellectualhinduism.blogspot.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110514081016/http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~wldciv/world_civ_reader/world_civ_reader_1/arthashastra.html Fragmenta ''Arthasastrae,''] www.wsu.edu ([https://web.archive.org/web/20100909082216/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/India/kautilya1.html Alia]) {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090411110659/http://www.worldofbiography.com/9046%2DChanakya/ Philosophia et Biographia,] www.worldofbiography.com * [http://www.hinduism.co.za/kautilya.htm Studia ''Arthasastrae,''] www.hinduism.co.za * [http://www.bharatadesam.com/literature/kautilya_arthashastra/arthashastra.php Versio ''Arthasastrae''] [[s:en:Arthashastra|idem apud Vicifontem,]] www.bharatadesam.com{{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150112093217/http://philosophy.ru/library/asiatica/indica/authors/kautilya/canakya_niti_sastra.html Versio ''Nitisastrae,''] www.philosophy.ru {{Ling|Anglice}} [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4 a.C.n.]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 3 a.C.n.]] [[Categoria:Auctores Sanscritici]] [[Categoria:Politici Indiae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de re politica]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de re militari]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Indiae]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Homines}} nrhqorf6r6roeaephlggchitnfe21x7 0 69936 3979827 3978711 2026-08-09T20:05:51Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:1989 CPA 6101.jpg|thumb|]] '''Kwame Nkrumah''' (natus, nomine ''Francis Nwia Kofi Ngonloma'', in [[oppidum|oppido]] [[Nkroful]] [[Gana|Litoris Aurei]] die [[21 Septembris]] [[1909]]; mortuus [[Bucaresta]]e in [[Romania]] die [[27 Aprilis]] [[1972]]), alumnus [[schola Achimota|scholae Achimota]] iuxta [[Accra]]m et [[Universitas Lincoln (Pennsilvania)|Universitatis Lincoln]] in [[Pennsilvania]], mox etiam [[Universitas Pennsylvaniensis|Universitatis Pennsylvaniensis]], deinde [[Schola Scientiarum Oeconomicarum et Politicarum Londiniensis|Scholae Scientiarum Oeconomicarum Londiniensis]], ab anno [[1952]] usque ad annum [[1966]] fuit [[Ghana]]e et civitatis colonialis antecessoris [[Litus Aureum (colonia Britannica)|Litoris Aurei]] dux, qui dum rexit quam maxime [[Pan-Africanismus|Pan-Africanismum]] et [[socialismus Africanus|socialismum Africanum]] citavit. Etiam praeses [[Organizatio Unitatis Africanae|Organizationis Unitatis Africanae]] erat. Multa incepta eius fructus haud genuerunt, et Ghana quae primitus inter divitissimas civitates Africanas constabat in unam facta est inter pauperrimas. [[Moles Akosombo]] autem, quae inceptum eius fuit, paene omnem [[electricitas|electricitatem]] Ghanae hodie efficit. [[Liber]] de [[neocolonialismus|neo-colonialismo]] anno [[1965]] divulgavit. Die [[24 Februarii]] [[1966]] Nkrumah, cum in itinere esset ad [[Vietnamia]]m et [[Res publica popularis Sinarum|Sericam]], per motum [[miles|militum]], duce [[Iosephus Arthurus Ankrah|Iosepho Arthuro Ankrah]], e munere deiectus est. Ankrah, successor eo, praeses Ganae factus est. Nkrumah deinde in [[Conakry]] [[Guinea]]e exsul vixit, ubi [[Ahmedus Sékou Touré]] eum "copraesidem" honoris causa nominavit, quam honorem usque ad annum [[1967]] retinuit. Anno [[1971]] [[Cancer prostatae|cancri prostatae]] aegrotus in [[Romania]]m iter fecit, ut curaretur, sed ibi mense Aprili 1972 mortuus est. {{NexInt}} * [[Unio Africana]] * [[Gulielmus Arthurus Lewis]] == Opera a Kwame Nkrumah scripta == * 1938 (sub nomine "Francis Nkrumah") : "Negro History: European Government in Africa" in ''The Lincolnian'' (12 Aprilis 1938) p. 2. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090817175003/http://www.lincoln.edu/library/project.html Textus hic reperitur apud Special Collections and Archives], Lincoln University * 1954 : "Forward ever. Speech delivered ... on 24th October 1954". Accrae: Heal Press * 1957 : ''Ghana: The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah''. Edinburgi: Thomas Nelson * 1957 : "Towards colonial freedom: Africa in the struggle against world imperialism". Accra: Guinea Press * 1960 : ''Hands off Africa! Some famous speeches by Dr. the Rt. Hon. Kwame Nkrumah''. Accra: Kwabena Owusu-Akyem * 1961 (Samuel Obeng, ed.) : ''Selected speeches of Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, first President of the Republic of Ghana, vol. 2''. Accra: Afram Publications Ghana * 1961 : ''I Speak of Freedom''. Londinii: William Heinemann [http://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nkrumah/1961/speak-freedom.htm Textus interretialis imperfectus apud marxists.org] * 1963 : ''Africa Must Unite''. Londinii: William Heinemann * 1964 : ''Consciencism: Philosophy and Ideology for De-Colonisation''. Londinii: William Heinemann * 1965 : ''Neo-Colonialism: the Last Stage of Imperialism''. Londinii: Thomas Nelson [http://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nkrumah/neo-colonialism/index.htm Textus interretialis apud marxists.org] * 1967 : ''Axioms of Kwame Nkrumah''. Londinii: Thomas Nelson * 1967 : "African Socialism Revisited" in ''Africa: National and Social Revolution'' (Pragae: Peace and Socialism Publishers) [http://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nkrumah/1967/african-socialism-revisited.htm Textus interretialis apud marxists.org] * 1967 : ''Challenge of the Congo''. Londinii: Thomas Nelson * 1967 : ''Voice From Conakry''. Londinii: Panaf Publications * 1968 : ''Dark Days in Ghana''. Londinii: Panaf Publications * 1968 : ''Handbook of Revolutionary Warfare: a Guide to the armed phase of the African Revolution''. [Londinii?] Panaf Publications * 1968 : ''The Struggle Continues''. Londinii: Panaf Publications * 1968 : ''The way out; together with "Civilian rule" fraud, and A call for positive action and armed struggle''. Londinii: Panaf Publications * 1969 : ''Two myths: 1. The myth of the “Third World”; 2. “African Socialism” revisited''. Londinii: Panaf Publications * 1970 : ''Class Struggle in Africa''. Londinii: Panaf Publications * 1973 : ''Revolutionary Path''. Londinii: Panaf Publications<ref>Fons principalis huius enumerationis: catalogus Bibliothecae Britannicae</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Cite book |last=Addo |first=Ebenezer Obiri |title=Kwame Nkrumah: A Case Study of Religion and Politics in Ghana |publisher=University Press of America|year=1997 |isbn=978-0-7618-0785-8|ref=Addo }} * {{Cite book |last=Birmingham|first=David|year=1998|title=Kwame Nkrumah: The Father of African Nationalism|url=https://archive.org/details/kwamenkrumahfath0000birm|place=Athenis Ohii|publisher= Ohio University Press|ISBN= 978-0-8214-1242-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Bourret |first=F. M. |title=Ghana—The Road to Independence |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1960|edition=Revised|origyear=1949 |oclc= 414362 |ref=Bourret}}. *{{Cite journal|author=Clarke, John Henrik|year=1974|title=Kwame Nkrumah: His years in America|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_black-scholar_1974-10_6_2/page/9|journal=The Black Scholar|volume=2|month=October|pages=9–16|JSTOR=41065759}} * {{cite book |last=Davidson|first= Basil|year=1973|title=Black Star: A View of the Life and Times of Kwame Nkrumah|place=[[Oxonia]]e|publisher= James Currey Publishers|isbn=978-1-84701-010-0 }}. * {{cite book |last=Fuller|first=Harcourt|year=2014|title=Building the Ghanaian Nation-State|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-44856-9 |ref=Fuller }}. * {{Cite book |last=Mazrui |first=Ali |title=Nkrumah's Legacy and Africa's Triple Heritage Between Globalization and Counter Terrorism |publisher=Ghana Universities Press|year=2004 |isbn=978-9964-3-0296-2|ref=Mazrui }}. *{{Cite book |last=Mwakikagile |first=Godfrey |title=Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era |url=https://archive.org/details/nyerereafricaend0000mwak |edition=tertia |location=Pretoria, South Africa |publisher=New Africa Press |year=2006 |chapter=Nyerere and Nkrumah: Towards African Unity |pages=[https://archive.org/details/nyerereafricaend0000mwak/page/347 347]–355 |isbn=0-9802534-1-1 }} * {{Cite book |last=Owusu-Ansah |first=David |title=Biographical Dictionary of Ghana |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-8108-7242-4|edition=quarta|ref=Owusu-Ansah }}. * {{Cite book|last=Rooney|first=David|year=1988|title=Kwame Nkrumah: The Political Kingdom in the Third World|publisher=St. Martin's Press|ref=Rooney|isbn=978-0-312-02479-6|url=https://archive.org/details/kwamenkrumah00davi}}. * {{Cite book|last=Sherwood|first=Marika|year=1996|title=Kwame Nkrumah: The Years Abroad 1935–1947|publisher=Freedom Publications|isbn=978-9988-7716-0-7|ref=Sherwood|url=https://archive.org/details/kwamenkrumahyear00sher_0}}. * {{Cite book |last=Poe|first=D. Zizwe|year=2003|title=Kwame Nkrumah's Contribution to Pan-African Agency|location=[[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]|publisher=Routledge}}. * {{Cite book |last=Thompson |first=W. Scott |title=Ghana's Foreign Policy 1957–1966 |url=https://archive.org/details/ghanasforeignpol1969wsco |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1969 |oclc=2616|ref=Thompson }}. * {{Cite book |last=Tuchscherer|first=Konrad|year=2006|chapter=Kwame Francis Nwia Kofie Nkrumah|title=Encyclopedia of Modern Dictators|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo0000unse_z3j7|editor=Frank J. Coppa|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo0000unse_z3j7/page/217 217]–220|place=[[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]|publisher=Peter Lang}}. ==Bibliographia addita== * {{Cite book |last=Arhin|first=Kwame|year=1993|title=The Life and Work of Kwame Nkrumah|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeworkofkwamen0000unse_s1p5|place= Trentoniae Novae Caesareae|publisher= Africa World Press, Inc.|ISBN=9780865433953. (08543395X)}} * {{Cite book |last=Baynham|first=Simon|year=1988|chapter=The Military and Politics in Nkrumah's Ghana|title=Westview Special Studies on Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/militarypolitics0000bayn|place=Boulder Colorati|publisher=Westview Press, Inc. (Frederick A. Praeger)|ISBN=0-8133-70639}} * {{Cite journal |last=Biney|first=Ama|year=2008|title=The Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah in Retrospect|journal=Journal of Pan African Studies|volume= 2 (3)|url=http://www.artsrn.ualberta.ca/amcdouga/Hist247/winter_2014/resources/LegacyOfKwameNkrumah.pdf}} * {{Cite journal |last=Biney|first= Ama|year=2009|title=The Development of Kwame Nkrumah's Political Thought in Exile, 1966–1972|journal=Journal of African History|volume=50 (1)|pages=81–100}} * {{Cite book |last= Biney|first=Ama|year=2011|title=The political and social thought of Kwame Nkrumah|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-11334-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Bretton|first= Henry L.|year=1967|title=The rise and fall of Kwame Nkrumah: a study of personal rule in Africa|publisher=Frederick A. Praeger|pages=232}} *Defense Intelligence Agency. (1966). "[https://www.governmentattic.org/docs/DIA_AnalysisKwameNkrumahOfGhana1966.pdf Supplement, Kwame Nkrumah, President of Ghana]", 12 Ianuarii 1966. * {{Cite journal |last=Gerits|first=Frank|title=When the Bull Elephants Fight': Kwame Nkrumah, Non-Alignment, and Pan-Africanism as an Interventionist Ideology in the Global Cold War (1957–66)|journal=International History Review|volume=37.5|year=2015|pages= 951–969}}. * {{Cite book |last=Gocking|first= Roger S.|year=2005|title=The History of Ghana|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofghana00gock|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofghana00gock/page/331 331]}} *{{Cite book |last=James |first=C. L. R. |title=Nkrumah and the Ghana Revolution |location=Londinii |publisher=Allison & Busby |year=1977 |isbn=0-85031-461-5 }} *{{Cite journal |last= Mazrui |first= Ali |year= 1966 |title= Nkrumah: The Leninist Czar |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_transition_1966_6_26/page/8 |journal= Transition |issue= 26 |pages= 8–17 |jstor= 2934320 |ref= harv |doi= 10.2307/2934320 }}. *{{Cite book |last=Milne|first=June|year=1999|title=Kwame Nkrumah: a biography|publisher=Panaf}} *{{Cite book |last=Mwakikagile|first=Godfrey|year=2015|title=Western Involvement in Nkrumah's Downfall|place=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|publisher=New Africa Press|ISBN=9789987160044}}. *{{Cite book |last=Omari|first=T. Peter|year=1970|title=Kwame Nkrumah: The anatomy of an African dictatorship|url=https://archive.org/details/kwamenkrumahanat0000omar|publisher=Africana Publishing Corporation}}. *{{Cite book |last=Pinkney|first=Robert|year=1972|title=Ghana Under Military Rule 1966–1969|url=https://archive.org/details/ghanaundermilita0000pink|place=Londinii|publisher=Methuen & Co Ltd.|ISBN=0-41675080X}}. *{{Cite journal|first1=Rui|last1=Lopes|first2=Víctor|last2=Barros|year=2019|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07075332.2019.1703118|title=Amílcar Cabral and the Liberation of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde: International, Transnational, and Global Dimensions|journal=The International History Review}} *{{Cite book |last=Sanders|first=Charles L.|year=1966|title=Kwame Nkrumah: the Fall of a Messiah|publisher=Ebony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71nrBoK-ilEC&pg=PA138|pages= 138}} *Godfrey Mwakikagile: Eurocentric Africanist? https://sites.google.com/site/intercontinentalbookcentre/godfrey-mwakikagile-a-eurocentric-pan-africanist. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat}} {{Fontes biographici}} *Yergin, Daniel, et Joseph Stanislaw. [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/prof_kwamenkrumah.html Ex ''Commanding Heights.''] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090212181831/http://www.ghana-pedia.org/org/index.php?option=com_directory&listing=Kwame%20Nkrumah&page=viewListing&lid=10&Itemid=36 Situs interretialis Kwame Nkrumah dicatus.] Ghana-pedia.org. *[http://www.nkrumah.net/ Situs interretialis Kwame Nkrumah dicatus.] Nkurmah.net. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210129211258/http://www.vibeghana.com/ De Kwame Nkrumah.] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190754/http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/entity.jsp?entity=kwame_nkrumah De seditione contra Kwame Nkruma.] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080627181711/http://www.teachinginghana.com/index.php/2007/11/12/kwame-nkrumah-lectures-part-2/ Kwame Nkrumah lectiones magistrales] apud ''University of Cape Coast'', Ghana, 2007. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090213044033/http://ghanaconscious.ghanathink.org/podcasts/2007/03/6th-march-1957-midnight-speech Dr Kwame Nkrumah oratio die Gana libertatis - 6 Martii 1957.] *[http://kwamenkrumahmausoleumnkroful.ghana-net.net/ "Kwame Nkrumah Mausoleum and Museum at Nkroful, Western Region."] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150122034817/http://www.ghana-net.com/accra---kwame-nkrumah-memorial-park "Kwame Nkrumah Memorial Park & Museum, Accra."] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090212181831/http://www.ghana-pedia.org/org/index.php?option=com_directory&listing=Kwame%20Nkrumah&page=viewListing&lid=10&Itemid=36 "Dr. Kwame Nkrumah."] ''Ghana-pedia''<!-- *[http://www.ghana-pedia.org/org/index.php?option=com_directory&listing=Operation%Cold%Chop&page=viewListing&lid=287&Itemid=36 Ghana-pedia ''Operation Cold Chop'': The Fall Of Kwame Nkrumah]{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}--> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210129211258/http://www.vibeghana.com/ "Dr Kwame Nkrumah."] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190754/http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/entity.jsp?entity=kwame_nkrumah Tempora de Kwame Nkrumah everso.] *[http://www.nkrumah.net/ "Kwame Nkrumah Information and Resource Site."] *[http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/ghana/090925/ghana-honors-nkrumah-statue-moammar-gadhafi "Ghana re-evaluates Nkrumah."] ''The Global Post.'' *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E9zYDxbJimw "Newsreel on First Conference of Independent African States."] {{Praesides Rei Publicae Ganensis}} {{Ministri rerum externarum Ganaenses}} {{Lifetime|1909|1972|Nkrumah, Kwame}} [[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Achimota]] [[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Scientiarum Oeconomicarum et Politicarum Londiniensis]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Lincoln (Pennsilvania)]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Pennsylvaniensis]] [[Categoria:Catholici]]<!--Ghanaian--><!-- [[Categoria:Lenin Peace Prize recipients]]--> [[Categoria:Marxistae]] [[Categoria:Pan-Africanismus]] [[Categoria:Politici Ganae]] [[Categoria:Praesides Ganae]] [[Categoria:Gubernatores civitatum]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Homines}} bp35t9aa2gssapm3a642kz8igomcn9n 0 70070 3979852 3937134 2026-08-09T20:28:46Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979852 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Avatars.jpg|thumb|Decem [[Visnu]]s avatarae ([[motus horologii|modo horologico]] a laeva superiore): [[Matsya]], [[Kurma]], [[Varaha]], [[Vamana]], [[Krishna]], [[Kalki]], [[Gautama Buddha in Hinduismo|Buddha]], [[Parshurama]], [[Rama]], et [[Narasimha]]; media parte, Krishna iterum.]] '''Avatara''' (-ae, ''m'') (scripto [[Devanagari]] अवतार ''avatāra'' 'descensus') in [[Hinduismus|Hinduismo]] putatur [[deitas|deitatis]] [[Incarnatio|descensus]] ex [[caelum|caelo]] (superioribus regionibus [[spiritualitas|spiritualibus]]) in [[tellus|terram]] (inferiores existentiae regiones) esse, vel descensus [[Ens Supremum|Entis Supremi]]<!--Supreme Being--> (h.e., [[Visnu]] pro [[Vaishnavites]]), qui in aliis [[lingua|linguis]] saepissime '[[incarnatio]]nem', vel fortasse accuratius 'speciem' vel 'demonstrationem', significare habetur.<ref name="Matchett">{{cite book|last=Matchett|first=Freda|title=Krishna, Lord or Avatara?: the relationship between Krishna and Vishnu|publisher=9780700712816|year=2001|page=4|url=http://books.google.com/?id=1oqTYiPeAxMC&pg=PA4 | isbn=9780700712816}}.</ref><ref>Introduction to World Religions, by [[Christopher Hugh Partridge]], pg. 148, at [http://books.google.com/books?id=7lEFyGiP5r8C&pg=PA148&dq=avatar+supreme+Being+Vaishnavism&hl=en&ei=sE2ATPPYCMGBlAfE0oWUDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=avatar%20supreme%20Being%20Vaishnavism&f=false Books.Google.com].</ref> Hoc nomen saepissime cum [[Visnu]] coniungitur, sed cum aliis deitatibus quoque aliquando coniungitur.<ref name="Gale's">{{cite book|last=Kinsley|first=David|title=Gale's Encyclopedia of Religion|editor=Lindsay Jones|publisher=Thomson Gale|year=2005|edition=Second|volume=2|pages=707–708|isbn=0-02-865735-7}}.</ref> Varii avatararum Visnus indices in [[scriptura|scripturis]] Hinduicis adsunt, inter quos [[decem]] [[Dasavatara]]e ''[[Garuda Purana|Garudae Puranae]]'' et viginti-duae avatarae in ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', quamquam hic [[liber (litterae)|liber]] adfirmat incarnationes Visnus esse innumerabiles.<ref name="Bryant">{{cite book| last=Bryant| first=Edwin Francis|title=Krishna: A Sourcebook| publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] US| year=2007| page=18 | isbn=9780195148916| url=http://books.google.com/?id=0z02cZe8PU8C&pg=PT32}}.</ref> Avatarae Visnus sunt prima [[Vaisnavisms|Vaisnavismi]] pars. Antiqua rei avatarae commemoratio, cum dogmate avatararum, in ''[[Bhagavadgita]]'' fit.<ref name="Sheth">{{cite journal|doi=10.1353/pew.2002.0005|last=Sheth|first=Noel|date=Jan. 2002|title=Hindu Avatāra and Christian Incarnation: A Comparison|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_philosophy-east-and-west_2002-01_52_1/page/98|journal=Philosophy East and West|publisher=[[University of Hawai'i Press]]|volume=52|issue=1 (Jan. 2002)|pages=98–125|jstor=1400135}}.</ref> {{NexInt}} * [[Avatarae in Mahabharata]] * [[Deitates Hinduismi]] * [[Gautama Buddha in Hinduismo]] * [[Incarnatio]] * [[Svayam bhagavan]] ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Nexus externi== * [http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Religions/Avatars/Vishnu.html Avatarae (Incarnationes vel Descensus) Vishnus] apud situm sscnet.ucla.edu * [http://www.srivaishnavam.com/stotras/dasavatharam_meaning.htm Avatarae cum significationibus] apud situm srivaishnavam.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110429130725/http://salagram.net/Dasavatara-page.htm Dasavatara stotra et decem avatarae,] apud salagram.net * [http://www.gaudiya.com/index.php?topic=theology Descriptio variorum avatararum generum] apud gaudiya.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090819062937/http://www.virtuescience.com/i-am-the-one-and-only.html De avataris] apud situm virtuescience.com * [http://www.krishna.com/node/603 De avataris Krishnae] apud situm krishna.com * [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/10/magazine/10wwln-guest-t.html?_r=1&scp=2&sq=avatar&st=cse&oref=login De origine et usu verbi ''avatarae''] apud situm nytimes.com * [http://encyclopediaofauthentichinduism.org/articles/66_the_philosophy.htm De "Vero Hinduismo: Philosophia descensionis Dei,] apud situm encycloepdiaofauthentichinduism.org * [http://www.comparativereligion.com/avatars.html Incarnatio divina in Hinduismo et Christianitate, commentarius ab Ernesto Valea scriptus,] apud situm comparativereligion.com * [http://www.gaudiya.com/image/manifestations.gif Tabula "genealogiae" avatararum variarum] apud gaudiya.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120131035404/http://veda.harekrsna.cz/encyclopedia/avatars.htm "Vedic Knowledge Online": Avatarae in Gaudiya Vaishnavismo digestae,] apud ditum harekrsna.cz [[Categoria:Philosophia Indica]] [[Categoria:Vaisnavismus]] [[Categoria:Verba Sanscritica]] [[Categoria:Visnus]] {{Myrias|Philosophia}} qh3g49rpd612ge7hn9zkgi3j1qxr53w 0 70122 3980001 3862843 2026-08-09T23:01:26Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3980001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L-1}} {{Oeconomia}} '''Moneta''' in qualibet [[oeconomia]] est [[pecunia]] pervulgata in [[collybus|collybo]] pro [[bona|bonis]] rite accepta. Ut fieri solet, pecunia in [[nummus|nummis]] signatis et [[charta argentaria|notis argentariis]]<!--banknotes--> cuiuslibet gubernationis consistit, quae sunt physicae [[copia pecuniae|copiae pecuniae]]<!--money supply--> res. Alia civitatis copiae pecuniae pars in [[depositum argentarium|depositis argentariis]]<!--bank deposits--> (aliquando [[pecunia deposita]]<!--deposit money--> appellatis) consistit, cuius possessio a [[syngrapha nummaria|syngraphis nummariis]], [[charta debita|chartis debitis]]<!--debit cards-->, vel aliis translationis pecuniae generibus transferri potest. Pecunia deposita et moneta sunt [[pecunia]] quia ambae sunt pro facultate solvendi acceptae.<ref name=Bernstein>Pete L. Bernstein, ''A Primer on Money, Banking and Gold'' ed. 3a. (Hoboken Novae Caesareae: Wiley, 2008, ISBN 978-0-470-28758-3), praecipue capitula 4 et 5.</ref> Pecunia ut moneta in [[cultura|culturis]] [[homo|humanis]] abhinc [[annus|annorum]] circa 12,000 pollere coepit.<ref>Fortasse ante circa 10,000 BCE, plurimi venatores-conlectores res rebus pro collybo mutabant vel rem re minime mutabant.</ref> Nummi [[aureum|aurei]] vel [[argentum|argentei]] aestimationis in re ipsa positae<!--intrinsic--> ([[pecunia mercatoria]]<!--commodity money-->) saepe fuerunt norma; paene omnia autem systemata pecuniae in [[pecunia fiat|pecunia "fiat"]]{{dubsig}} condita sunt, quod significat monetae hodiernae esse aestimationem solum ex iussu ("fiat") gubernationis. == Historia == [[Fasciculus:Athens 465-454 BC Obol.jpg|thumb|left|[[Obolus]] [[Athenae|Atticus]], [[saeculum 5 a.C.n.|saeculo quinto]] factus, ubi videntur [[Minerva]] et [[Athene noctua|bubo Atheniensis]]]] Omnes urbes Graecae suos nummos habebant. Usque ad saeculum vicesimum omnes nummi, quae sicut pecunia fungebantur, ex [[aurum|auro]], [[argentum|argento]] aut [[cuprum|aere]] auctoritate rectionis cudebantur, et [[mandatum nummarium|mandata nummaria]], [[syngrapha nummaria]], et [[charta argentaria|chartae argentariae]] solae ex fundis metallorum in [[argentaria]] servatis trahebant. Anno [[1971]] autem omnes orbi terrarum civitates per leges systema novum instituerunt, vulgo ''[[pecunia fiduciaria]]'' appellatum, ubi sola [[argentaria centralis]] in quaque civitate potest imprimere [[charta argentaria|chartas argentarias]]. His tesseris novis in argentaria metallum non adest, sed valorem moderantur duo instituta in quaque civitate: [[argentaria centralis]] et [[aerarium publicum]]. === Roma === [[Fasciculus:Border Collie sheepdog trial.jpg|thumb|[[Pecus]] [[ovis|ovium]] a cane custoditum]] Romani pluribus nummis usi sunt; aetate [[Nummi rei publicae Romanae|liberae rei publicae]] Senatus saepius nummos facere iussit, quamquam magistratus imagines proprias aliquando fecerunt. Urbes et civitates quae partes fecerunt [[Nummi Imperii Romani|imperii Romani]] postea suos nummos facere poterunt. [[Fasciculus:LM f K, sistema monetario romano.JPG|thumb|left|Nummi Romani: [[aureus]], [[denarius]], [[sestertius]], [[dupondius]], [[as]]]] Romae antiquae duo nummi aurei cuduntur: [[aureus]], qui fere septem grammata auri compositi cum argento continuit, et [[solidus]], cui ex 4.4 grammate pensato 4.2 auri infuit. Nummi Romani et Byzantini saepe cum metallis aliis compositi sunt, ut valor suus minus sit quam valor in nuumo inscriptus tanto ut systema nummarium rationale habeatur.<ref>Haec consuetudo fortasse Latine ''senioratio'' dici potest; quod exempli gratia provenit e vocabulo ''senhoratge'' e lingua Provencal Francica; Confer paginam Wikipediae Italicae nomine [[:it:Signoraggio|Signoraggio]]. </ref> [[Fasciculus:Moneta Per TertiiSaeculiDiscrimen.png|thumb|Devaluatio monetaria [[hyperinflatio]]naria quae [[Discrimen Tertii Saeculi|tertio saeculo]] primum accidit. [[Pondus]] argenti quae Denarii et Antoninarii monetae continebant, et auri quae aurei ostendatur.]] Romani primi prodigium patiuntur [[hyperinflatio]]narium [[Discrimen Tertii Saeculi|tertio saeculo]]. Quique Augusti, ut militum obsequia pigneretur, mercedes militibus augmentabant, sed pecuniis carebant ad id facendum. Ad mercedes luendas, igitur Augusti argentum in monetis diminuerunt. Argento autem diminuto, pretii ubique tantum auxerunt, ut Augusti iterum mercedes auxere necesse sit. Hoc iterum iterumque accidit. Consummatio fuit disaestimatio monetae romanae fere completa, ob quam consequentiam multa [[commercium]] post discrimen facta est sola [[cambitas]].<ref name = "hugh">Nexus externus a Hugh Kramer anglice scriptus [http://www.accla.org/actaaccla/kramer.html de descrimine tertii saeculi]</ref> === Pecunia chartacea === [[Fasciculus:Delaware Bridge Company Dollar.jpg|thumb|Dollarium argenteum, [[tessera nummaria]] ab argentaria ''Delaware Bridge Company'' edita anno [[1836]].]] [[Fasciculus:US $1 1896 Silver Certificate.jpg|thumb|[[Dollarium]] anni [[1886]], quo tempore [[charta argentaria|chartae argentariae]] Civitatum Foederatarum adhuc [[argentum]] aderat.]] === Pecunia fiduciaria === [[Fasciculus:United States one dollar bill, obverse.jpg|thumb|[[Dollarium]] Americanum fiduciarium anni [[2003]], quod hodie per conventum internationale fungitur sicut pecunia reserva internationalis.]] At, interventores, qui, ut severa depressionis mala leniantur, oeconomiam destricte a rectione regi volebant, praeceptum aureum malum habebant. Quamobrem circum annum [[1933]] civitates [[praeceptum aureum]] partim reliquerunt. In CFA, hoc accidit per [[Iussum Exsecutivum Numerum 6102]], quo dominium auri ab civibus vetatum est.<ref>Iussum per se vetavit dominium nummorum quae centum dollarium excedit, nisi in [[ornamentum|ornamento]] facti sunt aut ad res fabricandas teneatur. Confer [https://web.archive.org/web/20110903050244/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=14611 Textum Iussi Exsecutivi 6102] ab Incepto de Praesidentia Americana. {{ling|Anglice}}</ref> Ex anno [[1933]] pleraeque [[moneta (fabrica)|monetae]] nummos aureos iam non cuderunt. Hoc facto aetas pecuniae chartaceae advenit. Civitates mundi anno [[1944]] [[systema Bretton Woods]] adoptaverunt, quo [[Aerarium Monetarium Internationale]] decretum est ac quo civitates inter se aurum pro charta argentaria mutabunt, sed civibus ipsis iam aurum non habebunt. Hoc autem systema demum anno [[1971]] quoque succumbit, quo tempore omnes civitates mundi ad [[pecunia fiduciaria|systema fiduciarium]] adusque conversi sunt. Hoc in systemate valor [[moneta civitatis|monetae civitatis]] aestimatur per [[cambium internationale]] ([[FOREX]]) et aequilibrium omnium mercimoniorum quae inter nationes commerciantur. [[valor (oeconomia)|Valor]] monetae cuiusdam civitatis tandem diminuit siquando [[lacuna commercialis]] magna accumulatur. [[Argentaria centralis]] quoque potest valorem moderari per [[usura]]s et [[reserva capitalis|reservas capitales]] accomondandas et [[aerarium publicum]] potest novas chartas novas imprimendo ad [[oblatum monetarium]] augendum. == Monetae hodiernae == [[Fasciculus:Strength of currencies.svg|thumb|left|Robur monetarum cum dollario CFA comparatarum, mense Aprili 2016.]] {| class=wikitable style="float:right; margin-left: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;" |+ '''Monetae saepissime emptae et venditae'''<ref>{{cite web|title=World’s Most Traded Currencies By Value 2012|url=http://www.investopedia.com/articles/forex/08/top-8-currencies-to-know.asp/|publisher=investopedia.com|accessdate=10 June 2013}}</ref><ref name=BIS>{{cite web|title=Report on global foreign exchange market activity in 2013|url=http://www.bis.org/publ/rpfx13fx.pdf|work=Triennial Central Bank Survey|publisher=[[Bank for International Settlements]]|accessdate=22 October 2013|location=[[Basel]], [[Switzerland]]|page=12|format=PDF|date=April 2013}}</ref> |- ! Ordo !! Moneta !! Codex [[ISO 4217]]<br />(symbolum) !! Proportio mercatus cotidiani<br/>(mense Aprili 2013) |- | 1 || style="text-align:left;" | [[Fasciculus:Flag of United States.svg|22x20px]] [[Dollarium Civitatum Foederatarum]] || USD ($) || style="text-align:right;" | 87.0% |- | 2 || style="text-align:left;" | [[Fasciculus:Flag of Europe.svg|22x20px]] [[Euro]] || EUR (€) || style="text-align:right;" | 33.4% |- | 3 || style="text-align:left;" | [[Fasciculus:Flag of Japan.svg|22x20px]] [[Ienum|Ienum Iaponicum]] || JPY (¥) || style="text-align:right;" | 23.0% |- | 4 || style="text-align:left;" | [[Fasciculus:Flag of United Kingdom.svg|22x20px]] [[Libra sterlingorum]] || GBP (£) || style="text-align:right;" | 11.8% |- | 5 || style="text-align:left;" | [[Fasciculus:Flag of Australia.svg|22x20px]] [[Dollarium Australiense]] || AUD ($) || style="text-align:right;" | 8.6% |- | 6 || style="text-align:left;" | [[Fasciculus:Flag of Switzerland.svg|22x20px]] [[Francus Helveticus]] || CHF (Fr) || style="text-align:right;" | 5.2% |- | 7 || style="text-align:left;" | [[Fasciculus:Flag of Canada.svg|22x20px]] [[Dollarium Canadense]] || CAD ($) || style="text-align:right;" | 4.6% |- | 8 || style="text-align:left;" | [[Fasciculus:Flag of Mexico.svg|22x20px]] [[Pensum Mexicanum]] || MXN ($) || style="text-align:right;" | 2.5% |- | 9 || style="text-align:left;" | [[Fasciculus:Flag of China.svg|22x20px]] [[Renminbi|Renminbi Sinense]] || CNY (¥) || style="text-align:right;" | 2.2% |- | 10 || style="text-align:left;" | [[Fasciculus:Flag of New Zealand.svg|22x20px]] [[Dollarium Neozelandense]] || NZD ($) || style="text-align:right;" | 2.0% |- | 11 || style="text-align:left;" | [[Fasciculus:Flag of Sweden.svg|22x20px]] [[Corona Suecica]] || SEK (kr) || style="text-align:right;" | 1.8% |- | 12 || style="text-align:left;" | [[Fasciculus:Flag of Russia.svg|22x20px]] [[Rubelus Russicus]] || RUB (₽) || style="text-align:right;" | 1.6% |- | 13 || style="text-align:left;" | [[Fasciculus:Flag of Hong Kong.svg|22x20px]] [[Dollarium Hongcongense]] || HKD ($) || style="text-align:right;" | 1.4% |- | 14 || style="text-align:left;" | [[Fasciculus:Flag of Norway.svg|22x20px]] [[Corona Norvegica]] || NOK (kr) || style="text-align:right;" | 1.4% |- | 15 || style="text-align:left;" | [[Fasciculus:Flag of Singapore.svg|22x20px]] [[Dollarium Singapurense]] || SGD ($) || style="text-align:right;" | 1.4% |- | 16 || style="text-align:left;" | [[Fasciculus:Flag of Turkey.svg|22x20px]] [[Libra Turcica]] || TRY (₺) || style="text-align:right;" | 1.3% |- | 17 || style="text-align:left;" | [[Fasciculus:Flag of South Korea.svg|22x20px]] [[Won Austrocoreanum]] || KRW (₩) || style="text-align:right;" | 1.2% |- | 18 || style="text-align:left;" | [[Fasciculus:Flag of South Africa.svg|22x20px]] [[Rand Austroafricanum]] || ZAR (R) || style="text-align:right;" | 1.1% |- | 19 || style="text-align:left;" | [[Fasciculus:Flag of Brazil.svg|22x20px]] [[Realis Brasiliensis]] || BRL (R$) || style="text-align:right;" | 1.1% |- | 20 || style="text-align:left;" | [[Fasciculus:Flag of India.svg|22x20px]] [[Rupia Indica]] || INR (₹) || style="text-align:right;" | 1.0% |- | colspan=3 style="text-align:right;" | Alia || style="text-align:right;" | 6.3% |- | colspan=3 style="text-align:right;" |'''Summa'''<ref>Summa totalis est 200% quia quisque permutatio monetae in se par monetarum habet.</ref> || style="text-align:right;" | '''200%''' |} Usus monetarum in notione [[lex monetae|legis monetae]] nititur: quod civitas sui iuris constituit qua moneta utatur. [[ISO|Organizatio internationalis unificationis]] (ISO) systema codicum trium litterarum ([[ISO 4217]]) introduxit, quo quisque moneta definitur; itaque [[dollarium Civitatum Foederatarum|dollarium CFA]] ''USD'', [[euro]] ''EUR'', [[ienum]] Iaponicum ''JPY'' appellantur. {{clear}} == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} * [[Aes signatum]] * [[Coinbase]] * [[Numismatica]] * [[Macrooeconomia]] * [[Inflatio monetalis]] - [[Deflatio monetalis]] * [[Oeconomia politica]] * [[Renovatio monetae]] * [[Systema monetarium Europaeum]] ==Bibliographia== *Blanchard, Oliver, et Gerhard Illing. [[2008]]. ''Makroökonomie.'' Ed. 4a. Monaci: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 9783827372093. *Cancik, H. [[2000]]. ''Der Neue Pauly: Enzyklopädie der Antike.'' Stutgardiae: Metzler. ISBN 3476014843. *Davies, Glyn. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060714171102/http://www.ex.ac.uk/~RDavies/arian/amser/chrono14.html ''Chronology of Money 1900–1919.''] ISBN 0708313515. *Davies, Glyn. [[2002]]. ''A history of money: from ancient times to the present day.'' Ed. 3a. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 0708317731, ISBN 0708317170 (carta). *Eichengreen, Bary. ''Vom Goldstandard zum Euro: Die Geschichte des internationalen Währungssystems.'' Conv. Udo Rennert et Wolfgang Rhiel. Berolini: Verlag Klaus Wagenbach. ISBN 3803136032. *Jarchow, Hans Joachim, et Peter Rühmann. [[2002]]. Internationale Währungspolitik. In ''Monetäre Außenwirtschaft'' 2(5). Uni-Taschenbücher 1335. Gotingae: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 3825213358. *North, M. ''Das Geld und seine Geschichte.'' Vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart. Monaci: Beck. ISBN 3406380727. *Schricker, Wolfgang, eet Eberhard Rubin. [[1992]]. Geld, Kredit & Währung. ''VfW-Skriptenreihe'' 22. Ed. 6a. Monaci: Verlag für Wirtschaftsskripten. ISBN 3921636957. *Sedillot, René. [[1992]]. ''Muscheln, Münzen und Papier: Die Geschichte des Geldes.'' Conv. Linda Gränz. Francofurti: Campus-Verlag. Novi Eboraci. ISBN 3593347075. *Weatherford, Jack McIver. [[1999]]. ''Eine kurze Geschichte des Geldes und der Währungen: Von den Anfängen bis in die Gegenwart.'' Conv. Antoinette Gittinger. Turici: Concett bei Oesch. ISBN 3905267039. *Weimer, Wolfram. [[1994]]. ''Geschichte des Geldes: Eine Chronik mit Texten und Bildern.'' Francofurti et Lipsiae: Suhrkamp Verlag. ISBN 351838807X. *Wolff, Sören. [[2010]]. ''Eine kurze Geschichte des Geldes: Die Entstehung der Vertragsform Kredit und nominaler Geldzeichen in Antike und Neuzeit.'' Ökonomische Essays, 15. Marburg: Metropolis. ISBN 9783895187889. {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Societas}} [[Categoria:Divitiae]] [[Categoria:Monetae|!]] h7oee2tvzzl7rdcguchn5gs8vfb4ufj 0 71850 3980019 3963505 2026-08-09T23:18:57Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980019 wikitext text/x-wiki ÈÈ[[Fasciculus:Penicillin core.svg|thumb|Structura [[molecula]]e [[penicillinum|penicillini]], primi [[medicamentum|medicamenti]] [[natura]]lis contra [[bacteria]] ab [[Alexander Fleming|Alexandro Fleming]] anno [[1928]] inventi]] '''Antibioticum''' est [[compositum]] vel [[substantia]], quae [[bacterium|bacteria]] interficit vel augeri prohibet.<ref>"Antibacterial" in ''Dorlands Medical Dictionary.''</ref> Terminus saepe pro [[synonymum|synonymo]] termini '''''antibacteriale''''' adhibetur; hodie autem<!-- with increased knowledge of the causative agents of various infectious diseases,--> ''antibioticum'' latiorem compositorum [[antimicrobiale|antimicrobialium]] varietatem significare coepit, inter quam [[medicamentum antifungale|antifungalia]] et alia composita.<ref>"Antibiotic" in ''Dorlands Medical Dictionary.''</ref> == Etymologia == [[Nomen substantivum|Nomen]] ''antibioticum'' (a [[verbum (grammatica generalis)|verbis]] [[Lingua Graeca antiqua|Graecis]] ἀντί 'contra' + βίος '[[vita]]') a [[Selman Waksman|Selmano Waksman]] anno [[1942]] excogitatum est, ad describendam quamlibet rem a [[microorganismus|microorganismo]] factam, quae auctui quorundam aliorum microorganismorum in alta dilutione [[antagonismus|contraria]] est.<ref>S. A. Waksman, "What Is an Antibiotic or an Antibiotic Substance?" ''Mycologia'' 39 (1947): 565–69.</ref> Haec [[definitio]] res excludit, quae [[bacteria]] interficiunt, sed a microorganismis non generantur (sicut [[acidum gastricum]] et [[peroxidum hydrogenii]]); ea [[synthesis chemica|synthetica]] composita antibacterialia sicut [[sulfonamidum|sulfonamida]] etiam excludit. Multa composita antibacterialia sunt [[molecula parva|moleculae parvae]], quibus est [[pondus moleculare]] minus quam 2000 [[unitas massae atomicae|unitatum massae atomicae]]. Ob progressum in [[chemia medicinalis|chemia medicinali]] plurima antibacterialia hodierna [[chemica|chemice]] sunt [[semisyntheticus|semisyntheticae]] variorum compositorum [[natura]]lium mutationes.<ref>{{cite journal |author=F. von Nussbaum, et al. |title=Medicinal Chemistry of Antibacterial Natural Products – Exodus or Revival?|journal=Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. |volume=45 |issue=31 |pages=5072–5129 |year=[[2006]] |pmid= 16881035 |doi=10.1002/anie.200600350}}.</ref> Inter ea, exempli gratia, sunt antibacterialia [[antibioticum beta-lactamo|beta-lactamo]], quae [[penicillinum]] (a [[fungi]] [[genus (taxinomia)|generis]] ''[[Penicillium|Penicillii]]'' generatum), [[cephalosporinum|cephalosporina]] et [[carbapenem]]es comprehendunt. Composita, quae iam ex [[organismus|organismis]] [[vita|vivis]] deducuntur, sunt [[aminoglycosidum|aminoglycosida]], sed alia antibacterialia—inter quae [[sulfonamidum|sulfonamida]], [[quinolonum|quinolona]], [[oxazolidinonum|oxazolidinona]]—solum a [[synthesis chemica|synthesi chemica]] generantur. Ex hoc, multa composita antibacterialia digeruntur secundum originem chemicam vel [[biosynthesis|biosyntheticam]] in [[natura]]les, semisyntheticos et syntheticos greges. Aliud systema classificationis in activitate{{dubsig}} [[biologia|biologica]] constituitur. Hac in classificatione antibacterialia in [[duo]] greges latos secundum suos effectus biologicos in microorganismos dividuntur: agentes<!--agents--> [[bactericidum|bactericidales]] bacteria interficiunt et [[agens bacteriostaticus|agentes bacteriostatici]] auctum bacteriorum retardant vel stabilant. [[Fasciculus:MRSA7820.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Microgramma electronum inspiciens]]<!--Scanning electron micrograph--> [[bacterium]] [[Staphylococcus aureus methicillinum resistens|''Staphylococcum aureum'' methicillinum resistentem]] monstrat.]] == Historia == Ante [[saeculum 20|saeculum vicensimum]] sanationes [[infectio]]num praecipue in [[medicina popularis|medicina populari]] conditae erant. Mixturae proprietates antimicrobiales habentes, quae in curationibus infectionum adhibebantur, abhinc [[annus|annorum]] plus quam 2000 describebantur.<ref>''Considerations for Determining if a Natural Product Is an Effective Wound-Healing Agent.''</ref> Multae [[cultura]]e antiquae, inter quas culturae [[medicina Aegyptia antiqua|Aegyptorum antiquorum]] et [[medicina Graeca antiqua|Graecorum antiquorum]], [[fungus|fungos]]<!--mold--> materiasque et extracta{{dubsig}} [[planta]]rum prae ceteris selecta ad curandas infectiones adhibebant.<ref name="Early history of wound treatment"/><ref name="Moulds in ancient and more recent medicine"/> Recentiores antibiosis inter [[microorganismus|microorganismos]] observationes in [[laboratorium|laboratorio]] factae in inventionem antibacterialium [[natura]]lium a microorganismis generatorum adduxerunt. Apud [[Ludovicus Pasteur|Ludovicum Pasteur]] legimus: "Si in observato inter nonnulla [[bacteria]] antagonismo{{dubsig}} intercedere possimus, haec ratio maximas sanationis spes fortasse praebet."<ref>"If we could intervene in the antagonism observed between some bacteria, it would offer perhaps the greatest hopes for therapeutics" (Kingston 2008).</ref> == Indicia == * [[Sanitas|Sanatio]] ** [[Infectio bacteriorum]] ** [[Infectio protozoorum]]; e.g. [[metronidazolum]] contra nonnullos [[morbus parasiticus|morbos parasiticos]] est efficax ** [[Immunomodulatio]]; e.g. [[tetracyclinum]], quod in [[periodontitis|inflammatione periodontitis]], et [[dapsonum]], quod in [[morbus autoimmunitatis|morbis autoimmunitatis]] sicut [[pemphigoidum]] mucosae [[os (oris)|oris]] membranae est efficax<ref name="pmid7037880">{{cite journal |author=R. S. Rogers, J. R. Seehafer, et H. O. Perry |title=Treatment of cicatricial (benign mucous membrane) pemphigoid with dapsone |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=215–223 |year=[[1982]] |month=[[Februarius]] |pmid=7037880 |doi= 10.1016/S0190-9622(82)70014-3|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-academy-of-dermatology-journal_1982-02_6_2/page/215}}.</ref> * [[Medicina prohibitionis|Prohibitio]]<!--preventive medicine--> infectionis ** [[Vulnus chirurgicum]] ** [[Prophylaxis antibiotica dentalis]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=W. Wilson, K. A. Taubert, M. Gewitz, et al. |title=Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association |journal=Circulation |volume=116 |issue=15 |pages=1736–54 |year=[[2007]] |month=October |pmid=17446442 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.183095 |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17446442}}.</ref><ref name="dental">{{cite journal |author=Y. Zadik, M. Findler, S. Livne, et al. |title=Dentists' knowledge and implementation of the 2007 American Heart Association guidelines for prevention of infective endocarditis |journal=Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=e16-9 |year=[[2008]] |month=December |pmid=19000604 |url=http://www.ooooe.net/article/S1079-2104(08)00597-0/abstract |doi=10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.08.009}}.</ref> ** Condiciones [[neutropenia]]e; e.g. ob [[cancer (morbus)|cancrum]]<!--PLUS IN EN:--> == Exemplum aminoglycosidorum == {| class="wikitable" |+ Classes antibioticorum |- ! Nomen substantiae !! Usus frequentes!!<ref name="merck">Robert Berkow (ed.) ''[[El manual de Merck|The Merck Manual of Medical Information - Home Edition]]''. Pocket (september 1999), ISBN 0-671-02727-1.</ref>Effectus adversi!!<ref name="merck" /> Machinatio actionis |- ! colspan="5" | [[Aminoglycosidum|Aminoglycosida]] |- | [[Amikacinum]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spanish/druginfo/medmaster/a682661-es.html|título= Inyección de Sulfato de amikacina|fechaacceso= 2 de septiembre|authors= MedlinePlus |year= 2003 |month= Ian |title = Enciclopedia médica en español}}</ref> || rowspan="7" | Contra infecciones per [[bacterium Gramiense negativum|bacteria Gramiensia negativa]] ut ''[[Escherichia coli|E. coli]]'' et ''[[Klebsiella]]m''. [[Tobramycinum]] contra ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa|Pseudomonadem aeruginosam]]''. [[Neomycinum]] pro prophylaxi in [[chirurgia]] abdominali. Contra bacteria anaerobica. Non contra bacteria Gramiensia positiva. | rowspan="8" | * [[Vertigo (symptoma)|Vertigo]] ([[Nervus vestibulocochlearis]]) * [[Insufficientia renalis]] (cum [[cephalosporinum|cephalosporinis]]) | rowspan="8" | Inhibitio syntesis proteinorum |- | [[Gentamicinum]] |- | [[Kanamcynum]] |- | [[Neomycinum]] |- | [[Netilmycinum]] |- | [[Paromomycinum]] |- | [[Tobramycinum]] |- | [[Streptomycinum]] || [[Phthisis]] |- | [[Spectinomycinum]] || [[Gonorrhoea]] || || <!-- |- ! colspan="5" | [[Ansamycinum|Ansamycida]] |- ! colspan="5" | [[Carbacephemum|Carbacephema]] |- ! colspan="5" | [[Carbapenemum|Carbapenema]] |- ! colspan="5" | [[Cephalosporinum|Cephalosporina]] |- ! colspan="5" | [[Glycopeptidum|Glycopeptida]] |- ! colspan="5" | [[Lincosamidum|Lincosamida]] |- ! colspan="5" | [[Lipopeptidum|Lipopeptida]] |- ! colspan="5" | [[Macrolidum|Macrolida]] |- ! colspan="5" | [[Monobactamum|Monobactama]] |- ! colspan="5" | [[Nitrofuranum|Nitrofurana]] |- ! colspan="5" | [[Oxazolidinonum|Oxazolidinona]] |- ! colspan="5" | [[Penicillinum|Penicillina]] |- ! colspan="5" | [[Polypeptidum|Polypeptida]] |- ! colspan="5" | [[Chinolonum|Chinolona]] |- ! colspan="5" | [[Sulfonamidum|Sulfonamida]] |- ! colspan="5" | [[Tetracyclinum|Tetracyclina]] |- ! colspan="5" | Alia antibiotica --> |} {{NexInt}} {{div col|3}} * [[Amphotericine B]] * [[Antibiotherapia]] * [[Antibioticum beta-lactamo]] * [[Bacillaenum]] * [[Bacteriologia]] * [[Biologia]] * [[Classificatio antibioticorum]] * [[Iatrogenesis]] * [[Iatrogenesis systemica]] * [[:Categoria:Antibiotica|Index antibioticorum]] * [[Infectio nosocomialis]] * [[Immunologia]] * [[Medicamentum]] * [[Microbiologia]] * [[Morbus]] * [[Pharmacologia]] * [[Praescriptio]] * [[Probiotica]] * [[Surpraescriptio]]<!-- + * [[Résistance aux antibiotiques]] * [[Liste de médicaments retirés du marché]] * [[Surconsommation de médicaments]]--> {{div col end}} ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Bibliographia== *Abedon, S. T., et R. L. Calendar. [[2005]]. ''The Bacteriophages.'' *Abedon, S. T., ed. [[2008]]. ''Bacteriophage Ecology: Population Growth, Evolution and Impact of Bacterial Viruses.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85845-8. *Alexy, Radka, et Klaus Kümmerer. [[2005]]. Antibiotika in der Umwelt. ''KA: Korrespondenz Abwasser, Abfall'' 52 (5): 563–71. ISSN 1616-430X. *Bosch, F., et L. Rosich. [[2008]]. The contributions of Paul Ehrlich to pharmacology: a tribute on the occasion of the centenary of his Nobel Prize. ''Pharmacology'' 82 (3): 171–79. PMID 18679046. DOI 10.1159/000149583. *Calderon, C. B., et B. P. Sabundayo. [[2007]]. Antimicrobial Classifications: Drugs for Bugs. In ''Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Protocols,'' ed. R. Schwalbe, L. Steele-Moore, et A. C. Goodwin. CRC Press, Taylor & Frances group. ISBN 978-0-8247-4100-6. *Grote, M., C. Schwake-Anduschus, H. Stevens, R. Michel, T. Betsche, et M. Freitag. [[2006]]. Antibiotika-Aufnahme von Nutzpflanzen aus Gülle-gedüngten Böden: Ergebnisse eines Modellversuchs. ''Journal für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit'' 1 (1): 1661-5867. ISSN 1661-5751. *Heisig, Peter. [[2004]]. Was ist neu an Ketoliden und Oxazolidinonen? Wirkungs- und Resistenzmechanismen. ''[[Pharmazie in unserer Zeit]]'' 33 (1): 10–19. ISSN 0048-3664. *Simon, Claus, et Wolfgang Stille. [[1985]]. ''Antibiotika-Therapie in Klinik und Praxis.'' Stuttgartiae: Schattauer. ISBN 3-7945-1970-1. *Stille, Wolfgang, Hans-Reinhard Brodt, Andreas H. Groll, et Gudrun Just-Nübling. [[2006]]. ''Antibiotika-Therapie.'' Ed. undecima. Stutgartiae: Schattauer. ISBN 3-7945-2160-9. *Sykes, R. [[2001]]. Penicillin: from discovery to product. ''Bulletin of the World Health Organization 79 (8): 778–79. PMID 11545336. PMC 2566502. *Theuretzbacher, Ursula. ([[1999]]) [[2005]]. ''Mikrobiologie im klinischen Alltag: Erreger, Diagnostik, Therapie.'' Ed. secunda. Stuttgartiae: Kohlhammeruflage. ISBN 3-17-016665-4. *Townsend, Courtney M. [[2005]]. ''Sabiston Tratado de Cirugia e-dition: Libro con acceso a sitio web'' Ed. septima decima. Elsevier España. ISBN 848174848X. http://books.google.es/books?id=lGOEc7OUm3cC. *Waksman, S. A. [[1947]]. What Is an Antibiotic or an Antibiotic Substance? ''Mycologia'' 39 (5): 565–69. {{doi|10.2307/3755196}}. PMID 20264541. JSTOR 3755196. [[Categoria:Antibiotica| ]] [[Categoria:Verba Graeca]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Biologia}} 741v75le94v2ecam01g8ja5r587950k 0 72013 3979763 841973 2026-08-09T15:56:40Z Xqbot 9619 rectificatio redirectionis duplicis → [[Symphonia nona Ludovici van Beethovenii]] 3979763 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Symphonia nona Ludovici van Beethovenii]] dvuerfr0e02e3ddg5cgjc9yvuh2vip6 1 72014 3979761 841975 2026-08-09T15:56:35Z Xqbot 9619 rectificatio redirectionis duplicis → [[Disputatio:Symphonia nona Ludovici van Beethovenii]] 3979761 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Disputatio:Symphonia nona Ludovici van Beethovenii]] m4yy2smerhhn91n4r99if52t93v6kr7 0 73071 3979973 3978818 2026-08-09T22:37:49Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979973 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Map_of_USA_South.svg|thumb|upright=1|[[Tabula geographica|Tabula]] Civitatum Foederatarum Meridianarum secundum [[Ministerium Censorium Civitatum Foederatarum|Ministerium Censorium]]. Definitiones regionum inter fontes variant.]] [[Fasciculus:Map of the Southern United States modern definition.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Civitates [[ruber|rubro]] obscuro pictae saepe Meridies Altus (vel "verus" quidem) appellantur.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.unc.edu/news/archives/jun99/reed16.htm | title=UNC-CH surveys reveal where the ‘real’ South lies | author=David Williamson | accessdate=22 Februarii 2007}}.</ref><ref>[http://www.pfly.net/misc/GeographicMorphology.jpg www.pfly.net]{{Nexus deficit|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref>]] '''Civitates Foederatae Meridianae'''<ref>Etiam ''Meridies Americanus,'' et ''civitates meridianae,'' et plerumque in Civitatibus Foederatis ''Meridies'' tantum appellatae.</ref> sunt [[geographia|geographica]] [[cultura]]lisque [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[regio]], quae inter [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceanum Atlanticum]] et [[Civitates Foederatae Occidentales|Civitates Foederatas occidentales]] iacet, [[Civitatum Foederatarum civitas|civitatibus]] [[Civitates Foederatae mediae occidentales|mediis occidentalibus]] et [[Civitates Foederatae septentrionales et orientales|septentrionalibus orientalibusque]] ad [[septentrio]]nes versus et [[Sinus Mexici|Sinu Mexici]] ad [[meridies|meridiem]] versus iacentibus. ==Civitates meridianae== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! valign=bottom | Gradus ! valign=bottom | Civitas ! valign=bottom | Caput ! valign=bottom | Gradus nationalis ! valign=bottom | Incolae (2020 aest.)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://worldpopulationreview.com/states/| title = US States - Ranked by Population 2020| access-date= 19 Iunii 2020 | work=WorldPopulationReview}}.</ref> |- | align=center| 1 | [[Texia]] | [[Austinopolis]] | align=center| 2 | align=right | 29,472,295 |- | align=center | 2 | [[Florida]] | [[Tallahassia]] | align=center| 3 | align=right | 21,992,985 |- | align=center | 3 | [[Georgia (Civitates Foederatae)|Georgia]] | [[Atlanta (Georgia)|Atlanta]] | align=center| 8 | align=right | 10,736,059 |- | align=center | 4 | [[Carolina Septentrionalis]] | [[Raleia]] | align=center| 9 | align=right | 10,611,862 |- | align=center | 5 | [[Virginia]] | [[Ricmondia]] | align=center| 12 | align=right | 8,626,207 |- | align=center | 6 | [[Tennesia]] | [[Nasburgum]] | align=center| 16 | align=right | 6,897,576 |- | align=center | 7 | [[Terra Mariae]] | [[Annapolis]] | align=center| 19 | align=right | 6,083,116 |- | align=center | 8 | [[Carolina Meridiana]] | [[Columbia (Carolina Meridiana)|Columbia]] | align=center| 23 | align=right | 5,210,095 |- | align=center | 9 | [[Alabama]] | [[Mons Gomerici (Alabama)|Mons Gomerici]] | align=center| 24 | align=right | 4,908,621 |- | align=center | 10 | [[Ludoviciana]] | [[Rubribaculum]] | align=center| 25 | align=right | 4,645,184 |- | align=center | 11 | [[Kentukia]] | [[Francofurtum (Kentukia)|Francofurtum]] | align=center| 26 | align=right | 4,499,692 |- | align=center | 12 | [[Oclahoma]] | [[Oclahomopolis]] | align=center| 28 | align=right | 3,954,821 |- | align=center | 13 | [[Arcansia]] | [[Petricula]] | align=center| 33 | align=right | 3,038,999 |- | align=center | 14 | [[Mississippia]] | [[Iacsonia]] | align=center| 35 | align=right | 2,989,260 |- | align=center | 15 | [[Virginia Occidentalis]] | [[Carolopolis (Virginia Occidentalis)|Carolopolis]] | align=center| 40 | align=right | 1,778,070 |- | align=center | 16 | [[Delavaria]] | [[Dubris (Delavaria)|Dubris]] | align=center| 46 | align=right | 982,895 |- |} {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} *[[Aetas Reconstructionis]] *[[Appalachia]] *[[Arx Sancti Augustini]] *[[Bellum Civile Americanum]] *[[Blues]] *[[Causa Amissa]] *[[Civitates Atlanticae Meridianae]] *[[Civitates Confoederatae Americae]] *[[Jefferson Davis]] *[[Dred Scott v. Sandford]] *[[Florida Hispanica]] *[[Iacobopolis (Virginia)]] *[[Martinus Lutherus King]] *[[Robertus Eduardus Lee]] *[[Lex Servorum Fugitivorum anni 1850]] *[[Martyres (insulae)]] *[[Mississippius]] *[[Motus iurum civilium]] *[[Musica iazzica]] *[[Nullificatio]] *[[Oratio Domus Divisae]] *[[Secessio]] *''[[To Kill a Mockingbird (pellicula)|To Kill a Mockingbird]]'' *''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'' {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references /> ==Bibliographia== *Allen, John O., et Clayton E. Jewett. [[2004]]. ''Slavery in the South: A State-by-State History.'' Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32019-4. *Ayers, Edward L. [[1993]]. ''The Promise of the New South: Life after Reconstruction.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-508548-8. *Ayers, Edward L. [[2005]]. ''What Caused the Civil War? Reflections on the South and Southern History.'' * {{Cite book |author = Billington, Monroe Lee |title = The Political South in the 20th Century |publisher = Scribner | year = [[1975]] |isbn = 978-0-684-13983-8 |url = https://archive.org/details/politicalsouthin00bill }}. * {{Cite book |author = Black, Earl, et Merle Black |title = The Rise of Southern Republicans |year = [[2002]] |isbn = 978-0-674-01248-6 | place = Cantabrigiae Massachusettae | publisher = Belknap Press |url = https://archive.org/details/riseofsouthernre00earl_0 }}. * Cash, Wilbur J. [[1941]]. ''The Mind of the South.'' * Cooper, Christopher A., et H. Gibbs Knotts, eds. [[2008]]. ''The New Politics of North Carolina.'' University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-5876-9. * Davis, Donald, et Mark R. Stoll. [[2006]]. ''Southern United States: An Environmental History.'' * Edwards, Laura F. [[2009]]. "Southern History as U.S. History." ''Journal of Southern History'' 75 (Augustus): 533–64. * Flynt, J. Wayne. [[1979]]. ''Dixie's Forgotten People: The South's Poor Whites.'' * Frederickson, Kari. [[2013]]. ''Cold War Dixie: Militarization and Modernization in the American South.'' Athenis Georgiae: University of Georgia Press. * {{Cite book |author = Eugene D. Genovese |title = Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made |url = https://archive.org/details/rolljor_gen_1976_00_0402 |year = 1976 |isbn = 978-0-394-71652-7 |publisher = Vintage Books | location = Novi Eboraci |page = [https://archive.org/details/rolljor_gen_1976_00_0402/page/41 41] }}. * Grantham, Dewey W. [[1992]]. ''The life and death of the Solid South: A political history.'' * Grantham, Dewey W. [[2001]]. ''The South in modern America: a region at odds.'' Novi Eboraci: HarperCollinsPublishers. ISBN 0060167734. * Johnson, Charles S. [[1941]]. ''Statistical atlas of southern counties: listing and analysis of socio-economic indices of 1104 southern counties.'' [https://books.google.com/books/about/Statistical_Atlas_of_Southern_Counties_L.html?id=ATjQAAAAMAAJ Google Books.] * {{Cite book |author = David M. Katzman |chapter = Black Migration |title = The Reader's Companion to American History |year=1996| place = Novi Eboraci | publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company }}. * Key, V. O. [[1951]]. ''Southern Politics in State and Nation.'' [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Statistical%20atlas%20of%20southern%20counties%29 Textus interretialis.] * Kirby, Jack Temple. [[1986]]. ''Rural Worlds Lost: The American South, 1920-1960.'' LSU Press. [https://archive.org/details/ruralworldslosta0000kirb Textus interretialis.] * {{Cite book |author = Michael Kreyling |title = Inventing Southern Literature |publisher = University Press of Mississippi |year = [[1998]] |isbn = 978-1-57806-045-0 |page = [https://archive.org/details/inventingsouther00krey_0/page/66 66] |url = https://archive.org/details/inventingsouther00krey_0/page/66 }}. * {{Cite book |author = Rayford Logan |title = The Betrayal of the Negro from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson |url = https://archive.org/details/betrayalofnegrof0000loga_q7j6 |location = Novi Eboraci |publisher = Da Capo Press |year = [[1997]] |isbn = 978-0-306-80758-9 |author-link = }}. * McWhiney, Grady. [[1988]]. ''In Cracker Culture: Celtic Ways in the Old South.'' * Mark, Rebecca, et Rob Vaughan. [[2004]]. ''The South: The Greenwood Encyclopedia of American Regional Cultures.'' * {{cite journal |last = Morris |first = Christopher |title = A More Southern Environmental History |url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-southern-history_2009-08_75_3/page/581 |journal = Journal of Southern History |volume = 75 |issue = 3 |year = [[2009]] |pages = 581–98 }}. * Odem, Mary E., et Elaine Lacy, eds. [[2009]]. ''Latino Immigrants and the Transformation of the U.S. South.'' University of Georgia Press. * Rabinowitz, Howard N. [[1976]]. "From Exclusion to Segregation: Southern Race Relations, 1865–1890." ''Jurnal of American History'' 43, no. 2 (September): 325–50. {{doi|10.2307/1899640}}. JSTOR 1899640. * Rae, Nicol C. [[1994]]. ''Southern Democrats.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-508709-3. * Raffel, Jeffrey A. [[1998]]. ''Historical Dictionary of School Segregation and Desegregation: The American Experience.'' Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-29502-7. * Rivers, Larry E., et Canter Brown, eds. [[2010]]. ''The Varieties of Women's Experiences: Portraits of Southern Women in the Post-Civil War Century.'' University Press of Florida. * Thornton III, J. Mills. [[2016]]. ''Archipelagoes of My South: Episodes in the Shaping of a Region, 1830–1965.'' [https://muse.jhu.edu/book/48143 Locus interretialis.] * Tindall, George B. [[1967]]. ''The emergence of the new South, 1913–1945.'' [https://archive.org/details/emergenceofnewso00tind Textus interretialis.] * {{Cite book |editor = Robert W. Twyman. |editor2 = David C. Roller |title = Encyclopedia of Southern History |publisher = LSU Press |year = [[1979]] |isbn = 978-0-8071-0575-7 |url-access = registration |url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofso0000unse_d5d4 }}. * Virts, Nancy. [[2006]]. "Change in the Plantation System: American South, 1910–1945." ''Explorations in Economic History'' 43 (1): 153–76. {{doi|10.1016/j.eeh.2005.04.003}}. * {{cite journal |last = Wells |first = Jonathan Daniel |title = The Southern Middle Class |url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-southern-history_2009-08_75_3/page/651 |journal = Journal of Southern History |volume = 75 |issue = 3 |year = [[2009]] |pages = 651– }}. * {{Cite book |editor = Charles Reagan Wilson |editor2 = William Ferris |title = Encyclopedia of Southern Culture |publisher = University of North Carolina Press |year = [[1989]] |isbn = 978-0-8078-1823-7 |url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofso00dia_teb }}. * {{Cite book |author = Woodward, C. Vann |title = The Strange Career of Jim Crow |url = https://archive.org/details/strangecareerofj0000wood_m0h2 |year = [[1955]] |isbn = 978-0-19-514690-5 | place = Oxoniae | publisher = Oxford University Press }}. * Woodward, C. Vann. [[1951]]. ''Origins of the New South, 1877–1913: A History of the South.'' * Wright, Gavin. [[1996]]. ''Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy since the Civil War.'' LSU Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-2098-9. [[Categoria:Civitates Foederatae Americae]] 0d5p02tzvujd0tdd86jqp7m5pnnzo8s 0 73646 3980033 3978646 2026-08-09T23:31:35Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980033 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Charles Mellin zugeschr - Porträt eines Herrn - Gemäldegalerie Berlin.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A very obese gentleman with a prominent double chin and mustache dressed in black with a sword at his left side.|''[[Alexander del Borro]], Generalis Tuscanus.'' Tabula [[Carolus Mellin|Carolo Mellin]] tributa, [[1645]].<ref name=Zach2003>{{cite journal |author=Zachary Bloomgarden |title=Prevention of Obesity and Diabetes |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=26 |pages=3172–3178 |year=2003 |pmid= 14578257|doi= 10.2337/diacare.26.11.3172|url=http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/26/11/3172.full |issue=11}}.</ref> Obesitas [[Medium Aevum|Medio Aevo]] et [[Renascentia]] saepe videbatur signum divitum, et inter duces [[societas humana|societatis]] erat communis.]] [[Fasciculus:La monstrua desnuda (1680), de Juan Carreño de Miranda..jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A painting of a dark haired pink cheeked obese nude young female leaning against a table. She is holding grapes and grape leaves in her left hand which cover her genitalia.|[[Puella]] cui ut homines [[medicina]]e periti sumunt est [[syndroma Prader-Willi]]. Tabula a [[Ioannes Carreno de Miranda|Ioanne Carreno de Miranda]] anno [[1680]] picta.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esst.org/newsletter2000.htm |title=Case Study: Cataplexy and SOREMPs Without Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Prader Willi Syndrome: Is This the Beginning of Narcolepsy in a Five Year Old?|author=Mary Jones|publisher=European Society of Sleep Technologists|accessdate=[[6 Aprilis]] [[2009]]}}.</ref>]] [[Fasciculus:Venus von Willendorf 01.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A carved stone miniature figurine depicted an obese female.|''[[Venus Willendorfiana]].'' Figurina [[lapis|lapidea]] quae [[mulier]]em obesam monstrat; circa annos 24,000–22,000 [[a.C.n.]] sculpta.]] [[Fasciculus:PresidentTaftTelephoneCrop.jpg|thumb|[[Gulielmus Howard Taft]], [[Praeses Civitatum Foederatarum]], ob obesitatem in ludibrio saepe fuit.]] '''Obesitas''' est gravitas valetudinis, in qua nimium [[adeps|adipis]] adeo accumulatur, ut [[salus|saluti]] nocere, [[exspecatio vitae|exspectationem vitae]] imminuere plusculumque hominum [[morbus|morbo]] afficere possit.<ref name="WHO 2000 p.6">WHO 2000 p.6</ref><ref>Haslam & James 2005.</ref> Obesus putatur, cuius [[index molis corporei]] (IMC) — aestimatio quae ita fit, ut pondus hominis quadrato altitudinis eius dividatur — 30 [[kg]]/[[metrum quadratum|m²]] excedit.<ref name="WHO 2000 p.9">WHO 2000:9.</ref> Obesitas probabilitatem [[morbiditas cum obesitate consociata|variorum morborum]] auget, praecipue [[morbi cardivasculares|morbi cordis]], [[diabetes mellitus generis 2|diabetis generis 2]], [[obstructiva somni apnea|obstructivae somni apneae]], certorum generum [[cancer (morbus)|cancri]], et [[osteoarthritis]].<ref>Haslam & James 2005.</ref> Obesitas plerumque efficitur a mixtura nimium [[energia ex cibo|energiae ex cibo]], inopiae activitatis physicae, et [[legatum polygenicum|procilivitatis geneticae]], quamquam nonnullae causae primum a [[genum|genis]], confusione [[endocrinum|endocrinae]], [[medicamentum|medicamentis]], vel [[morbus mentis|morbo mentis]] efficiuntur. Non multa indicia opinionem nonnullos homines obesos minime edere sed [[pondus]] capere ob [[metabolismus|metabolismum]] tardum sustinent; ex contrario, ob [[energia]]m quae ad conservandam massam corpoream necesse est, homines obesi maiorem energiam expendere quam homines tenues solent.<ref>{{cite book |author=Robert Kushner, |title=Treatment of the Obese Patient (Contemporary Endocrinology) |publisher=Humana Press |location=Totowa, Novae Caesraeae |year=[[2007]] |page=158 |isbn=1-59745-400-1 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=vWjK5etS7PMC&pg=PA121&lpg=PA121&dq=measurement+of+metabolism+in+obese+Bessesen |doi= |accessdate=[[5 Aprilis]] [[2009]]}}.</ref><ref name=Anes2000>{{cite journal |author=J. P. Adams et P. G. Murphy |title=Obesity in anaesthesia and intensive care |journal=British Journal of Anaesthesiology |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=91–108 |year=[[2000]] |month=Iulio |pmid=10927998 |doi= 10.1093/bja/85.1.91|url=http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/85/1/91}}</ref> [[Victus|Diaeta minuta]]<!--dieting--> et [[exercitatio physica]] sunt principales obesitatis curationes. Qualitas diaetae ameliorari potest immuendo consumptione ciborum [[energia]] densorum sicut cibi [[adeps|adipis]] [[saccharum|saccharique]] pleni, et amplificando consumptionem [[fibra diaetaria|fibrae diaetariae]]. [[Medicamentum contra obesitatem|Medicamenta contra obesitatem]] recipi possunt ad minuendam [[appententia]]m vel interdicendam absorptionem adipis, una cum diaeta commoda. Si diaeta, exercitatio, et [[medicina]] non sunt efficaces, [[globus gastricus]]<!--balloon--> adiuvare, vel [[chirurgia bariatrica]] [[volumen]] [[stomachus|stomachi]] et/vel [[longitudo|longitudinem]] [[intestinum|intestini]] imminuere potest, praematuram [[satiatio]]nem et reductam [[alimentum|nutrimentorum]] ex cibo absorptorum facultatem inducens.<ref>NICE 2006 p.10–11</ref><ref name=balloon2008>{{cite journal |author=I. Imaz, C. Martínez-Cervell, E. E. García-Alvarez, J. M. Sendra-Gutiérrez, et J. González-Enríquez |title=Safety and effectiveness of the intragastric balloon for obesity: A meta-analysis |journal=Obesity Surgery |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=841–6 |year=[[2008]] |month=Iulio |pmid=18459025 |doi=10.1007/s11695-007-9331-8}}.</ref> <!--PLUS IN EN:--> == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == *{{cite journal | doi = 10.1079/BJN2002739 | last1 = Bhargava | first1 = Alok | last2 = Guthrie | first2 = J. | year = [[2002]] | title = Unhealthy eating habits, physical exercise and macronutrient intakes are predictors of anthropometric indicators in the Women's Health Trial: Feasibility Study in Minority Populations | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-nutrition_2002-12_88_6/page/719| journal = British Journal of Nutrition | volume = 88 | issue = 6| pages = 719–728 | pmid = 12493094 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Bhargava | first1 = Alok | year = [[2006]] | title = Fiber intakes and anthropometric measures are predictors of circulating hormone, triglyceride, and cholesterol concentration in the Women's Health Trial | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-nutrition_2006-08_136_8/page/2249| journal = Journal of Nutrition | volume = 136 | issue = 8| pages = 2249–2254 | pmid = 16857849 }} *Biesalski, H., P. Fürst, et H. Kasper. [[2004]]. ''Ernährungsmedizin.'' ISBN 3-13-100293-X. *Eder, S., A. Radinger, et J. Möhring. [[2009]]. ''Pauline purzelt wieder: Hilfe für übergewichtige Kinder und ihre Eltern.'' Salisburgi: Edition Riedenburg. ISBN 978-3-902647-23-8. * Haslam, D.W. & James, W.P. 2005. Obesity. ''Lancet'' 366 (9492): 1197–1209. *Jebb, S., et J. Wells. [[2005]]. Measuring body composition in adults and children. In ''Clinical obesity in adults and children: In Adults and Children,'' ed. Peter G. Kopelman, Ian D. Caterson, Michael J. Stock, et William H. Dietz, 12–28. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1405116722. *Kopelman, P., et I. Caterson. [[2005]]. An overview of obesity management. In ''Clinical obesity in adults and children: In Adults and Children,'' ed. Peter G. Kopelman, Ian D. Caterson, Michael J. Stock, et William H. Dietz, 319–326. Oxoniae: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1405116722. *{{cite book |author=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute |title=Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults |publisher=International Medical Publishing, Inc |location= |year= [[1998]]|pages= |isbn=1-58808-002-1 |oclc= |url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/ob_gdlns.pdf|format=PDF}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG43NICEGuideline.pdf |title=Obesity: guidance on the prevention, identification, assessment and management of overweight and obesity in adults and children |publisher=[[National Health Services]] (NHS)|year= [[2006]]|format=PDF |work=[[National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence]](NICE)|accessdate=April 8, 2009}} *Puhl R., K. Henderson, et K. Brownell. [[2005]]. Social consequences of obesity. In ''Clinical obesity in adults and children: In Adults and Children,'' ed. Peter G. Kopelman, Ian D. Caterson, Michael J. Stock, et William H. Dietz, 29–45. Oxoniae: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1405116722. *Reich, G. et M. Cierpka. [[2001]]. ''Psychotherapie der Eßstörungen.'' ISBN 3-13-108782-X. *Schauder, P., et G. Ollenschäger. [[2006]]. ''Ernährungsmedizin: Prävention und Therapie.'' ISBN 3-437-22921-4. *Schemmel, Rachel, ed. [[1980]]. ''Nutrition, Physiology and Obesity.'' Boca Raton Floridae: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-5471-4. *Seidell, J. C. [[2005]]. Epidemiology: definition and classification of obesity In ''Clinical obesity in adults and children: In Adults and Children,'' ed. Peter G. Kopelman, Ian D. Caterson, Michael J. Stock, et William H. Dietz, 3–11. Oxoniae: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1405116722. *Vigarello, Georges. [[2010]]. ''Les métamorphoses du gras: Histoire de l'obésité du Moyen Age au XXe siècle.'' Lutetiae: Seuil. ISBN 2-02-089893-4. *{{cite book | author=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) | title=Technical report series 894: Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic. | location=Genavae | publisher=World Health Organization | year=[[2000]] | url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_894_(part1).pdf | format=PDF | isbn=92-4-120894-5}} ;Bibliographia addita *{{cite book |author=Fumento, Michael | authorlink=Michael Fumento | title=The Fat of the Land: Our Health Crises and How Overweight Americans can Help Themselves |url=https://archive.org/details/fatoflandourheal0000mich |publisher=Penguin Books |location=Novi Eboraci |year=[[1997]] |isbn=0-14-026144-3}} *{{cite book |author=Keller, Kathleen |title=Encyclopedia of Obesity |publisher=Sage Publications, Inc |location=Thousand Oaks, Californiae |year=[[2008]] |isbn=1-4129-5238-7 |oclc= |url=http://books.google.com/?id=aRp2rJrEqZsC&dq=IOTF+obesity+map|doi= |accessdate=}} *{{cite book |author=Kolata, Gina | authorlink=Gina Kolata |title=Rethinking Thin: The new science of weight loss – and the myths and realities of dieting |url=https://archive.org/details/rethinkingthinne0000kola_i1w5 |publisher=Picador |location= |year=[[2007]] |pages= |isbn=0-312-42785-9}} *{{cite book|author=Kopelman, Peter G.|title=Clinical obesity in adults and children: In Adults and Children|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|location= |year=[[2005]]|page=493 |isbn=1-4051-1672-2|url=http://books.google.com/?id=u7RvldSr5M0C&pg=PA87&dq=80+percent+of+the+offspring+of+two+obese+parents+become+obese}} *{{cite book |author=Levy-Navarro, Elena |title=The Culture of Obesity in Early and Late Modernity |url=https://archive.org/details/cultureofobesity0000levy |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location= |year=[[2008]] |pages= |isbn=0-230-60123-5}} *{{cite book |author=Pool, Robert |title=Fat: Fighting the Obesity Epidemic |url=https://archive.org/details/fatfightingobesi00pool |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxoniae |year=[[2001]] |pages= |isbn=0-19-511853-7}} {{NexInt}} * [[Cibus nimis machinatus]] * [[Cibus promptus]] * [[Iared Fogle]] * [[Daniel Lambert]] * [[Diaeta]] * [[Israel Kamakawiwo'ole]] * [[Leptinum]] * [[Lipolysis]] * [[Nucleus arcuatus]] * [[Ricardus Simmons]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Obesity|obesitatem}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120821180104/http://www.gros.org/ Groupe de Réflexion sur l'Obésité et le Surpoids,] apud www.gros.org (Francogallice) * [http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/obesity/en/ Obesitas] apud www.who.int (Consociationem Mundialem Sanitatis) (Anglice) * [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/obesity.html Obesitas] apud www.nlm.nih.gov (MedLinePlus) (Anglice) * [http://www.cfnavarra.es/salud/anales/textos/vol25/sup1/suple10a.html Obesitas in Europa,] apud www.cfnavarra.es (Hispanice) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120717085228/http://www.eufic.org/article/fr/page/BARCHIVE/expid/basics-obesite-surcharge-ponderale/ Obesitas apud Consilium Europaeum pro informatione de alimentatio,] apud www.eufic.org (Francogallice) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120826053105/http://www.seedo.es/Quienessomos/tabid/58/Default.aspx Societas Hispanica quae obesitatem studit,] apud www.seedo.es (Hispanice) [[Categoria:Alimenta]] [[Categoria:Indicia morbi]] [[Categoria:Physiologia]] [[Categoria:Metabolismus]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Biologia}} g035ae4iteyjzathyd6e62jac380tje 0 73898 3979705 3979178 2026-08-09T14:47:02Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3979705 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Push on, brave York volunteers.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Proelium Altitudinum Queenston]].]] [[Fasciculus:USS Constitution vs Guerriere.jpg|thumb|''[[Constitutio]]'' navis Americana ''[[Guerriere]]'' navem Britannicam vincit (gravis belli eventus).]] {{res|Bellum anni 1812}} fuit [[bellum]] a [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]] cum sociis [[Indi Americani|indigenis]] earum contra [[Imperium Britannicum]] (praecipue [[Regnum Britanniarum]] sociosque eius) in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|America Septentrionalis Britannica|America Septentrionali Britannica|en|qid=Q248452}}) inter annos [[1812]] et [[1815]] pugnatum, [[Hispania]] in [[Florida]] rei haud interente.<!--There were several immediate stated causes for the U.S. declaration of war: first, a series of trade restrictions introduced by Britain to impede American trade with [[First French Empire|France]], a country with which Britain was at war (the U.S. contested these restrictions as illegal under international law);<ref>Caffery, pp.56-58</ref> second, the [[impressment]] (forced recruitment) of U.S. citizens into the [[Classis Regalis]]; third, the British military support for [[Indi Americani]] who were offering armed resistance to the expansion of the American frontier to the Northwest.<ref>Caffery, pp.101-104.</ref> An unstated but powerful motivation for the Americans was the desire to uphold national honor in the face of what they considered to be British insults (such as [[Chesapeake-Leopard Affair|the ''Chesapeake'' affair]]).<ref>Norman K. Risjord (1961), “1812: Conservatives, War Hawks, and the Nation's Honor,” ''William and Mary Quarterly'' 18 (2): 196-210. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1918543 JSTOR.]</ref> == Expeditio Chesepiooc et “Vexillum Stellis Punctatum” == The location of the Chesapeake Bay, near America's capital, made it a prime target for the British. Starting in March 1813, a squadron under Rear Admiral [[George Cockburn]] began a blockade of the bay and raided towns along the bay from [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]] to [[Havre de Grace, Maryland|Havre de Grace]]. [[Fasciculus:Ft. Henry bombardement 1814.jpg|thumb|An artist's rendering of the battle at [[Fort McHenry]], where [[Francis Scott Key]] was inspired to write “[[The Star-Spangled Banner]].”]] [[Fasciculus:Battle erie.jpg|right|thumb|[[Oliver Hazard Perry]]'s message to William Henry Harrison after the [[Battle of Lake Erie]] began with what would become one of the most famous sentences in American military history: “We have met the enemy and they are ours.” This 1865 painting by William H. Powell shows Perry transferring to a different ship during the battle.]]--> [[Fasciculus:Six Nations survivors of War of 1812.jpg|thumb|Sakawarton ([[Ioannes Smoke Johnson]]), Ioannes Tutela, et Young Warner, tres [[Iroquois|Nationum Sex]] belli veterani.]] {{NexInt}} * “[[Vexillum Stellis Punctatum]]”<!-- == Notae == <references/>--> == Bibliographia == * Bowler, W. Arthur. [[1988]]. “Propaganda in Upper Canada in the War of 1812.” ''American Review of Canadian Studies'' 28:11-32 * Caffrey, Kate. [[1977]]. ''The Twilight's Last Gleaming: Britain vs. America 1812–1815.'' Novi Eboraci: Stein and Day. ISBN 0-8128-1920-9. * Egan, Clifford L. [[1974]]. “The Origins of the War of 1812: Three Decades of Historical Writing.” ''Military Affairs'' 38 (2): 72–75. * Forester, C. S. N.d. ''The Age of Fighting Sail.'' New English Library. ISBN 0-939218-06-2. * Gardner, Robert, ed. [[1996]]. ''The Naval War of 1812: Caxton Pictorial History.'' Caxton Editions. ISBN 1-84067-360-5. * [http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=36806&query=tecumseh Goltz, Herbert C. W. N.d. “Tecumseh.” ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online.''] * Heidler, Donald,{{dubsig}} et Jeanne T. Heidler, eds. [[2004]]. ''Encyclopedia of the War of 1812.'' Ed 2a. * Heidler, David{{dubsig}} S., et Jeanne T. Heidler. [[2002]]. ''The War of 1812.'' Greenwood. * Hickey, Donald. [[1989]]. ''The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict.'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=YoLL0HgYw-0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:1812+inauthor:hickey&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0 Textus apud Google.] * Hickey, Donald R. [[1995]]. ''The War of 1812: A Short History.'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=3GLq_jMv5ToC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:1812+inauthor:hickey&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0 Textus apud Google.] * Hickey, Donald R. [[2001]]. “The War of 1812: Still a Forgotten Conflict?” ''The Journal of Military History'' 65 (3): 741–769. * James, William. [[1837]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080309131404/http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/Naval_History/Vol_VI/P_363.html ''Naval History of Great Britain 1793–1827.''] Londinii. * Latimer, Jon. [[2007]]. ''1812: War with America.'' Cantabrigiae in Massachusetta: Belknap Press. ISBN 9780674025844.<!-- * Naval Historical Centre, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Essex entry, Department of the Navy, Washington Navy Yard, Washington DC [http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/e5/essex-i.htm] *{{cite book |title=Six Frigates: The Epic History of the Founding of the U.S. Navy |last=Toll |first=Ian W. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2006 |publisher=W.W. Norton |location=New York |isbn=9780393058475}}--> == Bibliographia addita == * Boklan, Kent D. [[2008]]. “How I Broke an Encrypted Diary from the War of 1812.” ''[[Cryptologia]]'' West Point, New York: United States Military Academy, 32, no. 4 (October): 299-310. * Hickey, Donald R. [[1990]]. ''The War of 1812: The Forgotten Conflict.'' Urbana in Illinoesia: University of Illinois Press.<!-- [[National Historical Society Book Prize]] and [[American Military Institute Best Book Award]].--> * Hickey, Donald R. [[2006]]/ [https://web.archive.org/web/20070516225636/http://www.press.uillinois.edu/f06/hickey.html ''Don't Give Up the Ship! Myths of the War of 1812.''] Urbanae: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-03179-2. * Hitsman, J. M. [[1965]]. ''The Incredible War of 1812.'' * Horsman, Reginald. [[1969]]. ''The War of 1812.'' * Jenkins, John S., [[1856]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090714061602/http://mlloyd.org/gen/macomb/text/jenkins.htm ''Daring Deeds of American Generals''.] “Alexander Macomb.” Novi Eboraci: A. A. Kelley, Publisher.<!-- 295-322--> * Langguth, A. J. [[2006]]. ''Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence.'' Novi Eboraci: Simon & Shuster. ISBN 978-0743226189. * Malcomson, Robert. [[2003]].''A Very Brilliant Affair: The Battle of Queenston Heights, 1812.'' Toronti: Robin Brass Studio. * Stacey, C. P. [[1964]]. “The War of 1812 in Canadian History.” In ''The Defended Border: Upper Canada and the War of 1812,'' ed. Morris Zaslow et Wesley B., Turner. Toronti. == Nexus externi == * [http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/1812/ Library of Congress Guide to the War of 1812] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071201223329/http://www.hnoc.org/BNO/william_cook.htm William C. Cook War of 1812 in the South Collection] * [http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/amh/amh-06.htm American Military History – The War of 1812] * [http://warof1812.ca/ The War of 1812 Website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070111155507/http://edsitement.neh.gov/view_lesson_plan.asp?id=570 President Madison's 1812 War Message, with lesson plans and numerous primary documents from the U.S. and Britain regarding the causes of the war] * [http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Ghent.html Treaty of Ghent and related resources on the War of 1812 at the Library of Congress] * [http://www.galafilm.com/1812/e/intro/index.html Galafilm's War of 1812 website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130117163203/http://home.earthlink.net/~gfeldmeth/chart.1812.html Key Events of the War of 1812] * [http://www.jmu.edu/madison/center/main_pages/madison_archives/life/war1812/war1812.htm War of 1812 from the James Madison Center] of the James Madison University * [http://www.historycentral.com/1812/Index.html Historycentral.com War of 1812] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091116152858/http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/english/on-line-exhibits/1812/index.aspx War of 1812] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120805022104/http://www.tourniagara.com/history/war-of-1812/ The War of 1812 Niagara Region] * New York State Military Museum:[http://www.dmna.state.ny.us/historic/articles/blacksMilitary/BlacksMilitary1812.htm Black Americans in the US Military from the American Revolution to the Korean War: The War of 1812] * [http://www.battleofplattsburgh.org/ Battle of Plattsburgh & War of 1812] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081208021843/http://libraryautomation.com/nymas/warof1812paper/paperrevised2006.html American Privateers in The War Of 1812] * [http://www.nfpl.library.on.ca/nfplindex/search.asp?search=1&db=2&idx=kw&query=war+1812 War of 1812 Art Collection]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Niagara Falls Public Library (Ont.) * [http://indiamond6.ulib.iupui.edu/War1812/ War of 1812 Collection] – War of 1812 Indiana Territory Volunteers [[Categoria:Bellum anni 1812|!]] {{Myrias|Historia}} m0t71fqgoesmxz5dlguiouke0xl0iag 0 74132 3980088 3978194 2026-08-10T00:10:56Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980088 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Tellus (planeta)|Terra]] [[planeta]] ab [[Astronavis|astronavi]] [[Apollo 17|Apolline 17]] conspecta.]] '''Theoria Gaeae''', a [[Iacobus Lovelock|Iacobo Lovelock]] [[Physica|physico]] edicta et a [[Gaea|Gaia]], [[dea]] [[Mythologia Graeca|Graeca]] [[tellus|telluris]] appellata, ait omnes incolas [[superficies|superficiei]] telluris ([[animal|animalia]], [[planta]]s, [[aqua]]s, [[saxum|saxa]]) sine [[conscientia]] quasi in unum [[corpus]] [[cybernetica]]e confundere quod [[vita]]m sustineat. [[Astronauta|Astronautis]] in [[Luna (satelles)|Luna]] gressis et studio de reliqua [[Universitas|universitate]] exsultante, Lovelock alias [[planeta]]s ad signa [[vita]]e invenienda investigare coepit. Sed conclusiones ex orbita huius telluris non discesserunt. Hoc [[mystica|mysterium]] [[teleologia]]e animadvertit: cum [[Sol]] plus calescat quoque [[Saeculum|saeculo]], tamen temperatura vitae amica semper fuit terrae. Hoc Lovelock non putat fortuitum esse: miratur an [[vita|viva]] ad [[aer]]em stabilem tenendum evolverint, an [[tellus]] nostra pro uno animante fungatur. Lovelock autem mox didicit sibi a reprehensoribus non parsurum esse, quia secundum doctrinam tellus proposito agat—sententia quae aliquibus [[physica|physicis]] [[religio]]sior videbatur. Reprehensoribus defervescentibus sed terra signa febris monstrante, Lovelock hac doctrina nuper usus est diagnosis faciendae causa. Timet ne Gaea a noxis nostris se ipsam [[sanatio|sanatura]] sit tali [[calamitas|calamitate]] ut [[civilizatio]] [[homo|humana]] non iam esse possit. Lovelock igitur suadet ut, hoc discrimine, [[calefactio globalis|mutationem aeris]] mutemus priusquam Gaea nos permutaverit. {{NexInt}} *[[Oecologia profunda]] == Bibliographia == *{{cite book |author=Bondì, Roberto |title=Blu come un'arancia. Gaia tra mito e scienza |publisher=Prefazione di Enrico Bellone |location=Torino, Utet |date=2006 |isbn=88-02-07259-0 }} *{{cite book |author=Bondì, Roberto |title=Solo l'atomo ci può salvare. L'ambientalismo nuclearista di James Lovelock |publisher=Prefazione di Enrico Bellone |location=Torino, Utet |date=2007 |isbn=88-02-07704-5}} *{{cite book |author=Jaworski, Helan |title=Le Géon ou la Terre vivante |publisher=Librairie Gallimard |location=Paris |date=1928 }} *Lovelock, James. ''The Independent''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060408121826/http://comment.independent.co.uk/commentators/article338830.ece The Earth is about to catch a morbid fever], 16 January 2006. *{{cite journal |author=Kleidon, Axel |title=Beyond Gaia: Thermodynamics of Life and Earth system functioning |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_climatic-change_2004-10_66_3/page/271 |journal=Climatic Change |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=271–319 |date=2004 |doi=10.1023/B:CLIM.0000044616.34867.ec |ref=harv }} *{{cite book |author=Lovelock, James |date=1995 |title=The Ages of Gaia: A Biography of Our Living Earth |url=https://archive.org/details/agesofgaiabiogra0000love_o0t2 |isbn=0-393-31239-9 |ref=harv |publisher=Norton |location=New York}} *{{cite book |author=Lovelock, James |date=2000 |title=Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth |isbn=0-19-286218-9 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford }} *{{cite book |author=Lovelock, James |date=2001 |title=Homage to Gaia: The Life of an Independent Scientist |url=https://archive.org/details/homagetogaialife0000love |isbn=0-19-860429-7 |ref=harv |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford}} *Lovelock, James (2006), interviewed in ''How to think about science'', CBC Ideas (radio program), broadcast January 3, 2008. [http://www.cbc.ca/ideas/episodes/2009/01/02/how-to-think-about-science-part-1---24-listen/ Link] *{{cite book | author=Lovelock, James | title=[[The Revenge of Gaia]]: Why the Earth Is Fighting Back&nbsp;— and How We Can Still Save Humanity | publisher=Allen Lane | date=2007 | isbn=0-7139-9914-4 |ref=harv |location=Santa Barbara CA}} *{{cite book | author=Lovelock, James | title=The Vanishing Face of Gaia: A Final Warning| publisher=Basic Books | date=2009 | isbn=0-465-01549-2 |ref=harv |location=New York, NY}} *{{cite book | author=Margulis, Lynn | title=Symbiotic Planet: A New Look at Evolution | publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |location=London | date=1998 | isbn=0-297-81740-X}} *{{cite book |author=Marshall, Alan |title=The Unity of Nature: Wholeness and Disintegration in Ecology and Science |url=https://archive.org/details/unityofnaturewho0000mars |publisher=Imperial College Press |location=River Edge, N.J |date=2002 |pages= |isbn=1-86094-330-6 }} *{{cite journal |author=Staley M |title=Darwinian selection leads to Gaia |journal=J. Theor. Biol. |volume=218 |issue=1 |pages=35–46 |date=September 2002 |pmid=12297068 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022519302930596 |doi=10.1006/jtbi.2002.3059 |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |author=Schneider, Stephen Henry |title=Scientists debate Gaia: the next century |url=https://archive.org/details/scientistsdebate0000unse |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Mass |date=2004|isbn=0-262-19498-8 }} *{{cite book |author=Thomas, Lewis G. |title=The Lives of a Cell; Notes of a Biology Watcher |url=https://archive.org/details/livesofcellnotes0000thom |publisher=[[Viking Press]] |location=New York |date=1974 |pages= |isbn=0-670-43442-6 }} [[Categoria:Oecologia]] db8kyv6yt3t3j89rr16eejnxe5h67bg 0 74283 3980061 3974074 2026-08-09T23:51:17Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980061 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Taj Mahal in March 2004.jpg|thumb|Sepulcrum Taj Mahal]] '''Taj Mahal''' ([[Persice]] et [[Urdu]] {{lang|ur|تاج محل}}, "corona palatii"<ref name="Ahmed1998">{{cite book|author=Akbar S. Ahmed|title=Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xu8BAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94|year=1998|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-0-85771-380-3|page=94}}</ref>) est [[mausoleum]] in [[India]], [[Agra (India)|Agra]]e situm, quod imperator [[Imperium Mogolicum|Mogol]] [[Shah Jahan]] aedificandum curavit in memoriam uxoris suae dilectissimae, [[Mumtaz Mahal]]. Aedificium late habetur optimum pulcherrimumque architecturae Indomongolicae exemplum, in quo elementa [[Persia|Persica]], Indica, et [[Islamismus|Islamica]] commiscuntur.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Review of Mughal Architecture: Its outline and its history|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-asian-studies_1994-11_53_4/page/1301|journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]]|first=Parween|last=Hasan|volume=53|date=November 1994|pp=1301|issue=4|postscript=}}.</ref><ref>"The Taj Mahal, a spectacular example of Moghul architecture, blends Islamic, Hindu and Persian styles," Lesley A. DuTemple, "The Taj Mahal" (Lerner Publishing Group, March 2003), p. 26.</ref> Quamvis sepulcrum tholatum<!--tholare 'to dome a building' in Cassell's non adest--> [[marmor]]is albi est pars notissima, Taj Mahal est complexus structurarum et [[hortus|hortorum]]. Coepit aedificari anno [[1632]] et perfectum est [[1654]], plus quam mille artificibus peritis et opificibus occupatis. Constructio consortioni architectis mandata est cui praefuit imperator ipse, inter quos fuerunt Abdul Karim, Mamur Khan, Mahramat Khan, Ustad Ahmad Lahauri. Anno 1983 tablam [[UNESCO Mundi Hereditas|UNESCO Mundi Hereditatis]] regestum est. == Architectura == Aedificium praecipuum est sepulcrum, ampla marmoris [[candidus|candidae]] structura in plintho quadrato stans, quae consistit in quattuor ingentibus fornicibus in more Persico, magno [[tholus|tholo]] superatis. Quattuor turres graciles (''[[minaretum|minare]]'') in angulis plinthi stant. Intus sunt duae tumbae Shah Jahan et Mumtaz Mahal, circunditae saepe marmoris ornatissima. == Aedificia alia == [[Fasciculus:Entrance fort.jpg|thumb|Magna Porta (Darwaza-i rauza)]] Darvaza-i-Rauza est immanis tofi russi porta, quae ingressum ad aream dat. Huic opposita est [[mescita]], tofi et marmoris constructa, cum tribus tholis. == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == *Asher, Catherine B. [[1992]]. ''Architecture of Mughal India.'' New Cambridge History of India I.4. [[Cambridge University Press]]. ISBN 0-521-26728-5. *Bernier, François. [[1891]]. ''Travels in the Moghul Empire A.D. 1657-1668.'' Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co. *Carroll, David. [[1971]]. ''The Taj Mahal.'' Newsweek Books. ISBN 0-88225-024-8. *Chaghtai, Muhammad Abdullah. [[1938]]. ''Le Tadj Mahal d'Agra (Inde): Histoire et description.'' Brussels: Editions de la Connaissance. *Copplestone, Trewin, ed. [[1963]]. ''World architecture: An illustrated history.'' Londinii: Hamlyn. *Gascoigne, Bamber. [[1971]]. ''The Great Moguls.'' Novi Eboraci: Harper & Row. *Havel, E. B. [[1913]]. ''Indian Architecture: Its Psychology, Structure and History.'' John Murray. *Kambo, Muhammad Salih. [[1923]]. ''Amal-i-Salih or Shah Jahan Namah.'' Ed. Ghulam Yazdani. Vol. 1. Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press. *Kambo, Muhammad Salih. [[1927]]. ''Amal-i-Salih or Shah Jahan Namah.'' Ed. Ghulam Yazdani. Vol. 2. Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press. *Koch, Ebba. [[2006]]. ''The Complete Taj Mahal: And the Riverfront Gardens of Agra.'' Londinii: Thames & Hudson Ltd. ISBN 0-500-34209-1. *Lahawri, 'Abd al-Hamid. [[1867]]. ''Badshah Namah.'' Ed. Maulawis Kabir al-Din Ahmad et 'Abd al-Rahim, sub Major W. N. Lees. Vol. 1. Calcutta: College Press. *Lahawri, 'Abd al-Hamid. [[1868]]. ''Badshah Namah.'' Ed. Maulawis Kabir al-Din Ahmad et 'Abd al-Rahim, sub Major W. N. Lees. Vol. 2. Calcutta: College Press. *Lall, John. [[1992]]. ''Taj Mahal.'' Tiger International Press. *Preston, Diana, et Michael Preston. [[2007]]. ''A Teardrop on the Cheek of Time.'' Londinii: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-60947-0. *Rothfarb, Ed. [[1998]]. ''In the Land of the Taj Mahal.'' Henry Holt. ISBN 0-8050-5299-2. *Saksena, Banarsi Prasad. [[1932]]. ''History of Shahjahan of Dihli.'' Allahabad: The Indian Press Ltd. *Spiller, R. [[1994]]. ''Agricultural Sites of the Taj Mahal.'' Chronicle Books. *Stall, B. [[1995]]. ''Agra and Fathepur Sikri.'' Millennium. *Tillitson, G. H. R. [[1990]]. ''Architectural Guide to Mughal India.'' Chronicle Books. *Volwahsen, Andreas. [[1990]]. ''Architecture of the World: Islamic India, Taschen.'' Ed. Henri Stierlin. {{1000 paginae}} [[Categoria:Aedificia Indiae]] [[Categoria:Confecta 1654]] [[Categoria:Mausolea]] [[Categoria:Tholi]] [[Categoria:Agra]] [[Categoria:Monumenta Indiae]] [[Categoria:Patrimonium totius mundi]] [[Categoria:Imperium Mogolicum]] {{Myrias|Ars}} c3jx4zbsc4p1gpfx5uswsd9jzwp2zzu 0 75933 3979716 3836408 2026-08-09T15:10:40Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3979716 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Leonidas Polk.jpg|200px|thumb|Leonidas Polk, "Episcopus Pugnans."]] '''Leonidas Polk,''' dictus '''Episcopus Pugnans''' ([[10 Aprilis]] [[1806]]–[[14 Iunii]] [[1864]]), [[patruelis secundus]] [[Iacobus Knox Polk|Iacobi Knox Polk]] ([[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Index Praesidum Civitatum Foederatarum Americae|Praeses]]), fuit in [[Comitatus Maury (Tennesia)|Comitatu Maury]] [[Tennesia]]e [[agricola]], [[Ecclesia Episcopalis|Episcopalis]] [[Dioecesis Ludoviciana|Ludovicianae Dioecesis]] [[episcopus]], [[Universitas Meridiei|Universitatis Meridiei]] conditor, et [[Exercitus Civitatum Confoederatarum]] [[Glossarium militare|Legatus]] in [[Bellum Civile Americanum|Bello Civili Americano]]. [[Miles]] in proelio per {{Creanda|en|Atlanta Campaign|Expeditio Atlantensis|Expeditionem Atlantensem}} anno [[1864]] interfectus est.<!-- Polk was one of the more controversial [[political general]]s of the war, elevated to a high military position with no prior combat experience because of his friendship with [[President of the Confederate States of America|Confederate President]] [[Jefferson Davis]]. He fought as a corps commander in many of the major battles of the [[Theatrum Occidentalis Belli Civilis Americani]], but is remembered more for his bitter disagreements with his immediate superior, [[Braxton Bragg]] Generalis of the [[Army of Tennessee]], than for his successes in combat. Die [[14 Iunii]] [[1864]], Polk was scouting enemy positions near [[Battle of Marietta|Marietta, Georgia]], with his staff when he was killed in action by a Federal 3-inch Hotchkiss [[Shell (projectile)|shell]] at [[Pine Mountain (Cobb County, Georgia)|Pine Mountain]].<ref>Welsh, p. 174.</ref> The artillery fire was initiated when Sherman spotted a cluster of Confederate officers—Polk, [[William J. Hardee|Hardee]], Johnston, and their staffs—in an exposed area. He pointed them out to Maj. Gen. [[Oliver O. Howard]], commander of the [[IV Corps (ACW)|IV Corps]], and ordered him to fire on them. The [[5th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery|5th Indiana Battery]], commanded by Capt. Peter Simonson, obeyed the order within minutes. The first round came close and a second even closer, causing the men to disperse. The third shell struck Polk's left arm, went through the chest, and exited hitting his right arm then exploded against a tree; it nearly cut Polk in two.<ref>Smith, pp. 253-54; Foote, p. 356.</ref>{{clear}}--> ==Legatum et memoria== [[Gulielmus Mecklenburg Polk]], [[filius]], fuit [[medicina|medicus]] et [[glossarium militare|centurio]] in Exercitu Civitatum Confoederatarum. [[Lucius E. Polk]], filius fratris, etiam fuit praefectus generalis Confoederationis. [[Castrum Polk]] in Ludoviciana nomen Polk Episcopi memorat. {{NexInt}} *[[Kentukia in Bello Civili Americano]]<!-- ==Notae== <references />--> ==Bibliographia== * Connelly, Thomas L. [[1971]]. ''Autumn of Glory: The Army of Tennessee 1862-1865.'' Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-2738-8. * Dupuy, Trevor N., Curt Johnson, et David L. Bongard. [[1992]]. ''Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography.'' Castle Books. ISBN 0-7858-0437-4. * Eicher, John H., et David J. Eicher. [[2001]]. ''Civil War High Commands.'' Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3. * [[Shelby Foote|Foote, Shelby]]. [[1974]]. ''Red River to Appomattox.'' '[[The Civil War: A Narrative]], 3. Random House. ISBN 0-394-74913-8. * Hallock, Judith Lee. [[1991]]. ''Braxton Bragg and Confederate Defeat, Volume II.'' University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0543-2. * McDonough, James Lee. [[1984]]. ''Chattanooga—A Death Grip on the Confederacy.'' University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 0-87049-425-2. * McMurry, Richard M. [[2000]]. ''Atlanta 1864: Last Chance for the Confederacy.'' University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-8278-8. * McWhiney, Grady. [[1969]] [[1991]]. ''Braxton Bragg and Confederate Defeat, Volume I.'' Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-8173-0545-9. * Noe, Kenneth W. [[2001]]. ''Perryville: This Grand Havoc of Battle.'' University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2209-0. * Robins, Glenn. [[2000]]. "Leonidas Polk." In ''Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History,'' ed. David S. Heidler et Jeanne T. Heidler. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-04758-X. * Smith, Derek. [[2005]]. ''The Gallant Dead: Union & Confederate Generals Killed in the Civil War.'' Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-0132-8. * [[Sam Watkins|Watkins, Sam]]. [[1882]] [[2006]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=s20UAAAAYAAJ ''Co. Aytch Maury Grays, First Tennessee Regiment or, A Side Show of the Big Show.''] Iterum divulgarum, Hard Press. ISBN 978-1-4069-4832-5. * Welsh, Jack D. [[1995]]. ''Medical Histories of Confederate Generals'', Kent State Press. ISBN 0-87338-649-3. * Woodworth, Steven E. [[1990]]. ''Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West.'' University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0461-8. * Woodworth, Steven E. [[1998]]. ''Six Armies in Tennessee: The Chickamauga and Chattanooga Campaigns.'' University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-9813-7. ==Nexus externi== * Bush, Bryan S., [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927082134/http://www.bryansbush.com/hub.php?page=articles&layer=a0409 "Confederate General Leonidas Polk and the collapse of the Confederate command structure in the Western Theater"], NU XI Student Historical Journal, [[Phi Alpha Theta]] History Honor Society, University of Louisville chapter, Fall 2004. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081014092907/http://www.knowsouthernhistory.net/Biographies/Leonidas_Polk/ Biographia apud "Know Southern History."] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081020003735/http://ngeorgia.com/history/polk.html Biographia apud "About North Georgia."] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080512171901/http://www.americanvision.org/osafarchive/june2005.asp Commentarius de Universitate Meridionalis], 3 Iunii 2005. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080517154007/http://www.civilwaralbum.com/atlanta/newhope4.htm#blank_top CivilWarAlbum.com] — Insigne historicum, monumentum, et commentarius. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201020222624/http://leonidaspolk.org/ The Leonidas Polk Registry Research Project.] {{Lifetime|1806|1864|Polk, Leonidas}} [[Categoria:Alumni Academiae Militaris Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Ecclesiae Episcopalis]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Novae Aureliae]] [[Categoria:Homines Carolinae Septentrionalis in Bello Civili Americano]] [[Categoria:Homines Kentukiae in Bello Civili Americano]] [[Categoria:Homines Tennesiae in Bello Civili Americano]] [[Categoria:Incolae Civitatum Confoederatarum Americae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Ludovicianae]] [[Categoria:Milites necati in Bello Civili Americano]] [[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis Americani]] [[Categoria:Praefecti generales Exercitus Civitatum Confoederatarum]] [[Categoria:Universitas Meridionalis]] c2m6rjyvypp75cvfhlg985vwi5417kg 3979770 3979716 2026-08-09T16:08:52Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3979770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Leonidas Polk.jpg|200px|thumb|Leonidas Polk, "Episcopus Pugnans."]] {{res|Leonidas Polk}}, dictus {{res|Episcopus Pugnans}} ([[10 Aprilis]] [[1806]]–[[14 Iunii]] [[1864]]), [[patruelis secundus]] [[Iacobus Knox Polk|Iacobi Knox Polk]] ([[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Index Praesidum Civitatum Foederatarum Americae|Praeses]]), fuit in [[Comitatus Maury (Tennesia)|Comitatu Maury]] [[Tennesia]]e [[agricola]], [[Ecclesia Episcopalis|Episcopalis]] [[Dioecesis Ludoviciana|Ludovicianae Dioecesis]] [[episcopus]], [[Universitas Meridiei|Universitatis Meridiei]] conditor, et [[Exercitus Civitatum Confoederatarum]] [[Glossarium militare|Legatus]] in [[Bellum Civile Americanum|Bello Civili Americano]]. [[Miles]] in proelio per {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Expeditio Atlantensis|Expeditionem Atlantensem|en|qid=Q756118}} anno [[1864]] interfectus est.<!-- Polk was one of the more controversial [[political general]]s of the war, elevated to a high military position with no prior combat experience because of his friendship with [[President of the Confederate States of America|Confederate President]] [[Jefferson Davis]]. He fought as a corps commander in many of the major battles of the [[Theatrum Occidentalis Belli Civilis Americani]], but is remembered more for his bitter disagreements with his immediate superior, [[Braxton Bragg]] Generalis of the [[Army of Tennessee]], than for his successes in combat. Die [[14 Iunii]] [[1864]], Polk was scouting enemy positions near [[Battle of Marietta|Marietta, Georgia]], with his staff when he was killed in action by a Federal 3-inch Hotchkiss [[Shell (projectile)|shell]] at [[Pine Mountain (Cobb County, Georgia)|Pine Mountain]].<ref>Welsh, p. 174.</ref> The artillery fire was initiated when Sherman spotted a cluster of Confederate officers—Polk, [[William J. Hardee|Hardee]], Johnston, and their staffs—in an exposed area. He pointed them out to Maj. Gen. [[Oliver O. Howard]], commander of the [[IV Corps (ACW)|IV Corps]], and ordered him to fire on them. The [[5th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery|5th Indiana Battery]], commanded by Capt. Peter Simonson, obeyed the order within minutes. The first round came close and a second even closer, causing the men to disperse. The third shell struck Polk's left arm, went through the chest, and exited hitting his right arm then exploded against a tree; it nearly cut Polk in two.<ref>Smith, pp. 253-54; Foote, p. 356.</ref>{{clear}}--> ==Legatum et memoria== [[Gulielmus Mecklenburg Polk]], [[filius]], fuit [[medicina|medicus]] et [[glossarium militare|centurio]] in Exercitu Civitatum Confoederatarum. [[Lucius E. Polk]], filius fratris, etiam fuit praefectus generalis Confoederationis. [[Castrum Polk]] in Ludoviciana nomen Polk Episcopi memorat. {{NexInt}} *[[Kentukia in Bello Civili Americano]]<!-- ==Notae== <references />--> ==Bibliographia== * Connelly, Thomas L. [[1971]]. ''Autumn of Glory: The Army of Tennessee 1862-1865.'' Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-2738-8. * Dupuy, Trevor N., Curt Johnson, et David L. Bongard. [[1992]]. ''Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography.'' Castle Books. ISBN 0-7858-0437-4. * Eicher, John H., et David J. Eicher. [[2001]]. ''Civil War High Commands.'' Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3. * [[Shelby Foote|Foote, Shelby]]. [[1974]]. ''Red River to Appomattox.'' '[[The Civil War: A Narrative]], 3. Random House. ISBN 0-394-74913-8. * Hallock, Judith Lee. [[1991]]. ''Braxton Bragg and Confederate Defeat, Volume II.'' University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0543-2. * McDonough, James Lee. [[1984]]. ''Chattanooga—A Death Grip on the Confederacy.'' University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 0-87049-425-2. * McMurry, Richard M. [[2000]]. ''Atlanta 1864: Last Chance for the Confederacy.'' University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-8278-8. * McWhiney, Grady. [[1969]] [[1991]]. ''Braxton Bragg and Confederate Defeat, Volume I.'' Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-8173-0545-9. * Noe, Kenneth W. [[2001]]. ''Perryville: This Grand Havoc of Battle.'' University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2209-0. * Robins, Glenn. [[2000]]. “Leonidas Polk.” In ''Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History,'' ed. David S. Heidler et Jeanne T. Heidler. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-04758-X. * Smith, Derek. [[2005]]. ''The Gallant Dead: Union & Confederate Generals Killed in the Civil War.'' Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-0132-8. * [[Sam Watkins|Watkins, Sam]]. [[1882]] [[2006]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=s20UAAAAYAAJ ''Co. Aytch Maury Grays, First Tennessee Regiment or, A Side Show of the Big Show.''] Iterum divulgarum, Hard Press. ISBN 978-1-4069-4832-5. * Welsh, Jack D. [[1995]]. ''Medical Histories of Confederate Generals'', Kent State Press. ISBN 0-87338-649-3. * Woodworth, Steven E. [[1990]]. ''Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West.'' University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0461-8. * Woodworth, Steven E. [[1998]]. ''Six Armies in Tennessee: The Chickamauga and Chattanooga Campaigns.'' University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-9813-7. ==Nexus externi== * Bush, Bryan S., [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927082134/http://www.bryansbush.com/hub.php?page=articles&layer=a0409 “Confederate General Leonidas Polk and the collapse of the Confederate command structure in the Western Theater”], NU XI Student Historical Journal, [[Phi Alpha Theta]] History Honor Society, University of Louisville chapter, Fall 2004. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081014092907/http://www.knowsouthernhistory.net/Biographies/Leonidas_Polk/ Biographia apud “Know Southern History.”] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081020003735/http://ngeorgia.com/history/polk.html Biographia apud “About North Georgia.”] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080512171901/http://www.americanvision.org/osafarchive/june2005.asp Commentarius de Universitate Meridionalis], 3 Iunii 2005. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080517154007/http://www.civilwaralbum.com/atlanta/newhope4.htm#blank_top CivilWarAlbum.com] — Insigne historicum, monumentum, et commentarius. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201020222624/http://leonidaspolk.org/ The Leonidas Polk Registry Research Project.] {{Lifetime|1806|1864|Polk, Leonidas}} [[Categoria:Alumni Academiae Militaris Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Ecclesiae Episcopalis]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Novae Aureliae]] [[Categoria:Homines Carolinae Septentrionalis in Bello Civili Americano]] [[Categoria:Homines Kentukiae in Bello Civili Americano]] [[Categoria:Homines Tennesiae in Bello Civili Americano]] [[Categoria:Incolae Civitatum Confoederatarum Americae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Ludovicianae]] [[Categoria:Milites necati in Bello Civili Americano]] [[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis Americani]] [[Categoria:Praefecti generales Exercitus Civitatum Confoederatarum]] [[Categoria:Universitas Meridionalis]] mwlhnzg4h37hh57pkh4djg83bxbgnrd 0 76465 3980198 3772722 2026-08-10T05:16:39Z Bartholomite 116968 vicidata 3980198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Hieronymus Casanate}} (''Girolamo Casanate''; [[1620]]-[[1700]]) fuit cardinalis bibliothecarius et archivarius Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae ab anno [[1693]] usque ad [[1700]]. Anno 1701 bibliothecam publicam ad Conventum S. Mariam supra Minervam instauravit. == Bibliographia == * M. D'Angelo, ''Il Cardinale Girolamo Casanate (1620-1700)''. Romae 1923 {{NexInt}} * [[Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana]] * [[Archivum Secretum Vaticanum]] * [[Bibliotheca Casanatensis]] == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100505222140/http://asv.vatican.va/it/pers/card_pref/casanate_girolamo.htm Vita] * [http://www.casanatense.it/jsp/chi_siamo/la_storia/casanate.jsp Bibliotheca Casanatensis]{{Nexus deficit|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Casanate, Hieronymus}} [[Categoria:Nati 1620]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1700]] [[Categoria:Bibliothecarii Vaticani]] [[Categoria:Archivarii Vaticani]] [[Categoria:Cardinales]] [[Categoria:Eruditi Italiae]] 9xuatj1qpdowgux31v2yswrbwk233v3 0 76767 3979909 3753678 2026-08-09T21:16:48Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Norman Borlaug (2004).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Normannus Ernest Borlaug anno [[2004]].]] [[Fasciculus:Wheat yields in selected countries, 1951-2004.png|thumb|[[Fructus]] [[triticum|tritici]] in [[Mexicum|Mexico]], [[India]], et [[Pakistania]] ab [[1950]] ad [[2004]]. Basis est 500 kg/[[hectarium|ha.]]]] '''Normannus Ernestus Borlaug''' (natus [[Cresco (Iova)|Cresco]] in vico [[Iova]]e die [[25 Martii]] [[1914]]; mortuus [[Dallasium|Dallasii]] [[Texia]]e die [[12 Septembris]] [[2009]]) fuit [[agronomia|agronomus]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]] qui [[vis|vires]] circa [[tellus|orbem terrarum]] duxit quae productionem [[agricultura]]lem magnopere amplificaverunt, emendationes [[technologia|technologicas]] [[oeconomia|oeconomicasque]] [[res novae virides]] appellatas. Qua pro causa, multos honores accepit, inter quos [[Praemium Nobelianum pacis componendae|Praemium Nobelianum Pacis]] anno [[1970]], [[Praesidis nomisma libertatis|Praesidis Nomisma Libertatis]] anno [[1977]], et [[Nomisma Aureum Congressionale]]. Borlaug gradús [[Baccalaureatus Scientiae|Baccaleureati Scientiae]] in [[silvologia]] anno [[1937]] et [[Philosophiae doctor|Philosophiae Doctoris]] in [[phytopathologia]] et [[genetica]] anno [[1942]] ab [[Universitas Minnesotensis|Universitate Minnesotensis]] accepit. Investigationes [[agricultura]]les in [[Mexicum|Mexico]] facere coepit, ubi [[cultivarietas|cultivarietates]] [[triticum|tritici]] nani [[morbus|morbis]] [[planta]]rum resistentís<!-- + high-[[crop yield|yielding]]--> [[hybrida|fecit]].<ref>Swaminathan 2009: 894.</ref><ref>Phillips 2013.</ref> Borlaug pater rerum novarum viridium saepe appellabatur,<ref>{{cite news|last=Scott Kilman and Roger Thurow|title=Father of 'Green Revolution' Dies|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125281643150406425|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=5 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Dowswell |first=C. |title=Norman Ernest Borlaug (1914–2009) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2009-10-16_326_5951/page/381 |journal=Science |date=15 October 2009 |volume=326 |issue=5951 |page=381 |doi=10.1126/science.1182211 |pmid=19833952}}.</ref> et plus quam [[billio]]nem [[homo|hominum]] per [[tellus|orbem terrarum]] [[fames|fame]] servavisse putatur.<ref>{{cite web |title=Norman Borlaug |url=http://www.scienceheroes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=68&Itemid=116 |publisher=scienceheroes.com |accessdate=5 Iunii 2013}}.</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-macaray/the-man-who-saved-a-billi_b_4099523.html | work=The Huffington Post | first=David | last=MacAray | title=The Man Who Saved a Billion Lives | date=15 Octobris 2013}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://agriculture.senate.gov/Hearings/hearings.cfm?hearingid=1523&witnessId=4333 |title=Hearings |website=Agriculture.senate.gov |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106033643/http://agriculture.senate.gov/Hearings/hearings.cfm?hearingid=1523&witnessId=4333 |archivedate=6 Novembris 2011}}.</ref> ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Bickel, Lennard. [[1974]]. ''Facing starvation: Norman Borlaug and the fight against hunger.'' Pleasantville Novi Eboraci: Reader's Digest Press; liber a Dutton distributus. ISBN 978-0-88349-015-0. *Borlaug, Norman E. [[2002]]. ''La revolución verde, paz y humanidad.'' Chapingo Mexici: Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Programa de Investigaciones Históricas de la Agricultura, Agronomía y Agrarismo, PIHAAA-CIESTAAM. ISBN 9688847941. *Cullather, Nick. [[2010]]. ''The Hungry World: America's Cold War Battle against Poverty in Asia.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-05078-5. *Hanson, Haldore, Norman E. Borlaug, et R. Glenn Anderson. [[1982]]. ''Wheat in the Third World.'' Boulder Colorati: Westview Press. ISBN 0865313571. *Hesser, Leon. [[2006]]. ''The Man Who Fed the World: Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Norman Borlaug and His Battle to End World Hunger.'' Durban House. ISBN 978-1-930754-90-4. *Phillips, R. L. [[2013]]. "Norman Ernest Borlaug. 25 March 1914—12 September 2009." ''Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society'' 59: 59–72. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2013.0012. *Rajaram, S. [[2011]]. "Norman Borlaug: The Man I Worked with and Knew." ''Annual Review of Phytopathology'' 49: 17–30. doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095308. PMID 21370972. *Swaminathan, M. S. [[2009]]. "Obituary: Norman E. Borlaug (1914–2009) Plant scientist who transformed global food production." ''Nature'' 461 (7266): 894. Bibcode:2009Natur.461..894S. doi:10.1038/461894a. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 19829366. ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Norman Borlaug|Normannum Ernestum Borlaug}} *[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1970/ Pagina] [[Praemium Nobelianum|Praemio Nobeliano Pacis]] 1970 dicata {{Ling|Anglice}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20190926144003/http://epaper.thedailystar.net/index.php?opt=view&page=7&date=2019-09-12 "The pioneer of the Green Revolution."] ''The Daily Star ePaper'' (Dhaka), 12 Septembris 2019. {{Lifetime|1914|2009|Borlaug, Normannus Ernestus}} [[Categoria:Agricolae]] [[Categoria:Agronomi]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Minnesotensis]] [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Eruditi Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Incolae Iovae]] [[Categoria:Lutherani]]<!--Civitatum Foederatarum--> [[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Pacis]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Socii externi Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] [[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Edinburgensis]] {{Myrias|Homines}} l8017cxky2w1vf97947uarun9k1k0q5 0 83064 3980094 3978658 2026-08-10T00:15:12Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Sparidae | image = Calamus bajonado.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = ''[[Calamus bajonado]]'' | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Actinopterygii]] | ordo = [[Perciformes]] | subordo = [[Percoidei]] | superfamilia = [[Percoidea]] | familia = '''Sparidae''' | subdivision_ranks = [[Genus (taxinomia)|Genera]] | subdivision = Circa 125 [[species (taxinomia)|species]] }} '''Sparidae''' sunt [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]] [[piscis|piscium]] [[ordo|ordinis]] [[Perciformes|perciformium]]. Plurimis familiae [[species|speciebus]] sunt [[dens|dentes]] quasi [[dentes genuinii]] ("molares").<ref name=EoF>{{cite book |editor=Paxton, J. R., et W. N. Eschmeyer|author= Johnson, G. D., et A. C. Gill|year=[[1998]]|title=Encyclopedia of Fishes|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaoffi00unse|publisher= Academic Press|location=San Diego|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaoffi00unse/page/184 184]|isbn= 0-12-547665-5}} <!--Eating the head is known to cause hallucinations, lasting many days--></ref> ==Species== Familia circa 125 species in 37 [[genus (taxinomia)|generibus]] comprehendit, secundum [[Fishbase]] sic descripta. *Genus ''[[Acanthopagrus]]'' **''[[Acanthopagrus akazakii]]'' <small>Iwatsuki, Kimura & Yoshino, 2006</small><ref>{{cite journal | journal = Ichthyological Research | volume = 53 | issue = 4 | year = 2006 | pages = 406–414 | title = A new sparid, Acanthopagrus akazakii, from New Caledonia with notes on nominal species of Acanthopagrus | url = https://archive.org/details/ichthyological-research_2006-11-25_53_4/page/406 | author = Iwatsuki, Kimura & Yoshino | doi = 10.1007/s10228-006-0365-z}}</ref> **''[[Acanthopagrus australis]]'' <small>([[Albert Günther|Gunther]], 1859)</small> **''[[Acanthopagrus berda]]'' <small>([[Peter Forsskål|Forsskål]], 1775)</small> **''[[Acanthopagrus bifasciatus]]'' <small>([[Peter Forsskål|Forsskål]], 1775)</small> **''[[Acanthopagrus butcheri]]'' <small>(Munro, 1949)</small> **''[[Acanthopagrus latus]]'' <small>([[Martinus Houttuyn|Houttuyn]], 1782)</small> **''[[Acanthopagrus palmaris]]'' <small>([[Gilbert Percy Whitley|Whitley]], 1935)</small> **''[[Acanthopagrus schlegelii czerskii]]'' <small>([[Lev Semenovich Berg|Berg]], 1914)</small> **''[[Acanthopagrus schlegelii schlegelii]]'' <small>([[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1854)</small> **''[[Acanthopagrus sivicolus]]'' <small>(Akazaki, 1962)</small> **''[[Acanthopagrus taiwanensis]]'' <small>(Iwatsuki & Carpenter, 2006)</small> *Genus ''[[Allotaius]]'' **''[[Allotaius spariformis]]'' <small> ([[William Ogilby|Ogilby]], 1910)</small> *Genus ''[[Archosargus]]'' **''[[Archosargus pourtalesii]]'' <small>([[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1881)</small> **''[[Archosargus probatocephalus]]'' <small>([[Johann Julius Walbaum|Walbaum]], 1792)</small> **''[[Archosargus rhomboidalis]]'' <small>([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)</small> *Genus ''[[Argyrops]]'' **''[[Argyrops bleekeri]]'' <small>(Oshima, 1927)</small> **''[[Argyrops filamentosus]]'' <small>([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1830)</small> **''[[Argyrops megalommatus]]'' <small>(Klunzinger, 1870)</small> **''[[Argyrops spinifer]]'' <small>(Forsskål, 1775)</small> *Genus ''[[Argyrozona]]'' **''[[Argyrozona argyrozona]]'' <small>(Valenciennes, 1830)</small> *Genus ''[[Boops]]'' **''[[Boops boops]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small> **''[[Boops lineatus]]'' <small>([[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1892)</small> *Genus ''[[Boopsoidea]]'' **''[[Boopsoidea inornata]]'' <small>([[François Louis de la Porte, comte de Castelnau|Castelnau]], 1861)</small> *Genus ''[[Calamus (piscis)|Calamus]]'' **''[[Calamus arctifrons]]'' <small>(Goode & Bean, 1882)</small> **''[[Calamus bajonado]]'' <small>(Bloch & Schneider, 1801)</small> **''[[Calamus brachysomus]]'' <small>(Lockington, 1880)</small> **''[[Calamus calamus]]'' <small>(Valenciennes, 1830)</small> **''[[Calamus campechanus]]'' <small>(Randall & Caldwell, 1966)</small> **''[[Calamus cervigoni]]'' <small>(Randall & Caldwell, 1966)</small> **''[[Calamus leucosteus]]'' <small>(Jordan & Gilbert, 1885)</small> **''[[Calamus mu]]'' <small>(Randall & Caldwell, 1966)</small> **''[[Calamus nodosus]]'' <small>(Randall & Caldwell, 1966)</small> **''[[Calamus penna]]'' <small>(Valenciennes, 1830)</small> **''[[Calamus pennatula]]'' <small>(Guichenot, 1868)</small> **''[[Calamus proridens]]'' <small>(Jordan & Gilbert, 1884)</small> **''[[Calamus taurinus]]'' <small>(Jenyns, 1840)</small> *Genus ''[[Cheimerius]]'' **''[[Cheimerius matsubarai]]'' <small>(Akazaki, 1962)</small> **''[[Cheimerius nufar]]'' <small>(Valenciennes, 1830)</small> *Genus ''[[Chrysoblephus]]'' **''[[Chrysoblephus anglicus]]'' <small>(Gilchrist & Thompson, 1908)</small> **''[[Chrysoblephus cristiceps]]'' <small>(Valenciennes, 1830)</small> **''[[Chrysoblephus gibbiceps]]'' <small>(Valenciennes, 1830)</small> **''[[Chrysoblephus laticeps]]'' <small>(Valenciennes, 1830)</small> **''[[Chrysoblephus lophus]]'' <small>(Fowler, 1925)</small> **''[[Chrysoblephus puniceus]]'' <small>(Gilchrist & Thompson, 1908)</small> *Genus ''[[Crenidens]]'' **''[[Crenidens crenidens]]'' <small>(Forsskål, 1775)</small> *Genus ''[[Cymatoceps]]'' **''[[Cymatoceps nasutus]]'' <small>(Castelnau, 1861)</small> [[File:Dentex fourmanoiri.jpg|thumb|''[[Dentex fourmanoiri]]'']] *Genus ''[[Dentex]]'' **''[[Dentex angolensis]]'' <small>(Poll & Maul, 1953)</small> **''[[Dentex barnardi]]'' <small>(Cadenat, 1970)</small> **''[[Dentex canariensis]]'' <small>(Steindachner, 1881)</small> **''[[Dentex congoensis]]'' <small>(Poll, 1954)</small> **''[[Dentex dentex]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small> **''[[Dentex fourmanoiri]]'' <small>(Akazaki & Séret, 1999)</small> **''[[Dentex gibbosus]]'' <small>(Rafinesque, 1810)</small> **''[[Dentex macrophthalmus]]'' <small>(Bloch, 1791)</small> **''[[Dentex maroccanus]]'' <small>(Valenciennes, 1830)</small> **''[[Dentex tumifrons]]'' <small>(Temminck & Schlegel, 1843)</small> *Genus ''[[Diplodus]]'' **''[[Diplodus annularis]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small> **''[[Diplodus argenteus argenteus]]'' <small>(Valenciennes, 1830)</small> **''[[Diplodus argenteus caudimacula]]'' <small>(Poey, 1860)</small> **''[[Diplodus bellottii]]'' <small>(Steindachner, 1882)</small> **''[[Diplodus bermudensis]]'' <small>(Caldwell, 1965)</small> **''[[Diplodus capensis]]'' <small>(Smith, 1844)</small> **''[[Diplodus cervinus cervinus]]'' <small>(Lowe, 1838)</small> **''[[Diplodus cervinus hottentotus]]'' <small>(Smith, 1844)</small> **''[[Diplodus cervinus omanensis]]'' <small>(Bauchot & Bianchi, 1984)</small> **''[[Diplodus fasciatus]]'' <small>(Valenciennes, 1830)</small> **''[[Diplodus holbrookii]]'' <small>(Bean, 1878)</small> **''[[Diplodus noct]]'' <small>(Valenciennes, 1830)</small> **''[[Diplodus prayensis]]'' <small>(Cadenat, 1964)</small> **''[[Diplodus puntazzo]]'' <small>(Cetti, 1777)</small> **''[[Diplodus sargus ascensionis]]'' <small>(Valenciennes, 1830)</small> **''[[Diplodus sargus cadenati]]'' <small>(de la Paz, Bauchot & Daget, 1974)</small> **''[[Diplodus sargus helenae]]'' <small>(Sauvage, 1879)</small> **''[[Diplodus sargus kotschyi]]'' <small>(Steindachner, 1876)</small> **''[[Diplodus sargus lineatus]]'' <small>(Valenciennes, 1830)</small> **''[[Diplodus sargus sargus]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small> **''[[Diplodus vulgaris]]'' <small>(Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)</small> *Genus ''[[Evynnis]]'' **''[[Evynnis cardinalis]]'' <small>(Lacepède, 1802)</small> **''[[Evynnis japonica]]'' <small>(Tanaka, 1931)</small> *Genus ''[[Gymnocrotaphus]]'' **''[[Gymnocrotaphus curvidens]]'' <small>(Günther, 1859)</small> *Genus ''[[Lagodon]]'' **''[[Lagodon rhomboides]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1766)</small> *Genus ''[[Lithognathus]]'' **''[[Lithognathus aureti]]'' <small>(Smith, 1962)</small> **''[[Lithognathus lithognathus]]'' <small>(Cuvier, 1829)</small> **''[[Lithognathus mormyrus]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small> **''[[Lithognathus olivieri]]'' <small>(Penrith & Penrith, 1969)</small> *Genus ''[[Oblada]]'' **''[[Oblada melanura]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small> *Genus ''[[Pachymetopon]]'' **''[[Pachymetopon aeneum]]'' <small>(Gilchrist & Thompson, 1908)</small> **''[[Pachymetopon blochii]]'' <small>(Valenciennes, 1830)</small> **''[[Pachymetopon grande]]'' <small>(Günther, 1859)</small> *Genus ''[[Pagellus]]'' **''[[Pagellus acarne]]'' <small>(Risso, 1827)</small> **''[[Pagellus affinis]]'' <small>(Boulenger, 1888)</small> **''[[Pagellus bellottii]]'' <small>(Steindachner, 1882)</small> **''[[Pagellus bogaraveo]]'' <small>(Brünnich, 1768)</small> **''[[Pagellus erythrinus]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small> **''[[Pagellus natalensis]]'' <small>(Steindachner, 1903)</small> *Genus ''[[Pagrus]]'' **''[[Pagrus africanus]]'' <small>(Akazaki, 1962)</small> **''[[Pagrus auratus]]'' <small>(Forster, 1801)</small> **''[[Pagrus auriga]]'' <small>(Valenciennes, 1843)</small> **''[[Pagrus caeruleostictus]]'' <small>(Valenciennes, 1830)</small> **''[[Pagrus major]]'' <small>(Temminck & Schlegel, 1843)</small> **''[[Pagrus pagrus]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small> *Genus ''[[Parargyrops]]'' **''[[Parargyrops edita]]'' <small>(Tanaka, 1916)</small> *Genus ''[[Petrus (genus)|Petrus]]'' **''[[Petrus rupestris]]'' <small>(Valenciennes, 1830)</small> *Genus ''[[Polyamblyodon]] **''[[Polyamblyodon germanum]]'' <small>(Barnard, 1934)</small> **''[[Polyamblyodon gibbosum]]'' <small>(Pellegrin, 1914)</small> *Genus ''[[Polysteganus]]'' **''[[Polysteganus baissaci]]'' <small>(Smith, 1978)</small> **''[[Polysteganus coeruleopunctatus]]'' <small>(Klunzinger, 1870)</small> **''[[Polysteganus praeorbitalis]]'' <small>(Günther, 1859)</small> **''[[Polysteganus undulosus]]'' <small>(Regan, 1908)</small> *Genus ''[[Porcostoma]]'' **''[[Porcostoma dentata]]'' <small>(Gilchrist & Thompson, 1908)</small> *Genus ''[[Ptreogymnus]]'' **''[[Pterogymnus laniarius]]'' <small>(Valenciennes, 1830)</small> *Genus ''[[Rhabdosargus]]'' **''[[Rhabdosargus globiceps]]'' <small>(Valenciennes, 1830)</small> **''[[Rhabdosargus haffara]]'' <small>(Forsskål, 1775)</small> **''[[Rhabdosargus holubi]]'' <small>(Steindachner, 1881)</small> **''[[Rhabdosargus sarba]]'' <small>(Forsskål, 1775)</small> **''[[Rhabdosargus thorpei]]'' <small>(Smith, 1979)</small> *Genus ''[[Sarpa]]'' **''[[Sarpa salpa]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small> *Genus ''[[Sparidentex]]'' **''[[Sparidentex hasta]]'' <small>(Valenciennes, 1830)</small> *Genus ''[[Sparodon]]'' **''[[Sparodon durbanensis]]'' <small>(Castelnau, 1861)</small> *Genus ''[[Sparus]]'' **''[[Sparus aurata]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small> *Genus ''[[Spondyliosoma]]'' **''[[Spondyliosoma cantharus]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small> **''[[Spondyliosoma emarginatum]]'' <small>(Valenciennes, 1830)</small> *Genus ''[[Stenotomus]]'' **''[[Stenotomus caprinus]]'' <small>(Jordan & Gilbert, 1882)</small> **''[[Stenotomus chrysops]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1766)</small> *Genus ''[[Virididentex]]'' **''[[Virididentex acromegalus]]'' <small>(Osório, 1911)</small> ==Ars coquinaria== Celeberrimae in [[ars coquinaria|arte coquinaria]] ''Sparidae'' sunt varii ''[[Dentex|Dentices]]'' et ''[[Sparus aurata]].''<ref>[[Alanus Davidson|Alan Davidson]], ''Mediterranean Seafood'' (2a ed. Londinii: Penguin, 1981) pp. 74-91</ref> ==Notae== <references/> ==Nexus externi== {{wikispecies|Sparidae|Sparidas}} {{Fontes biologici}} [[Categoria:Sparidae|!]] [[Categoria:Pisces lusorii]] [[Categoria:Familiae animalium]] sf7m1l2y6am0wqiwjt7l487lccy8c7w 0 83223 3980111 3865781 2026-08-10T00:24:55Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980111 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Biliverdina'''<ref>Ita e.g. Hispanice</ref> est [[viridis|viride]] [[tetrapyrrola|tetrapyrrolicum]]{{dubsig}} [[bilis]] [[pigmentum]] eventusque [[catabolismus|catabolismi]] [[haemus|haemi]],<ref name="boron">W. Boron et W. Boulpaep, ''Medical Physiology: a cellular and molecular approach,'' praecipue pp. 984–986. (USA: Elsevier Saunders, 2005, ISBN 1-4160-2328-3).</ref><ref name="mos">L. Mosqueda, K. Burnight, et S. Liao (2005), "The Life Cycle of Bruises in Older Adults," ''Journal of the American Geriatrics Society'' 53(8):1339–1343. DOI:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53406.x.</ref> [[compositio chemica]] quae [[flavus|flavum]] in [[contusio]]nibus [[color]]em efficit.<ref name="mos"/> ==In animalibus nonhumanis== In ''[[Belone belone]]'' et cognatis [[piscis|piscium]] [[species|speciebus]], [[os (ossis)|ossa]] sunt [[viridis|viridia]] propter biliverdinam, quae etiam adest in [[sanguis|sanguine]], [[musculus|musculis]], [[os (ossis)|ossibus]], et lineamentis{{dubsig}} mucosis [[Scincidae|scincidarum]] generis [[Prasinohaema]]e, in [[Nova Guinea]] vernaculis. ''[[Chiromantis samkosensis]],'' [[rana]] in [[Cambodia]] [[endemismus|endemica]], etiam hanc proprietatem exhibet, cum ossibus glaucis.<!--en: turquoise--><ref name="grismer">{{cite journal|doi=10.1655/0018-0831(2007)63[392:ANSOCP]2.0.CO;2|year=2007|volume=63|pages=392|title=A New Species of Chiromantis Peters 1854 (Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Phnom Samkos in the Northwestern Cardamom Mountains, Cambodia|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_herpetologica_2007-09_63_3/page/392|author=Lee Grismer, L.|journal=Herpetologica.}}</ref> ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> {{NexInt}} * [[Bilirubina]] * [[Haemum]] * [[Stercobilina]] * [[Tetrapyrrol]] * [[Urobilina]] ==Nexus externi== * [http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Jaundice-newborn/Pages/Introduction.aspx?url=Pages/What-is-it.aspx De [[morbus regius|morbo regio]] infantium apud "NHS"]{{Nexus deficit|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{stipula}} [[Categoria:Composita chemica]] [[Categoria:Pigmenta]] j1410udr37tkfzuuqjbdq5cu0g1m0ei 0 83426 3980053 3978436 2026-08-09T23:45:41Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} {{Titulus italicus}} {{Taxobox | image = Weihnachtsstern - groß.jpg | image_width = 250px | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Malpighiales]] | familia = [[Euphorbiaceae]] | genus = ''[[Euphorbia]]'' | species = '''''E. pulcherrima''''' | binomial = ''Euphorbia pulcherrima'' | binomial_authority = Willd. ex Klotzsch }} '''''Euphorbia pulcherrima''''' est [[planta]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Euphorbiaceae|Euphorbeacearum]] quae in [[Mexicum|Mexico]] [[endemismus|endemica est]], nunc autem per omnem [[orbis terrarum|terrarum orbem]] [[planta ornamentalis|pro ornamento]] culta, praecipue tempore [[Christi Natalis|Christi Natalem]]. ''Poinsettia,'' nomen [[Anglice|Anglicum]], ex [[Ioel Roberts Poinsett]] appellatur,<ref name = bussell /> primo [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] administro ad Mexicum conlocato,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20021022153350/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/po/com/10948.htm Mexico]</ref> qui hanc plantam in Civitates Foederatas anno [[1828]] introduxit. ==Descriptio== [[Fasciculus:Poinsettia, Christmas flower (Euphorbia pulcherrima) at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W Picture 443.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Folium|Folia]], [[bractea]]e, et [[flos|flores]] apud [[Jayanti]] in [[Buxa Tiger Vivarium|Buxa Tiger Vivario]] in [[Jalpaiguri]] [[Bengalia Occidentalis|Bengaliae Occidentalis]], [[India]]e.]] ''Euphorbia pulcherrima'' est [[frutex]] vel parva [[arbor]], quae a 0.6 ad 4 m alta crescere solet. Planta [[folium|folia]] dentata atroviridiaque habet quae a 7 ad 16 cm longa crescunt. [[Bractea]]e—saepissime cardinales, sed aliquando aurantiae, [[viridis|virides]] dilutae, cremeae, [[roseus|roseae]], [[albus|albae]], vel marmoratae—re vera sunt folia. Eorum adgregationes [[color]]esque [[homo|hominibus]] plerumque [[flos|florum]] videntur [[petalum|petala]]; veri autem [[flos|flores]] in perparvis [[flavus|flavis]]que conformationibus in omne foliorum grege medio adgregantur, ''[[cyathium|cyathia]]'' appellatis. [[Species]] in [[Mexicum|Mexico]] [[endemismus|endemicaest]],<ref name = southern/> ubi vigere solet in [[silva|silvis]] deciduis [[zona tropica|tropicis]]que apud altitudinibus moderatis a [[Sinaloa]] meridionali per omne reipublicae [[litus]] [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacificum]] ad [[Chiapas]] et [[Guatemala]]m. Invenitur etiam in interioribus terrae [[regio]]nibus, praecipue in callidis et tempore arido [[Guerrerum|Guerreri]], [[Oaxaca]]e, Chiapasque silvis. Nuntii plantae ferae in [[Nicaragua]] et [[Costa Rica]] vigentis non iam a [[biologia|biologis]] confirmantur. Sunt plus quam centum poinsettiae [[cultivar|cultivaria]]. Fere 74 centesimae populi Americani poinsettias rubras anteponunt, 8% albas, et 6% roseas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/poinsettia/facts.html|title=The Poinsettia Pages|accessdate=2007-12-21|format=html}}.</ref> ==Mos Christi Natalis== In [[Nahuatl]], lingua [[Azteci|Aztecorum]], planta appellatur ''cuitlaxochitl'' 'flos [[cutis]]'. Azteci planta uti solebant ad tincturam rubram factam, et pro [[antipyreticum|antipyretico]], [[medicamen|medicamine]] quod [[febris|febrem]] lenit.<ref name="Poinsettia Facts">[https://web.archive.org/web/20081218125650/http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/poinsettia/facts.html Poinsettia Facts].</ref> Hodie in Mexico et Guatemala appellatur ''Nox Bona'' ([[Hispanice]] ''Noche Buena''), dies Christi Natalis instantis; in [[Hispania]], ''flos Pascuae''; in [[Chile|Tsilia]] et [[Peruvia]], ''corona Andium.'' Coniunctio plantae et Christi Natalis [[saeculum 16|saeculo sexto decimo]] in Mexico coepit, ubi habetur [[puella]] fuisse tam pauper quod ipsa donum pro celebratione Christi Natalis praebere non potuit. Dicit [[fabula]] puellam, ab [[angelus|angelo]] tactam, [[herba inutilis|herbas inutiles]] ex via conlegisse, et eas pro templi ara posuisse. Certae conformationes cardinales ex herbis germinantes factae sunt flores pulchri.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071118175335/http://www.flowers.ie/monthly-page.html Flowers Ireland].</ref> A [[saeculum 17|saeculo septimo decimo]], fratres Franciscani{{dubsig}} in Mexico plantas in eorum celebrationibus Christi Natalis adhibent.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160122071614/http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/hortnews/1995/12-8-1995/trad.html The Legends and Traditions of Holiday Plants | Horticulture and Home Pest News].</ref> Per paene omnem [[America Septentrionalis|Americam Septentrionalem]], poinsettiae sunt populo gratissima Christi Natalis ornamenta<ref name = bussell />—in [[domus|domibus]], [[templum|templis]], [[officinis|officinis]], et alibi. Vendibiles sunt permulate in locis commercii.<!-- praecipue grocery, drug, and hardware stores.--> In Civitatibus Foederatis, dies [[12 Decembris]]] est Publica Poinsettiae Dies ([[Anglice]]: ''National Poinsettia Day''). ==Cultus== [[Fasciculus:Poinsettia, Impasug-ong.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Fundus poinsettiarum in [[Bukidnon]] [[Philippinae|Philippinarum]]]] [[Fasciculus:Detailaufnahme Weihnachtsstern - groß.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Poinsettia propinqua visa.]] Poinsettia in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]] post decada 186 excolitur, ex [[Mexicum|Mexico]] translata per Bellum Aegypti.<!-- ex en: during the Egyptian campaign = ???--> Appellatur ''bent el consul'' 'filia consulis', quod ad Ioelem Poinsett legatum iterum attinet. ==Pharmacologia== Est in Civitatibus Foederatis et fortasse alibi notio quod poinsettia magnopere sit [[toxicarius|toxicaria]]. Immo, haec notio est falsa; planta autem [[cutis|cutem]] [[stomachus|stomachum]]ve leniter inflammat,<ref name = southern/> et comesta potest [[diarrhoea]]m [[vomitus|vomitum]]que efficere.<ref name = fiction /> ==Pinacotheca== <gallery> Fasciculus:Poinsettia, Christmas flower (Euphorbia pulcherrima) at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W Picture 444.jpg|Truncus apud [[Jayanti]]{{dubsig}} in [[Buxa Tiger Vivarium|Buxa Tiger Vivario]] in [[Jalpaiguri]] [[Bengalia Occidentalis|Bengaliae Occidentalis]] [[India]]e. Fasciculus:Poinsettia_2.jpg|[[Folium|Folia]] cardinalia [[petalum|petalorum]] similes sunt.<!--, dwarfing the clusters of tiny flowers in the center.--> Fasciculus:Poinsettia bush belize.jpg|Frutex poinsettia. Fasciculus:Poinsettia_tree.jpg|[[Arbor Natalicia]] ex poinsettiis in [[San Diego]] facta. Fasciculus:Poinsettia_pant_784.jpg|Poinsettia pink. Fasciculus:Mexican_poinsettia.jpg|Poinsettia cum multis [[bractea|bracteis]]. Fasciculus:Poinsettia_001.jpg|Poinsettia. Fasciculus:5-Year-Old_Rescue_Poinsettia.JPG|Poinsettiae post Christi Natalem diu exstant, etiam in interioribus domuum partibus. Fasciculus: Poinsetta_Flowers.jpg|Flores. </gallery> ==Notae== <references> <ref name = bussell>{{cite journal | journal = [[Southern Living]] | year = [[2009]] | month = Dec | title = Get Ready for Holiday Flowers | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_southern-living_2009-12_44_12/page/n109 | last = Bussell | first = Gene | volume = 44 | number = 12 | page = 88}}.</ref> <ref name = southern>{{cite encyclopedia | title = Euphorbia | url = https://archive.org/details/southernlivingga0000unse_r8c0 | encyclopedia = The Southern Living Garden Book | editor-last = Bender | editor-first = Steve | year = [[2004]] | month = January | edition = secunda | ISBN = 0-376-03910-8 | publisher = Oxmoor House | location = [[Birminghamia]]e Alabamae | page = [https://archive.org/details/southernlivingga0000unse_r8c0/page/306 306]}}.</ref> <ref name = fiction>{{cite web| url=http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=55606| title= Are Poinsettia Plants Poisonous? Fact or Fiction?|accessdate=2007-12-21 }}.</ref> </references> == Bibliographia == * Krenzelok E. P., T. D. Jacobsen, et J. M. Aronis. [[1996]]. "Poinsettia exposures have good outcomes . . . just as we thought." ''American Journal of Emergency Medicine'' 14, no. 7 (November)" 671–74. PMID 8906768. {{doi|10.1016/S0735-6757(96)90086-8}}. ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Euphorbia pulcherrima|''Euphorbiam pulcherrimam''}} {{Pars vicificanda}} * [http://culturesheet.org/euphorbiaceae:euphorbia:pulcherrima Poinsettia Culture & Care.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} CultureSheet.org * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080220123411/http://www.explorelifeonearth.org/poinsettia.html Pagina Poinsettiae Ferae: Imagines ''Euphorbiae pulcherrimae'' cultae in Mexico.] * [http://www.snopes.com/holidays/christmas/poinsettia.asp Snopes de toxicity.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060528003437/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=EUPU9 USDA PLANTS Database, Symbol EUPU9, E. pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090201010239/http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/poinsettia/ Paginae de poinsettia apud Universitatem Illinoesiae, UIUC.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070310200943/http://hortchat.com/info/poinsettia-care Poinsettia Q&A from Master Gardener Kris.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070108173057/http://www.museums.org.za/bio/plants/euphorbiaceae/index.htm Poinsettiae in Africa.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061220002126/http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/1000/1248.html Ohio State University Fact Sheet.] * [http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/plantanswers/flowers/poinsettia.html Poinsettia FAQ.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110607173141/http://www.ecke.com/html/h_corp/corp_pntcare.html Poinsettia domi.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070302035713/http://www.hardingnursery.com/poinsettiacare.htm Hardingnursery.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090708214208/http://www.netglimse.com/holidays/poinsettia_day/history_of_poinsettia_day.shtml Historia Dies Poinsettiarum.] [[Categoria:Euphorbia]] [[Categoria:Flora Mexici]] [[Categoria:Flores]] [[Categoria:Plantae ex hominibus appellatae]] [[Categoria:Plantae Christi Natalis]] [[Categoria:Species plantarum]] {{Myrias|Biologia}} t2zrvltye8wambe0mtvnefdryi2llmc 0 84176 3980062 3978088 2026-08-09T23:51:58Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vicificanda}} '''Alexandra Scala''' (nata [[Collis (Tuscia)|Collis]], [[1475]]– obiit [[Collis (Tuscia)|Collis]], [[1506]]) est femina erudita natione Itala quae floruit tempore Renatarum Litterarum. == Vita Alexandrae Scalae == Eius pater erat famosus legatus [[Respublica Florentina |rei publicae Florentinae]] Bartholomaeus Scala, doctor in utroque iure. Fuit admirabilis latinistria et hellenistria, discipula [[Constantinus Lascaris |Constantini Lascaris]] et [[Demetrius Chalcondylas|Demetrii Chalcondylae]]. Commercium epistulare sermone graeco cum [[Angelus Politianus|Angelo Politiano]] habuit. Scala personam Electrae in tragedia ''Electra'' [[Sophocles|Sophoclis]] gessit, et Politano in eius epistulis eam laudavit.<ref>{{Cite journal|surname=Jardine|given=Lisa|publication-date=1985|title=O Decus Italiae Virgo’, or The Myth of the Learned Lady in the Renaissance|year=1985|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_historical-journal_1985-12_28_4/page/809|journal=The Historical Journal|volume=28|issue=4|pages=809-810|doi=https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X00005070}}</ref> Ea ad Cassandram Fedelem litteras misit in lingua Latina, de conubio et doctrinis, et Fedele ad eam rescripsit.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|isbn=978-1-85109-772-2|given=Diana|surname=Robin|publication-date=2007|title=Encyclopedia of Women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England|year=2007|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781851097722|editor1-surname=Robin|editor1-given=Diana|editor2-surname=Larsen|editor2-given=Anne|editor3-surname=Levin|editor3-given=Carole|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781851097722/page/332 332]-333|publisher=ABC-CLIO|publication-place=Santa Barbara, CA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Her immaculate hand : selected works by and about the women humanists of Quattrocento Italy|year=1992|url=https://archive.org/details/herimmaculatehan0000unse_l7q1|given1=Margaret|surname1=King|surname2=Rabil, Jr.|given2=Albert|publisher=Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies|publication-date=1992|pages=332-333|publication-place=Binghamton, NY|isbn=978-0-86698-124-8}}</ref> Anno [[1497]] duxit in matrimonium illustrem poetam et militem [[Michael Tarchaniota Marullus|Marullum]]. Post mortem mariti qui mortuus est aquis submersus die 11 mensis aprilis anno [[1500]] cum equo transibat flumen [[Caecina (flumen)|Caecinam]] opera eius curavit edenda. == Index Adnotationum == {{DEFAULTSORT:Scala, Alexandra}} [[Categoria:Incolae Italiae]] [[Categoria:Mulieres]] [[Categoria:Nati 1475]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1506]] [[Categoria:Renascentia]] <references />{{scriptor-stipula}} g76g950jxuw37hxrah3t4qmg2bdbp4m 0 88074 3980066 3978845 2026-08-09T23:55:01Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 3 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Eratosthenes (discretiva)}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Eratosthenes''' (''-is'') '''Cyrenaeus''' ([[Graece]] {{Polytonic|Ἐρατοσθένης ὁ Κυρηναῖος}}; natus inter annos [[276 a.C.n.|276]]-[[273 a.C.n.]] [[Cyrene|Cyrenis]]; mortuus circa annum [[194 a.C.n.]] [[Alexandria]]e) fuit eruditus et [[poëta]] [[Graecia antiqua|antiquitatis Graecae]]. Mandatu regum [[Aegyptus|Aegypti]] domus [[Ptolemaei]]cae fere dimidium saeculum [[Bibliotheca Alexandrina|Bibliothecae Alexandrinae]], quae est notissima bibliotheca antiquitatis, praefuit, atque rebus [[mathematica|mathematicis]], [[geographia|geographicis]], [[astronomia|astronomicis]] , [[historia|historicis]], [[philologia|philologicis]] et poeticis operam dedit. [[Inventor]] [[geographia]]e scientificae habetur. Diligentibus mensuris peractis ambitum terrae persecutus est, quod inter notissima antiquitatis emolumenta scientifica numeratur. Etiam [[Mappa mundi|mappam mundi]] comparavisse traditur, quae autem amissa est. Praeterea multum in scientia colligenda laboravit. Numerosis scriptis eius cunctis amissis tantum exigua pars e scriptoribus posteris nota est. Primus se "[[philologia|philologum]]" nominavit, philologiam non solum in linguis sive [[litterae|litteris]] operam navandis sed potius in ampla doctrina constare intellegens. Poetas carpebat ne Homerum quidem excipiens, quorum [[narratio]]nibus fidem non tribuit, cum tantum delectare, non docere vellent. == Vita == Eratosthenes urbe [[Cyrene|Cyrenis]] (in [[Libya]] hodierna sita) inter annos [[276 a.C.n.|276]] et [[273 a.C.n.]] natus est.<ref>Ad datationem vide: Geus 2002:10–15; Fuentes González 2000:190f.; Giorgio Dragoni: Introduzione allo studio della vita e delle opere di Eratostene. In: Physis Vol. 17, 1975, p. 46–48.</ref> [[Athenae|Athenis]] studiis incubuit. Magistri eius fuerunt [[Lysanias Cyrenaeus]] grammaticus, [[Ariston Chius]] philosophus Stoicus et [[Arcesilaus]] Platonicus. Ariston, qui solae [[ethica]]e studebat et quaestiones ad res naturales pertinentes neglegebat, vim in Eratosthenem vix habuisse videtur. Contra philosophi traditionis Platonicae longe plurimum apud Eratosthenem valuisse sententiae suae posterae plane demonstrant.<ref>Friedrich Solmsen, "Eratosthenes as Platonist and Poet," in: Solmsen, Kleine Schriften, Vol. 1, Hildesheim 1968, p. 203–224.</ref> Praeterea traditio antica [[Callimachus|Callimachum]] Cyrenaeum magistrum eius fuisse vult, quod autem verisimile non est.<ref>Geus 2002:18f.</ref> Etiam [[Apelles Chius]], qui erat discipulus Arcesilai, et Cynicus [[Bion Borysthenites]] eum movebant.<ref>Geus 2002:24f.; Fuentes González 2000:197.</ref> [[Fasciculus:Octadrachm Ptolemy III BM CMBMC103.jpg|thumb|Octodrachma cum imagine [[Ptolemaeus III (rex Aegypti)|Ptolemaei III]].]] Rex Aegyptiacus [[Ptolemaeus III (rex Aegypti)|Ptolemaeus III]] (Euergetes) paulo postquam rerum potitus est, verisimiliter anno [[245 a.C.n.]] Eratosthenen fere tricenarium Athenis [[Alexandria]]m vocavit.<ref>Ad annum vide: Geus 2002:26–30; Fuentes González 2000:193, 199.</ref> Eruditus iuvenis iam tum fama egregia floruisse videtur. Rex eum bibliothecarium [[Bibliotheca Alexandrina|Bibliothecae Alexandrinae]] fecit, cum antecessor eius, [[Apollonius Rhodius]], dissensionibus inter se et regem ortis hoc munere abdicavisset. Eratosthenes et filium et successorem regis, [[Ptolemaeus IV (rex Aegypti)|Ptolemaeum IV.]] (Philopator), instruxit, qui anno [[222 a.C.n.]] thronum ascendit. De vita postera certi nuntii desunt. Bibliothecam administravit usque ad mortem.<ref>Fuentes González 2000:200; Geus 2002:30.</ref> Quod mortem attinet, [[Suda]] eum, quod aspectum amisisset, non edendo sibi mortem conscivisse<ref>Suda, vox Eratosthenês (Ἐρατοσθένης), num. Adler: epsilon 2898, [http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?db=REAL&field=adlerhw_gr&searchstr=epsilon,2898 Suda in interrete]{{Nexus deficitur|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> refert, poeta Dionysius Cyzicus autem in carmine, forsitan epitaphio, de morte Eratosthenis scripto eum miti senectute, non morbo obiisse.<ref>Anthologia Graeca, ed. Gow et Page, I, p. 80</ref> Eratosthenes Alexandriae sepelitus est. == Opera muneraque == Eratosthenes numerosa opera conscripsit, quorum tamen fragmenta tantum exstant. Ideo his fragmentis et aliis apud scriptores antiquos mentionibus nisa dignatio munerum eius difficillima est. Cum semper quaestiones variarum artium laboraret, tamen tria operis tempora distingui possunt: * Initio enixe philosophiae (imprimis [[Plato]]nicae) studebat, * deinde res naturales tractabat, * tempore tertio praecipue [[philologia]]e operam dabat. == De mensura telluris ambitus == [[Tellus|Tellurem]] sphaericam esse iam antea Graecis notum erat. Iam [[Aristoteles]] de ambitus eius quaesivit quosdam "mathematicos" (sine nomine) afferrens, qui ambitum 400 000 stadiorum persecuti essent.<ref>Aristoteles, De caelo 2,14 (298a15–17)</ref>. Paucis decennis post (post annum [[309 a.C.n.]]) eruditus - forsitan [[Dicaearchus]] - ambitum 300 000 stadiorum effecit. De solo Eratosthene methodus mensurae scientifica attestata est, qua terrae ambitus 250 000 stadiorum (postea in 252 000 commutatus) effectus est. Ratio ab Eratosthene inita a [[Cleomedes|Cleomede]] astronomo tradita est: Eratosthenes [[Alexandria]]m et [[Syene]]n in eodem [[Meridianus|meridiano]] sitas esse posuit. Distantiam inter duo in his urbibus ab eo delectis punctis mensoriis 5000 stadiorum efficere cognovit, a mensoribus regis [[Ptolemaeus IV (rex Aegypti)|Ptolemaei]], ut putatur, adiutus. Utroque loco [[gnomon]] collocavit. Die [[Solstitium|solstitii]] aestivalis his instrumentum solis super horizonte altitudinem atque gnomi umbram, quantae fuisset longitudinis, metiri iussit. Compertum est gnomon Syenense nihil umbrae fecisse, solem accurate medio in caelo fuisse demonstrans, Alexandriae autem solem eodem tempore quinquagesimam partem circuli a medio caelo afuisse (secundum circuli divisionem hodiernam: 7° 12′). Ergo spatium 5000 stadiorum in meridiem migrantem quinquagesimam partem terrae ambitus emetiri, ambitum terrae autem 50 × 5000 = 250 000 stadiorum esse consequi. == Alia == Eratostheni etiam inventio [[Algorithmus|algorithimi]] ad [[Numerus primus|numeros primos]] cernendos assignari solet, forsitan autem tantum rationis nomen ([[Cribratum Eratosthenis]]) introduxit. == Opera == * ''[[Erigone (Eratosthenes)|Erigone]]'' ([[carmen epicum]]) == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} *[[3251 Eratosthenes]] == Bibliographia == * Aujac, G. (2001). ''Eratosthène de Cyrène, le pionier de la geographie''. Paris: Édition du CTHS. 224p. * {{cite book |last=Bulmer-Thomas |first=Ivor |title=Selections Illustlating the History of Greek Mathematics |url=https://archive.org/details/selectionsillust02bulmuoft |date=1939–1940 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cantabrigiae Massachusettae}} * Cameron McPhail (2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131002084718/http://otago.ourarchive.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10523/1713/McPhailCameron2011MA.pdf?sequence=1 ''Reconstructing Eratosthenes' Map of the World: a Study in Source Analysis''. A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Master of Arts at the University of Otago]. Dunedin Novae Zelandiae. * Diller, A. (1934). "Geographical Latitudes in Eratosthenes, Hipparchus and Posidonius". ''Klio'' '''27(3)''': 258–269. * {{cite journal |first=A. V. |last=Dorofeeva |title=Eratosthenes (ca. 276–194 B.C.) |language=Russice |journal=Mat. V Shkole |issue=4 |date=1988 |pages=i}} * {{cite journal |first=J. |last=Dutka |title=Eratosthenes' measurement of the Earth reconsidered |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archive-for-history-of-exact-sciences_1993_46_1/page/55 |journal=Arch. Hist. Exact Sci. |volume=46 |issue=1 |date=1993 |pages=55–66 |doi=10.1007/BF00387726}} * {{cite journal |first=B. A. |last=El'natanov |title=A brief outline of the history of the development of the sieve of Eratosthenes |language=Russice |journal=Istor.-Mat. Issled. |volume=27 |date=1983 |pages=238–259}} * Fischer, I. (1975). [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1975QJRAS..16..152F/0000152.000.html "Another look at Eratosthenes' and Posidonius' determinations of the Earth's circumference"]. ''Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society'' '''16''': 152—167. * {{cite journal |first=D. H. |last=Fowler |title=Eratosthenes' ratio for the obliquity of the ecliptic |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_isis_1983-12_74_274/page/556 |journal=Isis |volume=74 |issue=274 |date=1983 |pages=556–562 |doi=10.1086/353361 |last2=Rawlins |first2=Dennis}} * {{cite journal |last=Fraser |first=P. M. |title=Eratosthenes of Cyrene |journal=Proceedings of the British Academy |date=1970 |volume=56 |pages=175–207}} * {{cite book |last=Fraser |first=P. M. |title=Ptolemaic Alexandria |url=https://archive.org/details/ptolemaicalexand0000fras |date=1972 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxoniae}} * Fuentes González, Pedro Pablo. [[2000]]. Ératosthène de Cyrène. In ''Dictionnaire des philosophes antiques,'' ed. Richard Goulet, 3:188–236. Lutetiae: CNRS Éditions ISBN 2-271-05748-5. * Geus, Klaus. [[2002]]. ''Eratosthenes von Kyrene: Studien zur hellenistischen Kultur- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte.'' Münchener Beiträge zur Papyrusforschung und antiken Rechtsgeschichte, 92. Monaci: Beck. ISBN 3-406-48976-1. * {{cite journal |first=B. R. |last=Goldstein |title=Eratosthenes on the "measurement" of the Earth |journal=Historia Math. |volume=11 |issue=4 |date=1984 |pages=411–416 |doi=10.1016/0315-0860(84)90025-9}} * {{cite journal |first=E. |last=Gulbekian |title=The origin and value of the stadion unit used by Eratosthenes in the third century B.C |journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences |volume=37 |issue=4 |date=1987 |pages=359–363 |doi=10.1007/BF00417008}} * Honigmann, E. (1929). ''Die sieben Klimata und die πολεις επισημοι''. Eine Untersuchung zur Geschichte der Geographie und Astrologie in Altertum und Mittelalter. Heidelbergi: Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung. 247 S. * {{cite journal |first=G. |last=Knaack |title=Eratosthenes |journal=Pauly–Wissowa VI |date=1907 |pages=358–388}} * {{cite journal |first=F. |last=Manna |title=The Pentathlos of ancient science, Eratosthenes, first and only one of the "primes" |language=Italian |journal=Atti Accad. Pontaniana (N.S.) |volume=35 |date=1986 |pages=37–44}} * {{cite journal |first=A. |last=Muwaf |first2=A. N. |last2=Philippou |title=An Arabic version of Eratosthenes writing on mean proportionals |journal=J. Hist. Arabic Sci. |volume=5 |issue=1–2 |date=1981 |pages=174–147}} * {{cite book |last=Nicastro |first=Nicholas |title=Circumference: Eratosthenes and the ancient quest to measure the globe |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312372477 |location=New York |publisher=St. Martin's Press |date=2008 |isbn=0312372477}} * Marcotte, D. (1998). "La climatologie d'Ératosthène à Poséidonios: genèse d'une science humaine". G. Argoud, J.Y. Guillaumin (eds.). ''Sciences exactes et sciences appliquées à Alexandrie (IIIe siècle av J.C. – Ier ap J.C.)''. Saint Etienne: Publications de l'Université de Saint Etienne: 263–277. * {{cite book |last=Pfeiffer |first=Rudolf |title=History of Classical Scholarship From the Beginnings to the End of the Hellenistic Age |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofclassic0000pfei_g8c3 |date=1968 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxoniae}} * Pownall, Frances, ed., "241. Eratosthenes" apud {{BNJ}} * {{cite journal |first=D. |last=Rawlins |title=Eratosthenes' geodesy unraveled : was there a high-accuracy Hellenistic astronomy |journal=Isis |volume=73 |date=1982 |pages=259–265 |doi=10.1086/352973 |issue=2}} * {{cite journal |first=D. |last=Rawlins |title=The Eratosthenes – Strabo Nile map. Is it the earliest surviving instance of spherical cartography? Did it supply the 5000 stades arc for Eratosthenes' experiment? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archive-for-history-of-exact-sciences_1982_26_3/page/211 |journal=Arch. Hist. Exact Sci. |volume=26 |issue=3 |date=1982 |pages=211–219}} * {{cite journal |first=D. |last=Rawlins |title=Eratosthenes's large Earth and tiny universe |journal=DIO |volume=14 |date=2008 |pages=3–12 |url=http://www.dioi.org/vols/we0.pdf |format=PDF}} * {{cite book |last=Roller |first=Duane W. |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princetoniae |date=2010 |title=Eratosthenes' Geography: Fragments collected and translated, with commentary and additional material |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8peKyWK_SWsC |isbn=978-0-691-14267-8}} * Shcheglov, D.A. (2004/2006). "Ptolemy's System of Seven Climata and Eratosthenes' Geography". ''Geographia Antiqua'' '''13''': 21–37. * Shcheglov, D.A. (2006). "[http://www.academia.edu/191065/Eratosthenes_Parallel_of_Rhodes_and_the_History_of_the_System_of_Climata Eratosthenes' Parallel of Rhodes and the History of the System of Climata]". ''Klio'' '''88''': 351–359. * {{cite book |last=Strabo |title=Geographica |date=1917 |publisher=Putnam |location=Novi Eboraci |others=Horace Leonard Jones, conv.}} * {{cite journal |first=C. M. |last=Taisbak |title=Eleven eighty-thirds. Ptolemy's reference to Eratosthenes in Almagest I.12 |journal=Centaurus |volume=27 |issue=2 |date=1984 |pages=165–167 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0498.1984.tb00766.x |bibcode=1984Cent...27..165T }} * Thalamas, A. (1921). ''La géographe d'Ératosthène''. Versailles. * {{cite book |first=E. P. |last=Wolfer |title=Eratosthenes von Kyrene als Mathematiker und Philosoph |publisher=Groningen-Djakarta |date=1954}} == Nexus externi == {{Grc|Ἐρατοσθένης}} {{fontes biographici}} {{Myrias|Homines}} [[Categoria:Geographi Graeci antiqui]] [[Categoria:Eruditi Aegypti]] [[Categoria:Astronomi Graeci antiqui]] [[Categoria:Mathematici Graeci antiqui]] [[Categoria:Bibliothecarii Graeci antiqui]] [[Categoria:Poetae Graeci]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 3 a.C.n.]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 2 a.C.n.]] [[Categoria:Ptolemaeus III]] h22h3b64ztt8bha7xy5r7ra5dkmhhzb 0 89386 3979899 3877028 2026-08-09T21:10:29Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pro pagina discretiva vide|Rota (discretiva)}} [[Fasciculus:Gears animation.gif|thumb|Rotae dentatae motu animatae. Haec sunt ''calcarum'', quo vide infra.]] '''Rota dentata'''<ref name=vatican1>{{citatio libris |titulus=Lexicon Recentis Latinitatis |editor1-praenomen=Carolus |editor1-cognomen=Egger |annus=1992 |locus=Urbe Vaticana |factor=Libraria Editoria Vaticana |isbn=8820917319 |volumen=1}}, ''ingranaggio''</ref><ref>Ebbe Vilborg, ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok'', editio secunda, 2009.</ref> seu '''denticulatio'''<ref name=vatican1/> {{Victio|denticulatio|onis|f}} est pars momenti transferendi [[mechanismus|mechanematis]], quo [[energia cinetica]] motu rotatili aut [[Momentum virium|torquenti]] effecta ex uno axi in alterum transferri aut in motum directum converti potest. Huiusmodi rota ex transversis obliquisve minis quibusdam aequidistantibus constat, quae ''dentes'' appellantur. Mechanemates rotarum dentatarum mutare velocitatem, magnitudinem, et motús axem [[Vis|fontis virium]] possunt. Plerumque mechanema rotarum dentatarum ex binis rotis in mutuum contactum copulatis constat. Sed etiam rota dentata cum re qui dentes habet sed non volvitur copulet, quae mechanema inter motum linearem rotationisque transfert. Rotae dentatae in mechanemate sunt similes rotis in systemate [[trochlea|trochlearum]]. Rotae dentatae trochleis praestant quia dentes rotae dentatae prohibeunt ne rotae labantur. Duae rotae dentatae quae aequum numerum dentium non habent, cum copulantur, [[utilitas mechanica|utilitatem mechanicam]] producunt, ut [[Velocitas rotationis|velocitates rotationis]] et [[momentum virium|momenta virium]] differant secundum analogiam numerorum dentium. In mechanematibus rotarum dentatarum proportiones multiplices habentis, ut in birotis et autocinetis, appellationes ''prima'', ''secunda'', et cetera proportionum pro quadam rota significant. Mentio antiquissima nota est abs [[Heron Alexandrinus|Herone Alexandrino]] circa annum 50 a.C.n.,<ref>{{cite book|last=Norton|first=Robert L.|year=2004|title=Design of Machinery|edition=3rd|publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional|ISBN=9780071214964|page=462}}</ref> sed fieri potest denticulationem repetere ab machinatoribus Graecis [[Schola Alexandrina|scholae Alexandrinae]] saeculo 3 p.C.n., et magno ab [[Archimedes|Archimede]] excoluit.<ref>{{cite journal|first=M. J. T.|last=Lewis|title=Gearing in the Ancient World|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_endeavour_1993-09_17_3/page/110|journal=Endeavour|volume=17|issue=3|year=1993|pages=110–115}}.</ref> [[Machinatio Anticytherensis]] est exemplum mechanematis antiquissimae contortaeque quae positiones astronomicas computare machinantur. Tempus fabricationis esse ab 150 ad 100 a.C.n. aestimatur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/faq/general-questions/why-is-it-so-important |work=The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project|title=Why is it so important?|first=Martin|last=Allen|date=17 Iun 2008|accessdate=29 Iul 2011}}</ref> == Genera == === Denticulatio externa et interna === [[Fasciculus:Inside gear.png|170px|thumb|left|Denticulatio interna.]] ''Denticulatio externa'' est denticulatio [[cylindrus|cylindrica]] aut conica dentes in superficie exteriore habens. ''Denticulatio interna'' dentes in superficie interiore habet. In denticulationibus obliquis (quo vide infra), ''interna'' angulum fastigium plurimum quam 90 gradus habentem significat. Denticulationes internae conversionem directionis non efficit.<ref name="ansiagma">{{cite book |title=ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05, Gear Nomenclature, Definition of Terms with Symbols |publisher=American Gear Manufacturers Association |isbn=1-55589-846-7}}.</ref> {{clear}} === Calcariformis === [[Fasciculus:Spur Gear 12mm, 18t.svg|170px|left|thumb|Denticulatio calcarum.]] ''Denticulatio calcariformis'' seu ''denticulatio secta directa'' est denticulationum genus simplissimum. Est cylindrus aut orbis dentes radiale prominentes habens. Quamquam dentes non sunt rectilati, margines tamen eorum sunt et rectae et parallelae ad axem rotationalem. Hae denticulationes interiungi solum possunt si eae sunt in axibus parallelis. {{clear}} === Helicalis === [[Fasciculus:Helical Gears.jpg|170px|left|thumb|Denticulationes helicales.<br/>Supra: Conformatio parallela.<br/>Infra: Conformatio transversa.]] ''Denticulatio helicalis'' est sono lenitateque melior quam calcarum. Margines antici dentum non sunt paralleli cum axe rotationis. Propter curvaturam denticulationis, angulus efficit formam dentis esse segmentum [[helix|helicis]]. Hae denticulationes conformatione ''parallela'' aut ''transversa'' interiungeantur. Conformatio parallela axes parallelos significat, quae est conformatio solitissima. Transversa significat axes non esse parallelos. Ob angulum dentes coniungere inceperunt plus gradatim quam dentes calcarum, ita rotae levius quietiusque operant. Cum rotae sint in conformatione parallela, quodque par dentium primum ad punctum singulum lateris uni rotae contingunt; tum flexus contingendi trans superficiem dentis gradatim crescit quoad dentes ad punctum singulum lateris adversi contingere desinunt. Dentes autem calcarum subito ad lineam trans totam latitudinem contingunt, quae res strepitum tensionemque fit. Denticulationes calcarum magna cum velocitate volventes vagitum proprium faciunt. Denticulationibus calcarum utentur in re velocitatis parvae et dum strepitus non est magni momenti. Denticulationibus autem helicales utentur in re velocitatis magnae, dum vim magnum transfert, et dum strepitus est magni momenti. Velocitas ut magna aestimatur cum velocitas lineae gradús sit plus quam 25 metra per secundum.<ref>{{cite book|author=Vallance, Alex|coauthors=Doughtie, Venton Levy|year=1964|title=Design of machine members|edition=4a|publisher=McGraw-Hill|page=281}}</ref> Est incommodum dentriculationis helicalis quia est [[impetus (mechanica)|impetus]] in directione axis rotae, cui opus est [[Mechanema impetús ferendi| mechanematem impetús ferendi]] addere. Etiam est [[frictio|frictio labendi]] maior inter dentes coniugentes, cui opus est unctionem bonam addere. In conformatio transversa, necesse est rotis aequum angulum pressurae et gradum perpendicularem habere; angulum autem helicalis et signum illius anguli differe licet. Angulus inter hastiles rotarum <math>E</math> ab angulis helicalis rotarum et signo illorum angulorum definitur, in hac modo:<ref name="roymech">{{cite web|url=http://www.roymech.co.uk/Useful_Tables/Drive/Hellical_Gears.html|title=Helical Gears|work=RoyMech|accessdate=29 Iul 2011|date=18 Dec 2009}}</ref> :<math>E = \beta_1 + \beta_2</math> cum signa angulorum sint aequa :<math>E = \beta_1 - \beta_2</math> cum signa angulorum sint adversa Ubi <math>\beta</math> est angulus (absolutus, sine signo) helicalis rotae. Conformatio transversa est infirmior quam parallela quia solum est punctum contingendi inter rotis, contra lineam contingendi in conformatione parallela.<ref name="roymech"/> Saepe rotis helicalibus angulos aequos sed adversos habentibus utentur. Ita, summa angulorum est nihil: angulus inter hastiles est nihil, ergo conformatio est parallela. Cum summa aut differens non est nihil, conformatio est transversa. Et cum hastiles sint perpendiculares, necesse est signa angulorum helicalum esse aequum quia necesse est summam angulorum esse 90 gradus. Vide etiam hae figurae motu animatae: * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qcgjsor1Q-Y Denticulationes helicales (conformatione parallela) motu animatae] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZpJuyK842RQ Denticulationes helicales (conformatione transversa) motu animatae] {{clear}} === Helicalis duplex === [[Fasciculus:Herringbone gears (Bentley, Sketches of Engine and Machine Details).jpg|thumb|left|150px|Denticulationes helicales duplices.]] ''Denticulationes helicales duplices'' problema impetús axialis duabus gregibus dentium solvent qui ut figura V formant. Quaeque denticulatio est similis duarum denticulationum helicalum, utrarumque ut in speculo reflexarum. In hoc modo alia impetui aliae exacte adversatur. Difficile est fabricare denticulationes helicales duplices ob formam implicatam. In utraque directione rotationis, sunt duae conformationes superfacierum rotarum. In alia conformatione, superfacies sunt versatae ut impetús axiales ab medio rotae dirigentur; haec conformatio est instabilis. In alia conformatione, quae est stabilis, superfacies sunt versatae ut impetús axiales in medium rotae dirigantur. In utraque conformatione, cum rotae in linea correcte volvunt, summa impetuum axialum ad utramque rotam est nihil. Si autem rotae in linea axiale incorrecte volvunt, conformatio instabilis impetum frangendi rotarum fit, conformatio autem stabilis impetum corrigendi fit. Si tamen directio rotationis reversa est, directiones impetuum axialum reversae quoque sunt, ita conformatio instabilis fit stabilis, et vice versa. Denticulationes helicales duplices stabiles cum calcarum permutare possunt sine mechanematibus impetús ferendi mutandis. {{NexInt}} *[[Rota]] *[[Rotariorum sodalitas]] ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Gears|rotas dentatas}} [[Categoria:Cinematica]] [[Categoria:Mechanica]] [[Categoria:Machinae]] [[Categoria:Mechanismi]]<!--melius: Cat:Gears--> <!-- + Cat:Tribology--> [[uk:Зубчаста передача]] {{Myrias|Technologia}} m6i1vbcca3yxvw97h2yaeognfhbwy09 0 89475 3979717 3978787 2026-08-09T15:11:24Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3979717 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Batteries.jpg|thumb|Varia accumulatra electrica.]] {{res|Accumulatrum electricum}}<ref>John C. Traupman, ''The New College Latin and English Dictionary,'' ed. tertia (Novi Eboraci: Bantam Books, 2007), 474, s.v. ''battery.''</ref>, sive {{res|pilae electricae}},<ref>Ebbe Vilborg, ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok'', editio secunda (Holmiae: Norstedts Akademiska Förlag, 2009). Aliud verbum est ''pilarum series.''</ref> sive {{res|nucleus electricus}},{{FD ref}} est [[accumulatrum]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|energia electrica|energiae electricae|d|qid=Q206799}} quod in una vel pluribus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|cellulis electrochemicis||en|qid=Q80097}} consistit, e quibus duae iunctiones exterae,<ref>{{cite book|title=Battery Reference Book|edition=third|last=Crompton|first=T. R.|date=[[2000]]-03-20|publisher=Newnes|page=Glossary 3|isbn=978-0-08-049995-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmVR7qiB5AUC&q=battery%20one%20or%20more%20cells&pg=PA11|access-date=2016-03-18}}.</ref> ad apparatus [[electricitas|electricos]] exercendos dicatae, oriuntur. Terminus positivus appellatur {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|cathodus||en|qid=Q175233}}, terminus negativus appellatur {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|anodus||en|qid=Q181232}}.<ref name="Pauling1988">{{cite book|last1=Pauling|first1=Linus|title=General Chemistry|url=https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00paul_0|url-access=registration|date=[[1988]]|publisher=Dover Publications, Inc.|location=Novi Eboraci|isbn=978-0-486-65622-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00paul_0/page/539 539]|chapter=15: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions; Electrolysis}}<!--|access-date=13 May 2016-->.</ref> E termino negativo demigrant [[electron]]a, quae per circuitum electricum exterum ad terminum positivum perfluunt. Cum accumulatrum ad onus elctricum conectatur, reactio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|oxydoreductio|oxydoreductionis|en|qid=Q82682}} reactantes altae [[energia]]e ad aliqua residua energiae inferioris vertit, et differentia {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|energiae liberae||en|qid=Q334631}} ad circuitum exterum forma energiae electricae mittitur. {{Verba obscura|Varietas generum ac specierum sunt ubi omnes quemque numerum electricitatis et amplitudinem habet et aut [[accumulatrum|onerabilis]] aut non sit.}} {{NexInt}} {{multiple image|total_width=300 | image1 = Pila di Volta.jpg | caption1 = {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Pila voltaica||en|qid=Q663273}}, primum accumulatrum electricum. | image2 = La pile de Volta (Le Petit journal).jpg | caption2 = [[Alexander Volta]] [[physicus]] [[Italia|Italus]] eius pilam [[Napoleo Bonaparte|Napoleoni Bonaparte]] [[imperator]]i monstrat. }} {{Textus in columnas divisus incipitur|2}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Accumulatra alcalina||en|qid=Q861345}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Accumulatrum biologicum||en|qid=Q4914697}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Cellula galvanica||en|qid=Q209440}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Cellula sicca||en|qid=Q13559828}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Cellula voltaica||en|qid=Q209440}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Electrolytes||en|qid=Q162908}} * [[Beniaminus Franklinius]] * [[Aloisius Galvanus]] * [[Gradiens electrochemicus]] * [[Laguncula Lugduno-Batava]] * [[Onus electricum]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Pila voltaica||en|qid=Q663273}} * [[Alexander Volta]] {{Textus in columnas divisus finitur}} == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{cite book|last=Dingrando|first=Laurel|title=Chemistry: Matter and Change|url=https://archive.org/details/chemistrymatterc0000laur|year=[[2007]]|publisher=Glencoe/McGraw-Hill|location=Novi Eboraci|isbn=978-0-07-877237-5|display-authors=etal}} Capitulum 21 (pp. 662–695) electrochemiam tractat. * {{cite book|last=Fink|first=Donald G.|author-link= |author2=H. Wayne Beaty| title=Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, Eleventh Edition|year=[[1978]]| publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=Novi Eboraci|isbn=978-0-07-020974-9}}. * {{cite book|last=Knight|first=Randall D.|title=Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach|year=[[2004]]|publisher=Pearson Education|location=Franciscopoli|isbn=978-0-8053-8960-9|url=https://archive.org/details/physicsforscien200knig}}. Capitula 28–31 (pp. 879–995) potentialitatem electricam tractant. * {{cite book|last=Linden|first=David|author2=Thomas B. Reddy|title=Handbook of Batteries|year=[[2001]]|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=Novi Eboraci|isbn=978-0-07-135978-8|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofbatter0000unse}}. * {{cite book|last=Saslow|first=Wayne M.|title=Electricity, Magnetism, and Light|url=https://archive.org/details/electricitymagne0000sasl|year=[[2002]]|publisher=Thomson Learning|location=Toronti|isbn=978-0-12-619455-5}}. Capitula 8 et 9 (pp. 336–418) accumulatra tractant. * Turner, James Morton. [[2022]]. ''Charged: A History of Batteries and Lessons for a Clean Energy Future.'' Seattli: University of Washington Press. [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=58799 Censura interretialis.] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Electric battery|accumulatrum electricum}} [[Categoria:Electricitas]] [[Categoria:Technologia]] {{Myrias|Technologia}} mo4k2obd0765vjof3fcdskbk9u22hu1 3979720 3979717 2026-08-09T15:18:31Z Grufo 64423 {{cite ...}} → {{[[Formula:Opus|opus]]}} 3979720 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Batteries.jpg|thumb|Varia accumulatra electrica.]] {{res|Accumulatrum electricum}}<ref>John C. Traupman, ''The New College Latin and English Dictionary,'' ed. tertia (Novi Eboraci: Bantam Books, 2007), 474, s.v. ''battery.''</ref>, sive {{res|pilae electricae}},<ref>Ebbe Vilborg, ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok'', editio secunda (Holmiae: Norstedts Akademiska Förlag, 2009). Aliud verbum est ''pilarum series.''</ref> sive {{res|nucleus electricus}},{{FD ref}} est [[accumulatrum]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|energia electrica|energiae electricae|en|qid=Q206799}} quod in una vel pluribus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|cellulis electrochemicis||en|qid=Q80097}} consistit, e quibus duae iunctiones exterae,<ref>{{Opus | cognomen = Crompton | nomen = T. R. | titulus = Battery Reference Book | tempus = 2000-03-20 | editio = third | pagina = Glossary 3 | domus editoria = Newnes | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QmVR7qiB5AUC&q=battery%20one%20or%20more%20cells&pg=PA11 | tempus inspectionis = 2016-03-18 | isbn = 978-0-08-049995-6 }}.</ref> ad apparatus [[electricitas|electricos]] exercendos dicatae, oriuntur. Terminus positivus appellatur {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|cathodus||en|qid=Q175233}}, terminus negativus appellatur {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|anodus||en|qid=Q181232}}<ref name="Pauling1988">{{Opus | cognomen 1 = Pauling | nomen 1 = Linus | titulus = 15: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions; Electrolysis | contextus = General Chemistry | annus = 1988 | pagina = [https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00paul_0/page/539 539] | locus = Novi Eboraci | domus editoria = Dover Publications, Inc. | url = https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00paul_0 | accessus ad url = sociis | tempus inspectionis = 2016-05-13 | isbn = 978-0-486-65622-9 }}.</ref> E termino negativo demigrant [[electron]]a, quae per circuitum electricum exterum ad terminum positivum perfluunt. Cum accumulatrum ad onus elctricum conectatur, reactio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|oxydoreductio|oxydoreductionis|en|qid=Q82682}} reactantes altae [[energia]]e ad aliqua residua energiae inferioris vertit, et differentia {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|energiae liberae||en|qid=Q334631}} ad circuitum exterum forma energiae electricae mittitur. {{Verba obscura|Varietas generum ac specierum sunt ubi omnes quemque numerum electricitatis et amplitudinem habet et aut [[accumulatrum|onerabilis]] aut non sit.}} {{NexInt}} {{multiple image|total_width=300 | image1 = Pila di Volta.jpg | caption1 = {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Pila voltaica||en|qid=Q663273}}, primum accumulatrum electricum. | image2 = La pile de Volta (Le Petit journal).jpg | caption2 = [[Alexander Volta]] [[physicus]] [[Italia|Italus]] eius pilam [[Napoleo Bonaparte|Napoleoni Bonaparte]] [[imperator]]i monstrat. }} {{Textus in columnas divisus incipitur|2}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Accumulatra alcalina||en|qid=Q861345}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Accumulatrum biologicum||en|qid=Q4914697}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Cellula galvanica||en|qid=Q209440}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Cellula sicca||en|qid=Q13559828}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Cellula voltaica||en|qid=Q209440}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Electrolytes||en|qid=Q162908}} * [[Beniaminus Franklinius]] * [[Aloisius Galvanus]] * [[Gradiens electrochemicus]] * [[Laguncula Lugduno-Batava]] * [[Onus electricum]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Pila voltaica||en|qid=Q663273}} * [[Alexander Volta]] {{Textus in columnas divisus finitur}} == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Opus | cognomen = Dingrando | nomen = Laurel | titulus = Chemistry: Matter and Change | annus = 2007 | locus = Novi Eboraci | domus editoria = Glencoe/McGraw-Hill | url = https://archive.org/details/chemistrymatterc0000laur | isbn = 978-0-07-877237-5 }} Capitulum 21 (pp. 662–695) electrochemiam tractat. * {{Opus | cognomen = Fink | nomen = Donald G. | auctor 2 = H. Wayne Beaty | titulus = Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, Eleventh Edition | annus = 1978 | locus = Novi Eboraci | domus editoria = McGraw-Hill | isbn = 978-0-07-020974-9 }}. * {{Opus | cognomen = Knight | nomen = Randall D. | titulus = Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach | annus = 2004 | locus = Franciscopoli | domus editoria = Pearson Education | url = https://archive.org/details/physicsforscien200knig | isbn = 978-0-8053-8960-9 }}. Capitula 28–31 (pp. 879–995) potentialitatem electricam tractant. * {{Opus | cognomen = Linden | nomen = David | auctor 2 = Thomas B. Reddy | titulus = Handbook of Batteries | annus = 2001 | locus = Novi Eboraci | domus editoria = McGraw-Hill | url = https://archive.org/details/handbookofbatter0000unse | isbn = 978-0-07-135978-8 }}. * {{Opus | cognomen = Saslow | nomen = Wayne M. | titulus = Electricity, Magnetism, and Light | annus = 2002 | locus = Toronti | domus editoria = Thomson Learning | url = https://archive.org/details/electricitymagne0000sasl | isbn = 978-0-12-619455-5 }}. Capitula 8 et 9 (pp. 336–418) accumulatra tractant. * Turner, James Morton. [[2022]]. ''Charged: A History of Batteries and Lessons for a Clean Energy Future.'' Seattli: University of Washington Press. [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=58799 Censura interretialis.] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Electric battery|accumulatrum electricum}} [[Categoria:Electricitas]] [[Categoria:Technologia]] {{Myrias|Technologia}} 0x9qveua3cm8xnk3wrrbqh18o00473o 3979721 3979720 2026-08-09T15:19:23Z Grufo 64423 3979721 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Batteries.jpg|thumb|Varia accumulatra electrica.]] {{res|Accumulatrum electricum}}<ref>John C. Traupman, ''The New College Latin and English Dictionary,'' ed. tertia (Novi Eboraci: Bantam Books, 2007), 474, s.v. ''battery.''</ref>, sive {{res|pilae electricae}},<ref>Ebbe Vilborg, ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok'', editio secunda (Holmiae: Norstedts Akademiska Förlag, 2009). Aliud verbum est ''pilarum series.''</ref> sive {{res|nucleus electricus}},{{FD ref}} est [[accumulatrum]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|energia electrica|energiae electricae|en|qid=Q206799}} quod in una vel pluribus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|cellulis electrochemicis||en|qid=Q80097}} consistit, e quibus duae iunctiones exterae,<ref>{{Opus | cognomen = Crompton | nomen = T. R. | titulus = Battery Reference Book | tempus = 2000-03-20 | editio = third | pagina = Glossary 3 | domus editoria = Newnes | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QmVR7qiB5AUC&q=battery%20one%20or%20more%20cells&pg=PA11 | tempus inspectionis = 2016-03-18 | isbn = 978-0-08-049995-6 }}.</ref> ad apparatus [[electricitas|electricos]] exercendos dicatae, oriuntur. Terminus positivus appellatur {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|cathodus||en|qid=Q175233}}, terminus negativus appellatur {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|anodus||en|qid=Q181232}}<ref name="Pauling1988">{{Opus | cognomen 1 = Pauling | nomen 1 = Linus | titulus = 15: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions; Electrolysis | contextus = General Chemistry | annus = 1988 | pagina = [https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00paul_0/page/539 539] | locus = Novi Eboraci | domus editoria = Dover Publications, Inc. | url = https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00paul_0 | accessus ad url = sociis | tempus inspectionis = 2016-05-13 | isbn = 978-0-486-65622-9 }}.</ref> E termino negativo demigrant [[electron]]a, quae per circuitum electricum exterum ad terminum positivum perfluunt. Cum accumulatrum ad onus elctricum conectatur, reactio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|oxydoreductio|oxydoreductionis|en|qid=Q82682}} reactantes altae [[energia]]e ad aliqua residua energiae inferioris vertit, et differentia {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|energiae liberae||en|qid=Q334631}} ad circuitum exterum forma energiae electricae mittitur. {{Verba obscura|Varietas generum ac specierum sunt ubi omnes quemque numerum electricitatis et amplitudinem habet et aut [[accumulatrum|onerabilis]] aut non sit.}} {{NexInt}} {{multiple image|total_width=300 | image1 = Pila di Volta.jpg | caption1 = {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Pila voltaica||en|qid=Q663273}}, primum accumulatrum electricum. | image2 = La pile de Volta (Le Petit journal).jpg | caption2 = [[Alexander Volta]] [[physicus]] [[Italia|Italus]] eius pilam [[Napoleo Bonaparte|Napoleoni Bonaparte]] [[imperator]]i monstrat. }} {{Textus in columnas divisus incipitur|2}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Accumulatra alcalina||en|qid=Q861345}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Accumulatrum biologicum||en|qid=Q4914697}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Cellula galvanica||en|qid=Q209440}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Cellula sicca||en|qid=Q13559828}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Cellula voltaica||en|qid=Q209440}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Electrolytes||en|qid=Q162908}} * [[Beniaminus Franklinius]] * [[Aloisius Galvanus]] * [[Gradiens electrochemicus]] * [[Laguncula Lugduno-Batava]] * [[Onus electricum]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Pila voltaica||en|qid=Q663273}} * [[Alexander Volta]] {{Textus in columnas divisus finitur}} == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Opus | omnes auctores aliique = Dingrando, Laurel; et al. | titulus = Chemistry: Matter and Change | annus = 2007 | locus = Novi Eboraci | domus editoria = Glencoe/McGraw-Hill | url = https://archive.org/details/chemistrymatterc0000laur | isbn = 978-0-07-877237-5 }} Capitulum 21 (pp. 662–695) electrochemiam tractat. * {{Opus | cognomen = Fink | nomen = Donald G. | auctor 2 = H. Wayne Beaty | titulus = Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, Eleventh Edition | annus = 1978 | locus = Novi Eboraci | domus editoria = McGraw-Hill | isbn = 978-0-07-020974-9 }}. * {{Opus | cognomen = Knight | nomen = Randall D. | titulus = Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach | annus = 2004 | locus = Franciscopoli | domus editoria = Pearson Education | url = https://archive.org/details/physicsforscien200knig | isbn = 978-0-8053-8960-9 }}. Capitula 28–31 (pp. 879–995) potentialitatem electricam tractant. * {{Opus | cognomen = Linden | nomen = David | auctor 2 = Thomas B. Reddy | titulus = Handbook of Batteries | annus = 2001 | locus = Novi Eboraci | domus editoria = McGraw-Hill | url = https://archive.org/details/handbookofbatter0000unse | isbn = 978-0-07-135978-8 }}. * {{Opus | cognomen = Saslow | nomen = Wayne M. | titulus = Electricity, Magnetism, and Light | annus = 2002 | locus = Toronti | domus editoria = Thomson Learning | url = https://archive.org/details/electricitymagne0000sasl | isbn = 978-0-12-619455-5 }}. Capitula 8 et 9 (pp. 336–418) accumulatra tractant. * Turner, James Morton. [[2022]]. ''Charged: A History of Batteries and Lessons for a Clean Energy Future.'' Seattli: University of Washington Press. [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=58799 Censura interretialis.] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Electric battery|accumulatrum electricum}} [[Categoria:Electricitas]] [[Categoria:Technologia]] {{Myrias|Technologia}} nwhmkqzs69938igabsjqs9fu1d73rth 0 89835 3979994 3847692 2026-08-09T22:56:31Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3979994 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1986-014-10, Kabinett Müller.jpg|thumb|Ericus Koch-Weser in consilio ministrorum Müller II(primus ad laevam in ordine sedente), 1928]] '''Ericus''' (Theod. ''Erich'') '''Koch-Weser<ref>Cognomen "Weser" non prius quam [[1927]] assumpsit, ut differret ab aliis legatis Dietae Imperii eiusdem nominis</ref>''' (natus [[26 Februarii]] [[1875]] [[Bremae Portus|Bremae Portu]], mortuus [[19 Octobris]] [[1944]] apud oppidum [[Rolandia]]m ([[Brasilia]]) vir publicus [[Germania]]e et sodalis [[Factio Theodisca Democratica|Factionis Theodiscae Democraticae]] (DDP) fuit. == Iuventus et munus == Pater eius magister scholae fuit, mater filia mercatoris Iudaici erat. Annis [[1884]] - [[1893]] gymnasium [[Oldenburgum (Oldenburgum)|Oldenburgi]] frequentabat atque deinde ad annum [[1897]] in [[Academia Lausannensis|Academia Lausannensi]], [[Bonna]]e, [[Monachium|Monachii]], [[Berolinum|Berolini]] iurisprudentiae studebat et doctor promotus est. Anno 1897/[[1898]] militavit et proximis annis referendarius et assessor iurisprudentiae fuit. == Cursus honorum == Annis [[1901]] - [[1909]] Ericus Weser legatus senatus terrae [[Ducatus Oldenburgensis]] et magister civium urbis [[Delmenhorstium|Delmenhorstii]] fuit, tum ad annum [[1913]] civitatis [[Urbs Hanseatica Brema|Urbis Hanseaticae Bremae]] legatus et director urbis Bremae Portus erat. Annis [[1913]] - [[1918]] legatus domus dominorum [[Borussia]]e et magister civium superior [[Cassala]]e erat. 1918 cum aliis factionem liberalem DDP condidit. Anno [[1919]] ab urbe Cassala legatus [[Consilium Formae Civitatis Constituendae (Germania 1919)|Consilii Formae Civitatis Constituendae]] electus est. Ab anno [[1920]] legatus [[Dieta Imperii Germanici]] erat - nunc in pago Visurgis et [[Amisia]]e. [[3 Octobris]] [[1919]] - [[4 Maii]] [[1921]] Koch [[Administer Imperii Rerum Internarum (Germania)|Administer Imperii Rerum Internarum]] fuit in consiliis ministrorum [[Gustavus Bauer|Bauer]], [[Hermannus Müller|Müller I]] atque [[Constantinus Fehrenbach|Fehrenbach]]. Anno [[1924]] praeses suae factionis DDP electus est. A mense Iunio [[1928]] ad [[13 Aprilis]] [[1929]] [[Administer Imperii Iustitiae (Germania)|Administer Imperii Iustitiae]] in consilio Ministrorum Müller II erat. Anno [[1930]] suam factionem cum aliis consociare in animo habuit, sed sodales DDP id negaverunt. Itaque ab omnibus magistratibus se recessit. == Homo privatus, exilium == Ab anno [[1930]] iterum causidicus laboravit. Sed cum [[1933]] Nazistae rerum potiti sunt, ei laborare vetitum est. Itaque cum uxore et quattuor filiis in Brasiliam emigravit et ibi agricola fundum administrabat. == Nexus externi == * [http://www.bundesarchiv.de/aktenreichskanzlei/1919-1933/0011/adr/adrhl/kap1_4/para2_185.html Curriculum vitae in pagina Tabularii Foederalis Germaniae (Lingua Theodisca)] * [http://mdz12.bib-bvb.de/~db/bsb00000005/images/index.html?nativeno=394 Curriculum vitae in libro legatorum Dietae Imperii in pagina Tabularii Bavariae Rei Publicae (lingua Theodisca)] == Notae == <references /> {{Administri Imperii Rerum Internarum Germaniae (1919 - 1945)}} {{Administri Imperii Iustitiae (Germania)}} {{Consilium Ministrorum Bauer}} {{Consilium Ministrorum Fehrenbach}} {{Consilium Ministrorum Müller II}} {{Magistri Civium Superiores Cassalae (ab anno 1900)}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koch-Weser, Ericus}} [[Categoria:Nati 1875]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Lausoniensis]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Bonnensis]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Monacensis]] [[Categoria:Alumni universitatum et scholarum Berolinensium]] [[Categoria:Legati Consilii Formae Civitatis Constituendae (Germania 1919)]] [[Categoria:Legati Dietae Imperii Germaniae (Res publica Vimariana)]] [[Categoria:Administri Imperii Iustitiae (Germania)]] [[Categoria:Administri Imperii Rerum Internarum (Germania)]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1944]] 4mq8nayfhfvdq3cdy7ss0j0qtt7umsc 0 92386 3979948 3978757 2026-08-09T22:03:33Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-1}} [[Fasciculus:IceAgeEarth.jpg|thumb|300px|Adumbratio aevi glacialis recentissimi tempore maximi glacialis. Secundum: {{cite journal |author=Thomas J. Crowley |title=Ice age terrestrial carbon changes revisited |journal=Global Biogeochemical Cycles |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=377–389 |year=[[1995]] |doi=10.1029/95GB01107 |url=http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1995/95GB01107.shtml}}{{Nexus deficit|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}]] [[Fasciculus:Last Glacial Maximum Vegetation Map.svg|thumb|Genera herbarum tempore [[maximum glaciale recentissimum|maximi glacialis recentissimi]].]] [[Fasciculus:Ice-core-isotope.png|thumb|Recentissimum aevum glaciale, secundum indicia in [[nucleus glaciei|nucleis glaciei]]<!--=ice cores--> ex [[Antarctica]] et [[Groenlandia]] capta.]] [[Fasciculus:Antarctica glacial hg.svg|thumb|Maximus [[glacies|glaciei]] [[Antarctica]]e ambitus abhinc annorum 21&thinsp;000.]] '''Aevum glaciale recentissimum''' fuit recentissimum [[aevum geologicum]] intra [[glaciatio quaternaria|aevum glaciale praesens]], quod per ultima [[Pleistocaenum|Pleistocaeni]] tempora factum est, abhinc [[annus|annorum]] circa 110&thinsp;000 ad 10&thinsp;000.<ref>{{cite web |author=Clayton, Lee; Attig, John W.; Mickelson, David M.; Johnson, Mark D.; Syverson, Kent M. |title=Glaciation of Wisconsin |publisher=Dept. Geology, University of Wisconsin |url=http://www.geology.wisc.edu/~davem/abstracts/06-1.pdf}}</ref> Per hoc tempus erant nonnullae mutationes inter progressum et regressum [[glaciarium|molium conglaciatarum]]. [[Maximum Glaciale Recentissimum|Ambitus maximus]] [[glaciatio]]nis fuit abhinc annorum circa 18&thinsp;000. Cum generalia refrigerandi et progressus montium glacialium orbis terrarum exemplaria similia fuissent, variationes loci in progressu et regressu molium conglaciatarum comparationes singulorum a [[continens|continente]] ad continentem impediunt (pro descrepantiis, vide imaginem indiciorum nuclei glaciei. In conspectu [[archaeologia]]e humanae, aevum glaciale recentissimum per aeva [[Palaeolithicum]] et [[Mesolithicum]] factum est. == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * {{cite book |author=Bowen, D. Q. |title=Quaternary geology: a stratigraphic framework for multidisciplinary work |url=https://archive.org/details/quaternarygeolog0000bowe |publisher=Pergamon Press |location=Oxoniae |year=[[1978]] |isbn=978-0-08-020409-3 }} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Ehlers |editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=Gibbard |editor2-first=P.L. |title=Quaternary Glaciations: Extent and Chronology 2: Part II North America |publisher=Elsevier |location=Amsterdam |year=[[2004]] |isbn=0-444-51462-7 |ref={{harvid|Ehlers|Gibbard|2004 II}} |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2xpIEPH7RW4C}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Ehlers |editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=Gibbard |editor2-first=P.L. |title=Quaternary Glaciations: Extent and Chronology 3: Part III: South America, Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica |publisher=Elsevier |location=Amsterdam |year=[[2004]] |isbn=0-444-51593-3 |ref={{harvid|Ehlers|Gibbard|2004 III}} |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2xpIEPH7RW4C}} * {{cite book |author=Gillespie, A. R., Porter, S.C.; Atwater, B.F. |title=The Quaternary Period in the United States [of America] |series=Developments in Quaternary Science |volume=1 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Amsterdam |year=[[2004]] |isbn=978-0-444-51471-4 }} * {{cite book |author=Harris, A. G.; Tuttle, E.; Tuttle, S. D. |title=Geology of National Parks |url=https://archive.org/details/geologyofnationa0000harr_a4n7 |publisher=Kendall/Hunt |location=Iowa |year=[[1997]] |isbn=0-7872-5353-7 |edition=5th}} * {{cite journal |author=Kuhle, Matthias. |authorlink= |title=The Pleistocene Glaciation of Tibet and the Onset of Ice Ages — An Autocycle HypothesisGeoJournal |journal=GeoJournal |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=581–96 |year=[[1988]] |doi=10.1007/BF00209444 |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/g308474216534471/}} * {{cite book |editor=Mangerud, J.; Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P. |title=Quaternary Glaciations : Extent and Chronology 1: Part I Europe |publisher=Elsevier |location=Amsterdam |year=2004 |isbn=0-444-51462-7 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mmPwAAAAMAAJ}} * {{cite journal |author=Sibrava, V.; Bowen, D.Q; Richmond, G.M. |title=Quaternary Glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quaternary-science-reviews_1986_5/page/n16 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=5 |pages=1–514 |year=1986 |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(86)80002-6 }} * {{cite book |author=Pielou, E. C. |title=After the Ice Age : The Return of Life to Glaciated North America |publisher=University Of Chicago Press |location=Chicago IL |year=1991 |isbn=0-226-66812-6 }} {{NexInt}} * [[Aevum glaciale]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Quaternary Ice Ages|Aevum Glaciale 72K-12K}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080203104337/http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/geology/a_glacial.html National Atlas of the USA: Wisconsin Glaciation in North America,] apud nationalatlas.gov * {{cite journal |author=Ray, N.; Adams, J. M. |title=A GIS-based Vegetation Map of the World at the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000–15,000 BP) |journal=Internet Archaeology |volume=11 |year=[[2001]] |url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/pubs/ray2001/ray_adams_2001.pdf |format=PDF}} [[Categoria:Aeva glacialia]] [[Categoria:Holocaenum]] [[Categoria:Pleistocaenum]] [[Categoria:Palaeolithicum]] [[Categoria:Mesolithicum]] syk21jp8k2lkr09tb869a1jdi5bdahj 0 93162 3980072 3658631 2026-08-09T23:58:51Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} '''Felis catus anura''' ([[Anglice]] ''Manx cat'' 'felis Monensis'; [[Lingua Monensis|Monense]] ''kayt manninagh'' vel ''stubbin'') est [[Felinae|felina]] quod [[natura]]lem spinae [[mutatio]]nem habet, quae [[cauda]]m imminuit ut [[longitudo]] caudae sit ab [[nihil]] ad pleno. Multae manx truncam paulam [[cauda]]e habent, sed manx esse sine [[cauda]] optime noscuntur; proprium generis et [[mutatio genetica generis corporalis felium]] est. Manx esse venantis peritae noscuntur, et maiorem praedam capere iuvenae noscuntur. Manx ab [[agricola (munera)|agricolis]] cum gravitate [[rodentia]]rum saepe exquiruntur. ==Origo== [[Fasciculus:Manx Silverwing.JPG|thumb|Felis Manx, anno circa [[1900]]]] Genus Manx ante [[saeculum 18|saeculum duodevicesimum]] [[Monapia]]e ortus est, in qua terra quotidianum est (ita nomen Anglicum est ''Manx cat'', scilicet "felis Monapiensis"). ''Manx'' [[Lingua Monensis|Monense]] ''stubbin'' vocant. Feles sine cauda cotidianae erant ante quidem [[saeculum 18|saeculum duodevicesimum]]. Feles sunt sine cauda quia mutationem [[genetica]]m quae cotidiana in [[insula]] facta est habent (exemplum [[consecutio conditoris|consecutionis conditoris]] est). [[Historia]] [[fabula]]ris exponit quod feles Manx ex [[navis|navibus]] [[Armata Hispanica|Armatae Hispanicae]] descenderunt; [[navis]] in [[Saxum Hispanicum|Saxo Hispanico]] in litore Monapiae funderaverunt. Feles in navi ad [[litus]] adnaverunt, et se in insula instituerunt. Et antequam feles ad navem Hispanicam in [[oriens extremus|oriente extremo]] ascenderunt. [[Fabula]]e variae exponunt quare Manx cauda caret. Una exponit quod cum imber coepit, [[Noë]] portam [[Arca Noë|arca]]e clausit et caudam Manx, quae extra arcam luserat et quae paene relictus est, casu desecuit.<ref name="FAQ">{{cite web|url=http://www.unisusmanx.com/breedhistory.htm|title=Manx Cat Breed History|publisher=Unisus Manx Cattery|accessdate=22 Apr 2010|language=Anglice}}</ref> Alia fabula exponit quod Manx est nata ex fele [[Cuniculus|cuniculoque]], ita Manx est sine cauda et pernas bene longas habet. Et Manx genu saliendi movent ut cuniculus. Illa fabula ad fabulam de [[Cabbit]] ([[portmanteau]] Anglicum, ex ''cat'' 'felis' + ''rabbit'' 'cuniculus') adducit.<ref>{{Citatio libris|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=E_09AAAAcAAJ&ots=WUPeLPKc3e&dq=%22An%20Historical%20and%20Statistical%20Account%20of%20the%20Isle%20of%20Man%22&pg=RA1-PA21#v=onepage&q=buck&f=false|titulus=An Historical and Statistical Account of the Isle of Man|pagina=21|accessdate=22 Apr 2010|annus=1845|cognomen=Train|praenomen=Joseph|volumen=1|lingua=Anglice|trans_titulus=Ratio Historica et Statistica de Monapia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.messybeast.com/cabbit.htm|author=Sarah Hartwell|year=2008|accessdate=22 Apr 2010|publisher=messybeast.com|title=Cabbits - What Are They?}}</ref> Nonnullae [[Chartula cursualis|chartulae cursuales]] de Monapia origines ioculares depingunt, ut [[autobirota]] currens super caudam felis (quia [[Isle of Man TT|autobirota aurigans]] est populo grata in Monapia), vel felis saliens ante [[aëroplanum]], sic desecans. Multitudines Manx sunt etiam in nonnullis locis in [[Europa]]. In [[paeninsula]] [[Dania]]e (quae fuit insula) [[Reersø]] in [[Cingulus Magnus|Cingulo Magno]] est multitudo, quae ad felibus [[naufragium|naufragis]] ex Manx adventis fortasse debit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reersoe.dk/e_haleloskat.html|title=Haleløse Katte|accessdate=22 Apr 2010|language=Danice}}.</ref> ==Genetica== Manx [[genum]] [[cauda]]e non habendae dominatur et est bene [[penetrans]]; catuli felium ex Manx parentes sine ulla cauda fere nascuntur. Duas imagines geni habere est semiletale, et catuli felium tales fere iniusse [[abortus|aborientur]] ante nascentem.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cat-world.com.au/feline-genetic-loci-table|title=Feline Genetic Loci Table|language=Anglice|accessdate=21 Apr 2010|publisher=Cat World}}.</ref><ref name="Robinson">{{cite journal | last = Robinson | first = R | title = Expressivity of the Manx gene in cats | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-heredity_may-june-1993_84_3/page/170 | journal = Journal of heredity | volume = 84 | issue = 3 | pages = 170–2 | date = [[1993]] | pmid = 8228170 |language=Anglice}}</ref> Ita felis sine cauda solam unam imaginem geni habet. Propter periculum duas imagines geni habendi, necesse est cautionem habere cum aliam ad aliam Manx sine cauda fetant.<ref> {{citatio libris | cognomen = Vella | praenomen = Carolyn | coauctors = Lorraine Shelton; John McGonagle; Terry Stanglein | titulus = Robinson's Genetics for Cat Breeders and Veterinarians | factor = [[Butterworth-Heinemann]] | annus = [[1999]] | isbn = 0-7506-4069-3}}</ref> Periculum fugere fele sine cauda ad felem cum cauda fetando potest. Sic annos recentes rarior difficultates spinae adduxit. ==Forma== Pernae Manx sunt longior quam petasones, ita spina arcum continuum ab armis ad natibus habet, et felis affectum rotundum dedit. [[Auris|Aures]] sunt paucior quam aures aliarum varietatgenerum, et pellis Manx ullam [[color]]em habere potest, ut [[Tegumen testudinis (felis)|Tegumen testudinis]], [[Tabby]], [[Calico]], et omnis colores solidi. Caput est rotundus, saepe cum vultu fere expresso, cum oculis magnis rotundisque et [[nasum|naso]] pauco. ===Longitudo caudae=== [[Fasciculus:Manx Beatrice very young.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Catulus felis]] Manx feminus, unam hebdomadem habens. Caudam ''stumpy'' nota.]] Catuli felium Manx longitudine [[cauda]]e in classes describuntur:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/manx.html|title=Cat Fanciers' Association: Breed Profile: Manx|accessdate=22 Apr 2010|publisher=Cat Fanciers' Association|language=Anglice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manx.com|title=Titania Cattery|accessdate=22 Apr 2010|publisher=Titania Cattery|language=Anglice}}</ref> Nomina classium sunt Anglice. * ''Dimple rumpy'' seu ''rumpy'': Sine cauda * ''Riser'' seu ''rumpy riser'': Trunca [[Cartilago|cartilaginis]] sive nonnullae [[Vertebrae|vertebrarum]] sub pelle, quae est manifesta cum catulus felis est laetus et "cauda" levans. * ''Stumpy'': Cauda implena, longior quam ''riser'' et brevior quam ''tailed''. Rare, catuli felium cum cauda prava nascuntur propter auctum imperfectum caudae per progressionem. * ''Stubby'': Cauda dimidia aut brevis. * ''Tailed'' seu ''longy'': Cauda plena aut paene plena. In fetura felium, omnis felis fortuitam caudae longitudinem habet. Optima [[felis spectaculi]] Manx est ''rumpy'' et ''stumpy'' (numquam ''tailed'' nec ''stubby''). ''Tailed'' et ''stubby'' Manx aestimare non aptae est nisi in classe AOV (Anglice: ''Any Other Variety'' 'Ullum Aliud Varietas'). Olim catuli felium ''tailed'' et ''stumpy '' partu caudam desecant propter cauda implena ad genera fere gravis [[arthritis]] adducere potest.<ref name="FAQ"/> ===Pellis=== [[Fasciculus:Shadow Manx.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|''Stubby,'' Manx brevicoma.]] [[Fasciculus:CymricCatPerched.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Riser,'' Manx comata.]] Feles Manx duae longitudines pellis habent. Manx brevicoma (i.e., cum coma brevis) duas comas habent: subcoma brevis densaque, et extracoma longior raraque capillorum tegendi. Manx comata, quae [[Cymric (felis)|Cymric]] ab nonnullo tabulariorum felium noscitur, duae comae bombycinae longitudinis mediae cum bracis (capillis longis in cruribus), monilibus capillis in collo et abdomeni, crinibus inter digitos, et capillis plenis in aures. [[Sodalitas Amatorum Felium]] (Anglice: ''Cat Fanciers' Association'', seu ''CFA'') arbitrat Cymric esse genus Manx, et Cymric in classe brevicomae iudicat, at [[Sodalitas Internationalis Felium]] (Anglice: ''The International Cat Association'', seu ''TICA'') in classe comatae. Aut comata aut brevicoma, omnis Manx duas comas densas habent. ==Salus== [[Fasciculus:Manx Beatrice.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Catulus felis ''stumpy'' Manx alba [[femina (sexus)|femina]]. Nota crura postrema longa.]] [[Fasciculus:Manx Minus rumpy.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|''Rumpy'' Manx aut posse ''rumpy-riser''.]] "Morbus Manx" est nomen [[Verbum humile|humilis]] status qui ex nimis breviorem faciendo spinae causa geni Manx educit. Morbus [[Medulla spinalis|medullam spinalis]] et [[nervus|nervi]] nimis laedet, qui ad [[Spina bifida|spinam bifidam]] et difficultates [[Intestinum|intestinorum]], [[vesica urinaria|vesicae]], et [[digestio]]nis adducet. A morbo adfactis, nonnullae felium tres annos habent; felis vetterima perscribens quinque annos habuit. Unum studium demonstravit circa 20% Manx habere morbus, sed fere omnes illarum fuit ''rumpy'', quae est [[phaenotypus]] extremus.<ref name="Robinson"/> Propter bene facultas alendi, morbus in Manx recentes rare est.<ref name="medical">{{cite web|url=http://www.fanciers.com/breed-faqs/manx-faq.html#medical|title=Special Medical Problems|accessdate=23 Aprilis 2010|publisher=Cat Fanciers|work=The Manx: Cat Breed FAQ|language=Anglice}}</ref> Plurima felium cum stemmati antequam quattuor menses habent non locant ut congregabiles probe faciant et satis tempus morbo apparendo habeat.<ref name="medical"/> Doctus famosus felium Rogerus Tabor dixit "Solum propter Manx est genus historicus, quantum genum periculum reprehendendum tantum alia abnornalia particularia recentes consistimus."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.messybeast.com/twisty.htm|title=Twisty Cats - The Ethics Of Breeding For Deformity|accessdate=23 Aprilis 2010|publisher=messybeast.com|last=Hartwell|first=Sarah|year=2009|language=Anglice}}.</ref> Genus Manx est quoque propensus [[intertrigo|intertriginem]] in nates et [[Dystrophia cornealis|dystrophiam cornealis]] habere.<ref>{{citatio libris|praenomen1=Alex|cognomen1=Gould|praenomen2=Alison|cognomen2=Thomas|titulus=Breed Predispositions to Diseases in Dogs and Cats|lingua=Anglice|factor=Blackwell Publishing|isbn=1405107480|trans_titulus=Propensi Generum ad Morbos in Canibus et Felibus}}.</ref> Contra nihil caudae habendo, feles Manx bene librant plerumque propter [[crus|crura]] longi et natura rotunda. ==Mentiones culturae== * Monapia felem Manx sibi adsumpsit ut signum originis indigenae. In Monapia, feles Manx in [[nummus|nummo]] [[corona (nummus Britannicus)|coronae]] "felis" anno 1988<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.im/treasury/coins/commemorative.xml|title=Commemorative Coins|publisher=Isle of Man Government|accessdate=24 Aprilis 2010|language=Anglice}}.</ref> et in [[Pittacium cursuale|pittaciis cursualibus]] apparent. ==Feles Manx famosae et mythistoricae== * [[Gorilla]] famosa [[Koko (gorilla)|Koko]], quae in [[Lingua Americanis Signarum|ASL]] dicit, tres feles Manx ([[All Ball]], Lipstick, et Smokey) optavit ut [[Animal dilectum|animalia dilectum]]. * [[Stimpy]], ex [[The Ren and Stimpy Show]], est felis obesa, [[albus|alba]] [[ruber|rubraque]], sine cauda, cum [[nasus|naso]] caerulo, palpebris purpureis, et [[pes|pedis]] magnis tenuique. * Gordon ex [[Catscratch]]. * [[Get Fuzzy#Mac Manc McManx|Mac Manc McManx]], persona interdum identidem apparens in fabula nubeculata cotidiana [[Get Fuzzy]]. * Mayor Manx ex [[SWAT Kats]]. * Manx, [[Felinus|felina]] adversa ad [[Slimer]] ex [[Slimer! And the Real Ghostbusters]]. * Bluebeard ex pellicula animata Germanica [[Felidae (pellicula)|Felidae]]. {{NexInt}} * [[All Ball]] * [[Cabbit]] == Notae == <references /> ==Bibliographia== * Commings, Karen. [[1999]]. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=6sEUKj09NRkC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0#PPP1,M1 Manx Cats: A Complete Pet Owner's Manual]'', Barron's Educational Series. ISBN 0-7641-0753-4. Anglice. * Howey, M. Oldfield. [[2003]]. "[http://books.google.com/books?id=tbD5BLmC_OwC&pg=PA244&dq=manx+cats#PPA244,M1 Manx Legends]", in ''The Cat in Magic and Myth'', Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-43114-2. pp. 244-247. Anglice. * Simpson, Frances. [[1903]]. "[http://books.google.com/books?id=iiFlAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA244&dq=manx+cats#PPA244,M1 Manx Cats]", in ''The Book of the Cat'', Cassell & Co. Ltd. pp. 244-253. Anglice. == Nexus externi == * [http://www.manxbc.org/ The Manx Breed Council] [[Categoria:Fauna Monapiae]] [[Categoria:Genera felium]] {{Myrias|Biologia}} lkwfuhd93v4n1qgh5plon40xdn88tp9 0 93181 3979800 3963175 2026-08-09T19:18:15Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 3 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979800 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:ATP-3D-vdW.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Structura [[adenosinum triphosphoricum|adenosini triphosphorici]] (ATP), [[coenzymum|coenzymi]] intermedii in '''metabolismo''' energiae]] '''Metabolismus'''<ref>[http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/archi2007/nuntius1.php?id=331 ''Ephemeris'' 2007.]</ref> ([[vocabulum]] a verbo [[Lingua Graeca antiqua|Graeco]] {{Polytonic|μεταβολή}} 'mutatio' deductum) est congeries [[reactio chemica|reactionum chemicarum]], quae in [[organismus|organismis]] vivis, ut [[vita]] sustineatur, fiunt. Hae rationes organismos crescere et regigni sinunt, structuras eorum sustinere rebusque circumiectis respondere. Metabolismus in duas categorias plerumque dividitur: [[catabolismus]] materiem organicam dissolvit, exempli gratia ut [[energia]] in [[respiratio cellularum|respiratione cellularum]] capiatur; [[anabolismus]] autem energia utitur, ut partes cellularum sicut [[proteinum|proteina]] et [[acidum nucleicum|acida nucleica]] fiant. Chemicae metabolismi reactiones in [[via metabolica|vias metabolicas]] digeruntur, in quibus unum chemicum gradatim per seriem [[enzymum|enzymorum]] in aliud chemicum convertitur. Enzyma metabolismo magni momenti sunt, quia organismos agere reactiones optabiles sinunt, quae [[energia]]m requirunt solaeque non accidunt, copulando has reactiones ad [[reactio spontanea|reactiones spontaneas]], quae energiam liberant. Enzyma enim sunt [[Catalysis|catalystae]]{{dubsig}}, ea has reactiones velociter efficienterque procedere sinunt. [[Fasciculus:Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png|thumb|250px|left|Structura [[lipidum|lipidi]] [[triacylglycerolum|triacylglyceroli]]{{dubsig}}]] Enzyma etiam sinunt [[Theoria regulationis|regulationem]]{{dubsig}} viarum metabolicarum, quae mutationibus [[cellula]]rum [[circumiecta|circumiectorum]] [[signum cellulare|signisve]] aliarum cellularum respondet. Metabolismus organismi decernit, quas res organismus habet [[nutritio|nutrimenta]]{{dubsig}} et quas [[venenum|venena]]. Exempli gratia aliis [[prokaryota|prokaryotis]] [[hydrogenii sulphidum]] est nutrimentum, sed idem [[gas]] [[animal]]ibus est venenosum.<ref name="Physiology1">{{cite journal |author=Friedrich C. |title=Physiology and genetics of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria |journal=Adv Microb Physiol |volume=39 |issue= |pages=235–289 |year=1998 |pmid=9328649 |doi=10.1016/S0065-2911(08)60018-1}}</ref> Celeritas metabolismi, [[Fundamentalis metabolismi modus|modus metabolicus]]{{dubsig}}<!--basal metabolic rate--> etiam impellit, quanta alimenta organismus requirat. Conspicua metabolismi proprietas est similitudo primarum viarum metabolicarum et elementorum inter etiam diversissimas [[species (taxinomia)|species]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pace NR |title=The universal nature of biochemistry |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=805–808 |year=2001 |month=January |pmid=11158550 |pmc=33372 |doi=10.1073/pnas.98.3.805}}.</ref> Exempli gratia [[acidum carboxylicum|acida carboxylica]], ut media in [[cyclo acidi citrici|cyclo acidi citrici]] notissima, in omnibus organismis adsunt, adeo in speciebus tam diversis quam ''[[Escherichia coli]],'' [[bacterium]] [[microorganismus|unicellulare]], et tam immanibus quam [[organismus multicellularis|organismi multicellulares]] sicut [[elephas|elephantes]].<ref name=SmithE>{{cite journal |author=Smith E, Morowitz H |title=Universality in intermediary metabolism |pmc=516543 |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=101 |issue=36 |pages=13168–73 |year=2004 |pmid=15340153 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0404922101 |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15340153}}.</ref> Hae conspicuae metabolismi similitudines probabiliter amplam implicant efficentiam harum viarum et ortum earum primis temporibus in [[evolutio|evolutionaria vitae historia]].<ref name=Ebenhoh>{{cite journal |author=Ebenhöh O, Heinrich R |title=Evolutionary optimization of metabolic pathways. Theoretical reconstruction of the stoichiometry of ATP and NADH producing systems |url=https://archive.org/details/bulletin-of-mathematical-biology_2001-01_63_1/page/21 |journal=Bull Math Biol |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=21–55 |year=2001 |pmid=11146883 |doi=10.1006/bulm.2000.0197}}.</ref><ref name=Cascante>{{cite journal |author=Meléndez-Hevia E, Waddell T, Cascante M |title=The puzzle of the Krebs citric acid cycle: assembling the pieces of chemically feasible reactions, and opportunism in the design of metabolic pathways during evolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-molecular-evolution_1996-09_43_3/page/293 |journal=J Mol Evol |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=293–303 |year=1996 |pmid=8703096 |doi=10.1007/BF02338838}}.</ref> == Praecipuae moleculae biochemicae == {{Vide etiam|Biochemia,Biomolecula, Cellula (biologia)}} Plurimae structurae, quae [[animalia]], [[planta]]s, et [[microbius|microbios]] constituunt ex tribus primis [[molecula]]rum classibus fiunt: [[acidum aminicum|acidis aminicis]], [[carbohydratum|carbohydratis]], et [[lipidum|lipidis]] (saepe [[adipibus]] appellatis). His moleculis vitalibus, reactiones metabolicae has moleculas per constructionem cellularum carnumque faciunt, aut eas dissolvunt, ut adhibentur ut fons energiae, in [[digestio]]ne et usu [[cibus|cibi]]. Multae graves biochemicae coniungi possunt, ut fiant [[polymerus|polymeri]] sicut [[ADN]] et [[proteinum|proteina]]. Hae [[macromolecula]]e sunt "essentiales."{{dubsig}} {| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" !Genus moleculae !Nomen formarum [[monomerum|monomerorum]] !Nomen formarum [[polymerum|polymerorum]] !Exempla formarum polymerorum |- |align="center" |[[Acidum aminicum|Acida aminica]] |align="center" |Acida aminica |align="center" |[[Proteinum|Proteina]] (etiam polypeptida appellata) |align="center" |[[Proteinum fibrosum|Proteina fibrosa]] et [[proteinum globulare|globularia]] |- |align="center" |[[Carbohydratum|Carbohydrata]] |align="center" |[[Monosaccharidum|Monosaccharida]] |align="center" |[[Polysaccharidum|Polysaccharida]] |align="center" |[[Amylum]], [[glycogenum]], et [[cellulosa]] |- |align="center" |[[Acidum nucleicum|Acida nucleica]] |align="center" |[[Nucleotidum|Nucleotida]] |align="center" |[[Polynucleotidum|Polynucleotida]] |align="center" |[[ADN]] et [[ARN]] |} === Acida aminica et proteina === [[Proteinum|Proteina]] in [[acidum aminicum|acidis aminicis]] per catenam linearem ordinatis et a [[vinculum peptidicum|vinculis peptidicis]]{{dubsig}} coniunctis consistunt. Multa proteina sunt [[enzymum|enzyma]] quae chemicas in metabolismo reactiones [[catalysis|catalyzant]]{{dubsig}}. Alia proteina officia structuralia vel mechanica habent, sicut proteina quae formant [[cytosceletus|cytosceletum]], systema [[pegma]]tis<!--scaffolding--> quod formam cellularem sustinet.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Michie K, Löwe J |title=Dynamic filaments of the bacterial cytoskeleton |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-biochemistry_2006_75/page/467 |journal=Annu Rev Biochem |volume=75 |issue= |pages=467–92 |year=2006 |pmid=16756499 |doi=10.1146/annurev.biochem.75.103004.142452}}.</ref> Proteina etiam certum pondus habent in [[significatio cellularis|significatione cellulari]],<!--signaling--> [[anticorpus|responsis immunitatis]], [[adhaesio cellularis|adhaesione cellulari]], [[transportatio activa|transportatione activa]] trans [[membrana cellulae|membranam]], et [[circulus cellularum|circulo cellularum]]<!--cell cycle-->.<ref name=Nelson>{{cite book | last = Nelson | first = David L. | coauthors = Michael M. Cox | title = Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry | publisher = W. H. Freeman and company | year = 2005 | location = New York | pages = 841 | isbn = 0-7167-4339-6}}.</ref> {{NexInt}} [[Fasciculus:Plagiomnium affine laminazellen.jpeg|thumb|[[Cellula]]e [[planta]]rum (a parietibus caeruleis finitae) [[chloroplastis|chloroplastibus]]{{dubsig}} (viridibus) impletae, locis [[photosynthesis]]]] * [[Antimetabolitum]]{{dubsig}} * [[Apparatus circulatorius]] * [[Biochemia]] * [[Calorimetria]]{{dubsig}} * [[Cellula]] * [[Cholesterolum]] * [[Iter metabolicum]] * [[Metabolismus anthropogenicus]] * [[Metabolismus aquae]] * [[Metabolismus sulphuris]] * [[Modus metabolismi fundamentalis]]<!--basal metabolic rate--> * [[Pharmacocinetica]] * [[Respirometria]]{{dubsig}} * [[Thermicus cibi effectus]]<!--Etiam ex en: *Inborn error of metabolism *Iron-sulfur world theory, a "metabolism first" theory of the origin of life. --> == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == === Libri faciles === *Lane, N. [[2004]]. ''Oxygen: The Molecule that Made the World.'' Oxford University Press, C.F.A. ISBN 0-19-860783-0. * Rose, S., et R. Mileusnic. [[1999]]. ''The Chemistry of Life.'' Penguin Press Science. ISBN 0-14-027273-9. * Schneider, E. D., et D. Sagan. [[2005]]. ''Into the Cool: Energy Flow, Thermodynamics, and Life.'' Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-73936-8. === Libri difficiles === * Berg, J., J. Tymoczko, et L. Stryer. [[2002]]. ''Biochemistry.'' Novi Eboraci: W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-4955-6. * Brock, T. D., M. T. Madigan, J. Martinko,et J. Parker. 2002. ''Brock's Biology of Microorganisms.'' Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 0-13-066271-2. * Cox, M., et D. L. Nelson. [[2004]]. ''Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry.'' Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-7167-4339-6. * Da Silva, J. J. R. F., et R. J. P. Williams. [[1991]]. ''The Biological Chemistry of the Elements: The Inorganic Chemistry of Life.'' Oxoniae: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-855598-9. * Nicholls, D. G. and Ferguson, S. J. [[2002]]. ''Bioenergetics.'' Academic Press Inc. ISBN 0-12-518121-3. * Price, N., et L. Stevens. [[1999]]. ''Fundamentals of Enzymology: Cell and Molecular Biology of Catalytic Proteins.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850229-X. === Brevia in periodicis === *David S. Wishart et alii, "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3531200/ HMDB: the Human Metabolome Database in 2013]", ''Nucleic Acids Research'', 2013: D801–D807. == Nexus externi == === Scientia generalis === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050316052050/http://www.biochemweb.org/metabolism.shtml Metabolismus, Respiratio Cellularum, et Photosynthesis] The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology apud biochemweb.org * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131122022624/http://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb1/MB1index.html The Biochemistry of Metabolism] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080617230331/http://www.stthomas.edu/biol/ecophys/homepage/homepage.html Advanced Animal Metabolism Calculators/ Interactive Learning Tools] * [http://www.slic2.wsu.edu:82/hurlbert/micro101/pages/Chap7.html Microbial metabolism] Simple overview. School level. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20000816044102/http://www.gwu.edu/~mpb/ Metabolic Pathways of Biochemistry] Graphical representations of major metabolic pathways. * [http://www.chemsoc.org/networks/LearnNet/cfb/contents.htm Chemistry for biologists] Introduction to the chemistry of metabolism. School level. * [http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/sat2/biology/ Sparknotes SAT biochemistry] Overview of biochemistry. School level. * [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160519111914/http://www.sciencegateway.org/resources/biologytext/index.html MIT Biology Hypertextbook] Undergraduate-level guide to molecular biology. * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109831/metabolism "Metabolism"] at the ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Concentrates on human metabolism (Free access). === Glossaria et dictionaria === * [http://biology.clc.uc.edu/scripts/glossary.pl Glossarium terminorum biochemicorum] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060427114608/http://www.portlandpress.com/pp/books/online/glick/default.htm Glossarium terminorum biochemicorum] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080724021954/http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary.asp Dictionarium interretiale] === Metabolismus humanus === * [http://library.med.utah.edu/NetBiochem/titles.htm Res in Biochemia Medica] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101230221439/http://www.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/ Pagina Biochemiae medicae] === Databases === * [http://BioCyc.org/ The BioCyc Collection of Pathway/Genome Databases] * [http://www.expasy.org/cgi-bin/show_thumbnails.pl Flow Chart of Metabolic Pathways] at [[ExPASy]] * [http://www.genome.ad.jp/kegg/ The KEGG PATHWAY Database] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080910123921/http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/img/assets/4202/MetabolicPathways_6_17_04_.pdf IUBMB-Nicholson Metabolic Pathways Chart] === Viae metabolicae === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060218034732/http://www2.ufp.pt/~pedros/bq/integration.htm Interactive Flow Chart of the Major Metabolic Pathways] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090223112439/http://www.genome.ad.jp/kegg/pathway/map/map01100.html Metabolism reference Pathway] * [https://web.archive.org/web/19990508100908/http://biotech.icmb.utexas.edu/glycolysis/glycohome.html Guide to Glycolysis] School level. * {{wayback|helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/microbes/nitrogen.htm|The Nitrogen cycle and Nitrogen fixation}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080510150354/http://www.oxygraphics.co.uk/cds.htm Downloadable guide to photosynthesis] School level. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070331173628/http://photoscience.la.asu.edu/photosyn/education/learn.html#amazing What is Photosynthesis?] Collection of photosynthesis articles and resources. [[Categoria:Metabolismus|*]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Biologia}} r4og3zusr86obac7gl733bb7bjw54wo 0 94169 3979967 3716473 2026-08-09T22:32:00Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 3 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979967 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Felinosis'''<ref>Kalinova, Krasimira Felinosis (Cat Scatch Disease). Diagnosis and treatment. ''Journal of IMAB - Annual Proceeding (Scientific Papers)'' 2007: 1, 3-4. [http://www.imab-bg.org/statii-07/vol07_1_3-4str.pdf Editio interretialis]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> sive '''lymphoreticulosis benigna'''<ref>Krajcsovics P Jr, Bártfai E, Gaál M. [Cat-scratch disease (lymphoreticulosis benigna)] ''Pediatrie und Grenzgebiete'' 6(5):357-63, 1967 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5614264 Citatio interretialis]</ref> est morbus qui ex ''[[Bartonella]]'', bacterio intracellulari, contrahitur. Felinosis in liberis saepissime una aut duabus hebdomadibus intermissis circa scalpuriginem vel morsum felis detegitur. Morbus anno 1889 ab Henrico Parinaud repertus est.<ref name="Bolognia">{{citatio libris |cognomen1=Rapini|praenomen1=Ronald P.|cognomen2=Bolognia|praenomen2=Jean L.|cognomen3=Jorizzo|praenomen3=Joseph L. |titulus=Dermatology: 2-Volume Set |factor=Mosby |locus=St. Louis |annus=2007 |isbn=1-4160-2999-0}}</ref> == Contagio == {{tiro}} Felis esse [[cisterna naturalis]] morbi anno [[1950]] a [[Robertus Debré]] notum est.<ref name="pmid11189710">{{cite journal |author=Chomel BB |title=Cat-scratch disease |journal=Rev. - Off. Int. Epizoot. |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=136–50 |year=2000 |pmid=11189710 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1959317">{{cite journal |author=Arlet G, Perol-Vauchez Y |title=The current status of cat-scratch disease: an update |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_comparative-immunology-microbiology-and-infectious_1991_14_3/page/223 |journal=Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=223–8 |year=1991 |pmid=1959317 |doi=10.1016/0147-9571(91)90002-U}}</ref> Primum, [[organismus]] efficiens esse ''[[Afipia felis]]'' postulatur, sed redarguitum est a studiis immunologicis quae demonstraverunt quod aegri morbi [[Anticorpus|anticorpores]] duorum aliorum organismorum, ''[[Bartonella henselae|Bartonellae henselae]]'' et ''[[Bartonella clarridgeiae|Bartonellae clarridgeiae]]'', bacteriae [[Bacteria Gram-negativa|Gram-negativae]] formatae ut virga, eduxerint. [[Catulus felis|Catuli felium]] bacterium in [[Sanguis|sangue]] fere probabiliter portant, ita probabilior morbum transmittunt quam feles adultae. Studii experimentalia demonstraverunt quod [[Pulex|pulices]] sunt vectores inter felibus transmissionis ''B. henselae'',<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chomel BB, Kasten RW, Floyd-Hawkins K, ''et al.'' |title=Experimental transmission of Bartonella henselae by the cat flea |journal=J. Clin. Microbiol. |volume=34 |issue=8 |pages=1952–6 |year=1996 |month=August |pmid=8818889 |pmc=229161}}</ref> et quod ''B. henselae'' vivae in [[Stercus|sterco]] Ctenocephalidis felis, pulicis felis, excernunt.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Higgins JA, Radulovic S, Jaworski DC, Azad AF |title=Acquisition of the cat scratch disease agent Bartonella henselae by cat fleas (Siphonaptera:Pulicidae) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-medical-entomology_1996-05_33_3/page/490 |journal=J. Med. Entomol. |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=490–5 |year=1996 |month=May |pmid=8667399}}</ref> Aliud studium demonstravit quod feles intradermale inoculatae sterco pulicis ''B. henselae'' habendi{{dubsig}}<!-- having been inoculated intradermally by means of flea feces containing B. henselae --> a ''B. henselae'' contaminari possunt.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Foil L, Andress E, Freeland RL, ''et al.'' |title=Experimental infection of domestic cats with Bartonella henselae by inoculation of Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) feces |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-medical-entomology_1998-09_35_5/page/625 |journal=J. Med. Entomol. |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=625–8 |year=1998 |month=September |pmid=9775583}}</ref> Ita, opinantur quod ''B. henselae'' a felibus ad hominibus sterco pulicis ''B. henselae'' habendi{{dubsig}} inoculatione quae est in vulno scalpuriginis felis contaminatae vel trans superficiem mucosa transmittit. [[Ixodoidea]] quoque morbum maiore transmittunt. Ita, morbus simul [[Morbus Lyme]] saepe trasmittitur, sed morbus omittitur dum explorans et morbus describens, quia signa (fatigatio et capitis dolor) haud absimilis. == Alia nomina == Alia nomina morbi sunt: * Adenitis Scalpuriginis Felis<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ginsburg, CM|title=Cat-Scratch adenitis|journal=Pediatr. Infect. Dis. |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=437–9 |year=1984|month=Sep-Oct|pmid=6494015}}</ref> * ''Cat Scratch Disease'' (Anglice)<ref name="csd">{{cite journal |author=Suh, B, Chun, JK, Yong, D, Lee, YS, Jeong, SH, Yang, WI, Kim, DS|title=A Report of Cat Scratch Disease in Korea Confirmed by PCR Amplification of the 16S-23S rRNA Intergenic Region of Bartonella henselae|journal=Korean J. Lab. Med. |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=34–7 |year=2010|month=Feb|pmid=20197720}}</ref> * ''Cat Scratch Fever'' (Anglice)<ref name="csf">{{cite journal |author=Hay, J|title=Cat scratch fever: non-bacterial regional lymphadenitis|journal=Can. Med. Assoc. J.|volume=77 |issue=3 |pages=224–5 |year=1957|month=Aug|pmid=13446804}}</ref> * Febris Scalpuriginis Felis<ref name="csf"/> * Lymphadenitis Regionalis Nonbacterialis<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dreosti, AE, Murray, JF|title=Cat-scratch disease; non-bacterial regional lymphadenitis or benign lympho-reticulosis or inoculation|journal=S. Afr. Med. J. |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=81–3 |year=1953|month=Jan|pmid=13056734}}</ref> * Lymphoreticulosis Inoculationis Benignae<ref>{{cite journal |author=Christol, D|title=Benign inoculation lymphoreticulosis or cat-scratch disease|journal=Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=253–8 |year=1979|pmid=400945}}</ref> * ''Maladie des griffes du chat'' (Franco-Gallice)<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fournier, J|title=Du nouveau sur la maladie des griffes du chat|journal=Can. Vet. J. |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=221–3 |year=1986|month=May|pmid=17422660}}</ref> * Morbus Debré-Mollaret<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bercher, J|title=The oral forms of benign inoculation lymphoreticulosis or cat-scratch disease or Debré-Mollaret disease|journal=Rev. Odontostomatol. |volume=8 |issue=1-2 |pages=20–2 |year=1952|month=Jan-Feb|pmid=14949829}}</ref> * Morbus Foshay-Mollaret<ref>{{cite journal |author=De Aragao, RM, Davidovich, E|title=Foshay-Mollaret disease|journal=Hospital (Rio J.)|volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=751–63 |year=1953|month=Jun|pmid=13095974}}</ref> * Morbus Petzetakis<ref>{{citatio libris|praenomen1=Pierre J. |cognomen1=Vinken |praenomen2=George W. |cognomen2=Bruyn |praenomen3=Willeke |cognomen3=van Ockenburg |titulus=Handbook of clinical neurology|volumen=78|pars=3|annus=2002|factor=Elsevier|isbn=978-0444509178}}</ref> * Morbus Scalpuriginis Felis<ref name="csd"/> * Syndrome Oculoglandularis Parinaud<ref>{{cite journal |author=Loftus, MJ, Sweeney, G, Goldberg, MH|title=Parinaud oculoglandular syndrome and cat-scratch fever|journal=J. Oral Surg. |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=218–20 |year=1980|month=Mar|pmid=6928189}}</ref> * Morbus Debre-Foshay-Mollaret-Reilly<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ramon-Guerra, AU, Giudice, D|title=Benign inoculation lymphadenitis; (cat-scratch disease; benign inoculation lymphoreticulosis; Debre-Foshay-Mollaret-Reilly disease); ocular form (Parinaud's syndrome: primary ocular complex) with erythema nosodum & splenomegaly|journal=Arch. Pediatr. Urug.|volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=397–406 |year=1957|month=Jun|pmid=13459734}}</ref> == Signa == Signa felinosis sunt divisa in signa classica et signa inusitata. === Classica === Felinosis classica [[Nodi lymphatici|nodos lymphaticos]] regionales acerbos tumidosque demonstrat, quod [[lymphadenopathia]]m regionalem vocantur. Papula ad situm contagionis primae adsit. Quamquam nonnullus aegri februm et alios signos systematicos habent, multus tamen non. Alia signa sociata [[capitis dolor]]em, [[horror]]em, [[dorsi dolor]]em, et abdominis dolorem continent. Signa una aut duabus hebdomadibus, vel dumtaxat duabus mensis post contagionem quam aperiant. Plurima contagionum est benigna et se finit, sed [[lymphadenopathia]] in nonnullum menses post alia signa excessa perseveret. Probabilitas recuperationis salus est bona. In caelis temperatis, plurima contagionum autumno hiemeque fiet. Morbus, curatus aut non, fere una mense sponte excedet. Aegri [[Immunodefectio|immunodefecti]] gravior difficultates saepe demonstrent. === Inusitata === Felinosis inusitata aperit ut variae formae quae ex systema corporis membri adfecta pendent. Forma inusitata morbi nunc saepior sunt in clinicis nota. * [[Morbus oculoglandularis Parinaud]], qui est [[coniunctivitis]] granulomata cum noda lymphatica tumida prope aurem.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/000736.htm|title=Parinaud syndrome - Overview|publisher=University of Maryland Medical Center|year=2009|accessdate=5 Mai 2010|language=Anglice}}</ref> * Neuritis optica, quae est inflammatio [[Nervus opticus|nervi optici]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Brazis PW, Stokes HR, Ervin FR|title=Optic neuritis in cat scratch disease|journal=J. Clin. Neuroophthalmol. |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=172–4 |year=1986 |month=Sept|pmid=2946726}}</ref>, vel neuroretinitis (Bartonellosis ocularis), quae est inflammatio [[Nervus opticus|nervi optici]] et [[retina (anatomia)|retinae]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/cases/36-Catscratchbartonella.htm|title= Cat-Scratch neuroretinitis (Ocular bartonellosis): 44 y.o. woman with non-specific "blurriness" of vision, left eye (OS).|last=Longmuir|first=Reid A.|coauthors=Lee, Andrew|date=31 Mar 2005|accessdate=5 Mai 2010|language=Anglice|publisher=University of Iowa}}</ref>. * [[Angiomatosis bacterialis]], quae est intervallum cutis vascularis quod ad os extendeat, vel intervallum vascularis in alia partibus corporis, ''B. Henslae'' causa. Saepissime fiat in aegri [[SCDI]] vel aliam immunodefectionem habendi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://research.bidmc.harvard.edu/vptutorials/HIV/Tphot06.htm|title=Bacillary angiomatosis|work=Clinical images in HIV|publisher=The Carl J. Shapiro Institute for Education and Research at Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center|accessdate=5 Mai 2010|language=Anglice}}</ref> * [[Peliosis hepatitis bacterialis]], quae est conditio multorum cavorum plenorum sanguis in [[iecur|iecore]] ''B. Henslae'' causa. Saepissime fiat in aegri [[SCDI]] vel aliam immunodefectionem habendi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.med.ucla.edu/modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=56|title=Cat Scratch Disease|publisher=UCLA Department of Medicine|date=13 Apr 2003|accessdate=5 Mai 2010|first=Anh|last=Kieu|language=Anglice}}</ref> * [[Encephalopathia]] acuta, quae est defectio indenota [[cerebrum|cerebri]] ut febris, capitis dolor, et visus defectus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/12/magazine/12wwln-diagnosis-t.html?scp=1&sq=cat%20scratch%20fever&st=cse|title=Vision Quest|publisher=The New York Times|date=2009 Apr 10|accessdate=5 Mai 2010|first=Lisa|last=Sanders|language=Anglice}}</ref> Contra gravitatem signae primae, probabilitas recuperationis salus est bona. * Et rare sunt lien dilatus et faucium dolor. == Pathologia == Intervallum cutis primum una aut duabus hebdomadibus post contagionem habet apud situm inoculationis papulam rubricam, quae plenum puris vel crusta contecta fiat, cum nodis lymphaticibus regionalibus – fere [[Nodi lymphatices cervicis|cervicis]] et [[Nodi lympatices axillae|axillae]] – dilatis. In microscopium, intervallum cutis locum circumscriptum necrosis, ab [[histiocyta|histiocytis]] cinctum, fere cum [[Cellula ingentis Langhan|cellulis ingentibus Langhan]], [[lymphocyta|lymphocytis]], et [[Granulocyta eosinophilica|eosinophilis]] monstrat. Nodi lymphatices regionales [[Lympadenopathia|hyperplasiam follicularis]] cum necrose stellae centrale et [[Granulocyta neutrophilica|neutrophilis]], a [[Granuloma|granulomis]] puris et sinibus plenis [[B-Lymphocyta]]rum [[monocyte|monocytarum]] cinctam fere sine [[Cellula epitheliodis|cellulis epitheliodibus]] perifollicularibus intrafollicularibusque monstrant.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Guttman, Paul H.|title=Pathology of Cat-Scratch Disease|journal=Calif. Med. |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=25–31 |year=1955|month=Jan|pmid=13230912}}</ref> == Curatio == [[Azithromycin]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chia, JK, Nakata, MM, Lami, JL, Park, SS, Ding, JC|title=Azithromycin for the treatment of cat-scratch disease|journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=193–4 |year=1998|month=Jan|pmid=9455538}}</ref>, [[ciprofloxacin]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Holley, HP Jr.|title= Successful treatment of cat-scratch disease with ciprofloxacin |journal=JAMA |volume=265 |issue=12 |pages=1563–5 |year=1991|month=Mar|pmid=1999905}}</ref>, [[doxycycline]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mui, BS, Mulligan, ME, George, W|title=Response of HIV-associated disseminated cat scratch disease to treatment with doxycycline|journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=229–31 |year=1990|month=Aug|pmid=2382670}}</ref>, et nonnulla alia [[antibiotica]]e<ref>{{cite journal |author=Margileth, AM|title=Antibiotic therapy for cat-scratch disease: clinical study of therapeutic outcome in 268 patients and a review of the literature|journal=Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=474–8 |year=1992|month=Jun|pmid=1608685}}</ref> bene utuntur. {{NexInt}} * [[Index difficultatum cutis]] == Notae == <references /> == Nexus Externi == * [http://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/diseases/catscratch.htm Informatio CDC (Anglice)] * [[New Zealand Dermatological Society|DermNet]] ''[http://dermnetnz.org/bacterial/catscratch.html Catscratch Disease (Anglice)] * [http://www.rarediseases.org/search/rdbdetail_abstract.html?disname=Cat%20Scratch%20Disease Cat Scratch Disease (Anglice)] in situ ''National Organization for Rare Disorders'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170214072312/http://www.catscratchfeverdisease.com/ Cat Scratch Fever Disease (Anglice)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180805095738/http://catscratchfever.info/ Cat Scratch Fever (Anglice)] [[Categoria:Zoonoses]] [[Categoria:Morbi cutis bacterii causa]] sd8789nsw7hulsrsbcnk0xbm3yv3wk1 0 97180 3979868 3973417 2026-08-09T20:40:05Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3979868 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Augustus Ernestus Reinholdus''' (''Augustus Ernst Reinhold'') '''Merges''' (natus [[3 Martii]] [[1870]] Malstatt apud [[Saravipons|Saravipontem]], mortuus [[6 Martii]] [[1945]] [[Brunsvicum|Brunsvici]]) vir publicus [[Germaniae]]e et sodalis primo [[SPD]], deinde [[USPD]], postremo Communistrarum grex KAPD fuit. == Iuventus et munus == Post scholam finitam Merges, qui parentes iam puer amiserat, tirocinium vestiarii fecit. Deinde hoc munere [[Disaldishusa]]e (Theodisce ''Delligsen'') (in[[Saxonia Inferior]]e) laboravit. == Familia == Merges quinque liberos habuit. == Cursus honorum == Merges ab anno [[1906]] secretarius factionis SPD [[Hildesia]]e et [[Alfelda]]e operam dedit et ab anno [[1908]] ad [[1910]] decurio [[Disaldishusa]]e (Theodisce ''Delligsen'') fuit. Ab anno 1911 Brunsvici vivebat et primo vestiarius, deinde diurnarius pro factione sua scripsit. Post [[primum bellum mundanum]] exortum Merges cum aliis ut [[Iosephus Oerter|Iosepho Oerter]] contra bellum pergendum orationes acres habebat. Anno [[1917]] cum sodalibus sinistrae alae SPD reliquit et factionem [[USPD]] condidit. Milites ad exercitum deserendum monebant. [[8 Novembris]] [[1918]] Merges cum consilio opificum et militum nuper condito Brunsvici Ducem [[Ernestus Augustus (Dux Brunsvici)|Ernestum Augustum]] ad deponendum honorem coegit et '''Rem Publicam Consiliorum Brunsvici''' (''Räterepublik Braunschweig'') proclamavit. Merges praeses legatorum populi, i.e. praeses ministrorum [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Rei Publicae Brunsvici]] electus est. [[19 Ianuarii]] [[1919]] legatus [[Consilium Formae Civitatis Constituendae (Germania 1919)|Consilium Formae Civitatis Constituendae]] electus est. Sed cum mense Februario 1919 milites Germanici Brunsvicum expugnavissent, ut urbem communistis liberarent, Merker fugit. Factionem USPD reliquit et ad KAPD factionem parvam communistarum accessit. Martio [[1920]] Brunsvici eversionem rerum a [[Wolfgangus Kapp|Wolfgango Kapp]] motam armis resistebat. Mense Iulio 1920 [[Moscovia]]m ad [[Communisticum Internationale]] iter fecit. Sed factio sua KAPD non pars internationalis facta est et Merges Brunsvicum revertebat. Ibi proximis annis sodalis diversarum factionum parvarum sinistrae extremae fuit. Circa annum [[1933]] e vita publica se recessit. Tamen, cum [[NSDAP|Nazistae]] rerum Germaniae potiti sunt, scripta contra [[Adolphus Hitler|Adolphum Hitler]] promulgavit. Mense Aprili [[1935]] a vigilibus captus et in carcerem iactus est. Perduellionis accusatus et ad tres annos carceris damnatus est. Iam [[1937]] valetudinis causa liberatus est. Sed [[Theodericus Klagges]] praeses ministrorum Brunsvici statim eum in [[Castra carceralia]] duci iussit. Precibus filii liberatus, sed et postea nonnumquam incarceratus est. Anno 1945 incarceratione confectus Brunsvici mortuus est. [[Fasciculus:Braunschweig Brunswick Grabstein August Merges (2006).JPG|thumb|Sepulchrum Augusti Merges Brunsvici]] == Nexus externi == * [http://www.reichstag-abgeordnetendatenbank.de/selectmaske.html?pnd=130016241&recherche=ja Curriculum vitae in libro legatorum Consilii Formae Civitatis Constituendae (lingua Theodisca)] {{Praesides Ministrorum Brunsvici}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Merges, Augustus}} [[Categoria:Nati 1870]] [[Categoria:Legati Consilii Formae Civitatis Constituendae (Germania 1919)]] [[Categoria:Praesides ministrorum Brunsvici]] [[Categoria:Victimae Nazistarum]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1945]] tkfzeb5rcv6oatetveesrexxeyynyay 3979870 3979868 2026-08-09T20:40:42Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3979870 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Augustus Ernestus Reinholdus''' (''Augustus Ernst Reinhold'') '''Merges''' (natus [[3 Martii]] [[1870]] Malstatt apud [[Saravipons|Saravipontem]], mortuus [[6 Martii]] [[1945]] [[Brunsvicum|Brunsvici]]) vir publicus [[Germania]]e et sodalis primo [[SPD]], deinde [[USPD]], postremo Communistrarum grex KAPD fuit. == Iuventus et munus == Post scholam finitam Merges, qui parentes iam puer amiserat, tirocinium vestiarii fecit. Deinde hoc munere [[Disaldishusa]]e (Theodisce ''Delligsen'') (in[[Saxonia Inferior]]e) laboravit. == Familia == Merges quinque liberos habuit. == Cursus honorum == Merges ab anno [[1906]] secretarius factionis SPD [[Hildesia]]e et [[Alfelda]]e operam dedit et ab anno [[1908]] ad [[1910]] decurio [[Disaldishusa]]e (Theodisce ''Delligsen'') fuit. Ab anno 1911 Brunsvici vivebat et primo vestiarius, deinde diurnarius pro factione sua scripsit. Post [[primum bellum mundanum]] exortum Merges cum aliis ut [[Iosephus Oerter|Iosepho Oerter]] contra bellum pergendum orationes acres habebat. Anno [[1917]] cum sodalibus sinistrae alae SPD reliquit et factionem [[USPD]] condidit. Milites ad exercitum deserendum monebant. [[8 Novembris]] [[1918]] Merges cum consilio opificum et militum nuper condito Brunsvici Ducem [[Ernestus Augustus (Dux Brunsvici)|Ernestum Augustum]] ad deponendum honorem coegit et '''Rem Publicam Consiliorum Brunsvici''' (''Räterepublik Braunschweig'') proclamavit. Merges praeses legatorum populi, i.e. praeses ministrorum [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Rei Publicae Brunsvici]] electus est. [[19 Ianuarii]] [[1919]] legatus [[Consilium Formae Civitatis Constituendae (Germania 1919)|Consilium Formae Civitatis Constituendae]] electus est. Sed cum mense Februario 1919 milites Germanici Brunsvicum expugnavissent, ut urbem communistis liberarent, Merker fugit. Factionem USPD reliquit et ad KAPD factionem parvam communistarum accessit. Martio [[1920]] Brunsvici eversionem rerum a [[Wolfgangus Kapp|Wolfgango Kapp]] motam armis resistebat. Mense Iulio 1920 [[Moscovia]]m ad [[Communisticum Internationale]] iter fecit. Sed factio sua KAPD non pars internationalis facta est et Merges Brunsvicum revertebat. Ibi proximis annis sodalis diversarum factionum parvarum sinistrae extremae fuit. Circa annum [[1933]] e vita publica se recessit. Tamen, cum [[NSDAP|Nazistae]] rerum Germaniae potiti sunt, scripta contra [[Adolphus Hitler|Adolphum Hitler]] promulgavit. Mense Aprili [[1935]] a vigilibus captus et in carcerem iactus est. Perduellionis accusatus et ad tres annos carceris damnatus est. Iam [[1937]] valetudinis causa liberatus est. Sed [[Theodericus Klagges]] praeses ministrorum Brunsvici statim eum in [[Castra carceralia]] duci iussit. Precibus filii liberatus, sed et postea nonnumquam incarceratus est. Anno 1945 incarceratione confectus Brunsvici mortuus est. [[Fasciculus:Braunschweig Brunswick Grabstein August Merges (2006).JPG|thumb|Sepulchrum Augusti Merges Brunsvici]] == Nexus externi == * [http://www.reichstag-abgeordnetendatenbank.de/selectmaske.html?pnd=130016241&recherche=ja Curriculum vitae in libro legatorum Consilii Formae Civitatis Constituendae (lingua Theodisca)] {{Praesides Ministrorum Brunsvici}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Merges, Augustus}} [[Categoria:Nati 1870]] [[Categoria:Legati Consilii Formae Civitatis Constituendae (Germania 1919)]] [[Categoria:Praesides ministrorum Brunsvici]] [[Categoria:Victimae Nazistarum]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1945]] bjed6l44r33j242295syvis6g9plw6s 0 102437 3980068 3978329 2026-08-09T23:56:13Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980068 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Charles Babbage 1860.jpg|thumb|Carolus Babbage, anno 1871.]] [[Fasciculus:Babbage - On the economy of machinery and manufactures, 1835 - 5864499.tif|thumb|''On the economy of machinery and manufactures'', 1835.]] '''Carolus Babbage''' (natus in [[Walworth]] [[Surregia]]e die [[26 Decembris]] [[1791]]; [[Londinium|Londinii]] mortuus die [[18 Octobris]] [[1871]]) fuit [[mathematicus]], [[philosophus]] [[philosophia analytica|analyticae]], [[inventor]], et [[ars ingeniaria|ingeniarius]] machinarum [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]], qui notionem [[computatrum|computatri]] quod [[programma computatrale|programmari]] potest creavit.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tanenbaum |first=Andrew |title=Modern Operating Systems|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=2007 |page=7|isbn=0136006639}}</ref> Partes suorum mechanismorum imperfectorum apud [[Museum Scientiae Londiniense]] ostenduntur. Anno [[1991]], plane fungens [[machina differentiarum]] ex formis Babbage primis fabricata est. Successus eius machinae, ad subtilitates mensurae [[saeculum 19|saeculi undevicensimi]] fabricatae, demonstravit machinam Babbage functam esse. Postquam novem annos, Museum Scientiae [[instrumentum pressorium]] complevit, quod fuit admirabiliter multiplex machina quamvis saeculo 19 machinata erat. Babbage, unus ex "patris computatri" appellatus,<ref>{{cite book |author=Halacy, Daniel Stephen |title=Charles Babbage, Father of the Computer |url=https://archive.org/details/charlesbabbage0000unse |year=1970 |publisher=Crowell-Collier Press |isbn=0027413705 |language=Anglice}} Alii inter [[pater|patres]] computatri nominari possint, praecipue [[Conradus Zuse]], [[Ioannes Vincentius Atanasoff]], et [[Alanus Mathison Turing|Alanus Turing]].</ref> primum computatrum mechanicum invenisse habetur quod ad formas multipliciores adduxit. == Ortus == Natalis Babbage locus disputatus est, sed probabiliter fuit apud 44 Crosby Row, Walworth Road [[Londinium|Londinii]] [[Anglia]]e. Est [[lamina caerulea]] apud intersectionem Larcom Street et Walworth Road quae rem celebrat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.openplaques.org/plaques/1140 |accessdate=19 Ian 2011 |work=Open Plaques |title=Plaque #1140 |language=Anglice }}</ref> Dies natalis in laudatione in ''[[The Times]]'' [[26 Decembris]] [[1792]] datus est.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Late Mr. Charles Babbage, F.R.S. |work=[[The Times]] |url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Times/The_Late_Mr._Charles_Babbage,_F.R.S. |date = 23 Oct 1871 |language = Anglice}}</ref> Post autem publicandum,<!--?--> fratris filius scripsit Babbage uno anno ante natum esse, anno [[1791]]. Tabulae parochiae [[Newington, Londinium|Newington]] Sanctae Mariae baptizatum eius esse die 6 Ian 1792 habet, quod diei natalis 1791 favet.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hyman |first=Anthony |title=Charles Babbage, Pioneer of the Computer |url=https://archive.org/details/charlesbabbagepi0000hyma |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1982 |page=[https://archive.org/details/charlesbabbagepi0000hyma/page/5 5] |language=Anglice }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Moseley |first=Maboth |title=Irascible Genius, The Life of Charles Babbage |url=https://archive.org/details/irasciblegeniusl0000mabo |publisher=Henry Regnery Company |location=Chicago |year=1964 |page=[https://archive.org/details/irasciblegeniusl0000mabo/page/29 29] |language=Anglice }}</ref> Beniaminus Babbage pater fuit argentariae collega familiae Praed, qui fuerant dominii praedii Bitton in [[Taba]]. Mater fuit Elisabetha (Betty) Plumleigh Teape. Anno [[1808]], familia Babbage in domum Rowdens, [[Taba|Taba Oriente]], migravit, et Beniaminus Babbage constabularius fit Ecclesiae Sancti Michaeli propinquae.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hyman |first=Anthony |title=Charles Babbage, Pioneer of the Computer |url=https://archive.org/details/charlesbabbagepi0000hyma |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1982 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/charlesbabbagepi0000hyma/page/10 10]-12 |language=Anglice }}</ref> == Eruditio == Carolus propter pecuniam patri eruditionem cursus elementorum ex compluribus ludis praeceptrisque accipere poterat. Circum octo annos habenti, ad ludum rusticum in [[Alphington, Devon|Alphington]] prope [[Exonia]]m dimissus est ut ex [[febris|febre]] moribunda convalesceret. Parentes "cerebrum haud onerare" iusserunt, et Carolus credidit "hanc magnam cessationem aliquam ratiocinationum puerilium meorum forsitan effecisse." Pauco tempore [[Ludus Rex Eduardus VI|Ludum Regem Eduardum VI]] in [[Totenais]], Devonia Australi frequentavit, sed [[morbus]] eum ad praeceptros domesticos remissit.<ref>{{cite book |last=Moseley |first=Maboth |title=Irascible Genius, The Life of Charles Babbage |url=https://archive.org/details/irasciblegeniusl0000mabo |publisher=Henry Regnery Company |location=Chicago |year=1964 |page=[https://archive.org/details/irasciblegeniusl0000mabo/page/39 39] |language=Anglice}}</ref> Deinde Scholam Holmwood in Via Bakerin [[Enfield]] [[Middelsexia]]e sub Reverendo Stephano Freeman frequentavit. Illa schola bibliothecam instructissimam habuit, quae ad [[mathematica]]m diligendam adduxit. Post scholam abiit, sub duabus aliis praeceptris didicit. De primo, clero apud [[Cantabrigia]]m, dixit Babbage: "Metuo quod omnes bonos ex eo non cepi quae potui." Secundus erat praeceptor apud [[Universitas Oxoniensis|Universitatem Oxoniensis]], sub quo Babbage satis disciplinas classicas didicit ut ad [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Universitatem Cantabrigiensis]] admissus est. Die [[21 Aprilis]] [[1810]] Babbage ad [[Collegium Trinitatis (Cantabrigia)|Collegium Trinitatis]] iuxta Cantabrigiam advenit.<ref name=Venn> {{cite book |author=Venn, J. & J. A. |title=Alumni Cantabrigiensis |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1922–1958 |language=Anglice |url=http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search.pl?sur=&suro=c&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&tex=BBG810C&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50 |accessdate=1 Feb 2011}}</ref> Eo autem late legente ex operis [[Godefridus Guilielmus Leibnitius|Leibnitii]], [[Iosephus Ludovicus Lagrange|Lagrange]], [[Thomas Simpson|Simpson]], et [[Sylvestre François Lacroix|Lacroix]], mathematica ibi docenta eum frustrata est. Propter hoc, Babbage, [[Iohannes Herschel]], [[Georgius Peacock]], et alii amici [[Societas Analytica|Societatem Analyticam]] anno [[1812]] fundaverunt. Babbage, Herschel, et Peacock etiam erant amici [[Eduardus Ryan|Eduardi Ryan]], [[iudex|iudicis]] et patronis [[scientia (ratio)|scientiae]]. Anno [[1814]], Babbage et Ryan duas sorores in [[matrimonium]] duxerunt.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Charles Babbage and his World |author=Wilkes, M. V. |year=2002 |language=Anglice |url=http://rsnr.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/56/3/353.full.pdf |accessdate=1 Feb 2011 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.2002.0188 |journal=Notes & Records of The Royal Society |volume=56 |pages=353–365}}</ref> Babbage discipulus erat quoque sodalis aliorum sodalitatum sicut Sodalitatis [[larva (discretiva)|Larva]]e, quae res [[supernaturale]]s in cura habuit, et Sodalitatis Extractorum, quae sodales asylo dementum liberet, si committeatur.<ref name=GEB>{{cite book |last = Hofstadter |first = Douglas R. |authorlink = Douglas Hofstadter |title = [[Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid]] |publisher = [[Penguin Books]] |date = 1979, 2000 |pages = 726 |language = Anglice}}</ref><ref name=allsands>{{cite web |title = Charles Babbage's Computer Engines |url = http://www.allsands.com/History/Objects/babbagecomputer_yy_gn.htm |accessdate = 2 Feb 2011}}</ref> Anno 1812 Babbage in [[Collegium Petri (Cantabrigia)|Collegium Petri]] transcendit.<ref name=Venn/> Quamquam erat mathematicus optimus apud Peterhouse, ad gradum cum laudo non admissit. Magis anno [[1814]] ei diploma honorarium sine probatione datum est. == Matrimonium, vita, mors == [[Fasciculus:Babbage Charles grave.jpg|thumb|Sepulcrum Caroli Babbage apud [[Sepulcretum Kensal Green]].]] Die [[25 Iulii]] [[1814]], Babbage Georgianam Whitmore in matrimonium apud Ecclesiam Sancti Michaeli, [[Taba]]m Devoniae duxit. Familia apud [[Dudmaston Hall]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.visitbritain.co.uk/Attraction/Bridgnorth/Historic-House-or-Palace/157092/Dudmaston-Hall.htm |title=Attraction information for Dudmaston Hall | publisher = VisitBritain | accessdate =29 January 2009 |language=Anglice}}</ref> [[Salopiensis comitatus|Salopiae]] habitavit, quo Babbage systema mediae calefactionis machinatus est, tum apud 5 Devonshire Street, Portland Place [[Londinium|Londinii]] migravit. Carolus et Georgiana octo liberos habuerunt,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bavidge.co.uk/Babbage%20Family%20Tree%202005,%20InternetTree/wc03/wc03_074.htm |title=Babbage Family Tree 2005 |author=Valerie Bavidge-Richardson |accessdate=22 October 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071013194355/http://bavidge.co.uk/Babbage+Family+Tree+2005,+InternetTree/wc03/wc03_074.htm |archivedate = 13 October 2007}}</ref> sed tres tantum—[[Beniaminus Babbage|Beniaminus Herschel]], Georgiana Whitmore, et [[Henricus Prevost Babbage|Henricus Prevost]]—adultos esse viverunt. Die [[1 Septembris]] [[1827]] [[Vigornia]]e, Georgiana mortua est. Anno 1827 pater, uxor, et utique unus filius Caroli omnes mortui sunt. Eorum [[mors|mortes]] effecierunt Babbage habere debilitatem mentis.<!--?--> Carolus Babbage, 79 annos habens, die [[18 Octobris]] [[1871]] mortuus est, et apud [[Sepulcrum Kensal Green]] Londinii sepelivit. Secundum Victor Horsley, Babbage "renum non idoneorum secundum [[cystitis|cystitem]]" causa mortuus est.<ref>{{ cite journal | author = Horsley, Victor | title = Description of the Brain of Mr. Charles Babbage, F.R.S | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character | year = 1909 | volume = 200 | pages = 117–32 | url = http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/xl7210623532p738/?p=daaddfe06dca444eafad36aab95177ea&pi=1 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.1909.0003 | accessdate = 7 December 2007 }} Necesse est lectori praescriptionem habere.</ref> Anno [[1983]], renuntiatio postmortem Caroli Babbage inventa est, et postea a filio pronepotis Neville Babbage patefacta est.<ref>{{ cite journal | author = Babbage, Neville | title = Autopsy Report on the Body of Charles Babbage ("the father of the computer") | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-journal-of-australia_1991-06-03_154_11/page/758 | journal = Medical Journal of Australia | year = 1991 | volume = 154 | issue = 11 | pages = 758–9 | month = June | pmid = 2046574 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | author = Williams, Michael R. | title = The "Last Word " on Charles Babbage | doi = 10.1109/85.728225 | journal = IEEE Annals of the History of Computing | year = 1998 | volume = 20 | pages = 10–4 | url = http://www2.computer.org/portal/web/csdl/doi/10.1109/85.728225}} Necesse est lectori praescriptionem habere.</ref> Etiam exemplar renuntiationis primae praesto est.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?X9=BABBAGE,%20CHARLES | title = Postmortem report by John Gregory Smith, F.R.C.S. (anatomist) | publisher = Science and society.co.UK | date = | accessdate = 1 Mar 2011 }}</ref> Dimidia pars cerebri eius apud [[Collegium Regium Chirurgorum Anglicae|Museum Hunterianum in Collegio Regio Chirurgorum]] Londinii conditur.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.danyey.co.uk/london.php | title = Babbage's brain | publisher = www.DanYEY.co.uk | date = | accessdate = 1 Mar 2011 }}</ref> Dimidia pars altera cerebri apud Museum Scientiae Londinii ostenditur.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/visitmuseum/galleries/computing.aspx | title = Visit the museum, Galleries, Computing, Overview | publisher = Science Museum | accessdate = 1 Mar 2011 }}</ref> == Machina Differentiarum == [[Fasciculus:050114 2529 difference.jpg|thumb|Altera Differentiarum Machina, apud [[Museum Scientiae Londoniensis|Museum Scientiae Londoniensem]], a forma Babbage fabricata.]] Illa aetate, tabulae numericales{{dubsig}} ab hominibus computatae sunt qui ''computatores'' appellabantur. Dum Cantabrigiae, crebritatem magnam mendarum in illas tabulas observavit, et operum vitae incepit, mechanicale<!--?--> illas tabulas computare. Dixit in hoc modo: "Deo exopto quod hae computationes vapore exsecutae erant!"<ref>{{cite book |last = Swade |first = Doron |authorlink = Doron Swade |title = The Difference Engine |publisher = [[Penguin Books]] |date = 2000 |page = 10 |language = Anglice}}</ref> Anno 1822, ad machinam laborare coepit quae ''Machina Differentiarum'' nominavit, quae [[functio polynomialis|functiones polynomiales]] computare potuit. Dissimilis autem machinarum superstitum, machina differentiarum series valorum automate generet. Modo [[functio differentiabilis|differentiarum finitarum]] [[multiplicatio]]nes et [[divisio]]nes vitare potuit. Anno fere 1810 et annis sequentis, Babbage exemplum primae suae Machinae Differentiarum laboravit. Partes aliquae huius exempli apud [[Museum Historiae Scientiae Oxfordiensis|Museum Historiae Scientiae Oxfordiensem]] iam existent.<ref>{{cite journal | first = Denis | last = Roegel | title = Prototype Fragments from Babbage's First Difference Engine | journal = IEEE Annals of the History of Computing | volume = 31 | number = 2 | pages = 70–5 | date = April–June 2009 | url = http://www.computer.org/portal/web/csdl/doi/10.1109/MAHC.2009.31 }} Necesse est lectori praescriptionem habere.</ref> Haec machina numquam completa est. Prima Differentiarum Machina 13&thinsp;600 kg mensa esset, 25&thinsp;000 partes composita esset, et 2.4 metri alta esset. Postea Babbage "Machinam Differentiarum Secundam" machinavit, sed haec machina quoque numquam completa est. Minimus filius eius, [[Henricus Provost Babbage]] (1824–1918) sex partes fungentes Machinae Differentiarum operibus patris fundatas creavit.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.computerhistory.org/babbage/henrybabbage/ |title=Henry Prevost Babbage – The Babbage Engine | publisher = Computer History Museum |accessdate=21 Feb 2011}}</ref> Una ex illas partes ad [[Universitas Harvardiana|Universitatem Harvardianam]] missa est, ubi ab [[Howardus H. Aiken|Howardo H. Aiken]], creatore computatri [[Harvard Mark I]], inventa est. Adhuc [[1989]], machina non fabricata est. Die 29 Novembris 1991, prima computatio apud Museum Scientiae Londoniensem computavit.<ref>{{cite book |last = Swade |first = Doron |authorlink = Doron Swade |title = The Difference Engine |publisher = [[Penguin Books]] |date = 2000 |page = 306 |language = Anglice}}</ref> Museum duas machinas complevit. Altera a Museo tenta est. Altera, a [[Nathanus Myhrvold|Nathano Myhrvold]] tenta, a die 10 Maii 2008 apud [[Museum Historiae Computatrorum]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.computerhistory.org/babbage/ | title = Overview&nbsp;– The Babbage Engine | publisher = Computer History Museum | accessdate = 14 Mar 2011 }}</ref> [[Prospectus Montis (California)|Prospectae Montis, Californiae]] exhibita est.<ref>{{cite news | last = Shiels | first = Maggie | title = Victorian 'supercomputer' is reborn | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7391593.stm | accessdate = 14 Mar 2011 | work = BBC News | date = 10 Maii 2008 }}</ref> == Machina analytica == Paulo post labor Machinae Differentiarum defecit, Babbage laborem ad machinam aliam multipliciorem incepit quam Machinam Analyticam nominavit. Non erat forma singula, sed series formarum in quibus usque ad mortem annum 1871 laboravit. Differentia maior inter hanc machinam et Machinam Differentiarum erat Machinam Analyticam [[Charta perforata|chartis perforatis]] potesse programmatam. Sentivit [[programma computatrale|programmas]] in chartis imponere potesse ut programmor programmam semel crearet, chartas in machina poneret, et programma exsecuta esset. Machina Analytica usa fuisset sinus chartarum punctarum Jacquardianarum ad machinulam mechanicam calculatoriam gubernandum. Tum machina exitus computationum priorum uti potest. Machina Analytica usa fuisset tales proprietates computatrorum recentum quales gubernationem sequentialem, sententias, iterationes. Machina Analytica fuisset prima machina mechanica esse [[machina Turing|Turing-completa]]. Molae Machinae Analyticae anno [[1910]] a filio Henrico fabricatae nunc apud [[Museum Scientiae Londiniense]] ostenduntur.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects/computing_and_data_processing/1896-58.aspx |title= Henry Babbage's Analytical Engine Mill, 1910 |publisher=Science Museum |date=16 Ian 2007 |accessdate=21 Feb 2011}}</ref> {{NexInt}} *[[Ada Lovelace]] == Nexus externus == * [http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Babbage.html De Carolo Babbage] apud Mc. Tutor == Notae == <references/> {{Lifetime|1791|1871|Babbage, Carolus}} [[Categoria:Eruditi Angliae]] [[Categoria:Inventores Britanniae]] [[Categoria:Mathematici Britanniae]] [[Categoria:Philosophi Britanniae]] [[Categoria:Computatores]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]] [[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] {{Myrias|Homines}} 9my9jmj8fgo2nxe5gbo47yk3glpzxwt 0 103038 3979860 3836489 2026-08-09T20:35:20Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979860 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Nicotine.svg|thumb|Chemica nicotini structura]] '''Nicotinum'''<ref name="Kraus1844">Kraus, L.A. (1844). ''Kritisch-etymologisches medicinisches Lexikon'' (Dritte Auflage). Göttingen: Verlag der Deuerlich- und Dieterichschen Buchhandlung.</ref><ref name=”Schlickum”>Schlickum, O. (1879). ''Lateinisch-deutsches Special-Wörterbuch der pharmazeutischen Wissenschaften.'' Leipzig: Ernst Günther’s Verlag.</ref><ref name="Foster1891">Foster, F.D. (1891-1893). ''An illustrated medical dictionary. Being a dictionary of the technical terms used by writers on medicine and the collateral sciences, in the Latin, English, French, and German languages.'' New York: D. Appleton and Company.</ref> sive '''nicotina'''<ref name="Kraus1844"/><ref name="Foster1891"/> sive '''nicotia'''<ref name="Foster1891"/> sive '''nicotianinum'''<ref name="Kraus1844"/> seu '''nicotianina'''<ref name="Kraus1844"/> est [[potentia (pharmacologia)|potens]] [[alkaloidum]] [[parasympathomimetismus|parasympathomimeticum]] quod in [[planta|plantis]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Solanaceae|Solanacearum]] invenitur. Ut [[agonista nicotinica|agonista nicotinica acetylcholini receptor]] agit, [[biosynthesis|biosynthesi]] in [[radix|radicibus]] incidens inque [[folium|foliis]] cumulans. In 0.6–3.0 centesimis [[pondus|ponderis]] sicci [[tabacum|tabaci]] consistit,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dccps.nci.nih.gov/tcrb/monographs/9/m9_3.PDF |title=Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 9 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=[[19 Decembris]] [[2012]]}}.</ref> et adest 2–7 µg/kg in variis plantis [[victus|quae eduntur]].<ref name="acs">{{cite web |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/jafcau/1999/47/i08/abs/jf990089w.html |title=Determination of the Nicotine Content of Various Edible Nightshades (Solanaceae) and Their Products and Estimation of the Associated Dietary Nicotine Intake |work= |accessdate=[[5 Octobris]] [[2008]]}}.</ref> Id est [[Defensio plantarum contra herbivoriam|chemica antiherbivora]], ad [[insecta]] specifica; ergo id tempore praeterito late ut [[insecticida]] adhibitum est,<ref>{{Cite book | last = Rodgman | first = Alan | last2 = Perfetti | first2 = Thomas A. | title = The chemical components of tobacco and tobacco smoke | place = Boca Raton, Floridae | publisher = CRC Press | year = [[2009]] | url = http://lccn.loc.gov/2008018913 | isbn = 1-4200-7883-6 }} </ref><ref name=Ujvary>{{Cite book | first = István | last = Ujváry | contribution = Nicotine and Other Insecticidal Alkaloids | editor-first = Izuru | editor-last = Yamamoto | editor2-first = John | editor2-last = Casida | title = Nicotinoid Insecticides and the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor | pages = 29–69 | publisher = Springer-Verlag | location = Tokyone | year = [[1999]] }}.</ref><ref name=organic>{{cite web | url = http://www.coopext.colostate.edu/4DMG/VegFruit/organic.htm | title = Some Pesticides Permitted in Organic Gardening}}.</ref> et hodie eius analogi, sicut [[imidacloprid]], late adhibentur. == Nomen et historia == Nicotinum ex [[genus (taxinomia)|genere]] ''[[Nicotiana]]'' nominatur, plerumque in [[species (taxinomia)|specie]] ''[[Nicotiana tabacum|Nicotiana tabaco]]'' inventa, quae ex [[Ioannes Nicot|Ioanne Nicot de Villemain]] vicissim appellatur, legato [[Francia|Francico]] ad [[Portugallia]]m, qui, tabacum et semina a [[Brasilia]] ad [[Lutetia]]m anno [[1560]] transmittens, eorum usum in [[medicina]] promovit. Nicotinum etiam in nonnullis aliis membris familiae Solanacearum reperitur, praecipue in ''[[Solanum melongena|Solano melongena]]'' et ''[[Solanum lycopersicum|Solano lycopersico]]'' parvis summis praesens. {{NexInt}} [[Fasciculus:Nicotine-3D-vdW.png|thumb|Systematicus nicotini aspectus,]] * ''[[Nicotiana]]'' ** ''[[Nicotiana rustica]]'' *** [[Mapacho]] ** ''[[Nicotiana tabacum]]'' *** [[Tabacum]] **** [[Opera tabaci]] * [[Acidum nicotinicum]] (niacin) * [[Addictio medicamentorum]] ** [[Chantix]] ** [[Nicogel]] ** [[Nicotini]] ** [[NicVAX]] ** [[Zyban]]<!-- *[[Tobacco cessation]] *[[Nicotine gum]] *[[Nicotine patch]] *[[Nicotine inhaler]] *[[Nicotine nasal spray]] *[[Psychoactive drug]] *[[Drug Discovery and Development: Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonists]] *[[Nicotinic receptor]]--> == Adnotationes == <references/> == Bibliographia == * {{cite journal |author=Bilkei-Gorzo A., Rácz I., Michel K., Darvas M., Rafael Maldonado López, Zimmer A.|title=A common genetic predisposition to stress sensitivity and stress-induced nicotine craving|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-psychiatry_2008-01-15_63_2/page/164|journal=Biol. Psychiatry |year=[[2008]] |volume=63 |pages= 164–71 |pmid=17570348 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.02.010 |issue=2}} * {{cite journal |author=Minna J. D. |title=Nicotine exposure and bronchial epithelial cell nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression in the pathogenesis of lung cancer |journal=J Clin Invest. |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=31–3 |year=[[2003]] |month=Ianuarius |pmid=12511585 |pmc=151841 |doi=10.1172/JCI17492 }} * {{cite journal |author=[[James Fallon|Fallon J. H.]], Keator D. B., Mbogori J., Taylor D., Potkin S. G. |title=Gender: a major determinant of brain response to nicotine |journal=Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=17–26 |year=[[2005]] |month=Martius |pmid=15579215 |doi=10.1017/S1461145704004730 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=282494}} * {{cite journal |author=West K. A., Brognard J., Clark A. S., et al. |title=Rapid Akt activation by nicotine and a tobacco carcinogen modulates the phenotype of normal human airway epithelial cells |journal=J Clin Invest. |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=81–90 |year=[[2003]] |month=Ianuarius |pmid=12511591 |pmc=151834 |doi=10.1172/JCI16147 }} * {{cite journal |author=Willoughby J. O., Pope K. J., Eaton V. |title=Nicotine as an antiepileptic agent in ADNFLE: an N-of-one study |journal=Epilepsia |volume=44 |issue=9 |pages=1238–40 |year=[[2003]] |month=September |pmid=12919397 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0013-9580&date=2003&volume=44&issue=9&spage=1238 |doi=10.1046/j.1528-1157.2003.11903.x}} == Nexus externi == * [http://www.nida.nih.gov/researchreports/nicotine/nicotine.html De nicotino,] www.nida.nih.gov (National Institute on Drug Abuse) * [http://www.erowid.org/plants/tobacco/tobacco.shtml De tabaco,] www.erowid.org * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080724192715/http://www.stopsmoking.net/about_add.html Descriptio addictionis nicotini,] www.stopsmoking.net * [http://www.howstuffworks.com/nicotine.htm Descriptio indiciorum nicotini,] www.howstuffworks.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100809151003/http://quitsmokingnicotine.org/ Quomodo nicotinum cerebrum adficit,] www.quitsmokingnicotine.org [[Categoria:Alkali]] [[Categoria:Anorectica]] [[Categoria:Euphoriantia]] [[Categoria:Insecticidae in toxinis plantarum conditae]] [[Categoria:Stimulantia]] [[Categoria:Tabacum]] {{Myrias|Physica}} 3msvcsmsaq9skmgw4j9gt2axm99a9yq 0 103527 3979799 3851782 2026-08-09T19:16:38Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979799 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Common lipid types.svg|thumb|400px|Conformationes nonnullorum lipidorum communium. Summa: [[acidum oleicum]]<ref>L. Stryer, J. M. Berg, et J. L. Tymoczko, ''Biochemistry'' (San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, ed. 6a, 2007), p. 328.</ref> et [[cholesterol]].<ref name="isbn0-393-97378-6">{{cite book |author=Maitland, Jr Jones |title=Organic Chemistry |publisher=W W Norton & Co Inc (Np) |location= |year=1998 |page=139 |isbn=0-393-97378-6}}.</ref> Media conformatio est [[triglyceridum]] a catenis [[oleatum|oleoti]], [[stearatum|stearati]], et [[palmitatum|palmitati]] compositum ad spinam [[glycerol]]is{{dubsig}} compositum. In ima tabula est [[phosphatidylcholinum]], commune [[phospholipidum]].<ref>L. Stryer, J. M. Berg, et J. L. Tymoczko, ''Biochemistry'' (San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, ed. 6a, 2007), p. 330.</ref>]] '''Lipidum''' est quodlibet nonnullarum [[molecula]]rum qua in [[natura]] fiunt et [[adeps|adipes]] (vel seba), [[Oleum|olea]], [[cera]]s, [[sterol]]es, [[vitaminum|vitamina]] adipi solubilia (sicut vitamina A, D, E, K), [[monoglyceridum|monoglycerida]], [[diglyceridum|diglycerida]], [[phospholipidum|phospholipida]], et alias res comprehendunt. Praecipua lipidorum officia sunt [[conservatio energiae]] et esse pro structuris [[membranum cellulare|membranorum cellularium]] et molecula [[significatio lipidorum|significationis lipidorum]]. Lipida late definiuntur ut parvae moleculae [[Hydrophobia|hydrophobicae]] vel [[Amphiphilia|amphiphilicae]]; amphiphilica aliquorum lipidorum natura eis sinit formare structuras sicut [[vesicula]]e, [[liposoma]]ta, vel membrana in circumiectu aquali. Lipida biologica omnino vel partim oriuntur ex duobus distinctis subunitatum biochemicarum generibus<!--building blocks-->: gregibus [[ketonum|ketoacyli]] et [[isoprenum|isopreni]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fahy E., Subramaniam S., Brown H. A., et al. |title=A comprehensive classification system for lipids |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-lipid-research_2005-05_46_5/page/839 |journal=Journal of Lipid Research |volume=46 |issue=5 |pages=839–861 |year=2005 |pmid=15722563 |doi= 10.1194/jlr.E400004-JLR200}}</ref>. Lipida sic possunt dividi in octo categorias: [[acidum adipatum|acida adipata]], [[glycerolipidum|glycerolipida]], [[glycerophospholipidum|glycerophospholipida]], [[sphingolipidum|sphingolipidas]], [[saccharolipidum|saccharolipida]], et [[polyketidum|polyketida]]{{dubsig}} (ex condensatione subunitatum gregibus ketoacyli deducta), et lipida sterol et lipida prenol (ex condensatione subunitatum gregibus [[isoprenum|isopreni]] deducta). == Categoriae lipidorum == Lipida in octo categorias dividi sunt: # [[acidum adipatum|Acida adipata]] # [[glycerolipidum|Glycerolipida]] <!-- dubsig --> # [[glycerophospholipidum|Glycerophospholipida]] # [[sphingolipidum|Sphingolipidas]] # [[saccharolipidum|Saccharolipida]] # [[polyketidum|Polyketida]] <!-- dubsig --> # Lipida sterol deducta <!-- dubsig --> # Lipida prenol deducta <!-- dubsig --> {{NexInt}} * [[Avicularinum]] * [[Chylomicronum]] * [[Essentiale acidum adiposum]] ([[Anglice]]: ''essential fatty acid'') * [[Lipidomica]] ([[Anglice]]: ''lipidomics'') * [[Lipolysis]] * [[Interacito inter proteina et lipida]] * [[Lipoproteinum]] * [[Microdominium lipidorum]] ([[Anglice]]: ''lipid microdomain'') * [[Significatio lipidorum]] ([[Anglice]]: ''lipid signaling'') == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Bhagavan, N. V. [[2002]]. ''Medical Biochemistry.'' San Diego: Harcourt/Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-095440-0. * Devlin, T. M. [[1997]]. ''Textbook of Biochemistry: With Clinical Correlations.'' Ed quarta. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-17053-4. * Stryer, L., J. M. Berg, et J. L. Tymoczko. [[2007]]. ''Biochemistry.'' Ed. sexta. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-8724-5. * Van Holde, K. E., et C. K. Mathews. [[1996]]. ''Biochemistry.'' Ed. secunda. Menlo Park Californiae: Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co. ISBN 0-8053-3931-0. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Lipids|Lipida}} '''Introductory''' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100818084308/http://www.cyberlipid.org/cyberlip/link0041.htm Index situum interretialium ad lipida pertinentium] * [http://www.lipidmaps.org/ Nature Lipidomics Gateway] * [http://www.lipidlibrary.co.uk/ Bibliotheca Lipidorum] * [http://www.cyberlipid.org/ Cyberlipid.org] * [http://www.fos.su.se/~sasha/Lipid_membranes.html Molecular Computer Simulations] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050621082405/http://www.biochemweb.org/lipids_membranes.shtml Lipids, Membranes and Vesicle Trafficking] '''Nomina''' * [http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/lipid/ IUPAC lipidorum vocabularium] * [http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/class/lipid.html IUPAC lipidorum definitio] '''Databases''' * [http://www.lipidmaps.org/data/databases.html Tabulae lipidorum] * [http://lipidbank.jp/ LipidBank] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200225223238/http://www.lipidat.tcd.ie/ LIPIDAT] '''Generalis''' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050720194241/http://www.apollolipids.org/ ApolloLipids] * [http://www.lipid.org/ National Lipid Association] [[Categoria:Lipida|*]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Biologia}} 8v4j9ogrphsvv5re78fr8yqste2crgz 0 104196 3979863 3927311 2026-08-09T20:37:19Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wiktionary|teh}} {{Titulus italicus}} '''''Teh''''' est [[neologismus]] [[dialectus|dialecti]] [[interrete|interretialis]] saepissime [[articulus|articulo]] [[lingua Anglica|linguae Anglicae]] adhibitus, ex [[mendum typographicum|mendo typographico]] usitato vocis ''the'' ortus<ref name="internetslang">{{cite book |title=Internet Slang |pages=p 83 |url=http://books.ifmo.ru/book/vip/196.pdf |accessdate=6 Septembris 2010|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20111006014152/http://books.ifmo.ru/book/vip/196.pdf|archivedate=6 October 2011}} {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref>, qui inceps usum grammaticum declinantem ab illo vocabuli ''the'' acquisivit.<ref name="Ross">{{cite journal| last=Ross| first=Nigel| title=Writing in the Information Age| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_english-today_2006-07_22_3/page/39| journal=English Today| volume=22| issue=3| pages=39–45| month=Iulius | year=[[2006]]| doi=10.1017/S0266078406003063| accessdate=6 Iulii 2007}} {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref> Anglice haec [[vox]] generaliter neque dicitur neque [[scriptura|scribitur]] extra greges technicos vel [[lingua]] [[leet]] loquentes, sed cum adhibetur, dicitur aut /{{IPA|tɛ|}}/ aut /{{IPA|tə|}}/.<ref name="LeBlanc">{{cite book|last=LeBlanc| first=Tracy Rene|title="Is there a translator in teh house?": Cultural and discourse analysis of a virtual speech community on an internet message board|publisher=University of Louisiana at Lafayette|month=Maius | year=2005|url= http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-04072005-145922/unrestricted/LeBlanc_thesis.pdf|accessdate=6 Iulii 2007|format=PDF}} {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref> Cum T et E manus laevae [[digitus|digitis]] adiacentibus dactylographentur in [[claviatura]] genere [[Qwerty]], H autem manu dextra, T et E saepe dactylographantur citius quam ut manus dextra inter duas litteras litteram H ponere possit. Cum labore superfluo manus dextrae mendum ''hte'' ergo fieret. ==De usu== Cum ''[[pwn]]'', ''teh'' est adiunctum dialecti [[leet]]. E [[mendum typographicum|mendo typographico]] usitato oriundi, convenientia vocabuli ad contextorum varietatem facta est. Saepe dicitur ironice<ref name="Blashki">{{cite journal|last=Blashki|first=Katherine|coauthors=Sophie Nichol|title=Game Geek's Goss: Linguistic creativity in young males within an online university forum (94/\/\3 933k'5 9055oneone)|journal=Australian Journal of Emerging Technologies and Society|volume=3|issue=2|pages=77–86|year=2005|url=http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ajets-test/article/viewFile/52/83|accessdate=6 Iulii 2007}} {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref>, et adhiberi ad illudendam alicuius inopiam scientiae vel facultatis technologicae potest, ad insultandum, vel etiam ad elitismum gregis cuiusdam roborandum.<ref name="LeBlanc"/> Frequenter dicitur ut demonstretur imprudentia falsa de conceptis nimis adhibitis ac obnixis (e.g., "long live teh Patriarchy!" scilicet "Teh Patriarchatus diu vivat!").<ref>{{cite web|author=Maria |url=http://crookedtimber.org/2009/03/12/dont-mind-a-bit-of-kissing-but-i-dont-like-that/ |title=Don’t mind a bit of kissing but I don’t like that! — Crooked Timber |publisher=Crookedtimber.org |date=12 Martii 2009 |accessdate=5 Septembris 2010}} {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref> Usus [[grammatica|grammaticus]] vocis ''teh'' in sermone remisso aliquanto commutabilis est. Plure quam alternatione [[orthographia|orthographica]] vocabuli ''the'', ''teh'' quoque grammaticas qualitates habet quibus vox ''the'' eget; generaliter ''teh'' contentio vocabuli ''the'' est. Nova orthographia orta a mendo typographico est, qui symptoma esse commotionis videtur, velut videtur exempli gratia adiectio numeralis unius inter [[punctum exclamationis|puncta exclamationis]]. Cum [[nomen proprium|nominibus propriis]] dici potest (ergo "teh John"); compone usui [[Graece]] [[articulus definitus|articuli definiti]]: ο Ιωαννης (o Ioannes), verbatim Anglice "the John" et fortasse Latine "ille Ioannes." Usus similis est [[lingua Germanica|linguae Germanicae]] vulgari, qua articulus definitus ad nomen definiendum adhibetur: "der Johann," verbatim iterum "the John" et "ille Ioannes," dici possit ut Ioannes, et non Marcus, identificetur. Latine, vox similis ''ille'' et declinationes eius, quae primo erat pronomen cuius aequivalens Anglicus sit "that," fons est derivativorum [[linguae Romanicae|linguarum Romanicarum]]. Usus vocabuli ''ille'' admodum comparabilis usui vocabuli ''teh'', cum ''ille'' sententiam habere vocum "homo nobilis" potest<ref>{{cite book |title=New Latin Grammar |last=Bennett |first=Charles E. |authorlink=Carolus E. Bennett |year=1895 |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15665/15665-h.htm |accessdate=6 Septembris 2010}} {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref>; "teh John" et "ille Ioannes" ambo enim "Ioannes homo nobilis" significant, etsi scilicet Anglica sententia vocem ironicam habeat. Demagis, ''teh'' ante [[Verbum (temporale)|verbum]] dici potest, ita ut novum genus [[gerundium|gerundii]] fingatur, et facultatem habet vocabuli in nomen adauctum mutandi, quod gradum surrogare [[gradus superlativus|superlativum]] possit. Exemplum notissimum huius concepti grammatici est verbum ''suck'' (''sugere'', ''fellitare''). Ergo locutio "this sucks" (verbatim "hoc sugit" sive "hoc fellitat," vice enuntiationis "mihi displicet") converti potest in "this is teh suck"<ref name="internetslang" /> (fortasse "hoc ille fellitare est"; "teh suck" aequivalente gradum superlativum "the suckiest," fortasse Latine "qui nimis fellitat"); verbum ''[[pwn]]'' similiter converti potest (''teh pwn'' seu ''teh pwnage''). Posterae duae locutiones principaliter a ludorum communitate electronicorum adhibetur, et saepe festive. Anglice ''the'' dicitur ut gradus superlativus [[nomen adiectivum|nominum adiectivorum]] adaugeatur; compone "that is best" ("est optimus") et "that is the best" (forsitan "est ''ille'' optimus," sed Anglice grammatica hic recta est). ''Teh'' usum similem habet ad nomina adiectiva non mutata adaugenda, qui accentum generaliter dicacem demonstret. Exempli gratia, "that is teh lame" (fortasse "hoc ille patheticus est") dicitur pro "that is the lamest" ("haec est res patheticissima").<ref>{{cite web|author=Dr. Virago |url=http://quodshe.blogspot.com/2009/05/in-which-i-am-teh-lame.html |title=In which I am teh lame |publisher=Blogspot.com |date=11 Maii 2009 |accessdate=6 Septembris 2010}} {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref> ==''Teh'' nomen substantivum== Ob usum vocis ''teh'' in circulis quibusdam populo gratum, praesertim apud amplificatores [[programmatura]]e, in nomina programmaturarum ascita est. Exempli gratia, apud applicationes interretiales (Anglice ''web-based applications''), TEH est [[machina]] ad [[blog]] scribendum, quae in Google App Engine adhibendo scribitur. [http://spench.net/drupal/software/tehengine TEH Engine] praefiguratio machinae ludi 3D—''TEH'' hic [[acronymum]] pro "TEH Extremely Hardcore" est. ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> {{ling-stipula}} [[Categoria:Mema interretialia]] [[Categoria:Neologismi]] [[Categoria:Verba Anglica]] a7is46w6w47v9cwipf9m9wm81wosvvs 0 104785 3979819 3555171 2026-08-09T19:47:04Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3979819 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Joachim Heinrich Campe.jpg|thumb|Ioachim Henricus Campe - praedicator, praeceptor, editor magnus]] '''Ioachim Henricus Campe''' (natus [[Dedenhusa]]e die [[29 Iunii]] [[1746]]; [[Brunsvicum|Brunsvici]] mortuus die [[22 Octobris]] [[1818]]) fuit [[paedagogia|praeceptor]], [[linguistica|linguista]], [[diurnarius]], theologus et editor [[Germania|Germanicus]]. ==Vita== [[File:J. H. Campe Hammerdeich.jpg|thumb|Imago instituti educatorii idealis secundum Campe (ad Hammerdeich)]] [[File:Der quaksalber und sein narr.jpg|thumb|''Der Quaksalber und sein Narr'', abecedarium a Campe pactum]] Campe ex anno 1765 [[Helmstadium|Helmstadii]] et [[salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]] theologiae studebat, antequam ab anno 1769 educator apud familiam Humboldt [[Berolinum|Berolini]] et [[Tegel]] esset. Anno 1773 [[potestampium|Potestampii]] praedicator militaris fuit. Annis 1774 et 1775 fratres [[gulielmus de Humboldt|Gulielmum]] et [[alexander de Humboldt|Alexandrum de Humboldt]] res utiles docuit praedicatoris munere fungens. Inflammatus autem reformationibus scholasticis philanthroporum anno 1776 [[Dessavia]]m iit ut consiliarius et magister in [[philanthropinum|Philanthropino]] [[ioannes Bernardus Basedow|Ioanne Bernardo Basedow]] directore. Anno 1777 ipse ludis praeesse coepit. Cum autem autumno anni 1777 querelae cum Basedow ortae essent, Dessaviam reliquit institutum proprium Billwerder prope [[Hamburgum]] erecturus. Ibique scripta iuventuti dicata - et inde maxime laudata! - confecit. Anno 1783 domino Trapp scholam commendans quattuor cum alumnis Trittau in [[Slesvicum et Holsatia|Holsatiam]] commigravit, anno autem 1786 [[Brunsvicum]]. Ibi duce Carolo Gulielmo Ferdinando annuente scholastica omnia radicitus reformanda erant; itaque anno 1787 canonicus, anno 1805 denique decanus Conventus Sancti Cyriaci nominatus est. Mutationes autem paedagogicae magistris ecclesiasticisque protestantibus ad irritum ductae sunt. Campe anno 1787 consilium cepit, ut in officina et bibliopolio ''Braunschweigische Schulbuchhandlung und -Druckerei'' laboraret et litteris vacaret. Mox confecit glossaria »Wörterbuchs der deutschen Sprache« et »Wörterbuchs der Erklärung und Verdeutschung der unsrer Sprache aufgedrungenen fremden Ausdrücke« (Brunsvici 1801). Cum Alexandrum de Humboldt anno 1789 [[Lutetia]]m comitatus esset et epistulas ardentes de [[res novae Francicae|rebus novis]] vulgavisset, hostilia multa in se contraxit. Amor iuventutis una cum pietate, bonorum morum perseverantia et ratione fecerunt, ut veneratio notionum operumque Henrici Ioachimi Campe in multis hominibus cresceret. Genus scribendi sobrium atque stricte ad utilitatem pronum a contemporaneis magni aestimatum temporibus posterioribus reprehensioni patuisse videtur. ==Operum momenta== ====Puerilia==== [[File:Denkmal für Joachim Heinrich Campe in Trittau, 1903.jpg|thumb|Monumentum in honorem Campe, Trittau (1903)]] Homines opera infantilia »Sämtliche Kinder- und Jugendschriften« (tomis in XXXVII) tempore suo non solum diligebant sed etiam imitabantur. Valde nota autem etiam hodie sunt »Robinson Crusoe der jüngere« et »Geschichte der Entdeckung von Amerika«. ====Scientifica popularia==== Multos moverunt insuper scripta eius theoretica, paedagogica, paraenetica quorum illustrissima »Theophron oder der erfahrene Ratgeber für die unerfahrene Jugend« (1783) et »Väterlicher Rat an meine Tochter« (1789) necnon lexicon infinitum »Schulenzyklopädie«. Annis inter 1785 et 1791 florilegium paedagogorum tam Germanicorum quam peregrinorum quindecim in tomis editum est cui titulus »Revision des gesamten Erziehungswesens«. ====Philosophica et linguistica==== Illuminationem autem personant eius res philosophicae, velut »Philosophische Gespräche über die unmittelbare Bekanntmachung der Religion und über einige unzulängliche Beweisarten derselben« (Berolini 1773), »Die Empfindungs- und Erkenntniskraft der menschlichen Seele« (Lipsiae 1776), »Über Empfindsamkeit und Empfindelei« (Hamburgi 1779), »Kleine Seelenlehre für Kinder« (Hamburgi 1780), »Moritz, ein Beitrag zur Erfahrungsseelenkunde« (Hamburgi 1789). De lingua Theodisca emendanda quoque operam navabat, cum dictionarium quinque tomorum »Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache« Brunsvici annis inter 1807 et 1812 ederet. Post mortem taberna libraria in manus generi Francisci Vieweg transiit. == Bibliographia == * {{ADB|3|733|737|Campe, Joachim Heinrich|[[Gustav Baur|G. Baur]]|ADB:Campe, Joachim Heinrich}} * {{NDB|3|110|111|Campe, Joachim Heinrich|[[Gottfried Hausmann]]|118518658}} * {{BBKL|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609090157/http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/c/campe_j_h.shtml |band=1|spalten=900–901|autor=[[Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz]]|artikel=CAMPE, Joachim Heinrich}} * Hans-Jürgen Perrey: ''Joachim Heinrich Campe (1746–1818). Menschenfreund – Aufklärer – Publizist.'' edition lumière, Bremae 2010. (=&nbsp;''Philanthropismus und populäre Aufklärung. Studien und Dokumente'' 2; ''Presse und Geschichte – Neue Beiträge'' 56), ISBN 978-3-934686-84-7. * Hanno Schmitt (ed.): ''Visionäre Lebensklugheit. Joachim Heinrich Campe in seiner Zeit (1746–1818).'' Harrassowitz, Aquis Mattiacis 1996. (=Ausstellungskataloge der Herzog-August-Bibliothek, 74), ISBN 3-447-03822-5. * Alwin Binder et Heinrich Richartz: ''Joachim Heinrich Campes „Robinson der Jüngere“ als literarische Darstellung von Theorie und Praxis des aufstrebenden Bürgertums.'' In: Joachim Heinrich Campe: ''Robinson der Jüngere, zur angenehmen und nützlichen Unterhaltung für Kinder.'' Nach dem Erstdruck hrsg. von Alwin Binder und Heinrich Richartz. Stuttgardiae 1981/2000 (=Reclams UB, 7665), ISBN 3-15-007665-X, p. 376–425. * Gabriele Brune-Heiderich: ''Die Begegnung Europas mit der überseeischen Welt. Völkerkundliche Aspekte im jugendliterarischen Werk Joachim Heinrich Campes.'' Lang, Francofurti ad Moenum 1989, ISBN 3-631-41834-5. * Ludwig Fertig: ''Campes politische Erziehung. Eine Einführung in die Pädagogik der Aufklärung.'' Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadii 1977 (=Impulse der Forschung, 27), ISBN 3-534-07744-X. * Angelika Reinhard: ''Die Karriere des Robinson Crusoe vom literarischen zum pädagogischen Helden. Eine literaturwissenschaftliche Untersuchung des Robinson Defoes und der Robinson-Adaptionen von Campe und Forster''. Lang, Francofurti ad Moenum 1994, ISBN 3-631-42450-7. * Sibylle Orgeldinger: ''Standardisierung und Purismus bei Joachim Heinrich Campe.'' De Gruyter, Berolini 1999 (=Studia linguistica Germanica, 51), ISBN 3-11-016312-8. * Jürgen Schiewe: ''Sprachpurismus und Emanzipation. Joachim Heinrich Campes Verdeutschungsprogramm als Voraussetzung für Gesellschaftsveränderungen.'' Olms, Hildesiae 1988 (=Germanistische Linguistik, 96/97), ISBN 3-487-09289-1. {{NexInt}} * [[Libri Latine redditi]] * [[Robinson Crusoëus]] == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat|Joachim Heinrich Campe|Ioachimum Henricum Campe}} * {{PND|118518658}} *[http://www.zeno.org/Kulturgeschichte/M/Campe,+Joachim+Heinrich Opera apud Zeno] *[https://www.projekt-gutenberg.org/autoren/namen/campe.html Opera apud projekt-gutenberg.de] *[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Joachim_Heinrich_Campe Scaturigo Vicifontis] {{Lifetime|1746|1818|Campe, Henricus}} [[Categoria:Diurnarii Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Francomurarii]] [[categoria:Editores]] [[categoria:Theologi Germaniae]] [[categoria:Paedagogi Germaniae]] th51du3gbmfxq50ksxjs777bf7982xn 0 109001 3979912 3978100 2026-08-09T21:18:13Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Videdis|Psamathe}} [[Fasciculus:TheIrregulars NEPTUNE GROUPS.svg|thumb|Satellites Neptuni irregulares]] '''Psamathe''' (etiam nomine ''Neptunus X'' agnita) est [[satelles]] irregularis retrograda planetae [[Neptunus|Neptuni]]. Nomen habet a [[Psamathe (Nereis)|Psamathe]] una [[Nereides|Nereidum]]. Satelles a [[Scott S. Sheppard]] et [[David C. Jewitt]] anno [[2003]] reperta est.<ref>{{cite web | first=Brian G. | last=Marsden | title=MPEC 2003-R19 : S/2003 N 1 | publisher=Minor Planet Center, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory | url=http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/mpec/K03/K03R19.html | accessdate=2009-09-23 }}</ref> Censentur Psamathen et [[Neso (moon)|Neso]] e confractura satellitis maioris originem habere.<ref name="SJ_Neptune2006">{{cite journal | author=[[Scott S. Sheppard|Sheppard, Scott S.]]; [[David C. Jewitt|Jewitt, David]]; [[Jan Kleyna|Kleyna, Jan]] | title=A Survey for "Normal" Irregular Satellites Around Neptune: Limits to Completeness | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astronomical-journal_2006-07_132_1/page/171 | journal=The Astronomical Journal | volume=132 | year=2006 | pages=171–176 | doi=10.1086/504799 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first=Richard, Jr. | last=Schmude | year=2008 | title=Uranus, Neptune, Pluto and How to Observe Them | url=https://archive.org/details/uranusneptuneplu0000schm | page=[https://archive.org/details/uranusneptuneplu0000schm/page/106 106] | publisher=Springer | isbn=0387766014 }}</ref> == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> == Nexus externi == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110628211148/http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/satellites/nepsatdata.html Satellites Neptuni nobis cognitae] (auctore [[Scott S. Sheppard]]) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090912083411/http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/satellites/nep2003movie.html S/2003 Imagines satellitum Neptuni] *[http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/NatSats/NaturalSatellites.html Ephemeris IAU-NSES] *[http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?sat_elem Orbita (NASA)] *[http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iauc/08100/08193.html#Item2 IAUC 8193] [[Categoria:Satellites Neptuni]] lett58m925plz4w8gq6xo60syk681d4 0 110832 3979798 3841181 2026-08-09T19:16:01Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979798 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:biological cell.svg|thumb|right|350px|Schema cellulae typicae animalis. In [[cytoplasma]]te, organella maiora et structurae cellulares demonstratae sunt: (1) [[nucleolus]], (2) [[nucleus cellulae|nucleus]], (3) [[ribosoma]], (4) [[vesicula]], (5) [[reticulum endoplasmaticum]] granulosum, (6) [[apparatus Golgi]], (7) [[cytosceletus]], (8) [[reticulum endoplasmaticum]] leve, (9) [[mitochondrium|mitochondria]], (10) [[vacuolum|vacuola]], (11) [[cytoplasma]], (12) [[lysosoma]], (13) [[centriolum|centriola]].]] '''Organellum'''<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-Ow5AAAAMAAJ&dq=organellum&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q=organella&f=false |page=2 |title=Morphology of Invertebrate Types |author=Alexander Petrunkevitch |year=1916 |language=Anglica}}</ref> in [[Cytologia|biologia cellulari]] est structura [[cellula]]e propriam habens functionem, et [[Bicorium lipidorum|bicorio lipidorum]] plerumque inclusa. Sunt multa genera organellorum praesertim in cellulis [[Eukaryota|eucaryoticis]], ut puta [[Nucleus cellulae|nucleus]], [[mitochondrium]] et [[chloroplastus]]. Olim [[procaryota]] organellis carere putabantur, sed aliquot exempla iam reperta sunt.<ref name="pref">{{cite journal |pmid=16081736 |doi=10.1126/science.1113397 |year=2005 |month=August |author=Kerfeld, Ca; Sawaya, Mr; Tanaka, S; Nguyen, Cv; Phillips, M; Beeby, M; Yeates, To |title=Protein structures forming the shell of primitive bacterial organelles. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2005-08-05_309_5736/page/n107 |volume=309 |issue=5736 |pages=936–8 |journal=Science |lingua=Anglica}}</ref> == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat|Organelles|Organella}} {{biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Anatomia cellularum]] [[Categoria:Organella|!]] 3d10oo3gw2z27ee1m27kl0y9sys0vur 0 110873 3980047 3978414 2026-08-09T23:39:25Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980047 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:nucleus ER golgi.svg|thumb|365px|Schema rationis [[secretio]]nis a [[reticulum endoplasmicum|reticulo endoplasmatico]] ad '''apparatum Golgianum.''' '''1'''&nbsp;[[Nucleus cellulae|Nucleus]], '''2'''&nbsp;[[Nucleus cellulae]], '''3'''&nbsp;[[Reticulum endoplasmaticum]] granulosum, '''4'''&nbsp;[[Reticulum endoplasmaticum]] leve, '''5'''&nbsp;[[Ribosoma]] apud r.e. granulosum, '''6'''&nbsp;[[Proteinum|Proteina]] quae transportantur, '''7'''&nbsp;[[Vesicula]]e proteina transportantes, '''8'''&nbsp;'''Apparatus Golgianus''', '''9'''&nbsp;Superficies citerior '''apparatus Golgiani,''' '''10'''&nbsp;Superficies ulterior '''apparatus Golgiani,''' '''11'''&nbsp;Cisternae '''apparatus Golgiani.''']] '''Apparatus Golgianus'''<ref>[http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/lexico/botanica.htm Ephemeridis vocabularium botanicum]</ref> sive '''complexus Golgianus'''<ref>[http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:ZFtr0K-fHJUJ:www.botany.unimelb.edu.au/West/PDF%2520FILE/2005%2520West%2520et%2520al.%2520PR.pdf+complexus+golgianus&hl=it&gl=it&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiHXkB54iOp45J9ZjJdakuA3QTlGwHqioLIjk8xGKwvaUUH8n50QS5DbzdW1SNBhbd9fXC6_uRX4llpe4YrMbnely61bCzU-QtudV0vGxHjg8M1ddJDv2tZ4c2ZEJGLbKe5B936&sig=AHIEtbSHcT5tgrkq47yUy2pYPLEGF4lMRw ''Purpureofili apyrenoidigeri'' descriptio]</ref> sive '''apparatus reticulatus internus'''<ref name="NHV1994">International Committee on Veterinary Histological Nomenclature (1994). ''Nomina Histologica.'' Turici/Ithacae/Novi Eboraci</ref> seu '''complexus golgiensis'''<ref name="NHV1994"/> est [[organellum]] plurimarum [[Cellula|cellularum]] [[Eukaryota|eucaryoticarum]]<ref name="isbn3-211-76309-0">{{cite book | author = Pavelk M, Mironov AA | authorlink = | editor = | others = | title = The Golgi Apparatus: State of the art 110 years after Camillo Golgi's discovery | edition = | language = Anglice | publisher = Springer | location = Berlin | year = 2008 | origyear = | pages = | quote = | isbn = 3-211-76309-0 | oclc = | doi = | url =https://archive.org/details/golgiapparatusst0000unse| accessdate = }}</ref>, nam tum in [[Animalia|animalibus]] cum in [[Plantae|plantis]] (quibus plures sunt et '''dictyosomata''' appellantur) invenitur. Anno [[1897]] a [[Camillus Golgi|Camillo Golgi]] [[Medicus|medico]] [[Italia|Italico]] repertus est, cui nomen organelli dicatum est. <ref name="pmid9865849">{{cite journal | author = Fabene PF, Bentivoglio M | title = 1898-1998: Camillo Golgi and "the Golgi": one hundred years of terminological clones | journal = Brain Res. Bull. | volume = 47 | issue = 3 | pages = 195–8 | year = 1998 | month = October | pmid = 9865849 | doi = 10.1016/S0361-9230(98)00079-3| url =https://archive.org/details/sim_brain-research-bulletin_1998-10_47_3/page/195| issn = | language = Anglice}}</ref> Apparatus Golgianus [[macromolecula]]s [[Proteinum|proteina]] et [[Lipidum|lipida]] post synthesin (quae in reticulo endoplasmatico fit) et ante dimissionem mutat, et digerit, et conligit. Complexus Golgianus magni momenti est in proteinis tractandis et [[Secretio|secernendis]]. == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> {{NexInt}} *[[Cytologia]] {{biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Cytologia]] [[Categoria:Organella]] tuco5bzim7hbi0ulzaf7vg2l5v05jt1 0 110938 3979826 3503636 2026-08-09T20:04:25Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979826 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Centriole-schema.SVG|thumb|Schema '''centrioli''' trigeminos [[microtubulus|microtubulorum]] monstrans]] [[Fasciculus:Centriole3D.png|thumb|Forma '''centrioli''']] '''Centriolum'''<ref name="NH2">International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee (1983). ''Nomina Histologica.'' Baltimorae et Londinii: Williams & Wilkins</ref> {{victio|centriolum|i|n}} est structura cupae similis,<ref name=edde>{{Cite journal|pmid=1967194|year=1990|last1=Eddé|first1=B|last2=Rossier|first2=J|last3=Le Caer|first3=JP|last4=Desbruyères|first4=E|last5=Gros|first5=F|last6=Denoulet|first6=P|title=Posttranslational glutamylation of alpha-tubulin|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1990-01-05_247_4938/page/83|volume=247|issue=4938|pages=83–5|journal=Science (Novi Eboraci) |language=Anglice}}</ref> quae plurimis [[cellula|cellulis]] [[eukaryota|eukaryoticis]] animalium inest, sed abest in [[planta vascularis|plantis vascularibus]] et plurimis [[fungi|fungis]].<ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=15928206|year=2005|last1=Quarmby|first1=LM|last2=Parker|first2=JD|title=Cilia and the cell cycle?|volume=169|issue=5|pages=707–10|doi=10.1083/jcb.200503053|pmc=2171619|journal=The Journal of cell biology |language=Anglice}}</ref> == Notae == <references/> {{biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Anatomia cellularum]] [[Categoria:Biologia]] [[Categoria:Organella]] kk51f7yizvcpbxzv4mjse1vwgj71g8c 0 111370 3979935 3586226 2026-08-09T21:49:47Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{Taxobox | image = Agaricus campestris.jpg | image_width = 200px | image_caption = ''A. campestris'' | regnum = [[Fungi]] | phylum = [[Basidiomycota]] | subphylum = [[Agaricomycotina]] | classis = [[Agaricomycetes]] | ordo = [[Agaricales]] | familia = [[Agaricaceae]] | genus = '''''Agaricus''''' | genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]:[[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]] emend. [[Petter Adolf Karsten|Karst.]] | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = [[List of Agaricus species|List of ''Agaricus'' species]] | type_species = ''[[Agaricus campestris]]'' | type_species_authority = L.:Fr. }} '''''Agaricus''''' est magnum et grave [[fungi|fungorum]] [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]], quod [[species (taxinomia)|species]] et [[fungus edulis|edules]] et [[fungus venenatus|venenatas]] comprehendit, fortasse plus quam 300 species per [[tellus|orbem terrarum]] habens.<ref>C. Bas C., "A short introduction to the ecology, taxonomy and nomenclature of the genus "Agaricus," in L. J. L. D. Van Griensven, ed., ''Genetics and breeding of 'Agaricus''' (Pudoc, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 1991), 21–24.</ref><ref>A. Capelli, ''Agaricus. L.: Fr. (Psalliota Fr.),'' in Liberia editrice Bella Giovanna (Saronno, Italia, 1984).</ref> Genus ''[[Agaricus bisporus|Agaricum bisporum]]'' communem [[fungus|fungum]] comprehendit, et ''[[Agaricus campestris|Agaricum campestrem]],'' regnantem [[fungi culti|fungum cultum]] [[cultura Occidentalis|Occidentis]]. == Index specierum == {{div col|2}} * ''[[Agaricus abruptibulbus]]'' <small>[[Charles Horton Peck|Peck]] (1905)</small> * ''[[Agaricus agrinferus]]'' <small>Kerrigan & Callac (2008)</small> * ''[[Agaricus albolutescens]]'' <small>[[Sanford Myron Zeller|Zeller]] (1938)</small> * ''[[Agaricus aestivalis]]'' <small>[[Albert Pilát|Pilat]] (1951)</small> * ''[[Agaricus agrinferus]]'' <small>Kerrigan & Callac</small> * ''[[Agaricus angusticystidiatus]]''<ref>{{cite journal |title=A new section and species of Agaricus subgenus Pseudochitonia from Thailand |first=Mao-Qiang |last=He |first2=Boontiya |last2=Chuankid |first3=Kevin D. |last3=Hyde |first4=Ratchadawan |last4=Cheewangkoon |first5=Rui-Lin |last5=Zhao |journal=[[MycoKeys]] |volume=40 |year=2018 |issue=40 |pages=53–67 |url=https://mycokeys.pensoft.net/article/26918/list/8/|doi=10.3897/mycokeys.40.26918 |pmid=30271264 |pmc=6160818 }}</ref> * ''[[Agaricus annae]]''<ref name="Pilát A. 1951">Pilát A. (1951). ''The Bohemian species of the genus'' Agaricus. Prague, 142 pp.</ref> * ''[[Agaricus alabamensis]]'' * ''[[Agaricus albertii]]'' <small>[[Marcel Bon|Bon]] (1988)</small> * ''[[Agaricus altipes]]'' <small>Møller</small> * ''[[Agaricus amicosus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus andrewii]]'' <small>Freeman</small> * ''[[Agaricus arcticus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus argenteus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus argentinus]]''<ref>Spegazzini C. (1899). Fungi argentini novi vel critici. ''Anales Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires'' '''24''': 167–186.</ref> * ''[[Agaricus aridicola]]'' <small>Geml, Geiser & Royse (2004)</small> * ''[[Agaricus aristocratus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus arorae]]'' * ''[[Agaricus arvensis]]'' * ''[[Agaricus augustus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus aurantioviolaceus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus benesii]]'' * ''[[Agaricus bernardii]]'' * ''[[Agaricus biannulatus]]'' <small>Mua, L.A.Parra, Cappelli & Callac (2012)</small> * ''[[Agaricus bisporiticus]]'' – Asia * ''[[Agaricus bisporus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus bitorquis]]'' * ''[[Agaricus blazei]]'' * ''[[Agaricus bohusianus]]'' <small>L.A.Parra (2005)</small> * ''[[Agaricus bohusii]]'' * ''[[Agaricus bresadolanus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus caballeroi]]'' <small>L.A.Parra, G.Muñoz & Callac (2014)</small> * ''[[Agaricus californicus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus campbellensis]]''<ref name=Gemletal2007>{{cite journal |vauthors=Geml J, Laursen GA, Nusbaum HC, Taylor DL | year = 2007 | title = Two new species of ''Agaricus'' from the subantarctic | url = | journal = Mycotaxon | volume = 100 | issue = | pages = 193–208 }}</ref> * ''[[Agaricus campestris]]'' * ''[[Agaricus cellaris]]'' * ''[[Agaricus chartaceus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus chionodermus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus chlamydopus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus colpeteii]]'' * ''[[Agaricus columellatus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus comtuliformis]]'' * ''[[Agaricus comtulus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus cretacellus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus cretaceus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus crocodilinus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus cupreobrunneus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus cupressophilus]]'' <small>Kerrigan (2008)</small> * ''[[Agaricus depauperatus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus deserticola]]'' <small>G.Moreno, Esqueda & Lizárraga (2010)</small> * ''[[Agaricus devoniensis]]'' * ''[[Agaricus diminutivus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus dulcidulus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus eburneocanus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus endoxanthus]]''<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Parra LA, Villarreal M, Esteve-Raventos F | year = 2002 | title = ''Agaricus endoxanthus'' una specie tropicale trovata in Spagna | url = | journal = Rivista di Micologia | volume = 45 | issue = 3| pages = 225–233 }}</ref> * ''[[Agaricus erthyrosarx]]'' * ''[[Agaricus essettei]]'' * ''[[Agaricus excellens]]'' * ''[[Agaricus fissuratus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus freirei]]'' * ''[[Agaricus fuscofibrillosus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus fuscovelatus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus floridanus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus fuscopunctatus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus halophilus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus hondensis]]'' * ''[[Agaricus hortensis]]'' * ''[[Agaricus huijsmanii]]'' <small>Courtec. (2008)</small> * ''[[Agaricus inilleasper]]'' * ''[[Agaricus impudicus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus inapertus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus koelerionensis]]'' * ''[[Agaricus lacrymabunda]]'' * ''[[Agaricus lamelliperditus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus langei]]'' * ''[[Agaricus lanipes]]'' * ''[[Agaricus laskibarii]]''<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Parra LA, Arrillaga P | year = 2002 | title = ''Agaricus laskibarii''. A new species from French coastal sand-dunes of Seignosse | url = | journal = Doc Mycol | volume = 31 | issue = 124| pages = 33–38 }}</ref> * ''[[Agaricus leucotrichus]]'' <small>Møller</small> * ''[[Agaricus lilaceps]]'' * ''[[Agaricus litoralis]]'' * ''[[Agaricus ludovici]]''<ref>{{cite journal | author = Remy L | year = 1964 | title = Contribution a l'etude de la Flore mycologique Briangonnaise (Basidiomycetes et Discomycetes) | url = | journal = Bull. Trimestriel Soc. Mycol. France | volume = 80 | issue = | pages = 459–585 }}</ref> * ''[[Agaricus luteomaculatus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus maclovianus]]''<ref name=Nauta1999>{{cite journal | author = Nauta MM | year = 1999 | title = The Mycoflora of the Falkland Islands: II. Notes on the genus ''Agaricus'' | url = | journal = Kew Bulletin | volume = 54 | issue = 3| pages = 621–635 | doi=10.2307/4110859| jstor = 4110859 }}</ref> * ''[[Agaricus macrocarpus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus macrolepis]]'' <small>(Pilát & Pouzar) Boisselet & Courtec. (2008)</small> * ''[[Agaricus magni]]'' * ''[[Agaricus maleolens]]'' * ''[[Agaricus medio-fuscus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus meleagris]]'' * ''[[Agaricus menieri]]'' * ''[[Agaricus micromegathus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus microvolvatulus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus minimus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus moelleri]]'' * ''[[Agaricus murinocephalus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus nebularum]]'' * ''[[Agaricus niveolutescens]]'' * ''[[Agaricus osecanus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus pachydermus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus pampeanus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus parvitigrinus]]''<ref name="pmid16396349">{{cite journal |vauthors=Callac P, Guinberteau J |title=Morphological and molecular characterization of two novel species of ''Agaricus'' section ''Xanthodermatei'' |journal=Mycologia |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=416–24 |year=2005 |pmid=16396349 |doi= 10.3852/mycologia.97.2.416|url=https://archive.org/details/mycologia_march-april-2005_97_2/page/416}}</ref> * ''[[Agaricus pattersoniae]]'' * ''[[Agaricus perobscurus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus perrarus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus phaeolepidotus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus pilatianus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus pilosporus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus placomyces]]'' * ''[[Agaricus pocillator]]'' * ''[[Agaricus porphyrizon]]'' * ''[[Agaricus porphyrocephalus]]'' <small>Møller</small> * ''[[Agaricus praerimosus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus pratensis]]'' * ''[[Agaricus pseudopratensis]]'' * ''[[Agaricus purpurellus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus radicatus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus romagnesii]]'' * ''[[Agaricus rosalamellatus]]''<ref>{{cite journal | author = Raithelhuber J | year = 1986 | title = Nomina nova | url = | journal = Metrodiana | volume = 14 | issue = | page = 22 }}</ref> * ''[[Agaricus rotalis]]'' * ''[[Agaricus rubellus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus rufotegulis]]'' * ''[[Agaricus rusiophyllus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus santacatalinensis]]'' * ''[[Agaricus semotus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus silvaticus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus silvicola]]'' <small>[[Peck]] (1872)</small> * ''[[Agaricus smithii]]'' * ''[[Agaricus solidipes]]'' <small>Peck, Bull (1904)</small><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Murrill |first1=William |authorlink1=William Murrill |title=Dark-Spored Agarics |journal=[[Mycologia]] |date=1922 |volume=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4IpNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA203 |publisher=[[New York Botanical Garden]] |p=203}}</ref> * ''[[Agaricus spissicaulis]]'' * ''[[Agaricus stigmaticus]]'' <small>Courtec. (2008)</small> * ''[[Agaricus stramineus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus subantarcticus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus subfloccosus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus subperonatus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus subrufescens]]'' (= ''Agaricus blazei'') * ''[[Agaricus subrutilescens]]'' * ''[[Agaricus subsaharianus]]'' <small>L.A.Parra, Hama & De Kesel (2010)</small> * ''[[Agaricus subsubensis]]'' <small>Kerrigan (2008)</small> * ''[[Agaricus taeniatus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus tlaxcalensis]]'' <small>Callac & G.Mata (2008)</small> * ''[[Agaricus urinascens]]'' * ''[[Agaricus vaporarius]]'' * ''[[Agaricus variegans]]'' * ''[[Agaricus valdiviae]]''<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Singer R, Moser M | year = 1965 | title = Forest mycology and forest communities in South America | url =https://archive.org/details/mycopathologia_1965_26_2-3/page/129| journal = Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. | volume = 26 | issue = 2–3| pages = 129–191 | doi = 10.1007/BF02049773 }}; {{cite journal | author = Heinemann P | year = 1986 | title = Agarici Austroamericani VI. Apernu sur les Agaricus de Patagonie et de la Terre de Feu | url = | journal = Bull. Jard. Bot. Belg | volume = 56 | issue = 3/4| pages = 417–446 | doi=10.2307/3668202| jstor = 3668202 }}</ref> * ''[[Agaricus xanthodermulus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus xanthodermus]]'' * ''[[Agaricus xantholepis]]'' {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Agaricus|''Agaricum''}} {{Vicispecies|Agaricus|''Agaricum''}} {{Fontes biologici}} [[Categoria:Agaricus|!]] [[Categoria:Genera fungorum]] [[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]] {{Myrias|Biologia}} sd8c6k14nx3j08svjjbdtt8qpliah6j 0 113367 3979865 3880802 2026-08-09T20:37:59Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ''Gammaretrovirus'' | virus_group = vi | familia = ''[[Retroviridae]]'' | subfamilia = ''Orthoretrovirinae'' | genus = '''''Gammaretrovirus''''' | type_species = ''[[Virus leuchaemiae murinae]]'' | subdivision_ranks = species | subdivision = '''''Grex virorum mammalium'''''<br> :''[[Virus leuchaemiae felinae]]'' :''[[Virus leuchaemiae murinae]]'' :''Virus leuchaemiae simii Gibbon'' :''Oncovirus typus-C'' ::''~ caviae porcelli'' ::''~ porci'' '''''Viri replicationis imperfecti'''''<br> :''Virus leuchaemiae murinae'' ::''~ Finkel-Biskis-Jinkins'' ::''~ Moloney'' :''Virus sarcomae felinae '' ::''~ Gardner-Arnstein'' ::''~ Hardy-Zuckerman'' ::''~ Snyder-Theilen'' :''Virus sarcomae murinae'' ::''~ Harvey'' ::''~ Kirsten'' ::''~ Moloney'' :''Virus sarcomae'' ::''~ simiae Woolly'' '''''Grex virorum reptiliarum'''''<br> :''[[Retrovirus viperidae]]'' '''''Grex virorum reticuloendotheliosis avium'''''<br> :''Virus syncytialus pullorum'' :''[[Virus reticuloendotheliosis]]'' :''Virus necrosis splenis anatis Trager'' }} '''Gammaretrovirus''' {{victio|gammaretrovirus|i|n}} est genus [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[retroviridae]]. Multae species gammaretroviri [[oncogenum|oncogena]] habent et [[sarcoma]]ta [[leuchaemia]]sque efficere notae sunt. Exempli sunt [[virus leuchaemiae murinae]] et [[virus leuchaemiae felinae]].<ref name="expasy">{{cite web |url=http://www.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/67.html |title=Gammaretrovirus |accessdate=2011 Ian 7 |work=Viralzone |publisher=ExPASy |language=Anglice }}</ref> [[XMRV]] est gammaretrovirus hominum.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/21/opinion/21johnson.html?ref=global |title=A Case of Chronic Denial |date=20 Oct 2009 |first=Hillary |last=Johnson |accessdate=7 Ian 2011 |work=Opinion |publisher=[[New York Times]] |language=Anglice }}</ref> Multa gammaretrovira RNA structuram, [[signum ad granum viri in capside includendum]] nominatur, partiunt.<ref name="pmid15003457">{{cite journal |author=D'Souza V, Dey A, Habib D, Summers MF |title=NMR structure of the 101-nucleotide core encapsidation signal of the Moloney murine leukemia virus. |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-molecular-biology_2004-03-19_337_2/page/427 |journal=J Mol Biol |volume=337 |issue=2 |pages=427–42 |year=2004 |pmid=15003457 |doi=10.1016/j.jmb.2004.01.037}}</ref> == Notae == <references/> [[Categoria:Retrovira]] [[Categoria:Vira]] iihnku4bufcd5fd7x59pczfqdgekvum 0 113988 3979845 3716203 2026-08-09T20:19:29Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = {{taxobox colour|[[Euryarchaeota]]}} | image = Halobacteria.jpg | image_width = 200px | image_caption = ''[[Halobacterium]]'' sp. gregis ([[Anglice]] ''strain'') NRC-1, quaque [[cellula|cellulá]] circa 5 µm longa | domain = [[Archaea]] | regnum = Euryarchaeota | phylum = '''Euryarchaeota''' | phylum_authority = Woese, Kandler & Wheelis, [[1990]] | subdivision_ranks = Classes | subdivision = * [[Archaeoglobi]] * [[Halobacteria]] * [[Methanobacteria]] * [[Methanococci]] * [[Methanomicrobia]] * [[Methanopyri]] * [[Thermococci]] * [[Thermoplasmata]] | synonyms = * Euryarchaeota Woese et al. [[1990]] * Euryarchaeota Garrity and Holt [[2002]] * ''non'' Euryarchaeota Cavalier-Smith [[2002]] }} '''Euryarchaeota''' (ex verbo [[Lingua Graeca|Graeco]] 'lata vetusta qualitas') in [[taxinomia]] [[microorganismus|microorganismorum]] sunt [[Archaea|Archaeorum]] [[phylum]],<ref>Vide [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=28890 interretialem de Euryarchaeotis paginam.]</ref><ref>C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Archaea?topic=49496 "Archaea,"] in ''Encyclopedia of Earth,'' edd. E. Monosson et C. Cleveland (Vasingtoniae: National Council for Science and the Environment, 2010).]</ref><ref>Data ex {{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/taxonomy/ | title=NCBI taxonomy resources | publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information | accessdate=2007-03-19}}</ref> quod comprehendit [[methanogenum|methanogena]] ([[methanum]] gignentia, saepe in [[intestinum|intestinis]] [[animalia|animalium]] inventa), [[halobacteria]] (quae extremas [[sal]]is concentrationes<ref>Ernestus Gotthold Struve D., ''Paradoxum chymicum sine igne'', Ienae, 1715, apud Ernestum Claudium Bailliar, p. 55. [http://books.google.com.br/books?id=s8MPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PT62&lpg=PT62&dq=concentrationibus&source=bl&ots=g6-lXUDh65&sig=_LFxoUn2xECZDsD0_jbEtnhzhIk&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ei=hfdfT8_FCOni0QHy2tynBw&sqi=2&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=concentrationibus&f=false] [[Libri Googles]] {{Ling|Latine}}</ref> superant), et aliquos [[organismus aerobicus|organismos aerobios]] et [[organismus anaerobicus|anaerobios]] summe [[thermophilismus|thermophiliacos]]. Omnes ab aliis archaeanis praecipue secundum sequentias [[rRNA]] distinguuntur. == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references/></div> == Bibliographia == === Diurna scientifica === * {{ cite journal | last = Achenbach-Richter | first = L. | coauthors = Woese C. R. | year = 1988 | title = The ribosomal gene spacer region in archaebacteria | journal = Syst. Appl. Microbiol. | volume = 10 | pages = 211–214 | pmid = 11542149}} * {{ cite journal | last = Cavalier-Smith | first = T. | year = 2002 | title = The neomuran origin of archaebacteria, the negibacterial root of the universal tree and bacterial megaclassification | journal = Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 52 | pages = 7–76 | pmid = 11837318 | issue = Pt 1}} * {{ cite journal | last = Christensen | first = H. | coauthors = Angen O., Mutters R., Olsen J. E., Bisgaard M. | year = 2000 | title = DNA-DNA hybridization determined in micro-wells using covalent attachment of DNA | journal = Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 50 | pages = 1095–1102 | pmid = 10843050}} * {{ cite journal | last = Christensen | first = H. | coauthors = Bisgaard M., Frederiksen W., Mutters R., Kuhnert P., Olsen J. E. | year = 2001 | title = Is characterization of a single isolate sufficient for valid publication of a new genus or species? Proposal to modify recommendation 30b of the Bacteriological Code (1990 Revision) | journal = Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 51 | pages = 2221–2225 | pmid = 11760965 | issue = Pt 6}} * {{ cite journal | last = Clayton | first = R. A. | coauthors = Sutton G., Hinkle P. S. Jr, Bult C., Fields C. | year = 1995 | title = Intraspecific variation in small-subunit rRNA sequences in GenBank: why single sequences may not adequately represent prokaryotic taxa | journal = Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. | volume = 45 | pages = 595–599 | pmid = 8590690 | doi = 10.1099/00207713-45-3-595 | issue = 3}} * {{ cite journal | last = Dalevi | first = D. | coauthors = Hugenholtz P., Blackall L. L. | year = 2001 | title = A multiple-outgroup approach to resolving division-level phylogenetic relationships using 16S rDNA data | journal = Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 51 | pages = 385–391 | pmid = 11321083 | issue = Pt 2}} * {{ cite journal | last = Euzeby | first = J. P. | year = 1997 | title = List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature: a folder available on the Internet | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-systematic-evolutionary-microbiology_1997-04_47_2/page/590 | journal = Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. | volume = 47 | pages = 590–592 | pmid = 9103655 | doi = 10.1099/00207713-47-2-590 | issue = 2}} * {{ cite journal | last = Gurtler | first = V. | coauthors = Mayall B. C. | year = 2001 | title = Genomic approaches to typing, taxonomy and evolution of bacterial isolates | journal = Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 51 | pages = 3–16 | pmid = 11211268 | issue = Pt 1}} * {{ cite journal | last = Keswani | first = J. | coauthors = Whitman W. B. | year = 2001 | title = Relationship of 16S rRNA sequence similarity to DNA hybridization in prokaryotes | journal = Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 51 | pages = 667–678 | pmid = 11321113 | issue = Pt 2}} * {{ cite journal | last = Hansmann | first = S | coauthors = Martin W | year = 2000 | title = Phylogeny of 33 ribosomal and six other proteins encoded in an ancient gene cluster that is conserved across prokaryotic genomes: influence of excluding poorly alignable sites from analysis | journal = Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 50 | pages = 1655–1663 | pmid = 10939673}} * {{ cite journal | last = McGill | first = T. J. | coauthors = Jurka J., Sobieski J. M., Pickett M. H., Woese C. R., Fox G. E. | year = 1986 | title = Characteristic archaebacterial 16S rRNA oligonucleotides | journal = Syst. Appl. Microbiol. | volume = 7 | pages = 194–197 | pmid = 11542064}} * {{ cite journal | last = Murray | first = R. G. | coauthors = Schleifer K. H. | year = 1994 | title = Taxonomic notes: a proposal for recording the properties of putative taxa of procaryotes | journal = Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. | volume = 44 | pages = 174–176 | pmid = 8123559 | doi = 10.1099/00207713-44-1-174 | issue = 1}} * {{ cite journal | last = Palys | first = T. | coauthors = Nakamura L. K., Cohan F. M. | year = 1997 | title = Discovery and classification of ecological diversity in the bacterial world: the role of DNA sequence data | journal = Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. | volume = 47 | pages = 1145–1156 | pmid = 9336922 | doi = 10.1099/00207713-47-4-1145 | issue = 4}} * {{ cite journal | last = Stackebrandt | first = E. | coauthors = Frederiksen W., Garrity G. M., Grimont P. A., Kampfer P., Maiden M. C., Nesme X., Rossello-Mora R., Swings J., Truper H. G., Vauterin L., Ward A. C., Whitman W. B. | year = 2002 | title = Report of the ad hoc committee for the re-evaluation of the species definition in bacteriology | journal = Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 52 | pages = 1043–1047 | pmid = 12054223 | doi = 10.1099/ijs.0.02360-0 | issue = Pt 3}} * {{ cite journal | last = Tindall | first = B. J. | year = 1999 | title = Proposal to change the Rule governing the designation of type strains deposited under culture collection numbers allocated for patent purposes | journal = Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. | volume = 49 | pages = 1317–1319 | pmid = 10490293 | doi = 10.1099/00207713-49-3-1317}} * {{ cite journal | last = Tindall | first = B. J. | year = 1999 | title = Proposal to change Rule 18a, Rule 18f and Rule 30 to limit the retroactive consequences of changes accepted by the ICSB | journal = Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. | volume = 49 | pages = 1321–1322 | pmid = 10425797 | doi = 10.1099/00207713-49-3-1321}} * {{ cite journal | last = Tindall | first = B. J. | year = 1999 | title = Misunderstanding the Bacteriological Code | journal = Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. | volume = 49 | pages = 1313–1316 | pmid = 10425796 | doi = 10.1099/00207713-49-3-1313}} * {{ cite journal | last = Tindall | first = B. J. | year = 1999 | title = Proposals to update and make changes to the Bacteriological Code | journal = Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. | volume = 49 | pages = 1309–1312 | pmid = 10425795 | doi = 10.1099/00207713-49-3-1309}} * {{ cite journal | last = Winker | first = S. | coauthors = Woese C. R. | year = 1991 | title = A definition of the domains Archaea, Bacteria and Eucarya in terms of small subunit ribosomal RNA characteristics | journal = Syst. Appl. Microbiol. | volume = 14 | pages = 305–310 | pmid = 11540071 | issue = 4}} * {{ cite journal | last = Woese | first = CR | coauthors = Kandler O, Wheelis ML | year = 1990 | title = Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA | volume = 87 | pages = 4576–4579 | pmid = 2112744 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576 | issue = 12 | pmc = 54159}} * {{ cite journal | last = Woese | first = CR | coauthors = Olsen G. J. | year = 1984 | title = The phylogenetic relationships of three sulfur dependent archaebacteria | journal = Syst. Appl. Microbiol. | volume = 5 | pages = 97–105 | pmid = 11541975}} * {{ cite journal | last = Woese | first = CR | coauthors = Fox GE | year = 1977 | title = Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA | volume = 74 | pages = 5088–5090 | pmid = 270744 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088 | issue = 11 | pmc = 432104}} * {{ cite journal | last = Xu | first = H. X. | coauthors = Kawamura Y., Li N., Zhao L., Li T. M., Li Z. Y., Shu S., Ezaki T. | year = 2000 | title = A rapid method for determining the G+C content of bacterial chromosomes by monitoring fluorescence intensity during DNA denaturation in a capillary tube | journal = Int. J. Syst.Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 50 | pages = 1463–1469 | pmid = 10939651}} * {{ cite journal | last = Young | first = J. M. | year = 2000 | title = Suggestions for avoiding on-going confusion from the Bacteriological Code | journal = Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 50 | pages = 1687–1689 | pmid = 10939677}} * {{ cite journal | last = Young | first = J. M. | year = 2001 | title = Implications of alternative classifications and horizontal gene transfer for bacterial taxonomy | journal = Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 51 | pages = 945–953 | pmid = 11411719 | issue = Pt 3}} === Liber scientificus === * {{ cite book | author = Garrity G. M., Holt J. G. | year = 2001 | chapter = Phylum AII. Euryarchaeota phy. nov. | title = Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria | edition = 2nd | editor = DR Boone and RW Castenholz, eds. | pages = 169 | publisher = Springer Verlag | location = New York | isbn = 978-0387987712 }} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat}} {{Fontes biologici}} {{Vicispecies}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100829112955/http://img.jgi.doe.gov/cgi-bin/pub/main.cgi?section=TaxonList&page=lineageMicrobes&phylum=Euryarchaeota Comparativa Genomatum Euryarchaeotorum Analysis] (apud [[United States Department of Energy|DOE's]] [[Integrated Microbial Genomes System|IMG system]]) * [http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/classifphyla.html#Euryarchaeota J.P. Euzéby: Index nominum Prokaryoticorum in Nomenclatura "standing"{{dubsig}} habentium] {{zoologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Archaea]] [[Categoria:Microbiologia]] [[Categoria:Taxa Kandler]] [[Categoria:Taxa Wheelis]] [[Categoria:Taxa Woese]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1990]] ocwepcstymshnbsr5vhwqhxdr9ceggz 0 113990 3980057 2677016 2026-08-09T23:49:25Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Halobacteria | image = Halobacteria.jpg | image_width = 200px | image_caption = ''[[Halobacterium]]'' sp. | domain = [[Archaea]] | phylum = [[Euryarchaeota]] | classis = '''Halobacteria''' | subdivision_ranks = [[Ordo (taxinomia)|Ordines]] | subdivision = * [[Halobacteriales]] }} {{Taxobox | image = Halobacteria.jpg | image_width = 200px | image_caption = ''[[Halobacterium]]'' sp. ''strain''{{dubsig}} NRC-1; quaeque [[cellula]] est circa 5 µm longa. | domain = [[Archaea]] | regnum = [[Euryarchaeota]] | phylum = [[Euryarchaeota]] | classis = Halobacteria | subdivision_ranks = [[Ordo (taxinomia)|Ordines]] | subdivision = * [[Halobacteriales]] | synonyms = * '''Halobacteria''' Grant et al. 2002 }} '''Halobacteria''' (etiam '''Halomebacteria'''), rectius [[Haloarchaea]], sunt [[classis (taxinomia)|classis]] [[Euryarchaeota|Euryarchaeotorum]],<ref>Vide [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]]{{dubsig}} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=183963 situm de Halobacteria]. Data ex {{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/taxonomy/ | title=NCBI taxonomy resources | publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] | accessdate=2007-03-19}}</ref> quae in [[aqua]] [[sal]]e saturata vel paene saturata habitant. Ea etiam [[halophilia|halophili]] appellantur. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == === Diurna scientifica === * {{ cite journal | last = Cavalier-Smith | first = T | date = 2002 | title = The neomuran origin of archaebacteria, the negibacterial root of the universal tree and bacterial megaclassification | journal = Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 52 | pages = 7–76 | pmid = 11837318 | issue = Pt 1}} * {{ cite journal | last = Woese | first = CR | coauthors = Kandler O, Wheelis ML | date = 1990 | title = Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA | volume = 87 | pages = 4576–4579 | pmid = 2112744 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576 | issue = 12 | pmc = 54159}} * {{ cite journal | last = Cavalier-Smith | first = T | date = 1986 | title = The kingdoms of organisms | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1986-12-04_324_6096/page/416 | journal = Nature | volume = 324 | pages = 416–417 | pmid = 2431320 | doi = 10.1038/324416a0 | issue = 6096}} === Libri scientifici === * {{ cite book | author = Grant WD, Kamekura M, McGenity TJ, Ventosa A | date = 2001 | chapter = Class III. Halobacteria class. nov. | title = Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria | edition = 2nd | editor = DR Boone and RW Castenholz, eds. | pages = 169 | publisher = Springer Verlag | location = New York | isbn = 978-0387987712 }} * {{ cite book | author = Garrity GM, Holt JG | date = 2001 | chapter = Phylum AII. Euryarchaeota phy. nov. | title = Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria | edition = 2nd | editor = DR Boone and RW Castenholz, eds. | pages = 169 | publisher = Springer Verlag | location = New York | isbn = 978-0387987712 }} [[Categoria:Archaea]] [[Categoria:Microbiologia]] [[Categoria:Taxa Grant]] [[Categoria:Taxa 2002]] giwtys4v0hejlyefckl0wo8lxdk2x44 0 113991 3979804 3052568 2026-08-09T19:23:09Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Halobacteriales | image = Halobacteria.jpg | image_width = 200px | image_caption = ''[[Halobacterium]]'' sp. | domain = [[Archaea]] | phylum = [[Euryarchaeota]] | classis = [[Halobacteria]] | ordo = '''Halobacteriales''' | ordo_authority = Grant & Larsen, 1989 | subdivision_ranks = [[Familia (taxinomia)|Familiae]] | subdivision = * [[Halobacteriaceae]] }} '''Halobacteriales''' sunt [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordo]] [[bacterium|bacteriorum]] [[classis (taxinomia)|classis]] [[Halobacteria|Halobacteriorum]],<ref>"[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2235 Halobacteriales]" ex situ {{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/taxonomy/ | title=NCBI taxonomy resources | publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] | accessdate=2007-03-19}}</ref> quae in [[aqua]] [[sal]]e saturata vel paene saturata habitant. Ea etiam [[halophilia|halophili]] appellantur. == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> == Bibliographia == ; Diurna scientifica * {{ cite journal | last = Wright | first = A-DG | date = 2006 | title = Phylogenetic relationships within the order Halobacteriales inferred from 16S rRNA gene sequences | journal = Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 56 | pages = 1223–1227 | doi = 10.1099/ijs.0.63776-0 | pmid = 16738095 | issue = Pt 6 }} * {{ cite journal | author = Judicial Commission of the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes | date = 2005 | title = The nomenclatural types of the orders Acholeplasmatales, Halanaerobiales, Halobacteriales, Methanobacteriales, Methanococcales, Methanomicrobiales, Planctomycetales, Prochlorales, Sulfolobales, Thermococcales, Thermoproteales and Verrucomicrobiales are the genera Acholeplasma, Halanaerobium, Halobacterium, Methanobacterium, Methanococcus, Methanomicrobium, Planctomyces, Prochloron, Sulfolobus, Thermococcus, Thermoproteus and Verrucomicrobium, respectively. Opinion 79 | journal = Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 55 | pages = 517–518 | pmid = 15653928 | issue = Pt 1 | doi = 10.1099/ijs.0.63548-0}} * {{ cite journal | last = Cavalier-Smith | first = T | date = 2002 | title = The neomuran origin of archaebacteria, the negibacterial root of the universal tree and bacterial megaclassification | journal = Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 52 | pages = 7–76 | pmid = 11837318 | issue = Pt 1}} * {{ cite journal | author = Euzeby JP, Tindall BJ | date = 2001 | title = Nomenclatural type of orders: corrections necessary according to Rules 15 and 21a of the Bacteriological Code (1990 Revision), and designation of appropriate nomenclatural types of classes and subclasses. Request for an Opinion | journal = Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 51 | pages = 725–727 | pmid = 11321122 | issue = Pt 2}} * {{ cite journal | last = Cavalier-Smith | first = T | date = 1986 | title = The kingdoms of organisms | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1986-12-04_324_6096/page/416 | journal = Nature | volume = 324 | pages = 416–417 | pmid = 2431320 | doi = 10.1038/324416a0 | issue = 6096}} ; Libri scientifici * {{ cite book | author = Grant WD, Kamekura M, McGenity TJ, Ventosa A | date = 2001 | chapter = Class III. Halobacteria class. nov. | title = Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria | edition = 2nd | editor = DR Boone and RW Castenholz, eds. | publisher = Springer Verlag | location = New York | isbn = 978-0387987712 | page = 169 }} * {{ cite book | author = Grant WD, Larsen H | date = 1989 | chapter = Group III. Extremely halophilic archaeobacteria. Order Halobacteriales ord. nov. | title = Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Volume 3 | edition = 1st | editor = JT Staley, MP Bryant, N Pfennig, and JG Holt, eds. | publisher = The Williams & Wilkins Co. | location = Baltimore | page = 169}} {{biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Archaea]] [[Categoria:Taxa Grant]] [[Categoria:Taxa Larsen]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1989]] 8e8f5decyzzub4rlq2mo6ytcuiobg0c 0 115165 3979882 3750837 2026-08-09T20:48:59Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |name = ''Lobelia'' |image = Lobelia close-up (aka).jpg |image_caption = ''Lobelia erinus'' |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudicotyledones]] |unranked_ordo = [[Asteridae]] |ordo = [[Asterales]] |familia = [[Campanulaceae]] |subfamilia = [[Lobelioideae]] |genus = '''''Lobelia''''' |genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] |subdivision_ranks = Species |subdivision = Vide commentarium. |}} [[Fasciculus:BaleLobelias.jpg|thumb|''Lobeliae'' ad circa 4000&thinsp;m in [[Bale Montes|Bale Montibus]] in [[Terrae Altae Aethiopicae|Terris Altis Aethiopicis]].]] [[Fasciculus:Lobelia (aka).jpg|thumb|''[[Lobelia erinus]]'']] [[Fasciculus:MtKenyaLobelia.jpg|thumb|''Lobeliae'' immanes in [[Mons Kenya|Monte Kenya]].]] '''''Lobelia'''''<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607.</ref> est [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] [[Angiospermae|plantarum florentium]] quod circa 360–400 [[species (taxinomia)|species]] comprehendit, distributione [[distributio cosmopolitana|subcosmopolitana]], praecipue in [[zona tropica|tropicis]] [[zona temperata|temperatisque callidioribus]] orbis terrarum regionibus, paucis speciebus regiones [[zona temperata|temperatas frigidiores]] tangentibus.<ref name=rhs>A. Huxley, ed., ''New RHS Dictionary of Gardening'' (Macmillan, 1992, ISBN 0-333-47494-5).</ref> Genus ex [[Matthias de Lobel|Matthia de Lobel]] (1538–1616) [[botanica|botanista]] [[Belgia|Belgico]] appellatur.<ref name=rhs/> Nonnulli [[botanica|botanistae]] genus et eius cognatas in [[Lobeliaceae|Lobeliaceis]], [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]] separata, disponunt; alii, ut subfamilia [[Lobelioideae]] intra [[Campanulaceae|Campanulaceas]]. [[Angiospermarum Phylogeniae Grex]], rem non statuens, genus sub ambabus familiis disposuit. Speciebus ''Lobeliae'' vescuntur [[larva]]e nonnullarum [[Lepidoptera|Lepidopterorum]], ''[[Xestia c-nigrum|Xestia c-nigro]]'' inclusa. Genus ''Lobelia'' ad honorem [[Matthias de Lobel|Matthiae de Lobel]] a [[Carolus Plumier|Carolo Plumier]] nominatum est; quod nomen [[Carolus Linnaeus]] descriptione confirmavit.<ref>{{qc|id=Plumier (1703)}}; {{Linnaeus SP|929}}</ref> == Species delectae == {| |- valign=top | * ''[[Lobelia aberdarica]]'' <small>R.E. & T.C.E.Fries</small> ([[Kenya]] et [[Uganda]]) * ''[[Lobelia anatina]]'' <small></small> * ''[[Lobelia anceps]]'' <small></small> * ''[[Lobelia appendiculata]]'' <small></small> * ''[[Lobelia assurgens]]'' <small></small> * ''[[Lobelia berlandieri]]'' <small></small> * ''[[Lobelia bambuseti]]'' <small></small> * ''[[Lobelia boykinii]]'' <small></small> * ''[[Lobelia canbyi]]'' <small></small> * ''[[Lobelia cardinalis]]'' <small>[[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]</small> (syn. ''L. fulgens'') ([[America]]) * ''[[Lobelia chinensis]]'' <small>[[João de Loureiro|Lour.]]</small> ([[Asia Orientalis]] et [[Asia Meridiana]]) * ''[[Lobelia collina]]'' <small>[[Carl Sigismund Kunth|Kunth]]</small> ([[Aequatoria]]) * ''[[Lobelia comosa]]'' <small></small> * ''[[Lobelia coronopifolia]]'' <small></small> * ''[[Lobelia deckenii]]'' <small>[[William Botting Hemsley|Hemsl.]], [[1877]]</small> ([[Africa]] orientalis) * ''[[Lobelia dortmanna]]'' <small>L.</small> ([[America Septentrionalis]] septentrionalis et [[Europa]]) * ''[[Lobelia erinus]]'' <small>L.</small> ([[Africa]] meridiana) * ''[[Lobelia flaccidifolia]]'' <small></small> * ''[[Lobelia flaccida]]'' <small></small> * ''[[Lobelia gaudichaudii]]'' <small>[[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|A.DC]]</small> ([[Oahu|O{{okina}}ahu]] in [[Havaii|Havai{{okina}}is]]) * ''[[Lobelia gerardii]]'' <small></small> * ''[[Lobelia gibberoa]]'' <small></small> * ''[[Lobelia hypoleuca]]'' <small>[[William Hillebrand|Hillebr.]]</small> ([[Hawaii|Hawai{{okina}}i]]) * ''[[Lobelia ilicifolia]]'' <small></small> (syn. ''L. purpurascens'') * ''[[Lobelia inflata]]'' <small>L.</small> ([[America Septentrionalis]] orientalis) | * ''[[Lobelia kalmii]]'' <small>L.</small> ([[America Septentrionalis]] septentrionalis) * ''[[Lobelia laxiflora]]'' <small></small><!-- Biotropica 23: 98 --> * ''[[Lobelia leschenaultiana]]'' <small></small> * ''[[Lobelia monostachya]]'' <small>(Rock) Lammers</small> ([[Oahu|O{{okina}}ahu]] in [[Havaii|Havai{{okina}}is]]) * ''[[Lobelia nicotianifolia]]'' <small></small> * ''[[Lobelia niihauensis]]'' <small>[[Harold St. John|H.St.John]]</small> ([[Niihau|Ni{{okina}}ihau]], [[Kauai|Kaua{{okina}}i]], et [[Oahu|O{{okina}}ahu]] in [[Havaii|Havai{{okina}}is]]) * ''[[Lobelia oahuensis]]'' <small>Rock</small> ([[Oahu|O{{okina}}ahu]] in [[Havaii|Havai{{okina}}is]]) * ''[[Lobelia persicifolia]]'' <small></small> * ''[[Lobelia pratioides]]'' <small>Benth.</small> ([[Australia]]) * ''[[Lobelia pinifolia]]'' <small></small> * ''[[Lobelia puberula]]'' <small></small> * ''[[Lobelia pyramidalis]]'' <small></small> * ''[[Lobelia rhombifolia]]'' <small></small> * ''[[Lobelia rosea]]'' <small></small> * ''[[Lobelia sessilifolia]]'' <small></small> * ''[[Lobelia siphilitica]]'' <small>L.</small> ([[America Septentrionalis]] orientalis et media) * ''[[Lobelia spicata]]'' <small></small> * ''[[Lobelia telekii]]'' <small>Scwheinf</small> ([[mons|montes]] [[Uganda]]e et [[Kenya]]e) * ''[[Lobelia tenuior]]'' <small></small> * ''[[Lobelia thapsoidea]]'' <small>Schott</small> ([[Brasilia]] meridio-orientalis) * ''[[Lobelia tupa]]'' <small>L.</small> (Media [[Chilia]]) * ''[[Lobelia urens]]'' <small></small> * ''[[Lobelia valida]]'' <small></small> * ''[[Lobelia zeylanica]]'' <small></small> |} === Calceatae Mexici ''Lobeliae'' === Circa undecim speciebus in [[Mexicum|Mexico]] et [[Media America]] sunt carcaria in [[flos|floribus]]. Hae ''Lobeliae'' ut videntur sunt grex [[monophyletismus|monophyleticus]], quarum plurimi in genere ''[[Heterotoma]]'' (vel aliquando ''[[Calcaratolobelia]]'') disponuntur; quod autem earum cognatae proximae, sicut ''[[Lobelia anatina]],'' recte sunt in ''Lobelia,'' Koopman et Ayers eas in ''Lobelia'' disponunt.<ref name="koopman">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.3732/ajb.92.3.558 | title = Nectar spur evolution in the Mexican lobelias (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae) | year = 2005 | author = Koopman, M. M. | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 92 | pages = 558 | last2 = Ayers | first2 = T. J.}}.</ref> Index (partim): * ''[[Lobelia aurita]]'' (''Heterotoma aurita''). Una ex comunissimarum [[planta]]rum sub [[silva]] in [[Sierra de la Laguna pine-oak forests]].{{dubsig}}<ref>{{Cite journal | title = A tree-ring reconstruction of past precipitation for Baja California Sur, Mexico | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-climatology_2001-06-30_21_8/page/1007 | doi = 10.1002/joc.664 | year = 2001 | author = Díaz, Sara C. | journal = International Journal of Climatology | volume = 21 | pages = 1007 | last2 = Touchan | first2 = Ramzi | last3 = Swetnam | first3 = Thomas W. }}</ref> * ''[[Lobelia calcarata]]'' (''Heterotoma lobelioides''<ref>ipni.org.</ref> vel ''Lobelia lobelioides''<ref name="koopman"/>) * ''[[Lobelia cordifolia]]'' (''Heterotoma cordifolia'')<ref name="kew"/> * ''[[Lobelia flexuosa]]'' (''Heterotoma flexuosa'')<ref name="kew">[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/home.do World Checklist]</ref> * ''[[Lobelia mcvaughii]]''<ref name="kew"/> * ''[[Lobelia volcanica]]'' (''Heterotoma tenella'')<ref name="kew"/> == Cultus et usus == Nonnullae excoluntur species ut [[planta ornamentalis|plantae ornamentales]] in [[hortus|hortis]]; quae ''[[Lobelia cardinalis|Lobeliam cardinalem]], [[Lobelia siphilitica|Lobeliam siphiliticam]], [[Lobelia fulgens|Lobeliam fulgentem]], [[Lobelia erinus|Lobeliam erinum]],'' et nonnullas [[hybrida]]s comprehendunt. ''Lobelia erinus'' est [[planta annua]] [[Africa Australis|Africae Australia]], multis [[cultivarietas|cultivarietatibus]] multos [[color]]es monstrantibus; colitur in solo nudo, magnis vasis, [[window box]]es{{dubsig}}, et [[corbis pendens|corbibus pendentibus]] ([[Anglice]]: ''hanging baskets'').<!-- The plants are most often grown away from sunny hot southern exposures (northern exposures in the southern hemisphere) in soils that are moisture retentive.--> In [[lingua florum]] [[Aetas Victoriana|Aetatis Victorianae]], ''Lobelia'' malignitatem et malevolentiam exprimit. === Usus in medicina === [[Indigenae Americarum]] ''Lobeliam'' adhibuerunt ut [[medicina]] quae alvum purgat ad curandos [[morbus|morbos]] [[systema respiratorium|respiratorios]] et [[musculus|musculares]]. Hodie adhibetur ad curandam [[asthma]]m et [[venenum cibi]] ([[Anglice]]: ''[[food poisoning]]'').<!--and is often used as part of smoking cessation programs. It is a physical relaxant, and can serve as a nerve depressant, easing tension and panic.--> Species usitate in herbalismo hodierno adhibita est ''[[Lobelia inflata]].''<ref name="EBSCO">{{cite web | url = http://healthlibrary.epnet.com/GetContent.aspx?token=2e7354b6-ae71-4dab-90df-c7026eb1c66f&chunkiid=111703 | title = Lobelia | publisher = EBSCO Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Review Board | month = January | year = 2006 | accessdate = 2007-09-12}}</ref> <!--Plus apud en.--> Duae species, ''[[Lobelia siphilitica]]'' et ''[[Lobelia cardinalis]],'' ad curandam [[syphilis|syphilem]]{{dubsig}} olim adhibitae sunt.<ref>Marie-Françoise Guédon, ''Sacred Smudging in North America'' (Walkabout Press, 2000).</ref> [[Samuel Thompson]] herbalista medicinalem ''Lobeliae'' usum in [[CFA|Civitatibus Foederatis]] [[saeculum 19|saeculo undevicensimo]] ineunte populo gratum effecit; etiam ''[[Hydrastis canadensis|Hydrastem canadensem]]'' et alias plantas.<ref name="EBSCO" /> Una species, ''[[Lobelia chinensis]]'' ([[Lingua Mandarinica|Mandarinice]]: ''bàn bian lián'') adhibetur ut una ex [[herbologia Sinensis|quinquaginta herbis nuclearibus]] in [[medicina Sinica]] (''traditional Chinese medicine''). == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Everitt, J. H., R. L. Lonard, et C. R. Little. 2007. ''Weeds in South Texas and Northern Mexico.'' Lubbhock Texiae: Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 0-89672-614-2. * {{ec|id=Plumier (1703)|c=[[Carolus Plumier|Plumier, Carolus]]. 1703. ''Nova plantarum Americanarum genera'' [https://archive.org/details/novaplantarumame00plum/page/n37/mode/2up p. 21]}} == Nexus externi == {{Commons|Lobelia|''Lobeliam''}} {{Fontes de plantis}} {{Biologia-stipula}} {{Titulus italicus}} [[Categoria:Lobelia| ]] [[Categoria:Genera plantarum]] [[Categoria:Genera plantarum ex hominibus appellata]] [[Categoria:Plantae medicinales]] [[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]] 2ub92m0gmtvj4bna9evdn9zgzv2tex1 0 117614 3980024 3726809 2026-08-09T23:22:01Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |name = Scrophulariaceae |image = Scrophularia nodosa8.jpg |image_caption = ''[[Scrophularia nodosa]]'' |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudicotyledones]] |unranked_ordo = [[Asteridae]] |ordo = [[Lamiales]] |familia = '''Scrophulariaceae''' |familia_authority = [[Antonius Laurentius de Jussieu|Juss.]] |subdivision_ranks = [[Genus (taxinomia)|Genera]] |subdivision = Vide commentarium. }} '''Scrophulariaceae''' sunt [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]] [[Angiospermae|plantarum florentium]] [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordinis]] [[Lamiales|Lamialium]]. [[Planta]]e sunt [[herba]]e annuae vel perennes, [[flos|floribus]] [[symmetria]] bilatera ([[zygomorphismus|zygomorphica]]) vel raro radiali ([[actinomorphismus|actinomorphica]]) praeditis. Scrophulariaceis est [[distributio cosmopolitana]], plurimis in regionibus [[zona temperata|temperatis]] inventis, [[mons|montibus]] [[zona tropica|tropicis]] inclusis. Nomen familiare in nomine [[genus (taxinomia)|generis]] ''[[Scrophularia]]e'' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] conditur. Familia olim in circa 275 generibus et plus quam 5000 [[species (taxinomia)|specierum]] consistebat, sed sua circumscriptio penitus mutata est cum multae [[phylogenia]]e [[molecula]]res monstrarent usitatam circumscriptionem latam graviter [[polyphyletismus|polyphyleticam]] fuisse. Multa genera in alias familias intra [[Lamiales]] nuper transferuntur, insigniter in [[Plantaginaceae|Plantaginaceas]] et [[Orobanchaceae|Orobanchaceas]], sed etiam in aliquas familias novas.<ref name="olmstead2001">{{cite journal |author = [[Ricardus Olmstead|Olmstead, R. G.]], dePamphilis, C. W., Wolfe, A. D., Young, N. D., Elisons, W. J. & Reeves P. A.|title = Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae | journal= American Journal of Botany| volume= 88| pages = 348–361| year=2001 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/88/2/348 | doi = 10.2307/2657024 | pmid = 11222255 |issue = 2 |jstor = 2657024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Olmstead, R. G. | title = Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae? | journal=Fremontia|volume = 30| pages= 13–22|year=2003}} in interrete [http://courses.washington.edu/bot113/Spring/WebReadings/PdfReadings/Scrophulariaceae.pdf here]</ref> Circumscriptiones nonnullarum familiarum Lamialium amplificatae sunt ut se ad genera ex Scrophulariaceis sensu lato translata accommodent. Familia nonnullas [[Herbalismus|plantas medicinales]] comprehendit, inter quas: * ''[[Leptandra]]'' * ''[[Scrophularia]]'' * ''[[Verbascum]]'' == Genera == === Tribus Aptosimeae === * ''[[Anticharis]]'' <small>Endl.</small> * ''[[Aptosimum]]'' <small>Burch. ex Benth.</small> * ''[[Peliostomum]]'' <small>E. Mey. ex Benth.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1611 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Aptosimeae |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=2009-03-29}}.</ref> === Tribus Buddlejeae === * ''[[Buddleja]]'' <small>L.</small> * ''[[Emorya]] <small>Torr.</small> * ''[[Gomphostigma]]'' <small>Turcz.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2282 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Buddlejeae |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=2009-03-29}}.</ref> === Tribus Hemimerideae === * ''[[Alonsoa]]'' <small>Ruiz & Pav.</small> * ''[[Colpias]]'' <small>E.Mey. ex Benth.</small> * ''[[Diascia (plant)|Diascia]]'' <small>Link & Otto</small> * ''[[Diclis]]'' <small>Benth.</small> * ''[[Hemimeris]]'' <small>L.f.</small> * ''[[Nemesia (plant)|Nemesia]]'' <small>Vent.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1610 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Hemimerideae |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=2009-03-29}}.</ref> === Tribus Leucophylleae === * ''[[Eremogeton]]'' <small>Standl. & L.O.Williams</small> [[Fasciculus:Leucophyllum frutescens (Purple Sage) W2 IMG_1125.jpg|thumb|''[[Leucophyllum frutescens]]'']] * ''[[Leucophyllum]]'' <small>Humb. & Bonpl.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1609 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Leucophylleae |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=2009-03-29}}.</ref> === Tribus Limoselleae === * ''[[Barthlottia]]'' <small>Eb.Fisch.</small> * ''[[Camptoloma]]'' <small>Benth.</small> * ''[[Chaenostoma]]'' <small>Benth.</small> (aliquando in ''[[Sutera]]'' descriptum, sed a Kornhall et Bremer separatum<ref name="kornhall2004">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00341.x | title = New circumscription of the tribe Limoselleae (Scrophulariaceae) that includes the taxa of the tribe Manuleeae | author = Kornhall, Per et Bremer, Birgitta | journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 146 | pages = 453–467 | issue = 4 | year = 2004}}.</ref>) * ''[[Chenopodiopsis]]'' <small>Hilliard</small> * ''[[Cromidon]]'' <small>Compton</small> * ''[[Dischisma]]'' <small>Choisy</small> * ''[[Glekia]]'' <small>Hilliard</small> * ''[[Globulariopsis]]'' <small>Compton</small> * ''[[Glumicalyx]]'' <small>Hiern</small> * ''[[Gosela]]'' <small>Choisy</small> * ''[[Hebenstretia]]'' <small>L</small> * ''[[Jamesbrittenia]]'' <small>Kuntze</small><ref name="kornhall2004"/> * ''[[Limosella]]'' <small>L.</small> → Plantaginaceae → Scrophulariaceae (secundum Oxelman et al. 2005)<ref>{{cite journal| author = Oxelman, B.; Kornhall, P.; Olmstead, R.G.; Bremer, B.| title= Further disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae | journal=Taxon| volume = 54|issue = 2|pages= 411–425| year = 2005| doi = 10.2307/25065369| url = http://jstor.org/stable/25065369}}.</ref> * ''[[Lyperia]]'' <small>Benth.</small> * ''[[Manuleopsis]]'' <small>Thell. ex Schinz</small> * ''[[Melanospermum]]'' <small>Hilliard</small> * ''[[Microdon]]'' <small>Choisy</small> * ''[[Phyllopodium]]'' <small>Benth.</small> * ''[[Polycarena]]'' <small>Benth.</small> * ''[[Reyemia]]'' <small>Hilliard</small> * ''[[Selago]]'' <small>L.</small> * ''[[Strobilopsis]]'' <small>Hilliard & B.L.Burtt</small> * ''[[Sutera]]'' <small>Roth</small> syn. Manulea <small>Thun.</small> * ''[[Tetraselago]] <small>Junell</small> * ''[[Trieenea]]'' <small>Hilliard</small> * ''[[Zaluzianskya]]'' <small>F.W.Schmidt</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2280 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Limoselleae |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=2009-03-29}}.</ref> === Tribus Myoporeae === * ''[[Bontia]]'' <small>L.</small> * ''[[Calamphoreus]]'' <small>Chinnock</small> * ''[[Diocirea]]'' <small>Chinnock</small> * ''[[Eremophila (plant)|Eremophila]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> * ''[[Glycocystis]]'' <small>Chinnock</small> * ''[[Myoporum]]'' <small>Sol. ex G.Forst.</small> * ''[[Pentacoelium]]'' <small>Siebold & Zucc.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2281 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Myoporeae |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=2009-03-29}}.</ref> === Tribus Scrophularieae === * ''[[Antherothamnus]]'' <small>N.E.Br.</small> * ''[[Nathaliella]]'' <small>B.Fedtsch.</small> * ''[[Oreosolen]]'' <small>Hook.f.</small> * ''[[Scrophularia]]'' <small>L.</small> * ''[[Mullein|Verbascum]]'' <small>L.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1612 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Scrophularieae |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=2009-03-29}}.</ref> === Tribus Teedieae === * ''[[Dermatobotrys]]'' <small>Bolus</small> * ''[[Freylinia]]'' <small>Colla</small> * ''[[Oftia]]'' <small>Adans.</small> * ''[[Ranopisoa]]'' <small>J.F.Leroy</small> * ''[[Teedia]]'' <small>Rudolphi</small> === Genera inordinata === * ''[[Brachystigma]]'' <small>Pennell</small> * ''[[Dasistoma]]'' <small>Raf.</small> * ''[[Hemianthus]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> * ''[[Leucosalpa]]'' <small>Scott-Elliot</small> * ''[[Phygelius]]'' <small>E.Mey. ex Benth.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1023 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=2009-03-29}}.</ref> == Genera exclusa == Genera sequentes, olim in Scrophulariaceis descripta, in aliis familiis nuper ponuntur: * ''[[Agalinis]]'' → [[Orobanchaceae]] * ''[[Amphianthus (plant)|Amphianthus]]'' → [[Plantaginaceae]] * ''[[Angelonia]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Antirrhinum]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Asarina]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Bacopa]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Bartsia]]'' → Orobanchaceae * ''[[Bellardia]]'' → Orobanchaceae * ''[[Besseya]]'' → Plantaginaceae<ref>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?1435 Besseya] at GRIN Taxonomy for Plants</ref> * ''[[Calceolaria]]'' → [[Calceolariaceae]] * ''[[Castilleja]]'' → Orobanchaceae * ''[[Chaenorrhinum]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Chelone (genus)|Chelone]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Chionophila]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Collinsia]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Cordylanthus]]'' → Orobanchaceae * ''[[Craterostigma]]'' Hochst. → prope ''[[Lindernia]]m''<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.3732/ajb.92.2.297 | title = Piecing together the "new" Plantaginaceae | year = 2005 | author = Albach, D. C. | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 92 | pages = 297 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/92/2/297 | last2 = Meudt | first2 = H. M. | last3 = Oxelman | first3 = B.}}</ref> vel intra ''Linderniam''<ref>{{cite web | url = http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=12&taxon_id=118628 | work = A Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar | title = Lindernia All. | publisher = Missouri Botanical Garden and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle }}.</ref> * ''[[Cymbalaria]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Digitalis]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Dopatrium]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Epixiphium]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Euphrasia]]'' → Orobanchaceae * ''[[Galvezia]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Gambelia]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Glossostigma]]'' → [[Phrymaceae]] * ''[[Gratiola]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Hebe (planta)|Hebe]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Holmgrenanthe]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Howelliella]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Keckiella]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Kickxia]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Lagotis]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Limnophila (planta)|Limnophila]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Linaria]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Lindernia]]'' → Plantaginaceae; etiam in sua familia, [[Linderniaceae|Linderniaceis]], descripta, secundum Haston et al. 2007 (etiam appellatum LAPG II).<ref>{{cite journal| last =Haston, E.| first = Richardson, J. E., Stevens, P. F., Chase, M. W., Harris, D. J. | title = A linear sequence of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families| url =https://archive.org/details/taxon_2007-02_56_1/page/7| journal = Taxon| volume = 56| issue = 1| year = 2007| pages = 7–12| doi =10.2307/25065731}}.</ref> * ''[[Lophospermum]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Mabrya]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Maurandella]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Maurandya]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Mazus]]'' → Phrymaceae * ''[[Mecardonia]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Melampyrum]]'' → Orobanchaceae * ''[[Micranthemum]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Mimulus]]'' → Phrymaceae * ''[[Misopates]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Mohavea]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Nemesia]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Neogaerrhinum]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Nothochelone]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Nuttallanthus]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Odontites]]'' → Orobanchaceae * ''[[Orobanche]]'' → Orobanchaceae * ''[[Orthocarpus]]'' → Orobanchaceae * ''[[Parentucellia]]'' → Orobanchaceae * ''[[Paulownia]]'' → [[Paulownia]]ceae * ''[[Pedicularis]]'' → Orobanchaceae * ''[[Penstemon]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Pseudorontium]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Rhinanthus]]'' → Orobanchaceae * ''[[Russelia]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Sairocarpus]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Schistophragma]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Scoparia (planta)]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Stemodia]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Striga (plant)|Striga]]'' → Orobanchaceae<ref name="olmstead2001"/><ref>{{cite journal | title = The Evolution of Parasitism in Scrophulariaceae/Orobanchaceae: Plastid Gene Sequences Refute an Evolutionary Transition Series | author = Nelson D. Young, Kim E. Steiner, Claude W. dePamphilis | journal = Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden | volume = 86 | issue = 4 | date = Autumn, 1999 | pages = 876 | doi = 10.2307/2666173 | url = http://jstor.org/stable/2666173}}.</ref> * ''[[Synthyris]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Tonella]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Torenia]]'' L. → Linderniaceae * ''[[Tozzia]]'' → Orobanchaceae * ''[[Triphysaria]]'' → Orobanchaceae * ''[[Veronica (planta)|Veronica]]'' → Plantaginaceae * ''[[Veronicastrum]]'' → Plantaginaceae == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Scrophulariaceae|Scrophulariaceas}} * [http://flowersinisrael.com/FamScrophulariaceae.html Familia Scrophulariaceae apud Flores in Israel] * [https://web.archive.org/web/19970102054059/http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cgi-bin/web.dbs/genlist.pl?SCROPHULARIACEAE Tabula Scrophulariacearum apud Hortos Kew] [[Categoria:Plantae medicinales]] [[Categoria:Scrophulariaceae|*]] [[Categoria:Taxa Jussieu]] [[Categoria:Familiae plantarum]] ls54jnesinclumasd3q5r7t0zyflg9g 0 117960 3979974 3891194 2026-08-09T22:38:57Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Cyprinidae | image =Cycar_u0.png | image_caption = ''[[Cyprinus carpio|Cyprinus carpio carpio]]'' | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | superclassis = [[Osteichthyes]] | classis = [[Actinopterygii]] | subclassis = [[Neopterygii]] | infraclassis = [[Teleostei]] | superordo = [[Ostariophysi]] | ordo = [[Cypriniformes]] | superfamilia = [[Cyprinioidea]] | familia = '''Cyprinidae''' | subdivision_ranks = [[Subfamilia]]e | subdivision = * [[Acheilognathinae]] * [[Cultrinae]] * [[Cyprininae]] * [[Danioninae]] * [[Gobioninae]] * [[Hypophthalmichthyinae]] * [[Labeoninae]] <small>(disputatae)</small> * [[Leuciscinae]] * [[Psilorhynchinae]] * [[Rasborinae]] <small>(polyphyleticae?)</small> * [[Squaliobarbinae]] <small>(disputatae)</small> * [[Tincinae]] * et vide commentarium. }} '''Cyprinidae''' ([[Lingua Graeca|Graece]] κυπρῖνος 'cyprinus') sunt [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]] [[piscis|piscium]] [[classis (taxinomia)|classis]] [[Actinopterygii|Actinopterygiorum]], quae plerumque in [[piscis|piscibus]] [[genus (taxinomia)|generum]] ''[[Cyprinus|Cyprini]],'' ''[[Carassius|Carassii]],'' ''[[Ctenopharyngodon]]tis,'' et ''[[Hypophthalmichthys|Hypophthalmichthydis]],'' [[subfamilia (taxinomia)|subfamiliae]] [[Leuciscinae|Leuciscinarum]] verarum, et earum cognatorum (piscium praecipue generum ''[[Barbus|Barbi]]'' et ''[[Puntius|Puntii]]'') consistit. Quae est maxima piscium [[aqua dulcis|aquae dulcis]] familia, plus quam 2400 [[species (taxinomia)|specierum]] in circa 220 generibus habens. Familia [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordinis]] [[Cypriniformes|Cypriniformium]] est, cuius generum specierumque Cyprinidae sunt duae partes.<ref>FishBase (2004), Nelson (2006), dictionary.com [2009].</ref> {{NexInt}} *''[[Abramis brama]]'' *''[[Barbodes amarus]]'' *''[[Gibelion catla]]'' * [[Index familiarum piscium]] == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * {{cite journal|title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small ''Barbus'' species: Indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation|year=2007|last1=De Graaf|first1=Martin|last2=Megens|first2=Hendrik-Jan|last3=Samallo|first3=Johannis|last4=Sibbing|first4=Ferdinand A.|journal=Animal Biology|volume=57|page=39|doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}. * [[dictionary.com]]. [[2009]]. Cyprinid. Confirmatus 2009-SEP-25. * [[FishBase]] ([[2004]]): [https://web.archive.org/web/20080710085449/http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?ID=122 Family Cyprinidae - Minnows or carps]. Version of 2004-NOV-22. Confirmatus 2007-03-05. * Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FFWCC). [[2006]]. [http://floridafisheries.com/Fishes/non-native.html Florida's Exotic Freshwater Fishes]. Retrieved 2007-03-05. * [[Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission]] (GSMFC). [[2005]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070818063036/http://nis.gsmfc.org/nis_factsheet2.php?toc_id=183 Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758)]. Version of 2005-08-03. Confirmatus 2007-05-03. * {{cite journal|title=Molecular phylogenetics of the family Cyprinidae (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes) as evidenced by sequence variation in the first intron of S7 ribosomal protein-coding gene: Further evidence from a nuclear gene of the systematic chaos in the family|url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2008-03_46_3/page/818|year=2008|last1=He|first1=Shunping|last2=Mayden|first2=Richard L.|last3=Wang|first3=Xuzheng|last4=Wang|first4=Wei|last5=Tang|first5=Kevin L.|last6=Chen|first6=Wei-Jen|last7=Chen|first7=Yiyu|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=46|issue=3|pages=818–29|pmid=18203625|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.06.001}}. * {{cite journal|title=Phylogenetic position of the enigmatic genus Psilorhynchus (Ostariophysi: Cypriniformes): Evidence from the mitochondrial genome|url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2008-04_47_1/page/419|year=2008|last1=He|first1=Shunping|last2=Gu|first2=Xun|last3=Mayden|first3=Richard L.|last4=Chen|first4=Wei-Jen|last5=Conway|first5=Kevin W.|last6=Chen|first6=Yiyu|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=47|pages=419–25|pmid=18053751|issue=1|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.10.012}}. * Helfman, Gene. [[1997]]. ''The Diversity of Fishes.'' Oxoniae: Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-86542-256-7. * Howes, G. J. [[1991]]. Systematics and biogeography: an overview. In ''Biology of Cyprinids,'' edd. I. J. Winfield et J. S. Nelson, 1–33. Londinii: Chapman and Hall Ltd. * [[International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources]] (IUCN). [[2009]]. ''[http://www.iucnredlist.org 2009 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]''. Version 2009.1. Confirmatus 2009-SEP-20. * Magri MacMahon, A. F. [[1946]]. ''Fishlore.'' Pelican Books. * Nelson, Joseph. [[2006]]. ''Fishes of the World.'' Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-25031-7. * Riehl, Rudiger. [[1996]]. ''Aquarium Atlas.'' Voyageur Press (MN). ISBN 3-88244-050-3. == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biologici}} {{Vicispecies|Cyprinidae|Cyprinidas}} {{CommuniaCat|Cyprinidae|Cyprinidas}} [[Categoria:Cyprinidae| ]] [[Categoria:Cypriniformes]] [[Categoria:Pisces Africae]] [[Categoria:Pisces Americae Septentrionalis]] [[Categoria:Pisces Asiae]] [[Categoria:Pisces Europae]] {{Myrias|Biologia}} pchuhyhzj8lomzcuc0v5vhtukki95ta 0 121129 3979859 3743903 2026-08-09T20:34:41Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}}{{cautio}} [[Fasciculus:Spike-waves.png|thumb|In instrumento [[Electroencephalogramma|Electroencephalographo]] (EEG) turbationes linearum cum spinis indicant eventa accessionum.]] '''Morbus comitialis''' in lingua Latina classica, sive in usu [[medicina|medico]] hodierno '''epilepsia''' ([[Graece]] ἐπιληψία), est [[morbus]] [[cerebrum|cerebri]], cuius specimina sunt accessiones<ref name=NEJM2003>{{cite journal | author = Chang BS, Lowenstein DH | title =Epilepsy | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2003-09-25_349_13/page/1257 | year = 2003 | journal = N. Engl. J. Med. | volume = 349 | issue = 13 | pages = 1257–66 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra022308 | pmid = 14507951}}.</ref> quassationum et spasmorum animo plerumque alienato. [[Roma antiqua|Romae antiquae]], ut historia fert, comitia cessabant, cum accessio morbi aegrotum affecisset, unde nomen morbi ortum est. Disciplina medicinae quae epilepsias investigat epileptologia vocatur. Medicamenta, in morbis comitialibus tractandis adhibita, dicuntur [[anticonvulsivum|''anticonvulsiva'']] vel ''substantiae antiepilepticae''. == Epidemiologia == Ex morbis [[neurologia]]e morbus comitalis cum centesima civium perturbata<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Berg AT et al. |title=Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: Report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005–2009 |journal=Epilepsia |year=2010 |volume=51 |month=apr |pages 676-85 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02522.x/abstract }}</ref> saepissimorum est. == In [[medicina]] == [[Fasciculus:Bittentongue.JPG|thumb|Epilepticus [[lingua (anatomia)|linguam]] suam a seipso in accesione morsam monstrat.]] '''Epilepsia''' sive '''epilepsis''' est propensio cerebri ad accessiones patiendum. Cum accessio evenit, operatio electrica [[cerebrum|cerebri]] est turbata et [[neuron]]a cerebri fulgunt sicut tempestas. Aeger saepe non tenet memoriam accessionis et dormit post eventum. Accessionum sunt duo genera<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League against Epilespy |title=Proposal for revised clinical and electroencephalographic classification of epileptic seizures |journal=Epilepsia |volume=22 |year=1981 |pages=498-501}}. {{Ling|Anglice}}.</ref>: === Accessiones leves ([[Lingua Francica|Francice]] ''petit mal)'' === Huius specimina sunt minus notabilia, quare accessiones possunt manere indeprensae, nisi instrumenta adhibentur. Aegrotus cessat actiones et silet et obliviscit. Si aeger est infans, morbus plerumque exolescat morbus in adolescentia. === Accessiones graves (Francice ''grand mal'') === Eius specimina sunt quassatio et spasmus membrorum cum animo relicto et (raro) morte consequiente. Aeger linguam suam mordere et urinam perdere potest. [[Fasciculus:Epilpesia.ogv|thumb|Spectaculum accessionis morbi comitialis]] == Classificationes syndromarum epilepticarum == === ILAE - foedus internationale contra epilepsiam === Anno [[1989]] commissio [[Foedus internationale contra epilepsiam|foederis internationalis contra epilepsiam]] (Anglice: ''International League against epilepsy — ILAE'')<ref>[http://www.ilae.org/ Foederis internationalis contra epilepsiam (''ILAE'') situs interretialis] {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref> classificationis terminologiaeque revisionem classificationis syndromarum epilepticorum divulgavit<ref>{{cite journal |author=Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League against Epilespy |title=Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies an epileptic syndromes |journal=Epilepsia |volume=30 |year=1989 |pages=389-99}} {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref>. Anno [[2017]] revisio, et simul versio praesens valida, classificationis epilepsiarum divulgata est<ref>[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/epi.13709/full De revisione classificationis anno 2017 (ILAE)] {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref>. Caput est saepimentum epilepsiarum classificationis: Primo ''typus convulsionis'' (focalis, generalis, incognitus) nominatur, deinde ''typus epilepsiae'' (focalis, generalis, focalis et generalis, incognitus) et postremo ''syndromae epilepticae''. Comorbiditates et aetiologia (structuralis, genetica, infectiosa, [[metabolismus|metabolica]], [[systema immunitatis|immunologica]], incognita) notae sunt. Definitio ''encephalopathiae epilepticae'' mutationis structuralis nova quoque inclusa est. {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=4 | Classificationis ILAE revisio 2017, versio communis |- ! colspan=2 | Initium focalis !Initium generale !Initium incognitum |- | vigilem esse | vigilantia deminuta ! cum symptomatibus motuum ! cum symptomatibus motuum |- ! colspan=2 | cum symptomatibus motuum | tonicis clonicisque ([[convulsio]]nibus) | tonicis clonicisque ([[convulsio]]nibus) |- ! colspan=2 | sive symptomatibus motuum | aliis motuum | aliis motuum |- |colspan=2 | Typus focalis ad bilateralem ac tonicam clonicamque ([[convulsio]]) ! sine symptomatibus motuum ([[absentia]]) ! sine symptomatibus motuum |- | colspan=3 | | Typus non classificatus |} === Epilepsia aetiologiae geneticae === Foedus internationale contra epilepsiam (''ILAE'') de '''epilepsia genetica''' scribit et mutationes geneticae convulsionum causas inducit. Nonnulllae formae descriptae, ac exempla sunt: * [[Syndroma Dravet]] ([[infantia]], mutatio [[canalis ionticus natrii|canalis iontici natrii SCN1A]]) * [[Syndroma MELAS]] * Epilepsiae cum myoclonis progressivae ([[Morbus Unverricht-Lundborg|typi Unverricht-Lundborg]], [[Morbus Lafora|typi Lafora]], [[syndroma MERRF]], [[lipofuscinosis ceroideus neuronalis]], [[sialidosis]]) * Epilepsia Rolandiensis <!-- Exempli morborum comitialium sunt: * [[Syndroma Lennox-Gastaut]] ([[infantia]]) * [[Syndrom Landau-Kleffner]] ([[infantia]]) * [[Syndroma Sturge-Weber]] ([[syndroma neurocutanum]]) --> == Diagnosem reperire atque investigationes diagnosis adiumentum == [[Diagnosis medica|Diagnosis morbi]] comitialis praecipue observatione ictūs sive ictuum et focalis et generalis fit, quamquam interdum denique et morum et corporis functionum singularium mutationes imprimis cum illae inopinatae, repentes, repetitae essent. Idcirco non solum observatio [[convulsio]]num musculorum repetitarum sed etiam - per exemplum - in schola absentia fugitiva discipuli sive discipulae unius enim ad morbum comitialem indicare possit. Epilepsiis eruditus tum investigationes ut [[sanguis|sanguinis]] et [[electroencephalogramma]] incitabit. Nihilominus ante diagnosem disquisitionibus ictuum diligentibus diversitas inter convulsiones epilepticas et profecto ''imitatores''<ref>''ILAE'': [https://web.archive.org/web/20181118214324/https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html de imitatoribus epilepsiarum]. {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref> pernecesse est. Imitatores epilepsiarum sunt [[syncopa (symptoma)|syncopa]], convulsiones anoxicae, [[morbus mentis|morbi mentis]], perturbationes somni, perturbationes motuum paroxysmales, [[hemicrania]]e, [[spasmus nutans]], [[dolor]], [[myoclonus spinalis]] et alia. === Imitatores: syncopae et convulsiones anoxicae === ''Syncopa'' status transiens animo linquendi oritur, si derepente fluxus sanguinis interrumpitur. ''Convulsio anoxica'' est collapsus, stupens corporis cum vel sive motibus tonicis clonicisque inopia gubernationis corticum cerebri causa. === Imitatores: perturbationes motuum paroxysmales === Etiam perturbationes motuum, si paroxysmales visae essent, morbo comitiali similes queant. Inter eas [[motus spasticus|motus spastici]], [[stereotypia]]e, [[dyskinesia paroxysmalis|dyskinesiae paroxysmales]], [[suspectus tonicus paroxysmalis]], [[ataxia episodica|ataxiae episodicae]], [[hyperekplexia]], [[syndroma opsoclonus myoclonusque]] adduntur. ==== Motus spasticus ==== Motus spastici sunt motus involiti, in [[pueritia]] incipiens, qui non ex consuetudine oritur.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1SKoLNs9_MY ]</ref> Motus spastici inter simplices et complices dividunter. Si musculi [[pharynx|pharyngis]] affecti sunt, [[sonus]] audiri licet. ==== Suspectus tonicus paroxysmalis ==== Rarum syndroma neuro-ophthalmologicum infantibus cum deviationibus oculorum sursum et infans de repente brevi tempore suspiciens<ref>''Youtube'': [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydC73aJnB5w suspectus tonicus paroxysmalis].</ref>. == Tractatio et remedium == Aegro dedecet eiusdem modi natatio, [[stimulatio nervi vagi]] et [[autocinetum|autocineti]] gubernatio. Loci proclives et aequora et lumina frequenter fulgentia ab eo vitanda sunt. Nonnumquam aegrotus, antequam accessionem patitur, vidit fulgura aut spectat assidue ad utrum latus aut sentit molestiam in epigastrio vel submersionem.<ref>Delank, H.-W. (1981): Neurologie. Stutgardiae: Ferdinand Enke Verlag</ref> Hae alterationes appellantur "aura". Etiam famae sunt, quod canes accessiones antequam sentiunt. Quamvis hodie pluria remedia [[anticonvulsivum|''anticonvulsiva'']] vel ''antiepileptica'' in usu sunt, eis solum accessiones minus crebrae fiunt, sed morbus non sanatur. === Medicamenta anticonvulsiva === Exempla anticonvulsivorum sunt: * [[Acidum valproicum]] * [[Carbamazepinum]] * [[Zonisamidum]] == Dictum == ''' solitum ita ait per comitialem morbum, quo prima ab infantia adflictaretur Britannicus, et redituros paulatim visus sensusque. ''' -Tacitus, Annales XIII, 16. == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * Catala, Amélie, Marine Grandgeorge, Jean-Luc Schaff, Hugo Cousillas, Martine Hausberger, Jennifer Cattet. 2019. "[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-40721-4 Dogs demonstrate the existence of an epileptic seizure odour in humans.]" ''[[Nature]] Scientific Reports.'' 9:4103 (28 Martii 2019). *Diebold, Gilber. ''L'épilepsie, une maladie refuge.'' Calmann-Lévy. *Hammer, Gary D., et Stephen J. McPhee, eds. 2010. 7. In ''Pathophysiology of disease: an introduction to clinical medicine.'' Ed. 6a. Novi Eboraci: McGraw-Hill Medical. *Hildebrand, M. S., H. H. Dahl, et alii. 2013. Recent advances in the molecular genetics of epilepsy. ''Journal of Medical Genetics'' 50(5): 271– 279. [[doi:10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-101448]].PMID 23468209. *Jallon, Pierre, ed. 2007. ''Epilepsies.'' Lutetiae: Doin. *Longo, Dan L. 2012. Seizures and Epilepsy. In ''Harrison's principles of internal medicine.'' Ed. 18a. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-174887-2. *Mélèse, Lucien. 2016. ''La psychanalyse au risque de l'épilepsie.'' Ed. 2a. Érès. *Ropper, Allan H, et Robert H. Brown. 2016. Epilepsia y otros trastornos convulsivos. In ''Principios de Neurología de Adams y Victor,'' ed. Marco Antonio Tovar Sosa, 999. 10a ed. Mexici: McGraw-Hill Interamericana. ISBN 970-10-5707-4. {{NexInt}} * [[Apoptosis]] * [[Codex ATC N03AX]] * [[Cortex cerebri]] * [[EEG]] * [[Neurologia]] == Nexus externi == * [https://www.ilae.org/ Foederis internationalis contra epilepsiam (ILAE)] situs interretialis {{Ling|Anglice}} {{CommuniaCat|Epilepsy|Epilepsiam}} {{Myrias|Biologia}} {{1000 paginae}} [[Categoria:Morbi]] [[Categoria:Indicia morbi]] [[Categoria:Neurologia]] [[Categoria:Epilepsia]] jfxz9v34rs4fh5oayvu9j1uxkf1h901 0 122195 3979751 3978151 2026-08-09T15:49:32Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}; {{cite ...}} → {{[[Formula:Opus|opus]]}} 3979751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} [[Fasciculus:Weak decay diagram.svg|thumb|Relatio inter [[massa]]m et [[onus electricum]] [[quarcum|quarcorum]]. Quarca in figura sunt ''u'' (sursum), ''d'' (deorsum), ''s'' (mirum), ''c'' (lepor), ''b'' (fundus), ''t'' (apex). Interactio debilis unum quarcum in aliud mutare potest.]] {{res|Vis debilis}} vel {{res|interactio debilis}}<ref>[[Anglice]] ''weak force'' et ''weak interaction''; [[Italice]] ''interazione debole.''</ref><ref name="calepinus-novus-interactio">De Latinitate, confer {{Calepinus Novus|interactio|59|interactionem}}.</ref> quaedam [[vis]] appellari potest qua [[fermion]]es inter se commutantur. [[Boson]]es ''W'' et ''Z'' talem vim mediant. Cum hi mediatores {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|massa quieta||en|qid=Q1097654}} non careant, campus virium debilium constrictior est quam virium electromagneticarum, cuius mediator, [[photon]], massa quieta omnino caret. Vis debilis inter [[particula subatomica|particulas subatomicas]] est causa [[radioactivitas|radioactivitatis]] [[materies|materiei]]. Vis debilis et [[fissio nuclearis|fissioni nucleari]] et [[fusio nuclearis|fusioni nucleari]] interest. Vis debilis, una cum [[vis gravitatis|vi gravitatis]], [[vis fortis|vi forti]], et [[electromagnetismus|vi electromagnetica]], inter [[natura]]e [[quattuor]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|interactio fundamentalis|interactiones fundamentales|en|qid=Q104934}}<ref name="calepinus-novus-interactio" /> numeratur. Haec vis appellatur debilis quia sub condicionibus ordinariis debilior quam vis fortis et vis electromagnetica patescit; sub autem regimine altae [[energia]]e omnes hae vires eandem [[magnitudo|magnitudinem]] ostendunt. {{NexInt}} * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Physica particularum elementariarum]] * [[Universum indebile]]<!-- – the postulate that weak interactions are not [[Anthropic principle|anthropically necessary--> ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== ===Generalis=== *{{Cite book |author=R. Oerter |year=[[2006]] |title=The Theory of Almost Everything: The Standard Model, the Unsung Triumph of Modern Physics |url=https://archive.org/details/theoryofalmostev0000oert_s1g7 |publisher=Plume |isbn=9780132366786 }}. *{{Cite book |author=B. A. Schumm |year=[[2004]] |title=Deep Down Things: The Breathtaking Beauty of Particle Physics |url=https://archive.org/details/deepdownthingsbr00schu |location = Baltimorae |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=0-8018-7971-X }} ===Specialis=== * {{Opus | auctor = D. A. Bromley | titulus = Gauge Theory of Weak Interactions | annus = 2000 | domus editoria = Springer | isbn = 3-540-67672-4 }}. * {{Opus | auctor = G. D. Coughlan, J. E. Dodd, B. M. Gripaios | titulus = The Ideas of Particle Physics: An Introduction for Scientists | annus = 2006 | editio = tertia | locus = Cantabrigiae | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | url = https://archive.org/details/ideasofparticlep0000coug_q6u9 | isbn = 978-0521677752 }}. * {{Opus | auctor 1 = W. N. Cottingham | auctor 2 = D. A. Greenwood | titulus = An introduction to nuclear physics | annus = 2001 | editio = 2 | pagina = 30 | locus = Cantabrigiae | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0VIpJPn-qWoC&pg=PA30 | annus primae editionis = 1986 | isbn = 9780521657334 }}. * {{Opus | auctor = D. J. Griffiths | titulus = Introduction to Elementary Particles | annus = 1987 | domus editoria = John Wiley & Sons | url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontoel0000grif_o7r4 | isbn = 0-471-60386-4 }}. * {{Opus | auctor = G. L. Kane | titulus = Modern Elementary Particle Physics | annus = 1987 | domus editoria = Perseus Books | isbn = 0-201-11749-5 }}. * {{Opus | auctor = D. H. Perkins | titulus = Introduction to High Energy Physics | annus = 2000 | locus = Cantabrigiae | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 0-521-62196-8 }}. [[Categoria:Notiones fundamentales physicae]] [[Categoria:Notiones in physica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Physica particularum]] {{1000 paginae}}<!-- + Electroweak theory--> {{Myrias|Physica}} cgcg5m3gmblchea3nrjhukqyuwxto8y 3979753 3979751 2026-08-09T15:49:45Z Grufo 64423 3979753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} [[Fasciculus:Weak decay diagram.svg|thumb|Relatio inter [[massa]]m et [[onus electricum]] [[quarcum|quarcorum]]. Quarca in figura sunt ''u'' (sursum), ''d'' (deorsum), ''s'' (mirum), ''c'' (lepor), ''b'' (fundus), ''t'' (apex). Interactio debilis unum quarcum in aliud mutare potest.]] {{res|Vis debilis}} vel {{res|interactio debilis}}<ref>[[Anglice]] ''weak force'' et ''weak interaction''; [[Italice]] ''interazione debole.''</ref><ref name="calepinus-novus-interactio">De Latinitate, confer {{Calepinus Novus|interactio|59|interactionem}}.</ref> quaedam [[vis]] appellari potest qua [[fermion]]es inter se commutantur. [[Boson]]es ''W'' et ''Z'' talem vim mediant. Cum hi mediatores {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|massa quieta||en|qid=Q1097654}} non careant, campus virium debilium constrictior est quam virium electromagneticarum, cuius mediator, [[photon]], massa quieta omnino caret. Vis debilis inter [[particula subatomica|particulas subatomicas]] est causa [[radioactivitas|radioactivitatis]] [[materies|materiei]]. Vis debilis et [[fissio nuclearis|fissioni nucleari]] et [[fusio nuclearis|fusioni nucleari]] interest. Vis debilis, una cum [[vis gravitatis|vi gravitatis]], [[vis fortis|vi forti]], et [[electromagnetismus|vi electromagnetica]], inter [[natura]]e [[quattuor]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|interactio fundamentalis|interactiones fundamentales|en|qid=Q104934}}<ref name="calepinus-novus-interactio" /> numeratur. Haec vis appellatur debilis quia sub condicionibus ordinariis debilior quam vis fortis et vis electromagnetica patescit; sub autem regimine altae [[energia]]e omnes hae vires eandem [[magnitudo|magnitudinem]] ostendunt. {{NexInt}} * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Physica particularum elementariarum]] * [[Universum indebile]]<!-- – the postulate that weak interactions are not [[Anthropic principle|anthropically necessary--> ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== ===Generalis=== *{{Cite book |author=R. Oerter |year=[[2006]] |title=The Theory of Almost Everything: The Standard Model, the Unsung Triumph of Modern Physics |url=https://archive.org/details/theoryofalmostev0000oert_s1g7 |publisher=Plume |isbn=9780132366786 }}. *{{Cite book |author=B. A. Schumm |year=[[2004]] |title=Deep Down Things: The Breathtaking Beauty of Particle Physics |url=https://archive.org/details/deepdownthingsbr00schu |location = Baltimorae |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=0-8018-7971-X }} ===Specialis=== * {{Opus | auctor = D. A. Bromley | titulus = Gauge Theory of Weak Interactions | annus = 2000 | domus editoria = Springer | isbn = 3-540-67672-4 }}. * {{Opus | auctor = G. D. Coughlan, J. E. Dodd, B. M. Gripaios | titulus = The Ideas of Particle Physics: An Introduction for Scientists | annus = 2006 | editio = tertia | locus = Cantabrigiae | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | url = https://archive.org/details/ideasofparticlep0000coug_q6u9 | isbn = 978-0521677752 }}. * {{Opus | auctor 1 = W. N. Cottingham | auctor 2 = D. A. Greenwood | titulus = An introduction to nuclear physics | annus = 2001 | annus primae editionis = 1986 | editio = 2 | pagina = 30 | locus = Cantabrigiae | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0VIpJPn-qWoC&pg=PA30 | isbn = 9780521657334 }}. * {{Opus | auctor = D. J. Griffiths | titulus = Introduction to Elementary Particles | annus = 1987 | domus editoria = John Wiley & Sons | url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontoel0000grif_o7r4 | isbn = 0-471-60386-4 }}. * {{Opus | auctor = G. L. Kane | titulus = Modern Elementary Particle Physics | annus = 1987 | domus editoria = Perseus Books | isbn = 0-201-11749-5 }}. * {{Opus | auctor = D. H. Perkins | titulus = Introduction to High Energy Physics | annus = 2000 | locus = Cantabrigiae | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 0-521-62196-8 }}. [[Categoria:Notiones fundamentales physicae]] [[Categoria:Notiones in physica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Physica particularum]] {{1000 paginae}}<!-- + Electroweak theory--> {{Myrias|Physica}} l9cy4bhmizy9vpdp6uknbhvcbp427uw 3979754 3979753 2026-08-09T15:52:12Z Grufo 64423 3979754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} [[Fasciculus:Weak decay diagram.svg|thumb|Relatio inter [[massa]]m et [[onus electricum]] [[quarcum|quarcorum]]. Quarca in figura sunt ''u'' (sursum), ''d'' (deorsum), ''s'' (mirum), ''c'' (lepor), ''b'' (fundus), ''t'' (apex). Interactio debilis unum quarcum in aliud mutare potest.]] {{res|Vis debilis}} vel {{res|interactio debilis}}<ref>[[Anglice]] ''weak force'' et ''weak interaction''; [[Italice]] ''interazione debole.''</ref><ref name="calepinus-novus-interactio">De Latinitate, confer {{Calepinus Novus|interactio|59|interactionem}}.</ref> quaedam [[vis]] appellari potest qua [[fermion]]es inter se commutantur. [[Boson]]es ''W'' et ''Z'' talem vim mediant. Cum hi mediatores {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|massa quieta||en|qid=Q1097654}} non careant, campus virium debilium constrictior est quam virium electromagneticarum, cuius mediator, [[photon]], massa quieta omnino caret. Vis debilis inter [[particula subatomica|particulas subatomicas]] est causa [[radioactivitas|radioactivitatis]] [[materies|materiei]]. Vis debilis et [[fissio nuclearis|fissioni nucleari]] et [[fusio nuclearis|fusioni nucleari]] interest. Vis debilis, una cum [[vis gravitatis|vi gravitatis]], [[vis fortis|vi forti]], et [[electromagnetismus|vi electromagnetica]], inter [[natura]]e [[quattuor]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|interactio fundamentalis|interactiones fundamentales|en|qid=Q104934}}<ref name="calepinus-novus-interactio" /> numeratur. Haec vis appellatur debilis quia sub condicionibus ordinariis debilior quam vis fortis et vis electromagnetica patescit; sub autem regimine altae [[energia]]e omnes hae vires eandem [[magnitudo|magnitudinem]] ostendunt. {{NexInt}} * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Physica particularum elementariarum]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Universum sine debilitate||en|it|qid=Q7977973}}<!-- – the postulate that weak interactions are not [[Anthropic principle|anthropically necessary--> ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== ===Generalis=== * {{Opus | auctor = R. Oerter | titulus = The Theory of Almost Everything: The Standard Model, the Unsung Triumph of Modern Physics | annus = 2006 | domus editoria = Plume | url = https://archive.org/details/theoryofalmostev0000oert_s1g7 | isbn = 9780132366786 }}. * {{Opus | auctor = B. A. Schumm | titulus = Deep Down Things: The Breathtaking Beauty of Particle Physics | annus = 2004 | locus = Baltimorae | domus editoria = Johns Hopkins University Press | url = https://archive.org/details/deepdownthingsbr00schu | isbn = 0-8018-7971-X }} ===Specialis=== * {{Opus | auctor = D. A. Bromley | titulus = Gauge Theory of Weak Interactions | annus = 2000 | domus editoria = Springer | isbn = 3-540-67672-4 }}. * {{Opus | auctor = G. D. Coughlan, J. E. Dodd, B. M. Gripaios | titulus = The Ideas of Particle Physics: An Introduction for Scientists | annus = 2006 | editio = tertia | locus = Cantabrigiae | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | url = https://archive.org/details/ideasofparticlep0000coug_q6u9 | isbn = 978-0521677752 }}. * {{Opus | auctor 1 = W. N. Cottingham | auctor 2 = D. A. Greenwood | titulus = An introduction to nuclear physics | annus = 2001 | annus primae editionis = 1986 | editio = 2 | pagina = 30 | locus = Cantabrigiae | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0VIpJPn-qWoC&pg=PA30 | isbn = 9780521657334 }}. * {{Opus | auctor = D. J. Griffiths | titulus = Introduction to Elementary Particles | annus = 1987 | domus editoria = John Wiley & Sons | url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontoel0000grif_o7r4 | isbn = 0-471-60386-4 }}. * {{Opus | auctor = G. L. Kane | titulus = Modern Elementary Particle Physics | annus = 1987 | domus editoria = Perseus Books | isbn = 0-201-11749-5 }}. * {{Opus | auctor = D. H. Perkins | titulus = Introduction to High Energy Physics | annus = 2000 | locus = Cantabrigiae | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 0-521-62196-8 }}. [[Categoria:Notiones fundamentales physicae]] [[Categoria:Notiones in physica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Physica particularum]] {{1000 paginae}}<!-- + Electroweak theory--> {{Myrias|Physica}} q1gtkpi8bkpt1tzigyu2ngsj7645fjn 3979769 3979754 2026-08-09T16:02:53Z Grufo 64423 De nomina quarcorum 3979769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} [[Fasciculus:Weak decay diagram.svg|thumb|Relatio inter [[massa]]m et [[onus electricum]] [[quarcum|quarcorum]]. Quarca in figura sunt ''u'' (superum), ''d'' (inferum), ''s'' (mirum), ''c'' (lepidum), ''b'' (imum), ''t'' (summum). Interactio debilis unum quarcum in aliud mutare potest.]] {{res|Vis debilis}} vel {{res|interactio debilis}}<ref>[[Anglice]] ''weak force'' et ''weak interaction''; [[Italice]] ''interazione debole.''</ref><ref name="calepinus-novus-interactio">De Latinitate, confer {{Calepinus Novus|interactio|59|interactionem}}.</ref> quaedam [[vis]] appellari potest qua [[fermion]]es inter se commutantur. [[Boson]]es ''W'' et ''Z'' talem vim mediant. Cum hi mediatores {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|massa quieta||en|qid=Q1097654}} non careant, campus virium debilium constrictior est quam virium electromagneticarum, cuius mediator, [[photon]], massa quieta omnino caret. Vis debilis inter [[particula subatomica|particulas subatomicas]] est causa [[radioactivitas|radioactivitatis]] [[materies|materiei]]. Vis debilis et [[fissio nuclearis|fissioni nucleari]] et [[fusio nuclearis|fusioni nucleari]] interest. Vis debilis, una cum [[vis gravitatis|vi gravitatis]], [[vis fortis|vi forti]], et [[electromagnetismus|vi electromagnetica]], inter [[natura]]e [[quattuor]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|interactio fundamentalis|interactiones fundamentales|en|qid=Q104934}}<ref name="calepinus-novus-interactio" /> numeratur. Haec vis appellatur debilis quia sub condicionibus ordinariis debilior quam vis fortis et vis electromagnetica patescit; sub autem regimine altae [[energia]]e omnes hae vires eandem [[magnitudo|magnitudinem]] ostendunt. {{NexInt}} * [[Physica nuclearis]] * [[Physica particularum elementariarum]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Universum sine debilitate||en|it|qid=Q7977973}}<!-- – the postulate that weak interactions are not [[Anthropic principle|anthropically necessary--> ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== ===Generalis=== * {{Opus | auctor = R. Oerter | titulus = The Theory of Almost Everything: The Standard Model, the Unsung Triumph of Modern Physics | annus = 2006 | domus editoria = Plume | url = https://archive.org/details/theoryofalmostev0000oert_s1g7 | isbn = 9780132366786 }}. * {{Opus | auctor = B. A. Schumm | titulus = Deep Down Things: The Breathtaking Beauty of Particle Physics | annus = 2004 | locus = Baltimorae | domus editoria = Johns Hopkins University Press | url = https://archive.org/details/deepdownthingsbr00schu | isbn = 0-8018-7971-X }} ===Specialis=== * {{Opus | auctor = D. A. Bromley | titulus = Gauge Theory of Weak Interactions | annus = 2000 | domus editoria = Springer | isbn = 3-540-67672-4 }}. * {{Opus | auctor = G. D. Coughlan, J. E. Dodd, B. M. Gripaios | titulus = The Ideas of Particle Physics: An Introduction for Scientists | annus = 2006 | editio = tertia | locus = Cantabrigiae | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | url = https://archive.org/details/ideasofparticlep0000coug_q6u9 | isbn = 978-0521677752 }}. * {{Opus | auctor 1 = W. N. Cottingham | auctor 2 = D. A. Greenwood | titulus = An introduction to nuclear physics | annus = 2001 | annus primae editionis = 1986 | editio = 2 | pagina = 30 | locus = Cantabrigiae | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0VIpJPn-qWoC&pg=PA30 | isbn = 9780521657334 }}. * {{Opus | auctor = D. J. Griffiths | titulus = Introduction to Elementary Particles | annus = 1987 | domus editoria = John Wiley & Sons | url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontoel0000grif_o7r4 | isbn = 0-471-60386-4 }}. * {{Opus | auctor = G. L. Kane | titulus = Modern Elementary Particle Physics | annus = 1987 | domus editoria = Perseus Books | isbn = 0-201-11749-5 }}. * {{Opus | auctor = D. H. Perkins | titulus = Introduction to High Energy Physics | annus = 2000 | locus = Cantabrigiae | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 0-521-62196-8 }}. [[Categoria:Notiones fundamentales physicae]] [[Categoria:Notiones in physica]] [[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]] [[Categoria:Physica particularum]] {{1000 paginae}}<!-- + Electroweak theory--> {{Myrias|Physica}} i4j88hejabvgz15sv4u4vdt4x91sv19 0 123857 3979844 3978172 2026-08-09T20:18:36Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L-1}} [[Fasciculus:Rogers Locomotive Works plant 1906-03-28.jpg|thumb|Conspectus fabricae Rogers (die 28 Martii 1906)]] '''Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works''' (fere 'Factitamenta hamaxarum et machinarum Rogers') [[saeculum 19|saeculo XIX]] fuit fabrica [[vapor]]ariarum [[machina vectrix|machinarum vectricum]] apud [[oppidum]] [[Paterson (Nova Caesaria)|Paterson]] comitatús [[Comitatus Passaic|Passaic]] [[Nova Caesarea|Novae Caesareae]] in [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatae]] constituta. Pluremquam sex milias vaporariarum machinarum vectricum [[ferrivia|ferriviis]] circum orbem terrarum fabricavit. [[Saeculum 19|Saeculo undevicensimo]] pleraeque ferriviae apud Civitates Foederatas unam aut plurem machinam vectricam ex Rogers habent. Opus famosissimum fuit machina vectrix ''[[The General]]'' appellata, anno [[1855]] confecta, quae partem praecipuam in re "[[Great Locomotive Chase]]" [[Bellum Civile Americanum|Bello Civili Americano]] egit. Sodalitas anno [[1832]] a [[Thomas Rogers|Thoma Rogers]], [[Morris Ketchum]], et [[Jasper Grosvenor]] fundata est, et ''Rogers, Ketchum and Grosvenor'' appellata est. Rogers permansit praeses usque ad [[mors|mortem]] (anno [[1856]]), cum [[Iacobus S. Rogers]] filius honorem cepit et sodalitatem denuo constituit, nomine ''Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works''. Rogers minor sodalitatem duxit usque ad veniendum in otium anno [[1893]]. Deinde [[Robertus S. Hughes]] factus est praeses et rem denuo constituit nomine ''Rogers Locomotive Company'', ducens usque ad mortem anno [[1900]]. Anno [[1901]], sodalitas claudendo et aperiendo sub nomine ''Rogers Locomotive Works'' coniunctionem cum [[American Locomotive Company]] (breve ALCO) declinavit. Sodalitas mansit sui potens usque ad annum [[1905]], cum ALCO eam emit; ALCO perexit novas vaporarias machinas vectrices fabricare usque ad annum [[1913]]. Per [[decennium 193|decennio 193]], aedificia utitur ad partes reponendum, sed denique res vendidit. Hodie sunt nonnullae Rogers machinae vectrices in [[museum|museis]] ferrivarum per totam orbis terrarum, et aedificium fabricandi est conservatum sub nomine ''Thomas Rogers Building,'' quod est locus usitatus musei [[Patterson Museum]], cui officium est [[historia]]m [[oppidum|oppidi]] Patterson ad fabricationem et venditionem mercium pertinentem conservare et ostendere. ==1831 ad 1856: saeculum Thomae Rogers== Sodalitas quae Rogers Locomotive Works facta est anno [[1831]] fundata est. [[Thomas Rogers]] fere [[viginti]] annos machinas ad [[textile|textilia]] efficienda designabat fabricabatque deinde partem suam sodalitatis Godwin, Rogers & Company (cuius ei fuit Rogers illius nominis) mense Iunio illo anno vendidit. Rogers solus profectus est ut novam sodalitatem in oppido [[Paterson (Nova Caesarea)|Paterson Novae Caesareae]] fundaret quae Jefferson Works appellata est. Sodalitas Jefferson Works unum [[annus|annum]] machinas ad textilia fabricanda et agros colendos fabricavit; deinde Rogers eos duos viros convenit, qui sodalitatem mutare in fabricatorem maiorem hamaxarum iuverunt.<ref name=M-R-14>Moshein et Rothfus, p 14.</ref> Anno [[1832]], Rogers societatem cum duabus pecuniae conlocatoribus [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]] init, [[Morris Ketchum]] et [[Jasper Grosvenor]]. Nomen sodalitatis Jefferson Works ad Rogers, Ketchum & Grosvenor mutatum est, et sodalitas in ferrivias variavit. Mox sodalitas [[elater|elatres]], axes, et alias partes parvas ad ferrivias fabricavit.<ref name=M-R-14 /><ref name=White-457>White, p 457.</ref> Prima machina vectrix a sodalitate fabricata vero anno [[1835]] a [[Robert Stephenson and Company]] sodalitate Anglica fabricata est. Haec machina, ''McNeil'' appellata, sodalitati [[Paterson and Hudson River Railroad]] profuit. Post duos annos Rogers primum postulatum machinae vectricis plenae cepit.<ref name=M-R-16>Moshein et Rothfus, p. 16.</ref> Anno [[1837]], sodalitas [[Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad]] e Rogers duas machinas vectrices postulavit ut ferriviae inceptum indicis formaret. Prima fuit ''[[Sandusky (hamaxa)|Sandusky]],'' <ref name=White-457/> quae facta est prima vectrix [[Montes Allegheny]] transiens (quamquam nave canalis nec ferriviá),<ref name=Williams-420>Williams, p 420.</ref> et prima machina vetrix apud [[Ohium]] operans.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.madrivermuseum.org/mr&lerr.html| title=The Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad| publisher=Mad River and NKP Railroad Museum| date=2002–2009| accessdate=February 28, 2009}}</ref><ref name=Seneca-380>Seneca County, p 380.</ref> Machina ''Sandusky'' fuit prima [[Rota pellendi|rotis pellendi]] [[Ferrum fusum|ferri fusi]] utens, et rotae ponderibus obsistendi utentur ut tritum [[astarium|astarii]] propter pondus virgae pellendi rotamque simul deorsum pellentes minueret. Ante fabricationem machinae ''Sandusky'', rotae pellendi per typum cum radiis [[lignum|ligneis]] fabricabant, ut rotae [[carrus|carrorum]].<ref name=White-177>White, p 177.</ref> Nonnullae [[narratio]]nes dicunt machinam ''Sandusky'' habere primam fistulam sibili, sed falsum est.<ref name=White-215>White, p 215.</ref> Rogers non solus in fabricatione machinarum vetricum apud CFA laboravit. Anno [[1837]], praeter primam machinam plenam sodalitatis fabricationem, Rogers postulatús canthorum cummeorum ad hamaxas ex fabricatoribus hamaxarum [[Matthias W. Baldwin|Matthia W. Baldwin]] (qui sodalitatem [[Baldwin Locomotive Works]] fundavit) et [[Gulielmus Norris|Gulielmo Norris]] (qui sodalitatem [[Norris Locomotive Works]] fundavit) explevit. Cum autem Rogers ad hamaxas suas laborare coepit, fuerunt postulatus secundos nec ex Baldwin nec Norris. In officina [[Gulielmus Swinburne]] laboravit ut procurator officinae usque ad formandum sodalitatis suae [[Swinburne, Smith and Company]] anno [[1845]].<ref name=White-457/><ref name=M-R-16/> Postea [[Ioannes Cooke]] in sodalitate Rogers laboravit usque ad formandum sodalitatis suae [[Cooke Locomotive and Machine Works|Danforth, Cooke & Company]].<ref name=M-R-16 /><ref name=White-451>White, p 451.</ref> Alius ingeniarius qui in sodalitate Rogers laboravit fuit [[Zerah Colburn]], ingeniarius hamaxarum famosissimus, et postea editor. Circum annum [[1854]] Colburn fuit "procurator et/aut consultor" ad officinam, ubi nonnullos bonos in forma hamaxarum induxit.<ref name=Mortimer-101>Mortimer, p 101.</ref> [[Fasciculus:General locomotive c 1907.jpg|thumb|left|Hamaxa ''[[The General (hamaxum)|The General]]'' [[Chattanooga (Tennesia)|Chattanoogae]] [[Tennesia]]e circum annum 1907]] Fere ab initio sodalitatis, machinae vetrices ex Rogers visae sunt esse machinas validas peritasque in ferriviis Civitatum. Hamaxa ''Uncle Sam'', cui numerus ordinis 11 datus est, quod fuit 4-2-0 (hamaxa [[Notatio Whyte|duos axes non pellandi a fronte et unum sequentem axem pellandi]] habens), et quod anno [[1839]] pro sodalitate [[New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Company]] fabricatum est, ab ''[[American Railroad Journal]]'' ob trahendum tramen cum 24 carris sursum in proclivitate 4.9 m/km (0.49%) cum velocitate 39.4 km/h notum est.<ref>White, p. 72.</ref> Anno 1846 Rogers ''[[Licking (hamaxa)|Licking]]'' fabricavit quod hamaxa maxima cum sex rotis ([[4-2-0]]) in Civitatibus appellata est. Eum, cui numerus ordinis 92 datus est, quod pro sodalitate [[Mansfield and Sandusky Railroad]] fabricatum est, pressuram vaporariam 760 kPa generavit et tramen 690 milia libras sursum in proclivitate 3 m/km (0.3%) trahere potuit.<ref>White, p. 45.</ref> Hamaxa famosissima ex sodalitate anno [[1855]] fabricatum est. Rogers mense Decembri pro sodalitate [[Western and Atlantic Railroad]] hamaxam [[4-4-0]], cui numerus ordinis 631 datus est, fabricavit. Sodalitas ferriviae hamaxam ut ''[[The General (hamaxa)|The General]]'' appellavit.<ref name=M-R-43>Moshein et Rothfus, p 43.</ref> Ea hamaxa, quae est famosissimum ob partem suum in [[Great Locomotive Chase|re]] [[Bellum Civile Americanum|Bello Civili Americano]], nunc apud museum [[Southern Museum of Civil War and Locomotive History]] in [[Kennesaw (Georgia)|Kennesaw]] [[Georgia (CFA)|Georgiae]] ostenditur. Hamaxa nota sunt non solum ob vires suae, sed etiam ob durationes suae. Aestimatur una hamaxa [[4-4-0]] mense Decembri [[1853]] fabricata, quae a sodalitate [[Illinois Central Railroad]] ut numerus 23 possessa est, cui numerus ordinis 449 datus est, triginta annos per plusquam 1&thinsp;600&thinsp;000 km operavit.<ref>White, p. 77.</ref> ==1856 ad 1905: Denuo constitutio et deminutio== Anno [[1856]], Thoma Rogers mortuo, filius suus [[Iacobus S. Rogers]] sodalitatem Rogers, Ketchum & Grosvenor denuo sub nomine ''Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works'' constituit, et Ketchum et Grosvenor remanserunt pecuniae conlocatores.<ref name=M-R-16/> Anno [[1863]], Rogers primam [[2-6-0]] hamaxam fabricavit, quod aliquando primum 2-6-0 in CFA fabricatum appellatum est, pro sodalitate [[New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Company]].<ref>White, p. 62.</ref> Postea fere viginti annos sodalitas et hamaxa et machinas ad textiles fabricandum fabricare perexit.<ref name=M-R-16/> Mense Novembri [[1868]], Rogers quinque hamaxa vaporaria [[4-4-0]] carbone utentes unum atque idem (quibus numeri ordinis 116–120 dati sunt) pro sodalitate [[Union Pacific Railroad]], et deinde ea in Vyomina occidente et Uta usa sunt ut merces traherent.<ref>Appleman, p. 17.</ref> Die [[10 Maii]] [[1869]] [[Union Pacific No. 119]] factum est famosum propter partem suam in caerimonia "[[Golden spike|Golden Spike]]" in [[oppidum|oppido]] [[Promontorium (Uta)|Promontorio]] [[Uta]]e ut perfectionem ferriviae [[First Transcontinental Railroad]] celebrarent. Parte prima annis [[1880]] denuo fabricavit et anno [[1885]] numerum ordinis 343 datum est. Mense Aprili 1903 post fere 35 annos usus hamaxae Union Pacific No. 119 desitus est et in aream scrutariam demissus est. Anno [[1979]], exemplar functum et magnitudinis plenae perfectum est, et apud situm [[Golden Spike National Historic Site]] ostenditur. Medio annis [[1870]], Rogers machinas ad textiles fabricandum fabricare desiit, et solum in hamaxarum fabricandum animum versit.<ref name=M-R-16/> Clientes hamaxa sodalitatis emere perexerunt. Anno [[1879]], sodalitas [[Louisville and Nashville Railroad]] tot hamaxa ex Rogers emit, Rogers sodalitati hamaxam gratis donavit.<ref name=M-R-17>Moshein and Rothfus, p 17.</ref> [[Fasciculus:IC 201 20050716 IL Union.jpg|thumb|Hamaxa [[Illinois Central Railroad]] [[Illinois Central 201|201]], anno 1880 a Rogers in fabricatum,<ref name=M-R-84>Moshein and Rothfus, p 84.</ref> in museo [[Illinois Railway Museum]] conservatum]] Anno [[1887]], [[Reuben Wells]] honorem procuratoris officinae datus est. Iacobus Rogers, fere octoginta annos habens, magis magisque officia ad Wells dedit usque ad abdicationem anno [[1893]]. Post parum plurem quam sexaginta annos, sodalitas Rogers a familia Rogers non ducebat. Sodalitas denuo sub nomine ''Rogers Locomotive Company'' sub [[Robertus S. Hughes|Roberto S. Hughes]], praefecto aerari priori et praeside novo, constituta est, quamquam Iacobus Rogers remansit pecuniae collocator primus. Hughes sodalitatem duxit usque ad mortem anno [[1900]]. Uno post anno Iacobus Rogers sodalitatem clausit.<ref name=M-R-17/> Anno [[1901]], quo Iacobus Rogers mortuus est et sodalitas [[American Locomotive Company]] (breve ALCO) forma est ex coniunctione octo aliarum fabricatarum hamaxarum, sodalitas denuo aperta est sub nomine ''Rogers Locomotive Works''. Iterum Reuben Wells erat procurator officina. Rogers tamen certamine erat incommodata. Erat inopia collocationis pecuniae ad apparatus novos emendum et inveniendum. Sodalitates ALCO et [[Baldwin Locomotive Works|Baldwin]], illo tempore fabricatores hamaxarum maximi in CFA, tam locum primum fabricando et emendo habuerunt ut Rogers pariter ire non posset. Etiam propter incrementum urbis Paterson circum sodalitatem, erat sodalitati Rogers inopia spatii ad auctus.<ref name=M-R-18>Moshein et Rothfus, p 18.</ref> ==1905 usque ad prasentem: in sodalitatem ALCO absorpta== Anno [[1905]], ob certamen acre et facultatem augendi impotentiam, sodalitas Rogers Locomotive Works ab ALCO empta est. Hamaxa ultima a Rogers fabricata erat numerus ordinis 6271, [[hamaxa cum lacu]] [[0-6-0]], quod mense Februario 1905 pro sodalitate [[W. R. Grace & Company]] fabricatum est.<ref name=M-R-147>Moshein et Rothfus, p 147.</ref> ALCO hamaxa in officina Rogers fabricare perexit usque ad annum [[1913]], deinde fabricatio in officina Rogers perpetuo desiit. Hamaxa quae in officina Rogers ab ALCO fabricata sunt ut hamaxa ab ALCO-Rogers fabricata appellantur. ALCO aedificiis Rogers pro horreis in decennium 193 usa est, sed tandem omne aedificium emit. Officina fabricandi prima sodalitatis Rogers in officinas negotii converta est, et ita minime ad annum [[1992]] usa est.<ref>Dorn, confirmatus die 5 Octobris 2005.</ref> ==Hamaxa Rogers conservata== Hamaxa secuta, secundum numerum ordinis digesta, a sodalitate Rogers fabricata ante emptionem ab ALCO, conservata sunt. Si plusquam una ferrivia numerusque scripta est, eae sunt servato temporis ordine. Omni loci sunt in CFA sive noti sunt.<ref>Moshein, Rothfus; et Sunshine Software.</ref> {| class="toccolours" |- ! bgcolor=cc9966 | Numerus ordinis ! bgcolor=cc9966 | Ordo rotarum<br /><small>([[Notatio Whyte]])</small> ! bgcolor=cc9966 | Dies fabricatum ! bgcolor=cc9966 | Sodalitas operandi ! bgcolor=cc9966 | Dispositio |- | 42 | [[4-2-2]] | Martius 1843 | Matanza Railroad No. 1 | Christina Station, Havana, Cuba.<ref name=M-R-30>Moshein and Rothfus, p 30.</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.steamlocomotive.com/misc/images/showImage.php?image=cuba1LaJunta.jpg| title=No. 1, La Junta| date=October 2007| accessdate=February 8, 2009| work=SteamLocomotive.com}}</ref> |- | 631 | [[4-4-0]] | December 1855 | [[Western and Atlantic Railroad]] No. 3 [[The General (hamaxa)|''General'']] | Southern Museum of Civil War and Locomotive History, Kennesaw, Georgiae.<ref name=M-R-43/> |- | 812 | 4-4-0 | Ianuarius 1858 | [[Atlantic and Gulf Railroad (1856-1879)|Atlantic and Gulf Railroad]] No. 3 | [[The Henry Ford|Henry Ford Museum]], Dearborn, Michiganiae. |- | 1757 | 4-4-0 | Iunius 1870 | Eten Ry No. 2 "Althaus" (probabilissimum; probabiliter Eten Ry No. 1 aut Eten Ry No. 3, anno 1870 fabricata quoque). | Reliquiae in [[Eten (Peruvia)|Eten]], [[Peruvia]]e conservatae. |- | 1814 | 0-(2)2-0T - steam car, 4 wheel, 2 drivers | November 1870 | Eten Ry "El Guainambi" | Reliquiae in [[Eten (Peruvia)|Eten]], [[Peruvia]]e conservatae. |- | 2454 | [[2-4-2]] | Iulius 1877 | [[New Zealand Railways Department|New Zealand Railways]] [[NZR K class (1877)|K]] No. 88 | [[Plains Vintage Railway]], Ashburton, Novae Zelandiae.<ref name=M-R-80>Moshein and Rothfus, p 80.</ref> |- | 2468 | 2-4-2 | Martius 1878 | New Zealand Railways K No. 92 | Waimea Plains Rwy Trust Board, Gore, Novae Zelandiae. |- | 2470 | 2-4-2 | Martius 1878 | New Zealand Railways K No. 94 | Plains Railway, Ashburton, Novae Zelandiae.<ref name=M-R-82>Moshein and Rothfus, p 82.</ref> |- | 2588 | [[2-4-4]]T | Maius 1880 | [[Illinois Central Railroad]] #[[Illinois Central 201|201]] | [[Illinois Railway Museum]], [[Union (Illinoesia)|Union]], [[Illinoesia]]e.<ref name=M-R-84 /> |- | 3327 | 4-4-0 | Augustus 1883 | [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] No. 136 | [[South Simcoe Railway]], Tottenham, Ontario, Canada.<ref name=M-R-97>Moshein and Rothfus, p 97.</ref> |- | 4493 | [[4-6-0]] | Martius 1891 | [[Prescott and Arizona Central Railway]] No. 3, [[Sierra Railroad]] No. 3 | A civitate [[California]] possessum, in [[Sierra Railroad]], [[Jamestown (California)|Jamestown]], [[California]]e operatum; functum<ref>California State Railroad Museum, Retrieved March 21, 2006.</ref><ref name=M-R-118>Moshein and Rothfus, p 118.</ref> |- | 4788 | 4-6-0 | November 1892 | [[Burlington and Missouri Railroad]] No. 309, [[Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad]] No. 637 | [[Illinois Railway Museum]], [[Union (Illinoesia)|Union]], [[Illinoesia]]e.<ref name=M-R-122>Moshein and Rothfus, p 122.</ref> |- | 5425 | [[0-6-0]] | September 1899 | [[St. Paul and Duluth Railroad]] No. 74, [[Northern Pacific]] No. 924 | [[Northwest Railway Museum]], [[Snoqualmie (Vasingtonia)|Snoqualmie]], [[Vasingtonia]]e.<ref name=M-R-134>Moshein and Rothfus, p 134.</ref> |- | 5609 | 4-6-0 | Augustus 1900 | [[Mobile and Ohio Railroad]] No. 187, [[Columbus and Greenville Railway]] No. 178 | Propst Park, [[Columbus (Mississippia)|Columbus]], [[Mississippia]]e.<ref name=M-R-136>Moshein and Rothfus, p 136.</ref> |- | 5796 | [[2-8-0]] | Augustus 1902 | [[Great Northern Railway (U.S.)|Great Northern Railway]] No. 1147 | [[North Central Washington Museum]], [[Wenatchee (Vasingtonia)|Wenatchee]], [[Vasingtonia]]e.<ref name=M-R-139>Moshein and Rothfus, p 139.</ref> |- | 6178 | 2-8-0 | Iunius 1904 | Illinois Central Railroad No. 764 | [[Museum of Transportation]], [[Kirkwood (Missuria)|Kirkwood]], [[Missuria]]e.<ref name=M-R-146>Moshein and Rothfus, p 146.</ref> |- | 6256 | [[4-6-2]] | Ianuarius 1905 | [[Louisville and Nashville Railroad]] #[[L & N Steam Locomotive No. 152|152]] | [[Kentucky Railway Museum]], [[New Haven (Kentuckia)|New Haven]], [[Kentuckia]]e.<ref name="M-R-147"/> |- | 6259 | 0-6-0 | Ianuarius 1905 | [[Atlanta and West Point Railroad]] No. 4, [[Western Railway of Alabama]] No. 104 | Georgia RR Depot, [[Conyers (Georgia)|Conyers]], [[Georgia]]e.<ref name=M-R-147 /> |} ==Notae== <references/> ==Fontes== * {{cite book| author=Appleman, Roy E.| year=[[1966]]| title=Union Pacific Locomotive No. 119 and Central Pacific Locomotive No. 60 at Promontory Summit, Utah, May 10, 1869| publisher=National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior| location=Vasingtoniae. }} * {{cite web| author=California State Railroad Museum| url=http://www.csrmf.org/railtown/doc.asp?id=406| title="Movie Star" Locomotive Fundraising Campaign Continues| accessdate=March 21, 2006}} * {{cite book| title=History of Seneca County, Ohio| location=Sicagi| publisher=Warner, Beers & Co| year=1886| url=http://www.heritagepursuit.com/Seneca/SenIndex.htm| accessdate=February 28, 2009}} * {{cite book| author=Mortimer, John| year=[[2005]]| title=Zerah Colburn: The Spirit of Darkness| publisher=Arima Publishing| location=Bury St Edmunds, UK{{dubsig}}| url=http://books.google.com/?id=hjGbGiLGTIcC| isbn=1-84549-024-X }} * {{cite journal| author=Moshein, Peter and Rothfus, Robert R.| month=Autumn| year=[[1992]]| title=Rogers locomotives: A brief history and construction list| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_railroad-history_autumn-1992_167/page/13| journal=Railroad History| issue=167| pages=13–147| publisher=Railway and Locomotive Historical Society }} * {{cite web| author=Passaic County, New Jersey| url=http://www.passaiccountynj.org/ParksHistorical/Historical_Attractions/patersonmuseum.htm| title=Paterson Museum| accessdate=[[5 Octobris]] [[2005]]}} * {{cite web| author=Sunshine Software| url=http://www.steamlocomotive.info/| title=Steam Locomotive Information| accessdate=[[4 Octobris]] [[2005]]}} * {{cite web| author=Thomas, Dorn| date=[[ 20 Novembris]] [[1999]]| url=http://www.czbrats.com/Builders/engine299.htm| title=Panama Canal Construction Locomotive No. 299| accessdate=[[5 Octobris]] [[2005]]}} * {{cite book | author = White, John H., Jr. | year = 1968 | title = A history of the American locomotive; its development: 1830-1880 | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofamerica0000whit | publisher = Dover Publications | location = Novi Eboraci | isbn = 0-486-23818-0 | page = | pages = }} * {{cite journal| journal=Locomotive Engineers Journal| author=Williams, H. W.| pages=420–422| publisher=Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers| month=May| title=Locomotive engineers journal| year=1911| volume=XLV| issue=5| url=http://books.google.com/?id=dz0oAAAAYAAJ| accessdate=February 28, 2009}} {{Coord|40.9135|-74.1790|region:US_type:landmark_scale:5000|display=title}} {{Appendicula de hac pagina| {{TranslHebd|1582917|ad=2011-05-30}} }} [[Categoria:Historia Novae Caesareae]] [[Categoria:Societates fabricationis machinarum vectricum]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1932]] gcy2r1r58l8hvla2g8ouscc8hur6l25 0 124141 3979843 3486185 2026-08-09T20:17:35Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | image = | image_width = 300px | image_caption = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Nematoda]] | classis = [[Chromadorea]] | ordo = [[Rhabditida]] | familia = [[Panagrolaimidae]] | genus = ''[[Halicephalobus]]'' | species = '''''H. mephisto''''' | binomial = ''Halicephalobus mephisto'' | binomial_authority =(Borgonie, García-Moyano, Litthauer, Bert, Bester, van Heerden, Möller, Erasmus, & [[Tullis Onstott|Onstott]], 2011)<ref name=nature>{{cite journal|title=Nematoda from the terrestrial deep subsurface of South Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2011-06-02_474_7349/page/79|first=J.; |last=Borgonie |coauthors=García-Moyano, A.; Litthauer, D.; Bert, W.; Bester, A.; van Heerden, E.; Möller, C.; Erasmus, M.; Onstott, T. C. |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |pages=79–82 |doi=10.1038/nature09974 |issue=7349|year=2011|volume=474}}</ref> }} '''''Halicephalobus mephisto''''' est [[species (taxinomia)|species]] [[nematoda|nematodorum]], inter vermes rotundos a [[Gaetanus Borgonie|Gaetano Borgonie]], [[Tullis Onstott]], et eorum manu investigatorum anno [[2011]] inventos. Habitabat in [[aqua|aquis]] ex altis fissuris [[saxum|saxosis]] in nonnullis [[aurifodina|aurifodinis]] in [[Africa Australis|Africa Australi]] 0.9 km (0.56 milia passuum), 1.3 km (0.81 milia passuum), et 3.6 km (2.2 milia passuum) sub superficie [[tellus|terrae]] extractis.<ref name=nature/> Onstott dixit "eos primum vidisse moventis terrorem mihi incussisse,"<ref>[That] "it scared the life out of me when I first saw them moving."</ref> et exposuit "eos videri perparvas et atras res versantis."<ref>[That] "they look like black little swirly things."</ref><ref name="BBC"/> Haec inventio est gravis quia nullus alius [[organismus multicellularis]] sub 2 km (1.2 milia passuum) sub superficie [[tellus|terrae]] repertus est.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wpost.com/national/discovery-of-worms-from-hell-deep-beneath-earths-surface-raises-new-questions/2011/05/31/AGnzJTGH_story.html|title=Discovery of ‘worms from hell’ deep beneath Earth’s surface raises new questions |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=2011-06-01 |first=Marc |last=Kaufman |accessdate=2011-06-01}}</ref> ''Halicephalobus mephisto'' altas resistit [[temperatura]]s, se [[reproductio asexualis|sine sexu]] regignit, et [[bacteria|bacteriis]] subterraneis vescitur. Secundum [[Computatio radiocarbonica|computationem radiocarbonicam]] hi vermes in [[aqua soli|aquis soli]]<!--groundwater--> 3000–12&thinsp;000 annos natis habitant.<ref name=nature/> Ei etiam in aquis quibus sunt minimi [[oxygenium|oxygenii]] gradus, minus quam 1 centesima pars graduum plurimorum [[oceanus|oceanorum]], superesse possunt.<ref name="BBC"/> Hic vermis rotundus ex [[Mephistopheles|Mephistophele]] appellatur,<ref name="BBC"/> "quo [[lux|lucem]] non amat"; nomen quod vermis tam alte sub superficie terrae invenitur memorat.<ref name="nature"/> ''Halicephalobus mephisto'' est altissime vivum [[animal]] hactenus inventum, quod [[calor]]em [[pressio]]nemque contundentem resistere potest,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/06/110601-deepest-worm-earth-devil-science-animals-life/|title=New "Devil Worm" Is Deepest-Living Animal|last=Mosher|first=Dave|date=2011-06-01|publisher=''[[National Geographic]]''|accessdate=2011-06-02}}</ref> primus [[organismus]] [[multicellularis]] in talibus altitudinibus sub superficie inventus. Iam nota species ex altitudinibus similibus per eandem investigationem fuit ''[[Plectus aquatilis]].''<ref name="BBC"/> Borgonie dixit hunc vermem speciei [[detritivora|detritivororum]] quae in superficie habitat similem esse, et probabiliter ex speciebus superficialibus genitum fuisse. Tales species [[temperatura]]s extremas resistere possunt, et ergo Borgonie, cum primum animal illa altitudine inventum esset vermis, non admiratus est.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13620701|title=Deepest living land animal found|work=[[BBC]]|date=2011-06-02 |first=Jennifer |last=Carpenter |accessdate=2011-06-03}}</ref> Investigatores suspicati sunt hanc speciem ex animalibus superficialibus genitam fuisse quae ab aquis [[pluvia]]libus de superficie abluta erant.<ref name="BBC"/> ''Halicephalobus mephisto'' est 0.52 ad 0.56 mm longus. Quamquam speciebus [[genus (taxinomia)|generis]] ''[[Halicephalobus|Halicephalobi]]'' sint paucae proprietates distinctae, ''H. mephisto'' ab aliis speciebus intra genus distingui potest ob [[cauda]]m longiorem, inter 110 et 130 [[micrometrum|micrometra]] longam. Ad ''[[Halicephalobus gingivalis|H. gingivalem]]'' arte conectitur, atque artiore ad certas species nominis iam expertes eodem in genere.<ref name="nature"/> == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Vicispecies|Halicephalobus mephisto|''Halicephalobum mephiston''}} {{Fontes biologici|Halicephalobus mephisto|''Halicephalobum mephisto''}} [[Categoria:Nematoda]] [[Categoria:Taxa 2011]] [[Categoria:Taxa Borgonie]] q9lxra5x5l1alzkbaw1tclqd9unpv5b 0 127705 3980196 3446962 2026-08-10T04:59:42Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3980196 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Abbaye de Paimpont vue de l'ouest 2011 gros plan.jpg |thumb|200 px|Panis Pontis [[abbatia]]]] [[Fasciculus:Blason ville fr Paimpont (Ille-et-Vilaine).svg|thumb|200px|Panis Pontis scutum gentilitium]] '''Panis Pontis'''<ref>''Gallia christiana'', Parisiis, 1866, Firmin Didot, T. XIV, p.10. [http://books.google.com.br/books?id=M1YMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PT579&lpg=PT579&dq=Panis+Pontis+abbatia&source=bl&ots=JgQITprU6U&sig=B2BdIIXFlIo5EG61cuZ7VHzkiok&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ei=AfjNT-adLofO9QTjltWdCw&ved=0CIMBEOgBMAk#v=onepage&q=Panis%20Pontis%20abbatia&f=false] [[Libri Googles]] {{Ling|Latine}}</ref> sive '''Caput Pontis'''<ref>Jean-Yves Le Moing, ''Les noms de lieux bretons de Haute Bretagne'', 1990, Coop breizh. {{Ling|Francogallice}}</ref> ([[Francogallice]] ''Paimpont'', [[Lingua Gallonica|Gallonice]] ''Penpont'', [[Lingua Britonica|Britonice]] ''Pempont'') est commune 1636 incolarum (anno [[2007]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Illa et Vicinonia|Illae et Vicinoniae]] in [[Francia]]e occidentalis regione [[Britannia Minor]]e. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Illae et Vicinoniae]] == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Paimpont|Panem Pontis}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081204012951/http://www.paimpont.fr/ Panis Pontis pagina interretialis] {{Ling|Francice}} * {{INSEE commune|35211|de=Pane Pontis}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Ellae et Vicenoniae]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Ellae et Vicenoniae]] lock4jntkcqh6rsqxtbak9s15yy1x86 0 127745 3980018 3978607 2026-08-09T23:16:48Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ''Birgus latro'' | status = DD | status_system = iucn2.3 | status_ref = &nbsp;<ref name="IUCN">{{IUCN2010 |assessors=L. G. Eldredge |version=2.3 |year=1996 |id=2811 |title=Birgus latro |downloaded=October 15, 2010}}</ref> | image = Birgus latro climbing.jpg | image_width = 220px | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | subphylum = [[Crustacea]] | classis = [[Malacostraca]] | ordo = [[Decapoda]] | subordo = [[Pleocyemata]] | infraordo = [[Anomura]] | superfamilia = [[Paguroidea]] | familia = [[Coenobitidae]] | genus = '''''Birgus''''' | genus_authority = [[Gulielmus Elford Leach|Leach]], [[1816]] | species = '''''B. latro''''' | binomial = ''Birgus latro'' | binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1767]]) | range_map = CoconutCrab distribution map.svg | range_map_width = 220px | range_map_caption = ''Birgi latrones'' in plurimis litoribus in regione caerulea habitant; puncti rubri sunt primarii et puncti flavi secundarii loci conlocationis. | synonyms = ''Cancer latro'' <small>Linnaeus, 1767</small>&nbsp;<ref>{{cite web |author=Patsy McLaughlin |year=2009 |title=''Birgus latro'' (Linnaeus, 1767) |editor=P. McLaughlin |work=World Paguroidea database |publisher=[[World Register of Marine Species]] |url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=208668 |accessdate=October 15, 2010}}</ref> }} '''''Birgus latro''''' est maximum [[tellus|orbis terrarum]] [[arthropoda|arthropodum]] [[terra (humus)|terrestre]], quod habet probabiliter maximum [[animal]]ium terrestrium [[exosceletum]] quod in [[atmosphaera]] hodierna fieri potest.<ref name="isbn0-313-33922-8">{{cite book |author=R. Piper |title=Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals |url=https://archive.org/details/extraordinaryani0000pipe |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, CT |year=[[2007]] |pages= |isbn=0-313-33922-8}}.</ref> Vulgo appellatur etiam ''cancer latro'' et ''latro palmarum'' quia tradunt nonnullos ''Birgos latrones'' res fulgidas sicut olla et utensilia ex [[domus|domibus]] et tabernaculis<!--tents--> efferre. [[Species (taxinomia)|Species]] in [[regio]]nibus [[silva]]rum [[litus|litoralium]] multarum [[insula]]rum [[Indopacificus|Indopacificarum]] [[habitatio|habitat]], sed species est [[exstinctio|exstincta]] in aliquibus locis ubi ea prope [[homo|homines]] vixerat. Hic [[cancer]], usitate [[nox|nocturnus]], se interdiu latet aliquibusque [[nox|noctu]] ut pabuletur emergit. ''Birgus latro'' est [[Cladistica|apomorphicissimus]] [[Paguroidea|cancer eremiticus]], notus pro facultate [[Cocos nucifera|cocotium]] fortibus [[bracchium|bracchiis]] fractarum ad interiorem edendum. Is est sola [[species (taxinomia)|species]] [[genus (taxinomia)|generis]] ''Birgi,'' ad terrestres cancros eremiticos generis ''[[Coenobita]]e'' arte conecta.<ref name="Hartnoll16">[[#refHartnoll|Hartnoll (1988)]], [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RR09AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA16 p. 16]</ref><!--Sententia olim in en:, sed nunc ibi non inventa: [[Corpus (physicum)|Corpus]] in quattuor partes dividitur: lobus cephalicus, pars anterior, truncus, et [[opisthosoma]].--> == Descriptio == [[Fasciculus:CoconutCrabDictionnaireDHistoireNaturelle1849.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Imago ''Birgi latronis'' in ''Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle'' ([[1849]])]] Relationes de [[magnitudo|magnitudine]] ''Birgi latronis'' variantur, sed plurimi fontes dicunt [[longitudo|longitudinem]] corporis ad 40 [[centimetrum|centimetra]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Piotr Naskrecki |year=2005 |title=The Smaller Majority |url=https://archive.org/details/smallermajorityh2005nask |publisher=Belknap Press of [[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=0-674-01915-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/smallermajorityh2005nask/page/38 38]}}</ref> [[pondus]] ad 4.1 [[chiliogramma]]ta, et captum<!--Anglice: span--> [[crus|crurum]] plus quam 0.91 [[metrum]] esse,<ref name="IM0125">{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/im/im0125.html |work=Terrestrial Ecoregions |title=Maldives-Lakshadweep-Chagos Archipelago tropical moist forests (IM0125) |accessdate=[[15 Aprilis]] [[2009]] |publisher=[[National Geographic]] |year=[[2001]] |author=[[World Wildlife Fund]]}}</ref> maribus usitate muliebribus maioribus. Singuli plus quam triginta annos vivere possunt.<ref name="IM0125"/> [[Corpus (physicum)|Corpus]] ''Birgi latronis,'' ut corpora omnium [[Decapoda|decapodorum]], dividitur in partem anteriorem ([[cephalothorax|cephalothoracem]]), cui sunt decem [[crus arthropodorum|crura]] et [[abdomen]]. Anticissimis crurum paribus sunt magna [[chela]]e (''claws''), ad aperiendas [[Cocos nucifera|cocotes]] adhibitae, et hae chelae res ad 29 chiliogrammata elevare possunt. Promixa paria, sicut in aliis paguroideis, sunt magna et valida crura ambulationis, quae ''Birgis latronibus'' facultatem ad [[arbor]]es (saepe [[Cocos nucifera|cocotes]]) recte scandendas faciunt. Proximum crurum par est minus, chelis sicut [[volsella]]e in finibus praeditum, ut iuvenes interiorem [[concha]]e vel folliculum cocotis ad portandum pro protectione prehendere possint; adulti autem hoc par adhibent ut ambulent et scandant. Ultimum crurum par est perparvum, et tantum organa [[respiratio|spirandi]] purgant. Haec crura usitate intra [[carapatium]]<!--carapace--> tenentur, in foramine quod organa spirationis continet. Est quaedam discrepantia [[color]]is inter [[animalia]] in variis [[insula|insulis]] inventa, quae a [[violaceus|violaceo]] pallido per [[purpureus|atropurpureum]] ad [[fuscus|fuscum]] variantur.<!--PLUS IN EN:--> == Victus == [[Victus]] ''Birgorum latronum'' primum in [[fructus|fructibus]] carnosis (''fleshy'') consistit (praecipue ''[[Ochrosia ackeringae]], [[Arenga listeri]], [[Pandanus elatus]], [[Pandanus christmatensis]]''), [[nux|nucibus]] (cocotes ''[[Cocos nucifera]]'' et ''[[Aleurites moluccana]]''), et [[semen|seminibus]] (''[[Annona reticulata]]'').<ref name=Wilde2004/> Ei autem sunt animalia [[omnivora]], quae alias consumunt res organicas, sicut [[testudinidae]] nuper ex [[ovum|ovis]] exclusae et animalia exanima.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Peter Greenaway |year=2001 |title=Sodium and water balance in free-ranging robber crabs, ''Birgus latro'' (Anomura: Coenobitidae) |journal=[[Journal of Crustacean Biology]] |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=317–327|doi=10.1651/0278-0372(2001)021[0317:SAWBIF]2.0.CO;2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Peter Greenaway |year=[[2003]] |title=Terrestrial adaptations in the Anomura (Crustacea: Decapoda) |journal=Memoirs of Museum Victoria |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=13–26 |url=http://museumvictoria.com.au/pages/4017/60_1_greenaway.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}.</ref> Ea etiam observata sunt dum alios [[cancer|cancros]] [[sympatria|sympatricos]] praedabantur, inter quos ''[[Gecarcoidea natalis]]'' et ''[[Discoplax hirtipes]],'' et dum cadavera [[conspecificus|conspecifica]] (animalium sui generis) edebant.<ref name=Wilde2004>{{cite journal |author=Joanne E. Wilde, Stuart M. Linton & Peter Greenaway |year=[[2004]] |title=Dietary assimilation and the digestive strategy of the omnivorous anomuran land crab ''Birgus latro'' (Coenobitidae) |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-comparative-physiology-b-biochemical_2004-05_174_4/page/299 |journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology |volume=174 |issue=4 |pages=299–308 |doi=10.1007/s00360-004-0415-7 |pmid=14760503}}.</ref> Unus cancer per experimentum schedarum (''tagging experiment'') [[Rattus exulans|rattum Polynesium]] capiendum comedendumque observatus est.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Curt Kessler |year=2005 |title=Observation of a coconut crab, ''Birgus latro'' (Linnaeus, 1767) predation on a Polynesian rat, ''Rattus exulans'' (Peale, 1848) |journal=[[Crustaceana]] |volume=78 |issue=6 |pages=761–762 |doi=10.1163/156854005774353485}}.</ref> In inventis recentioribus inest quod ''Birgi latrones'' reliquias [[Amalia Earhart|Amaliae Earhart]] e conspectu evanescere effecerunt, quas ei comederunt, [[os (ossis)|ossibus]] in cuniculo coacervatis.<ref>{{cite news |author=Rossella Lorenzi |url=http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2009/10/23/amelia-earhart.html |title=Earhart's Final Resting Place Believed Found |publisher=[[Discovery News]] |date=[[23 Octobris]] [[2009]] |accessdate=[[26 Octobris]] [[2009]]}}.</ref> ''Birgi latrones'' [[cibus|cibum]] intercipere saepe conantur, et eum in cuniculos trahunt ut edentes sint securi. == Distributio geographica et habitatio == [[Fasciculus:Robber crab.jpg|thumb|''Birgi latrones'' inter se [[magnitudo|magnitudine]] et [[color]]e variant.]] [[Fasciculus:Birgus latro (Bora-Bora).jpg|thumb|''Birgi latrones'' [[Bora Bora]]e in insula [[Polynesia Francica|Polynesiae Francicae]] [[Cocos nucifera|cocoes]] scandunt.]] ''Birgi latrones'' in regionibus ab [[Oceanus Indicus|Oceano Indico]] ad medium [[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceanum Pacificum]] habitant. [[Insula Christi Natalis (Australia)|Insulae Christi Natalis]] in Oceano Indico est orbis terrarum maximus optimeque conservatus animalium numerus. Alii in Oceano Indico numeri in [[Insulae Seisellenses|Insulis Seisellensibus]] habitant, praecipue in [[Aldabra]], [[Insulae Gloriosae|Insulis Gloriosis]], [[Insula Astove]], [[Insula Adsumptionis]], et [[Cosmoledo]], sed ei in mediis insulis [[exstinctio|exstincti]] sunt. Ei etiam noti sunt in nonnullis [[Insulae Andamanenses|Insulis Andamanensibus]] et in [[Insulae Nicobarenses|Insulae Nicobarensibus]] in [[Sinus Bengalensis|Sinu Bengalensi]]. Libere palantur magni numeri in [[Catena Chagos]] (''Chagos Archipelago''). Occidentalis areae geographicae finis est [[Zanzibar]], ante [[litus]] [[Tanzania]]e,<ref name="Hartnoll16"/> cum tropici [[Tropicus Cancri|Cancri]] [[Tropicus Capricorni|Capricornique]] sunt septentrionalis australisque termini proprie, et pauci numeri in [[zona subtropica|subtropicis]] habitant, sicut [[Insulae Ryukyu]] (Drew et al. 2010:46). Sunt indicia ''Birgum latronem'' in terris [[Australia]]e et [[Madagascaria]]e olim vixisse, et in insula [[Mauritia]], sed his in locis non iam habitat (Drew et al. 2010:46). [[Geographia|Geographica]] ''Birgi latronis'' area in [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacifico]] graduatim nota est. [[Carolus Darwin]] putabat eum "in una curalii insula ad septentriones [[Insulae Societatis|Gregis Societatis]]" habitare; species autem est longius latiusque diffusa, quamquam haud dubie non ampla in unaquaque insula Pacifica ubi locum tenent.<ref>Thomas H. Streets (1877), "Some account of the natural history of the Fanning group of islands," ''[[American Naturalist]]'' 11(2):65–72. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2448050. doi=10.1086/271824.</ref> Magni ''Birgorum latronum'' numeri [[Insulae Cook|Insulis Cook]]<!--casus locativus hic et infra--> vivunt, praecipue [[Pukapuka]]e, [[Suwarrow]], [[Mangaia]]e, [[Takutea]]e, [[Mauke]], [[Atiu]], et [[Insula Palmerston|Insulae Palmerston]]. Hae insulae sunt prope terminos [[animal]]is distributionis geographicae, ut sunt [[Insulae Lineares]] [[Kiribati|Kiribatorum]], ubi ea praecipue [[Teraina]]e (Insulae Washington) sunt frequentissima, cui est [[silva]] [[Cocos nucifera|cocotibus]] abundans,<ref>Thomas H. Streets (1877), "Some account of the natural history of the Fanning group of islands," ''[[American Naturalist]]'' 11(2):65–72. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2448050. doi=10.1086/271824.</ref> et [[Insula Carolina|Insulae Carolinae]]. Orientalis speciei terminus est [[Insulae Gambier]].<ref name="Hartnoll16"/> == Historia taxinomica == Secundum relationem [[Georgius Eberhard Rumphius|Georgii Eberhard Rumphii]] ([[1705]]), qui hoc [[animal]] "''Cancrum cruentatum''" appellaverat, [[Carolus Linnaeus]] ([[1767]]) [[species (taxinomia)|speciem]] ''Cancrum latronem'' appellavit.<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Carolus Linnaeus]] |year=1767 |title=[[Systema Naturae|Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae]] |edition=12th |language=Latine}}</ref> [[Genus (taxinomia)|Genus]] autem ''Birgus'' anno [[1816]] a [[Gulielmus Elford Leach|Gulielmo Elford Leach]] erectum est, solum Linnaei ''Cancrum latronem'' comprehendens, qui sic ''Birgus latro'' necessarie appellatur.<ref name="McLaughlin">{{cite journal |author=Patsy A. McLaughlin, Tomoyuki Komai, Rafael Lemaitre & Dwi Listyo Rahayu |year=[[2010]] |chapter=Part I – Lithodoidea, Lomisoidea and Paguroidea |editor=Martyn E. Y. Low et S. H. Tan |title=Annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world (exclusive of the Kiwaoidea and families Chirostylidae and Galatheidae of the Galatheoidea) |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=Suppl. 23 |pages=5–107 |url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s23/s23rbz005-107.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}.</ref> <!--PROXIMA PARS, DE PELLICULIS, NON IN EN!--> == In pelliculis == Apparet scaena magni momenti de ''Birgo latrone'' capiendo in ''[[Moana (pellicula 1926)|Moana]],'' [[pellicula]] a [[Robertus J. Flaherty|Roberto Flaherty]] [[Savaii]]s in [[insula]] [[Samoa]]na [[decennium 193|decennio 193]] facta, qua [[puer]] sollers [[cancer|cancrum]] latentem [[fumus|fumo]] elicit. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == * Drew, M. M., S. Harzsch, M. Stensmyr, S. Erland, et B. S. Hansson. [[2010]]. A review of the biology and ecology of the Robber Crab, Birgus latro (Linnaeus, 1767) (Anomura: Coenobitidae). ''Zoologischer Anzeiger'' 249 (1): 45–67. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2010.03.001. * [[Robertus J. Flaherty|Flaherty, Robert]]. [[1926]]. ''[[Moana (pellicula 1926)|Moana]].'' Pellicula. Hollywood: Paramount. * Hartnoll, Richard. [[1988]]. Evolution, systematics, and geographical distribution. In ''Biology of the Land Crabs,'' ed. Warren W. Burggren et Brian Robert McMahon, 6–54. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30690-4. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RR09AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA6 Pagina 6.] * Wolcott, Thomas G. [[1988]]. Ecology. In ''Biology of the Land Crabs,'' ed. Warren W. Burggren et Brian Robert McMahon, 55–96. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30690-4. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RR09AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA55 Pagina 55.] == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070623110519/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/invertebrates_terrestrial_and_freshwater/Birgus_latro/ ''(Birgus latro)''] apud ARKive. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050306155535/http://crabstreetjournal.com/photos/entrants/displayimage.php?album=6&pos=3 ''The Crab Street Journal''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150803125118/http://www.coconutcrab.co.uk/ "The Coconut Crab (''Birgus latro''): A Comprehensive Account Of The Biology And Conservation Issues."] {{CommuniaCat|Birgus latro|''Birgum latronem''}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Birgus latro}} [[Categoria:Crustacea edulia]] [[Categoria:Crustacea Indo-Pacifica]] [[Categoria:Crustacea terrestria]] [[Categoria:Fauna Insulae Christi Natalis (Australia)]] [[Categoria:Paguroidea]] [[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1767]] 1a3wz3rvv3q7gqdxl7p6jkstiv0b48o 0 127925 3979939 3939297 2026-08-09T21:53:52Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | image = Kometsukigani 06g0139v.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Scopimera globosa]]'' | name = Sand-bubbler crab | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | subphylum = [[Crustacea]] | classis = [[Malacostraca]] | ordo = [[Decapoda]] | subordo = [[Pleocyemata]] | infraordo = [[Brachyura]] | familia = [[Dotillidae]] | genus = {{Series versibus dissaepta | '''''Scopimera''''' | <small>[[Gulielmus de Haan|De Haan]], 1833</small> | '''''Dotilla''''' | <small>[[Gulielmus Stimpson|Stimpson]], 1858</small> }} | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = ''Vide commentarium.'' }} {{res|Cancer harenam conglobans}}{{Convertimus|barbarice=sand-bubbler crab|sicut=[[Anglice]]}} ([[Anglice]]: ''sand-bubbler crab'' et ''sand-bubbler'') est quodlibet nonnullorum [[Brachyura|brachyurorum]] [[genus (taxinomia)|generum]] '''''Scopimera''''' et '''''Dotilla'''''<ref name="Maitland">{{cite journal |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=319 |pages=493–495 |year=1986 |doi=10.1038/319493a0 |title=Crabs that breathe air with their legs - ''Scopimera'' and ''Dotilla'' |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1986-02-06_319_6053/page/493 |author=David P. Maitland |issue=6053}}</ref> [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Dotillidae|Dotillidarum]].<ref name="Ng">{{cite journal |journal=[[Raffles Bulletin of Zoology]] |year=2008 |volume=17 |pages=1–286 |title=Systema Brachyurorum: Part I. An annotated checklist of extant Brachyuran crabs of the world |author=Peter K. L. Ng, Danièle Guinot & Peter J. F. Davie |url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s17/s17rbz.pdf}}</ref> Ea sunt parvi cancri quae in [[litus|litoribus]] [[harena|harenosis]] trans [[Indo-Pacificus|Indo-Pacificum]] [[zona tropica|tropicum]] et [[zona subtropica|subtropicum]] habitant; [[aestus|aestu]] recesso, conspicuas globulorum [[harena]]e congeries deponunt, quos aestus accedens destruit. == Descriptio == Cancri harenam conglobantes sunt parvi cancri, circa 1 cm trans [[carapatium]],{{dubsig}} et eorum est habere "fenestras gasosas" in [[merus|mero]] [[crus arthropodorum|crurum]]; inter ''Dotillas,'' hae fenestrae in [[thorax|thoracis]] [[sternitum|sternitis]]{{dubsig}}<!--Anglice: sternites--> quoque adsunt.<ref name="Maitland"/> Systema simile se in genere ''[[Petrolisthes|Petrolisthe]]'' familiae [[Porcellanidae|Porcellanidarum]] [[evolutio parallelis|in parallelo evolvit]]{{dubsig}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Crustaceans and the Biodiversity Crisis: Proceedings of the Fourth International Crustacean Congress, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, July 20–24, 1998 |series-editor=J. C. von Vaupel Klein |series=Crustacean Issues |volume=12 |editor=Frederick R. Schram & J. C. von Vaupel Klein |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=1999 |isbn=9789004113879 |chapter=Physiological diversity and the colonization of land |author=Peter Greenaway |pages=823–842}}</ref> == Distributio geographica == [[Fasciculus:Scopimera in Tanjung Aru Beach 2b.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Scopimera globosa]]'' et globuli harenosi quos fecit.]] Cancri harenam conglobantes sunt longe lateque trans regionem [[Indo-Pacificus|Indo-Pacifici]] diffusi, ubi abundanter in [[litus|litoribus]] harenosis in [[zona tropica|tropicis]] et [[zona subtropica|subtropicis]] vivunt.<ref name="Maitland"/> == Oecologia et mores == Aestū accedente, cancri harenam conglobantes in [[cuniculus|cuniculis]] sub harēnā manent; aestu recedente, in superficiem emergunt et grana harenae pro [[cibus|cibo]] detergent, ex quibus globulos inflatos formant, quae superficiem mox contegunt. Cancri [[radius (geometria)|radiis]]<!--radially--> ex aditu cuniculi moventur, in quem iterum ingrediuntur dum aestus accedens globulos destruit.<ref>{{cite book |title=Carbonate Sediments and their Diagenesis |volume=12 |series=Developments in Sedimentology |author=Robin G. C. Bathurst |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=1975 |isbn=9780444413536 |chapter=The Trucial coast embayment, Persian Gulf |pages=178–211}}</ref> Materia quam cancri harenam conglobantes consumunt habet minimam materiae [[organismus|organicae]] conglobationem, quae in unum confertur per egestationem materiae quae non est facilis ad concoquendum.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ecology: Principles and Applications |author=J. L. Chapman & M. J. Reiss |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1999 |isbn=9780521588027 |chapter=The individual |pages=5–15}}</ref> == Taxinomia == === Historia taxinomica === Primus [[taxinomia alpha|descriptus]] cancer harenam conglobans fuit ''Cancer sulcatus'' (nunc ''[[Dotilla sulcata]]''), a [[Petrus Forsskål|Petro Forsskål]] anno [[1775]] erectus. Genus ''Scopimera'' primum descriptum est [[subgenus]] ''[[Ocypode|Ocypodis]]''{{dubsig}} a [[Gulielmus de Haan|Gulielmo de Haan]] anno [[1833]], sed prima [[species (taxinomia)|species]], ''Scopimera globosa,'' firme<!--validly--> descripta est anno [[1835]].<ref name="Ng"/> Eodem tempore, de Haan erigere genus ''Dotonem''<!--nom. Doto--> pro ''Cancro sulcato'' Forskålensi conabatur, de genere ''[[Doto (gastropoda)|Dotone]]'' [[mollusca]]rum insciens, quod [[nomen praeoccupatum|nomen praeoccupabat]]. Primum illius generis nomen iucundum a [[Gulielmus Stimpson|Gulielmo Stimpson]] anno [[1858]] divulgatum est, qui id ''Dotillam'' appellavit. Veri simile est persistentis [[emendatio taxinomica|emendationes taxinomicas]] genus ''Scopimeram'' in saltem duo genera diffissuras esse.<ref name="Ng"/> === Species === Octo species ''Dotillae'' et quindecim ''Scopimerae'' hodie agnoscuntur<ref name="Ng"/>: * ''[[Dotilla blanfordi]]'' <small>Alcock, 1900</small> * ''[[Dotilla fenestrata]]'' <small>Hilgendorf, 1869</small> * ''[[Dotilla intermedia]]'' <small>De Man, 1888</small> * ''[[Dotilla malabarica]]'' <small>Nobili, 1903</small> * ''[[Dotilla myctiroides]]'' <small>(H. Milne-Edwards, 1852)</small> * ''[[Dotilla pertinax]]'' <small>Kemp, 1915</small> * ''[[Dotilla sulcata]]'' <small>(Forskål, 1775)</small> * ''[[Dotilla wichmani]]'' <small>De Man, 1892</small> * ''[[Scopimera bitympana]]'' <small>Shen, 1930</small> * ''[[Scopimera crabicauda]]'' <small>Alcock, 1900</small> * ''[[Scopimera curtelsoma]]'' <small>Shen, 1936</small> * ''[[Scopimera globosa]]'' <small>(De Haan, 1835)</small> * ''[[Scopimera gordonae]]'' <small>Serène & Moosa, 1981</small> * ''[[Scopimera inflata]]'' <small>A. Milne-Edwards, 1873</small> * ''[[Scopimera intermedia]]'' <small>Balss, 1934</small> * ''[[Scopimera investigatoris]]'' <small>Alcock, 1900</small> * ''[[Scopimera kochi]]'' <small>Roux, 1917</small> * ''[[Scopimera longidactyla]]'' <small>Shen, 1932</small> * ''[[Scopimera philippinensis]]'' <small>Wong, Shih & Chan, 2011</small><ref name="ZT2962">{{cite journal |author=Kingsley J. H. Wong, Hsi-Te Shih & Benny K. K. Chan |year=2011 |title=Two new species of sand-bubbler crabs, ''Scopimera'', from North China and the Philippines (Crustacea: Decapoda: Dotillidae) |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=2962 |pages=21–35 |url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/zt02962p035.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}</ref> * ''[[Scopimera pilula]]'' <small>Kemp, 1919</small> * ''[[Scopimera proxima]]'' <small>Kemp, 1919</small> * ''[[Scopimera sheni]]'' <small>Wong, Shih & Chan, 2011</small><ref name="ZT2962"/> * ''[[Scopimera sigillorum]]'' <small>(Rathbun, 1914)</small> == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Scopimera|''Scopimeram''}} [[Categoria:Crustacea Indo-Pacifica]] [[Categoria:Ocypodoidea]] 3ajwyx2vof2z43a7lu8e45h5lo1mgp1 0 128606 3980070 3249994 2026-08-09T23:57:41Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ''Vellodius etisoides'' | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | subphylum = [[Crustacea]] | classis = [[Malacostraca]] | ordo = [[Decapoda]] | infraordo = [[Brachyura]] | familia = [[Xanthidae]] | genus = '''''Vellodius''''' | genus_authority = Ng & Yang, [[1998]] | species = '''''V. etisoides''''' | binomial = ''Vellodius etisoides'' | binomial_authority = (Takeda & Miyake, [[1968]]) | synonyms = ''Pilodius etisoides'' <small>Takeda & Miyake, 1968</small> }} '''''Vellodius etisoides''''' est [[species (taxinomia)|species]] [[Brachyura|Brachyurorum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Xanthidae|Xanthidarum]], primum nomine ''Pilodio etisoide'' descripta, sed ad [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] [[monotypismus|monotypicum]] '''''Vellodium''''' anno [[1998]] mota.<ref>{{cite journal |author=P. K. L. Ng & S.-L. Yang |year=1998 |title=Description of a new genus for the xanthid crab ''Pilodius etisoides'' Takeda and Miyake, 1968 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Xanthoidea) |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-natural-history_october-november-1998_32_10-11/page/1685 |journal=[[Journal of Natural History]] |volume=32 |issue=10–11 |pages=1685–1696 |doi=10.1080/00222939800771201}}</ref><ref name="Ng">{{cite journal |journal=[[Raffles Bulletin of Zoology]] |year=2008 |volume=17 |pages=1–286 |title=Systema Brachyurorum: Part I. An annotated checklist of extant Brachyuran crabs of the world |author=Peter K. L. Ng, Danièle Guinot & Peter J. F. Davie |url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s17/s17rbz.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Peter Davie |year=2010 |title=''Vellodius etisoides'' (Takeda & Miyake, 1968) |publisher=[[World Register of Marine Species]] |url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=444106 |accessdate=July 6, 2011}}</ref> [[Habitatio|Habitat]] circa [[Amami Ōshima]] in [[Insulae Ryukyu|Insulis Ryukyu]] et in [[Insulae Paracel|Insulis Paracel]] in [[Meridianum Sinarum Mare|Meridiano Sinarum Mari]]<!--South China Sea-->.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=crabs_of_japan&id=1341 |title=''Vellodius etisoides'' |work=Crabs of Japan |accessdate=July 6, 2011}}</ref> ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> [[Categoria:Crustacea Indo-Pacifica]] [[Categoria:Monotypica malacostracorum genera]] [[Categoria:Taxa Ng]] [[Categoria:Taxa Yang]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1998]] [[Categoria:Xanthoidea]] p82vxm7he272fbsw4oair5wuiq0004j 0 128668 3980054 3724278 2026-08-09T23:46:54Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Perna canaliculus'' | image = Green Lipped Mussel (314300764).jpg | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Mollusca]] | classis = [[Bivalvia]] | subclassis = [[Pteriomorphia]] | ordo = [[Mytiloida]] | familia = [[Mytilidae]] | subfamilia = [[Mytilinae]] | genus = ''[[Perna]]'' | species = '''''P. canaliculus''''' | binomial = ''Perna canaliculus'' | binomial_authority = [[Ioannes Fridericus Gmelin|Gmelin]], [[1791]] }} '''''Perna canaliculus''''' est [[species]] [[mare|marinorum]] [[mollusca|molluscorum]] [[bivalvia|bivalvium]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familae]] [[Mytilidae|Mytilidarum]]. Ei est maximum momentum ut [[Aquacultura in Nova Zelandia|species in Nova Zelandia culta]]. == Distributio == ''Perna canaliculus'' in [[Nova Zelandia]] [[endemismus|endemicus est]].<ref>6. Aquaculture New Zealand (2010) New Zealand aquaculture farm facts, https://web.archive.org/web/20101020151301/http://www.aquaculture.org.nz/aquaculture-in-nz/industry-overview/overview/, Website accessed 30/08/2010.</ref> Eius [[distributio]] [[geographia|geographica]] per omnia [[civitas|civitatis]] [[litus|litora]] extenditur.<ref name="Apte2003">{{cite journal | author=Smita Apte et Bastiaan Star et Jonathan P. A. Gardner| title=A Comparison of Genetic Diversity between Cultured and Wild Populations, and a Test for Genetic Introgression in the New Zealand Greenshell Mussel ''Perna canaliculus'' (Gmelin 1791)| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_aquaculture_2003-04-02_219_1-4/page/193| journal=Aquaculture| year=[[2003]]| volume=219| issue=1--4| pages=193–220}}.</ref> Hoc [[animal]] sub [[aestus|zona interaestuali]] plerumque [[habitatio|habitat]], sed eius [[distributio geographica|distributio]] zonam ipsam comprehendere potest.<ref name="Morton1973">{{cite book | title=The New Zealand Sea Shore| last=Morton| first=John| coauthors=Charles Michael Miller| year=[[1973]]| pages=653| publisher=Collins| location=Aucopoli Novae Zelandiae}}.</ref> Id variis generibus [[phytoplankton]]e vescitur. In [[aqua|aquis]] [[Australia]]nis [[pestis]] introductum est.<ref name="Willams2008">{{cite journal | author=Susan L. Williams et Edwin D. Grosholz| title=The Invasive Species Challenge in Estuarine and Coastal Environments: Marrying Management and Science| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_estuaries-and-coasts_2008-02_31_1/page/n10| journal=Estuaries and Coasts| year=[[2008]]| volume=31| issue=1| pages=3–20}}.</ref> == Aquacultura == Species pro [[aquacultura]] in Nova Zelandia culta nomine tabulato<!--trademark--> ''Greenshell'' venditur.<ref>Aquaculture New Zealand (2010) New Zealand aquaculture farm facts, https://web.archive.org/web/20101020151301/http://www.aquaculture.org.nz/aquaculture-in-nz/industry-overview/overview/, Website accessed 30/08/2010.</ref> Industria aquaculturae Nova-Zelandica plus quam 140&thinsp;000 ''tonnes''{{dubsig}} per annum producit, aestimatione anno [[2009]] plus quam NZ$250 milliones.<ref>Aquaculture New Zealand (2010) New Zealand aquaculture farm facts, https://web.archive.org/web/20101020151301/http://www.aquaculture.org.nz/aquaculture-in-nz/industry-overview/overview/, Website accessed 30/08/2010.</ref><ref>A. Jeffs, (2003) Assessment of the potential for mussel aquaculture in Northland. NIWA client report AKL2003-057, NIWZ project ENT03101: 1-15.</ref><ref>A. G. Carton, A. G. Jeffs, G. Foote, H. Palmer, et J. Bilton (2007), "Evaluation of methods for assessing the retention of seed mussels (Perna canaliculus) prior to seeding for grow-out," ''Aquaculture'' 262: 521–27.</ref><ref>A. C. Alfaro, B. McArdle, et A. G. Jeffs (2010), "Temporal patterns of arrival of beachcast green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) spat harvested for aquaculture in New Zealand and its relationship with hydrodynamic and meteorological conditions," ''Aquaculture'' 302: 208–18.</ref> == Notae == <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{Fontes biologici}}<!-- [[Categoria:Invasive animal species]]--> [[Categoria:Bivalvia Australiae]] [[Categoria:Bivalvia Novae Zelandiae]] [[Categoria:Mollusca commercii]] [[Categoria:Mytilinae]] [[Categoria:Species animalium]] [[Categoria:Taxa Gmelin]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1791]] h9yp2ztwnplzsbza1uswzlg9fbmy3wn 0 128985 3979873 3724787 2026-08-09T20:42:23Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ''Polycotylidae'' | fossil_range = {{fossilrange|125|66|r=[[Aptium]] > [[Maastrichtium]]}} | image=Trinacromerum_BW.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Trinacromerum]] bentonianum'' ex [[Cretaceum|Cretaceo]] exeunte [[Kansia]]e | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Plesiosauria]] | subordo = [[Plesiosauroidea]] | familia = '''Polycotylidae''' | familia_authority = Williston, [[1909]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Genus (txainomia)|Genera]] | subdivision = *''[[Ceraumasaurus]]'' *''[[Dolichorhynchops]]'' *''[[Edgarosaurus]]'' *''[[Georgiasaurus]]'' *''[[Manemergus]]'' *''[[Pahasapasaurus]]'' *''[[Palmulasaurus]]'' *''[[Polycotylus]]'' *''[[Procotylus]]'' *''[[Sulcusuchus]]'' *''[[Trinacromerum]]'' }} '''Polycotylidae''' sunt [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Plesiosauria|Plesiosauriorum]] ex Aevo [[Cretaceum|Cretaceo]], sororius [[Leptocleididae|Leptocleididarum]] grex. Haec [[reptilia]], quod eis erant [[collum|colla]] brevia et magna [[caput|capita]] elongata, [[Pliosauria|Pliosauriorum]] similia erant, sed accuratiores investigationes [[phylogenia|phylogeneticae]] ea docent multas proprietates habuisse quas etiam [[Plesiosauridae|Plesiosauridis]] [[Elasmosauridae|Elasmosauridisque]] erant. [[Fossile|Fossilia]] per orbem terrarum inveniuntur, speciminibus ex [[Nova Zelandia]], [[Australia]], [[Iaponia]], [[Marocum|Maroco]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis]], [[Canada]], obsoletis [[Unio Rerum Publicarum Sovieticarum Socialisticarum|Unionis Rerum Publicarum Sovieticarum Socialisticarum]] civitatibus, et [[America Australis|America Australi]] iam relatis.<ref name="DruckenmillerRussell09">{{Cite journal|author=Patrick S. Druckenmiller et Anthony P. Russell |year=2009 |title=Earliest North American Occurrence Of Polycotylidae (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) From The Lower Cretaceous (Albian) Clearwater Formation, Alberta, Canada |url=http://www.bio.ucalgary.ca/contact/faculty/pdf/russell/335.pdf |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=83 |issue=6 |pages=361–392 |doi=|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110706211048/http://www.bio.ucalgary.ca/contact/faculty/pdf/russell/335.pdf|archivedate=2011-07-06}}</ref> Anno [[2010]], [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] ''[[Thililua]]'' ad [[Leptocleididae|Leptocleididas]] translata est.<ref name="Ketchum2010">{{Cite journal|author=H. F. Ketchum et R. B. J. Benson, |year=2010 |title=Global interrelationships of Plesiosauria (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) and the pivotal role of taxon sampling in determining the outcome of phylogenetic analyses |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-reviews_2010-05_85_2/page/361 |journal=Biological Reviews |volume=85 |pages=361–392 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00107.x |pmid=20002391}}</ref> == Phylogenia == [[Cladogramma]] secundum Albright, Gillette, et Titus (2007).<ref name="Albright, 2007">L. B. Albright III, D. D. Gillette, et A. L. Titus, 2007b. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110719055800/http://www.plesiosaur.com/database/pdf/albrightetal_2007_part2.pdf Plesiosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) Tropic Shale of southern Utah, part 2: polycotylidae]. ''Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology'' 27(1): 41–58.</ref> {{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:85% |label1='''[[Plesiosauria]]'''&nbsp; |1={{clade |1=''[[Plesiosaurus]]'' |2=''[[Tricleidus]]'' |label3=&nbsp;'''Polycotylidae'''&nbsp; |3={{clade |1=''[[Edgarosaurus]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Thililua]]'' |2={{clade |label1=&nbsp;[[Palmulainae]]&nbsp; |1={{clade |1=UMUT MV 19965 (ex Iaponia) |2=''[[Pahasapasaurus]]'' (=AMM 98.1.1)<ref name="Schumacher, 2007">Schumacher, B. A., 2007, A new polycotylid plesiosaur (Reptilia; Sauropterygia) from the Greenhorn Limestone (Upper Cretaceous; lower upper Cenomanian), Black Hills, South Dakota: In: The Geology and Paleontology of the Late Cretaceous marine deposits of the Dakotas, edited by Martin, J. E., and Parris, D. C., The Geological Society of America, Special Paper 427, p. 133-146.</ref> |3=''[[Palmulasaurus]]'' }} |label2=&nbsp;[[Polycotylinae]]&nbsp; |2={{clade |1=''[[Dolichorhynchops]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Trinacromerum]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Eopolycotylus]]'' |2=''[[Polycotylus]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} [[Cladogramma]] secundum Ketchum et Benson (2010).<ref name="Ketchum2010"/> {{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:85% |label1='''[[Plesiosaur]]oidea'''&nbsp; |1={{clade |1=[[Cryptoclididae]] |label2=&nbsp;[[Leptocleidia]]&nbsp; |2={{clade |1=[[Leptocleididae]] |label2=&nbsp;'''Polycotylidae'''&nbsp; |2={{clade |1=''[[Plesiopleurodon]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Edgarosaurus]]'' |2={{clade |1=QM F18041 |2={{clade |1=''[[Eopolycotylus]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Trinacromerum]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Dolichorhynchops|"D. herschelensis"]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Dolichorhynchops]]'' |2=''[[Manemergus]]'' |3=''[[Palmulasaurus]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == * [http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/220Lepidosauromorpha/220.820.html#Polycotylidae Palæos: The Vertebrates]: Lepidosauromorpha: Cryptocleidoidea: Tricleidia {{reptilia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Plesiosauria]] [[Categoria:Taxa Williston]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1909]] [[Categoria:Familiae animalium]] [[Categoria:Cretaceo nata]] [[Categoria:Cretaceo exstincta]] [[Categoria:Reptilia praehistorica]] chjqf0tx82f2rya92zzrc74zkc76elk 0 129234 3980208 3449535 2026-08-10T09:55:48Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3980208 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Pointe Saint Gildas.jpg|thumb|200 px|Préfailles: litus]] ''' Préfailles ''' ([[Lingua Britonica|Britonice]] '''Pradvael''') est commune 1231 incolarum (anno [[2008]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Liger Atlanticus|Ligeris Atlantici]] in [[Francia]]e occidentalis regione [[Pagi Ligeris (regio Franciae)|Pagis Ligeris]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Ligeris Atlantici]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Préfailles |Préfailles }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130404095455/http://www.prefailles.fr/ Préfailles pagina interretialis] {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Ligeris Atlantici]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Ligeris Atlantici]] svlt1mokd2fvba7ehk1b6q3t4yghxtc 0 129825 3980034 3965564 2026-08-09T23:32:09Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980034 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:HubbleTuningFork.jpg|thumb|left|Descriptio ordinis Hubble (Anglice).]] [[Fasciculus:Abell S740, cropped to ESO 325-G004.jpg|thumb|200px|[[ESO 325-G004]], immanis galaxias ellipticus.]] [[Fasciculus:Ngc5866 hst big rotated.jpg|thumb|[[NGC 5866]], "Lineata Draconis", galaxias lenticularis cum prominenti pulvis angiportu in [[Draco (constellatio)|constellatione Dracone]].]] [[Fasciculus:M101 hires STScI-PRC2006-10a.jpg|thumb|[[Messier 101]]/NGC 5457, "Kantius Ursae Maioris": [[galaxias spiralis]] generis ''Scd'' per ordinem Hubble.]] [[Fasciculus:Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg|thumb|[[NGC 1300]], "Lacertosus Eridani", lineatus [[galaxias spiralis]] generis ''SBbc.'']] [[Fasciculus:large.mc.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|[[Nubecula Magellani Maior]], nana [[galaxias enormis]].]] '''Ordo Hubble'''{{Convertimus}} ([[Anglice]] ''Hubble sequence'') est [[morphologica galaxiae classificatio|systema classificationis morphologicae]] ab [[Edwinus Hubble|Eduino Hubble]] anno [[1926]] excogitatus et ad [[galaxias]] adhibitus.<ref name="hubble26a">{{cite journal |last=Hubble |first=E. P. |authorlink=Edwin Hubble |year=1926 |title=Extra-galactic nebulae |journal=Contributions from the Mount Wilson Observatory / Carnegie Institution of Washington |volume=324 |pages=1–49|bibcode = 1926CMWCI.324....1H }}</ref><ref name="hubble26">{{cite journal |last=Hubble |first=E. P. |authorlink=Edwin Hubble |year=1926 |title=Extra-galactic nebulae |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_1926-12_64_5/page/321 |journal=Astrophysical Journal |volume=64 |pages=321–369 |bibcode= 1926ApJ....64..321H|doi = 10.1086/143018 }}</ref><ref name="hubble">{{cite book |last=Hubble |first=E. P. |authorlink=Edwin Hubble |title=The Realm of the Nebulae |year=1936 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |isbn=36018182}}</ref> Praeterea, ordo Anglice per ludibrium ''Hubble tuning-fork diagram'' ("descriptio furcae contendendi Hubble") propter formam qua usitate exprimitur saepe appellatur. Propositum Hubbleanum galaxias ordinarios in tres classes latas dividit—[[galaxias ellipticus|ellipticos]], [[galaxias lenticularis|lenticulares]], [[galaxias spiralis|spirales]]—per eorum aspectum constitutas, primum in [[lamina photographica|laminis photographicis]] visas. Quaedam autem classis quartum galaxiam continet, quibus est aspectus [[galaxias enormis|enormis]]<!--irregular appearance-->. Ordo Hubble iam est propositum galaxiarum classificatorum saepissime in professionalibus [[astronomus|astronomorum]] investigationibus et in [[astronomia idiotarum]]{{dubsig}}<!--amateur astronomy--> adhibitum. {{NexInt}} *[[Descriptio magnitudinis colorisque galaxiarum]]<!--Galaxy color-magnitude diagram--> *[[Edwinus Hubble]] *[[Gerardus de Vaucouleurs]] *[[Morphologica galaxiarum classificatio]] ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references /></div> ==Nexus externi== * [http://www.astr.ua.edu/keel/galaxies/classify.html Galaxies and the Universe] * [http://www.galaxyzoo.org/ Galaxy Zoo] * [http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/2mass/gallery/galmorph/ Near-Infrared Galaxy Morphology Atlas] apud T. H. Jarrett * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130303021555/http://sings.stsci.edu/Publications/sings_poster.html The Spitzer Infrared Nearby Galaxies Survey (SINGS) Hubble Tuning-Fork], [http://sings.stsci.edu/ SINGS] Spitzer Space Telescope Legacy Science Project [[Categoria:Galaxiae]] [[Categoria:Systemata classificationis]] [[Categoria:Edwinus Hubble]] g2hoyvvbfob4gd1ioledn4a8pdxiser 0 135881 3980217 3460800 2026-08-10T11:26:18Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pro pagina discretiva vide|Complutum (discretiva)}} {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus: Combloux, Rhône-Alpes.jpg|thumb|200 px|Complutum]] '''Complutum'''<ref>''DIZIONARIO GEOGRAFICO'' - Di GOFFREDO CASALIS, Voll. V.V., Torino 1833-1854</ref> {{victio|Complutum|i|n}} ([[Francogallice]]: ''Combloux'') est commune 2155 incolarum (anno [[2006]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Sabaudia Superior|Sabaudiae Superioris]] in [[Francia]]e orientalis regione [[Rhodanus et Alpis|Rhodano et Alpibus]]. == Coniunctio communium == * [[Diekholza]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diekholzen'') (in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e) {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Sabaudiae Superioris]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Combloux|Complutum}} * {{INSEE commune|74083|de=Compluto}} == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Praefecturae Sabaudiae Superioris]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Sabaudiae superioris]] kgab9ld2qs6y5at7prk1ebxbm90jjzq 0 135958 3979837 3708286 2026-08-09T20:12:31Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Thomas Middleton 1887 etching.jpg|thumb|Thomas Middleton in frontispicio operum selectorum pictus]] '''Thomas Middleton''' (natus die [[18 Aprilis]] [[1580]]; mortuus anno [[1627]]) fuit scriptor scaenicus [[Anglia|Anglicus]], alumnus [[Hospitium Christi|Hospitii Christi]], praeclarus (iuxta [[Ioannes Fletcher|Ioannem Fletcher]] et [[Beniaminus Jonson|Beniaminum Jonson]]) inter eos qui rege [[Iacobus I (rex Angliae)|Iacobo I]] laborabant. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190703061546/http://thomasmiddleton.org/ The Oxford Middleton Project] * [http://www.tech.org/~cleary/middhome.html The Plays of Thomas Middleton] * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20111003063817/http://www.etudes-episteme.org/ee/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=54 A Game at Chess]'' et ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20111003063918/http://www.etudes-episteme.org/ee/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=302 The Old Law]'' {{Ling|Anglice|Francogallice}} == Bibliographia == * Barbara Jo Baines, ''The Lust Motif in the Plays of Thomas Middleton''. Salzburg, 1973. * Swapan Chakravorty, ''Society and Politics in the Plays of Thomas Middleton''. Oxonii: Clarendon Press, 1996. ISBN 0-19-818266-X {{Google Books|av60KvVt6ygC|Paginae selectae}} * Anthony Covatta, ''Thomas Middleton's City Comedies''. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 1973. *{{Cite journal | last1 = Eccles | first1 = Mark | year = 1933 | title = Middleton's Birth and Education | url = | journal=Review of English Studies | volume = 7 | pages = 431–41 }} *J.R. Mulryne, ''Thomas Middleton'' ISBN 0-582-01266-X *Pier Paolo Frassinelli. "Realism, Desire, and Reification: Thomas Middleton's A Chaste Maid in Cheapside." ''Early Modern Literary Studies'' 8 (2003). *Kenneth Friedenreich, editor, ''"Accompaninge the players": Essays Celebrating Thomas Middleton, 1580–1980'' ISBN 0-404-62278-X *Margot Heinemann. ''Puritanism and Theatre: Thomas Middleton and Opposition Drama Under the Early Stuarts''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980. *Herbert Jack Heller. ''Penitent Brothellers: Grace, Sexuality, and Genre in Thomas Middleton's City Comedies''. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Press, 2000. *Bryan Loughrey and Neil Taylor. "Introduction." In Thomas Middleton, ''Five Plays''. Bryan Loughrey and Neil Taylor, eds. Penguin, 1988. *Mary Beth Rose. ''The Expense of Spirit: Love and Sexuality in English Renaissance Drama''. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988. *{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1086/389120 | last1 = Schoenbaum | first1 = Samuel | authorlink = Samuel Schoenbaum | year = 1956 | title = Middleton's Tragicomedies | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_modern-philology_1956-08_54_1/page/7| journal=Modern Philology | volume = 54 | pages = 7–19 }} *Ceri Sullivan, "Thomas Middleton’s View of Public Utility" in ''Review of English Studies'' 58 (2007), pp.&nbsp;160–74. *Ceri Sullivan, ''The Rhetoric of Credit. Merchants in Early Modern Writing'' (Madison/London: Associated University Press, 2002. *Gary Taylor. "Thomas Middleton." ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. {{Middleton tituli}} {{Scriptores scaenici Renascentiae Anglici}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Middleton, Thomas}} [[Categoria:Nati 1580]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1627]] [[Categoria:Alumni Hospitii Christi]] [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Poetae Angliae]] [[Categoria:Poetae scaenici]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Thomas Middleton|!]] qbwunqtoc31s66oralpvsueinbkp1xe 0 137865 3980058 3978796 2026-08-09T23:49:53Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa civitatis Vicidata}} '''Imperium Austriacum''' fuit [[regnum]] in [[Europa Media]] quod a die [[11 Augusti]] [[1804]] usque ad diem [[30 Martii]] [[1867]] duravit, cum [[Imperium Austro-Hungaricum]] [[Conventio Austro-Hungarica|Conventione Austro-Hungarica]] constituta esset. Tunc [[imperium]] in duplicem [[monarchia]]m Austro-Hungaricam mutatum est. ==Imperatores== * [[1804]]-[[1835]] : [[Franciscus II (imperator)|Franciscus Primus]]. * [[1835]]-[[1848]] : [[Ferdinandus I (imperator Austriae)|Ferdinandus Primus]] * [[1848]]-[[1916]] : [[Franciscus Iosephus I]] * [[1916]]-[[1918]] : [[Carolus I (imperator Austriae)|Carolus Primus]] (et ultimus) == Exercitus == {{vide-etiam|Exercitus Imperii Austriaci}} == Bibliographia == * Bassett, Richard. [[2016]]. ''For God and Kaiser: The Imperial Austrian Army, 1619–1918.'' * {{cite book |last=Evans |first=R. J. W. |author-link=Robertus Ioannes Weston Evans |year=[[2006]] |title=Austria, Hungary, and the Habsburgs: Essays on Central Europe, c. 1683–1867}} [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=115124739 Situs interretialis.]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Judson, Pieter M. [[2016]]. ''The Habsburg Empire: A New History.'' [https://www.amazon.com/Habsburg-Empire-New-History/dp/0674047761/ Pars textualis.] * Kann, Robert A. [[1980]]. ''A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1526–1918.'' Ed. secunda. * {{cite book |author-link=Henricus Kissinger |last=Kissinger |first=Henry |title=The World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh, and the Problems of Peace, 1812–22 |year=[[1955]]}}. * {{cite book |last=Okey |first=Robin |year=[[2002]] |title=The Habsburg Monarchy, c. 1765–1918: From Enlightenment to Eclipse|url=https://archive.org/details/habsburgmonarchy0000robi }} [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0333396545/ Pars textualis.] * {{cite journal |author-link= |last=Rothenberg |first=Gunther E. |title=Nobility and Military Careers: The Habsburg Officer Corps, 1740–1914 |journal=Military Affairs |year=[[1976]] |volume=40 |number=4 |pages=182–186 |jstor=1986702 |doi=10.2307/1986702}}. * {{cite journal |last=Rothenberg |first=Gunther E. |title=The Austrian Army in the Age of Metternich |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-history_1968-06_40_2/page/155 |journal=Journal of Modern History |year=[[1968]] |volume=40 |number=2 |pages=155–165 |jstor=1876727 |doi=10.1086/240187|s2cid=143628536}}. * Sked, Alan. [[2002]]. "Explaining the Habsburg Empire, 1830–90." In ''Themes in Modern European History 1830–1890,'' ed. Pamela Pilbeam, 141–176. Routledge. * Sked, Alan. [[2001]].''The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire, 1815–1918.'' Ed. secunda. * Sked, Alan. [[2008]]. ''Metternich and Austria: An Evaluation.'' * Steed, Henry Wickham. [[1919]]. ''The Hapsburg Monarchy.'' [https://archive.org/details/hapsburgmonarchy00steeuoft Textus interretialis.] * {{cite book |author-link=A. J. P. Taylor |first=A. J. P. |last=Taylor |year=[[1941]] |title=The Habsburg Monarchy, 1809–1918: A History of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary}} [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0226791459/ Pars textualis.] {{NexInt}} * [[Austria]] * [[Hungaria]] ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Austrian Empire|Imperium Austriaum}} [[Categoria:Condita 1804]] [[Categoria:Europa Media]] [[Categoria:Geographia]] [[Categoria:Historia Austriae]] [[Categoria:Historia Hungariae]] {{Myrias|Historia}} hzpoo1ju1nuhbhe4axs0k3qpstae99e 0 139317 3979794 3978739 2026-08-09T19:09:31Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Lynx rufus'' | status = LC | trend = down | status_system = iucn3.1 | status_ref =<ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2008 | assessors = M. Kelly, A. Caso, et C. Lopez Gonzalez | year = 2008 | title = Lynx rufus | id = 12521 | downloaded = 22 March 2009}}</ref> | image = Bobcat2.jpg | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Mammalia]] | ordo = [[Carnivora]] | familia = [[Felidae]] | genus = ''[[Lynx]]'' | species = '''''L. rufus''''' | binomial = ''Lynx rufus'' | binomial_authority = ([[Ioannes Christianus Daniel von Schreber|Schreber]], [[1777]]) | synonyms = ''Felis rufus'' <small>Schreber</small> | range_map = BobcatThird.jpg | range_map_caption = [[Area geographica]] ''Lyncis rufi'' }} [[Fasciculus:Bobcat (Lynx rufus) in Buckeye Tree.webm|thumb|''Lynx rufus'' in [[Aesculus (genus)|aesculo]] alta]] '''''Lynx rufus''''' ([[Anglice]] ''bobcat'') est [[mammalia|mammal]]e [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Felidae|Felidarum]], in [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]] [[endemismus|endemicum]], quod [[aevum geologicum|aevo geologico]] [[Irvingtonianum|Irvingtoniano]] abhinc annorum circa 1.8 milliones apparuit.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130727105824/http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=46528&is_real_user=1 "Paleobiology Database, collection 20397"] ex [[Comitatus Dona Ana|Comitatu Dona Ana]] [[Novum Mexicum|Novi Mexici]]. Res die 30 Aprilis 1994 perscripta, [[Ioannes Alroy|Doctore Ioanne Alroy]] [[Universitas Macquarie|Universitatis Macquarie]] auctore.</ref> [[Species (taxinomia)|Speciei]] sunt [[tredecim]] subspecies agnitae. [[Area geographica]] a [[Canada]] [[meridies|australi]] ad [[Mexicum]] [[septentrio]]nalem patet, maiore [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[continens|continentalium]] parte haud exceptó. ''Lynx rufus'' est [[praedator]] adaptibilis, qui in regionibus [[silva|silvosis]], [[deserta|semidesertis]], marginibus [[urbs|urbium]] et silvarum, et [[palus|paludibus]] [[habitatio|habitat]]. In maiore areae geographicae priscae parte persistit, et numeri sunt stabiles. ''Lynx rufus'' [[pellis|pellem]] ab cana ad adustam, [[facies|vultum]] conspicuis [[vibrissa|vibrissis]]<!--technical term--> praeditum, et [[auris|aures]] cum floccis<!--there's probably a technical term for this too--> [[niger|nigris]] habet, et visu specierum aliarum generis ''[[Lynx|Lyncis]]'' similis est. [[Magnitudo]] modica est minor quam eius magnitudo in ''[[Lynx canadensis|Lyncibus canadensibus]],'' quocum sua area geographica communicat, sed est semel plusquam in ''[[Felis (genus)|Felibus]].'' [[Crus|Crura]] anteriora cum pelle fasciata nigra propria et [[cauda]]m cum caespitulis nigris implenam habet, ex qua nomen Anglicum deducitur. Quamquam ''L. rufus'' venari [[cuniculus|cuniculos]] et [[Lepus|Lepos]] praefert, aliquam praedam ab [[insecta|insectis]] et [[rodentia|rodentiis]] parvis ad [[cervus|cervis]] venatur. Selectio praedae de regione, habitatione, tempore anni, et abundantia dependet. Ut plurimi catti, ''L. rufus'' intra territorium suum plerumque solitario habitat, quamquam aliquantum territoria paulo excedunt. ''L. rufus'' aliquot modis ad territorium signandum utitur, ut unguibus signis faciendis et uriná faeceque deponendo. ''L. rufus'' ab hieme ad ver parit, et circa duas menses gestat. Quamquam homines ''L. rufi'' late venati sunt et ludicer et pro pellis, numeri ''L. ruforum'' sunt resilientes. Praedator fugax ut persona principalis in [[mythistoria Americanorum Nativorum]] et fabulis vulgis colonorum ex Europa apparet. == Taxinomia == Erat disceptatio de classificatione speciei ut ''Lynx rufus'' aut ''Felis rufus''. Haec disceptatio erat pars maioris disceptationis de classificatione quattuor speciei ''Lyncis'' in [[Genus (taxinomia)|genere]] suo ''Lynce'' aut [[Subgenus (taxinomia)|sub genere]] ''[[Felis (genus)|Felis]]''.<ref name=lox>{{cite book | author = Zielinski, William J; Kuceradate, Thomas E | year = 1998 | title = American Marten, Fisher, Lynx, and Wolverine: Survey Methods for Their Detection | publisher = DIANE Publishing | isbn = 0-7881-3628-3 | pages = 77–8}}</ref><ref name=CanLynx>{{cite web | author=Carron Meaney; Gary P. Beauvais | title= Species Assessment for Canada lynx (Lynx Canadensis) in Wyoming | url=http://uwadmnweb.uwyo.edu/wyndd/Species%20Assessments/Canada%20Lynx%20-%20Final%20(Sep%202004).pdf | accessdate=2007-06-25 | year=2004 |month=September | format=PDF | publisher= [[United States Department of the Interior]], Bureau of Land Management| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060517191522/http://uwadmnweb.uwyo.edu/wyndd/Species+Assessments/Canada+Lynx+-+Final+(Sep+2004).pdf| archivedate = May 17, 2006}}</ref> Genus ''Lynx'' nunc accipitur, et animal ut ''Lynx rufus'' in fontibus taxinomicis recentibus enumerat. Johnson et alii scripsit quod ''Lynx'' [[stemma (taxinomia)|stemma taxinomica]]<!-- stemma, -atis (n) branch of pedigree, clade --> cum generis ''[[Puma]]'', ''[[Prionailurus|Prionailuro]]'', et ''[[Felis|Fele]]'' communicat abhinc annorum 7.15 milliones; ''Lynx'' primum deflexit abhinc annorum 3.24 milliones.<ref name=Johnson2006>{{cite journal | author = Johnson, W.E., Eizirik, E., Pecon-Slattery, J., Murphy, W.J., Antunes, A., Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S.J. | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1126/science.1122277 | title = The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-01-06_311_5757/page/73 | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 311 | pages = 73–77 | pmid = 16400146 | issue = 5757}}</ref> Creditur quod ''L. rufus'' ex ''[[Lynx lynx|L. lynx]]'' evoluit, qui [[Pleistocaenum|Pleistocaeno]] [[Beringia]]m in Americam Septentrionalem transierat, annorum abhinc 2.6 milliones.<ref name=CanLynx/> Primus grex in partem australis Americae Septentrionalis migravit, post quo ob [[glaciarium|moles conglaciatas]] praeciderunt. Hi numeri in ''L. rufum'' circa annorum abhinc 20&nbsp;000 evoluit. Grex secundus ex Asia transiit et in septentrionem migravit, fieri ''L. Canadensem'' recenti.<ref name="lox"/> Hybridizatio inter ''L. rufum'' et ''L. Canadensem'' aliquantum fit (vide [[hybrida felida]]).<ref>{{cite book | author = Mills, L. Scott | month = November | year = 2006 | title = Conservation of Wildlife Populations: Demography, Genetics, and Management | url = https://archive.org/details/conservationofwi0000mill | publisher = Blackwell Publishing | isbn = 1-4051-2146-7 | page = [https://archive.org/details/conservationofwi0000mill/page/48 48]}}</ref> === Subspecies === Speciei sunt tredecim subspecies agnitae: * ''L. rufus rufus'' (Schreber) – [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|C.F.A.]] orientalis et medio-occidentalis. * ''L. rufus gigas'' (Bangs) – [[Novum Eboracum]] septentrionalis ad [[Nova Scotia|Novam Scotiam]] et [[Novum Brunsvicum]]. * ''L. rufus floridanus'' (Rafinesque) – C.F.A. australo-orientalis et intus ad vallum [[Mississippia]]num, usque ad [[Missuria]]m australo-occidentalem et [[Illinoesia]]m australem. * ''L. rufus superiorensis'' (Peterson & Downing) – area [[Laci Magni|Lacuum Magnorum]] occidentalium, cum [[Michigania]] superiore, [[Visconsinia]], [[Ontario]] australi, et maxima parte [[Minnesota]]e. * ''L. rufus baileyi'' (Merriam) – C.F.A. australo-occidentalis et [[Mexicum]] septentrio-occidentalis. * ''L. rufus californicus'' (Mearns) – [[California]] ad occidentem [[Sierra Nevada|Sierrae Nevadae]]{{dubsig}}. * ''L. rufus mohavensis'' (B. Anderson) - [[Desertum Mojave]] in [[California]]. * ''L. rufus escuinipae'' (J. A. Allen) – Mexicum medium, et per litus occidentale ad [[Sonora]]m australem. * ''L. rufus fasciatus'' (Rafinesque) – [[Oregonia]], [[Vasintonia]] ad occidentem [[Cascade Range]], California septentrio-occidentalis, et [[Columbia Britannica]] australo-occidentalis. * ''L. rufus oaxacensis'' (Goodwin) – [[Oaxaca]]. * ''L. rufus pallescens'' (Merriam) – C.F.A. septentrio-occidentalis et [[Columbia Britannica]] australis, [[Alberta]], et [[Saskatchewan]]. * ''L. rufus peninsularis'' (Thomas) – [[California Inferior]]. * ''L. rufus texensis'' (Mearns) – [[Ludoviciana]] occidentalis, [[Texia]], [[Oclahoma]] media australis, et ad meridiem in [[Tamaulipae|Tamaulipas]], [[Nova Legio|Novam Legionem]], et [[Coahuila]]m.<ref name="msw3">{{cite book | title = [http://google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA542 Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference] | last = Wozencraft | first = W. Christopher | author-link = | chapter = Order Carnivora (pp. 532-628) | page =542 | edition = 3rd | editor = Wilson, Don E., and Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds | date = 16 November 2005 | publisher = [[Johns Hopkins University Press]], 2 vols. (2142 pp.) | location = Baltimore | isbn= 978-0-8018-8221-0 | oclc= 62265494 | url = http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp | ref = harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author = Wilson, Don E | coauthors = Ruff, Sue | month = September | year = 1999 | title = The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals | publisher = Smithsonian Institution Press | isbn = 1-56098-845-2 | pages = 234–5}}</ref> Haec autem divisio subspecierum recusata est ob inopiam finium geographicorum clarorum inter areas et differentias minores inter subspecies.<ref name=Proposal>{{cite web |url=http://www.cites.org/common/cop/13/raw_props/US-Lynx%20rufus.pdf |title= Deletion of Bobcat (Lynx rufus) from Appendix II |accessdate=2007-05-31 |year=2004 |month=October |format=PDF |work=Thirteenth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties, Proposal 5 |publisher= [[Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora]]}}</ref> == Propria physica == [[Fasciculus:Bobcat500.jpg|thumb|left|''L. rufus'' aquam apud [[Tucson]], [[Arizona]]m invenit.]] [[Fasciculus:Bobbie 2010 2.jpg|thumb|left|''L. rufus'' in [[hortus|horto]] anteriori domi apud [[California]]m Australem.]] Visu specierum aliarum generis ''Lyncis'' similis est, sed minima est magnitudo modica ex quattuor generibus. Pellis variat, ab adusto ad fumosum maxime patet, cum corpore striato nigro et cruribus anteriori caudaque fasciata fuscata. Ordinatio maculata agit ut [[dissimulatio]]. Aures sunt acutae cum apices caespitulisque nigris. Labia, mentum, et inferior pars corporis maxime est albida. ''L. rufi'' in desertis australo-occidentalibus pelles candidissimas habent, et illi in silvis septentrionalibus fuscissimas. Catuli bene villose nascuntur et cum maculis.<ref name=cah>{{cite book | author = Cahalane, Victor H | date = 2005-03-01 | title = Meeting the Mammals | publisher = Kessinger Publishing | isbn = 1-4179-9522-X | page = 64}}</ref> Sunt aliquot ''L. rufi'' [[melanismus|melanistici]] observati et capti in [[Florida]]. Visu sunt nigri, sed ordinationem maculatam ostendat.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Ulmer, Jr., Fred A. | year = 1941 | title = Melanism in the Felidae, with Special Reference to the Genus Lynx | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mammalogy_1941-08-14_22_3/page/285 | journal = Journal of Mammalogy | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 285–288 | doi = 10.2307/1374954 | jstor=1374954}}</ref> == Nota == <references/> [[Categoria:Taxa Schreber]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1777]] [[Categoria:Felidae]] 9hlieonpeu63hr1nllaqvyty9dmbrcp 0 147623 3980201 3852871 2026-08-10T05:41:20Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3980201 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paulus Petri filius Liprandi''' (Russice: ''Па́вел Петро́вич Липра́нди'', natus [[15 Ianuarii]] [[1796]], mortuus [[27 Augusti]] [[1864]] [[Petropolis]]) dux militum [[Imperium Russicum|Russicus]] fuit. ==Cursus honorum== Liprandi anno [[1812]] [[Bellum Patrium|Bello Patrio]] interfuit, cum [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleo I]] Russiam invaderet. Annis [[1813]] - [[1815]] in Germania et Francia contra Napoleonem certavit. Anno [[1818]] capitaneus factus est et ab anno [[1822]] in praetorio magno operam dedit. Anno [[1828]]/[[1829|29]] contra [[Imperium Ottomanicum]] pugnavit, anno [[1830]]/[[1831|31]] bello [[Polonia|Polonico]] interfuit. Anno [[1844]] generalis maior, anno [[1848]] generalis succenturio factus est. Et anno [[1849]] contra res novas [[Hungaria|Hungaricas]] pugnavit et inter [[Bellum Crimaeanum]] anno [[1854]] [[Ioannes Paskevič|Ioannis Paskevič]] iussu [[Sebastopolis|Sebastopolin]] [[Proelium Balaclavae|proelio Balaclavae]] feliciter defendebat. == Nexus externi == *[http://ru.rodovid.org/wk/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C:652839 Biographia apud rodovid.org (lingua Russica)] *[http://www.genrogge.ru/1853/f-155.htm Imago Generalis Liprandi] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130510162252/http://greatrussianpeople.ru/info8089.html Biographia brevis apud greatrussianpeople.ru] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305033808/http://www.people.su/65728 Biographia apud www.people.su] {{Lifetime|1796|1864|Liprandi, Paulus}} [[Categoria:Incolae Imperii Russici]] [[Categoria:Milites Russiae]] [[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]] [[Categoria:Participes bellorum Napoleonicorum]] [[Categoria:Participes Belli Crimaeani]] pe6mwjdrzcu4vmko4tk0hl2q8cg7p24 0 150575 3980025 3978211 2026-08-09T23:22:39Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980025 wikitext text/x-wiki Hic est index '''[[Agaricales|Agaricalium]],''' [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordinis]] [[fungi|fungorum]] [[classis (taxinomia)|classis]] [[Agaricomycetes|Agaricomycetium]] (divisionis [[Basidiomycota|Basidiomycotorum]]). Agaricales sunt maximus fungorum grex qui res [[Anglice]] ''mushrooms'' appellatas generat, quibus sunt plus quam 400 [[genus (taxinomia)|genera]] et 13&thinsp;000 [[species (taxinomia)|species]].<ref name=Kirkp12/> [[Phylogenetica molecularis]] sequentiarum [[DNA ribosomalis]] explicatio hodiernam Agaricalium doctrinam emendavit, priorem doctrinam [[familia (taxinomia)|familiarum]] et generum multo retractans.<ref name=Matheny2006/> Sequentes familiae adsunt in Agaricalibus, secundum ''Dictionary of the Fungi,'' editionem decimam (2008):<ref name=Kirkp12>Kirk et al. (2008), p. 12.</ref> == Familiae == {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="text-align:center" ![[Familia (taxinomia)|Familia]] !class="unsortable" | Auctoritas ![[Annus]] ![[Genus typicum]] !# [[genus (taxinomia)|Genera]] !# [[Species]] !class="unsortable" | Exemplum |- | [[Agaricaceae]] | [[Franciscus Fulgis Chevallier|Chevall.]]<ref>Chevallier (1826), p. 121.</ref> | 1826 | ''[[Agaricus]]''<br><small>[[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]</small> | [[List of Agaricaceae genera|85]] | 1340<ref>Kirk et al. (2008), p. 11.</ref> | [[Fasciculus:Agaricus campestris.jpg|120x90px|Agaricus campestris]]<br>''[[Agaricus campestris]]'' |- | [[Amanitaceae]] | [[Rogerius Heim|R.Heim]] ex [[Zdenek Pouzar|Pouzar]]<ref name=Pouzar1983/> | 1983 | ''[[Amanita]]''<br><small>[[Christian Hendrik Persoon|Pers.]]</small> | 3 | 521<ref>Kirk et al. (2008), p. 23.</ref> | [[Fasciculus:Amanita muscaria Marriott Falls 1.jpg|120x90px|Amanita muscaria]]<br>''[[Amanita muscaria]]'' |- | [[Bolbitiaceae]] | [[Rolf Singer|Singer]]<ref name=Singer1942/> | 1948 | ''[[Bolbitius]]''<br><small>[[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]]</small> | 15<ref>Kirk & al. give the number as 17, but only 15 actual genera are unequivocally listed as members in their entries.</ref> | 287<ref>Kirk et al. (2008), p. 96.</ref> | [[Fasciculus:Goldmistpilze2.jpg|120x90px|Bolbitius vitellinus]]<br>''[[Bolbitius vitellinus]]'' |- | [[Broomeiaceae]] | [[Sanford Myron Zeller|Zeller]]<ref name=Zeller1948/> | 1948 | ''[[Broomeia]]''<br><small>[[Miles Joseph Berkeley|Berk.]]</small> | 1 | 2<ref>Kirk et al. (2008), p. 103.</ref> | |- | [[Clavariaceae]] | [[Franciscus Fulgis Chevallier|Chevall.]]<ref>Chevallier (1826), p. 102.</ref> | 1826 | ''[[Clavaria]]''<br><small>[[Sébastien Vaillant|Vaill.]] ex [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</small> | 7 | 120<ref>Kirk et al. (2008), p. 149.</ref> | [[Fasciculus:Clavaria zollingeri 90973.jpg|120x90px|Clavaria zollingeri]]<br>''[[Clavaria zollingeri]]'' |- | [[Cortinariaceae]] | [[Rogerius Heim|R.Heim]] ex [[Zdenek Pouzar|Pouzar]]<ref name=Pouzar1983/> | 1983 | ''[[Cortinarius]]''<br><small>[[Samuel Frederick Gray|Gray]]</small> | 13<ref>The entry for the family in Kirk et al. (2008) gives (without listing them) 12 genera, but thirteen are listed as members in their separate entries.</ref> | 2104<ref>Kirk et al. (2008), p. 173.</ref> | [[Fasciculus:Cortinarius violaceus 02.jpg|120x90px|Cortinarius violaceus]]<br>''[[Cortinarius violaceus]]'' |- | [[Cyphellaceae]] | [[Ioannes Paulus Lotsy|Lotsy]]<ref>Lotsy (1907), [http://www.archive.org/stream/vortrgeberbo01lots#page/694/mode/2up p. 695.]</ref> | 1907 | ''[[Cyphella]]''<br><small>[[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]]</small> | 16 | 31<ref>Kirk et al. (2008), p. 187.</ref> | [[Fasciculus:Cyphella species 87616.jpg|120x90px|Cyphella spp.]]<br>''Cyphella'' spp. |- | [[Entolomataceae]] | [[František Kotlaba|Kotl.]] & [[Zdenek Pouzar|Pouzar]]<ref name=Kotlaba1972/> | 1972 | ''[[Entoloma]]''<br><small>([[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]]) [[Paul Kummer|P.Kumm.]]</small> | 3<ref>Although the entry for the family in Kirk & al. (2008:237) gives the number as 4, the only genera placed there appears to be ''[[Entoloma]]'' and ''[[Clitopilus]]''; this list follows Co-David et al. (''Persoonia'' '''23''':147–176, 2009) in recognizing three genera.</ref> | 1071<ref>Kirk et al. (2008), p. 237.</ref> | [[Fasciculus:Entoloma sinuatum group.JPG|120x90px|Entoloma sinuatum]]<br>''[[Entoloma sinuatum]]'' |- | [[Fistulinaceae]] | [[Ioannes Paulus Lotsy|Lotsy]]<ref>Lotsy (1907), [http://www.archive.org/stream/vortrgeberbo01lots#page/694/mode/2up pp. 695,] [http://www.archive.org/stream/vortrgeberbo01lots#page/704/mode/2up 704.]</ref> | 1907 | ''[[Fistulina]]''<br><small>[[Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard|Bull.]]</small> | 3 | 8<ref>Kirk et al. (2008), p. 257.</ref> | [[Fasciculus:Fistulina hepatica.jpg|120x90px|Fistulina hepatica]]<br>''[[Fistulina hepatica]]'' |- | [[Gigaspermaceae (fungi)|Gigaspermaceae]]<ref>The name of either this family or the moss family [[Gigaspermaceae (moss)|Gigaspermaceae]] [[Lindb.]] requires emendation to Gigaspermataceae, which may require conservation.</ref><br> | [[Gualterius Jülich|Jülich]]<ref>Jülich (1981), p. 367.</ref> | 1982 | ''[[Gigasperma]]''<br><small>[[Egon Horak|E.Horak]]</small> | 1 | 2<ref>Kirk et al. (2008), p. 282.</ref> | |- | [[Hemigasteraceae]] | [[Ernestus Albertus Gäumann|Gäum.]] & [[Carroll William Dodge|C.W.Dodge]]<ref name=Gaumann1928/> | 1928 | ''[[Hemigaster]]''<br><small>[[Hans Oscar Juel|Juel]]</small> | 1 | 1<ref>Kirk et al. (2008), p. 311.</ref> | |- | [[Hydnangiaceae]] | [[Ernestus Albertus Gäumann|Gäum.]] & [[Carroll William Dodge|C.W.Dodge]]<ref name=Gaumann1928/> | 1928 | ''[[Hydnangium]]''<br><small>[[Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Wallroth|Wallr.]]</small> | 2 | 76<ref>Kirk et al. (2008), p. 324.</ref> |<br>''[[Hydnangium carneum]]'' |- | [[Hygrophoraceae]] | [[Ioannes Paulus Lotsy|Lotsy]]<ref>Lotsy, 1907, Truffe, ed. 2706.</ref> | 1907 | ''[[Hygrophorus]]''<br><small>[[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]]</small> | 11<ref>Kirk et al. novem genera habet, sed decem in familia in locis singulis ponuntur.<!-- this is amended to are add three more, while two are removed following Matheny et al. (2006), and Seitzman et al. (2011, ''Mycologia'' 103(2):280-290).--></ref> | 325<ref>Kirk et al. (2008), p. 326.</ref> | [[Fasciculus:Hygrophorus eburneus-pastorino.JPG|120x90px|Hygrophorus eburneus]]<br>''[[Hygrophorus eburneus]]'' |- | [[Inocybaceae]] | [[Gualterius Jülich|Jülich]]<ref>Jülich (1981), p. 374.</ref> | 1982 | ''[[Inocybe]]''<br><small>([[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]]) Fr.</small> | 13 | 821<ref>Kirk et al. (2008), p. 340.</ref> | [[Fasciculus:Inocybe obscura 20061015w.jpg|120x90px|Inocybe obscura]]<br>''[[Inocybe obscura]]'' |- | [[Limnoperdaceae]] | G. A. Escobar<ref name=Escobar1976/> | 1976 | ''[[Limnoperdon]]''<br><small>G.A.Escobar</small> | 1 | 1<ref>Kirk et al. (2008), p. 383.</ref> | |- | [[Lyophyllaceae]] | [[Gualterius Jülich|Jülich]]<ref>Jülich (1981), p. 378.</ref> | 1982 | ''[[Lyophyllum]]''<br><small>[[Petter Karsten|P.Karst.]]</small> | 9<ref>Kirk et al. (2008:395) give the number as eight, but nine genera are actually listed.</ref> | 157<ref>Kirk et al. (2008), p. 395.</ref> | [[Fasciculus:Lyophyllum decastes.jpg|120x90px|Lyophyllum decastes]]<br>''[[Lyophyllum decastes]]'' |- | [[Marasmiaceae]] | [[Ernestus Roze|Roze]] ex [[Robert Kühner|Kühner]]<ref>Kühner (1980), p. 76.</ref> | 1980 | ''[[Marasmius]]''<br><small>[[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]]</small> | [[list of Marasmiaceae genera|54]] | 1590<ref>Kirk et al. (2008), p. 401.</ref> | [[Fasciculus:Marasmius rotula - Lindsey.jpg|120x90px|Marasmius rotula]]<br>''[[Marasmius rotula]]'' |- | [[Mycenaceae]] | [[Caspar van Overeem|Overeem]]<ref name=Overeem1926/> | 1926 | ''[[Mycena]]''<br><small>([[Christian Hendrik Persoon|Pers.]]) [[Henricus Franciscus Anne de Roussel|Roussel]]</small> | 11<ref>Kirk et al. (2008:446) do not count ''[[Protomycena]]'' as a member of the family.</ref> | 705<ref>Kirk et al. (2008), p. 446.</ref> | [[Fasciculus:Mycena galericulata 041022.jpg|120x90px|Mycena galericulata]]<br>''[[Mycena galericulata]]'' |- | [[Niaceae]] | [[Gualterius Jülich|Jülich]]<ref>Jülich (1981), p. 381.</ref> | 1981 | ''[[Nia (genus)|Nia]]''<br><small>R.T.Moore & Meyers</small> | 6 | 56<ref>Kirk et al. (2008), p. 468.</ref> | [[Fasciculus:Merismodes fasciculata 82199.jpg|120x90px|Merismodes fasciculata]]<br>''[[Merismodes fasciculata]]'' |- | [[Phelloriniaceae]] | [[Oskar Eberhard Ulbrich|Ulbr.]]<ref name=Ulbrich1951/> | 1951 | ''[[Phellorinia]]''<br><small>[[Miles Joseph Berkeley|Berk.]]</small> | 2 | 2<ref>Kirk et al. (2008), p. 521.</ref> | [[Fasciculus:Phellorinia herculeana1.jpg|120x90px|Phellorinia herculeana]]<br>''[[Phellorinia herculeana]]'' |- | [[Physalacriaceae]] | [[Edred John Henry Corner|Corner]]<ref name="Corner">Corner (1970), p. 10.</ref> | 1970 | ''[[Physalacria]]''<br><small>[[Charles Horton Peck|Peck]]</small> | 11 | 169<ref>Kirk et al. (2008), p. 533.</ref> | [[Fasciculus:Rhodotus palmatus2.jpg|120x90px|Rhodotus palmatus]]<br>''[[Rhodotus palmatus]]'' |- | [[Pleurotaceae]] | [[Robert Kühner|Kühner]]<ref>Kühner (1980), p. 184.</ref> | 1980 | ''[[Pleurotus]]''<br><small> ([[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]]) [[Paulus Kummer|P.Kumm.]]</small> | 6 | 94<ref>Kirk et al. (2008), p. 549.</ref> | [[Fasciculus:Oyster mushoom fells.jpg|120x90px|Pleurotus ostreatus]]<br>''[[Pleurotus ostreatus]]'' |- | [[Pluteaceae]]<br> | [[František Kotlába|Kotl.]] & [[Zdenek Pouzar|Pouzar]]<ref name=Kotlaba1972/> | 1972 | ''[[Pluteus]]''<br><small>[[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]]</small> | 4 | 364<ref>Kirk et al. (2008), p. 550.</ref> | [[Fasciculus:Pluteus cervinus 20080420wa.jpg|120x90px|Pluteus cervinus]]<br>''[[Pluteus cervinus]]'' |- | [[Psathyrellaceae]]<br> | Vilgalys & al.<ref name=Redhead2001/> | 2001 | ''[[Psathyrella]]''<br><small>([[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]]) [[Lucien Quélet|Quél.]]</small> | 12<ref>The genera of the family require redefinition (Kirk et al., 2008:565). Although Kirk et al. give their number as 12, only 10 appear to be formally placed there, 11 if the anamorphic ''[[Hormographiella]]'' is counted.</ref> | 746<ref>Kirk et al. (2008), p. 565.</ref> | [[Fasciculus:Psathyrella spec. - Lindsey 1a.jpg|120x90px|Psathyrella gracilis]]<br>''[[Psathyrella gracilis]]'' |- | [[Pterulaceae]]<br> | [[Edred Ioannes Henricus Corner|Corner]]<ref name="Corner" /> | 1970 | ''[[Pterula]]''<br><small>[[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]]</small> | 12 | 99<ref>Kirk et al. (2008), p. 576.</ref> | [[Fasciculus:Pterula.subulata.-.lindsey.jpg|120x90px|Pterula subulata]]<br>''Pterula subulata'' |- | [[Schizophyllaceae]] | [[Lucien Quélet|Quél.]]<ref>Quélet (1888), p. 365.</ref> | 1888 | ''[[Schizophyllum]]''<br><small>[[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]]</small> | 2 | 7<ref>Kirk et al. (2008), pp. 619–20.</ref> | [[Fasciculus:Spaltblättlinge.jpg|120x90px|Schizophyllum commune]]<br>''[[Schizophyllum commune]]'' |- | [[Strophariaceae]] | [[Rolf Singer|Singer]] & [[Alexander H. Smith|A.H.Sm.]]<ref name=Singer1946/> | 1946 | ''[[Stropharia]]''<br><small>([[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]]) [[Lucien Quélet|Quél.]]</small> | 18 | 316<ref>Kirk et al. (2008), p. 671.</ref> | [[Fasciculus:Stropharia.aeruginosa.-.lindsey.jpg|120x90px|Stropharia aeruginosa]]<br>''[[Stropharia aeruginosa]]'' |- | [[Tapinellaceae]] | C.Hahn<ref name=Hahn1999/> | 1999 | ''[[Tapinella]]''<br><small>[[Jean-Eduoard Gilbert|E.-J.Gilbert]]</small> | 3<ref>Kirk et al. (2008:679) gives the family as including two genera plus one synonym,but all three genera are given as accepted at their entries.</ref> | 4<ref>Kirk et al. (2008), p. 679.</ref> | [[Fasciculus:Samtfußkrempling.jpg|120x90px|Tapinella atrotomentosa]]<br>''[[Tapinella atrotomentosa]]'' |- | [[Tricholomataceae]] | [[Rogerius Heim|R.Heim]] ex [[Zdenek Pouzar|Pouzar]]<ref name=Pouzar1983/> | 1983 | ''[[Tricholoma]]''<br><small>([[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]]) Staude</small> | [[List of Tricholomataceae genera|78]] | 1020<ref>Kirk et al. (2008), p. 700</ref> | [[Fasciculus:Gąska zielonka 4163586757.jpg|120x90px|Tricholoma flavovirens]]<br>''[[Tricholoma flavovirens]]'' |- | [[Typhulaceae]] | [[Gualterius Jülich|Jülich]]<ref>Jülich W. (1981), p. 393.</ref> | 1982 | ''[[Typhula]]''<br><small>([[Christian Hendrik Persoon|Pers.]]) [[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]]</small> | 6 | 229<ref>Kirk et al. (2008), p. 711.</ref> | [[Fasciculus:Macrotyphula fistulosa 13954 crop.jpg|120x90px|Macrotyphula fistulosa]]<br>''[[Macrotyphula fistulosa]]'' |} {{NexInt}} * [[Index generum Agaricalium]] == Notae == <references> <ref name=Escobar1976>{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/3758803 |title=''Limnoperdon'', a floating gasteromycete isolated from marshes |journal=Mycologia |year=1976 |author=Escobar, G. A., McCabe, D. E., Harpel, C. W. |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=874–80 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0068/004/0874.htm}}</ref> <ref name=Gaumann1928>{{cite book |author=Gäumann, E. A., Dodge, C. W. |year=1928 |title=Comparative Morphology of Fungi |url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4694372 |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |page=466}}</ref> <ref name=Hahn1999>{{cite journal |title=Studien zur Systematik der Paxillaceae |author=Hahn, C., Agerer R. |year=1999 |journal=Sendtnera |volume=6 |pages=115–33 |language=Theodisce}}</ref> <ref name=Kotlaba1972>{{cite journal |title=Taxonomické a nomenklatorické k nekterým celedím makromycetum |trans_title=Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on some Macromycetes |journal=Ceská Mykologie |year=1972 |author=Kotlába, F., Pouzar Z. |volume=26 |issue=4 |page=217–22 |url=http://web.natur.cuni.cz/cvsm/CM2645.pdf |format=PDF abstract |language=Czech}}</ref> <ref name=Matheny2006>{{cite journal |author=Matheny, P. B., J. M. Curtis, V. Hofstetter, M. C. Aime, J. M. Moncalvo, Z. W. Ge, J. C. Slot, J. F. Ammirati, T. J. Baroni, N. L. Bougher, K. W. Hughes, D. J. Lodge, R. W. Kerrigan, M. T. Seidl, D. K. Aanen, M. DeNitis, G. M. Daniele, D. E. Desjardin, B. R. Kropp, L. L. Norvell, A. Parker, E. C. Vellinga, R. Vilgalys, et David S. Hibbett. |year=[[2006]] |title=Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview |journal=Mycologia |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=982–95 |url=http://www.clarku.edu/faculty/dhibbett/Reprints%20PDFs/Mathenyetal_Agaricales_2006.pdf |format=PDF |doi= 10.3852/mycologia.98.6.982 |pmid=17486974}}</ref> <ref name=Overeem1926>{{cite book |author=Overeem, C van |year=1926 |title= Icones fungorum Malayensium |location=Weesp |publisher=Mykologische Museum |volume=14-15 |page=4}}</ref> <ref name=Pouzar1983>{{cite journal |author=Pouzar Z. |year=1983 |title=Taxonomické a nomenklatorické poznámky k nekterým celedím velkých hub|trans_title=Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on some families of larger fungi |journal=Ceská Mykologie |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=172–76 |url=http://web.natur.cuni.cz/cvsm/CM3733.pdf |format=PDF abstract |language=Czech}}</ref> <ref name=Redhead2001>{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/1224525 |title=''Coprinus'' Persoon and the disposition of ''Coprinus'' species ''sensu lato'' |url=https://archive.org/details/taxon_2001-02_50_1/page/203 |journal=Taxon |author=Redhead SA, Vilgalys R, Moncalvo J-M, Johnson J, Hopple JS. Jr. |year=2001 |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=203–41 |jstor=1224525}} {{subscription}}</ref> <ref name=Singer1942>{{cite journal |author=Singer R. |year=1942 |title=New and interesting species of Basidiomycetes. II |journal=Papers of the Michigan Academy of Sciences |volume=32 |issue= |pages=103–50}}</ref> <ref name=Singer1946>{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/3754991 |title=The taxonomic position of ''Pholiota mutabilis'' and related species |journal=Mycologia |year=1946 |author=Singer, R., Smith AH. |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=500–23 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0038/005/0500.htm}}</ref> <ref name=Ulbrich1951>{{cite journal |title= |author=Ulbrich, E. |year=[[1951]] |journal=Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft |volume=64 |page=264 |language=Theodisce}}</ref> <ref name=Zeller1948>{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/3755316 |author=Zeller, S. M. |year=[[1948]] |title=Notes on certain Gasteromycetes, including two new orders |journal=Mycologia |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=639–68 |pmid=18102856 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0040/006/0639.htm}}</ref> </references> === Bibliographia === * {{cite book |author=Chevallier, F. F. |year=[[1826]] |title=Flore Générale des Environs de Paris |trans_title=General Flora of the Paris Area|publisher=Ferra |volume=1 |language=Francice |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=ZvonAAAAYAAJ}} * {{cite journal |author=Corner, E. J. H. |year=[[1970]] |title=Supplement to 'A monograph of ''Clavaria'' and allied genera' |journal=Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia |volume=33 |pages=1–299}}<!--only cited once--> * {{cite book |author=Jülich, W. |year=[[1981]] |title=Higher taxa of Basidiomycetes |series="Bibliotheca Mycologica", 85 |isbn=3-7682-1324-2}} * {{cite book |author=Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, D. W. Minter, et J. A. Stalpers. |title=Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th ed|url=https://archive.org/details/ainsworthbisbysd0000unse_r4s9 |publisher=CABI |location=Wallingford |year=[[2008]] |isbn=0-85199-826-7}} * {{cite journal |author=Kühner, R. |title=Les Hyménomycètes agaricoides |year=[[1980]] |journal=Bulletin mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon |volume=49 |pages=1–1027 |language=Francice}} * {{cite book |author=Lotsy, J. P. |title=Vorträge über botanische Stammesgeschichte, Erster Band: Algen und Pilze |trans_title=Lectures on Botanical Evolution, Volume I: algae and Fungi |publisher=G. Fischer |location=Ienae |year=[[1907]] |language=Theodisce}} * Quélet, L. [[1888]]. ''Flore mycologique de la France et des pays limitrophes.'' O. Doin. [http://books.google.ca/books?id=GJg_AAAAYAAJ Liber Francice scriptus.] <!--PRO TEM (vide infra): [[Categoria:Indices taxinomici (familiae)|Agaricales]] --> [[Categoria:Agaricales|*]] [[Categoria:Indices rerum naturalium]] 7dyz3mt2nbt4zs0ko6nblbn6y8esxz2 0 151014 3979979 3856794 2026-08-09T22:48:03Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979979 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Champagne vent white smokers.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Primae vitae terrestris formae notae sunt coniecturabiles [[microorganismus|microorganismi]] [[fossile|fossilizati]], in [[foramen hydrothermale|praecipitis ex foraminibus hydrothermalibus]] visi, qui abhinc annorum 4.28 [[billio]]nes vixisse possunt, mox post aevum abhinc annorum 4.41 billiones, cum [[oceanus|oceani]] primum facti essent, et quidem mox post tellurem formatam, abhinc annorum 4.54 billiones.<ref name="NAT-20170301">{{cite journal |last1= Dodd |first1= Matthew S. |last2= Papineau |first2= Dominic |last3= Grenne |first3= Tor |last4= Slack |first4= John F. |last5= Rittner |first5= Martin |last6= Pirajno |first6= Franco |last7= O'Neil |first7= Jonathan |last8= Little |first8= Crispin T.S. |title= Evidence for early life in Earth's oldest hydrothermal vent precipitates |url= http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112179/ |journal= Nature |date= 1 Martii [[2017]] |volume= 543 |issue= 7643 |pages= 60–64 |doi= 10.1038/nature21377 |pmid= 28252057 |accessdate= 2 Martii 2017 |bibcode= 2017Natur.543...60D |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20170908201821/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112179/ |archivedate= 8 Septembris 2017|doi-access= free }}.</ref><ref name="NYT-20170301">{{cite news |last= Zimmer |first= Carl |author-link= Carl Zimmer |title= Scientists Say Canadian Bacteria Fossils May Be Earth's Oldest |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/01/science/earths-oldest-bacteria-fossils.html |date= 1 Martii [[2017]] |work= [[The New York Times]] |accessdate= 2 Martii 2017 |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20170302042424/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/01/science/earths-oldest-bacteria-fossils.html |archivedate= 2 Martii 2017}}.</ref>]] [[Fasciculus:Stromatolites.jpg|thumb|[[Stromatolita|Stromatolites]] [[Prae-Cambrianum|Praecambrianae]] in Formatione Siyeh, [[Glacier National Park (U.S.)|Glacier National Park]]. Anno 2002 Gulielmus Schopf, investigator in [[UCLA]], commentarium divulgavit in ''Nature'' ([[periodicum|periodico]]), qui arguit formationes [[geologia|geologicas]] sicut haec formatio habere 3.5 Ga (abhinc annorum 3.5 billiones) [[microbium|microbia]] [[cyanobacteria]] [[fossile|fossilizata]]{{dubsig}}. Si hoc propositum est verum, ea sunt indicia primae vitae terrestris notae.]] '''Abiogenesis,''' vel '''biopoiesis,'''<ref>Bernal 1960: 30.</ref> vel vulgo '''origo vitae,'''<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Oparin| first1 = Aleksandr Ivanovich| author-link1 = Alexander Oparin| translator1-last = Morgulis| translator1-first = Sergius| year = [[1938]]| title = The Origin of Life| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Jv8psJCtI0gC| series = Phoenix Edition Series| edition = secunda| location = Mineolae Novi Eboraci| publisher = Courier Corporation| publication-date = [[2003]] | isbn = 978-0486495224| access-date = 16 Iunii 2018}}.</ref><ref name=Pereto /><ref name="AST-20151218">Compare: {{cite journal |author= Scharf, Caleb |title= A Strategy for Origins of Life Research |date= 18 Decembris [[2015]] |journal= Astrobiology |volume= 15 |issue= 12 |pages= 1031–1042 |doi= 10.1089/ast.2015.1113 |display-authors= etal |pmid= 26684503 |pmc= 4683543|bibcode= 2015AsBio..15.1031S | quote = What do we mean by the origins of life (OoL)? . . . Since the early 20th century the phrase OoL has been used to refer to the events that occurred during the transition from non-living to living systems on Earth, i.e., the origin of terrestrial biology (Oparin, 1924; Haldane, 1929). The term has largely replaced earlier concepts such as abiogenesis (Kamminga, 1980; Fry, 2000).}}</ref> in [[biologia evolutionaria]] est [[ratio (scientia)|ratio]] [[natura]]lis, per quam [[vita]] [[biologia|biologica]], sicut [[compositum organicum|composita organica]], ex [[materia (physica)|materia]] [[chemia inorganica|inorganica]] exoritur. Studium autem abiogenesis praesertim ad rationes, quibus [[organismus|vita in terra]] oriri potuit spectat.<ref name=Oparin>{{harvnb|Oparin|1953|p=vi}}.</ref><ref name=Pereto>{{cite journal|last= Peretó |first= Juli |year= [[2005]] |title= Controversies on the origin of life |url= http://www.im.microbios.org/0801/0801023.pdf |journal= [[International Microbiology]] |volume= 8 |issue= 1 |pages= 23–31 |pmid= 15906258 |accessdate= 1 Iunii 2015 |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150824074726/http://www.im.microbios.org/0801/0801023.pdf |archivedate= 24 Augusti 2015 |quote = Ever since the historical contributions by Aleksandr I. Oparin, in the 1920s, the intellectual challenge of the origin of life enigma has unfolded based on the assumption that life originated on Earth through physicochemical processes that can be supposed, comprehended, and simulated; that is, there were neither miracles nor spontaneous generations.}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Warmflash |first1= David |last2= Warmflash |first2= Benjamin |date= November [[2005]] |title= Did Life Come from Another World? |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_2005-11_293_5/page/64 |journal= Scientific American |volume= 293 |issue= 5 |pages= 64–71 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican1105-64|pmid= 16318028 |bibcode= 2005SciAm.293e..64W | quote = According to the conventional hypothesis, the earliest living cells emerged as a result of chemical evolution on our planet billions of years ago in a process called abiogenesis.}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Yarus|2010|p=47}}.</ref> {{NexInt}} {{div col|3}} *[[Alexander Oparin]] *[[Astrobiologia]] *[[Astrochemia]] *[[Cellula artificialis]] *[[Circumiecta]] *[[Coniectura Telluris Rari]] *[[Descensus communis]] *[[Emergentia]] *[[Entropia et vita]] *[[Evolutio]] *[[Genoma]] *[[Habitabilitas planetaria]] *[[Immortalitas biologica]] *[[Mimivirus]] *[[Organismus]] *[[Origo linguae]] *[[Proteostasis]] *[[Principium mediocritatis]] *[[Selectio naturalis]] *[[Ultimus antecessor universalis]] {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Arrhenius, Gustaf, B. Sales, S. Mojzsis, et Lee.<!--?--> [[1997]]. Entropy and Charge in Molecular Evolution: The Case of Phosphate. ''Journal of Theoretical Biology'' 187 (4): 503–22. doi:10.1006/jtbi.1996.0385. PMID 9299295. *Buehler, Lukas K. [[2000]]–[[2005]]. ''The physico-chemical basis of life.'' [http://www.whatislife.com/about.html Accessum 27 Octobris 2005.] *Davies, Paul. [[1998]]. ''The Fifth Miracle.'' Londinii: Penguin Science. ISBN 0140282262. *De Duve, Christian. [[1996]]. ''Vital Dust: The Origin and Evolution of Life on Earth.'' Basic Books. ISBN 0465090451. *Egel, R., D.-H. Lankenau, et A. Y. Mulkidjanian. [[2011]]. ''Origins of Life: The Primal Self-Organization.'' Berolini, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 9783642216244. E-ISBN 9783642216251. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-21625-1. *Fernando, C. T., et J. Rowe. [[2007]]. Natural selection in chemical evolution. ''Journal of Theoretical Biology'' 247 (1): 152–67. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.01.028. PMID 17399743. *Gold, Thomas. [[1992]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120617082310/http://www.pnas.org/content/89/13/6045.full.pdf The Deep Hot Biosphere Theory.] ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' 89 (Iulius): 6045-6049. *Gribbon, John. 1998. ''The Case of the Missing Neutrinos and other Curious Phenomena of the Universe.'' Londinii: Penguin Science. ISBN 0140287345. *Hanczyc, Martin M., et Jack W. Szostak. [[2004]]. "Replicating vesicles as models of primitive cell growth and division." ''Current Opinion in Chemical Biology'' 8: 660–64. [http://genetics.mgh.harvard.edu/szostakweb/publications/Szostak_pdfs/Hanczyc_and_Szostak_2004_COChemBio.pdf PDF]. *Harris, Henry. [[2002]]. ''Things come to life: Spontaneous generation revisited.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198515383. *Hartman, Hyman. [1998 Photosynthesis and the Origin of Life. ''Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres'' 28 (4–6): 515–21. doi:10.1023/A:1006548904157. *Hazen, Robert M. 2005. ''Genesis: The Scientific Quest for Life's Origins.'' Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 0309094321. *Horgan, J. [[1991]]. In the beginning. ''Scientific American'' 264: 100–109. *Huber, C., et G. Wächtershäuser. 1998. "Peptides by activation of amino acids with CO on (Ni,Fe)S surfaces: implications for the origin of life." ''Science'' 281: 670–72. doi:10.1126/science.281.5377.670. PMID 9685253. Bibcode 1998Sci...281..670H. *Knoll, Andrew H. [[2003]]. '' Life on a Young Planet: The First Three Billion Years of Evolution on Earth.'' Princetoniae: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00978-3. *Luisi, Pier Luigi. [[2006]]. ''The Emergence of Life: From Chemical Origins to Synthetic Biology.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82117-7. *Martin, W., et M. J. Russell. 2002. "On the origins of cells: a hypothesis for the evolutionary transitions from abiotic geochemistry to chemoautotrophic prokaryotes, and from prokaryotes to nucleated cells." ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Biological sciences'' 358: 59–83; disputatio 83–85. doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1183. PMID 12594918. PMC 1693102. *Maynard Smith, John, et Eors Szathmary. 2000. ''The Origins of Life: From the Birth of Life to the Origin of Language.'' Oxford Paperbacks. ISBN 019286209X. *Morowitz, Harold J. 1992. ''Beginnings of Cellular Life: Metabolism Recapitulates Biogenesis.'' Portu Novo: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300054831. *NASA Astrobiology Institute. [http://astrobiology.ucla.edu/pages/res3b.html Earth's Early Environment and Life] *NASA Specialized Center of Research and Training in Exobiology. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071221000659/http://exobio.ucsd.edu/arrhenius.htm Gustaf O. Arrhenius] *Nowak, Martin A., et Hisashi Ohtsuki. [[2008]]. "Prevolutionary dynamics and the origin of evolution." ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20140609004414/http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2008/09/11/0806714105.full.pdf+html PDF.] *Pitsch, Stefan, Ramanarayanan Krishnamurthy, et Gustaf Arrhenius. [[2000]] Concentration of Simple Aldehydes by Sulfite-Containing Double-Layer Hydroxide Minerals: Implications for Biopoesis. ''Helvetica Chimica Acta'' 83 (9): 2398–2411. doi:10.1002/1522-2675(20000906)83:9<2398::AID-HLCA2398>3.0.CO;2-5 *Russell, M. J., A. J. Hall, A. G. Cairns-Smith, et P. S. Braterman. [[1988]]. Submarine hot springs and the origin of life. ''Nature'' 336: 117. doi:10.1038/336117a0. *[http://publishing.royalsociety.org/cell-evolution Fasciculus dedicatus,]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Philosophical Transactions B'' de gradibus maioribus in progressu cellularum. *[http://publishing.royalsociety.org/emergence-of-life Fasciculus dedicatus,]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Philosophical Transactions B'' de origine vitae. *Zlobin, A. E. [[2014]]. "Symmetry infringement in mathematical metrics of hydrogen atom as illustration of ideas by V. I. Vernadsky concerning origin of life and biosphere." ''Acta Naturae'' (Special Issue 1): 48. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115358/http://www.azorcord.orc.ru/abstract.pdf PDF.] ==Nexus externi== *Orgel, Leslie. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080229142348/http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/97/23/12503?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=biochemical+cycles&searchid=1119837712082_3423&stored_search=&FIRSTINDEX=0&journalcode=pnas "Self-organizing biochemical cycles."] *Russell, Michael. [http://www.gla.ac.uk/projects/originoflife/ Situs Originum Vitae.] www.gla.ac.uk (Universitas Glasgoviensis). *Smith, John Maynard. [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4961537793081085343&ei=lqN4Sd71C5XYqAOhyJyoBA&q=john+maynard+smith ''The Origin of Life.''] [[Pellicula]]. *Zlobin, A. E. [[2013]]. [http://web.snauka.ru/en/issues/2013/12/30018 "Tunguska similar impacts and origin of life (mathematical theory of origin of life, incoming of pattern recognition algorithm due to comets)."] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025151553/http://student.science.uva.nl/~jckastel/html/abiogenesis.pdf "An abiogenesis primer for laymen."] Apud student.science.uva.nl. *[http://exploringorigins.org/ "Exploring Life's Origins: a Virtual Exhibit,"] exploringorigins.org *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120228203747/http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2008/06/harvard-team-cr.html "Harvard Team Creates the World's 1st Synthesized Cells,"] www.dailygalaxy.com. *[http://www.livescience.com/10531-life-began-research-suggests-simple-approach.html "How Life Began: New Research Suggests Simple Approach,"] www.livescience.com. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060929161613/http://pokey.arc.nasa.gov/~astrochm/LifeImplications.html "Possible Connections Between Interstellar Chemistry and the Origin of Life on the Earth,"] pokey.arc.nasa.gov. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130220174003/http://nai.arc.nasa.gov/news_stories/news_detail.cfm?ID=207 "Scientists Find Clues That Life Began in Deep Space,"] nai.arc.nasa.gov (NASA Astrobiology Institute). *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070713012333/http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa004&articleID=9952573C-E7F2-99DF-32F2928046329479 "Primordial Soup's On: Scientists Repeat Evolution's Most Famous Experiment,"] sciam.com (''Scientific American,'' 28 Martii 2007). *[http://www.evolution-textbook.org/content/free/figures/ch04.html Imagines ex libro ''Evolution,''] www.ecolution-textbook.org. {{biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Astrobiologia]] [[Categoria:Biologia]] [[Categoria:Biologia evolutionaria]] [[Categoria:Origo vitae| ]] {{Myrias|Biologia}} 5c8gbzt5zdghcruxuuzqtd31l5ieh1f 0 151463 3980021 3814574 2026-08-09T23:20:25Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa scholae Vicidata}} '''Universitas Liberiana'''{{Convertimus}} ([[Anglice]]: '' University of Liberia '') est universitas publica et máxima [[Liberia]]e. == Alumni et professores == * [[Eduardus Wilmot Blyden]], praeses (1881–1884)<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lyon|first=Judson M.|date=1st Quarter 1980|title=Edward Blyden: Liberian Independence and African Nationalism, 1903-1909|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_phylon_1980-03_41_1/page/36|journal=Phylon|publisher=Clark Atlanta University|volume= 41|issue=1|pages=36–49|doi=10.2307/274666|jstor=274666}}</ref> * [[J. Max Bond, Sr.]], praeses (1950–1954) * [[Orator F. Cook]], praeses * [[Martin Henry Freeman]], praeses * [[Garretson W. Gibson]], praeses (1892–1896) * [[Vusumzi Make]], professor (1968–1974) * [[Rocheforte Lafayette Weeks]], praeses (1961–1972) * [[Cletus Wotorson]], professor == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Constituta 1862]] [[Categoria:Universitas Liberiana|!]] t8favfuqfiank9pjxjgu903ti48tra0 0 151818 3979900 3848466 2026-08-09T21:11:02Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979900 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Inclinatio''',<ref>D. P. Simpson, ''Cassell's Latin Dictionary'' (Novi Eblraci: Wiley Publishing, 1968), 667.</ref><ref>John C. Traupman, ''Latin and English Dictionary,'' ed.tertia (Novi Eboraci: Bantam Dell, 2007), 476.</ref> vel '''propensio animi''',<ref>D. P. Simpson, ''Cassell's Latin Dictionary'' (Novi Eblraci: Wiley Publishing, 1968), 667.</ref> est inclinatio [[cogitatio]]nis vel [[mens|mentis]] ad certas sententias praebendas, illas quibuscum homo dissentiat neglegens. Propensiones animi innatae esse ac disci possunt. Homines propensiones animi contra singulos, [[grex|greges]], vel [[fides]] habere possunt.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Steinbock|first1=Bonnie|title=Speciesism and the Idea of Equality|url=https://archive.org/details/philosophy_1978-04_53_204/page/247|journal=Philosophy|date=[[1978]]|issue=204|pages=247–56|doi=10.1017/S0031819100016582|volume=53}}.</ref> Propensio animi in [[scientia (ratio)|scientia]] et [[ars ingeniaria|arte ingeniaria]] est [[mendum systematicum]]. {{NexInt}} {{div col|3}} * [[Apophenia]] * [[Convenientia]] * [[Demagogus]] * [[Ignorantia]] * [[Inclinatio cognitiva]] * [[Indicia]] * [[Falsitas]] * [[Mendacium]] * [[Methodus scientifica]] * [[Opinio]] * [[Propaganda]] * [[Praeiudicium]] * [[Propensio animi mediorum]] * [[Propensio animi ordinata]] * [[Rassismus]] * [[Ratio scientifica]] * [[Stereotypia]] * [[Superstitio]] * [[Theoria coniurationis]] * [[Veritas]] {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== * Baron, J. [[2007]]. ''Pensando y decidiendo.'' Ed. quarta. Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press. * Bless, H., K. Fiedler, et F. Strack. [[2004]]. ''Social cognition: How individuals construct social reality.'' Hove et Novi Eboraci: Psychology Press. * Haselton, M. G. D. Nettle, et P. W. Andrews. [[2005]]. "The evolution of cognitive bias." In ''The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology,'' ed. D. M. Buss, 724–46. Hoboken Novae Caesareae: John Wiley & Sons. * Kahneman, Daniel, et A. Tversky. [[1972]]. "Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness." ''Cognitive Psychology'' 3 (3): 430–54. {{doi|10.1016/0010-0285(72)90016-3}}. * [[Michael Shermer|Shermer, Michael]]. [[2002]]. ''Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstition, and Other Confusions of Our Time.'' ISBN 0-8050-7089-3. * [[Michael Shermer|Shermer, Michael]]. [[2008]]. "Patternicity." ''Scientific American,'' December. * [[Michael Shermer|Shermer, Michael]]. [[2009]]. "Agenticity." ''Scientific American,'' Iunio, p. 36. [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=skeptic-agenticity ''Why People Believe Invisible Agents Control the World: Scientific American'' apud www.scientificamerican.com]. * Steinbock, Bonnie. [[1978]]. "Speciesism and the Idea of Equality." ''Philosophy'' 53 (204): 247–56. {{doi|10.1017/S0031819100016582}}. * Welsh, Matthew, et Steve Begg. [[2016]]. "What have we learned? Insights from a decade of bias research." ''The APPEA Journal'' 56 (1): 435. {{doi|10.1071/aj15032. ISSN 1326-4966}}. * Tversky, A., et Daniel Kahneman. [[1974]]. "Judgement under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases." ''Science'' 185 (4157): 1124–31. PMID 17835457. doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124. [[Categoria:Communicatio]] [[Categoria:Praeiudicia| ]] i92bo6ek2dz5hpwoyh3lurunwr3nqkw 0 153166 3980204 3772287 2026-08-10T06:33:02Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3980204 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Pacific Ocean satellite image location map.jpg|thumb|300px|Latitudo Oceani Pacifici ante rationes Véron fuit incerta.]] '''Petrus Antonius Véron''' (1736–1770) fuit [[astronomus]] et [[mathematicus]] [[Francia|Francicus]], discipulus [[Hieronymus Lalande|Hieronymi Lalande]] astronomi et [[scriptor]]is<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120426002237/http://astro-history.hautetfort.com/media/01/02/285079344.pdf Hieronymus Lalande,] apud astro-history.hautefort.com.</ref> in [[Collegium Regalis|Collegio Regali]].<ref>[http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft3489n8kn&chunk.id=d0e1896&toc.id=&brand=ucpress Seymour Chapin, ''The Men from Across La Manche: French Voyages, 1660–1790.'']</ref> Véron celeberrime [[magnitudo|magnitudinem]] [[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceani Pacifici]] computavit; qui et [[Philibertus Commerson]] erant inter principales [[Scientia (ratio)|scientiae]] peritos qui [[Ludovicus Antonius de Bougainville|Ludovicum Antonium de Bougainville]] per eius [[navigatio]]nem explorationis comitati sunt.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111215013608/http://www.nationalgeographic.de/entdecker/louis-antoine-de-bougainville "Louis-Antoine de Bougainville,"] apud www.nationalgeographic.de.</ref> Quodam [[morbus|morbo]] [[Timoria]]e anno [[1770]] mortem obiit. == Exploratio Oceani Pacifici == Véron per [[circumnavigatio]]nem Praefecti Bougainville annis [[1766]]–[[1769]] erat astronomus, in [[navis|navibus]] [[Frigata Francica Boudeuse (1766)|''La Boudeuse'']] et [[Fluyt Francicum Étoile (1767)|''L'Étoile'']] vehens, sed navigationes in aliis navibus iam fecerat. [[Defectio solis]]<ref>Thomas Suárez, ''Early mapping of the Pacific: The Epic Story of Seafarers, Adventurers and Cartographers Who Mapped the Earth's Greatest Ocean'' (Periplus Editions, 2004), ISBN 978-0-7946-0092-1.</ref> et nova [[technologia]] eum sinit [[longitudo geographica|longitudinem]] veram prope Portum Praslin in australi [[Nova Hibernia|Novae Hiberniae]] parte die [[13 Iulii]] [[1768]] decernere.<ref>''Mémoires de l'Acadêmie des sciences de l'Institut de France'' (Lutetiae: Institut national des sciences et arts, 1789).</ref> Hoc fuit factum maximi momenti, quia, longitudine ad [[Fretum Magellanicum]] ante computata,<ref>Olivier Chapuis, ''À la Mer comme au Ciel; Beautemps-Beaupré et la naissance de l'hydrographie moderne (1700–1850)'' (Lutetiae: Presses de l'Université de Paris-Sorbonne, 1999), ISBN 978-2-84050-157-2.</ref> ei latitudinis Oceani Pacifici subtiliter probandi facultatem fecit. == Memoria == [[Montes Verron]]<!--V. Range--> in [[Papua Nova Guinea]], una ex principalibus [[Nova Hibernia|Novae Hiberniae]] proprietatibus [[mons|montanis]], ex eo appellatur.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120405200422/http://www.postcourier.com.pg/20060922/weekend06.htm "History - NI mountains tell a tale,"] apud www.postcourier.com.</ref> == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references/></div> == Nexus externi == * [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_7007/is_54/ai_n28172591/pg_3/ The charts produced during the Pacific voyages of Bougainville and Cook: a comparison]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Lifetime|1736|1770|Petrus Antonius Veron}} [[Categoria:Astronomi Franciae]] [[Categoria:Exploratores Oceani Pacifici]] j76gzkhxyxch00zj9hecppy49v325f1 0 153385 3980032 3965452 2026-08-09T23:30:35Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3980032 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Bubblegum coral on davidson.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Piscis]] ''[[Coryphaenoides]] sp.'' et [[curalium]] ''[[Paragorgia arborea]]'' in cacumine [[Mons Marinus Davidson|Montis Marini Davidson]] [[habitatio|habitant]]. Haec sunt duae [[species (taxinomia)|species]] ad montes marinos attractae; ''Paragorgia arborea'' praesertim in regione proxima crescit, sed non tam abundanter.<ref name="physorg.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.physorg.com/news153594680.html|title=Seamounts may serve as refuges for deep-sea animals that struggle to survive elsewhere|publisher=[[PhysOrg]]|date=11 Februarii 2009|accessdate=December 7, 2009}}</ref>]] '''Mons marinus''' est [[mons]] qui ex [[fundus abyssi|fundo abyssi]] [[oceanus|oceani]] elevatur sed [[superficies|superficiem]] [[aqua]]e ([[maris aequor]]) non attingit, et ergo non est [[insula]]. Montes marini plerumque ex [[mons ignifer|montibus igniferis exstinctis]] nascuntur, qui abrupte surgunt et usitate ex fundo abyssi a 1000 ad 4000 [[metrum|metrorum]] alto stant. [[Oceanographia|Oceanographi]] montes marinos definiunt proprietates liberas quae saltem usque ad 1000 metra super fundum abyssi attingunt. Cacumina saepe inveniuntur centies vel milies metrorum sub superficie, et ergo aestimantur intra [[mare profundum]].<ref>James W. Nybakken et Mark D. Bertness, ''Marine Biology: An Ecological Approach,'' ed. 6a. (Franciscopoli: Benjamin Cummings, 2008).</ref> Sunt circa 100&thinsp;000 montium marinorum in orbe terrarum, paucis iam investigatis. Montibus marinis sunt variissimae formae et [[magnitudo|magnitudines]]; distinctumque exemplar auctus, [[vita]]e, et [[mors|mortis]] monstrant. Anni recentioribus, nonnulli montes marini vivi observati sunt; exempli gratia [[Loihi]] in [[Insulae Havaianae|Insulis Havaianis]]. Montes marini, ob eorum abundantiam, sunt unum ex numerosissimis orbis terrarum [[oecosystema oceanicum|oecosystematibus oceanicis]]. Interactiones inter montes marinos et [[flumen oceanicum|flumina submarina]], atque eorum elevatus in [[aqua]] locus, eodem modo attrahuntur [[plancton]], [[curalium|curalia]], [[piscis|pisces]], et [[mammale marinum|mammalia marina]]. Observatur eorum effectus aggregationalis{{dubsig}} ab [[piscatus commercii|industria piscatus commercii]], et multi montes marini magna cetaria sustinent. Malos oecosystematibus montium marinorum ponderant homines piscatus effectus, cum bene notis deminutionis horum [[animal]]ium exemplis, sicut deminutio ''[[Hoplostethus atlanticus|Hoplostethi atlantici]].'' Fere 95 centesimae detrimenti [[oecologia|oecologici]] a ratione ''[[bottom trawling]]''{{dubsig}} Anglice appellata efficiuntur, quod ad verbum tota oecosystemata ex montibus marinis radet. Multi montes marini, ob eorum numeros magnos, non iam investigati, vel adeo tabulis descripti sunt. [[Bathymetria]] et [[altimetria|altimetria ex satellite]] sunt duae [[technologiae]] quae una adiuvant ut [[Scientia (ratio)|scientia]] amplificetur. [[Navis|Naves]] cum montibus marinis non iam descriptis conflixerunt; exempli gratia, [[Mons Marinus Muirfield]] ex navi quae cum eo conflexit anno [[1973]] appellatur. Maxima autem pericula montium marinorum sunt conlapsiones{{dubsig}} laterum<!--flank collapses-->; dum montes marini senescunt, [[extrusio]]nes penetrantes latera imprimunt, terrae lapsus efficientes qui magna [[tsunami]] generare possunt. <center> [[Fasciculus:Seamount Locations.png|center|thumb|600px|Tabula nonnullorum orbis terrarum maiorum montium marinorum.]] </center> [[Fasciculus:Submarine Eruption-numbers.svg|thumb|Diagramma eruptionis submarinae. 1, [[vapor|nubes vaporis aquae]]. 2, [[aqua]]. 3, [[stratum]]. 4, [[lava|fluxus lavae]]. 5, [[canalis magmae]]. 6, [[camera magmae]]. 7, [[moles (geologia)|moles]].<!--dike--> 8, [[lava pulvinosa]]. [[:Fasciculus:Submarine Eruption-numbers.svg|Click ad amplificandum]].]] == Piscatus == Paene octoginta [[species (taxinomia)|species]] [[piscis|piscium]] et concharum<!--shellfish--> pro [[commercium|commercio]] ex montibus marinis capiuntur, inter quas insigniter [[decapoda]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Palinuridae|Palinuridarum]], pisces Anglice ''mackerel'' appellati (plerumque familiae [[Scombridae|Scombridarum]]), ''[[Paralithodes camtschaticus]], [[Lutjanus campechanus]], [[Thunnus]], [[Hoplostethus atlanticus]],'' et ''[[Perca]]'' (familiae [[Percidae|Percidarum]]).<ref name="EoE-seamount">{{cite web|title=Seamount|url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Seamount|work=''Encyclopedia of Earth''|accessdate=24 Iulii 2010|date=9 Decembris 2008}}</ref> [[Fasciculus:Orange roughy.png|thumb|Numeri ''[[Hoplostethus atlanticus|Hoplostethorum atlanticorum]],'' ob nimium piscatum ad montes marinos ubi ei [[ovum|ova]] gignunt, magnopere deminuebant; periti dicunt perfectam speciei refectionem decennia requirere.<ref name="ices">{{cite web|title=Seamounts – hotspots of marine life|url=http://www.ices.dk/marineworld/seamounts.asp|publisher=International Council for the Exploration of the Sea|accessdate=24 Iulii 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413164705/http://www.ices.dk/marineworld/seamounts.asp|archivedate=13 Aprilis 2010|df=}}</ref>]] [[Fasciculus:Koral1.jpg|thumb|[[Inaures]] [[curalii]] huius generis saepe ex curalio in montibus marinis capto efficiuntur.]] {{NexInt}} *[[Bathymetria]] *[[Eruptio submarina]]<!-- + * [[Asphalt volcano]] * [[Dry topographic prominence]] * [[Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes]] * [[Marine Protected Area]] * [[Mud volcano]] * [[List of submarine volcanoes]] --> == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == ;Geologia * Keating, B. H., P. Fryer, R. Batiza, et G. W. Boehlert, eds. [[1987]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=u-NMJaicckMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Seamounts,+islands+and+atolls&source=bl&ots=vyTWXdEw4W&sig=Y4f3Y7LDDMJ-3PlcDi0uBI1T39w&hl=en&ei=YgtNTNyaJoG88gb6tvg1&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false Seamounts, islands and atolls.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Geophys. Monogr.'' 43:319–334. * Menard, H. W. [[1964]]. [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964Sci...146..513M ''Marine Geology of the Pacific.''] International Series in the Earth Sciences. Novi Eboraci: McGraw-Hill. ;Oecologia * {{cite journal|last1=De Forges|first1=B. R.|coauthors=Richer de Forges, J. Anthony Koslow, et G. C. B. Poore|title =Diversity and endemism of the benthic seamount fauna in the southwest Pacific|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v405/n6789/full/405944a0.html|journal=Nature|volume=405|issue=6789|pages=944–947|publisher=Nature Publishing Group| location=|date=22 June 2000|doi=10.1038/35016066|pmid =10879534}} * Koslow, J. A. [[1997]]. [http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/blue_planet/deep_sea/seamounts/ Seamounts and the ecology of deep-sea fisheries.] ''Am. Sci.'' 85:168–176. * Lundsten L., C. R. McClain, J. P. Barry, G. M. Cailliet, D. A. Clague, et A. P. DeVogelaere. [[2009]]. [http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v389/p223-232/ Ichthyofauna on Three Seamounts off Southern and Central California, USA.] ''Marine Ecology Progress Series'' 389:223–232. * Pitcher, T. J., T. Morato, P. J. B. Hart, M. R. Clark, N. Haggan, et R. S. Santos, eds. [[2007]]. [http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1405133430.html ''Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries and Conservation.''] Fish and Aquatic Resources, 12. Oxoniae: Blackwell ISBN 978-1-4051-3343-2. == Nexus externi == ;Geographia et geologia * [http://earthref.org/databases/SC/ "Earthref Seamount Catalogue,"] apud earthref.org * [http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/02alaska/background/geology/geology.html "Volcanic History of Seamounts in the Gulf of Alaska,"] apud oceanexplorer.noaa.gov * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100716025516/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2001/2001JB900004.shtml "The giant Ruatoria debris avalanche on the northern Hikurangi margin, New Zealand,"] apud www.agu.org * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120208161942/http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/1995/95_09_08.html "Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes,"] apud hvo.wr.usgs.gov * [http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/lava_water.html "How Volcanoes Work: Lava and Water,"] apud www.geology.sdsu.edu ;Oecologia*[http://swfsc.noaa.gov/publications/CR/1987/8709.PDF "A review of the effects of seamounts on biological processes,"] apud swfsc.noaa.gov * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100604013937/http://www.tos.org/oceanography/issues/issue_archive/23_1.html "Mountains in the Sea,"] apud www.tos.org * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120220064706/http://seamounts.sdsc.edu/ Situs publicus,] apud seamounts.sdsc.edu * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070627233726/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/resources/publications/UNEP_WCMC_bio_series/25.htm "Vulnerability of deep sea corals to fishing on seamounts beyond areas of national jurisdiction,"] apud www.unep-wsmc.org (United Nations Environment Program) [[Categoria:Montes|+]] [[Categoria:Oceanographia physica]] [[Categoria:Piscatus]] {{Myrias|Physica}} pqi3wd7yp5is117n2nky0u53ayqnil4 0 153386 3979849 3978339 2026-08-09T20:24:56Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 6 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979849 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rodinia''' (ex [[Lingua Russica|Russico]] ''родить'' 'parere'<ref>Li, Z. X.; Bogdanova, S. V.; Collins, A. S.; Davidson, A.; B. De Waele, R. E. Ernst, I. C. W. Fitzsimons, R. A. Fuck, D. P. Gladkochub, J. Jacobs, K. E. Karlstrom, S. Lul, L.M. Natapov, V. Pease, S. A. Pisarevsky, K. Thrane and V. Vernikovsky (2008). "Assembly, configuration, and break-up history of Rodinia: A synthesis". ''Precambrian Research'' '''160:''' 179–210</ref>) in [[geologia]] est [[supercontinens]], [[continens]] qui plurimas vel omnes [[terrae emersae|terras emersas]] continuit. Secundum [[refectio laminarum|refectiones laminarum tectonicarum]], Rodinia tempore abhinc [[annus|annorum]] inter 1.1 billiones et 750 milliones existitit, [[aera (geologia)|aera]] [[Neoproterozoica]]. Natus est circa 1.0 Ga{{dubsig}} per accretionem et concursum fragmentorum a dissolutione vetustioris supercontinentis, [[Columbia (supercontinens)|Columbiae]], effecta<!--, which was assembled by global-scale 2.0-1.8 Ga collisional events-->.<ref name="Zhao1">{{Cite journal |first=Guochun |last=Zhao |coauthors = Cawood, Peter A.; Wilde, Simon A.; Sun, M. |year=[[2002]]|title=Review of global 2.1–1.8 Ga orogens: implications for a pre-Rodinia supercontinent |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_earth-science-reviews_2002-11_59_1-4/page/125 |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |volume=59 |pages=125–162 |doi=10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00073-9 |bibcode=2002ESRv...59..125Z}}</ref><ref name="Zhao2">{{Cite journal |first=Guochun |last=Zhao |coauthors=Sun, M.; Wilde, Simon A.; Li, S. Z. |year=[[2004]]|title=A Paleo-Mesoproterozoic supercontinent: assembly, growth and breakup |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_earth-science-reviews_2004-09_67_1-2/page/91 |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |volume=67 |pages=91–123 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.02.003 |bibcode=2004ESRv...67...91Z}}</ref> Rodinia in animo populari est [[unus]] ex [[duo]]bus magnis [[historia]]e Telluris supercontinentibus, quorum alius est [[Pangaea]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Wendy |last=Curtis |title=Looking into the Expanding Universe: From the Big Bang to the Development of the Big Bang Theory |date=2011 |publisher=GeoBookStudio.org |pages=232}}</ref><!--PLUS IN EN:--> {{NexInt}} * [[Circulus supercontinentium]] * [[Columbia (supercontinens)]] == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Cite journal |first=S. V. |last=Bogdanova |first2=S. A. |last2=Pisarevsky |first3=Z. X. |last3=Li |title=Assembly and Breakup of Rodinia (Some Results of IGCP Project 440) |journal=Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation |year=2009 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=259–274 |issn=0869-5938 |doi=10.1134/S0869593809030022 }} * {{Cite journal |doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0016:ONPGAT>2.3.CO;2|last=Dalziel |first=I. W. D. |year=1997 |title=Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic geography and tectonics: Review, hypothesis, environmental speculation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geological-society-of-america-bulletin_1997-01_109_1/page/16|journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin |volume=109 |issue=1 |pages=16–42}} * {{Cite journal |doi=10.1086/627920 |authorlink=John Frederick Dewey|last=Dewey |first=J. F. |last2=Burke |first2=K.C. |year=1973 |title=Tibetian, Variscan, and Precambrian basement reactivation: products of continental collision |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-geology_1973-11_81_6/page/683 |journal=Journal of Geology |volume=81 |pages=683–692 |bibcode=1973JG.....81..683D |issue=6}} * {{Cite journal |doi=10.1038/nature02408|last=Donnadieu |first=Y. |last2=oddéris |first2=Y. |last3=Ramstein |first3=G. |last4=Nédélec |first4=A. |last5=Meert |first5=J.G. |year=2004 |title=A 'snowball Earth' climate triggered by continental break-up through changes in runoff |journal=Nature |volume=428|issue=6980 |pages=303–306|pmid=15029192 }} * {{Cite journal |first=J. W. |last=Goodge |first2=J. D. |last2=Vervoort |first3=C. M. |last3=Fanning |first4=D. M. |last4=Brecke |coauthor=G. L. Farmer, I. S. Williams, P. M. Myrow, and D. J. DePaolo |title=A positive test of East Antarctica–Laurentia Juxtaposition within the Rodinia supercontinent |journal=Science |volume=321 |issue=5886 |pages=235–240 |year=2008 |issn=0036-8075|pmid=18621666 |doi=10.1126/science.1159189 }} * {{Cite journal |first=Z. X. |last=Li |first2=S. V. |last2=Bogdanova |first3=A. S. |last3=Collins |first4=A. |last4=Davidson |coauthor=B. De Waele, R. E. Ernst, I. C. W. Fitzsimons, R. A. Fuck, D. P. Gladkochub, J. Jacobs, K. E. Karlstrom, S. Lul, L.M. Natapov, V. Pease, S. A. Pisarevsky, K. Thrane and V. Vernikovsky |title=Assembly, configuration, and break-up history of Rodinia: A synthesis |url=http://www.bdewaele.be/pdfs/Lietal_IGCP440_map_2008.pdf |journal=Precambrian Research |volume=160 |pages=179–210 |year=2008 |doi=10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.021 }} * {{Cite book |last=McMenamin |first=M. A. |last2=McMenamin |first2=D.L. |year=1990 |title=The Emergence of Animals |url=https://archive.org/details/emergenceofanima00mcme |isbn=0-231-06647-3 }} * {{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00342-1|last=Meert |first=J. G. |last2=Torsvik |first2=T. H. |year=[[2003]] |title=The making and unmaking of a Supercontinent: Rodinia revisited |journal=Tectonophysics |volume=375 |pages=261–288 |url=http://www.geodynamics.no/guest/RodiniaRevisitedMeert_Torevik.pdf |bibcode=2003Tectp.375..261M}} * {{Cite journal |doi=10.1144/SP294.2|last=Pisarevsky |first=S. A. |last2=Murphy |first2=J. B. |last3=Cawood |first3=P. A. |last4=Collins |first4=A. S. |year=[[2008]] |title=Late Neoproterozoic and Early Cambrian palaeogeography: models and problems |journal=Geological Society of London, Special Publications |volume=294 |pages=9–31 }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.scotese.com/info.htm | last = Scotese | first = C. R. | title = More Information About the Late Precambrian | work = Paleomap Project | accessdate = 2006-03-10}} * {{Cite journal |last=Sears |first=J. W. |last2=Price |first2=R. A. |year=[[2000]] |title=New look at the Siberian connection: No SWEAT |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geology_2000-05_28_5/page/423 |journal=Geology |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=423–426 |doi=10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<423:NLATSC>2.0.CO;2 |issn=0091-7613 }} * {{Cite book |last=Stanley |first=S. M. |year=[[1999]] |title=Earth System History |url=https://archive.org/details/earthsystemhisto0000stan |publisher=W. H. Freeman & Co |isbn=0-7167-2882-6 }} * {{Cite journal |last=Torsvik |first=T. H. |date=30 May 2003 |title=The Rodinia Jigsaw Puzzle |journal=Science |volume=300|issue=5624 |pages=1379–1381 |url=http://www.geodynamics.no/guest/RodiniaScience.pdf|pmid=12775828|doi=10.1126/science.1083469 }} * {{Cite book |last=Torsvik |first=T. H. |last2=Gaina |first2=C. |last3=Redfield |first3=T.F. |year=2008 |chapter=Antarctica and Global Paleogeography: From Rodinia, through Gondwanaland and Pangea, to the birth of the Southern Ocean and the opening of gateways |editors=Cooper, A. K., P. J. Barrett, H. Stagg, B. Storey, E. Stump, W. Wise, and the 10th ISAES editorial team |title=Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World. Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences |place=Washington, DC |publisher=The National Academies Press |pages=125–140 |chapterurl=http://www.geodynamics.no/guest/Torsvik_Gaina_Redfield_Antarctica2008.pdf}} * {{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00127-1|last=Weil |first=A. B. |last2=Van der Voo |first2=R. |last3=Mac Niocaill |first3=C. |last4=Meert |first4=J.G. |year=[[1998]] |title=The Proterozoic supercontinent Rodinia: paleomagnetically derived reconstructions for 1100 to 800&nbsp;Ma |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_earth-and-planetary-science-letters_1998-01_154_1-4/page/13|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=154 |pages=13–24 |bibcode=1998E&PSL.154...13W}} * {{Cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1365-3121.2002.00401.x|last=Wingate |first=M. T. D. |last2=Pisarevsky |first2=S. A. |last3=Evans |first3=D. A. D. |year=[[2002]] |title=Rodinia connections between Australia and Laurentia: no SWEAT, no AUSWUS? |journal=Terra Nova |volume=14 |pages=121–128 |issue=2 }} * {{Cite book |authorlink=Peter Ziegler |last=Ziegler |first=P. A. |year=[[1990]] |title=Geological Atlas of Western and Central Europe |publisher=Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij BV |edition=2 |isbn=90-6644-125-9 }} == Nexus externi == * {{Cite web |url=http://www.fex-svenningsen.se/sarek/geologi/geosidor/rodinia-map.html |title=Rodinias uppkomst och sönderbrytande |year=2009 |first=Olaf |last=Svenningsen}} * [http://www.washington.edu/burkemuseum/geo_history_wa/Dance%20of%20the%20Giant%20Continents.htm "Dance of the Giant Continents: Washington's Earliest History"] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090402135500/http://www.tsrc.uwa.edu.au/440project IGCP Special Project 440:] mapping Proterozoic supercontinents, including Rodinia * [http://www.scotese.com/newpage13.htm PALEOMAP Project:] Plate Tectonic Animations (java) * [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/09/ancient-supercontinent-evidence-pangea_n_922366.html] by Dean Praetorius {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Supercontinentes]] [[Categoria:Continentes praehistoricae]] ighc7q5x59wrr6nc1uht2xd7384q1n1 0 157130 3980205 3438139 2026-08-10T08:09:20Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3980205 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Poggio-d'Oletta village.jpg |thumb|300px|Poggio-d'Oletta: despectus in vicum]] [[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 2B239.png|thumb|left|300px|Poggio-di-Venaco: communis tabula]] ''' Poggio-d'Oletta''' ([[Lingua Corsa]] '' U Poghju d'Oletta '') est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 204 incolarum (anno [[2012]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Corsica Superior|Corsicae Superioris]] in regione australi [[Corsica]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Corsicae Superioris|Indicem communium praefecturae Corsicae Superioris]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Poggio-d'Oletta|Poggio-d'Oletta}} * {{INSEE commune|2B239|de=Poggio-d'Oletta}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025411/http://tresordesregions.mgm.fr/Mdir.php?p=cant.php&ct=2B29&region=94 Pagina interretialis Poggio-d'Oletta dicata] {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Corsicae Superioris]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati Corsicae]] a1p52lq91kacb2bhcqk2cczdh3onj73 0 157210 3980207 3438148 2026-08-10T09:55:23Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3980207 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus: Prunelli-di-Casacconi.jpg |thumb|300px|Prunelli-di-Casacconi: despectus in vicum]] [[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 2B250.png|thumb|left|300px|Prunelli-di-Casacconi: communis tabula]] '''Prunelli-di-Casacconi''' ([[Lingua Corsa]] '' i Prunelli di Casàccuni'') est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 156 incolarum (anno [[2012]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Corsica Superior|Corsicae Superioris]] in regione australi [[Corsica]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Corsicae Superioris|Indicem communium praefecturae Corsicae Superioris]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Prunelli-di-Casacconi|Prunelli-di-Casacconi}} * {{INSEE commune|2B250|de=Prunelli-di-Casacconi}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160526070132/http://prunelli-di-casacconi.fr/ Prunelli-di-Casacconi pagina interretialis] * [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=28157 De hoc commune apud cassini.ehess.fr] {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Corsicae Superioris]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati Corsicae]] nhbno3mkp26ob0wqkevivrr1q8e6z3h 0 158221 3979814 3978490 2026-08-09T19:43:01Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979814 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zincatum''' (e verbo [[zincum]] + suffixo -atum) est zincifera substantia chemica. Vero est quidlibet ex his: * [[Sal]] cum [[ion]]te Zn(OH)₄²⁻, quod ''ion tetrahydroxozincatum'' appellatum est, ut CaZn(OH)₄.2H₂O <ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1149/1.2108376 | title = Physico-Chemical Properties of Calcium Zincate | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-electrochemical-society_1986-11_133_11/page/2215 | year = 1986 | author = Sharma, Ram A. | journal = Journal of the Electrochemical Society | volume = 133 | pages = 2215 | issue = 11 }}</ref> vel Na₂Zn(OH)₄<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3749(199901)625:1<48::AID-ZAAC48>3.0.CO;2-L | title = Synthese und Kristallstruktur von Na₂Zn(OH)₄ | year = 1999 | author = Stahl, R. | journal = Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie | volume = 625 | pages = 48 | last2 = Niewa | first2 = R. | last3 = Jacobs | first3 = H.}}</ref> vel [[anion]] polymericum [Zn(OH)₃⁻] in, e.g., NaZn(OH)₃· H₂O <ref>{{cite journal | title = Synthese und Kristallstruktur von NaZn(OH)₃· H₂O und NaZn(OH)₃ | author = R. Stahl, H. Jacobs | journal = [[Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie]] | volume = 624 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–29 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3749(199801)624:1<25::AID-ZAAC25>3.0.CO;2-8 | year = 1998}}</ref> * [[Solutio]] [[alkali]]ca e zinco metallico, [[Zinci hydroxidum|zinci hydroxido]] vel [[Zinci oxidum|zinci oxido]] effecta, quae anionta varia ut Zn(OH)₄²⁻ capit. Qua industria ad [[patina]]m pertinens utitur. * [[Oxidum]] zinciferum cum [[elementum|elemento]] minus [[electronegativitas|electronegativo]] ut Na₂ZnO₂,<ref>{{cite journal | author = D. Trinschek, M. Jansen | title = Na₂ZnO₂, ein neues Natriumzinkat | journal = [[Z. Naturforsch.]] | volume = 51 b | year = 1996 | pages = 711–4}}</ref> * Supplementum nutrificum [[zinci sulphatum]]. ==Pro patina== Zincatum industriae ad [[patina]]m pertinenti solutionem alkalicam significet quae patinam zinci ad [[aluminium]] addit ante patinam [[niccolum|niccoli]]. Patina zinci hac solutione sine electricitate additur, i.e. non [[electrolysis|electrolyse]]. Atomus aluminii zincum ex zincato in hoc modo summovet:<ref>{{cite book|authors=Glenn O. Mallory, Juan B. Hajdu| year=1990 | title=Electroless Plating: Fundamentals and Applications |url=https://archive.org/details/electrolessplati0000unse|publisher=Noyes Publishing|isbn= 978-0936569079}}</ref> :3 Zn(OH)₄²⁻ + 2 Al → 3 Zn + 2 Al(OH)₄⁻ + 4 OH⁻ Electrolyse patina zinci ad [[chalybs|chalybem]] hac solutione addatur.<ref name="Zinchand">{{cite book | url = http://books.google.com/?id=laACw9i0D_wC | title = Zinc Handbook | first = Frank C. | last = Porter | publisher = CRC Press | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-8247-8340-2}}</ref> ==Nomenclatura== In nomenclatura -zincatum est suffixum quod aniontem polyatomicam significat qui zinci atomum centralem capit. Per exemplis, ''tetrachlorozincatum'', ZnCl₄²⁻, ''tetrahydroxozincatum'', Zn(OH)₄²⁻ et ''tetranitratozincatum'', Zn(NO₃)₄²⁻. Recentior, legibus [[IUPAC nomenclatura ad inorganicam chemicam anno 2005|IUPAC nomenclaturae ad inorganicam chemicam anno 2005]] appelleretur ZnCl₄²⁻ ut ''tetrachloridozincatum(2−)'' et Zn(OH)₄²⁻ ut ''tetrahydroxidozincatum(2−)''. ==Chemica aquosa zincati== Nunc accipitur quod copia iontum in solutione alkalica [[oxidum zinci|ZnO]] vel [[hydroxidum zinci|Zn(OH)₂]] iontes Zn(OH)₄²⁻ continet.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1021/j100031a026 | title = EXAFS Investigations of Zn(II) in Concentrated Aqueous Hydroxide Solutions | year = 1995 | author = Kaumudi I. Pandya; Andrea E. Russell; J. Mc Breen; W. E. O' Grady | journal = The Journal of Physical Chemistry | volume = 99 | pages = 11967 | issue = 31}}</ref> Creditus est autem quod [[analysis spectroscopica Ramaniana|analyse spectroscopica Ramaniana]] iontes ZnO₂²⁻ lineales indicantur.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1063/1.1679405 | title = Raman study of aqueous zinc oxide-alkali metal hydroxide system | year = 1973 | author = Sharma, Shiv Kumar | journal = The Journal of Chemical Physics | volume = 58 | pages = 1626 | issue = 4}}</ref> ==Nota== <references/> [[Categoria:Chemica]] j9wvlpionprnfn5hxm7fnkloacsqd6c 0 158413 3979790 3900591 2026-08-09T19:00:19Z Moscow Connection 37401 {{Pagina spammifera}} 3979790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina spammifera|[[:simple:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Taraneh Javanbakht]], [[:en:Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Taraneh Javanbakht (4th nomination)]], [[:es:Wikipedia:Consultas de borrado/Taraneh Javanbakht]]}} [[File:TaranehJavanbakht.jpg|thumb|]] '''Taraneh Javanbakht''' ([[Persice]]: {{lang|fa|ترانه جوانبخت}}; [[Teheranum|Teherani]] die [[12 Maii]] [[1974]] nata) est [[Irania|Iranica]] [[physicus|physica]], [[chemicus|chemica]], [[biologus|biologica]], [[philosophus|philosopha]], [[artifex]]a et [[compositor|composotorix]] Etiam [[iurum humanorum defensor|defensor]] pro iuribus humanis pugnat. == Opera == * ''Pyramide'' * ''Mirage'' * ''Netism'' * ''Age of mirror'' == Bibliographia == * [https://philpeople.org/profiles/taraneh-javanbakht Taraneh Javanbakht profile] == Nexus externi == * [http://www.javanbakht.net Taraneh Javanbakht] {{Lifetime|1974||Javanbakht, Taraneh}} {{stipula}} [[Categoria:Mulieres]] [[Categoria:Philosophi]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Iraniae]] [[Categoria:Artifices Iraniae]] [[Categoria:Alchemistae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Iraniae]] naj2a5b5ga9ocvs8w1c47nibwokjq4s 0 161969 3980123 2479927 2026-08-10T00:36:22Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Anarchismus}} '''La Escuela Moderna''' ([[sc.]] "Schola Hodierna") fuit [[schola]] quae breviter extitit [[Saeculum 20|saeculo vicesimo]] ineunte [[Barcino]]ne in [[Catalaunia]] [[Hispania]]e sita. A [[Franciscus Ferrer i Guàrdia|Francisco Ferrer i Guàrdia]] anno [[1901]]<ref name="Fidler">{{cite journal |author=Geoffrey C. Fidler |year=1985 |month=Spring/Summer |title=The Escuela Moderna Movement of Francisco Ferrer: "Por la Verdad y la Justicia" |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_history-of-education-quarterly_spring-summer-1985_25_1-2/page/103 |journal=History of Education Quarterly |volume=25 |issue=1/2 |pages=103–132 |id= |doi=10.2307/368893 |jstor=368893 |publisher=History of Education Society}}</ref> constituta est. Meta scholae erat "[[Eruditio popularis|classem operariam erudire]] modo rationali, saeculari, non coacto."<ref>[[Lingua Hispanica|Hispanice]]: "educar a la clase trabajadora de una manera racionalista, secular y no coercitiva"</ref> ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references /></div> {{stipula}} [[Categoria:Anarchismus]] 6359p1ydlt3esgse5xop2qzpp800ej5 0 163232 3980134 3899315 2026-08-10T00:46:40Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980134 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Infobox scientist |birth_name = Paulus Eugenius Bleuler |image = Eugen bleuler.jpg |image_size = 150px |caption = |birth_date = {{birth-date|30 Aprilis 1857}} |birth_place = [[Zollikon]], Helvetiae |death_date = {{death date and age|1939|7|15|1857|4|30}} |death_place = Zollikon, Helvetiae |residence = [[Turicum]] |citizenship = [[Helvetii|Helvetia]] |nationality = Helveticus |ethnicity = [[Germani|Germania]] |field = [[Psychiatria]] |work_institutions = [[Rheinau, Switzerland|Rheinau]]-[[Zürich]] clinic<br>[[Burghölzli]] clinic<br>[[University of Zürich]] |alma_mater = Universitas Turici |doctoral_advisor = [[Ioannes Martinus Charcot]]<br>[[Bernardus von Gudden]] |doctoral_students = Manfredus Bleuler |known_for = [[Schizophrenia]]<br>[[Autism]] |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = [[Augustus Forel]]<br>[[Sigmundus Freud]] |influenced = [[Carolus Jung]]<br>[[Hermannus Rorschach]] |prizes = |religion = |footnotes = }}--> '''Paulus Eugenius Bleuler''' ([[30 Aprilis]] [[1857]] – [[15 Iulii]] [[1939]])<ref>Eugen Bleuler. https://web.archive.org/web/20120309100851/http://www.whonamedit.com/. URL: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190916110554/http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1294.html https://web.archive.org/web/20190916110554/http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1294.html]. Situs accessus [[2 Maii]] [[2007]].</ref> fuit [[psychiatria|psychiatrista]] [[Helvetia|Helveticus]] pro eius contributionibus ad [[morbus mentis|morbum mentis]] intellegendum notissimus, atque pro [[vocabulum|vocabulia]] ''[[schizophrenia]],''<ref>G. E. Berrios (2011), "Eugen Bleuler’s Place in the History of Psychiatry," ''Schizophrenia Bulletin'' 37(6): 1095-1098.</ref> ''[[autismus|autismo]],''<ref>Peter Gay, ''Freud: A Life for Our Time'' (1989), p. 198</ref> , et re quae [[Sigmundus Freud]] appellavit "''[[ambivalentia]],'' Bleulerianum vocabulum feliciter electum."<ref>Sigmundus Freud, ''On Sexuality'' (PFL 7), p. 118.</ref> Ex eo appellatur [[asteroides]] [[11582 Bleuler]]. {{NexInt}} *[[Syndroma psycho Bleulerianum]] *[[Hermannus Rorschach]] *[[Petrus Janet]] *[[Gulielmus Wundt]] ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Bibliographia== *{{cite journal |author=Tölle R |title=Eugen Bleuler (1857–1939) und die deutsche Psychiatrie |trans_title=Eugen Bleuler (1857-1939) and German psychiatry |language=German |journal=Der Nervenarzt |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=90–6, 98 |year=2008 |month=January |pmid=18058081 |doi=10.1007/s00115-007-2379-9}} *{{cite journal |author=Mayer A |title=Introspective hypnotism and Freud's self-analysis: procedures of self-observation in clinical practice |journal=Revue d'Histoire des Sciences Humaines |volume=5 |pages=171–96 |year=2001 |doi=10.3917/rhsh.005.0171 |issue=2}} *{{cite journal |author=Falzeder E |title=The story of an ambivalent relationship: Sigmund Freud and Eugen Bleuler |journal=The Journal of Analytical Psychology |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=343–68 |year=2007 |month=June |pmid=17537145 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-5922.2007.00666.x}} *{{cite journal |author=Bernet B |trans_title=Associative disorder. On the relationship between the interpretation of disorder and society in the early writings of Eugen Bleuler |language=German |journal=Medizin, Gesellschaft, Und Geschichte |volume=26 |issue= |pages=169–93 |year=2006 |pmid=17144374 |title=Associative disorder. On the relationship between the interpretation of disorder and society in the early writings of Eugen Bleuler}} *{{cite journal |author=Möller A, Hell D |trans_title=The social understanding of Eugen Bleuler - his viewpoint outside of the psychiatric clinic |language=German |journal=Fortschritte Der Neurologie-Psychiatrie |volume=71 |issue=12 |pages=661–6 |year=2003 |month=December |pmid=14661160 |doi=10.1055/s-2003-45344 |title=Das Gesellschaftsbild von Eugen Bleuler - Anschauungen jenseits der psychiatrischen Klinik}} *{{cite journal |author=Möller A, Scharfetter C, Hell D |title=Development and termination of the working relationship of C. G. Jung and Eugen Bleuler 1900-1909 |journal=History of Psychiatry |volume=13 |issue=52 Pt 4 |pages=445–53 |year=2002 |month=December |pmid=12645573 |doi=10.1177/0957154X0201305206}} *{{cite journal |author=Möller A, Hell D |title=Eugen Bleuler and forensic psychiatry |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-law-and-psychiatry_july-august-2002_25_4/page/351 |journal=International Journal of Law and Psychiatry |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=351–60 |year=2002 |pmid=12613049 |doi=10.1016/S0160-2527(02)00127-9}} *{{cite journal |author=Möller A, Scharfetter C, Hell D |trans_title=The "Psychopathologic laboratory" at Burghölzli. Development and termination of the working relationship of C.G. Jung and Eugen Bleuler |language=German |journal=Der Nervenarzt |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=85–90 |year=2003 |month=January |pmid=12596032 |doi=10.1007/s00115-002-1282-7 |title=Das "psychopathologische Laboratorium" am "Burghölzli"}} *{{cite journal |author=Möller A, Hell D |trans_title=Fundamentals of scientifically based ethics in the works of Eugen Bleuler |language=German |journal=Der Nervenarzt |volume=71 |issue=9 |pages=751–7 |year=2000 |month=September |pmid=11042871 |doi=10.1007/s001150050660 |title=Prinzipien einer naturwissenschaftlich begr&#x000FC;ndeten Ethik im Werk Eugen Bleulers}} *{{cite journal |author=Möller A, Hell D |trans_title=Scientific psychology in the works of Eugen Bleuler |language=German |journal=Psychiatrische Praxis |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=157–62 |year=1999 |month=July |pmid=10457965 |title=Scientific psychology in the works of Eugen Bleuler}} *{{cite journal |author=Scharfetter C |trans_title=Orthodoxy against heretics. Correspondence of Gaupp and Kretschmer to Eugen Bleuler |language=German |journal=Fortschritte Der Neurologie-Psychiatrie |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=143–6 |year=1999 |month=April |pmid=10327309 |doi=10.1055/s-2007-993991 |title=Recht- und Andersgläubige}} *{{cite journal |author=Möller A, Hell D |trans_title=The development of criminal psychology in the work of Eugen Bleuler |language=German |journal=Fortschritte Der Neurologie-Psychiatrie |volume=65 |issue=11 |pages=504–8 |year=1997 |month=November |pmid=9480292 |doi=10.1055/s-2007-996356 |title=Zur Entwicklung kriminalpsychologischer Grundanschauungen im Werk Eugen Bleulers}} *{{cite journal |author=Kruse G |trans_title=Autistic-undisciplined thinking in medicine and overcoming it by Eugen Bleuler |language=German |journal=Psychiatrische Praxis |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=255–6 |year=1996 |month=September |pmid=8992526 |title=Autistic-undisciplined thinking in medicine and overcoming it by Eugen Bleuler}} *{{cite journal |author=Wilhelm HR |trans_title=Eugen Bleuler and Carl Gustav Jung's habilitation |language=German |journal=Sudhoffs Archiv |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=99–108 |year=1996 |pmid=8928214 |title=Eugen Bleuler and Carl Gustav Jung's habilitation}} *{{cite journal |author=De Ridder H, Corveleyn J |trans_title=Eugen Bleuler (1857-1939) and psychoanalysis |language=German |journal=Zeitschrift Für Klinische Psychologie, Psychopathologie Und Psychotherapie |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=246–62 |year=1992 |pmid=1519383 |title=Eugen Bleuler (1857-1939) and psychoanalysis}} *{{cite journal |author=Bleuler M, Bleuler R |title=Dementia praecox oder die Gruppe der Schizophrenien: Eugen Bleuler |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=149 |issue= 5|pages=661–2 |year=1986 |month=November |pmid=3545358 |doi=10.1192/bjp.149.5.661}} *{{cite journal |author=Bleuler M |title=Eugen Bleuler and schizophrenia |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=144 |issue= |pages=327–8 |year=1984 |month=March |pmid=6367878}} *{{cite journal |author=Menuck M |title=What did Eugen Bleuler really say? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-psychiatry_1979-03_24_2/page/161 |journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=161–6 |year=1979 |month=March |pmid=371780}} *{{cite journal |author=Gärtner JK |trans_title=Significance of Eugen Bleuler in the development of general medical practice |language=German |journal=Der Landarzt |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=187–91 |year=1965 |month=February |pmid=5320265 |title=Significance of Eugen Bleuler in the development of general medical practice}} *{{cite journal |author=[[Jakob Klaesi|Klaesi, Jakob]] |trans_title=On the hundredth birthday of Eugen Bleuler |journal=Psychiatria et Neurologia |volume=134 |issue=6 |pages=353–61 |year=1957 |month=December |pmid=13505951 |doi=10.1159/000138783 |title=Zum hundertsten Geburtstag Eugen Bleulers}} ==Nexus externi== *[http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleID=100311 "Paul Eugen Bleuler and the Birth of Schizophrenia (1908),"] ajp.psychiatryonline.org {{Lifetime|1857|1939|Bleuler, Eugenius}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Turicensis]] [[Categoria:Medici Helvetiae]] [[Categoria:Psychiatri Helvetiae]] [[Categoria:Schizophrenia]] o5vdni6p81m8mqwpnzwwxhaf64426h7 0 163233 3980059 3717930 2026-08-09T23:50:40Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980059 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Infobox scientist |name = Gulielmus Wundt |image = Wundt.jpg |image_size = 220*226 |birth_date = {{birth date|1832|8|16|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Neckarau]] prope [[Mannheim]], [[Ducatus Grandis Baden]], [[Confoederatio Germana|Confoederationis Germanae]] |death_date = {{death date and age|1920|8|31|1832|8|16|df=y}} <br/>[[Großbothen]] prope [[Lipsia]]m, [[Respublica Weimarensis|Germania]]<ref>Vide sepulcrum Wundtianum (imaginem).</ref> |residence = [[Germania]] |nationality = [[Germania|Germanus]] |ethnicity = |field = [[Psychologia]], [[Physiologia]] |work_institution = [[Alma Mater Lipsiensis]] |alma_mater = [[Universitas Ruperto-Carola Heidelbergensis]] |doctoral_advisor = |doctoral_students = [[Eduardus B. Titchener]], [[G. Stanley Hall]], [[Osvaldus Külpe]], [[Hugo Münsterberg]], [[Vladimirus Bekhterev]], [[Iacobus McKeen Cattell]], [[Lightner Witmer]]<ref>[http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/wundtjames.html Wilhelm Wundt et Gulielmus James]</ref> |known_for = [[Psychologia]], [[Voluntarismus (metaphysica)|Voluntarismus]] |prizes = }}--> [[Fasciculus:Wundt-research-group.jpg|thumb|Gulielmus Wundt (sedens) cum collegis in suo laboratorio psychologico, primo eius generis. Wundt psychologiam instituit ut proprius investigationum [[Scientia (ratio)|scientificarum]] ramus, a disciplinis [[philosophia]] et [[biologia]] liber.]] '''Gulielmus Maximilianus Wundt''' ([[16 Augusti]] [[1832]] – in [[Germania]] [[31 Augusti]] [[1920]]) fuit [[medicus]], [[psychologia|psychologus]], [[physiologus]], [[philosophus]], et [[professor]] [[Germania|Germanicus]], [[unus]] ex conditoribus psychologiae hodiernae nunc habitus; late praeterea habetur "pater [[psychologia experimentalis|psychologiae experimentalis]]."<ref name="plato.stanford.edu">[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/wilhelm-wundt/ Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)]</ref><ref>Tom, Butler-Bowdon, [http://books.google.com/books?id=wfjB9Blnk8kC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r#PPA20,M1 ''50 Psychology Classics''], (2007): p. 2.</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20090226200229/http://wilhelmwundt.com/index.htm</ref> Anno [[1879]], primum [[laboratorium]] ad investigandam psychologiam in [[Alma Mater Lipsiensis|Universitate Lipsiae]] rite condidit. Alma mater sua fuit [[Universitas Ruperto-Carola Heidelbergensis]]. Ex eo appellantur [[asteroides]] [[635 Vundtia]] et [[11040 Wundt]] atque [[illusio optica]] ab eo descripta et ''[[illusio Wundtiana]]'' nunc nominata. {{NexInt}} * [[N. O. Lossky]] == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Azurmendi, Joxe: "Herri Psikologia, Etnologia. Wundt" in: ''Volksgeist. Herri Gogoa'', Donostia: Elkar, 2007 ISBN 978-84-9783-404-9 * {{cite journal |last=Bringmann |first=W. G. |authorlink= |coauthors=W. D. Balance, et R. B. Evans |year=[[1975]] |month=Iulio |title=Wilhelm Wundt 1832-1920: a brief biographical sketch. |journal=Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=287–97 | publisher = | pmid = 11609842 | bibcode = | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-history-of-the-behavioral-sciences_1975-07_11_3/page/287 |doi=10.1002/1520-6696(197507)11:3<287::AID-JHBS2300110309>3.0.CO;2-L }} * {{cite journal |last=Carpenter |first=Shana K. |authorlink= |year=[[2005]] |month=Augusto |title=Some neglected contributions of Wilhelm Wundt to the psychology of memory. |journal=Psychological reports |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=63–73 | publisher = | pmid = 16279306 | bibcode = | url = |doi=10.2466/PR0.97.5.63-73 }} * Hicks, G. D. [[1920]]. Prof. Wilhelm Wundt. ''Nature'' (Londinii) 106:83-85. * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=R. |authorlink= |year=[[1982]] |month=Novembri |title=Wilhelm Wundt resurrected |journal=British journal for the history of science |volume=15 |issue=51 Pt 3 |pages=285–91 | publisher = | pmid = 11611088 | bibcode = | url = | doi = 10.1017/S0007087400019361 }} * {{cite journal |last=Steinberg |first=H. |authorlink= |year=[[2001]] |month=November |title=[The psychologist and philosopher Wilhelm Wundt and a dedication by his student Emil Kraepelin] |journal=Der Nervenarzt |volume=72 |issue=11 |pages=884 | publisher = | issn = | pmid = 11758098 | bibcode = | url = }} * {{cite journal |last=Ziche |first=P. |authorlink= |year=[[1999]] |month= |title=Neuroscience in its context. Neuroscience and psychology in the work of Wilhelm Wundt. |journal=Physis; rivista internazionale di storia della scienza |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=407–29 | publisher = | issn = | pmid = 11640242 | bibcode = | url = }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wundt, Gulielmus}} {{Myrias|Homines}} [[Categoria:Alumni universitatum et scholarum Berolinensium]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Tubingensis]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Heidelbergensis]] [[Categoria:Medici Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Philosophi Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Physiologi]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Heidelbergensis]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Lipsiensis]] [[Categoria:Psychologi Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Nati 1832]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1920]] ghrit539pfoxujua0h2m1yaucnptufi 0 163291 3980218 3976929 2026-08-10T11:27:37Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} '''Circulus Hildesiensis'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Hildesiensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Hildesheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Hildesiensis-e" ad [[Hildesia]]m refertur. Hac de urbe, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Hildesheim''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Hildesheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Hilmessen''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], die [[1 Augusti]] [[1977]] e circulis duobus et urbe Hildesia conditus est, quae etiam caput circuli est. == Communia circuli == [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in HI.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Hildesiensis]] Circulus Hildesiensis 40 communia habet, quae partim ad "communia generalia" (Theodisce "Samtgemeinden") coniuncta sunt. Haec dunt: * [[Alfelda]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Alfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Allefelle''), urbs (19.919) * [[Algermissenum]]<ref name="Hoogeweg">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1903). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et privilegia de Algermisseno)'' (Vol. III). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Algermissen'') (7892) * [[Bokenum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bockenem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokeln''), urbs (10.464) * [[Diekholza]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diekholzen'') (6656) * [[Elze]], oppidum (8868) * [[Giesen]] (9786) * [[Harsum]] (11.663) * [[Hildesia]], urbs (102.584) * [[Holle]] (7255) * [[Nordstemmen]] (12.410) * [[Salzdetfordium]]<ref name="Marcard 1805">Marcard, H. M. (1805). ''De salubritate aquarum nendorpensium et de earum usu in morbis chronicis''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich; et: Macard, H. M. (1805). ''De usu salutari fontium salinorum in territorio Hildesiensi sitorum''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Salzdetfurth''), urbs (13.525) * [[Sarstedt]], oppidum (18.482) * [[Schellerten]] (8138) * [[Söhlde]] (7855) * [[Duingen (commune generale)|Duingen]] (5207, commune generale) ** [[Coppengrave]] (658) ** [[Duingen]] (2875) ** [[Hoyershausen]] (484) ** [[Marienhagen]] (791) ** [[Weenzen]] (399) * [[Freden (commune generale)|Freden]] (4772, commune generale) ** [[Everode]] (479) ** [[Freden]] (3035) ** [[Landwehr]] (515) ** [[Winzenburg]] (743) * [[Gronau (commune generale)|Gronau]] (13.737, commune generale) ** [[Banteln]] (1563) ** [[Betheln]] (1008) ** [[Brüggen]] (890) ** [[Despetal]] (1335) ** [[Eime]] (2696) ** [[Gronau]], oppidum (5117) ** [[Rheden]] (1128) * [[Lamspringe (commune generale)|Lamspringe]] (5759, commune generale) ** [[Harbarnsen]] (611) ** [[Lamspringe]] (2972) ** [[Neuhof]] (413) ** [[Sehlem]] (914) ** [[Woltershausen]] (849) * [[Sibbesse (commune generale)|Sibbesse]] (6094, commune generale) ** [[Adenstedt]] (1010) ** [[Almstedium]]<ref name="Hoogeweg II 1901">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1901). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et registra de Almstedio)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> (915) ** [[Eberholzen]] (609) ** [[Sibbesse]] (2619) ** [[Westfeld]] (941) ==Notae== <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris|Hildesiensis]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1977]] gkbrm36a7kzr3jm7bi8z0cracpessj7 0 163689 3980214 3505337 2026-08-10T11:23:17Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Diekholzen]] ad [[Diekholza]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3505337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Diekholzen''' oppidum [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Hildesiensis|Circulo Hildesiensi]] est. == Historia == Anno [[1267]] locus primo nomine ''Dicholthusen'' (Lat: "Lacum" et "Silvam" significans) in actis descripta est. Anno [[1974]] vici nonnulli ad oppidum Diekholzen adiuncti dunt. {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 13]] jc78u386r36mlrplcy7bsig68c7v0ev 3980216 3980214 2026-08-10T11:25:04Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Diekholza'''<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diekholzen'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Hildesiensis|Circulo Hildesiensi]] est. == Historia == Anno [[1267]] locus primo nomine ''Dicholthusen'' (Lat: "Lacum" et "Silvam" significans) in actis descripta est. Anno [[1974]] vici nonnulli ad commune Diekholzam adiuncti dunt. ==Notae== <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 13]] 2luq6s09hon6jmf9zgg8zix6dgxujjp 0 165023 3979959 3961028 2026-08-09T22:14:35Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979959 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Laryngologia''' (ex [[Graece|Graecis]] λαρυγγ '[[larynx]]' + λογία < λόγος 'studium, scientia') est ramus [[medicina]]e qui confusiones, [[morbus|morbos]], et [[trauma (medicina)|vulnera]] [[apparatus vocalis]] tractat, praecipue [[larynx|laryngis]]. Inter condiciones frequenter a laryngologis visas sunt [[cystis|cystes]] et [[nodula plicae vocalis|nodulae plicae vocalis]]<!--vocal fold nodule-->, [[cancer laryngis]], [[dysphonia spasmodica]], [[refluxus laryngopharyngicus]], [[papillomatosis laryngis]], et syndromae perversae vel nimii [[vox|vocis]] usus. ==Laryngologi== *[[Georgius Duncan Gibb]] (1821–1876) *[[Morell Mackenzie]] (1837–1892) *[[Felix Semon]] (1849–1921) *[[St Clair Thomson]] (1857–1943) *[[Chevalier Jackson]] (1865–1958)<ref name=Jackson1909>{{cite journal|last=Jackson|first=C|authorlink=Chevalier Jackson|title=Tracheostomy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_laryngoscope_1909-04_19_4/page/285|journal=The Laryngoscope|volume=19|pages=285–90|year=[[1909]]|doi=10.1288/00005537-190904000-00003}}</ref><ref name=Jackson1913>{{cite journal|last=Jackson|first=C|title=The technique of insertion of intratracheal insufflation tubes|journal=Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics|volume=17|pages=507–9|year=1913}} Abstract reprinted in ''Pediatric Anesthesia'' 6(3):230</ref><ref name=Jackson1922>{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=C|title=A manual of peroral endoscopy and laryngeal surgery|chapter=I: Instrumentarium|publisher=W.B. Saunders|location=Philadelphia|year=[[1922]]|pages=17–52|url=http://mybebook.com/download_free_ebook/jackson-chevalier-1865-1958_ebooks/bronchoscopy-and-esophagoscopya-manual-of-peroral-endoscopy-and-laryngeal-surgery/ebook13336.pdf|isbn=978-1-4326-6305-6|accessdate=2010-09-17}}</ref> * [[Victor Negus]] (1887–1974) * [[Georgius Portmann]] (1890–1985) * [[Ioannes Milsom Rees]] Eques (1866-1952) {{NexInt}} *[[Otolaryngologia]] ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Nexus externi== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120821183942/http://www.voicedoctor.net/physicians Index doctorum vocis,] www.voicedoctor.net * [http://www.fauquierent.net/laryngologists.htm Index laryngologorum in Vicitatibus Foedasratis et reliquiis orbis terrarum,] www.fauqiuerent.net * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121109050026/http://www2.kenes.com/laryngology2012/Pages/Home.aspx Laryngologia 2012,] www2.kenes.com * [http://www.voicedoctor.net/ Situs medicus de laryngologia,] www.voicedoctor.net [[Categoria:Fauces humanae]] [[Categoria:Otolaryngologia]] [[Categoria:Vox humana]] s1x6sfukvczavkfugdiqb5201s663y2 0 166033 3979820 3977728 2026-08-09T19:48:46Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3979820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} '''Circulus Holtisminnensis'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Holtisminnensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Holzminden'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Holtisminni]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Holtisminnensis-e" refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Holzminden''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Holtsminne''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], die [[12 Octobris]] [[1832]] a [[Gulielmus (Dux Brunsvici)|Gulielmo]] duce [[Ducatus Brunsvici|Brunsvici]] conditus est. Caput circuli urbs [[Holtisminni]]<ref name="Graesse"/> est. == Historia == Circulus primo ad Ducatum, deinde ad [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Rem Publicam Brunsvicum]] pertinebat. A die [[1 Novembris]] [[1941]] circulus Holtisminnensis pars provinciae Hannoverae [[Borussia]]e erat. Anno [[1945]] ad terram Hannoveram, ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Hodie disputatur, an circulus cum finitimo [[Circulus terrae Northemiensis|Circulo Northemiensi]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Northemiensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Northeim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Northemiensis-e" ad urbem [[Northemium]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur "(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)".</ref> coniungendus sit. == Communia circuli == [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in HOL.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Holtisminnensi.]] Circulus Holtisminnensis 32 communia habet, quae maxima parte ad "communia generalia" (Theodisce "Samtgemeinden") coniuncta sunt. Haec sunt: * [[Delligsen]] (8142 incolae) * [[Holtisminni]] urbs, caput circuli (19.939) * [[Bevernense Castrum (commune generale)|Bevernense Castrum]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern''), commune generale (6056) ** [[Bevernense Castrum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'') (3946) ** [[Golmbach]] (979) ** [[Holenberg]] (440) ** [[Negenborn]] (691) * [[Bodonis Insula-Collis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref><ref name="Erhard 1851">Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder-Polle''), commune generale (15.375) ** [[Bodonis Insula]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'') urbs (5546) ** [[Bredenforda]]<ref name="Hoogeweg 1898">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde'') (718) ** [[Halle (Holtisminni)|Halle]] (1590) ** [[Hehlen]] (1912) ** [[Heinsen]] (861) ** [[Heyen]] (482) ** [[Kirchbrak]] (1089) ** [[Ottenstein]] (1189) ** [[Pegestorf]] (428) ** [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]<ref name="Erhard 1851"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'') oppidum (1102) ** [[Vahlbruch]] (458) * [[Boffeshusium (commune generale)|Boffeshusium]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen''), commune generale (7042) ** [[Boffeshusium]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'') (2701) ** [[Derental]] (671) ** [[Fürstenberg]] (1167) ** [[Lauenförde]] (2503) * [[Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf]], commune generale (15.375) ** [[Aroldishusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'') (391) ** [[Dedenhusa]]<ref name="-husaDeensen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'') (1511) ** [[Dielmissen]] (812) ** [[Eimen]] (996) ** [[Eschershausen]], urbs (3415) ** [[Heinade]] (920) ** [[Holzen]] (629) ** [[Lenne]] (673) ** [[Lüerdissen]] (448) ** [[Stadtoldendorf]] (5457) ** [[Wangelnstedt]] (617) Praeterea sunt loca quaedam, quae ad nullum commune pertinent. Quae omnia hominibus deserta sunt: * Boffeshusium<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'') (23,40 km²) * Eimen (12,91 km²) * Eschershausen (4,92 km²) * Grünenplan (22,71 km²) * [[Holtisminni]] (15,01 km²) * Merxhausen (22,50 km²) * Wenzen (15,84 km²) ==Notae== <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]] {{geo-stipula}} {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris|Holtisminni]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1832]] 1424b2mmqyrz78f10cn9o6et80hgepj 3979872 3979820 2026-08-09T20:42:11Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3979872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} '''Circulus Holtisminnensis'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Holtisminnensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Holzminden'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Holtisminni]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Holtisminnensis-e" refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Holzminden''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Holtsminne''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], die [[12 Octobris]] [[1832]] a [[Gulielmus (Dux Brunsvici)|Gulielmo]] duce [[Ducatus Brunsvici|Brunsvici]] conditus est. Caput circuli urbs [[Holtisminni]]<ref name="Graesse"/> est. == Historia == Circulus primo ad Ducatum, deinde ad [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Rem Publicam Brunsvicum]] pertinebat. A die [[1 Novembris]] [[1941]] circulus Holtisminnensis pars provinciae Hannoverae [[Borussia]]e erat. Anno [[1945]] ad terram Hannoveram, ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Hodie disputatur, an circulus cum finitimo [[Circulus terrae Northemiensis|Circulo Northemiensi]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Northemiensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Northeim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Northemiensis-e" ad urbem [[Northemium]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur "(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)".</ref> coniungendus sit. == Communia circuli == [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in HOL.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Holtisminnensi.]] Circulus Holtisminnensis 32 communia habet, quae maxima parte ad "communia generalia" (Theodisce "Samtgemeinden") coniuncta sunt. Haec sunt: * [[Disaldishusa]]<ref name="-husaDelligsen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Disaldishusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Reuter, A. (Ed.) (1950). ''1100 Jahre Delligsen: Geschichte der Hilsmulde und des Ortes Delligsen''. Verlag der Gemeinde Delligsen. </ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Delligsen'') oppidum (8142 incolae) * [[Holtisminni]] urbs, caput circuli (19.939) * [[Bevernense Castrum (commune generale)|Bevernense Castrum]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern''), commune generale (6056) ** [[Bevernense Castrum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'') (3946) ** [[Golmbach]] (979) ** [[Holenberg]] (440) ** [[Negenborn]] (691) * [[Bodonis Insula-Collis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref><ref name="Erhard 1851">Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder-Polle''), commune generale (15.375) ** [[Bodonis Insula]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'') urbs (5546) ** [[Bredenforda]]<ref name="Hoogeweg 1898">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde'') (718) ** [[Halle (Holtisminni)|Halle]] (1590) ** [[Hehlen]] (1912) ** [[Heinsen]] (861) ** [[Heyen]] (482) ** [[Kirchbrak]] (1089) ** [[Ottenstein]] (1189) ** [[Pegestorf]] (428) ** [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]<ref name="Erhard 1851"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'') oppidum (1102) ** [[Vahlbruch]] (458) * [[Boffeshusium (commune generale)|Boffeshusium]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen''), commune generale (7042) ** [[Boffeshusium]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'') (2701) ** [[Derental]] (671) ** [[Fürstenberg]] (1167) ** [[Lauenförde]] (2503) * [[Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf]], commune generale (15.375) ** [[Aroldishusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'') (391) ** [[Dedenhusa]]<ref name="-husaDeensen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'') (1511) ** [[Dielmissen]] (812) ** [[Eimen]] (996) ** [[Eschershausen]], urbs (3415) ** [[Heinade]] (920) ** [[Holzen]] (629) ** [[Lenne]] (673) ** [[Lüerdissen]] (448) ** [[Stadtoldendorf]] (5457) ** [[Wangelnstedt]] (617) Praeterea sunt loca quaedam, quae ad nullum commune pertinent. Quae omnia hominibus deserta sunt: * Boffeshusium<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'') (23,40 km²) * Eimen (12,91 km²) * Eschershausen (4,92 km²) * Grünenplan (22,71 km²) * [[Holtisminni]] (15,01 km²) * Merxhausen (22,50 km²) * Wenzen (15,84 km²) ==Notae== <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]] {{geo-stipula}} {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris|Holtisminni]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1832]] 4sphmwlqux2npl8pg0xztu215lhm6e1 3980010 3979872 2026-08-09T23:08:50Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} '''Circulus Holtisminnensis'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Holtisminnensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Holzminden'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Holtisminni]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Holtisminnensis-e" refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Holzminden''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Holtsminne''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], die [[12 Octobris]] [[1832]] a [[Gulielmus (Dux Brunsvici)|Gulielmo]] duce [[Ducatus Brunsvici|Brunsvici]] conditus est. Caput circuli urbs [[Holtisminni]]<ref name="Graesse"/> est. == Historia == Circulus primo ad Ducatum, deinde ad [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Rem Publicam Brunsvicum]] pertinebat. A die [[1 Novembris]] [[1941]] circulus Holtisminnensis pars provinciae Hannoverae [[Borussia]]e erat. Anno [[1945]] ad terram Hannoveram, ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Hodie disputatur, an circulus cum finitimo [[Circulus terrae Northemiensis|Circulo Northemiensi]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Northemiensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Northeim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Northemiensis-e" ad urbem [[Northemium]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur "(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)".</ref> coniungendus sit. == Communia circuli == [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in HOL.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Holtisminnensi.]] Circulus Holtisminnensis 32 communia habet, quae maxima parte ad "communia generalia" (Theodisce "Samtgemeinden") coniuncta sunt. Haec sunt: * [[Disaldishusa]]<ref name="-husaDelligsen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Disaldishusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Reuter, A. (Ed.) (1950). ''1100 Jahre Delligsen: Geschichte der Hilsmulde und des Ortes Delligsen''. Verlag der Gemeinde Delligsen. </ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Delligsen'') oppidum (8142 incolae) * [[Holtisminni]] urbs, caput circuli (19.939) * [[Bevernense Castrum (commune generale)|Bevernense Castrum]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern''), commune generale (6056) ** [[Bevernense Castrum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'') (3946) ** [[Golmbach]] (979) ** [[Holenberg]] (440) ** [[Negenborn]] (691) * [[Bodonis Insula-Collis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref><ref name="Erhard 1851">Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder-Polle''), commune generale (15.375) ** [[Bodonis Insula]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'') urbs (5546) ** [[Bredenforda]]<ref name="Hoogeweg 1898">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde'') (718) ** [[Halle (Holtisminni)|Halle]] (1590) ** [[Hehlen]] (1912) ** [[Heinsen]] (861) ** [[Heyen]] (482) ** [[Kirchbrak]] (1089) ** [[Ottenstein]] (1189) ** [[Pegestorf]] (428) ** [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]<ref name="Erhard 1851"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'') oppidum (1102) ** [[Vahlbruch]] (458) * [[Boffeshusium (commune generale)|Boffeshusium]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen''), commune generale (7042) ** [[Boffeshusium]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'') (2701) ** [[Derental]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Derental'') (671) ** [[Fürstenberg]] (1167) ** [[Lauenförde]] (2503) * [[Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf]], commune generale (15.375) ** [[Aroldishusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'') (391) ** [[Dedenhusa]]<ref name="-husaDeensen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'') (1511) ** [[Dielmissen]] (812) ** [[Eimen]] (996) ** [[Eschershausen]], urbs (3415) ** [[Heinade]] (920) ** [[Holzen]] (629) ** [[Lenne]] (673) ** [[Lüerdissen]] (448) ** [[Stadtoldendorf]] (5457) ** [[Wangelnstedt]] (617) Praeterea sunt loca quaedam, quae ad nullum commune pertinent. Quae omnia hominibus deserta sunt: * Boffeshusium<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'') (23,40 km²) * Eimen (12,91 km²) * Eschershausen (4,92 km²) * Grünenplan (22,71 km²) * [[Holtisminni]] (15,01 km²) * Merxhausen (22,50 km²) * Wenzen (15,84 km²) ==Notae== <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]] {{geo-stipula}} {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris|Holtisminni]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1832]] 6557n7bk9n8j3ygqv6bkrlm1zuz5ov7 0 166053 3979847 3715092 2026-08-09T20:23:44Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Delligsen]] ad [[Disaldishusa]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3715092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:St. Georgs-Kirche in Delligsen IMG 3342.jpg|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Georgii]] '''Delligsen''' est commune in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e meridionali in [[circulus terrae|circulo terrae]] [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|Holtisminnensi]]. == Historia == Delligsen anno [[850]] nomine ''Disaldeshusen'' primo in actis descripta, sed verisimile iam saeculo 7 aut 8 condita est<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200725041712/http://delligsen.de/pics/medien/1_1214826176/Chronik_Delligsen_1950_von_Reuter.pdf Chronicon oppidi Delligsen anno 1950 lingua Germanica scriptum]</ref>. Anno [[1974]] Delligsen oppidum e vicis Ammensen, Delligsen, Kaierde, Varrigsen, Hohenbüchen atque Grünenplan coniunctum est. == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 8]] jcll06gi6qo29oo8r57t6f3z7t2bda9 3979862 3979847 2026-08-09T20:36:54Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3979862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:St. Georgs-Kirche in Delligsen IMG 3342.jpg|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Georgii.]] '''Disaldishusa'''<ref name="-husaDelligsen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Disaldishusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Reuter, A. (Ed.) (1950). ''1100 Jahre Delligsen: Geschichte der Hilsmulde und des Ortes Delligsen''. Verlag der Gemeinde Delligsen.</ref> est oppidum in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e meridionali in [[circulus terrae|circulo terrae]] [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|Holtisminnensi]]. == Historia == Disaldishusa anno [[850]] nomine ''Disaldeshusen''<ref name="Reu">Reuter, A. (Ed.) (1950). ''1100 Jahre Delligsen: Geschichte der Hilsmulde und des Ortes Delligsen''. Verlag der Gemeinde Delligsen.</ref> primo in actis descripta, sed verisimile iam saeculo 7 aut 8 condita est<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200725041712/http://delligsen.de/pics/medien/1_1214826176/Chronik_Delligsen_1950_von_Reuter.pdf Chronicon oppidi Delligsen anno 1950 lingua Germanica scriptum]</ref>. Anno [[1974]] Disaldishusa oppidum e vicis [[Ammenhusa]]<ref name="-husaAmmensen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Ammenhusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> Ammensen, [[Disaldishusa]]<ref name="-husaDelligsen"/> (Theodisce ''Delligsen''), [[Kaierde|Kaierdi]]<ref name="Vanni & Rossi 2012">Vanni, D8., & Rossi, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Index Nominum Geographicorum Locorumque Mundi Latine Redditus''. Societas Latina.</ref> (Theodisce ''Kaierde''), [[Varrigsen]]e<ref name="Vanni & Rossi 2012"/> (Theodisce ''Varrigsen''), [[Hohenbüchen]]e<ref name="Vanni & Rossi 2012"/> (Theodisce ''Hohenbüchen'') atque [[Grüneplan]]e<ref name="Vanni & Rossi 2012"/> (Theodisce ''Grünenplan'') constat. == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 8]] f65omx28td9va2arcylzvs6aynphpj3 3979864 3979862 2026-08-09T20:37:33Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3979864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:St. Georgs-Kirche in Delligsen IMG 3342.jpg|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Georgii.]] '''Disaldishusa'''<ref name="-husaDelligsen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Disaldishusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Reuter, A. (Ed.) (1950). ''1100 Jahre Delligsen: Geschichte der Hilsmulde und des Ortes Delligsen''. Verlag der Gemeinde Delligsen.</ref> est oppidum in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e meridionali in [[circulus terrae|circulo terrae]] [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|Holtisminnensi]]. == Historia == Disaldishusa anno [[850]] nomine ''Disaldeshusen''<ref name="Reu">Reuter, A. (Ed.) (1950). ''1100 Jahre Delligsen: Geschichte der Hilsmulde und des Ortes Delligsen''. Verlag der Gemeinde Delligsen.</ref> primo in actis descripta, sed verisimile iam saeculo 7 aut 8 condita est<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200725041712/http://delligsen.de/pics/medien/1_1214826176/Chronik_Delligsen_1950_von_Reuter.pdf Chronicon oppidi Delligsen anno 1950 lingua Germanica scriptum]</ref>. Anno [[1974]] Disaldishusa oppidum e vicis [[Ammenhusa]]<ref name="-husaAmmensen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Ammenhusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> Ammensen, [[Disaldishusa (vicus)|Disaldishusa]]<ref name="-husaDelligsen"/> (Theodisce ''Delligsen''), [[Kaierde|Kaierdi]]<ref name="Vanni & Rossi 2012">Vanni, D8., & Rossi, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Index Nominum Geographicorum Locorumque Mundi Latine Redditus''. Societas Latina.</ref> (Theodisce ''Kaierde''), [[Varrigsen]]e<ref name="Vanni & Rossi 2012"/> (Theodisce ''Varrigsen''), [[Hohenbüchen]]e<ref name="Vanni & Rossi 2012"/> (Theodisce ''Hohenbüchen'') atque [[Grüneplan]]e<ref name="Vanni & Rossi 2012"/> (Theodisce ''Grünenplan'') constat. == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 8]] rruryk11q7fzqrf626tgph3hlhpt688 0 168687 3980007 3977246 2026-08-09T23:07:14Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Boffeshusium'''<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> [[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'') commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|circulo Holtisminnensi]] est. == Historia == Die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[1973]] commune generale Boffeshusium constitutum est, cum [[Boffeshusium|Boffeshusio]] communi vici tres coniuncti sint. Anno [[2009]] propositum communis unici condendi a civibus repudiatum est. == Communia ad Boffzen pertinentes == ** [[Boffeshusium]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'') (2701) ** [[Derental]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Derental'') (671) ** [[Fürstenberg]] (1167) ** [[Lauenförde]] (2503) ==Notae== <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1973]] 2l42enjfd5k0nmgbaccupgi2e5mbrrn 0 168729 3980005 3977251 2026-08-09T23:05:40Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Kirche Derental mit Weihnachtsbaum.jpg|thumb|left|Ecclesia protestantica.]] '''Derental'''<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> seu '''Derenthal'''<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Derental'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|Circulo Holtisminnensi]] est. == Historia == Derental saeculo 15 primo in actis descriptum est. A die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[1973]] ad [[Boffeshusium (commune generale)|Boffeshusium]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'') commune generale pertinet. ==Notae== <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 16]] jvr5hd4r2kvuge40frnbzhc9lczlua3 0 169494 3979817 3973739 2026-08-09T19:46:06Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3979817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf''' commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|circulo Holtisminnensi]] est. == Historia == Die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2011]] commune generale Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf constitutum est, cum Stadtoldendorf atque Eschershausen communia generalia coniuncta sunt. == Communia ad Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf pertinentes == * [[Aroldishusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'') (391 incolae) * [[Dedenhusa]]<ref name="-husaDeensen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'') (1511) * [[Dielmissen]] (812) * [[Eimen]] (996) * [[Eschershausen]], urbs (3415) * [[Heinade]] (920) * [[Holzen]] (629) * [[Lenne]] (673) * [[Lüerdissen]] (448) * [[Stadtoldendorf]] (5457) * [[Wangelnstedt]] (617) ==Notae== <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 2011]] 86w1w3zozeslxgqyeg77z4f0kha6v6q 3980222 3979817 2026-08-10T11:36:22Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf''' commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|circulo Holtisminnensi]] est. == Historia == Die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2011]] commune generale Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf constitutum est, cum Stadtoldendorf atque Eschershausen communia generalia coniuncta sunt. == Communia ad Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf pertinentes == * [[Aroldishusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'') (391 incolae) * [[Dedenhusa]]<ref name="-husaDeensen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'') (1511) * [[Dielmissa]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Dielmissen'') (812) * [[Eimen]] (996) * [[Eschershausen]], urbs (3415) * [[Heinade]] (920) * [[Holzen]] (629) * [[Lenne]] (673) * [[Lüerdissen]] (448) * [[Stadtoldendorf]] (5457) * [[Wangelnstedt]] (617) ==Notae== <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 2011]] k9s7mn2ivvulojw4vclriiau1yuu7j1 3980223 3980222 2026-08-10T11:36:58Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 /* Communia ad Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf pertinentes */ 3980223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf''' commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|circulo Holtisminnensi]] est. == Historia == Die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2011]] commune generale Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf constitutum est, cum Stadtoldendorf atque Eschershausen communia generalia coniuncta sunt. == Communia ad Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf pertinentes == * [[Aroldishusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'') (391 incolae) * [[Dedenhusa]]<ref name="-husaDeensen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'') (1511) * [[Dielmissa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Dielmissen'') (812) * [[Eimen]] (996) * [[Eschershausen]], urbs (3415) * [[Heinade]] (920) * [[Holzen]] (629) * [[Lenne]] (673) * [[Lüerdissen]] (448) * [[Stadtoldendorf]] (5457) * [[Wangelnstedt]] (617) ==Notae== <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 2011]] 16868bcfv11gz503vebqn01dwfp0sen 0 169568 3979776 3505403 2026-08-09T17:31:17Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Deensen]] ad [[Dedenhusium]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3505403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Deensen''' est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|circulo Holtisminnensi]] situm. Ad commune Deensen vici Braak Deensen Schießhaus atque Schorborn pertinent. == Historia == Quando vicus Deensen conditus esset, nescimus, anno [[1226]] nomine ''Dedenhusen'' primo in actis descriptus est. Anno [[1483]] gens de Campe in vico bellis [[Iohannes Hus|Hussorum]] deleto castellum aedificavit. Ad usque annum [[1970]] hic sedes familiae fuit. Ab anno [[1971]] Deensen ad commune generale Stadtoldendorf pertinuit, nunc pars communis generalis [[Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf]] est. == Cives clari == * [[Ioachim Henricus Campe]] (1746 - 1818), praeceptor, diurnarius et editor == Nexus externi == * [http://www.eschershausen-stadtoldendorf.de Deensen in pagina communis generalis Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf (lingua Theodisca)] {{urbs-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Deensen}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] 56khoc5mi1jwfs82y9akqxoumoocn83 3979780 3979776 2026-08-09T17:58:47Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3979780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Dedenhusium'''<ref name="Falke 1752">Falke, J. F. (1752). ''Traditiones Corbeienses scriptoresque dominis de Homburg et monasterio Amelungsbornenses''. Officina Henrici Caroli Guericke.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|circulo Holtisminnensi]] situm. Ad commune Dedenhusium vici [[Brake (Dedenhusium)|Brake]]<ref name="Let">Letzner, J. (1596). ''Dasselische und Einbecker Chronica: Darinnen gründlich beschrieben wird der alten Herren von Dassel Herkommen, Geschlechte, Güter, Taten und Tode''. Paul Donat.</ref> (Theodisce ''Braak''), [[Dedenhusium (vicus)|Dedenhusium]]<ref name="Falke 1752"/> (Theodisce ''Deensen''), (Theodisce ''Schießhaus''), atque [[Schorbornium]]<ref name="Leu">Leuckfeld, J. G. (1710). ''Antiquitates Blankenburgenses, oder Historische Beschreibung der alten Graffschaft Blankenburg am Harz, darinnen von derselben Landes-Beschaffenheit, Grenzen, Flüssen, Antiquitäten, etc''. Gottfried Freytag</ref> (Theodisce ''Schorborn'') pertinent. == Historia == Quando vicus Dedenhusium conditus esset, nescimus, anno [[1226]] nomine ''Dedenhusen''<ref name="Cas">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> primo in actis descriptus est. Anno [[1483]] gens de Campe in vico bellis [[Iohannes Hus|Hussorum]] deleto castellum aedificavit. Ad usque annum [[1970]] hic sedes familiae fuit. Ab anno [[1971]] Dedenhusium ad commune generale Stadtoldendorf pertinuit, nunc pars communis generalis [[Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf]] est. == Cives clari == * [[Ioachim Henricus Campe]] (1746 - 1818), praeceptor, diurnarius et editor ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == * [http://www.eschershausen-stadtoldendorf.de Dedenhusium in pagina communis generalis Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf (Theodisce)] {{urbs-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Deensen}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] k77m9q2rb3bi2fx88pdrzlsc85leygl 3979781 3979780 2026-08-09T17:59:08Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Dedenhusium]] ad [[Dedenhusa]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3979780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Dedenhusium'''<ref name="Falke 1752">Falke, J. F. (1752). ''Traditiones Corbeienses scriptoresque dominis de Homburg et monasterio Amelungsbornenses''. Officina Henrici Caroli Guericke.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|circulo Holtisminnensi]] situm. Ad commune Dedenhusium vici [[Brake (Dedenhusium)|Brake]]<ref name="Let">Letzner, J. (1596). ''Dasselische und Einbecker Chronica: Darinnen gründlich beschrieben wird der alten Herren von Dassel Herkommen, Geschlechte, Güter, Taten und Tode''. Paul Donat.</ref> (Theodisce ''Braak''), [[Dedenhusium (vicus)|Dedenhusium]]<ref name="Falke 1752"/> (Theodisce ''Deensen''), (Theodisce ''Schießhaus''), atque [[Schorbornium]]<ref name="Leu">Leuckfeld, J. G. (1710). ''Antiquitates Blankenburgenses, oder Historische Beschreibung der alten Graffschaft Blankenburg am Harz, darinnen von derselben Landes-Beschaffenheit, Grenzen, Flüssen, Antiquitäten, etc''. Gottfried Freytag</ref> (Theodisce ''Schorborn'') pertinent. == Historia == Quando vicus Dedenhusium conditus esset, nescimus, anno [[1226]] nomine ''Dedenhusen''<ref name="Cas">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> primo in actis descriptus est. Anno [[1483]] gens de Campe in vico bellis [[Iohannes Hus|Hussorum]] deleto castellum aedificavit. Ad usque annum [[1970]] hic sedes familiae fuit. Ab anno [[1971]] Dedenhusium ad commune generale Stadtoldendorf pertinuit, nunc pars communis generalis [[Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf]] est. == Cives clari == * [[Ioachim Henricus Campe]] (1746 - 1818), praeceptor, diurnarius et editor ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == * [http://www.eschershausen-stadtoldendorf.de Dedenhusium in pagina communis generalis Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf (Theodisce)] {{urbs-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Deensen}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] k77m9q2rb3bi2fx88pdrzlsc85leygl 3979810 3979781 2026-08-09T19:41:09Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3979810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Dedenhusa'''<ref name="-husaDeensen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|circulo Holtisminnensi]] situm. Ad commune Dedenhusam vici [[Brake (Dedenhusam)|Brake]]<ref name="Let">Letzner, J. (1596). ''Dasselische und Einbecker Chronica: Darinnen gründlich beschrieben wird der alten Herren von Dassel Herkommen, Geschlechte, Güter, Taten und Tode''. Paul Donat.</ref> (Theodisce ''Braak''), [[Dedenhusa (vicus)|Dedenhusa]]<ref name="-husaDeensen"/> (Theodisce ''Deensen''), [[Schiesshusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Schießhaus''), atque [[Schorbornium]]<ref name="-bornium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-born'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-bornium-ii", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Calenbornium (prope Aram)|Calenbornium prope Aram]] et [[Calenbornium (prope Caesariacum)|Calenbornium prope Caesariacum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn''); [[Calenbornium-Scheurenum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn-Scheuern''); [[Hasbornium (Eiflia)|Hasbornium]] (Theodisce ''Hasborn''); [[Leidenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Leidenborn''); [[Lichtenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Lichtenborn''). Quae omnia toponyma ex articulo Vicipaediae Latinae de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Rhenaniae_et_Palatinatus indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus] desumpta sunt, ubi apte referuntur.</ref></ref> (Theodisce ''Schorborn'') pertinent. == Historia == Quando vicus Dedenhusa conditus esset, nescimus, anno [[1226]] nomine ''Dedenhusen''<ref name="Cas">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> primo in actis descriptus est. Anno [[1483]] gens de Campe in vico bellis [[Iohannes Hus|Hussorum]] deleto castellum aedificavit. Ad usque annum [[1970]] hic sedes familiae fuit. Ab anno [[1971]] Dedenhusia ad commune generale Stadtoldendorf pertinuit, nunc pars communis generalis [[Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf]] est. == Cives clari == * [[Ioachim Henricus Campe]] (1746 - 1818), praeceptor, diurnarius et editor ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == * [http://www.eschershausen-stadtoldendorf.de Dedenhusa in pagina communis generalis Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf (Theodisce)] {{urbs-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Deensen}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] ihonn9ndeut595fe3xpqvvwjwsg3hnm 3979811 3979810 2026-08-09T19:41:31Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3979811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Dedenhusa'''<ref name="-husaDeensen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|circulo Holtisminnensi]] situm. Ad commune Dedenhusam vici [[Brake (Dedenhusam)|Brake]]<ref name="Let">Letzner, J. (1596). ''Dasselische und Einbecker Chronica: Darinnen gründlich beschrieben wird der alten Herren von Dassel Herkommen, Geschlechte, Güter, Taten und Tode''. Paul Donat.</ref> (Theodisce ''Braak''), [[Dedenhusa (vicus)|Dedenhusa]]<ref name="-husaDeensen"/> (Theodisce ''Deensen''), [[Schiesshusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Schießhaus''), atque [[Schorbornium]]<ref name="-bornium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-born'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-bornium-ii", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Calenbornium (prope Aram)|Calenbornium prope Aram]] et [[Calenbornium (prope Caesariacum)|Calenbornium prope Caesariacum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn''); [[Calenbornium-Scheurenum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn-Scheuern''); [[Hasbornium (Eiflia)|Hasbornium]] (Theodisce ''Hasborn''); [[Leidenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Leidenborn''); [[Lichtenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Lichtenborn''). Quae omnia toponyma ex articulo Vicipaediae Latinae de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Rhenaniae_et_Palatinatus indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus] desumpta sunt, ubi apte referuntur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Schorborn'') pertinent. == Historia == Quando vicus Dedenhusa conditus esset, nescimus, anno [[1226]] nomine ''Dedenhusen''<ref name="Cas">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> primo in actis descriptus est. Anno [[1483]] gens de Campe in vico bellis [[Iohannes Hus|Hussorum]] deleto castellum aedificavit. Ad usque annum [[1970]] hic sedes familiae fuit. Ab anno [[1971]] Dedenhusia ad commune generale Stadtoldendorf pertinuit, nunc pars communis generalis [[Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf]] est. == Cives clari == * [[Ioachim Henricus Campe]] (1746 - 1818), praeceptor, diurnarius et editor ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == * [http://www.eschershausen-stadtoldendorf.de Dedenhusa in pagina communis generalis Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf (Theodisce)] {{urbs-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Deensen}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] 6axfqj4il4oaffbhacjyc086ldkcv77 0 169569 3980219 3505404 2026-08-10T11:32:26Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Dielmissen]] ad [[Dielmissa]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3505404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Dielmissen.jpg|thumb|left|Dielmissen anno 2004]] '''Dielmissen''' commune est [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|circulo Holtisminnensi]] est. == Historia == Quando vicus Dielmissen conditus sit, nescimus, die [[23 Augusti]] [[1151]] nomine ''Thiedelmissen'' primo in actis descriptus est. Anno [[1483]] gens de Campe in vico bellis [[Iohannes Hus|Hussorum]] deleto castellum aedificavit. Ad annum [[1918]] pars [[Ducatus Brunsvici|Ducatus]], ad usque annum [[1941]] [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Rei Publicae Brunsvici]] fuit. Tum una cum toto circulo Holtisminni ad provinciam Hannoveram pervenit. Ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Ab anno [[1971]] Dielmissen ad commune generale Eschershausen pertinuit, nunc pars communis generalis [[Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf]] est. == Nexus externi == * [http://www.eschershausen-stadtoldendorf.de/index.php?current_id=22606 Dielmissen in pagina communis generalis Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf (lingua Theodisca)] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] l0yl78ygatxa5i8koh4mworm58c4l0n 3980221 3980219 2026-08-10T11:35:02Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Dielmissen.jpg|thumb|left|Dielmissa anno 2004.]] '''Dielmissa'''<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Dielmissen'') commune est [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|circulo Holtisminnensi]] est. == Historia == Quando vicus Dielmissa conditus sit, nescimus, die [[23 Augusti]] [[1151]] nomine ''Thiedelmissen'' primo in actis descriptus est. Anno [[1483]] gens de Campe in vico bellis [[Iohannes Hus|Hussorum]] deleto castellum aedificavit. Ad annum [[1918]] pars [[Ducatus Brunsvici|Ducatus]], ad usque annum [[1941]] [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Rei Publicae Brunsvici]] fuit. Tum una cum toto circulo Holtisminni ad provinciam Hannoveram pervenit. Ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Ab anno [[1971]] Dielmissa ad commune generale Eschershausen pertinuit, nunc pars communis generalis [[Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf]] est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == * [http://www.eschershausen-stadtoldendorf.de/index.php?current_id=22606 Dielmissa in pagina communis generalis Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf (Theodisce)] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] 8h3r20rca3wjwdrsmujusybijxtl2g5 0 172605 3980029 3709797 2026-08-09T23:28:18Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ''Xenopsylla cheopis'' | image = Xenopsylla cheopis flea PHIL 2069 lores.jpg | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Siphonaptera]] | familia = [[Pulicidae]] | genus = ''[[Xenopsylla]]'' | species='''''X. cheopis''''' | binomial = ''Xenopsylla cheopis'' | binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Rothschild|Rothschild]], [[1903]])<ref>{{cite journal |author=[[Charles Rothschild|N. C. Rothschild]] |year=[[1903]] |title=New species of Siphonaptera from Egypt and the Soudan |journal=[[Entomologist's Monthly Magazine]] |volume=39 |pages=83–87}}</ref> }} '''''Xenopsylla cheopis''''' est [[parasitus]] [[rodentia|rodentium]], praesertim [[genus (taxinomia)|generis]] ''[[Rattus|Ratti]],'' et principalis [[vector (epidemiologia)|vector]] [[pestis bubonica]]e et [[typhus murinus|typhi murini]], qui [[morbus|morbi]] fiunt cum pulex qui rodens infectum [[victus|pastus]] est [[homo|hominem]] mordeat. <!--PLUS IN EN--> [[Fasciculus:XenopsyllaCheopisHerms.jpg|thumb|300px|''Xenopsylla cheopis,'' [[mas]] et [[femina (sexus)|femina]] (tabula [[Anglice]] signata).]] ==Historia== Hic pulex, in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]] ab [[Carolus Rothschild|N. C. Rothschild]] cum [[Carolus Jordan|Carolo Jordan]] conlecta, anno [[1903]] primum descripta est.<ref>[http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/collections-library/collections-management/collections-navigator/transform.jsp?rec=/ead-recs/nhm/uls-a354904.xml Manuscript, Drawing and Photograph Collection of Nathaniel Charles Rothschild (1877–1923)]</ref> Quem ''cheopis,'' ex [[pyramides Gizae|pyramidi]] [[Cheops|Cheopis]], nominavit. ==Transmissio morborum== Haec [[species (taxinomia)|species]] vectorem [[pestis bubonica]]e (''[[Yersinia pestis|Yersiniae pestis]]'') et ''[[Rickettsia typhi]]'' et hospem ''[[Hymenolepis diminuta]]e'' et ''[[Hymenolepis nana]]e'' agere potest. [[Morbus|Morbi]] ab uno pulicum fetu ad proximo per [[ovum|ova]] transmitti possunt.<ref>{{cite journal |author=A. Farhang-Azad, R. Traub, et S. Baqar |year=[[1985]] |title=Transovarial transmission of murine typhus rickettsiae in ''Xenopsylla cheopis'' fleas |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1985-02-01_227_4686/page/543 |journal=Science |volume=227 |issue=4686 |pages=543–545 |doi=10.1126/science.3966162 |pmid=3966162}}</ref> ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Nexus externi== * [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Xenopsylla_cheopis.html De specie,] animaldiversity.ummz/umich.edu * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070925051426/http://parasitology.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de/login/n/h/0525.html De specie,] parasitology.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de {{insecta-stipula}} [[Categoria:Insecta]]<!--PRO TEM pro : Rodent-carried diseases + Biting insects + Insect vectors of animal pathogens + Insect vectors of human pathogens--> [[Categoria:Siphonaptera]] [[Categoria:Species insectorum ex hominibus appellatae|Cheops]] [[Categoria:Taxa Rothschild]]<!--fortasse Rothschild alter?--> [[Categoria:Taxa 1903]] 19npm7eagrsxmj9kppm0usve7kh9t1q 0 172652 3979734 3978667 2026-08-09T15:29:53Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3979734 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{ Interlinguistas | nomine = Alexander Gode | imagine = | data de nascentia = [[30 de octobre]] [[1906]] | site de nascentia = | data de morte = [[10 de augusto]] [[1970]] | sito de morte = | occupation = [[Linguistica]] | nationalitate = [[Germania]] | traduceva = | scribeva = ''Interlingua-English Dictionary''<br />''Interlingua Grammar'' | altere activitates = }}--> {{res|Alexander Gottfried Friedrich Gode-von Aesch}} ([[Brema|Bremae]] natus [[30 Octobris]] [[1906]]; mortuus [[10 Augusti]] [[1970]]) fuit [[linguista]], [[interpres]], vis agens creandae linguae [[Interlingua|Interlinguae]] a societate [[IALA]], et unus e conditoribus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Societas Interpretum Americanorum|Societatis Interpretum Americanorum|en|qid=Q4064185}} eiusdemque praeses. Magister disciplinae [[lingua Theodisca|linguae Theodiscae]] fuit. Eius [[alma mater|almae matres]] fuerunt [[Universitas Columbiae]], [[Universitas Vindobonensis]], et [[Universitas Parisiensis]]. == Opera == * {{cite book | last = Gode | first = Alexander | authorlink = | title = Natural Science in German Romanticism | url = https://archive.org/details/naturalsciencein00gode | publisher = Columbia University Press | series = | year = [[1941]] | doi = | isbn = }} * {{cite book | last = Gode | first = Alexander | authorlink = | title = Portuguese at Sight | url = https://archive.org/details/bwb_P9-BHZ-027 | publisher = Thomas Y. Crowell Co | year = [[1943]] | doi = | isbn = }} * {{cite book | last = Gode | first = Alexander | authorlink = | title = Interlingua English Dictionary | url = https://archive.org/details/interlinguaengli0000dire | publisher = Storm Publishers | year = [[1951]] | doi = | isbn = }} * {{cite book | last = Gode | first = Alexander | authorlink = | title = A Brief Grammar of Interlingua for Readers | publisher = Storm Publishers | year = [[1951]] | doi = | isbn = }} * {{cite book | last = Gode | first = Alexander | authorlink = | title = Interlingua a Prima Vista | publisher = Storm Publishers | year = [[1954]] | doi = | isbn = }} * {{cite book | last = Gode | first = Alexander | authorlink = | coauthors = Blair | others = | title = Interlingua: A Grammar of the International Language | publisher = Storm Publishers | year = [[1955]] | doi = | isbn = }} * {{cite book | last = Gode | first = Alexander | authorlink = | title = French at Sight | publisher = Ungar Pub Co | year = [[1962]] | doi = | isbn = 978-0-8044-6181-8}} * {{cite book | last = Gode | first = Alexander | authorlink = | title = Anthology of German Poetry Through the 19th Century | publisher = Ungar Pub Co | year = [[1972]] | doi = | isbn = 978-0-8044-6241-9 }} * {{cite book | last = Gode | first = Alexander | authorlink = | coauthors = | others = | title = Un Dozena de Breve Contos | publisher = Beekbergen | year = [[1975]]}} * {{cite book | last = Gode | first = Alexander | title = Discussiones de Interlingua | publisher = Beekbergen | year = [[1980]]}} * {{cite book | last = Gode | first = Alexander | title = Dece Contos | publisher = Beekbergen | year = [[1983]]}} * {{cite book | last = Gode | first = Alexander | coauthors = Kraus, Wright | title = Last Days of Mankind | url = https://archive.org/details/lastdaysofmankin0000karl | publisher = Ungar Pub. Co | year = [[2000]] | isbn = 978-0-8044-6366-9 }} ===Libri conversi=== * {{cite book | last = Frankl | first = Oscar Benjamin | authorlink = | coauthors = | others = Gode | title = Theodor Herzl, the Jew and the Man: A Portrait | url = https://archive.org/details/theodorherzlthej027317mbp | publisher = Storm | year = [[1949]] | doi = | isbn = }} * {{cite book | last = Giedion-Welcker | first = Carola | authorlink = | coauthors = Herder | others = Gode | title = Paul Klee | url = https://archive.org/details/paulklee0000caro | publisher = Viking Press | year = [[1952]] | doi = | isbn = }} * {{cite book | last = Nettl | first = Paul | authorlink = | coauthors = | others = Gode | title = National Anthems | url = https://archive.org/details/nationalanthems0000unse | publisher = Storm | year = [[1952]] | doi = | isbn = }} * {{cite book | last = Szczesny | first = Gerhard | authorlink = | coauthors = | others = Gode | title = The Case Against Bertold Brecht | url = https://archive.org/details/caseagainstberto0000szcz | publisher = Ungar Pub. Co | year = [[1969]] | doi = | isbn = 0-8044-2847-6 }} * {{cite book | last = Petersen | first = Caron | authorlink = | coauthors = | others = Gode | title = Albert Camus | url = https://archive.org/details/albertcamus0000pete_t6w8 | publisher = F. Ungar | year = [[1969]] | doi = | isbn = }} * {{cite book | last = Daim | first = Wilfried | authorlink = | coauthors = | others = Gode | title = The Vatican and Eastern Europe | publisher = Frederick Ungar | year = [[1970]] | doi = | isbn = }}. ==Notae== <references/> ==Nexus externi== *[http://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger107.htm Alexander Gode von Aesch Papers] - Biographical information, photographs, and correspondence collected by the University Library at Albany State University, [[New York]] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110514101324/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/gode.htm Biographias - Alexander Gottfried Friedrich Gode-von Aesch] - Biography in Interlingua *[http://www.amwa.org/default/history/newsletters/nov70.pdf November 1970 newsletter from the American Medical Writers Association] - Obituary (in [[Portable Document Format|PDF]] format) * [http://www.interlingua.com/ Union Mundial pro Interlingua] {{wikiquote}} {{Lifetime|1906|1970|Gode, Alexander}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Columbiae]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Parisiensis]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Vindobonensis]] [[Categoria:Eruditi Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Incolae Georgiae (CFA)]] [[Categoria:Interlingua]] [[Categoria:Interpretes Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Linguistae Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Linguistae Germaniae]] 850bdpjnrcdjnjsifoj8v1r1c4cqjip 4 174428 3980187 3976969 2026-08-10T03:43:55Z Bartholomite 116968 /* 2026 */ 3980187 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> {{Compendia paginae|VP:N}} Contenta huius paginae in [[Vicipaedia:Pagina prima|Pagina prima]] ostenduntur. NB: eodem tempore, quo hic nuntium quemque addis, eandem rem in pagina [[2026]] adde aut sub "Eventis" aut sub "Mortuis"</noinclude> ==2026== * 7 Augusti: In [[Mecca]]e, [[Arabia Saudiana]], [[Pakistania]] et [[Turcia]] pactum defensionis subscribunt. [[Fasciculus:Official portrait of Andy Burnham MP 2026 (cropped 3x4).jpg|80 px|right|Andreas Burnham]] * 20 Iulii: [[Carolus III (rex Britanniarum)|Carolus III]] rex [[Andreas Burnham|Andream Burnham]] primum ministrum [[Britanniarum regnum|Britanniarum regni]] constituit. [[Fasciculus:2026 FIFA World Cup emblem.svg|80 px|right|Certaminis logotypus]] * 19 Iulii: [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Hispanica]] vincit [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (2026)|certamen mundanum pediludii]]. [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Argentina|Argentina]] secunda et [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Anglica|Anglia]] tertia sunt. * 3 Iulii: [[Keiko Fujimori]] prima muliebris praeses civitatis [[Peruvia|Peruviae]] eligitur, die 28 Iulii 2026 mandatum inita est. [[Fasciculus:Dom Alfonso de Galarreta mirrored.JPG|80 px|right|Alphonsus de Galarreta, FSSPX]] * 1 Iulii: [[Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Pii X]] [[Esquinia]]e quattuor [[episcopus|episcopos]] novos sine mandato [[papa]]li consecrat. [[Leo XIV]] papa totam societatem [[excommunicatio|excommunicat]]. * 24 Iunii: [[Terrae motus Venetiolanus anni 2026|Terrae motus]] maior magnitudinis 7.5 in [[Venetiola]] complura milia hominum necat multaque aedificia concidit. [[Fasciculus:Alan Greenspan color photo portrait.jpg|80 px|right|[[Alanus Greenspan]]]] * 22 Iunii: [[Alanus Greenspan]], pristinus praeses [[Systema aerarium foederale|systematis aerarii foederalis Americae]], centum annos natus moritur. * 12 Iunii: [[Elon Musk]] primus fit, qui {{num|1000000000000}} [[dollarium Civitatum Foederatarum|dollariorum Americanorum]] accumulaverit. [[Fasciculus:Leo XIV (june 2025).jpg|80px|right|[[Leo XIV]]]] * 25 Maii: "[[Magnifica humanitas]]", epistola encyclica [[Leo XIV|Leonis XIV]] prima, editur. * 15 Maii: Eruptio epidemiae ebolae e provincia Ituri [[Res publica democratica Congensis|Rei publicae democraticae Congensis]] refertur. Centeni homines illic et in [[Uganda]] in hunc morbum incidunt. * 3 Maii: Epidemia [[hantaviridae|hantavirus]] [[Andes|Andini]] ad [[quadragena]]m [[navis]] vectoriae ''Hondius'' ducit, tres mortui. [[Fasciculus:Sabastian Sawe (KEN) 2025.jpg|90px|right|Sebastianus Sawe]] * 26 Aprilis: [[Sebastianus Sawe]] Londinii primus homo [[Cursus Marathonius|cursum Marathonium]] minore tempore quam duabus horis perficit. [[Fasciculus:Artemis II patch.svg|90px|right|Emblema missionis cum nominibus astronautarum]] * 6 Aprilis: [[Programma Artemis|Artemis II]] cum quattuor astronautis Lunam circumvolat et 11 Aprilis feliciter in Tellurem revertitur. [[Fasciculus:Portrait of Mojtaba Khamenei.jpg|90px|right|Mojtaba Khamenei]] * 8 Martii: [[Mojtaba Khamenei|Mojtaba Husainus Khamenei]], [[Ali Khamenei|Alii]] necati filius, magnus dux [[Irania]]e eligitur. * 28 Februarii: Civitas [[Israël]] et [[Civitates Foederatae]] impetum [[bomba]]rum ad [[Irania]]m faciunt, illum impetum praeemptivum appellantes. * 21 Februarii: Bellum inter [[Afghania]] et [[Pakistania]] erumpit. [[Fasciculus:2026 Winter Olympics logo.svg|90px|right|[[Olympia hiemalia 2026]]]] * 6 Februarii: [[Olympia hiemalia 2026|Olympia hiemalia]] in [[Italia]] simul [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], [[Cortina Ampecanorum|Cortinae Ampecanorum]], [[Pralatium|Pralatii]], [[Livignum|Livigni]] et [[Resinae|Ante Silvam]] patefiunt. * 2–6 Februarii: [[Curdistania Syriaca|Curdistaniam Syriacam]] [[Ahmedus Husainus al-Shara|rectio Damasci nova]] sibi adiungit. mo1t9ki0q4um8ic3wc4uw6rvco9zr21 0 174922 3979917 3979434 2026-08-09T21:21:43Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3979917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in WF.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Guelpherbytensi]] '''Circulus Guelpherbytensis'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Guelpherbytensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Wolfenbüttel'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Guelpherbytensis-e" ad [[Guelpherbytum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://vd18.gbv.de/viewer/fullscreen/006049869/1/ ''vd18.gbv.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Pro eo ac debuisti, urbs aerumnosa, infelix ac misera Guelpherbytum (...)"; et quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/MBRY52X6EUWPQOQRFBKHVLYBSUG4M6LS ''Carmina Votiva Honori Clarißimi atq[ue] Experientißimi Viri Dn. Samuelis Stockhausen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Practici Guelpherbytensis (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Wolfenbüttel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Wulfenbüttel''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] anno [[1831]] conditus est et ad annum [[1946]] ad [[Ducatus Brunsvici|Brunsvicum]] terram pertinuit. Caput circuli urbs [[Guelpherbytum]] est. == Communia circuli == 32 communia huius circuli magna parte in "communia generalia" coniuncti sunt: * [[Guelpherbytum]] urbs (53.353) * [[Schladen-Werla]] (8869) * [[Villa Cremilonis]]<ref name="Meibom 1688"/> <([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cremlingen'') (12.831 incolae) * [[Baddekenstedium (commune generale)|Baddekenstedium]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel & Ohainski X 2018">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'') commune generale (10.479) ** [[Baddekenstedium]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel & Ohainski X 2018">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'') (2891) ** [[Burchardivillare]]<ref name="Janicke 1892">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1892). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1. Bis zum Jahre 1221''. S. Hirzel.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'') (2314) ** [[Elbe (Circulus Guelpherbytensis)|Elbe]] (1649) ** [[Haverlah]] (1558) ** [[Heere]] (1155) ** [[Sehlde]] (912) * [[Elma-Assa (commune generale)|Elma-Assa]]<ref name="Casemir 2003"/><ref name="Meibom 1688"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elm-Asse'') (18.816) ** [[Dalum]]<ref name="Janicke II 1896">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 2. Von 1221 bis 1260''. S. Hirzel.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Tahln'') (722) ** [[Dengdia]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Denkte'') (3023) ** [[Hedeper]] (540) ** [[Kissenbrück]] (1770) ** [[Kneitlingen]] (823) ** [[Remlingen-Semmenstedt]] (2256) ** [[Roklum]] (460) ** [[Schöppenstedt]] oppidum (5.319, sedes administrationis) ** [[Uehrde]] (947) ** [[Vahlberg]] (781) ** [[Winnigstedt]] (761) ** [[Wittmar]] (1208) * [[Silva Oderana (commune generale)|Silva Oderana]]<ref name="Meibom 1688">Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Oderwald'') commune generale (6839) ** [[Bursina (Saxonia Inferior)|Bursina]]<ref name="Casemir 2003">Casemir, K. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil III)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Börßum'') (2791, sedes administrationis) ** [[Cramma]]<ref name="Casemir 2003">Casemir, K. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil III)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cramme'') (952) ** [[Dorstadt]] (668) ** [[Flöthe]] (1181) ** [[Heiningen (Saxonia Inferior)|Heiningen]] (664) ** [[Ohrum]] (583) * [[Sickte (commune generale)|Sickte]] commune generale (10.308) ** [[Dettum]] (1174) ** [[Erkerode]] (1000) ** [[Evessen]] (1297) ** [[Sickte]] (5792) ** [[Veltheim (Ohe)|Veltheim]] (1045) == Coniunctiones pagorum == * Circulus vetus Brunsvicum anno [[1965]] coniunctionem cum [[Cachan]] in [[Francia]] constituit, quam etiam nunc circulus novus colit. * Cum Powiat Wrzesiński in [[Polonia]] circulus anno [[2001]] coniunctionem coepit. * Rhondda Cynon Taf in [[Cambria]] ab anno [[1992]] cum circulo Guelpherbytensi coniunctione coniunctus est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat|Landkreis Wolfenbüttel|Circulus Guelpherbytensis}} * [http://www.lk-wolfenbuettel.de/ Pagina interretialis] {{NexInt}} * [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{geo-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gulpherbytensis circulus}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1831]] 1zsytob5zm5isp1wx9jup9b4zef7tlu 3980131 3979917 2026-08-10T00:44:35Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in WF.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Guelpherbytensi]] '''Circulus Guelpherbytensis'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Guelpherbytensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Wolfenbüttel'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Guelpherbytensis-e" ad [[Guelpherbytum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://vd18.gbv.de/viewer/fullscreen/006049869/1/ ''vd18.gbv.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Pro eo ac debuisti, urbs aerumnosa, infelix ac misera Guelpherbytum (...)"; et quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/MBRY52X6EUWPQOQRFBKHVLYBSUG4M6LS ''Carmina Votiva Honori Clarißimi atq[ue] Experientißimi Viri Dn. Samuelis Stockhausen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Practici Guelpherbytensis (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Wolfenbüttel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Wulfenbüttel''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] anno [[1831]] conditus est et ad annum [[1946]] ad [[Ducatus Brunsvici|Brunsvicum]] terram pertinuit. Caput circuli urbs [[Guelpherbytum]] est. == Communia circuli == 32 communia huius circuli magna parte in "communia generalia" coniuncti sunt: * [[Guelpherbytum]] urbs (53.353) * [[Schladen-Werla]] (8869) * [[Villa Cremilonis]]<ref name="Meibom 1688"/> <([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cremlingen'') (12.831 incolae) * [[Baddekenstedium (commune generale)|Baddekenstedium]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel & Ohainski X 2018">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'') commune generale (10.479) ** [[Baddekenstedium]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel & Ohainski X 2018">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'') (2891) ** [[Burchardivillare]]<ref name="Janicke 1892">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1892). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1. Bis zum Jahre 1221''. S. Hirzel.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'') (2314) ** [[Elbe (Circulus Guelpherbytensis)|Elbe]] (1649) ** [[Haverlah]] (1558) ** [[Heere]] (1155) ** [[Sehlde]] (912) * [[Elma-Assa (commune generale)|Elma-Assa]]<ref name="Casemir 2003"/><ref name="Meibom 1688"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elm-Asse'') (18.816) ** [[Dalum]]<ref name="Janicke II 1896">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 2. Von 1221 bis 1260''. S. Hirzel.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Tahln'') (722) ** [[Dengdia]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Denkte'') (3023) ** [[Hedeper]] (540) ** [[Kissenbrück]] (1770) ** [[Kneitlingen]] (823) ** [[Remlingen-Semmenstedt]] (2256) ** [[Roklum]] (460) ** [[Schöppenstedt]] oppidum (5.319, sedes administrationis) ** [[Uehrde]] (947) ** [[Vahlberg]] (781) ** [[Winnigstedt]] (761) ** [[Wittmar]] (1208) * [[Silva Oderana (commune generale)|Silva Oderana]]<ref name="Meibom 1688">Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Oderwald'') commune generale (6839) ** [[Bursina (Saxonia Inferior)|Bursina]]<ref name="Casemir 2003">Casemir, K. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil III)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Börßum'') (2791, sedes administrationis) ** [[Cramma]]<ref name="Casemir 2003">Casemir, K. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil III)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cramme'') (952) ** [[Dorstadt]] (668) ** [[Flöthe]] (1181) ** [[Heiningen (Saxonia Inferior)|Heiningen]] (664) ** [[Ohrum]] (583) * [[Sickte (commune generale)|Sickte]] commune generale (10.308) ** [[Dettum]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Dersum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Derßm'') (1174) ** [[Erkerode]] (1000) ** [[Evessen]] (1297) ** [[Sickte]] (5792) ** [[Veltheim (Ohe)|Veltheim]] (1045) == Coniunctiones pagorum == * Circulus vetus Brunsvicum anno [[1965]] coniunctionem cum [[Cachan]] in [[Francia]] constituit, quam etiam nunc circulus novus colit. * Cum Powiat Wrzesiński in [[Polonia]] circulus anno [[2001]] coniunctionem coepit. * Rhondda Cynon Taf in [[Cambria]] ab anno [[1992]] cum circulo Guelpherbytensi coniunctione coniunctus est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat|Landkreis Wolfenbüttel|Circulus Guelpherbytensis}} * [http://www.lk-wolfenbuettel.de/ Pagina interretialis] {{NexInt}} * [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{geo-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gulpherbytensis circulus}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1831]] 5f3364v3fxnsb961dgxgsu9qhp1zl1f 0 174991 3979914 3979405 2026-08-09T21:19:28Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3979914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Assa'''<ref name="Meibom 1688">Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.</ref> (Theodisce ''Asse'') commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|circulo Guelpherbytensi]] fuit. == Historia == Anno [[1974]] commune generale Assa constitutum est, cum vici infra descripti coniuncti sint<ref>[http://www.samtgemeinde-asse.de/samtgemeinde/ Pagina interretialis Assae de communi condendo]{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. Nomen a monte Assa<ref name="Meibom 1688"/> (Theodisce ''Asse'') in agro communi sito accepit. Die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2015]] Asse et [[Schöppenstedt (commune generale)|Schöppenstedt]] communia generalia ad novum [[Elma-Assa (commune generale)|Elmam-Assam]] commune generale coniuncta sunt. == Communia ad Asse pertinentes == * [[Dengdia]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Denkte'') (3023 incolae) * [[Hedeper]] (540) * [[Kissenbrück]] (1770) * [[Remlingen (Saxonia Inferior)|Remlingen]] (1813, sedes administrationis) * [[Roklum]] (460) * [[Semmenstedt]] (649) * [[Wittmar]] (1208) == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1974]] [[Categoria:Dissoluta 2015]] npza0vdi5jqupgjoseb9weuh938d121 0 175363 3980128 3505494 2026-08-10T00:43:12Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Sickte''' commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|circulo Guelpherbytensi]] est. == Historia == Anno [[1974]] commune generale Sickte conditum est, cum vici infra descripti coniuncti sunt. == Communia ad Sickte pertinentes == * [[Dettum]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Dettum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Detten'') (1174 incolae) * [[Erkerode]] (1000) * [[Evessen]] (1297) * [[Sickte]] (5792, sedes administrationis) * [[Veltheim (Ohe)|Veltheim]] (1045) ==Notae== <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1974]] bk3uk7wrlk4t466noritpqw11jrpi43 0 175393 3979877 3979412 2026-08-09T20:46:27Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Denkte]] ad [[Dengdia]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3979412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Klein-denkte-kirche.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia in vico Klein Denkte sita]] '''Denkte''' est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|Circulo Guelpherbytensi]] situm. Denkte e vicis Groß Denkte (2057 incolae), Klein Denkte (441), Neindorf (336) atque Sottmar (275) constat. == Historia == Denkte anno [[856]] nomine ''Mark Dengdia'' primo in actis descriptum est, vicus Neindorf iam anno [[822]]. Postea possessio [[Guelfi|Guelphorum]] facta est. Annis [[1807]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum iterum ad [[Ducatus Brunsvici|Ducatum]], post annum [[1918]] [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Rem Publicam Brunsvicum]] pertinuit. Quod autem ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno [[1974]] Denkte cum vicis supra dictis coniunctum est. Ab eodem anno ad [[Asse (commune generale)|Asse]] commune generale pertinuit. A die autem [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2015]] pars maioris communis generalis [[Elma-Assa (commune generale)|Elmae-Assae]] est. == Nexus externi == {{commonscat}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130216060644/http://www.samtgemeinde-asse.de/samtgemeinde/mitgliedsgemeinden/denkte/ Pagina communis generalis Assae de Denkte scripta] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 9]] 1n3vnwb2gzbrcskl8i5gyr2vrfigru6 3979905 3979877 2026-08-09T21:15:12Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3979905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Klein-denkte-kirche.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia in vico [[Dengdia Minor]]e sita.]] '''Dengdia'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|Circulo Guelpherbytensi]] situm. Denkte e vicis [[Dengdia Maior]]e<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> (Theodisce ''Groß Denkte'') (2057 incolae), [[Dengdia Minor]]e<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/><ref name="KleinGrosse"/> (Theodisce ''Klein Denkte'') (441), [[Nova Villa (Dengdia)|Nova Villa]]<ref name="Mon">Monumenta Germaniae Historica (1891). ''Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae (Tomus XXV, Geschichtsquellen der Provinz Sachsen)''. H. Böhlau.</ref> (Theodisce ''Neindorf'') (336) atque [[Suthemium]]<ref name="Mül">Mülverstedt, G. A. (Ed.) (1891). ''Urkundenbuch der Stadt Wernigerode bis zum Jahre 1574''. O. Hendel.</ref> (Theodisce ''Sottmar'') (275) constat. == Historia == Dengdia anno [[856]] nomine ''Mark Dengdia'' primo in actis descripta est, vicus [[Nova Villa (Dengdia)|Nova Villa]]<ref name="Mon">Monumenta Germaniae Historica (1891). ''Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae (Tomus XXV, Geschichtsquellen der Provinz Sachsen)''. H. Böhlau.</ref> (Theodisce ''Neindorf'') iam anno [[822]]. Postea possessio [[Guelfi|Guelphorum]] facta est. Annis [[1807]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum iterum ad [[Ducatus Brunsvici|Ducatum]], post annum [[1918]] ad [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Rem Publicam Brunsvicum]] pertinuit. Quae autem ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno [[1974]] Dengdia cum vicis supra dictis coniuncta est. Ab eodem anno ad [[Asse (commune generale)|Asse]] commune generale pertinuit. A die autem [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2015]] pars maioris communis generalis [[Elma-Assa (commune generale)|Elmae-Assae]] est. == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Denkte|Dengdiam}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130216060644/http://www.samtgemeinde-asse.de/samtgemeinde/mitgliedsgemeinden/denkte/ Pagina communis generalis Assae de Dengdia scripta] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 9]] gh30c85a4m736tmi3jflc4wi84ibxwk 3979906 3979905 2026-08-09T21:15:43Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3979906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Klein-denkte-kirche.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia in vico [[Dengdia Minor]]e sita.]] '''Dengdia'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|Circulo Guelpherbytensi]] situm. Denkte e vicis [[Dengdia Maior]]e<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> (Theodisce ''Groß Denkte'') (2057 incolae), [[Dengdia Minor]]e<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/><ref name="KleinGrosse"/> (Theodisce ''Klein Denkte'') (441), [[Nova Villa (Dengdia)|Nova Villa]]<ref name="Mon">Monumenta Germaniae Historica (1891). ''Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae (Tomus XXV, Geschichtsquellen der Provinz Sachsen)''. H. Böhlau.</ref> (Theodisce ''Neindorf'') (336) atque [[Suthemium]]<ref name="Mül">Mülverstedt, G. A. (Ed.) (1891). ''Urkundenbuch der Stadt Wernigerode bis zum Jahre 1574''. O. Hendel.</ref> (Theodisce ''Sottmar'') (275) constat. == Historia == Dengdia anno [[856]] nomine ''Mark Dengdia'' primo in actis descripta est, vicus [[Nova Villa (Dengdia)|Nova Villa]]<ref name="Mon">Monumenta Germaniae Historica (1891). ''Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae (Tomus XXV, Geschichtsquellen der Provinz Sachsen)''. H. Böhlau.</ref> (Theodisce ''Neindorf'') iam anno [[822]]. Postea possessio [[Guelfi|Guelphorum]] facta est. Annis [[1807]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum iterum ad [[Ducatus Brunsvici|Ducatum]], post annum [[1918]] ad [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Rem Publicam Brunsvicum]] pertinuit. Quae autem ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno [[1974]] Dengdia cum vicis supra dictis coniuncta est. Ab eodem anno ad [[Asse (commune generale)|Asse]] commune generale pertinuit. A die autem [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2015]] pars maioris communis generalis [[Elma-Assa (commune generale)|Elmae-Assae]] est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Denkte|Dengdiam}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130216060644/http://www.samtgemeinde-asse.de/samtgemeinde/mitgliedsgemeinden/denkte/ Pagina communis generalis Assae de Dengdia scripta] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 9]] rnw2hdk78ljkwdtx4ggquwgf334mwa2 3979908 3979906 2026-08-09T21:16:13Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3979908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Klein-denkte-kirche.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia in vico [[Dengdia Minor]]e sita.]] '''Dengdia'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Denkte'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|Circulo Guelpherbytensi]] situm. Denkte e vicis [[Dengdia Maior]]e<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> (Theodisce ''Groß Denkte'') (2057 incolae), [[Dengdia Minor]]e<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/><ref name="KleinGrosse"/> (Theodisce ''Klein Denkte'') (441), [[Nova Villa (Dengdia)|Nova Villa]]<ref name="Mon">Monumenta Germaniae Historica (1891). ''Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae (Tomus XXV, Geschichtsquellen der Provinz Sachsen)''. H. Böhlau.</ref> (Theodisce ''Neindorf'') (336) atque [[Suthemium]]<ref name="Mül">Mülverstedt, G. A. (Ed.) (1891). ''Urkundenbuch der Stadt Wernigerode bis zum Jahre 1574''. O. Hendel.</ref> (Theodisce ''Sottmar'') (275) constat. == Historia == Dengdia anno [[856]] nomine ''Mark Dengdia'' primo in actis descripta est, vicus [[Nova Villa (Dengdia)|Nova Villa]]<ref name="Mon">Monumenta Germaniae Historica (1891). ''Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae (Tomus XXV, Geschichtsquellen der Provinz Sachsen)''. H. Böhlau.</ref> (Theodisce ''Neindorf'') iam anno [[822]]. Postea possessio [[Guelfi|Guelphorum]] facta est. Annis [[1807]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum iterum ad [[Ducatus Brunsvici|Ducatum]], post annum [[1918]] ad [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Rem Publicam Brunsvicum]] pertinuit. Quae autem ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno [[1974]] Dengdia cum vicis supra dictis coniuncta est. Ab eodem anno ad [[Asse (commune generale)|Asse]] commune generale pertinuit. A die autem [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2015]] pars maioris communis generalis [[Elma-Assa (commune generale)|Elmae-Assae]] est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Denkte|Dengdiam}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130216060644/http://www.samtgemeinde-asse.de/samtgemeinde/mitgliedsgemeinden/denkte/ Pagina communis generalis Assae de Dengdia scripta] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 9]] ka5t7qxfmn8j26q5dmh4yp8bn3bx5xu 0 176268 3979976 3897291 2026-08-09T22:41:01Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | image = Sparassidae Palystes castaneus mature female 9923s.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Palystes castaneus]]''<!--, showing Sparassid pattern of eyes in two rows of four, with the [[Robustness (morphology)|robust]] build and non-[[Wiktionary:clavate|clavate]] [[pedipalps]] of a female.--> | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Arachnida]] | ordo = [[Araneae]] | zoosectio = [[Entelegynae]] | superfamilia = '''Sparassoidea''' | familia = '''Sparassidae''' | familia_authority = [[Philippus Bertkau|Bertkau]], [[1872]] | diversity_link = Index specierum Sparassidarum | diversity = 82 genera, 1009 species | range_map = Distribution.sparassidae.1.png }} '''Sparassidae''' (olim Heteropodidae) sunt [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]] [[araneae|aranearum]] [[zoosectio]]nis [[Entelegynae|Entelegynarum]], vulgo '''venatores'''<!--Anglice: huntsman spiders--> appellatae propter eorum [[celeritas|celeritatem]] et rationem venandi, et aliquando '''magnae araneae cancri'''{{dubsig}} propter eorum [[magnitudo|magnitudinem]] et aspectum. Maiores [[species (taxinomia)|species]] aliquando '''araneae ligneae''' quia eis placent loci [[lignum|lignei]] ([[silva]]e, cuniculi, congeries materiae, [[aedificium|aedificia]] lignea). In [[Africa Austrina]], singuli generis ''[[Palystes|Palystis]]'' '''araneae pluviae''' et '''araneae quae [[lacerta]]s edunt''' appellantur.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/arachnids/spiders/sparassidae/palystes.htm |title=''Palystes'' (rain spiders, lizard-eating spiders) |author=Norman Larsen |work=Iziko Museums of Cape Town |publisher=Biodiversity Explorer |accessdate=[[2 Maii]] [[2010]]}}.</ref> Saepe confunduntur cum [[Harpactirinae|Harpactirinis]] [[infraordo|infraordinis]] [[Mygalomorphae|Mygalomorpharum]], quae autem eis non arte conectuntur. [[Fasciculus:Sparassidae Palystes superciliosus Male Ventral Aspect 0110s.jpg|left|thumb|[[Venter (abdomen)|Ventralis]] ''[[Palystes superciliosus|Palystis superciliosi]]'' aspectus [[color]]ationem aposematicam et usitate gracilem formam [[pedipalpus|pedipalpos]]que [[clavatus|clavatos]] [[mas]]culinos calcaribus coniunctionis<!--mating spurs--> armatos monstrat.]] Plus quam [[mille]] species Sparassidarum in plurimis [[tellus|orbis terrarum]] [[regio]]nibus [[calor|callidis]] [[zona temperata|temperatis]]que ad [[zona tropica|tropicas]] [[habitatio|habitant]], multo [[Australasia]]e, [[Africa]]e, [[Asia]]e, [[Pelvis Mediterranea]]e, et [[America]]rum comprehenso.<ref name="Isbister">{{cite journal |author=Geoffrey K. Isbister et David Hirst |year=[[2003]] |title=A prospective study of definite bites by spiders of the family Sparassidae (huntsmen spiders) with identification to species level |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_toxicon_2003-08_42_2/page/163 |journal=[[Toxicon]] |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=163–171 |pmid=12906887 |doi=10.1016/S0041-0101(03)00129-6}}.</ref> ==Aspectus== [[Fasciculus:Huntsman spider with meal.jpg|thumb|Venator cum [[victus|victu]], parvo [[coleoptera|coleopterum]].]] [[Fasciculus:Huntsman spider on log.jpg|thumb|Venator adultus in inferiore stipitis latere [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoriae]] Australiae sedet.]] [[Fasciculus:Olios argelasius MHNT.jpg|thumb|''[[Olios argelasius]].'']] Sparassidae sunt araneae [[octo]]nis [[oculus|oculis]] praeditae. Oculi in [[duo|binis]] ordinibus [[quattuor|quaternorum]] qui plerumque ultro spectant in aspectu [[anterior]]e [[cephalothorax|prosomatis]] fiunt. Multae species maiores crescunt; in [[Laotia]], [[mas|mares]] speciei ''[[Heteropoda maxima|Heteropodae maximae]]'' [[latitudo|latitudinem]] [[crus|crurum]] 250–300 [[millimetrum|millimetrorum]] attingunt. Qui [[taxinomia]]e aranearum imperiti sint saepe magnas species cum [[tarantula|tarantulis]] confundunt, sed Sparassidae plerumque [[crus|cruribus]] agnosci possunt, quae<!--rather than being jointed vertically relative to the body,--> tam inflectuntur ut in nonnullis habitibus<!--attitudes--> crura modo [[cancer|cancrorum]] ultro extendi videantur. <!--PLUS IN EN:--> ==Index generum== [[Fasciculus:Huntsman spider discarding its old exoskeleton.jpg|thumb|''[[Isopeda villosa]]'' ventus [[exosceletum]] eicit.]] {| | * ''[[Adcatomus]]'' * ''[[Anaptomecus]]'' * ''[[Anchognatha]]'' * ''[[Beregama]]'' * ''[[Berlandia]]'' * ''[[Bhutaniella]]'' * ''[[Carparachne]]'' * ''[[Cebrennus]]'' * ''[[Cerbalus]]'' * ''[[Cercetius]]'' * ''[[Chrosioderma]]'' * ''[[Clastes]]'' * ''[[Damastes (genus)|Damastes]]'' * ''[[Decaphora]]'' * ''[[Defectrix]]'' * ''[[Delena]]'' * ''[[Dermochrosia]]'' * ''[[Eodelena]]'' * ''[[Eusparassus]]'' * ''[[Exopalystes]]'' | * ''[[Geminia]]'' * ''[[Gnathopalystes]]'' * ''[[Heteropoda]]'' * ''[[Holconia]]'' * ''[[Irileka]]'' * ''[[Isopeda]]'' * ''[[Isopedella]]'' * ''[[Keilira]]'' * ''[[Leucorchestris]]'' * ''[[Macrinus (genus)|Macrinus]]'' * ''[[Martensopoda]]'' * ''[[Megaloremmius]]'' * ''[[Micrommata]]'' * ''[[Nolavia]]'' * ''[[Nonianus]]'' * ''[[Olios]]'' * ''[[Orchestrella]]'' * ''[[Origes]]'' * ''[[Paenula (genus)|Paenula]]'' * ''[[Palystella]]'' | * ''[[Palystes]]'' * ''[[Panaretella]]'' * ''[[Pandercetes]]'' * ''[[Parapalystes]]'' * ''[[Pediana]]'' * ''[[Pleorotus]]'' * ''[[Polybetes]]'' * ''[[Prusias (genus)|Prusias]]'' * ''[[Prychia]]'' * ''[[Pseudomicrommata]]'' * ''[[Pseudopoda]]'' * ''[[Pseudosparianthis]]'' * ''[[Remmius]]'' * ''[[Rhacocnemis]]'' * ''[[Rhitymna]]'' * ''[[Sagellula]]'' * ''[[Sampaiosia]]'' * ''[[Sarotesius]]'' * ''[[Sinopoda]]'' * ''[[Sivalicus]]'' | * ''[[Sparianthina]]'' * ''[[Sparianthis]]'' * ''[[Spariolenus]]'' * ''[[Spatala]]'' * ''[[Staianus]]'' * ''[[Stasina]]'' * ''[[Stasinoides]]'' * ''[[Stipax]]'' * ''[[Strandiellum]]'' * ''[[Thelcticopis]]'' * ''[[Thomasettia]]'' * ''[[Tibellomma]]'' * ''[[Tychicus (genus)|Tychicus]]'' * ''[[Typostola]]'' * ''[[Vindullus]]'' * ''[[Yiinthi]]'' * ''[[Zachria]]'' |} {{NexInt}} *[[Index specierum Sparassidarum]] *[[Pompilidae]] *[[Taxinomia aranearum#Tabula familiarum|Tabula familiarum aranearum]]<!-- *[[Cultural depictions of spiders#Modern myths and urban legends|Cultural depictions of spiders (section: Modern myths and urban legends)]]--> ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Bibliographia== *{{cite journal |author=Abdullah Bayram et Sevda Özdağ |year=[[2001]] |title=''Micrommata virescens'' (Clerck, 1757), a new species for the spider fauna of Turkey (Araneae, Sparassidae) |journal=[[Turkish Journal of Zoology]] |volume=26 |pages=305–307 |url=http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/issues/zoo-02-26-3/zoo-26-3-10-0101-7.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]].}} ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Sparassidae|Sparassidas}} {{wikispecies|Sparassidae|Sparassidas}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071029055410/http://www.museum.vic.gov.au/spiders/detail.aspx?id=0 Badge Huntsman Spider,] www.museum.vic.gov.au (Museum Victorianum) *[http://www.amonline.net.au/factsheets/huntsman_spiders.htm De venatoribus,] www.amonline.net.au (Museum Australianum) *[http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/urban/spiders/giant_crab_spider.htm ''Heteropoda venatoria,''] entomology.ifas.ufl.edu ([[Institutum Scientiarum Cibi et Agriculturae]] [[Universitas Floridae|Universitatis Floridae]]) * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7mdII6jLRBw Pellicula de ''Olios sp.'' ex Ora Opulenta,] www.youtube.com *[https://web.archive.org/web/20170302011908/http://www.americanarachnology.org/HiResGallery/dionyc_Pandercetes_gracilis.html "Remarkable Australian Lichen Huntsman,"] www.americanarachnology.org (American Arachnological Society) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050316095109/http://www.usq.edu.au/spider/find/family.htm#Sparassidae Varietates Sparassidarum,] www.usq.edu.au (Universitas Terrae Reginiae Australis: picturae et descriptiones) {{arachnida-stipula}} [[Categoria:Sparassidae|*]] [[Categoria:Taxa Bertkau]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1872]] fulpjz9r8gv1t894o2dvu26h23y1e77 0 176343 3979966 3488302 2026-08-09T22:29:12Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Theridula'' | image = Theridula.gonygaster.female.1.-.tanikawa.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = ''[[Theridula gonygaster]]'' [[femina (sexus)|femina]] ex [[Okinava]] | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Arachnida]] | ordo = [[Araneae]] | subordo = [[Araneomorphae]] | superfamilia = [[Araneoidea]] | familia = [[Theridiidae]] | subfamilia = [[Theridiinae]] | genus = '''''Theridula''''' | genus_authority = [[Iacobus Henricus Emerton|Emerton]], [[1882]] | diversity = 19 species | diversity_link = Index specierum Theridiidarum#Theridula | subdivision_ranks = [[Species (taxinomia)|Species]] | subdivision = ''Vide commentarium.'' | range_map = | range_map_width = 250px }} '''''Theridula''''' est [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] [[araneae|aranearum]] [[subfamilia]]e [[Theridiinae|Theridiinarum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Theridiidae|Theridiidarum]], in multis (plerumque [[zona tropica|tropicis]]) [[tellus|orbis terrarum]] [[regio]]nibus [[endemismus|endemicarum]]. [[Species (taxinomia)|Species]] [[magnitudo|magnitudine]] ab 1 ad 3.5 [[millimetrum|millimetra]] in [[longitudo|longitudinem]] variantur.<ref name="levi1">{{cite journal|title=The Spider Genus ''Theridula'' in North and Central America and the West Indies (Araneae: Theridiidae)|last=Levi|first=Herbert W.|journal=Transcriptions of American Microscopical Society|year=[[1954]]|month=October|volume=73|issue=4|pages=331–343|doi=10.2307/3223578|publisher=American Microscopical Society|jstor=3223578}}.</ref> [[Abdomen]] in [[femina (sexus)|feminis]] est latius quam longum, [[cornu]] in quoque latere, et aliquando altero cornu mediano posteriore praeditum.<ref name="comstock">{{cite book|title=The Spider Book|first=John Henry|last=Comstock|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=[[1975]]|origyear=First published [[1912]]|pages=354–355}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Theridiidae or Comb-footed Spiders of Alabama|first=Allan F.|last=Archer|journal=Museum Papers of the Alabama Museum of Natural History|issue=22|year=[[1946]]|page=31}}.</ref> [[Pedipalpus]] in [[mas|maribus]] est simplex, conductore vel apophysi tegulari theridioida carens.<ref name="levi2">{{cite journal|title=American Spider Genera ''Theridula'' and ''Paratheridula'' (Araneae: Theridiidae)|url=https://archive.org/details/psyche_1966-06_73_2/page/123|last=Levi|first=Herbert W.|journal=Psyche|year=[[1966]]|volume=73|pages=123–130|doi=10.1155/1966/12793|issue=2}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Morphology and Evolution of Cobweb Spider Male Genitalia (Araneae, Theridiidae)|first=Ingi|last=Agnarsson|coauthors=Jonathan A. Coddington, Barbara Kno?ach|journal=The Journal of Arachnology|year=[[2007]]|volume=35|pages=334–395|doi=10.1636/SH-06-36.1|issue=2}}.</ref> Araneae generis ''Theridulae'' saepe in [[frutex|fruticibus]] vel [[poaceae|graminibus]] altis inveniuntur, ubi in inferioribus [[folium|foliorum]] lateribus prope eorum [[tela]]s quiescunt. ==Species== * ''[[Theridula albonigra]]'' <small>Caporiacco, 1949,</small> [[Kenia]] ** ''Theridula albonigra vittata'' <small>Caporiacco, 1949,</small> Kenia * ''[[Theridula angula]]'' <small>Tikader, 1970,</small> [[India]] * ''[[Theridula casas]]'' <small>Levi, 1954,</small> [[Mexicum]] * ''[[Theridula emertoni]]'' <small>Levi, 1954,</small> [[Civitates Foederatae]], [[Canada]] * ''[[Theridula faceta]]'' <small>(O. P.-Cambridge, 1894),</small> Mexicum, [[Guatemala]] * ''[[Theridula gonygaster]]'' <small>(Simon, 1873),</small> distributio cosmopolitana * ''[[Theridula huberti]]'' <small>Benoit, 1977,</small> [[Sancta Helena (insula)|Sancta Helena]] * ''[[Theridula iriomotensis]]'' <small>Yoshida, 2001,</small> [[Iaponia]] * ''[[Theridula multiguttata]]'' <small>Keyserling, 1896,</small> [[Brasilia]] * ''[[Theridula nigerrima]]'' <small>(Petrunkevitch, 1911),</small> [[Aequatoria]], [[Peruvia]] * ''[[Theridula opulenta]]'' <small>(Walckenaer, 1842),</small> distributio cosmopolitana * ''[[Theridula perlata]]'' <small>Simon, 1889,</small> [[Madagascaria]] * ''[[Theridula puebla]]'' <small>Levi, 1954,v Mexicum,</small> [[Panama]] * ''[[Theridula pulchra]]'' <small>Berland, 1920,</small> [[Africa Orientalis]] * ''[[Theridula sexpupillata]]'' <small>Mello-Leitão, 1941,</small> Brasilia * ''[[Theridula swatiae]]'' <small>Biswas, Saha & Raychaydhuri, 1997,</small> India * ''[[Theridula theriella]]'' <small>Strand, 1907,</small> Madagascaria * ''[[Theridula zhangmuensis]]'' <small>Hu, 2001,</small> [[Sinae (regio)|Sinae]] ==Notae== <references/> ==Nexus externus== {{CommuniaCat|Theridula|''Theridulam''}} [[Categoria:Taxa Emerton]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1882]] [[Categoria:Theridiidae]]<!--melius: [[Categoria:Theridula| ]]--> 3vtbrg7wbemiqr7tcy2qf0x1r7t4020 0 176344 3979857 3978599 2026-08-09T20:33:23Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Theridula emertoni'' | image = Theridula_emertoni_Kaldari_01.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = ''Theridula emertoni'' femina | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Arachnida]] | ordo = [[Araneae]] | superfamilia = [[Araneoidea]] | familia = [[Theridiidae]] | subfamilia = [[Theridiinae]] | genus = ''[[Theridula]]'' | species = '''''T. emertoni''''' | binomial = ''Theridula emertoni'' | binomial_authority = [[Herbertus W. Levi|Levi]], [[1954]] | range_map = | range_map_width = 250px | synonyms = ''Theridula sphaerula''<br/>''Theridula opulenta'' }} '''''Theridula emertoni''''' est [[species (taxinomia)|species]] [[araneae|aranearum]] [[subfamilia]]e [[Theridiinae|Theridiinarum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Theridiidae|Theridiidarum]], in [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis]] et [[Canada]] [[endemismus|endemica]].<ref name="levi2">{{cite journal|title=American Spider Genera ''Theridula'' and ''Paratheridula'' (Araneae: Theridiidae)|url=https://archive.org/details/psyche_1966-06_73_2/page/123|last=Levi|first=Herbert W.|journal=Psyche|year=[[1966]]|volume=73|pages=123–130|doi=10.1155/1966/12793|issue=2}}.</ref> Ante annum [[1954]], cum species rite descripta sit, specimina saepe ''T. opulenta'' appellata sunt, ex nomine speciei cuius [[distributio geographica|distributioni geographicae]] interest.<ref name="levi1">{{cite journal|title=The Spider Genus ''Theridula'' in North and Central America and the West Indies (Araneae: Theridiidae)|last=Levi|jstor=3223578|first=Herbert W.|journal=Transcriptions of American Microscopical Society|year=[[1954]]|month=October|volume=73|issue=4|pages=331–343|doi=10.2307/3223578}}.</ref> Species a ''T. opulenta'' facile per [[epigyne]] in [[femina (sexus)|feminis]] et [[pedipalpus|pedipalpum]] in [[mas|maribus]] distinguitur.<ref name="levi1"/> Feminae adultae inter 1.7 et 2.8 [[millimetrum|millimetra]], mares adulti inter 1.6 et 2.3 millimetra longi sunt.<ref name="levi1"/><ref name="howell">{{cite book|title=Spiders of the Eastern United States: A Photographic Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/spidersofeastern0000howe|last=Howell|first=W. Mike|coauthors=Ronald L. Jenkins|year=[[2004]]|publisher=Pearson Education|pages=[https://archive.org/details/spidersofeastern0000howe/page/113 113]–114}}.</ref> == Notae == <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Theridula emertoni|''Theridulam emertoni''}} {{Vicispecies|Theridula emertoni|''Theridulam emertoni''}} {{Fontes biologici}} *[http://bugguide.net/node/view/36150/ ''Theridula emertoni,''] bugguide.net [[Categoria:Species arachnidorum ex hominibus appellatae|Emerton]] [[Categoria:Theridiidae]]<!--melius: Theridula--> [[Categoria:Taxa Levi]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1954]] o43e7o5aaspuud9xswrxdhkh7uqx8zr 0 177097 3980125 3863113 2026-08-10T00:40:23Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Dettum'''<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> seu '''Thitene'''<ref name="Cas">Casemir, K. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil 3)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|Circulo Guelpherbytensi]] situm. Ad Dettum etiam vici [[Monchevahlberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Mönchevahlberg''), et [[Weferlinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Weferlingen'') pertinent. == Historia == [[Fasciculus:Dettum-Kirche.jpg|thumb|left|Ecclesisia Sancti Ioannis Baptistae Detti.]] Dettum anno [[1226]] nomine ''Thitene'' primo in actis descriptum est. Annis [[1807]] - [[1813]] Dettum pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Ab anno [[1814]] pars [[Ducatus Brunsvici]] et ab anno [[1918]] [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Rei Publicae Brunsvici]] erat. Anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris factum est. Ab anno [[1974]] ad [[Sickte (commune generale)|Sickte]] commune generale pertinet. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121114173702/http://www.sickte.de/content/dettum pagina communis generalis Sickte de Detto scripta] [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 13]] 2z5taynyiu5gof7ec1eiy1wdvwctzok 0 178855 3980078 3194023 2026-08-10T00:03:38Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Xenisthmidae | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Actinopterygii]] | ordo = [[Perciformes]] | subordo = [[Gobioidei]] | familia = '''Xenisthmidae''' | subdivision_ranks = [[Genus (taxinomia)|Genera]] | subdivision = *''[[Allomicrodesmus]]'' *''[[Kraemericus]]'' *''[[Paraxenisthmus]]'' *''[[Rotuma (genus)|Rotuma]]'' *''[[Tyson (genus)|Tyson]]'' *''[[Xenisthmus]]'' }} '''Xenisthmidae''' sunt [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]] [[piscis|piscium]] [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordinis]] [[Perciformes|Perciformium]], in [[oceanus|oceanis]] [[Oceanus Indicus|Indico]] et [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacifico]] [[endemismus|endemicorum]], ubi ei in [[scopulus curalii|scopulis]] [[habitatio|habitant]]. [[Species (taxinomia)|Species]] sunt [[praedator]]iae et [[homo sapiens|hominibus]] aliquantulum minantur.<!--revera?--> == Species == Sunt [[novem]] species in [[sex]] [[genus (taxinomia)|genera]] digestae: * Genus ''[[Allomicrodesmus]]'' :* ''Allomicrodesmus dorotheae'' <small>Schultz, 1966</small><ref name="Schultz66">{{cite book| last = Schultz| first = L.P.| editor1-last = Schultz| editor1-first = L.P.| editor2-last = Woods| editor2-first = L.P.| editor3-last = Lachner| editor3-first = E. A.| title = Order Percomorphida. Suborder Gobiina. Superfamily Gobioidea.| format = Print| accessdate = 26 October 2012| series = In Fishes of the Marshall and Marianas Islands| volume = 3. Families Kraemeridae through Antennariidae| year = 1966| publisher = United States National Museum Bulletin| location = United States| pages = 1–176}}</ref> * Genus ''[[Kraemericus]]'' :* ''[[Kraemericus|Kraemericus smithi]]'' <small>Menon & Talwar, 1972</small> * Genus ''[[Paraxenisthmus]]'' <small>Gill & Hoese, 1993</small> :* ''[[Paraxenisthmus|Paraxenisthmus springeri]]'' <small>Gill & Hoese, 1993</small><ref name="GillHoese">{{cite journal |last1= Gill|first1= Anthony C.|last2= Hoese|first2= Douglass F. |year= 1993|title= ''Paraxenisthmus springeri'', New Genus and Species of Gobioid Fish from the West Pacific, and Its Phylogenetic Position within the Xenisthmidae|journal= Copeia|volume= 1993|issue= 4|pages= 1049–1057|publisher= |doi= |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_copeia_1993-12-28_4/page/1049|accessdate=26 October 2012}}</ref> * Genus ''[[Rotuma (genus)|Rotuma]]'' <small>Springer, 1988</small> :* ''[[Rotuma lewisi]]'' <small>Springer, 1988</small><ref name="Springer88">{{cite journal |last= Springer |first= V.G. |year= 1988|title= ''Rotuma lewisi'', new genus and species of fish from the southwest Pacific (Gobioidei, Xenisthmidae) |journal= Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington|volume= 101|issue= 3|pages= 530–539|publisher= Biological Society of Washington|doi= |url= |accessdate=26 October 2012}}</ref> * Genus ''[[Tyson (genus)|Tyson]]'' <small>Springer, 1983</small> :* ''[[Tyson belos]]'' <small>Springer, 1983</small><ref name="Springer">{{cite journal |last= Springer |first= V.G. |year= 1983|title= ''Tyson Belos'', New Genus and Species of Western Pacific Fish (Gobiidae, Xenisthminae) : With Discussions of Gobioid Osteology and Classification |journal= Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology|volume= 390|issue= |pages= 1–40|publisher= Smithsonian Institution Press|doi= |url= http://www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/Zoology/pdf_hi/SCTZ-0390.pdf|accessdate=[[26 Octobris]] [[2012]]}}.</ref> * Genus ''[[Xenisthmus]]'' <small>Snyder, 1908</small> :* ''[[Xenisthmus africanus]]'' <small>Smith, 1958</small> (the ''flathead wriggler'' or ''African wriggler'')<ref name="Smith58">{{cite journal |last= Smith |first= J. L. B. |year= [[1958]]|title= The fishes of the family Eleotridae in the western Indian Ocean |journal= Ichthyological Bulletin of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology|volume= 11|issue= |pages= 137–163|publisher= J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology|doi= |url= |accessdate=[[26 Octobris]] [[2012]]}}.</ref> :* ''[[Xenisthmus balius]]'' <small>Gill & Randall, 1994</small><ref name="GillRandall">{{cite journal |last1= Gill|first1= Anthony C.|last2= Randall|first2= J.E.|year= 1994|title= ''Xenisthmus balius'', a new species of fish from the Persian Gulf (Gobioidei: Xenisthmidae) |journal= Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington |volume= 107|issue= 3|pages= 445–450|publisher= Biological Society of Washington |doi= |accessdate=[[26 Octobris]] [[2012]]}}.</ref> :* ''[[Xenisthmus chi]]'' <small>Gill & Hoese, 2004</small><ref name="GillHoese04">{{cite journal |last1= Gill|first1= Anthony C.|last2= Hoese|first2= Douglass F. |year= 2004|title= Three New Australian Species of the Fish Genus ''Xenisthmus'' (Gobioidei: Xenisthmidae) |journal= Records of the Australian Museum |volume= 56|issue= |pages= 241–246|publisher= The Australian Museum |doi= | issn = 0067-1975 |url= http://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Journals/17998/1428_complete.pdf|accessdate=[[26 Octobris]] [[2012]]}}.</ref> :* ''[[Xenisthmus clarus]]'' <small>(Jordan & Seale, 1906)</small><ref name="JordanSeale">{{cite journal |last1= Jordan|first1= D.S.|last2= Seale|first2= A.|year= 1994|title= he fishes of Samoa. Description of the species found in the archipelago, with a provisional check-list of the fishes of Oceania |journal=Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries |volume= 25|issue= |pages= |publisher= |doi= |accessdate=[[26 Octobris]] [[2012]]}}.</ref> :* ''[[Xenisthmus eirospilus]]'' <small>Gill & Hoese, 2004</small><ref name="GillHoese04"/> :* ''[[Xenisthmus polyzonatus]]'' <small>(Klunzinger, 1871)</small><!-- peach-coloured with a bull's-eye-like spot on its tail--> :* ''[[Xenisthmus semicinctus]]'' <small>Gill & Hoese, 2004</small><ref name="GillHoese04"/> == Notae == <references/> * {{FishBase family | family = Xenisthmidae | month = January | year = 2006}} {{perciformes-stipula}} [[Categoria:Gobioidei]] [[Categoria:Xenisthmidae| ]] jyrre49l0wg3bpes18zzv75ncbe9wni 0 179064 3979915 2523518 2026-08-09T21:19:29Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina non annexa}} {{L-1}} [[Fasciculus:Mungo Man.jpg|thumb|upright|Vir Mungo]] '''Reliquiae lacus Mungonis''' sunt tres lineamenta clara fossilium: '''Lacus Mungo I''' (quoque vocatur Lady Mungo I [latina Femina Mungo I], LM1, et ANU-618), '''Lacus Mungo III''' (sive Mungo Man [latina Vir Mungo], Lake Mungo III, et LM3), et '''Lacus Mungo II'''. [[Lagus Mungo]] in [[Nova Cambria Australis|Nova Cambria Australi]] [[Australia]]e locatur, imprimis in [[UNESCO Mundi Hereditas|UNESCO Mundi Hereditate Sito]] Regione lacuum villandranorum.<ref name = "pmid16468208">{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/00438243.1970.9979463|author=Bowler JM, Jones R, Allen H, Thorne AG.|title= Pleistocene human remains from Australia: a living site and human cremation from Lake Mungo, Western New South Wales.|journal=World Archaeology|year=1970 | volume=2|pages =39–60|issue=1|pmid = 16468208}} {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref><ref name = "pmid4570638">{{cite journal|doi = 10.1038/240046a0|author = Barbetti M, Allen H.|title=Prehistoric man at Lake Mungo, Australia, by 32,000 years BP.|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1972-11-03_240_5375/page/46|journal = Nature|volume =240 |issue =5375 |year =1972 |pages = 46–8|pmid = 4570638}} {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref> LM1 anno 1969 in Regione Lacuum Villiandranorum reperiebatur, et una cremationum antiquissimarum notarum mundi est<ref name="pmid16468208"/><ref>Bowler, J.M. 1971. Pleistocene salinities and climatic change: Evidence from lakes and lunettes in southeastern Australia. In: Mulvaney, D.J. and Golson, J. (eds), Aboriginal Man and Environment in Australia. Canberra: Australian National University Press, pp. 47-65 {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref>. LM3, anno 1974 reperiebatur, incola hominis antiquus continentis Australiae erat, qui creditur inter 68,000 et 40,000 annos anhinc vixisse, per saeculam Pleistocaenam. Reliquiae sunt antiquissimae anatomices hodiernae homines reliquae quae in Australia repertae sunt. Anni praecisi sui sunt res contentionis permanentis. ==Femina Mungo== LM1 anno 1969 in regione lacuum villiandranorum ab Jim Bowler cum [[Universitas Melburnensis|Universitate Melburnensis]] reperiebatur<ref>Bowler, J.M. 1970. Late Quaternary environments: a study of lakes and associated sediments in south-eastern Australia. Doctoral thesis, Australian National University, Canberra ([[lingua anglica|anglica]])</ref> LM1 per 14C tempus 24,700 to 19,030 annos elapsos data est. Tempus 26,250 ±1120 BP carbone ligni de foco 15cm super sepulcrum perfectus est. Conservatio reliquiarum non idoneus fuit. == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references/></div> [[Categoria:Fossilia]] [[Categoria:Archaeologia]] [[Categoria:Nova Cambria Australis]] 1rzz6racf9pqrerqfmih9a9plt5zgej 0 179374 3979830 3492905 2026-08-09T20:07:37Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-3}} [[Fasciculus:Vedanta Philosophy An address before the Graduate Philosophical Society 1901 cover page.jpg|thumbnail|Philosophia Vedanta : Tegimentum Sermonis Prae Societate Magistrale Philosophicale 1901.]] '''Vedanta''' primus in [[Hinduismus|Hinduismo]] fuit verbum sicut cognominis pro parte corporis Vedae magis cognoscitur sicut [[Upanishad]]. Nomen est cuiusdam modi forma Veda-anta = "Veda -finis" = "appendix hymnis vedicis". A [[saeculum 8|saeculo octavo]] verbum evenit ut significat [[mores]] [[philosophia|philosophicos]] de quo intellegatur quod sit ultimam res [[natura]]e (id est [[Brahman]]). Complectitur varias scholas, videlicet [[Dvaitādvaita]] et [[Vishishtadvaita]] et [[Sri Lakshmi Visishtadvaita]] et [[Dvaita]] et [[Advaita Vedanta]], et alias. {{NexInt}} *[[Abhaya Caranāravinda Bhaktivedānta Svāmi ]] ==Bibliographia== * {{citation|last=Ādidevānanda|first=Swami |year=2014 |title=Śrī Rāmānuja GĪTĀ Bhāșya, With Text and English Translation|place=Chennai|publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math, Mylapore, Chennai|isbn=9788178235189}}. * {{citation|last=Balasubramanian|first=R.|year=2000|title=Introduction. In: Chattopadhyana (gen.ed.), "History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Volume II Part 2: Advaita Vedanta"|place=Dellii|publisher=Centre for Studies in Civilizations}}. * {{citation|last=Bartley|first=C. J.|year=2013|title=The Theology of Ramanuja : Realism and Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9SpTAQAAQBAJ|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-85306-7}}. * {{citation|last=Bernard|first=Theos|title=Hindu Philosophy|publisher=Motilal Banarasidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd.|year=1947|isbn=978-81-208-1373-1|location=Dellii}}. * {{cite journal|ref=harv|last=Betty|first=Stafford|year=2010|title=Dvaita, Advaita, and Viśiṣṭādvaita: Contrasting Views of Mokṣa|journal=Asian Philosophy: An International Journal of the Philosophical Traditions of the East|volume=20|issue=2}}. * {{citation|first=DPS|last=Bhawuk|year=2011|title=Spirituality and Indian Psychology|editor=Anthony Marsella|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4419-8109-7}}. * {{citation|last=Brooks|first=Douglas Renfrew|title=The Secret of the Three Cities|year=1990|publisher=State University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-22607-569-3}}. * {{citation|last=Bryant|first=Edwin|year=2007|title=Krishna : A Sourcebook|location=Oxoniae|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195148923}}. * {{citation|last=Burley|first=Mikel|year=2007|title=Classical Samkhya and Yoga: An Indian Metaphysics of Experience|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}. * {{citation|last=Carman|first=John B.|title=Majesty and Meekness: A Comparative Study of Contrast and Harmony in the Concept of God|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|year=1994|isbn=978-0802806932}}. * {{citation|last=Carman|first=John B.|title=The Theology of Rāmānuja: An essay in inter-religious understanding|location=Portu Novo|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1974|isbn=978-0300015218}}. * {{citation|last1=Carman |first1=John|last2=Narayanan |first2=Vasudha|title=The Tamil Veda: Pillan's Interpretation of the Tiruvaymoli|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aP5PA2OyJbMC|year=1989|location=Sicagi|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-09306-2}}. * {{citation|last=Chari|first=S. M. Srinivasa|year=1988|title=Fundamentals of Viśiṣṭādvaita Vedanta|publisher=Motilal Banarasidass Pvt. Ltd. (2004 Reprint)|isbn=978-81-208-0266-7}}. * {{citation|last1=Chatterjee|first1=Satischandra|last2=Dutta|first2=Shirendramohan|title=An Introduction to Indian Philosophy|year=1939|publisher=Rupa Publications India Pvt. Limited (2007 Reprint)|isbn=978-81-291-1195-1}}. * {{citation|last=Clayton|first=John|title=Religions, Reasons and Gods: Essays in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AgOcAO2e80wC&pg=PA54|location=Cantabrigiae|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-1-139-45926-6}}. * {{citation|last=Clooney|first=Francis X|title=Ultimate Realities: A Volume in the Comparative Religious Ideas Project|year=2000|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-79144-775-8}}. * {{cite journal|last=Comans|first=Michael|year=1996|title=Śankara and the Prasankhyanavada|journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy|volume=24|number=1 |ref={{sfnref|Michael Comans|1996}}|doi=10.1007/bf00219276}}. * {{citation|last=Comans|first=Michael|year=2000|title=The Method of Early Advaita Vedānta: A Study of Gauḍapāda, Śaṅkara, Sureśvara, and Padmapāda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sx12hxoFVqwC|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-208-1722-7|ref={{sfnref|Michael Comans|2000}}}}. * {{citation |last=Craig |first=Edward |year=2000 |title=Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0415223645 |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseroutledge00edwa }}. * {{cite journal|ref=harv|last=Das|first=A. C.|date=1952|title=Brahman and Māyā in Advaita Metaphysics|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_philosophy-east-and-west_1952-07_2_2/page/144|jstor=1397304|journal=Philosophy East and West|volume=2|issue=2|pages=144–154|doi=10.2307/1397304}}. * {{citation|last=Dasgupta|first=Surendranath|year=1922|title=A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 1|publisher=Motilal Banarasidas Publishers Pvt. Ltd. (Reprint 2015)|isbn=978-81-208-0412-8}}. * {{citation|last=Davis|first=Richard|year=2014|title=Ritual in an Oscillating Universe: Worshipping Siva in Medieval India, Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691603087}}. * {{citation|last=Dehsen|first=Christian von|year=1999|title=Philosophers and Religious Leaders|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1573561525|url=https://archive.org/details/philosophersreli0000unse}} * {{citation|last=Dense|first=Christian D. Von|year=1999|title=Philosophers and Religious Leaders|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group}}. * {{citation|last1=Deutsch|first1=Eliot|last2=Dalvi|first2=Rohit|year=2004|title=The Essential Vedanta: A New Source Book of Advaita Vedanta|publisher=World Wisdom, Inc.|url=https://books.google.com/?id=VIc6AdO07-IC&dq=history+of+vedanta|isbn=9780941532525}}. * {{citation|last=Doniger|first=Doniger|title=Dreams, Illusion, and Other Realities|year=1986|location=Sicagi|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0226618555|url=https://archive.org/details/dreamsillusionot00doni}}. * {{citation|last=Doyle|first=Sean|title=Synthesizing the Vedanta: The Theology of Pierre Johanns, S.J.|publisher=Peter Lang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-S7DJLnkwG4C|year=2006|isbn=978-3-03910-708-7}}. * {{citation|last=Dyczkowski|first=Mark|year=1989|title=The Canon of the Śaivāgama|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-8120805958}}. * {{citation|last=Etter|first=Christopher|title=A Study of Qualitative Non-Pluralism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jW2pcWpXY8wC|year=2006|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-0-595-39312-1}}. * {{citation|last=Flood|first=Gavin Dennis |title=An Introduction to Hinduism|year=1996|location=Cantabrigiae|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}. * {{citation|last=Fowler|first=Jeaneane D.|title=Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|year=2002|isbn=978-1-898723-94-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NRlB4v85S1EC}}. * {{citation |last=Gier|first=Nicholas F.|title=Spiritual Titanism: Indian, Chinese, and Western Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b0uIvu4aBuMC|year=2000|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-4528-0}}. * {{cite journal|ref=harv|last=Gier|first=Nicholas F.|year=2012 |title=Overreaching to be different: A critique of Rajiv Malhotra's Being Different |journal=[[International Journal of Hindu Studies]]|volume=16|issue=3|pages=259–285 |doi=10.1007/s11407-012-9127-x|url=|issn=1022-4556}}. * {{citation|last=Goswāmi|first=S.D.|title=Readings in Vedic Literature: The Tradition Speaks for Itself| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ockZAAAAMAAJ|year=1976|isbn=978-0-912776-88-0}}. * {{citation|last=Grimes|first=John A.|year=2006|title=A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0791430675}}. * {{citation|last=Grimes|first=John A.|title=The Seven Great Untenables: Sapta-vidhā Anupapatti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QWcgAxQnSAwC&pg=PA6|year=1990|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0682-5}}. * {{citation|last=Gupta|first=Bina|title=Perceiving in Advaita Vedānta: Epistemological Analysis and Interpretation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-AE8tEDMYYC|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1995|isbn=978-81-208-1296-3|pages=137–166}}. * {{citation|last=Gupta|first=Ravi M.|year=2016|title=Caitanya Vaisnava Philosophy: Tradition, Reason and Devotion|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-17017-4}}. * {{citation|last=Gupta|first=Ravi M.|year=2007|title=Caitanya Vaisnava Vedanta of Jiva Gosvami's Catursutri tika|location=Novi Eboraci|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-40548-5}}. * {{citation|last=Halbfass|first=Wilhelm|year=2007|chapter=Research and reflection: Responses to my respondents. V. Developments and attitudes in Neo-Hinduism; Indian religion, past and present (Responses to Chapters 4 and 5)|editor-last1=Franco|editor-first1=Eli|editor-last2=Preisendanz|editor-first2=Karin|title=Beyond Orientalism: the work of Wilhelm Halbfass and its impact on Indian and cross-cultural studies|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|location=Dellii|isbn=978-8120831100}}. * {{citation|last=Hiriyanna|first=M.|year=1948|title=The Philosophical Traditions of India|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. (1992 Reprint)|isbn=978-0-8229-1105-0}}. * {{citation|last=Indich|first=William M.|title=Consciousness in Advaita Vedanta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ykZjWOiBMoC|year=1995|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1251-2}}. * {{citation|last=Isaeva|first=NV|title=Shankara and Indian Philosophy|year=1992|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-1281-7}}. * {{citation|last=Isaeva|first=N. V.|title=From Early Vedanta to Kashmir Shaivism: Gaudapada, Bhartrhari, and Abhinavagupta|date=1995|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-2449-0}}. * {{citation|author=Mohan Lal Sandal|title=Mimamsa Sutras of Jaimini|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P4V6BE1_bdwC|year=1925|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (1999 Reprint)|isbn=978-81-208-1129-4}}. * {{Citation|last1=Jones|first1=Constance|last2=Ryan|first2=James D.|year=2006|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|publisher=Infobase Publishing}}. * {{citation|title=A Dictionary of Hinduism|last=Johnson|first=WJ|location=Oxoniae|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0198610250}}. * {{citation|last=King|first=Richard|year=1995|title=Early Advaita Vedānta and Buddhism: The Mahāyāna Context of the Gauḍapādīya-kārikā|publisher=SUNY Press}}. * {{Citation|last=King|first=Richard|year=1999|title=Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East"|publisher=Routledge}}. * {{Citation|last=King|first=Richard|year=2002|title=Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East"|publisher=Taylor & Francis e-Library}}. * {{citation|last=Klostermaier|first=Klaus K.|year=1984|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J-1QJMu80UIC|title=Mythologies and Philosophies of Salvation in the Theistic Traditions of India|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press|isbn=978-0-88920-158-3}}. * {{Citation|last1=Koller|first1=John M.|year=2013|chapter=Shankara|editor-last1=Meister|editor-first1=Chad |editor-last2=Copan|editor-first2=Paul|title=Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Religion|publisher=Routledge}}. * {{citation|last1=Kulandran|first1=Sabapathy|last2=Hendrik|first2=Kraemer|year=2004|title=Grace in Christianity and Hinduism|isbn=978-0227172360}}. * {{citation|last=Lochtefeld|first=James|year=2000|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1|publisher=A-M, Rosen Publishing|isbn=978-0823931798|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch}}. * {{citation|last=Lipner|first=Julius J|authorlink=Julius J. Lipner|title=The Face of Truth: A Study of Meaning and Metaphysics in the Vedantic Theology of Ramanuja|year=1986|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-88706-038-0}}. * {{Citation|last=Lorenzen|first=David N.|year=2006|title=Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History|publisher=Yoda Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SO-YmMWpcVEC|isbn=9788190227261}}. * {{citation|last=Mahony|first=William|year=1997|title=The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0791435809}}. * {{citation|last=Manninezhath|first=Thomas|title=Harmony of Religions: Vedānta Siddhānta Samarasam of Tāyumānavar|year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uE4-veDrY7AC&pg=PA31|isbn=978-81-208-1001-3}}. * {{citation|last=Matilal|first=Bimal Krishna|editor=Ganeri, Jonardon|title=The Collected Essays of Bimal Krishna Matilal, Volume 1|publisher=Oxford University Press (2015 Reprint)|place=Dellii|year=2002|isbn=978-0-19-946094-6}}. * {{citation|last=Mayeda|first=Sengaku|year=2006|title=A thousand teachings : the Upadeśasāhasrī of Śaṅkara|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-2771-4}}. * {{citation|last=McDaniel|first=June|title=Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caeJpIj9SdkC|year=2004|location=Oxoniae|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-534713-5}}. * {{Citation|last=Mukerji|first=Mādhava Bithika|year=1983|title=Neo-Vedanta and Modernity|publisher=Ashutosh Prakashan Sansthan|url=http://www.anandamayi.org/books/Bithika2.htm}}. * {{citation|last=Murti|first=TRV|year=1955|title=The central philosophy of Buddhism|publisher=Routledge (2008 Reprint)|isbn=978-0-415-46118-4}}. * {{Citation|last=Nakamura|first=Hajime|year=1949|title=A History of Early Vedānta Philosophy - Part - 1|place=Dellii|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited (Reprint 1990)|isbn=978-8120806511}}. * {{Citation|last=Nakamura|first=Hajime|year=1950|title=A History of Early Vedānta Philosophy - Part - 2|place=Dellii|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited (Reprint 2004)|isbn=978-8120819634}}. * {{citation|last=Nicholson|first=Andrew J.|title=Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History|year=2010|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14987-7|title-link=Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History}}. * {{cite book|ref=harv|first=Andrew J.|last= Nicholson|title=Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVusAgAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn= 978-0-231-14987-7}}. * {{citation|last=Neog|first=Maheswar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DcReZM-rI0MC|title=Early History of the Vaiṣṇava Faith and Movement in Assam: Śaṅkaradeva and His Times|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1980|isbn=978-81-208-0007-6}}. * {{citation|last=Nikhilananda|first=Swami |year=2008 |title=The Upanishads, A New Translation, Volume 2. Kolkata: Advaita Ashrama|isbn=978-81-7505-302-1}}. * {{citation|last=Olivelle|first=Patrick|title=The Samnyasa Upanisads : Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation: Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fB8uneM7q1cC|year=1992|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-536137-7}}. * {{Citation|last=Pandey|first=S. L.|year=2000|title=Pre-Sankara Advaita. In: Chattopadhyana (gen.ed.), "History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization. Volume II Part 2: Advaita Vedanta"|place=Dellii|publisher=Centre for Studies in Civilizations}}. * {{citation|last=Pasricha|first=Ashu|title=Encyclopaedia of Eminent Thinkers: The Political Thought of C. Rajagopalachari, Volume 15|year=2008|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|location=Dellii|isbn=9788180694950}}. * {{citation|last=Perrett|first=Roy W.|title=Philosophy of Religion: Indian Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=edhYAQAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-70322-6}}. * {{citation|last=Phillips|first=Stephen H|year=1995|title=Classical Indian Metaphysics|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0812692983|url=https://archive.org/details/classicalindianm00phil}}. * {{citation|last=Phillips|first=Stephen|year=2000|editor=Roy W. Perrett|title= Epistemology: Indian Philosophy, Volume 1|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-8153-3609-9}}. * {{citation|last=Potter|first=Karl|year=2002|title=Presuppositions of India's Philosophies|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0779-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/presuppositionso0000pott}} * {{Citation|last=Puligandla|first=Ramakrishna|year=1997|title=Fundamentals of Indian Philosophy|place=Dellii|publisher=D. K. Printworld (P) Ltd.}}. * {{Citation|last=Raju|first=P. T.|year=1972|title=The Philosophical Traditions of India|place=Dellii|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited (1992 Reprint)}}. * {{citation|last=Rambachan|first=A.|year=1991|title=Accomplishing the Accomplished: Vedas as a Source of Valid Knowledge in Sankara|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-1358-1}}. * {{citation|last=Renard|first=Philip|year=2010|title=Non-Dualisme. De directe bevrijdingsweg|place=Cothen|publisher=Uitgeverij Juwelenschip}}. * {{citation|last=Rigopoulos|first=Antonio|title= Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara|year=1998|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0791436967}}. * {{Citation|last=Roodurmum|first=Pulasth Soobah |year=2002|title=Bhāmatī and Vivaraṇa Schools of Advaita Vedānta: A Critical Approach|place=Dellii|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited}}. * {{citation|last=Sarma|first=Deepak|title=Epistemologies and the Limitations of Philosophical Enquiry: Doctrine in Madhva Vedanta|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=978-0415308052}}. * {{cite journal|title=Is Jesus a Hindu? S.C. Vasu and Multiple Madhva Misrepresentations|first=Deepak|last=Sarma|journal=Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies|year=2000|volume=13|doi=10.7825/2164-6279.1228|ref=harv}}. * {{citation|last=Scharfe|first=Hartmut|year=2002|title=Handbook of Oriental Studies|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-12556-8}}. * {{citation|last=Schultz|first=Joseph P.|title=Judaism and the Gentile Faiths: Comparative Studies in Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dchpiP-9YQAC|year=1981|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press|isbn=978-0-8386-1707-6}} * {{citation|last=Schuon|first=Frithjof|year=1975|title=One of the Great Lights of the World, in "Spiritual Perspectives, Essays in Mysticism and Metaphysics"|editor=T.M.P. Mahadevan|publisher=Arnold Heinemann|isbn=978-0892530212}}. * {{citation |last=Sharma |first=Arvind |year=2007 |title=Advaita Vedānta: An Introduction |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-8120820272 |url=https://archive.org/details/advaitavedanta00arvi }}. * {{citation|last=Sharma|first=Chandradhar|title=A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy|year=1960|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint 1994)|isbn=978-81-208-0365-7}}. * {{citation|last=Sharma|first=Chandradhar|year=1996|title=The Advaita Tradition in Indian Philosophy: A Study of Advaita in Buddhism, Vedānta and Kāshmīra Shaivism|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Pvt. Ltd.(Reprint 2007)|isbn=978-8120813120}}. * {{citation|last=Sharma|first=B.N. Krishnamurti|title=Philosophy of Śrī Madhvācārya|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Pvt. Ltd. (2014 Reprint)|isbn=978-8120800687|year=1962|url=https://archive.org/stream/Philosophy.of.Sri.Madhvacarya/Philosophy.of.Sri.Madhvacharya#page/n0/mode/2up}}. * {{citation|last=Sharma|first=B. N. Krishnamurti|title=A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, 3rd Edition|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Pvt. Ltd.(2008 Reprint)|isbn=978-8120815759|year=2000}}. * {{citation|last=Sheridan|first=Daniel|year=1991|title=Texts in Context: Traditional Hermeneutics in South Asia (Editor: Jeffrey Timm)|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0791407967}}. * {{Citation|last=Sivananda|first=Swami|year=1993|title=All About Hinduism|publisher=The Divine Life Society|url=http://www.dlshq.org/download/hinduismbk.htm}}. * {{citation|last=Smith|first=David|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTLlcGlkdjkC&pg=PA128|title=The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India|location=Cantabrigiae|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52865-8}}. * {{citation|last=Sprockhoff|first=Joachim F|year=1976|title=Samnyasa: Quellenstudien zur Askese im Hinduismus|publisher=Wiesbaden: Kommissionsverlag Franz Steiner|language=Theodisce|isbn=978-3515019057}}. * {{citation|last=Sullivan|first=Bruce M.|title=The A to Z of Hinduism|year=2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xU4ZdatgRysC|isbn=978-0-8108-4070-6}}. * {{citation|last=Sydnor|first=Jon Paul|title=Ramanuja and Schleiermacher: Toward a Constructive Comparative Theology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ae4FBAAAQBAJ|year=2012|publisher=Casemate|isbn=978-0227680247}}. * {{citation|last=Vasugupta|first=JS|year=2012|title=Śiva Sūtras, Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-8120804074}}. * {{citation|last=Vitsaxis|first=Vassilis|title=Thought and Faith: Comparative Philosophical and Religious Concepts in Ancient Greece, India, and Christianity: The Concept of Divinity: 2publisher=Somerset Hall Press|year=2009|isbn=978-1-935244-05-9}}. * {{citation|last=Witz|first=Klaus G.|year=1998|title=The Supreme Wisdom of the Upani?ads: An Introduction|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-8120815735}}. {{Myrias|Philosophia}} [[Categoria:Hinduismus]] [[Categoria:Metaphilosophia]] [[Categoria:Philosophia Indica]] [[Categoria:Termini philosophici]] [[Categoria:Theologia]] [[Categoria:Vedanta| ]] 8j4l2cq49y21sbr7o6abaxb2rwsabdv 0 179545 3979893 3961173 2026-08-09T21:06:24Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 11 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979893 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Migrantes Lessepsiani,''' ex [[Ferdinandus de Lesseps|Ferdinando de Lesseps]] appellati, [[ingeniarius|ingeniario]] [[Francia|Francico]] qui [[Canalis Suesiensis|Canalem Suesiensem]] construendam curavit, sunt [[species (taxinomia)|species]] [[mare|marinae]] quae in [[aqua|aquis]] in uno Canalis Suesiensis latere [[endemismus|endemicae]] sunt, sed, per [[canalis|canalem]] ad aquas in alio latere transientes novasque [[colonia]]s ibi constituentes, [[species introducta|species introductae]] fiunt, saepe ut [[species invasivae]]. Plures [[migratio Lessepsiana|migrationes Lessepsianae]] specierum sunt quae ex [[Mare Rubrum|Mari Rubro]] in [[Mare Mediterraneum]] invadunt; paucae autem species ex Mari Mediterraneo Mare Rubrum versus moventur. == Species Maris Rubri ad Mare Mediterraneum proficiscentes == Annus est annus primorum indiciorum in Mediterraneo . {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" | Species ! scope="col" | Grex ! scope="col" | Annus ! scope="col" | Fons |- | ''[[Alepes djedaba]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Carangidae]] || 1927 || <ref name="Taskavak">{{cite journal |author=Ertan Taskavak & Murat Bilecenoglu |year=2001 |title=Length–weight relationships for 18 Lessepsian (Red Sea) immigrant fish species from the eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_marine-biological-association-uk-journal_2001-10_81_5/page/895 |journal=Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom|volume=81 |issue=5 |pages=895–896 |doi=10.1017/S0025315401004805}}</ref> |- | ''[[Alpheus edwardsii]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Alpheidae]] || 1924 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Alpheus inopinatus]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Alpheidae]] || 1958 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Alpheus lobidens]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Alpheidae]] || 1936 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Alpheus migrans]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Alpheidae]] || 1978 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Alpheus rapacida]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Alpheidae]] || 1964 || <ref>{{cite journal |author=Tahir Özcan, A. Suat Ates & Tuncer Katagan |year=2008 |title=On the presence of the snapping shrimp, ''Alpheus rapacida'' (Decapoda: Caridea) on the Aegean Sea coast of Turkey |journal=Marine Biodiversity Records |volume=1 |page=e86 |doi=10.1017/S1755267207008792 |url=http://www.mba.ac.uk/jmba/pdf/5879.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}.</ref><ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Amygdalum glaberrima]]'' || [[Mollusca]]: [[Mytilidae]] || || <ref name="Barash"/> |- | ''[[Apogon nigripinnis]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Apogonidae]] || 1947 || <ref name="Taskavak"/> |- | ''[[Apogon queketti]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Apogonidae]] || 2006 || <ref>{{cite journal |author=L. Eryilmaz & C. Dalyan |year=2006 |title=First record of ''Apogon queketti'' Gilchrist (Osteichthyes: Apogonidae) in the Mediterranean Sea |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-fish-biology_2006-10_69_4/page/1251 |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=1251–1254 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01185.x}}.</ref> |- | ''[[Arcuatula arcuatula]]'' || [[Mollusca]]: [[Mytilidae]] || || <ref name="Barash">{{cite journal |author=Barash, A. & Z. Danin |year=1973 |title=The Indo-Pacific species of Mollusca in the Mediterranean and notes on a collection from the Suez Canal |journal=Israel Journal of Zoology |volume=21 |issue=3–4 |pages=301–374}} Summarized at {{cite web |url=http://clade.ansp.org/obis/search.php/reference13259 |title=OBIS Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database |date=May 17, 2006 |accessdate=February 8, 2012 |publisher=Academy of Natural Sciences}}.</ref> |- | ''[[Asterina burtoni]]'' || [[Echinodermata]]: [[Asterinidae]] || 1966 || |- | ''[[Atergatis roseus]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Xanthidae]] || 1964 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Atherinomorus lacunosus]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Atherinidae]] || 1902 || <ref>{{cite journal |author=Giuseppe Bucciarelli, Daniel Golani & Giacomo Bernardi |year=2002 |title=Genetic cryptic species as biological invaders: the case of a Lessepsian fish migrant, the hardyhead silverside ''Atherinomorus lacunosus'' |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-experimental-marine-biology-and-ecology_2002-07-17_273_2/page/143 |journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology |volume=273 |issue=2 |pages=143–149 |doi=10.1016/S0022-0981(02)00138-7}}.</ref> |- | ''[[Automate branchialis]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Alpheidae]] || 1958 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Callionymus filamentosus]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Callionymidae]] || 1953 || <ref name="Taskavak"/> |- | ''[[Ceratonereis mirabilis]]'' || [[Annelida]]: [[Nereididae]] || || |- | ''[[Charybdis helleri]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Portunidae]] || 1929 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Charybdis longicollis]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Portunidae]] || 1961 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Conus arenatus]]'' || [[Mollusca]]: [[Conidae]] || || <ref name="Barash"/> |- | ''[[Coralliophila monodonta]]'' || [[Mollusca]]: [[Muricidae]] || || <ref name="Barash"/> |- | ''[[Coryogalops ochetica]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Gobiidae]] || 1927 || |- | ''[[Crenidens crenidens]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Sparidae]] || 1970 || |- | ''[[Cymothoa indica]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Cymothoidae]] || 2009 || <ref>{{cite journal |author=Jean-Paul Trilles & Michel Bariche |year=2009 |title=First record of the Indo-Pacific ''Cymothoa indica'' (Crustacea, Isopoda, Cymothoidae), a Lessepsian species in the Mediterranean Sea |journal=Acta Parasitologica |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=223–230 |doi=10.2478/s11686-006-0035-3}}.</ref> |- | ''[[Cynoglossus sinusarabici]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Cynoglossidae]] || 1953 || |- | ''[[Cucurbitula cymbium]]'' || [[Mollusca]]: [[Gastrochaenidae]] || || <ref name="Barash"/> |- | ''[[Diodora ruppellii]]'' || [[Mollusca]]: [[Fissurellidae]] || || <ref name="Barash"/> |- | ''[[Dussumieria acuta]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Clupeidae]] || 1953 || <ref name="Taskavak"/> |- | ''[[Epinephelus coioides]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Serranidae]] || 1969 || <ref name="Randall">{{cite book |author=John E. Randall |year=1995 |title=Coastal Fishes of Oman |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |isbn=9780824818081}}.</ref> |- | ''[[Epinephelus malabaricus]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Serranidae]] || 1969 || |- | ''[[Etrumeus teres]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Clupeidae]] || 1963 || |- | ''[[Eucrate crenata]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Goneplacidae]] || 1997 || <ref name="Galil_1997"/><ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Fenneropenaeus indica]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Penaeidae]] || 1981 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Ferosagitta galerita]]'' || [[Chaetognatha]]: [[Sagittidae]] || 2003 || <ref>{{cite journal |author=Tuba Terbiyik, Cem Cevik, Benin Toklu-Alicli & Ercan Sarihan |year=2007 |title=First record of ''Ferosagitta galerita'' (Dallot, 1971) [Chaetognatha] in the Mediterranean Sea |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-plankton-research_2007-08_29_8/page/729 |journal=Journal of Plankton Research |volume=29 |issue=8 |pages=729–726 |doi=10.1093/plankt/fbm053}}.</ref> |- | ''[[Fistularia commersonii]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Fistulariidae]] || 2001 || <ref>{{cite journal |author=M. Corsini, G. Kondilatos, & P. S. Economidis |year=2002 |title=Lessepsian migrant ''Fistularia commersonii'' from the Rhodes marine area |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-fish-biology_2002-10_61_4/page/1061 |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=1061–1062 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2002.tb01865.x}}.</ref> |- | ''[[Fulvia fragilis]]'' || [[Mollusca]]: [[Cardiidae]] || 2005 || <ref>{{cite journal |author=Bilal Öztürk & Jean-Maurice Poutiers |year=2005 |title=''Fulvia fragilis'' (Bivalvia: Cardiidae): a lessepsian mollusc species from Izmir Bay (Aegean Sea) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_marine-biological-association-uk-journal_2005-04_85_2/page/351 |journal=Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=351–356 |doi=10.1017/S0025315405011252h}}.</ref> |- | ''[[Gafrarium pectinatum]]'' || [[Mollusca]]: [[Veneridae]] || || <ref name="Barash"/> |- | ''[[Hemiramphus far]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Hemiramphidae]] || 1927 || |- | ''[[Herklotsichthys punctatus]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Clupeidae]] || 1976 || |- | ''[[Himantura uarnak]]'' || [[Chondrichthyes]]: [[Dasyatidae]] || 1955 || <ref name="Serena">{{cite book |author=Fabricio Serena |year=2005 |title=Field Identification Guide to the Sharks and Rays of the Mediterranean and Black Sea |series=FAO Species Identification Guide for Fisheries Purposes |location=Rome |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/y5945e/y5945e00.htm}}.</ref> |- | ''[[Hippocampus fuscus]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Syngnathidae]] || 2002 || <ref>{{cite journal |author=D. Golani & M. Fine |year=2002 |title=On the occurrence of ''Hippocampus fuscus'' in the eastern Mediterranean |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-fish-biology_2002-03_60_3/page/764 |journal=Journal of Fish Biology|volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=764–766 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2002.tb01700.x}}.</ref> |- | ''[[Hyastenus hilgendorfi]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Majidae]] || 1964 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Hyporhamphus affinis]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Hemiramphidae]] || 1967 || |- | ''[[Hypselodoris infucata]]'' || [[Mollusca]]: [[Chromodorididae]] || 1973 || |- | ''[[Ixa monodi]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Leucosiidae]] || 1958 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Lagocephalus sceleratus]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Tetraodontidae]] || 2005 || <ref>{{cite journal |author=O. Akyol, V. Ünal, T. Ceyhan & M. Bilecenoglu |year=2005 |title=First confirmed record of ''Lagocephalus sceleratus'' (Gmelin, 1789) in the Mediterranean Sea |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-fish-biology_2005-04_66_4/page/1183 |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=1183–1186 |doi=10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00667.x}}.</ref> |- | ''[[Lagocephalus spadiceus]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Tetraodontidae]] || 1953 || <ref name="Taskavak"/> |- | ''[[Lagocephalus suezensis]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Tetraodontidae]] || 1977 || |- | ''[[Laternula anatina]]'' || [[Mollusca]]: [[Laternulidae]] || || <ref name="Barash"/> |- | ''[[Leiognathus klunzingeri]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Leiognathidae]] || 1931 || <ref name="Taskavak"/> |- | ''[[Leonnates decipiens]]'' || [[Annelida]]: [[Nereididae]] || || |- | ''[[Leonnates indicus]]'' || [[Annelida]]: [[Nereididae]] || || |- | ''[[Leonnates persicus]]'' || [[Annelida]]: [[Nereididae]] || 2002 || <ref>{{cite journal |author=M. E. Çinar, Z. Ergen & E. Dagli |year=2002 |title=Occurrence of the lessepsian species ''Leonnates persicus'' (Polychaeta: Nereididae) in Izmir Bay, Aegean Sea |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_marine-biological-association-uk-journal_2002-10_82_5/page/811 |journal=Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK |volume=82 |pages=811–815 |doi=10.1017/S0025315402006173 |issue=5}}.</ref> |- | ''[[Leptochela aculeocaudata]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Pasiphaeidae]] || 1936 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Leptochela pugnax]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Pasiphaeidae]] || 1958 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Leucosia sigmata]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Leucosiidae]] || 1990 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Liza carinata]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Mugilidae]] || 1971 || <ref name="Taskavak"/> |- | ''[[Lophioturris indica]]'' || [[Mollusca]]: [[Turridae]] || || <ref name="Barash"/> |- | ''[[Lucifer hanseni]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Sergestidae]] || 1927 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Lutjanus argentimaculatus]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Lutjanidae]] || 1977 || |- | ''[[Mactra olorina]]'' || [[Mollusca]]: [[Mactridae]] || || <ref name="Barash"/> |- | ''[[Marsupenaeus japonicus]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Penaeidae]] || 1926 || <ref>{{cite web |author=B. S. Galil |date=November 6, 2006 |title=''Marsupenaeus japonicus'' |work=Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe |url=http://www.europe-aliens.org/pdf/Marsupenaeus_japonicus.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |accessdate=7 Februarii 2012}}.</ref><ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Matuta banksi]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Calappidae]] || 1990 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Metapenaeus monoceros]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Penaeidae]] || 1927 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Metapenaeus stebbingi]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Penaeidae]] || 1927 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Metapenaeopsis aegypti]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Penaeidae]] || 1990 || <ref>{{cite journal |author=B. S. Galil & D. Golani |year=1990 |title=Two new migrant decapods from the eastern Mediterranean |journal=Crustaceana |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=229–236 |url=http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/25517/25517.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}.</ref> |- | ''[[Metapenaeopsis mogiensis]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Penaeidae]] || 1997 || <ref name="Galil_1997">{{cite journal |author=Bella S. Galil |year=1997 |title=Two Lessepsian migrant decapods new to the coast of Israel |journal=Crustaceana|volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=111–114 |jstor=20105834}}.</ref> |- | ''[[Modiolus auriculatus]]'' || [[Mollusca]]: [[Mytilidae]] || || <ref name="Barash"/> |- | ''[[Muraenesox cinereus]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Muraenesocidae]] || 1982 || |- | ''[[Myrax fugax]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Leucosiidae]] || 1930 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Neanthes willeyi]]'' || [[Annelida]]: [[Nereididae]] || || |- | ''[[Nemipterus japonicus]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Nemipteridae]] || 2006 || <ref>{{cite journal |author=D. Golani & O. Sonin |year=2006 |title=The Japanese threadfin bream ''Nemipterus japonicus'', a new Indo-Pacific fish in the Mediterranean Sea |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-fish-biology_2006-03_68_3/page/940 |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=940–943 |doi=10.1111/j.0022-1112.2006.00961.x}}.</ref> |- | ''[[Nemipterus randalli]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Nemipteridae]] || 2006 || <ref>{{cite journal |author=S. Lelli, F. Colloca, P. Carpentieri & B. C. Russell |year=2008 |title=The threadfin bream ''Nemipterus randalli'' (Perciformes: Nemipteridae) in the eastern Mediterranean Sea |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-fish-biology_2008-08_73_3/page/740 |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=740–745 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.01962.x}}.</ref> |- | ''[[Nereis gilchristi]]'' || [[Annelida]]: [[Nereididae]] || || |- | ''[[Nereis zonata persica]]'' || [[Annelida]]: [[Nereididae]] || || |- | ''[[Notopus dorsipes]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Raninidae]] || 1964 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Ogyrides mjoebergi]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Ogyrididae]] || 1958 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Oxyurichthys papuensis]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Gobiidae]] || 1983 || |- | ''[[Palaemonella rotumana]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Palaemonidae]] || 1958 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Pampus argenteus]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Stromateidae]] || 1896 || <ref>{{cite journal |author=Jakov Dulcic, Ivan Jardas, Armin Pallaoro & Lovrenc Lipej |year=2004 |title=On the validity of the record of silver pomfret ''Pampus argenteus'' (Stromateidae) from the Adriatic Sea |journal=Cybium |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=69–71 |url=http://www.mnhn.fr/sfi/cybium/numeros/pdf/281pdf/19-Dulcic196.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}.</ref> |- | ''[[Panulirus ornatus]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Palinuridae]] || 1989 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Papilloculiceps longiceps]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Platycephalidae]] || 1990 || |- | ''[[Paraexocoetus mento]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Exocoetidae]] || 1935 || |- | ''[[Pelates quadrilineatus]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Terapontidae]] || 1970 || <ref name="Taskavak"/> |- | ''[[Pempheris vanicolensis]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Pempheridae]] || 1979 || <ref name="Taskavak"/> |- | ''[[Penaeus semisulcatus]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Penaeidae]] || 1928 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Periclimenes calami]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Palaemonidae]] || 1927 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Perinereis nuntia]]'' || [[Annelida]]: [[Nereididae]] || || |- | ''[[Petroscirtes ancylodon]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Blenniidae]] || 1989 || |- | ''[[Pilumnopeus vauquelini]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Xanthidae]] || 1927 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Pilumnus hirsutus]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Xanthidae]] || 1936 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Plagusia tuberculata]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Grapsidae]] || 1967 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Platycephalus indicus]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Platycephalidae]] || 1953 || |- | ''[[Platymaia wyvillethompsoni]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Majidae]] || 1967 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Plotosus lineatus]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Plotosidae]] || 2001 || <ref>{{cite journal |author=Daniel Golani |year=2002 |title=The Indo-Pacific striped eel catfish, ''Plotosus lineatus'' (Thunberg, 1787), (Osteichtyes: Siluriformes) a new record from the Mediterranean |journal=Scientia Marina |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=321–323 |url=http://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/download/591/604 |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}.</ref> |- | ''[[Pomadasys stridens]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Haemulidae]] || 1969 || |- | ''[[Portunus pelagicus]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Portunidae]] || 1924 || <ref name="Rodríguez">{{cite journal |author=Gilberto Rodríguez & Héctor Suárez |year=2001 |title=Anthropogenic dispersal of decapod crustaceans in aquatic environments |journal=Interciencia |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=282–288 |url=http://www.scielo.org.ve/scielo.php?pid=S0378-18442001000700003&script=sci_arttext}}.</ref> |- | ''[[Potamides conicus]]'' || [[Mollusca]]: [[Potamididae]] || || <ref name="Barash"/> |- | ''[[Processa aequimana]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Processidae]] || 1946 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Pseudonereis anomala]]'' || [[Annelida]]: [[Nereididae]] || || |- | ''[[Pteragogus pelycus]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Labridae]] || 1992 || |- | ''[[Pterois miles]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Scorpaenidae]] || 1992 || |- | ''[[Rachycentron canadum]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Rachycentridae]] || 1986 || |- | ''[[Rastrelliger kanagurta]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Scombridae]] || 1971 || |- | ''[[Rhabdosargus haffara]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Sparidae]] || 1992 || |- | ''[[Rhopilema nomadica]]'' || [[Cnidaria]]: [[Rhizostomatidae]] || 1970s || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.europe-aliens.org/pdf/Rhopilema_nomadica.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |title=''Rhopilema nomadica'' |author=B. S. Galil |date=November 5, 2006 |work=Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe |accessdate=July 29, 2012}}.</ref> |- | ''[[Rhynchoconger trewavasae]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Congridae]] || 1993 || |- | ''[[Sargocentron rubrum]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Holocentridae]] || 1947 || <ref name="Taskavak"/> |- | ''[[Saurida undosquamis]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Synodontidae]] || 1953 || <ref>{{cite journal |author=M. Ben-Yami & T. Glaser |year=1974 |title=The invasion of ''Saurida undosquamis'' (Richardson) into the Levant Basin – an example of biological effect of interoceanic canals |journal=Fishery Bulletin |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=359–373 |url=http://fishbull.noaa.gov/72-2/benyami.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}.</ref> |- | ''[[Scarus ghobban]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Scaridae]] || 1999 || <ref>{{cite journal |author=M. Bariche & M. Saad |year=2005 |title=Settlement of the lessepsian blue-barred parrotfish ''Scarus ghobban'' (Teleostei: Scaridae) in the eastern Mediterranean |journal=JMBA2 - Biodiversity Records |doi=10.1017/S1755267205000497 |volume=1}}.</ref> |- | ''[[Scomberomorus commerson]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Scombridae]] || 1935 || |- | ''[[Sepioteuthis lessoniana]]'' || [[Mollusca]]: [[Loliginidae]] || 2002 || <ref name="lefkaditou">{{cite journal|author=E. Lefkaditou, M. Corsini-Foka, & G. Kondilatos|year=2009|title=Description of the first Lessepsian squid migrant, ''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae), in the Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean)|journal= Mediterranean Marine Science|volume=10/2|pages=87–97|publisher= Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR)|issn=1791-6763|url=http://www.medit-mar-sc.net/files/200912/08-131004MEDIT_MAR_SC_VOL10_NUMB2_DEC_2009_pp87-97_LEFKADITOU_363.pdf}}.</ref> |- | ''[[Siganus luridus]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Siganidae]] || 1964 || |- | ''[[Siganus rivulatus]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Siganidae]] || 1927 || |- | ''[[Silhouettea aegyptia]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Gobiidae]] || 1991 || |- | ''[[Sillago sihama]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Sillaginidae]] || 1977 || <ref name="Taskavak"/> |- | ''[[Sorsogona prionota]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Platycephalidae]] || 1947 || |- | ''[[Sphaerozius nitidus]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Xanthidae]] || 1972 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Sphyraena chrysotaenia]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Sphyraenidae]] || 1930 || <ref name="Taskavak"/> |- | ''[[Sphyraena flavicauda]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Sphyraenidae]] || 1992 || |- | ''[[Spratelloides delicatulus]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Clupeidae]] || 1978 || |- | ''[[Stephanolepis diaspros]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Monacanthidae]] || 1927 || <ref name="Taskavak"/> |- | ''[[Synalpheus hululensis]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Alpheidae]] || 1964 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Terapon puta]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Terapontidae]] || 1976 || |- | ''[[Tetrosomus gibbosus]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Ostraciidae]] || 1988 || |- | ''[[Thalamita poissonii]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Portunidae]] || 1958 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Trachysalambria curvirostris]]'' || [[Crustacea]]: [[Penaeidae]] || 1927 || <ref name="Rodríguez"/> |- | ''[[Trochus erithreus]]'' || [[Mollusca]]: [[Trochidae]] || || <ref name="Barash"/> |- | ''[[Tylerius spinosissimus]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Tetraodontidae]] || 2005 || <ref>{{cite journal |author=Maria Corsini, Panagiotis Margies, Gerasimos Kondilatos & Panos S. Economidis |year=2005 |title=Lessepsian migration of fishes to the Aegean Sea : First record of ''Tylerius spinosissimus'' (Tetraodontidae) from the Mediterranean, and six more fish records from Rhodes |journal=Cybium |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=347–354 |language=French}}.</ref> |- | ''[[Tylosurus choram]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Belonidae]] || 1963 || |- | ''[[Upeneus moluccensis]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Mullidae]] || 1947 || <ref name="Taskavak"/> |- | ''[[Upeneus pori]]'' || [[Actinopterygii]]: [[Mullidae]] || 1950 || <ref name="Taskavak"/> |- | ''[[Vanitrochus holdsworthiana]]'' || [[Mollusca]]: [[Trochidae]] || || <ref name="Barash"/> |- | ''[[Zafra savignyi]]'' || [[Mollusca]]: [[Columbellidae]] || || <ref name="Barash"/> |} ==Species Mediterraneanae ad Mare Rubrum proficiscientes== *''[[Argyrosomus regius]]'' *''[[Gobius cobitis]]'' *''[[Gobius paganellus]]'' ==Notae== <references/> ===Bibliographia=== *Dulcic, J., et A. Pallaoro. [[2003]]. Lessepsian Fish Migrants Reported in the East Adriatic Sea: An Annotated List. ''Ser. hist. nat.'' *Golani, D. [[1998]]. Impact of Red Sea Fish Migrants through the Suez Canal on the Aquatic Environment of the Eastern Mediterranean. ''Yale FE&S Bulletin'' 103. *Tortonese, E. [[1966]]. Echinoderms from the coast of Lebanon. ''Miscellaneous Papers of the Natural Sciences American University Beirut'' 5:2–5. ==Nexus externi== == Nexus externi == * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20211220175707/https://mersea.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Aylin%E2%80%99s-Mediterranean-Alien-Species-Macroinvertebrates-Identification-Booklet.pdf Aylin’s Mediterranean Alien Species (Macroinvertebrates) Identification Booklet]'' (2016) *[http://www.ciesm.org/atlas/appendix1.html "Check-list of exotic species," in ''CIESM Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea''] [[Categoria:Biologia marina]] [[Categoria:Canalis Suesiensis]] [[Categoria:Indices rerum naturalium]] [[Categoria:Migrantes Lessepsiani|!]] [[Categoria:Piscatus]] 24tpljml3aph5qhl3y32m1zn1uw22wn 0 182673 3980210 3715212 2026-08-10T11:06:41Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Didderse'''<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Didderse'' et [[Saxonice]] ''Deesse'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] est. Didderse ab anno [[1981]] pars [[Circulus Gifhornensis|Circuli Gifhornensis]] et communis generalis [[Papenteich (commune generale)|Papenteich]] est. == Historia == Didderse circa annum [[780]] nomine ''Tideshusen'' primo in actis descriptum est. Tum ad [[Fuldense coenobium]] pertinuit. Fuit postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1933]] ad circulum Gifhorn pertinet. Ab anno [[1946]] Didderse pars Saxoniae Inferioris, annis [[1974]] - [[1981]] ad [[Circulus Peine|Circulum Peine]] pertinebat, sed tum, cum cives hoc flagitarent, iterum ad Gifhornensem revertebat. Nunc pars communis generalis Papenteich est. == Nexus externi == {{commonscat}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120722051715/http://papenteich.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=99&topmenu=27&keepmenu=inactive Pagina communis generalis Papenteich de communi Diddersi scripta] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 8]] cojlvghmlqwbm38lrf24nw6daqrd3le 3980211 3980210 2026-08-10T11:07:14Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Didderse'''<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Didderse'' et [[Saxonice]] ''Deesse'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] est. Didderse ab anno [[1981]] pars [[Circulus Gifhornensis|Circuli Gifhornensis]] et communis generalis [[Papenteich (commune generale)|Papenteich]] est. == Historia == Didderse circa annum [[780]] nomine ''Tideshusen'' primo in actis descriptum est. Tum ad [[Fuldense coenobium]] pertinuit. Fuit postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1933]] ad circulum Gifhorn pertinet. Ab anno [[1946]] Didderse pars Saxoniae Inferioris, annis [[1974]] - [[1981]] ad [[Circulus Peine|Circulum Peine]] pertinebat, sed tum, cum cives hoc flagitarent, iterum ad Gifhornensem revertebat. Nunc pars communis generalis Papenteich est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120722051715/http://papenteich.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=99&topmenu=27&keepmenu=inactive Pagina communis generalis Papenteich de communi Diddersi scripta] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 8]] hurg6ci86uh4c3i0y45ksfiuc7yru2r 0 183677 3979784 3594109 2026-08-09T18:32:16Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3979784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Olivastro luras1.JPG|thumb|Luris]] '''Luris''' {{victio|Luris|is|m}} seu '''Lura''' {{victio|Lura|ae|f}} (alia nomina: ''Oppidum Luris''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130526182249/http://sardegnaturismo.it/it/punto-di-interesse/luras www.sardegnaturismo.it]</ref>) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Luras|Luras]]''; [[Lingua Sarda|Sardice]]: ''[[:sc:Luras|Luras]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] ac insula [[Sardinia]], in [[Provincia Sacerensis|Provincia Sacerensi]] ac in [[Gallura]] historica ac geographica terra, situm. Incolae ''Lurenses'' appellantur. == Insigne == <gallery> Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]'' </gallery> == Geographia == * [[Gallura]] (''terra''), == Municipia finitima == {{NexInt}} * [[Sardinia]] (''regio''), * [[Provincia Sacerensis]], * [[Gallura]] (''terra''), * [[Olbia (Italia)|Olbia]] ac [[Templum (Italia)|Templum]] (''urbes''), * [[Municipium Italiae]]. == Nexus externi == * [http://www.comune.luras.ss.it/ Situs publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}} {{communiaCat|Luras|Lurem}} == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:Map of comune of Luras (province of Olbia-Tempio, region Sardinia, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Olbiensi-Templensi. </gallery> == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Sassaris]] [[Categoria:Gallura]] dalz2kjz2iyhswymszmkajm8nns3l1x 0 184616 3979740 3978617 2026-08-09T15:42:23Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}; {{cite ...}} → {{[[Formula:Opus|opus]]}} 3979740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina non annexa}} [[Fasciculus:Vivier in 1980.jpg|thumb|Vivier anno [[1980]].]] {{res|Claudius Vivier}} ([[Francogallice]] ''Claude Vivier,'' [[baptismus|baptizatus]] ''Claude Roger'' [[Mons Regius|Monte Regio]] die [[14 Aprilis]] [[1948]]; mortuus [[Lutetia]]e die [[7 Martii]] [[1983]]<ref>Vivier necatus est [[nox|nocte]] 7–8 Martii 1983, sed hora mortalis incerta manet: aliquot fontes ultimas diei septimi horas, aliquot primas diei octavi horas dicunt. Braes 2003, 1; Gilmore 2014, 17.</ref>) fuit [[compositor|compositor musicus]], [[clavilista]], [[poeta]], et [[ethnomusicologia|ethnomusicologus]] [[Canada|Canadensis]] originis [[Quebecum|Quebecensis]]. Discipulus [[Carolus Henricus Stockhausen|Caroli Henrici Stockhausen]] [[Colonia]]e fuit, multa novans motus "German Feedback" sodalis, [[genus (ars)|generi]] [[musica]]e {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Musica spectralis|spectrali|en|qid=Q1245902}} hodie appellato favens. ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia==<!-- * {{Opus | cognomen = Braes | nomen = Ross | titulus = An Investigation of the Jeux De Timbres in Claude Vivier's Orion and His Other Instrumental Works of 1979–80 | genus = doctoralis dissertatio | annus = 2003 | domus editoria = University of British Columbia Press | doi = 10.14288/1.0099723 }}--> * {{Opus | cognomen = Christian | nomen = Bryan William | titulus = Automatic Writing and Grammelot in Claude Vivier's ''Langue Inventée'' | contextus = Tempo | volumen = 68 | fasciculus = 270 | annus = 2014 | paginae = 15–30 | series = New Series | domus editoria = Boosey & Hawkes Press | doi = 10.1017/S0040298214000333 | s2cid = 145281201 }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Dubowsky | nomen = Jack Curtis | titulus = Intersecting Film, Music, and Queerness | annus = 2016 | series = Palgrave Studies in Audio-Visual Culture | domus editoria = Palgrave Macmillan UK | url = https://archive.org/details/intersectingfilm0000dubo | isbn = 978-1-34968-713-8 }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Frykberg | nomen = Susan | titulus = Claude Vivier in Conversation | contextus = Musicworks | volumen = Winter 1982 | fasciculus = 18 | annus = 1982 | paginae = 8–9 | url = https://www.evs-musikstiftung.ch/sites/default/files/claude_vivier_interview_musicworks_no.18_winter_1982_rsn_conversation_1906_vivier_press.pdf | salus url = obiit | retrospectio = 20220715211757 | tempus inspectionis = 15 Iulii 2022 }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Gilmore | nomen = Bob | titulus = On Claude Vivier's ''Lonely Child'' | contextus = [[Tempo (journal)|Tempo]] | volumen = 61 | fasciculus = 239 | annus = 2007 | paginae = 2–17 | series = New Series | domus editoria = Boosey & Hawkes Press | url = https://music.arts.uci.edu/abauer/5.4/readings/ON_LONELY_CHILD.pdf | doi = 10.1017/S0040298207000010 | s2cid = 145489928 }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Gilmore | nomen = Bob | titulus = Claude Vivier and Karlheinz Stockhausen: Moments from a Double Portrait | contextus = Circuit | volumen = 19 | fasciculus = 2 | annus = 2009 | paginae = 35–49 | domus editoria = Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal | url = https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/037449ar | doi = 10.7202/037449ar }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Gilmore | nomen = Bob | titulus = Claude Vivier: A Composer's Life | annus = 2014 | series = Eastman Studies in Music | domus editoria = University of Rochester Press | isbn = 978-1-58046-841-1 }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Goldman | nomen = Jonathan | cognomen redactoris 1 = Sholl | nomen redactoris 1 = Robert | cognomen redactoris 2 = van Maas | nomen redactoris 2 = Sander | titulus = Contemporary Music and Spirituality | annus = 2019 | domus editoria = Routledge | chapter = Claude Vivier at the end | isbn = 978-1-40944-058-1 }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Harman | nomen = Brian | titulus = Seeds for a Mature Compositional Style: An Analysis of Melody, Musical Layers, and Signals in Claude Vivier's ''Chants'' | contextus = Musical Perspectives, People, and Places: Essays in Honour of Carl Morey | volumen = 33 | fasciculus = 2 | annus = 2013 | paginae = 141–153 | domus editoria = Société de musique des universités canadiennes | url = https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1032700ar }} * {{Opus | cognomen 1 = Lankenau | nomen 1 = Steven | cognomen 2 = Chan | nomen 2 = Trudy | cognomen 3 = Gewirtz | nomen 3 = Eric | titulus = Vivier Works: Claude Vivier | annus = 2012 | domus editoria = Boosey & Hawkes | url = https://www.boosey.com/downloads/Claude_Vivier_Brochure.pdf }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Lesage | nomen = Jean | titulus = Claude Vivier, ''Siddhartha'', Karlheinz Stockhausen, la nouvelle simplicité et le râga | contextus = Circuit | volumen = 18 | fasciculus = 3 | annus = 2008 | paginae = 107–120 | domus editoria = Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal | url = https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/circuit/2008-v18-n3-circuit2413/019142ar.pdf | doi = 10.7202/019142ar }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Marshall | nomen = Emilie | titulus = Musical Forces in Claude Vivier's Wo bist du Licht! and Trois airs pour un opéra imaginaire | annus = 2016 | domus editoria = The [[University of Western Ontario]]'s Thesis and Dissertation Repository }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Nattiez | nomen = Jean-Jacques | commentatio de auctore = Ioannes Iacobus Nattiez | titulus = Éditorial: Claude Vivier | contextus = Circuit | volumen = 2 | fasciculus = 1–2 | annus = 1991 | paginae = 5–6 | domus editoria = Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal | url = https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/902023ar | doi = 10.7202/902023ar }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Rhéaume | nomen = Martine | titulus = Toward an Endogenetic Analysis of Claude Vivier's Musical Style: Questions and Some Possible Answers | contextus = Les Cahiers de la Société québécoise de recherche en musique | volumen = 10 | fasciculus = 1 | annus = 2008 | paginae = 47–52 | url = https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1054170ar | doi = 10.7202/1054170ar | s2cid = 192023167 }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Rhéaume | nomen = Martine | titulus = 'I No Longer Feel Sorry for the Fact': Homosexuality and Identity Commitment in the Writings and Speeches of Claude Vivier | contextus = Circut | volumen = 31 | fasciculus = 1 | annus = 2021 | paginae = 27–41 | domus editoria = Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal | url = https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1076403ar | doi = 10.7202/1076403ar | s2cid = 236686971 }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Richard | nomen = Robert | titulus = Claude Vivier ou la machine désirante | annus = 2017 | domus editoria = Varia | isbn = 978-2-89606-080-1 }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Rivest | nomen = Johanne | titulus = La discographie de Claude Vivier | contextus = Revue de musique des universités canadiennes | volumen = 6 | fasciculus = 6 | annus = 1985 | paginae = 35–44 | url = https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/cumr/1985-n6-cumr0435/1014031ar.pdf | doi = 10.7202/1014031ar }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Robert | nomen = Véronique | titulus = Prologue pour les écrits d'un compositeur | contextus = Circuit | volumen = 2 | fasciculus = 1–2 | annus = 1991 | paginae = 31–38 | domus editoria = Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal | url = https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/902026ar | doi = 10.7202/902026ar }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Rogers | nomen = Stephen | titulus = Travelogue pour un Marco Polo (My Travels with Claude?): A journey through the composer's life and work in 10 days | contextus = Circuit | volumen = 18 | fasciculus = 3 | annus = 2008 | paginae = 27–51 | domus editoria = Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal | url = https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/019138ar | doi = 10.7202/019138ar }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Tremblay | nomen = Gilles | titulus = Claude Vivier, en mémoire, en présence | contextus = Revue de musique des universités canadiennes | volumen = 4 | fasciculus = 2 | annus = 1983 | paginae = 2–5 | url = http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1013893ar | doi = 10.7202/1013893ar }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Trochimczyk | nomen = Maja | titulus = Music of Louis Andriessen | annus = 2002 | domus editoria = Taylor & Francis | isbn = 978-1-13676-965-8 }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Vivier | nomen = Claude | cognomen redactoris = Robert | nomen redactoris = Véronique | titulus = Les écrits de Claude Vivier | contextus = Circuit | volumen = 2 | fasciculus = 1–2 | annus = 1991 | paginae = 39–136 | domus editoria = Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal | url = https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/902027ar | doi = 10.7202/902027ar }} * {{Opus | auctor 1 = Zviane | cognomen 2 = Rhéaume | nomen 2 = Martine | titulus = Des étoiles dans les oreilles | annus = 2007 | domus editoria = Société de musique contemporaine du Québec | isbn = 978-2-98067-829-5 }} ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Claude Vivier|Claudium Vivier}} {{fontes biographici}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131112101256/http://home.wanadoo.nl/eli.ichie/vivier.html Operum index.] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070704160547/http://mac-texier.ircam.fr/textes/c00002135/index.html De vita.] {{Lifetime |1948|1983|Vivier,Claudius}} [[Categoria:Clavilistae]] [[Categoria:Compositores Canadae]] [[Categoria:Ethnomusicologi]] [[Categoria:Homophylophilia]] [[Categoria:Poetae Canadae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Quebeci]] [[Categoria:Necati]] tpsn2i691ka1md59eicfw7znqoz77ha 0 191041 3980146 3979365 2026-08-10T01:05:07Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in LG.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Luneburgensi]] '''Circulus Luneburgensis'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Luneburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landreis Lüneburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Luneburgensis-e" ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Lüneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Lümborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Lüneburg''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et ad annum [[1945]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit et ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem. Caput circuli urbs [[Luneburgum]] est. == Historia == Ager circuli fuit pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto ducatu a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circulus conditus est, anno [[1929]] circulus pristinus Leopolitanus<ref name="Ebel 1960"/> Leneburgo adiunctus est. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Luneburgensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. == Communia circuli == Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt: * [[Adenthorpium]]<ref name="Höhbaum 1876">Höhbaum, K. (Ed.) (1876). ''Hansisches Urkundenbuch: Monumenta Germaniae Historica e codicibus diplomaticis Bremensibus et Luneburgensibus'' (Vol. I). Halis Saxonum: Typis Orphanotrophei.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Adendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Adendörp'') (10.288 incolae) * [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)|Leopolis]]<ref name="Ebel 1960">Ebel, W. (1960). ''Lübisches Recht: Erster Band''. Hansischer Geschichtsverein.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bleckede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bleikd'') (9.532) * [[Luneburgum]] urbs (70.438) * [[Praefectura Neohusana]]<ref name="Grupen II 1742">Grupen, C. U. (1742). ''Disceptationes Forenses cum Observationibus Juris: De originibus et iurisdictione praefecturarum ditionis Brunsvicensis (Caput de Praefectura Neohusana)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae: Förster.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Amt Neuhaus'') (4.830) * [[Amelinghusium (commune generale)|Amelinghusium]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'') (8.259) ** [[Amelinghusium]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'') (3.962) ** [[Betzendorfum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702">Bünting, H., & Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Betzendorfum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bätzendörp'') (1.156) ** [[Oldendorf (Luya)|Oldendorf]] (985) ** [[Rehlingen]] (712) ** [[Soderstorf]] (1.444) * [[Bardenuvicum (commune generale)|Bardenuvicum]] ([[Theodisce]] ''Bardowick''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bewick'') (16.584) ** [[Bardenuvicum]] ([[Theodisce]] ''Bardowick''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bewick'') (sedes administrationis et oppidum, 6.473) ** [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]]<ref name="Mindermann I II 2004">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2004). ''Verdener Urkundenbuch, 1. Abteilung, Band 2: 1300–1380''. Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boorn'') (1.828) ** [[Handorf]] (1.953) ** [[Mechtersen]] (662) ** [[Radbruch]] (1.970) ** [[Vögelsen]] (2.255) ** [[Wittorf]] (1.443) * [[Dalenburgum (commune generale)|Dalenburgum]]<ref name="Rzihacek & Spreitzer XI 2024">Rzihacek, A., & Spreitzer, F. (Ed.) (2024). ''Die Urkunden Otto IV (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus XI). Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlenborg'') (6.150) ** [[Boitzia]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859">Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Boitze''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhtz'') (393) ** [[Dalemia]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688">Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlem'') (599) ** [[Dalenburgum]]<ref name="Rzihacek & Spreitzer XI 2024"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlenborg'') (sedes administrationis et oppidum, 3351) ** [[Nahrendorf]] (1.236) ** [[Tosterglope]] (571) * [[Gellersen (commune generale)|Gellersen]] (12.849) ** [[Kirchgellersen]] (2.279) ** [[Reppenstedt]] (sedes administrationis, 7.210) ** [[Südergellersen]] (1.602) ** [[Westergellersen]] (1758) * [[Ilmenau (commune generale)|Ilmenau]] (10.486) ** [[Barnstedum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'') (747) ** [[Embsen]] (2.630) ** [[Everinga]]<ref name="-ingaEvern">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum mediaevali formae huius toponymi ''Everinge'' testatae applicatur. Quo de mediaevali toponymo, vide: Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (1998). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil I)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsch Evern''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düütsch Äwern'')</small> (3.736) ** [[Melbeck]] (sedes administrationis, 3.373) * [[Ostheide (commune generale)|Ostheide]] (10.178) ** [[Barunvilla]]<ref name="SdaedhdlM 1862">Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle (1862). ''Mémoires de la Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle: Année 1860–1861''. Rousseau-Pallez.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Barendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borendörp'') (sedes administrationis, 2.418) ** [[Neetze]] (2.583) ** [[Reinstorf]] (1.290) ** [[Thomasburg]] (1.291) ** [[Vastorf]] (815) ** [[Wendisch Evern]] (1.781) * [[Scharnebeck (commune generale)|Scharnebeck]] (15.091) ** [[Artlenburgum]]<ref name="Baring 1746">Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Artlenburg'') (1.610) ** [[Britlinga]]<ref name="Udolph 2004">Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Brietlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brietl'') (3.319) ** [[Echem]] (1.017) ** [[Hittbergen]] (912) ** [[Hohnstorf (Albis)|Hohnstorf]] (2.408) ** [[Lüdersburg]] (624) ** [[Rullstorf]] (1.880) ** [[Scharnebeck]] (sedes administrationis, 3.321) ==Notae== <references /> {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{geo-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Luneburgensis circulus}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1885]] mswsu8ml0cjjag78w7q1m753wic9mhu 3980159 3980146 2026-08-10T01:28:41Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in LG.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Luneburgensi]] '''Circulus Luneburgensis'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Luneburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landreis Lüneburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Luneburgensis-e" ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Lüneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Lümborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Lüneburg''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et ad annum [[1945]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit et ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem. Caput circuli urbs [[Luneburgum]] est. == Historia == Ager circuli fuit pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto ducatu a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circulus conditus est, anno [[1929]] circulus pristinus Leopolitanus<ref name="Ebel 1960"/> Leneburgo adiunctus est. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Luneburgensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. == Communia circuli == Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt: * [[Adenthorpium]]<ref name="Höhbaum 1876">Höhbaum, K. (Ed.) (1876). ''Hansisches Urkundenbuch: Monumenta Germaniae Historica e codicibus diplomaticis Bremensibus et Luneburgensibus'' (Vol. I). Halis Saxonum: Typis Orphanotrophei.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Adendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Adendörp'') (10.288 incolae) * [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)|Leopolis]]<ref name="Ebel 1960">Ebel, W. (1960). ''Lübisches Recht: Erster Band''. Hansischer Geschichtsverein.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bleckede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bleikd'') (9.532) * [[Luneburgum]] urbs (70.438) * [[Praefectura Neohusana]]<ref name="Grupen II 1742">Grupen, C. U. (1742). ''Disceptationes Forenses cum Observationibus Juris: De originibus et iurisdictione praefecturarum ditionis Brunsvicensis (Caput de Praefectura Neohusana)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae: Förster.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Amt Neuhaus'') (4.830) * [[Amelinghusium (commune generale)|Amelinghusium]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'') (8.259) ** [[Amelinghusium]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'') (3.962) ** [[Betzendorfum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702">Bünting, H., & Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Betzendorfum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bätzendörp'') (1.156) ** [[Oldendorf (Luya)|Oldendorf]] (985) ** [[Rehlingen]] (712) ** [[Soderstorf]] (1.444) * [[Bardenuvicum (commune generale)|Bardenuvicum]] ([[Theodisce]] ''Bardowick''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bewick'') (16.584) ** [[Bardenuvicum]] ([[Theodisce]] ''Bardowick''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bewick'') (sedes administrationis et oppidum, 6.473) ** [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]]<ref name="Mindermann I II 2004">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2004). ''Verdener Urkundenbuch, 1. Abteilung, Band 2: 1300–1380''. Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boorn'') (1.828) ** [[Handorf]] (1.953) ** [[Mechtersen]] (662) ** [[Radbruch]] (1.970) ** [[Vögelsen]] (2.255) ** [[Wittorf]] (1.443) * [[Dalenburgum (commune generale)|Dalenburgum]]<ref name="Rzihacek & Spreitzer XI 2024">Rzihacek, A., & Spreitzer, F. (Ed.) (2024). ''Die Urkunden Otto IV (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus XI). Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlenborg'') (6.150) ** [[Boitzia]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859">Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Boitze''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhtz'') (393) ** [[Dalemia]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688">Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlem'') (599) ** [[Dalenburgum]]<ref name="Rzihacek & Spreitzer XI 2024"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlenborg'') (sedes administrationis et oppidum, 3351) ** [[Nahrendorf]] (1.236) ** [[Tosterglope]] (571) * [[Gellersen (commune generale)|Gellersen]] (12.849) ** [[Kirchgellersen]] (2.279) ** [[Reppenstedt]] (sedes administrationis, 7.210) ** [[Südergellersen]] (1.602) ** [[Westergellersen]] (1758) * [[Ilmenavia (commune generale)|Ilmenavia]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> [[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ilmenau'') (10.486) ** [[Barnstedum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'') (747) ** [[Embsen]] (2.630) ** [[Everinga]]<ref name="-ingaEvern">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum mediaevali formae huius toponymi ''Everinge'' testatae applicatur. Quo de mediaevali toponymo, vide: Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (1998). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil I)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsch Evern''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düütsch Äwern'')</small> (3.736) ** [[Melbeck]] (sedes administrationis, 3.373) * [[Ostheide (commune generale)|Ostheide]] (10.178) ** [[Barunvilla]]<ref name="SdaedhdlM 1862">Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle (1862). ''Mémoires de la Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle: Année 1860–1861''. Rousseau-Pallez.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Barendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borendörp'') (sedes administrationis, 2.418) ** [[Neetze]] (2.583) ** [[Reinstorf]] (1.290) ** [[Thomasburg]] (1.291) ** [[Vastorf]] (815) ** [[Wendisch Evern]] (1.781) * [[Scharnebeck (commune generale)|Scharnebeck]] (15.091) ** [[Artlenburgum]]<ref name="Baring 1746">Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Artlenburg'') (1.610) ** [[Britlinga]]<ref name="Udolph 2004">Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Brietlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brietl'') (3.319) ** [[Echem]] (1.017) ** [[Hittbergen]] (912) ** [[Hohnstorf (Albis)|Hohnstorf]] (2.408) ** [[Lüdersburg]] (624) ** [[Rullstorf]] (1.880) ** [[Scharnebeck]] (sedes administrationis, 3.321) ==Notae== <references /> {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{geo-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Luneburgensis circulus}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1885]] j5c6wyr6hzfv889pez6tyqz3jg6gr3i 3980160 3980159 2026-08-10T01:29:08Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in LG.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Luneburgensi]] '''Circulus Luneburgensis'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Luneburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landreis Lüneburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Luneburgensis-e" ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Lüneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Lümborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Lüneburg''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et ad annum [[1945]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit et ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem. Caput circuli urbs [[Luneburgum]] est. == Historia == Ager circuli fuit pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto ducatu a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circulus conditus est, anno [[1929]] circulus pristinus Leopolitanus<ref name="Ebel 1960"/> Leneburgo adiunctus est. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Luneburgensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. == Communia circuli == Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt: * [[Adenthorpium]]<ref name="Höhbaum 1876">Höhbaum, K. (Ed.) (1876). ''Hansisches Urkundenbuch: Monumenta Germaniae Historica e codicibus diplomaticis Bremensibus et Luneburgensibus'' (Vol. I). Halis Saxonum: Typis Orphanotrophei.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Adendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Adendörp'') (10.288 incolae) * [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)|Leopolis]]<ref name="Ebel 1960">Ebel, W. (1960). ''Lübisches Recht: Erster Band''. Hansischer Geschichtsverein.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bleckede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bleikd'') (9.532) * [[Luneburgum]] urbs (70.438) * [[Praefectura Neohusana]]<ref name="Grupen II 1742">Grupen, C. U. (1742). ''Disceptationes Forenses cum Observationibus Juris: De originibus et iurisdictione praefecturarum ditionis Brunsvicensis (Caput de Praefectura Neohusana)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae: Förster.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Amt Neuhaus'') (4.830) * [[Amelinghusium (commune generale)|Amelinghusium]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'') (8.259) ** [[Amelinghusium]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'') (3.962) ** [[Betzendorfum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702">Bünting, H., & Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Betzendorfum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bätzendörp'') (1.156) ** [[Oldendorf (Luya)|Oldendorf]] (985) ** [[Rehlingen]] (712) ** [[Soderstorf]] (1.444) * [[Bardenuvicum (commune generale)|Bardenuvicum]] ([[Theodisce]] ''Bardowick''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bewick'') (16.584) ** [[Bardenuvicum]] ([[Theodisce]] ''Bardowick''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bewick'') (sedes administrationis et oppidum, 6.473) ** [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]]<ref name="Mindermann I II 2004">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2004). ''Verdener Urkundenbuch, 1. Abteilung, Band 2: 1300–1380''. Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boorn'') (1.828) ** [[Handorf]] (1.953) ** [[Mechtersen]] (662) ** [[Radbruch]] (1.970) ** [[Vögelsen]] (2.255) ** [[Wittorf]] (1.443) * [[Dalenburgum (commune generale)|Dalenburgum]]<ref name="Rzihacek & Spreitzer XI 2024">Rzihacek, A., & Spreitzer, F. (Ed.) (2024). ''Die Urkunden Otto IV (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus XI). Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlenborg'') (6.150) ** [[Boitzia]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859">Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Boitze''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhtz'') (393) ** [[Dalemia]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688">Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlem'') (599) ** [[Dalenburgum]]<ref name="Rzihacek & Spreitzer XI 2024"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlenborg'') (sedes administrationis et oppidum, 3351) ** [[Nahrendorf]] (1.236) ** [[Tosterglope]] (571) * [[Gellersen (commune generale)|Gellersen]] (12.849) ** [[Kirchgellersen]] (2.279) ** [[Reppenstedt]] (sedes administrationis, 7.210) ** [[Südergellersen]] (1.602) ** [[Westergellersen]] (1758) * [[Ilmenavia (commune generale)|Ilmenavia]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ilmenau'') (10.486) ** [[Barnstedum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'') (747) ** [[Embsen]] (2.630) ** [[Everinga]]<ref name="-ingaEvern">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum mediaevali formae huius toponymi ''Everinge'' testatae applicatur. Quo de mediaevali toponymo, vide: Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (1998). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil I)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsch Evern''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düütsch Äwern'')</small> (3.736) ** [[Melbeck]] (sedes administrationis, 3.373) * [[Ostheide (commune generale)|Ostheide]] (10.178) ** [[Barunvilla]]<ref name="SdaedhdlM 1862">Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle (1862). ''Mémoires de la Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle: Année 1860–1861''. Rousseau-Pallez.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Barendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borendörp'') (sedes administrationis, 2.418) ** [[Neetze]] (2.583) ** [[Reinstorf]] (1.290) ** [[Thomasburg]] (1.291) ** [[Vastorf]] (815) ** [[Wendisch Evern]] (1.781) * [[Scharnebeck (commune generale)|Scharnebeck]] (15.091) ** [[Artlenburgum]]<ref name="Baring 1746">Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Artlenburg'') (1.610) ** [[Britlinga]]<ref name="Udolph 2004">Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Brietlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brietl'') (3.319) ** [[Echem]] (1.017) ** [[Hittbergen]] (912) ** [[Hohnstorf (Albis)|Hohnstorf]] (2.408) ** [[Lüdersburg]] (624) ** [[Rullstorf]] (1.880) ** [[Scharnebeck]] (sedes administrationis, 3.321) ==Notae== <references /> {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{geo-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Luneburgensis circulus}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1885]] p1obf17610rwux93ppxe0lb3jrsdtlw 0 196706 3979895 3750426 2026-08-09T21:07:46Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{taxobox |image = Koeh-156.jpg |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]] |unranked_classis = [[Monocotyledones]] |unranked_ordo = [[Commelinidae]] |ordo = [[Zingiberales]] |familia = [[Zingiberaceae]] |genus = ''[[Alpinia]]'' |species = '''''A. officinarum''''' |binomial = ''Alpinia officinarum'' |binomial_authority = [[Henricus Fletcher Hance|Hance]] |synonyms = ''Languas officinarum'' <small>(Hance) [[P.H.Hô]]</small> }} '''''Alpinia officinarum''''' ([[binomen]] ab [[Henricus Fletcher Hance|Henrico Fletcher Hance]] statutum) est planta generis ''[[Alpinia]]e'' et familiae [[Zingiberaceae|Zingiberacearum]] atque fons aromatis [[galanga minor|galangae minoris]] ([[galanga maior]] e specie ''[[Alpinia galanga]]'' provenit): rhizoma enim [[flavonol]] nomine [[galangin]] continet. Species est in provinciis [[Sinae (regio)|Sinicis]] [[Quantunia]] et [[Quansia]] necnon insula [[Hainania]] endemica. == Bibliographia == ; Fontes antiquiores * 1330 : {{ec|id=Hu|c=Hu Si-hui, ''[[Propria ad mensam Imperatoris principia]]'' (Paul D. Buell, Eugene N. Anderson, edd. et interprr., ''A Soup for the Qan: Chinese dietary medicine of the Mongol era as seen in Hu Szu-hui's Yin-shan cheng-yao'' [Londinii: Kegan Paul, 2000] vide indicem p. 679)}} ; Eruditio * {{Cite journal | last1 = So | first1 = F. V. | last2 = Guthrie | first2 = N. | last3 = Chambers | first3 = A. F. | last4 = Moussa | first4 = M. | last5 = Carroll | first5 = K. K. | title = Inhibition of human breast cancer cell proliferation and delay of mammary tumorigenesis by flavonoids and citrus juices | url = https://archive.org/details/nutrition-and-cancer_1996_26_2/page/167 | doi = 10.1080/01635589609514473 | journal = Nutrition and Cancer | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 167–181 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8875554 | pmc = }} * {{Cite journal | last1 = So | first1 = F. | last2 = Guthrie | first2 = N. | last3 = Chambers | first3 = A. F. | last4 = Carroll | first4 = K. K. | title = Inhibition of proliferation of estrogen receptor-positive MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by flavonoids in the presence and absence of excess estrogen | doi = 10.1016/S0304-3835(96)04557-0 | journal = Cancer Letters | volume = 112 | issue = 2 | pages = 127–133 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9066718| pmc = }} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Alpinia officinarum}} {{Wikispecies|Alpinia officinarum}} {{Fontes biologici}} * "[http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?lang=en&channelid=1288&searchword=herb_id=D00507 Alpinia officinarum Hance]" apud ''Medicinal Plant Images Database'' ([[Universitas Baptistarum Hongcongensis]]) * "[http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?channelid=35734&searchword=herb_id=D00660 高良薑, Lesser Galangal Rhizome, Gao Liang Jiang]" apud ''Chinese Medicine Specimen Database'' {{Biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Alpinia]] [[Categoria:Galanga]] [[Categoria:Plantae medicinales]] [[Categoria:Plantae edules]] [[Categoria:Taxa Hance]] [[Categoria:Species plantarum]] [[Categoria:Fruges Asiae orientalis]] 8oacjy0005kr4hc2bp5kz12it5k4cro 0 197536 3980036 3978689 2026-08-09T23:33:08Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980036 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Wm james.jpg|thumb|[[Gulielmus James]] (1842–1910) fuit [[psychologus]] et [[philosophus]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]].<ref name="Berger">Arthur S. Berger et Joyce Berger, ''The Encyclopedia of Parapsychology and Psychical Research'' (Paragon House Publishers, 1991). ISBN 1557780439.</ref>]] [[Fasciculus:Cartas Zener.svg|thumb|200px|Primae investigationes parapsychologicae [[chartae Zeneranae|chartas Zeneranas]] experimentis ad probandam exsistentiam [[telepathia|communicationis telepathicae]] designatis adhibuerunt.]] [[Fasciculus:Ganzfeld.jpg|thumb|200px|Participes [[experimentum totius campi|experimenti totius campi]]<!--Ganzfeld e.-->, via investigationis quae secundum suasores parapsychologiae indicia [[telepathia]]e exhibet.]]<!-- [[Fasciculus:Hudson Thomson Jay.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Thomson Jay Hudson]] was Chief Examiner of the US Patent Office and Psychical researcher, known for his three laws of psychic phenomena, which were first published in 1893.]] --> [[Fasciculus:Paraghost.gif|thumb|Fabricatae [[manes|manium]] imagines populo gratissimae [[saeculum 19|saeculo undevicensimo]] erant.]] [[Fasciculus:James Randi crop.jpg|thumb|[[Iacobus Randi]], [[magia (dolus)|magus scaenicus]] et [[scepticus scientificus]], monstravit [[magia (dolus)|dolos magicos]] nonnullas res [[anima|psychicas animo conceptas]] stimulare vel imitari posse.]] '''Parapsychologia''' (ex vocibus [[Graece|Graecis]] ''para'' 'ad, prope, propter, iuxta' + ''[[psychologia]]''), etiam '''res [[psi]]''' vel adeo '''[[phaenomenon]] psi,''' est [[disciplina academica]] ad [[psychologia]]m cognata, a [[Maximus Dessoir|Maximo Dessoir]], [[philosophus|philosopho]], [[psychologus]] et theorista [[aesthetica]]e [[Germania|Germanico]] circa [[1889]] nominatum. [[Nomen substantivum|Nomen]] a [[J. B. Rhine]] in loco nominis ''investigationis psychicae'' [[decennium 194|decennio 194]] ascitum est.<ref name=Melton>{{Cite book|last=Melton |first=J. G. | title=Parapsychology. In Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofoc00jgor |publisher=Thomson Gale |year=[[1996]] |pages= |isbn=9780810394872}}.</ref> Parapsychologi variis rebus ut videntur [[paranormalis|paranormalibus]] student, inter quas [[telepathia]], [[praecognitio]], ''[[clairvoyance]],'' [[psychokinesis]], [[experientia prope mortem|experientiae prope mortem]], [[proiectura astralis]], [[reincarnatio]], et [[experientia apparitionalis|experientiae apparitionales]]. Investigatio parapsychologiae in circa triginta [[civitas|civitates]] geritur, praecipue in [[laboratorium|laboratorio]] et campo per institutiones privatas et [[universitas|universitates]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koestler-parapsychology.psy.ed.ac.uk/|title=Koestler Parapsychology Unit|accessdate=[[27 Septembris]] [[2013]]|publisher=University of Edinburgh}}.</ref> Unitates privatim [[pecunia]] sustentae in partibus psychologiae in universitatibus in [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regno]] hodie sunt inter unitates industriissimas.<ref name=Odling-Smee2007>Lucy Odling-Smee, "The lab that asked the wrong questions," ''Nature,'' 446(7131):10–11 ([[1 Martii]] [[2007]]), PMID 17330012, doi:10.1038/446010a, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070630213439/http://intl.emboj.org/nature/journal/v446/n7131/full/446010a.html Textus.]<!-- quote=[Outside the US] the field is livelier. Britain is a lead player, with privately funded labs at the universities of Edinburgh, Northampton and Liverpool Hope, among others.--> bibcode: 2007Natur.446...10O.</ref> In [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis]], exspectatio investigationis maxime populo [[decennium 198|decennio 198]] grata est, et investigatio in universitatibus condita tum decrevit, quamquam institutiones privatae [[pecunia]] ex donis iam accipiunt.<ref>"The status of paranormal research in the United States is now at an all-time low, after a relative surge of interest in the 1970s. Money continues to pour from philanthropic sources to private institutions, but any chance of credibility depends on ties with universities, and only a trickle of research now persists in university labs" (Odling-Smee 2007).</ref> Cum investigationes parapsychologicae in normativis [[periodicum|periodicis]] [[academia|academicis]] aliquando apparerent, plurimum investigationum recentium in paucis periodicis aedicularibus profertur.<ref>"But parapsychologists are still limited to publishing in a small number of niche journals" (Odling-Smee 2007).</ref> Inter [[periodicum|periodica academica]] quae parapsychologiam tractant sunt ''[[Journal of Parapsychology]]'', ''[[Journal of Near-Death Studies]]'', ''[[Journal of Consciousness Studies]]'', ''[[Journal of the Society for Psychical Research]],'' et ''[[Journal of Scientific Exploration]]''. Critici arguunt menda [[methodologia|methodologica]] manifestas res prosperas explanare posse,<ref name=prtr>{{cite web|last=Hyman|first=R.|authorlink=|coauthors=|title=Parapsychological research: A tutorial review and critical appraisal|work =|publisher=|date=|url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/login.jsp?url=/iel5/5/31362/01457825.pdf?arnumber=1457825}}.</ref> unde [[scientia (ratio)|scientificus]] parapsychologiae status strenue disputatus est.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Flew|first=Antony|year=[[1982]]|publication-date=|contribution=Parapsychology: Science or Pseudoscience?|editor-last=Grim|editor-first=Patrick |title=Philosophy of Science and the Occult}}.</ref> Multi [[scientia (ratio)|scientistae]] hanc habent disciplinam [[scientia falsa|scientiam falsam]], dicentes parapsychologos perseverare etiamsi ei certissima facultatum psychicarum indicia plus quam [[centum]] annos indagationis non iam demonstraverunt.<ref name="Cordón">{{Cite book|author=Cordón, Luis A. |title=Popular psychology: an encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/popularpsycholog0000cord |publisher= [[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]] |location=Westport Connecticutae |year=[[2005]] |page= [https://archive.org/details/popularpsycholog0000cord/page/182 182]|isbn=0313324573 |quote=The essential problem is that a large portion of the scientific community, including most research psychologists, regards parapsychology as a pseudoscience, due largely to its failure to move beyond null results in the way science usually does. Ordinarily, when experimental evidence fails repeatedly to support a hypothesis, that hypothesis is abandoned. Within parapsychology, however, more than a century of experimentation has failed even to conclusively demonstrate the mere existence of paranormal phenomenon, yet parapsychologists continue to pursue that elusive goal.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bunge, Mario|title=A skeptic's beliefs and disbeliefs|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-ideas-in-psychology_1991_9_2/page/131|journal=New Ideas in Psychology|volume=9|issue=2|year=1991|pages=131–149|doi=10.1016/0732-118X(91)90017-G}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Blitz, David|title=The line of demarcation between science and nonscience: The case of psychoanalysis and parapsychology|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-ideas-in-psychology_1991_9_2/page/163|journal=New Ideas in Psychology|volume=9|year=1991|issue=2|pages=163–170|doi=10.1016/0732-118X(91)90020-M}}.</ref> {{NexInt}} *[[Campus L]] *[[Somnium veridicum]] *[[Speculum Kozyrevianum]] ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Bibliographia== *Bender, Hans. [[1974]]. ''Parapsychologie: Entwicklung, Ergebnisse, Probleme.'' Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. ISBN 3534006283. *Berger, Arthur S., et Joyce Berger. [[1991]]. ''The Encyclopedia of Parapsychology and Psychical Research.'' Paragon House Publishers. ISBN 1557780439. *Broughton, Richard S. [[1992]]. [http://www.amazon.com/Parapsychology-Richard-S-Phd-Broughton/dp/0345379586 ''Parapsychology.''] Ballantine Books ISBN 0345379586. *Henry, Jane. [[2005]]. ''[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=EaIhapm-4UgC&pg=PP5&lpg=PP5&dq=%22Parapsychology:+Research+on+Exceptional+Experiences%22+%22Jane+Henry%22&source=bl&ots=tReXJKfiIh&sig=IIE8o603PaUPxN2RT21gedmeoP8&hl=en&ei=k_VKSpL6HIvkNduOrJsB&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1 Parapsychology: research on exceptional experiences]'' Routledge. *Holzer, Hans. [[2003]]. ''The Supernatural: Explaining the Unexplained.'' Franklin Lakes Novae Caesareae: New Page Books. *Houran, James. [[2001]]. ''Hauntings and Poltergeists: Multidisciplinary Perspectives.'' McFarland & Company. ISBN 0786409843. *Irwin, Harvey J., et Caroline A. Watt. [[2007]]. ''An Introduction to Parapsychology.'' McFarland & Company. ISBN 9780786430598. *Marks, David. [[1982]]. ''The Psychology of the Psychic.'' Ed. 2a. Novi Eboraci: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1573927988. *Radin, Dean. [[2001]]. ''The Conscious Universe: The Scientific Truth of Psychic Phenomena.'' Harper. *Radin, Dean. [[2006]]. ''Entangled Minds: Extrasensory Experiences in a Quantum Reality.'' Paraview Pocket Books. ISBN 9781416516774. *[[Iacobus Randi|Randi, James]]. [[1982]]. ''Flim-Flam! Psychics, ESP, Unicorns, and Other Delusions.'' Prometheus Books. ISBN 0345409469. *[[Iacobus Randi|Randi, James]], et [[Arthurus C. Clarke|Arthur C. Clarke]]. [[1997]]. ''An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural.'' St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0312151195. *Roth, Remo F. [[2011]]. ''Return of the World Soul: Wolfgang Pauli, C.G. Jung and the Challenge of Psychophysical Reality.'' Pari Publishing. ISBN 9788895604121. *[[Carolus Sagan|Sagan, Carl]], et Anne Druyan. [[1997]]. ''The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark.'' Ballantine Books. ISBN 0345409469 *Shepard, Leslie. [[2000]]. [http://www.amazon.com/Encyclopedia-Occultism-Parapsychology-Leslie-Shepard/dp/0810385708/ref=sr_1_15/104-0432038-4451952?ie=UTF8&s=books&qisbn=1183347101&sr=8-15 ''Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology.''] Thomson Gale. ISBN 9780810385702. *Thalbourne, Michael A., et Lance Storm. [[2005]]. ''[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=YxDddIkpmnYC&dq=Parapsychology+in+the+Twenty-First+Century:+Essays+on+the+future+of+Psychical+Research&source=gbs_navlinks_s Parapsychology in the twenty-first century: essays on the future of psychical research,]'' McFarland. *Wiseman, Richard, et Caroline A. Watt. [[2005]]. [http://www.amazon.com/Parapsychology-International-Library-Psychology-Richard/dp/0754624501/ref=pd_bbs_9/104-0432038-4451952?ie=UTF8&s=books&qisbn=1183347101&sr=8-9'' Parapsychology.''] International Library of Psychology. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 9780754624509. ==Nexus externi== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110902001751/http://www.csicop.org/ Committee for Skeptical Inquiry,] scicop.org <!--formed in 1976 to promote scientific skepticism and encourage the critical investigation of paranormal claims and parapsychology--> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100310213612/http://www.parapsych.org/index.html Consociatio Parapsychologicalam] www.parapsych.org <!--organization of scientists and scholars engaged in the study of psychic phenomena, affiliated with the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1969--> * [http://www.noetic.org/ Institutum Scientiarum Noeticarum] www.noetic.org<!--nonprofit organization that sponsors research in parapsychology--> * [http://www.rhine.org Locus Investigationis Rhinensis,] www.rhine.org <!--historical parapsychological research center featuring the first building ever made for experimental work in parapsychology. Rhine Research Center is a hub for research and education in parapsychology--> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080112045008/http://findarticles.com/p/search?qt=parapsychology Multi commentarii de parapsychologia,] findarticles.com <!--from publications such as the ''Journal of Parapsychology'' and the ''Skeptical Inquirer''--> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140508224826/http://www.medicine.virginia.edu/clinical/departments/psychiatry/sections/cspp/dops Pars studiorum perceptionis,] www.medicine.virginia.edu (University of Virginia School of Medicine) * [http://www.spr.ac.uk/ Societas Investigationis Psychicae,] www.spr.ac.uk <!--Founded in 1882, the SPR was the first society to conduct organised scholarly research into parapsychology and other human experiences that challenge contemporary scientific models. It continues its work today--> * [http://www.randi.org/site/ Societas Fundata Educationalis Iacobi Randi,] www.randi.org <!--James Randi Education Foundation, founded to promote critical thinking in the areas of the supernatural and paranormal; has provided skeptical views in the area of parapsychology--> *{{dmoz|Science/Social_Sciences/Psychology/Alternative/Parapsychology/}} [[Categoria:Parapsychologia]] {{Myrias|Philosophia}} d4cingbasm1j19aa5zdo2ay2zgh4wq1 0 197543 3979951 3155492 2026-08-09T22:05:46Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979951 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nontheismus''' est quaelibet ex multis [[anima|animis]] [[religio]]sis<ref name=Williams>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/1384088|last=Williams|first=J. Paul|coauthors=Horace L. Friess|title=The Nature of Religion|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-for-the-scientific-study-of-religion_fall-1962_2_1/page/3|journal=Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion|year=[[1962]]|volume=2|issue=1|pages=3–17|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|jstor=1384088}}.</ref> et non religiosis<ref>{{cite web|last=Starobin|first=Paul|title=The Godless Rise As A Political Force|url=http://www.lexisnexis.com/uk/nexis/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=7V5R-2GB0-YBW6-F3TT&csi=8022&oc=00240&perma=true|publisher=The National Journal|accessdate=[[29 Iulii]] [[2010]]}}.</ref> quarum principalis [[proprietas (physica)|proprietas]] est absentia vel reiectio [[theismus|theismi]] vel cuiuslibet [[fides|fidei]] [[deus personalis|dei personalis]] vel [[dei|deorum personalium]]. Valet [[nomen substantivum|nomen]] pro [[nomen umbellae|nomine umbellae]]<!--umbrella term--> ad ratiocinandas varias animas distinctas tantumque mutuo proprias per respectus [[naturalismus (philosophia)|naturalisticos]] coniunctas, inter quas [[agnosticismus]], [[atheismus]], [[ignosticismus]], [[scepticismus]]. Adhibetur nomen in campis [[apologetica Christiana|apologeticarum Christianarum]] et generalis [[Christianitas Liberalis|theologiae liberalis]]. Aliquando idem ac [[nomen substantivum|nomen]] ''atheismus'' significans, animas amplectitur fidei [[deitas|deitatis]] non personalis, ut in [[deismus|deismo]] et [[pantheismus|pantheismo]]. {{NexInt}} {| | * [[Amicus nontheisticus]] * [[Apatheismus]] * [[Cultura ethica]] * [[Cogitatio libera]]<!--freethought--> * [[Deconstructio et religio]] * [[Falsifiabilitas]] * [[Humanismus saecularis]] * [[Iainismus et noncreationismus]] | * ''[[Language, Truth, and Logic]]'' * [[Mu (negativum)]] * [[Nondualismus]] * [[Notiones Dei]] * [[Pantheismus naturalisticus]] * [[Transcendentalismus]] * [[Transtheistica]] |} ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Nexus externus== * [http://nontheism.org/ Situs publicus,] nontheism.org {{philo-stipula}} {{reli-stipula}} [[Categoria:Nontheismus| ]] {{Myrias|Philosophia}} dkx3ld4z10pmueb6nqqho36tgmaw5tq 0 197547 3979988 3978824 2026-08-09T22:53:15Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 4 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979988 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Carl Sagan Planetary Society.JPG|thumb|[[Carolus Sagan]], qui notionem ''scepticismum scientificum'' excogitavit.]] '''Scepticismus scientificus''' est tractatio interrogandi num postulationes ab [[investigatio empirica|investigatione empirica]] sustineantur et [[reproducibilitas|reproducibilitatem]] habeant, ut pars norma [[ratio]]nis<!--methodological--> quae "confirmatam [[scientia (ratio)|scientiam]] porrectam" sequitur.<ref>[[Anglice]] "the extension of certified knowledge." {{citation | last = Stemwedel | first = Janet D. | url = http://scienceblogs.com/ethicsandscience/2008/01/29/basic-concepts-the-norms-of-sc | title = Basic concepts: the norms of science | date = [[29 Ianuarii]] [[2008]] | format = blog | work = ScienceBlogs: Adventures in Ethics and Science | publisher = Seed Media Group}}: locus in [[Robertus K. Merton]] (1942).</ref> Exempli gratia, [[Robertus K. Merton]] adfirmat omnes notiones temptandas et in dicione severae et aedificatae communitatis perscrutationis esse<!-- (vide commentarium de [[normae Mertonianae|normis Mertonianis]]).--><ref>{{cite book | last = Merton | first = R. K. | date = [[1942]] | title = The Normative Structure of Science}} in {{cite book | chapter = The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations | last = Merton | first = Robert King | date = [[1973]]| publisher = University of Chicago Press | location= Sicagi |isbn= 9780226520919}}.</ref> ==De nomine et eius campus== Scepticismus scientificus etiam appellatus '''scepticismus rationalis,''' et aliquando '''inquisitio sceptica.'''<!--skeptical inquiry--> Nomen ''scepticismus scientificus'' videtur ortus esse ''scientific skepticism,'' nomine [[Anglice|Anglico]], in operibus [[Carolus Sagan|Caroli Sagan]], primum ''[[Contact (novel)| Contact]]'' (p. 306), et iterum in ''[[Billions and Billions]]'' (p. 135) adhibitum.<ref>{{cite book | last = Sagan | first = Carl | authorlink = Carl Sagan | title = Contact | publisher = Orbit| year = [[1997]] | location = | pages = 432| url = | isbn = 1857235800}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Sagan | first = Carl | authorlink = Carl Sagan | title = Billions and Billions: Thoughts on Life and Death at the Brink of the Millennium | publisher = Ballantine Books | year = [[1998]] | location = | pages = 320| url =https://archive.org/details/billionsbillions00saga_0| isbn = 0345379187}}.</ref> Scepticismus scientificus, [[filia]] [[empirismus|empirismi]], [[realismus Platonicus|realismum Platonicum]] penitus reicit. Scepticismus scientificus distinguitur a [[scepticismus philosophicus|scepticismo philotophico]], qui interrogat nostram facultatem postulandi ullam scientiam de rerum [[natura]] et quomodo eam percipimus. [[Dubitatio Cartesiana|Scepticismus methodologicus]], systematica dubitationis ratio de [[veritas|veritate]] nostrarum [[fides|fidum]], similis sed distincta est. Scepticismus scientificus [[empirismus|empirismum]] amplectitur; in [[scientia socialis|scientia sociali]], scepticismus scientificus sic movere solet ad [[positivismus|positivistum]] [[spectrum (frequentia)|spectri]] [[disputatio positivismi|disputationis poisitivismi]] finem, necessario reiciens [[antipositivismus|antipositivismum]] et [[investigatio qualitatis|investigationem qualitatis]], cum aliis investigationis generibus quae non sequuntur regularem<!--rule-based--> [[ratio scientifica|rationis scientificae]]<!--s. method--> formam ut "inscientifica" vel non scientifica. ''Novus Scepticismus'' a [[Paulus Kurtz|Paulo Kurtz]] descriptus, quippe etiam est scepticismus scientificus.<ref> {{cite book | last = Kurtz | first = Paul | authorlink = Paulus Kurtz | title = The New Skepticism: Inquiry and Reliable Knowledge | publisher = [[Prometheus Books | Prometheus]] | year = [[1992]] | location = | pages = [https://archive.org/details/newskepticisminq0000kurt/page/371 371] | url =https://archive.org/details/newskepticisminq0000kurt| isbn = 0879757663}}.</ref> [[Magia (dolus)|Magus]] [[Iacobulus Ioannes Swiss]]<!--Jamy Ian Swiss--> dixit scepticismum scientificum tractare de "quomodo cogitare, non quod cogitare."<ref>[[Anglice]] "how to think, not what to think." {{cite web | last = Swiss | first = Jamy Ian | title = Overlapping Magisteria | url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DIiznLE5Xno | publisher = James Randi Educational Foundation | accessdate = [[5 Septembris]] [[2013]]}}.</ref> ==Prospectus== Sceptici scientifici credunt [[empirismus|empiricam]] [[realitas|realitatis]] investigationem ad [[veritas|veritatem]] ducere, et [[ratio scientifica|rationem scientificam]]<!--s. method--> esse viam optimam ad hunc finem. Ut in severitate rationis scientificae, scientia ipsa simpliciter organizata scepticismi forma considerari potest. Hoc significat scepticum scientificum necessario esse scientistam qui experimenta viva non gerit (quamquam gerere potest), sed usitate postulationes quae [[probabilitas|probabiliter]] sua sententia sunt verae in [[hypothesis|hypothesibus]] quae temptari possunt et [[cogitatio critica|cogitatione eleganti]]<!--critical thinking--> conditur. Sceptici scientifici [[hypothesis|postulationes]] [[verifiabilitas|verifiabilitate]]{{dubsig}} et [[falsifiabilitas|falsifiabilitate]]{{dubsig}} existimare conantur, et postulationes in [[fides|fide]] vel [[indicia narratiuncularum|indiciis narratiuncularum]]{{dubsig}}<!--anecdotal evidence--> conditas acceptas dissuadent. Sceptici saepe animadvertunt postulationes quas ei putant incredibiles,<!--implausible--> dubias, vel plane contra [[scientia (ratio)|scientiam]] late acceptam. Sceptici scientifici non adfirmant postulationes inusitatas necessario reiectas esse (ratione ''[[a priori]]''), sed arguunt postulationes rerum paranormalium vel anomalarum temptari debere, postulationesque extraordinarias extraordinaria indicia adfirmantes exigere.<!--before they could be accepted as having validity.--> Ex [[cosmotheoria]] scientifica, coniecturae multis normis existimantur, inter quae falsifiabilitas, [[novacula de Ockham]], [[potestas rationis|potestas explanatoria]],<!--power of a method|explanatory power--> ac gradu quo eorum [[praedictio]]nes et eventus eorum [[experimentum|experimentorum]] congruunt. Scepticismus est pars [[ratio scientifica|rationis scientificae]]; exempli gratia, eventus experimenti constitutus non habetur donec libere iterari possit.<ref>{{cite web | last = Wudka | first = Jose | title = What is the scientific method? | work = | publisher = | year = [[1998]] | url = http://physics.ucr.edu/~wudka/Physics7/Notes_www/node6.html#SECTION02121000000000000000 | format = | doi =| accessdate = [[4 Septembris]] [[2013]]}}.</ref> Secundum principia [[scepticismus|scepticismis]], exemplar optimum est omnem hominem res statuere posse pro se per [[indicia]]<!--evidence-->, contra obtestationem auctoritatis, aut scepticae aut non. Per quotidianum autem usum, hoc est difficile propter quantitatem gnaritatis nunc a [[scientia (ratio)|scientia]] possessae, et ergo maximi momenti est facultas cogitationis elegantis compensata cum aestimatione [[consensus scientificus|consensus inter scientistas qui ad rem diligentissime spectant]]. Non omnis marginum scientia est [[scientia falsa]]. Nonnulli qui suadent [[memoriae repressa|memorias repressas]] rationem scientificam diligenter adhibere et re vera certum earum gravitatis firmamentum repperiunt,<ref name=chu>{{cite journal | last=Chu | first=J. | last2 = Frey | first2 = L. | last3 = Ganzel | first3= B. | last4 = Matthews | first4 = J. | year = [[1999]] | month = May | title = Memories of childhood abuse: dissociation, amnesia, and corroboration | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_1999-05_156_5/page/749 | journal = American Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 156 | issue = 5 |pages = 749–55 | pmid = 10327909 | accessdate= [[16 Ianuari]] [[2008]]}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last= Duggal | first= S. | last2 = Sroufe | first2 = L. A. | year = [[1998]] | title = Recovered memory of childhood sexual trauma: A documented case from a longitudinal study | journal = Journal of Traumatic Stress | volume = 11 | issue = 2 |pages = 301–321| month = April | url = http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/klu/jots/1998/00000011/00000002/00423218 | accessdate = [[5 Septembris]] [[2013]] | doi = 10.1023/A:1024403220769 | pmid = 9565917}}.</ref><ref name = Freyd>{{cite book | last = Freyd | first = Jennifer J. | title = Betrayal Trauma - The Logic of Forgetting Childhood Abuse | url = https://archive.org/details/betrayaltraumalo0000frey | year = [[1996]] | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cantabrigiae Massachusettae | isbn = 067406805X}}.</ref> quamquam coniecturae [[consensus scientificus|consensum scientificum]] non iam acceperunt.<ref name = McNally2004>{{cite journal | last = McNally | first = R. J. | year = [[2004]] | title = The science and folklore of traumatic amnesia | journal = Clinical Psychology Science and Practice | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–33 | doi = 10.1093/clipsy/bph056}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = McNally | first = R. J. |title = Dispelling confusion about traumatic dissociative amnesia | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_mayo-clinic-proceedings_2007-09_82_9/page/1083 | journal = Mayo Clin. Proc. | volume = 82 | issue = 9 | pages = 1083–90 | year = [[2007]] | pmid = 17803876 | doi = 10.4065/82.9.1083}}.</ref><ref name = "pmid15279316">{{cite journal | last = McNally | first = R. J. | title = Is traumatic amnesia nothing but psychiatric folklore? | journal = Cogn Behav There | volume = 33 | issue = 2| pages = 97–101; discussion 102–4, 109–11 | year = [[2004]] | pmid = 15279316 | doi = 10.1080/16506070410021683}}.</ref><ref name = Debunking>{{cite journal | last = McNally | first = R. J. | title = Debunking myths about trauma and memory | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-psychiatry_2005-11_50_13/page/817 | journal = Can J Psychiatry | volume = 50 | issue = 13 | pages = 817–22 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16483114 | doi =}}.</ref> Sceptici empirici aut scientifici [[scepticismus philosophicus|scepticismum philosophicum]] non profitentur. Quoniam scepticus philosophicus ipsam gnaritatis existentiam negare potest, scepticus empiricus signa tantum probabilia petit antequm illam gnaritatem accipit. ==Exempla== [[Fasciculus:Master of the St Lucy Legend - Mary, Queen of Heaven- c. 1480 - c. 1510 (hi res).jpg|thumb|300px|Scientistae sceptici interrogant [[angelus|angelos]], qui hic [[Virgo Maria|Mariam Reginam Caeli]] circumveniunt, annis [[1480]]–[[1510]] pictos.]] Inter res quas [[litterae]] scientiae scientificae interrogant sunt postulationes [[salus|salutis]] quae certos [[cibus|cibos]], rationes,<!--procedures--> et [[medicina alterna|medicinam alternam]] sustinent; verisimilitudo<!--plausibility--> et [[realitas]] facultatum [[supernaturalis|supernaturalium]] (e.g., [[lectio tarot]]) vel entitates (e.g., ''[[poltergeist]],'' [[angelus|angeli]], [[deitas|dei]], inter quod [[Zeus]]); [[monstrum|monstra]] [[cryptozoologia|cryptozoologica]] (e.g., [[monstrum lacus Nesae]]); praeterea [[creationismus]] / [[descriptio intelligens]]<!--i. design-->, [[aquam divinans]]<!--dowsing-->, [[doctrina coniurationum|doctrinaes coniurationum]]<!--conspiracy theories-->, et aliae postulationes quam scepticus ob causas scientificas non probabiles considerat.<ref>{{cite book | first = Martin | last = Gardner | title = Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science | url = https://archive.org/details/fadsfallaciesint00gard | publisher = Dover | date = [[1957]] | isbn = 0486203948}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web | last =| first =| authorlink =| coauthors =| title = Skeptics Dictionary Alphabetical Index Abracadabra to Zombies | work = | publisher = skepdic.com | year = [[2007]] | url = http://skepdic.com/contents.html | accessdate = [[4 Septembris]] [[2013]]}}.</ref> [[Iacobus Randi]] et alii sceptici celeberrimi facti sunt quia postulations ad nonnullas harum spectantes refellunt, sed [[Iosephus Nickell]], investigator rerum paranormalium, monet ''debunkers'' postulationes paranormales serio et curare debere: qui arguit investigationem sine propensione animi probabiliorem esse [[mens|mentes]] mutare potius quam ''debunking.''<ref>{{citation | | last = Nickell | first = Joe | authorlink = Iosephus Nickell | title = Skeptical inquiry vs debunking | url = http://www.pointofinquiry.org/joe_nickell_skeptical_inquiry_vs_debunking/ | work = | publisher = | date = | accessdate = [[4 Septembris]] [[2013]]}}.</ref> Multi sceptici sunt [[atheismus|atheistae]] vel [[agnosticismus|agnostici]], et [[naturalismus (philosophia)|naturalisticae]] [[cosmotheoria]]e favent; nonnulli autem firmi sceptici scientiae falsae, inter quos [[Martinus Gardner]], eorem fidem deo commemoraverunt.<ref>{{cite web| last = Hansen | first = George P. | authorlink = George P. Hansen | title = CSICOP and the Skeptics: An Overview | work = | publisher = | year = [[1992]]| url = http://www.tricksterbook.com/ArticlesOnline/CSICOPoverview.htm| accessdate = [[5 Septembris]] [[2013]]}}.</ref> ===Scepticismus falsus=== Ricardus Cameron Wilson, in commentario in ''[[New Statesman]]'' prolato, scripsit nonnullos qui suadent [[fides]] abrogatas,<!--discredited intellectual positions--> sicut [[negatio AIDS]], [[negatio Holocausti]] et [[negatio calefactionis globalis]], se gerunt in moribus [[scepticismus falsus|scepticismi falsi]] cum ei se appellant scepticos quamquam ei "[[cerasi carptae|cerasos carpiunt]],"<!--calque on en:cherry picking--> indicia quae priori fidei obtemperant.<ref name=Wilson_NS>{{citation | url = http://www.newstatesman.com/ideas/2008/09/evidence-sceptic-hiv-bogus | first = Richard | last = Wilson | title = Against the Evidence | magazine = New Statesman | date = [[18 Septembris]] [[2008]] | accessdate = | issn = 13647431 | publisher = Progressive Media International}}.</ref> Apud Wilson, qui hanc rem in [[liber|libro]] ''Don't Get Fooled Again (2008),'' vehementius dicit, distincta scepticismi falsi proprietas est eius [[cor]] non esse aequabilem [[veritas|veritatis]] indagationem, sed defensionem [[praeiudicium|praeiudicati]] iudicii [[ideologia|ideologici]]."<ref>[[Anglice]]: "[it] centres not on an impartial search for the truth, but on the defence of a preconceived ideological position."</ref><ref name=Wilson_fooled>{{cite book | first = Richard C. | last = Wilson | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=ARNNLgAACAAJ& | title =Don't get fooled again: the sceptic's guide to life | publisher = Icon | | location = | date = [[2008]] | isbn = 9781848310148 | accessdate = [[4 Septembris]] [[2013]] | pages =}}.</ref> Qua pro causa scepticismus scientificus ipse aliquando detrectatur. Praeterea, locutio ''scepticismus falsus''<!--pseudoskepticism--> nonnumquam in campis controversis adhibetur ubi scientistae sceptici mendacia strenue provocant. Exempli gratia, anno [[1994]], Susan Blackmore, parapsychologa quae facta est scepticior et deinde anno [[1991]] se coniunxit cum [[CSICOP]], descripsit rem quam ea nominavit "pessimum scepticismi falsi genus."<ref>[[Anglice]] "worst kind of pseudoskepticism"</ref>: :"Sunt in gregibus scepticorum qui plane credant se verum respondum ante investigationem scire. Videntur ei operam non dare rebus alternis comparandis, postulationibus alienis investigandis, vel experientias psychicas vel status mutatos usu cognoscendas pro se (di meliora ferant!), sed solum conformatione et cohaerentia suarum fidum adiutis."<ref>[[Anglice]] "There are some members of the skeptics’ groups who clearly believe they know the right answer prior to inquiry. They appear not to be interested in weighing alternatives, investigating strange claims, or trying out psychic experiences or altered states for themselves (heaven forbid!), but only in promoting their own particular belief structure and cohesion." {{cite journal | first = J. E. | last = Kennedy | title = The capricious, actively evasive, unsustainable nature of psi: A summary and hypotheses | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-parapsychology_spring-2003_67_1/page/53 | journal = The Journal of Parapsychology | volume = 67 | pages = 53–74 | year = [[2003]].}} Vide Note 1 p. 64 de {{cite book | last = Blackmore | first = S. J. | year = [[1994]] | chapter = Women skeptics | | editor1-first = L. | | editor1-last = Coly | editor2-first = R. | editor2-last = White | title = Women and Parapsychology | pages = 234–236) | location = Novi Eboraci | publisher = Parapsychology Foundation}}.</ref> [[Robertus Todd Carroll]] in ''[[Skeptic's Dictionary]]''<ref>[http://skepdic.com/refuge/sheldrake.html Skepdic article on positive pseudo-skeptics]</ref> de nominibus "dogmatico" et "pathologico" quae Societas Investigationis Scepticae<ref name=SI>{{cite web |url=http://www.skepticalinvestigations.org/New/index.html |title=Skeptical Investigations|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130412230002/http://www.skepticalinvestigations.org/homepage.html|archivedate=April 12, 2013 |website=Association for Skeptical Investigation |accessdate=July 6, 2013}}</ref> criticis investigationum paranormalium tribuit, arguit illam societatem :esse gregem investigatorum et adiutorum paranormalium falso scepticorum qui magni non faciunt detrectationem investigationum paranormalium a vere sinceris scepticis et cogitatoribus criticis. Solus scepticismus quem hic grex adiuvat est scepticismus criticorum et [eorum] iudiciorum investigationum paranormalium.<ref>[[Anglice]] "is a group of pseudo-skeptical paranormal investigators and supporters who do not appreciate criticism of paranormal studies by truly genuine skeptics and critical thinkers. The only skepticism this group promotes is skepticism of critics and [their] criticisms of paranormal studies." [[Robertus Todd Carroll]] "[http://skepdic.com/refuge/sheldrake.html Internet Bunk: Skeptical Investigations]." ''[[Skeptic's Dictionary]].''</ref> ==Percepta scientiae false pericula== Skepticismus se postulationibus inusitatis vel mirabilibus dedit ubi [[dubitatio]] [[fides|fidei]] anteponitur cum indicia certa<!--conclusive--> carent. Sceptici usitate putant fidem [[hypothesis|hypothesi]] [[vita extranea|extraterrestriali]] et potestatibus [[psychismus|psychicis]] in errorem inductam, quia nulla [[indicium empiricum|indicia empirica]] talium rerum exstat. [[Plato]], [[philosophus]] [[Graecia antiqua|Graecus antiquus]], credidit liberare alium [[homo|hominem]] ab [[ignorantia]] quamquam is primum resistat esse grandem rem et nobilem.<ref>[[Allegoria speluncae]], Plato ''[[Res publica (Plato)|Respublica]],'' (New Cambridge University Press), conversus in Anglicum a Tom Griffith et G. R. F. Ferrari. ISBN 0-521-48443-X.</ref> Hodierni [[scriptor]]es sceptici se huic rei variis modis dedunt. [[Bertrandus Russell]] arguit actiones singulorum in fidibus hominis qui agit conditas esse, et cum fides per indicia non sustineantur, tales fides homines in actiones perniciosas inducere posse.<ref>{{cite web| last = Russell| first = Bertrand| authorlink =| coauthors =| title = On the Value of Scepticism| work = The Will To Doubt| publisher = Positive Atheism| year = [[1928]]| url = http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/russell4.htm| doi =| accessdate = [[19 Septembris]] [[2013]]}}.</ref> [[Iacobus Randi]] quoque saepe scribit de [[fraus|fraude]] a psychicis et [[fide sanator]]es{{dubsig}}<!--faith healer--> commissa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121102130115/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,149448,00.html Fighting Against Flimflam], [[Time (magazine)|TIME]], [[24 Iunii]] [[2001]].</ref> Ei qui alternam detrectant [[medicina]]m saepe indicant consilium improbum a suasoribus temerariis datum, quod in gravem iniuriam vel etiam [[mors|mortem]] inducere potest. [[Fasciculus:Richard dawkins lecture.jpg|thumb|''Ricardus Dawkins'' acroasim mense Iunio [[2006]] habet.]] [[Ricardus Dawkins]], insigniter in libro ''[[The God Delusion]],'' indicat [[religio]]nem fontem [[violentia]]e et putat [[creationismus|creationismum]] [[biologia]]e minitari.<ref name="sfgatedawkins">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120516080752/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2006%2F10%2F15%2FRVGH2LN2021.DTL Better living without God? - Religion is a dangerously irrational mirage, says Dawkins], ''San Francisco Chronicle,'' [[5 Septembris]] [[2013]].</ref> Nonnulli sceptici, sicut sodales [[podcast]] ''[[The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe]],'' certis cultibus et novis motibus religiosis adversantur ob sollicitudinem rerum quas ei [[miraculum|miracula]] falsa arbitrantur, a ducibus gregis effectarum vel confirmatarum.<ref>{{cite book| last = Langone| first = Michael D.| authorlink = Michael Langone| coauthors =| title = Recovery from Cults: Help for Victims of Psychological and Spiritual Abuse| publisher = W. Norton. American Family Foundation| date = Iunio [[1995]]| location =| pages = 432| url = http://books.google.com/?id=9xJDszg7cuwC&pg=PA5&lpg=PA1&dq=Recovery+from+Cults+(book| doi =| isbn = 0-393-31321-2 }}.</ref> Ei systemata fidei saepe detrectant quae ei putant idiosyncratica, ''bizarre,'' vel irrationalia. ==Notabilia media sceptica== <!--{{Vide etiam|Index scepticorum et sociatetum scepticarum}}--> ;Magazinae *''[[Skeptic]]'' (CFA) *''[[Skeptical Inquirer]]'' *''[[The Skeptic (magazina BR)|The Skeptic]]'' (BR) ;Programmata televisifica *''[[Penn & Teller: Bullshit!]]'' *''[[MythBusters]]'' *''[[Fact or Faked: Paranormal Files]]'' ;Podcasts *''[[The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe]] *''[[Skepticality]]'' *''[[Australian Skeptics#The Skeptic Zone|The Skeptic Zone]]'' *''[[Skeptoid]]'' *''[[Point of Inquiry]]'' *''[[For Good Reason]]'' {{NexInt}} {| | * [[Cogitatio critica]]<!--Critical thinking--> * [[Cogitatio libera]] * [[Empirismus]] * [[Inductivismus]] * [[Iustificationismus]] * [[Praeiudicium]] * [[Positivismus logicus]] * [[Replicatio eventuum]]<!--Replication of results]]--> | * [[Scientia falsa]] * [[Scepticismus]] * [[Scepticismus academicus]] * [[Sceptici Australiani]] * ''[[The Skeptic's Dictionary]]'' * [[Sceptisicmus philosophicus]] * [[SkeptiCamp]] * [[Snopes.com]]<!-- + * [[Philosophic burden of proof]] * [[Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]] (formerly CSICOP)--> |} ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Bibliographia== * [[Robertus Todd Carroll|Carroll, Robert Todd]]. [[2003]]. ''The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions.'' Novi Eboraci: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-27242-6. * [[Martinus Gardner|Gardner, Martin]]. [[1957]]. ''Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science.'' Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-20394-8. * [[Iacobus Randi|Randi, James]]. [[1982]]. ''Flim-Flam! Psychics, ESP, Unicorns, and Other Delusions.'' Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-345-40946-9. * [[Iacobus Randi|Randi, James]], et [[Arthurus C. Clarke]]. [[1997]]. ''An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural.'' St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0-312-15119-5. * [[Carolus Sagan|Sagan, Carl]], et Ann Druyan. [[1997]]. ''The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark.'' Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-40946-9. * [[Michael Shermer|Shermer, Michael]]. [[1997]]. ''Why People Believe Weird Things.'' St. Martins Griffin and Company. ISBN 978-0-8050-7089-7. ==Nexus externi== {{Wikiquote|Science#Scientific_scepticism|skepticismum scientiticum}} * [http://www.xenu.net/archive/baloney_detection.html Baloney Detection Kit,] www.xenu.net (Operation Clambake, 1998) <!--Based on the book ''The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark.'' (ISBN 0-345-40946-9--> * Carroll, Robert Todd. [http://skepdic.com "The Skeptic's Dictionary,"] skepdic.com<!--contains many articles on science, alternative medicine, pseudoscience, etc.--> * [http://www.theness.com/articles.asp Commentarii,] www.theness.com (''New England Skeptical Society Newsletter'') <!-- Includes articles on Homeopathy, Intelligent Design, and other pseudoscientific topics--> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081216230010/http://www.scientificexploration.org/jse/articles/pdf/12.4_martin.pdf Consilia pro scientistis dissentientibus,] www.scientificexploration.org <!-- Brian Martin, Society for Scientific Exploration,. Journal of Scientific Exploration, Vol. 12 No 4. 1998. ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]]), Strategies available for dissenting scientists.--> * [http://www.faqs.org/faqs/skeptic-faq FAQ,] www.faqs.org * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090808124635/http://csicop.org/si/2001-07/criticism.html Iudicium Proprium,] www.csicop.org <!-- Ray Hyman, Suggestions to upgrade the quality of Scientific skepticism--> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150812034525/http://www.skeptic-links.org/ Nexus qui se scepticis commendant,] skeptic.links.org * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100121034324/http://www3.wooster.edu/geology/FYSW/NonsenseFYS.html Nonsense (And Why It's So Popular),] www3.wooster.edu <!-- course syllabus from The College of Wooster--> * Shermer, Michael. [http://www.skeptic.com/about_us/manifesto.html "A skeptical manifesto,"] www.skeptic.com<!--philosophical analysis of scientific skepticism--> {{DEFAULTSORT:Skepticismus Scientificus}} [[Categoria:Scepticismus]] f3ovhc3zhackefn66474p38grotb3sb 0 197576 3980085 3873296 2026-08-10T00:08:24Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Blavatsky Olcott Mavalankar.jpg|thumb|[[Helena Blavatsky]] post Henricum Steele Olcott (media parte, sedens) et [[Damodar K. Mavalankar]] (ad eius laevam sedens) in [[urbs|urbe]] [[Mumbai]] anno [[1881]] stat.]] {{Res|Henricus Steele Olcott}} ([[Lingua Singhalensis|Singhalense]] කර්නල් හෙන්රි ස්ටීල් ඔල්කට්; [[2 Augusti]] [[1832]]–[[17 Februarii]] [[1907]]) fuit [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]] [[tribunus (Civitates Foederatae)|tribunus militum]]<!--colonel-->, [[diurnariorum ars|diurnalista]], [[iurisconsultus]], atque conditor primusque [[Societas Theosophica|Societatis Theosophicae]] praeses. Insigniter fuit primus civis Americanus [[Europa|Europá]] ortus qui se ad [[Buddhismus|Buddhismum]] rite traduxit. Deinde praeses Societatis Theosophicae cognitionem Buddhismi tam prospere adiuvit quam modernista Buddhisticus ob eius conatus ad explicandum [[Buddhismus|Buddhismum]] per notiones [[cultura Occidentalis|Occidentales]] late putatur. Buddhismum [[homo|hominibus]] [[Taprobane|Taprobanis]] magnopere suasit, ubi iam celebratur ob hos conatus, a civibus Taprobanis appellatus "unus ex personis primis in certamine nostrae [[motus libertatis Taprobanis|libertatis]] praecursorque praesentis redintegrationis [[religio]]sae, [[civitas|nationalis]], [[cultura]]lis." ==Opera== *[[1957]]. ''Sorgho and Imphee, the Chinese and African Sugar Canes.'' Novi Eboraci: A. O. Moore. *[[1860]]. ''Outlines of the First Course of Yale Agricultural Lectures.'' Novi Eboraci: C. M. Saxton, Barker & Co. *[[1872]]. ''Descendents of Thomas Olcott.'' *[[1875]]. ''Human Spirits and Elementaries.'' *[[1875]]. ''People from the Other World.'' Hartfordiae Connecticutae: American Publishing Co. *[[1881]]. ''A Buddhist catechism.'' Chinapatanae. *[[1885]]. ''Theosophy, Religion, and Occult Science.'' Novi Eboraci. *N.d. ''Old Diary Leaves.'' 6 voll. *[[1886]]. ''The Hindu Dwaita Catechism.'' *[[1887]]. ''The Golden Rules of Buddhism.'' *[[1893]]. ''The Kinship between Hinduism and Buddhism.'' Calcuttae: The Maha-Bodhi Society. *[[1902]]. ''The Poor Pariah.'' Chinapatana: Addison & Co. *[[1912]]. ''The Life of the Buddha and its Lessons.' *[[1975]]. ''Old Diary Leaves: Inside the Occult, the True Story of Madame H. P. Blavatsky.'' Retractatio. Philadelphiae: Running Press. ISBN 0914294318. *[[1997]]. ''Theosophy.'' Kessinger Publishing. {{NexInt}} *[[Helena Petrovna Blavatsky]] *[[Theosophia]]<!-- ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div>--> ==Bibliographia== * Caldwell, Daniel H., ed. [[2000]]. ''The Esoteric World of Madame Blavatsky: Insights Into the Life of a Modern Sphinx.'' Quest Books. ISBN 0-8356-0794-1, ISBN 978-0-8356-0794-0. * Doyle, Arthur Conan. [[1926]]. ''The History of Spiritualism.'' Novi Eboraci: G. H. Doran, Co. [http://www.classic-literature.co.uk/scottish-authors/arthur-conan-doyle/the-history-of-spiritualism-vol-i/ Vol. 1] [http://www.classic-literature.co.uk/scottish-authors/arthur-conan-doyle/the-history-of-spiritualism-vol-ii/ Vol. 2] * Guruge, Ananda W. P. [[1998]]. ''Free at Last in Paradis.'' Bloomington, Ind.: Authuhouse. * Guruge, Ananda W. P. [[2007]]. Henry Steel Olcott in Sri Lanka: death centennial tribute. ''Theosophical History'' 13(1):10-13.<!-- Retrieved April 27, 2009, from ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials database.--> *Killingley, D. [[1998]]. The White Buddhist: The Asian Odyssey of Henry Steel Olcott ''International Journal of Hindu Studies'' 2(1):153-154.<!--Retrieved from ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials database.--> *Kuhn, Alvin Boyd. [[1930]]. ''Theosophy: A Modern Revival of Ancient Wisdom.'' Novi Eboraci: Henry Holt & Company. *Ministry of Cultural Affairs. [[1984]]. ''From the Living Fountains of Buddhism.'' Colombo: Ministry of Cultural Affairs. *Ministry of Cultural Affairs. (1965) [[1991]]. ''Return to Righteousness.'' Colombo: Ministry of Cultural Affairs. *Motwani, Kewal. [[1955]]. ''Colonel H. S. Olcott, a forgotten page in American history.'' Chinapatanae: Ganesh. *Murphet, Howard. [[1972]]. ''Hammer on the Mountain: Life of Henry Steel Olcott (1832–1907).'' Wheaton Illinoesiae: Theosophical Publishing House. ISBN 0835602109. *Prothero, Stephen R. [[1996]]. ''The White Buddhist: The Asian Odyssey of Henry Steel Olcott.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253330149. *Williams, Gertrude Marvin. [[1946]]. ''Priestess of the Occult: Madame Blavatsky.'' Novi Eboraci: A. A. Knopf. * {{cite journal | last = Prothero | first = Stephen | date = [[aestas|aestate]] [[1995]] | title = Henry Steel Olcott and “Protestant Buddhism” | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-academy-of-religion-journal_summer-1995_63_2/page/281 | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Religion | volume = 63 | issue = 2 | pages = 281–302 | doi = 10.1093/jaarel/LXIII.2.281 }} ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Henry Steel Olcott|Henricum Steel Olcott}} *[http://www.theosophy.org Bibliotheca theosophica interretialis,] www.theosophy.org *[http://www.katinkahesselink.net/other/c/c-olcott.html Commentarii ab Olcott et de eodem scripti,] www.katinkahesselink.net *[http://www.theosophy-nw.org/theosnw/theos/wqj-selc.htm#olcott Commentarii de Olcott,] www.theosophy-nw.org *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081005113554/http://www.dailynews.lk/2008/09/30/fea02.asp Cum Olcott ad Taprobanem venit,] www.dailynews.lk *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090721051248/http://www.theosophical.org/resources/library/olcott-centenary/bio/olcott-bio.htm Historia Suae Vitae,] www.theosophical.org *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090721051328/http://www.theosophical.org/resources/library/olcott-centenary/ts/olcott-ts.htm Henry S. Olcott: 100 years anniversary], www.theosophical.org *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090218110213/http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/02/17/fea03.asp Magnum nomen in historuia Buddhistica,] www.dailynews.lk *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150326133546/http://thesmartset.com/article/article03121201.aspx The Man from New Jersey,] www.thesmartset.com *[http://www.theosophical.ca/OnLineDocs.htm Nonnulli commentarii Olcottiani,] www.theosophica.ca *{{gutenberg author| id=Olcott+Henry+Steel | name=Henricus Steel Olcott}} *[http://aryasangha.org/olcott-prothero.htm Pagina,] aryasangha.org *[http://www.ananda.guruge.com Situs,]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} www.ananda.guruge.com *[http://www.theosophical.org/home Societas Theosophica,] www.theosophical.org {{DEFAULTSORT:Olcott, Henricus Steele}} [[Categoria:Nati 1832]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1907]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Columbiae]] [[Categoria:Buddhistae Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Religio Buddhistica]] [[Categoria:Theosophi]]<!-- + [[Categoria:Converts to Buddhism]] [[Categoria:Converts from Presbyterianism]] [[Categoria:Union Army officers]]--> 9ri5s0py1puo44meobavataw37684u6 0 197580 3979992 3978733 2026-08-09T22:55:03Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979992 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Great Wave off Kanagawa2.jpg|thumb|400px|alt="Great wave" by Hokusai|''[[Magna Unda ante Canagavam]],'' [[impressio]] [[Katsushika Hokusai]], circa. [[1830]].]] '''Mare in cultura humana''' magni momentum multa [[saeculum|saecula]] habuit, cum [[homo|homines]] [[mare]] in variis et saepe contrariis modis experiuntur: [[vis|valens]] sed serenum, [[pulchritudo|pulchrum]] sed [[periculum|periculosum]].<ref>Stow 2004:10.</ref> Responsa mari inveniri possunt in generibus [[ars|artis]] quae [[litterae|litteras]], [[ars oculorum|artes oculorum]], [[poesis|poesim]], [[pellicula]]s, [[theatrum]], et [[musica]]m comprehendunt. Primae [[pictura]]e quae [[navis|naves]] repraesentat abhinc [[annus|annorum]] 40&thinsp;000 factae sunt. Postea, artifices in variis [[civitas|civitatibus]] et [[cultura|culturis]] mare depinxerunt, quod per [[symbolus|symbolos]] perceptum est [[biotopus]] hostilis, ab [[animal]]ibus opinabilibus [[habitatio|habitatum]], inter quae [[Leviathan]] in [[Biblia Sacra|Bibliis Sacris]], [[Isonade]] in [[mythologia Iaponiae|mythologia Iaponiensi]], et [[kraken]] in [[mythologia Nordica]] posteriori. In cogitatione [[Carolus Jung|Caroli Jung]], [[psychotherapia|psychotherapeutae]] [[Helvetia|Helvetici]], mare [[notio omni sensu carens collectiva|notionem omni sensu carentem collectivam]]<!--the collective unconscious (a technical term, so a noun is needed for it, even though classical Latin prefers a phrase)--> vel [[persona]]lem in [[interpretatio somniorum|interpretatione somniorum]] expressit. Mare et [[naves]] in artificiis depictae sunt quae ab [[adumbratio]]nibus simplicibus in parietibus tuguriorum in [[Lamu Archipelagus|Lamu Archipelago]]<ref name=Westerdahl/> ad [[prospectus maritimus|prospectus maritimos]] [[J. M. W. Turner|Iosephi Turner]] et [[pictura Aetatis Aurea Nederlandica|picturam Aetatis Aurea Nederlandicam]] variant. [[Katsushika Hokusai]], [[ars Iaponiensis|artifex Iaponiensis]], [[color]]atas [[animus|animorum]] maritimorum [[impressio]]nes<!--nexus: Printmaking--> creavit, inter quas ''[[Magna Unda ante Kanagawa]].'' Mare in [[litterae|litteris]] post [[Homer]]i ''[[Odyssea]]m'' ([[saeculum 8 a.C.n.|saeculo octavo a.C.n.]]) apparuit. Mare est quaestio continuans in [[poesis|poematibus]] [[haiku]] [[Aetas Edoensis|Aetatis Edoensis]] [[Matsuo Bashō|Matsuo Bashō (松尾 芭蕉)]] (1644–1694), [[:Categoria:Poetae Iaponiae|poetae Iaponiensis]]. In hodiernis [[Europa]]e [[litterae|litteris]], [[mythistoria]]e maritimae a [[Iosephus Conrad|Iosepho Conrad]], [[Hermannus Wouk|Hermanno Wouk]], et [[Arminius Melville|Hermanno Melville]] scriptae sunt. Mare multas res [[musica]]s excitavit, inter quas ''[[sea shanty|sea shanties]],'' [[Ricardus Wagner|Ricardi Wagner]] ''[[The Flying Dutchman (opera)|The Flying Dutchman]]'', [[Claudius Debussy|Claudii Debussy]] ''[[Mare(Debussy)|Mare]]'' (1903–1905), [[Carolus Villiers Stanford|Caroli Villiers Stanford]] ''Songs of the Sea'' (1904) et ''Songs of the Fleet'' (1910), [[Eduardus Elgar|Eduardi Elgar]] ''[[Picturae Maritimae]]'' (1899), et [[Radulphus Vaughan Williams|Radulphi Vaughan Williams]] ''[[Symphonia Maritima]]'' (1903–1909). Praeterea, [[sepultura maritima]] variis modis a populis per omnem [[tellus|urbem terrarum]] ex [[tempus|temporibus]] antiquis in [[civilizatio]]nibus [[Aegyptus|Aegyptia]], [[Graecia|Graeca]], et [[Roma]]na facta est. ==Homines et mare== Humana mari responsa in [[litterae|litteris]], [[ars|arte]], [[poesis|poesi]], [[pellicula|pelliculis]], [[theatrum|theatro]], et [[musica]], atque in [[mythologia]], psychotherapeutica [[interpretatio somniorum|somniorum interpretatione]], aliisque conatibus humanis inveniuntur. Maris momentum in [[civitas|civitatibus]] maritimis monstratur ab intrusionibus{{dubsig}} quas facit in eorum [[cultura]]: ab eius praesentia in [[mythologia|mythis]] et [[legendum|legendis]]; eius commemoratione in [[proverbium|proverbiis]] et [[carmen populare|carminibus popularibus]]; usu [[navis|navium]] in donis votivis; momento navium et maris in [[ritus|ritibus]] [[initiatio]]nis et [[funus|funerum]]; ludis [[puer]]orum cum navibus ludibrii; coetu turbarum ad deducendam navem novam; conventu hominum cum navis adveniat vel abscedat; et opinione generali quae ad res maritimas spectat.<ref name=Westerdahl>{{cite journal |author=Westerdahl, Christer |year=[[1994]] |title=Maritime cultures and ship types: brief comments on the significance of maritime archaeology |journal=International Journal of Nautical Archaeology |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=265–270 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-9270.1994.tb00471.x}}.</ref> [[Commercium]] et commutatio notionum cum civitatibus propinquis est unus ex modis per quos [[civilizatio]]nes progrediuntur et se evolvunt.<ref>{{cite book |title=Collapse |url=https://archive.org/details/collapsehowsocie0000diam_l1z9 |last=Diamond |first=Jared |year=[[2005]] |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-027951-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/collapsehowsocie0000diam_l1z9/page/14 14]}}</ref> Sic factum est latissime inter populos antiquos qui in terris [[Mare Mediterraneum]] et [[India]]m, [[Sinae (regio)|Sinas]], aliasque [[Asia Meridiorientalis|Asiae Meridiorientalis]] civitates adiacentibus [[habitatio|habitant]].<ref>Cotterell 2000:206–208.</ref> ==Historia prima== [[Petroglyphum|Petroglypha]] que [[navis|naves]] ex [[charta|papyro]] factas representat sunt inter artes lapideas abhinc annorum 40&thinsp;000 in oris [[Mare Caspium|Maris Caspii]] inventas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1076 |title=Gobustan Rock Art Cultural Landscape |work=World Heritage Centres |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=[[22 Septembris]] [[2013]]}}.</ref> [[Iacobus Hornell]], translaticia vasa aquatica investigans, [[oculus|oculos]] in proris navium pictos habuit signa curantis [[deus|dei]] vel [[dea]]e obtutus, navem protegentis.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Prins, A. H. J. |year=[[1970]] |title=Maritime art in an Islamic context: oculos and therion in Lamu ships |url=https://archive.org/details/mariners-mirror_1970-08_56_3/page/327 |journal=The Mariner's Mirror |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=327–339 |doi=10.1080/00253359.1970.10658550}}.</ref> <!--PLUS IN EN:--> {{NexInt}} * [[:Categoria:Dei marini Graeci|Deus marinus Graecus]] * [[Monstrum marinum]] * [[Prospectus maritimus]] * ''[[Salt-Water Ballads]] [[Ioannes Masefield|Ioannis Masefield]] ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Bibliographia== * Cotterell, Arthur, ed. [[2000]]. ''World Mythology.'' Parragon. ISBN 978-0-7525-3037-6. * Mack, John. [[2011]]. ''The Sea: A Cultural History.'' Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-809-8. * Raban, Jonathan. [[1992]]. ''The Oxford Book of the Sea.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-214197-2. * Stow, Dorrik, ed. [[2004]]. ''Encyclopedia of the Oceans.'' ISBN 0-19-860687-7. ==Nexus externi== * [http://www1.rmg.co.uk Nationale Museum Maritimum (Grenovicum),] www1.rmg.co.uk [[Categoria:Cultura]] [[Categoria:Maria]] gk871zici4e1hfqg9rv0j9ivdd9dzlr 0 197790 3980212 3961483 2026-08-10T11:21:36Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3980212 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Racho Petrov.jpg|thumb|left|Račo Stoianov Petrov]] {{videdis|Petrov}} '''Račo Stoianov Petrov''' (Bulgarice ''Рачо Стоянов Петров'', natus die [[3 Martii]] [[1861]] in oppido Simeonis in provincia [[Simeonis (provincia)|eiusdem nominis]], mortuus die [[22 Ianuarii]] [[1942]] in oppido Belovo in provincia [[Bessapara (provincia)|Bessapara]] sito) dux militum et rerum politicarum peritus [[Bulgaria|Bulgaricus]] fuit. == Iuventus et munus == Die [[30 Iunii]] [[1878]] ad exercitum Bulgaricum accessit, celerissime promotus et iam anno [[1887]] praefectus praetorio factus est et hoc imperium usque ad [[1894]] tulit. Anno [[1896]] legatus militum promotus veniam accipit. Anno [[1912]] et [[1913]] [[Bella Balcanica|bellis Balcanicis]] iterum militavit. Anno [[1915]], cum Bulgaria ad [[primum bellum mundanum]] accessit, gubernator generalis Macedoniae factus hunc honorum ad finem belli tulit. == Cursus honorum == Petrov die [[10 Iulii]] 1887 administer belli in consilio ministrorum [[Constantinus Stoilov|Constantini Stoilov]] nominatus, sed iam [[23 Octobris]] eiusdem anni dimissus est. Annis 1894 - [[1899]] iterum administer belli sub Constantino Stoilov fuit. Anno [[1900]] ad Factionem Liberalem Popularem accessit ac eodem anno in consilio ministrorum [[Theodorus Ivancov|Theodori Ivancov]] administer rerum internarum nominatus est. A die [[25 Ianuarii]] usque ad diem [[5 Martii]] [[1901]] ad tempus ipse [[Primi ministri Bulgariae|primus minister]] Bulgariae erat. Eodem tempore internarum et externarum rerum atque religionis administer fuit. Eodem anno primo legatus ad parlamentum Bulgaricum erat. A die [[19 Maii]] [[1903]] usque ad [[5 Novembris]] [[1906]] iterum praeses ministrorum fuit. Ab anno 1903 usque ad [[1908]] iterum legatus ad parlamentum erat. Anno [[1910]] repetundarum crimina contra eum allata sunt. Anno [[1920]] tempore [[Alexander Stambolijski|Alexandri Stambolijski]] praesidis ministrorum accusatus et ad carcerem damnatus est. Anno [[1924]] liberatus et a [[Boris III (rex Bulgariae)|Boride III]] rege generalis extercitus nominatus est. == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Racho Petrov|Raconem Petrov}} * [http://berberian11.tripod.com/popov_popular.htm Biographia brevis a Zheko Popov lingua Anglica scripta]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://forum.boinaslava.net/showthread.php?6033-%C1%FA%EB%E3%E0%F0%F1%EA%E8%F2%E5-%C3%E5%ED%E5%F0%E0%EB%E8&p=94426#post94426 Curriculum vitae apud forum.boinaslava.net (lingua Bulgarica]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Primi ministri Bulgariae}} {{Lifetime|1861|1942|Petrov, Raco}} [[Categoria:Milites Bulgariae]] [[Categoria:Participes primi belli mundani]] [[Categoria:Primi ministri Bulgariae]] t7x2l4pbm4znhslsl9cvyocj0y2380r 0 197864 3980144 3976172 2026-08-10T01:03:02Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Ilmenau''' commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circuli Luneburgensis]] est. Ad Ilmenau communia [[Barnstedum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702">Bünting, H., & Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi. </ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'') (747 incolae), [[Everinga]]<ref name="-ingaEvern">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum mediaevali formae huius toponymi ''Everinge'' testatae applicatur. Quo de mediaevali toponymo, vide: Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (1998). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil I)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsch Evern''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düütsch Äwern'') (3.736), [[Embsen]] (2.630) atque [[Melbeck]] (sedes administrationis, 3.373) pertinent. == Historia == Commune generale Ilmenau anno [[1974]] e communibus supra dictis constitutum est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat|Ilmenau in Lüneburg|Ilmenau}} * [http://www.samtgemeinde-ilmenau.de/ Pagina Communis generalis Ilmenau] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1974]] 8brl7kfzr48dpay3ws1xjmpe1c96g6d 3980147 3980144 2026-08-10T01:08:57Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Ilmenau (commune generale)]] ad [[Ilmenavia (commune generale)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3980144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Ilmenau''' commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circuli Luneburgensis]] est. Ad Ilmenau communia [[Barnstedum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702">Bünting, H., & Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi. </ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'') (747 incolae), [[Everinga]]<ref name="-ingaEvern">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum mediaevali formae huius toponymi ''Everinge'' testatae applicatur. Quo de mediaevali toponymo, vide: Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (1998). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil I)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsch Evern''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düütsch Äwern'') (3.736), [[Embsen]] (2.630) atque [[Melbeck]] (sedes administrationis, 3.373) pertinent. == Historia == Commune generale Ilmenau anno [[1974]] e communibus supra dictis constitutum est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat|Ilmenau in Lüneburg|Ilmenau}} * [http://www.samtgemeinde-ilmenau.de/ Pagina Communis generalis Ilmenau] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1974]] 8brl7kfzr48dpay3ws1xjmpe1c96g6d 3980150 3980147 2026-08-10T01:16:57Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Ilmenavia'''<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> [[Theodisce]] ''Ilmenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ilmenau'') commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circuli Luneburgensis]] est. Ad Ilmenaviam communia [[Barnstedum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702">Bünting, H., & Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi. </ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'') (747 incolae), [[Everinga]]<ref name="-ingaEvern">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum mediaevali formae huius toponymi ''Everinge'' testatae applicatur. Quo de mediaevali toponymo, vide: Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (1998). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil I)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsch Evern''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düütsch Äwern'') (3.736), [[Embsen]] (2.630) atque [[Melbeck]] (sedes administrationis, 3.373) pertinent. == Historia == Commune generale Ilmenavia anno [[1974]] e communibus supra dictis constitutum est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat|Ilmenau in Lüneburg|Ilmenaviam}} * [http://www.samtgemeinde-ilmenau.de/ Pagina Communis generalis Ilmenaviae] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1974]] 62zm2n75mim4w16qz3purp6j8n7zswz 3980151 3980150 2026-08-10T01:17:20Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Ilmenavia'''<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> [[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ilmenau'') commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circuli Luneburgensis]] est. Ad Ilmenaviam communia [[Barnstedum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702">Bünting, H., & Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi. </ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'') (747 incolae), [[Everinga]]<ref name="-ingaEvern">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum mediaevali formae huius toponymi ''Everinge'' testatae applicatur. Quo de mediaevali toponymo, vide: Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (1998). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil I)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsch Evern''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düütsch Äwern'') (3.736), [[Embsen]] (2.630) atque [[Melbeck]] (sedes administrationis, 3.373) pertinent. == Historia == Commune generale Ilmenavia anno [[1974]] e communibus supra dictis constitutum est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat|Ilmenau in Lüneburg|Ilmenaviam}} * [http://www.samtgemeinde-ilmenau.de/ Pagina Communis generalis Ilmenaviae] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1974]] eohe128y85bahinjht1mm4tmshtl9i1 0 197870 3980154 3976171 2026-08-10T01:21:40Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Barnstedum'''<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702">Bünting, H., & Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi. </ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circuli Luneburgensis]] est. Est pars communis generalis [[Ilmenavia (commune generale)|Ilmenaviae]]. Ad Barnstedum etiam vicus Kolkhagen pertinet. == Historia == Barnstedum pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]] fuit. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Barnstedum ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est et ab anno [[1974]] ad [[Ilmenavia (commune generale)|Ilmenaviam]] commune generale pertinet. Eodem anno Kolkhagen vicus, qui anno 1230 primo in actis descriptus est, cum Barnstedo coniunctus est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819091200/http://www.samtgemeinde-ilmenau.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-2319/4490_read-22321/ Pagina communis generalis Ilmenaviae de Barnstedo scripta] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131019022913/http://mein-kolkhagen.de/Startseite2.htm Pagina de vico Kolkhagen] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] njmdejpfcsvywo7ocfhy200upi5e6da 0 197984 3980140 3715174 2026-08-10T00:58:21Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Deutsch Evern]] ad [[Everinga]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3715174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Deutsch Evern''' commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circuli Luneburgensis]] est. Est pars communis generalis [[Ilmenau (commune generale)|Ilmenau]]. == Historia == Deutsch Evern pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]] fuit. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Deutsch Evern ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est et ab anno [[1974]] ad [[Ilmenau (commune generale)|Ilmenau]] commune generale pertinet. == Nexus externi == {{commonscat}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819091016/http://www.samtgemeinde-ilmenau.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-2319/4490_read-22319/ Pagina communis generalis Ilmenau de Deutsch Ewern scripta] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] gsr1m0xr71y4gsxt4lsrtib4iilh2zh 3980142 3980140 2026-08-10T01:00:41Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Everinga'''<ref name="-ingaEvern">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum mediaevali formae huius toponymi ''Everinge'' testatae applicatur. Quo de mediaevali toponymo, vide: Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (1998). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil I)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsch Evern''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düütsch Äwern'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circuli Luneburgensis]] est. Est pars communis generalis [[Ilmenau (commune generale)|Ilmenau]]. == Historia == Everinga pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]] fuit. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Everinga ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est et ab anno [[1974]] ad [[Ilmenau (commune generale)|Ilmenau]] commune generale pertinet. == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Deutsch Evern|Everingam}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819091016/http://www.samtgemeinde-ilmenau.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-2319/4490_read-22319/ Pagina communis generalis Ilmenau de Everinga scripta] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] 2cah2zgh0zma7fqn6vnybxqp4rbybeh 3980143 3980142 2026-08-10T01:01:15Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Everinga'''<ref name="-ingaEvern">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum mediaevali formae huius toponymi ''Everinge'' testatae applicatur. Quo de mediaevali toponymo, vide: Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (1998). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil I)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsch Evern''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düütsch Äwern'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circuli Luneburgensis]] est. Est pars communis generalis [[Ilmenau (commune generale)|Ilmenau]]. == Historia == Everinga pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]] fuit. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Everinga ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est et ab anno [[1974]] ad [[Ilmenau (commune generale)|Ilmenau]] commune generale pertinet. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Deutsch Evern|Everingam}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819091016/http://www.samtgemeinde-ilmenau.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-2319/4490_read-22319/ Pagina communis generalis Ilmenau de Everinga scripta] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] payi84k0p7gfa08abt23ornl7tckjza 3980155 3980143 2026-08-10T01:23:12Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Everinga'''<ref name="-ingaEvern">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum mediaevali formae huius toponymi ''Everinge'' testatae applicatur. Quo de mediaevali toponymo, vide: Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (1998). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil I)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsch Evern''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düütsch Äwern'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circuli Luneburgensis]] est. Est pars communis generalis [[Ilmenavia (commune generale)|Ilmenaviae]]. == Historia == Everinga pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]] fuit. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Everinga ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est et ab anno [[1974]] ad [[Ilmenavia (commune generale)|Ilmenaviam]] commune generale pertinet. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Deutsch Evern|Everingam}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819091016/http://www.samtgemeinde-ilmenau.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-2319/4490_read-22319/ Pagina communis generalis Ilmenaviae de Everinga scripta] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] 05o1cjeqe4pp0d7fliaanr26ua0pw7g 0 197986 3980152 3715878 2026-08-10T01:19:39Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Embsen''' commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circuli Luneburgensis]] est. Est pars communis generalis [[Ilmenavia (commune generale)|Ilmenaviae]]. Ad Embsen etiam vici Oerzen et Heinsen pertinent. == Historia == Embsen pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]] fuit. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Embsen ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est et ab anno [[1974]] ad [[Ilmenavia (commune generale)|Ilmenaviam]] commune generale pertinet. Eodem anni vici supra dicti cum Embsen coniuncti sunt. == Nexus externi == {{commonscat}} * [http://www.embsen.de/ Pagina officialis] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150222103950/http://www.samtgemeinde-ilmenau.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-2319/4490_read-22318 Pagina communis generalis Ilmenaviae de Embsen scripta] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] p9njsnrra9wfj3bdwp54eikpg0zzlts 0 198069 3980153 3722269 2026-08-10T01:20:29Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Wassermühle Melbeck.jpg|thumb|left|Molae aquae Melbeck]] '''Melbeck''' commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circuli Luneburgensis]] est. Est pars communis generalis [[Ilmenavia (commune generale)|Ilmenaviae]]. == Historia == Melbeck pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]] fuit. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Melbeck ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est et ab anno [[1974]] sedes administrationis [[Ilmenavia (commune generale)|Ilmenaviae]] communis generalis est. == Nexus externi == {{commonscat}} * [http://www.melbeck.de/ Pagina officialis communis Melbeck] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150222104914/http://www.samtgemeinde-ilmenau.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-2319/4490_read-22317 Pagina communis generalis Ilmenaviae de Melbeck scripta] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] jxlg3ow40h2lmlgic7qg8laml9316rj 0 200333 3980030 3978469 2026-08-09T23:29:25Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980030 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Nouvelle-France map-en.svg|thumb|350px|Possessiones Britanniae ([[roseus|roseae]]), Franciae ([[caeruleus|caeruleae]]), et Hispaniae ([[aurantius|aurantiae]]) anno [[1750]], contra hodiernos [[Canada]]e et [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] fines .]] '''Colonica Civitatum Foederatarum historia''' [[historia|rerum gestarum memoriam]] [[Europaea Americarum colonizatio|coloniarum Europaearum]] ab [[America]] [[colonia|colonizata]] ad earum sub [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitates Foederatas]] coniunctionem amplectitur. [[Anglia]], [[Francia]], [[Hispania]], et [[Nederlandia]] [[saeculum 16|saeculo sexto decimo]] exeunte maiores [[colonizatio]]nis conatus in [[oriens|orientali]] [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]] fecerunt.<ref name="Cooke 1998"/> Parvi primorum temporum conatus, insigniter [[Colonia Roanoke|perdita Colonia Roanoke]], saepe evanescuerunt; ubique primi advenae celerrime mortui sunt. Nihilominus, coloniae [[floruit|floruerunt]]. Coloni Europaei ex variis gregibus [[societas humana|socialibus]] et [[religio]]sis advenerunt. Nulli [[optimates]] se perpetuo conlocaverunt, sed nonnulli viri audentes, [[miles|milites]], [[agricola (munera)|agricolae]], et [[mercator|caupones]] advenerunt. Diversitas quidem fuit proprietas Americana, cum Nederlandici [[Nova Nederlandia|Novae Nederlandiae]], [[Suecoamericani|Sueci]] et [[Finnoamericani|Finni]] [[Nova Suecia|Novae Sueciae]], Anglici [[Religiosa Amicorum Sodalitas|Tremebundi]] [[Provincia Pennsylvaniae|Pennsylvaniae]], Anglici [[Puritani]] [[Nova Anglia|Novae Angliae]], Anglici coloni [[Iacobopolis (Virginia)|Iacobopolis]], et "pauperes digni" [[Provincia Georgiae|Georgiae]], ad novum [[continens|continentem]] venerunt et colonias aedificaverunt quibus erant distincti modi [[societas humana|sociales]], [[religio]]si, [[civilitas|politici]], et [[oeconomia|oeconomici]]. [[Fasciculus:Mission San Juan Capistrano.jpg|thumb|left|Ruinae [[Missio Sancti Ioannis Capistroni|Missionis Sancti Ioannis Capistroni]], unius ex [[missiones Californiae|missionibus]] in [[California Hispanica]] conditis.]] [[Fasciculus:Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University.JPG|thumb|[[Massachusetts Hall]], veterrimum [[Universitas Harvardiana|Universitatis Harvardianae]] [[aedificium]] exstans, pro [[dormitorium|dormitorio]] annis 1718–1720 structum.]] [[Fasciculus:Castelloplan.jpg|thumb|Tabula [[Novum Amstelodamum|Novi Amstelodami]] anno [[1660]].]] [[Fasciculus:Kartskiss över Nya Sverige.png|thumb|Tabula [[Nova Suecia|Novae Sueciae]] ab [[Amandus Johnson|Amando Johnson]] facta.]] [[Fasciculus:Wpdms king james grants.png|thumb|Concessiones anni 1606 a Rege [[Iacobus I (rex Angliae)|Iacobo I]] societatibus [[Londinium|Londinii]] et [[Plimmuta]]e. (Tabula [[Anglice]] signata.)]] [[Fasciculus:SavannahColony.JPG|thumb|[[Savanna (Georgia)|Savanna]] [[Colonia Georgia|Coloniae Georgiae]] [[saeculum 18|saeculo duodevicensimo]] ineunte.]] Una colonia in aliam aliquando dominata est, usitate per bella inter parentes [[Europa]]eos. Solum in [[Nova Scotia]] (nunc pars Canadae) victores colonos priores expulerunt; potius omnes ad unum in [[pax|pace]] vivebant. Haud fuerunt maiora [[bellum civile|bella civilia]] inter [[tredecim]] colonias, ac [[duo]] maiores rebelliones armatae (in [[Rebellio Baconiana|Virginia anno 1676]] et [[Rebellio Leislerana|Novo Eboraco annis 1689–1691]]) mox defecerunt. Proelia autem inter [[Franci|Francos]] et [[Britanni]]cos—praecipue per [[Bella Francorum et Indorum]] et [[Bellum Patris Rale]]—iterata sunt, et Francicum impetuum [[Confoederatio Wabanakiana|Confoederationis Wabanakianae]] in fines subsidium implicaverunt. Ante [[1760]], Francia victa, Britannici eius colonias ceperant. Fuerunt [[quattuor]] [[regio]]nes distinctae: [[Nova Anglia]], [[Mediae Coloniae]], [[Coloniae Sinus Chesapeake]] (Meridies Superior), et [[Coloniae Meridianae]] (Meridies Inferior). Nonnulli historici [[quinque|quintam]] regionem addunt: [[Fines Americani|Fines]], qui numquam separatim ordinati sunt.<ref name="Cooke 1998">Cooke, ed. ''North America in Colonial Times'' (1998).</ref> Antequam coloni Europaei advenerunt (circa 1600–1650), maior [[Indi Americani|Americanorum Nativorum]] in Civitatibus Foederatis orientalibus [[habitatio|habitantium]] pars interfecta erat a novis [[morbus|morbis]], in [[vita]]m quotidianam [[decennium|decenniis]] ante ab [[explorator]]ibus [[nauta|nautisque]] casu introductis.<ref name="middleton">{{Cite book|first1=Richard |last1=Middleton |first2=Anne |last2=Lombard|title=Colonial America: A History to 1763|url=https://archive.org/details/colonialamericah0000midd_a8e3 |edition=quarta|year= 2011| page= [https://archive.org/details/colonialamericah0000midd_a8e3/page/23 23]}}</ref> == Adnotationes == <references /> == Bibliographia == === Libri referendi === * ''American National Biography.'' [[2000]]. 20 voll. * Ciment, James, ed. [[2005]]. ''Colonial America: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural, and Economic History.'' * Cooke, Jacob Ernest, ed.[[1993]]. ''Encyclopedia of the North American Colonies.'' 3 voll. * Cooke, Jacob Ernest, ed. [[1998]]. ''North America in Colonial Times: An Encyclopedia for Students.'' * Faragher, John Mack. [[1996]]. ''The Encyclopedia of Colonial and Revolutionary America.'' * Gallay, Alan, ed. [[1996]]. ''Colonial Wars of North America, 1512–1763: An Encyclopedia.'' [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0824072081 locus et inquisitio verborum] * Gipson, Lawrence. [[1936]]-[[1970]]. ''The British Empire Before the American Revolution.'' 15 voll. Praemium Pulitzeranum. * Pencak, William. [[2011]]. ''Historical Dictionary of Colonial America.'' [http://www.amazon.com/Historical-Dictionary-Colonial-Dictionaries-Political/dp/0810855879 Locus et inquisitio verborum.] * Taylor, Dale. [[2002]]. ''The Writer's Guide to Everyday Life in Colonial America, 1607-1783.'' [http://www.amazon.com/Writers-Everyday-Colonial-America-1607-1783/dp/1582971773/ Locus et inquisitio verborum] * Vickers, Daniel, ed. [[2006]]. ''A Companion to Colonial America.'' === Conspectus === * Adams, James Truslow. [[1921]]. ''The Founding of New England.'' * {{cite book |last=Andrews |first=Charles M. |title=The Colonial Period of American History |url=https://archive.org/details/colonialperiodof0000char_s0j5 |year=[[1934]]–[[1938]]}} * {{cite book |last=Bonomi |first=Patricia U. |title=Under the Cope of Heaven: Religion, Society, and Politics in Colonial America |url=https://archive.org/details/undercopeofheave0000patr |year=[[1988]]}} (online at [[American Council of Learned Societies|ACLS]]) * Butler, Jon. [[2000]]. ''Religion in Colonial America.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141011100240/http://www.questia.com/library/117229394/religion-in-colonial-america Situs interretialis.] * Conforti, Joseph A. [[2006]]. ''Saints and Strangers: New England in British North America.'' * Greene, Evarts Boutelle. [[1905]]. ''Provincial America, 1690–1740.'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=PD51AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:Provincial+intitle:America+intitle:1690+intitle:1740&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PMXzT4i8FYWhrAH_4rDgAw&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA online] * [[Kupperman, Karen Ordahl]], ed. [[1999]]. ''Major Problems In American Colonial History: Documents and Essays.'' * McNeese, Tim. [[2010]]. ''Colonial America 1543–1763.'' * Middleton, Richard, et Anne Lombard. [[2011]]. ''Colonial America: A History, 1565–1776.'' Ed. 4a. [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0631221417/ excerpt and text search] * Savelle, Max. [[1965]]. ''Seeds of Liberty: The Genesis of the American Mind.'' [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=65448513 online edition] * Taylor, Alan. [[2001]]. ''American Colonies.'' [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0142002100/ excerpt and text search] * Taylor, Alan. [[2012]]. ''Colonial America: A Very Short Introduction.'' [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0199766231/ excerpt and text search] === Res praecipuae === * {{cite journal |author=Andrews, Charles M. |title=Colonial Commerce |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1914-10_20_1/page/43 |journal=American Historical Review |volume=20 |month=October | year=[[1914]] |pages=43–63 |jstor=1836116 |issue=1 |publisher=American Historical Association}} * {{cite book |last=Andrews |first=Charles M. |title=Colonial Self-Government, 1652–1689 |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_S0-AGC-807 |year=[[1904]]}} [http://www.archive.org/stream/colonialselfgov00andrgoog/colonialselfgov00andrgoog_djvu.txt online] * Beeman, Richard R. [[2006]]. ''The Varieties of Political Experience in Eighteenth-Century America.'' [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0812219775 Locus et inquisitio verborum.] * Beer, George Louis. [[1907]]. British Colonial Policy, 1754–1765. ''Political Science Quarterly'' 22(Martio):1–48. * Berkin, Carol. [[1997]]. ''First Generations: Women in Colonial America.'' [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0809016060 Locus et inquisitio verborum.] * {{cite book |last=Bonomi |first=Patricia U. |title=A Factious People: Politics and Society in Colonial New York |url=https://archive.org/details/factiouspeoplepo0000bono |year=[[1971]]}} * {{cite book |last=Breen |first=T. H |title=Puritans and Adventurers: Change and Persistence in Early America |url=https://archive.org/details/puritansadventur00bree |year=[[1980]]}} * Brown, Kathleen M. [[1996]]. ''Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia.'' [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0807846236 Locus et inquisitio verborum.] * Bruce, Philip A. [[1896]]. ''Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century: An Inquiry into the Material Condition of the People, Based on Original and Contemporaneous Records.'' * Carr, Lois Green, et Philip D. Morgan. [[1991]]. ''Colonial Chesapeake Society.'' [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0807843431 Locus et inquisitio verborum.] * {{cite book |last=Crane |first=Verner W. |title=The Southern Frontier, 1670–1732 |year=[[1920]]}} * {{cite journal |last=Crane |first=Verner W. |title=The Southern Frontier in Queen Anne's War |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1919-04_24_3/page/379 |journal=American Historical Review |volume=24 |month=April | year=[[1919]] |pages=379–95 |doi=10.2307/1835775 |jstor=1835775}} * [[David Hackett Fischer|Fischer, David Hackett]]. [[1989]]. ''[[Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America]].'' [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0195069056Locus et inquisitio verborum.] * Fogleman, Aaron. [[1996]]. ''Hopeful Journeys: German Immigration, Settlement, and Political Culture in Colonial America, 1717-1775.'' Philadelphiae: University of Pennsylvania Press. [http://www.questia.com/library/4596187/hopeful-journeys-german-immigration-settlement Situs interretialis.] * Hatfield, April Lee. [[2007]]. ''Atlantic Virginia: Intercolonial Relations in the Seventeenth Century.'' [http://www.amazon.com/dp/081221997X Locus et inquisitio verborum.] * Illick, Joseph E. [[1976]]. ''Colonial Pennsylvania: A History.'' [http://www.questia.com/library/book/colonial-pennsylvania-a-history-by-joseph-e-illick.jsp Editio interretialis.] * Kammen, Michael. [[2003]]. ''Colonial New York: A History.'' * Kidd, Thomas S. [[2009]]. ''The Great Awakening: The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America.'' * {{cite book |last=Kulikoff |first=Allan |title=From British Peasants to Colonial American Farmers |url=https://archive.org/details/frombritishpeasa0000kuli |year=[[2000]]}} * Labaree, Benjamin Woods. [[1979]]. ''Colonial Massachusetts: A History.'' * Mancall, Peter C. [[2010]]. Pigs for Historians: Changes in the Land and Beyond. ''William and Mary Quarterly'' 67(2):347-375. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5309/willmaryquar.67.2.347 in JSTOR.] * Morgan, Edmund S. [[1975]]. ''American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia.'' Praemium Pulitzeranum. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101062594 Editio interretialis,] www.questia.com * Tate, Thad W. [[1980]]. ''Chesapeake in the Seventeenth Century.'' [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0393009564 Locus et inquisitio verborum] * Wood, Betty. [[2005]]. ''Slavery in Colonial America, 1619–1776.'' === Fontes primarii === * Kavenagh, W. Keith, ed. [[1973]]. ''Foundations of Colonial America: A Documentary History.'' 4 voll. * Rushforth, Brett, Paul Mapp, et Alan Taylor, eds. [[2008]]. ''North America and the Atlantic World: A History in Documents.'' * Sarson, Steven, et Jack P. Greene, eds. [[2010]]. ''The American Colonies and the British Empire, 1607–1783.'' 8 voll. {{NexInt}} * [[Americani]] * [[Hispanica Americarum colonizatio]] * [[Historia Americarum]] * [[Nederlandica Americarum colonizatio]] == Nexus externi == {{Wikibooks|US History|historiam Civitatum Foederatarum}} {{CommuniaCat|Colonial America|Americam colonicam}} * [http://www.history.com/topics/colonial-culture Cultura Americana Colonica,] www.history.com * [http://earlyamerica.com/ Archiving Early America,] earlyamerica.com * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/_Topics/history/_Periods/colonial/home.html Colonial History of the United States,] apud ''Thayer's American History'' {{DEFAULTSORT:Colonica Civitatum Foederatarum Historia}} [[Categoria:Civitates Foederatae Colonicae (Britannicae)|-]] [[Categoria:Historia Coloniarum Tredecim]] [[Categoria:Historia Americae Septentrionalis]] 5aapbudynqpolvkkgdkjqi354vuwuc0 0 204806 3980199 3717695 2026-08-10T05:20:05Z Bartholomite 116968 3980199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Gregorius Dexter}} ([[1610]]–[[1700]]) fuit [[impressio|impressor]], [[clericus]] [[Baptistae|Baptista]], unusque ex primis [[Index gubernatorum colonicorum Rhodensis Islandae|praesidibus]] [[oppidum Novae Angliae|oppidorum]] coniuctorum [[Providentia (Rhodensis Insula)|Providentiae]] et [[Warwick (Rhodensis Insula)|Warwick]] in [[Colonia Rhodensis Insula et Deductiones Providentiae]]. [[Habitatio|Habitabat]] in [[Nova Anglia]] ante [[1638]], cum sors [[ager|agrorum]] [[quinque]] Providentiae ei adsignaretur. [[Negotium]] impressionis [[Londinii]] habuerat, et illud negotium iam faciebat anno [[1643]], cum sua fabrica [[Rogerius Williams|Rogerii Williams]] [[liber|librum]] de [[A Key into the Language of America|Indica regionis lingua]] scriptum [[impressio|imprimeret]]. Ipse [[stationarius]] exercitatus sollertiam laborandi ad prelum [[Bostonia]]e anno [[1646]] dedit, nullam compensationem plus quam [[almanac]] annuum petens. Dexter se [[civilitas|publicis coloniae rebus]] anno [[1647]] exercere coepit, cum [[quattuor]] [[colonia]]e oppida se in singulam gubernationem constituerent. Deinde commissionarius factus est ex Providentia per [[decennium 166]] ineuns, postquam [[Gulielmus Coddington]] commissionem receperat ad removenda ex gubernatione foederata [[Portsmouth (Rhodensis Insula)|Portsmouth]] et [[Portus Novus (Rhodensis Insula)|Portum Novum]], [[oppidum|oppida]] [[insula]]na. Dexter munus praesidis oppidorum coniunctorum Providentiae et Warwick per ultimum gubernationis separatae annum sustinuit, quae oppida iterum ab eius successore coniuncta sunt. Dexter fuit [[Baptistae|Baptista]], et post praefecturam se cum [[Prima Ecclesia Baptista in America|ecclesia Baptista Providentiae sita]] iterum consociavit, ubi pastor congregationis anno [[1669]] rite factus est. Habebatur [[pietas|piissimus]], raro ridens, et in [[vita]]e [[societas humana|societate]] semper ad habendam coetui [[oratio]]nem paratus. ==Bibliographia== *Arnold, Samuel Greene. [[1859]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=iUJg2uqb7LgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=History+of+Rhode+Island+Arnold&source=bl&ots=5xs2gELaCW&sig=oYrVd9SCIjB1ndJeQrPz0-yw33k&hl=en&ei=yPSxTdW_K-Hi0QGM-6WJCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDcQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q&f=false ''History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.''] Novi Eboraci: D. Appleton & Company. Vol. 1. *Austin, John Osborne. [[1887]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=LA7ntaS11ocC&dq=governor+%22samuel+cranston%22+rhode+island&q=abbott%2C+daniel+235#v=onepage&q=abbott%2C%20daniel%20235&f=false ''Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island.''] ISBN 978-0-8063-0006-1. *Bicknell, Thomas Williams. [[1920]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=TF0EAAAAYAAJ&q=Greene&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=5#v=snippet&q=Greene&f=false ''The History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.''] Vol. 3. Novi Eboraci: The American Historical Society. *Cutter, William Richard. [[1914]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=itAUAAAAYAAJ&q=Gregory+Dexter#v=snippet&q=Gregory%20Dexter&f=false ''New England Families, Genealogical and Memorial.''] Vol. 4. Lewis Historical Publishing Company. *Swan, Bradford. [[1949]]. ''Gregory Dexter of London and New England.'' Rochester Novi Eboraci: Leo Hart. ==Nexus externi== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210402010637/http://www.quahog.org/factsfolklore/index.php?id=40 Chronologicus ducum Rhodensis Insulae index,] www.wuahog.org *[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=15705521 Find-a-grave: Gregory Dexter,] www.findagrave.com {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dexter, Gregorius}} [[Categoria:Nati 1610]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1700]] [[Categoria:Clerici]] [[Categoria:Gubernatores Rhodensis Insulae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Rhodensis Insulae]]<!-- [[Category:17th-century Baptist clergy]] [[Category:Baptist ministers from the United States]] [[Category:Baptists from the United States]] [[Category:Kingdom of England emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies]] [[Category:People from Providence, Rhode Island]] [[Category:Rhode Island colonial people]]--> bdko5jtnc1kubxbn7uzyizacn4nn8ii 0 205634 3979696 3720635 2026-08-09T14:29:24Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3979696 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Larry_Speakes_portrait.jpg|thumb|200 px|Larry Speakes anno [[1976]]]] '''Laurentiuis Speakes''' ([[Anglice]]: ''Larry Speakes''; natus in [[Cleveland (Mississippia)|Cleveland]] [[Mississippia]]e die [[13 Septembris]] [[1939]]; ibidem mortuus die [[10 Ianuarii]] [[2014]]) fuit [[diurnarius]] [[CFA |Americanus]], qui [[Ronaldus Reagan |Ronaldo Reagan]] praeside, ab anno [[1981]] usque ad annum [[1987]] [[Domus Alba |Domi Albae]] praefectus [[Sedes diurnariis edocendis|sedis diurnariis edocendis]]<ref>cfr. Italice '' stampa - sala'' [[Latine]][http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Agora/8704/lexicum/lexs.html]</ref> fuit. Inter insidiam in qua praeses Reagan die [[30 Martii]] [[1981]] a quodam [[Ioannes Hinckley|Ioanne Hinckley]] grave vulnus in [[thorax|thorace]] accepit, Speakes etiam vulneratus est. == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Nexus externi== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110604013326/http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1987/013087a.htm Speakes praemium "Presidential Citizens Medal" accepit ] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140111153529/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=43969 Speakes die 17 Iunii 1981 sedis diurnariis edocendis dux factus est] {{bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1939|2014|Speakes, Larry}} [[Categoria:Diurnarii Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Incolae Mississippiae]] 3qur9cl7wfqmdh2cg8gwo66tg1wcwf3 0 209359 3979901 3970241 2026-08-09T21:12:44Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cautio}} {| class="wikitable floatright" ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" | Morbus Parkinson |- ! colspan="2" | Cognitores |- | style="font-size: 85%" | ''[[Medicina|Disciplina medica]]'' || style="font-size: 85%" | [[Neurologia]] |- | style="font-size: 85%" | ''[[ICD-9]]'' || style="font-size: 85%" | 332.0 |- | style="font-size: 85%" | ''[[ICD-10]]'' || style="font-size: 85%" | G20, F02.3 |- ! colspan="2" | Rationes clinicae |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <div style="position: relative;">[[Fasciculus:Paralysis agitans-Male Parkinson's victim-1892.jpg|250px|Morbus Parkinson]]</div> |- | colspan="2" style="font-size: 85%; width:250px" | Quidam morbo Parkinsoniano aegrotans anno [[1892]] pictus. |- | style="font-size: 85%" | ''[[Pathologia]]'' || style="font-size: 85%" | [[neurodegeneratio|neurodegenerativa]] |- | style="font-size: 85%" | ''[[Symptoma]]ta'' || style="font-size: 85%" | Rigor,<br />[[tremor (symptoma)|tremor]]<br />[[hypokinesia (symptoma)|hypokinesia]],<br />Instabilitas posturalis |- | style="font-size: 85%" | ''[[Therapia]]'' || style="font-size: 85%" | [[pharmacologia|pharmacologica]] |} '''Morbus Parkinsonianus'''<ref>In David Morgan, [https://web.archive.org/web/20200128173230/http://www.hieronymus.us.com/Latinum/David_Morgan-Vocab.htm ''Vocabularium Latinum''] (20 Decembris 2010).</ref><ref>''Neues Latein-Lexikon - Lexicon recentis latinitatis: Über 15.000 Stichwörter der heutigen Alltagssprache in lateinischer Übersetzung''(Libraria Editoria Vaticana, 1 Decembris 2011): [https://books.google.com/books?id=wFl3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT786&lpg=PT786&dq=morbus+parkinsonianus&source=bl&ots=5CuFRauXm3&sig=ACfU3U1iPK4VTT40JvsAtO-2w4snYbSPJw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjsuu625azsAhXlmHIEHXBlDrQQ6AEwAXoECAEQAg#v=onepage&q=morbus%20parkinsonianus&f=false "'''Parkinsonsche Krankheit, f''' Parkinsonianus morbus, m."]</ref><ref>Lydia Ariminensis, "<small>PRAEMIUM NOBELIANUM DE ARTE MEDICA TRIBUTUM ESSE</small> Vir scientificus Iaponicus Praemio Nobeliano exornatus est cum autofagiam cellularum repperisset," ''Ephemeris,'' 10 Iunii 2016: [http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/nuntius.php?id=1065 "inter quos morbus Parkinsonianus."]</ref> vel '''morbus Parkinson'''<ref>"Morbus Parkinson . . . Parkinsonismus secundarius [etc.]": [https://web.archive.org/web/20170507133404/http://www.stetoskop.info/mkb.php vide G20-G26] apud ''Stetoskop.''</ref> vel '''morbus Parkinsoni,'''<ref name="Pinkhof2012">"Morbus Parkinsoni": J. J. E. van Everdingen, et A. M. M. Eerenbeemt (2012), ''Pinkhof Geneeskundig woordenboek,'' ed. 12a (Houten: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum).</ref> seu '''paralysis agitans,'''<ref name="Arnaudov">G. D. Arnaudov (1964), ''Terminologia medica polyglotta: Latinum-Bulgarski-Russkij-English-Français-Deutsch'' (Sofia: Editio medicina et physcultura).</ref><ref name="Pinkhof2012"/> adhuc ad [[morbus|morbum]] singularem et [[neurodegeneratio|neurodegenerativum]] et chronicum refert; cum de his morbis neurodegenerativis [[morbus Alzheimer]] frequentissimus sit, morbus Parkinsonianus secundus est. Insuper frequentia morbo aegrotorum annis superioribus incitatur. Morbus Parkinsonianus non solum unus ex [[morbi corpusculorum Leweyi|morbis corpusculorum Leweyi]] et [[synucleinopathia]]rum apparet, sed grex subtyporum morborum diversorum at similiorum quoad [[gentica]]m, initium, cursum, distributionem<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Espay A. J., Kalia L. V., Gan-Or Z., Williams-Gray C. H., Bedard P. L., Rowe S. M., Morgante F., Fasano A., Stecher B., Kauffman M. A., et al. |title=Disease modification and biomarker development in Parkinson disease: Revision or reconstruction? |journal=Neurology |year=2020 |month=Mar |volume=94 |issue=11 |pages=481-94 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32102975/}}{{doi|10.1212/WNL.0000000000009107}}</ref>. Saepe cum eventu suo conspicuo neurodegenerativarum mutationum et occasus quarundam [[cellula]]rum [[substantia nigra|substantiae nigrae]], in cerebri medio [[cerebrum|cerebri]] neurotransmissorem [[dopaminum]] [[secretio|secernentis]], connectitur. Adhuc multae factores, quae dissimulabiliter in initium et cursum influant, plene incognitae sunt. Causa autem huius mortis cellularis adhuc omnino ignota est. Nimirum [[homo sapiens|homines]] plerumque amplius sexaginta annos natos symptomata ostendunt, initium sane morbi multos annos antea rendum est. Interim aliae structurae antea affectae, ut [[apparatus digestorius]] et etiam [[bulbus olfactorius]], causae esse putantur. Non raro videntur cursus morbi similes inter homines. Interdum primo apparent varia symptomata inobservabilia, inter quae sunt [[hyposmia (symptoma)|hyposmia]] aut anosmia, [[insomnia]], [[constipatio|alvus compressa]], [[depressio (psychiatria)|depressio]] vel anxietas animi. Demum accedunt symptomata quae ad motus corporis pertinent. Dinoscitur tum tremoribus praecipue [[digitus|digitorum]] et [[manus|manuum]], rigore [[musculus|musculorum]], tarditate orationis, difficultate ambulandi et [[vultus|vultu]] imperturbato, [[persona]]e simili. Ei saepe accedunt [[dementia]] aut animi [[depressio (psychiatria)|depressio]] vel symptomata accessoria ut [[fatigatio (symptoma)|fatigatio]], [[halucinatio]]nes visuales, [[delusio]]nes. Notandum est, ut alii morbi non pauci cursum passionis aggravent. Tractatio morbi Parkinsoniani non ad curationem valere queat, quia natura progressiva morbi neurodegenerativi causa restitutionem provenire non potest. Tamen plurimus therapiarum modis morbi cursui tarditatem afferre licet. Hodiernis temporibus therapiarum modi profecto multarum rerum experientia distendi potuerunt. Strategiae pharmacologicae [[medicamentum|medicamentis]] de symptomatibus motoriis et non motoriis circumspiciendis provident. Si genera medicamentorum atque doses eorum bene coniuncta erint, symptomata morbi hoc modo longe mitigabuntur. Attamen effectus medicamentorum in morbi cursu languescent, quod praecipue ad medicamenta, quae restituant deficientias [[neurotransmissor]]is [[dopaminum|dopamini]], valet. Quo fit, ut nonnumquam facultas movendi cito inter bene (accensa, "AD", Anglice: ''ON'') et male (exstincta, "EX", Anglice ''OFF'') convivant: Fluctuationes AD-EX. Praeterea et paupertas motuum, frigor, et motus supra normales (hyperkinesiae, dyskinesiae) denique observabuntur. Si pharmacotherapia paucos effectus dant, certis in casibus [[stimulatio cerebralis profunda]] considerare licet. Pariter, ut causae, scientiae et facultates de morbi initium et cursum gravescentem praeveniendo pluribus in rebus restrictae sunt. Certe circumiectuum, geneticae, fors et nutrimentorum origines considerandae et quondam prudentia observante investigandae sunt. == Epidemiologia == Morbus Parkinsonianus proximus est a frequentissimo morbo neurodegenerativo. Anno 1990 vicies quinquies centena milia hominum (2&thinsp;500&thinsp;000) afficiebantur morbo Parkinsoniano [[praevalentia|(praevalentia]]); Anno 2016 numerus aegrotorum plus quam duplex erat, id est sexagies semel centena milia hominum (6&thinsp;100&thinsp;000) <ref>{{cite journal |authors=GBD 2016 Parkinson's Disease Collaborators |title=Global, regional, and national burden of Parkinson's disease, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 |journal=Lancet neurology |year=2018 |volume=17 |issue=11 |pages=939-53 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30287051}}.</ref>. == Genetica == <!--{{main|Parkinsoniano morbo varietates geneticae sociatae}} -->Videtur hodie, ut morbus Parkinsonianus etiam effectibus factorum et geneticorum et circumiectorum intellegendus sit<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Kalia L. V., Lang A. E. |title=Parkinson's disease |journal=Lancet |year=2015 |month=August |volume=386 |issue=9996 |pages=896-912 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25904081/}}{{doi|10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61393-3}}</ref>. Inter alia imprimis gena ''LRRK2'', ''SNCA'', ''VPS35'', ''PRKN'', ''PINK1'', et ''DJ1'' investigata sunt<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Kim C.Y., Alcalay R.N. |title=Genetic Forms of Parkinson's Disease |journal=Seminars in neurology |year=2017 |month=Apr |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=135-46 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28511254/}}{{doi|10.1055/s-0037-1601567}}</ref>. Quo plus scientia effectuum geneticorum augeat, eo optio magis aegrotorum quaeratur, si examen geneticum sit opportunum<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Cook L., Schulze J., Kopil C., Hastings T., Naito A., Wojcieszek J., Payne K., Alcalay R. N., Klein C., Saunders-Pullman R., Simuni T., Foroud T. |title=Genetic Testing for Parkinson Disease: Are We Ready? |journal=Neurology. Clinical practice |year=2021 |month=Feb |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=69-77 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33968475/}}{{doi|10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000831}}</ref>. === Factores pericula geneticae morbi Parkinsoniani === Mutatio genetica [[genum|geni]] [[enzymum|enzymi]] β-[[glucocerebrosidasis]] [[lysosoma]]tum periculum constat<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Lwin A., Orvisky E., et al. |title=Glucocerebrosidase mutations in subjects with parkinsonism |journal=Molecular genetics and metabolism |year=2004 |month=Ian |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=70-3 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14728994/}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |authors=García-Sanz P., Aerts J. M. F. G., Moratalla R. |title=The Role of Cholesterol in α-Synuclein and Lewy Body Pathology in GBA1 Parkinson's Disease |journal=Movement disorders |year=2021 |month=Mai |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=1070-85 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33219714/}}</ref>. === Varietates morbo Parkinsoniano geneticae === Apud circiter centesimae quindecim (de 5 usque ad 20) morbo Parkinsoniano aegrotorum in vicinia genetica alii symptomatibus similes sunt<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Deng H., Wang P., Jankovic J. |title=The genetics of Parkinson disease |journal=Ageing research reviews |year=2018 |month=Mar |volume=42 |pages=72-85 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29288112/}}</ref>. In anno 1997 mutatio genetica [[genum|geni]] [[alpha-synucleinum|alpha-synucleini]] (''SNCA'') investigata est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Coppedè F |title=Genetics and epigenetics of Parkinson's disease |journal=ScientificWorldJournal |year=2012 |volume=489830 |issue= |pages= |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22623900}}.</ref>. Adhuc complures loci et geni descripta sunt. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Designatio<br />geni !! Locus !! Genum (Productum) !! Modus<br />inhaerendi !! Annotationes |- | GBA1 || [[chromosoma 1 (homo)|1q22]] || mutationes [[glucocerebrosidasis]] || AD (!) || OMIM:[http://omim.org/entry/606463 606463]<br />→ [[morbus Gaucher]], AR (!), plus quam 500 mutationes notae |- | PARK1 || [[chromosoma 4 (homo)|4q22.1]] || ''SNCA'' ([[alpha-synucleinum]]) || AD || OMIM:[http://omim.org/entry/163890 163890] |- | PARK2 || [[chromosoma 6 (homo)|6q26]] || ''PRKN'' ([[parkinum (proteinum)|parkinum]]) || AR || OMIM:[http://omim.org/entry/600116 600116], parkinsonismus iuvenilis familiaris (initium < 40a) |- | PARK3 || [[chromosoma 2 (homo)|2p13]] || - || - || OMIM:[http://omim.org/entry/602404 602404], mutatio maturius initium perficit |- | PARK4 || [[chromosoma 4 (homo)|4p14]] || ''SNCA'' ([[alpha-synucleinum]]) || AD || OMIM:[http://omim.org/entry/163890 163890]<br />quidam [[polymorphismus nucleotidi singularis|polymorphismi nucleotidi singulares]] |- | PARK5 || [[chromosoma 4 (homo)|4p13]] || ''UCH-L1'' || AD || OMIM:[http://omim.org/entry/191342 191342], initium tremoris circum 50 annos natos suspicatum |- | PARK6 || [[chromosoma 1 (homo)|1p36.12]] || ''PINK 1'' ([[PTEN inducta kinasis 1]]) &<br />''DJ1'' (oncogenum) || AR || OMIM:[http://omim.org/entry/605909 605909], duo gena mutata sunt, variatio PARK7 |- | PARK7 || [[chromosoma 1 (homo)|1p36.23]] || ''DJ1'' (oncogenum) || AR || OMIM:[http://omim.org/entry/606324 606324], initium maturum |- | PARK8 || [[chromosoma 12 (homo)|12q12]] || ''LRRK2'' || AD || OMIM:[http://omim.org/entry/609007 609007], non raro cum degeneratione frontotemporali, amyotrophia, dystonia |- | PARK9 || [[chromosoma 1 (homo)|1p36.13]] || ''ATP13A2'' (ATPasis typi 13A2) || AR || OMIM:[http://omim.org/entry/606693 606693]; raro; nomen proprium: Syndroma ''Kufor''-''Rakeb'' |- | PARK10 || [[chromosoma 1 (homo)|1p32]] || ''EIF2B''<br />(factor initiationis translationis 2B) ? || nondum<br />determinatus || OMIM:[http://omim.org/entry/606852 606852]; aetatem initio determinat |- | PARK11 || [[chromosoma 2 (homo)|2q37.1]] || ''GIGYF2'' (proteinum GRB10 interagens 2) || AD || OMIM:[http://omim.org/entry/612003 612003] |- | PARK14 || [[chromosoma 22 (homo)|22q13.1]] || (phospholipasis A2) || AR || OMIM:[http://omim.org/entry/612953 612953] |- | PARK17 || [[chromosoma 16 (homo)|16q11.2]] || ''VPS35'' ([[vacuolarium proteinorum seiungens 35 orthologus]]) || AD || OMIM:[http://omim.org/entry/601501 601501], initium aetate posteriore<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Vilariño-Güell C., Wider C., et al. |title=VPS35 mutations in Parkinson disease |journal=American journal of human genetics |year=2011 |month=Iul |volume=89 |issue=1 |pages=162-7 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21763482/}}</ref> |- | PARK23 || [[chromosoma 15 (homo)|15q22.2]] || ''VPS13C'' || AR || OMIM:[http://omim.org/entry/616840 616840], initium maturum |- | LRP10 || [[chromosoma 14 (homo)|14q11.2]] || [[LRP10|proteinum receptorio lipoproteini densitatis parvae relatum]] || AD || OMIM:[http://omim.org/entry/609921 609921], una cum [[dementia cum corpusculis Leweyi]] |- | TENM4 || || [[proteinum transmembranaceum teneurini 4]] || || Initium maturum |} ''' Glucocerebrosidasis '''<br /> ''Beta glucocerebrosidasis acida'' vel ''beta glucosidasis'' enzymum lysosomalis est. Mutatio eius genetica periculum morbi Parkinsoniani ponit<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Do J., McKinney C., Sharma P., Sidransky E. |title=Glucocerebrosidase and its relevance to Parkinson disease |journal=Molecular neurodegeneration |year=2019 |month=Aug |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=36 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31464647/}}</ref>. Praeterea mutationes cum [[morbus Gaucher]] velut cum [[dementia cum corpusculis Leweyi]] nexae videntur. [[Ambroxolum]], [[antitussivum]], se glucocerebrosidasem stimulare apparet<ref>{{cite journal |authors= Migdalska-Richards A., Daly L., Bezard E., Schapira A. H. V. |title=Ambroxol effects in glucocerebrosidase and α-synuclein transgenic mice |journal=Annals of neurology |year=2016 |month=Nov |volume=80 |issue=5 |pages=766-75 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27859541/}}</ref>, nuper itaque ambroxolum remedium morbi Parkinsoniani suspicatum est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Mullin S., Smith L., Lee K., D'Souza G., Woodgate P., Elflein J., Hällqvist J., Toffoli M., Streeter A., Hosking J., Heywood W. E., Khengar R., Campbell P., Hehir J., Cable S., Mills K., Zetterberg H., Limousin P., Libri V., Foltynie T., Schapira A. H. V. |title=Ambroxol for the Treatment of Patients With Parkinson Disease With and Without Glucocerebrosidase Gene Mutations: A Nonrandomized, Noncontrolled Trial |journal=JAMA neurology |year=2020 |month=Apr |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=427-34 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31930374/}}</ref>. ''' ''SNCA'' (PARK1, PARK4) '''<br /> Anno 1997 primum in geno ''SNCA'' mutatio cum morbo Parkinsoniano sociata demonstratur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Coppedè F. |title=Genetics and Epigenetics of Parkinson's Disease |journal=The scientific world journal |year=2012 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22623900/}}.</ref>. Adhuc quidam [[polymorphismus nucleotidi singularis|polymorphismi nucleotidi singulares]] geni [[SCNA (genum)|''SCNA'']] ([[alpha-synucleinum|alpha-synucleini]]) morbum Parkinsonianum efficiendi descripti sunt<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Zhang Y., Shu L. |title=A Comprehensive Analysis of the Association Between SNCA Polymorphisms and the Risk of Parkinson's Disease |journal=Frontiers in molecular neuroscience |year=2018 |month=Oct |volume=11 |pages=391 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30410434/}}.</ref>, ut rs2736990, rs356220, rs356165, rs181489, rs356219, rs11931074, rs2737029. ''' Parkinum (PARK2) '''<br /> [[parkinum (proteinum)|Parkinum]] est una ex variis [[ubiquitini ligasis|ubiquitini ligasibus]], ita pars (tertia) [[ubiquitini proteasomatisque systema]]tis. Hoc in munere parkinum proteinum [[mitophagia]]m (degradationem [[mitochondrium|mitochondriorum]]) gubernat<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Pereira S. L., Grossmann D., Delcambre S., Hermann A., Grünewald A. |title=Novel insights into Parkin-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease |journal=Current opinion in neurobiology |year=2023 |month=Iun |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37023495/}} {{doi|10.1016/j.conb.2023.102720}}</ref>. Mutatio genetica geni PRKN Parkini progessus Parkinsonismi iuvenilis explicat<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Mizuno Y. |title=More than 20 years of the discovery of Park2 |journal=Neuroscience research |year=2020 |month=Oct |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32450217/}}{{doi|10.1016/j.neures.2020.02.002}}</ref>. ''' PARK5 '''<br /> Anno 1998 varietas morbi Parkinsoniani renuntiata est, quo initium morbi tremor circum 50 annos natos, et nexus cum metabolismo ubiquitini (enzymo UCHL-1) notus est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Leroy, E., Boyer, R., Auburger, G., Leube, B., Ulm, G., Mezey, E., Harta, G., Brownstein, M. J., Jonnalagada, S., Chernova, T., et al. |title=The ubiquitin pathway in Parkinson's disease |journal=Nature |year=1998 |month=Oct |volume=395 |issue=6701 |pages=451-2 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9774100/}} {{doi|10.1038/26652}}</ref>. Iam anno 2006 nexus cum ubiquitini itinere dubitatum est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Healy, D. G., Abou-Sleiman, P. M., Casas, J. P., Ahmadi, K. R., Lynch, T., Gandhi, S., Muqit, M. M. K., Foltynie, T., Barker, R., Bhatia, K. P., et al. |title=UCHL-1 is not a Parkinson's disease susceptibility gene |journal=Annals of neurology |year=2006 |month=Apr |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=627-33 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16450370/}} {{doi|10.1002/ana.20757}}</ref>. Nuper tamen consocatio cum aggregatione alpha-synucleini descripta est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Nielsen P. Y. Ø., Okarmus J., Meyer M. |title=Role of Deubiquitinases in Parkinson's Disease-Therapeutic Perspectives |journal=Cells |year=2023 |month=Feb |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=651 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36831318/}} {{doi|10.3390/cells12040651}}</ref>. ''' Kinasis copiosa leucini repetens 2, ''LRRK2'' (PARK8) '''<br /> Diversae varietates enzymi [[leucini copiosa repetens kinasis 2|leucini copiosa repetentis kinasis 2]] cum morbo Parkinson sociatae sunt<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Skipper L., Li Y., Bonnard C., Pavanni R., Yih Y., Chua E., Sung W.-K., Tan L., Wong M.-C., Tan E.-K., Liu J. |title=Comprehensive evaluation of common genetic variation within LRRK2 reveals evidence for association with sporadic Parkinson's disease |journal=Human molecular genetics |year=2005 |month=Dec |volume=14 |issue=23 |pages=3549-56 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16269443/}}</ref>. Frequentia maxima ext [[mutatio genetica]] ''G2019S'', at effectus clinici non uniformes videntur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Papapetropoulos S., Singer C., Ross O. A., Toft M., Johnson J. L., Farrer M. J., Mash D. C. |title=Clinical heterogeneity of the LRRK2 G2019S mutation |journal=Archives of neurology |year=2006 |month=Sep |volume=63 |issue=9 |pages=1242-6 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16966501/}}</ref>, tamen apud mutationes LRRK2 nexus morbi cum ''degeneratione frontotemporali'', ''amyotrophia'', ''dystonia'' descriptus est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Dächsel J. C., Ross O. A., Mata I. F., Kachergus J., Toft M., Cannon A., Baker M., Adamson J., Hutton M., Dickson D. W., Farrer M. J. |title=Lrrk2 G2019S substitution in frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-immunoreactive neuronal inclusions |journal=Acta neuropathologica |year=2007 |month=Mai |volume=113 |issue=5 |pages=601-6 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17151837/}}</ref>. ''' Proteinum transmembranceum teneurini 4 (TENM4) '''<br /> [[Teunerinum|Teneurina]] sunt proteina [[membrana cellulae|transmembranacea]]. Teneurinum 4, unum ex quattuor teneurinis adhuc notis, interactiones cum [[oligodendrocytus|oligodendrocytis]] habere videtur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Hayashi C., Suzuki N., et al. |title=The extracellular domain of teneurin-4 promotes cell adhesion for oligodendrocyte differentiation |journal=Biochemical and biophysical research communications |year=2020 |month=Feb |volume=523 |issue=1 |pages=171-6 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31839217/}}</ref>. Mutationes geni eius, TENM4, iam cum [[tremor essentialis|tremore essentiali]] nexae sunt. Praeterea collatio symptomatum morbi Parkinsoniani observata est ac insuper videtur, ut mutationes periculum non solum tremoris essentialis sed etiam morbi Parkinsoniani augeat<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Pu J.-L., Gao T., et al. |title=Parkinson's Disease in Teneurin Transmembrane Protein 4 ( TENM4) Mutation Carriers |journal=Frontiers in genetics |year=2020 |month=Dec |volume=11 |pages=598064. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2020.598064. eCollection 2020 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33414808/}}</ref>. === Proteinum vacuolarium proteinorum seiungens 35 ortholocus (VPS35) === Intra cellulas seiunctio proteinorum intra vacuola emissendorum necesse est. Haec per proteina [[vacuolarium proteinorum seiunctio|''vacuolarium proteinorum seiungentia'']] (VPS) fit. Unius [[mutatio genetica]] ex eis, VPS35, positione 620, symptomata morbi Parkinsoniani perficit<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Chen X., Kordich J. K., et al. |title=Parkinson's disease-linked D620N VPS35 knockin mice manifest tau neuropathology and dopaminergic neurodegeneration |journal={{PNAS}} |year=2019 |month=Mar |volume=116 |issue=12 |pages=5765-74 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30842285/}}</ref>. == Anatomia pathologica == [[Fasciculus:Lewy Body alphaSynuclein.jpg|thumb|250px|Alpha-synucleinum in [[Corpusculum Leweyi|corpusculis Leweyi]] neuronorum incasorum]] Ad huius morbis [[Neurodegeneratio|neurodegenerativae]] [[pathologia]]m pluria [[neuron]]a perire attinet. Causa pro ista neurodegeneratione aggregatio pathologica [[proteinum|proteini]] ''[[alpha-synucleinum|alpha-synucleinum]]'' non primo in cerebri [[substantia nigra]] parte [[nuclei basales|nucleorum basalium]] sed potius corporis aliis regionibus videatur. Hac de causa morbus Parkinsonianus ''[[synucleinopathia]]rum'' gregi appositus est. Praesentia α-synucleini non solum, ut classice dictum, [[nuclei basales|nucleis basalibus]] restringit, sed in aliis organiis demonstrari queat, ut in tractu gastrointestinali, glandulis salivariis, mucosa olfactoria, cute, retinis, glandulis adrenalibus, et corde<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Ma L.-Y., Liu G.-L., Wang D.-X-, Zhang M.-M., Kou W.-Y., Feng T. |title=Alpha-Synuclein in Peripheral Tissues in Parkinson's Disease |journal=ACS chemical neuroscience |year=2019 |month=Feb |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=861-79 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30714719/}}</ref>. === Corpuscula Leweyi et alpha-synucleinum === {{main|Corpusculum Leweyi}} [[Alpha-synucleinum]] est proteinum praesynapticum 140 [[aminoacidum|aminoacidorum]], forma cuius pathologice phosphorylata ope investigationis immunohistochemicae in neuronorum [[cytoplasma|cytoplasmate]] incasorum intra [[Corpusculum Leweyi|corpuscula Leweyi]] inveniri potest. Distributio profecto [[alpha-synucleinum|alpha-synucleini]] notabilis: proteinum phosphorylatum enim ab initio non in substantia nigra inveniri potest, verum in [[Nervus vagus|nucleo dorsali nervi vagi]] et in [[Bulbus olfactorius|bulbo olfactorio]]<ref name="TREDICI_2002">Del Tredici K, Rub U, De Vos RA, Bohl JR, Braak H (2002). Where does parkinson disease pathology begin in the brain? J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 61: 413-26. (Unde cerebro pathologia morbi Parkinsoniani suscipit?) {{Ling|Anglice}}.</ref>. Praeterea alpha-synuleinum in plexibus neuronorum [[Stomachus|stomachi]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Braak H., De Vos R. A., Bohl J., Del Tredici K. |title=Gastic 𝛼-synuclein immunoresctive inclusions in Meissner's and Auerbach's plexuses in cases staged for Parkinson's disease-related brain pathology |journal=Neuroscience Letters |year=2006 |volume=396 |issue=1 |pages=67-72 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16330147/}}</ref> et [[Colon|colo]] hominis<ref>Shannon KM et al. (2012). 𝛼-synuclein in colonic submucosa in early untreated Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 27: 709-15.</ref> demonstratum est, ut [[axis intestinalis et cerebralis|axem intestinalem et cerebralem]] momentum initii morbi habere putetur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Chao Y.-X., Gulam M. Y., et al. |title=Gut-Brain Axis: Potential Factors Involved in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease |journal=Frontiers in neurology |year=2020 |month=Feb |volume=11 |pages=849 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32982910/}}</ref>. Ex eo hypothesis irruptionum dualium (Anglice: ''dual hit hypothesis'') ortus morbi Parkinsoniani emanavit. Si [[alpha-synucleinum|alpha-synuclei]] [[genum]] ''[[alpha-synucleinum|SCNA]]'' mutatum est, formae morbi Parkinson geneticae (familiares) oriantur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Rosborough K., Patel N., Kalia L. V. |title=α-Synuclein and Parkinsonism: Updates and Future Perspectives |journal=Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep |year=2017 |issue=4 |volume=17 |pages=31 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11910-017-0737-y}}</ref>. Nunc putantur, ut diversitates alpha-synucleini cursus synucleinopathiae, ut morbi Parkinson, diversos explicare possint<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Holec S. A. M., Woerman A. L. |title=Evidence of Distinct α-Synuclein Strains Underlying Disease Heterogeneity |journal=Acta neuropathologica |year=2020 |month=Mai |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32440702/}}.</ref>. Alpha-synucleinum etiam in liquores ''extra''cellulares liberatur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=El-Agnaf O. M. A., Salem S. A., et al. |title=Alpha-synuclein implicated in Parkinson's disease is present in extracellular biological fluids, including human plasma |journal=FASEB journal |year=2003 |month=Oct |volume=17 |issue=13 |pages=1945-7 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14519670/}}</ref>, quo [[anticorpus|anticorpora]] contra α-synucleinum formantur. Valores in sanguine anticorporum contra alpha-synucleinum (''α-Syn-nAbs'', ''Nab-α-Syn'') in genere diminutae sunt<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Besong-Agbo D., Wolf E., et al. |title=Naturally occurring α-synuclein autoantibody levels are lower in patients with Parkinson disease |journal=Neurology |year=2013 |month=Ian |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=169-75 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23255825/}}</ref>, et in morbi cursu continuo diminuunt<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Wang J., Zheng B., et al. |title=Differential Circulating Levels of Naturally Occurring Antibody to α-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease Dementia, Alzheimer's Disease, and Vascular Dementia |journal=Frontiers in aging neuroscience |year=2020 |month=Sep |volume=12 |pages=571437 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33088272/}}</ref>. === Amplificationes mutationum pathologicarum === Processus pathologici cerebrales, qui propagationem distributionemque corpusculorum Leweyi significant, ab parte cerebri inferiori in cortices cerebri, fere continuo fit<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Braak H., Del Tredici K., Rüb U., de Vos R. A., Jansen Steur E. N., Braak E. |title=Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease |journal=Neurobiology of aging |year=2003 |month=Mar-Apr |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=197-211 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12498954}}</ref>. Secundum investigationes histologicas [[pathologia]] stadia Braak 1-6 progessionis morbi distinguit<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Braak H., Del Tredici K., Bratzke H., Hamm-Clement J., Sandmann-Keil D., Rüb U. |title=Staging of the intracerebral inclusion body pathology associated with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (preclinical and clinical stages) |journal= Journal of neurology |year=2002 |month=Oct |volume=249 |issue=Suppl. 3 |pages=1-5 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12528692}}</ref>: * Stadia 1-2: praesymptomatica - corpuscula inclusionis Leweyi modo in [[medulla oblongata]] et [[bulbus olfactorius|bulbo olfactorio]] inveniuntur * Stadia 3-4: mutationes primum tenuiores dein graviores cum corpuscula Leweyi in [[substantia nigra]], [[nucleus basalis telencephali|nucleis basalibus M<small>EYNERT</small>]], et aliis structuris [[mesencephalon|mesencephali]] * Stadia 5-6: terminalia - detrimenta demum in corticibus cerebri locata sunt {| class="wikitable" |+ Stadia pathologica Morbo Parkinsoniani secundum Braak |- ! Stadium !! Stadia clinica !! Regiones affectae |- | style="text-align: center" | 1 || rowspan=2 | praesymptomatica || [[Medulla oblongtata|Medullae oblongatae]] [[nucleus posterior nervi vagi]], [[nucleus olfactorius anterior]] |- | style="text-align: center" | 2 || [[Nuclei raphes]], [[nucleus gigantocellularis]] |- | style="text-align: center" | 3 || rowspan=2 | symptomatica <br />symtomatibus motoriis || [[substantia nigra|Pars compacta substantiae nigrae]], [[nucleus basalis telencephali]] M<small>EYNERTII</small>, ita systematum cholinergicum affectum |- | style="text-align: center" | 4 || Detrimentum profundum dopaminergicum partis compactae substantiae nigrae; [[cortex paralimbicus]] (mesocortex), [[allocortex]] |- | style="text-align: center" | 5 || rowspan=2 | terminalia<br />detrimento cognitivo|| Detrimenta initialia [[neocortex|neocorticis]], imprimis regionibus temporalibus, parietalibus, frontalibus. Detrimenta profunda cum morte cellularum nervi posterioris nervi vagi, nucleorum gigantocellularium, [[locus caeruleus|loci caerulei]] |- | style="text-align: center" | 6 || [[Cortex cerebri|Cortices plenae]], regionibus et sensoriis et motoricis |} === Cerebrum === Et sectione et [[iconismus medicus|iconismo medico]] degeneratio non solum [[substantia nigra|substantiae nigrae]] sed etiam plurimum aliorum cerebri partium observatur. Etiam [[pars basalis telencephali]] profunde affecta est. ==== Pars basalis telencephali ==== {{main|Pars basalis telencephali}} Nuper demonstratum est, ut relatio inter gradus degenerationis [[nucleus basalis telencephali|nuclei basalis M<small>EYNERT</small>]] et perturbationum motuum exstet<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Wilson J., Yarnall A. J., et al. |title=Cholinergic Basal Forebrain Volumes Predict Gait Decline in Parkinson's Disease |journal=Movement disorders |year=2021 |month=Mar |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=611-21 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33382126/}}</ref>. Praeterea malum transmissionis [[acetylcholinum|cholinergicae]] intra et iuxta partem basalem telencephali damnum cogitationis perficit, explicatque in parte incrementum [[dementia]]e cursu posteriore ineunte morbi Parkinsoniani<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Van der Zee S., Müller M. L. T. M., et al. |title=Cholinergic Denervation Patterns Across Cognitive Domains in Parkinson's Disease |journal=Movement disorders |year=2021 |month=Mar |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=642-50 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33137238/}}</ref>. ==== Bulbus olfactorius ==== Symptomata olfactoria mature in morbi cursu conspicua sunt, cum circiter 90% aegrotorum affectis<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Doty R. L. |title=Olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson disease |journal=Nature reviews. Neurology |year=2012 |month=Mai |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=329-39 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22584158/}}</ref>. Nexus maior inter [[bulbus olfactorius|bulbum olfactorium]] et [[systema limbicum]] et monstratio matura pathologicorum proteinorum aggregatorum intra bulbum quaestio symptomatum olfactoriorum, ut [[anosmia]]e, deinde symtomatum [[motus animi|motuum animi]] poscat<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Sheng M.-Z., Fang T.-C., Chen Y.-H., Chang M.-H., Yang C.-P., Lin C.-H. |title=Is either anosmia or constipation associated with cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease? |journal=PLoS One |year=2021 |month=Iun |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=e0252451 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34086764/}}</ref>. === Nervus vagus === {{main|Nervus vagus}} [[Nervus vagus]] suspicionem transmissionis morbi Parkinsoniani attulit. Iter enim inter [[substantia nigra|substantiam nigram]] et [[gaster|gastrum]] nervosum exstat. Hoc ''iter nigro-vagale'' in morbo Parkinsoniano detrimentum capere videtur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Anselmi L., Toti L., Bove 1., Hampton J., Travagli R. A. |title=A Nigro-Vagal Pathway Controls Gastric Motility and Is Affected in a Rat Model of Parkinsonism |journal=Gastroenterology |year=2017 |volume=153 |issue=6 |pages=1581-93 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28912019}}</ref>. Sub exemplo nervi vagi putari morbum Parkinson per transmissionem internam de [[systema digestivum|systemate digestivo]] primo in [[Nervus vagus|nervum vagum]] ([[systema nervosum autonomicum]]) inde in [[systema nervosum centrale]] diffundi<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Reichmann H., Brandt M. D., Klingelhoefer L |title=The nonmotor features of Parkinson's disease: pathophysiology and management advances |journal=Current opinion in neurology |year=2016 |month=aug |issue=4 |volume=29 |pages=467-73 |url=https://insights.ovid.com/pubmed?pmid=27262147 }}</ref>. De facto, sectio nervi vagi incidentiam morbi Parkinsoniani reducere videtur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Svensson E., Horváth-Puhó E., Thomsen R. W., Djurhuus J. C., Pedersen L., Borghammer P., Sørensen H. T. |title=Vagotomy and subsequent risk of Parkinson's disease |journal=Annals of neurology |year=2015 |month=Oct |volune=78 |issue=4 |pages=522-9 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26031848/}}{{doi|10.1002/ana.24448}}</ref>. ==== Systema nervosum entericum et tractus gastrointestinalis ==== {{main|Systema digestorium}} Putatur, ut mutationes pathologicae systematis digestorii quibus cerebri antecedere solent, ut investigationibus pathologicis et geneticis<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Gries M., Christmann A., Schulte S., Weyland M., Rommel S., Martin M., Baller M., Röth R., Schmitteckert S., Unger M., Liu Y., Sommer F., Mühlhaus T., Schroda M., Timmermans J.-P., Pintelon I., Rappold G. A., Britschgi M., Lashuel H., Menger M. D., Laschke M. W., Niesler B., Schäfer K.-H. |title=Parkinson mice show functional and molecular changes in the gut long before motoric disease onset |journal=Molecular neurodegeneration |year=2021 |month=Iun |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=34 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34078425/}}</ref> sustentatum. === Axis intestinalis et cerebralis === Non tantum nervos vagos et cerebri partes morbum Parkinsonianum conferunt; at videtur, ut ''microbioma intestinale'' quoque per [[axis intestinalis et cerebralis|''axem intestinalem et cerebralem'']] ad morbum valeant<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Mulak A., Bonaz B. |title=Brain-gut-microbiota axis in Parkinson's disease |journal=World journal of gastroenterology |year=2015 |month=Oct |volume=21 |issue=37 |pages=10609-20 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26457021/}}</ref>. Effectus in parte per systemata [[systema immunitatis|immunitatis]] et [[systema endocrineum|endocrineum]] concilientur. Suspicantur, ope partitionis generum bactiorum mutatate, itaque auctam permeabilitatem intestinalem oriri, hac de causa pathogeneticis substantiis aditum permittens. == Pathophysiologia == Classice putabatur morbum Parkinsonianum modo malum in [[nuclei basales|nucleis basalibus]] habere. Hodie ''aggregatio'' α-synucleini, insuper ''transmissibilis'', non solum in cerebro, sed aliis corporis partibus, centrum cogitationum currentium morbi Parkinsoniani format: in literatura scientifica notio proteinaceorum nucleorum vel "seminum" vel "''actionis seminantis''" legitur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Thomzig A., Wagenführ K., Pinder P., Joncic M., Schulz-Schaeffer W. J., Beekes M. |title=Transmissible α-synuclein seeding activity in brain and stomach of patients with Parkinson's disease |journal=Acta neuropathologica |year=2021 |month=Iun |volume=141 |issue=6 |pages=861-79 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33895878/}}</ref>. Praeter introitum α-synucleini [[pathogenum|pathogeni]] in tela nervalia inflammationes quoque diffusae et [[contentio oxidativa]] momentum habent. == Pericula probabilia == Pericula probabilia ad pathophysiologiam addere queant. Insomnia non solum signum morbi initiale possit sed ipsa etiam periculum probabile morbi Parkinson constituat<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Lysen T. S., Darweesh S. K. L., Ikram M. K., Luik A. I., Ikram M. A. |title=Sleep and risk of parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease: a population-based study |journal=Brain |year=2019 |month=Iul |volume=142 |issue=7 |pages=2013-22 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31038176}} {{doi|10.1093/brain/awz113}}</ref>. Etiam pericula probabilia [[morbus cardiovascularis|morborum cardiovascularium]] ipsa pericula constituunt<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Kummer B. R., Diaz I., Wu X., Aaroe A. E., Chen M. L., Iadecola C., Kamel H., Navi B. B. |title=Associations between cerebrovascular risk factors and parkinson disease |journal=Annals of neurology |year=2019 |month=4 |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=572-81 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31464350}}.</ref>. Actiones [[Receptorium adrenergicum beta|receptoriorum adrenergicorum β]] quoque periculum probabilium morbi Parkinsoniani commutare queant<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Gronich N., Abernethy D. R., et al. |title=β2-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists and risk of Parkinson's disease |journal=Movement disorders |year=2018 |month=Sep |volume=33 |issue=9 |pages=1465-71 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30311974/}}</ref>: Videtur, ut consumptio inhibitorum β ad periculum addat, et agonistae β periculum morbi Parkinsoniani minuant. [[Inquinatio aeris]] quoque ad morbum contrahendum addere videtur. Magnitudo expositionis {{chem|N|O|2}} cum morbi probabilitate coniuncta apparet<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Jo S., Kim Y.-J., Park K. W., Hwang Y. S., Lee S. H., Kim B. J., Chung S. J. |title=Association of NO2 and Other Air Pollution Exposures With the Risk of Parkinson Disease |journal=JAMA neurology |year=2021 |month=Iul |volume=78 |issue=7 |pages=800-8 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33999109/}} {{doi|10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.1335}}</ref>. == [[Symptoma|Symptomata]] == In morbi Parkinsoniani cursu symptomata multarum formarum oberservantur. === Symptomata habitus === [[Fasciculus:Camptocormia.png|thumb|[[Camptocormia]]]] Symptomata habitus, etiam ''deformitates striatales'' dictae, multis in aegrotis convincuntur. Mala inter aegrotos non uniformiter apparere solent, quamquam cereta exempla prorsus ingrediuntur. In morbo Parkinsoniano mutationes axialis rarae sunt. Saepe vero symptomata flexione certorum musculorum causa inveniuntur. Omnia periculum casuum augent. Augent pariter problemata doloribus dorsi causa.          * Anterocollis - anteflexio [[nucha]]e * [[Camptocormia]] - anteflexio trunci in [[planities sagittalis|planitie sagittali]], flexionis thoracolombalis<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Srivanitchapoom P., Hallett M. |title=Camptocormia in Parkinson's disease: definition, epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment modal |journal=Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatriy |year=2016 |month=Ian |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=75-85 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25896683/}}</ref> * Lateroflexio trunci in planitie frontali ==== Camptocormia ==== Camptocormia torsi flexio thoracolumbalis non voluntaria et abnormalis, et ambulante et stante ineunte conspicua, saepe una cum doloribus, describitur. Symptoma praecipue stante vel ambulante visibile est, haud recumbente<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Azher S. N., Jankovic J. |title=Camptocormia: pathogenesis, classification, and response to therapy |journal=Neurology |year=2005 |month=Aug |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=355-9 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16087897/}}</ref>. Camptocormiae initium inter decem annos ab diagnosem morbi Parkinsoniani facto solet. Diversae essentiae disputantur, ut camptocormia myopathia focalis musculorum trunci vel dystonia axialis vel effectus adversus medicamentis causa<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Ponfick M., Gdynia H.-J., et al. |title=Camptocormia in Parkinson's disease: a review of the literature |journal=Neuro-degenerative diseases |year=2011 |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=283-8 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21389682/}}</ref>. Distinctio inter ''camptocormiam superiorem'', flexionem columnae vertebralis C7-L1 plus quam 45°, et ''camptocormiam inferiorem'', flexionem L1-os sacrum ≥30°, proposita est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Fasano A., Geroin C., et al. |title=Diagnostic criteria for camptocormia in Parkinson's disease: A consensus-based proposal |journal=Parkinsonism & related disorders |year=2018 |month=Aug |volume=53 |pages=53-7 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29759930/}}</ref>. [[Differentia (medicina)|Differentia]] camptocormiae de aliis morbis cogitat, ut [[dystonia|dystoniis]], [[myositis|myositidibus]], [[myopathia|myopathiis]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Margraf N. G., Wrede A., et al. |title=Pathophysiological Concepts and Treatment of Camptocormia |journal=Journal of Parkinson's disease |year=2016 |month=Iun |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=485-501 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27314757/}}</ref>. === Symptomata motuum === [[Fasciculus:Writing by a Parkinson's disease patient.png|thumb|Potestas scribendi minuetur. Hoc exemplum [[Ioannes Martinus Charcot]] anno [[1879]] divulgavit.]] Auctores [[Liber definitivus|liberorum definitivorum]] symptomata et rigorem et tremorem et hypokinesiam<ref>In diversis linguis notio ''akinesia'' etiam ''akinesis'' usus est. Terminatio "''-is''" Graeca in textibus Latinis inusitata videtur, et praefixum "''a-''" absentia cuiusque motus significat. Eo rectius, in morbo Parkinsoniano, de hypokinesia loquere videtur.</ref> et instabilitas posturalis afferre solebant. ''[[Rigor (symptoma)|Rigor]]'' est firmitas et immobilitas inusitata musculorum. ''[[Tremor (symptoma)|Tremor]]'' est motus commeans [[manus]] sive [[Brachium (anatomia)|bracchii]] cum frequentia celeriore (circiter 5/s). ''[[Hypokinesia (symptoma)|Hypokinesia]]'' motum reducta describit, plerumque vero motuum paupertas invenitur, itaque ''bradykinesis'' appellatur. Quartum est ''instabilitas posturalis'', de quo dicitur, si status nec stabilis nec firmus sit, verum ruinae periculum exstat. Qua in re equidem haec symptomtata deesse aut deminuta esse posse non ignoratote aut potius alia addi. ==== Tremor ==== {{main|Tremor (symptoma)}} Initio tremor, si - saepe - adest, imprimis unilateraliter visibilis est. Frequentia tremoris est 4-6 Hz. Hodie quinque typorum tremoris apud morbum Parkinsonianum, digeruntur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Gironell A., Pascual-Sedano B., Aracil I., Marín-Lahoz J., Pagonabarraga J., Kulisevsky J. |title=Tremor Types in Parkinson Disease: A Descriptive Study Using a New Classification |journal=Parkinson's disease |year=2018 |volume= |issue= |pages=doi: 10.1155/2018/4327597 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30363956}}</ref>: * Typus I — tremor in quiescendo * Typus II-R — tremor in quiescendo et agendo, cum retardatione * Typus II-C — tremor in quiescendo et agendo, sine retardatione * Typus III — tremor in agendo * Typus IV — tremor in quiescendo et agendo, cum frequentiis alternantibus ==== Micrographia (scriptura) ==== Iam ab morbis initio [[Scriptura|potestas scribendi]] diminuitur: symptoma non rarum est scriptura minor, quod ([[micrographia (symptoma)|micrographia]]) nominatum est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=McLennan JE, Nakano K, Tyler HR, Schwab RS |title=Micrographia in Parkinson's disease |journal=J Neurol Sci |year=1972 |volume=15 |pages=141-52 }}</ref>. Interim investigationibus novioribus duo typi micrographiae distinguitur: ''micrographia consistens'' (scriptura perpetuo parva) et ''micrographia progressiva'' (scriptura litteris primis normale tum magnitudinis minoris progressivae)<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Pinto S, Velay JL |title=Handwriting as a marker for PD progression: a shift in paradigm |journal=Neurodegener Dis Manag |year=2015 |volume5= |pages=367-9 |url=http://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/pdf/10.2217/nmt.15.29 }}</ref>. ==== Vox ==== Vox tremebunda submissaque communicationem praegravare potest. Claritas voci, quoque, affecta sit, cum variationibus maioribus intra diem et inter dies. Nimirum, ut aegroti tales commutationibus voci patiant; Deminuta vox ad communicationem deminutam multipliciter addere solet: * alii ''quid negotii voce vobis est?'' quaerant * Perturbationes ab aliis sensae miserationem perficere possint, quoque cum deminutione valoris sui ab aegroto sensi * in parte aegroti se recipiant In medicina hae perturbationes ''[[dysarthria]]'' nominantur, in morbo Parkinsoniano saepe ''dysarthria rigida(-hypokinetica)'' invenitur. In morbi cursu dysarthria cum vocis insufficientia aggravare solet: deminuantur ita spirandi facultas, movendi [[ligamentum vocale|ligamenta vocalia]] cum [[dysphonia]], velut vocis velocitas, [[accentus|accentuum]] [[phonema]]tumque formationes ([[dysprosodia]]), actiones coordinatae inter [[cerebrum]] et [[larynx|laryngem]]; et aliae qualitates voci<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Pinto S., Ghio A., Teston B., Viallet F. |title=La dysarthrie au cours de la maladie de Parkinson. Histoire naturelle de ses composantes : dysphonie, dysprosodie et dysarthrie |journal=Revue neurologique |year=2010 |volume=166 |issue=10 |pages=800-10 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20800250/}} {{doi|10.1016/j.neurol.2010.07.005}}</ref>. Cum voce submissa auxiliatores possint esse: * exercitationes vocis diurnae: carmina cantandis, textus verbaque faciendis * communicatione ineunte: oculos utendo aliosque aspiciendo, greges parvos eligendis, strepitus circumiectuum reducendis * inter sermones aquam bibendo, moram faciendo === Symptomata systematis nervosi autonomici === Iam mature in morbi cursu, saepe annis ante symptomata motoria, mutationes non motoriae observantur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Elfil M., Kamel S., et al. |title=Implications of the Gut Microbiome in Parkinson's Disease |journal=Movement disorders |year=2020 |month=Iun |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=921-33 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32092186/}}</ref>, etiam circa [[systema nervosum autonomicum]]. Symptomata ut palpitationes cordis, [[calor]], [[frigus]], [[sudor]], perturbationes somni ([[insomnia]]e et dyssomniae)), [[digestio]]nis, mictionis [[actus sexuales|sexualitatisque]] perturbationes prodire possunt<ref>[http://www.movementdisorders.org/MDS/Scientific-Issues-Committee-Blog/Autonomic-.htm Galvez-Jimenez N, Lugo-Sanchez R, Khan T (2017): Autonomic Issues in Parkinson's Disease, Societas Internationalis Pertubationum Motuumque Parkinsonianorum (MDS)]</ref>. ==== Sudor ==== Cum morbo Parkinsoniano propensio aegrotorum ad sudorem quantitate maiore generandum narratur. ==== Perturbationes somni ==== Iam mature, sed rarius, perturbationes somni insomnia vel dyssomnia prodeant, at cum morbi decursu saepius ab aegrotis observantur, praecipue mutationes ''morium nocturnorum'' (e. g. verbere vehementer, cadere) inter [[Somnus#Quinque gradus somni|gradus REM (ROM, somnum Rapidi Oculorum Motus et somniorum)]]. ==== Microbioma et digestio ==== Mala digestionis (cum dysbiosi intestinali) per totum tractum gastrointestinalem in multis operibus doca sunt<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Mukherjee A., Biswas A., Das S. K. |title=Gut dysfunction in Parkinson's disease |journal=World journal of gastroenterology |year=2016 |volume=22 |issue=25 |pages=5742-52 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27433087}}</ref>. Nonnulli investigatores putant, ut origo morbi Parkinson forsitan intra tractum gastrointestinalem quaerenda sit<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Huang Y., Liao J., Liu X., Zhong Y., Cai X., Long L. |title=Review: The Role of Intestinal Dysbiosis in Parkinson's Disease |journal=Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology |year=2021 |month=Apr |volume=11 |pages=615075 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33968794/}}</ref>. Exempla malorum sunt [[dysphagia (symptoma)|dysphagia]] et [[gastroparesis]]. ''Gastroparesis'' cum effusione retarda ex ventriculo in 70%-100% observatur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Bhidayasiri R., Phuenpathom W., Tan A. H., Leta V., Phumphid S., Chaudhuri K. R., Pal P. K. |title=Management of dysphagia and gastroparesis in Parkinson's disease in real-world clinical practice - Balancing pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches |journal=Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience |year=2022 |month=Aug |volume=14 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36034128/}} {{doi|10.3389/fnagi.2022.979826}}</ref>. Symptomata eius sunt [[nausea]] [[vomitus]]que, sensum satietatis praematura. Etiam duritia alvi symptomatibus non motoricis attribuitur. ==== Vesica urinaria et mictio ==== Aegrotorum multi in morbi cursu dysfunctiones [[vesica urinaria|vesicae urinariae]] [[mictio]]nis in genere patiant. Aestimatur, ut circiter aegrotorum tertia pars (27-80% <ref>{{cite journal |authors=Sakakibara R., Panicker J., Finazzi-Agro E., Iacovelli V., Bruschini H., et al. |title=A guideline for the management of bladder dysfunction in Parkinson's disease and other gait disorders |journal=Neurourology and urodynamics |year=2016 |month=Iun |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=551-63 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25810035/}} {{doi|10.1002/nau.22764}}</ref>) pertubationes sentiunt, imprimis sensus necessitatis mictionum frequentium vel difficultas urinas retinendi. Saepe talis ''vesica hyperactiva'' cerebro falsiter gradum plenum indicat. Tractatio ad relaxationem musculi detrusoris vesicae spectet. Substantiae nominatae sunt [[oxybutyninum]], [[tolterodinum]], [[solifenacinum]], vel [[darifenacinum]]. Eorum usus, tamen, vacuefactionem vesicae ita relaxatae inhibere queant, ut denique [[betanecholum]] vel [[catheterisatio]]nem commendetur. ==== Colon ==== Colon quote contagione alpha synucleino conturbatur. Symptomata clinica [[inflammatio]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Devos D., Lebouvier T., Lardeux B., Biraud M., Rouaud T., Pouclet H., Coron E., Bruley des Varannes S., Naveilhan P., Nguyen J.-M., Neunlist M., Derkinderen P. |title=Colonic inflammation in Parkinson's disease |journal=Neurobiology of disease |year=2013 |month=Feb |volume=50 |pages=42-8 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23017648/}}</ref> et [[constipatio alvi]] quoque observatur. Putatur, ut constipatio symptoma morbi Parkinsoniani maturum sit<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Knudsen K., Krogh K., Østergaard K., Borghammer P. |title=Constipation in parkinson's disease: Subjective symptoms, objective markers, and new perspectives |journal=Movement disorders |year=2017 month=Ian |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=94-105 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27873359/}}{{doi|10.1002/mds.26866}}</ref>. Constipationis praevalentia in morbi cursu augeat. Circiter centesimae 80 hominum affectorum tempus transitus colici ostendunt. ==== Hypotensio orthostatica ==== Reductio fibrarum tenuium [[nucleus intermediolateralis|nuclei intermediolateralis]] (IML) status hypotensionis efficere videtur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Hatsuta H. Takao M., Nakano Y., Nogami A., Uchino A., Sumikura H., Kanemaru K., Arai T., Itoh Y., Murayama S. |title=Reduction of Small Fibers of Thoracic Ventral Roots and Neurons of Intermediolateral Nucleus in Parkinson Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies |journal=Journal of Parkinson's disease |year=2016 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=325-34 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27061071}}</ref>. === Symptomata systematis sensorii === {{main|systema sensorium}} In morbo Parkinsoniano etiam [[organum Sensorium|organa sensoria]] et [[sensus (biologia)|sensus]] affecta sunt. In parte perturbationes sensoriae [[malum mentis|malis mentis]] appropinquant, per exemplum ''halucinationes opticae'', quae systemati sensorio et functionibus cerebralibus altioribus attribuendae sunt. ==== Visus ==== {{main|Systema visuale}} Morbo Parkinsoniano perturbationes visuales et oculorum et tractus visualis frequentius observanur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Borm C. D. J. M., Visser F., et al. |title=Seeing Ophthalmologic Problems in Parkinson Disease: Results of a Visual Impairment Questionnaire |journal=Neurology |year=2020 |month=Apr |volume=94 |issue=14 |pages=e1539-47 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32161030/}}</ref>. ==== Odoratio: Systema olfactorium et Morbus Parkinsonianus ==== {{main|Systema olfactorium}} Systema olfactorium mature, [[corpusculum Leweyi|pathologiae Leweyi]] introductionis in [[bulbus olfactorius|bulbos olfactorios]] causa, afficitur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Fullard M. E., Morley J. F., Duda J. E. |title=Olfactory Dysfunction as an Early Biomarker in Parkinson's Disease |journal=Neuroscience Bulletin |year=2017 |month=Oct |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=515-25 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28831680/}}</ref>: circiter viginti annorum ante signa clinica aperta [[hyposmia (symptoma)|hyposmia]] vel anosmia observari potest. === Aliae cum morbo Parkinsoniano sociatae perturbationes neurologicae (symptomata non motuum) === Symptomata non motuum frequentissima sunt malum odorationis, fatigatio, [[timor|pavor]], dysaesthesiae cum [[dolor]]ibus<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Barone P, Antonini A, Colosimo C, Marconi R, Morgante L, Avarello TP, Bottacchi E, Cannas A, Ceravolo G, Ceravolo R, Cicarelli G, Gaglio RM, Giglia RM, Iemolo F, Manfredi M, Meco G, Nicoletti A, Pederzoli M, Petrone A, Pisani A, Pontieri FE, Quatrale R, Ramat S, Scala R, Volpe G, Zappulla S, Bentivoglio AR, Stocchi F, Trianni G, Del Dotto P |title=The PRIAMO study: A multicenter assessment of nonmotor symptoms and their impact on quality of life in Parkinson's disease |journal=Mov Disord |year=2009 |volume=24 |month=Nov. |pages=1641-9 |doi=10.1002/mds.22643 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mds.22643/abstract;jsessionid=4CD124D2448BDB6C8FD01CFB9466A1F4.f02t03 }}</ref> ==== Dolores ==== Centesimae novem aegrotorum symptoma primum dolores demonstrant<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Snider S. R., Fahn S., Isgreen W. P., Cote L. J. |title=Primary sensory symptoms in parkinsonism |journal=Neurology |year=1976 |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=423-9 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/944393}}</ref>. In morbi cursu de doloribus duae partes (67.6%) aegrotorum queruntur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Broen M. P., Braaksma M. M., Patijn J., Weber W. E. |title=Prevalence of pain in Parkinson's disease: a systematic Review using the modified QUADAS tool |journal=Mov Disord |year=2012 | volume=27 |month=4 |pages=480-4 |doi=10.1002/mds.24054 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mds.24054/abstract }}</ref>, nimirum hac de causa dimidium aegrotorum [[analgeticum|analgetica]] (medicamenta contra dolores) consumit. Hae cum hypostimulatio tum hyperstimulatio systematis dopaminergici convenire possunt, etiamnunc illius non rationem habentes. Saepe aegroti de [[umerus|umerorum]] doloribus queruntur; at alii dolores et acuti et chronici non raro sunt, ut: * [[Dolor neuropathicus]] * Dolor visceralis ([[viscus|viscerum]]) * Dolor musculosceletalis * Dolor dystonicus ([[dystonia (symptoma)|dystonia]] cum doloribus) * [[Capitis dolor|Dolor capitis]] Suspicatur, ut detrimentum celluarum dopaminergicarum [[nociceptio]]nem (sensum dolorum) augeat<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Valek L., Auburger G., Tegeder I. |title=Sensory neuropathy and nociception in rodent models of Parkinson's disease |journal=Disease models & mechanism |year=2019 |month=Iun |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=pii: dmm039396 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31248900}}</ref>, quia detrimentum amissio [[neuron]]orum conceptum diminutionem quoque gubernationis inhibentis neuronis dopaminergicis significet. Tractatio multos modos requirat<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Rukavina K., Leta V., Sportelli C., Buhidma Y., Duty S., Malcangio M., Ray Chaudhuri K. |title=Pain in Parkinson's disease: new concepts in pathogenesis and treatment |journal=Current opinion in neurology |year=2019 |month=Aug |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=579-88 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31260418/}}</ref>, ut * pharmacologica etiam non dopaminergica, ut ** analgetica, per exemplum [[oxycodonum]], ** [[Botulinumtoxinum]], ** ([[Antidepressivum|Antidepressiva]]): [[Amitriptylinum]], [[Duloxetinum]] ** [[Gabapentinum]] * [[Stimulatio cerebri profunda]] * [[physiotherapia]] ==== Nausea et vomitus ==== Circiter centesimae dies aegrotorum de nausea, pauci de vomitu loquuntur. Non raro nausea usu levodopae observatur, imprimis si medicamenti [[dosis (pharmacologia)|dosis]] perrapide aucta est. Licet hic conatum cum [[domperidonum|domperidono]] (antagonista contra [[receptorium dopamini D2|receptoria D2]]) fieri, quamquam arrhythmiae cardiales obervari possunt, et cum malo cordis etiam periculum mortis altius est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Renoux C, Dell'Aniello S, Khairy P, Marras C, Bugden S, Turin TC, Blais L, Tamim H, Evans C, Steele R, Dormuth C, Ernst P |title=Ventricular tachyarrhythmia and sudden cardiac death with domperidone use in Parkinson's disease |journal=Br J Clin Pharmacol |year=2016 |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=461-72 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4972162/}}</ref>. === Mutationes psychicae === Cum procedat morbus sic plerumque inter gradum crescentum mutationes psychicae observari poterunt, id sunt per exemplum symptomata [[Depressio|depressionis]] sive [[Dementia|dementiae]] sive psychotica. Momenta quoque habent [[halucinatio]]nes visuales et [[delusio]]. Non modo morbi hi secundarii mortalitatem crescere sinant sed etiam tractationes eorum conectere possint. Weintraub et al. (2016)<ref>Weintraub D. et al. (2016). Association of antipsychotic use with mortality risk in patients with Parkisnon disease. JAMA Neurol 3(5): 535-541</ref> substantias antipsychoticas singulares mortalitatem magis quam duplicare ([[Haloperidolum]] (etiam x 5,1), [[Olanzapinum]], [[Risperidonum]], [[Quetiapinum]]) posse demonstraverunt. ==== Depressio ==== {{main|Depressio (psychiatria)}} Depressio in morbo Parkinsoniano cum detrimento systematis [[dopminum|dopaminergici]] coniuncta videtur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Patterson L., Rushton S. P., Attems J., Thomas A. J,, Morris C. M. |title=Degeneration of dopaminergic circuitry influences depressive symptoms in Lewy body disorders |journal=Brain pathology |year=2019 |month=Iul |volumne=29 |issue=4 |pages=544-57 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30582885/}}{{doi|10.1111/bpa.12697}}</ref>. ==== Dementia morbi Parkinsoniani ==== In morbi cursu denique symptomata dementiae observari possunt. Incidentia (numerus morborum nove cognitorum) dementiae una cum morbo Parkinsoniano sexies aestimatur. Criteria dementia apud morbum Parkinsonianum sunt: Diminuta sunt attentio, memoria, functiones executivae, functiones visuospatiales; praesentia frequentiora symptomatum morum commutatorum, [[halucinatio]]rum; propter degenerationem structurarum [[cortex cerebri|corticum cerebri]] et [[systema limbicum|systematis limbici]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Emre M., Aarsland D., et al. |title=Clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia associated with Parkinson's disease |journal=Movement disorders |year=2007 |month=Sep |volume=22 |issue=12 |pages=1689-707 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17542011/}}</ref>. ==== Halucinationes ==== [[Halucinatio]]nes, imprimis visuales, apud 30% aegrotorum in morbi cursu sentiuntur. Si adsunt, [[qualitas vitae]] inhibitur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Powell A., Ireland C., Lewis S. J. G. |title=Visual Hallucinations and the Role of Medications in Parkinson's Disease: Triggers, Pathophysiology, and Management |journal=The journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences |year=2020 |month=Mai |pages=appineuropsych19110316 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32374649}}</ref>. Genesis earum maiore in parte de [[neurotransmissor]]ibus non solum [[dopaminum|dopamino]], sed etiam [[noradrenalinum|noradrenalino]], [[serotoninum|serotonino]], [[acetylcholinum|acetylcholino]], explicatur. Medicamenta — saepe [[antipsychoticum atypicum|antipsychotica atypica]] adhibentur — aequo effectu agunt, ita commendationes speciales peritis non dantur; forsitan [[inhibitor acetylcholini esterasis|inhibitores acetylcholini esterasis]] levamina agere possint<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Swann P., O'Brien J. T. |title=Management of visual hallucinations in dementia and Parkinson's disease |journal=International psychogeriatrics |year=2019 |month=Iun |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=815-36 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30398127/}}</ref>. ==== Delusiones ==== Tardius in morbi cursu etiam delusiones observari queant. == Diagnosis == === Criteria Societatis Morbi Motuum (2015) === Hodie diagnosis secundum criteria supportiva, criteria exclusionis absoluta, velut vexilla rubra facta est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Postuma R. B., Berg D., Stern M., Poewe W., Olanow C. W., Oertel W., Obeso J., Marek K., Litvan I., Lang A. E., et al. |title=MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease |journal=Movement disorders |year=2015 |month=Oct |volume=30 |issue=12 |pages=1591-601 |https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26474316}}</ref>. ==== Criteria supportiva ==== * Responsum clarum per therapiam [[dopaminum|dopaminergicam]] factum. * [[Dyskinesia]] per laevodopa inducta * [[Tremor (symptoma)|Tremor]] * Malum [[odoratus|functionis olfactorii]] <u>vel</u> signa denervationis [[systema nervosum autonomicum|autonomicae]] [[cor|cardialis]] ==== Criteria exclusionis absoluta ==== * Signa mali functionum [[cerebellum|cerebellarium]] certa * Motus oculorum sursum deorsumque clare inhibiti * [[Dementia frontotemporalis]] * Symptomata ut in morbo Parkinsoniano [[membrum inferius|membrorum inferiorum]] plus quam tres annos persistentia * Parkinsonismus medicamentorum causa * Responsum nullum vel minimus medicamentorum contra morbum Parkinsonianum neglectis dosibus altissimis * Symptomata imprimis corticis cerebri, ut aphasia, apraxia progressiva * Iconismus functionalis medicus systematis dopaminergici praesynaptici malum non ostendit. * Condicio alia symptomatum praesentium ==== Vexilla rubra ==== Notio vexilli rubri certa insignia periculum maius indicare portat: * Cursus rapide progressivi cum necessitate [[sella rotalis|sellae rotalis]], intra 5 annos ab morbi initio * Propagatio symptomatum motoricorum intra 5 annos ab morbi initio * Mature dysfunctio bulbaris ([[Mesencephalon|mesencephali]]) cum dysphonia, dysarthria, dysphagia; intra 5 annos ab morbi initio * Malum respiratorium inspirationis; vel diurne vel nocte * Derelictio [[systema nervosum autonomicum|autonomica]] gravis, intra 5 annos ab morbi initio, cum ** [[hypotensio orthostatica|hypotensione orthostatica]] ** [[incontinentia]] urinae * Casus recurrentes, plus quam unum per annum, equilibrio diminuto intra ''tres'' annos ab morbi initio * Anterocollis (caput prorsum propensum) * Signa tractus pyramidalis, non aliter explicabilia * Symptomata bilateralia iam ab morbi initio praesentia === Liquor cerebrospinalis === [[Liquor cerebrospinalis]] per [[punctio (medicina)|punctionem]] [[cavum subarachnoidale|cavi subarachnoidalis]] ([[rachicentesis|rachicentesem]]) paratur. Quamquam adhuc liquoris cerebrospinalis examinatio non est pars criteriorum diagnosem faciendi, tamen interdum quique valores assequentes utiles queant. Videntur, ut valores [[proteinum tau|proteini tau]] et [[alpha-synucleinum|alpha-synucleini]], at non [[amyloidum beta|amyloidi beta]], cursus conspicui pariter morbi Parkinsoniani ostendant cum valores ''initio minuti'', at tardius, nimirum, aucti<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Kang J.-H., Irwin D. J., et al. |title=Association of cerebrospinal fluid β-amyloid 1-42, T-tau, P-tau181, and α-synuclein levels with clinical features of drug-naive patients with early Parkinson disease |journal=JAMA Neurology |year=2013 |month=Oct |volume=70 |issue=10 |pages=1277-87 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23979011/}}</ref>. === Differentia medica === [[Differentia (medicina)|Differentia]] principalis est ''Parkinsonismus secundarius'', interdum minus accurate ''syndroma Parkinsoniana'' nominatum. Etiam nota sunt ''syndromae Parkinsonianae plus'' grex morborum neurodegenerativorum cum symptomatibus morbi Parkinsoniani. == Classificationes == Propter causam quattuor typi dividuntur: * Parkinsonismus ''idiopathicus'' sive ''primarius'' — huius typi causa secundaria ignota * Parkinsonismus ''hereditarius'' — cum causa sive contextu genetico * ''Multorum systematum atrophia'' ("''MSA''"), ''Degeneratio corticobasalis'' * Parkinsonismus ''secundarius'' — cum causa sive causis aliis, per exemplum: [[medicamentum|medicamento]], [[tumor]]e === Classificatio Societatis internationalis perturbationum Parkinson motuumque (MDS) === ==== Morbus Parkinson praecox ==== [[Societas Internationalis Perturbationum Motuumque Parkinsonianorum]] (MDS) morbum Parkinson praecocem in gradus tres dividi commendavit<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Berg D, Postuma RB, Adler CH, Bloem BR, Chan P, et al. |title=MDS research criteria for prodromal Parkinson's disease |journal=Mov Disord |year=2015 |volume=30 |month=Oct |pages=1600-11 |doi=10.1002/mds.26431 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mds.26431/full#mds26431-bib-0002 }}</ref>: * occultus (''preclinical'') — processus [[Neurodegeneratio|neurodegenerativi]] exorsi sunt sed sine symptomatibus signisque. * prodromalis (''prodromal'') — Symptomata signaque praesentia sed nondum ad morbum definiendum apta * apertus (''clinical'') — diagnosis in praesentia classicorum signorum motuum === Scala Hoehn et Yahr === Anno [[1967]] medici [[Margareta Hoehn]] et [[Melvinus Yahr]] divisionem aestimationis gravitatis morbi divulgaverunt<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Hoehn M, Yahr M | title = Parkinsonism: onset, progression and mortality |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_1967-05_17_5/page/427 | journal = Neurology | volume = 17 | issue = 5 | pages = 427–42 | year = 1967 | pmid = 6067254 | doi=10.1212/wnl.17.5.427}}</ref>. Interim scala amplificata utitur. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Gradus !! Scala Hoehn et Yahr amplificata |- | 1 || Perturbatio unilateralis |- | 1.5 || Perturbatio unilateralis atque axialis |- | 2 || Perturbatio bilateralis sine debilitatione librae |- | 2.5 || Morbus bilateralis cum compensatione ad examen tractus |- | 3 || Morbus bilateralis levis ad moderatum sed nonnullum instabilitas posturalis; corporis independente |- | 4 || [[Debilitas]] gravis; adhuc potentia eundi standive sine auxilio |- | 5 || [[Sella rotalis|Sella rotale]] dependens sive in lecto contentum praeter subventum |} == Differentia == {{main|Differentia (neurologia)#Syndroma Parkinson}} De morbo Parkinsoniano alii morbi, ''syndromae Parkinsonienses atypicales'' nominata, aspiciendi sunt<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Levin J., Kurz A., Arzberger T., Giese A., Höglinger G. U. |title=The Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Atypical Parkinsonism |journal=Dtsch Arztebl Int |year=2016 |volume=113 |issue=5 |pages=61-9 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26900156}}</ref>. Perturbationes cum motibus qui [[hypokinesia (symptoma)|hypokinesiam]] et [[rigor (symptoma)|rigorem]] ostendunt sunt [[synucleopathia]]e, [[tauopathia]]e. [[Differentia (medicina)|Differentiales diagnoses]] principalia sunt, per exemplum: * [[Atrophia systematum multorum]] (''MSA'') * [[Degeneratio corticobasalis]] (''CBD'') * [[Paralysis supranuclearis progressiva]] Praeterea ''syndromae Parkinsonianae'' per infectionem, venena, metabolismum appareant. Alia mala cum motibus mutatis et rigore et hypokinesia sunt [[morbus Wilson]], [[morbus Huntington]], [[ataxia spinocerebellaris|ataxiae spinocerebellares]]. == Rationes therapeuticae in genere == [[Fasciculus:Pharmacological treatment of Parkinson's disease.png|thumb|Therapia pharmacologica morbi Parkinsoniani: L-DOPA, [[COMT inhibitor]]es, dopamini agonistae, MAO-B inhibitores in usu sunt.]] Hac sub parte primum varietates therapeuticae - et pharmacologicae et non pharmacologicae - describitur, postea modi eas adhibendi morbo progrediente. In genere medicamentorum, per os consumptorum, tempus absorptionis de liberatione ex [[stomachus|stomacho]] in [[intestinum tenue]] pendet. Ut in cursu morbi etiam stomachus damnum passus sit, et simul motus eius tardare ([[gastroparesis]]) apparent, initium effectuum medicamentorum progressive prolongatum solet<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Nyholm D., Lennernäs H. |title=Irregular gastrointestinal drug absorption in Parkinson's disease |journal=Expert Opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology |year=2008 |month=Feb |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=193-203 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18248312/}} {{doi|10.1517/17425255.4.2.193}}</ref>. === Medicamenta ad motum proferendum emendandumque === Notae sunt diversae rationes tractationis pharmacologicae ad motum proferendum emendandumque, ex quibus L-DOPA maximum momentum habet. Praeterea divisa sunt: COMT inhibitores, dopaminae agonistae, MAO-B inhibitores, NMDA antagonistae, anticholinergica, antagonistae receptorii adenosini A_2A. Notanda sunt interactiones [[pharmacologia|pharmacologicae]] et [[pharmacocinetica]] singularis medicamenti. ==== L-DOPA (laevo-dihydroxy-phenyalaninum) ==== [[L-DOPA]] semper cum [[L-Aminoacidorum aromaticorum decarboxylasis inhibitor |inhibitore]] [[L-Aminoacidorum aromaticorum decarboxylasis|DOPA decarboxylasis]] (benserazidum sive carbidopa) datur. Ad morbum Parkinson tractandum L-DOPA ex omnibus medicamentis simul placidissimum et efficacissimum est. Dosis altior invicem morbi progressui faveat radicalesque liberas formans<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Müller T |title=Detoxification and antioxidative therapy for levodopa-induced neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease |journal=Expert Rev Neurother |year=2013 |volume=13 |month=6 |pages=707-18 |doi=10.1586/ern.13.50 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1586/ern.13.50?journalCode=iern20 }}</ref>. Paulo detrimentosiores in utendo sunt inconstantiae effectus. Ab anno [[2013]] combinatio laevodopae cum carbidopa liberationis retardae nomine IPX066 fabricatur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Hauser RA, Hsu A, Kell S, Espay AJ, Sethi K, Stacy M, Ondo W, O'Connell M, Gupta S; IPX066 ADVANCE-PD investigators |title=Extended-release carbidopa-levodopa (IPX066) compared with immediate-release carbidopa-levodopa in patients with Parkinson's disease and motor fluctuations: a phase 3 randomised, double-blind trial |journal=Lancet Neurol |year=2013 |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=346-56 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23485610}}</ref>. Absorptio in [[intestinum tenue|intestino tenui]] fit. Incommoda sunt [[semivita biologica]] brevis et, in morbi cursu, [[index therapeuticus]] decrescens. Ratio applicandi est dosis minima, ut possit.<br />Non raro in therapiae cursu effectus adversi observantur [[dyskinesia]]e, dystoniae, et diversitates effectuum medicamenti et motoricorum et non motoricum<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Chaudhuri K. R., Poewe W., Brooks D. |title=Motor and Nonmotor Complications of Levodopa: Phenomenology, Risk Factors, and Imaging Features |Journal=Movement disorders |year=2018 |month=Iul |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=909-19 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30134055/}} {{doi|10.1002/mds.27386}}</ref>, ut doses singulares numerus frequentiores, at singularis dosis sub signorum initio eligantur. ==== COMT inhibitores ==== {{main|inhibitor catechol-O-methyltransferasis}} Pars katabolismi [[dopaminum|dopamini]] [[enzymum]] [[catechol-O-methyltransferasis]] (COMT) in [[cellula glialis|cellulis neuroglialibus]] imprimis catecholaminorum [[neurotransmissor|neurotransmissores]] frangit. Ad hunc modum inconstantiae effectuum L-DOPAi deminui possunt. Inhibitores catechol-O-methyltransferasis sunt [[entacaponum]] (ENT), [[opicaponum]] (OPC), [[tolcaponum]] (TCP). [[opicaponum]] semel in die (vesperi) sumitur, sed entacaponum atque tolcaponum ter. ==== Dopaminae agonistae ==== Agonistae dopamini sunt composita chemica, quae medicamenta ad receptoria dopamini agunt. Hae substantiae [[receptorium dopamini D3|receptorium dopamini D₃]] stimulant. Dividuuntur sustantiae haec in classes ''ergolini'' et ''non ergolini''. Dopaminae agonistae sunt [[apomorphinum]], [[bromocriptinum]], [[cabergolinum]], [[lisuridum]], [[pergolidum]], [[piribedilum]], [[pramipexolum]], [[ropinirolum]], [[rotigotinum]]. Usus medicus est in morbum Parkinson, [[hyperprolactinaemia]]m, et [[syndroma membrorum inquietorum]] (Anglice: Restless legs syndrome, abbrev. RLS) tractando. Effectus adversi sunt constipatio alvi, nausea, capitis dolor velut perturbationes cardiales et somnolentia et mores obsessivi. Cum huius gregis uso periculum superiorem [[valvulopathia]]e [[cor]]dis considerandum est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Zanettini R., Antonini A., Gatto G., Gentile R., Tesei S., Pezzoli G. |title=Valvular heart disease and the use of dopamine agonists for Parkinson's disease |journal=The New England journal of medicine |year=2007 |month=Ian |volume=356 |issue=1 |pages=39-46 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17202454/}} {{doi|10.1056/NEJMoa054830}}</ref>. ==== MAO-B inhibitores ==== MAO-B ([[monoaminorum oxidasis B|monoaminorum oxidasis B]]) inhibitores in morbo Parkinsoniano tractando sunt<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Schapira A. H. |title=Monoamine oxidase B inhibitors for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: a review of symptomatic and potential disease-modifying effects |journal=CNS Drugs |year=2011 |volume=25 |issue=12 |pages=1061-71 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22133327}}</ref> [[rasagilinum]], [[selegilinum]] atque novius [[safinamidum]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Stocchi F., Arnold G., Onofrj M., Kwiecinski H., Szczudlik A., Thomas A., Bonuccelli U., Van Dijk A., Cattaneo C., Sala P., Fariello R. G.; Safinamide Parkinson's Study Group |title=Improvement of motor function in early Parkinson disease by safinamide |journal=Neurology |year=2004 |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=746-8 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15326260}}</ref>. ==== NMDA antagonistae ==== [[receptorium NMDA|Receptorii N-Methyl-D-Aspartati]] (NMDA, glutamati) antagonistae sunt [[amantadinum]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Schwab RS, England AC Jr, Poskanzer DC, Young RR |title=Amantadine in the treatment of Parkinson's disease |journal=JAMA |year=1969 |volume=208 |issue=7 |pages=1168-70 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5818715}}</ref> et [[Budipinum]]. ==== Anticholinergica ==== Anticholinergica primum in morbum Parkinsonianum tractando adhibebantur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Brocks D. R. |title=Anticholinergic drugs used in Parkinson's disease: An overlooked class of drugs from a pharmacokinetic perspective |journal=Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences |year=1999 |month=Mai-Aug |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=39-46 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10952768/}}</ref>. In aetatibus provectis vero consumptio substantiarum anticholinergicarum cum periculis adversariarum reactionum etiam graviorium coniuncta sunt (''effectus anticholinergici'' vel ''onus anticholinergicum'' nominata<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Welsh T. J., Van der Wardt V., et al. |title=Anticholinergic Drug Burden Tools/Scales and Adverse Outcomes in Different Clinical Settings: A Systematic Review of Reviews |journal=Drugs & aging |year=2018 |month=Iun |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=523-38 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29736815/}}</ref>). Exempla anticholinergicorum sunt [[biperidenum]] et [[procyclidinum]] et [[trihexyphenidylum]]. ''Biperidenum'' est antagonista [[receptorium muscarinergicum 1|receptoriorum M1]], quae [[neurotransmissor]]e [[acetylcholinum|acetylcholino]] (ACh) stimulantur, quo fit ut effectus ACh minuti (i. e. anticholinergici) sint. ==== Antagonistae receptorii adenosini A_2A ==== [[Istradefyllinum]] prima antagonista [[receptorium adenosini A2A|receptorii adenosini A_2A]] in usu medico est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Dungo R., Deeks E. D. |title=Istradefylline: first global approval |journal=Drugs |year=2013 |month=Iun |volume=73 |issue=8 |pages=875-82 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23700273/}}</ref>. ==== Therapiae experimenta ==== Adhuc investigatum est [[anticorpus]] [[prasinezumabum]] (PRX002)<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Jankovic J., Goodman I., Safirstein B., Marmon T. K., Schenk D. B., Koller M., Zago W., Ness D. K., Griffith S. G., Grundman M., Soto J., Ostrowitzki S., Boess F. G., Martin-Facklam M., Quinn J. F., Isaacson S. H., Omidvar O., Ellenbogen A., Kinney G. G. |title=Safety and Tolerability of Multiple Ascending Doses of PRX002/RG7935, an Anti-α-Synuclein Monoclonal Antibody, in Patients with Parkinson Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial |journal=JAMA Neurol |year=2018 |volume= |issue= |pages= doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.1487 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29913017}}.</ref>. ==== Interactiones inter medicamenta ad motum proferendum emendandumque ==== Cautionem adhibendam est in: * [[amantadinum|Amantadino]] cum [[budipinum|budipino]], * amantatino cum anticholinergico, * budipino cum anticholinergico, * tolcapono cum benserazido, * [[COMT inhibitor]]e cum selegilino, et * COMT inhibitore cum rasagilino. === Stimulatio cerebralis profunda === [[operatio (chirurgia)|Ratio operativa]] stimulatio cerebralis profunda morbi progressivi consideranda est. Post implantationem [[neurochirurgia|neurochirurgicam]] [[electrodum|electrodorum]] vel in [[nucleus subthalamicus|nucleo subthalamico]] (abbrev. ''STN'') vel in [[globus pallidus internus|globo pallido interno]] (GPI) per stimulatione frequentiis altis (100-185 Hz) inhibitio nuclei subthalamici efficitur. De consuetudine stimulatio communiter cum therapia pharmacologica coniuncta est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Muthuraman M., Koirala N., Ciolac D., Pintea B., Glaser M., Groppa S., Tamás G., Groppa S. |title=Deep Brain Stimulation and L-DOPA Therapy: Concepts of Action and Clinical Applications in Parkinson's Disease |journal=Frontiers in neurology |year=2018 |volume=9 |issue= |pages=711 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30210436}}.</ref>. === Physiotherapia === Debilitate et causis aliis periculum cadendi semper aegroto obveniet. Physiotherapia aegrotos ab [[vulnus|vulneribus]] fracturisque custodiat<ref>''ParkinsonNet'' et societas Batavica physiotherapiae [http://www.parkinsonnet.info/media/14741616/eu_guideline_parkinson_201412_clinicians.pdf de physiotherapia et morbo Parkinson]. {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref>. === Morbo ineunte therapia === Cum diagnose facta therapias morbi Parkinsoniani mature instituendas esse commendatur, cum non pharmacologicas dum pharmacologicas. Imprimis modi motum manendi momentum maximum habet, at ceterae functiones quoque attentio peritorum constanter requirunt. Cum natura progrediente strategiae therapeuticae in morbi cursu varient, quae praecipue ad medicamentorum usum applicent. ==== Pharmacologicae strategiae ==== Patientibus senioribus primum L-DOPA ad summum commendatur. Progressu vero morbi extensiones (medicamentis adiuvantibus) commutationesque necesse sunt, ut ope agonistarum dopamini, inhibitorum MAO B, inhibitorum COMT. Investigatio recens therapiam adiuvantem cum inhibitorum MAO B ceteris meliorem esse divulgavit.<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Gray R., Patel S., Ives N., Rick C., Woolley C., Muzerengi S., Gray A., Jenkinson C., McIntosh E., Wheatley K. et al. |title=Long-term Effectiveness of Adjuvant Treatment with Catechol-O-Methyltransferase or Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibitors Compared with Dopamine Agonists among Patients with Parkinson Disease Uncontrolled by Levodopa Therapy: The PD MED Randomized Clinical Trial |journal=JAMA Neurology |year=[[2022]] |month=Februarius |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=131-40 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34962574/}}. {{doi|10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.4736}}.</ref> == Rationes therapeuticae futurae == === Vaccinum contra alpha-synucleinum === Annis ante vaccinatio immunotherapia contra morbum Parkinsonianum cogitatio utilis videbatur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Schneeberger A., Mandler M., et al. |title=Vaccination for Parkinson's disease |journal=Parkinsonism & related disorders |year=[[2012]] |month=Ianuarius |volume=18 supplementum |pages=S11-3 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22166404/}}.</ref>. Anno 2020 vaccinatio nova cum immunotherapeutico ''PD01A'' proposita est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Volc D., Poewe W., et al. |title=Safety and immunogenicity of the α-synuclein active immunotherapeutic PD01A in patients with Parkinson's disease: a randomised, single-blinded, phase 1 trial |journal=The Lancet, neurology |year=2020 |month=Iul |volume=19 |issue=7 |pages=591-600 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32562684/}}</ref>, quo insunt ''affitopa'', [[alpha-synucleinum|alpha-synucleino]] similia (mimotopa) et simul imitatores [[epitopum|epitopi]] [[terminus C|termini C]], [[antigenum|antigena]] agunt. Mimotopa haec brevissima sunt, circiter longitudinis [[aminoacidum|aminoacidorum]] octo, ne [[cellula T|lymphocyti T]] stimulentur, attamen mimotopa per [[complexus histocompatibilitatis maior|complexus histocompatibilitatis maiores]] demonstrari possunt. Paulo post effectus immunotherapeutici ''PD03A'' divulgati sunt, [[atrophia multorum systematum|atrophiae multorum systematum]], aliae synucleopathiae<ref>{{cite journal ||authors=Meissner W. G., Pavy-Le Traon A., et al. |title=A Phase 1 Randomized Trial of Specific Active α-Synuclein Immunotherapies PD01A and PD03A in Multiple System Atrophy |journal=Movement disorders |year=2020 |month=Nov |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=1957-65 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32882100/}}</ref>. Ambo studia ad [[phases scientiae cliniace|phasem 1 scientiae clinicae]] referunt. === Nutrimen === Observatio nervum vagum in morbi Parkinsoniani formatione momentum habere, imprimis sensis nexus inter tractum digestorium et cerebrum, facultas nutriminis consideranda evoluta est. Tamen effectus positivi, ut probioticarum<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Lu C.-S., Chang H.-C., Weng Y.-H., Chen C.-C., Kuo Y.-S., Tsai Y.-C. |title=The Add-On Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 in Patients With Parkinson's Disease: A Pilot Study |journal=Frontiers in nutrition |year=2021 |month=Iun |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34277679/}}{{doi|10.3389/fnut.2021.650053}}</ref>, nondum constanter observati sunt. == Cursus morbi clinicus == Morbus Parkinsonians est morbus [[neurodegeneratio|neurodegenerativus]] et progreditur. Ut supra scriptum progessus ab [[truncus encephalus|trunco encephalo]] vel [[bulbus olfactorius|bulbo olfactorio]] per [[mesencephalon]] ad [[cortex cerebri|cortices cerebrales]] fit, ita ut in cursu detrimenta corporis et mentis amplificent, nimirum pariter mutant symptomata, atque therapia quoque amplificationes has sequatur. Praeterea effectus medicamentorum contra morbum post quosdam annos deminuunt. === Effectus medicamentorum oralium diminuti vel vacillantes === Nonnumquam post circiter 5-6 annos medicamenta oralia minus virium habent. Primum vita virium pharmacologicarum resident, et vitia morbi ante pillulam proximam apparent. Haec ''phasis abeundi'' (Anglice: ''wearing-off phase'') vocatur. [[Fasciculus:Fluctuatio.svg|thumb|In morbi cursu longo effectus medicamentorum (viride) denique (dextrorsum) diminuere solent; et phases "exstinctae" (EX) et [[dyskinsia]]e (DYS) observantur. Curva nigra valores vacillantes consumptione medicamenti indícat.]] Iterum post annos vacillantes fluctuationes effectuum repentae et graviorum (cum dyskinesiis, incrementum motuum) et minorum (cum debilitatibus), AD-EX (status quasi "accensi" et "exstincti": Anglice: ''ON-OFF''), observari possint. In summa: * Effectus medicamentorum iam ante consumptionem proximam regrediantur. * Iam mane, ante consumptionem primam, perturbatio motuum observentur. * Perturbationes motuum nocturnae, vel post prandium. * Mutata consumptio vel obliviscente detrimentosa effectus perficiat. ==== Effectus vacillantes ==== Effectus vacillantes vel fluctuationes effectuum medicamentorum per os consumptorum non raro observantur, insuper multi aegrotorum in morbi cursu tales fluctuationes, motorios et non motorios <ref>{{cite journal |authors=Franke C., Alexander Storch A. |title=Nonmotor Fluctuations in Parkinson's Disease |journal=International reviel of neurobiology |year=2017 |volume=134 |pages=947-71 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28805590/}}</ref> patiantur. Sub therapiae Laevodopa fluctuationes haec non raro inter quinque annos occurrunt. === Stadium terminale === In phasi terminali onus symptomatum non exiguum apparet<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Higginson I. J., Gao W., Saleem T. Z., Chaudhuri K. R., Burman R., McCrone P., Leigh P. N. |title=Symptoms and quality of life in late stage Parkinson syndromes: a longitudinal community study of predictive factors |journal=PLoS one |year=2012 |volume=7 |issue=11 |pages=e46327 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23144781/}}</ref>. === Aliis morbis effectus === Passiones et insanitates aliae ad cursus ingratos referunt. Iam [[febris]] et imbecillitates cum symptomatibus gravioribus coniunctae sint. Etiam apnoea obstructiva motui et cognitioni malefacere queant<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Elfil M., Bahbah E. I., et al. |title=Impact of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Cognitive and Motor Functions in Parkinson's Disease |journal=Movement disorders |year=2021 |month=Mar |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=570-80 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33296545/}}</ref>. == Praeventio morbi Parkinsoniani == Nonnumquam temptamenta initium progressumque morbi Parkinsoniani plene everti posse emineant. An remedium quoppiam cursum morbi plane rumperet, dubitetur. Quippe quaedam substantiae et mores gratias bonas parim exercere possunt. Nam medicamenta [[inflammatio]]nes supprimentia ut [[ibuprofenum]] significanter initium morbi inhibeant<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Gagne JJ, Power MC |title=Anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of Parkinson disease: a meta-analysis |journal=Neurology |year=2010 |volume=74 |issue=12 |pages=995-1002 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Gagne+anti-inflammatory+drugs+Parkinson}}.</ref>. Vitaminum B6<ref>{{cite journal |authors=de Lau LM, Koudstaal PJ, Witteman JC, Hofman A, Breteler MM |title=Dietary folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6 and the risk of Parkinson disease |journal=Neurology |year=2006 |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=315-8 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=De+Lau+Dietary+folate%2C+vitamin+B12%2C+and+vitamin+B6+and+the+risk+of+Parkinson+disease}}.</ref> ac [[coenzymum Q10|coenzymum Q₁₀]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Shults CW, Oakes D, Kieburtz K, Beal MF, Haas R, Plumb S, Juncos JL, Nutt J, Shoulson I, Carter J, Kompoliti K, Perlmutter JS, Reich S, Stern M, Watts RL, Kurlan R, Molho E, Harrison M, Lew M; Parkinson Study Group |title=Effects of coenzyme Q10 in early Parkinson disease: evidence of slowing of the functional decline |journal=Arch Neurol |year=2002 |volume=59 |issue=10 |pages=1541-50 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Shults+Effects+of+coenzyme+Q10in+elderly+Parkinson+disease%3A+evidence+of+slowing+of+the+functional+decline}}</ref> quoque effectus induriarum quosque ostendat. Aliae substantiae plantarum anti-oxidativae impressionem morbi partim terminare possint<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Sandoval-Avila S, Diaz NF, Gómez-Pinedo U, Canales-Aguirre AA, Gutiérrez-Mercado YK, Padilla-Camberos E, Marquez-Aguirre AL, Díaz-Martínez NE |title=Efecto neuroprotector de fitoquímicos en cultivo de neuronas dopaminérgicas |journal=Neurologia |year=2016 |volume=S0213-4853 |issue=16 |pages=30077-9 |url=http://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-neurologia-295-linkresolver-efecto-neuroprotector-fitoquimicos-cultivo-neuronas-S0213485316300779}} {{Ling|Hispanice}}</ref>. Videtur, ut [[lac]] detrimentos effectus neurodegenerationis exercere possit<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Seidl S. E., Santiago J. A., et al. |title=The emerging role of nutrition in Parkinson's disease |journal=Frontiers in aging neuroscience |year=2014 |month=Mar |volume=6 |issue=36 |pages=doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00036 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24639650/}}</ref>. == Clari homines affecti == * [[Mahometus Ali]] * [[Michael J. Fox]] (→[[Opus Fundatum Michaeli J. Fox Indagationis Morbi Parkinsoniani]]<ref>[https://www.michaeljfox.org Nexus ad situm Operis Fundati Michaeli J. Fox Indagationis Morbi Parkinsoniani]</ref>) * [[Deng Xiaoping]] * [[Ioannes Paulus II]] * [[Carolus Maria Martini]] == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:Nigrostriatal pathway.svg|Tractus nigrostriatales </gallery> {{NexInt}} * [[Amyloidosis]] * [[Apoptosis]] * [[Communicatio augmentans et alternativa]] * [[Invaliditas]] * [[Locus caeruleus]] * [[Neurodegeneratio]] * [[Nuclei basales]] == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190925235438/https://www.movementdisorders.org/MDS.htm Situs Societatis internationalis perturbationum Parkinson motuumque (MDS)], in medicina societas maximi momenti, at situ haud informationum generalium sine tessera offertur {{Ling|Anglice}} * Institutum Nationale Senescentiae (''NIH/National Institute on Ageing''): [https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/parkinsons-disease#:~:text=Parkinson%27s%20disease%20is%20a%20brain,have%20difficulty%20walking%20and%20talking. Situs ''NIH'' de morbi Parkinsoniani causibus, symptomatibus, tractationibus] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.apdaparkinson.org/ Consocatio Americana Morbi Parkinsoniani, situs proprius] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.parkinsonforbundet.se Consocatio Parkinson Suecica] {{Ling|Suecice}} * [http://neuro.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/jnp.14.2.223 J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci (2002): tractatio de paralysi agitante] {{Ling|Anglice}} et in parte minore {{Ling|Latine}} * [https://www.backyardgardener.com/plantname/tulipa-doctor-james-parkinson-tulip/ [[Tulipa]] ''Dr. James Parkinson'' in honorem: consilius curae] {{Ling|Anglice}} [[Categoria:Nuclei basales]] [[Categoria:Morbi neurodegenerativi]] [[Categoria:Synucleinopathiae]] [[Categoria:Systema dopaminergicum (dopaminum)]] [[Categoria:Morbus Parkinson|!]] {{Myrias|Biologia}} {{FA stella}} cu15mtz5bpj3bdbpe2dz7j2sredgung 0 215721 3979710 3978876 2026-08-09T14:55:46Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3979710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Hedwiga Fenech}}, vulgo ''Edwige Fenech'' (nata in [[Algerium|Algerii]] urbe [[ Hippo Regius|Hippone Regio]] die [[24 Decembris]] [[1948]]) est [[Histrio|actrix]], moderatrix televisualis atque [[productrix cinematographica]] [[Francia|Franco]]-[[Italia]]na. == Biographia == Hedwiga Fenech nata est Hippone Regio, in [[colonia]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Algerium Francogallicum|Algerii Francogallici|fr|qid=Q218272}},<ref>"[https://www.tgcom24.mediaset.it/televisione/edwige-fenech-pregiudizio-algerina_106046663-202502k.shtml Edwige Fenech: "In Francia ho vissuto il pregiudizio di essere algerina"]" in ''Tgcom 24'' (15 Novembris 2025). {{Ling|Italice}}</ref> die 24 Decembris 1948: pater Felix oriundus ex [[Melita (insula)|insula Melitense]] erat, atque mater Iva ([[Francice]] ''Yvonne'') oriunda oppidorum Sicilianorum [[Achates (Italia)|Achatium]] in [[provincia Ragusina]] erat.<ref>Vide [https://provincia.ragusa.it/comunicati/ricevimento-di-edwige-fenech-e-dei-premiati/ hic] apud situm interretiale provinciae Ragusinae. {{Ling|Italice}}</ref> [[Divortium|Dissoluto matrimonio parentium]], cum matre migravit [[Nicaea (Francia)|Nicaeam]], ubi [[Lyceum (schola)|lyceum]] frequentavit atque artem [[Saltatio|saltationis]] medicinamque studiavit.<ref name=":0">"[https://www.corrieredellumbria.it/news/cultura--spettacoli-e-tv/394562/edwige-fenech-chi-e-l-attrice-dai-film-sexy-alla-storia-d-amore-con-luca-montezemolo-dove-vive-e-cosa-fa-oggi.html Edwige Fenech, chi è l'attrice: dai film sexy alla storia d'amore con Luca Montezemolo. Dove vive e cosa fa oggi]" in ''Corriere dell'Umbria'' (12 Octobris 2025). {{Ling|Italice}}</ref> Anno 1967 vicit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|certamen pulchritudinis||en|qid=Q2658935}} ''Lady France'' ("Domicella Franciae"), quod celebratum est mense Maio, in [[Festum Canuae|Festo Canuae]], igitur certamini ''Lady Europe'' ("Domicella Europae") mensis Augusti particeps fuit:<ref name=":0" /> non vicit (quia Dolores Agusta atque [[Rocío Jurado]] eam superaverunt), sed vir Italus eam proposuit partem principalem in pellicula ''[[Samoa, regina della giungla]]'', a [[Guido Malatesta|Guidone Malatesta]] moderata; igitur, Fenech cum matre in Italia migravit.<ref name=":1">"[https://cinema.fanpage.it/auguri-a-edwige-fenech-la-diva-della-commedia-sexy-allitaliana-compie-70-anni/ Auguri a Edwige Fenech, la diva della commedia sexy all’italiana compie 70 anni]" in ''FanPage.it'' (23 Decembris 2018). {{Ling|Italice}}</ref> [[Fasciculus:Edwige Fenech a Casa Papanice.jpg|thumb|Hedwiga Fenech, anno 1971.]] Inter finem [[Anni 1960|annorum 1960]] atque [[Anni 1970|annos 1970]], Fenech recitavit in nonnullis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pellicula criminalis|pelliculis criminalibus|en|qid=Q959790}} Italicis (vulgo ''gialli all'italiana''): exempli causa, anno 1971 primam partem Iuliae Wardh in ''[[Lo strano vizio della signora Wardh]]'' agit, atque subsequente anno interpretavit personam Ianae Harrison in pellicula {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sergius Martino|Sergii Martino|it|qid=Q983071}} ''[[Tutti i colori del buio]]''.<ref name=":1" /> Iam actrix in nonnullis pelliculis eroticis, anno 1972 Fenech agit magnam partem Ubaldae in pellicula generis ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|decamerotico||it|qid=Q3704455}}'' (genus [[Comoedia|comoediarum]] eroticarum de Italia [[Medium aevum|medii aevi]], cuius nomen e ''[[Decamerone]]'' [[Iohannes Boccacius|Iohannis Boccacii]] atque adiectivum ''erotico'', quod scilicet 'eroticus', componitur) ''[[Quel gran pezzo dell'Ubalda tutta nuda e tutta calda]]'', a [[Marianus Laurenti|Mariano Laurenti]] creata.<ref name=":2">"[https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/cinema/i-5-film-edwige-fenech-che-hanno-incendiato-l-immaginario-2143471.html I 5 film con Edwige Fenech che hanno incendiato l’immaginario italiano]" in ''Il Giornale'' (2 Maii 2023). {{Ling|Italice}}</ref> Igitur fuit inter actrices praeclarissimas comoediarum eroticarum Italicarum (vulgo ''commedie erotiche all'italiana'').<ref name=":0" /> Anno 2023 denuo recitavit in pellicula ''[[La quattordicesima domenica del tempo ordinario]]'' a moderatore cinematographico Bononiense {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iosephus Avati|Iosepho Avati|it|qid=Q55435}} (qui vulgo dicitur "Pupi") creata.<ref name=":2" /> == Vita privata == Anno 1971 Hedwiga filium Edvinum (vulgo ''Edwin'') peperit, sed pater pueri ignotus est.<ref>"[https://www.unita.it/2025/01/05/chi-sono-il-figlio-e-il-compagno-di-edwige-fenech-cosa-fa-oggi-lattrice-quanti-anni-ha-dove-vive-e-la-malattia/ Chi sono il figlio e il compagno di Edwige Fenech, cosa fa oggi l’attrice: quanti anni ha, dove vive e la malattia]" in ''[[L'Unità]]'' (5 Ianuarii 2025). {{Ling|Italice}}</ref> == Pelliculae selectae == * [[1967]]: ''[[Toutes folles de lui]]'' * [[1968]]: ''[[Samoa, regina della giungla]]'' * [[1968]]: ''[[Top Sensation]]'' * [[1970]]: ''[[Satiricosissimo]]'' * [[1971]]: ''[[Lo strano vizio della signora Wardh]]'' * [[1972]]: ''[[Tutti i colori del buio]]'' * [[1972]]: ''[[Quel gran pezzo dell'Ubalda tutta nuda e tutta calda]]'' * [[2023]]: ''[[La quattordicesima domenica del tempo ordinario]]'' == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Edwige Fenech|Hedwigam Fenech}} {{Fontes biographici}} * {{Imdb name|0271763}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160512154001/http://www.actarus.it/Trash/edwige.htm Pagina Hedwigae Fenech dicata cum imaginibus] {{Ling|italice}} * [http://www.italica.rai.it/cinema/biografie/fenech.htm Biographia] {{Ling|Italice}} {{Lifetime|1948||Fenech, Edwige}} [[Categoria:Actores Franciae]] [[Categoria:Actores Italiae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Algerii]] [[Categoria:Incolae Italiae]] [[Categoria:Mulieres]] [[Categoria:Productores cinematographici]] 1zdcd3nrf4itz1xhaiu723kt5jkcwp5 0 216125 3979927 3977611 2026-08-09T21:35:25Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 /* S */ 3979927 wikitext text/x-wiki Hic est index [[commune|communium]] [[Bavaria]]e: == A == {{div col|3}} * [[Abacum (Germania)|Abacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Abbach'')</small> * [[Abdiacum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Füssen'')</small> * [[Abenberga]]<ref name="Liber Chronicarum 1493">''Liber Chronicarum'', Hartmann Schedel, 1493.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Abenberg'')</small> * [[Absberga]]<ref name="Bilibardus 1530">''Germaniae ex variis scriptoribus perbrevis explicatio'', Bilibaldo Pirckheimer auctore, 1530</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Absberg'')</small> * [[Achslacha]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Achslach'')</small> * [[Adalahkewa]]<ref>Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20170326102611/http://www.wittmann.de/einsatzgebiete/adlkofen ''www.wittmann.de''], ubi dicitur "Der Name Adlkofen taucht zum ersten Mal als Grafschaft Adalahkevva in einer Urkunde auf, die Kaiser Otto der Große kurz vor seinem Tod 973 in Merseburg ausstellte."</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Adlkofen'')</small> * [[Adalhareshusum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small> (Theodisce ''Allershausen'')</small> * [[Adelschlagium]]<ref name="Protokollum seu...">''Protokollum seu Registrum omnium iurium et bonorum episcopalium''.</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Adelschlag'')</small> * [[Adelsdorffium]]<ref name="Adelsdorf">Theodiscum toponymum ''Adelsdorf'' in Latinam "Adelsdorffium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://digital.slub-dresden.de/data/kitodo/CrusCord_435226010/CrusCord_435226010_tif/jpegs/CrusCord_435226010.pdf ''gefördert von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft''], ubi dicitur "(...) INSIGNEM, ADELSDORFFII. IN. DVCATV, LIGNICENSI (...)".</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Adelsdorf'')</small> * [[Adelshofium (Franconia Media)|Adelshofium]]<ref name="Adelshofium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Adelshofen' in Latinam "Adelshofium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [Wildenberg], ubi dicitur "(...) Adelshofium in Ecclesiae Thomanae (...)".</ref> <small>in [[Provincia Franconia Media|Franconiā Mediā]] (Theodisce ''Adelshofen'')</small> * [[Adelshofium (Bavaria Superior)|Adelshofium]]<ref name="Adelshofium"/> <small>(in [[Bavaria Superior|Bavariā Superiore]]) (Theodisce ''Adelshofen'')</small> * [[Adelsrieda]]<ref name="Status 1767">''Status Ecclesiasticus Dioecesis Augustanae'' (1767).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Adelsried'')</small> * [[Adelzhusa]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica">''Monumenta Boica''.</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Adelzhausen'')</small> * [[Advocatiae]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00019270?lang=de ''Vogtareuth''], ubi dicitur "(...) Aduocatiis (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Vogtareuth'')</small> * [[Aecha]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Aichach'')</small> * [[Aelia Flavia Caesarea]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kösching'')</small> * [[Aeringa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ering'')</small> * [[Affaltaraha]]<ref>Vide [https://www.apfeltrach.de/geschichte.html ''Gemeinde Apfeltrach''], ubi dicitur "(...) "Affaltaraha" (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Apfeltrach'')</small> * [[Affinga]]<ref>Vide [https://geschichte-frankens.de/ortsnamen/artikel/Schwaben/Aichach-Friedberg/Affing/bjjn1 ''Geschichte Bayerns''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Gisilherus de Affinga'' (...)".</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Affing'')</small> * [[Ager Carolinae]]<ref name="Status Frisingensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Großkarolinenfeld'')</small> * [[Ager Randersii]]<ref name="Biedermann 1747">Biedermann, I. G., auctore (1747): ''Geschlechtsregister Der Reichsfrey unmittelbaren Ritterschaft Landes zu Francken''.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Randersacker'')</small> * [[Agilulfi Lapis]]<ref>Vide [https://www.wittmann.de/einsatzgebiete/egloffstein ''Egloffstein'']{{Nexus deficit|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) ''Heinricus de Agilulfi lapide genannt wurde'' (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Egloffstein'')</small> * [[Ahamium]]<ref name="Catalogus venerabilis...">''Catalogus venerabilis cleri dioecesis Ratisbonensis''.</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Aham'')</small> * [[Aholfinga]]<ref name="Statistica ... Ratisbonensis 1894">''Statistica dioecesis Ratisbonensis ad annum 1894''. </ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Aholfing'')</small> * [[Ahornium (Coburgum)|Ahornium]]<ref name="Ahorn">Theodisca vox ''Ahorn'' in Latinam "Ahornium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/attachment/document/alvin-record:564985/ATTACHMENT-0004.pdf ''Kennel von Silvalacus''], ubi dicitur "(...) Stobæum, Ahornium, Voluhnium (...)".</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Ahorn'')</small> * [[Aicha ante Silvam]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aicha vorm Wald'')</small> * [[Aichana]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small> (Theodisce ''Aichen'')</small> * [[Aidenbacum]]<ref>Vide ''Annales Alderspacenses''; ubi dicitur "(...) ''curiae et possessiones sitae in Aidenbaco'' (...) ''prope Aidenbachium'' (...)".</ref> <small>commune mercatūs (Theodisce ''Aidenbach'')</small> * [[Aiglsbacum]]<ref name="Catalogus 1776">Vide ''Catalogus venerabilis cleri dioecesis Ratisbonensis'', typis Ioannis Baptistae Rotermundt, anno 1776.</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Aiglsbach'')</small> * [[Aindlinga]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>commune mercatūs (Theodisce ''Aindling'')</small> * [[Ainheringa]]<ref>Vide [https://diglib.uibk.ac.at/download/pdf/8742370.pdf ''Das Gräberfeld von Reichenhall in Oberbayern''], ubi dicitur "(...) in pago Salzburgaoe uilla nuncupante Ainheringa cum mansis XXX (...)".</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Ainring'')</small> * [[Aislinga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_Q7osAAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_Q7osAAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ''Monumenta Boica''], ubi dicitur "(...) haud procul ab Aislinga (...)".</ref> <small>commune mercatūs (Theodisce ''Aislingen'')</small> * [[Aitinga Minor]]<ref name="Schematismus Venerabilis 1821">''Schematismus Venerabilis Cleri Almae Dioecesis Augustanae'', 1821.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kleinaitingen'')</small> * [[Aitrangia]]<ref>Vide [https://www.e-rara.ch ''3758817.pdf''], ubi dicitur "(...) Aitrangia Principi adjunctum (...)".</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Aitrang'')</small> * [[Alba Augia Naviscorum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weißenohe'')</small> * [[Albenreuthum Novum]]<ref name="Sartori 1848">Sartori, Aloysio, auctore; ''Repertorium parochiarum et beneficiorum ecclesiasticorum Dioecesis Ratisbonensis''. [[Ratisbona]]e, 1848.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Neualbenreuth'')</small> * [[Albertshofium]]<ref name="Jubilans 1715">''Herbipolis Jubilans'', auctore Iohanne Georgio von Eckhart, 1715.</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Albertshofen'')</small> * [[Albus Moenus]]<ref name="Ussermann 1801"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weismain'')</small> * [[Alderspachium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small> (Theodisce ''Aldersbach'')</small> * [[Alerheimum]]<ref name="Theatrum 1647">''Theatrum Europaeum'', auctore Matthaeo Merian, 1647.</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Alerheim'')</small> * [[Aleshemium]]<ref name="Genealogia...Pappenheim">''Genealogia familiæ illustris dominorum à Pappenheim'', saeculi XVII.</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Alesheim'')</small> * [[Alfelda (Franconia Media)|Alfelda]]<ref name="Alfelda">Theodiscum toponymum ''Alfeld'' in Latinam "Alfeld" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''] aut {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Alfeld'') </small> * [[Allersberga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/details/egger-carolus-lexicon-nominum-locorum/page/349/mode/2up?q=Allersberg ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Allersberga'''-Allersberg (...)".</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small> (Theodisce ''Allersberg'')</small> * [[Allinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small> (Theodisce ''Alling'')</small> * [[Almanshofium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.e-rara.ch ''e-rara''], ubi dicitur "(...) Almanshofium oritur (...)".</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Allmannshofen'')</small> * [[Alnetocampus]]<ref name="Hentzner 1612"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Elsenfeld'')</small> * [[Alpicha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Albaching'')</small> * [[Alta Novalis]]<ref name="Bucelin 1655">Bucelin, G., auctore (1655); ''Germania topo-chrono-stemmatographica sacra et profana''. [[Ulma]]e: Johann Görlin.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenroth'')</small> * [[Alta Specula]]<ref name="Hanthaler 1748">Hanthaler, C., auctore (1748); ''Exercitationes Cruciatae''. [[Lentia]]e: typis Ioannis Adami Altwirth.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenwarth'')</small> * [[Alta Tilia]]<ref name="Meichelbeck II 1729"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenlinden'')</small> * [[Altaha inferior (commune)|Altaha Inferior]]<ref name="Altaha inferior">Hoc Theodiscum toponymum ex antiquo Theodisco toponymo ''Alteich'' -quod in Latinam "Altaha" vertitur- et e Theodisco praefixo ''Nieder-'' -quod Latino adiectivo "inferior-ius" vertitur- venit. De toponymo ''Altaha'', vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Niederalteich'')</small> * [[Altenbuchium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.in.th-nuernberg.de/professors/Holl/Personal/2017%20Holl%20-%20Familie%20Kaukol%20-%20VHVO%20157.pdf ''Titelei 157''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Decanus et parochus 25 annorum hic Altenbuchii'' (...)".</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Altenbuch'')</small> * [[Altendorfium (Bamberga)|Altendorfium]]<ref name="Altendorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Altendorf' in Latinam "Altendorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://opendigi.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/FoXIIb452_qt-6_21 ''De iis quae sacrorum in Franconia emendationem faciliorem ...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Altendorfium (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Bambergensis|Circulo Bambergensi]]) (Theodisce ''Altendorf'')</small> * [[Altendorfium (Schwandorfium)|Altendorfium]]<ref name="Altendorfium"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Schwandorfensis|Circulo Schwandorfensi]]) (Theodisce ''Altendorf'')</small> * [[Altenstadium (ad Hilariam)|Altenstadium]]<ref name="Altenstadt">Theodiscum toponymum ''Altenstadt' in Latinam "Altenstadium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/bib_fict_4102911/bib_fict_4102911_djvu.txt ''Episcopatus curiensis in Rhætia sub metropoli Moguntina Chronologice ac diplomatice illustrates Opera et studio P. Ambrosii Eichhorn Presbyteri Congregationis S. Blasii''], ubi dicitur "(...) distat pagus Altenstadium (...)".</ref> <small>(ad [[Hilaria (flumen)|Hilariam]]<ref name="Hilaria">Quo de hydronymo, vide [https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/PSE3/BNPA188.xml ''Brill: The development of the Roman provinces on the middle Danube (1st cent. BC – 3rd/4th cents. AD)''], ubi dicitur "(...) Abundant inflowing Alpine rivers, such as the Hilaria/Iller (...)·.</ref>)</small> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Altenstadt'')</small> * [[Altenstadium (Bavaria Superior)|Altenstadium]]<ref name="Altenstadt"/> <small>(prope [[Schongium]]<ref name="Schongium">[http://books.google.de/books?id=x1wAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA35-IA5&lpg=PA35-IA5&dq=Landsbergium&source=bl&ots=cHTWgvc71k&sig=rtGqjwDApN-HW26vTTTTtziM1BM&hl=de&ei=VTI_Ta_7McfvsgbI__TTBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Landsbergium&f=false Neue und vollständige Staats- und Erdbeschreibung des Schwäbischen Kreises ... Von David Hünlin].</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Altenstadt'')</small> * [[Altenstadium ad Nabam Silvaticam]]<ref name="Altenstadt"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altenstadt an der Waldnaab'')</small> * [[Altenthanna]]<ref>Vide [https://www.wikiwand.com/de/articles/Altenthann_(Oberpfalz) ''wikiwand.com''], ubi dicitur "(...) „cappellanus et parrochianus Otto nomine de Altenthanna“ (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Altenthann'')</small> * [[Alterthemium]]<ref name="Acta Canonisationis">''Acta Canonisationis Sanctorum''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Altertheim'')</small> * [[Althegnenberga]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Althegnenberg'')</small> * [[Altheimium ad Zusamam]]<ref name="Steichele 1883">Auctore Antonio von Steichele; ''Das Bistum Augsburg, historisch und statistisch beschrieben'', Volumen IV, [[Augusta Vindelicorum|Augustae Vindelicorum]], 1883.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Zusamaltheim'')</small> * [[Altheimium Longum]]<ref name="Oesterreicher II 1792">Oesterreicher, Ioanne Adamo, auctore; ''Collectanea ad historiam episcopatus Eystettensis'', Volumen II; typis Ioannis Baptistae Wiesen, 1792.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Langenaltheim'')</small> * [[Altheimium Superius]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenaltheim'')</small> * [[Altmannstainum]]<ref name="Protokollum ... Ratisbonensis">''Protokollum Episcopatus Ratisbonensis''.</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Altmannstein'')</small> * [[Altonis Monasterium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Altomünster'')</small> * [[Altorphium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> (Theodisce ''Altdorf bei Nürnberg'') * [[Altum Heimum ad Moenum]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741">Gropp, Ignatio, auctore; ''Collectio Novissima Scriptorum Et Rerum Wirceburgensium'', Tomus I, Francofurti et Lipsiae, 1741.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Margetshöchheim'')</small> * [[Altum Monasterium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.e-rara.ch ''e-rara''], ubi dicitur "(...) Altum seu Antiquum Monasterium, vulgo Altenmunster (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Altenmünster'')</small> * [[Altum Oppidum Fichtelianum]]<ref name="Hofmann 1717"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Höchstädt im Fichtelgebirge'')</small> * [[Altus Mons ad Agaram]]<ref name="Altus Mons">Theodisca vox ''Hohenberg'' in Latinam "Altus Mons" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/DOKUMENT/labw_kloester/232/Benediktinerpropstei+Hohenberg ''Benediktinerpropstei Hohenberg''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hohenberg ("altus mons") (...)".</ref><ref name="Agara">De hydronymo "Agara" (Theodisce ''Eger''), vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenberg an der Eger'')</small> * [[Altusrieda]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Altusried'')</small> * [[Alzenavia]]<ref name="Baptista Moguntini">''Nova et accurata territorii Moguntini Descriptio'', auctore Iohanne Baptista Homann (saeculo XVIII).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Alzenau'')</small> * [[Amaranga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Amerang'')</small> * [[Amardela]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ammerthal'')</small> * [[Amberga]]<ref>''Amberg'', Amberga, urbs Palatiantus superioris [https://books.google.fr/books?id=fWexRyIvl1YC&lpg=RA1-PA364&ots=QuTQTdSIvz&dq=amberga%20urbs&hl=fr&pg=RA1-PA364#v=onepage&q=amberga%20urbs&f=false | Lexicon Geographicvm]</ref> <small>(in [[Palatinatus Superior|Palatinatū Superiore]]<ref name="Palatinatus Superior">Hogenberg, Franciscus, Metellus, Ioannes (1598). Mappa: "Palatinatus Superior".</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Amberg'')</small> * [[Amberga (Algovia Inferior)|Amberga]]<ref name="Amberg">Theodiscum toponymum ''Amberg' in Latinam "Amberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://books.google.fr/books?id=fWexRyIvl1YC&lpg=RA1-PA364&ots=QuTQTdSIvz&dq=amberga%20urbs&hl=fr&pg=RA1-PA364#v=onepage&q=amberga%20urbs&f=false | Lexicon Geographicvm].</ref> <small>(in [[Suebia|Suebiā]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Amberg'')</small> * [[Amerbacense Monasterium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Amorbach'')</small> * [[Amerdingium]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Amerdingen'')</small> * [[Amergavia Superior]]<ref name="Amergavia Superior">Hoc Theodiscum toponymum ex antiquo Theodisco toponymo ''Ammergau'' -quod in Latinam "Amergavia" vertitur- et e Theodisco praefixo ''Ober-'' -quod Latino adiectivo "superior-ius" vertitur- venit. De toponymo ''Amergavia'', vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Dissertatio_inauguralis_de_placenta_previa_..._%28IA_b22479375%29.pdf ''Dissertatio inauguralis de placentā praeviā''], ubi dicitur "(...) AMERGAVIA BOJUS (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberammergau'')</small> * [[Ammergovia Inferior]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterammergau'')</small> * [[Ammerndorfium]]<ref name="Luyts 1692">''Geographia biformis, hoc est: Geographia mathematica et physica'', auctore Iohanne Luyts (1692).</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ammerndorf'')</small> * [[Amfinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ampfing'')</small> * [[Amnis Fagorum]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Buchbach'')</small> * [[Andessa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Andechs'')</small> * [[Angerium (Terra Berchtesgadenensis)|Angerium]]<ref name="Mayr 1782">''Catalogus cleri archidioecesis Salisburgensis'', typis Ioannis Iosephi Mayr, 1782.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Anger'')</small> * [[Angulus Lupi (Palatinatus Superior)|Angulus Lupi]]<ref name="Sartori 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wolfsegg'')</small> * [[Angulus Principis]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fürsteneck'')</small> * [[Anhusium in Rhaetia|Anhusium in Rhaetiā]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Auhausen'')</small> * [[Anscheringa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchanschöring'')</small> * [[Antiquum Forum ad Alzum]]<ref name="Altenmarkt">Theodiscum toponymum ''Altenmarkt'' in Latinam "Antiquum Forum" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref><ref name="Alzus">Quo de hydronymo, vide [http://www.lateinlexikon.com/lexicon_latinum_hodiernum_parsgeographica.pdf ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum Lucusaltianum''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Alz,''' f ''Alzus, i, m'' [ORB p.63]; ''Alezussa, ae, f'' [ORB p.59]; ''Alzissa, ae, f'' [ORB p.63]; ''Alszista, ae, f'' [ORB p.63]; ''Alasa, ae, f'' [ORB p.57]; ''Alaza, ae, f'' [ORB p.57]; ''Alsa, ae,'' f [ORB p.61]; ''Alza, ae, f'' [ORB p.63]; ''Acha, ae, f'' [ORB p.53]; ''Achsa, ae,'' f [ORB p.53]; ''Achza, ae, f'' [ORB p.53] {flumen Germanicum, quod in Aeno influit} (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Altenmarkt an der Alz'')</small> * [[Antdorffium]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Antdorf'')</small> * [[Anzinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Anzing'')</small> * [[Aquaburgum]]<ref name="Annales Ecclesiastici Bavariae 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wasserburg'')</small> * [[Aquae Filnbacenses]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Feilnbach'')</small> * [[Aquaeburgum ad Aenum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/><ref name="Inn"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wasserburg am Inn'')</small> * [[Aquatrudinga]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wassertrüdingen'')</small> * [[Arberga (Bavaria)|Arberga]]<ref name="Arberga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Arberg' in Latinam "Arberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/aventinus1/Willimann_helvetia.html ''IOANNIS AVENTINI ANNALIVM BOIORVM LIBRI VII''], ubi dicitur "(...) ab Arberga (...)".</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Arberg'')</small> * [[Arbor Pirorum]]<ref name="Rerum Noricarum Scriptores 1742"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Pyrbaum'')</small> * [[Arena ad Moenum]]<ref name="Hofmann 1717"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sand am Main'')</small> * [[Aresinga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_2jUIAAAAQAAJ/bub_gb_2jUIAAAAQAAJ_djvu.txt ''Annales Ingolstadiensis academiae''], ubi dicitur "(...) et Philos. Baccalaureus, Aresinganus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Aresing'')</small> * [[Ariodunum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erding'')</small> * [[Arnbrucca]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Arnbruck'')</small> * [[Arnschwangium]]<ref name="Catalogus 1776"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Arnschwang'')</small> * [[Arnsteinium (Franconia Inferior)|Arnsteinium]]<ref name="Arnstein">Theodiscum toponymum ''Arnstein'' in Latinam "Arnsteinium" aut "Lapis Aquilae" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Arnstein'')</small> * [[Arnstorffium]]<ref name="Catalogus 1776"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Arnstorf'')</small> * [[Arrachium]]<ref name="Catalogus 1776"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Arrach'')</small> * [[Artobergomum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00026767?lang=en ''Ortenburg''], ubi dicitur "(...) Artobergomum (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ortenburg'')</small> * [[Asbachium Superius]]<ref name="Asbachium Superius">Hoc Theodiscum toponymum ex antiquo Theodisco toponymo ''Asbach'' -quod in Latinam "Asbachium" vertitur- et e Theodisco praefixo ''Ober-'' -quod Latino adiectivo "superior-ius" vertitur- venit. De toponymo ''Asbachium'', vide [https://archive.org/details/leipzigerstudie12unkngoog/page/24/mode/2up?q=Asbachium ''Leipziger Studien zur classischen Philologie''], ubi dicitur "(...) si Asbachium sequimur (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberasbach'')</small> * [[Ascaphia ad Moenum]]<ref name="Baptista Moguntini"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mainaschaff'')</small> * [[Ascha (Bavaria Inferior)|Ascha]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ascha'')</small> * [[Aschapha]]<ref name="Lexikon fränkischer Ortsnamen">''Lexikon fränkischer Ortsnamen''</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Waldaschaff'')</small> * [[Aschaia]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aschau im Chiemgau'')</small> * [[Aschemensis Locus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aschheim'')</small> * [[Aschiopagus Venedorum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00035757?lang=de ''Windischeschenbach''], ubi dicitur "(...) Aschiopagus Venedorum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Windischeschenbach'')</small> * [[Asciburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aschaffenburg'')</small> * [[Ascilinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aßling'')</small> * [[Ascowa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aschau am Inn'')</small> * [[Aspachium et Beumenheimum]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Asbach-Bäumenheim'')</small> * [[Astania]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eichstätt'')</small> * [[Attenhofium]]<ref name="Catalogus 1776"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Attenhofen'')</small> * [[Attinga]]<ref name="Ried 1816">''Annales Ecclesiae Ratisbonensis'', auctore Thomā Ried (1816).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Atting'')</small> * [[Aubstadium]]<ref>Vide [https://sternenorgel-marisfeld.de/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/05_Zeittafel_Nicolaus_Seeber.pdf ''Zeittafel von Nicolaus Seeber''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''ao. 1682, d. 8. Nov. Aubstadii'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Aubstadt'')</small> * [[Auerbachium (Deggendorfium)|Auerbachium]]<ref name="Auerbach">Theodisca vox ''Auerbach'' in Latinam "Auerbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/details/bsb11072595 ''Carmina gratulatoria ad Dn. Georgium Volradum, Auerbachium''].</ref> <small>(in [[Bavaria Inferior|Bavariā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Auerbach'')</small> * [[Auerbachium in Palatinatu Superiore|Auerbachium in Palatinatū Superiore]]<ref name="Auerbach"/><ref name="Palatinatus Superior"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Auerbach in der Oberpfalz'')</small> * [[Aufsessium]]<ref name="Imhof 1693">Imhof, Iacobo Gulielmo, auctore: ''Notitia S. R. I. Procerum tam Ecclesiasticorum quam Secularium''. [[Tubinga]]e; impensis Iohannis Georgii Cottae; 1693.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Aufseß'')</small> * [[Augea (Bavaria)|Augea]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frauenau'')</small> * [[Augia (Bavaria)|Augia]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aub'')</small> * [[Augusta Vindelicorum]]<ref>[http://books.google.de/books?id=x1wAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA35-IA5&lpg=PA35-IA5&dq=Landsbergium&source=bl&ots=cHTWgvc71k&sig=rtGqjwDApN-HW26vTTTTtziM1BM&hl=de&ei=VTI_Ta_7McfvsgbI__TTBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Landsbergium&f=false Neue und vollständige Staats- und Erdbeschreibung des Schwäbischen Kreises ... Von David Hünlin]</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Augsburg'')</small> * [[Auhalmingen]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/monumentaboicae05landgoog/monumentaboicae05landgoog_djvu.txt ''Monumenta Boica''], ubi dicitur "(...) contra Auhalmingen, et cuilibet (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Aholming'')</small> * [[Aura ad Sinuam]]<ref name="Protokollum ... Herbipolensis 1752">''Protokollum Dioceseos Herbipolensis'', [[Herbipolis|Herbipoli]], 1752.</ref> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Aura im Sinngrund'')</small> * [[Auracum (Onoldum)|Auracum]]<ref name="Auracum">Theodiscum toponymum ''Aurach' in Latinam "Auracum" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Hofmannus}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Aurach'')</small> * [[Auracum Superius]]<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791">''Statistica dioecesis Bambergensis'', Bambergae, 1791.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberaurach'')</small> * [[Auriacum Ducis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Herzogenaurach'')</small> * [[Arx Marolfi]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Marloffstein'')</small> * [[Aufhusium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aufhausen'')</small> * [[Auracum Petri]]<ref name="Status ... Eustettensis 1792">Status ecclesiasticus dioecesis Eustettensis, [[Astania]]e, 1792.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Petersaurach'')</small> * [[Austravia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Osterhofen'')</small> * [[Auwa in Hallertavia|Auwa in Hallertaviā]]<ref name="Au">Theodiscum toponymum ''Au' in Latinam "Auwa" aut "Augia" aut "Awa" aut "Awia" aut "Ouwa" aut "Ougia" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Hallertavia">Vide [https://archive.org/stream/latinophilvs-petrus-lexicon-latinum-hodiernum-pars-geographica/LATINOPHILVS%2C%20Petrus%20-%20Lexicon%20Latinum%20Hodiernum%20~%20Pars%20Geographica_djvu.txt ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hallertau, f Hallertavia, ae, f [2017] {regio Bavara} (...)".</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Au in der Hallertau'')</small> * [[Auwa Superior]]<ref name="Auwa Superior">Hoc Theodiscum toponymum ex antiquo Theodisco toponymo ''Au'' -quod in Latinam "Auwa" vertitur- et e Theodisco praefixo ''Ober-'' -quod Latino adiectivo "superior-ius" vertitur- venit. De toponymo ''Auwa'', vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberau'')</small> * [[Avellana (Bavaria)|Avellana]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Burghaslach'')</small> * [[Aventinum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Abensberg'')</small> * [[Aystettium]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aystetten'')</small> {{div col end}} == B == {{div col|3}} * [[Babenhaima]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Babensham'')</small> * [[Bachhagelium]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bachhagel'')</small> * [[Bachinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bächingen an der Brenz'')</small> * [[Baierbachium]]<ref name="Annales Congregationis Mettenensis 1765"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Baierbach'')</small> * [[Baiswila]]<ref name="Meichelbeck II 1729"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Baisweil'')</small> * [[Balderschwanga]]<ref name="Notitia 1753">''Notitia Dioecesis Augustanae'', anno 1753.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Balderschwang'')</small> * [[Baldilingae]]<ref>Vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/8544 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''eccl. ad Baldilingas'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Palling'')</small> * [[Balnea Alexandri]]<ref>Latinum substantivum [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Balnea?wb=gross&nr=3 "Balnea-orum" Theodiscum substantivum et suffixum ''(-)B/bad''] et Latinum substantivum genetivo Theodiscum lexema ''Alexanders-'' vertit.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Alexandersbad'')</small> * [[Balnea Berneckensia in Montibus Piniferis]]<ref>Latinum substantivum [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Balnea?wb=gross&nr=3 "Balnea-orum" Theodiscum substantivum ''Bad''] vertit; de Latino gentilicio "Berneckensis-e" quod ad Theodiscum toponymum ''Berneck'', vide [https://www.uniarchiv.uni-freiburg.de/unigeschichte/matrikelordner/Matrikel_1806_1870.pdf ''Die Matrikel der Universität Freiburg im Breisgau''], ubi dicitur "(...) Berneckensis ex pago (...)"; et Latinum syntagma "in [[Montes Piniferi|Montibus Piniferis]]" Theodiscum ''im Fichtelgebirge'' vertit. De horum montium nomen, vide {{Google Books|3G0uAAAAYAAJ|p. 396}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Berneck im Fichtelgebirge'')</small> * [[Balnea Bockletensia]]<ref>Latinum substantivum [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Balnea?wb=gross&nr=3 "Balnea-orum" Theodiscum substantivum ''Bad''] vertit; de Latino gentilicio "Bockletensis-e" quod ad Theodiscum toponymum ''Bocklet'', vide [https://forum.ahnenforschung.net/forum/allgemeine-diskussionsforen/lese-und-bersetzungshilfe/lese-u-bersetzungshilfe-f-r-fremdsprachige-texte/176696-latein-taufe ''forum.ahnenforschung.net'']{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Adami Degand agricolae Bockletensis judicii (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Bocklet'')</small> * [[Balnea Endorfensia]]<ref>Latinum substantivum [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Balnea?wb=gross&nr=3 "Balnea-orum" Theodiscum substantivum ''Bad''] vertit; de Latino gentilicio "Endorfensis-e" quod ad Theodiscum toponymum ''Bocklet'', confer [[binomen|epitheton scientificum]] "endorfensis".</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Endorf'')</small> * [[Balnea Griesbachensia in Valle Rotae]]<ref>Latinum substantivum [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Balnea?wb=gross&nr=3 "Balnea-orum" Theodiscum substantivum ''Bad''] vertit; de Latino gentilicio "Griesbachensis-e" quod ad Theodiscum toponymum ''Griesbach', confer [[binomen|epitheton scientificum]] "griesbachensis"; et de Latino syntagmate "in Valle [[Rota (Aenus)|Rotae]]", quod Theodiscum ''im Rottal'' vertit, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Griesbach im Rottal'')</small> * [[Balnea Stebensia]]<ref>Latinum substantivum [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Balnea?wb=gross&nr=3 "Balnea-orum" Theodiscum substantivum ''Bad''] vertit; de Latino gentilicio "Stebensis-e" quod ad Theodiscum toponymum ''Steben'', confer [[binomen|epitheton scientificum]] "Stebensis".</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Steben'')</small> * [[Balzhusa]]<ref name="Notitia 1753"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Balzhausen'')</small> * [[Bamberga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bamberg'')</small> * [[Bara (Suebia)|Bara]]<ref name="Status ... Augustanae 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Baar'')</small> * [[Bara et Ebenhusium]]<ref name="Status ... Augustanae 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Baar-Ebenhausen'')</small> * [[Barbingum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.agoda.com/city/barbing-de.html?cid=1844104 ''11 Best Hotels in Barbing, Germany''], ubi dicitur "(...) The town was known as "'''Barbingum'''" in Roman times (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Barbing'')</small> * [[Bardorfia Maior]]<ref name="Status ... Herbipolensis 1811"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Großbardorf'')</small> * [[Baruthum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bayreuth'')</small> * [[Basthemium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10320882?p=15&cq=Tattenbach,%20Heinrich%20C.%20von&lang=de ''Umständlicher Beweis der ehelichen Abstammung des J. J. Grafen von Tattenbach''], ubi dicitur "(...) est Basthemii in Ecclesia Parochiali (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bastheim'')</small> * [[Batavia (Bavaria)|Batavia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Passau'')</small> * [[Baudenbachium]]<ref name="Fleischmann 1775">''Catalogus venerabilis cleri dioecesis Bambergensis'', typis Ioannis Iacobi Fleischmann, 1775.</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Baudenbach'')</small> * [[Bavarica Cella]]<ref>Vide [https://sites.google.com/site/sandrapinelas/sdede-2013 ''SDEDE 2013''], ubi dicitur "(...) Bayrischzell, Bavarica Cella (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bayrischzell'')</small> * [[Bayerbacum (Valles Rotae et Aenus)|Bayerbacum]]<ref name="Catalogus 1776"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Vallis Rotae et Aeni|Circulo Vallis Rotae et Aeni]]<ref name="CVREA">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Vallis Rotae et Aeni" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Rottal-Inn'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum substantivum "[[Valles|Valles-is]]" Theodiscum suffixum ''-tal'' vertit et de Latinis hydronymis "[[Rota (Aenus)|Rota]]" et "[[Aenus]]", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bayerbach'')</small> * [[Bayerbacum ad Ergoldsbacum]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bayerbach bei Ergoldsbach'')</small> * [[Bayersdorfium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10387927?p=18&cq=d&lang=de ''Ad Orationes Quibus Quindecim Academiae Candidati Discedendi Venia ...''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Bayersdorfii'' natus d. 15 mensis Aprilis (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Baiersdorf'')</small> * [[Bebiana Castra (Suebia)|Bebiana Castra]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Babenhausen'')</small> * [[Bebinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Böbing'')</small> * [[Bechhofium]]<ref name="Imhof 1693"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bechhofen'')</small> * [[Bechtsriethum]]<ref name="Catalogus 1776"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bechtsrieth'')</small> * [[Begenza]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pegnitz'')</small> * [[Bellenberga]]<ref name="Notitia 1753"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bellenberg'')</small> * [[Bellus Fons Steigerwaldensis]]<ref name="Bellus Fons">Theodiscum toponymum ''Schönbrunn'' in Latinam "Bellus Fons" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Steigerwaldensis">Latinum gentilicium "Steigerwaldensis-e" Theodiscum syntagma ''im Steigerwald'' vertit. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb11444642?page=,1 ''Vindiciae Libertatis Corporis Nobilivm S. R. I. Immediatorvm Adversvs ...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Advocatvs Eqvestris Steigerwaldensis Ordinarivs Cobvrgo-Francvs (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schönbrunn im Steigerwald'')</small> * [[Benedictobura]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Benediktbeuern'')</small> * [[Bercchirca]]<ref name="Traditiones 822">''Traditiones Freisingenses'', circa 822.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bergkirchen'')</small> * [[Berchinga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/A080085/A080085_djvu.txt ''Generalis geographia cosmica, mathematica, naturalis, politica''], ubi dicitur "(...) BERCHINGA, urbs ad Sultz fl. (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Berching'')</small> * [[Berchtesgadenum]]<ref name="Eckhart 1667">''Annales Boici'', Volumen IV, auctore Simone Eckhart. Ingolstadii, 1667.</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Berchtesgaden'')</small> * [[Berga (Franconia Media)|Berga]]<ref name="Bergen">Theodiscum toponymum ''Bergen' in Latinam "Berga" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Hofmannus}} aut {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bergen'')</small> * [[Berga (ad Vermem lacum)|Berga]]<ref name="Berga"/> <small>(ad [[Vermis lacus|Vermem lacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> )</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Berg'')</small> * [[Berga (Franconia Superior)|Berga]]<ref name="Berga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Berg' in Latinam "Berga" aut "Mons" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''] aut [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Berg'')</small> * [[Berga in Pago]]<ref name="Status ... Augustanae 1842">''Status Ecclesiasticus Dioecesis Augustanae''. [[Augusta Vindelicorum|Augustae Vindelicorum]] (1842).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Berg im Gau'')</small> * [[Berga prope Neoforum Palatinum]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Altdorfinae">''Matricula Universitatis Altdorfinae''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Berg bei Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz'')</small> * [[Bergelium]]<ref name="Oesterreicher III 1795">Oesterreicher, Ioanne Adamo, auctore; ''Collectanea ad historiam episcopatus Eystettensis'', Volumen III; typis Ioannis Baptistae Wiesen, 1795.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Marktbergel'')</small> * [[Berghemium (Bavaria Superior)|Berghemium]]<ref name="Berghemium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Bergheim' in Latinam "Berghemium" aut "Berchemium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bergheim'')</small> * [[Berglerna]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berglern'')</small> * [[Bergrheinfeldium]]<ref name="Jubilans 1715"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bergrheinfeld'')</small> * [[Bergtheimum]]<ref name="Jubilans 1715"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bergtheim'')</small> * [[Bernavia ad Chiemensem]]<ref name="Bernau">Theodiscum toponymum ''Bernau' in Latinam "Bernavia" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/bissel5/books/bisseliusleo_5.html ''Camena''], ubi dicitur "(...) Bernaviae, Superioris Palatinatûs oppidô (...)".</ref><ref name="Chiemsee">Gerhard Lorenz, [https://www.bavarikon.de/search?terms=Prior+von+Tegernsee&lang=en&facet=creator.name_str%3AGerhard%2C+Lorenz%3B+Verfasser "Brevis Bavariae geographia" (Herbipoli: 1844).]</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bernau am Chiemsee'')</small> * [[Bernbeura]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bernbeuren'')</small> * [[Berngovium]]<ref name="Status 1711">Status Eccleasiasticus Dioecesis Eystettensis, 1711.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Berngau'')</small> * [[Bernhardswalda]]<ref name="Ried 1816"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bernhardswald'')</small> * [[Bernheimum ad Castrum]]<ref name="Luyts 1692"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgbernheim'')</small> * [[Bernovia]]<ref>Sigillum urbis ab anno 1405 notum hanc circumscriptionem praebet: BERNOVIA SERVAT COMITATUI FIDEM PALATINO.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bärnau'')</small> * [[Berolzheimium]]<ref name="Oesterreicher III 1795"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Markt Berolzheim'')</small> * [[Beronicum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bernried am Starnberger See'')</small> * [[Bessenbachum]]<ref>Vide [https://vgss.de/genealogie/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Orte-Karl-Gottlieb-von-Windisch.htm ''Geographie des Großfürstenthums Siebenbürgen, Karl Gottlieb von Windisch, 1790''], ubi dicitur "(...) Bessenbachum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bessenbach'')</small> * [[Besinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bissingen'')</small> * [[Betzenstenium]]<ref name="Luyts 1692"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Betzenstein'')</small> * [[Beutelsbachium (Bavaria Inferior)|Beutelsbachium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/paulihachenberg00hachgoog/paulihachenberg00hachgoog_djvu.txt ''Pauli Hachenbergi ... Germania media, publicis dissertationibus in academia Heidelbergensi ...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Beutelsbachium i (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Beutelsbach'')</small> * [[Bezigovia]]<ref name="Bader 1701">Bader, Clemente, auctore; ''Lexicon geographicum''; ed. sumptibus Iohannis Caspari Bencard, 1701.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Betzigau'')</small> * [[Bibacum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Viechtach'')</small> * [[Bibra (Suebia)|Bibra]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Biberbach'')</small> * [[Bibracum]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Böbrach'')</small> * [[Biburgum ad Vilsum]]<ref name="Catalogus ... Ratisbonensis 1795">''Catalogus venerabilis cleri dioeceseos Ratisbonensis'', [[Ratisbona]]e, 1795.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Vilsbiburg'')</small> * [[Biburgum Novum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neubiberg'')</small> * [[Bidinga]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bidingen'')</small> * [[Bieberehrium]]<ref name="Status 1750">''Status Eccleasiasticus Herbipolensis'', 1750.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bieberehren'')</small> * [[Biessenhofium]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Biessenhofen'')</small> * [[Bilaicha]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Blaichach'')</small> * [[Bilingrina]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Beilngries'')</small> * [[Binswanga]]<ref name="Notitia 1753"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Binswangen'')</small> * [[Bindlaca]]<ref name="Baptista Culmbacensis">''Nova et accurata territorii Brandenburgico-Culmbacensis Descriptio'', auctore Iohannes Baptistā Homann (saeculo XVIII).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bindlach'')</small> * [[Bircofelda (Franconia Inferior)|Bircofelda]]<ref name="Bircofelda">Theodiscum toponymum ''Birkenfeld'' in Latinam "Bircofelda" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}} aut {{Hofmannus}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Birkenfeld'')</small> * [[Birglandia]]<ref name="Repertorium locorum collectorum">''Repertorium locorum collectorum''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Birgland'')</small> * [[Biricianus]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00001072?lang=de ''Wörnitz''], ubi dicitur "(...) Biricianus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wörnitz'')</small> * [[Birnbacum]]<ref name="Status ... Passaviensis 1840>''Status ecclesiasticus dioecesis Passaviensis'', ([[Batavia (Bavaria)|Bataviae]], 1840).</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Birnbach'')</small> * [[Bisanga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pösing'')</small> * [[Bischberga]]<ref name="Valentinus 1692"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bischberg'')</small> * [[Bischofsheimium ad Ronaham]]<ref name="Bischofsheimium">Germanica toponyma ''Bischofsheim'' aut ''Bischoffsheim'' in Latinam "Bischofsheimium" aut "Bischofsheimensis" aut "Episcopi Domus" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref><ref name="Rhön">De huius montis Theodisce ''Rhön'' dicti nomine, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bischofsheim an der Rhön'')</small> * [[Blaibacum]]<ref name="Catalogus 1776"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Blaibach'')</small> * [[Blankenbachium]]<ref name="Hontheim 1747">''Moguntia Christiana'', auctore Ioanne Nicolao ab Honthemio (1747).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Blankenbach'')</small> * [[Blindheimium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_cVYmBvYlobEC/bub_gb_cVYmBvYlobEC_djvu.txt ''Protheus historicus''], ubi dicitur "(...) Blindheimium pagum prius occupasset (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Blindheim'')</small> * [[Bobinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bobingen'')</small> * [[Bocha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Buch am Erlbach'')</small> * [[Bodenkircha]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/monumentaboica01karagoog/monumentaboica01karagoog_djvu.txt ''Monumenta Boica''], ubi dicitur "(...) praedium ecclesiae Bodenkircha (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bodenkirchen'')</small> * [[Bodenmaisium]]<ref name="Catalogus 1776"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bodenmais'')</small> * [[Bodenwera]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bodenwöhr'')</small> * [[Bodolza]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bodolz'')</small> * [[Boehenium]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Böhen'')</small> * [[Boehmfeldium]]<ref name="Status 1711"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Böhmfeld'')</small> * [[Bogama]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bogen'')</small> * [[Boia Amnis Fagorum]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Buch am Buchrain'')</small> * [[Boiaria]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Baiern'')</small> * [[Bolsterlanga]]<ref name="Notitia 1753"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bolsterlang'')</small> * [[Bonsidelia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wunsiedel'')</small> * [[Bonstettium (Suebia)|Bonstettium]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bonstetten'')</small> * [[Boosium (Suebia)|Boosium]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Boos'')</small> * [[Bovile (Bavaria)|Bovile]]<ref>Auctore [[Iosephus Hemmerle|Iosepho Hemmerle]]: ''Hochschloß Pähl, Geschichte eines altbayerischen Edelsitzes''. Verlag Bayerische Heimatforschung, [[Monacum|Monaci]]-[[Passingas|Passingae]] 1953, S.&nbsp;9.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Pähl'')</small> * [[Braitenbrunna (Suebia)|Braitenbrunna]]<ref name="Braitenbrunna">Theodiscum toponymum ''Breitenbrunn'' in Latinam "Braitenbrunna" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://era-prod11.ethz.ch ''Partitio IV. In hospitalia fratrum ordinis s. spiritus''], ubi dicitur "(...) post Christum natum año 1546 ''Braitenbrunnâ Memmingam'' reductus fuit (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Suebia|Suebiā]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Breitenbrunn'')</small> * [[Branda (Palatinatus Superior)|Branda]]<ref name="Brand">Germanicum toponymum ''Brand'' in Latinam "Branda" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Brand'')</small> * [[Brannemburga]]<ref name="Status 1742"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Brannenburg'')</small> * [[Breitbrunna (Franconia Inferior)|Breitbrunna]]<ref name="Breitbrunna">Theodiscum toponymum ''Breitbrunn'' in Latinam "Breitbrunna" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/pdf/10.5555/J.ABOL.4.01150 ''Index Sanctorum'']{{Nexus deficit|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Luitoldus erem. cultus Breitbrunnae (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Inferiori]])</small> <small>(Theoædisce ''Breitbrunna'')</small> * [[Breitbrunna ad Chiemensem]]<ref name="Breitbrunna"/><ref name="Chiemsee"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Breitbrunn am Chiemsee'')</small> * [[Breitenbergum (Bavaria Inferior)|Breitenbergum]]<ref name="Breitenbergum">Theodiscum toponymum ''Breitenberg'' in Latinam "Breitenbergum" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://ia801305.us.archive.org/35/items/gestahammaburgen00adamuoft/gestahammaburgen00adamuoft.pdf ''Gesta Hammaburgensis''], ubi dicitur "(...) Breitenbergi invenit et anno 1595 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Breitenberg'')</small> * [[Brenbergum]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_PLE_AAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_PLE_AAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ''Oberbayerisches archiv für vaterländische geschichte''], ubi dicitur "(...) Mitterfelsiam, sub qua Brenbergum et Valckensteinum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Brennberg'')</small> * [[Briena]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Prien am Chiemsee'')</small> * [[Brigirchinga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00014279?lang=de ''Prittriching''], ubi dicitur "(...) Brigirchinga (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Prittriching'')</small> * [[Breitum]]<ref name="Jubilans 1715"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Marktbreit'')</small> * [[Brucca (Bavaria Superior)|Brucca]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(in [[Bavaria Superior|Bavariā Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bruck'')</small> * [[Brucca in Palatinatu Superiori|Brucca in Palatinatū Superiore]]<ref name="Bruck">Theodiscum toponymum ''Bruck'' in Latinam "Brucca" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref><ref name="Palatinatus Superior"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bruck in der Oberpfalz'')</small> * [[Bruckberga (Bavaria Inferior)|Bruckberga]]<ref name="Bruckberga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Bruckberg'' in Latinam "Bruckberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/details/ned-kbn-all-00001637-001/page/222/mode/2up?q=Bruckberga ''P. Bertii commentariorum rerum germanicarum libri tres''], ubi dicitur "(...) Bruckbergae Baro (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Bavaria Inferior|Bavariā Inferiori]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bruckberg'')</small> * [[Bruckberga (Franconia Inferior)|Bruckberga]]<ref name="Bruckberga"/> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bruckberg'')</small> * [[Bruckenavia]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10373625?p=28&cq=Ingolstadium%20u.a.&lang=de ''Brevis Bavariae geographia''], ubi dicitur "(...) Bruckenavia, Brückenau (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Brückenau'')</small> * [[Brunnum (Bavaria)|Brunnum]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Brunnen'')</small> * [[Bubenreuthum]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bubenreuth'')</small> * [[Bubesheimum]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bubesheim'')</small> * [[Buchium (Suebia)|Buchium]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(in [[Suebia|Suebiā]])</small> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Buch'')</small> * [[Buchium ad Silvam]]<ref name="Status 1735">''Status Ecclesiasticus Onoldinus'', 1735.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Buch am Wald'')</small> * [[Buchdorffium]]<ref name="Status 1711"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Buchdorf'')</small> * [[Buchenberga]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Buchenberg'')</small> * [[Buchloia]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Buchloe'')</small> * [[Buckenhofium]]<ref>Vide [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9783110280753_A19806974/preview-9783110280753_A19806974.pdf ''Epitoma Historiarum Philippicarum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Datum Buckenhofii Erlangensis mense Augusto (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Buckenhof'')</small> * [[Buechenbacum]]<ref name="Status 1711"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Büchenbach'')</small> * [[Buechlberga]]<ref name="Catalogus 1774">''Catalogus venerabilis cleri dioecesis Passaviensis'', typis viduae Mangoldianae, 1774.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Büchlberg'')</small> * [[Buhila]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bichl'')</small> * [[Bunaha]]<ref name="Bunaha">Vide [https://www.yumpu.com/de/document/read/5481494/sankt-oswald-baunach-pfarrei-st-oswald-baunach ''Sankt Oswald Baunach''], ubi dicitur "(...) ad Bunaha ubi ecclesia edificata erat (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Baunach'')</small> * [[Bundorfium]]<ref name="Bundorfium">Theodisca vox ''Bundorf'' in Latinam "Bundorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://vd18.gbv.de/viewer/fullscreen/02086714X/374/ ''Catalogus Bibliothecae Quam Vir Perillustris Atque Generosissimus Ludwig Bernhard L. B. De Zech Dynasta Bundorfii, Geusae Et Oberloedlae''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bundorf'')</small> * [[Bunninga (Bavaria)|Bunninga]]<ref name="Bunninga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Benningen'' in Latinam "Bunninga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Benningen'')</small> * [[Burcardiroda]]<ref name="Gropp Aetas 1741">Gropp, Ignatio, auctore; ''Aetas Mille Annorum Antiquissimi Et Regalis Monasterii Sanctorum Vitj, Kiliani, Et Totnani''. Herbipoli, 1741.</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Burkardroth'')</small> * [[Burchusia]]<ref name="Chiusole">{{Google Books|coN42atKxeYC|Il mondo antico, moderno e novissimo ... Antonio Chiusole · 1722}}</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Burghausen'')</small> * [[Burgavia]]<ref name="Chiusole">{{Google Books|coN42atKxeYC|Il mondo antico, moderno e novissimo ... Antonio Chiusole · 1722}}</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgau'')</small> * [[Burgberga in Algovia|Burgberga in Algoviā]]<ref name="Burgberga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Burgberg'' in Latinam "Burgberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://opendigi.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/LXVI396-2_Ex2#tab=info ''Diarium Martini Crusii''], ubi dicitur "(...) Burgbergae habitans 4 circ. mill. (...)".</ref><ref name="Algovia">De Algoviā, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgberg im Allgäu'')</small> * [[Burgga]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Burggen'')</small> * [[Burghemium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_YloFAAAAQAAJ/bub_gb_YloFAAAAQAAJ_djvu.txt ''Historia et commentationes''], ubi dicitur "(...) i. e. Burghemium orientale (...)".</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgheim'')</small> * [[Burgoberbacum]]<ref name="Status 1711"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgoberbach'')</small> * [[Burgstadium]]<ref>Vide [https://opendata.uni-halle.de/bitstream/1981185920/49989/27/265814375.pdf ''D. christoph. dondorff - facvltatis ivrid. lips. senior''], ubi dicitur "(...) Natus est, Burgstadii prope Chemnicium (...)".</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bürgstadt'')</small> * [[Burgwindhemium]]<ref name="Fleischmann 1775"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgwindheim'')</small> * [[Burkium]]<ref name="Status 1711"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Burk'')</small> * [[Burones]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Neubeuern'')</small> * [[Burtenbachium]]<ref name="Burtenbachium">Theodisca vox ''Burtenbach'' in Latinam "Burtenbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/cera/wolf1/99.pdf ''Kennel von Silvalacus''], ubi dicitur "(...) Burtenbachium tamen curasse puto (...)".</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Burtenbach'')</small> * [[Buttenhemium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.rambow.de/download/Bayreuther_Ordinationsbuch.pdf ''Einzelarbeiten Kirchengeschichte Bayerns''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ego Fridericus Ferdinandus Traugott Heerwagen Buttenhemii natus (...)".</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Buttenheim'')</small> * [[Buetthardum]]<ref name="Jubilans 1715"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bütthard'')</small> * [[Buxhemium (Bavaria Superior)|Buxhemium]]<ref name="Buxhemium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Buxheim' in Latinam "Buxhemium" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(in [[Bavaria Superior|Bavariā Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Buxheim'')</small> * [[Buxhemium (Suebia)|Buxhemium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(in [[Suebia|Suebiā]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Buxheim'')</small> {{div col end}} == C == {{div col|3}} * [[Cadolsburgum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.ustc.ac.uk/editions/2707598 ''USTC Record''], ubi dicitur "(...) tristi planctu Cadolsburgi in Franconia (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Cadolzburg'')</small> * [[Caelius ad Hilariam]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/><ref name="Hilaria"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kellmünz an der Iller'')</small> * [[Caelius Mons]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Türkheim'')</small> * [[Caesarea (Suebia)|Caesarea]]<ref name="Annales Caesarienses">''Annales Caesarienses''.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kaisheim'')</small> * [[Calde (Bavaria)|Calde]]<ref>Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20220619171312/https://www.kahl-main.de/seite/de/gemeinde/014:89/-/Ortsgeschichte.html ''Gemeinde Kahl a.Main''], ubi dicitur "(...) In diesem in lateinischer Sprache verfassten Dokument aus Pergament wird Kahl als "Calde" bezeichnet (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kahl am Main'')</small> * [[Calmuntzium]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kelheim'')</small> * [[Calva (Bavaria)|Calva]]<ref name="Schannat 1723">Schannat, I. F., auctore (1723); ''Corpus Traditionum Fuldensium''. [[Lipsia]]e: Gleditsch.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kleinkahl'')</small> * [[Cambla]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Cham'')</small> * [[Cambodunum]]<ref name="DE SITU ARCHI ABBATI AE OTTILIENSIS"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kempten'')</small> * [[Camera (Bamberga)|Camera]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kemmern'')</small> * [[Campi Pineti]]<ref name="Hund I 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kiefersfelden'')</small> * [[Campiprincipipons]]<ref name="Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik (2026)">Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik (2026). ''Statistisches Jahrbuch: Verwaltungsgliederung und geographische Bezeichnungen''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Fürstenfeldbruck'')</small> * [[Campus Comitis ad Moenum]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1865"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grafenrheinfeld'')</small> * [[Campus Ebonis]]<ref name="Eckhart 1730"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ebensfeld'')</small> * [[Campus Lacustris (Bavaria Superior)|Campus Lacustris]]<ref name="Seefeld">Theodiscum toponymum ''Seefeld'' in Latinam "Campus Lacustris" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/kirsch/kirsch1/p1/Kirsch_cornucopiae_p1_386_lactarivs.html ''ADAMI FRIDERICI KIRSCHII ABVNDANTISSIMVM CORNVCOPIAE LINGVAE LATINAE ET GERMANICAE SELECTVM, QVO CONTINENTVR''], ubi dicitur "(...) Campus lacustris, Seefeld (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Seefeld'')</small> * [[Campus Regius (Franconia Superior)|Campus Regius]]<ref name="Königsfeld">Theodisca vox ''Königsfeld'' in Latinam "Campus Regius" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://regionalia.blb-karlsruhe.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/22737/file/BLB_Freiburger_Dioecesan_Archiv_22_1892.pdf ''Freiburger Diöcesan-Archirv''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Königsfeld'')</small> * [[Campus Rumonis]]<ref name="Hund 1582">Hund, Wiguleo, auctore (1582); ''Metropolis Salisburgensis''.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ruhmannsfelden'')</small> * [[Campus Solis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sonnefeld'')</small/> * [[Campus Speciosus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Niederschönenfeld'')</small> * [[Campus Thuringorum]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Türkenfeld'')</small> * [[Caput Equi]]<ref>Vide [https://geschichte-bayerns.de/ortsnamen/artikel/Schwaben/Ostallg%C3%A4u/Ro%C3%9Fhaupten/oj7i1 ''Roßhaupten''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''ad locum, qui uocatur Caput Equi'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Roßhaupten'')</small> * [[Caput Ferinum]]<ref name="Meichelbeck II 1729"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Thierhaupten'')</small> * [[Caput Lacus|Caput Lacūs]]<ref name="Caput Lacūs">Theodiscum toponymum ''Seeshaupt'' in Latinam "Caput Lacūs" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeumdok/4477/1/Martin_Anhang_1992.pdf ''5. Anhang''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Caput lacus'' (bzw. deutsch Seeshaupt) (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Seeshaupt'')</small> * [[Carbachium (Franconia Inferior)|Carbachium]]<ref name="Karbach">Theodisca vox ''Karbach'' in Latinam "Carbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [http://brill.com ''Brill''], ubi dicitur "(...) Nam Carbachium, qui primus (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Karbach'')</small> * [[Carlsteinium ad Moenum]]<ref name="Carlsteinium">Theodisca vox ''Carlsteinium'' in Latinam "Karlstein" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:SBR-MDZ-00000BSB11083918?p=179&cq=Bamberga&lang=de ''Collectio Novissima Scriptorvm Et Rervm Wircebvrgensivm''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Lichtenavia''' Arx & oppidum (...)".</ref><ref name="Moenus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Karlstein am Main'')</small> * [[Caroli Campus]]<ref name="Fink 1950">Fink, A., auctore (1950); ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Dachau''. [[Monacum|Monaci]]: Kommission für bayerische Landesgeschichte.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Karlsfeld'')</small> * [[Caroli Corona (Bavaria)|Caroli Corona]]<ref name="Caroli Corona">Germanicae voces ''Karlskron(a)'' in Latinam "Caroli Corona" verti solent. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Karlskron'')</small> * [[Caroli Debitum]]<ref name="Fink 1953">Fink, A., auctore (1953); ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Neuburg an der Donau''. [[Monacum|Monaci]]: Kommission für bayerische Landesgeschichte.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Karlshuld'')</small> * [[Carolostadium Bavariae|Carolostadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Karlstadt'')</small> * [[Casae Chetonis]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kettershausen'')</small> * [[Castellum (Bavaria Superior)|Castellum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00009459?lang=de ''Kastl''], ubi dicitur "(...) Castellum (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Bavaria Superior|Bavariā Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kastl'')</small> * [[Castellum (in Valle Lutarahae)|Castellum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(in Valle [[Lutaraha]]e<ref name="Lutaraha">Fingitur nomen huius fluminis ex oppido homonymo. Latino de nomine huius oppidi, vide [https://www.yumpu.com/de/document/read/5481494/sankt-oswald-baunach-pfarrei-st-oswald-baunach ''Sankt Oswald Baunach''], ubi dicitur "(...) Eine erste geschichtliche Erwähnung unter dem Namen „Lutaraha“ fand man aus dem Jahr 853 (...)".</ref>)</small> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kastl'')</small> * [[Castellum in Palatinatu|Castellum in Palatinatū]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(prope [[Keminata]]m<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kastl'')</small> * [[Castrum Altum]]<ref name="Meichelbeck II 1729"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenfels'')</small> * [[Castrum Dietrichi]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dietersburg'')</small> * [[Catellum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Castell'')</small> * [[Cella (Deggendorfium)|Cella]]<ref>Vide [https://www.dahoam-in-niederbayern.de/vereine/verein/gemeinde-aussernzell-646/ ''Gemeinde Außernzell''], ubi dicitur "(...) Die erste urkundliche Erwähnung von „Cella“ (Außernzell) fällt in das Jahr 1004. Kaiser Heinrich II. bestätigt in einer Urkunde dem Kloster Niederaltaich dessen Besitzungen. (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Außernzell'')</small> * [[Cella (Palatinatus Superior)|Cella]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus Superior|Palatinatū Superiore]]<ref name="Palatinatus Superior"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Zell'')</small> * [[Cella ad Moenum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00004552?lang=de ''Zell a.Main''], ubi dicitur "(...) Cella (...)".</ref><ref name="Moenus"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Zell am Main'')</small> * [[Cella cum Ecclesia|Cella cum Ecclesiā]]<ref name="Hontheim 1747"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchzell'')</small> * [[Cella in Monte Pinifero]]<ref name="Luyts 1692"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Zell im Fichtelgebirge'')</small> * [[Cella Interior]]<ref name="Hund I 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Innernzell'')</small> * [[Cella Orientalis (Bavaria)|Cella Orientalis]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Osterzell'')</small> * [[Cella Principum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fürstenzell'')</small> * [[Cella Rattonis]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rattiszell'')</small> * [[Cella Sacra (Bavaria)|Cella Sacra]]<ref name="Status ... Eustettensis 1792"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weihenzell'')</small> * [[Cella Sigmari]]<ref name="Braun 1788">Braun, Placido, auctore (1788); ''Notitia Historico-Litteraria de Libris ab Artis Typographicae Inventione''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sigmarszell'')</small> * [[Cenna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Langenzenn'')</small> * [[Chamara (Frisinga)|Chamara]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenkammer'')</small> * [[Chameravia]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Chamerau'')</small> * [[Chieminga]]<ref name="Chieminga">Theodisca vox ''Chieming'' in Latinam "Chieminga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://publikationen.badw.de/de/003189265/003189265.pdf ''Topographische Matrikel''], ubi dicitur "(...) Chieminga lacus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Chieming'')</small> * [[Chiemium]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Chiemsee'')</small> * [[Chila]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00003686?lang=de ''Zeil a.Main''], ubi dicitur "(...) curiam nostram Chilam (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Zeil am Main'')</small> * [[Chissinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Kissingen'')</small> * [[Chlana]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Glonn'')</small> * [[Chollenberga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kollnburg'')</small> * [[Choncella]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Konzell'')</small> * [[Chrayburga ad Aenum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kraiburg am Inn'')</small> * [[Chreilinga]]<ref name="Bitterauf I 1905"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Krailling'')</small> * [[Chumhausenum]]<ref name="Catalogus ... Ratisbonensis 1850">''Catalogus venerabilis cleri Almae Dioeceseos Ratisbonensis''. (1850). [[Ratisbona]]e: typis Georgii Iosephi Manz.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kumhausen'')</small> * [[Chunigishofa]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gaukönigshofen'')</small> * [[Chuzenhusa (Bavaria)|Chuzenhusa]]<ref name="Kutzenhausen">Theodiscum toponymum ''Kutzenhausen' in Latinam "Chuzenhusa" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kutzenhausen'')</small> * [[Cidalarum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Zeilarn'')</small> * [[Cidelara]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Zeitlarn'')</small> * [[Civitas Alta ad Aiscam]]<ref name="Ussermann 1794">Ussermann, Aemiliano, auctore; ''Episcopatus Bambergensis sub metropoli Moguntina''; typis Sancti Blasii, 1794.</ref><ref name="Aisca">De hydronymo "Aisca" (Theodisce ''Aisch''), vide ''Entwicklungsgeschichte der Stadt Neustadt an der Aisch bis 1933'', auctore Maximo (''Max'') Döllner.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Höchstadt an der Aisch'')</small> * [[Civitas Nandilonis]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Nandlstadt'')</small> * [[Clavis Campi]]<ref name="Crusius 1595"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schlüsselfeld'')</small> * [[Coburgum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Coburg'')</small> * [[Coeferinga]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Köfering'')</small> * [[Coeli Corona]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Himmelkron'')</small> * [[Collenberga]]<ref name="Hontheim 1747"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Collenberg'')</small> * [[Colmberga]]<ref>Vide [https://dlibra.bibliotekaelblaska.pl/Content/66269/PDF%20czarno-bia%C5%82y/92408-2_czb_300.pdf ''PLATONIS PHILOSOPHI QUAE EXSTANT''], ubi dicitur "(...) Colmbergae (...)".</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Colmberg'')</small> * [[Communitas Bavarica]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bayerisch Gmain'')</small> * [[Constatia ad Moenum]]<ref name="Ussermann 1801">Ussermann, Aemiliano, auctore; ''Episcopatus Bambergensis sub sedis apostolicae tutela'', Sancti Blasii, 1801.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgkunstadt'')</small> * [[Conventus ad Campum Licum]]<ref name="Steichele 1883"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Klosterlechfeld'')</small> * [[Cornu Hirci]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bockhorn'')</small> * [[Cotisodunum]]<ref>[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00034285 Bavarikon.de]; cf. [[Iohannes Aventinus|Iohannis Aventini]] [https://books.google.de/books?id=6FhG9G-6mpwC&q=Cotisodunum#v=snippet&q=Cotisodunum&f=false ''Annales ducum Boiariae''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Kötzting'')</small> * [[Cotzium]]<ref name="Kötz">Theodisca vox ''Kötz'' in Latinam "Cotzium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.europeana.eu/es/item/362/item_JBM5OPPBO3DB33GZPGU7IFLJIKZCC33P ''Europeana''], ubi dicitur "(...) Simonem Cotzium 4. non: Martinum Boium (...)".</ref><ref name="Agara">De hydronymo "Agara" (Theodisce ''Eger''), vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kötz'')</small> * [[Craiburga Silvestris]]<ref name="Hund 1719"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Waldkraiburg'')</small> * [[Crana]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kronach'')</small> * [[Crantzberga]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kranzberg'')</small> * [[Creutha]]<ref name="Kreuth">Theodisca vox ''Kreuth'' in Latinam "Creutha" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:SBR-MDZ-00000BSB11083918?p=179&cq=Bamberga&lang=de ''Collectio Novissima Scriptorvm Et Rervm Wircebvrgensivm''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Petrus de Zedwia'' et ''Creutha'' seu Iuditha (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kreuth'')</small> * [[Crombacum (Franconia Inferior)|Crombacum]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kronburg'')</small> * [[Cronachium Aureum]]<ref name="Biedermann 1745">Biedermann, I. G., auctore (1745): ''Genealogie der Hohen Grafen Häuser im Franckenlande'', volumen I, [[Baruthum|Baruthi]], 1745.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Goldkronach'')</small> * [[Cropa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grub am Forst'')</small> * [[Cruci-Wertheimum]]<ref name="Jubilans 1715"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kreuzwertheim'')</small> * [[Crummenaba]]<ref>Vide [https://www.monasterium.net/mom/DE-StAAm/Weissenohe/fond?_lang=deu&block=1 ''Kloster Weißenohe Urkunden''], ubi dicitur "(...) cum castro in eodem fundo sito, Crummenaba (Krummennaab, Lkr. Tirschenreuth) (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Krummennaab'')</small> * [[Crueninga]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kröning'')</small> * [[Crusa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Creußen'')</small> * [[Cubacum]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kühbach'')</small> * [[Cuepsa]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Küps'')</small> * [[Culmbachium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kulmbach'')</small> * [[Culmena]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kulmain'')</small> * [[Cummuntinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kinding'')</small> * [[Cunreutha]]<ref name="Kunreuth">Theodisca vox ''Kunreuth'' in Latinam "Cunreutha" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://belgica.kbr.be/BELGICA/doc/SYRACUSE/17498344/j-j-disputatio-juridica-de-indictis-juris-induciis-vom-rechts-stillstand-quam-favente-supremo-numine?_lg=fr-BE ''KBR Belgica'']{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Cunreutha Francus, autor & respondens, in auditorio (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kunreuth'')</small> * [[Cunzina]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Künzing'')</small> * [[Cuprimontium (Bavaria)|Cuprimontium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00041391?lang=de ''Kupferberg''], ubi dicitur "(...) Cuprimontium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kupferberg'')</small> * [[Curia Australis]]<ref name="Zeiller 1694"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sonthofen'')</small> * [[Curia Dominae Novae]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neufraunhofen'')</small> * [[Curia Dominarum Antiqua]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altfraunhofen'')</small> * [[Curia Fagorum]]<ref name="Annales Congregationis Mettenensis 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Buchhofen'')</small> * [[Curia Ottonis]]<ref name="Codex Traditionum Ecclesiae Frisingensis">''Codex Traditionum Ecclesiae Frisingensis'', (Editore Meichelbeck, 1724).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ottenhofen'')</small> * [[Curia Variscorum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hof'')</small> * [[Curiae ad Nigram Aquam]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes II 1863"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwarzhofen'')</small> * [[Cygnicampus]]<ref name="Crusius 1595"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwanfeld'')</small> {{div col end}} == D == {{div col|3}} * [[Dachanum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dachau'')</small> * [[Dachsbachium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_JH54w1QV3-EC/bub_gb_JH54w1QV3-EC_djvu.txt ''Nouum volumen scriptorum rerum Germanicarum, plurimam partem nunc primum editorum ex cod. msct. Tomus I & II e Museo Ludeuuigiano''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''ecclesiae praefecturam, Dachsbachium'' (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dachsbach'')</small> * [[Dachstettium Superius]]<ref name="Status 1735"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberdachstetten'')</small> * [[Daitinga]]<ref name="Daiting">Theodisca vox ''Daiting'' in Latinam "Daitinga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/details/bsb10609904 ''M. Pauli Ulrici Daitinga-Palatini, Primitiae In Epigrammatibus Poeticae''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Daiting'')</small> * [[Dammbachium]]<ref name="Hontheim 1747"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dammbach'')</small> * [[Deggendorfium]]<ref name="Deggendorfium">Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10372085?p=485&cq=Candidus,%20Pantaleon&lang=de ''Chronica Bavaricae Capucinorum Provinciae : in brevem summam collecta a religionis institutione usque ad eius resuscitationem''], ubi dicitur "(...) P. Ludovicus Sedlmair Deggendorfensis confessarius semper ei propre esse debuit (...) Testes erant Monachium, Straubinga, Deggendorfium, Bulsanum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Deggendorf'')</small> * [[Degginga Monachorum]]<ref name="Zeiller 1694"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mönchsdeggingen'')</small> * [[Dei Cella]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gotteszell'')</small> * [[Deissenhusa]]<ref>Hoc Latinum toponymum regressive derivatur Latino e gentilicio "Deissenhusanus-a-um". Quo de gentilicio, vide [http://www.onomastik.at/files/Reitzenstein_Lex_schwaeb_ON.pdf ''Lexikon schwäbischer Ortsnamen. Herkunft und Bedeutung''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Deißen-husanus prope Weißenhorn'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Deisenhausen'')</small> * [[Denkendorfium (Bavaria Superior)|Denkendorfium]]<ref name="Denkendorfium">Theodisca vox ''Denkendorf'' in Latinam "Denkendorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/marginalienundm00nestgoog/marginalienundm00nestgoog_djvu.txt ''Marginalien und Materialen''], ubi dicitur "(...) ex quo Denkendorfium Te praeposito gaudere coepit (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Denkendorf'')</small> * [[Dentleinium ad Silvam]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dentlein am Forst'')</small> * [[Deoinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberding'')</small> * [[Dettelbachium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:SBR-MDZ-00000BSB11083918?p=305&cq=Weber,%20Max%20Maria%20von&lang=de ''Collectio Novissima Scriptorvm Et Rervm Wircebvrgensivm''], ubi dicitur "(...) in arena prope Dettelbachium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Dettelbach'')</small> * [[Dettelsavia Nova]]<ref name="Status ... Aystettensis 1790">''Status Ecclesiasticus Dioceseos Aystettensis'' (1790).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuendettelsau'')</small> * [[Deuerlingum]]<ref name="Deuerlingum">Theodisca vox ''Deuerling'' in Latinam "Deuerlingum" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://books.google.es/books?id=8WpFYBkYoWkC&printsec=frontcover&hl=es&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=Diebachium&f=false ''Vmbrica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Deuerlingi), Luxorius carmen (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Deuerling'')</small> * [[Diebachium]]<ref name="Diebachium">Theodisca vox ''Diebach'' in Latinam "Diebachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/vmbrica00buecgoog/vmbrica00buecgoog_djvu.txt ''Vmbrica''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Diebachium'' iam seculo indecimo innotuit (...) Vallis Diebacensis tres proprie comprehendit pagos, nempe ''Diebachium'' Rhenanum sive ''inferius, Diebachium superius'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Diebach'')</small> * [[Diedorfium (Suebia)|Diedorfium]]<ref name="Diedorfium">Theodisca vox ''Diedorf'' in Latinam "Diedorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/neueallgemeined05nicogoog/neueallgemeined05nicogoog_djvu.txt ''Neue allgemeine deutsche bibliothek''], ubi dicitur "(...) Diedorfii novum Lexicon (...)".</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Diedorf'')</small> * [[Dietenhoffa]]<ref name="Dietenhofen">Theodisca vox ''Dietenhofen'' in Latinam "Dietenhoffa" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.rambow.de/download/Bayreuther_Ordinationsbuch.pdf ''Einzelarbeiten Kirchengeschichte Bayerns''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ego Joannes Friedericus Flemnitzer Dietenhoffa-Baruthinus (...)".</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dietenhofen'')</small> * [[Dietersheimium]]<ref name="Fleischmann 1775"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dietersheim'')</small> * [[Dietrammi Cella]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dietramszell'')</small> * [[Dilinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dillingen an der Donau'')</small> * [[Dinckespuhla]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dinkelsbühl'')</small> * [[Dingolfinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dingolfing'')</small> * [[Dingolshusium]]<ref name="Status 1750"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dingolshausen'')</small> * [[Dininga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Deining'')</small> * [[Dinkelscherbia]]<ref name="Matricula ... 1778">''Matricula Episcopatus Augustani'' (1778).</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dinkelscherben'')</small> * [[Dirlewangium]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dirlewang'')</small> * [[Disia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dießen am Ammersee'')</small> * [[Disia Inferior]]<ref name="Unterdießen">Theodiscum toponymicum lexema ''-dießen'' in Latinam "Disia" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}; et Theodiscum praefixum ''Unter-'' Latino adiectivo "inferior-ius" vertitur.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterdießen'')</small> * [[Dittenheimium]]<ref name="Dittenheim">Theodisca vox ''Dittenheim'' in Latinam "Dittenheimium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20251212162857/https://www.musiconn.de/musiconnsearch/search?id=kxp861468848&sid=25185376 ''Epicedia ex Parnasso, Memoriae Iuvenis Nobilissimi atque Ornatissimi Ioannis Adami Edelmanni, Dittenheimio - Franci, Divinae humanaeque sapientiae Studiosi, Cum d. XII. Ianuar. A.C. MDCCII. e vita excederet, & d. II. Februar. ipsa feria Purificationis Christi, Solemni exequiarum ritu elatus, ad aedem Marianam conderetur, Sacrata a Patronis, Praeceptoribus, ac Fautoribus ''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Dittenheim'')</small> * [[Doehlavium]]<ref name="Status 1735"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Döhlau'')</small> * [[Dollinga Superior]]<ref name="Wittmann 1789"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberdolling'')</small> * [[Dombuhlium]]<ref name="Status 1711"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dombühl'')</small> * [[Domus ad Ham]]<ref name="Hund II 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hausham'')</small> * [[Domus Alati]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1863"/> <small> (Theodisce ''Aletshausen'')</small> * [[Domus Gesserti]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gessertshausen'')</small> * [[Domus Martini]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Martinsheim'')</small> * [[Donawerda]]<ref name="Chiusole">{{Google Books|coN42atKxeYC|Il mondo antico, moderno e novissimo ... Antonio Chiusole · 1722}}</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Donauwörth'')</small> * [[Dormitium]]<ref name="Fleischmann 1775"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dormitz'')</small> * [[Dorflesium et Esbacum]]<ref name="Luyts 1692"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dörfles-Esbach'')</small> * [[Dorfum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dorfen'')</small> * [[Drutelinga]]<ref>Vide [https://boari.de/ortsnamen/treuchtlingen.htm ''Lateinische Sprachrelikte im bayerischen Dialekt''], ubi dicitur "(...) Drutelinga, S. 550 villa Drutelinga (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Treuchtlingen'')</small> * [[Duggendorfium]]<ref name="Catalogus 1776"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Duggendorf'')</small> * [[Durraha]]<ref>Vide [https://www.geschichte-bayerns.de/ortsnamen/artikel/Schwaben/Oberallg%C3%A4u/Durach/f7j3k ''Geschichte Bayerns''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''in Durraha'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Durach'')</small> * [[Duerrwangium]]<ref name="Status 1711"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dürrwangen'')</small> {{div col end}} == E == {{div col|3}} * [[Ebelsbachium]]<ref name="Status 1750"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ebelsbach'')</small> * [[Ebera (commune)|Ebera]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ebrach'')</small> * [[Eberfinga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/ActaSanctorum/Anhang_September_II.html ''Acta Sanctorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Eberfinga, pagus in Bavaria (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eberfing'')</small> * [[Ebermannsdorfium]]<ref name="Catalogus 1776"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ebermannsdorf'')</small> * [[Ebermanstadium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/HohenlohischesUrkundenbuch3/Hohenlohisches%20Urkundenbuch_3_djvu.txt ''Hohenlohisches Urkundenbuch 3''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ebermanstadium, Senfftenbergum et nonnulla alia (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ebermannstadt'')</small> * [[Ebersberga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ebersberg'')</small> * [[Ebersdorfium prope Coburgum]]<ref name="Ebersdorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf' in Latinam "Ebersdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ebersdorf bei Coburg'')</small> * [[Ebershusa]]<ref>Hoc Latinum toponymum regressive derivatur Latino e gentilicio "Ebershusanus-a-um". Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://forum.ahnenforschung.net/forum/allgemeine-diskussionsforen/lese-und-bersetzungshilfe/lese-u-bersetzungshilfe-f-r-fremdsprachige-texte/86182-lesehilfe-eheschliessung-in-latein ''forum.ahnenforschung.net'']{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) parochus Ebershausanus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ebershausen'')</small> * [[Ebnatha]]<ref name="Nova Bavariae">''Nova et accurata Bavariae Descriptio'', auctore Iohanne Baptistā Homann (saeculo XVIII).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ebnath'')</small> * [[Ebra (Bamberga)|Ebra]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>[[Circulus terrae Bambergensis|Circulo Bambergensi]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgebrach'')</small> * [[Ebracum Asperum]]<ref name="Lang 1831">Lang, I. B., auctore (1831); ''Regesta sive Rerum Boicarum Autographa''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Rauhenebrach'')</small> * [[Ecclesia ad Fontem Baptismalem Superior]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Obertaufkirchen'')</small> * [[Ecclesia Castri ad Alzam]]<ref name="Catalogus ... Passaviensis 1830">''Catalogus cleri totius dioecesis Passaviensis ad annum 1830'', ([[Batavia (Bavaria)|Bataviae]], 1830).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgkirchen an der Alz'')</small> * [[Ecclesia Geroldi]]<ref name="Hund 1719"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Geratskirchen'')</small> * [[Ecclesia in Monte Inferiori]]<ref name="Notitiae Fundationum...">''Notitiae Fundationum Nonnullarum per Boiariam.''</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Niederbergkirchen'')</small> * [[Ecclesia in Silva|Ecclesia in Silvā]]<ref name="Hansiz 1727">Hansiz, Marco, auctore (1727); ''Germania Sacra''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Waldkirchen'')</small> * [[Ecclesia Montana-Fons Sigehardi]]<ref name="Meichelbeck II 1729"/><ref name="Ussermann 1794"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Höhenkirchen-Siegertsbrunn'')</small> * [[Ecclesia Montana Superior]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberbergkirchen'')</small> * [[Ecclesia Theodorici (Bavaria)|Ecclesia Theodorici]]<ref name="Ried 1816"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dieterskirchen'')</small> * [[Ecclesia Trutmaris]]<ref name="Hentzner 1612"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Trautskirchen'')</small> * [[Ecclesia Waltprechti]]<ref name="Hund 1719"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Walpertskirchen'')</small> * [[Ecclesiae Baptimales (Circulus Muldorfensis)|Ecclesiae Baptimales]]<ref name="Ecclesiae Baptimales">Theodisca vox ''Taufkirchen'' in Latinam "Ecclesiae Baptismales" verti solet. V.gr. vide [http://www.leuninger-herbert.de/ernst/Gemeindeleitung%202002.pdf ''Gemeinde II.: Gemeindeleitung und -pastoral''], ubi dicitur "(...) „ecclesiae baptismales“ (Taufkirchen) (...)".</ref> <small>(Circulus Mühldorf)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Taufkirchen'')</small> * [[Ecclesiae Baptimales (Vilisa)|Ecclesiae Baptimales]]<ref name="Ecclesiae Baptimales"/> <small>(ad [[Vilisa]]m<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Taufkirchen'')</small> * [[Ecclesiae Baptimales (prope Monacum)|Ecclesiae Baptimales]]<ref name="Ecclesiae Baptimales"/> <small>(prope [[Monacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Taufkirchen'')</small> * [[Ecclesiae Baptismales Inferiores]]<ref name="Ecclesiae Baptimales"/><ref name="Nieder-">Theodiscum praefixum ''Nieder-'' Latino adiectivo "inferior-ius" vertitur.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Niedertaufkirchen'')</small> * [[Echinga]]<ref name="Emmeram">''Die Traditionen des Hochstifts Regensburg und des Klosters S. Emmeram''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ehingen am Ries'')</small> * [[Echinga ad Ambrae Lacum]]<ref>''Nova et accurata Bavariae descriptio'', 1720.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eching am Ammersee'')</small> * [[Echinga (Frisinga)|Echinga Frisigensis]]<ref name="Viturinenses">''Traditiones possessionesque Viturinenses''.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Frisingensis|Circulo Frisingensi]]<ref name="Frisinga">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Frisingensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Freising'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Frisingensis-e" ad [[Frisinga]]m refertur. Quod de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Eching'')</small> * [[Eckersdorfium]]<ref name="Eckersdorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Eckersdorf'' in Latinam "Eckersdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/achillestatioua00carpgoog/achillestatioua00carpgoog_djvu.txt ''Achilleōs Tatiou Alexandreōs Erōtikōn, sive, De Clitophontis et Levcippes amoribvs, libri VIII''], ubi dicitur "(...) ECKERSDORFII PLVREVMQVE (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eckersdorf'')</small> * [[Edelsfelda]]<ref>Vide [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10965178?page=,1 ''Polcke, Johann Christian: Ex Historia Romana, Vestem Palmatam''], ubi dicitur "(...) Edelsfelda-Palatinvs (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Edelsfeld'')</small> * [[Ederheimium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10965178?page=,1 ''Polcke, Johann Christian: Ex Historia Romana, Vestem Palmatam''], ubi dicitur "(...) dynastae Ederheimii (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ederheim'')</small> * [[Edlinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Edling'')</small> * [[Effeldera]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Effeltrich'')</small> * [[Egenhofium]]<ref name="Egenhofium">Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_PLE_AAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_PLE_AAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ''Oberbayerisches archiv für vaterländische geschichte''], ubi dicitur "(...) Egenhofium, Odeltzhusium, Ärnpachium aliasque arces (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Egenhofen'')</small> * [[Egga ad Guntiam]]<ref name="Egga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Egg' in Latinam "Egga" sive "Palaeocomē" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Guntia">Quo de hydronymo, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Egg an der Günz'')</small> * [[Egga Inferior]]<ref name="Unteregg">Theodiscum toponymicum lexema ''-egg'' in Latinam "Egga" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}; et Theodiscum praefixum ''Unter-'' Latino adiectivo "inferior-ius" vertitur.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Unteregg'')</small> * [[Eggenfelda]]<ref name="Egg-Pfar">Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10622734?p=15&cq=C&lang=de ''Joannis Adlzreitter Annalium Bojorum. Tom. II''], ubi dicitur "(...) Neoforum exustum, Eggenfelda, Pfarkirchium, Reichenberga (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eggenfelden'')</small> * [[Egglhamum]]<ref name="Chalmot 1785">P. A. Chalmot, ''Dictionnaire Géographique Universel'', 1785.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Egglham'')</small> * [[Egglkofanum]]<ref name="Ferrarius & Baudrand 1697"> P. Ph. Ferrario et M. A. Baudrand auctoribus, ''Novum Lexicon Geographicum'', 1697.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Egglkofen'')</small> * [[Eggolsheimium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Eggolsheim'')</small> * [[Eggstadium]]<ref name="Steinberger 1983">B. Steinberger auctore, ''Pfarrei Eggstätt: Geschichte und Geschichten'', 1983.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eggstätt'')</small> * [[Eginga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Eging am See'')</small> * [[Eglinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Egling'')</small> * [[Eglinga ad Parram]]<ref name="Eglinga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Egling' in Latinam "Eglinga" sive "Palaeocomē" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Parra">Quo de hydronymo, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Egling an der Paar'')</small> * [[Egolvinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eglfing'')</small> * [[Egowila]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Egweil'')</small> * [[Ehardinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erharting'')</small> * [[Ehemotinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Egmating'')</small> * [[Ehichiricha]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ehekirchen'')</small> * [[Ehinga (Augusta Vindelicorum)|Ehinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Augustae Vindelicorum|Circulus Augustā Vindelicorum]]<ref name="Augusta Vindelicorum">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Augustae Vindelicorum" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Augsburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Augusta Vindelicorum]]", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ehingen'')</small> * [[Ehinga (Landishuta)|Ehinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Landishutensis|Circulo Landishutensi]]<ref name="Landishuta">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Landishutensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Landshut'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Landishutensis-e" ad [[Landishuta]]m refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide Ladislaus Buzás, Fritz Junginger (1971): Bavaria Latina; Lexikon der lateinischen geographischen Namen in Bayern. Wiesbaden, Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Eching'')</small> * [[Ehingensis Locus]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00000378?lang=de ''Ehingen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ehingensis loc. iuxta Nekorum (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Mediā]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ehingen'')</small> * [[Eibelstadium]]<ref name="Iubilans 1650">''Herbipolis Iubilans'', 1650.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eibelstadt'')</small> * [[Eibstadium Maius]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Großeibstadt'')</small> * [[Eichenaugia]]<ref name="Notitia Archi 1741">''Notitia Archi-Dioecesis Salisburgensis'', 1741.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eichenau'')</small> * [[Eichendorffum]]<ref name="Eichendorffum">Theodisca vox ''Eichendorf'' in Latinam "Eichendorffum" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://culturaclasica.com/palaestra/palaestra_latina-187.pdf ''Cultura Clásica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Eichendorfii (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Eichendorf'')</small> * [[Eiinga]]<ref>Vide [https://aying.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Aying1210.pdf ''Aying''], ubi dicitur "(...) in „loco eiinga“ (in Zeile 11 der Urkunde) (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Aying'')</small> * [[Einershemium Marchia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Markt Einersheim'')</small> * [[Eisenhemium]]<ref>Vide [https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/junius1597bd6/0383/image,info ''Heidelberg historic literature – digitized''], ubi dicitur "(...) Henrici Eisenhemii Argentinensis (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Eisenheim'')</small> * [[Eitenshemium]]<ref name="Rader 1704"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eitensheim'')</small> * [[Eitinga]]<ref>Vide [https://geschichte-bayerns.de/ortsnamen/artikel/Schwaben/Augsburg/Gro%C3%9Faitingen/91kfl ''Großaitingen''], ubi dicitur "(...) '' in oppido Eitinga villa Eitinga'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Großaitingen'')</small> * [[Eitraha]]<ref>Vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/8390 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Aiterhofen, as place of event/issue ''Actum in villa Eitrah'' (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Aiterhofen'') * [[Eittinga (Bavaria)|Eittinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eitting'')</small> * [[Elchinga]]<ref>Vide [http://www.heruitgeverij.be/276ind.htm ''Dictionnaire Latin-Français des Noms propres de Lieux ayant une certaine notoriété principalement au point de vue ecclésiastique et monastique (1897)''], ubi dicitur "(...) Elchinga (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Elchingen'')</small> * [[Elfershusa]]<ref>Hoc Latinum toponymum regressive derivatur Latino e gentilicio "Elfershusanus-a-um". Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://opus.bibliothek.uni-wuerzburg.de/opus4-wuerzburg/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/5759/file/Wuerzburger_Hochschulschriften_1581_1803.pdf ''Würzburger Hochschulschriften''], ubi dicitur "(...) loannes Franciscus Sartorius, Elfershusanus, utriusque satrapiae Arnstein et Werneck physicus (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Elfershausen'')</small> * [[Elgauria]]<ref name="Rader 1704"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ellgau'')</small> * [[Ellceia]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ellzee'')</small> * [[Ellinga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/greatrollofpipef1118grea/greatrollofpipef1118grea_djvu.txt ''The great roll of the pipe for the fifth[-thirty-fourth] year of the reign of King Henry the Second, A.D. 1158[-1188]''], ubi dicitur "(...) Elinga, vel Ellinga (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ellingen'')</small> * [[Elsbachia Superior]]<ref name="Ludewig 1715"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small>(Theodisce ''Oberelsbach'')</small> * [[Elsendorfium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_2jUIAAAAQAAJ/bub_gb_2jUIAAAAQAAJ_djvu.txt ''Annales Ingolstadiensis academiae''], ubi dicitur "(...) Elsendorfii prope Abensbergam (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Elsendorf'')</small> * [[Eltmanum]]<ref name="Valentinus 1692">''Annales Bambergenses''; auctore Philippo Valentino; typis ioannis Iacobi Fleischmann, 1692.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eltmann'')</small> * [[Emersackera]]<ref name="Notitia Archi 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Emersacker'')</small> * [[Emheringa (Ebersberga)|Emheringa]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00011839?lang=de ''Emmering''], ubi dicitur "(...) Emheringa (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Ebersbergensis|Circulo Ebersbergensi]]<ref name="Ebersberga">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Ebersbergensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Ebersberg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et et Latinum gentilicium "Ebersbergensis-e" ad [[Ebersberga]]m refertur. De hoc toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Emmering'')</small> * [[Emheringa (Pons Campi Principis)|Emheringa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Campiprincipipontanus|Circulo terrae Campiprincipipontano]]<ref name="Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik (2026)"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Emmering'')</small> * [[Emmertinganum]]<ref name="Rader 1704">''Bavaria Sancta'', auctore Matthaeo Rader, 1704.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Emmerting'')</small> * [[Emskircha]]<ref>Vide [https://raa.gf-franken.de/de/suche-nach-stammbucheintraegen.html?permaLink=1806_kranz;11#ID_1806_kranz_11 ''Suche nach Stammbucheinträgen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Emskircha-Baruth (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Emskirchen'')</small> * [[Engelsberga]]<ref name="Rader 1704"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Engelsberg'')</small> * [[Ensdorpium (Palatinatus Superior)|Ensdorpium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ensdorf'')</small> * [[Epininga]]<ref>Vide [https://es.aroundus.com/p/6562158-bad-aibling ''Bad Aibling''], ubi dicitur "(...) El asentamiento, mencionado por primera vez como Epininga en 804 d.C (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Aibling'')</small> * [[Eppenschlagium]]<ref name="Acta Ecclesiastica Bavariae">''Acta Ecclesiastica Bavariae''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eppenschlag'')</small> * [[Eppishusa]]<ref>Hoc Latinum toponymum regressive derivatur Latino e gentilicio "Eppishusanus-a-um". Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00007019 ''Eppishausen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Eppishusanus Sueuus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eppishausen'')</small> * [[Erbendorfium]]<ref name="Erbendorfium">Vide [https://bcul.lib.uni.lodz.pl/dlibra/publication/108510/edition/97513/content?ref=struct ''Epithalamia''], ubi dicitur "(...) Johannis Pauli Heberlein, Erbendorfio-Palatini (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Erbendorf'')</small> * [[Erdwegium]]<ref name="Acta ... Frisingensis">''Acta ecclesiastica dioecesis Frisingensis''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Erdweg'')</small> * [[Eresinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eresing'')</small> * [[Ergershemium (Franconia Media)|Ergershemium]]<ref name="Ergershemium">Germanica vox ''Ergersheim'' in Latinam "Ergershemium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_-lYoAAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_-lYoAAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ''Notices historiques sur l'Alsace ...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Melchiorem Ergershemium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ergersheim'')</small> * [[Ergoldinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ergolding'')</small> * [[Ergoldsbachium]]<ref name="Protokollum ... Ratisbonensis"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ergoldsbach'')</small> * [[Ericetum in Angulo]]<ref name="Bacherler 1924">Michaële Bacherler auctore, ''Die Siedlungsnamen des Bistums Eichstätt'', 1924.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Winkelhaid'')</small> * [[Erkheimium]]<ref name="Status Augustanae 1765">''Status ecclesiasticus dioecesis Augustanae'', [[Augusta Vindelicorum|Augustae Vindelicorum]] (1765).</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Erkheim'')</small> * [[Erlabrunnum]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erlabrunn'')</small> * [[Erlanga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erlangen'')</small> * [[Erlbachium (Bavaria Superior)|Erlbachium]]<ref name="Erlbach">Theodisca vox ''Erlbach'' in Latinam "Erlbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [http://frombork.art.pl/pl/katalog-starodrukow-k/ ''Strona archiwalna''], ubi dicitur "(...) Novus Joannis Fursten Erlbachii (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Erlbach'')</small> * [[Erlenbacum ad Moenum]]<ref name="Erlenbach">Theodisca vox ''Erlenbach'' in Latinam "Erlenbacum" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_cloFAAAAQAAJ_3/bub_gb_cloFAAAAQAAJ_djvu.txt ''Historia et commentationes''], ubi dicitur "(...) ita Erlenbacum sive superius sive inferius (...)".</ref><ref name="Moenus">De hydronymo "Moenus", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Erlenbach am Main'')</small> * [[Erlenbacum prope Heidenfeldam]]<ref name="Erlenbach"/><ref name="Heidenfelda">Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_iRfPAAAAMAAJ/bub_gb_iRfPAAAAMAAJ_djvu.txt ''Die Matrikel der Unversität Heidelberg''], ubi dicitur "(...) patris Leonardi Rosmann (Heidenfelda (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Erlenbach bei Marktheidenfeld'')</small> * [[Ermershusium]]<ref name="Acta ... Temporis 1750">''Acta Historico-Ecclesiastica: Nostri Temporis'', [[Vimaria]]e, (1750).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ermershausen'')</small> * [[Ernsgadium]]<ref name="Protokollum ... Ratisbonensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ernsgaden'')</small> * [[Escehe (Franconia Inferior)|Escehe]]<ref>Vide [https://stadtarchiv-aschaffenburg.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/317-336_Register_81.pdf ''stadtarchiv-aschaffenburg.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Escehe ex ista parte → Eschau (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Eschau'')</small> * [[Eschenbachium in Palatinatu Superiore|Eschenbachium in Palatinatū Superiore]]<ref name="Eschenbachium">Theodisca vox ''Eschenbach'' in Latinam "Eschenbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://ia800706.us.archive.org/21/items/historiarum01livy/historiarum01livy.pdf ''Historiarum libri qui supersunt omnes et deperditorum fragmenta ...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Eschenbachium (...)".</ref><ref name="Palatinatus Superior"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eschenbach in der Oberpfalz'')</small> * [[Eschenbacum Medium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Wirceburgensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mitteleschenbach'')</small> * [[Eschenbacum Wolframianum]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Wirceburgensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wolframs-Eschenbach'')</small> * [[Eschenlohum]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eschenlohe'')</small> * [[Eschlkamium]]<ref name="Protokollum ... Ratisbonensis"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Eschlkam'')</small> * [[Eslarnum]]<ref name="Protokollum ... Ratisbonensis"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Eslarn'')</small> * [[Esselbacum]]<ref name="Hagen 1749">''Notitia S. R. I. Procerum tam Ecclesiasticorum quam Secularium'', auctore Friderico Casparo Hagen. [[Tubinga]]e, (1749).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Esselbach'')</small> * [[Essenbachium]]<ref name="Essenbachium">Theodisca vox ''Essenbach'' in Latinam "" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/942604 ''это... Что такое Ион Тихий?''], ubi dicitur "(...) raphomanus spasmaticus Essenbachii (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Essenbach'')</small> * [[Essingium (Bavaria)|Essingium]]<ref name="Status ... Ratisbonensis">''Status Ecclesiasticus Dioecesis Ratisbonensis''.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Essing'')</small> * [[Estenfeldium]]<ref name="Acta ... Temporis 1741">''Acta Historico-Ecclesiastica: Nostri Temporis'', [[Vimaria]]e, (1741).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Estenfeld'')</small> * [[Ettenstadium]]<ref name="Acta ... Temporis 1752">''Acta Historico-Ecclesiastica: Nostri Temporis'', [[Vimaria]]e, (1752).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ettenstatt'')</small> * [[Ettringium (Wertaha)|Ettringium]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ettringen'')</small> * [[Etzelwanga]]<ref>Vide [https://raa.gf-franken.de/de/suche-nach-stammbucheintraegen.html?permaLink=1726_reis%3B65#ID_1726_reis_65 ''Repertorium Alborum Amicorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Johannes Udalricus Tresenreuter, Etzelwanga Palatinus, stud. phil. (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Etzelwang'')</small> * [[Etzenrichtium]]<ref name="Protokollum ... Ratisbonensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Etzenricht'')</small> * [[Euerbachium]]<ref name="Euerbachium">Theodisca vox ''Euerbach'' in Latinam "Euerbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://collections.thulb.uni-jena.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HisBest_derivate_00001321/ORIGINUM_CISTERCIENSIUM.pdf ''ORIGINUM CISTERCIENSIUM Tomus I''], ubi dicitur "(...) Euerbach, Euerbachium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Euerbach'')</small> * [[Euerdorfium]]<ref name="Catalogus Personarum ... Herbipolensis 1792">''Catalogus Personarum Ecclesiasticarum et Beneficiorum Dioecesis Herbipolensis'', (Herbipoli, 1792).</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Euerdorf'')</small> * [[Eurasburgium (Suebia)|Eurasburgium]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>(in [[Suebia|Suebiā]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Eurasburg'')</small> * [[Eussenhemium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eußenheim'')</small> * [[Eythusa]]<ref name="Eithusa">Vide ''Monumenta Boica'', Volumen 37, 1864; ubi dicitur "(...) ''in villa quae dicitur Eythusa, in pago Werngau'' (...)".</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Aidhausen'')</small> > {{div col end}} == F == {{div col|3}} * [[Faeniana]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Finningen'')</small> * [[Fafunhusa (Bavaria)|Fafunhusa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfaffenhausen'')</small> * [[Falconis Mons (Bavaria Inferior)|Falconis Mons]]<ref name="Falkenberg">Theodisca vox ''Falkenberg'' in Latinam "Falconis Mons" seu "Falcoburgum" seu "Falconis Castrum" seu "Falcoberga" seu "Falckenburgum" seu "Falkenberga" seu "Falcomontium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/ActaSanctorum/20.Februar.html ''Acta Sanctorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Falcoburgum, [an ab eo Falconis-mons?] id est, ''Falconis-castrum, vocant, Galli'' Falconis-montem, ''quod Teutonibus esset'' Falcoberga (...)"; aut vide {{Graesse}}; aut [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>(in [[Bavaria Inferior|Bavariā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Falkenberg'')</small> * [[Falconis Mons (Palatinatus Superior)|Falconis Mons]]<ref name="Falkenberg"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus Superior|Palatinatū Superiore]]<ref name="Palatinatus Superior"/>)</small> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Falkenberg'')</small> * [[Falconis Petra (Palatinatus Superior)|Falconis Petra]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Falkenstein'')</small> * [[Falkenfelsium]]<ref name="Status ... Ratisbonensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Falkenfels'')</small> * [[Fanum Sancti Michaelis (Bavaria)|Fanum Sancti Michaëlis]]<ref name="Hund 1719"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weihmichl'')</small> * [[Fanum Sancti Sanguinis]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Neukirchen beim Heiligen Blut'')</small> * [[Farchantum]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Farchant'')</small> * [[Faterstetta]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Vaterstetten'')</small> * [[Faulbacum]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Faulbach'')</small> * [[Feichtenum ad Alsam]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Feichten an der Alz'')</small> * [[Feilitzschium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Feilitzsch'')</small> * [[Felda]]<ref>cf. Veldener Heimatbuch, STS-Verlag, Feldae 2003, p. 13: '''Felda''' fuit prima forma Latinisata nominis per documentum ex anno 818 tradita.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Velden'')</small> * [[Fellheimium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fellheim'')</small> * [[Fellinum]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fellen'')</small> * [[Fensterbacum]]<ref name="Ferrarius 1670">Auctore Ferrario, Philippo; ''Lexicon Geographicum''. Editore Michaële-Antonio Baudrand, Insulae, 1670.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Fensterbach'')</small> * [[Feringa Inferior]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterföhring'')</small> * [[Ferristadium Boicum]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860">''Bavaria: Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern'', 1860.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bayerisch Eisenstein'')</small> * [[Feuchtum]]<ref name="Feucht">Theodisca vox ''Feucht'' in Latinam "Feuchtum" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb__sWY-LW5snoC/bub_gb__sWY-LW5snoC_djvu.txt ''Prodromus monumentorum Guelficorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ad Jacobum Feuchtum (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Feucht'')</small> * [[Fichtachia]]<ref name="Hund 1719"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberviechtach'')</small> * [[Fichtelbergum (Franconia Superior)|Fichtelbergum]]<ref name="Fichtelbergum">Theodisca vox ''Fichtelberg'' in Latinam "Fichtelbergum" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.opendata.uni-halle.de ''Regnitianam''], ubi dicitur "(...) Fichtelbergum vergere (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Fichtelberg'')</small> * [[Finninga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Finning'')</small> * [[Fischacum]]<ref name="Status ... Augustanae 1778"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Fischach'')</small> * [[Flachslandium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Flachslanden'')</small> * [[Fladunga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fladungen'')</small> * [[Flintsbacum ad Isanum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Flintsbach am Inn'')</small> * [[Flossenburgum]]<ref name="Catalogus 1776"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Flossenbürg'')</small> * [[Flossium (Palatinatus Superior)|Flossium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Floß'')</small> * [[Fons (Palatinatus Superior)|Fons]]<ref>Vide [https://www.charivari.com/charivari-ortsnamenforscher-brunn-27100/ ''Charivari Ortsnamenforscher: Brunn''], ubi dicitur "(...) Im 12. Jahrhundert ist auf einer Schrift die lateinische Ortsbezeichnung „iuxta fontem“ (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Brunn'')</small> * [[Fons Albus (Bavaria)|Fons Albus]]<ref name="Ussermann 1801"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weißenbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Armorum]]<ref name="Sartori 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Waffenbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Boiorum]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Baierbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Budilonis in Silva]]<ref name="Jubilans 1715"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Waldbüttelbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Episcopi]]<ref name="Jubilans 1715"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bischbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Fageus]]<ref name="Hofmann 1717"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Buchbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Geronis]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1865"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gerbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Gramineus]]<ref name="Status Frisingensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grasbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Iandeli]]<ref name="Hund I 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Jandelsbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Latus]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus Superior|Palatinatū Superiore]])</small> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Breitenbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Mulierum]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1744"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weibersbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Ottonis]]<ref name="Inscriptiones Neolatinae Bavariae 1992">''Inscriptiones Neolatinae Bavariae'', a Seminario Philologiae Latinae Universitatis Monacensis editae, 1992.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ottobrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Paumili]]<ref name="Rerum Noricarum Scriptores 1742"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pommelsbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Picis]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pechbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Pratensis]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1744"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wiesenbronn'')</small> * [[Fons Regis (Bavaria)|Fons Regis]]<ref>Vide [http://benediktinerakademie.org/wp-content/plugins/kloster-vz/func/get-kloster.php ''Benediktiner Akademie''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Fons Regis''' (OCist M), Fons regalis s. Königsbrunn (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Königsbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Salutis (Bavaria)|Fons Salutis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Heilsbronn'')</small> * [[Fons Sancti Viti]]<ref name="Status ... Eustettensis 1792"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Veitsbronn'')</small> * [[Fons Schollianus]]<ref name="Biedermann 1751">Biedermann, I. G., auctore (1751); ''Geschlechtsregister der Reichsfrey unmittelbaren Ritterschaft Landes zu Francken''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schollbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Silvestris (Franconia Inferior)|Fons Silvestris]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1744">Gropp, Ignatio, auctore; ''Collectio Novissima Scriptorum Et Rerum Wirceburgensium'', Tomus II, Francofurti et Lipsiae, 1744.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Waldbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Tutilonis]]<ref name="Eckhart 1730"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dittelbrunn'')</small> * [[Forchhemium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Forchheim'')</small> * [[Forheimium]]<ref name="Status ... Augustanae 1778"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Forheim'')</small> * [[Forsterna]]<ref name="Status Frisingensis">''Status Ecclesiasticus Dioecesis Frisingensis''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Forstern'')</small> * [[Forstinnia]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Forstinning'')</small> * [[Forulum (Bavaria)|Forulum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00009630?lang=de ''Marktl''], ubi dicitur "(...) In Forulo (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Marktl'')</small> * [[Forum Bibartinum]]<ref name="Jubilans 1715"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Markt Bibart'')</small> * [[Forum Erlbacum]]<ref name="Bruchis 1598">Synopsis Historica Annalium Marchicorum'' (1598); auctore Caspare Bruschi.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Markt Erlbach'')</small> * [[Forum Graitium]]<ref name="Archiv ... Oberfranken 1890">''Archiv für die Geschichte von Oberfranken''. [[Baruthum|Baruthi]], 1890.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Marktgraitz'')</small> * [[Forum Novum ad Albim]]<ref name="Mader 1661">Ioachimo Ioanne Mader auctore: ''Antiquitates Brunsvicenses'', ([[Helmstadium|Helmstadii]], 1661).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuenmarkt'')</small> * [[Forum Steftiense]]<ref name="Bruchis 1598"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Marktsteft'')</small> * [[Fossa (Bavaria)|Fossa]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Graben'')</small> * [[Fossae Statio]]<ref name="Status Frisingensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grabenstätt'')</small> * [[Fovea Porcina]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Saulgrub'')</small> * [[Frammersbacum]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Frammersbach'')</small> * [[Frankenwinheimium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frankenwinheim'')</small> * [[Frasdorfium]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frasdorf'')</small> * [[Fraunberga]]<ref name="Fraunberg">Theodisca vox ''Fraunberg'' in Latinam "Fraunberga" seu "Frawenberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/ned-kbn-all-00001637-001/ned-kbn-all-00001637-001_djvu.txt ''P. Bertii commentariorum rerum germanicarum libri tres primus est Germaniae veteris-esecundus Germ. posterioris a Karolo M. ad nostra usque tempora cum principum genealogiis-etertius est praecip. Germaniae urbium cum earum iconismis et descriptionibus''], ubi dicitur "(...) Fraunbergae vel Frauwenbergae Baro (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Fraunberg'')</small> * [[Freihungum]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Freihung'')</small> * [[Freilassinga]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Freilassing'')</small> * [[Fremdinga]]<ref>Vide [https://heyjoe.fbk.eu ''Kapitelsakten der sueddeutschen Ordensprovinz "Saxonia"...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Fremdingae (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Fremdingen'')</small> * [[Frensdorfium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:SBR-MDZ-00000BSB11084376?p=33&cq=Ex%20monte%20D%20Annae&lang=de ''Episcopatus Bambergensis sub s. sede apostolica chronologice ac diplomatice illustratus: opus posthumum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ex his comites Reisenbergii, Frensdorfii, et Wuschenfeldenses (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Frensdorf'')</small> * [[Freudenberga (Palatinatus Superior)|Freudenberga]]<ref name="Freundenberg">Theodisca vox ''Freudenberg'' in Latinam "Freudenberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20251015233016/https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/bertius/bertius1/Bertius_commentarii_2.html ''P. BERTII COMMENTARIORVM RERVM GERMANICARVM''], ubi dicitur "(...) Freudenbergae chalybs praeparatur optimae notae (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Freudenberg'')</small> * [[Frewberga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Friedberg'')</small> * [[Freystadium]]<ref>Vide [https://open.smk.dk/artwork/image/KKSgb57621?q=*&page=0&filters=creator%3AWerner%2520%252C%2520Friedrich%2520Bernhard ''open.smk.dk''], ubi dicitur "(...) extra Urbem Freystadium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Freystadt'')</small> * [[Frichinhusa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Frickenhausen am Main'')</small> * [[Fridolfinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fridolfing'')</small> * [[Friedenfelsium]]<ref name="Friedenfelsium">Theodisca vox ''Friedenfels'' in Latinam "Friedenfelsium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://nlp.fi.muni.cz/projekty/ahisto/portal/fulltext.php?docid=308&search=Friedenfelsii ''Monumenta Historica Boemiae I''], ubi dicitur "(...) Si Friedenfelsii (m) Chronologia accurata est (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Friedenfels'')</small> * [[Friesenriedium]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Friesenried'')</small> * [[Frigida Vallis]]<ref>Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/rgs/bd3/RGS_3_1.html ''DE RVSTICORVM TYRANNICIS GESTIS IN VVEINSBERG''], ubi dicitur "(...) a frigida valle vulgo Kaltental (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kaltental'')</small> * [[Frisinga]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Freising'') </small> * [[Frontenhusa]]<ref>Hoc Latinum toponymum regressive derivatur Latino e gentilicio "Frontenhusanus-a-um". Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://books.google.es/books/about/Catalogus_religiosorum_almae_et_exemtae.html?id=6clDAAAAcAAJ&redir_esc=y ''Catalogus religiosorum almae et exemtae Congregationis SS. Angelor. Custod. Benedictino-Bavaricae''], ubi dicitur "(...) Frontenhuſanus Gabriel Godefridus Gregorius Henricus (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Frontenhausen'')</small> * [[Frumara]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberpframmern'')</small> * [[Fuchtewanga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Feuchtwangen'')</small> * [[Fullbacum Inferius]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Wirceburgensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Niederfüllbach'')</small> * [[Fundus Occidentalis]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1865"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Westerngrund'')</small> * [[Funsinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Finsing'')</small> * [[Furda]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Furth im Wald'')</small> * [[Furtum (Bavaria)|Furtum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fürth'')</small> * [[Fussinga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bibliographisch01publgoog/bibliographisch01publgoog_djvu.txt ''Bibliographische adversaria''], ubi dicitur "(...) Fussingae, pridie Kalend. Juliis (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Füssing'')</small> {{div col end}} == G == {{div col|3}} * [[Gablinga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.buscalibre.us/libro-melior-morientes-juvandi-modus-in-subsidium-eorum-qui-moribondis-assistunt-conscriptus-a-p-fr-udalrico-a-gablinga-ordinis-minor-nuns-s-r-majes/9781248839096/p/57788985?srsltid=AfmBOopo9foVaMK62zYrT13VHqQ3JTiRtI4QuZ2MFuYDZ9NlAEa_ZyEI ''Melior Morientes Juvandi Modus in Subsidium Eorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Udalrico a Gablinga Ordinis (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gablingen'')</small> * [[Gachenbacum]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gachenbach'')</small> * [[Gaedheimum]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1865"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gädheim'')</small> * [[Gaimersheimium]]<ref name="Gaimersheimium">Theodisca vox ''Gaimersheim'' in Latinam "Gaimersheimium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/annalesingolsta02rotmgoog/annalesingolsta02rotmgoog_djvu.txt ''Annales Ingolstadiensis academiae''], ubi dicitur "(...) Gaimersheimium versus (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small><small>(Theodisce ''Gaimersheim'')</small> * [[Gaissacum]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gaißach'')</small> * [[Gammelsdorfium]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gammelsdorf'')</small> * [[Gancofium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Gangkofen'')</small> * [[Garchingium ad Alsam]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Garching an der Alz'')</small> * [[Garmischium et Partenkirchenium]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Garmisch-Partenkirchen'')</small> * [[Garza]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Gars am Inn'')</small> * [[Gattendorfium (Franconia Superior)|Gattendorfium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gattendorf'')</small> * [[Gebenbachium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gebenbach'')</small> * [[Gebsattelium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gebsattel'')</small> * [[Gefreesium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gefrees'')</small> * [[Geiselbacum]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Geiselbach'')</small> * [[Geiselhoeringa]]<ref name="Protokollum ... Ratisbonensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Geiselhöring'')</small> * [[Geisenfelda]]<ref>Vide [https://www.e-rara.ch ''Divus Sebastianus Eberspergæ Boiorum Propitius''], ubi dicitur "(...) autem Geisenfelda olim vicus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Geisenfeld'')</small> * [[Gelchsheimium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Gelchsheim'')</small> * [[Geldersheimium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Geldersheim'')</small> * [[Geltendorfium]]<ref name="DE SITU ARCHI ABBATI AE OTTILIENSIS">Vide [https://culturaclasica.com/palaestra/palaestra_latina-197.pdf ''DE SITU ARCHIABBATIAE OTTILIENSIS'']</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Geltendorf'')</small> * [[Geltinga Superior]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wiedergeltingen'')</small> * [[Gemundi]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gmund am Tegernsee'')</small> * [[Gemundium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_GFV-zdu7QS0C/bub_gb_GFV-zdu7QS0C_djvu.txt ''Thesaurus rerum Suevicarum''], ubi dicitur "(...) lacum Bodamicum, Gemundium, Memminga (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Georgensgmünd'')</small> * [[Genderkinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Genderkingen'')</small> * [[Gerachium (Franconia Superior)|Gerachium]]<ref name="Gerachium">Theodisca vox ''Gerach'' in Latinam "Gerachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://en.alim.unisi.it/dl/resource/4628 '' ALIM Archivio della Latinità Italiana del Medioevo''], ubi dicitur "(...) sibi Gerachium ausus est ascendere (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gerach'')</small> * [[Gercena]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gerzen'')</small> * [[Geretsriedium]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Geretsried'')</small> * [[Gerhardi Curia]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/westflischesurk02erhagoog/westflischesurk02erhagoog_djvu.txt ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Fortsetzung von Erhards Regesta historiae Westfaliae''], ubi dicitur "(...) Gerhardi curia appellatur (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gerhardshofen'')</small> * [[Gerlo Curia]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gerolzhofen'')</small> * [[Germaringa]]<ref>Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de ''Gerhard Köbler''], ubi dicitur "(...) Germaringa (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Germaringen'')</small> * [[Germeringa]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Germering'')</small> * [[Geroda (Franconia Inferior)|Geroda]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Geroda'')</small> * [[Geroldshusa]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Geroldshausen'')</small> * [[Gerolfinga]]<ref name="Pareus">Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/pareus1/Pareus_historia.html ''DANIELIS PAREI HISTORIA BAVARICO- PALATINA''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ingolstadium videlicet, Ratenberga, Smidelberga, ius in Liechtenwerdam, Kuffsteinium, Kitzbihela, Tierberga, Steinium, Clinga, Wildenwartum, Hadmansperga, Wasserburgum, Schwaba, Ellenkouia, Fridberga cum ponte Lycio et vectigali, Aichacum, Schrobenhusium, Altonis monasterium, Cubacum, Ainlinga, Fanum Leonardi, Schildberga, Doursperga, Raina, Neoburgum, Gerolfinga, Keschinga, Chunstanium, Gaimershaimium, Graispacum, Manheimium, Hutinga, Sueuiwerda, Hilpolsteinium, Freimstadium, Landecka, Halensteinium, Stossenberga, Hochstetta, Lauginga, Fayminga, Gundelfinga, Gienga, Hagela, Stauffa, Wartenstainium, Weissenhornium, Puecha, Wolfsberga. Duci Ioanni obuenit pars altera, eaque princeps primae Bauariae, Monachium, Aurburgum, Falckensteinium, Aiblinga, Toelzium, Mittenwaldae telonium, Wolfertzhusium, Grunwalda, Starnberga, Weilhaimium, Balla, Schongauia, Peitengauia, Landsberga, Menshinga, Meringa, Schwabeca, Riettenburgum, Tahenstainium, Egersberga, Vychusium, Weichsium, suburbium Ratisbonense, Ratisbonae telonium, insula Danubiana, quicquid in istam ciuitatem et Burggrauiatum Rietenbergensem domi Bauaricae iuris est, Hirschbergensis dynastia, Vohburgum, Sigenburgum, Neostadium, Pferinga, praefectura Gaymershaimensis, Pfaffenhouium, Geisenfelda, Hochenwartum, Mainberga, Dachauium, Haimhusium, Reginostauffium, Swainkendorfium, Luppurgum, Lengfelda, Calmuntzium, Schmidmulium, Velburgum, Hembaura, Leutmansteinium, Rudenium (...) Hala diues, inexhaustasalis scaturigine, Traunsteinium, Burghusium, Brunouium, Oetinga, Trostberga, Rieda, Rosenhaimium, Mosburgum, Ardinga, Ottofelda, Pfarkirchium, Biburgum, Dorfena, Neoforum, Rotenburgum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gerolfingen'')</small> * [[Gersthofium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gersthofen'')</small> * [[Geseesium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gesees'')</small> * [[Geslavia]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Geslau'')</small> * [[Gestratzium]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gestratz'')</small> * [[Gibelstadium]]<ref name="Gibelstadium">Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/rgs/bd3/RGS_3_1.html ''CAP. LXXIII. DE RVSTICORVM INTERNECIONE IN FRANCIA, CIRCA ENGELSTADIVM''], ubi dicitur "(...) vni Gibelstadium, alteri Sulzfeldum (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Giebelstadt'')</small> * [[Giersdorfium Dominorum]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Herrngiersdorf'')</small> * [[Giltchinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gilching'')</small> * [[Gisinhusa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Geisenhausen'')</small> * [[Glatbachium]]<ref name="Glattbach">Theodisca vox ''Glattbach'' in Latinam "Glatbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_XJgb6WVqGn8C/bub_gb_XJgb6WVqGn8C_djvu.txtf ''Bibliotheca, seu cynosura peregrinantium...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Glatbachium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Glattbach'')</small> * [[Gleiritschium]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gleiritsch'')</small> * [[Gleissenbergium]]<ref name="Gleissenbergium">Theodisca vox ''Gleißenberg'' in Latinam "Gleissenbergium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://books.google.es/books?id=M3YOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=es&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Virgilii Gleissenbergii ... de Boleslao ii, rege Poloniæ ... libri vi, poëma''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gleißenberg'')</small> * [[Gloetta]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Glött'')</small> * [[Gochshemium]]<ref>Vide [https://opendigi.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/search?any=Gochshemium ''Rector Et Senatus Academicus. L. S / Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Gochshemium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gochsheim'')</small> * [[Goerisriedium]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Görisried'')</small> * [[Goessenheimium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gössenheim'')</small> * [[Goldbachium (Franconia Inferior)|Goldbachium]]<ref name="Goldbach">Theodisca vox ''Goldbach'' in Latinam "Goldbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://fbc.pionier.net.pl/en/publication/31c01dec8e368c342dd0 ''Federacia Bibliotek Cyfrowych''], ubi dicitur "(...) Maxime nobilem strenuumque dominum Balthasarem Goldbachium (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Goldbach'')</small> * [[Gollhofium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gollhofen'')</small> * [[Gottfriedinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gottfrieding'')</small> * [[Gouttinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gauting'')</small> * [[Gouviriha prope Monacum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/><ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Garching bei München'')</small> * [[Graefelfinga]]<ref name="Status Frisingensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gräfelfing'')</small> * [[Graefenberga (Bavaria)|Graefenberga]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1865"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gräfenberg'')</small> * [[Graefendorfium (Bavaria)|Graefendorfium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gräfendorf'')</small> * [[Grafenavia (Bavaria Inferior)|Grafenavia]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grafenau'')</small> * [[Grafenwoehrda]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grafenwöhr'')</small> * [[Grafinga prope Monacum]]<ref name="Status Frisingensis"/><ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grafing bei München'')</small> * [[Graflinga]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grafling'')</small> * [[Grafratha]]<ref name="Status Frisingensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grafrath'')</small> * [[Grainavium]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grainau'')</small> * [[Graineta]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grainet'')</small> * [[Granariovilla]]<ref name="Hentzner 1612">''Itinerarium Germaniae'' (1612); auctore Paulo Hentzner.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Speichersdorf'')</small> * [[Grassavia]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Grassau'')</small> * [[Grattersdorfium]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grattersdorf'')</small> * [[Gredinga]]<ref name="Status ... Eichstettensis">''Status Ecclesiasticus Dioecesis Eichstettensis''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Greding'')</small> * [[Greilinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Greiling'')</small> * [[Gremsdorfium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gremsdorf'')</small> * [[Grettstadium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grettstadt'')</small> * [[Greussenheimium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Greussenheim'')</small> * [[Griesbachium Inferius]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Untergriesbach'')</small> * [[Griesbachium Superius]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Obergriesbach'')</small> * [[Groebenzella]]<ref name="Status Frisingensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gröbenzell'')</small> * [[Gronenbachium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.e-rara.ch ''8565288.pdf''], ubi dicitur "(...) Calvini Secta Gronenbachium introducitur (...)".</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Grönenbach'')</small> * [[Gruenenbacum]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grünenbach'')</small> * [[Grunwalda]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grünwald'')</small> * [[Gryphiberga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Greifenberg'')</small> * [[Gstadium ad Lacum Chiemium]]<ref name="Status Frisingensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gstadt am Chiemsee'')</small> * [[Guenterslebia]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Güntersleben'')</small> * [[Guenzachia]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Günzach'')</small> * [[Gundelfinga ad Danubium]]<ref name="Pareus"/><ref name="Danubius">De hydronymo "Danubius", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gundelfingen an der Donau'')</small> * [[Gundelsheimium (Franconia Superior)|Gundelsheimium]]<ref name="Gundelsheimium">Theodisca vox ''Gundelsheim'' in Latinam "Gundelsheimium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/geographie/G030647 ''Geographic Database'], ubi dicitur "(...) infra Gundelsheimium, ad Neccarum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gundelsheim'')</small> * [[Gundremminga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gundremmingen'')</small> * [[Guntia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Günzburg'')</small> * [[Guntia Superior]]<ref name="Guntia Superior">Hoc Theodiscum toponymum ex antiquo Theodisco toponymo ''Günzburg'' -quod in Latinam "Guntia" vertitur- et e Theodisco praefixo ''Ober-'' -quod Latino adiectivo "superior-ius" vertitur- venit. De toponymo ''Guntia'', vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Obergünzburg'')</small> * [[Gunzenhusa]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gunzenhausen'')</small> * [[Gusspachium Latum]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Breitengüßbach'')</small> * [[Guteneccum]]<ref>Vide [https://opac.regesta-imperii.de/lang_en/ ''Regesta Imperii''], ubi dicitur "(...) Guteneccum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Guteneck'')</small> * [[Guttenberga (Franconia Superior)|Guttenberga]]<ref name="Guttenberga">Theodisca vox ''Guttenberg'' in Latinam "Guttenberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org ''Rukovt' k písemnictví humanistickému...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Guttenbergae etc...gratulabatur (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Guttenberg'')</small> * [[Gutenstettium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gutenstetten'')</small> {{div col end}} == H == {{div col|3}} * [[Haaburgum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Harburg'')</small> * [[Habachium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Habach'')</small> * [[Habersdorfium Magnum]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Großhabersdorf'')</small> * [[Hachinga Inferior]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterhaching'')</small> * [[Hachinga Superior]]<ref name="Matricula Frisingensis 1792"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberhaching'')</small> * [[Hadaluinga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.ovb-heimatzeitungen.de/gesamt-kultur/2022/12/23/die-aeltesten-ortsnamen-in-unserer-region-enden-auf-ing.ovb ''Die ältesten Ortsnamen in unserer Region enden auf -ing''], ubi dicitur "(...) So ist Halfing ab 928 als Hadaluinga belegt (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Halfing'')</small> * [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga]]<ref name="Haga">Germanica vox ''Haag'' in Latinam "Haga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''] aut {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Haag'')</small> * [[Haga ad Ambram]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/><ref name="Ambra">De hydronymo "[[Ambra (flumen)|Ambra]]", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Haag an der Amper'')</small> * [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavariā Superiore]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Haag in Oberbayern'')</small> * [[Hagelstadium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hagelstadt'')</small> * [[Hagenbuechachium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hagenbüchach'')</small> * [[Hahnbachium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Hahnbach'')</small> * [[Haibachium (Bavaria Inferior)|Haibachium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(in [[Bavaria Inferior|Bavariā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Haibach'')</small> * [[Haibachium (Franconia Inferior)|Haibachium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Haibach'')</small> * [[Haimhusium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Haimhausen'')</small> * [[Hainsfardum]]<ref name="Oesterreicher III 1795"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hainsfarth'')</small> * [[Halblechium (commune)|Halblechium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Halblech'')</small> * [[Haldenwanga (Suebia)|Haldenwanga]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(in [[Suebia|Suebiā]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Haldenwang'')</small> * [[Haldenwanga (Algovia)|Haldenwanga]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(in [[Algovia|Algoviā]]<ref name="Algovia"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Haldenwang'')</small> * [[Halla Bavarica]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Reichenhall'')</small> * [[Hallerndorfium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hallerndorf'')</small> * [[Hallstadium]]<ref name="Hallstadium">Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:SBR-MDZ-00000BSB11084376?p=49&cq=ad&lang=de ''Episcopatus Bambergensis sub s. sede apostolica chronologice ac diplomatice illustratus: opus posthumum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ubi iam Erlanga, Forchemium, Hallstadium, Bamberga, Oberhaida, Baunachum, Eltmanna (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hallstadt'')</small> * [[Halsbachium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Halsbach'')</small> * [[Hamalo]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hammelburg'')</small> * [[Happurgum]]<ref name="Happurgum">Theodisca vox ''Happurg'' in Latinam "Happurgum" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://opendata.uni-halle.de/handle/1981185920/50005 ''opendata.uni-halle.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Respondente Georgio Hieronymo Reinspergero, Happurgo-Norico (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Happurg'')</small> * [[Harbachum]]<ref name="Vilshofen">Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_PLE_AAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_PLE_AAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ''Oberbayerisches archiv für vaterländische geschichte''], ubi dicitur "(...) vicus, Harbachum, (...) infra urbem Vilshovium tandem (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Haarbach'')</small> * [[Hardar]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Haar'')</small> * [[Harsdorfium]]<ref name="Harsdorfium">Theodisca vox ''Harsdorf'' in Latinam "Harsdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.human.umk.pl/panel/wp-content/uploads/Wlodzimierz-Zientara-Die-Wiederspiegelung-der-politischen-Ereignisse-im-Polen-des-17.-und-18.-Jahrhunderts-in-den-Kalendern.pdf ''Von Astronomie bis Volksaufklärung: Neue Forschungen und Perspektiven''], ubi dicitur "(...) & Harsdorfium in Deliciis Physico-Mathematicis (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Harsdorf'')</small> * [[Hartensteinium (Franconia Media)|Hartensteinium]]<ref name="Hartensteinium">Theodisca vox ''Hartenstein'' in Latinam "Hartensteinium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://books.google.es/books?id=fo1AAAAAcAAJ&q=Hartensteinium&hl=es&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2#v=snippet&q=Hartensteinium&f=false ''De interpolationibus Euripideae Iphigeniae in Aulide, Volumen 2''], ubi dicitur "(...) audivit Hartensteinium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hartenstein'')</small> * [[Hasareoda]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Herrieden'')</small> * [[Haselbachium (Bavaria Inferior)|Haselbachium]]<ref name="Haselbachium">Theodisca vox ''Haselbach'' in Latinam "Haselbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camena/calam1/calaminusrudolphottocarus.html ''RUDOLPHOTTOCARUS AUSTRIACA TRAGOEDIA GEORGIO CALAMINO SILESIO AUCTORE: ACTUS PRIMUS''], ubi dicitur "(...) et apud Haselbachium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Haselbach'')</small> * [[Haslacum Ecclesiasticum]]<ref name="Steichele 1883"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchhaslach'')</small> * [[Haslochium]]<ref name="Haslochium">Theodisca vox ''Hasloch'' in Latinam "Haslochium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://diglib.hab.de/?db=mss&list=issued&id=2011-08-05 ''Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbütte''], ubi dicitur "(...) ad Gasparum Haslochium sacerdotem (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hasloch'')</small> * [[Hasfurtum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.e-rara.ch ''Lexicum geographicum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Hasfurtum'',. Hasfurt , ''ad Moenum fluvium'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Haßfurt'')</small> * [[Hatheresbrukki Locus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hersbruck'')</small> * [[Hattenhofa (Bavaria)|Hattenhofa]]<ref name="Hattenhofa">Theodisca vox ''Hattenhofen'' in Latinam "Hattenhofa" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.uni-marburg.de ''gvilelmi ii''], ubi dicitur "(...) (venia Hattenhofa-Hassus. impetrat.) (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hattenhofen'')</small> * [[Haundorfium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Haundorf'')</small> * [[Haunshemium]]<ref>Vide [https://era-prod11.ethz.ch ''Caput I. De statu Germaniae saeculo XVIII''], ubi dicitur "(...) ad Haunshemium ex adverso Badensis metatus est (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Haunsheim'')</small> * [[Hauzenberga]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hauzenberg'')</small> * [[Hawanga]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hawangen'')</small> * [[Hebertsfeldium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hebertsfelden'')</small> * [[Hebertshusium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hebertshausen'')</small> * [[Hecelonis Villa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hetzles'')</small> * [[Heidenfelda]]<ref name="Heidenfelda"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Marktheidenfeld'')</small> * [[Heidenheimium (Franconia Media)|Heidenheimium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Heidenheim'')</small> * [[Heigenbrueckium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Heigenbrücken'')</small> * [[Heilbrunna]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB11184674?p=1&cq=Francofurti%20Ad%20Moenum&lang=de ''Catalogus codicum latinorum Bibliothecae Regiae Monacensis / Tomi 2 Pars 1. Codices num. 8101 - 10930 complectens''], ubi dicitur "(...) Heilbrunnae 25 Mart. a. 1633 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Heilbrunn'')</small> * [[Heiligenstadium in Franconiā Superiore]]<ref name="Heiligenstadium">Theodisca vox ''Heiligenstadt'' in Latinam "Heiligenstadium" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Heiligenstadt in Oberfranken'')</small> * [[Heimenkircha]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Heimenkirch'')</small> * [[Heimincum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Haiming'')</small> * [[Heimmortinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Heimertingen'')</small> * [[Heinersreuthum]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Heinersreuth'')</small> * [[Heirathum Magnum]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Großheirath'')</small> * [[Helmbrechtsum]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Helmbrechts'')</small> * [[Helmstadium (Bavaria)|Helmstadium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Helmstadt'')</small> * [[Hemavia]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hemau'')</small> * [[Hembachum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rednitzhembach'')</small> * [[Hemhofium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hemhofen'')</small> * [[Hemmershemium]]<ref>Vide [https://dokumen.pub/die-alten-matrikeln-der-universitt-strassburg-1621-bis-1793-band-3-personen-und-ortsregister-reprint-2019nbsped-9783111618395-9783111242019.html ''Die alten Matrikeln der Universität Strassburg 1621 bis 1793''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hemmershemio-Francus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hemmersheim'')</small> * [[Henfenfelda]]<ref>Vide [https://portraits.hab.de/werk/20264 ''Herzog August Bibliothek''], ubi dicitur "(...) Henfenfelda-Noricus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Henfenfeld'')</small> * [[Hengersberga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10316575?p=116&cq=Victor%20%E3%80%88de%20Vita%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Memoriale Sev Altachae Inferioris Memoria Svperstes''], ubi dicitur "(...) prope Hengersbergam (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Hengersberg'')</small> * [[Hentinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hendungen'')</small> * [[Hepberga]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hepberg'')</small> * [[Herbipolis]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Würzburg'')</small> * [[Herbstadium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Herbstadt'')</small> * [[Heretsrieda]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Heretsried'')</small> * [[Hergatza]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hergatz'')</small> * [[Hergensweilerium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hergensweiler'')</small> * [[Herigolteshusa]]<ref>Vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/12078 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''in loco Herigolteshusa nuncupato'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hörgertshausen'')</small> * [[Heroldsbachium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Heroldsbach'')</small> * [[Heroldsberga]]<ref>Vide [https://books.google.es/books/about/Disputatio_tertia_De_ornamenti_librorum.html?id=qC5U0AEACAAJ&redir_esc=y ''Disputatio tertia De ornamenti librorum apud veteres usitatis quam in incluta academia Altorfina præside Christiano Gottl. Schvvarzio''], ubi dicitur "(...) exponit Christophorus Stephanus Kazaverus Heroldsberga-Noricus (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Heroldsberg'')</small> * [[Hesdorfium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Heßdorf'')</small> * [[Hetstadium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.opendata.uni-halle.de ''Curia Regnitiana''], ubi dicitur "(...) a pago Sucuorum Hetstadium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hettstadt'')</small> * [[Hettenshusium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hettenshausen'')</small> * [[Heubacum Magnum]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Großheubach'')</small> * [[Heubacum Minus]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kleinheubach'')</small> * [[Heustreium]]<ref name="Eckhart 1729">Eckhart, J. G., auctore (1729); ''Commentarii de rebus Franciae Orientalis et Episcopatus Wirceburgensis''. [[Herbipolis|Herbipoli]]: Johann Jakob Stahel.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Heustreu'')</small> * [[Hilgertshusium-Tanderna]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/><ref name="Meichelbeck II 1729"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hilgertshausen-Tandern'')</small> * [[Hilpoltsteinium]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hilpolstein'')</small> * [[Hiltenfinga]]<ref>Hoc Latinum toponymum regressive derivatur Latino e gentilicio "Hiltenfinganus-a-um". Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://digital.slub-dresden.de/data/kitodo/modeecavs_364426861/modeecavs_364426861_tif/jpegs/00000528.tif.pdf ''Fil. Cap. ad S. Leonard. Abb. in pago inferior, Par. D. Joan. ...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Martinus ''Kloz'' Hiltenfinganus Suevus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hiltenfingen'')</small> * [[Hiltpoltstenium]]<ref>Vide [https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/26258/FRIDERICUS_Johannes ''FRIDERICUS Johannes''], ubi dicitur "(...) qui Neoburgicam lineam continuavit, Hiltpoltstenium (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Hiltpoltstein'')</small> * [[Hindelanga]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Hindelang'')</small> * [[Hirsaugia]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hirschau'')</small> * [[Hirschbachium (Palatinatus Superior)|Hirschbachium]]<ref name="Hirschbachium">Theodisca vox ''Hirschbach'' in Latinam "Hirschbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camena/taub2/taubmannschediasmata-met.html ''mateo.uni-mannheim.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) AD WOLFG. HIRSCHBACHIUM (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hirschbach'')</small> * [[Hirzheida]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:SBR-MDZ-00000BSB11084376?p=33&cq=Ex%20monte%20D%20Annae&lang=de ''Episcopatus Bambergensis sub s. sede apostolica chronologice ac diplomatice illustratus: opus posthumum''], ubi dicitur "(...) In ''Hirzheida'' emtus est (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Hirschaid'')</small> * [[Hisimaninga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ismaning'')</small> * [[Hitzhofium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hitzhofen'')</small> * [[Hlurunga]]<ref>Vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/10024 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''in superiore uilla quae nuncupatur Hlurunga'' (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Stadtlauringen'')</small> * [[Hochenwartum]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenwart'')</small> * [[Hochstadium ad Moenum]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hochstadt am Main'')</small> * [[Hochstetta]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Höchstädt an der Donau'')</small> * [[Hoechheimium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Höchheim'')</small> * [[Hoeselwanga]]<ref name="Hund 1585">Hund, W., auctore (1585); ''Metropolis Salisburgensis''. [[Ingolstadium|Ingolstadii]]: David Sartorius.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Höslwang'')</small> * [[Hofhemium in Franconia Inferiore|Hofhemium in Franconiā Inferiore]]<ref name="Hofhemium">Theodisca vox ''Hofheim'' in Latinam "Hofhemium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.e-rara.ch ''Codex diplomaticus anecdotorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hofhemii in Wetteravia (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hofheim in Unterfranken'')</small> * [[Hofkirchium (Danubius)|Hofkirchium]]<ref name="Hofkirchium">Theodiscae voces ''Hofkirch(e)(n)'' in Latinam "Hofkirchium" verti solent. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_VHrNHbEyL9EC/bub_gb_VHrNHbEyL9EC_djvu.txt ''Samuelis Pufendorfi Commentariorum De rebus suecicis libri 26 ad expeditione Gustavi Adolfi regis in Germaniam ad abdicationem usque Christinae''], ubi dicitur "(...) Saxonię legiones Hofkirchii ductu accedebant (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Hofkirchen'')</small> * [[Hofstetium (Bavaria Superior)|Hofstetium]]<ref name="Hofstetium">Theodisca vox ''Hofstetten'' in Latinam "Hofstetium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20250713164116/http://www.fondazioneintorcetta.info/ ''Compendium latinum proponens x11 posteriores figuras''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hofstetium hybernum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hofstetten'')</small> * [[Hohenaugia (Bavaria Inferior)|Hohenaugia]]<ref name="Hohenau">Theodiscum toponymum ''Hohenau' in Latinam "Hohenaugia" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenau'')</small> * [[Hohenburgum]]<ref name="Hohenburgum">Theodisca vox ''Hohenburg'' in Latinam "Hohenburgum" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenburg'')</small> * [[Hohenfurchum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/ActaSanctorum/6.September.html ''Acta Sanctorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hohenfurchum haud procul Schonga (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenfurch'')</small> * [[Hollenbachium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10372085?p=512&cq=Benedictus%20%E3%80%88Papa,%20XIII.%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Chronica Bavaricae Capucinorum Provinciae''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hollenbachii (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hollenbach'')</small> * [[Hollfeldium]]<ref name="Hollfeldium">Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:SBR-MDZ-00000BSB11083918?p=179&cq=Bamberga&lang=de ''Collectio Novissima Scriptorvm Et Rervm Wircebvrgensivm''], ubi dicitur "(...) Cum castra Hollfeldium quatuor à Bamberga milliaribus oppidum (...) ''Hollfeldium'' Bambergensis item Praesulis oppidum (...) ''Lichtenfelsa'' Oppidulum Bambergense (...) ''Memminga'' Una ex quatuor Urbibus Imperii (...) ''Miltenberga'' Oppidum (...) ''Münnerstadium'' Oppidum Dioecesis Wiceburgensis (...) ''Nütlinga'' Pagus Dioecesis Wirceburgensis (...) ''Ochsenfurtum'' Oppidum, quod multi Suevi & Bavari (...) ''Passavium'' Ubi Pax illa famosissima (...) ''Rimpar'' Pagus & arx quodam Wilhelmi de Grumbach (...) ''Rotenfelsa'' Oppidum cum arce Moeno adjacens (...) ''Rottinga'' Franconiae Oppidum (...) ''Schvveinfurtum'' Urbs Imperii (...) ''Volcacum'' Oppidum Franconiae Moeno adsitum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hollfeld'')</small> * [[Hollstadium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/nomenclatorlite03hurtgoog/nomenclatorlite03hurtgoog_djvu.txt ''Nomenclator literarius theologiae catholicae...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Valentinus Leucht Hollstadii dioecesis wirceburgensis natus parochus erat (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hollstadt'')</small> * [[Holzgunzia]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662">Bucelin, G., auctore (1662); ''Germania topo-chrono-stemmatographica sacra et profana''. [[Ulma]]e: Johann Görlin.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Holzgünz'')</small> * [[Holzhemium (Retiensis Pagus)|Holzhemium]]<ref name="Holzhemium">Theodisca vox ''Holzheim'' in Latinam "Holzhemium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [http://www.e-rara.ch ''www.e-rara.ch''], ubi dicitur "(...) mox Holzhemium praetergressus (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Retiensis Pagus|Retiensi Pago]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Holzheim'')</small> * [[Holzhemium (prope Novam Ulmam)|Holzhemium]]<ref name="Holzhemium"/> <small>(prope [[Nova Ulma (Bavaria)|Novam Ulmam]]<ref name="Nova Ulma">Vide [https://mapcarta.com/Neu-Ulm ''Mapcarta''], ubi dicitur "(...) Latin: “Nova Ulma” (...)".</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Holzheim'')</small> * [[Holzhemium (prope Dilingam)|Holzhemium]]<ref name="Holzhemium"/> <small>(prope [[Dilinga]]m<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Holzheim'')</small> * [[Holzhemium ad Forestum]]<ref name="Holzhemium"/><ref name="Forst">Latinum vocabulum "forestum-i" Theodiscum ''Forst'' vertit, secundum Lexicon Latinum hodiernum, auctore PETRO LUCUSALTIANO LATINOPHILO.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Holzheim am Forst'')</small> * [[Holzkiricha (Bavaria Superior)|Holzkiricha]]<ref name="Holzkiricha">Theodisca vox ''Holzkirchen'' in Latinam "Holzkiricha" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/12230 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''actum in loco Holzkiricha'' (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(in [[Bavaria Superior|Bavariā Superiore]])</small> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Holzkirchen'')</small> * [[Holzkiricha (Franconia Inferior)|Holzkiricha]]<ref>Vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/12230 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''actum in loco Holzkiricha'' (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Holzkirchen'')</small> * [[Hopferavia]]<ref>Vide [https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/ActaSanctorum/6.September.html ''Acta Sanctorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Georgius Keller sacellanus Hopferaviæ, & parens Joannes Schnöl (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hopferau'')</small> * [[Horgovia]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Horgau'')</small> * [[Horscaninga]]<ref>Vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/8402 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''ad Horscaninga'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Herrsching am Ammersee'')</small> * [[Hortus Gallmari]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1865"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gallmersgarten'')</small> * [[Hosbacum (Bavaria)|Hosbacum]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Hösbach'')</small> * [[Hottinga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.e-rara.ch ''DIPLOMATARIUM MISCELLUM NOTIS HISTORICO''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hottinga, hodie Hottingen, latissima & sparsa communitas prope civitatem (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Höttingen'')</small> * [[Hrannunga]]<ref>Vide [https://werkstatt.formulae.uni-hamburg.de/texts/urn:cts:formulae:fulda_stengel.stengel0175.lat003/passage/1 ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Fulda; Teil: Bd. 1''], ubi dicitur "(...) in villa nominata Hrannunga et in pago Gozfeld (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Rannungen'')</small> * [[Hrodheringae]]<ref>Vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/13472 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''eccl. ad Hrodheringas'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Riedering'')</small> * [[Hruodoldishoua]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10938265?cq=Hruodoldishoua&lang=de ''Commentarii De Rebvs Franciae Orientalis Et Episcopatvs VVircebvrgensis''], ubi dicitur "(...) in loco qui dicitur ''Hruodoldishoua'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ruderatshofen'')</small> * [[Huglfinga]]<ref name="Hund II 1582">Hund, W., auctore (1582); ''Bayrisch Stammenbuch''. Pars II. [[Ingolstadium|Ingolstadii]]: David Sartorius.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Huglfing'')</small> * [[Huishemium]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Huisheim'')</small> * [[Hunderdorfium]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hunderdorf'')</small> * [[Hundingia (Bavaria Inferior)|Hundingia]]<ref name="Bucelin 1655"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hunding'')</small> * [[Hurlacum]]<ref name="Steichele 1883"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hurlach'')</small> * [[Husa (Ronaha)|Husa]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00003272?lang=de ''Hausen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Husa (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Ronahensis et Graffeltensis|Circulo Ronahensi et Graffeltensi]]<ref>Vertitur nomen "Circulus terrae Ronahensis et Graffeltensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Rhön-Grabfeld'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latinis toponymis "[[Ronaha]]" et "[[Graffelti]]" -ad quae Latina gentilicia "Ronahensis-e" et "Graffeltensis-e" respective referuntur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Hausen'')</small> * [[Husa (prope Forchhemium)|Husa prope Forchhemium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Hausen'')</small> * [[Husa prope Herbipolin]]<ref name="Geografische ... Mittelalters">''Geografische Namen des Mittelalters''.</ref><ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hausen bei Würzburg'')</small> * [[Husia (Bavaria Inferior)|Husia]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(in [[Bavaria Inferior|Bavariā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Hausen'')</small> * [[Husia (prope Asciburgum)|Husia]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Hausen'')</small> {{div col end}} == I == {{div col|3}} * [[Iachenauia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Jachenau'')</small> * [[Ichenhusium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ichenhausen'')</small> * [[Iciniacum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.tesaurohistoriaymitologia.com/es/25209-iciniacum ''Tesauro''], ubi dicitur "(...) Iciniacum Campamento militar romano de Retia. Hoy, Theilenhofen, estado de Baviera, Alemania (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Theilenhofen'')</small> * [[Ickelshemium Superius]]<ref name="Bundschuch 1801">Bundschuh, J. K., auctore (1801); ''Geographisches Statistisch-Topographisches Lexikon von Franken''. Vol. 4. [[Ulma]]e.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberickelsheim'')</small> * [[Ickinga]]<ref>Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20240814135313/https://ephemerisnuntii.eu/leonina/EL%20287.pdf ''EPISTULA LEONINA CCLXXXVII''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ego Augusta Vindelicum, ceteri Garchinga, Ickinga, Starenberga, Fürstenried, Scongava (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Icking'')</small> * [[Iengina]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Jengen'')</small> * [[Iesenwanga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Jesenwang'')</small> * [[Iettenbacum]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Jettenbach'')</small> * [[Iettinga et Scheppachum]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Jettingen-Scheppach'')</small> * [[Ietzendorfium]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Jetzendorf'')</small> * [[Iffeldorfium]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Iffeldorf'')</small> * [[Iggensbacum]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Iggensbach'')</small> * [[Iglinga]]<ref name="Iglinga">Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/Hofmann_lexicon_t4_1013_rasophori.html ''RAURICAE REGIONIS URBES ARCES, PAGI CELEBRIORES''], ubi dicitur "(...) Iglinga solo (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Igling'')</small> * [[Illeshemium]]<ref name="Bundschuch 1800"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Illesheim'')</small> * [[Illschwanga]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Illschwang'')</small> * [[Ilmina]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ilmmünster'')</small> * [[Immenreutha]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Immenreuth'')</small> * [[Immenstadium im Algovia|Immenstadium in Algoviā]]<ref>Theodisca vox ''Immenstadt'' in Latinam "Immenstadium" verti solet. V.gr., vide [https://er-prod11.ethz.ch ''Pars prima. Topographica eiusdem & lacus sive maris utriusque nec non subditarum amplissimae Dioecesi provinciarum designatio'']{{Nexus deficit|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) & Immenstadium descenditur (...)".</ref><ref name="Algovia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Immenstadt im Allgäu'')</small> * [[Incella]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Inzell'')</small> * [[Indersdorfium]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Markt Indersdorf'')</small> * [[Ingenreutha]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ingenried'')</small> * [[Ingolstadium]]<ref name="Hofmannus">{{Hofmannus}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ingolstadt'')</small> * [[Inninga ad Lacum Ambrae]]<ref name="Annales Ecclesiastici Bavariae 1767">''Annales Ecclesiastici Bavariae'', editore Vigilio Sedlmayr, [[Augusta Vindelicorum|Augustae Vindelicorum]], 1767.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Inning am Ammersee'')</small> * [[Inninga ad Silvam]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Inning am Holz'')</small> * [[Insingia]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Insingen'')</small> * [[Insula (Bavaria)|Insula]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1744"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Ariodunensis|Circulo Ariodunense]]<ref name="Circulus Ariodunensis">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Ariodunensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Erding'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Ariodunensis-e" ad [[Ariodunum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wörth'')</small> * [[Insula ad Moenum]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1744"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wörth am Main'')</small> * [[Iohannis Mons (Bavaria)|Iohannis Mons]]<ref name="Iohannis Mons">Theodisca vox ''Johannesberg'' in Latinam "Iohannis Mons" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Johannesberg'')</small> * [[Ioviacum Noricorum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gemünden am Main'')</small> * [[Iphofia]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Iphofen'')</small> * [[Ippeshemium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_HONMAAAAcAAJ/bub_gb_HONMAAAAcAAJ_djvu.txt ''Crucenacum Palatinum cum ipsius archisatrapia, ex historia, potissimum politica et litteraria, illustratum''], ubi dicitur "(...) tandem Ippeshemium (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ippesheim'')</small> * [[Ipshemium]]<ref>Vide [https://ia801903.us.archive.org/20/items/novaactaphysicom51773acad/novaactaphysicom51773acad_djvu.txt ''ia801903.us.archive.org''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ipshemium ergo (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ipsheim'')</small> * [[Irchenreutha]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Irchenrieth'')</small> * [[Iringsburgium]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>(in [[Bavaria Superior|Bavariā Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Eurasburg'')</small> * [[Isana (Bavaria)|Isana]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Isen'')</small> * [[Isenberga (Algovia)|Isenberga]]<ref name="Eisenberg">Theodiscum toponymum ''Eisenberg' in Latinam "Isenberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eisenberg'')</small> * [[Isilinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eisingen'')</small> * [[Isolvinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eiselfing'')</small> * [[Issigavia]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Issigau'')</small> * [[Iulbacum]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Julbach'')</small> {{div col end}} == K == {{div col|3}} * [[Kalchreutha]]<ref>Vide [https://books.google.es/books/about/De_transmissione_actorum_in_foro_Norico.html?id=jcGIQbGxg94C&redir_esc=y ''De transmissione actorum in foro Norico ex mente constitutionum imperii non admittenda divini numinis gratia ac indultu magnifici...''], ubi dicitur "(...) disputabit Thomas Geigerus, Kalchreutha-Noricus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kalchreuth'')</small> * [[Kalmunda]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kallmünz'')</small> * [[Kammlacum]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kammlach'')</small> * [[Kasendorfium]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kasendorf'')</small> * [[Kaufbura]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kaufbeuren'')</small> * [[Kauferinga]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kaufering'')</small> * [[Kelhemium]]<ref>"... Kelhemium in Bauaria inuentas": Georgius Stengelius, ''De monstris et monstrosis ...'' (1647) [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_XR5lVxYbXTUC/page/64/mode/2up p. 66]</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kelheim'')</small> * [[Keminata]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kemnath'')</small> * [[Kienberga (Bavaria Superior)|Kienberga]]<ref name="Kienberg">Theodisca vox ''Kienberg'' in Latinam "Kienberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20251015233016/https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/bertius/bertius1/Bertius_commentarii_2.html ''P. BERTII COMMENTARIORVM RERVM GERMANICARVM Libri Tres''], ubi dicitur "(...) Kienbergae Baro (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kienberg'')</small> * [[Kinsavia]]<ref name="Kinsavia">Theodisca vox ''Kinsau'' in Latinam "Kinsavia" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/ActaSanctorum/6.September.html ''Acta Sanctorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Kinsavia g est in Boica infra Schongam (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kinsau'')</small> * [[Kipfenbergum]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kipfenberg'')</small> * [[Kirchberga (Bavaria Superior)|Kirchberga]]<ref name="Kirchberg">Germanicum toponymum ''Kirchberg'' in Latinam "Kirchberga" verti solet. V.gr., vide [https://books.google.es/books/about/Epithalamivm_In_Nvptiis_Illvstrivm_D_Pil.html?id=4YTa0AEACAAJ&redir_esc=y ''pithalamivm In Nvptiis Illvstrivm D. Pilippi Eduardi Fuggeri, Kirchbergae & VVeissenhorni, & D. Mariae Magdalenae Koenigseckiae & Aulendorffij Baronum''] aut [https://www.historickefondy.cz/Record/mzk.001033685/Cite ''Historické Fondy''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Ioannes Sigismundus Schifflinus Diac. II. Min. A. C. Aetat. LVII. Minist. Kirchbergae XIV. H. L. III. Aug. Vind. MDCCLXII.'' Aug. Vind.: Jac. Andr. Fridrich (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Bavaria Superior|Bavariā Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchberg'')</small> * [[Kirchberga in Silva|Kirchberga in Silvā]]<ref name="Kirchberg"/><ref name="Wald">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Wald?wb=gross&nr=1 Latinum substantivum "silva-ae" Theodiscum ''Wald''] vertit.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchberg im Wald'')</small> * [[Kirchdorfium (Hallertavia)|Kirchdorfium]]<ref name="Kirchdorf">Theodiscum toponymum ''Kirchdorf'' in Latinam "Kirchdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://ia802900.us.archive.org/34/items/dermarktfrankenb12fied/dermarktfrankenb12fied.pdf ''Der Markt Frankenburg in Österreich ob der Enns''], ubi dicitur "(...) Aterssium, Frideburgum, Salembergam, Hagiam, Kirchdorfium et universam marchiam Osterhofianam (...)" aut vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_Rz4_AAAAcAAJ/bub_gb_Rz4_AAAAcAAJ_djvu.txt ''Historia Nigrae Silvae Ordinis Sancti Benedicti Coloniae / 2''], ubi dicitur "(...) idem Kirchdorfii in Helvetia (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Hallertavia|Hallertaviā]]<ref name="Hallertavia"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchdorf'')</small> * [[Kirchdorfium (prope Hagam in Bavaria Superiore)|Kirchdorfium]]<ref name="Kirchdorf"/> <small>(prope [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Hagam in Bavariā Superiore]])<ref name="Graesse"/></small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchdorf'')</small> * [[Kirchdorfium ad Aenum (Bavaria)|Kirchdorfium ad Aenum]]<ref name="Kirchdorf"/><ref name="Inn">De hydronymo "[[Aenus (flumen)|Aenus]]" (Theodisce ''Inn''), vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchdorf am Inn'')</small> * [[Kirchdorfium ad Ambram]]<ref name="Kirchdorf"/><ref name="Ambra"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchdorf an der Amper'')</small> * [[Kirchdorfium in Silva|Kirchdorfium in Silvā]]<ref name="Kirchdorf"/><ref name="Wald"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchdorf im Wald'')</small> * [[Kirchendemenreutha]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1863">''Bavaria: Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern'', 1863.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchendemenreuth'')</small> * [[Kirchemium (Franconia Inferior)|Kirchemium]]<ref name="Kirchemium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Kirchheim'' in Latinam "Kirchemium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://opendigi.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/LXV14_fol-2_12 ''Decanus Et Collegium Facultatis Philosophicae In Universitate Eberhardina Carolina''], ubi dicitur "(...) Kirchemium, dehinc in Monasteria (...)" aut vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchheim'')</small> * [[Kirchemium in Suebia|Kirchemium in Suebiā]]<ref name="Kirchemium"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchheim in Schwaben'')</small> * [[Kirchemium prope Monacum]]<ref name="Kirchemium"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchheim bei München'')</small> * [[Kisingia]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kissing'')</small> * [[Kistium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kist'')</small> * [[Kitzinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kitzingen'')</small> * [[Klingenberga ad Moenum]]<ref name="Klingenberg">Theodisca vox ''Klingenberg'' in Latinam "Klingenberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref><ref name="Moenus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Klingenberg am Main'')</small> * [[Knetzgavia]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Knetzgau'')</small> * [[Kochelium ad Lacum]]<ref name="Statistica ... Salzburgensis 1817">''Statistica metropolis ecclesiasticae Salzburgensis''. Salisburgi, 1817.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kochel am See'')</small> * [[Koednitium]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ködnitz'')</small> * [[Koeditium]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Köditz'')</small> * [[Koesslarnum]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kößlarn'')</small> * [[Kohlgrubium]]<ref>Vide [https://adm0502.synology.me/blava0704/knihy/s/sas/sasinekfrankovitazoslav/schematizmus/sasinekfra_schematizm_1.pdf ''SCHEMATISMUS HISTORICUS DIOECESIS NEOSOLIENSIS''], ubi dicitur "(...) Kohlgrubii in Bavaria (prope Monachium) (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Kohlgrub'')</small> * [[Kolitzhemium]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kolitzheim'')</small> * [[Konnersreuthum]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Konnersreuth'')</small> * [[Kottgeiseringa]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kottgeisering'')</small> * [[Kotzavia Superior]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberkotzau'')</small> * [[Kraftisrieda]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kraftisried'')</small> * [[Kruenium]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Krün'')</small> * [[Kunstadtium Vetus]]<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altenkunstadt'')</small> * [[Kurnaha]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kürnach'')</small> {{div col end}} == L == {{div col|3}} * [[Labera]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Laaber'')</small> * [[Lacha (Suebia)|Lacha]]<ref name="Lacha">Theodiscum toponymum ''Lachen'' in Latinam "Lacha" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Lachen'')</small> * [[Lacoritum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lohr am Main'')</small> * [[Lacus Roedelensis (commune)|Lacus Roedelensis]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rödelsee'')</small> * [[Lacus Ruodgisi (commune)|Lacus Ruodgisi]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Riegsee'')</small> * [[Lacus Slierseensis (commune)|Lacus Slierseensis]]<ref name="Hund 1582"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schliersee'')</small> * [[Lallinga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10316575?p=203&cq=Hilaris,%20E.&lang=de ''Memoriale Seu Altachae Inferioris Memoria Superstes: Ex Tabulis, Annalibus, Diplomatis, Epitaphiis Aliisque Antiquitatum Reliquiis Conlecta''], ubi dicitur "(...) Mons iste vicinus est Lallingae (...) struxit et horreum Lallingae (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Lalling'')</small> * [[Lamerdinga]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739>''Notitia Bavariae Antiquae et Novae'', auctore Ioanne Henrico von Falckenstein (1739).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Lamerdingen'')</small> * [[Lamicia Ecclesiastica]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchenlamitz'')</small> * [[Lammium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis II"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Lam'')</small> * [[Landavium ad Isaram]]<ref name="Landavium">[http://www.archive.org/stream/deutschlateinis01saalgoog/deutschlateinis01saalgoog_djvu.txt Deutsch-lateinisches handbüchlein der eigennamen aus der alten : mittleren und neuen geographie (1885)].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Landau an der Isar'')</small> * [[Landensberga]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Landensberg'')</small> * [[Landsberieda]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Landsberied'')</small> * [[Landshutum]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> (Theodisce ''Landshut'') * [[Landsperga]]<ref name="DE SITU ARCHI ABBATI AE OTTILIENSIS"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Landsberg am Lech'')</small> * [[Langenbacum (Bavaria)|Langenbacum]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis II"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Langenbach'')</small> * [[Langhemium Magnum]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Wirceburgensis"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Großlangheim'')</small> * [[Langhemium Minus]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Wirceburgensis"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kleinlangheim'')</small> * [[Lapidocampus]]<ref name="Hentzner 1612"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Steinsfeld'')</small> * [[Lapidofelda]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Steinfeld'')</small> * [[Lapis (Franconia Media)|Lapis]]<ref name="Lapis">Theodiscum toponymum ''Stein'' in Latinam "Lapis" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Stein'')</small> * [[Lapis Abietis]]<ref name="Ertl 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Thanstein'')</small> * [[Lapis Botonis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pottenstein'')</small> * [[Lapis Camerae]]<ref name="Hofmann 1717"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kammerstein'')</small> * [[Lapis Heroum]]<ref name="Hofmann 1717"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Heldenstein'')</small> * [[Lapis Marquardi]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Marquartstein'')</small> * [[Lapis Stellaris]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes II 1863">''Bavaria: Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern'', Tomus II, 1863.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Störnstein'')</small> * [[Lapis Syrgenis]]<ref name="Zeiller 1694"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Syrgenstein'')</small> * [[Lappersdorfium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis II">''Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis'': Tomus II (1600-1700), editore Francisco Xaverio Götzl.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Lappersdorf'')</small> * [[Lara (Bavaria)|Lara]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hafenlohr'')</small> * [[Lata Vallis (Suebia)|Lata Vallis]]<ref name="Lata Vallis">Theodiscum toponymum ''Breitenthal'' in Latinam "Lata Vallis" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://zdvorily.wz.cz/sirokydul.htm ''Široký Důl''], ubi dicitur "(...) Široký Důl - lidově "Širocko," "Širokej Důl," v 17. stol. psán "Ssyroký Důl," německy "Breitenthal," latinsky "Lata Vallis" (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Breitenthal'')</small> * [[Latitudo Superior]]<ref name="Hentzner 1612"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Obernbreit'')</small> * [[Laubena (Algovia Inferior)|Laubena]]<ref name="Steichele 1883"/> <small>(in [[Algovia|Algoviā Inferiore]]<ref name="Algovia"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Lauben'')</small> * [[Laubena (Algovia Inferior)|Laubena]]<ref>Vide [https://geschichte-bayerns.de/ortsnamen/artikel/Schwaben/Oberallg%C3%A4u/Lauben/iayh4 ''Lauben''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Lauben superius'' (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Algovia|Algoviā Superiore]]<ref name="Algovia"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Lauben'')</small> * [[Laudenbachium (Franconia Inferior)|Laudenbachium]]<ref name="Laudenbachium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Laudenbach'' in Latinam "Laudenbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/monumentidellost10maro/monumentidellost10maro_djvu.txt ''Monumenti dello Stato pontificio e relazione topografica di ogni paese''], ubi dicitur "(...) Iohannes a Laudenbachio dicitur (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Laudenbach'')</small> * [[Lauera Castrensis]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Burglauer'')</small> * [[Laufium ad Pagantiam]]<ref name="Laufium">Theodisca vox ''Lauf'' in Latinam "Laufium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/thou1/t1/Thuanus_historiae_1_2.html ''IAC. AVG. THVANI HISTORIARVM SVI TEMPORIS LIBRI CXX''], ubi dicitur "(...) cum nuper Altorfium et Laufium suae ditionis oppida occupasset (...)".</ref><ref name="Pagantia">De hydronymo "[[Pagantia]]" (Theodisce ''Pegnitz''), vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Lauf an der Pegnitz'')</small> * [[Lauginga]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lauingen'')</small> * [[Lauginga Sicca]]<ref name="Steichele 1895">Auctore Antonio von Steichele; ''Das Bistum Augsburg, historisch und statistisch beschrieben'', Volumen V, [[Augusta Vindelicorum|Augustae Vindelicorum]], 1895.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Dürrlauingen'')</small> * [[Lauterhofium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis II"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Lauterhofen'')</small> * [[Lechbruga ad Lacum]]<ref name="Steichele 1895"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lechbruck am See'')</small> * [[Legauia]]<ref name="Steichele 1883"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Legau'')</small> * [[Lehrberga]]<ref name="Lehrberga">Theodisca vox ''Lehrberg'' in Latinam "Lehrberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://books.google.es/books/about/Dissertationis_de_restituendo_codice_Heb.html?id=ZyzPzQEACAAJ&redir_esc=y ''Dissertationis de restituendo codice Hebraeo part. I''], ubi dicitur "(...) respondente Io. Georg. Guilielmo Koehlero, Lehrberga-Onoldino (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Lehrberg'')</small> * [[Leichtersbacum Superius]]<ref name="Status 1750"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberleichtersbach'')</small> * [[Leidersbacum]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Wirceburgensis">''Matricula Universitatis Wirceburgensis'' (1582-1814), editore Sebastiano Merkle (1922).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Leidersbach'')</small> * [[Leinburgum]]<ref>Vide [https://dn790004.ca.archive.org/0/items/rogeridewendover04roge/rogeridewendover04roge.pdf ''Rogeri de Wendover Flores Historiarum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ducem de Leinburgo (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Leinburg'')</small> * [[Leiphemium]]<ref>Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/Hofmann_lexicon_t4_1242_vlakvkan.html ''LEXICON VNIVERSALE, HISTORIAM SACRAM ET PROFANAM''], ubi dicitur "(...) Leiphemium quoque oppidum iisdem emptionis iure accrevit (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Leipheim'')</small> * [[Lengdorfium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis II"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lengdorf'')</small> * [[Lengenfeldensis Arx]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Burglengenfeld'')</small> * [[Lengenwanga]]<ref name="Steichele 1883"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lengenwang'')</small> * [[Lentinga]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lenting'')</small> * [[Leomontium (Palatinatus Superior)|Leomontium]]<ref name="Leomontium">Theodisca vox ''Leonberg'' in Latinam "Leomontium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [http://books.google.de/books?id=2bFEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA161&q=Leomontii Lateinische Stilübungen zum öffentlichen und Privatgebrauche, Band 2 von Christoph Friedrich Roth].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Leonberg'')</small> * [[Leuchtenberga]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Leuchtenberg'')</small> * [[Leugasta Marchia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Marktleugast'')</small> * [[Leupoldsgruna]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Leupoldsgrün'')</small> * [[Leutenbacha (Franconia Superior)|Leutenbacha]]<ref name="Leutenbacha">Theodiscum toponymum ''Leutenbach'' in Latinam "Leutenbacha" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/monumentagenecro04geseuoft/monumentagenecro04geseuoft_djvu.txt ''Monumenta Germaniae historica. Necrologia Germaniae''], ubi dicitur "(...) Friderici de Leutenbacha (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Leutenbach'')</small> * [[Leutershusa]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Leutershausen'')</small> * [[Leuthena Marchia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Marktleuthen'')</small> * [[Libertas (Bavaria)|Libertas]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Freyung'')</small> * [[Lichtenavia (Franconia Media)|Lichtenavia]]<ref name="Lichtenavia">Theodisca vox ''Lichtenau'' in Latinam "Lichtenavia" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:SBR-MDZ-00000BSB11083918?p=179&cq=Bamberga&lang=de ''Collectio Novissima Scriptorvm Et Rervm Wircebvrgensivm''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Lichtenavia''' Arx & oppidum (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Lichtenau'')</small> * [[Lichtenberga (Franconia Superior)|Lichtenberga]]<ref name="Lichtenberga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Lichtenberg'' in Latinam "Lichtenberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Lichtenberg'')</small> * [[Lichtenfelsa (Franconia Superior)|Lichtenfelsa]]<ref name="Hollfeldium"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lichtenfels'')</small> * [[Limacis Lucus]]<ref name="Will 1773"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schneckenlohe'')</small> * [[Linaha (Bavaria)|Linaha]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00004537?lang=de ''Leinach''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Linaha'' (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Leinach'')</small> * [[Lindavia]]<ref name="DE SITU ARCHI ABBATI AE OTTILIENSIS"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lindau'')</small> * [[Lindberga]]<ref name="Lindberga">Theodisca vox ''Lindberg'' in Latinam "Lindberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/details/lichenographias00friegoog/page/174/mode/2up?q=Lindberga ''Lichenographia scandinavica''], ubi dicitur "(...) et Lindberga Uplandiae (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Lindberg'')</small> * [[Lindenberga in Algovia|Lindenberga in Algoviā]]<ref name="Lindenberga">Theodisca vox ''Lindenberg'' in Latinam "Lindenberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/aeltereuniversi00greigoog/aeltereuniversi00greigoog_djvu.txt ''Aeltere Universitätsmatrikeln, II, Universität Greifswald''], ubi dicitur "(...) Lindenberga-Pomeranus (...)".</ref><ref name="Algovia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lindenberg im Allgäu'')</small> * [[Lipolfinga]]<ref>Vide [https://artflsrv04.uchicago.edu/philologic4.7/PLD/navigate/391/2/4/47 ''Patrologia Latina''], ubi dicitur "(...) in loco qui dicitur Lipolfinga (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Leiblfing'')</small> * [[Lisberga]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lisberg'')</small> * [[Litzendorfium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Bambergensis">''Matricula Universitatis Bambergensis'' (1648-1803), editore Francisco Xaverio von Wegele (1881).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Litzendorf'')</small> * [[Liuchinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Loiching'')</small> * [[Locus ad Muros]]<ref name="Steichele 1883"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mauerstetten'')</small> * [[Locus Caeli]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Himmelstadt'')</small> * [[Locus Glareosus]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Griesstätt'')</small> * [[Loffona]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Laufen'')</small> * [[Logena]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Laugna'')</small> * [[Lohbergium (Bavaria)|Lohbergium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis II"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lohberg'')</small> * [[Lohkirchena]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lohkirchen'')</small> * [[Loitzendorfium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis II"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Loitzendorf'')</small> * [[Longa Glarea]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627">''Bavaria Sancta'', auctore Matthaeo Rader, 1615-1627.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Lenggries'')</small> * [[Longa Pascua]]<ref name="Welser 1594">Welser, Marx, auctore: ''Rerum Augustanarum Vindelicarum libri octo'', ([[Venetiae|Venetiis]], 1594).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Langweid am Lech'')</small> * [[Longa Villa (Bavaria)|Longa Villa]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Langdorf'')</small> * [[Longinqua Pascua]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Langquaid'')</small> * [[Longum Vadum]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Langfurth'')</small> * [[Longus Campus (Franconia Media)|Longus Campus]]<ref name="Longus Campus">Theodiscum toponymum ''Langenfeld'' in Latinam "Longus Campus" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.juls.savba.sk ''PDF - KUL TÚRA SLOVA - SAV''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Longus Campus''' (1320), v preklade Dlhé Pole, a nem. v prepise '''Langenfeld''' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Langenfeld'')</small> * [[Losauvia ad amnem Regnitz]]<ref name="Homann Geographia Historica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Regnitzlosau'')</small> * [[Losodica]]<ref>Dietwulfo Baatz auctore: ''Das Kastell Munningen im Landkreis Donau-Ries''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Munningen'')</small> * [[Loufa]]<ref name="Loufa">Vide [https://stadtarchiv-aschaffenburg.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/07-5_213-276_Inhalt1.pdf ''Verona, Hauptwi''], ubi dicitur "(...) „decimas in Loufa“ (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Laufach'')</small> * [[Lua-Wildenowa]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00036014?lang=de ''Lua''], ubi dicitur "(...) Lua fluvius (...)".</ref><ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00045477?lang=de ''Wildenau''], ubi dicitur "(...) Wildenowa (...)".</ref><small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Luhe-Wildenau'')</small> * [[Ludovicipolis]]<ref>Hoc Latinum toponymum regressive derivatur Latino e gentilicio "Ludovicipolensis-e". Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00040949?lang=de ''Ludwigsstadt''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ludovicipolen(sis) (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ludwigsstadt'')</small> * [[Luelsfeldium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Wirceburgensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lülsfeld'')</small> * [[Luppurgum]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Lupburg'')</small> * [[Lura Inferior]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Niederlauer'')</small> * [[Lutera (Franconia Superior)|Lutera]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00038901?lang=de ''Lauter''], ubi dicitur "(...) Lutera (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Lauter'')</small> * [[Lutra (Suebia)|Lutra]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lautrach'')</small> * [[Luttura]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchlauter'')</small> * [[Lutzinga]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lutzingen'')</small> {{div col end}} == M == {{div col|3}} * [[Macula Silvestris]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1744"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wildflecken'')</small> * [[Maehringa]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Mähring'')</small> * [[Magnovilla]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes III 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Tegernheim'')</small> * [[Maierhofa]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Maierhöfen'')</small> * [[Maihinga]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Maihingen'')</small> * [[Mainbernhemium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10375319?p=347&cq=Dr%C3%BCmel,%20Johann%20Heinrich%20(1707-1770);%20Verfasser&lang=en ''Handschriften-Katalog der Königlichen Universitäts-Bibliothek zu Erlangen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Mainbernhemio (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Mainbernheim'')</small> * [[Mainberga]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mainburg'')</small> * [[Mainleusa]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Mainleus'')</small> * [[Maisa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Maisach'')</small> * [[Maisa Episcopi]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bischofsmais'')</small> * [[Maiselsteinum Superius]]<ref name="Steichele 1895"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Obermaiselstein'')</small> * [[Maitenbethum]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis II"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Maitenbeth'')</small> * [[Malchinga]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Großlangheim'')</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Malching'')</small> * [[Malgersdorfium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis II"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Malgersdorf'')</small> * [[Mallersdorfium-Papapontum]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Mallersdorf-Pfaffenberg'')</small> * [[Malleus ad Piscinam]]<ref name="Sartori 1845">Sartori, Aloysio, auctore; ''Repertorium parochiarum et beneficiorum ecclesiasticorum Dioecesis Ratisbonensis''. [[Ratisbona]]e, 1845.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Weiherhammer'')</small> * [[Malleus Farinarius]]<ref name="Biedermann 1745"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mehlmeisel'')</small> * [[Mammendorfium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis I">''Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis'': Tomus I (1472-1600), editore Francisco Xaverio Götzl.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Mammendorf'')</small> * [[Mamminga]]<ref>Vide [http://vd18.gbv.de ''Schorerus''], ubi dicitur "(...) sub appellatione Mamminga (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Mamming'')</small> * [[Manheimium]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Manheim'')</small> * [[Mantela (commune)|Mantela]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Mantel'')</small> * [[Mantichinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Merching'')</small> * [[Marchia Ludovici]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ludwigschorgast'')</small> * [[Marcilinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Marzling'')</small> * [[Mardinga]]<ref>Vide [https://geschichte-bayerns.de/ortsnamen/artikel/Schwaben/Donau-Ries/Mertingen/i5sny ''Mertingen''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''in Mardinga'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Mertingen'')</small> * [[Marxhemium]]<ref name="Specht 1912">Specht, Thomā, auctore: ''Die Matrikel der Universität Dillingen'', Volumen 2, (Friburgi, 1912).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Marxheim'')</small> * [[Masbachium]]<ref name="Masbachium">Theodisca vox ''Maßbach'' seu ''Masbach'' in Latinam "Masbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.sudoc.abes.fr/cbs/DB=2.1//SRCH?IKT=12&TRM=28915717X ''sudoc.abes.fr'']{{Nexus deficit|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Bartholomaeus Wolfahrt Masbachio-Francus (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Maßbach'')</small> * [[Massinga Marchia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Massing'')</small> * [[Mautha]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mauth'')</small> * [[Medema]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Metten'')</small> * [[Media Ecclesia (Bavaria)|Media Ecclesia]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mitterskirchen'')</small> * [[Mediana (Dilinga)|Mediana]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>in [[Circulus terrae Dilingensis|Circulo Dilingense]]<ref name="Circulus terrae Dilingensis">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Dilingensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Dillingen an der Donau'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Dilinga]]" -ad quod Latinum gentilicium "Dilingensis-e" refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref></small> <small>(Theodisce ''Mödingen'')</small> * [[Mediana (Circulus Weissenburgensis et Gunzenhausensis)|Mediana]]<ref>Vide [https://www.trismegistos.org/place/28155 ''https://www.trismegistos.org''], ubi dicitur "(...) Latin name(s): Mediana Modern name(s): Gnotzheim (...)".</ref> <small>in [[Circulus terrae Weissenburgensis et Gunzenhausensis|Circulo Weissenburgense et Gunzenhausense]]<ref name="CTWG">Fingitur nomen huius circuli terrae, Theodisce ''Landkreis Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen'' nucupati, sic: "Weissenburgensis" est gentilicium quod ad oppidum [[Weissenburgum Noricorum]] refertur (de hoc oppido, vide {{Graesse}}); et "Gunzenhausensis" est gentilicium quod ad oppidum [[Gunzinhusir]]em refertur (de hoc gentilicio, vide [https://archive.org/stream/McGillLibrary-hssl_die-terminologie-deutschen-falknerei_SK321S355-17654/hssl_die-terminologie-deutschen-falknerei_SK321S355_djvu.txt ''Die Terminologie der deutschen Falknerei: Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität zu Freiburg im Breisgau''], ubi dicitur "(...) Rector Scholae Gunzenhausensis (...)"; et, de oppido, vide [https://archive.org/stream/wirtembergische00staagoog/wirtembergische00staagoog_djvu.txt ''Wirtembergisches urkundenbuch; herausgegeben von dem Königlichen staatsarchiv in Stuttgart''], ubi dicitur "(...) quoddam monasterium quod vocatur Gunzinhusir (...)"). Denique, Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit.</ref></small> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Gnotzheim'')</small> * [[Medlinga]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Medlingen'')</small> * [[Meedera]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Meeder'')</small> * [[Megeshemium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Wirceburgensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Megesheim'')</small> * [[Mehringa (Bavaria Superior)|Mehringa]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mehring'')</small> * [[Mehringum Magnum]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Großmehring'')</small> * [[Meinhema]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Meinheim'')</small> * [[Meitinga]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Meitingen'')</small> * [[Meitinga Inferior]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Untermeitingen'')</small> * [[Meitinga Superior]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> </small> <small>(Theodisce ''Obermeitingen'')</small> * [[Melissipolis]]<ref>Hoc Latinum toponymum regressive derivatur Latino e gentilicio "Melissipolitanus-a-um". Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00003317?lang=de ''Mellrichstadt''], ubi dicitur "(...) Melissipolitanus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Mellrichstadt'')</small> * [[Memmelsdorfium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Bambergensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Memmelsdorf'')</small> * [[Memminga]]<ref name="Hollfeldium"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Memmingen'')</small> * [[Memmingerbergium]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Memmingerberg'')</small> * [[Mengkofanium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis II"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mengkofen'')</small> * [[Mercatus Schorgastensis]]<ref name="Biedermann 1747"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Marktschorgast'')</small> * [[Meringa]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Mering'')</small> * [[Merkendorfium (Franconia Media)|Merkendorfium]]<ref name="Die Matrikel der Universität Altdorf">Eliā von Steinmeyer editore: ''Die Matrikel der Universität Altdorf'', Volumen 1, (Herbipoli, 1912).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Merkendorf'')</small> * [[Merzbacum Inferius]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Wirceburgensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Untermerzbach'')</small> * [[Mespelbrunnum]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Wirceburgensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mespelbrunn'')</small> * [[Metalicus Mons]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Arzberg'')</small> * [[Mettenhemium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis II"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mettenheim'')</small> * [[Michelauia in Steigerwaldia|Michelauia in Steigerwaldiā]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Michelau im Steigerwald'')</small> * [[Michelauia in Superiori Franconia|Michelauia in Superiori Franconiā]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Michelau in Oberfranken'')</small> * [[Michelbaca Superior]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Obermichelbach'')</small> * [[Mickhusium]]<ref name="Specht 1912"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mickhausen'')</small> * [[Miesbacum]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis II"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Miesbach'')</small> * [[Miltaha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Miltach'')</small> * [[Miltenberga]]<ref name="Hollfeldium"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Miltenberg'')</small> * [[Mindelhemium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mindelheim'')</small> * [[Mindelstettium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis II"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mindelstetten'')</small> * [[Miniminga]]<ref>Vide [https://books.google.de/books?id=WQVdAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA509&q=Miniminga#v=onepage&q=Miniminga&f=false ''Vollständige Hoch-Gräflich-Erbachische Stamm-Tafel...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Miniminga: Mansum unum & dimidium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Mömlingen'')</small> * [[Missena et Wilhalmsium]]<ref name="Specht 1915">Specht, Thomā, auctore: ''Die Matrikel der Universität Dillingen'', Volumen 3, (Friburgi, 1915).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Missen-Wilhams'')</small> * [[Mistelbachium (Franconia Superior)|Mistelbachium]]<ref name="Mistelbachium">Theodisca vox ''Mistelbach'' in Latinam "Mistelbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20250930231743/https://krameriusadmin.mzk.cz/search/i.jsp?language=en&pid=uuid:80415888-2547-44d7-8c64-89e2b7ec710b ''K5''], ubi dicitur "(...) degit Mistelbachii in Austria (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Mistelbach'')</small> * [[Mistelga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.rambow.de/download/Bayreuther_Ordinationsbuch.pdf ''Einzelarbeiten aus der Kirchengeschichte Bayerns''], ubi dicitur "(...) ad parochiam Mistelga legitime vocatus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Mistelgau'')</small> * [[Mittelstettium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis II"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mittelstetten'')</small> * [[Mittenwalda]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Mittenwald'')</small> * [[Mitterfelsa]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Mitterfels'')</small> * [[Mitwitizium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Bambergensis"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Mitwitz'')</small> * [[Mocenia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mötzing'')</small> * [[Moembrisia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Mömbris'')</small> * [[Moernshemium]]<ref name="Specht 1912"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Mörnsheim'')</small> * [[Moettinga]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Möttingen'')</small> * [[Mohrendorfium]]<ref name="Die Matrikel der Universität Altdorf"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Möhrendorf'')</small> * [[Mola Fabri]]<ref name="Hund 1582"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schmidühlen'')</small> * [[Mola Haidensis]]<ref name="Catalogus ... Passaviensis 1854">''Catalogus venerabilis cleri almae dioecesis Passaviensis''. Passavii, typis librariae Pustetianae, 1854.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Haidmühle'')</small> * [[Molendinum ad Pontem]]<ref name="Rader III 1624">''Bavaria Sancta'', Tomus III, Matthaeo Rader auctore (1624).</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bruckmühl'')</small> * [[Monachomonasterium]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Münchsmünster'')</small> * [[Monachomontium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Wirceburgensis"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Mönchberg'')</small> * [[Monachorotha]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mönchsroth'')</small> * [[Monacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (Theodisce ''München'') <small>circuli caput</small> * [[Monacum ante Nemus Bohemorum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bbkult.net/cz/places/45304-waldmunchen/ ''Waldmünchen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Waldmünchen byl založen v roce 910 mnichy. Okolo roku 1240 se stal „Monacum ante nemus Bohemorum“ městem a patřil schwarzenburským hrabatům (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Waldmünchen'')</small> * [[Monasterium (Bavaria)|Monasterium]] <small>(Theodisce ''Münster'')</small> * [[Monasterium ad Rottum]]<ref name="Hansiz 1729">Hansiz, Marco, auctore (1729); ''Germania Sacra''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Postmünster'')</small> * [[Monhemium (Suebia)|Monhemium]]<ref name="Specht 1912"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Monheim'')</small> * [[Mons Albus (Bavaria)|Mons Albus]]<ref name="Steichele 1864/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weißensberg'')</small> * [[Mons Altus (Bavaria)|Mons Altus]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Höchberg'')</small> * [[Mons Apertus]]<ref name="Rader II 1624">''Bavaria Sancta'', Tomus II, Matthaeo Rader auctore (1624).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Offenberg'')</small> * [[Mons Carbonarius (Palatinatus Superior)|Mons Carbonarius]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kohlberg'')</small> * [[Mons Emptmanni]]<ref name="Geographia Sacra XVIII">''Geographia Sacra et Profana'' (saeculo XVIII).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Emtmannsberg'')</small> * [[Mons Inferior ad Moenum]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Niedernberg'')</small> * [[Mons Rameri]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ramerberg'')</small> * [[Mons Samerius]]<ref name="Hund 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Samerberg'')</small> * [[Mons Sancti Georgii (Bavaria)|Mons Sancti Georgii]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Georgenberg'')</small> * [[Mons Speciosus (Bavaria Inferior)|Mons Speciosus]]<ref name="Schönberg">Theodiscum toponymum ''Schönberg' in Latinam "Mons Speciosus" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://publikationen.badw.de/file/003745162/003745162.verkleinert.pdf ''Mittelalterliche Bibliothekskataloge'']{{Nexus deficit|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Schönberg, Mons speciosus (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Bavaria Inferior|Bavariā Inferiore]])</small> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schönberg'')</small> * [[Mons Speciosus (Bavaria Superior)|Mons Speciosus]]<ref name="Schönberg"/> <small>(in [[Bavaria Superior|Bavariā Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schönberg'')</small> * [[Mons Trunkelsii]]<ref name="Zeiller 1694"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Trunkelsberg'')</small> * [[Montes (Bavaria)|Montes]]<ref name="Rader I 1615">''Bavaria Sancta'', Tomus I, Matthaeo Rader auctore (1615).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bergen'')</small> * [[Mosaha]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Moosach'')</small> * [[Mosburgum]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Moosburg an der Isar'')</small> * [[Mottenium (Bavaria)|Mottenium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Wirceburgensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Motten'')</small> * [[Muhldorffium ad Oenum]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mühldorf am Inn'')</small> * [[Mulhusium ad Sulzam]]<ref name="Die Matrikel der Universität Altdorf"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus Superior|Palatinatū Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Mühlhausen'')</small> * [[Mulhusium Marchia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Mediā]])</small> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Mühlhausen'')</small> * [[Munchberga]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Münchberg'')</small> * [[Munnerstadium]]<ref name="Hollfeldium"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Münnerstadt'')</small> * [[Munsinga]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Münsing'')</small> * [[Munsterhusa Marchia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Münsterhausen'')</small> * [[Munttrahinga]]<ref>Vide ''Historischer Atlas von Bayern: Altbayern'', ubi dicitur "(...) ''Villa Munttrahinga'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Mintraching'')</small> * [[Mura (Bavaria Superior)|Mura]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(in [[Bavaria Superior|Bavariā Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Mauern'')</small> * [[Mura (Palatinatus Superior)|Mura]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus Superior|Palatinatū Superiore]]<ref name="Palatinatus Superior"/></small> <small>(Theodisce ''Niedermurach'')</small> * [[Murnauium ad Lacum Stafnensem]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis II"/><ref name="Lacus Stafnensis">Quod de hydronymo, vide [https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/ActaSanctorum/Zugaben_Oktober.html ''Acta Sanctorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Staffelsee ''sive'' Stafnensis (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Murnau am Staffelsee'')</small> {{div col end}} == N == {{div col|3}} * [[Naburga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nabburg'')</small> * [[Nagela (Bavaria)|Nagela]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nagel'')</small> * [[Navoa]]<ref>Vide [https://imperium.ahlfeldt.se/places/18006.html ''Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire''], ubi dicitur "(...) *Navoa, Eggenthal (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eggenthal'')</small> * [[Nella]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Naila'')</small> * [[Nennslinga Marchia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Nennslingen'')</small> * [[Neoburgum ad Danubium]]<ref name="Pareus"/><ref name="Danubius"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuburg an der Donau'')</small> * [[Neoforum (Bavaria Superior)|Neoforum]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(in [[Bavaria Superior|Bavariā Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Neumarkt-Sankt Veit'')</small> * [[Neokircha prope Rosenbergam]]<ref name="Catalogus ... totius .... Ratisbonensis 1850">''Catalogus cleri totius dioecesis Ratisbonensis ad annum 1850'', ([[Ratisbona]]e, 1850).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Neukirchen bei Sulzbach-Rosenberg'')</small> * [[Neostadium ad Aischam]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neustadt an der Aisch'')</small> * [[Neostadium ad Danubium]]<ref name="Pareus"/><ref name="Danubius"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neustadt an der Donau'')</small> * [[Neostadium ad Salam]]<ref name="Graesse"/><ref name="Saale"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Neustadt an der Saale'')</small> * [[Nersinga]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nersingen'')</small> * [[Neuburgum ad Camalum]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuburg an der Kammel'')</small> * [[Neuburgum ad Oenum]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuburg am Inn'')</small> * [[Neufnaca Longa]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Langenneufnach'')</small> * [[Neufnaca Media]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mittelneufnach'')</small> * [[Neusessium]]<ref name="Specht 1912"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neusäß'')</small> * [[Neusitzium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Bambergensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neusitz'')</small> * [[Niger Fluvius (Palatinatus Superior)|Niger Fluvius]]<ref name="Schwarzenbach">Theodiscum toponymum ''Schwarzenbach'' in Latinam "Niger Fluvius" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(in [[Palatinatus Superior|Palatinatū Superiore]]<ref name="Palatinatus Superior">Hogenberg, Franciscus, Metellus, Ioannes (1598). Mappa: "Palatinatus Superior".</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwarzenbach'')</small> * [[Niger Fluvius ad Salam]]<ref name="Schwarzenbach"/><ref name="Saale"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwarzenbach an der Saale'')</small> * [[Niger Fluvius ad Silvam]]<ref name="Schwarzenbach"/><ref name="Ad Silvam">Latinum syntagma "ad Silvam" Theodiscum ''am Wald'' seu ''vorm Wald'' vertit.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwarzenbach am Wald'')</small> * [[Nigra Aqua Superior]]<ref name="Hentzner 1612"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberschwarzach'')</small> * [[Nitunum Nariscorum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00037649?lang=en ''Nittenau''], ubi dicitur "(...) Nitunum Nariscorum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Nittenau'')</small> * [[Niuhinga]]<ref>Vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/14495 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''et Niuhinga in pago Sundergeuue'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuching'')</small> * [[Niuwinhova]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Waidhofen'')</small> * [[Nivachiricha]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(in [[Bavaria Inferior|Bavariā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Neukirchen'')</small> * [[Nivemons (Franconia Inferior)|Nivemons]]<ref name="Schneeberg">Theodiscum toponymum ''Schneeberg' in Latinam "Nivemons" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schneeberg'')</small> * [[Nonnenhornium]]<ref name="Nonnenhornium">Vide [file:///C:/Users/34622/Downloads/Caput%20XIV.%20Falso%20diplomate%20affirmari,%20iam%20illo%20tempore%20coenobium%20esse%20dictum%20Lindaugiam%20[...]..pdf ''Hermanni Conringii Censura diplomatis quod Ludovico imperatori fert acceptum coenobium Lindauiense''], ubi dicitur "(...) extra insulam circa Nonnenhornium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Nonnenhorn'')</small> * [[Nordhalba Marchia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Nordhalben'')</small> * [[Nordhemium ad Moenum]]<ref name="Nordhemium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Nordheim'' in Latinam "Nordhemium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_IKs-AAAAcAAJ/bub_gb_IKs-AAAAcAAJ_djvu.txt ''Dioecesis Moguntina''], ubi dicitur "(...) nolle se aream habitationis suae Nordhemii dilatare (...) prope Nordhemium (...) monasterium S. Blasii Nordhemii (...)".</ref><ref name="Moenus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nordheim am Main'')</small> * [[Nordhemium ante Ronaham]]<ref name="Nordhemium"/><ref name="Rhön"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nordheim vor der Rhön'')</small> * [[Nordhemium Marchia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Markt Nordheim'')</small> * [[Nordlinga]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nördlingen'')</small> * [[Norimberga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nürnberg'')</small> * [[Nova Civitas (ad Moenum)|Nova Civitas ad Moenum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/><ref name="Moenus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neustadt am Main'')</small> * [[Nova Civitas (ad Nabam Silvaticam)|Nova Civitas ad Nabam Silvaticam]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/><ref name="Naba silvatica">Fingitur hoc nomen e flumine Nabā et versione adiectivo praeposito ''Wald-'' (cui vide [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Wald?wb=gross&nr=1 Navigium], ubi dicitur "'''silvāticus a um''' (''a/o-Deklination'') Wald-, zum Wald gehörig"). Quo de hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Neustadt an der Waldnaab'')</small> * [[Nova Civitas (prope Coburgum)|Nova Civitas prope Coburgum]]<ref name="Lexikon fränkischer Ortsnamen"/><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neustadt bei Coburg'')</small> * [[Nova Civitas (Rota)|Nova Civitas Rotensis]]<ref>Vide [https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Heideck,_Adelsfamilie ''Heideck, Adelsfamilie''], ubi dicitur "(...) Die in einer weiten Mulde darunterliegende Stadt wird 1288 und 1311 als nova civitas bezeichnet (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Rotensis|Circulo Rotensi]]<ref name="Circulus Rotensis">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Rotensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Roth'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Rota (Bavaria)|Rota]]" -ad quod Latinum gentilicium "Rotensis-e" refertur-, vide homonymas urbes apud {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Heideck'')</small> * [[Nova Cura]]<ref name="Mader 1661"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neusorg'')</small> * [[Nova Curia (Franconia Media)|Nova Curia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuhof an der Zenn'')</small> * [[Nova Domus ad Aenum]]<ref name="Neuhaus">Theodisca vox ''Neuhaus'' in Latinam "Nova Domus" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}} aut [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref><ref name="Inn"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuhaus am Inn'')</small> * [[Nova Domus (ad Pagantiam)|Nova Domus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> ad [[Pagantia]]m<ref name="Pagantia"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuhaus an der Pegnitz'')</small> * [[Nova Drossenfelda]]<ref name="Drossenfelda">Theodiscum toponymum ''Drossenfeld' in Latinam "Drossenfelda" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/21191/1/4Don.8_853.pdf ''Observationes super Sanctiori Doctrina...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Drossenfelda (...)".</ref><ref name="Neu-">Theodiscum praefixum ''Neu-'' Latino adiectivo "novus-a-um" aut Latino Graecae originis praefixo "neo-" vertitur.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Neudrossenfeld'')</small> * [[Nova Ecclesia Inferior]]<ref name="Westermayer 1874">Westermayer, Georgio, auctore; ''Statistische Beschreibung des Erzbisthums München-Freising'', ([[Monacum|Monaci]], 1874).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterneukirchen'')</small> * [[Nova Ecclesia Michaelis]]<ref name="Catalogus ... totius .... Ratisbonensis 1850"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Michelsneukirchen'')</small> * [[Nova Ecclesia Superior]]<ref name="Westermayer 1874"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberneukirchen'')</small> * [[Nova Farna]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neufahrn in Niederbayern'')</small> * [[Nova Pulchra Vallis]]<ref name="Annales San-Oswaldenses">''Annales San-Oswaldenses: Chronicon monasterii S. Oswaldi in Silva Gabreta''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuschönau'')</small> * [[Nova Reichenavia]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neureichenau'')</small> * [[Nova Ulma (Bavaria)|Nova Ulma]]<ref name="Nova Ulma"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neu-Ulm'')</small> * [[Novae Casae (Franconia Inferior)|Novae Casae]]<ref name="Archiv ... Aschaffenburg 1857">''Archiv des Historischen Vereins von Unterfranken und Aschaffenburg'', Volumen 14, ([[Herbipolis|Herbipoli]], 1857).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuhütten'')</small> * [[Novalis ad Sneizlam]]<ref name="Hund 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schneizlreuth'')</small> * [[Novale Castoris]]<ref name="Eckhart 1730">''Notitia veteris Franconiae'', auctore Iohanne Georgio von Eckhart (1730).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Biebelried'')</small> * [[Novale Cunradi]]<ref name="Eckhart 1730"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Konradsreuth'')</small> * [[Novale Dietmanni]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dietmannsried'')</small> * [[Novale Draxelonis]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Drachselsried'')</small> * [[Novale Philippi]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Philippsreut'')</small> * [[Novale Popponis]]<ref name="Annales Congregationis Mettenensis 1765"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Poppenricht'')</small> * [[Novale Puecheri]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Püchersreuth'')</small> * [[Novale Seiboldi]]<ref name="Crusius 1595"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Seybothenreuth'')</small> * [[Novale Superius]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> </small> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberreute'')</small> * [[Novale Wartmanni]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1744"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wartmannsroth'')</small> * [[Novem Ecclesiae (Franconia Inferior)|Novem Ecclesiae]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Neunkirchen'')</small> * [[Novem Ecclesiae ad Brandam]]<ref name="Mader 1661"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Neunkirchen am Brand'')</small> * [[Novem Ecclesiae ad Hercyniam]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neukirchen vorm Wald'')</small> * [[Novem Ecclesiae Balbinorum]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Neukirchen-Balbini'')</small> * [[Novem Ecclesiae in Arenis]]<ref name="Mader 1661"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neunkirchen am Sand'')</small> * [[Novoforum]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia">[https://books.google.de/books?id=ScxAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq=novoforum+neumarkt&source=bl&ots=ON-dfdTUvR&sig=iFO3V0HJef1DNpkGVKr1viZeXcI&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2g5zC9cvRAhXIaRQKHYnGCl0Q6AEIKDAC#v=onepage&q=novoforum%20neumarkt&f=false Brevis Bavariae geographia: quam in usum studiosae literarum iuventutis Latine scripsit atque edidit Laurentius Gerhard.] [[Herbipolis|Wirceburgi]] 1844.</ref> <small>(in [[Palatinatus Superior|Palatinatū Superiore]]<ref name="Palatinatus Superior"/></small> <small>(Theodisce ''Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz'')</small> * [[Novum Castrum ante Sylvam]]<ref name="Novum Castrum ante Sylvam">Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00037557?lang=en ''Neunburg vorm Wald''], ubi dicitur "(...) Novum Castrum (...) ante sylvam (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Neunburg vorm Wald'')</small> * [[Novum Novale (prope Monacum)|Novum Novale]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuried'')</small> * [[Novus Fons (Bavaria)|Novus Fons]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Neubrunn'')</small> * [[Nuivara]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neufahrn bei Freising'')</small> * [[Nutlinga]]<ref name="Hollfeldium"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nüdlingen'')</small> * [[Nusdorfium (Chiemgowe)|Nusdorfium]]<ref name="Nusdorfium">Theodiscae voce ''Nußdorf'' in Latinam "Nusdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Mitt-Oesterr-Geograph-Ges_78_0118-0126.pdf ''zobodat.at''], ubi dicitur "(...) prope Leontium trans Dravum Nusdorfium inter ac Devantium (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Chiemgowe|Chiemgowi]]<ref name="Chiemgowe">Vide [https://archive.org/stream/abhandlungender27klasgoog/abhandlungender27klasgoog_djvu.txt ''Abhandlungen der Historischen klasse der Königlich bayerischen akademie der wissenschaften''], ubi dicitur "(...) Lantwarius comes in Chiemgowe (...)".</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Nußdorf'')</small> * [[Nusdorfium ad Aenum]]<ref name="Nusdorfium"/><ref name="Inn"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nußdorf am Inn'')</small> {{div col end}} == O == {{div col|3}} * [[Oberdorfium Marchia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Marktoberdorf'')</small> * [[Oberhaida (Franconia Superior)|Oberhaida]]<ref name="Hallstadium"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberhaid'')</small> * [[Oberhusa (prope Neoburgum ad Danubium)|Oberhusa]]<ref name="Oberhusa">Theodiscum toponymum ''Oberhausen'' in Latinam "Oberhusa" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://dg.philhist.unibas.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/dg/Bereiche/Fruehe_Neuzeit/Professur_Burghartz/Matrikel_der_Universita__t_Basel_1980_Band_5.pdf ''Die Matrikel der Universität Basel; V.Band: 1726/27-1817/18''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Fridericus Exteras, Oberhusa-Tabernamontanus - 1 lb''' Auch Friedrich Ludwig E. - * 1714 14. III. (nach Meusel 4. III.) in Oberhausen (...)".</ref> <small>(prope [[Neoburgum ad Danubium]]<ref name="Pareus"/><ref name="Danubius"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberhausen'')</small> * [[Oberhusa (prope Peissenbergam)|Oberhusa]]<ref name="Oberhusa"/> <small>(prope [[Peissenberga]]m)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberhausen'')</small> * [[Obernburgum ad Moenum]]<ref name="Obernburgum">Theodiscum toponymum ''Obernburg'' in Latinam "Obernburgum" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/forschungenundm02unkngoog/forschungenundm02unkngoog_djvu.txt ''Ex Decreto Inclytae Facultatis Philosophicae In Alma Universitate ...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Obernburgum, olim monasterium Benedictinorum (...)".</ref><ref name="Moenus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Obernburg am Main'')</small> * [[Oberndorfium ad Licum]]<ref name="Graesse"/><ref name="Lech">De hydronnyno "[[Licus]]" (Theodisce ''Lech''), vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberndorf am Lech'')</small> * [[Oberrieda (Suebia)|Oberrieda]]<ref name="Oberrieden">Theodiscum toponymum ''Oberrieden'' in Latinam "Oberrieda" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/Hofmann_lexicon_t4_1018_rhateni.html ''Camena''], ubi dicitur "(...) ad quam villa Rhyneccum pertinet, et Oberrieda (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberrieden'')</small> * [[Oberstdorfium]]<ref name="Annales Congregationis Mettenensis 1765">''Annales Congregationis Mettenensis'', Volumen 2 ,([[Monacum|Monaci]], 1765.)</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberstdorf'')</small> * [[Ochsenfurtum]]<ref name="Hollfeldium"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ochsenfurt'')</small> * [[Odelshusa]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Odelzhausen'')</small> * [[Oetinga Nova]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuötting'')</small> * [[Offenhusa (Franconia Media)|Offenhusa]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Offenhausen'')</small> * [[Officina Maximiliana-Haidhofium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/><ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Maxhütte-Haidhof'')</small> * [[Offinga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Zr1JAAAAcAAJ/page/n371/mode/2up?q=Offinga ''Subsidia diplomatica ad selecta juris ecclesiastici Germaniae et historiarum capita elucidanda etc...''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Offinga'' in pleniore ejudem concambii repetitione an. 960 (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Offingen'')</small> * [[Offinga Marchia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Marktoffingen'')</small> * [[Ofterschwangium]]<ref name="Annales Congregationis Mettenensis 1767">''Annales Congregationis Mettenensis'', Volumen 3, ([[Monacum|Monaci]], 1767.)</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ofterschwang'')</small> * [[Ohrenbacum]]<ref>Vide [https://fertich.org/fertig.francis.m.0.htm ''FRANCIS MATTHEW FERTIG/FERDIG''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Michaelis Bachmann civis Ohrenbaci et Annae Margarethae'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ohrenbach'')</small> * [[Oia-Mons Centralis]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/><ref name="Steichele 1895"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oy-Mittelberg'')</small> * [[Olchinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Olching'')</small> * [[Olstadium]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ohlstadt'')</small> * [[Onoldum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ansbach'')</small> * [[Opfenbacum]]<ref name="Status ... Augustanae 1845">''Status Ecclesiasticus Dioecesis Augustanae''. [[Augusta Vindelicorum|Augustae Vindelicorum]] (1845).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Opfenbach'')</small> * [[Opinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Obing'')</small> * [[Oppidum Apri]]<ref name="Eckhart 1730"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ebern'')</small> * [[Oppidum Culmense]]<ref name="Mader 1661"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neustadt am Kulm'')</small> * [[Orenbovum]]<ref name="Oesterreicher I 1792">Oesterreicher, Ioanne Adamo, auctore; ''Collectanea ad historiam episcopatus Eystettensis'', Volumen I; typis Ioannis Baptistae Wiesen, 1792.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ornbau'')</small> * [[Orlenbacum]]<ref name="Status ... Herbipolensis 1811">''Status ecclesiasticus dioecesis Herbipolensis'' ([[Herbipolis|Herbipoli]], 1811).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Oerlenbach'')</small> * [[Oriens Mons (Bavaria)|Oriens Mons]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00005747?lang=en ''Osterberg''], ubi dicitur "(...) Oriens mons (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Osterberg'')</small> * [[Osthemium ante Ronaham]]<ref name="Ostheim">Theodiscum toponymum ''Ostheim' in Latinam "Osthemium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [http://www.zeno.org/Heiligenlexikon-1858/A/Johannes+(367) ''Vollständiges Heiligen-Lexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ein Franciscaner zu Ostheim (''Osthemium'') in Deutschland (...)".</ref><ref name="Rhön"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ostheim vor der Rhön'')</small> * [[Ostheimium Magnum]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Großostheim'')</small> * [[Osthemium Minus]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kleinostheim'')</small> * [[Otolvinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Otterfing'')</small> * [[Ottinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(in [[Bavaria Superior|Bavariā Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Altötting'')</small> * [[Ottinga (Suebia)|Ottinga]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(in [[Suebia|Suebiā]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Oettingen in Bayern'')</small> * [[Ottobura]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ottobeuren'')</small> * [[Otunga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Otting'')</small> * [[Otzinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Otzing'')</small> {{div col end}} == P == {{div col|3}} * [[Pacinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Penzing'')</small> * [[Pagus Comitialis Inferior]]<ref name="Zeiller 1694"/><small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterthingau'')</small> * [[Pagus Cygnorum]]<ref name="Zeiller 1694"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwangau'')</small> * [[Paintina]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845">''Elenchus Cleri Dioecesis Ratisbonensis'', ([[Ratisbona]]e, 1845).</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Painten'')</small> * [[Palaeocome (Bavaria Inferior)|Palaeocomē]]<ref name="Altdorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Altdorf'' in Latinam "Altdorfium" sive "Palaeocomē" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(in [[Bavaria Inferior|Bavariā Inferiore]])</small> <small>commune mercatūs (Theodisce ''Altdorf'') </small> * [[Palus (Bavaria Inferior)|Palus]]<ref>Vide [https://www.ile-donau-isar.de/unsere-ile/moos ''Gemeinde Moos ''], ubi dicitur "(...) In einer Urkunde wird auf einen Burgherrn „Ebo de Palude“ (Ebo von Moos) (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Moos'')</small> * [[Palus Hallbergiana]]<ref name="Meichelbeck II 1854">Meichelbeck, Carolo, auctore; ''Historiae Frisingensis'', Tomus II. Augustae Vindelicorum, 1854.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hallbergmoos'')</small> * [[Palus Kolberiana]]<ref name="Fink 1950"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kolbermoor'')</small> * [[Palus Longa]]<ref name="Steichele 1864/> <small>(Theodisce ''Langenmosen'')</small> * [[Palus Regia]]<ref name="Reisach 1796">H. A. von Reisach auctore (1796); ''Geographie des Donaumooses''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Königsmoos'')</small> * [[Pappenhemium]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pappenheim'')</small> * [[Parksteinium]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Parkstein'')</small> * [[Parkstettium]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Parkstetten'')</small> * [[Parsbergium]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Parsberg'')</small> * [[Partensteinium]]<ref name="Status ... Herbipolensis 1811"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Partenstein'')</small> * [[Partivilla]]<ref name="Hentzner 1612"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Theilheim'')</small> * [[Pascuum Mauri]]<ref name="Steichele 1883"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Moorenweis'')</small> * [[Pastettium]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Monacensis et Frisingensis 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pastetten'')</small> * [[Patinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Petting'')</small> * [[Paunzhusa]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Paunzhausen'')</small> * [[Peissenberga Montana]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenpeißenberg'')</small> * [[Peitengavia]] <ref name="Pareus"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Peiting'')</small> * [[Pekinga]]<ref name="Bitterauf I 1905">Bitterauf, Theodoro, auctore; ''Die Traditionen des Hochstifts Freising'', Volumen I. [[Monacum|Monaci]], 1905.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Pöcking'')</small> * [[Pemflinga]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pemfling'')</small> * [[Pentlinga]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pentling'')</small> * [[Penzberga]]<ref name="Status ... Augustanae 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Penzberg'')</small> * [[Perasdorfium]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Perasdorf'')</small> * [[Peratshusa]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Beratzhausen'')</small> * [[Percha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Perach'')</small> * [[Perkamum]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Perkam'')</small> * [[Perlesreutium]]<ref name="Annales Congregationis Mettenensis 1765"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Perlesreut'')</small> * [[Petersdorfium (Suebia)|Petersdorfium]]<ref name="Petersdorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Petersdorf'' in Latinam "Petersdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.e-rara.ch ''Dictionnaire universel françois et latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''PETERSDORFIUM''', ii. Pétersdorf, (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Petersdorf'')</small> * [[Petershusium]]<ref name="Petershusium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Petershausen'' in Latinam "Petershusium" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Petersdorf'')</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Petershausen'')</small> * [[Petmesium]]<ref name="Catalogus Personarum ... Augustanae 1795">''Catalogus Personarum et Officiorum Dioecesis Augustanae'', (Augustae Vindelicorum, 1795).</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Pöttmes'')</small> * [[Pettendorfium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_0bmLDxuixfkC/gb_0bmLDxuixfkC_djvu.txt ''"Annales rerum belli domique, ab Austriacis Habsburgicae gentis principibus, a Rudolpho 1. usque ad Carolum 5. gestarum''], ubi dicitur "(...) pagum Pettendorfium per eos dies (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Pettendorf'')</small> * [[Pettstadium]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Bambergensis 1842">''Elenchus Cleri Archiepiscopalis Bambergensis'', (Bambergae, 1842).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Pettstadt'')</small> * [[Pfaffenhofa ad fluvium Glon]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_Q7osAAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_Q7osAAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ''Momumenta Boica''], ubi dicitur "(...) non procul a Pfaffenhofa ad fluuium Glon (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfaffenhofen an der Glonn'')</small> * [[Pfaffenhofa ad Rotam]]<ref name="Pfaffenhofa">Theodiscum toponymum ''Pfaffenhofen' in Latinam "Pfaffenhofa" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_Q7osAAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_Q7osAAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ''Momumenta Boica''], ubi dicitur "(...) non procul a Pfaffenhofa ad fluuium Glon (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small><ref name="Roth">De hydronymo "[[Rota (Danubius)|Rota]]", vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfaffenhofen an der Roth'')</small> * [[Pfaffenhovium]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm'')</small> * [[Pfaffinga]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Monacensis et Frisingensis 1860">''Elenchus cleri archidioecesis Monacensis et Frisingensis'', ([[Monacum|Monaci]], 1860.)</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfaffing'')</small> * [[Pfakofium]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfakofen'')</small> * [[Pfarkirchium]]<ref name="Egg-Pfar"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfarrkirchen'')</small> * [[Pfeffenhusa]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfeffenhausen'')</small> * [[Pferinga]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Pförring'')</small> * [[Pforzena]]<ref name="Status ... Augustanae 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pforzen'')</small> * [[Pfrontena]]<ref name="Status ... Augustanae 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfronten'')</small> * [[Pharanzhusa]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fahrenzhausen'')</small> * [[Phatara]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfatter'')</small> * [[Phofeldum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfofeld'')</small> * [[Pidinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Piding'')</small> * [[Pilsaha]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pilsach'')</small> * [[Pilstinga]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Pilsting'')</small> * [[Pinczberga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pinzberg'')</small> * [[Pingartenum Ecclesiasticum]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchenpingarten'')</small> * [[Pirkum]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pirk'')</small> * [[Piringa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pürgen'')</small> * [[Pissenberga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Peißenberg'')</small> * [[Pittenhartium]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Monacensis et Frisingensis 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pittenhart'')</small> * [[Piuuinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Poing'')</small> * [[Planeca]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Planegg'')</small> * [[Plankenfelda]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Plankenfels'')</small> * [[Platlinga]]<ref>Vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/11493 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''in villa quae dicitur Platlinga'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Plattling'')</small> * [[Plecha]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Plech'')</small> * [[Pleichfeldia Inferior]]<ref name="Status Herbipolensis 1820">''Status ecclesiasticus dioecesis Herbipolensis'', ([[Herbipolis|Herbipoli]], 1820).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterpleichfeld'')</small> * [[Pleichfeldia Superior]]<ref name="Status ... Herbipolensis 1811"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberpleichfeld'')</small> * [[Pleinfeldum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Pleinfeld'')</small> * [[Pleiskircha]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pleiskirchen'')</small> * [[Pleoninga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pliening'')</small> * [[Plesna (Bavaria)|Plesna]]<ref name="Pleß">Theodiscum toponymum ''Pleß' in Latinam "Plesna" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Pleß'')</small> * [[Plessberga]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Plößberg'')</small> * [[Pleysteinium]]<ref>Vide [https://era-prod11.ethz.ch ''Caput I: De statu Germaniae saeculo XVIII''], ubi dicitur "(...) Pleysteinium urbs cum arce & districtu (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Pleystein'')</small> * [[Pochinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pocking'')</small> * [[Poernbacum]]<ref name="Status ... Augustanae 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pörnbach'')</small> * [[Poldinga]]<ref name="Bitterauf I 1905">Bitterauf, Theodoro, auctore; ''Die Traditionen des Hochstifts Freising'', Volumen I. [[Monacum|Monaci]], 1905.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenpolding'')</small> * [[Pollenfeldum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pollenfeld'')</small> * [[Pollinga (prope Muhldorffium)|Pollinga]]<ref name="Pollinga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Polling'' in Latinam "Pollinga" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(prope [[Muhldorffium ad Oenum]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Polling'')</small> * [[Pollinga (prope Vailhemium)|Pollinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(prope Vailhemium<ref name="DE SITU ARCHI ABBATI AE OTTILIENSIS"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Polling'')</small> * [[Polsingium]]<ref name="Annales Congregationis Mettenensis 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Polsingen'')</small> * [[Pommersfelda]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/A080085/A080085_djvu.txt ''"Generalis geographia cosmica, mathematica, naturalis, politica''], ubi dicitur "(...) POMMERSFELDA, Palatium insigne & Hortus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Pommersfelden'')</small> * [[Pons Fasciculorum]]<ref name="Eckhart 1730"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Diespeck'')</small> * [[Pons Kuemmerni]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kümmersbruck'')</small> * [[Pons Niger (Bavaria)|Pons Niger]]<ref name="Bundschuch 1802">Bundschuh, J. K., auctore (1802); ''Geographisches Statistisch-Topographisches Lexikon von Franken''. Vol. 5. [[Ulma]]e.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwarzenbruck'')</small> * [[Poppenhusa (Franconia Inferior)|Poppenhusa]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Poppenhausen'')</small> * [[Poringium Superius]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberpöring'')</small> * [[Portus Marianus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pielenhofen'')</small> * [[Poschinga Mariana]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mariaposching'')</small> * [[Postavia]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Postau'')</small> * [[Postbauerium-Henga]]<ref name="Catalogus 1792">''Catalogus venerabilis cleri dioecesis Eystettensis'', typis principalibus Eystettensibus, 1792.</ref><ref name="Status 1711"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Postbauer-Heng'')</small> * [[Poxdorfium (Franconia Superior)|Poxdorfium]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Bambergensis 1842"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Poxdorf'')</small> * [[Prackenbacum]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Prackenbach'')</small> * [[Prata (Franconia Inferior)|Prata]]<ref name="Status ... Herbipolensis 1811"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wiesen'')</small> * [[Prata Buttonis]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Buttenwiesen'')</small> * [[Prata Comitum]]<ref name="Hund 1719"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grafenwiesen'')</small> * [[Pratum (Bavaria)|Pratum]]<ref name="Sartori 1845"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wiesau'')</small> * [[Pratum Episcopale]]<ref name="Meichelbeck II 1729">Meichelbeck, Carolo, auctore; ''Historia Frisingensis'', Tomus II. Augustae Vindelicorum, 1729.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bischofswiesen'')</small> * [[Pratum Episcopi]]<ref name="Hofmann 1717">Hofmann, Iohanne Christiano, auctore; ''Memoriae saeculares''. Curiae Variscorum, 1717.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bischofsgrün'')</small> * [[Pratum Tottonis]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(in [[Bavaria Inferior|Bavariā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Tettenweis'')</small> * [[Pratum Tottonis]]<ref name="Zeiller 1694"/> <small>(in [[Suebia|Suebiā]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Todtenweis'')</small> * [[Prebitzium]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Bambergensis 1845">''Elenchus Cleri Archiepiscopalis Bambergensis'', (Bambergae, 1845).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Prebitz'')</small> * [[Preimda]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfreimd'')</small> * [[Prema]]<ref name="Status ... Augustanae 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Prem'')</small> * [[Preppacum ad Castrum]]<ref name="Jubilans 1715"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgpreppach'')</small> * [[Pressathum]]<ref>Vide [https://opendata.uni-halle.de ''Oratio Inauguralis Prima in Gymnasio Curiano''], ubi dicitur "(...) IOH, KVFFNERVS, Pressatho-Palatinis ex Superintendente (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Pressath'')</small> * [[Pressecka]]<ref>Vide [https://laszowski.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/14.4.8-Povijest-zagrebackih-Isusovaca.pdf ''Povijest zagrebačkih Isusovaca od g. 1608''], ubi dicitur "(...) parochus in Pressecka (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Presseck'')</small> * [[Pressiga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Pressig'')</small> * [[Pretzfeldium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Pretzfeld'')</small> * [[Prichsenstadium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.opendata.uni-halle.de ''Curia Regnitiana''], ubi dicitur "(...) VWilhelmum Prichsenstadii in extremis finibus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Prichsenstadt'')</small> * [[Priesendorfium]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Bambergensis 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Priesendorf'')</small> * [[Prisinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Langenpreising'')</small> * [[Procseltheimium]]<ref name="Hontheim 1747"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Stadtprozelten'')</small> * [[Proseltheimum]]<ref name="Hontheim 1747"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dorfprozelten'')</small> * [[Prosselsheimium]]<ref name="Status ... Herbipolensis 1811"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Prosselsheim'')</small> * [[Pruna (Bavaria Superior)|Pruna]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenbrunn'')</small> * [[Prutinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Prutting'')</small> * [[Puchheimium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.santalfonsoedintorni.it/BiografiePDF/03Analecta/1924_6Brandstatter.pdf ''R. P. Franciscus Brandstätter''], ubi dicitur "(...) in aerem meliorem Puchheimium missus est (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Puchheim'')</small> * [[Puelocha]]<ref>Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/aventinus1/Aventinus_annales_3.html ''IOANNIS AVENTINI ANNALIVM BOIORVM LIBRI VII''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''dono Hachingam, et Puelocham'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Pullach im Isartal'')</small> * [[Pulcher Lacus]]<ref name="Sartori 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schönsee'')</small> * [[Pullenreuta]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pullenreuth'')</small> * [[Puschendorfium]]<ref name="Status ... Eichstettensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Puschendorf'')</small> * [[Putzbrunna]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Monacensis et Frisingensis 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Putzbrunn'')</small> {{div col end}} == Q == {{div col|3}} * [[Quattuor Ecclesiae]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724">Auctore Meichelbeck, Carolo; ''Historia Frisingensis'', [[Augusta Vindelicorum|Augustae Vindelicorum]], 1724.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Vierkirchen'')</small> * [[Quercucollis]]<ref name="Lexicon Recentis Latinitatis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eichenbühl'')</small> * [[Quinque Villae (Bavaria)|Quinque Villae]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fünfstetten'')</small> {{div col end}} == R == {{div col|3}} * [[Rabnisowa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ramsau bei Berchtesgaden'')</small> * [[Radiantia (Bavaria)|Radiantia]]<ref name="Hentzner 1612"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Strahlungen'')</small> * [[Raina (ad Licum)|Raina]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(ad [[Licus|Licum]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Rain'')</small> * [[Raistinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Raisting'')</small> * [[Raitenbouchensis Villa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Raitenbuch'')</small> * [[Raitenbucha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rottenbuch'')</small> * [[Ramminga (Bavaria)|Ramminga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rammingen'')</small> * [[Rancinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rinchnach'')</small> * [[Ratenberga (Bavaria Inferior)|Ratenberga]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rattenberg'')</small> * [[Ratisbona]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> (Theodisce ''Regensburg'') * [[Rattelsdorfium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Rattelsdorf'')</small> * [[Rattinkircha]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rattenkirchen'')</small> * [[Rechtenbacum (Bavaria)|Rechtenbacum]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rechtenbach'')</small> * [[Rechtmehringa]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rechtmehring'')</small> * [[Reckendorfium]]<ref>Vide [https://pg-christophorus.de/fileadmin/Bistum_PGs/PG_St._Christophorus/PDFs/abhandlung-ueberkom-stadtpatron.pdf ''DER „GOTTSELIGE“ ÜBERKOM STADTPATRON VON BAUNACH''], ubi dicitur "(...) sub se tres alias Reckendorfii S.Nicolai (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Reckendorf'')</small> * [[Redvicum]]<ref name="Babinus 1677">Balbino, B., auctore (1677). ''Miscellanea Historica Regni Bohemiae''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Marktredwitz'')</small> * [[Redvicum ad Rodacam]]<ref name="Erhard 1749">''Scientia ecclesiastica potissimum dogmatica'' (1749), auctore Andreā Erhard.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Redwitz an der Rodach'')</small> * [[Reginostauffium]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Regenstauf'')</small> * [[Reginus (Urbs)|Reginus]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00028352?lang=de ''Regen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Reginus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Regen'')</small> * [[Regiomontium Bavariae]]<ref name="Königsberg">Theodisca vox ''Königsberg'' in Latinam "Regiomontium" seu "Regiomontum" seu "Regalis Mons" seu "Regius Mons" seu "Regis Mons" seu "Konsbergum" seu "Mons Regis Castrum" seu "Regiomontana Civitas" seu "Regiomonti Civitas" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}} aut [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Königsberg in Bayern'')</small> * [[Regiostadium]]<ref name="Merian 1646">''Topographia Hassiae'', auctore Matthaeo Merian, 1646.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Königstein'')</small> * [[Regiscuria (Bavaria)|Regiscuria]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Königshofen im Grabfeld'')</small> * [[Rehavia]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rehau'')</small> * [[Rehlinga]]<ref name="Steichele 1864/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rehling'')</small> * [[Reichenbachium (Franconia Superior)|Reichenbachium]]<ref name="Reichenbach">Theodiscum toponymum ''Reichenbach'' in Latinam "Reichenbachium" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://libsysdigi.library.uiuc.edu/OCA/Books2010-12/promtuariumrerum01kund/promtuariumrerum01kund.pdf ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Minera asris Auerbachensis prope Reichenbachium (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Reichenbach'')</small> * [[Reichenbachium Superius (Franconia Media)|Reichenbachium Superius]]<ref name="Oberreichenbach">Theodiscum toponymum ''Reichenbach'' in Latinam "Reichenbachium" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://libsysdigi.library.uiuc.edu/OCA/Books2010-12/promtuariumrerum01kund/promtuariumrerum01kund.pdf ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Minera asris Auerbachensis prope Reichenbachium (...)"; et Latinum adiectivum "superius" Theodiscum praefixum ''Ober-'' vertit.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberreichenbach'')</small> * [[Reichenbacum (Cambla)|Reichenbacum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Camblensis|Circulo Camblense]]<ref name="Camblensis">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Camblensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Cham'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Cambla]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Camblensis-e" refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Reichenbach'')</small> * [[Reichenberga (Franconia Inferior)|Reichenberga]]<ref name="Reichenberg">Theodiscum toponymum ''Reichenberg'' in Latinam "Reichenberga" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20210924004327/https://vmdelta.vkol.cz/cs/aktivity/konference-a-odborna-setkani/13--rocnik-odborne-konference/clanek/jan-karel-rohn---historik--jazykozpytec-a-liberecky-patriot-doby-barokni/ Jan Karel Rohn], ubi dicitur "(...) Patriam meam esse [[Reichenberga]]m (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Reichenberg'')</small> * [[Reichenschwandia]]<ref name="Heumann 1743">''Dissertatio inauguralis de dotalitio'' (1743); auctore Ioanne Heumann von Teutschenbrunn.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Reichenschwand'')</small> * [[Reichersbeura]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Reichersbeuern'')</small> * [[Reichertshofium]]<ref name="Reichertshofium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Reichertshofen' in Latinam "Reichertshofium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.e-rara.ch ''Wilhelmus Neoburgicus...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Maji anno 1645 Reichertshofii (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Reichertshofen'')</small> * [[Reichertshusa]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Reichertshausen'')</small> * [[Reichlinga]]<ref name="Steichele 1864/> <small>(Theodisce ''Reichling'')</small> * [[Reimlinga]]<ref name="Steichele 1872"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Reimlingen'')</small> * [[Reisbacum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/pdf/10.5555/J.ABOL.4.01942 ''Index Sanctorum'']{{Nexus deficit|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Wolfsindis v. m. Reisbaci culta (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Reisbach'')</small> * [[Reischaca]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Reischach'')</small> * [[Reita Inferior]]<ref name="Hund 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterreit'')</small> * [[Reitium in Angulo]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Reit im Winkl'')</small> * [[Remlinga (Franconia Inferior)|Remlinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Remlingen'')</small> * [[Renecka]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rieneck'')</small> * [[Rennertshofium]]<ref name="Werdenstein 1712">''Parerga Historica'' (1712); auctore Ioanne Georgio von Werdenstein.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Rennertshofen'')</small> * [[Rentweinsdorfium]]<ref>Vide [https://lutesocietyofamerica.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/RESONET-IN-LAUDIBUS-2010-Dissertation-NYU.pdf ''Resonet in Laudibus''], ubi dicitur "(...) Wilhelmo a Rotenhan, Domino Rentweinsdorfii et Vischbachii (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Rentweinsdorf'')</small> * [[Renum (Bavaria Inferior)|Renum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(in [[Bavaria Inferior|Bavariā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Rain'')</small> * [[Rettenbacum (Guntia)|Rettenbacum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Guntiae|Circulo Guntiae]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Rettenbach'')</small> * [[Rettenbacum (Palatinatus Superior)|Rettenbacum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus Superior|Palatinatū Superiore]]<ref name="Palatinatus Superior"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Rettenbach'')</small> * [[Rettenbacum ad Montem Abodiacum]]<ref name="Steichele 1883"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rettenbach am Auerberg'')</small> * [[Rettenbacum Marchia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Markt Rettenbach'')</small> * [[Rettenberga]]<ref name="Steichele 1864/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rettenberg'')</small> * [[Rettersheimum ad Tauberam]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Tauberrettersheim'')</small> * [[Retza]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rötz'')</small> * [[Retzstadium]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Retzstadt'')</small> * [[Reuta]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Reut'')</small> * [[Richerisheima]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Reichertsheim'')</small> * [[Rieda (prope Meringam)|Rieda]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ried'')</small> * [[Rieda (prope Kaufburam)|Rieda]]<ref name="Rieden">Theodiscum toponymum ''Rieden' in Latinam "Rieda" sive "Rida" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(prope [[Kaufbura]]m<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Rieden'')</small> * [[Rieda ad Lacum Forggensem]]<ref name="Steichele 1883"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rieden am Forggensee'')</small> * [[Rieda Hiemalis]]<ref name="Steichele 1883"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Winterrieden'')</small> * [[Rieda Inferior]]<ref name="Steichele 1864/> <small>(Theodisce ''Niederrieden'')</small> * [[Rieda prope Erbendorfium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00038510?lang=de ''Reuth b.Erbendorf''], ubi dicitur "(...) Rieda (...)".</ref><ref name="Erbendorfium"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Reuth bei Erbendorf'')</small> * [[Riedbacum]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Riedbach'')</small> * [[Riedenberga]]<ref name="Schannat 1729">Schannat, I. F., auctore (1723); ''Corpus Traditionum Fuldensium''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Riedenberg'')</small> * [[Riedenhemium]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Riedenheim'')</small> * [[Riekofium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Riekofen'')</small> * [[Riettenburgum]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Riedenburg'')</small> * [[Rimbacum (Vallis Rotae et Aeni)|Rimbacum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Vallis Rotae et Aeni|Circulo Vallis Rotae et Aeni]]<ref name="CVREA"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Rimbach'')</small> * [[Rimbacum (Palatinatus Superior)|Rimbacum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus Superior|Palatinatū Superiore]]<ref name="Palatinatus Superior"/></small> <small>(Theodisce ''Rimbach'')</small> * [[Rimparia]]<ref name="Jubilans 1752">''Herbipolis Jubilans'' 1752.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Rimpar'')</small> * [[Rimstinga]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rimsting'')</small> * [[Rinderfeldia Minor]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kleinrinderfeld'')</small> * [[Ringa Magna]]<ref name="Steichele 1864>Steichele, Antonio, auctore: ''Das Bistum Augsburg, historisch und statistisch beschrieben'', Volumen 2 ([[Augusta Vindelicorum|Augustae Vindelicorum]], 1864.)</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Langerringen'')</small> * [[Ringelaia]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ringelai'')</small> * [[Rivulus ad Danubium]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bach an der Donau'')</small> * [[Rivus Geroldi]]<ref name="Hund 1719"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gerolsbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Honoris]]<ref name="Eckhart XVIII">''Notitia veteris Franconiae'', auctore Iohanne Georgio von Eckhart (saeculo XVIII)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchehrenbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Karoli]]<ref name="Eckhart 1730"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Karsbach'')</small> * [[Roccoburga]]<ref name="Steichele 1864/> <small>(Theodisce ''Roggenburg'')</small> * [[Rodaca]]<ref name="Annales Coburgenses">''Annales Coburgenses'' intra ''Scriptores rerum Germanicarum''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Rodach'')</small> * [[Rodaca Marchia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Marktrodach'')</small> * [[Rodena (Franconia Inferior)|Rodena]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Roden'')</small> * [[Roeckinga]]<ref>Vide [https://kortkataloger.kb.se/lillarogge/36388/ ''Lilla Roggekatalogen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ivlivs Albertvs Roeckinga-Francus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Röckingen'')</small> * [[Roedelmaiera]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rödelmaier'')</small> * [[Roefingum]]<ref name="Steichele 1864/> <small>(Theodisce ''Röfingen'')</small> * [[Roeglinga]]<ref name="Regesta ... Boicarum Autographa">''Regesta sive Rerum Boicarum Autographa''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Rögling'')</small> * [[Roehrnbacum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Röhrnbach'')</small> * [[Roellbacum]]<ref name="Regesta ... Boicarum Autographa"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Röllbach'')</small> * [[Roethenbacum (Algovia)|Roethenbacum]]<ref name="Regesta ... Boicarum Autographa"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Röthenbach'')</small> * [[Roethenbacum ad Pegnesum]]<ref name="Will 1773"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Röthenbach an der Pegnitz'')</small> * [[Roethleinia]]<ref name="Jubilans 1752"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Röthlein'')</small> * [[Roettenbacum (Rota)|Roettenbacum]]<ref name="Regesta ... Boicarum Autographa"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Rotensis|Circulo Rotense]]<ref name="Circulus Rotensis"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Röttenbach'')</small> * [[Roettenbacum prope Erlangam]]<ref name="Will 1773"/> <small>(prope [[Erlanga]]m<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Röttenbach'')</small> * [[Rohrbacum (Bavaria)|Rohrbacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rohrbach'')</small> * [[Rohrdorfium (Bavaria)|Rohrdorfium]]<ref name="Rohrdorf">Theodiscum toponymum ''Rohrdorf'' in Latinam "Rohrdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10372085?p=1&cq=Andreas%20a%20Sancta%20Theresia&lang=de ''Chronica Bavaricae Capucinorum Provinciae''], ubi dicitur "(...) 2. Rohrdorfii (Archidioec. Monac.) (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Rohrdorf'')</small> * [[Rohrenfelsium]]<ref name="Regesta ... Boicarum Autographa"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rohrenfels'')</small> * [[Ronsberga]]<ref name="Steichele 1872"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ronsberg'')</small> * [[Rora (Franconia Media)|Rora]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Rohr'')</small> * [[Rora prope Abensbergam]]<ref name="Hund Salisburgensis 1582">Hund, W., auctore (1582): ''Metropolis Salisburgensis.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Rohr in Niederbayern'')</small> * [[Roraga Mussea]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Röhrmoos'')</small> * [[Rosbacum (Bavaria Inferior)|Rosbacum]]<ref name="Roßbach">Theodiscum toponymum ''Roßbach'' in Latinam "Rosbacum" verti solet; v.gr., vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Roßbach'')</small> * [[Rosenhaimium]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rosenheim'')</small> * [[Roslavium]]<ref name="Röslau">Theodisca vox ''Röslau'' in Latinam "Roslavium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?aq2=%5B%5B%5D%5D&c=15&af=%5B%5D&searchType=LIST_LATEST&sortOrder2=title_sort_asc&query=&language=sv&pid=diva2%3A1422283&aq=%5B%5B%5D%5D&sf=all&aqe=%5B%5D&sortOrder=author_sort_asc&onlyFullText=false&noOfRows=50&dswid=-6679 ''Disputatio ethica de summo bono civili...'']{{Nexus deficit|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Johannis Petri Roslavii (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Röslau'')</small> * [[Rota (Landsbergium)|Rota]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rott'')</small> * [[Rota ad Aenum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/><ref name="Inn"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rott am Inn'')</small> * [[Rota Inferior]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterroth'')</small> * [[Rota Superior]]<ref>Vide [https://geschichte-bayerns.de/ortsnamen/artikel/Schwaben/Neu-Ulm/Oberroth/hhw1k ''Oberroth''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''de Rota Superiori'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberroth'')</small> * [[Rotega]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Roding'')</small> * [[Rotenburgum ad Laparam]]<ref name="Pareus"/><ref name="Lapara">De hydronymo "Lapara", vide [https://books.google.es/books?id=i-_gDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=%22Kleine+Laber+%22+flumen&source=bl&ots=sJegxM7pNX&sig=ACfU3U3SJzaPgZCEumBJptUz_l_4myXnmg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-4uiTsraHAxW_Q_EDHcZbBxYQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=%22Kleine%20Laber%20%22%20flumen&f=false ''Historischer Atlas von Bayern''], ubi dicitur "(...) Die Große und die Kleine Laber sind um 790 als "Lapara" belegt (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Rottenburg an der Laaber'')</small> * [[Rotenburgum ad Tubarum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.invaluable.com/auction-lot/rotenburgum-ad-tubarum-elegans-franconiae-oppidum-347-c-c7d4096903?srsltid=AfmBOooul50iO1OWhfqIogQJSsifWffCEAAcK75x9ZjeYDqmnwCUNvUf ''www.invaluable.com''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Rotenburgum ad Tubarum, elegans Franconiae oppidum'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Rothenburg ob der Tauber'')</small> * [[Rotenfelsa]]<ref name="Hollfeldium"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rothenfels'')</small> * [[Rotensala]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Rotthalmünster'')</small> * [[Rotha]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Roth'')</small> * [[Rothenbuchum]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rothenbuch'')</small> * [[Rottaca et Egeris]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rottach-Egern'')</small> * [[Rottendorfium]]<ref>Vide [https://brill.com › display › book ''J. FR. GRONOVIUS''], ubi dicitur "(...) Rottendorfium per cives hujus urbis (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Rottendorf'')</small> * [[Rottinga]]<ref name="Hollfeldium"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Röttingen'')</small> * [[Rotum Ecclesiasticum]]<ref name="Hund Salisburgensis 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchroth'')</small> * [[Rudelzhavia]]<ref name="Hund 1585"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rudelzhausen'')</small> * [[Rudenhusa]]<ref>Vide [https://data.bnf.fr/fr/see_all_activities/14338260/page1 ''Friedrich Wilhelm Bierling (1676-1728) - Toutes ses œuvres''], ubi dicitur "(...) submittit Guilielmus Fridericus Pistorius Rudenhusa-Francus auctor (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Rüdenhausen'')</small> * [[Rudenium]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(in [[Palatinatus Superior|Palatinatū Superiore]]<ref name="Palatinatus Superior">Hogenberg, Franciscus, Metellus, Ioannes (1598). Mappa: "Palatinatus Superior".</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Rieden'')</small> * [[Rudertinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ruderting'')</small> * [[Rueckersdorfium (Franconia Media)|Rueckersdorfium]]<ref name="Will 1773"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rückersdorf'')</small> * [[Ruedenavia]]<ref name="Crusius 1595">''Annales Suevici'' (1595); auctore Martino Crusio.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Rüdenau'')</small> * [[Rugelandum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00000838?lang=de ''Rügland''], ubi dicitur "(...) Rugelandum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Rügland'')</small> * [[Rugendorfium]]<ref name="Regesta ... Boicarum Autographa"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rugendorf'')</small> * [[Ruhpoldinga]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ruhpolding'')</small> * [[Ruhstorfium (Bavaria)|Ruhstorfium]]<ref>''Status Ecclesiasticus Dioecesis Passaviensis''.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ruhstorf an der Rott'')</small> * [[Rundinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Runding'')</small> * [[Rupilinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Raubling'')</small> {{div col end}} == S == {{div col|3}} * [[Saaldorfium et Surheimum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Saaldorf-Surheim'')</small> * [[Sachsenkama]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sachsenkam'')</small> * [[Sailaufium]]<ref name="Regesta ... Boicarum Autographa"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sailauf'')</small> * [[Sala ad Salam]]<ref name="Graesse"/><ref name="Saale">De hydronymo [[Sala (Moenus)|Sala]], vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Saal an der Saale'')</small> * [[Salachium ad Burgum]]<ref name="Status 1711"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgsalach'')</small> * [[Salchinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Salching'')</small> * [[Saldenburgum]]<ref name="Lang 1844">Carolo Henrico von Lang auctore (1844); ''Regesta sive Rerum Boicarum Autographa''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Saldenburg'')</small> * [[Salga]]<ref name="Steichele 1883"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Salgen'')</small> * [[Salla (Bavaria)|Salla]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Saal an der Donau'')</small> * [[Salzaha (Franconia Inferior)|Salzaha]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Salz'')</small> * [[Sanctae Mariae Monasterium Biburgense]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Biburg'')</small> * [[Sancti Ioannis Ecclesia (Bavaria)|Sancti Ioannis Ecclesia]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Johanniskirchen'')</small> * [[Sancti Stephani Ecclesia (Bavaria)|Sancti Stephani Ecclesia]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Stephanskirchen'')</small> * [[Sancti Viti Hochheimensis Villa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Veitshöchheim'')</small> * [[Sanctus Engelmarus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sankt Englmar'')</small> * [[Sanctus Leonardus in Bavaria|Sanctus Leonardus in Bavariā]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00004867?lang=de ''Inchenhofen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Sanct Leonardvs in Bavaria (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Inchenhofen'')</small> * [[Sanctus Oswaldus et Rithahusa]]<ref name="Hansiz 1729"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sankt Oswald-Riedlhütte'')</small> * [[Sanctus Wolfgangus (Bavaria Superior)|Sanctus Wolfgangus]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00012907?lang=de ''Sankt Wolfgang''], ubi dicitur "(...) Scti Wolfgangi (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sankt Wolfgang'')</small> * [[Sandberga (Bavaria)|Sandberga]]<ref name="Sandberga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Sandberg in Latinam "Sandberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/cera/tollius1/Tollius_epistolae.html ''JACOBI TOLLII EPISTOLAE ITINERARIAE EX RECENSIONE ET CVM NOTIS HENR. CHR. HENNINII AMSTELAEDAMI apud FRANCISCVM HALMAM. MDCC.''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''SANDBERGAE'', mille admodum passibus ''Neusolio'', sunt ''AErariae'' divites, Civitatis ''Neusoliensis'' peculiares; (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sandberg'')</small> * [[Sauerlacum]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sauerlach'')</small> * [[Saxonia prope Onoldum]]<ref name="Will 1773"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sachsen bei Ansbach'')</small> * [[Saxum Goswini]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1865"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Gößweinstein'')</small> * [[Saxum Ihrleri]]<ref name="Fink 1955">Fink, A., auctore (1955); ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Kelheim''. [[Monacum|Monaci]]: Kommission für bayerische Landesgeschichte.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ihrlerstein'')</small> * [[Saxum Principis]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fürstenstein'')</small> * [[Saxum Tolonis]]<ref name="Gretser 1617">''Annales Eystettenses'', auctore Iacobo Gretser (1617).</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dollnstein'')</small> * [[Sceftilara]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schäftlarn'')</small> * [[Scegifeldum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00002068?lang=de ''Scheinfeld''], ubi dicitur "(...) in Scegifeldum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Scheinfeld'')</small> * [[Scegifeldum Superius]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00002049?lang=en ''Oberscheinfeld''], ubi dicitur "(...) in Scegifeldum (...)".</ref><ref name="Ober-">Theodiscum prefixum ''Ober-'' Latino adiectivo "superior-ius" vertitur.</ref><small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberscheinfeld'')</small> * [[Scellinaha]]<ref>Vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/11485 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Urbah et quae illuc pertinent cum Scellinaha'' (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schöllnach'')</small> * [[Schalkhama]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schalkham'')</small> * [[Schauenstenium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110640861-022/pdf?licenseType=restricted&srsltid=AfmBOorARBqkw3lOqjPPjKGzxZObllcBMXkUMcU70XgvJApFzdUsKGC0 ''Marcus Tatius Alpinus''], ubi dicitur "(...) Johannes Tepelius, Schauenstenio-Variscus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schauenstein'')</small> * [[Schauflinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schaufling'')</small> * [[Schechena]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schechen'')</small> * [[Scheideckium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Scheidegg'')</small> * [[Schellenbergium Marchia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Marktschellenberg'')</small> * [[Schernfelda]]<ref name="Regesta ... Boicarum Autographa"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schernfeld'')</small> * [[Scherstetta]]<ref name="Steichele 1864/> <small>(Theodisce ''Scherstetten'')</small> * [[Scheslicium]]<ref name="Erhard 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Scheßlitz'')</small> * [[Scheuringa]]<ref name="Steichele 1864/> <small>(Theodisce ''Scheuring'')</small> * [[Schillingsfurstum]]<ref name="Regesta ... Boicarum Autographa"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schillingsfürst'')</small> * [[Schildberga]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schiltberg'')</small> * [[Schirelinga (Palatinatus Superior)|Schirelinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schierling'')</small> * [[Schiria]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Scheyern'')</small> * [[Schirmitia]]<ref name="Regesta ... Boicarum Autographa"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schirmitz'')</small> * [[Schirndingia]]<ref name="Crusius 1595"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schirnding'')</small> * [[Schlammersdorfium]]<ref name="Regesta ... Boicarum Autographa"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schlammersdorf'')</small> * [[Schlechinga]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/><small>(Theodisce ''Schleching'')</small> * [[Schledorfensis Vicus]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schlehdorf'')</small> * [[Schleisshemium Inferius]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterschleißheim'')</small> * [[Schleissheimum Superius]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberschleißheim'')</small> * [[Schmidgadena]]<ref name="Regesta ... Boicarum Autographa"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schmidgaden'')</small> * [[Schmidinga Posterior]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hinterschmiding'')</small> * [[Schmiecha]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schmiechen'')</small> * [[Schnabelwaidia]]<ref name="Regesta ... Boicarum Autographa"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schnabelwaid'')</small> * [[Schnaitseia]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schnaitsee'')</small> * [[Schnelldorfium]]<ref name="Lang 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schnelldorf'')</small> * [[Schoefwegium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schöfweg'')</small> * [[Schollkrippia]]<ref name="Crusius 1595"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schöllkrippen'')</small> * [[Schoneckium Superius]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberschönegg'')</small> * [[Schongium]]<ref name="Schongium"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schongau'')</small> * [[Schonstetta]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schonstett'')</small> * [[Schonungia]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schonungen'')</small> * [[Schopflochium (Franconia Media)|Schopflochium]]<ref name="Schopfloch">Theodiscum toponymum ''Schopfloch'' in Latinam "Schopflochium" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10622732?p=197&cq=ad&lang=de ''Joannis Adlzreitter a Tetenweis, Arcani Consilii Cancellarii, Annalium Boicae Gentis Partes III''], ubi dicitur "(...) Cellae ad pedem Schopflochii montis (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schopfloch'')</small> * [[Schorndorfium (Palatinatus Superior)|Schorndorfium]]<ref name="Schorndorf">Theodiscum toponymum ''Schorndorf'' in Latinam "Schorndorfium" verti solet; v.gr., vide {{Hofmannus}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schorndorf'')</small> * [[Schrobenhusium]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schrobenhausen'')</small> * [[Schwabbruca]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwabbruck'')</small> * [[Schwabsoia]]<ref name="Steichele 1883"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwabsoien'')</small> * [[Schwaigum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwaigen'')</small> * [[Schwandorfium]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwandorf'')</small> * [[Schwarzenfeldium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_iMARAAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_iMARAAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ''Urkunden und Akten der Stadt Strassburg Bd. Urkunden und Stadtrechte bis zum Jahr 1266 bearb. von Wilhelm Wiegand. 1879''], ubi dicitur "(...) Johannes Sigismundus Laritius, Schwarzenfeldio-Palatinus (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwarzenfeld'')</small> * [[Schwebhemium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.rambow.de/download/Bayreuther_Ordinationsbuch.pdf ''Das Bayreuther Ordinationsbuch (1612-1821)''], ubi dicitur "(...) ad parochias Urfershemii et Schwebhemii (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwebheim'')</small> * [[Schweinbacum Superius]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberschweinbach'')</small> * [[Schweinfurtum]]<ref name="Hollfeldium"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schweinfurt'')</small> * [[Schwenninga (Danubius)|Schwenninga]]<ref name="Schwenningen">Theodiscum toponymum ''Schwenningen'' in Latinam "Schwenninga" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Z-Pilzkunde_22_1956_0065-0080.pdf ''Süddeutsche Rhizopogon-Arten''], ubi dicitur "(...) Apud Schwenningam (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwenningen'')</small> * [[Schwiftingum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwifting'')</small> * [[Scoinawa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(in [[Bavaria Inferior|Bavariā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schönau'')</small> * [[Sconaugia ad Brandam]]<ref name="Schönau">Theodiscum toponymum ''Schönau'' in Latinam "Sconaugia" verti solet; v.gr., vide {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Brend">Fingitur hydronymum [[Branda (flumen)|Branda]] (Theodisce ''Brend'') ex homonymo oppido. De hoc ultimo, vide ''Lexikon fränkischer Ortsnamen. Herkunft und Bedeutung. Oberfranken, Mittelfranken, Unterfranken''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schönau an der Brend'')</small> * [[Sconaugia ad Lacum Regis]]<ref name="Schönau"/><ref name="Königssee">Latinum substantivum "lacus-ūs" Theodiscum suffixum ''-see'' et Latinum "rex regis" Theodiscum ''König'' vertit.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schönau am Königssee'')</small> * [[Scondorfium]]<ref name="DE SITU ARCHI ABBATI AE OTTILIENSIS"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schondorf'')</small> * [[Scuntera]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schondra'')</small> * [[Sedes Ottonis]]<ref name="Rerum Noricarum Scriptores 1742">''Rerum Noricarum Scriptores'', Volumen 2, ([[Norimberga]]e, 1742).</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ottensoos'')</small> * [[Seebacum Magnum]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Großenseebach'')</small> * [[Seekka]]<ref>Vide [https://www.geschichte-bayerns.de/ortsnamen/artikel/Schwaben/Ostallg%C3%A4u/Seeg/pd67s ''Seeg''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Suuiker de Seekka'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Seeg'')</small> * [[Segnitzium]]<ref>Vide [http://www.geschichte-feuchtwangen.de/Archiv/Kirchenbuch/KlSulz/TAUF1631.htm ''Geburten der evang.-luth. Pfarrei Kloster Sulz 1631 - 1640''], ubi dicitur "(...) Pastore M. Johanne Casparo Rohrbachio, segnitzio franco (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Segnitz'')</small> * [[Sehhiringa Superior]]<ref name="-söchering">Theodiscum toponymum ''Söchering'' in Latinam "Sehhiringa" verti solet; v.gr., vide {{Graesse}}; et Latina adiectiva "superior" et "inferior" Theodisca praefixa ''Ober-'' et ''Unter-'' respective vertunt.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Obersöchering'')</small> * [[Sehtinaha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Söchtenau'')</small/> * [[Seinshemium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.e-rara.ch›download›pdf ''3997686.pdf'']{{Nexus deficit|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Seinshemium primo duxit (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Seinsheim'')</small> * [[Selba]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Selb'')</small> * [[Selbitza (Franconia Superior)|Selbitza]]<ref name="Biedermann 1747"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Selbitz'')</small> * [[Sendelbacum Longum]]<ref name="Homann Geographia Historica">''Geographia Historica'', auctore Iohanne Baptista Homann (saeculo XVIII).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Langensendelbach'')</small> * [[Sendelbacum Minus]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Wirceburgensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kleinsendelbach'')</small> * [[Sendena (Bavaria)|Sendena]]<ref name="Steichele 1872"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Senden'')</small> * [[Senfelda]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/A080085/A080085_djvu.txt ''Generalis geographia cosmica, mathematica, naturalis, politica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Gochshemium & Senfelda, Pagi Imperii immediati (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sennfeld'')</small> * [[Seona Ecclesiastica]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchseeon'')</small> * [[Septum Comitis]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1865"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Grafengehaig'')</small> * [[Seubersdorfium in Palatinatū Superiore]]<ref name="Lang 1844"/><ref name="Palatinatus Superior"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Seubersdorf in der Oberpfalz'')</small> * [[Seukendorfium]]<ref name="Lang 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Seukendorf'')</small> * [[Seum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Bayersoien'')</small> * [[Seuva-Badacum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Seeon-Seebruck'')</small> * [[Sezalacha]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Seßlach'')</small> * [[Siegsdorfium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Siegsdorf'')</small> * [[Sielenbaca]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sielenbach'')</small> * [[Siemauia Inferior]]<ref name="Sagittarius 1705">''Historia Ducum Saxoniae'' (1705); auctore Ioanne Friderico Sagittario.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Untersiemau'')</small> * [[Sigenburgum]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Siegenburg'')</small> * [[Silva (Algovia)|Silva]]<ref name="Steichele 1864/> <small>(in [[Algovia|Algoviā]]<ref name="Algovia"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wald'')</small> * [[Silva Dominae Nova]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frauenneuharting'')</small> * [[Silva Dorsalis]]<ref>Monasterium S. Magni Fussiensis, acta de acquisitione Silvae Dorsalis, 15 Septembris 1474 (cf. Geiger, Urkunden des Klosters St. Mang).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Rückholz'')</small> * [[Silva Pulchra (Bavaria)|Silva Pulchra]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schönwald'')</small> * [[Simbacum (prope Landavium)|Simbacum]]<ref name="Simbach">Theodiscum toponymum ''Simbach'' in Latinam "Simbacum" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/details/egger-carolus-lexicon-nominum-locorum/page/74/mode/2up?q=Simbach ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum Caroli Egger''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Simbacum''' — Simbach (...)".</ref> <small>(prope [[Landavium ad Isaram]]<ref name="Landavium"/>)</small> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Simbach'')</small> * [[Simbacum ad Aenum]]<ref name="Simbach"/><ref name="Inn"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Simbach am Inn'')</small> * [[Simmelsdorfium]]<ref name="Will 1773"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Simmelsdorf'')</small> * [[Simmershofa]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Simmershofen'')</small> * [[Sindilisdorfa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sindelsdorf'')</small> * [[Sinna (Bavaria)|Sinna]]<ref>Vide [https://hdbg.eu/burgen/detail/burg-burgsinn/108 ''Burgen in Bayern''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hermannus de Sinna (...)".</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgsinn'')</small> * [[Sinna Media]]<ref name="Sinna Media">Huius communis nomen e fluvio [[Sinna (flumen)|Sinnā]] (Theodisce ''Sinn'') et Theodisco praefixo ''Mittel-'', quod Latino adiectivo "media" vertitur, derivat. Quo de hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Mittelsinn'')</small> * [[Sinna Superior]]<ref name="Ludewig 1715"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Obersinn'')</small> * [[Sinzinga]]<ref>Vide [https://geschichte-bayerns.de/ortsnamen/artikel/Oberpfalz/Landkreis%20Regensburg/Sinzing/qx6uw ''Sinzing''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''in villa que dicitur Sinzinga'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sinzing'')</small> * [[Sittenbacum Ecclesiasticum]]<ref name="Will 1764">Will, G. A., auctore (1764). ''Nürnbergisches Gelehrten-Lexicon''. [[Norimberga]]e/[[Altdorfium (Bavaria Inferior)|Altdorfii]]: Lorenz Schüpfel.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchensittenbach'')</small> * [[Snaitenbacum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schnaittenbach'')</small> * [[Sneitaha]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_3fpDAAAAcAAJ/bub_gb_3fpDAAAAcAAJ_djvu.txt ''Regesta sive rerum Boicarum autographa ad annum usque MCCC''], ubi dicitur "(...) donat loca Furihinebacb, Haderichesprucga, Forchun, Chrumbunbach, Sneitaha (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schnaittach'')</small> * [[Snudinga]]<ref name="Traditiones Emmerammenses">''Traditiones Emmerammenses''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberschneiding'')</small> * [[Solisbacum-Mons Rosarum]]<ref name="Hund 1582"/><ref name="Falkenstein 1733"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sulzbach-Rosenberg'')</small> * [[Solonis Cella]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Solnhofen'')</small/> * [[Somerkalda]]<ref name="Codex Diplomaticus...Moguntiana II 1744">''Codex Diplomaticus: exhibens Anecdota Moguntiaca'', Tomus II, editore Ioanne Petro von Ludewig (1744).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sommerkahl'')</small/> * [[Sommeracum]]<ref>Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Recentioris_aevi_numismata_virorum_de_rebus_medicis_et_physicis_meritorum_memoriam_servantia_%28IA_b22371199%29.pdf ''Recentioris Aevi Numismata Virorum de Rebus Medicis et Physicis Meritorum Memoriam Servantia''], ubi dicitur "(...) Georgius Pickel, natus Sommeraci (...) 20 Novembr. 1751 Sommeraci Nat. (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sommerach'')</small/> * [[Sommerhusa]]<ref name="Annales Francorum 1698">''Annales Francorum'', editore Nicolao Schatenio; typis Johannis Gothofredi Conradi, 1698.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Sommerhausen'')</small/> * [[Sona (Bavaria)|Sona]]<ref>Vide [https://www.gemeinde-sonnen.de/de/gemeinde/orte/12-sonnen ''Gemeinde Sonnen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Eberhardus de Sona (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sonnen'')</small/> * [[Sonthemium (Suebia)|Sonthemium]]<ref name="Sonthemium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Sontheim'' in Latinam "Sonthemium" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Hofmannus}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sontheim'')</small/> * [[Soia (Bavaria)|Soia]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Soyen'')</small/> * [[Spaltum]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Spalt'')</small> * [[Spardorfium]]<ref name="Imhof 1693"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Spardorf'')</small> * [[Sparnecca]]<ref name="Tengnagel 1627">''Annales Pincergonum'' (1627); auctore Sebastiano Tengnagel.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Sparneck'')</small> * [[Spatzenhusa]]<ref name="Germania Sacra ... Mainz III">''Germania Sacra'', Tomus III: ''Die Bistümer der Kirchenprovinz Mainz''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Spatzenhausen'')</small> * [[Speciosa Vallis (Palatinatus Superior)|Speciosa Vallis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schönthal'')</small> * [[Speculavia]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes III 1863">''Bavaria: Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern'', Tomus III, 1863.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Spiegelau'')</small> * [[Speinshardum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00036215?lang=de ''Speinshart''], ubi dicitur "(...) Speinshardum (...) s. Mariae monast. de Speinshardo (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Speinshart'')</small> * [[Stadelhofa]]<ref name="Stadelhofen">Theodiscum toponymum ''Stadelhofen' in Latinam "Stadelhofa" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.e-rara.ch ''Speculum Helvetico-Tigurinum pentágōnon''], ubi dicitur "(...) extra Urbem , Stadelhofae, (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Stadelhofen'')</small> * [[Stadlerium]]<ref name="Ertl 1701">''Bavaria Topographica, compendium geographicum'' (1701); auctore Antonio Gulielmo Ertl.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Stadlern'')</small> * [[Stadtberga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/que/normal/que2377.pdf ''und noch etwas über 20 Pfb. gewogen''], ubi dicitur "(...) prope Stadtbergam (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Stadtbergen'')</small> * [[Staffelsteinium]]<ref>Vide [http://www.bamberga.de/FA_Moritz_Rahm.pdf ''Kaiser-Heinrich-Gymnasium Bamberg Kollegstufe 2003/2005''], ubi dicitur "(...) Cives Staffelsteinii (...) per nuncios Staffelsteinii (...) apud Staffelsteinium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Staffelstein'')</small> * [[Stagnum Medium]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mitterteich'')</small> * [[Stallwanga]]<ref name="Wittmann 1789">''Matricula Canonica et Historica Episcopatus Ratisbonensis'' (1789); auctore Georgio Michaële Wittmann.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Stallwang'')</small> * [[Stamhamium (ad Aenum)|Stammhamium]]<ref name="Stammham">Theodiscum toponymum ''Stammham' in Latinam "Stamhamium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.e-rara.ch ''Annales typographiae...''], ubi dicitur "(...) citato loco egregia Stamhamii Abbatis facinora (...)".</ref><ref name="Inn"/> <small>(ad [[Aenus (flumen)|Aenum]]<ref name="Inn"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Stammham'')</small> * [[Stamhamium (prope Ingolstadium)|Stamhamium]]<ref name="Stammham"/> <small>(prope [[Ingolstadium]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Stammham'')</small> * [[Stammbacum]]<ref name="Imhof 1693"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Stammbach'')</small> * [[Stammesrieda]]<ref name="Annales Monasterii Reichenbacensis">''Annales Monasterii Reichenbacensis'' intra ''Scriptores rerum Boicarum'' (saeculo XVIII).</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Stamsried'')</small> * [[Starnberga]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Starnberg'')</small> * [[Staudacum-Egernum]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/><ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Staudach-Egerndach'')</small> * [[Staufa]]<ref name="DE SITU ARCHI ABBATI AE OTTILIENSIS"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberstaufen'')</small> * [[Staufium ad Danubium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Donaustauf'')</small> * [[Steinacum Inferius]]<ref name="Heller 1829"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Untersteinach'')</small> * [[Steinaha (Bavaria Inferior)|Steinaha]]<ref name="Steinaha">Theodiscum toponymum ''Steinach'' in Latinam "Steinaha" verti solet; v.gr., vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(in [[Bavaria Inferior|Bavariā Inferiore]])</small> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> * [[Steinaha (Bavaria)|Steinaha]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>in [[Provincia Franconia Media|Franconiā Mediā]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Münchsteinach'')</small> * [[Steinaha (Franconia Superior)|Steinaha]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00041586?lang=de ''Stadtsteinach''], ubi dicitur "(...) Steinaha (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Stadtsteinach'')</small> * [[Steinbacum ad Silvam]]<ref name="Steinbacum">Theodiscum toponymum ''Steinbach'' in Latinam "Steinbacum" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_XZ3uHMGcnd0C/bub_gb_XZ3uHMGcnd0C_djvu.txt ''Alsatia illustrata''], ubi dicitur "(...) Sennhemium atque Steinbacum, terminos habet (...)".</ref><ref name="Ad Silvam"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Steinbach am Wald'')</small> * [[Steinberga ad Lacum]]<ref name="Steinberga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Steinberga'' in Latinam "Steinberga" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/ActaSanctorum/20.Juli.html ''Acta Sanctorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) de ecclesia Steinbergensi interrogo, negant se Steinbergam in Hollandia novisse (...) Helvetos Bavarosque Steinbergam Hollandiæ vicinam (...) Est quidem Steinberga oppidum (...)".</ref><ref name="Ad Lacum">Latinum syntagma "ad Lacum" Theodiscum ''am See'' vertit.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Steinberg am See'')</small> * [[Steindorfium (Suebia)|Steindorfium]]<ref name="Steindorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Steindorf'' in Latinam "Steindorfium" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_U5cDAOtVS_wC/bub_gb_U5cDAOtVS_wC_djvu.txt ''Scriptores rerum lusaticarum antiqui & recentiores...''], ubi dicitur "(...) ita Steindorfio, forti militi (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Steindorf'')</small> * [[Steingada]]<ref name="Rader II 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Steingaden'')</small> * [[Steinheringa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Steinhöring'')</small> * [[Steinkircha (Bavaria Superior)|Steinkircha]]<ref name="Steinkirchen">Theodiscum toponymum ''Steinkirchen'' in Latinam "Steinkircha" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_JHUUAAAAQAAJ/bub_gb_JHUUAAAAQAAJ_djvu.txt ''Spicilegium I XXXIII autographorum...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Steinkirchae (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Steinkirchen'')</small> * [[Stephani Curia]]<ref name="Zeiller 1694">Historia Sueviae (1694); auctore Martino Zeiller.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Stiefenhofen'')</small> * [[Stephanus-Poschinga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00022891?lang=de ''Stephansposching''], ubi dicitur "(...) Stephano-Poschingae (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Stephansposching'')</small> * [[Stetfeldia]]<ref name="Stettfeld">Theodiscum toponymum ''Stettfeld'' in Latinam "Stetfeldia" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://digitale-sammlungen.gwlb.de/content/1032726466/pdf/00000307.pdf ''Joann. Wilhelm. Duc.Saxo-Vinarienfis obi- Kindelbruscium emtum''], ubi dicitur "(...) inferiori Stetfeldia (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Stettfeld'')</small> * [[Stettenium (Suebia)|Stettenium]]<ref name="Stettenium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Stetten'' in Latinam "Stettenium" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://www.europeana.eu/en/item/372/item_ZTF72LZKAOZC4HRS6F7TJSP67FR2W3XW ''Finis Primus Et Ultimus Sacerdotis Triduo Expensus''], ubi dicitur "(...) Clero Stettenii ad Forum frigidum A. MDCCLII. Et Riedöschingae A. MDCCLIII (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Stetten'')</small> * [[Stettia ad Montem]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825">''Notitia Bavariae: sive de statu regni Bavariae'' (1825).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Stötten am Auerberg'')</small> * [[Stetwangium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Stöttwang'')</small> * [[Stillans Petra]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Triefenstein'')</small> * [[Stockhemium (Franconia Inferior)|Stockhemium]]<ref name="Stockhemium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Stockheim'' in Latinam "Stockhemium" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_r-_e081muIcC/page/n55/mode/2up?q=Stockhemium ''"Historia sacra, prophana, nec non politica, tribus tomis comprehensa...''], ubi dicitur "(...) acies Stockhemium dirigit (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Stockheim'')</small> * [[Stockhemium (Franconia Superior)|Stockhemium]]<ref name="Stockhemium"/> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Stockheim'')</small> * [[Stockhemium ad Moenum]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Wirceburgensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mainstockheim'')</small> * [[Stockstadium ad Moenum]]<ref name="Stockstadium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Stockstadt'' in Latinam "Stockstadium" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://opendata.uni-halle.de/bitstream ''Armorum Suecicorum Continuatio'']{{Nexus deficit|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Stockstadium traiicere (...)".</ref><ref name="Moenus"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Stockstadt am Main'')</small> * [[Straubinga]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> (Theodisce ''Straubing'') * [[Strewium Superius]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberstreu'')</small> * [[Strullendorfium]]<ref name="Imhof 1693"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Strullendorf'')</small> * [[Stubenberga (Bavaria Inferior)|Stubenberga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Stubenberg'')</small> * [[Stullnum]]<ref name="Ertl 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Stulln'')</small> * [[Suabacum]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwabach'')</small> * [[Suandia]]<ref name="Regesta ... Boicarum Autographa"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwanstetten'')</small> * [[Suarza ad Moenum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/><ref name="Moenus"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwarzach am Main'')</small> * [[Suarza prope Naburgam]]<ref name="Schwarzach">Theodiscum toponymum ''Schwarzach'' in Latinam "Suarza" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwarzach bei Nabburg'')</small> * [[Sueiga prope Norimbergam]]<ref name="Schwaig">Theodisca vox ''Schwaig'' in Latinam "Sueiga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref><ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwaig bei Nürnberg'')</small> * [[Suessbacum Superius]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Obersüßbach'')</small> * [[Suevia Vicus]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00011793?lang=de ''Markt Schwaben''], ubi dicitur "(...) Sueviam Vicum (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Markt Schwaben'')</small> * [[Suevohusa]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwabhausen'')</small> * [[Suevomonachium]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwabmünchen'')</small> * [[Sugenhemium]]<ref>Vide [https://digitale-sammlungen.de/en/details/bsb10664207 ''Facultatis iuridicæ...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Christoph. Sigismundo Mullero Sugenhemio-Franco (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Sugenheim'')</small> * [[Suidmuatiskircha]]<ref name="Traditionen ... Freising (744–926)">''Die Traditionen des Hochstifts Freising'', Tomus I (744–926).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schweitenkirchen'')</small> * [[Suinda]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwindegg'')</small> * [[Sulzbacum ad Moenum]]<ref name="Lang 1844"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Sulzbach am Main'')</small> * [[Sulzberga (Algovia Superior)|Sulzberga]]<ref name="Sulzberga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Sulzberg'' in Latinam "Sulzberga" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/details/bsb10833518 ''Quam Sub Praesido Divino Baltasar Boebelius...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Respondente Johanne Fechtio, Sulzberga-Marchico (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Sulzberg'')</small> * [[Sulzdorfium ad Saepem Coriariam]]<ref name="Ludewig 1715">Herbipolis Jubilans: sive de ortu, progressu, et variis eventibus Episcopatus Wirceburgensis (1715); auctore Ioanne Baptistā Ludewig.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sulzdorf an der Lederhecke'')</small> * [[Sulzemoosium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sulzemoos'')</small> * [[Sulzfelda (Graffelti)|Sulzfelda]]<ref name="Sulzfelda">Theodisca vox ''Sulzfeld'' in Latinam "Sulzfelda" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://opendigi.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/LXV223-3 ''1710 - 1817 - OpenDigi - Universität Tübingen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Sulzfeldae praestandas (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Graffelti]]s<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Sulzfeld'')</small> * [[Sulzfeldum ad Moenum]]<ref name="Gibelstadium"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small><ref name="Moenus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sulzfeld am Main'')</small> * [[Sulzhemium (Franconia Inferior)|Sulzhemium]]<ref name="Sulzhemium">Theodisca vox ''Sulzheim'' in Latinam "Sulzhemium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_HONMAAAAcAAJ/bub_gb_HONMAAAAcAAJ_djvu.txt ''Crucenacum Palatinum cum ipsius archisatrapia, ex historia, potissimum politica et litteraria, illustratum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Nierfténium, Ibicha, Lonshemium, Sulzhemium, Wolfshemiums (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sulzheim'')</small> * [[Sulzthalium]]<ref name="Wagner 1681"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Sulzthal'')</small> * [[Sundrunhofa]]<ref>Vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/433 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Sundrunhofa'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sonderhofen'')</small/> * [[Sunihinga]]<ref>Vide [https://geschichte-bayerns.de/ortsnamen/artikel/Oberpfalz/Landkreis%20Regensburg/S%C3%BCnching/nbd7q ''Sünching''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''in loco quae dicitur Sunihinga'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sünching'')</small> * [[Sunthemium ad Ronaham]]<ref name="Wagner 1681">''Notitia Germaniæ Antiquæ'' (1681) auctore Ioanne Iacobo Wagner.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sondheim vor der Rhön'')</small/> * [[Suaninga Inferior]]<ref name="Bundschuch 1802"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterschwaningen'')</small> * [[Surberga]]<ref name="Matricula Frisingensis 1792"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Surberg'')</small> * [[Swarcza (Bavaria Inferior)|Swarcza]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(in [[Bavaria Inferior|Bavariā Inferiore]])</small> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwarzach'')</small> * [[Sylva Fuggerana]]<ref name="Pinacotheca Fuggerorum 1754">''Pinacotheca Fuggerorum S.R.I. Comitum ac Baronum'' (editio anni 1754).</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Markt Wald'')</small> {{div col end}} == T == {{div col|3}} * [[Tachinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Taching am See'')</small> * [[Tahardinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Tacherting'')</small> * [[Tanna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenthann'')</small> * [[Tanna (Bavaria Inferior)|Tanna]]<ref name="Wittmann 1789"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Tann'')</small> * [[Tapfheimium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Tapfheim'')</small> * [[Taschendorfium]]<ref>Vide [https://galerieosobnosti.muzeumnj.cz ''Místopisný rejstřík obcí a měst Kravařska-Galerie osobností''], ubi dicitur "(...) Taschendorfium (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Markt Taschendorf'')</small> * [[Tegisingae]]<ref>Vide [https://werkstatt.formulae.uni-hamburg.de/texts/urn:cts:formulae:freising.bitterauf0576.lat001/passage/all ''Die Traditionen des Hochstifts Freising''], ubi dicitur "(...) AD TEGISINGAS ET QUIDAM (...) fecerunt ad Tegisingas similiter (...) fecerunt de Tegisinga (...) habuerunt ad Tegisingas (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Dasing'')</small> * [[Tegurinum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Tegernsee'')</small> * [[Teisendorfium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.e-rara.ch ''e-rara''], ubi dicitur "(...) Habitat circa Salisburgum, Teisendorfium (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Teisendorf'')</small> * [[Teisnacha]]<ref name="Wittmann 1789"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Teisnach'')</small> * [[Tennesberga]]<ref name="Wittmann 1789"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Tännesberg'')</small> * [[Tessemi Pontes]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schöngeising'')</small> * [[Tettavia (Franconia Superior)|Tettavia]]<ref name="Imhof 1693"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Tettau'')</small> * [[Teublitzium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Teublitz'')</small> * [[Teunzia]]<ref name="Wittmann 1789"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Teunz'')</small> * [[Teuschnitzium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Teuschnitz'')</small> * [[Thaininga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/details/historiamonaste00leutgoog/page/300/mode/2up?q=Thaininga ''Historia monasterii Wessofontani...''], ubi dicitur "(...) itinere Thaininga à monasterio nostro distat (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Thaining'')</small> * [[Thalamazzinga]]<ref>Vide [https://geschichte-bayerns.de/ortsnamen/artikel/Oberpfalz/Landkreis%20Regensburg/Thalmassing/i6yux ''Thalmassing''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''in loco qui dicitur Thalamazzinga'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Thalmassing'')</small> * [[Thannum ad Castrum]]<ref name="Luyts 1692"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgthann'')</small> * [[Theisseilum]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Theisseil'')</small> * [[Theodophorum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dietfurt an der Altmühl'')</small> * [[Theresium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Theres'')</small> * [[Thierstenium (Montes Piniferi)|Thierstenium]]<ref name="Thierstenium>Theodiscum toponymum ''Thierstein'' in Latinam "Thierstenium" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Hofmannus}}.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Thierstein'')</small> * [[Thulba Superior]]<ref name="Ludewig 1715"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberthulba'')</small> * [[Thumbacum]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchenthumbach'')</small> * [[Thundorfia]]<ref name="Ludewig 1715"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Thundorf'')</small> * [[Thungersheimium ad Moenum]]<ref name="Wagner 1681"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Thüngersheim'')</small> * [[Thurmanni Saltus]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes II 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Thurmansbang'')</small> * [[Thurnavia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Thurnau'')</small> * [[Thyrnavium (Bavaria)|Thyrnavium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Thyrnau'')</small> * [[Tiefenbachium (Palatinatus Superior)|Tiefenbachium]]<ref name="Tiefenbachium"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus Superior|Palatinatū Superiore]]<ref name="Palatinatus Superior"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Tiefenbach'')</small> * [[Tiefenbachium (prope Bataviam)|Tiefenbachium]]<ref name="Tiefenbachium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Tiefenbach'' in Latinam "Tiefenbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/417518508/Nicolaus-Reusner-Rervm-Memorabilivm-in-Pannonia-Svb-Tvrca-1453-1600-1770 ''Nicolaus Reusner - Rervm Memorabilivm in Pannonia SVB Tvrca 1453-1600''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ceterum Tiefenbachium aduentus (...)".</ref> <small>(prope [[Batavia (Bavaria)|Bataviam]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Tiefenbach'')</small> * [[Tiefenbachium (prope Landshutum)|Tiefenbachium]]<ref name="Tiefenbachium"/> <small>(prope [[Landshutum]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Tiefenbach'')</small> * [[Tierlechinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Tyrlaching'')</small> * [[Tiginga (Bavaria Inferior)|Tiginga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Teugn'')</small> * [[Tirschenruthum]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Tirschenreuth'')</small> * [[Tisinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Teising'')</small> * [[Titamanninga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Tittmoning'')</small> * [[Tittinga]]<ref name="Oesterreicher III 1795"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Titting'')</small> * [[Tittlingium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Tittling'')</small> * [[Toepenia]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Töpen'')</small> * [[Togingium ad Aenum]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Töging am Inn'')</small> * [[Tolzenarius]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Tölz'')</small> * [[Tontinhusa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Tuntenhausen'')</small> * [[Torrentium Alni]]<ref name="Hund I 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Irlbach'')</small> * [[Torrentium Curvum]]<ref name="Hund I 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Krumbach'')</small> * [[Torrentium Palustre]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Moosbach'')</small> * [[Torrentium Quercetum Inferius]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Niederaichbach'')</small> * [[Torrentium Ventosum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Windsbach'')</small> * [[Tounhusa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Thannhausen'')</small> * [[Trabizium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Trabitz'')</small> * [[Traiectum Populi Inferius]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes II 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterdietfurt'')</small> * [[Traiectus (Bavaria Inferior)|Traiectus]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1863"/> <small>(in [[Bavaria Inferior|Bavariā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Furth'')</small> * [[Traina (Bavaria Inferior)|Traina]]<ref name="Wittmann 1789"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Train'')</small> * [[Traitschinga]]<ref name="Wittmann 1789"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Traitsching'')</small> * [[Trans Lacum]]<ref name="Hund I 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Übersee'')</small> * [[Trappstadium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Trappstadt'')</small> * [[Traubingium Superius]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Obertraubling'')</small> * [[Traublinga Nova]]<ref name="Series Episcoporum Ratisbonensium">''Series Episcoporum Ratisbonensium''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Neutraubling'')</small> * [[Traunreutum]]<ref name="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">''Acta Apostolicae Sedis''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Traunreut'')</small> * [[Traunstenium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Traunstein'')</small> * [[Trausnitzium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Trausnitz'')</small> * [[Trebgastia]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Trebgast'')</small> * [[Treffelsteinium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Treffelstein'')</small> * [[Troestavia]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Tröstau'')</small> * [[Trogenium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Trogen'')</small> * [[Trostberga]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Trostberg'')</small> * [[Trubachia Superior]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Obertrubach'')</small> * [[Truftara]]<ref>Vide [https://www.erhfund.org/wp-content/uploads/009.pdf ''Herzogsgewalt und Friedensschutz''], ubi dicitur "(...) in loco qui vocatur Truftara (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Triftern'')</small> * [[Tschirna]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Tschirn'')</small> * [[Tuchenbacum]]<ref name="Ertl 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Tuchenbach'')</small> * [[Tungidi]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Thüngen'')</small> * [[Turris Galeata]]<ref name="Hund I 1582">Hund, W., auctore (1582); ''Bayrisch Stammenbuch''. Pars I. [[Ingolstadium|Ingolstadii]]: David Sartorius.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Hutthurm'')</small> * [[Tussa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Illertissen'')</small> * [[Tutzinga]]<ref name="Status 1742"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Tutzing'')</small> * [[Tuzinhusa]]<ref>Vide [http://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/19887 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''locis Tiuoningouve et Tuzinhusa nominatis in Alimannia'' (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Tussenhausen'')</small> * [[Tuzsilinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Tüßling'')</small> {{div col end}} == U == {{div col|3}} * [[Uchtelhusium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Üchtelhausen'')</small> * [[Uffenhemium]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Uffenheim'')</small> * [[Ufinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Uffing am Staffelsee'')</small> * [[Ulfeldium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.ronlev.dk/bibliotek/2336.pdf ''Samlinger til Fyens Historie og Topographie : Sjette Bind.''], ubi dicitur "(...) conqverebatur sibi Jac. Ulfeldium obtrudere (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Uehlfeld'')</small> * [[Undersrieda]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Untrasried'')</small> * [[Unesleba]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Unsleben'')</small> * [[Ungerhusium]]<ref name="Annales Ottenburani 17 1861">''Annales Ottenburani'', apud ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica (Scriptores)'', Vol. 17, [[Hannovera]]e, 1861.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ungerhausen'')</small> * [[Unterleinleitera]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterleinleiter'')</small> * [[Uotinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Uettingen'')</small> * [[Ura (Franconia Inferior)|Ura]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aura an der Saale'')</small> * [[Uraha (Franconia Superior)|Uraha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Stegaurach'')</small> * [[Urbs Lonnarensis]]<ref name="Steichele 1864/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Lonnerstadt'')</small> * [[Urdorffium Superius]]<ref name="Status 1742">''Status Ecclesiasticus Dioecesis Frisingensis'', 1742.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberaudorf'')</small> * [[Urspergia]]<ref name="Steichele 1883"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ursberg'')</small> * [[Ursensollena]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ursensollen'')</small> * [[Ursina]]<ref name=Graesse /><ref>Vide etiam [https://www.edition-ursin.de/en/ ''Kloster Irsee''], ubi dicitur "(...) The Benedictine Abbey of Irsee (Monasterium Ursinium) was founded near Kaufbeuren in the Allgäu region of Bavaria in 1182. (...)". 'Ursinium" dicitur de eo quod est Ursinae.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Irsee'')</small> * [[Ursinperga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Irschenberg'')</small> * [[Urspringa (Bavaria)|Urspringa]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Urspringen'')</small> * [[Ustersbacum]]<ref name="Status ... Augustanae 1778">Status Ecclesiasticus Dioecesis Augustanae, [[Augusta Vindelicorum|Augustae Vindelicorum]], 1778.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ustersbach'')</small> * [[Uttenreutha]]<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Uttenreuth'')</small> * [[Uttinga ad Lacum Ambrae]]<ref name="Meichelbeck II 1729"/>> <small>(Theodisce ''Utting am Ammersee'')</small> {{div col end}} == V == {{div col|3}} * [[Vachendorfium]]<ref name="Catalogus ... Archi-Dioecesis Salisburgensis 1774"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Vachendorf'')</small> * [[Vadum-Trunstadium]]<ref name="Rerum Boicarum Scriptores'">''Rerum Boicarum Scriptores''.</ref><ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1865">''Bavaria: Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern'', 1865.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Viereth-Trunstadt'')</small> * [[Vailhemium]]<ref name="DE SITU ARCHI ABBATI AE OTTILIENSIS"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Vailhemium'')</small> * [[Valdosassonia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Waldsassen'')</small> * [[Valeia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Valley'')</small> * [[Vallis Aceris (Bavaria)|Vallis Aceris]]<ref name="Flora der...">''Flora der Gegend von Bamberg'', auctore Adalberto Friderico Marco.</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Ahorntal'')</small> * [[Vallis Angelorum]]<ref name="Engelthal">Theodiscum toponymum ''Engelthal' in Latinam "Vallis Angelorum" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/PROZHAJ4TCG4L6I4GDJ5WHGNL7SDOLQI ''Heinrich, Graf zu Nassau (-we), Propst zu Bonn, bekundet''], ubi dicitur "(...) Kloster Engelthal (Vallis Angelorum) (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Engelthal'')</small> * [[Vallis Auracensis]]<ref name="Worschech 1998">''Germania Sacra'', Nova Series 38: ''Die Benediktinerabtei Münchaurach'', auctore Reinhardo Worschech (1998).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Aurachtal'')</small> * [[Vallis Biberae]]<ref name="Steichele 1872"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bibertal'')</small> * [[Vallis Eckenensis]]<ref name="Lexicon Recentis Latinitatis">''Lexicon Recentis Latinitatis'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana).</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Eckental'')</small> * [[Vallis Equorum (Bavaria)|Vallis Equorum]]<ref name="Will 1773">Will, G. A., auctore (1773); ''Bibliotheca Norica''.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Roßtal'')</small> * [[Vallis Fagea]]<ref name="Hofmann 1717"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Heimbuchenthal'')</small> * [[Vallis Fontium]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Brunnthal'')</small> * [[Vallis Henrici]]<ref name="Hofmann 1717"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Heinrichsthal'')</small> * [[Vallis Hummelina]]<ref name="Heller 1829">Heller, I., auctore (1829); ''Mohn's Wegweiser durch die bayerische Ober-Main-Kreis''. [[Bamberga]]e: Kunz.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hummeltal'')</small> * [[Vallis Itciae]]<ref name="Ussermann 1801"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Itzgrund'')</small> * [[Vallis Kammeliana]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kammeltal'')</small> * [[Vallis Kuehleniana]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kühlenthal'')</small> * [[Vallis Legis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ettal'')</small> * [[Vallis Lutrae]]<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lautertal'')</small> * [[Vallis Messingia]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes III 1865">''Bavaria: Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern'', Tomus III, 1865.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Thalmässing'')</small> * [[Vallis Pratensis (Bavaria)|Vallis Pratensis]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1744"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wiesthal'')</small> * [[Vallis Ramis]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ramsthal'')</small> * [[Vallis Rodanae]]<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rödental'')</small> * [[Vallis Sengensis]]<ref name="Falkenstein 1733">Falkenstein, Ioanne Paulo, auctore (1733); ''Antiquitates Nordgavienses''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sengenthal'')</small> * [[Vallis Urticarum]]<ref name="Steichele 1883"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Nesselwang'')</small> * [[Vallis Vulpium]]<ref name="Steichele 1872">Auctore Antonio von Steichele, ''Das Bistum Augsburg: historisch und statistisch beschrieben''. [[Augusta Vindelicorum|Augustae Vindelicorum]], 1872.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Fuchstal'')</small> * [[Vallis Vulturis]]<ref name="Hund 1719">Hund, Wiguleo, auctore; ''Metropolis Salisburgensis''. [[Ratisbona]]e, 1719.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Geiersthal'')</small> * [[Vallis Wisentae]]<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wiesenttal'')</small> * [[Vallstadium Maius]]<ref name="Protokollum ... Herbipolensis 1754">''Protokollum Dioceseos Herbipolensis'', [[Herbipolis|Herbipoli]], 1754.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Großwallstadt'')</small> * [[Vallstadium Minus]]<ref name="Protokollum ... Herbipolensis 1754"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kleinwallstadt'')</small> * [[Valsdorfium (Franconia Superior)|Valsdorfium]]<ref name="Walsdorf">Theodiscum toponymum ''Walsdorf'' in Latinam "Valsdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Walsdorf'')</small> * [[Velburgum]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Velburg'')</small> * [[Velda]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(in [[Provincia Franconia Media|Franconiā Mediā]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Velden'')</small> * [[Veldofinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Feldafing'')</small> * [[Veliphoratusium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wolfratshausen'')</small> * [[Vellhemium]]<ref name="Wellheim">Theodisca vox ''Wellheim'' in Latinam "Vellhemium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://medit.lutheran.hu/files/haan_lajos_jena_hungarica_1858.pdf ''Iena Hungarica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hambergero, Vellhemio, Bechmanno et Baiero usus sum (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wellheim'')</small> * [[Veltkircha (Bavaria Inferior)|Veltkircha]]<ref name="Feldkirchen"/> <small>(in [[Bavaria Inferior|Bavariā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Feldkirchen'')</small> * [[Veltkircha (Monacum)|Veltkircha]]<ref name="Feldkirchen">Theodiscum toponymum ''Feldkirch(en)' in Latinam "Veltkircha" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(prope [[Monacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Feldkirchen'')</small> * [[Veltkircha-Westerhamium]]<ref name="Feldkirchen"/><ref name="Westerham">Theodisca vox ''Westerham'' in Latinam "Westerhamium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/GALO1 Du Cange et al., ''Glossarium mediæ et infimæ latinitatis''], ubi dicitur "(...) apud Joann. Westerhamium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Feldkirchen-Westerham'')</small> * [[Venetidunus Mons]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Windberg'')</small> * [[Ventus Abbatis]]<ref name="Schmaussii T II 1730">''Ioannis Jacobi Schmaussii Corpus Juris Gentium Academicum'', Tomus II, Lipsiae, 1730.</ref> <small>commune mercatūs (Theodisce ''Abtswind'')</small> * [[Ventus Giselae]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1865"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Geiselwind'')</small> * [[Veringa (ad Hilariam)|Veringa]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Vöhringen'')</small> * [[Vessofontana]]<ref name="DE SITU ARCHI ABBATI AE OTTILIENSIS"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wessobrunn'')</small> * [[Vestenbergogreutha]]<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Vestenbergsgreuth'')</small> * [[Vetus Eglofsheimium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.familia-austria.at/images/inhalte/datensammlung/oeffentlich/Chronik_Neulosimthal_1836-1945_Thomas_BRANDEL.pdf ''Pfarrchronik Neulosimthal 1836 – 1945''], ubi dicitur "(...) Donum Josephi Stauber, parochi Vetero Eglofsheimii (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Alteglofsheim'') * [[Via-Lucus-Dinghartingia]]<ref name="Matricula Frisingensis 1792">Matricula Canonica et Historica Episcopatus Frisingensis (1792).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Straßlach-Dingharting'')</small> * [[Via Salis]]<ref name="Salzweg">Theodiscum toponymum ''Salzweg' in Latinam "Via Salis" verti solet. V.gr. vide [http://www.ferienwohnung-susanne-hillbrand.at/ausflugstips.htm ''www.ferienwohnung-susanne-hillbrand.at''], ubi dicitur "(...) Via Salis (Salzweg in Altaussee mit Dokumentation der Salzerzeugung) (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Salzweg'')</small> * [[Viaecclesia]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Straßkirchen'')</small> * [[Vicus Mura]]<ref>Vide [https://de-academic.com/dic.nsf/dewiki/980896 ''Academic''], ubi dicitur "(...) Für 893 ist der Ortsname ''vicus mura'' genannt (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Muhr am See'')</small> * [[Vicus Scuttarensium]]<ref>Vide [http://imperium.ahlfeldt.se/places/1926.html ''Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire''], ubi dicitur "(...) Vicus Scuttarensium, Nassenfels (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Nassenfels'')</small> * [[Videna]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weiden in der Oberpfalz'')</small> * [[Viehpachium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00032996?lang=en ''Niederviehbach''], ubi dicitur "(...) Viehpachium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Niederviehbach'')</small> * [[Vilgertshusium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Vilgertshofen'')</small> * [[Villa (Bavaria Superior)|Villa]]<ref>Vide [https://www.weil.de/unsere-gemeinde/historie/geschichte-von-weil ''Gemeinde Weil''], ubi dicitur "(...) Die heutige Siedlung und der Name des Hauptortes Weil Weil (Wila, Villa = Guthof) sind römischen Ursprungs (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Weil'')</small> * [[Villa Denclonis]]<ref name="Zeiller 1694"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Denklingen'')</small> * [[Villa Didonis]]<ref name="Bundschuch 1800">Bundschuh, J. K., auctore (1802); ''Geographisches Statistisch-Topographisches Lexikon von Franken''. Vol. 2. [[Ulma]]e.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Igensdorf'')</small> * [[Villa Ecclesiastica]]<ref name="Hund I 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchham'')</small> * [[Villa in Palude]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Moosinning'')</small> * [[Villa in Palude Thenningensis]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Moosthenning'')</small> * [[Villa Lupi (Bavaria)|Villa Lupi]]<ref name="Meichelbeck II 1729"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wolfersdorf'')</small> * [[Villa Marchilconis]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Marklkofen'')</small> * [[Villa Nitonis]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Nittendorf'')</small> * [[Villa Nova (Franconia Inferior)|Villa Nova]]<ref name="Steichele 1864/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuendorf'')</small> * [[Villa Orientalis Superior]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberostendorf'')</small> * [[Villa Otmari Superior]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberottmarshausen'')</small> * [[Villa Patris]]<ref name="Annales Congregationis Mettenensis 1760">''Annales Congregationis Mettenensis'', Volumen 1, ([[Monacum|Monaci]], 1760.)</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Patersdorf'')</small> * [[Villa Pomorum]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Apfeldorf'')</small> * [[Villa Regia (Bavaria)|Villa Regia]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Königsdorf'')</small> * [[Villa Septentrionalis (Bavaria)|Villa Septentrionalis]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nordendorf'')</small> * [[Villa Tagemari]]<ref name="Hentzner 1612"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Tagmersheim'')</small> * [[Villa Thieronis]]<ref name="Archiv ... Oberfranken 1844">''Archiv für Geschichte und Alterthumskunde von Oberfranken'' (1844).</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Thiersheim'')</small> * [[Villa Thininga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.deiningen.de/index.php/deiningen/gemeinde-deiningen/geschichte ''www.deiningen.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Urkunde aus dem Jahre 760 beglaubigt die Schenkung der Villa Thininga (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Deiningen'')</small> * [[Villa Tunnonis]]<ref name="Eckhart 1730"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Donnersdorf'')</small> * [[Villenbacum]]<ref name="Status ... Augustanae 1778"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Villenbach'')</small> * [[Vilseccum]]<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Vilseck'')</small> * [[Vilsheimium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Vilsheim'')</small> * [[Vilshovium]]<ref name="Vilshofen"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Vilshofen an der Donau'')</small> * [[Vintshaemum]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Windsheim'')</small> * [[Viridarium Geroldi]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1865"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Geroldsgrün'')</small> * [[Vischi]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fischen im Allgäu'')</small> * [[Vischpachawa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fischbachau'')</small> * [[Vitriaria (Franconia Superior)|Vitriaria]]<ref name="Glashütten">Theodisca vox ''Glashütten'' in Latinam "Vitriaria" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://saarland.digicult-museen.net/objekte/10143 ''Museen im Saarland''], ubi dicitur "(...) Glashütten (Vitriaria) (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Glashütten'')</small> * [[Vohburgum]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Vohburg an der Donau'')</small> * [[Vohenstraussium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Vohenstrauß'')</small> * [[Volcacum]]<ref name="Hollfeldium"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Volkach'')</small> * [[Volkenschwandium]]<ref name="Catalogus ... Ratisbonensis 1795"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Volkenschwand'')</small> * [[Vorbacum]]<ref name="Ferrarius 1670"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Vorbach'')</small> * [[Vorra]]<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Vorra'')</small> * [[Vuerida]]<ref>Vide [https://geschichte-bayerns.de/ortsnamen/artikel/Oberpfalz/Landkreis%20Regensburg/W%C3%B6rth%20a.d.Donau/911bd ''Wörth a.d.Donau''], ubi dicitur "(...) '' monasterium ad Vuerida'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wörth an der Donau'')</small> * [[Vulpiopolis]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1865"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fuchsstadt'')</small> * [[Vulpius Molendinus]]<ref name="Annales Cistercienses 1659">''Annales Cistercienses''. [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]], 1659.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Fuchsmühl'')</small> {{div col end}} == W == {{div col|3}} * [[Wachenrothum]]<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wachenroth'')</small> * [[Wacheringa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Waakirchen'')</small> * [[Wackersberga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wackersberg'')</small> * [[Wackersdorfium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wackersdorf]'')</small> * [[Waginga]]<ref>Vide [http://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/8595 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Uuaginga'' (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Waging am See'')</small> * [[Wagingariorum Mons]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wonneberg'')</small> * [[Waidhusium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10932874?p=378&cq=ad&lang=de ''Boicae Gentis Annalium Pars ...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Tum ad Waidhusium per sylvam Bohemicam progressus (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Waidhaus'')</small> * [[Waigolshusium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Waigolshausen'')</small> * [[Waischenfeldium]]<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Waischenfeld'')</small> * [[Walagowa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wallgau'')</small> * [[Walarium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Seehausen am Staffelsee'')</small> * [[Walda (Palatinatus Superior)|Walda]]<ref>Vide [https://geschichte-bayerns.de/ortsnamen/artikel/Oberpfalz/Landkreis%20Cham/Wald/xrc0z ''Wald''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''in loco nuncupante Walda'' (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Palatinatus Superior|Palatinatū Superiore]]<ref name="Palatinatus Superior"/></small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wald'')</small> * [[Walderbacum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Walderbach'')</small> * [[Waldolvinga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/urkundenbuchdes00cargoog/urkundenbuchdes00cargoog_djvu.txt ''Urkunden-buch des landes ob der Enns''], ubi dicitur "(...) in loco, qui uocatur uualdoluinga (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wallerfing'')</small> * [[Waldershofium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Waldershof'')</small> * [[Waldstetta]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Waldstetten'')</small> * [[Waldthurnum]]<ref>Vide [https://prdl.org/recent_findings.php?s=91910&limit=10&&sort= ''Recent Findings''], ubi dicitur "(...) ac placido examini subiicit Zacharias Koch Waldthurno Palatinus (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Waldthurn'')</small> * [[Walkertshusium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Walkertshofen'')</small> * [[Wallenfelsium]]<ref>Vide [https://search.worldcat.org/es/title/Heinrici-Sondinger-Jcti-et-Reverendissimi-ac-Celsissimi-S.R.I.-Principis-Episcopi-Bambergensis-et-Wirceburgensis-Franciae-Orientalis-Ducis-Reliq.-Praefecti-Wallenfelsii-Vindiciae-iuridicae-dissertationis-inauguralis-suae-de-nobili-immediato-cum-persona-rustica-nuptias-contrahente-nobilitate-sua-and-feudis-ante-iam-habitis-in-perpetuum-privato-:-editae-Anno-MDCCLXIII/oclc/165233699 ''Heinrici Sondinger Jcti et Reverendissimi ac Celsissimi S.R.I. Principis Episcopi Bambergensis et Wirceburgensis Franciae Orientalis Ducis Reliq. Praefecti Wallenfelsii Vindiciae iuridicae dissertationis inauguralis suae de nobili immediato cum persona rustica nuptias contrahente, nobilitate sua & feudis ante iam habitis in perpetuum privato : editae Anno MDCCLXIII Heinrici Sondinger Jcti et Reverendissimi ac Celsissimi S.R.I. Principis Episcopi Bambergensis et Wirceburgensis Franciae''], ubi dicitur "(...) Praefecti Wallenfelsii (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wallenfels'')</small> * [[Wallersdorfium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wallersdorf'')</small> * [[Wallerstenium]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wallerstein'')</small> * [[Wallum (Suebia)|Wallum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Waal'')</small> * [[Waltenhova]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Waltenhofen'')</small> * [[Waltenhusium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Waltenhausen'')</small> * [[Waltingum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Walting'')</small> * [[Wangium (Bavaria Superior)|Wangium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wang'')</small> * [[Warmensteinacum]]<ref name="Imhof 1693"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Warmensteinach'')</small> * [[Wartenberga (Bavaria Superior)|Wartenberga]]<ref name="Wartenberg">Theodiscum toponymum ''Wartenberg'' in Latinam "Wartenberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camena/del2/deliciae2.html ''Deliciae 2''], ubi dicitur "(...) Barones de Wartenberga (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wartenberg'')</small> * [[Wattendorfium]]<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wattendorf'')</small> * [[Wazcerlosa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wasserlosen'')</small> * [[Wechinga]]<ref name="Status ... Augustanae 1778"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wechingen'')</small> * [[Weicheringium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weichering'')</small> * [[Weichsium]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weichs'')</small> * [[Weidenbachium (Franconia Media)|Weidenbachium]]<ref name="Weidenbachium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Weidenbach'' in Latinam "Weidenbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://dspace.bcucluj.ro›bitstream›Theochar ''Geschichte von Brassó'']{{Nexus deficit|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Weidenbachium relictis (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Weidenbach'')</small> * [[Weidenberga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.rambow.de/download/Bayreuther_Ordinationsbuch.pdf ''Bayreuther Ordinationsbuch''], ubi dicitur "(...) David Ellrod Weidenberga Francus (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Weidenberg'')</small> * [[Weidhusium prope Coburgum]]<ref name="Weidhausen">Theodiscum toponymum ''Weidhausen'' in Latinam "Weidhusium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://books.google.es/books/about/Anatomia_disputationis_Sperlingianae_ani.html?id=RPDCwQEACAAJ&redir_esc=y ''Anatomia disputationis Sperlingianae animae humanae creationi oppositae, quam sub praesidio Johannis Zeisoldi...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Weidhusio-Palatinus (...)".</ref><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Weidhausen bei Coburg'')</small> * [[Weidinga (Circulus Camblensis)|Weidinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Camblensis|Circulo Camblense]]<ref name="Camblensis"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Weiding'')</small> * [[Weidinga (Circulus Schwandorfensis)|Weidinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Schwandorfensis|Circulo Schwandorfense]]<ref name="Circulus Schwandorfensis">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Schwandorfensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Schwandorf'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Schwandorfium]]" -ad quod Latinum gentilicium "Schwandorfensis-e" refertur-, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10373625?p=85&cq=Neoburgum&lang=de ''Brevis Bavariae geographia''], ubi dicitur "(...) Schwandorfium, Schwandorf (...)". De gentilicio, confer [[binomen]] "Holzbergia schwandorfensis".</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Weiding'')</small> * [[Weigendorfium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weigendorf'')</small> * [[Weigenheimium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weigenheim'')</small> * [[Weilersbacum (Franconia Superior)|Weilersbacum]]<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weilersbach'')</small> * [[Weilerum et Simmerbergum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Weiler-Simmerberg'')</small> * [[Weiltinga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/compendiumtotius00kolb/compendiumtotius00kolb_djvu.txt ''Compendium totius orbis''], ubi dicitur "(...) Novostadium. Weiltinga (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Weiltingen'')</small> * [[Weintinga ad Laberem]]<ref name="Sartori 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Laberweinting'')</small> * [[Weisacum Parochiale]]<ref name="Ussermann 1801"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfarrweisach'')</small> * [[Weisdorfium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.rambow.de/download/Bayreuther_Ordinationsbuch.pdf ''Bayreuther Ordinationsbuch''], ubi dicitur "(...) ad ecclesiam Weisdorfianam (...) Sigismundus Sdiilling Weisdorfio-Variscus (...) quae Christo Weisdorfii colligitur (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Weißdorf'')</small> * [[Weisendorfium]]<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Weisendorf'')</small> * [[Weissenburgum Noricorum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weißenburg in Bayern'')</small> * [[Weissenhornium]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weißenhorn'')</small> * [[Weissenstadium]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weißenstadt'')</small> * [[Weitnavium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Weitnau'')</small> * [[Weitramsdorfium]]<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weitramsdorf'')</small> * [[Wegisceda]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wegscheid'')</small> * [[Welda]]<ref name="Status ... Augustanae 1778"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Welden'')</small> * [[Wendelstenium (Franconia Media)|Wendelstenium]]<ref>Vide [https://dokumen.pub/die-alten-matrikeln-der-universitt-strassburg-1621-bis-1793-band-3-personen-und-ortsregister-reprint-2019nbsped-9783111618395-9783111242019.html ''Die alten Matrikeln der Universität Strassburg 1621 bis 1793''], ubi dicitur "(...) Wendelstenio-Palatinus (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wendelstein'')</small> * [[Wenga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weng'')</small> * [[Wenzenbacum]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis II"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wenzenbach'')</small> * [[Werda (Bavaria)|Werda]]<ref name="Annales Tegernseensis 1858">''Annales Monasterii Tegernseensis'', apud ''Quellen und Erörterungen zur bayerischen Geschichte'', Volumen 7, a Comissione Historiae Bavariae editum (1858).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wörthsee'')</small> * [[Werenshova]]<ref>Vide [https://en.bad-woerishofen.de/kneipp-bad-woerishofen/history-of-bad-woerishofen ''Bad Wörishofen''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''1067 Werenshova'' First mention in written records in a document including the name of noble Otthalm of Werenshova (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Wörishofen'')</small> * [[Werida (Bavaria)|Werida]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wörth an der Isar'')</small> * [[Weringa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wehringen'')</small> * [[Wernberga-Koeblitium]]<ref name="Wernberga">Theodisca vox ''Wernberg'' in Latinam "Wernberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www2.uibk.ac.at/downloads/Periochen/Seitenstetten/X-Seitenstetten_Rest/S36_De_BoleslaoII.Ossiach_1689.pdf ''Poenitentia Gloriosa sive Drama Extemporale''], ubi dicitur "(...) Dabamus Wernbergae, Die 16. Novembris, D: EDMUNDO Archipraessuli Sacrâ (...)".</ref><ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wernberg-Köblitz'')</small> * [[Werneccum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Werneck'')</small> * [[Werrna Inferior]]<ref name="Catalogus Personarum ... Herbipolensis 1786"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Niederwerrn'')</small> * [[Werta]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wertach'')</small> * [[Wertunga]]<ref>Vide [https://geschichte-bayerns.de/ortsnamen/artikel/Schwaben/Dillingen%20an%20der%20Donau/Wertingen/5f9x2 ''Wertingen''], ubi dicitur "(...) '' in villa Wertunga'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wertingen'')</small> * [[Wessena Inferior]]<ref name="Catalogus ... Archi-Dioecesis Salisburgensis 1774">''Catalogus venerabilis cleri Archi-Dioecesis Salisburgensis'', [[Salisburgum|Salisburgi]], 1774.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterwössen'')</small> * [[Wesslingium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weßling'')</small> * [[Westendorfium (Algovia)|Westendorfium]]<ref name="Westendorf">Theodisca vox ''Westendorf'' in Latinam "Westendorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://phytotheque.wordpress.com/2020/02/23/handworterbuch-der-chemisch-a/ ''Handwörterbuch der chemisch – A''], ubi dicitur "(...) aceticum Westendorfii (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Algovia|Algoviā]]<ref name="Algovia"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Westendorf'')</small> * [[Westendorfium (Augusta Vindelicorum)|Westendorfium]]<ref name="Westendorf"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Augustae Vindelicorum|Circulus Augustā Vindelicorum]]<ref name="Augusta Vindelicorum"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Westendorf'')</small> * [[Westerheima (Algovia Inferior)|Westerheima]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Westerheim'')</small> * [[Westhemium (Franconia Media)|Westhemium]]<ref>Vide [https://books.google.es/books/about/Heinricum_Aucupem_Imperatorem_Public%C3%A8_d.html?id=JeunPgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y ''Heinricum Aucupem Imperatorem Publicè disputandum exhibet Præses M. Johannes Fridericus Artzberger, Westhemio Francus, Respondente Johanne Conrado Odontio, Suobaco Franco, Ad d. Octobris, in Auditorio consveto''], ubi dicitur "(...) Westhemio Francus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Westheim'')</small> * [[Wettringia (Franconia Media)|Wettringia]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wettringen'')</small> * [[Wettstetta]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wettstetten'')</small> * [[Wiara]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weyarn'')</small> * [[Widaha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchweidach'')</small> * [[Wielenbachium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wielenbach'')</small> * [[Wiesentheidium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wiesentheid'')</small> * [[Wiesethum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wieseth'')</small> * [[Wiesseum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Wiessee'')</small> * [[Wiggensbachium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wiggensbach'')</small> * [[Wilbacum (Bavaria)|Wilbacum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Weilbach'')</small> * [[Wilburgstetta]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wilburgstetten'')</small> * [[Wildenberga]]<ref name="Wildenberg">Theodisca vox ''Wildenberg'' in Latinam "Wildenberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.e-rara.ch 11846811.pdf], ubi dicitur "(...) Wildenbergae (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wildenberg'')</small> * [[Wildpoldsriedum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wildpoldsried'')</small> * [[Wilevilla]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Großweil'')</small> * [[Wilhelmersdorfium (Franconia Media)|Wilhelmersdorfium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00002149?lang=de ''Wilhelmsdorf''], ubi dicitur "(...) Wilhelmersdorfium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wilhelmsdorf'')</small> * [[Wilhelmi Vallis]]<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wilhelmsthal'')</small> * [[Wilhermsdorfium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/s1id13206570/s1id13206570_djvu.txt ''Acta eruditorum, 1691''], ubi dicitur "(...) anno superiori Wilhermsdorfii (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wilhermsdorf'')</small> * [[Willanzheima]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Willanzheim'')</small> * [[Willmarsium]]<ref name="Catalogus Personarum ... Herbipolensis 1786"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Willmars'')</small> * [[Willmeringa]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Willmering'')</small> * [[Wilstiga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/historiadiploma01fredgoog/historiadiploma01fredgoog_djvu.txt ''Historia diplomatica Friderica Secundi''], ubi dicitur "(...) versus Wilstigam et Buchardesowe (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wildsteig'')</small> * [[Wincera]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Winzer'')</small> * [[Winchilinga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00031913?lang=en ''Niederwinkling''], ubi dicitur "(...) Winchilinga (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Niederwinkling'')</small> * [[Windacum]]<ref name="Status ... Augustanae 1778"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Windach'')</small> * [[Windelsbachium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Windelsbach'')</small> * [[Windina]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wemding'')</small> * [[Windorfium]]<ref name="Windorf">Theodiscum toponymum ''Windorf'' in Latinam "Windorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://opendigi.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/search?any=Windorfium ''Eberhard Karis Universität Tübingen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Epistola ad virum doctissimum, Matth. Guil. Fr. Windorfium, exhibens Corollarium ad interpretationem loci Paul. Gal. III, 19 / Knapp, G.C. (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Windorf'')</small> * [[Winiheringa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Winhöring'')</small> * [[Winklarna]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Winklarn'')</small> * [[Winterbachium (Suebia)|Winterbachium]]<ref name="Winterbachium">Theodisca vox ''Winterbach'' in Latinam "Winterbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_fbRDAAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_fbRDAAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ''"Metropolis Ecclesiae Trevericae''], ubi dicitur "(...) secundo flumine Winterbachium Erangio (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Winterbach'')</small> * [[Winterhusa]]<ref name="Annales Francorum 1698"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Winterhausen'')</small> * [[Wipfelda]]<ref>Vide [https://books.google.es/books?id=uEfidKGB1Y0C&q=Wipfelda&hl=es&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2#v=snippet&q=Wipfelda&f=false ''De Vita Et Scriptis Conradi Celtis...''], ubi dicitur "(...) pagus est; sed ''Wipfelda'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wipfeld'')</small> * [[Wirsberga]]<ref>Vide [https://search.worldcat.org/es/title/Dissertatio-Prior-in-qua-Analysis-and-Exegesis-Epistolae-C.-Plin.-Coecilii-Secundi-Lib.-X.-XCVII.-De-Cognitione-and-poenis-Christianorum-sub-Imperat.-Traiano-Praeside-Domino-Georg.-Casp.-Kirchmaiero-...-In-Alma-Leucorea-A.-O.-R.-MDCXCIII.-Eidib.-Novemb.-luci-publicae-Auctore-Respondente-M.-Joanne-Heinrico-Albino-Wirsberga-Franco-sistitur-../oclc/1394020888 ''Imagen de cubierta para Dissertatio Prior, in qua Analysis & Exēgēsis Epistolae C. Plin. Coecili[i] Secundi, Lib. X. XCVII. De Cognitione & poenis Christianorum sub Imperat. Traiano Praeside Domino Georg. Casp. Kirchmaiero, ... In Alma Leucorea A. O. R. MDCXCIII. Eidib. Novemb. luci publicae Auctore Respondente M. Joanne Heinrico Albino, Wirsberga-Franco, sistitur .. Dissertatio Prior, in qua Analysis & Exēgēsis Epistolae C. Plin. Coecilii Secundi, Lib. X. XCVII''], ubi dicitur "(...) Auctore Respondente M. Joanne Heinrico Albino, Wirsberga-Franco (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wirsberg'')</small> * [[Wisenbachium (Suebia)|Wiesenbachium]]<ref name="Wiesenbach">Theodisca vox ''Wiesenbach'' in Latinam "Wisenbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://han.stadtarchiv.ch/inhalt/VadSlg_Ms_36_273.pdf ''Summa cum diligentia gandio me affecerunt''], ubi dicitur "(...) per wisenbachium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wiesenbach'')</small> * [[Wisenfelda]]<ref name="Wiesenfelden">Theodisca vox ''Wiesenfelden'' in Latinam "Wisenfelda" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://books.google.es/books/about/De_Modo_Qvo_Comminvtvs_Est_A_Mose_Vitvlv.html?id=C84izgEACAAJ&redir_esc=y ''De Modo Qvo Comminvtvs Est A Mose Vitvlvs Avrevs...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Frommanno Wisenfelda Cobvrgensi (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wiesenfelden'')</small> * [[Wisenta (commune)|Wisenta]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wiesent'')</small> * [[Wisintowa]]<ref>Vide [https://www.dmgh.de/search?q=Herdegen ''dMGH Beta''], ubi dicitur "(...) et Hermannus laicus Herdegen de Wisintowa laicus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wiesenthau'')</small> * [[Wisa (Bavaria)|Wisa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Steinwiesen'')</small> * [[Wisaha]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_ZfgOAAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_ZfgOAAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ''Das Urkundenbuch des Abtes Andreas im Kloster Michaelsberg bei Bamberg''], ubi dicitur "(...) predia mea Wisaha ad altare s. Michaelis (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Maroldsweisach'')</small> * [[Witegislinga]]<ref>Vide [https://geschichte-bayerns.de/ortsnamen/artikel/Schwaben/Dillingen%20an%20der%20Donau/Wittislingen/qx21o ''Wittislingen''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''ad oppidum quod nominatur Witegislinga'' (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wittislingen'')</small> * [[Wittelshofium]]<ref name="Wittelshofium">Theodisca vox ''Wittelshofen'' in Latinam "Wittelshofium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10660858?page=,1 ''Dissertatio De Translationibvs Ministrorvm In Veteri Ecclesia''], ubi dicitur "(...) Adamvs Oppenriedervs Wittelshofio-Onoldin (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wittelshofen'')</small> * [[Wittibreutum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wittibreut'')</small> * [[Witzmannsbergum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Witzmannsberg'')</small> * [[Wollbachium (Franconia Inferior)|Wollbachium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wollbach'')</small> * [[Wolferstadium]]<ref name="Status ... Eustettensis 1792"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wolferstadt'')</small> * [[Wolfertschwendium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wolfertschwenden'')</small> * [[Wolmuotha]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wolnzach'')</small> * [[Wonfurtum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.e-rara.ch ''Historia Bibliothecae Fabricianae''], ubi dicitur "(...) Wonfurto-wurzburgicus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wonfurt'')</small> * [[Woringouva]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Warngau'')</small> * [[Worringa]]<ref>Vide [https://geschichte-bayerns.de/ortsnamen/artikel/Schwaben/Unterallg%C3%A4u/Woringen/m1vx9 ''Woringen''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''in duabus villis Worringa et Puirra'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Woringen'')</small> * [[Wulfershusa ad Salam]]<ref name="Catalogus Personarum ... Herbipolensis 1786">''Catalogus Personarum Ecclesiasticarum et Beneficiorum Dioecesis Herbipolensis'', (Herbipoli, 1786).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wülfershausen an der Saale'')</small> * [[Wunsesium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00041682?lang=de ''Wonsees''], ubi dicitur "(...) Wunsesium (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wonsees'')</small> * [[Wurmannsquicka]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wurmannsquick'')</small> * [[Wurmshamia]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wurmsham'')</small> {{div col end}} == Z == {{div col|3}} * [[Zachenberga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Zachenberg'')</small> * [[Zandta]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Zandt'')</small> * [[Zangberga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Zangberg'')</small> * [[ Zapfendorfum ad Moenum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Zapfendorf'')</small> * [[Zartinchiricha]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10864944?p=545&cq=III&lang=de ''Historiæ Frisingensis''], ubi dicitur "(...) est hoc ad Zartinchiricha in III Kal Augusti (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Attenkirchen'')</small> * [[Zeitlofsium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Zeitlofs'')</small> * [[Zelha Inferior]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00026746?lang=en ''Obernzell''], ubi dicitur "(...) Zelha inferiori (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Obernzell'')</small> * [[Zellinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Zellingen'')</small> * [[Zennium Superius]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1826">''Notitia Bavariae: sive de statu regni Bavariae'' (1826).</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Obernzenn'')</small> * [[Zentinga]]<ref name="Status .... Passaviensis 1784">''Status Ecclesiasticus Dioecesis Passaviensis''; [[Batavia (Bavaria)|Bataviae]], 1784.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Zenting'')</small> * [[Zeulna Marchia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Marktzeuln'')</small> * [[Ziemetshusium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ziemetshausen'')</small> * [[Ziertheimum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ziertheim'')</small> * [[Zirndorfium]]<ref name="Status ... Eustettensis 1792"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Zirndorf'')</small> * [[Zoeschingium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Zöschingen'')</small> * [[Zollinga]]<ref>Vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/9111 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''in loco qui dicitur Zollinga'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Zolling'')</small> * [[Zorogeltinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Zorneding'')</small> * [[Zusmarshusa]]<ref>Hoc Latinum toponymum regressive derivatur Latino e gentilicio "Zusmarshusanus-a-um". Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.yumpu.com/de/document/view/21705822/online-ausgabe-download-pdf-datei-studienverlag ''Online-Ausgabe: Download pdf-Datei - StudienVerlag''], ubi dicitur "Joannes Jacobus Steb Zusmarshusanus Suevis logices studiosus."</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Zusmarshausen'')</small> * [[Zwieselium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Zwiesel'')</small> {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria:Communia Bavariae|+]] lkf8ctex3flllv0rzy1e9laa6zjx507 0 216135 3980161 3979614 2026-08-10T01:30:47Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980161 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Lower Saxony.svg|thumb|500px|Urbes et communia Saxoniae Inferioris.]] '''Index urbium, oppidorum et communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnia [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur. Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communium et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur. Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent. Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent: * Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent. * Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent. * 61 communium et tria communia generalia (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent. * 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent. === A === {{div col|3}} * [[Abensium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obbens'')</small> * [[Acheimum]]<ref name="Grote III 1877">Grote, H. (1877). ''Münzstudien: Geschichte der älteren Münzen und Urkunden des Bisthums Verden'' (Vol. VIII). Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Achim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Achem'')</small> * [[Achestedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Axstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ax'')</small> * [[Adelebsenum]]<ref name="Funck 1736">Funck, J. N. (1736). ''Disputatio Academica de Voluntaria Morte Judaeorum et Gentilium sub Praesidio S. R. I. Libero Baroni de Adelebsen Dedicata''. Rintelii: Typis Johannis Friderici Enax.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adelebsen'')</small> * [[Adenebutla]]<ref name="Pischke 1998">Pischke, G. (Ed.) (1998). ''Das Lehnsregister der Edelherren von Meinersen: Edition und historische Untersuchung der mittelalterlichen Besitzurkunden'' (Documentum anni MCCXX). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Adenbüttel'')</small> * [[Adenhusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703">Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis: De ecclesiis parochialibus et ditione antiqua oppidi Adenhusii''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahnsen'')</small> * [[Adenthorpium]]<ref name="Höhbaum 1876">Höhbaum, K. (Ed.) (1876). ''Hansisches Urkundenbuch: Monumenta Germaniae Historica e codicibus diplomaticis Bremensibus et Luneburgensibus'' (Vol. I). Halis Saxonum: Typis Orphanotrophei.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Adendörp'')</small> * [[Affinghusia]]<ref name="Rathlef 1766">Rathlef, E. L. (1766). ''Geschichte der Grafschaften Hoya und Diepholz: Monimenta diplomatica et antiquitates ditionis Affinghusiae'' (Vol. I). Bremae: Försterischen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Affinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Affinghusen'' seu ''Affjehusen'')</small> * [[Alrebekesa]]<ref name="Oven 1872">Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck'')</small> * [[Ahusium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ahusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahusen'')</small> * [[Alfelda]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Allefelle'')</small> * [[Alfhusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfhausen'')</small> * [[Algermissenum]]<ref name="Hoogeweg III 1903">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1903). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et privilegia de Algermisseno)'' (Vol. III). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Algermissen'')</small> * [[Almstedium]]<ref name="Hoogeweg II 1901">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1901). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et registra de Almstedio)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Almstedt'')</small> * [[Alorstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1758">Pratje, J. H. (1758). ''Historische Nachrichten von dem ehemaligen berühmten Closter Harsefeld: Monumenta ac documenta saeculi XII ubi de decimis Alorstedii agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlerstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohlers'')</small> * [[Alvstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759">Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfs'' seu ''Alfst'')</small> * [[Amelinghusium]]<ref name="Baring 1746">Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'')</small> * [[Anchemium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ankum'')</small> * [[Andervenia]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Andervenne'')</small> * [[Andorlangia]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Anderlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Annerlingen'')</small> * [[Antiqua Medingha]]<ref name="Homeyer X 2006">Homeyer, J. (Ed.) (2006). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Medingen: Lüneburger Urkundenbuch (Monimenta historica saeculi XIV de parochia Medinghae) (Vol. X)''. Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Altenmedingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohmein'')</small> * [[Apenum]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aap'')</small> * [[Apleremum]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apelern'')</small> * [[Appelium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Appel'')</small> * [[Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis]]<ref name="Mirus 1826">Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz'')</small> * [[Aquae Nendorpenses]]<ref name="Marcard 1805">Marcard, H. M. (1805). ''De salubritate aquarum nendorpensium et de earum usu in morbis chronicis''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich; et: Macard, H. M. (1805). ''De usu salutari fontium salinorum in territorio Hildesiensi sitorum''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Nenndorf'')</small> * [[Aquae Zwischenahnenses]]<ref name="Statisitakamt Nord 2025">Statistikamt Nord (Editio Latina). ''Catalogus Urbium et Communium Germaniae''. Hamburgi, 2025.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Zwischenahn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Twiskenoan'' seu ''Boad Twiskenoan''; [[Saxonice]] ''Twüschenahn'')</small> * [[Aroldishusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'')</small> * [[Artlenburgum]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Artlenburg'')</small> * [[Artlissa]]<ref name="Mader 1664">Mader, J. J. (1664). ''Antiquitates Brunsvicenses: De antiquis parochiis Saxonum et finibus dioecesis Mindensis (Caput de parochia Artlissa)''. Helmestadii: Typis Henningi Mulleri.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aerzen'': quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Ärzen'')</small> * [[Arx Agathae]]<ref name="Kochen 1724">Kochen, J. H. (1724). ''Introductio in Historiam Ducatus Bremensis y Verdensis: Accesserunt diplomata varia et descriptio Arcis Agathae et ditionis Stadiensis''. Stadae: Typis Caspari Holmii.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Agathenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gothenborg'')</small> * [[Ascalingium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlden'')</small> * [[Asanthorpium]]<ref name="Vogell 1856">Vogell, A. (Ed.) (1856). ''Urkundenbuch des Bisthums Verden y des Collegiatstifts Bardewick: Chartae, diplomata et monumenta historica saeculi XIII...''. Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Harburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Harburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Harburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Harburgum]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Harburgensis-e" refertur-.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')</small> * [[Asenthorpium]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1855). ''Hoyer Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Jänecke Verlag.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Diepholtia|Circulo terrae Diepholtia]]<ref name="Landkreis Diepholz">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Diepholtia" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Diepholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Diepholtia]]", vide {{Hofmannus}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')</small> * [[Assena]]<ref name="Philippi & Bar 1892">Philippi, F., & Bär, M. (Eds.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 772-1200'' (Vol. 1). Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde von Osnabrück. </ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Essen'')</small> * [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterholz-Scharmbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosterholt-Scharmbeek'')</small> * [[Auricum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auricum]]<ref name="Emmius 1616">Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Aurich''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aurk''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Auerk'')</small> {{div col end}} === B === {{div col|3}} * [[Badberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Badbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Badbern'')</small> * [[Baddekenstedium]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel & Ohainski X 2018">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'')</small> * [[Balga]]<ref name="Udolph 1994">Udolph, J. (1994). ''Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem'' (Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Ergänzungsbände 9). Walter de Gruyter.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balje'')</small> * [[Balga Cortis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Balge'')</small> * [[Baltrumum]]<ref name="Wiarda III 1792">Wiarda, T. D. (1792). ''Ostfriesische Geschichte: Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1648'' (Vol. 3). August Friedrich Winter.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Baltrum'')</small> * [[Bamwida]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bohmte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baumte'')</small> * [[Bardenuvicum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bardowick''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bewick'')</small> * [[Bardorpium]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859">Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrdorf'')</small> * [[Barenburgum]]<ref name="Kolb 1712">Kolb, G. (1712). ''Compendium totius orbis: partim geographicum, partim historicum, partim genealogicum''. Typis Universitatis Carolo-Francisceae</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnborg'')</small> * [[Bargstedum]]<ref name="Mushard 1764">Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bargstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargst'' seu ''Bars'')</small> * [[Barnstedum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702">Bünting, H., & Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'')</small> * [[Barnstorfium]]<ref name="Böhmer 2007">Böhmer, J. F. (2007). ''Regesta Imperii III: Salisches Haus 1024–1125. Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Heinrich IV'' (T. Struve, Ed.). Böhlau Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnstrup'')</small> * [[Barsela]]<ref name="Köbler 2016">Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barßel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bäärsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassel'')</small> * [[Barsingehusa]]<ref name="Harenberg 1753">Harenberg, J. C. (1753). ''Historia ecclesiae Gandershemensis diplomatica''. Typis et Impensis Joannis Christophori Meisneri.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barsinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baschehusen'' seu ''Basche'')</small> * [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]]<ref name="Mindermann I II 2004">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2004). ''Verdener Urkundenbuch, 1. Abteilung, Band 2: 1300–1380''. Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circulo Luneburgensi]]<ref name="Landreis Lüneburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Luneburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landreis Lüneburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Luneburgensis-e" ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boorn'')</small> * [[Barum (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Barum]]<ref name="AdWzG 2010">Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, & U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Uelzen">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Ulsenensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Uelzen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Ulsenensis-e" ad [[Ulsena]]m refertur. Quo de gentilicio, vide lemma "res-publica Ulsenensis" apud {{Google Books|w_tWAAAAcAAJ|vide paginam dedicationis operis}}"; et de topnymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bourm'')</small> * [[Barunvilla]]<ref name="SdaedhdlM 1862">Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle (1862). ''Mémoires de la Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle: Année 1860–1861''. Rousseau-Pallez.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borendörp'')</small> * [[Barverum]]<ref name="Böhmer 1844">Böhmer, J. F. (1844). ''Regesta Chronologico-Diplomatica Regum et Imperatorum Romanorum: Inde a Conrado I. Usque ad Henricum VII''. Typis et Sumtibus J. C. Hermann.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barver'')</small> * [[Barwedelum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barwedel'')</small> * [[Basdalum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Basdahl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Basdaal'' seu ''Basdohl'')</small> * [[Bawinkelum]]<ref name="Moser 1738">Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bawinkel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bowinkel'')</small> * [[Bebenhusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Bebenhusa]]<ref name="Ahlfeldt 2010">Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.) (2010). ''Regnum Francorum Online: Traditio Fuldenses''. Francia-Ahlfeldt Project.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bevensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bämsen'' seu ''Bemsen'')</small> * [[Beckdorfium]]<ref name="AdWzG 2010"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beckdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beekdörp'')</small> * [[Beckedorfium]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beckedorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Biäkedörp'')</small> * [[Beckelnum]]<ref name="Böhmer 1844"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beckeln'')</small> * [[Bedenbostelum]]<ref name="NL 1924">Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel'')</small> * [[Beierstedum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beierstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barste’e'')</small> * [[Belmum]]<ref name="Moser 1738"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Belm'')</small> * [[Belumum]]<ref name="Mushard 1764"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Belum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Belen'')</small> * [[Bema (Saxonia Inferior)|Bema]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Böhme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhm'')</small> * [[Bendestorfium]]<ref name="Bührmann 2005">Bührmann, M. (2005). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen des norddeutschen Raumes''. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. </ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bendestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bendsdörp'')</small> * [[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Berga]]<ref name="Bruzen de La Martinière 1737">Bruzen de La Martinière, A. A. (1737). ''Thesaurus geographicus criticus: in quo omnium orbis terrarum regionum, civitatum, oppidorum, nominibus antiquis, medii aevi et modernis''. Ex Officina Wetsteniana.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Celle">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Cellensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Celle'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Cellensis-e" refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargen'')</small> * [[Berga (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Berga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Osnabrugae|Circulo Osnabrugae]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Osnabrugae" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osnabrück'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum ''LandKreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Osnabruga|Osnabruga-ae]]", vide Pertsch, Erich: ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'', Berolini et Monaci 1983, ISBN 3-468-07202-3, p. 1325.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Berge'')</small> * [[Berga ad Dumnam]]<ref name="Bruzen de La Martinière 1737"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergen an der Dumme''; [[Polabice]] ''Djörska'')</small> * [[Bergenborstelium]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrenborstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bornbössel'' seu ''Boornbössel'')</small> * [[Bergfelda]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergfeld''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bargfeld'')</small> * [[Bersenbrugum]]<ref name="Sandhoff 1785">Sandhoff, J. E. (1785). ''Antistitum Osnabrugensis ecclesiae, qui per decem saecula episcopale munus in ea gesserunt, chronotaxis''. Typis Joannis Georgii Kislingii.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bersenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bessenbrügge'')</small> * [[Berumburgum]]<ref name="Emmius 1616"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'')</small> * [[Bestena]]<ref name="Jellinghaus 1923">Jellinghaus, H. (1923). ''Die westfälischen Ortsnamen nach ihren Bestandteilen''' (III ed.). Ferdinand Schöningh.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beesten'')</small> * [[Betzendorfum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Betzendorfum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bätzendörp'')</small> * [[Bevernense Castrum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'')</small> * [[Beverstedum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beverstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beverst'')</small> * [[Bienenbuttelum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bienenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bienbüddel'')</small> * [[Bilshusa]]<ref name="Wolf 1819">Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'')</small> * [[Binethemum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688">Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim'')</small> * [[Binnenum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Binnen'')</small> * [[Bippenum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bippen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bippen'')</small> * [[Birsina]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bassum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassen'')</small> * [[Bissendorpum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bissendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissendörp'')</small> * [[Blenderum]]<ref name="Brosius 1993">Brosius, D. (1993). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum'' (Vol. 1). Wallstein Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Blender''; [[Saxonice]] ''Blenner'')</small> * [[Bliederstorpum]]<ref name="Trüper 2017">Trüper, H. G. (2017). ''Urkundenbuch der Herren von Zesterfleth: 1232–1657''. Wallstein Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bliedersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bliersdörp'')</small> * [[Bobentunum]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bovenden''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bovten'')</small> * [[Bocensis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bückeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bückeborg'')</small> * [[Bocholta (Circulus Heidensis)|Bocholta]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1859"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Heidensis|Circulo Heidensi]]<ref name="Heidekreis">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Heidensis" -Theodisce ''Heidekreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum gentilicium "Heidensis-e" Theodiscum lexema ''Heide-'' vertit.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')</small> * [[Bocholta (Circulus Theorosburgensis)|Bocholta]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Theorosburgensis|Circulo Theorosburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Schaumburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Theorosburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Schaumburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio "Theorosburgensis-e", quod ad [[Theorosburgum]] refertur, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukholt'')</small> * [[Bocholtum in Ericeto]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>[[urbs]] et commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz in der Nordheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')</small> * [[Bochorna (Circulus Frisicus)|Bochorna]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873">Ehmck, D. R., & von Bippen, W. (Ed.) (1873). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1300''. C. Schünemann.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Frisicus|Circulo Frisico]]<ref name="Landkreis Friesland">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Frisicus" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Friesland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Frisicus-a-um" ad [[Frisia (discretiva)|Frisiam]] refertur. Quod de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bockhorn'')</small> * [[Bochorna (Circulus Vetha)|Bochorna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Vetha|Circulo Vetha]]<ref name="Landkreis Vechta">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Vetha" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Vechta'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo).</ref><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bakum'')</small> * [[Bochorstia]]<ref name="Erhard 1851">Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bockhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukhast'')</small> * [[Bodendicum]]<ref name="Brosius 1985">Brosius, D. (1985). ''Aus der Geschichte der Burg Bodenteich''. Ecomed Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bodenteich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bonndiek'')</small> * [[Bodenfelda]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenfelde'')</small> * [[Bodensa]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph">Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodensee'')</small> * [[Bodonis Insula]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'')</small> * [[Boffeshusium]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'')</small> * [[Boitersena]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2001). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden: Band 1''. Von den Anfängen bis 1300. [[Stadae|Stadis]]: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bötersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boitzen'')</small> * [[Boitzia]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Boitze''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhtz'')</small> * [[Bokenstorpium]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bokensdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokensdörp'')</small> * [[Bokenum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bockenem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokeln'')</small> * [[Borchwega]]<ref name="Rüther 1905">Rüther, H. (Ed.) (1905). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Neuenwalde''. Halle’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burweg'')</small> * [[Borkna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Borkum''; [[lingua Frisica|Frisice]] ''Boarkum''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Börkum'')</small> * [[Borna Castra]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berne'')</small> * [[Borsla]]<ref name="Niemeyer 2012">Niemeyer, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bösel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Böäsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bäsel'')</small> * [[Borstla]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1842">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1842). ''Diepholzer Urkundenbuch: Authentische Urkunden zur Geschichte der Grafschaft Diepholz''. [[Hannovera]]e: Hahn'schen Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Borstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bössel'')</small> * [[Botela]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bothel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bootel'')</small> * [[Brachia (Germania)|Brachia]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Brake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braak'' seu ''Broak'')</small> * [[Braclina]]<ref name="Rübel 1881">Rübel, K. (Ed.) (1881). ''Dortmunder Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1340''. [[Isarlohia]]e: J. Baedeker.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brackel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braackel'')</small> * [[Bramascus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bramsche'')</small> * [[Breddenberga]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898">Wilmans, R., & Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Breddenberg'')</small> * [[Bredenforda]]<ref name="Hoogeweg 1898">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde'')</small> * [[Bredthorpium]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Breddorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Breddörp'')</small> * [[Brestum (Saxonia Inferior)|Brestum]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brest'')</small> * [[Brincama]]<ref name="Friedländer 1878">Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. (Jahre 787–1470)''. [[Emda]]e: Haynel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brinkum'')</small> * [[Britlinga]]<ref name="Udolph 2004">Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brietlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brietl'')</small> * [[Brochema]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brockum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Broubm'' seu ''Brookm'')</small> * [[Brocleda]]<ref name="Janicke 1896">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1''. [[Lipsia]]e: S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bröckel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bräukel'')</small> * [[Broclina]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brockel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brookel'')</small> * [[Broma]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski 2014">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (Ed.). (2014). ''Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch: Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Gifhorn''. [[Bilivelda]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brome''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brom'')</small> * [[Brochusium-Vilsena]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855"/><ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bruchhausen-Vilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brooksen-Vilsen'')</small> * [[Brunsvicum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Braunschweig''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brunswiek''; [[lingua Saxonica|Brunsvicice]] dialectaliter ''Bronswiek'' seu ''Brönswiek'')</small> * [[Bukina]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bücken''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bücken'')</small> * [[Bulcova]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bülkau'')</small> * [[Bulsteda]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bülstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büls'')</small> * [[Brunla]]<ref name="Bode 1893">Bode, G. (Ed.) (1893). ''Urkundenbuch der Stadt Goslar und der in und bei Goslar belegenen geistlichen Stiftungen: Band 1 (922 bis 1250)''.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Braunlage'')</small> * [[Bunda]]<ref name="Deiter">Deiter, H. (1881). Oldeborchs, Pastoris zu Bunda in Reiderland, kleine ostfriesische Chronicke, betreffend die Jahre 1558 bis 1605. ''Jahrbuch de Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst und vaterländische Altertümer zu Emden''.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bunde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bunn'')</small> * [[Burchardivillare]]<ref name="Janicke 1892">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1892). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1. Bis zum Jahre 1221''. S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|Circulo Guelpherbytensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Wolfenbüttel">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Guelpherbytensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Wolfenbüttel'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Guelpherbytensis-e" ad [[Guelpherbytum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://vd18.gbv.de/viewer/fullscreen/006049869/1/ ''vd18.gbv.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Pro eo ac debuisti, urbs aerumnosa, infelix ac misera Guelpherbytum (...)"; et quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/MBRY52X6EUWPQOQRFBKHVLYBSUG4M6LS ''Carmina Votiva Honori Clarißimi atq[ue] Experientißimi Viri Dn. Samuelis Stockhausen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Practici Guelpherbytensis (...)".</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'')</small> * [[Burgdorfium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(in [[Hannovera (regio)|Regione Hannovera]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'' seu ''Bortörp'')</small> * [[Burgium (Saxonia Inferior)|Burgium]]<ref name="Remling VII 2026">Remling, L. (2026). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Emsland''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Börger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borger'')</small> * [[Buria (Saxonia Inferior)|Buria]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bühren'')</small> * [[Bursina (Saxonia Inferior)|Bursina]]<ref name="Casemir 2003">Casemir, K. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil III)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Börßum'')</small> * [[Butiadinga]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen II 1876">Ehmck, D. R., & Bippen, W. von. (Ed.) (1876). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 2. 1301–1350''. D. Ed. Müller.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Butjadingen'')</small> * [[Buxtehuda]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1842">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1842). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buxtehude''; [[Saxonice]] ''Buxthu'')</small> * [[Byspinga]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1859">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1859). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Fünfte Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bispingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissen'')</small> {{div col end}} === C === {{div col|3}} * [[Campus Rufus]]<ref name="Stüve 1789"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Rothenfelde'')</small> * [[Capella (Saxonia Inferior)|Capella]]<ref name="Philippi II 1894">Philippi, F. (Ed.) (1894). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Band 2. Die Urkunden der Jahre 1201–1250''. H. Th. Wenner.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cappeln'')</small> * [[Castrovallium]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgwedel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borwee'' seu ''Boorwee'')</small> * [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Celle'')</small> * [[Clenza]]<ref name="Janicke II 1896">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 2. Von 1221 bis 1260''. S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clenze''; [[Polabice]] ''Kloncka'')</small> * [[Cloppenburgum]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Cloppenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cloppenborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kloppenbuurich'')</small> * [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]<ref name="Erhard 1851">Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'') * [[Cramma]]<ref name="Casemir 2003"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cramme'')</small> * [[Cuxhavia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuxhoben'')</small> {{div col end}} === D === {{div col|3}} * [[Dalemia]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlem'')</small> * [[Dalenburgum]]<ref name="Rzihacek & Spreitzer XI 2024">Rzihacek, A., & Spreitzer, F. (Ed.) (2024). ''Die Urkunden Otto IV (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus XI). Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlenborg'')</small> * [[Dalum]]<ref name="Janicke II 1896"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Tahln'')</small> * [[Damma (Saxonia Inferior)|Damma]]<ref name="Philippi II 1894"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Damme'')</small> * [[Damnatzium]]<ref name="Garzmann LXXVI 2004">Garzmann, M. R. W. (Ed.) (2004). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte: Neue Folge der Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen (Band 76)''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Damnatz'')</small> * [[Danneberga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dannenberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dannenbarg''; [[Polabice]] ''Wajdars'')</small> * [[Danthorpum]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel % Udolph VII 2011">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Udolph, J. (2011). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII''). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Danndorf'')</small> * [[Dassela]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dassel'')</small> * [[Dedenhusa]]<ref name="-husaDeensen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'')</small> * [[Deinste]]<ref name="Vanni & Rossi 2012">Vanni, D., & Rossi, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Index Nominum Geographicorum Locorumque Mundi Latine Redditus''. Societas Latina.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deinste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deinst)'')</small> * [[Deinstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deinstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deins'')</small> * [[Delmenhorstium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Delmenhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Demost'')</small> * [[Dengdia]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Denkte'')</small> * [[Derental]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Derental'')</small> * [[Dersum]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dersum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Derßm'')</small> * [[Dettum]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dettum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Detten'')</small> * [[Dickel]] * [[Didderse]] * [[Diekholzen]] * [[Dielmissen]] * [[Diepenau]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Diepholtia]]<ref name="Hofmannus">{{Hofmannus}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deefholt'')</small> * [[Dinklage]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Disaldishusa]]<ref name="-husaDelligsen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Disaldishusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Reuter, A. (Ed.) (1950). ''1100 Jahre Delligsen: Geschichte der Hilsmulde und des Ortes Delligsen''. Verlag der Gemeinde Delligsen. </ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Delligsen'')</small> * [[Dissen am Teutoburger Wald]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Dohren (Emsland)|Dohren]] <small>(Emsland)</small> * [[Dohren]] <small>(Nordheide)</small> * [[Dollern]] * [[Dornum]] * [[Dörpen]] * [[Dorstadt]] * [[Dorum]] * [[Dörverden]] * [[Dötlingen]] * [[Drage (Elbe)|Drage]] * [[Drakenburg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Drangstedt]] * [[Dransfeld]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Drebber]] * [[Drentwede]] * [[Drestedt]] * [[Drochtersen]] * [[Düdenbüttel]] * [[Duderstadt]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Duingen]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Dünsen]] * [[Dunum]] {{div col end}} === E === {{div col|3}} * [[Ebbestorpium]]<ref name="Jaitner 1985">Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ebstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ebstörp'')</small> * [[Ebergötzen]] * [[Eberholzen]] * [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]<ref name="Ebersdorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf' in Latinam "Ebersdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ebersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eversdörp'')</small> * [[Echem]] * [[Edemissen]] * [[Edewecht]] * [[Egestorf]] * [[Eggermühlen]] * [[Ehra-Lessien]] * [[Ehrenburg (Niedersachsen)|Ehrenburg]] * [[Eickeloh]] * [[Eicklingen]] * [[Eildissum]]<ref name="Stumpf-Brentano II 1865">Stumpf-Brentano, K. F. (Ed.) (1865). ''Die Reichskanzler vornehmlich des X., XI. und XII. Jahrhunderts: Acta Imperii Selecta'' (Vol. 2). [[Aeni Pons (Austria)|Aeni Ponte]]: Wagner'schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Eilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlsen'')</small> * [[Eime]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Eimen]] * [[Eimke]] * [[Einbeck]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Elbe (Niedersachsen)|Elbe]] * [[Elbingerode (bei Herzberg am Harz)|Elbingerode]] * [[Eldingen]] * [[Elmlohe]] * [[Elsdorf (Niedersachsen)|Elsdorf]] * [[Elsfleth]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Elze]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Embsen]] * [[Emda]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Emlichheim]] * [[Emmendorf]] * [[Emmerthal]] * [[Emsbüren]] * [[Emstek]] * [[Emtinghausen]] * [[Engden]] * [[Engelschoff]] * [[Erkerode]] * [[Ermelstorpium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Armstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Armsdörp'')</small> * [[Esche]] * [[Eschede]] * [[Eschershausen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Esens]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Essel]] * [[Essen (Oldenburgum)]] * [[Esterwegen]] * [[Estorf (Landkreis Stade)|Estorf]] <small>(Lkr.Stade)</small> * [[Estorf (Weser)|Estorf]] <small>(Weser)</small> * [[Everinga]]<ref name="-ingaEvern">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum mediaevali formae huius toponymi ''Everinge'' testatae applicatur. Quo de mediaevali toponymo, vide: Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (1998). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil I)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsch Evern''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düütsch Äwern'')</small> * [[Everode]] * [[Eversmeer]] * [[Evessen]] * [[Eydelstedt]] * [[Eyendorf]] * [[Eystrup]] {{div col end}} === F === {{div col|3}} * [[Fallingbostela]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bad Fallingbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Fambossel'')</small> * [[Fardium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Veern'')</small> * [[Farven]] * [[Faßberg]] * [[Filsum]] * [[Fintel]] * [[Firrel]] * [[Flögeln]] * [[Florimontium (circulus Widmundensis)|Florimontium]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Blomberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bloombarg'' seu ''Blombarg'')</small> * [[Flöthe]] * [[Frankenfeld]] * [[Freden]] * [[Fredenbeck]] * [[Freiburg/Elbe]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Freistatt]] * [[Frellstedt]] * [[Freren]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Fresenburg]] * [[Friedeburg]] * [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedland]] * [[Friesoythe]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Fürstenau]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Furstenberga]] {{div col end}} === G === {{div col|3}} * [[Ganderkesee]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Gandershemium]]<ref>[http://books.google.fi/books?id=6kwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=Gandershemium&source=bl&ots=_NMr2DmhUK&sig=CXPUuuKZ8W03AC7uB3YlYYNscJ4&hl=fi&sa=X&ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Gandershemium&f=false R. p. Hertenberger: ''Historia pragmatica universalis, sacra et profana''], p.27; [http://books.google.fi/books?id=yScyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=Gandershemium&source=bl&ots=ZoGX4tZRRD&sig=8fUZc6grFgYD0jN-twVcDyzarYI&hl=fi&sa=X&ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Gandershemium&f=false ''Acta Sanctorum, Junii'' (1698-1717), cit. in ''A Companion to Hrotsvit of Gandersheim (fl. 960)''], p. 58 n.103.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Gandersheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ganderssen'')</small> * [[Gandesbergen]] * [[Garbsen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Garlstorf]] * [[Garrel]] * [[Garstedt]] * [[Gartow]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Geeste]] * [[Geestland]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Gehrde]] * [[Gehrden]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Georgsdorf]] * [[Georgsmarienhütte]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Gerdau]] * [[Gersten]] * [[Getelo]] * [[Gevensleben]] * [[Gevera]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jever'')</small> * [[Geversdorf]] * [[Gieboldehausen]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Giesen]] * [[Gifhorna]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Gifhorn'')</small> * [[Gilten]] * [[Glandorf]] * [[Gleichen]] * [[Gnarrenburg]] * [[Gödenstorf]] * [[Göhrde]] * [[Goldenstedt]] * [[Gölenkamp]] * [[Golmbach]] * [[Gorleben]] * [[Goslaria]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Goslar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Goslär'')</small> * [[Gottinga]]<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=kkM-AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=gottingensis&lr=&cd=14#v=onepage&q=&f=false Libri Googles].</ref> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Göttingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chöttingen'')</small> * [[Grafhorst]] * [[Grasberg]] * [[Grasleben]] * [[Grethem]] * [[Gronau]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Groß Berßen]] * [[Großefehn]] * [[Großenkneten]] * [[Großenwörden]] * [[Großheide]] * [[Groß Ippener]] * [[Groß Meckelsen]] * [[Groß Oesingen]] * [[Groß Twülpstedt]] * [[Grundensis Civitas Metallica]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Grund'')</small> * [[Grünendeich]] * [[Guderhandviertel]] * [[Guelpherbytum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')</small> * [[Gusborn]] * [[Gyhum]] {{div col end}} === H === {{div col|3}} * [[Hademstorf]] * [[Haga Schauenburgi]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stadthagen'')</small> * [[Hage]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Hagen am Teutoburger Wald]] * [[Hagen im Bremischen]] * [[Hagenburg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Hagermarsch]] * [[Hahausen]] * [[Halbemond]] * [[Halle (comitatus Binethensis)|Halle]] <small>(b.Neuenhaus)</small> * [[Halle (Holtisminni)|Halle]] <small>(Montes Visurgis)</small> * [[Halvesbostel]] * [[Hamala]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hameln'')</small> * [[Hambergen]] * [[Hambühren]] * [[Hämelhausen]] * [[Hamersen]] * [[Hammah]] * [[Handeloh]] * [[Handorf]] * [[Handrup]] * [[Hankensbüttel]] * [[Hannovera]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hannover''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannober'')</small> * [[Hann. Münden]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Hanstedt (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Hanstedt]] <small>(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Uelzen"/>)</small> * [[Hanstedt (Nordheide)|Hanstedt]] <small>(Nordheide)</small> * [[Harbarnsen]] * [[Hardegsen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Haren (Amisia)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Harmstorf]] * [[Harpstedt]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Harsefeld]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Harsum]] * [[Hartsburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Harzburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harzeborg'')</small> * [[Hasbergen]] * [[Haselünne]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Haßbergen]] * [[Hassel (Weser)]] * [[Hassendorf]] * [[Haste]] * [[Hatten]] * [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]] * [[Häuslingen]] * [[Haverlah]] * [[Hechthausen]] * [[Hedeper]] * [[Heede (Emsland)|Heede]] * [[Heemsen]] * [[Heere]] * [[Heeslingen]] * [[Heeßen]] * [[Hehlen]] * [[Heidenau (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenau]] * [[Heinade]] * [[Heinbockel]] * [[Heiningen (Niedersachsen)|Heiningen]] * [[Heinsen]] * [[Hellwege]] * [[Helmstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Helmstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmstidde'')</small> * [[Helpsen]] * [[Helvesiek]] * [[Hemmingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Hemmoor]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Hemsbünde]] * [[Hemslingen]] * [[Hemsloh]] * [[Hepstedt]] * [[Herzberg am Harz]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Herzlake]] * [[Hesel]] * [[Hespe]] * [[Hessisch Oldendorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Heuerßen]] * [[Heyen]] * [[Hildesia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hildesheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hilmessen'' seu ''Hilmssen'')</small> * [[Hilgermissen]] * [[Hilkenbrook]] * [[Hillerse]] * [[Hilter am Teutoburger Wald]] * [[Himbergen]] * [[Himmelpforten]] * [[Hinte]] * [[Hipstedt]] * [[Hittbergen]] * [[Hitzacker]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Hodenhagen]] * [[Höhbeck]] * [[Hohenhameln]] * [[Hohne]] * [[Hohnhorst]] * [[Hohnstorf (Albis)]] * [[Holdorf (Niedersachsen)|Holdorf]] * [[Holenberg]] * [[Holle]] * [[Hollenstedt]] * [[Hollern-Twielenfleth]] * [[Hollnseth]] * [[Holste]] * [[Holtgast]] * [[Holtisminni]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Holtsminne'')</small> * [[Holtland]] * [[Holzen (bei Eschershausen)|Holzen]] * [[Hoogstede]] * [[Hörden ad Harthicos montes]] * [[Horneburg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Horstedt (Niedersachsen)|Horstedt]] * [[Hoya]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Hoyerhagen]] * [[Hoyershausen]] * [[Hude (Oldenburg)]] * [[Hüde]] * [[Hülsede]] * [[Husum (bei Nienburg)|Husum]] * [[Hüven]] {{div col end}} === I === {{div col|3}} * [[Iburgum]]<ref name="Von Schaten 1714">Von Schaten, N. (1714). ''Monumenta Osnabrugensia ex historia romana, francica, saxonicaque eruta''. Typis Jodoci Henrici Meyer.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Iburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Ibig'' seu ''Ibig'')</small> * [[Ihlienworth]] * [[Ihlow (Frisia Orientalis)|Ihlow]] * [[Ilsede]] * [[Ingeleben]] * [[Isenbüttel]] * [[Isernhagen]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Isterberg]] * [[Itterbeck]] {{div col end}} === J === {{div col|3}} * [[Jade (Saxonia Inferior)|Jade]] * [[Jameln]] * [[Jelmstorf]] * [[Jembke]] * [[Jemgum]] * [[Jerxheim]] * [[Jesteburg]] * [[Jork]] * [[Jühnde]] * [[Juist]] {{div col end}} === K === {{div col|3}} * [[Kakenstorf]] * [[Kalbe (Niedersachsen)|Kalbe]] * [[Kalefeld]] * [[Karwitz]] * [[Katlenburg-Lindau]] * [[Kettenkamp]] * [[Kirchbrak]] * [[Kirchdorf (bei Sulingen)|Kirchdorf]] * [[Kirchgellersen]] * [[Kirchlinteln]] * [[Kirchseelte]] * [[Kirchtimke]] * [[Kirchwalsede]] * [[Kissenbrück]] * [[Klein Berßen]] * [[Klein Meckelsen]] * [[Kluse (Emsland)|Kluse]] * [[Kneitlingen]] * [[Köhlen]] * [[Königsmoor]] * [[Kranenburg (Oste)|Kranenburg]] * [[Krebeck]] * [[Krummendeich]] * [[Krummhörn]] * [[Kührstedt]] * [[Küsten]] * [[Kutenholz]] {{div col end}} === L === {{div col|3}} * [[Laar]] * [[Laatzen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Lachendorf]] * [[Laerium]]<ref name="Stüve 1789">Stüve, J. E. (1789). ''Beschreibung des Fürstenthums Osnabrück mit einigen Urkunden''. Kißling.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Laer'')</small> * [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]] * [[Lähden]] * [[Lahn (Hümmling)|Lahn]] * ''[[Lamspringe]]'' * [[Lamstedt]] * [[Landesbergen]] * [[Landolfshausen]] * [[Landwehr (Gemeinde)|Landwehr]] * [[Langelsheim]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * '''[[Langen (bei Bremerhaven)|Langen]]''' <small>(b.Bremerhaven)</small> * [[Langen (Emsland)|Langen]] <small>(Emsland)</small> * [[Langendorf (Elbe)|Langendorf]] * [[Langenhagen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Langeoog]] * [[Langlingen]] * [[Langwedel (Weser)|Langwedel]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lastrup]] * [[Lathen]] * [[Lauenau]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lauenbrück]] * [[Lauenförde]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lauenhagen]] * [[Leese]] * [[Leezdorf]] * [[Lehe (Emsland)|Lehe]] * [[Lehre (Niedersachsen)|Lehre]] * [[Lehrte]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Leiferde]] * [[Lembruch]] * [[Lemförde]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lemgow]] * [[Lemwerdera]]<ref name="Rüthning 1926">Rüthning, G. (Ed.) (1926). ''Oldenburger Urkundenbuch''. Gerhard Stalling.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lemwerder'')</small> * [[Lengede]] * [[Lengenbostel]] * [[Lengerich (Emsland)|Lengerich]] * [[Lenne (Niedersachsen)|Lenne]] * [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)|Leopolis]]<ref name="Ebel 1960">Ebel, W. (1960). ''Lübisches Recht: Erster Band''. Hansischer Geschichtsverein.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bleckede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bleikd'')</small> * [[Leri]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')</small> * [[Liebenau (Niedersachsen)|Liebenau]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Liebenburg]] * [[Lilienthal]] * [[Lindern (Oldenburg)]] * [[Lindhorst]] * [[Lindwedel]] * [[Lingen (Ems)]] <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Linsburg]] * [[Lintig]] * [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703">Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Westerstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Westerstäe'')</small> * [[Lohne (Oldenburg)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Löningen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Lorup]] * [[Loxstedt]] * [[Lübberstedt]] * [[Lübbow]] * [[Luchovia]]<ref name="Luchovia">Vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur "(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüchow''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauchüw'')</small> * [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]] * [[Lüder (Lüneburger Heide)|Lüder]] * [[Lüdersburg]] * [[Lüdersfeld]] * [[Lüerdissen]] * [[Luhden]] * [[Luneburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lümborg'' seu ''Lünborg''; [[Lingua Saxonica antiqua|Palaeosaxonice]] ''Hliuni'')</small> * [[Lünne]] * [[Lütetsburg]] * ''[[Lutter am Barenberge]]'' * [[Luttera Regalis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')</small> {{div col end}} === M === {{div col|3}} * [[Maasen]] * [[Marienhafe]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Marienhagen]] * [[Mariental (Niedersachsen)|Mariental]] * [[Marklohe]] * [[Marl (Dümmer)|Marl]] * [[Marschacht]] * [[Martfeld]] * [[Marxen]] * [[Mechtersen]] * [[Meerbeck]] * [[Meine]] * [[Meinersen]] * [[Melbeck]] * [[Melle]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Mellinghausen]] * [[Menslage]] * [[Meppea]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meppen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Möppen'')</small> * [[Merzen]] * [[Messenkamp]] * [[Messingen]] * [[Midlum (Land Wursten)|Midlum]] * [[Misselwarden]] * [[Mittelnkirchen]] * [[Mittelstenahe]] * [[Moisburg]] * [[Molbergen]] * [[Mons Catonis (Saxonia Inferior)|Mons Catonis]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Cadenberge''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuddeldutt'' seu ''Kumbarg'')</small> * [[Moormerland]] * [[Moorweg]] * [[Moringen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Müden (Alara)]] * [[Mulsum (Land Wursten)|Mulsum]] * [[Mundia Hannoverana]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Munimeri]]<ref name="Dronke 1844">Dronke, E. F. J. (Ed.) (1844). ''Traditiones et Antiquitates Fuldenses: Chartae et registra historica saeculi IX''. Fuldense: Typis Müllerianis.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Münder am Deister''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Münner'')</small> * [[Munster (Örtze)|Munster]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === N === {{div col|3}} * [[Nahrendorf]] * [[Natendorf]] * [[Neetze]] * [[Negenborn]] * [[Nenndorf (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorf]] * [[Neubörger]] * [[Neu Darchau]] * [[Neuenhaus]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Altes Land)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Altes Land)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (bei Bassum)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(b.Bassum)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Land Hadeln)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Land Hadeln)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Landkreis Osnabrück)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Lkr.Osnabrück)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Lüneburger Heide)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Lüneb.Heide)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen-Vörden]] * [[Neuharlingersiel]] * [[Neuhaus (Oste)]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Neuhof (Landkreis Hildesheim)|Neuhof]] * [[Neukamperfehn]] * [[Neulehe]] * [[Neuschoo]] * [[Neustadt am Rübenberge]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Neu Wulmstorf]] * [[Niederlangen]] * [[Niedernwöhren]] * [[Niemetal]] * [[Nienhagen (Landkreis Celle)|Nienhagen]] * [[Nienstädt]] * [[Norden]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Nordenham]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Norderney]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Nordholz]] * [[Nordleda]] * [[Nordsehl]] * [[Nordstemmen]] * [[Nörten-Hardenberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Northemium]]<ref name="Nothemium">Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur "(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Northeim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nuurten'')</small> * [[Northorna]]<ref name="Egli 1893">Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')</small> * [[Nortmoor]] * [[Nortrup]] * [[Nottensdorf]] * [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Urbs]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nienburg/Weser''; [[Saxonice]] ''Näinborg'' seu ''Nienborg'' seu ''Neenborg'' seu ''Negenborg'')</small> * [[Novale Frigidum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Colnrade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kollenroad'')</small> {{div col end}} === O === {{div col|3}} * [[Oberlangen]] * [[Oberndorf (Oste)|Oberndorf]] * [[Obernfeld]] * [[Obernholz]] * [[Obernkirchen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Ochtersum]] * [[Odisheim]] * [[Oederquart]] * [[Oerel]] * [[Oetzen]] * [[Ohne]] * [[Ohrum]] * [[Oldenburgum]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Oldendorf (Landkreis Stade)|Oldendorf]] <small>(Lkr.Stade)</small> * [[Oldendorf (Luhe)]] * [[Osloß]] * [[Osnabruga]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Osnabrück''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ossenbrääch''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Lingua Saxonica|Westfalice]] ''Ossenbrügge'')</small> * [[Osteel]] * [[Osten (Oste)|Osten]] * [[Osterbruch]] * [[Ostercappeln]] * [[Ostereistedt]] * [[Osterode am Harz]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Osterwald]] * [[Ostrhauderfehn]] * [[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Otter]] * [[Otterndorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Ottersberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Ovelgönne]] * [[Ovenhagium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Auhagen'')</small> * [[Oyten]] {{div col end}} === P === {{div col|3}} * [[Padingbüttel]] * [[Papenburg]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Parsau]] * [[Pattensen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Pegestorf]] * [[Pennigsehl]] * [[Petrimons]]<ref name="Perizonius 1758">Perizonius, J. (1758). ''Compendium historiarum antiquissimarum, civilium et ecclesiasticarum, usque ad seculum decimum octavum: Cum appendice de ducatu Westphaliae et comitatu Petrimontano''. Ex officina Wetsteniana.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Pyrmont''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Puurmont'')</small> * [[Pohle]] * [[Pollhagen]] * [[Pons Cobbanus]]<ref name="Leuckfeld 1714">Leuckfeld, J. G. (1714). ''Antiquitates Blankenburgenses, oder Historische Beschreibung derer vormals berühmten Grafen von Blankenburg, nebst dazugehörigen diplomatibus und Chartis''. Gottfried Freytag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Coppenbrügge'')</small> * [[Poynum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Peine''; [[Saxonice]] ''Paane''; [[Lingua Theodisca alta recens|Protoneoaltotheodisce]] ''Peina'')</small> * [[Praefectura Neohusana]]<ref name="Grupen II 1742">Grupen, C. U. (1742). ''Disceptationes Forenses cum Observationibus Juris: De originibus et iurisdictione praefecturarum ditionis Brunsvicensis (Caput de Praefectura Neohusana)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae: Förster.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Amt Neuhaus'')</small> * [[Pratum Vitulorum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calberlah'')</small> * [[Prezelle]] * [[Prinzhöfte]] {{div col end}} === Q === {{div col|3}} * [[Quakenbrück]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Quendorf]] * [[Querenhorst]] * [[Quernheim]] {{div col end}} === R === {{div col|3}} * [[Räbke]] * [[Radbruch]] * [[Raddestorf]] * [[Rastdorf]] * [[Rastede]] * [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]] * [[Rechtsupweg]] * [[Reeßum]] * [[Regesbostel]] * [[Rehburg-Loccum]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rehden]] * [[Rehlingen]] * [[Reinstorf]] * [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]] * [[Renkenberge]] * [[Rennau]] * [[Reppenstedt]] * [[Rethem (Aller)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rhade]] * [[Rhauderfehn]] * [[Rhede (Ems)]] * [[Rheden (Niedersachsen)|Rheden]] * [[Rhumspringe]] * [[Ribbesbüttel]] * [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]] * [[Rieste]] * [[Ringe]] * [[Ringstedt]] * [[Rinteln]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Ritterhude]] * [[Rodenberg]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rodewald]] * [[Rohrsen]] * [[Roklum]] * [[Rollshausen]] * [[Römstedt]] * [[Ronnenberg]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Rosche]] * [[Rosdorf]] * [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]] * [[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]<ref name="Rotenburgum ad Wemmam">De Latino toponymico syntagmate "[[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]" -ad quod Latinum gentilicium "Rotenburgensis-e" refertur-, vide homonymas urbes apud {{Graesse}} et {{Hofmannus}}. De hydronymo "[[Wemma]]", etiam vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rotenburg''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Rotenburg an der Wümme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rodenborg'')</small> * [[Rötgesbüttel]] * [[Rüdershausen]] * [[Rühen]] * [[Rullstorf]] {{div col end}} === S === {{div col|3}} * [[Sachsenhagen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Sagterlandia]]<ref name="BOV 2013">Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')</small> * [[Salis Cancellum]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Salzgitter''; [[Saxonice]] ''Soltgitter'')</small> * [[Salzbergen]] * [[Salzdetfordium]]<ref name="Marcard 1805"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Salzdetfurth'')</small> * [[Salzhausen]] * [[Salzhemmendorf]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Samern]] * [[Sandbostel]] * [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]] * [[Sarstedt]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Sassenburg]] * [[Sathsa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Sachsa'')</small> * [[Sauensiek]] * [[Schapen]] * [[Scharnebeck]] * [[Scheden]] * [[Scheeßel]] * [[Schellerten]] * [[Schiffdorf]] * [[Schladen-Werla]] * [[Schnackenburg]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schnega]] * [[Schneverdingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Scholen]] * [[Schönewörde]] * [[Schöningen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schöppenstedt]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schortens]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Schüttorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schwaförden]] * [[Schwanewede]] * [[Schwarme]] * [[Schwarmstedt]] * [[Schweindorf]] * [[Schweringen]] * [[Schwerinsdorf]] * [[Schwienau]] * [[Schwülper]] * [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]] * [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]] * [[Seelze]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Seesen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Seevetal]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Seggebruch]] * [[Sehlde]] * [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]] * [[Sehnde]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Selsingen]] * [[Semmenstedt]] * [[Seulingen]] * [[Sibbesse]] * [[Sickte]] * [[Siedenburg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Sittensen]] * [[Soderstorf]] * [[Sögel]] * [[Söhlde]] * [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]] * [[Soltau]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Soltendieck]] * [[Sottrum]] * [[Spahnharrenstätte]] * [[Spelle]] * [[Spiekeroog]] * [[Sprakensehl]] * [[Springe]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Stadae]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stood'')</small> * [[Stadlandia]]<ref>Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA617&lpg=PA617&dq=statlandia+saxonia&source=bl&ots=Ysl9JI4L06&sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&q=statlandia%20saxonia&f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')</small> * [[Stadtoldendorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Staffhorst]] * [[Staufenberg]] * [[Stavern]] * [[Stedesdorf]] * [[Steimbke]] * [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]] * [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]] * [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]] * [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]] * [[Stelle]] * [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]] * [[Stemshorn]] * [[Steyerberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Stinstedt]] * [[Stöckse]] * [[Stoetze]] * [[Stolzenau]] * [[Stuhr]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Südbrookmerland]] * [[Suderburg]] * [[Südergellersen]] * [[Südheide]] * [[Sudwalde]] * [[Suhlendorf]] * [[Sulingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Süpplingen]] * [[Süpplingenburg]] * [[Süstedt]] * [[Sustrum]] * [[Surwold]] * [[Suthfeld]] * [[Syke]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === T === {{div col|3}} * [[Tappenbeck]] * [[Tarmstedt]] * [[Tespe]] * [[Teuderium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'')</small> * [[Thedinghausen]] * [[Theodolfestorpum]]<ref name="Asseburg 1855">Asseburg, J. von der. (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des Geschlechts von der Asseburg (Vol. 1)''. Hahnschen Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dedelstorf'')</small> * [[Thomasburg]] * [[Thuine]] * [[Tiddische]] * [[Tiste]] * [[Toppenstedt]] * [[Tostedt]] * [[Tosterglope]] * [[Trebel]] * [[Tülau]] * [[Twieflingen]] * [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]] * [[Twistringen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === U === {{div col|3}} * [[Uchte]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Uehrde]] * [[Uelsen]] * [[Uetze]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Ulsena]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Uelzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ülz’n'')</small> * [[Ummern]] * [[Undeloh]] * [[Upgant-Schott]] * [[Uplengen]] * [[Uslar]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Utarp]] {{div col end}} === V === {{div col|3}} * [[Vahlberg]] * [[Vahlbruch]] * [[Vahlde]] * [[Vallis Augae]]<ref name="SLH 1988">Societas Latina Hannoverana (1988). ''Fasciculi geographici et historici: De parvis provinciis ditionis Hannoveranae et Schaumburgensis''. Hannoverae: Typis Exscripsit Libraria Scripturarum.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Auetal'')</small> * [[Vallis Claustra-Cella]]<ref name="Conring 1730">Conring, H. (1730). ''De Antiquitatibus Academicis Dissertationes Septem''. Officina Smeinkiana.</ref><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clausthal-Zellerfeld''; [[Supraharthice]] ''Clasthol-Zallerfall'')</small> * [[Varel]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Varrel]] * [[Vastorf]] * [[Vechelde]] * [[Velpke]] * [[Veltheim (Ohe)]] * [[Vetha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Vechta''; [[Saxonice]] ''Vechte'')</small> * [[Vicus Adelaidis]]<ref name="ALF 2016">Academia Latinitati Fovendae (2016). ''Commentarii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae: De novis parochiis et communibus Saxoniae Inferioris textus'' (Vol. XXIV). Romae: Herder.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adelheidsdorf'')</small> * [[Vierden]] * [[Vierhöfen]] * [[Vildhusia]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Wildeshausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wilshusen'')</small> * [[Villa Cremilonis]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cremlingen'')</small> * [[Visbek]] * [[Visselhövede]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Vögelsen]] * [[Vollersode]] * [[Voltlage]] * [[Vorda Bremensis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bremervörde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bremervöör'')</small> * [[Vordorf]] * [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]] * [[Vrees]] {{div col end}} === W === {{div col|3}} * [[Waake]] * [[Waddeweitz]] * [[Wagenfeld]] * [[Wagenhoff]] * [[Wahrenholz]] * [[Walchum]] * [[Walkenried]] * [[Wallenhorst]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Wallmoden]] * [[Walsrode]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wangelnstedt]] * [[Wangerland]] * [[Wangerooge]] * [[Wanna]] * [[Warberg]] * [[Wardenburg]] * [[Warmsen]] * [[Warpe]] * [[Wasbüttel]] * [[Wathlingen]] * [[Wedemark]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Weener]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Weenzen]] * [[Wehrbleck]] * [[Welle]] * [[Wendeburg]] * [[Wendisch Evern]] * [[Wennigsen]] * [[Wenzendorf]] * [[Werdum]] * [[Werlte]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Werpeloh]] * [[Wesendorf]] * [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]] * [[Westergellersen]] * [[Westerholt]] * [[Westertimke]] * [[Westerwalsede]] * [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]] * [[Westoverledingen]] * [[Wetschen]] * [[Wettrup]] * [[Weyhausen]] * [[Weyhe]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Wieda]] * [[Wiedensahl]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Wiefelstede]] * [[Wielen]] * [[Wienhausen]] * [[Wiesmoor]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Wietmarschen]] * [[Wietze]] * [[Wietzen]] * [[Wietzendorf]] * [[Wilhelmshaven]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wilstedt]] * [[Wilsum]] * [[Wingst]] * [[Winkelsett]] * [[Winnigstedt]] * [[Winsen (Aller)]] * [[Winsenia]]<ref name="Büttner">Büttner, D. S. (1710). ''Rudera Diluvii Testes, i.e. Zeichnung und Abbildung derer Columnarum Sceletonum''. Gottfried Zimmermann.</ref> <small>(ad [[Luya]]m<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Winsen'')</small> * [[Winzenburg]] * [[Wippingen]] * [[Wirdum]] * [[Wischhafen]] * [[Wistedt]] * [[Witmundia]]<ref>E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&pg=PA281&dq=Witmundia&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&q=Witmundia&f=false p. 281].</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')</small> * [[Wittingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Wittmar]] * [[Wittorf]] * [[Wohnste]] * [[Wolfsburgum]]<ref>Vide nomini arcis: Samuel Pufendorfus, ''Commentariorum de rebus Suecicis libri XXVI'' {{Google Books|lV1PAAAAcAAJ|pag. 457 et 475}}, ''Nova Acta Eruditorum'' {{Google Books|eGFlITDJFSMC|pag. 487}}, Lipsiae, anno 1756, ac ''Itininerarium Thomae Carve, Tipperariensis'' ([https://archive.org/details/itinerariumthom00kerngoog/page/n182 pag. 108]).</ref> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> </small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Wolfsburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfsborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfsbuurich'')</small> * [[Wollbrandshausen]] * [[Wollershausen]] * [[Wölpinghausen]] * [[Wolsdorf]] * [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]] * [[Woltershausen]] * [[Worpswede]] * [[Wremen]] * [[Wrestedt]] * [[Wriedel]] * [[Wulfsen]] * [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]] * [[Wunstorf]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wurster Nordseeküste]] * [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === Z === {{div col|3}} * [[Zernien]] * [[Zetel]] * [[Zeven]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Zorge]] {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]] 6tqkl1lgxv0b498vyg0lc3jkgi1sixv 3980162 3980161 2026-08-10T01:31:35Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 /* D */ 3980162 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Lower Saxony.svg|thumb|500px|Urbes et communia Saxoniae Inferioris.]] '''Index urbium, oppidorum et communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnia [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur. Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communium et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur. Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent. Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent: * Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent. * Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent. * 61 communium et tria communia generalia (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent. * 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent. === A === {{div col|3}} * [[Abensium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obbens'')</small> * [[Acheimum]]<ref name="Grote III 1877">Grote, H. (1877). ''Münzstudien: Geschichte der älteren Münzen und Urkunden des Bisthums Verden'' (Vol. VIII). Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Achim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Achem'')</small> * [[Achestedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Axstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ax'')</small> * [[Adelebsenum]]<ref name="Funck 1736">Funck, J. N. (1736). ''Disputatio Academica de Voluntaria Morte Judaeorum et Gentilium sub Praesidio S. R. I. Libero Baroni de Adelebsen Dedicata''. Rintelii: Typis Johannis Friderici Enax.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adelebsen'')</small> * [[Adenebutla]]<ref name="Pischke 1998">Pischke, G. (Ed.) (1998). ''Das Lehnsregister der Edelherren von Meinersen: Edition und historische Untersuchung der mittelalterlichen Besitzurkunden'' (Documentum anni MCCXX). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Adenbüttel'')</small> * [[Adenhusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703">Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis: De ecclesiis parochialibus et ditione antiqua oppidi Adenhusii''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahnsen'')</small> * [[Adenthorpium]]<ref name="Höhbaum 1876">Höhbaum, K. (Ed.) (1876). ''Hansisches Urkundenbuch: Monumenta Germaniae Historica e codicibus diplomaticis Bremensibus et Luneburgensibus'' (Vol. I). Halis Saxonum: Typis Orphanotrophei.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Adendörp'')</small> * [[Affinghusia]]<ref name="Rathlef 1766">Rathlef, E. L. (1766). ''Geschichte der Grafschaften Hoya und Diepholz: Monimenta diplomatica et antiquitates ditionis Affinghusiae'' (Vol. I). Bremae: Försterischen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Affinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Affinghusen'' seu ''Affjehusen'')</small> * [[Alrebekesa]]<ref name="Oven 1872">Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck'')</small> * [[Ahusium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ahusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahusen'')</small> * [[Alfelda]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Allefelle'')</small> * [[Alfhusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfhausen'')</small> * [[Algermissenum]]<ref name="Hoogeweg III 1903">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1903). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et privilegia de Algermisseno)'' (Vol. III). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Algermissen'')</small> * [[Almstedium]]<ref name="Hoogeweg II 1901">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1901). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et registra de Almstedio)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Almstedt'')</small> * [[Alorstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1758">Pratje, J. H. (1758). ''Historische Nachrichten von dem ehemaligen berühmten Closter Harsefeld: Monumenta ac documenta saeculi XII ubi de decimis Alorstedii agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlerstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohlers'')</small> * [[Alvstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759">Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfs'' seu ''Alfst'')</small> * [[Amelinghusium]]<ref name="Baring 1746">Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'')</small> * [[Anchemium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ankum'')</small> * [[Andervenia]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Andervenne'')</small> * [[Andorlangia]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Anderlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Annerlingen'')</small> * [[Antiqua Medingha]]<ref name="Homeyer X 2006">Homeyer, J. (Ed.) (2006). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Medingen: Lüneburger Urkundenbuch (Monimenta historica saeculi XIV de parochia Medinghae) (Vol. X)''. Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Altenmedingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohmein'')</small> * [[Apenum]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aap'')</small> * [[Apleremum]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apelern'')</small> * [[Appelium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Appel'')</small> * [[Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis]]<ref name="Mirus 1826">Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz'')</small> * [[Aquae Nendorpenses]]<ref name="Marcard 1805">Marcard, H. M. (1805). ''De salubritate aquarum nendorpensium et de earum usu in morbis chronicis''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich; et: Macard, H. M. (1805). ''De usu salutari fontium salinorum in territorio Hildesiensi sitorum''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Nenndorf'')</small> * [[Aquae Zwischenahnenses]]<ref name="Statisitakamt Nord 2025">Statistikamt Nord (Editio Latina). ''Catalogus Urbium et Communium Germaniae''. Hamburgi, 2025.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Zwischenahn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Twiskenoan'' seu ''Boad Twiskenoan''; [[Saxonice]] ''Twüschenahn'')</small> * [[Aroldishusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'')</small> * [[Artlenburgum]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Artlenburg'')</small> * [[Artlissa]]<ref name="Mader 1664">Mader, J. J. (1664). ''Antiquitates Brunsvicenses: De antiquis parochiis Saxonum et finibus dioecesis Mindensis (Caput de parochia Artlissa)''. Helmestadii: Typis Henningi Mulleri.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aerzen'': quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Ärzen'')</small> * [[Arx Agathae]]<ref name="Kochen 1724">Kochen, J. H. (1724). ''Introductio in Historiam Ducatus Bremensis y Verdensis: Accesserunt diplomata varia et descriptio Arcis Agathae et ditionis Stadiensis''. Stadae: Typis Caspari Holmii.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Agathenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gothenborg'')</small> * [[Ascalingium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlden'')</small> * [[Asanthorpium]]<ref name="Vogell 1856">Vogell, A. (Ed.) (1856). ''Urkundenbuch des Bisthums Verden y des Collegiatstifts Bardewick: Chartae, diplomata et monumenta historica saeculi XIII...''. Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Harburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Harburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Harburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Harburgum]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Harburgensis-e" refertur-.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')</small> * [[Asenthorpium]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1855). ''Hoyer Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Jänecke Verlag.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Diepholtia|Circulo terrae Diepholtia]]<ref name="Landkreis Diepholz">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Diepholtia" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Diepholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Diepholtia]]", vide {{Hofmannus}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')</small> * [[Assena]]<ref name="Philippi & Bar 1892">Philippi, F., & Bär, M. (Eds.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 772-1200'' (Vol. 1). Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde von Osnabrück. </ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Essen'')</small> * [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterholz-Scharmbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosterholt-Scharmbeek'')</small> * [[Auricum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auricum]]<ref name="Emmius 1616">Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Aurich''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aurk''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Auerk'')</small> {{div col end}} === B === {{div col|3}} * [[Badberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Badbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Badbern'')</small> * [[Baddekenstedium]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel & Ohainski X 2018">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'')</small> * [[Balga]]<ref name="Udolph 1994">Udolph, J. (1994). ''Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem'' (Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Ergänzungsbände 9). Walter de Gruyter.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balje'')</small> * [[Balga Cortis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Balge'')</small> * [[Baltrumum]]<ref name="Wiarda III 1792">Wiarda, T. D. (1792). ''Ostfriesische Geschichte: Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1648'' (Vol. 3). August Friedrich Winter.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Baltrum'')</small> * [[Bamwida]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bohmte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baumte'')</small> * [[Bardenuvicum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bardowick''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bewick'')</small> * [[Bardorpium]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859">Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrdorf'')</small> * [[Barenburgum]]<ref name="Kolb 1712">Kolb, G. (1712). ''Compendium totius orbis: partim geographicum, partim historicum, partim genealogicum''. Typis Universitatis Carolo-Francisceae</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnborg'')</small> * [[Bargstedum]]<ref name="Mushard 1764">Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bargstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargst'' seu ''Bars'')</small> * [[Barnstedum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702">Bünting, H., & Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'')</small> * [[Barnstorfium]]<ref name="Böhmer 2007">Böhmer, J. F. (2007). ''Regesta Imperii III: Salisches Haus 1024–1125. Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Heinrich IV'' (T. Struve, Ed.). Böhlau Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnstrup'')</small> * [[Barsela]]<ref name="Köbler 2016">Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barßel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bäärsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassel'')</small> * [[Barsingehusa]]<ref name="Harenberg 1753">Harenberg, J. C. (1753). ''Historia ecclesiae Gandershemensis diplomatica''. Typis et Impensis Joannis Christophori Meisneri.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barsinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baschehusen'' seu ''Basche'')</small> * [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]]<ref name="Mindermann I II 2004">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2004). ''Verdener Urkundenbuch, 1. Abteilung, Band 2: 1300–1380''. Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circulo Luneburgensi]]<ref name="Landreis Lüneburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Luneburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landreis Lüneburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Luneburgensis-e" ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boorn'')</small> * [[Barum (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Barum]]<ref name="AdWzG 2010">Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, & U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Uelzen">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Ulsenensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Uelzen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Ulsenensis-e" ad [[Ulsena]]m refertur. Quo de gentilicio, vide lemma "res-publica Ulsenensis" apud {{Google Books|w_tWAAAAcAAJ|vide paginam dedicationis operis}}"; et de topnymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bourm'')</small> * [[Barunvilla]]<ref name="SdaedhdlM 1862">Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle (1862). ''Mémoires de la Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle: Année 1860–1861''. Rousseau-Pallez.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borendörp'')</small> * [[Barverum]]<ref name="Böhmer 1844">Böhmer, J. F. (1844). ''Regesta Chronologico-Diplomatica Regum et Imperatorum Romanorum: Inde a Conrado I. Usque ad Henricum VII''. Typis et Sumtibus J. C. Hermann.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barver'')</small> * [[Barwedelum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barwedel'')</small> * [[Basdalum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Basdahl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Basdaal'' seu ''Basdohl'')</small> * [[Bawinkelum]]<ref name="Moser 1738">Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bawinkel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bowinkel'')</small> * [[Bebenhusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Bebenhusa]]<ref name="Ahlfeldt 2010">Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.) (2010). ''Regnum Francorum Online: Traditio Fuldenses''. Francia-Ahlfeldt Project.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bevensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bämsen'' seu ''Bemsen'')</small> * [[Beckdorfium]]<ref name="AdWzG 2010"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beckdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beekdörp'')</small> * [[Beckedorfium]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beckedorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Biäkedörp'')</small> * [[Beckelnum]]<ref name="Böhmer 1844"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beckeln'')</small> * [[Bedenbostelum]]<ref name="NL 1924">Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel'')</small> * [[Beierstedum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beierstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barste’e'')</small> * [[Belmum]]<ref name="Moser 1738"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Belm'')</small> * [[Belumum]]<ref name="Mushard 1764"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Belum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Belen'')</small> * [[Bema (Saxonia Inferior)|Bema]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Böhme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhm'')</small> * [[Bendestorfium]]<ref name="Bührmann 2005">Bührmann, M. (2005). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen des norddeutschen Raumes''. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. </ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bendestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bendsdörp'')</small> * [[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Berga]]<ref name="Bruzen de La Martinière 1737">Bruzen de La Martinière, A. A. (1737). ''Thesaurus geographicus criticus: in quo omnium orbis terrarum regionum, civitatum, oppidorum, nominibus antiquis, medii aevi et modernis''. Ex Officina Wetsteniana.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Celle">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Cellensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Celle'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Cellensis-e" refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargen'')</small> * [[Berga (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Berga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Osnabrugae|Circulo Osnabrugae]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Osnabrugae" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osnabrück'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum ''LandKreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Osnabruga|Osnabruga-ae]]", vide Pertsch, Erich: ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'', Berolini et Monaci 1983, ISBN 3-468-07202-3, p. 1325.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Berge'')</small> * [[Berga ad Dumnam]]<ref name="Bruzen de La Martinière 1737"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergen an der Dumme''; [[Polabice]] ''Djörska'')</small> * [[Bergenborstelium]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrenborstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bornbössel'' seu ''Boornbössel'')</small> * [[Bergfelda]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergfeld''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bargfeld'')</small> * [[Bersenbrugum]]<ref name="Sandhoff 1785">Sandhoff, J. E. (1785). ''Antistitum Osnabrugensis ecclesiae, qui per decem saecula episcopale munus in ea gesserunt, chronotaxis''. Typis Joannis Georgii Kislingii.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bersenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bessenbrügge'')</small> * [[Berumburgum]]<ref name="Emmius 1616"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'')</small> * [[Bestena]]<ref name="Jellinghaus 1923">Jellinghaus, H. (1923). ''Die westfälischen Ortsnamen nach ihren Bestandteilen''' (III ed.). Ferdinand Schöningh.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beesten'')</small> * [[Betzendorfum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Betzendorfum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bätzendörp'')</small> * [[Bevernense Castrum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'')</small> * [[Beverstedum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beverstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beverst'')</small> * [[Bienenbuttelum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bienenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bienbüddel'')</small> * [[Bilshusa]]<ref name="Wolf 1819">Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'')</small> * [[Binethemum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688">Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim'')</small> * [[Binnenum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Binnen'')</small> * [[Bippenum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bippen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bippen'')</small> * [[Birsina]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bassum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassen'')</small> * [[Bissendorpum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bissendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissendörp'')</small> * [[Blenderum]]<ref name="Brosius 1993">Brosius, D. (1993). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum'' (Vol. 1). Wallstein Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Blender''; [[Saxonice]] ''Blenner'')</small> * [[Bliederstorpum]]<ref name="Trüper 2017">Trüper, H. G. (2017). ''Urkundenbuch der Herren von Zesterfleth: 1232–1657''. Wallstein Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bliedersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bliersdörp'')</small> * [[Bobentunum]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bovenden''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bovten'')</small> * [[Bocensis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bückeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bückeborg'')</small> * [[Bocholta (Circulus Heidensis)|Bocholta]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1859"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Heidensis|Circulo Heidensi]]<ref name="Heidekreis">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Heidensis" -Theodisce ''Heidekreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum gentilicium "Heidensis-e" Theodiscum lexema ''Heide-'' vertit.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')</small> * [[Bocholta (Circulus Theorosburgensis)|Bocholta]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Theorosburgensis|Circulo Theorosburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Schaumburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Theorosburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Schaumburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio "Theorosburgensis-e", quod ad [[Theorosburgum]] refertur, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukholt'')</small> * [[Bocholtum in Ericeto]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>[[urbs]] et commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz in der Nordheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')</small> * [[Bochorna (Circulus Frisicus)|Bochorna]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873">Ehmck, D. R., & von Bippen, W. (Ed.) (1873). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1300''. C. Schünemann.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Frisicus|Circulo Frisico]]<ref name="Landkreis Friesland">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Frisicus" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Friesland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Frisicus-a-um" ad [[Frisia (discretiva)|Frisiam]] refertur. Quod de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bockhorn'')</small> * [[Bochorna (Circulus Vetha)|Bochorna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Vetha|Circulo Vetha]]<ref name="Landkreis Vechta">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Vetha" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Vechta'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo).</ref><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bakum'')</small> * [[Bochorstia]]<ref name="Erhard 1851">Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bockhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukhast'')</small> * [[Bodendicum]]<ref name="Brosius 1985">Brosius, D. (1985). ''Aus der Geschichte der Burg Bodenteich''. Ecomed Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bodenteich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bonndiek'')</small> * [[Bodenfelda]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenfelde'')</small> * [[Bodensa]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph">Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodensee'')</small> * [[Bodonis Insula]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'')</small> * [[Boffeshusium]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'')</small> * [[Boitersena]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2001). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden: Band 1''. Von den Anfängen bis 1300. [[Stadae|Stadis]]: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bötersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boitzen'')</small> * [[Boitzia]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Boitze''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhtz'')</small> * [[Bokenstorpium]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bokensdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokensdörp'')</small> * [[Bokenum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bockenem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokeln'')</small> * [[Borchwega]]<ref name="Rüther 1905">Rüther, H. (Ed.) (1905). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Neuenwalde''. Halle’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burweg'')</small> * [[Borkna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Borkum''; [[lingua Frisica|Frisice]] ''Boarkum''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Börkum'')</small> * [[Borna Castra]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berne'')</small> * [[Borsla]]<ref name="Niemeyer 2012">Niemeyer, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bösel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Böäsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bäsel'')</small> * [[Borstla]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1842">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1842). ''Diepholzer Urkundenbuch: Authentische Urkunden zur Geschichte der Grafschaft Diepholz''. [[Hannovera]]e: Hahn'schen Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Borstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bössel'')</small> * [[Botela]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bothel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bootel'')</small> * [[Brachia (Germania)|Brachia]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Brake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braak'' seu ''Broak'')</small> * [[Braclina]]<ref name="Rübel 1881">Rübel, K. (Ed.) (1881). ''Dortmunder Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1340''. [[Isarlohia]]e: J. Baedeker.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brackel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braackel'')</small> * [[Bramascus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bramsche'')</small> * [[Breddenberga]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898">Wilmans, R., & Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Breddenberg'')</small> * [[Bredenforda]]<ref name="Hoogeweg 1898">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde'')</small> * [[Bredthorpium]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Breddorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Breddörp'')</small> * [[Brestum (Saxonia Inferior)|Brestum]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brest'')</small> * [[Brincama]]<ref name="Friedländer 1878">Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. (Jahre 787–1470)''. [[Emda]]e: Haynel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brinkum'')</small> * [[Britlinga]]<ref name="Udolph 2004">Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brietlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brietl'')</small> * [[Brochema]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brockum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Broubm'' seu ''Brookm'')</small> * [[Brocleda]]<ref name="Janicke 1896">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1''. [[Lipsia]]e: S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bröckel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bräukel'')</small> * [[Broclina]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brockel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brookel'')</small> * [[Broma]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski 2014">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (Ed.). (2014). ''Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch: Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Gifhorn''. [[Bilivelda]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brome''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brom'')</small> * [[Brochusium-Vilsena]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855"/><ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bruchhausen-Vilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brooksen-Vilsen'')</small> * [[Brunsvicum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Braunschweig''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brunswiek''; [[lingua Saxonica|Brunsvicice]] dialectaliter ''Bronswiek'' seu ''Brönswiek'')</small> * [[Bukina]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bücken''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bücken'')</small> * [[Bulcova]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bülkau'')</small> * [[Bulsteda]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bülstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büls'')</small> * [[Brunla]]<ref name="Bode 1893">Bode, G. (Ed.) (1893). ''Urkundenbuch der Stadt Goslar und der in und bei Goslar belegenen geistlichen Stiftungen: Band 1 (922 bis 1250)''.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Braunlage'')</small> * [[Bunda]]<ref name="Deiter">Deiter, H. (1881). Oldeborchs, Pastoris zu Bunda in Reiderland, kleine ostfriesische Chronicke, betreffend die Jahre 1558 bis 1605. ''Jahrbuch de Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst und vaterländische Altertümer zu Emden''.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bunde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bunn'')</small> * [[Burchardivillare]]<ref name="Janicke 1892">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1892). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1. Bis zum Jahre 1221''. S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|Circulo Guelpherbytensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Wolfenbüttel">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Guelpherbytensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Wolfenbüttel'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Guelpherbytensis-e" ad [[Guelpherbytum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://vd18.gbv.de/viewer/fullscreen/006049869/1/ ''vd18.gbv.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Pro eo ac debuisti, urbs aerumnosa, infelix ac misera Guelpherbytum (...)"; et quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/MBRY52X6EUWPQOQRFBKHVLYBSUG4M6LS ''Carmina Votiva Honori Clarißimi atq[ue] Experientißimi Viri Dn. Samuelis Stockhausen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Practici Guelpherbytensis (...)".</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'')</small> * [[Burgdorfium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(in [[Hannovera (regio)|Regione Hannovera]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'' seu ''Bortörp'')</small> * [[Burgium (Saxonia Inferior)|Burgium]]<ref name="Remling VII 2026">Remling, L. (2026). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Emsland''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Börger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borger'')</small> * [[Buria (Saxonia Inferior)|Buria]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bühren'')</small> * [[Bursina (Saxonia Inferior)|Bursina]]<ref name="Casemir 2003">Casemir, K. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil III)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Börßum'')</small> * [[Butiadinga]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen II 1876">Ehmck, D. R., & Bippen, W. von. (Ed.) (1876). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 2. 1301–1350''. D. Ed. Müller.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Butjadingen'')</small> * [[Buxtehuda]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1842">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1842). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buxtehude''; [[Saxonice]] ''Buxthu'')</small> * [[Byspinga]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1859">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1859). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Fünfte Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bispingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissen'')</small> {{div col end}} === C === {{div col|3}} * [[Campus Rufus]]<ref name="Stüve 1789"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Rothenfelde'')</small> * [[Capella (Saxonia Inferior)|Capella]]<ref name="Philippi II 1894">Philippi, F. (Ed.) (1894). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Band 2. Die Urkunden der Jahre 1201–1250''. H. Th. Wenner.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cappeln'')</small> * [[Castrovallium]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgwedel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borwee'' seu ''Boorwee'')</small> * [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Celle'')</small> * [[Clenza]]<ref name="Janicke II 1896">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 2. Von 1221 bis 1260''. S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clenze''; [[Polabice]] ''Kloncka'')</small> * [[Cloppenburgum]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Cloppenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cloppenborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kloppenbuurich'')</small> * [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]<ref name="Erhard 1851">Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'') * [[Cramma]]<ref name="Casemir 2003"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cramme'')</small> * [[Cuxhavia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuxhoben'')</small> {{div col end}} === D === {{div col|3}} * [[Dalemia]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlem'')</small> * [[Dalenburgum]]<ref name="Rzihacek & Spreitzer XI 2024">Rzihacek, A., & Spreitzer, F. (Ed.) (2024). ''Die Urkunden Otto IV (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus XI). Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlenborg'')</small> * [[Dalum]]<ref name="Janicke II 1896"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Tahln'')</small> * [[Damma (Saxonia Inferior)|Damma]]<ref name="Philippi II 1894"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Damme'')</small> * [[Damnatzium]]<ref name="Garzmann LXXVI 2004">Garzmann, M. R. W. (Ed.) (2004). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte: Neue Folge der Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen (Band 76)''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Damnatz'')</small> * [[Danneberga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dannenberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dannenbarg''; [[Polabice]] ''Wajdars'')</small> * [[Danthorpum]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel % Udolph VII 2011">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Udolph, J. (2011). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII''). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Danndorf'')</small> * [[Dassela]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dassel'')</small> * [[Dedenhusa]]<ref name="-husaDeensen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'')</small> * [[Deinste]]<ref name="Vanni & Rossi 2012">Vanni, D., & Rossi, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Index Nominum Geographicorum Locorumque Mundi Latine Redditus''. Societas Latina.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deinste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deinst'')</small> * [[Deinstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deinstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deins'')</small> * [[Delmenhorstium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Delmenhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Demost'')</small> * [[Dengdia]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Denkte'')</small> * [[Derental]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Derental'')</small> * [[Dersum]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dersum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Derßm'')</small> * [[Dettum]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dettum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Detten'')</small> * [[Dickel]] * [[Didderse]] * [[Diekholzen]] * [[Dielmissen]] * [[Diepenau]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Diepholtia]]<ref name="Hofmannus">{{Hofmannus}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deefholt'')</small> * [[Dinklage]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Disaldishusa]]<ref name="-husaDelligsen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Disaldishusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Reuter, A. (Ed.) (1950). ''1100 Jahre Delligsen: Geschichte der Hilsmulde und des Ortes Delligsen''. Verlag der Gemeinde Delligsen. </ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Delligsen'')</small> * [[Dissen am Teutoburger Wald]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Dohren (Emsland)|Dohren]] <small>(Emsland)</small> * [[Dohren]] <small>(Nordheide)</small> * [[Dollern]] * [[Dornum]] * [[Dörpen]] * [[Dorstadt]] * [[Dorum]] * [[Dörverden]] * [[Dötlingen]] * [[Drage (Elbe)|Drage]] * [[Drakenburg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Drangstedt]] * [[Dransfeld]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Drebber]] * [[Drentwede]] * [[Drestedt]] * [[Drochtersen]] * [[Düdenbüttel]] * [[Duderstadt]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Duingen]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Dünsen]] * [[Dunum]] {{div col end}} === E === {{div col|3}} * [[Ebbestorpium]]<ref name="Jaitner 1985">Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ebstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ebstörp'')</small> * [[Ebergötzen]] * [[Eberholzen]] * [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]<ref name="Ebersdorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf' in Latinam "Ebersdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ebersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eversdörp'')</small> * [[Echem]] * [[Edemissen]] * [[Edewecht]] * [[Egestorf]] * [[Eggermühlen]] * [[Ehra-Lessien]] * [[Ehrenburg (Niedersachsen)|Ehrenburg]] * [[Eickeloh]] * [[Eicklingen]] * [[Eildissum]]<ref name="Stumpf-Brentano II 1865">Stumpf-Brentano, K. F. (Ed.) (1865). ''Die Reichskanzler vornehmlich des X., XI. und XII. Jahrhunderts: Acta Imperii Selecta'' (Vol. 2). [[Aeni Pons (Austria)|Aeni Ponte]]: Wagner'schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Eilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlsen'')</small> * [[Eime]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Eimen]] * [[Eimke]] * [[Einbeck]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Elbe (Niedersachsen)|Elbe]] * [[Elbingerode (bei Herzberg am Harz)|Elbingerode]] * [[Eldingen]] * [[Elmlohe]] * [[Elsdorf (Niedersachsen)|Elsdorf]] * [[Elsfleth]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Elze]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Embsen]] * [[Emda]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Emlichheim]] * [[Emmendorf]] * [[Emmerthal]] * [[Emsbüren]] * [[Emstek]] * [[Emtinghausen]] * [[Engden]] * [[Engelschoff]] * [[Erkerode]] * [[Ermelstorpium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Armstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Armsdörp'')</small> * [[Esche]] * [[Eschede]] * [[Eschershausen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Esens]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Essel]] * [[Essen (Oldenburgum)]] * [[Esterwegen]] * [[Estorf (Landkreis Stade)|Estorf]] <small>(Lkr.Stade)</small> * [[Estorf (Weser)|Estorf]] <small>(Weser)</small> * [[Everinga]]<ref name="-ingaEvern">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum mediaevali formae huius toponymi ''Everinge'' testatae applicatur. Quo de mediaevali toponymo, vide: Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (1998). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil I)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsch Evern''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düütsch Äwern'')</small> * [[Everode]] * [[Eversmeer]] * [[Evessen]] * [[Eydelstedt]] * [[Eyendorf]] * [[Eystrup]] {{div col end}} === F === {{div col|3}} * [[Fallingbostela]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bad Fallingbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Fambossel'')</small> * [[Fardium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Veern'')</small> * [[Farven]] * [[Faßberg]] * [[Filsum]] * [[Fintel]] * [[Firrel]] * [[Flögeln]] * [[Florimontium (circulus Widmundensis)|Florimontium]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Blomberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bloombarg'' seu ''Blombarg'')</small> * [[Flöthe]] * [[Frankenfeld]] * [[Freden]] * [[Fredenbeck]] * [[Freiburg/Elbe]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Freistatt]] * [[Frellstedt]] * [[Freren]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Fresenburg]] * [[Friedeburg]] * [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedland]] * [[Friesoythe]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Fürstenau]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Furstenberga]] {{div col end}} === G === {{div col|3}} * [[Ganderkesee]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Gandershemium]]<ref>[http://books.google.fi/books?id=6kwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=Gandershemium&source=bl&ots=_NMr2DmhUK&sig=CXPUuuKZ8W03AC7uB3YlYYNscJ4&hl=fi&sa=X&ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Gandershemium&f=false R. p. Hertenberger: ''Historia pragmatica universalis, sacra et profana''], p.27; [http://books.google.fi/books?id=yScyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=Gandershemium&source=bl&ots=ZoGX4tZRRD&sig=8fUZc6grFgYD0jN-twVcDyzarYI&hl=fi&sa=X&ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Gandershemium&f=false ''Acta Sanctorum, Junii'' (1698-1717), cit. in ''A Companion to Hrotsvit of Gandersheim (fl. 960)''], p. 58 n.103.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Gandersheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ganderssen'')</small> * [[Gandesbergen]] * [[Garbsen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Garlstorf]] * [[Garrel]] * [[Garstedt]] * [[Gartow]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Geeste]] * [[Geestland]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Gehrde]] * [[Gehrden]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Georgsdorf]] * [[Georgsmarienhütte]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Gerdau]] * [[Gersten]] * [[Getelo]] * [[Gevensleben]] * [[Gevera]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jever'')</small> * [[Geversdorf]] * [[Gieboldehausen]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Giesen]] * [[Gifhorna]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Gifhorn'')</small> * [[Gilten]] * [[Glandorf]] * [[Gleichen]] * [[Gnarrenburg]] * [[Gödenstorf]] * [[Göhrde]] * [[Goldenstedt]] * [[Gölenkamp]] * [[Golmbach]] * [[Gorleben]] * [[Goslaria]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Goslar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Goslär'')</small> * [[Gottinga]]<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=kkM-AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=gottingensis&lr=&cd=14#v=onepage&q=&f=false Libri Googles].</ref> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Göttingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chöttingen'')</small> * [[Grafhorst]] * [[Grasberg]] * [[Grasleben]] * [[Grethem]] * [[Gronau]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Groß Berßen]] * [[Großefehn]] * [[Großenkneten]] * [[Großenwörden]] * [[Großheide]] * [[Groß Ippener]] * [[Groß Meckelsen]] * [[Groß Oesingen]] * [[Groß Twülpstedt]] * [[Grundensis Civitas Metallica]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Grund'')</small> * [[Grünendeich]] * [[Guderhandviertel]] * [[Guelpherbytum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')</small> * [[Gusborn]] * [[Gyhum]] {{div col end}} === H === {{div col|3}} * [[Hademstorf]] * [[Haga Schauenburgi]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stadthagen'')</small> * [[Hage]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Hagen am Teutoburger Wald]] * [[Hagen im Bremischen]] * [[Hagenburg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Hagermarsch]] * [[Hahausen]] * [[Halbemond]] * [[Halle (comitatus Binethensis)|Halle]] <small>(b.Neuenhaus)</small> * [[Halle (Holtisminni)|Halle]] <small>(Montes Visurgis)</small> * [[Halvesbostel]] * [[Hamala]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hameln'')</small> * [[Hambergen]] * [[Hambühren]] * [[Hämelhausen]] * [[Hamersen]] * [[Hammah]] * [[Handeloh]] * [[Handorf]] * [[Handrup]] * [[Hankensbüttel]] * [[Hannovera]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hannover''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannober'')</small> * [[Hann. Münden]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Hanstedt (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Hanstedt]] <small>(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Uelzen"/>)</small> * [[Hanstedt (Nordheide)|Hanstedt]] <small>(Nordheide)</small> * [[Harbarnsen]] * [[Hardegsen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Haren (Amisia)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Harmstorf]] * [[Harpstedt]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Harsefeld]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Harsum]] * [[Hartsburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Harzburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harzeborg'')</small> * [[Hasbergen]] * [[Haselünne]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Haßbergen]] * [[Hassel (Weser)]] * [[Hassendorf]] * [[Haste]] * [[Hatten]] * [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]] * [[Häuslingen]] * [[Haverlah]] * [[Hechthausen]] * [[Hedeper]] * [[Heede (Emsland)|Heede]] * [[Heemsen]] * [[Heere]] * [[Heeslingen]] * [[Heeßen]] * [[Hehlen]] * [[Heidenau (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenau]] * [[Heinade]] * [[Heinbockel]] * [[Heiningen (Niedersachsen)|Heiningen]] * [[Heinsen]] * [[Hellwege]] * [[Helmstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Helmstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmstidde'')</small> * [[Helpsen]] * [[Helvesiek]] * [[Hemmingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Hemmoor]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Hemsbünde]] * [[Hemslingen]] * [[Hemsloh]] * [[Hepstedt]] * [[Herzberg am Harz]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Herzlake]] * [[Hesel]] * [[Hespe]] * [[Hessisch Oldendorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Heuerßen]] * [[Heyen]] * [[Hildesia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hildesheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hilmessen'' seu ''Hilmssen'')</small> * [[Hilgermissen]] * [[Hilkenbrook]] * [[Hillerse]] * [[Hilter am Teutoburger Wald]] * [[Himbergen]] * [[Himmelpforten]] * [[Hinte]] * [[Hipstedt]] * [[Hittbergen]] * [[Hitzacker]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Hodenhagen]] * [[Höhbeck]] * [[Hohenhameln]] * [[Hohne]] * [[Hohnhorst]] * [[Hohnstorf (Albis)]] * [[Holdorf (Niedersachsen)|Holdorf]] * [[Holenberg]] * [[Holle]] * [[Hollenstedt]] * [[Hollern-Twielenfleth]] * [[Hollnseth]] * [[Holste]] * [[Holtgast]] * [[Holtisminni]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Holtsminne'')</small> * [[Holtland]] * [[Holzen (bei Eschershausen)|Holzen]] * [[Hoogstede]] * [[Hörden ad Harthicos montes]] * [[Horneburg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Horstedt (Niedersachsen)|Horstedt]] * [[Hoya]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Hoyerhagen]] * [[Hoyershausen]] * [[Hude (Oldenburg)]] * [[Hüde]] * [[Hülsede]] * [[Husum (bei Nienburg)|Husum]] * [[Hüven]] {{div col end}} === I === {{div col|3}} * [[Iburgum]]<ref name="Von Schaten 1714">Von Schaten, N. (1714). ''Monumenta Osnabrugensia ex historia romana, francica, saxonicaque eruta''. Typis Jodoci Henrici Meyer.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Iburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Ibig'' seu ''Ibig'')</small> * [[Ihlienworth]] * [[Ihlow (Frisia Orientalis)|Ihlow]] * [[Ilsede]] * [[Ingeleben]] * [[Isenbüttel]] * [[Isernhagen]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Isterberg]] * [[Itterbeck]] {{div col end}} === J === {{div col|3}} * [[Jade (Saxonia Inferior)|Jade]] * [[Jameln]] * [[Jelmstorf]] * [[Jembke]] * [[Jemgum]] * [[Jerxheim]] * [[Jesteburg]] * [[Jork]] * [[Jühnde]] * [[Juist]] {{div col end}} === K === {{div col|3}} * [[Kakenstorf]] * [[Kalbe (Niedersachsen)|Kalbe]] * [[Kalefeld]] * [[Karwitz]] * [[Katlenburg-Lindau]] * [[Kettenkamp]] * [[Kirchbrak]] * [[Kirchdorf (bei Sulingen)|Kirchdorf]] * [[Kirchgellersen]] * [[Kirchlinteln]] * [[Kirchseelte]] * [[Kirchtimke]] * [[Kirchwalsede]] * [[Kissenbrück]] * [[Klein Berßen]] * [[Klein Meckelsen]] * [[Kluse (Emsland)|Kluse]] * [[Kneitlingen]] * [[Köhlen]] * [[Königsmoor]] * [[Kranenburg (Oste)|Kranenburg]] * [[Krebeck]] * [[Krummendeich]] * [[Krummhörn]] * [[Kührstedt]] * [[Küsten]] * [[Kutenholz]] {{div col end}} === L === {{div col|3}} * [[Laar]] * [[Laatzen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Lachendorf]] * [[Laerium]]<ref name="Stüve 1789">Stüve, J. E. (1789). ''Beschreibung des Fürstenthums Osnabrück mit einigen Urkunden''. Kißling.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Laer'')</small> * [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]] * [[Lähden]] * [[Lahn (Hümmling)|Lahn]] * ''[[Lamspringe]]'' * [[Lamstedt]] * [[Landesbergen]] * [[Landolfshausen]] * [[Landwehr (Gemeinde)|Landwehr]] * [[Langelsheim]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * '''[[Langen (bei Bremerhaven)|Langen]]''' <small>(b.Bremerhaven)</small> * [[Langen (Emsland)|Langen]] <small>(Emsland)</small> * [[Langendorf (Elbe)|Langendorf]] * [[Langenhagen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Langeoog]] * [[Langlingen]] * [[Langwedel (Weser)|Langwedel]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lastrup]] * [[Lathen]] * [[Lauenau]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lauenbrück]] * [[Lauenförde]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lauenhagen]] * [[Leese]] * [[Leezdorf]] * [[Lehe (Emsland)|Lehe]] * [[Lehre (Niedersachsen)|Lehre]] * [[Lehrte]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Leiferde]] * [[Lembruch]] * [[Lemförde]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lemgow]] * [[Lemwerdera]]<ref name="Rüthning 1926">Rüthning, G. (Ed.) (1926). ''Oldenburger Urkundenbuch''. Gerhard Stalling.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lemwerder'')</small> * [[Lengede]] * [[Lengenbostel]] * [[Lengerich (Emsland)|Lengerich]] * [[Lenne (Niedersachsen)|Lenne]] * [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)|Leopolis]]<ref name="Ebel 1960">Ebel, W. (1960). ''Lübisches Recht: Erster Band''. Hansischer Geschichtsverein.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bleckede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bleikd'')</small> * [[Leri]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')</small> * [[Liebenau (Niedersachsen)|Liebenau]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Liebenburg]] * [[Lilienthal]] * [[Lindern (Oldenburg)]] * [[Lindhorst]] * [[Lindwedel]] * [[Lingen (Ems)]] <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Linsburg]] * [[Lintig]] * [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703">Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Westerstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Westerstäe'')</small> * [[Lohne (Oldenburg)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Löningen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Lorup]] * [[Loxstedt]] * [[Lübberstedt]] * [[Lübbow]] * [[Luchovia]]<ref name="Luchovia">Vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur "(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüchow''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauchüw'')</small> * [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]] * [[Lüder (Lüneburger Heide)|Lüder]] * [[Lüdersburg]] * [[Lüdersfeld]] * [[Lüerdissen]] * [[Luhden]] * [[Luneburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lümborg'' seu ''Lünborg''; [[Lingua Saxonica antiqua|Palaeosaxonice]] ''Hliuni'')</small> * [[Lünne]] * [[Lütetsburg]] * ''[[Lutter am Barenberge]]'' * [[Luttera Regalis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')</small> {{div col end}} === M === {{div col|3}} * [[Maasen]] * [[Marienhafe]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Marienhagen]] * [[Mariental (Niedersachsen)|Mariental]] * [[Marklohe]] * [[Marl (Dümmer)|Marl]] * [[Marschacht]] * [[Martfeld]] * [[Marxen]] * [[Mechtersen]] * [[Meerbeck]] * [[Meine]] * [[Meinersen]] * [[Melbeck]] * [[Melle]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Mellinghausen]] * [[Menslage]] * [[Meppea]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meppen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Möppen'')</small> * [[Merzen]] * [[Messenkamp]] * [[Messingen]] * [[Midlum (Land Wursten)|Midlum]] * [[Misselwarden]] * [[Mittelnkirchen]] * [[Mittelstenahe]] * [[Moisburg]] * [[Molbergen]] * [[Mons Catonis (Saxonia Inferior)|Mons Catonis]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Cadenberge''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuddeldutt'' seu ''Kumbarg'')</small> * [[Moormerland]] * [[Moorweg]] * [[Moringen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Müden (Alara)]] * [[Mulsum (Land Wursten)|Mulsum]] * [[Mundia Hannoverana]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Munimeri]]<ref name="Dronke 1844">Dronke, E. F. J. (Ed.) (1844). ''Traditiones et Antiquitates Fuldenses: Chartae et registra historica saeculi IX''. Fuldense: Typis Müllerianis.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Münder am Deister''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Münner'')</small> * [[Munster (Örtze)|Munster]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === N === {{div col|3}} * [[Nahrendorf]] * [[Natendorf]] * [[Neetze]] * [[Negenborn]] * [[Nenndorf (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorf]] * [[Neubörger]] * [[Neu Darchau]] * [[Neuenhaus]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Altes Land)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Altes Land)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (bei Bassum)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(b.Bassum)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Land Hadeln)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Land Hadeln)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Landkreis Osnabrück)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Lkr.Osnabrück)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Lüneburger Heide)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Lüneb.Heide)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen-Vörden]] * [[Neuharlingersiel]] * [[Neuhaus (Oste)]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Neuhof (Landkreis Hildesheim)|Neuhof]] * [[Neukamperfehn]] * [[Neulehe]] * [[Neuschoo]] * [[Neustadt am Rübenberge]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Neu Wulmstorf]] * [[Niederlangen]] * [[Niedernwöhren]] * [[Niemetal]] * [[Nienhagen (Landkreis Celle)|Nienhagen]] * [[Nienstädt]] * [[Norden]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Nordenham]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Norderney]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Nordholz]] * [[Nordleda]] * [[Nordsehl]] * [[Nordstemmen]] * [[Nörten-Hardenberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Northemium]]<ref name="Nothemium">Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur "(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Northeim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nuurten'')</small> * [[Northorna]]<ref name="Egli 1893">Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')</small> * [[Nortmoor]] * [[Nortrup]] * [[Nottensdorf]] * [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Urbs]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nienburg/Weser''; [[Saxonice]] ''Näinborg'' seu ''Nienborg'' seu ''Neenborg'' seu ''Negenborg'')</small> * [[Novale Frigidum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Colnrade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kollenroad'')</small> {{div col end}} === O === {{div col|3}} * [[Oberlangen]] * [[Oberndorf (Oste)|Oberndorf]] * [[Obernfeld]] * [[Obernholz]] * [[Obernkirchen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Ochtersum]] * [[Odisheim]] * [[Oederquart]] * [[Oerel]] * [[Oetzen]] * [[Ohne]] * [[Ohrum]] * [[Oldenburgum]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Oldendorf (Landkreis Stade)|Oldendorf]] <small>(Lkr.Stade)</small> * [[Oldendorf (Luhe)]] * [[Osloß]] * [[Osnabruga]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Osnabrück''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ossenbrääch''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Lingua Saxonica|Westfalice]] ''Ossenbrügge'')</small> * [[Osteel]] * [[Osten (Oste)|Osten]] * [[Osterbruch]] * [[Ostercappeln]] * [[Ostereistedt]] * [[Osterode am Harz]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Osterwald]] * [[Ostrhauderfehn]] * [[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Otter]] * [[Otterndorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Ottersberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Ovelgönne]] * [[Ovenhagium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Auhagen'')</small> * [[Oyten]] {{div col end}} === P === {{div col|3}} * [[Padingbüttel]] * [[Papenburg]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Parsau]] * [[Pattensen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Pegestorf]] * [[Pennigsehl]] * [[Petrimons]]<ref name="Perizonius 1758">Perizonius, J. (1758). ''Compendium historiarum antiquissimarum, civilium et ecclesiasticarum, usque ad seculum decimum octavum: Cum appendice de ducatu Westphaliae et comitatu Petrimontano''. Ex officina Wetsteniana.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Pyrmont''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Puurmont'')</small> * [[Pohle]] * [[Pollhagen]] * [[Pons Cobbanus]]<ref name="Leuckfeld 1714">Leuckfeld, J. G. (1714). ''Antiquitates Blankenburgenses, oder Historische Beschreibung derer vormals berühmten Grafen von Blankenburg, nebst dazugehörigen diplomatibus und Chartis''. Gottfried Freytag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Coppenbrügge'')</small> * [[Poynum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Peine''; [[Saxonice]] ''Paane''; [[Lingua Theodisca alta recens|Protoneoaltotheodisce]] ''Peina'')</small> * [[Praefectura Neohusana]]<ref name="Grupen II 1742">Grupen, C. U. (1742). ''Disceptationes Forenses cum Observationibus Juris: De originibus et iurisdictione praefecturarum ditionis Brunsvicensis (Caput de Praefectura Neohusana)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae: Förster.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Amt Neuhaus'')</small> * [[Pratum Vitulorum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calberlah'')</small> * [[Prezelle]] * [[Prinzhöfte]] {{div col end}} === Q === {{div col|3}} * [[Quakenbrück]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Quendorf]] * [[Querenhorst]] * [[Quernheim]] {{div col end}} === R === {{div col|3}} * [[Räbke]] * [[Radbruch]] * [[Raddestorf]] * [[Rastdorf]] * [[Rastede]] * [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]] * [[Rechtsupweg]] * [[Reeßum]] * [[Regesbostel]] * [[Rehburg-Loccum]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rehden]] * [[Rehlingen]] * [[Reinstorf]] * [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]] * [[Renkenberge]] * [[Rennau]] * [[Reppenstedt]] * [[Rethem (Aller)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rhade]] * [[Rhauderfehn]] * [[Rhede (Ems)]] * [[Rheden (Niedersachsen)|Rheden]] * [[Rhumspringe]] * [[Ribbesbüttel]] * [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]] * [[Rieste]] * [[Ringe]] * [[Ringstedt]] * [[Rinteln]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Ritterhude]] * [[Rodenberg]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rodewald]] * [[Rohrsen]] * [[Roklum]] * [[Rollshausen]] * [[Römstedt]] * [[Ronnenberg]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Rosche]] * [[Rosdorf]] * [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]] * [[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]<ref name="Rotenburgum ad Wemmam">De Latino toponymico syntagmate "[[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]" -ad quod Latinum gentilicium "Rotenburgensis-e" refertur-, vide homonymas urbes apud {{Graesse}} et {{Hofmannus}}. De hydronymo "[[Wemma]]", etiam vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rotenburg''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Rotenburg an der Wümme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rodenborg'')</small> * [[Rötgesbüttel]] * [[Rüdershausen]] * [[Rühen]] * [[Rullstorf]] {{div col end}} === S === {{div col|3}} * [[Sachsenhagen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Sagterlandia]]<ref name="BOV 2013">Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')</small> * [[Salis Cancellum]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Salzgitter''; [[Saxonice]] ''Soltgitter'')</small> * [[Salzbergen]] * [[Salzdetfordium]]<ref name="Marcard 1805"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Salzdetfurth'')</small> * [[Salzhausen]] * [[Salzhemmendorf]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Samern]] * [[Sandbostel]] * [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]] * [[Sarstedt]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Sassenburg]] * [[Sathsa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Sachsa'')</small> * [[Sauensiek]] * [[Schapen]] * [[Scharnebeck]] * [[Scheden]] * [[Scheeßel]] * [[Schellerten]] * [[Schiffdorf]] * [[Schladen-Werla]] * [[Schnackenburg]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schnega]] * [[Schneverdingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Scholen]] * [[Schönewörde]] * [[Schöningen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schöppenstedt]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schortens]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Schüttorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schwaförden]] * [[Schwanewede]] * [[Schwarme]] * [[Schwarmstedt]] * [[Schweindorf]] * [[Schweringen]] * [[Schwerinsdorf]] * [[Schwienau]] * [[Schwülper]] * [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]] * [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]] * [[Seelze]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Seesen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Seevetal]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Seggebruch]] * [[Sehlde]] * [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]] * [[Sehnde]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Selsingen]] * [[Semmenstedt]] * [[Seulingen]] * [[Sibbesse]] * [[Sickte]] * [[Siedenburg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Sittensen]] * [[Soderstorf]] * [[Sögel]] * [[Söhlde]] * [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]] * [[Soltau]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Soltendieck]] * [[Sottrum]] * [[Spahnharrenstätte]] * [[Spelle]] * [[Spiekeroog]] * [[Sprakensehl]] * [[Springe]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Stadae]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stood'')</small> * [[Stadlandia]]<ref>Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA617&lpg=PA617&dq=statlandia+saxonia&source=bl&ots=Ysl9JI4L06&sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&q=statlandia%20saxonia&f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')</small> * [[Stadtoldendorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Staffhorst]] * [[Staufenberg]] * [[Stavern]] * [[Stedesdorf]] * [[Steimbke]] * [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]] * [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]] * [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]] * [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]] * [[Stelle]] * [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]] * [[Stemshorn]] * [[Steyerberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Stinstedt]] * [[Stöckse]] * [[Stoetze]] * [[Stolzenau]] * [[Stuhr]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Südbrookmerland]] * [[Suderburg]] * [[Südergellersen]] * [[Südheide]] * [[Sudwalde]] * [[Suhlendorf]] * [[Sulingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Süpplingen]] * [[Süpplingenburg]] * [[Süstedt]] * [[Sustrum]] * [[Surwold]] * [[Suthfeld]] * [[Syke]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === T === {{div col|3}} * [[Tappenbeck]] * [[Tarmstedt]] * [[Tespe]] * [[Teuderium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'')</small> * [[Thedinghausen]] * [[Theodolfestorpum]]<ref name="Asseburg 1855">Asseburg, J. von der. (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des Geschlechts von der Asseburg (Vol. 1)''. Hahnschen Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dedelstorf'')</small> * [[Thomasburg]] * [[Thuine]] * [[Tiddische]] * [[Tiste]] * [[Toppenstedt]] * [[Tostedt]] * [[Tosterglope]] * [[Trebel]] * [[Tülau]] * [[Twieflingen]] * [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]] * [[Twistringen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === U === {{div col|3}} * [[Uchte]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Uehrde]] * [[Uelsen]] * [[Uetze]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Ulsena]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Uelzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ülz’n'')</small> * [[Ummern]] * [[Undeloh]] * [[Upgant-Schott]] * [[Uplengen]] * [[Uslar]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Utarp]] {{div col end}} === V === {{div col|3}} * [[Vahlberg]] * [[Vahlbruch]] * [[Vahlde]] * [[Vallis Augae]]<ref name="SLH 1988">Societas Latina Hannoverana (1988). ''Fasciculi geographici et historici: De parvis provinciis ditionis Hannoveranae et Schaumburgensis''. Hannoverae: Typis Exscripsit Libraria Scripturarum.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Auetal'')</small> * [[Vallis Claustra-Cella]]<ref name="Conring 1730">Conring, H. (1730). ''De Antiquitatibus Academicis Dissertationes Septem''. Officina Smeinkiana.</ref><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clausthal-Zellerfeld''; [[Supraharthice]] ''Clasthol-Zallerfall'')</small> * [[Varel]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Varrel]] * [[Vastorf]] * [[Vechelde]] * [[Velpke]] * [[Veltheim (Ohe)]] * [[Vetha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Vechta''; [[Saxonice]] ''Vechte'')</small> * [[Vicus Adelaidis]]<ref name="ALF 2016">Academia Latinitati Fovendae (2016). ''Commentarii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae: De novis parochiis et communibus Saxoniae Inferioris textus'' (Vol. XXIV). Romae: Herder.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adelheidsdorf'')</small> * [[Vierden]] * [[Vierhöfen]] * [[Vildhusia]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Wildeshausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wilshusen'')</small> * [[Villa Cremilonis]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cremlingen'')</small> * [[Visbek]] * [[Visselhövede]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Vögelsen]] * [[Vollersode]] * [[Voltlage]] * [[Vorda Bremensis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bremervörde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bremervöör'')</small> * [[Vordorf]] * [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]] * [[Vrees]] {{div col end}} === W === {{div col|3}} * [[Waake]] * [[Waddeweitz]] * [[Wagenfeld]] * [[Wagenhoff]] * [[Wahrenholz]] * [[Walchum]] * [[Walkenried]] * [[Wallenhorst]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Wallmoden]] * [[Walsrode]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wangelnstedt]] * [[Wangerland]] * [[Wangerooge]] * [[Wanna]] * [[Warberg]] * [[Wardenburg]] * [[Warmsen]] * [[Warpe]] * [[Wasbüttel]] * [[Wathlingen]] * [[Wedemark]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Weener]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Weenzen]] * [[Wehrbleck]] * [[Welle]] * [[Wendeburg]] * [[Wendisch Evern]] * [[Wennigsen]] * [[Wenzendorf]] * [[Werdum]] * [[Werlte]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Werpeloh]] * [[Wesendorf]] * [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]] * [[Westergellersen]] * [[Westerholt]] * [[Westertimke]] * [[Westerwalsede]] * [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]] * [[Westoverledingen]] * [[Wetschen]] * [[Wettrup]] * [[Weyhausen]] * [[Weyhe]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Wieda]] * [[Wiedensahl]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Wiefelstede]] * [[Wielen]] * [[Wienhausen]] * [[Wiesmoor]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Wietmarschen]] * [[Wietze]] * [[Wietzen]] * [[Wietzendorf]] * [[Wilhelmshaven]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wilstedt]] * [[Wilsum]] * [[Wingst]] * [[Winkelsett]] * [[Winnigstedt]] * [[Winsen (Aller)]] * [[Winsenia]]<ref name="Büttner">Büttner, D. S. (1710). ''Rudera Diluvii Testes, i.e. Zeichnung und Abbildung derer Columnarum Sceletonum''. Gottfried Zimmermann.</ref> <small>(ad [[Luya]]m<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Winsen'')</small> * [[Winzenburg]] * [[Wippingen]] * [[Wirdum]] * [[Wischhafen]] * [[Wistedt]] * [[Witmundia]]<ref>E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&pg=PA281&dq=Witmundia&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&q=Witmundia&f=false p. 281].</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')</small> * [[Wittingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Wittmar]] * [[Wittorf]] * [[Wohnste]] * [[Wolfsburgum]]<ref>Vide nomini arcis: Samuel Pufendorfus, ''Commentariorum de rebus Suecicis libri XXVI'' {{Google Books|lV1PAAAAcAAJ|pag. 457 et 475}}, ''Nova Acta Eruditorum'' {{Google Books|eGFlITDJFSMC|pag. 487}}, Lipsiae, anno 1756, ac ''Itininerarium Thomae Carve, Tipperariensis'' ([https://archive.org/details/itinerariumthom00kerngoog/page/n182 pag. 108]).</ref> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> </small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Wolfsburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfsborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfsbuurich'')</small> * [[Wollbrandshausen]] * [[Wollershausen]] * [[Wölpinghausen]] * [[Wolsdorf]] * [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]] * [[Woltershausen]] * [[Worpswede]] * [[Wremen]] * [[Wrestedt]] * [[Wriedel]] * [[Wulfsen]] * [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]] * [[Wunstorf]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wurster Nordseeküste]] * [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === Z === {{div col|3}} * [[Zernien]] * [[Zetel]] * [[Zeven]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Zorge]] {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]] l4cu0wzaq0tfekwtuu5l4xb5hp2vbq6 0 216351 3979729 3742062 2026-08-09T15:24:33Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3979729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Iohannes Luxemburgensis''', etiam ''Iohannes Caecus'' vocatur (natus [[Luxemburgum|Luxemburgi]] die [[10 Augusti]] [[1296]] – obiit die [[26 Augusti]] [[1346]] in [[Proelium ad Creciacum|Proelio ad]] [[Creciacum]]), fuit rex [[Bohemia]]e et comes Luxemburgensis. Iohannes filius [[Imperator Romanus Sacer|imperatoris]] [[Henricus VII a Luxemburgio|Henrici VII]] et pater imperatoris [[Carolus IV a Luxemburgio|Caroli IV]] erat. Prima eius uxor erat [[Elisabetha Bohemiae|Elisabetha]], filia regis Bohemiae [[Venceslaus II (rex Bohemiae)|Venceslai II]]. Anno [[1311]] coronatus est in [[Ecclesia Cathedralis Sancti Viti Pragensis|ecclesia cathedrali Pragensi]] in regem Bohemiae a Petro, [[Moguntiacum|Moguntinensi]] archiepiscopo. Die 26 Augusti anni 1346 occisus est in [[Proelium ad Creciacum|proelio ad Creciacum]] (proelium [[Bellum Centum Annorum|Belli centum annorum]]). Eius ultima verba erant: ''"Absit, ut rex Boemie fugeret!"''<ref name="benes">Beness Krabice de Weitmile: Cronica ecclesiae Pragensis. Saeculo 14 scripta. http://www.clavmon.cz/clavis/FRRB/chronica/CRONICA%20ECCLESIAE%20PRAGENSIS.htm</ref> [[Fasciculus:Bust of John the Blind (died 1346), Count of Luxembourg, King of Bohemia, St Vitus Cathedral, Prague.jpg|thumb|left|250 px|[[Herma]] regis Ioannis in [[Ecclesia Cathedralis Sancti Viti Pragensis|ecclesia metropolitana sancti Viti]] [[Praga]]e]] == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|John I, Count of Luxemburg|Iohannem}} {{fontes biographici}} {{Reges Bohemiae}} [[Categoria:Nati 1296]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1346]] [[Categoria:Reges Bohemiae]] [[Categoria:Carolus IV (imperator)]] 1clzbj69pbmdolf1kozd86lk57ij5wt 0 216504 3979874 3978446 2026-08-09T20:42:59Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979874 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Steiner um 1905.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Rudolphus Steiner]].]] '''Agricultura biodynamica''' est ratio [[agricultura organica|agriculturae organicae]] primum a [[Rudolphus Steiner|Rudolpho Steiner]] excogitata, rebus utens quas proponentes holisticum rationum [[agricultura|rusticarum]] intellectum appellant<ref>[[Anglice]]: "a holistic understanding of agricultural processes."</ref><ref>OrgAg2:145.</ref> Unus ex primis motibus [[agricultura quae sustineri potest|agriculturae quae sustineri potest]]<!--sustainable a.-->,<ref>Paull, John (2011) [http://www.organic-systems.org/journal/Vol_6(1)/pdf/6(1)-Paull-pp27-41.pdf "Biodynamic Agriculture: The Journey from Koberwitz to the World, 1924–1938"], ''Journal of Organic Systems'', 2011, 6(1):27–41.</ref><ref name=Lotter>D. W. Lotter, 2003.[https://web.archive.org/web/20180708123123/http://donlotter.net/lotter_organicag.pdf "Organic agriculture"] in ''Journal of Sustainable Agriculture'' 21(4).</ref><ref>Richard Harwood, olim C. S. Mott Chair for Sustainable Agriculture in Universitate Civica Michiganiae, motum biodynamicum appellat "first organized and well-defined movement of growers and philosophies [in sustainable agriculture] (Harwood 1990:6).</ref> [[fertilitas soli|fertilitatem soli]], auctum [[planta]]rum, et tutelam [[pecus|pecoris]] ut opera per [[oecologia]]m coniuncta tractat,<ref>OrgAg.</ref><ref name=Duram2010>{{cite book |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofor0000unse_u9g0/page/347 347]–349 |last=Ikerd |first=John |chapter=Sustainability, Rural |editor=Leslie A. Duram |title=Encyclopedia of Organic, Sustainable, and Local Food |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofor0000unse_u9g0 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2010 |isbn=0313359636}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book |page=233 |last1=Abbott |first1=L. K. |last2=Murphy |first2=Daniel V. |title=Soil Biological Fertility: A Key to Sustainable Land Use in Agriculture |publisher=Springer |year=2007 |isbn=140206618X}}.</ref> conspectus [[spiritualitas|spirituales]] et [[mysticismus|mysticos]] vehementius dicens. Proponentes agriculturae biodynamicae, inter quos Steiner, eam appellaverunt [[scientia (ratio)|scientiam]] incorpoream,<!--spiritual s.--> partem maioris motus [[anthroposophia]]e.<ref>OrgAg2.</ref><ref name=Paull2011>Paull, John (2011) [http://www.organic-systems.org/journal/Vol_6(1)/pdf/6(1)-Paull-pp27-41.pdf "Biodynamic Agriculture: The Journey from Koberwitz to the World, 1924–1938"], ''Journal of Organic Systems,'' 2011, 6(1):27–41.</ref> Biodynamica multum communiter cum aliis doctrinis organicis habet: usum [[stercus|stercorum]] et [[compositum|compositorum]]<!--composts--> exprimit, usumque [[substantia chemica|substantiarum chemicarum]] artificiosorum in solo et [[planta|plantis]] vetat. Inter rationes in doctrina biodynamica unicas sunt tractatio [[animal]]ium, [[planta]]rum, et soli ut systema unum; [[fides]] productioni loci et systematibus distributionis; usus translaticorum et evolutio novorum generum et varietatum loci; et usus [[calendarium|calendarii]] [[astrologia|astrologici]] pro satione et plantatione. Agricultura biodynamica variis additamentis [[herba]]ceis et [[minerale|mineralibus]] pro addiectionibus compositi et asperginibus agrorum utitur; quae aliquando per rationes controversas parantur, sicut inhumatio [[quarzum|quarzi]] contusi in [[cornu]] [[bos|bovis]] farti, ratio quae "[[vis|vires]] [[cosmos|cosmicas]] in solo" legere dictur, tam [[magia sympathetica|magiae sympatheticae]] quam [[agronomia]]e similius. Anno [[2011]], artes biodynamicae ad 142&thinsp;482 [[hectarium|hectariorum]] in 47 [[civitas|civitatibus]] adhibebantur. [[Germania]] 45 centesimas summae per [[tellus|orbem terrarum]] tenebat;<ref>John Paull, [http://orgprints.org/18860/1/Paull2011OlympiadJSDS.pdf "Organics Olympiad 2011: Global Indices of Leadership in Organic Agriculture,"] ''Journal of Social and Development Sciences,'' 1(4):144–150 (Maio 2011).</ref> reliquum 1750 hectariorum per [[civitas|civitatem]] peraequabat. Nonnullae vineae notabiles [[vinum biodynamicum|biodynamicas vitium cultorum rationes]] sibi sumpserunt.<ref>Reeve et al. 2005.</ref> Sunt agenturae testificationis pro operibus biodynamicis, quarum plurimae sunt sodales [[Demeter International|Demetris Internationalis]], gregis internationalis normarum biodynamicarum. Nulla differentia in eventibus commodis ratione probata est inter affirmatas agriculturae biodynamicae artes et [[agricultura organica|agriculturam organicam]] (similem) et usum [[agricultura integrata|agriculturae integratae]]. Reprehensores agriculturam biodynamicam [[scientia falsa|scientiam falsam]] aestimaverunt ob inopiam indiciorum validorum eius efficacitatis et [[scepticismus|scepticismum]] rerum tantum [[cogitatio magica]] reprehensarum.<ref>Jamie Goode, ''The Science of Wine: From Vine to Glass'' (University of California Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-520-24800-7).</ref><ref name=Chalker>Linda Chalker-Scott (2004), [https://web.archive.org/web/20070415163815/http://www.puyallup.wsu.edu/~Linda%20Chalker-Scott/Horticultural%20Myths_files/Myths/Biodynamic%20agriculture.pdf "The Myth of Biodynamic Agriculture,"] ''Master Gardener Magazine.''</ref><ref>D. Smith (2006), [http://www.sigihiss.com/files/eno/bioarticle%20fine.pdf "On Fertile Ground? Objections to Biodynamics,"] ''The World of Fine Wine,'' 12:108–113.</ref><ref>Holger Kirchmann (1994), "Biological dynamic farming--an occult form of alternative agriculture?" ''Journal of Agricural Environmental Ethics'' 7(2):173–187; doi:10.1007/BF02349036.</ref> {{NexInt}}<!-- {{portal|Agricultura et Agronomia}}--> * [[Agrobiologia]] * [[Agroecologia]]<!-- *[[Agricultura biointensiva]] *[[Permacultura]]--> * [[Spiritualismus]] * [[Stercus viride]] * [[Veriflora]]<!-- *[[Alanus Chadwick]] *[[Ehrenfried Pfeiffer]] *[[List of Biodynamic Farms]] *''[[The Real Dirt on Farmer John]]'' *[[Wild farming]]--> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{cite web |author=Biodynamic Agricultural Association |year=n.d.|title=How does the Calendar work? |work=Biodynamic Frequently Asked Questions |url=http://www.biodynamic.org.uk/FAQ.htm#calendar |publisher=The Biodynamic Agricultural Association (UK) |accessdate=2007-10-05 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070928221055/http://www.biodynamic.org.uk/FAQ.htm#calendar <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-09-28}} * Burkitt, L. L., D. R. Small, J. W. McDonald, W. J. Wales, et M. L. Jenkin. [[2007]]. Comparing irrigated biodynamic and conventionally managed dairy farms. 1. Soil and pasture properties. ''Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture'' 47(5):479–488. doi:10.1071/EA05196. OCLC 12490171. * Burkitt, L. L., W. J. Wales, J. W. McDonald, D. R. Small, et M. L. Jenkin, [[2007]]. Comparing irrigated biodynamic and conventionally managed dairy farms. 2. Milk production and composition and animal health. ''Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture'' 47(5) 489–494. doi:10.1071/EA06085. OCLC 12490171. * Carpenter-Boggs, Lynne, John P. Reganold, et Ann C. Kennedy. [[2000]]a. Effects of Biodynamic Preparations on Compost Development. ''Biological Agriculture and Horticulture'' 17:313–328. ISSN 0144-8765. doi:10.1080/01448765.2000.9754852.[http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/36450000/Products-Reprints/2000/865.pdf PDF.] * Carpenter-Boggs, Lynne, John P. Reganold, et Ann C. Kennedy. [[2000]]b. Biodynamic preparations: Short-term effects on crops, soils, and weed populations. ''American Journal of Alternative Agriculture'' 15(3):110–118. ISSN 0889-1893. doi:10.1017/S0889189300008614. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071017160831/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=794876 Situs.] * {{cite journal |author=Carpenter-Boggs, Lynne |author2=Ann C. Kennedy|author3=John P. Reganold |year = 2000c|date=1 September 2000|title=Organic and Biodynamic Management: Effects on Soil Biology |url=http://soil.scijournals.org/cgi/content/full/64/5/1651 |journal=Soil Science Society of America Journal |volume=64 |pages=1651–1659 |publisher=Soil Science Society of America |issue=5 |doi=10.2136/sssaj2000.6451651x}} * {{cite web |author=Chalker-Scott, Linda |year=2004 |title=The Myth of Biodynamic Agriculture |url=http://www.puyallup.wsu.edu/%7ELinda%20Chalker%2DScott/Horticultural%20Myths_files/Myths/Biodynamic%20agriculture.pdf |format=PDF |work=Horticultural Myths |publisher=Washington State University Puyallup Research & Extension Center}} * {{cite web |author=Diver, Steve |year=1999 |title=Biodynamic Farming & Compost Preparation (ATTRA Publication #IP137) |url=http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodynamic.html |publisher=ATTRA - National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service}} * Harwood, Richard R. [[1990]]. A History of Sustainable Agriculture. In ''Sustainable Agricultural Systems,'' ed. Clive A. Edwards, Rattan Lal, Patrick Madden, Robert H. Miller, et Gar House, 3–19. Ankeny Iovae: Soil and Water Conservation Society. ISBN 0-935734-21-X. OCLC 20933949. * Kirchmann, Holger. [[1994]]. Biological dynamic farming: An occult form of alternative agriculture? ''Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics'' 7(2): 173–187. doi:10.1007/BF02349036. OCLC 41569500. * Koepf, Herbert. [[2009]]. ''Research in Biodynamic Agriculture: Methods and Results.'' Biodynamic Farm and Gardening Association. ISBN 0-938250-34-5. * Koepf, Herbert, et Bodo von Plato. [[2001]]. ''Die biologisch-dynamische Wirtschaftsweise im 20. Jahrhundert.'' Dornach. * {{cite book |author=Kristiansen, Paul |year=2006 |chapter=Overview of organic agriculture |chapterurl=http://www.publish.csiro.au/samples/OrganicAgSample.pdf |format=PDF |edition=online sample reprint |editor=Paul Kristiansen, Acram Taji and John Reganold (eds.) |title=Organic Agriculture: A Global Perspective |location=Collingwood, VIC |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |pages=1–23 |isbn=9780643090903 |oclc=71801183}}<!-- *{{cite journal |author=Mäder, Paul |author2=Andreas Fließbach|author3=David Dubois|author4=Lucie Gunst|author5=Padruot Fried|author6= Urs Niggli |year=2002 |title=Soil fertility and biodiversity in organic farming |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2002-05-31_296_5573/page/1694 |journal=Science |volume=296 |issue=5573 |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |location=New York, NY |pages=1694–1697 |doi:10.1126/science.1071148 |pmid=12040197 |oclc=1644869}}--> * Martinez, A. W. [[1952]]. [http://rotheraine.com/golden_garbage.html The City With Golden Garbage.] ''Collier's Weekly,'' 31 Maii. OCLC 8755061. * Nastati, Enzo. [[2010]]. [http://www.moodie.biz/enzobooks.html ''Commentary on Dr Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course.''] MM Publications. * Paull, John. [[2011]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722003023/http://www.eurojournals.com/EJSS_21_1_05.pdf Attending the First Organic Agriculture Course: Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course at Koberwitz, 1924.] ''European Journal of Social Sciences'' 21(1):64-70. * Paull, John. [[2011]]. [http://www.organic-systems.org/journal/Vol_6(1)/pdf/6(1)-Paull-pp27-41.pdf Biodynamic Agriculture: The Journey from Koberwitz to the World, 1924-1938.] ''Journal of Organic Systems'' 6(1):27-41. * Paull, John. [[2011]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110723070359/http://www.ifrnd.org/JSDS/1(4)%20May%202011/Organics%20Olympiad%202011_Global%20Indices%20of%20Leadership.pdf Organics Olympiad 2011: Global Indices of Leadership in Organic Agriculture.] ''Journal of Social and Development Sciences'' 1(4):144-150. * Paull, John. [[2011]]. ''The Secrets of Koberwitz: The Diffusion of Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course and the Founding of Biodynamic Agriculture. ''Journal of Social Research and Policy'' 2(1):19-29. * Pfeiffer, Ehrenfried. [[1938]], [[2006]]. ''Soil Fertility, Renewal and Preservation: Bio-Dynamic Farming and Gardening.'' Dellii: Asiatic Publishing House. ISBN 81-87067-73-X. * Reeve, Jennifer R., Lynne Carpenter-Boggs, John P. Reganold, Alan L. York, Glenn McGourty, et Leo P. McCloskey. [[2005]]. Soil and Winegrape Quality in Biodynamically and Organically Managed Vineyards. ''American Journal of Enology and Viticulture'' 56(4): 367–376. ISSN 0002-9254. OCLC 60652537. [http://www.ajevonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/56/4/367 Abstractum.] * Reganold, John P., Alan S. Palmer, James C. Lockhart, et A. Neil Macgregor. [[1993]]. Soil Quality and Financial Performance of Biodynamic and Conventional Farms in New Zealand. ''Science'' 260(5106):344–349. doi:10.1126/science.260.5106.344. * Schilthuis, Willy. [[2003]]. ''Biodynamic Agriculture.'' Floris Books. ISBN 0-86315-397-6. * Storl, Wolf D. [[2013]]. ''Culture and Horticulture: The Classic Guide to Biodynamic and Organic Gardening.'' Berkeleiae: North Atlantic Bookd. ISBN 978-1-58394-550-6. * Treue, Peter. [[2002]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20030417075038/http://www.nitrogen.de/bub/faz.htm Blut und Bohnen: Der Paradigmenwechsel im Künast-Ministerium ersetzt Wissenschaft durch Okkultismus.] ''Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung - Die Gegenwart,'' 62(12), 13 Martii. <!--http://web.archive.org/web/20070928141852/http://www.nitrogen.de/bub/faz.htm--> == Nexus externi == * [http://oneco.biofach.de/en/news/biodynamic-agriculture-shows-steady-global-growth--focus--d93f8e9e-ff78-4609-b1b3-5847a5a679cb/?focus=d93f8e9e-ff78-4609-b1b3-5847a5a679cb&rate=4 "Biodynamic agriculture shows steady global growth,"]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} oneco.biofach.de * [http://www.rsarchive.org/Biodynamics/ Divisio de biodynamica in Archivo Rudolphi Steiner,] www.rsarchive.org * [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthcomment/3346939/The-methods-behind-biodynamic-bounty.html "The methods behind biodynamic bounty,"] ''Telegraph,'' 11 Iulii 2008 {{DEFAULTSORT:Agricultura Biodynamica}} [[Categoria:Anthroposophia]] [[Categoria:Agricultura]]<!--rcte: A. organica--> [[Categoria:Horticultura]]<!--recte: H. organica--> [[Categoria:Scientia falsa]]<!-- [[Categoria:Sustainable agriculture]]--> ph1bskfbs4575618tucv2sjfayr4m68 0 218485 3979727 3842215 2026-08-09T15:24:08Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* Coniuges et liberi */ 3979727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}}{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Venceslaus II''' (natus [[Praga]]e die [[27 Septembris]] [[1271]] - obiit ibidem die [[21 Iunii]] [[1305]]) fuit rex [[Bohemia]]e et [[Polonia]]e. ==Vita== Venceslaus, filius unicus legitimus regis [[Ottocarus II (rex Bohemiae)|Ottocari II]], natus est Pragae anno [[1271]]. Mortuo patre suo anno [[1278]] [[tutor]] eius [[Otto V (marchio Brandenburgensis)|Otto&nbsp;V]] [[Marchia Brandenburgensis|marchio Brandenburgensis]] factus est, qui Venceslaum e Bohemia [[Brandenburgum]] deduxit. Anno [[1283]] revertus est Venceslaus Bohemiam. Anno [[1285]] [[Egra|Egrae]] Gutam, filiam [[Rex Romanorum|regis Romanorum]] [[Rudolphus I|Rudolphi I]], in matrimonium duxit. Anno [[1292]] fundavit [[Aula Regia (abbatia)|Aulam Regiam]], abbatiam [[Ordo Cisterciensis|Ordinis Cisterciensis]] prope Pragam. Die [[2 Iunii]] anni [[1297]] gloriosissime coronatus est Pragae in regem Bohemiae, sequenti die coronationis suae novam ecclesiam fundavit in Aula Regia, ibi volebat novum sepulcrum familiae regum Bohemiae aedeficare. Die [[18 Iunii]] eodem anno obiit Guta, uxor eius. Sepulta est in [[Ecclesia Cathedralis Sancti Viti Pragensis|ecclesia sancti Viti Pragensi]], quia ecclesia in Aula Regia construebatur. Ab anno [[1300]] Venceslaus novum [[Nummus|nummum]] signabat, cui nomen erat [[Grossus Pragensis]]. Grossi Pragenses usque in [[saeculum 16]] signabantur. Eodem anno nupsit Elisabetham, filiam defuncti regis Poloniae, deinde coronatus est [[Gnesna|Gnesnae]] in regem Poloniae. [[Fasciculus:Codex Manesse Wenzel II. von Böhmen.jpg|260px|thumb|right|Venceslaus II in [[Codex Manesse|Codice Manesse]]]] Anno [[1301]] mortuo rege Hungariae [[Andreas III (rex Hungariae)|Andrea III]] rex Vencelsaus II pro filio suo [[Venceslaus III (rex Bohemiae)|Venceslao]] coronam regni [[Hungaria (regnum)|Hungariae]] acquisivit. [[Phthisis|Phthisi]] mortuus est Pragae die [[21 Iunii]] anni [[1305]]. Sepultus est die [[23 Iunii]] in imperfecta ecclesia in Aula Regia. ==Familia== Venceslaus erat filius regis Bohemiae ac ducis [[Austria]]e [[Ottocarus II (rex Bohemiae)|Ottocari II]] et uxore eius Cunegundis, nepotis regis [[Hungaria]]e [[Bela IV (rex Hungariae)|Belae&nbsp;IV]]. Venceslaus duae sorores habebat: Cunegundem, quae fuit uxor Boleslai II ducis [[Mazovia|Mazoviensis]], postea abbatissa [[Monasterium sancti Georgii (Praga)|monasterii sancti Georgii]] in [[Arx Pragensis|castro Pragensi]], et Agnetem, quae nupsit ducem Rudolphum, filium regis Romanorum [[Rudolphus I|Rudolphi I]]. Filius Rudolphi et Agnetis [[Ioannes Parricida|Ioannes]] vocatur ''Parricida'' necavit anno [[1308]] patruum suum regem Romanorum [[Albertus I (imperator)|Albertum&nbsp;I]]. [[Fasciculus:Grossi pragenses avers.jpg|thumb|[[Grossus Pragensis]] regis Venceslai II]] ===Coniuges et liberi=== Venceslaus duae coniuges habebat. E prima uxore Guta ([[1271]]–[[1297]]) genuit liberos qui sequuntur: * Ottocarus ([[1288]] natus atque mortuus) * [[Venceslaus III (rex Bohemiae)|Venceslaus III]] ([[1289]] natus, [[1306]] mortuus), rex Bohemiae, Poloniae et Hungariae * Agnes ([[1289]] nata, [[1296]] mortua) * Anna ([[1290]] nata, [[1313]] mortua), regina Bohemiae, uxor regis [[Henricus (rex Bohemiae)|Henrici]] * [[Elisabetha Bohemiae|Elisabetha]] ([[1292]] nata, [[1330]] mortua), regina Bohemiae, uxor regis [[Iohannes (rex Bohemiae)|Ioanni]] * Guta ([[1293]] nata, [[1294]] mortua) * Ioannes ([[1294]] natus atque mortuus) * Ioannes ([[1295]] natus, [[1296]] mortuus) * Margarita ([[1296]] nata, [[1322]] mortua), uxor Boleslai III, ducis [[Vratislavia|vratislaviensis]] * Guta ([[1297]] nata atque mortua) Ex uxore secunda Elisabetha ([[1288]]–[[1335]]) unam filiam genuit: * Agnes ([[1305]] nata, circa [[1336]] mortua), uxor Henrici I, ducis Javorensis == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Wenceslaus II of Poland and Bohemia|regem Venceslaum II}} {{fontes biographici}} {{Reges Bohemiae}} [[Categoria:Nati 1271]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1305]] [[Categoria:Reges Bohemiae]] [[Categoria:Reges Poloniae]] [[Categoria:Premyslidae]] bqmijornugvchg6fclvnnq86xazkvee 0 218545 3979833 3952682 2026-08-09T20:10:08Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3979833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina non annexa}} [[Fasciculus:Altenkunstadt_Pfarrhof_Kirche.jpg |thumb|300px|Altenkunstadium: [[ecclesia]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|catholica]].]] '''Altenkunstadium'''<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Altenkunstadt'') seu '''Kunstadtium Vetus'''<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791">''Statistica dioecesis Bambergensis'', Bambergae, 1791.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberaurach'')</small> est commune [[Bavaria|Bavaricum]] 5 413 incolarum (anno [[2012]]). == Clari cives == * [[Wolfgangus Mack]], [[chirurgus]] ([[1808]]–[[1883]]) == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Index Communium Bavariae|Indicem Communium Bavariae]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat| Altenkunstadt | Altenkunstadium }} * [https://www.altenkunstadt.de Altenkunstadii pagina interretialis] {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Bavariae]] qlg4rkqfk0ath8pmlyq74t0ftn0n10o 3979834 3979833 2026-08-09T20:10:28Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3979834 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Altenkunstadt_Pfarrhof_Kirche.jpg |thumb|300px|Altenkunstadium: [[ecclesia]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|catholica]].]] '''Altenkunstadium'''<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Altenkunstadt'') seu '''Kunstadtium Vetus'''<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791">''Statistica dioecesis Bambergensis'', Bambergae, 1791.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberaurach'')</small> est commune [[Bavaria|Bavaricum]] 5 413 incolarum (anno [[2012]]). == Clari cives == * [[Wolfgangus Mack]], [[chirurgus]] ([[1808]]–[[1883]]) == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Index Communium Bavariae|Indicem Communium Bavariae]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat| Altenkunstadt | Altenkunstadium }} * [https://www.altenkunstadt.de Altenkunstadii pagina interretialis] {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Bavariae]] pdoyl1extwb2ojl5ysyiq9ily7yrik4 3979835 3979834 2026-08-09T20:11:21Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3979835 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Altenkunstadt_Pfarrhof_Kirche.jpg |thumb|300px|Altenkunstadium: [[ecclesia]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|catholica]].]] '''Altenkunstadium'''<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> seu '''Kunstadtium Vetus'''<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791">''Statistica dioecesis Bambergensis'', Bambergae, 1791.</ref> (Theodisce ''Altenkunstadt'') est commune [[Bavaria|Bavaricum]] 5 413 incolarum (anno [[2012]]). == Clari cives == * [[Wolfgangus Mack]], [[chirurgus]] ([[1808]]–[[1883]]) == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Index Communium Bavariae|Indicem Communium Bavariae]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat| Altenkunstadt | Altenkunstadium }} * [https://www.altenkunstadt.de Altenkunstadii pagina interretialis] {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Bavariae]] 2leosg7fa7ufcxtelckfurwhyxgn6jy 0 219290 3979694 3842214 2026-08-09T14:26:34Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* Vita */ 3979694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}}{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Venceslaus III''' (natus [[Praga]]e die [[6 Octobris]] [[1289]] - necatus [[Olomucium|Olomucii]] die [[4 Augusti]] [[1306]]) fuit rex [[Hungaria (regnum)|Hungariae]] inter annos [[1301]] et [[1305]], mortuo patre suo [[Venceslaus II (rex Bohemiae)|Venceslao II]] anno [[1305]] [[Bohemia]]e et [[Polonia|Poloniae]] rex factus est. ==Vita== Pater Venceslai III rex Bohemiae et Poloniae [[Venceslaus II]] erat, mater eius Guta, filia [[Rex Romanorum|regis Romanorum]] [[Rudolphus I|Rudolphi I]]. Anno [[1298]] sponsa eius Elisabetha, filia unica Hungariae regis [[Andreas III (rex Hungariae)|Andreae III]], facta est, sed Venceslaus eam numquam in matrimonium duxit. Rex Andreas mortuus est anno [[1301]] sine herede. Vencealaus II studuit acquirere coronam Hungariae pro filio suo. Ergo [[27 Augusti]] [[1301]] coronatus est Venceslaus III [[Alba Regalis|Albae Regali]] per [[Kalocsa|Colossensem]] archiepiscopum in regem [[Hungaria]]e.<ref>''"Eodem autem anno in die Rufi martyris per Colossensem archiepiscopum in civitate Alba Regali regum Ungarie sacro diademate cum preclara solempnitate festive coronatus est, ubi archiepiscopi, comites ac plurimi nobiles affuerunt et peracto illius festivitatis gaudio ipsum regem novum in Budam honorifice deduxerunt. Sic igitur heres Bohemie factus est rex Ungarie."'' [[Petrus Zittaviensis|Petri Zittaviensis]] [http://www.clavmon.cz/clavis/FRRB/chronica/PETRI%20ZITTAVIENSIS.htm Cronica Aule Regie]</ref> Anno [[1304]] reversus est Venceslaus III cum corona Hungariae in Bohemiam, quia nobiles Hungariae Venceslaum fovere desistiteunt et alium regem voluerunt habere. [[Fasciculus:Vasik3.jpg|150px|thumb|left|Venceslaus III ex Chronico [[Aula Regia (abbatia)|Aulae Regiae]] cum tribus coronis (regnorum Hungariae, Bohemiae et Poloniae)]] Die [[21 Iunii]] [[1305]] mortuo patre suo factus est rex Bohemiae et Poloniae. Eodem anno mense Octobri contraxit Venceslaus matrimonium cum Viola, filia ducis de [[Tessinum|Tessino]]. Habuit cum ea nullos liberos. Hoc tempore tradidit coronam Hungariae [[Otto (rex Hungariae)|Ottoni III de Bavaria]]. Aestate anni [[1306]] exercitum duxit in Poloniam. Die [[4 Augusti]] [[Olomucium|Olomucii]] in [[Moravia (terra)|Moravia]] est interfectus. Sepultus est in [[Ecclesia Cathedralis Sancti Venceslai Olomucensis|ecclesia cathedrali sancti Venceslai Olomucensi]]. Anno [[1326]] Elisabetha, regina Bohemiae, uxor regis [[Iohannes (rex Bohemiae)|Ioannis]] et soror defuncti regis Venceslai III, transtulit corpus fratris sui in [[Aula Regia (abbatia)|abbatiam Aulam Regiam]]. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Wenceslaus III of Poland and Bohemia|regem Venceslaum III}} {{fontes biographici}} {{Reges Bohemiae}} {{Reges Hungariae}} [[Categoria:Nati 1289]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1306]] [[Categoria:Reges Bohemiae]] [[Categoria:Reges Poloniae]] [[Categoria:Reges Hungariae]] [[Categoria:Premyslidae]] rjii0061re3svb5czghebt9kafp6vri 0 221325 3980012 3557651 2026-08-09T23:11:07Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Ronald Syme,''' eques (natus [[11 Martii]] [[1903]] [[Elthamia]]e [[Nova Zelandia|Novae Zelandiae]]; mortuus [[Oxonia]]e [[4 Septembris]] [[1989]]), alumnus [[Universitas Aucopolitana|Universitatis Aucopolitanae]] et [[Collegium Orielense|Collegii Orielensis]] apud [[Universitas Oxoniensis|Oxonienses]], fuit [[historicus|rerum gestarum scriptor]] et [[res classicae|rerum classicarum peritus]].<ref>{{citation |title= Ronald Syme, 86, Classics Scholar And Historian at Oxford, Is Dead |journal= [[The New York Times]] |date= 7 Septembris 1989 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/07/obituaries/ronald-syme-86-classics-scholar-and-historian-at-oxford-is-dead.html}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Bowersock |first= G. W. | authorlink =Glen Bowersock|title= Ronald Syme (March 11, 1903 – September 4, 1989) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-american-philosophical-society_1991-03_135_1/page/118 |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |pages= 118–122 |volume= 135|issue=1 |date=Martius 1991 |jstor= 987156}}.</ref> Inclutissimus est propter opus ''[[The Roman Revolution]]'' ('Res novae Romanae', 1939). Inter praecipuos rerum gestarum indagatores [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]] numeratur. ==Notae== <references/> == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{Lifetime|1903|1989|Syme, Ronaldus}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Aucopolitanae]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Oxoniensis]] [[Categoria:Eruditi Novae Zelandiae]] [[Categoria:Historici Britanniae]] co09522arutczs39g91b9e9ryq2g9wj 0 225496 3979931 3893526 2026-08-09T21:39:11Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Psittaciformes |fossil_range = {{fossil range|54|0|r=[[Eocaenum]] inferius > [[Recens]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Waterhouse |first=David M. |year=[[2006]] |title=Parrots in a nutshell: The fossil record of Psittaciformes (Aves) |journal=Historical Biology |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=223–34 |doi=10.1080/08912960600641224}}</ref>}} |image = Ara ararauna Luc Viatour.jpg |image_caption = ''[[Ara ararauna]]'' |image2 = Rose-ringed_Parakeet_eating_leaves.JPG |image_caption2 = ''[[Psittacula krameri]]'' | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Aves]] |infraclassis = [[Neognathae]] | ordo = '''Psittaciformes''' | authority = [[Ioannes Georgius Wagler|Wagler]], [[1830]] |subdivision_ranks = [[Familia (taxinomia)|Superfamiliae]] |subdivision = *[[Cacatuoidea]] *[[Psittacoidea]] *[[Strigopoidea]] | range_map = Parrot range.png | range_map_caption = Distributio omnium [[species|specierum]] Psittaciformium ([[ruber]]) }} '''Psittaciformes''' sunt [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordo]] [[avis|avium]] 372 fere [[species|specierum]] in octoginta sex [[genus (taxinomia)|generibus]] descriptarum,<ref name="zoonomen">{{cite web |url=http://www.zoonomen.net/avtax/psit.html |title=Zoological Nomenclature Resource: Psittaciformes (Version 9.013) |date=[[2008]]-12-29 |publisher=www.zoonomen.net}}.</ref> qui in plurimis [[regio]]nibus [[zona tropica|tropicis]] et [[subtropica|subtropicis]] inventae. Ordo in tres [[superfamilia]]s dividitur: [[Psittacoidea]], [[Cacatuoidea]], et [[Strigopoidea]] (psittaciformes [[Nova Zelandia|Novae Zelandiae]]).<ref name="revision"/> Psittaciformibus est distributio plerumque [[pantropicus|pantropica]], nonnullaeque species [[regio]]nes [[zona temperata|temperatas]] in [[hemisphaerium Australe|hemisphaerio australi]] [[habitatio|habitant]]. Maxima psittaciformium [[biodiversitas|diversitas]] est in [[America Australis|America Australi]] et [[Australasia]]. [[Fasciculus:Ara ararauna -eating -Wilhelma Zoo-8-2rc.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|''[[Ara ararauna]] [[nux|nucem]] [[arbor]]is ''[[Juglans|Juglantis]] edit.]] [[Fasciculus:AmazonFeathers.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Pinnae ''[[Amazona oratrix|Amazonae oratricis]].''<!-- The blue component of the green colouration is due to light scattering while the yellow is due to pigment.-->]] [[Fasciculus:Cyrilavis colburnorum FMNH specimen.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Calvaria]] [[fossile]] cognati psittaciformium ex [[Eocaenum|Eocaeno]] [[Green River Formation]] in [[Vyomina]].]] [[Fasciculus:ParrotSkelLyd.jpg|thumb|Compages [[os (ossis)|ossium]] psittaciformis.]] [[Fasciculus:Piratey transparent background.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Pirata]] et eius [[psittacus]] sunt classicum in [[cultura popularis|cultura populari]] [[cultura Occidentalis|Occidentali]] par.]] Inter proprietates Psittaciformium sunt firmum [[rostrum]] crassum et curvum, status erectus, [[crus|crura]] valida, et [[pes|pedes]] [[ungula]]ti [[dactylia|zygodactyles]]. Multi psittaciformes sunt versicolores, nonnullisque sunt multi [[color]]es. Plurimi paucum vel nullum [[dimorphismus sexualis|dimorphismum sexualem]] exhibent. Omnes una sunt ordo avium [[magnitudo|magnitudine]] maxime variabilis. Elementa maximi momenti in [[victus]] rationibus plurimorum psittaciformium sunt [[semen|semina]], [[nux|nuces]], [[fructus]], [[gemma (planta)|gemmae]], et alia res [[planta]]rum. Nonnullae [[species]] [[animal]]ia et [[cadaver]]a aliquando edunt, et psittaciformes [[tribus]] [[Loriini|Loriinorum]] [[nectar]]e [[flos|florum]] et fructibus [[victus|vescuntur]]. Paene omnes psittaciformes feri nidos in [[cavum arboreum|cavis arboris]] faciunt et [[ovum|ova]] [[albus|alba]] pariunt, ex quibus excludunt iuvenes [[altricialis|altriciales]]. Psittaciformes, cum [[Corvidae|Corvidis]], sunt inter aves maxime [[intellegentia|intellegens]], et facultas [[aves loquentes|vocum humanarum imitandarum]] nonnullarum specierum facit ut eae [[animal dilectum|animalia dilecta]] populo gratiores sint. <!--[[Animal trapping|Trapping]] wild parrots for the [[wildlife trade|pet trade]], as well as [[hunting]], [[habitat loss]] and [[competition]] from [[invasive species]], has diminished wild populations, with parrots being subjected to more exploitation than any other group of birds.<ref>Snyder, N; McGowan, P; Gilardi, J; & A Grajal (2000), ''[http://www.parrots.org/index.php/ourpublication/papfiles/ Parrots: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, 2000–2004]''. Chapter 1. vii. [[IUCN]] ISBN 2831705045. Capitulum 1, vii.</ref> Measures taken to conserve the habitats of some high-profile [[charismatic megafauna|charismatic species]] have also protected many of the less charismatic species living in the same [[ecosystem]]s.<ref name="Chapter2p12">Snyder, N; McGowan, P; Gilardi, J; & A Grajal (2000), ''[http://www.parrots.org/index.php/ourpublication/papfiles/ Parrots: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, 2000–2004]''. Chapter 1. vii. [[IUCN]] ISBN 2-8317-0504-5. Chapter 2. page 12.</ref>--> ===Systematica=== Classificatio sequens in proposito recentissimo, quod vicissim in omnibus inventis recentibus conditur.<ref name="revision">{{cite journal|url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2012/f/z03205p040f.pdf|author=Joseph, Leo et al.|year=2012|title= A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes)|journal= Zootaxa|volume= 3205|pages= 26–40}}.</ref><ref name="White">{{cite journal|title=The evolutionary history of cockatoos (Aves: Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae)|url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2011-06_59_3/page/615|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|year=2011|volume=59|pages=615–22|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.011|pmid=21419232|author= White, Nicole E. et al.|issue=3}}.</ref><ref name="Schweizer2011">{{cite journal|title=Macroevolutionary patterns in the diversification of parrots: effects of climate change, geological events and key innovations|year=2011|author=Schweizer, Manuel; Seehausen, Ole and Hertwig, Stefan T. |journal=Journal of Biogeography |volume=38|pages=2176–94|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02555.x|issue=11}}.</ref><ref name="Joseph">{{cite journal|title=Molecular systematics of two enigmatic genera ''Psittacella'' and ''Pezoporus'' illuminate the ecological radiation of Australo-Papuan parrots (Aves: Psittaciformes)|url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2011-06_59_3/page/675|author=Joseph, Leo; Toon, Alicia; Schirtzinger, Erin E. and Wright, Timothy F. |year=2011|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=59|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.017|pmid=21453777|issue=3}}.</ref><ref name="Schweizer2010">{{cite journal|title=The evolutionary diversification of parrots supports a taxon pulse model with multiple trans-oceanic dispersal events and local radiations|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|year=2009|first=M. |last=Schweizer |coauthors=Seehausen O, Güntert M and Hertwig ST|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.021 |pmid=19699808|volume=54|issue=3|pages=984–94}}.</ref> '''Superfamilia [[Strigopoidea]]''' * Familia [[Nestoridae]]: 2 genera, 2 viva ([[kea]] et [[New Zealand kaka]]) et nonnullae [[species]] [[exstinctio|exstinctae]] in [[regio]]ne [[Nova Zelandia|Novae Zelandiae]] * Familia [[Strigopidae]]: 1 species, ''[[Strigops habroptilus]]'' ([[kakapo]]) [[Nova Zelandia|Novae Zelandiae]] '''Superfamily [[Cacatuoidea]]''': Cockatoos *Familia [[Cacatuidae]] **Subfamilia [[Nymphicinae]]: 1 genus, 1 species, ''[[Nymphicus hollandicus]]'' **Subfamilia [[Calyptorhynchinae]] **Subfamilia [[Cacatuinae]] ***Tribus [[Microglossini]]: 1 genus, 1 species, ''[[Probosciger aterrimus]]'' ***Tribus [[Cacatuini]]: 4 genera '''Superfamilia [[Psittacoidea]]''' *Familia [[Psittacidae]] **Subfamilia [[Psittacinae]]: 2 genera, ''[[Psittacus]]'' et ''[[Poicephalus]]'' **Subfamilia [[Arinae]] ***Tribus [[Arini (tribus)|Arini]]: 15 genera ***Tribus [[Androglossini]]: 7 genera ***''Incertae sedis'': 10 genera *Familia [[Psittrichasiidae]] **Subfamilia [[Psittrichasinae]]: 1 species, ''[[Psittrichas fulgidus]]'' **Subfamilia [[Coracopsinae]]: 1 genus, nonnullae species *Familia [[Psittaculidae]] **Subfamilia [[Platycercinae]] *** Tribus [[Pezoporini]] *** Tribus [[Platycercini]] **Subfamilia [[Psittacellinae]]: 1 genus (''[[Psittacella]]''), nonnullae species **Subfamilia [[Loriinae]] *** Tribus [[Loriini]] *** Tribus [[Melopsittacini]]: 1 genus, 1 species (''[[Melopsittacus undulatus]]'') *** Tribus [[Cyclopsittini]] **Subfamilia [[Agapornithinae]]: 3 genera **Subfamilia [[Psittaculinae]] *** Tribus [[Polytelini]]: 3 genera *** Tribus [[Psittaculini]] *** Tribus [[Micropsittini]] ===Cladistica=== {{clade|style=font-size:75%;line-height:75% |1={{clade |label1=&nbsp;[[Strigopoidea]]&nbsp; |1={{clade |1=[[Nestoridae]]&nbsp; |2=[[Strigopidae]]&nbsp; }} }} |label2=&nbsp; |2={{clade |label1=&nbsp;[[Cacatuoidea]]&nbsp; |1=&nbsp; |label2=&nbsp;[[Psittacoidea]]&nbsp; |2={{clade |label1=[[Psittacidae]] |1={{clade |label1=&nbsp; |1=[[Neotropical parrot]]s |label2=&nbsp; |2=[[Psittacinae]] }} |2={{clade |label1=[[Psittrichadidae]] |1={{clade |label1=&nbsp; |1=[[Psittrichadinae]] |label2=&nbsp; |2=[[Coracopseinae]] }} |label1=[[Psittaculidae]] |2={{clade |1=[[Psittaculinae]] |2={{clade |1=[[Broad-tailed parrot|Broad-tailed&nbsp;parrots]] |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Fig parrot|Fig&nbsp;parrots]] |2={{clade |1=[[Budgerigar]] |2=[[Lories and lorikeets|Lories&nbsp;and&nbsp;Lorikeets]] }} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Bolbopsittacus]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Loriculus]]'' |2=''[[Agapornis]]'' }} }} }} |3=''[[Psittacella]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Cameron, Matt. [[2007]]. ''Cockatoos.'' Collingwood Victoriae Australiae: CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 9780643092327. *Hochspringen, T. F., Wright, E. E. Schirtzinger, T. Matsumoto, J. R. Eberhard, G. R. Graves, J. J. Sanchez, S. Capelli, H. Müller, J. Scharpegge, G. K. Chambers, et R. C. Fleischer. A Multilocus Molecular Phylogeny of the Parrots (Psittaciformes): Support for a Gondwanan Origin during the Cretaceous. ''Molecular Biology and Evolution.'' {{doi|10.1093/molbev/msn160}}. *Rowley, Ian. [[1997]]. Family Psittacidae. In ''Handbook of the Birds of the World,'' vol. 4, Sandgrouse to Cuckoos, ed. Josep del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott, et Jordi Sargatal, 246–69. Barcinonae: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 9788487334221. == Nexus externi == {{fontes biologici}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160313043402/http://mangoverde.com/birdsound/fam/fam74.html "Parrots, Macaws and Allies"] apud www.mangoverde.com. *[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/parrots-psittacidae Pelliculae psittaciformium] apud ibc.lynxeds.com. Internet Bird Collection. [[Categoria:Psittaciformes| ]] [[Categoria:Taxa Wagler]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1830]] {{Myrias|Biologia}} 24fnzkv2lnykc37tde7wyy1yi6v3vlv 0 225611 3979779 3767587 2026-08-09T17:51:00Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3979779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Lucianus''' (Dacoromanice ''Lucian'') '''Bode''' (natus die [[27 Octobris]] [[1974]] in ''Valcău de Jos'' in circulo [[Sălaj (circulus)|Sălaj]]) [[machinator]] et vir publicus [[Romania|Dacoromanicus]] est. == Munus == Annis [[1993]] - [[1998]] apud [[Universitas Varadinensis|Universitatem Varadinensem]] [[mechanica]]e studebat et machinator factus est. Deinde ad annum [[2008]] pro societate electrica in [[Zalău]] operam dedit. == Cursus honorum == Ab anno [[2000]] Bode, tum sodalis Factionis Democraticae (PD) consiliarius communis Valcău de Jos fuit. Deinde ab anno [[2004]] eodem magistratu in circulo Sălaj fungebatur. Anno [[2007]] ad factionem [[Factio democratica liberalis (Romania)|PD-L]] transiit. Ab anno 2008 etiam legatus ad [[Camera Legatorum Romaniae|Cameram Legatorum Romaniae]] est. A die 9 Februarii ad diem [[27 Aprilis]] minister oeconomiae in consilio ministrorum [[Michael Răzvan Ungureanu]] fuit<ref>[http://www.adz.ro/artikel/artikel/designierter-premier-stellt-seine-minister-vor/ adz.ro die 8 Februarii 2012]</ref>. A die [[4 Novembris]] [[2019]] ad usque [[23 Decembris]] [[2020]] minister vecturae in consilio ministrorum [[Ludovicus Orban|Ludovici Orban]] fuit et in consilio ministrorum [[Florinus Cîțu|Florinus Cîțu]] minister rerum internarum est<ref>[https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-politic-24501302-lucian-bode-propus-ministru-interne-condus-economia-guvernul-ungureanu-transporturile-cabinetul-orban.htm hotnews.ro die 23 Decembris 2020]</ref>. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141220144736/http://www.lucianbode.ro/ Pagina personalis] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20211129110440/https://cdep.ro/pls/parlam/structura.mp?idm=36&cam=2&leg=2012&pag=0&idl=1 Curriculum vitae in situ Camerae Legatorum Romaniae] * [https://www.puterea.ro/cine-este-lucian-bode-viitorul-ministru-de-interne/ Biographia apud puterea.ro] {{Ministri Romanici Ungureanu}} {{Ministri Romanici Orban I}} {{Ministri Romanici Orban II}} {{Ministri Romanici Cîțu}} {{Ministri Romanici Ciucă}} {{ministri rerum internarum Romanici}} {{Ministri oeconomiae Romanici}} {{ministri vecturae Romanici}} {{Lifetime|1974||Bode, Lucianus}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Varadinensis]] [[Categoria:Machinatores Romaniae]] [[Categoria:Legati Camerae Legatorum Romaniae]] [[Categoria:Ministri oeconomiae Romaniae]] [[Categoria:Ministri vecturae Romaniae]] [[Categoria:Ministri rerum internarum Romaniae]] cscxbp8u5m448ulur8645qwcjjb3p5e 0 227607 3979958 3921829 2026-08-09T22:12:53Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} [[Fasciculus:Poor Richard Almanack 1739.jpg|thumb|''Poor Richard's Almanack,'' editio anni [[1739]].]] '''''Poor Richard's Almanack''''' ('Fasti Ricardi Pauperis'), aliquando '''''Almanac''''' tantum, fuit [[fasti]]<!--almanac--> annui a [[Beniaminus Franklinius|Beniamino Franklinio]] editi, qui [[pseudonymum|pseudonymo]] Ricardi Pauperis (plene Ricardi Saunders) pro hoc proposito utebatur. [[Liber|Libellus]] ab [[1732]] ad [[1758]] continenter apparebet, ''bestseller'' inter libellos in [[Tredecim Coloniae|coloniis Americanis]] editus; numerus exemplarium impressorum 10&thinsp;000 fere per annum erant.<ref name="Goodrich1829">{{cite book|author=Charles A. Goodrich|title=Lives of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=djYEAAAAYAAJ|year=1829|publisher=W. Reed & Company|page=267}}</ref><ref name="TQ">Oracle ThinkQuest (2003)</ref> Franklinio, [[inventor]]i, [[civilitas|viro civili]], [[scientia (ratio)|physico]], et [[dux domus editoria|duci domus editoria]]<!--publisher--> [[Civitates Foederatae|Americano]], ''Poor Richard's Almanack'' fuit bene res gesta. Tales [[liber|libelli]] populo gratissimi in [[Historia Civitatum Foederatarum|America coloniali]] erant, temporales [[caelum|caeli]] praenuntiationes, consilia [[domus|domestica]] utilia, [[aenigma]]ta, et alia [[oblectamentum|oblectamenta]] mixta praebentes.<ref>The History Place (1998)</ref> ''Poor Richard's Almanack'' populo gratus etiam pro latus [[ludus verborum|ludi verborum]] usu, et nonnullae locutiones facetae in opere fictae iam in [[patrius sermo|patrio sermone]] hodierno supersunt.<ref>Innovation Philadelphia 2005.</ref> ==Res quae insunt== [[Fasciculus:Oliver Pelton - Benjamin Franklin - Poor Richard's Almanac Illustrated.jpg|thumb|Impressio [[saeculum 19|saeculi undevicensimi]] in ''Poor Richard's Almanack'' condita imaginem [[auctor]]is monstrat, a viginti quattuor [[adumbratio]]nibus eius [[aphorismus|dictorum]] clarorum cinctam.]] ''Almanack'' [[calendarium]], [[caelum]], [[poema]]ta, [[aphorismus|aphorismos]], et res [[astronomia|astronomicas]] et [[astrologia|astrologicas]] continebat, res quae fasti illius aetatis usitate offerebant. Franklinius etiam [[exercitium mathematicum|exercitia mathemetica]] aliquando praebebat, et ''Almanack'' ex [[1750]] exemplum [[demographia]]e exprimit. Praesertim autem commemoratur repositorium [[aphorismus|aphorismorum]] et [[proverbium|proverbiorum]] Franklinii, quorum multa in [[lingua Anglica Americana]] iam vivunt. Haec axiomata usitate frugalitatem et comitatem [[lector]]i suadent, cum mensura [[cynicismus|cynicismi]].<ref>Pasles 2001:492–493.</ref> ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Bibliographia== <div class="references-small"> *Arch, Stephen Carl. [[1995]]. Writing a Federalist Self: Alexander Graydon's Memoirs of a Life. ''William and Mary Quarterly'' series 3a, 52(3):415–432. doi:10.2307/2947293. JSTOR 2947293. *Bellis, Mary. [http://inventors.about.com/cs/inventorsalphabet/a/Ben_Franklin_3.htm ''Benjamin Franklin and his Times.'']{{Nexus deficitur|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite web|author=Bucknell University|title=100 Years of Carnegie: Franklin: Poor Richard's Almanack|url=http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/History/Carnegie/franklin/poorrichard.html|year=2004|accessdate=2007-04-16}} * {{cite journal|title=The Impact of the American Independence and the American Constitution: 1776–1848; with a Brief Epilogue|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-politics_1976-08_38_3/page/37|first=Manning J.|last=Dauer|journal=The Journal of Politics|volume=38|issue=3|date=Augusto 1976|pages=37–55|doi=10.2307/2129573|jstor=2129573|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} *Goodrich, Charles A. [[1829]]. ''Lives of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence.'' *Hancock, David. [[1998]]. Commerce and Conversation in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic: The Invention of Madeira Wine. ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' 29(2):197–219. doi:10.1162/002219598551670. * {{cite web|title=Benjamin Franklin Timeline|author= Independence Hall Association|date=1999–2007|url=http://www.ushistory.org/franklin/info/timeline.htm}} * {{cite web|title=Printer and Publisher, Franklin Gives a "Word to the Wise"|author=Innovation Philadelphia|year=2005|url=http://www.ipphila.com/iplinks/v4/is3/ar2.htm|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060516101257/http://www.ipphila.com/iplinks/v4/is3/ar2.htm|archivedate=2006-05-16}} * {{cite book|author=Kneeland, John, Wheeler, Henry Nathan|title=Masterpieces of American Literature|year=1891|publisher=Houghton Mifflin & Co.|location=United States|url=https://archive.org/details/masterpiecesame01wheegoog}} * {{cite web|title=Golden Nuggets from U. S. History: ''Benjamin Franklin'' and ''Poor Richard's Almanac''|first=Frank|last=Laughter|date=1999–2003|url=http://www.laughtergenealogy.com/bin/history/almanac.html}} * {{cite web|first=Alberto|last=Lena|title=Poor Richard's Almanack|work=The Literary Encyclopedia|date=30 Ianuarii 2003|url=http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=2617}} *Miles, Richard D. [[1957]]. The American Image of Benjamin Franklin. ''American Quarterly'' 9(2):117–143. doi:10.2307/2710628|jstor=2710628. *Mulder, William. [[1979]]. Seeing 'New Englandly': Planes of Perception in Emily Dickinson and Robert Frost. ''The New England Quarterly'' 52(4):550–559. doi:10.2307/365757. JSTOR 365757. *Newcomb, Robert. [[1955]]. Poor Richard's Debt to Lord Halifax. ''PMLA'' 70(3):535–539. doi:10.2307/460054. JSTOR 460054. *Newcomb, Robert. [[1957]]. Benjamin Franklin and Montaigne. ''Modern Language Notes'' 72(7):489–491. doi:10.2307/3043511. JSTOR 3043511. *{{cite web| author=Oracle ThinkQuest|url=http://library.thinkquest.org/22254/pra2.htm|title=Poor Richard's Almanac|publisher=ThinkQuest: Library |year=2003}} *Paslas, Paul C. [[2001]]. The Lost Squares of Dr. Franklin: Ben Franklin's Missing Squares and the Secret of the Magic Circle. ''The American Mathematical Monthly'' 108(6):489–511. doi:10.2307/2695704. JSTOR 2695704. *Ross, John F. [[1940]]. The Character of Poor Richard: Its Source and Alteration. ''PMLA'' 55(3):785–794. doi:10.2307/458740. JSTOR 458740. * {{cite journal|title=Time, Slavery and Plantation Capitalism in the Ante-Bellum American South|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_past-present_1996-02_150/page/142|first=Mark M.|last=Smith|journal=Past and Present|issue=150|date=February 1996|pages=142–168}} * {{cite web|title=English Colonial Era: 1700 to 1763|author=The History Place|year=1998|url=http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/revolution/rev-col.htm}} *Wilson, Pip. [[2006]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070309035303/http://www.wilsonsalmanac.com/calendar_history.html ''A Calendar History.''] *Zinn, Howard. [[1980]]. ''A People's History of the United States.'' Novi Eboraci: HarperCollins.<!-- * Franklin, Benjamin; J.A. Leo Lemay (ed). ''Benjamin Franklin: Autobiography, Poor Richard: Autobiography, Poor Richard, and Later Writings.'' New York: Library of America, 2005. ISBN 1-883011-53-1.--> ==Nexus externi== {{wikiquote|Poor Richard's Almanack}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170821094850/http://www3.gettysburg.edu/~tshannon/his341/colonialamer.htm Scanned images of three online editions of Poor Richard's (1733, 1753, 1759)] * [https://secure.flickr.com/photos/franklinremix/sets/72057594064843539/ High-Quality Scanned Images of several pages of Poor Richard's Almanac]{{Nexus deficitur|date=November 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Categoria:Calendaria]]<!--en:Almanacs--><!--[[Categoria:Libri 1732]]--> [[Categoria:Civitatum Foederatarum scripta]] [[Categoria:Beniaminus Franklinius]]<!--en:Works by Benjamin Franklin--> [[Categoria:Incepta 1732]]<!--en:Publications established in 1732--> [[Categoria:Periodica Anglica]] [[Categoria:Proverbiorum collectanea]] [[Categoria:Scripta 1758]]<!-- [[Category:18th-century books]] [[Category:Agriculture books]] [[Category:Astronomy books]] [[Category:Astrological texts]] [[Category:American non-fiction books]]--> nh7urm7618fr3rpb41x9oohl2zf5cam 0 227731 3979771 3978493 2026-08-09T16:11:04Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}; {{cite ...}} → {{[[Formula:Opus|opus]]}} 3979771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} [[Fasciculus:Ding_Liren_in_2023_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Ding Liren, summus scaccorum peritus.]] {{res|Certamen scaccorum mundiale}} ([[Anglice]] ''World Chess Championship,'' titulus nonnunquam WCC imminutus) habetur ut summus [[scacci|scaccorum]] peritus constituatur. Omnes quisque eligi possunt hunc titulum petere. Summus scaccorum peritus hodie est [[Ding Liren]]. ==Historia== Certamen mundi sollemnis fere coepisse habetur anno [[1886]], principibus lusoribus ex [[Europa]] et [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis]], proprie Ioanne Zukertort et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gulielmus Steinitz|Gulielmo Steinitz|en|qid=Q102648}} contendentibus. Ab anno [[1948]] ad annum [[1993]], certamen administrabatur a [[FIDE]]. == Principatus orbis terrarum secundum FIDE == {|class="wikitable" ! Anni !! Nomen !! Patria |- | 1948-1957 || [[Michael Botvinnik]] || {{Unio SovieticaVex}} |- | 1957-1958 || [[Basilius Smyslov]] || {{Unio SovieticaVex}} |- | 1958-1960 || [[Michael Botvinnik]] || {{Unio SovieticaVex}} |- | 1960-1961 || [[Michael Tal]] || {{Unio SovieticaVex}} |- | 1961-1963 || [[Michael Botvinnik]] || {{Unio SovieticaVex}} |- | 1963-1969 || [[Tigranes Petrosian]] || {{Unio SovieticaVex}} |- | 1969-1972 || [[Boris Spasskij]] || {{Unio SovieticaVex}} |- | 1972-1975 || [[Robertus Fischer]] || {{CFAVex}} |- | 1975-1985 || [[Anatolius Karpov]] || {{Unio SovieticaVex}} |- | 1985-1993 || [[Garri Kasparov]] || {{Unio SovieticaVex}} |- | 1993-1999 || [[Anatolius Karpov]] || {{RussiaVex}} |- | 1999-2000 || [[Aleksander Chalifman]] || {{RussiaVex}} |- | 2000-2002 || [[Viswanathan Anand]] || {{IndiaVex}} |- | 2002-2004 || [[Ruslanus Ponomarëv]] || {{UcrainaVex}} |- | 2004-2005 || [[Rustamus Kasimdzhanov]] || [[Uzbecia]] |- | 2005-2006 || [[Veselin Topalov]] || {{BulgariaVex}} |- | 2006-2007 || [[Vladimirus Kramnik]] || {{RussiaVex}} |- | 2007-2013 || [[Viswanathan Anand]] || {{IndiaVex}} |- | 2013-2023 || [[Magnus Carlsen]] || {{NorvegiaVex}} |- | 2023-2024 || [[Ding Liren]] || {{SinaVex}} |- | 2024-.....|| [[Dommaraju Gukesh]] || {{IndiaVex}} |- |} == Mulierum mundi latrunculorum pugiles == {|class="wikitable" ! Anni !! Nomen !! Patria |- | 1927-1944 || [[Vera Menchik]] || {{Unio SovieticaVex}}-{{CechoslovaciaVex}}-[[Britannia Maior]] |- | 1950-1953 || [[Lyudmila Rudenko]] || {{Unio SovieticaVex}} |- | 1953-1956 || [[Elisaveta Bykova]] || {{Unio SovieticaVex}} |- | 1956-1958 || [[Olga Rubtsova]] || {{Unio SovieticaVex}} |- | 1958-1962 || [[Elisaveta Bykova]] || {{Unio SovieticaVex}} |- | 1962-1978 || [[Nona Gaprindashvili]] || {{Unio SovieticaVex}} |- | 1978-1991 || [[Maia Chiburdanidze]] || {{Unio SovieticaVex}} |- | 1991-1996 || [[Xie Jun]] || {{SinaVex}} |- | 1996-1999 || [[Susan Polgar]] || {{HungariaVex}} |- | 1999-2001 || [[Xie Jun]] || {{SinaVex}} |- | 2001-2004 || [[Zhu Chen]] || {{SinaVex}} |- | 2004-2006 || [[Antoaneta Stefanova]] || {{BulgariaVex}} |- | 2006-2008 || [[Xu Yuhua]] || {{SinaVex}} |- | 2008-2010 || [[Alexandra Kosteniuk]] || {{RussiaVex}} |- | 2010-2012 || [[Hou Yifan]] || {{SinaVex}} |- | 2012-2013 || [[Anna Ushenina]] || {{UcrainaVex}} |- | 2013-2015 || [[Hou Yifan]] || {{SinaVex}} |- | 2015-2016 || [[Mariya Muzychuk]] || {{UcrainaVex}} |- | 2016-2017 || [[Hou Yifan]] || {{SinaVex}} |- | 2017-2018 || [[Tan Zhongyi]] || {{SinaVex}} |- | 2018-......|| [[Ju Wenjun]] || {{SinaVex}} |- |} == Fontes == * {{Opus | cognomen = Burgess | nomen = Graham | titulus = The Mammoth Book of Chess | annus = 2000 | editio = secunda | domus editoria = Carroll & Graf | url = https://archive.org/details/mammothbookofche0000burg_j9b8 | isbn = 978-0-7867-0725-6 }} * {{Opus | auctor = Gelo, James H. | titulus = Chess World Championships: All the Games, All with Diagrams, 1834–2004 | annus = 2006 | editio = tertia | domus editoria = McFarland | isbn = 978-0-7864-2568-6 }} * {{Opus | cognomen 1 = Hooper | nomen 1 = David | cognomen 2 = Whyld | nomen 2 = Kenneth | titulus = The Oxford Companion to Chess | annus = 1992 | editio = secunda | domus editoria = Oxford University Press | isbn = 0-19-866164-9 }} [[Categoria:Scacci]] 2p4oluwbxq77l7usb8p2ez7q61refyd 0 232261 3979792 3727481 2026-08-09T19:07:39Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Gulielmus Martinus Joel''' (vulgo ''William Martin Joel''), nomine scaenico '''Billy Joel''' appellatus, est [[compositor]], [[cantor]], [[clavilista]], [[actor]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]]. ==Vita== Gulielmus Joel, in [[Bronx|Comitatu Bronxensi]] [[Urbs Novum Eboracum|Urbis Novi Eboraci]] die [[9 Maii]] [[1949]] natus,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Monitor|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_entertainment-weekly_2013-05-10_1258/page/30|journal=Entertainment Weekly|date=10 Maii 2013|issue=1258|page=30}}.</ref> in oppido [[Hicksville]] [[Insula Longa|Insulae Longae]] eruditus est. Howard (Helmuth), [[puer]]i [[pater]], fuit clavilista.<ref name="htt">{{cite web|url=http://www.wnyc.org/shows/heresthething/2012/jul/30/transcript|title=Billy Joel|date=30 Iulii 2012|publisher=WNYC|work=Here's The Thing|format=transcriptum|quote=I grew up on the Island, in the Levittown section of Hicksville. We had a Levitt house, Cape Code, on the quarter acre. . . . My father was a classically trained pianist. He grew up in Nuremberg, Germany, and he also went to school in Switzerland. His father was quite well off. They had a mail-order textile business, Joel Macht Fabrik.}}</ref> [[Filius]] discipulus fuit clavilistae [[Morton Estrin]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071013200823/http://www.mortonestrin.com/alumni.php "Past students of Morton Estrin,"] mortonestrin.com.</ref> et [[Timotheus Ford|Timothei Ford]], [[compositor]]is [[carmen|carminum]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160313234753/https://www.heykiki.com/blog/tag/timothy-ford/ "Piano Spotlight: Billy Joel,"] HeyKiki Blog.</ref> == Discographia == * ''[[Cold Spring Harbor (album)|Cold Spring Harbor]]'' (1971) * ''[[Piano Man (album)|Piano Man]]'' (1973) * ''[[Streetlife Serenade]]'' (1974) * ''[[Turnstiles]]'' (1976) * ''[[The Stranger (album)|The Stranger]]'' (1977) * ''[[52nd Street (album)|52nd Street]]'' (1978) * ''[[Glass Houses]]'' (1980) * ''[[The Nylon Curtain]]'' (1982) * ''[[An Innocent Man]]'' (1983) * ''[[The Bridge (Billy Joel album)|The Bridge]]'' (1986) * ''[[Storm Front (album)|Storm Front]]'' (1989) * ''[[River of Dreams]]'' (1993) * ''[[Fantasies & Delusions]]'' (''Phantasiae et Delusiones'') (2001) ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> {{Lifetime|1949||Joel, Gulielmus}} [[Categoria:Incolae Novi Eboraci]] [[Categoria:Actores Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Cantores Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Clavilistae]] 85fl996nhoj7sldem6nhv7b0ajjiytm 0 236366 3979897 3955028 2026-08-09T21:09:15Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina non annexa}} '''Sacculus exitus''' est [[apparatus]] e [[Sacculus plasticus|sacco]] [[Materia plastica|plastico]] cum [[Contractarium|contractorio]] constans quo [[homo]] utitur ut [[Mors voluntaria|se interficat]]. Saepe cum [[Gasia inertia|gasio inerte]] (exempli gratia, [[Helium|helio]] aut [[Nitrogenium|nitrogenio]]) pletur, quod [[terror]]em, sensum [[suffocatio]]nis et [[contentio]]nem propter praesentiam [[carbonii dioxidum|carbonii dioxidi]] prohibet. Etiam saepe difficile est causa mortis reperire si sacculus et gasium deleta sint ante inveniendum corporis. <ref name="pmid18043029">{{cite journal |author=Schön CA, Ketterer T |title=Asphyxial suicide by inhalation of helium inside a plastic bag |journal=Am J Forensic Med Pathol |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=364–7 |date=December 2007 |pmid=18043029 |doi=10.1097/PAF.0b013e31815b4c69}}</ref><ref name="pmid17628370">{{cite journal |author=Auwaerter V, Perdekamp MG, Kempf J, Schmidt U, Weinmann W, Pollak S |title=Toxicological analysis after asphyxial suicide with helium and a plastic bag |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_forensic-science-international_2007-08-06_170_2-3/page/139 |journal=Forensic Sci. Int. |volume=170 |issue=2&ndash;3 |pages=139–41 |date=August 2007 |pmid=17628370 |doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.03.027}}</ref><ref name="pmid12198347">{{cite journal |author=Ogden RD, Wooten RH |title=Asphyxial suicide with helium and a plastic bag |journal=Am J Forensic Med Pathol |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=234–7 |date=September 2002 |pmid=12198347 |doi=10.1097/01.PAF.0000022963.33157.9B}}</ref>Multi advocatores iuris [[euthanasia]]e hanc rationem consiliantur, quia rapida est, sine [[dolor]]e et effectiva.<ref name="Schön-2007">{{Cite journal | last1 = Schön | first1 = CA. | last2 = Ketterer | first2 = T. | title = Asphyxial suicide by inhalation of helium inside a plastic bag. | journal = Am J Forensic Med Pathol | volume = 28 | issue = 4 | pages = 364–7 |date=Dec 2007 | doi = 10.1097/PAF.0b013e31815b4c69 | PMID = 18043029 }}</ref> == Historia == De sacculo exitus primo locutus est [[Derek Humphry]] in libro [[Final Exit]] (Finalis Exitus) anno [[1992]], dum usus cum gasiis inertibus descriptus est in appendice ad librum anno [[2000]]. == Notae == <references/> [[Categoria:Mors voluntaria]] [[Categoria:Instrumenta]] 17q329bkb02adlh9smfpyb9bcp70wn3 0 237239 3980098 3635042 2026-08-10T00:15:46Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cautio}} {| class="wikitable floatright" ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" | Thrombosis |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <div style="position: relative;">[[Fasciculus:Arterial thrombosis causing cyanosis.jpg|250px|Thrombosis]]</div> |- | colspan="2" style="font-size: 85%; width:250px" | Thrombosis pedis dextri cum symptomate [[cyanosis]] |} '''Thrombosis''' ([[Graece]] θρόμβωσις < θρόμβος 'grumus, concretus sanguis') est conformatio coaguli in interiore [[cor]]de vel in vaso [[sanguis|sanguineo]] hominis vivi, saepe in inferioribus [[corpus|corporis]] membris, praesertim in cruribus. Thrombosis in [[vena|venis]] [[thrombosis venosa]], et in [[arteria|arteriis]] [[thrombosis arteriosa]] observari potest. === Descriptio === Huiusmodi [[coagulum]] interrumpit [[sanguis|sanguinis fluxum]], et ideo affert [[inflammatio|inflammationem]] et [[dolor|dolorem]]. Sed maximum adest periculum, quando coagulum seligatur atque movetur per fluxum sanguinis ad alias corporis partes. Quod coagulum liberum dicitur embolia. Embolia potest aut [[Cerebrum|cerebro]] adhaerere aut [[pulmo|pulmonibus]] aut [[cor|cordi]] aut alicui organo. Quod si fiet, organum graviter laedetur. === Signa === Haud semper thrombosis habet signa. Haec tamen, quae sequuntur, possunt aliquando observari: * dolor in cruribus, praesertim in sura. Qui dolor aliquando descendit ad pedes necnon ad talos. * sensus cremationis in loco a morbo affecto. * mutatio coloris cutis in loco a morbo affecto. Cutis potest fieri rubra vel caerulea. * inflammatio (edema) cruris a morbo affecti. === Causae === Thrombosis causae sunt praesertim tres: * Compositio ipsius sanguinis; * Qualitas parietum venarum; * Natura fluxus sanguinis.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Furie B, Furie BC | title=Mechanisms of thrombus formation | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2008-08-28_359_9/page/938 | journal=New England Journal of Medicine | year=2008 | volume=359 | pages=938–949 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra0801082 | pmid=18753650 | issue=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Handin RI |editor=Kasper DL, Braunwald E, [[Antonius Fauci|Fauci AS]], ''et al.'' |title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine|edition=16th |year=2005 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York, NY |isbn=0-07-139140-1 |chapter=Chapter 53: bleeding and thrombosis}}</ref> === Periculum === Possunt thrombosi laborare ii, qui: * sedent per longum temporis spatium. Dum crura in eodem manent statu, musculi surae non moventur. Haec musculorum inertia impedit sanguinis fluxum. * hereditate adeunt proclivitatem ad formanda sanguinis coagula. * corporis pondus auxerunt vel corpus exercere non curant. * solent fasciam nicotinianam sugere. == Diagnosem instituendi == === Dimera D === Examinatione sanguinea [[dimerum D|dimerorum D]] praesentia thrombosis venarum profundarum crurum excludi videtur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Wells P. S., Anderson D. R., et al. |title=Evaluation of D-dimer in the diagnosis of suspected deep-vein thrombosis |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |year=2003 |month=Sep |volume=349 |issue=13 |pages=1227-35 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14507948/}}</ref>. {{NexInt}} * [[Embolia pulmonis]] * [[Factoris Xa inhibitor]] * [[Microangiopathia thrombotica]] == Notae == <references/> [[Categoria:Morbi]] [[Categoria:Haematologia]] 408hew0mtvl1upgypsghn9q4qc6dvr2 0 238739 3979875 3978350 2026-08-09T20:43:48Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Stammtafel der Karolinger.jpg|thumb|In stemmate Carolingorum legitur "Karlomannus rex Bawariae".]] '''Karlomannus''' (vulgo ''Karlmann''; natus circa annum [[830]], mortuus die [[22 Martii]] [[880]]) fuit rex [[Franci]]cus [[Carolingorum stirps|Carolingorum stirpis]], filius maximus natu [[Ludovicus (rex Francorum orientalium)|Ludovici Germanici]], [[Regnum Francorum orientalium|Francorum orientalium]] regis et [[Hemma]]e, filiae comitis Bavariensis. Karlomannus a patre [[margravius]] [[Pannonia]]e anno [[856]] creatus, post patris mortem anno [[876]] rex [[Bavaria]]e factus est. [[Ludovicus II (imperator)|Ludovicus II]] [[Regnum Italiae|Italiae rex]] eum successorem suum designavit, sed hoc regnum anno [[875]] a Karlomanni patruo [[Carolus II (imperator)|Carolo Calvo]] captum, tantum anno [[877]] a Carlomanno victum est. Carlomannus anno [[879]] fortasse [[apoplexia cerebri|apoplexiâ]] debilitatus, Bavariam [[Ludovicus III (rex Francorum orientalium)|Ludovico Iuniore]], Italiam [[Carolus III (imperator)|Carolo Crasso]] tradidit. == Bibliographia == *{{cite book |last=Bowlus |first=Charles R. |title=Franks, Moravians, and Magyars: The Struggle for the Middle Danube, 788–907 |url=https://archive.org/details/franksmoraviansm0000bowl |location=Philadelphia |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=1995}} *{{cite journal |first=Fred E. |last=Engreen |title=Pope John the Eighth and the Arabs |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_speculum_1945-07_20_3/page/318 |journal=[[Speculum (journal)|Speculum]] |volume=20 |issue=3 |year=1945 |pages=318–30|ref=harv |doi=10.2307/2854614}} *{{cite book |last=Goldberg |first=Eric Joseph |title=Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict Under Louis the German, 817–876 |year=2006 |location=Ithaca, New York |publisher=Cornell University Press|ref=harv}} *{{cite book |authorlink1=Philip Grierson |first1=Philip |last1=Grierson |first2=Mark |last2=Blackburn |title=Medieval European Coinage, With a Catalogue of the Coins in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Volume 1: The Early Middle Ages (5th–10th Centuries) |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1986 |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |first=Simon |last=MacLean |year=2003 |title=Kingship and Politics in the Late Ninth Century : Charles the Fat and the End of the Carolingian Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge|ref=harv}}<!--pp. 84-6, 91-2, 94, 134-5, 141, 221-3--> *{{cite journal |first=Simon |last=MacLean |year=2010 |title=Legislation and Politics in Late Carolingian Italy: The Ravenna Constitutions |journal=Early Medieval Europe |volume=18 |pages=394–416|ref=harv |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0254.2010.00304.x}} *{{cite book |authorlink=Timothy Reuter |first=Timothy |last=Reuter |title=Germany in the Early Middle Ages, c. 800–1050 |publisher=Longman |location=London |year=1991|ref=harv}} {{Imperatores SRI}} {{bio-stipula}} [[Categoria:Reges Francorum orientalium]] [[Categoria:Carolingi]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 9]] [[Categoria:Mortui 880]] gr23t4pdw6eq1eoswy3vbbofeo3gs2h 0 239377 3979981 3894472 2026-08-09T22:49:27Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3979981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Delmenhorst-Kupferstich-Merian.png|thumb|left|Delmenhorstium anno 1647]] [[Fasciculus:Delmenhorst_Rathaus.jpg|thumb|left|Turris aquae et curia Delmenhorstii]] '''Delmenhorstium'''<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> est urbs [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]]. Ad Delmenhorstium etiam [[vicus|vici]] [[Locus Obscurus]]<ref>Toponymum Germanicum ''Düsternort'' ex duobus elementis compositum est, quorum primum (''düster'') colorem obscurum vel opacum significat, alterum vero (''ort'') locum vel spatium geographicum designat. Ad hoc vertendum, vocabulum regulare secundae declinationis "locus, -i" (masculino numero) adhibetur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Düsternort''), [[Stabulum Ovium]]<ref>Vocabulum humile sub-Germanicum ''Schafkoven'' structuram pastoralem et rusticam designat, id est capsam vel tugurium ad oves custodiendas structum (''Schaf'' significat ovem; ''Koven'' vero magalia vel chortem). Ut haec significatio analytice in linguam Latinam vertatur secundum regulas primae et secundae declinationis, selectum est syntagma stabulum ovium. Vocabulum neutrum secundae declinationis stabulum, -i non solum genericum receptaculum, sed proprie tectum animalium et ovile denotat, sicut apud scriptores rei rusticae (ut Columellam et Virgilium) saepissime invenitur. Genetivus pluralis "ovium" (ex "ovis.is", tertiae declinationis regularis) necessariam pecudis specificationem praebet, sicut in ''Novo Diccionario Aegidii Segura Munguía'' (2014) docetur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Schafkoven'') et [[Porta Hasae]]<ref>Hoc nomen ex hydrographia loci et ex structura defensiva saeculi XVII originem ducit; nam Has- ad flumen Theodisce ''Hase'' nominatum pertinet, dum ''-port'' (ex lingua Germanica Inferiori ''Porte'') ianuam, transitum vel cataractam ad aquas coercendas significat. In formam regularem primae declinationis haec elementa vertuntur ut "Porta Hasae". Sustantivum "porta-ae" (femenino) non solum moenium aditum, sed etiam angustias, limites vel transitus fluviales iure significat, ut in ''Totius Latinitatis Lexico Aegidii Forcellini'' (1827) demonstratur. Nomen fluminis Germanici flectitur regulariter in genitivo ut "Hasae", ut plena proprietas syntactica compleatur. Latino de hydronymo "Hasa-ae"; vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Hasport''), ab anno [[1933]] et [[Annenheide]] (Theodisce ''Annenheide''), [[Annenriede]]<ref name="-rieda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ried(e)(n) plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-rieda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Rieda (prope Meringam)|Rieda prope Meringam]] (Theodisce ''Ried''); [[Rieda (prope Kaufburam)|Rieda prope Kaufburam]] (Theodisce ''Rieden''); [[Oberrieda (Suebia)|Oberrieda]] (Theodisce ''Oberrieden''); [[Rieda ad Lacum Forggensem]] (Theodisce ''Rieden am Forggensee''); [[Rieda Hiemalis]] (Theodisce ''Winterrieden''); [[Rieda Inferior]] (Theodisce ''Niederrieden''). Quae omnia toponyma ex articulo Vicipaediae Latinae de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_communium_Bavariae indice communium Bavariae] desumpta sunt, ubi apte referuntur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Annenriede''), [[Bungerhofia]] (Theodisce ''Bungerhof''), [[Terram Botauri]]<ref>Toponymum Theodiscum ''Iprump'' originem habet onomatopoeicam ex consuetudine populari, cum ita vocaretur avis lacustris "Botaurus stellaris" (Theodisce ''Rohrdommel''), cuius cantus gravis in paludibus resonat. Cum hic vicus agros fluvialibus inundationibus obnoxios ubi haec avis habitabat describat, toponymum analytice fingitur ut "Terra Botauri", quod omnino verbis primae et secundae declinationis constat. Vocabulum "terra-ae" (feminino) regionem vel subiectum solum indicat; nomen vero "botaurus, -i" (masculino secundae declinationis) est ipsa vox authentica qua scriptores Latinitatis mediae hanc avem nominabant, sicut testatur Ioannes Fridericus Niermeyer in ''Mediae Latinitatis Lexico Minore'' (1976), ubi usus huius zoonymi in chartis diplomaticis Europae septentrionalis plene confirmatur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Iprump'') atque [[Stickgrasium]]<ref name="Ehrentraut 1868">Ehrentraut, H. G. (Ed.) (1868). ''Friesisches Archiv: Eine Zeitschrift für friesische Geschichte und Sprache''. C. F. Breckle.</ref> (Theodisce ''Stickgras'') pertinent. Anno [[1972]] denique vicus [[Hasbergia]]<ref name="Hod">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1855). ''Hoyer Urkundenbuch''. [[Hannovera]]e: Jänecke.</ref> (Theodisce ''Hasbergen'') cum Delmenhorstio coniunctus est. == Historia == Castellum Delmenhorstium anno [[1247]] inchoatum est. Regio a comitibus [[Ducatus Oldenburgensis|Oldenburgensibus]] regnatum est. Qui ducatus annis 1667 ad usque 1773 ad [[Dania]]m pertinuit. Annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Delmenhorstium iterum ad Magnum Ducatum Oldenburgensem traditum est, qui post annum [[1918]] res publica factus est. Ab anno [[1946]] haec urbs ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. == Cives clari == * [[Ericus Koch-Weser]] annis [[1901]] - [[1909]] hic magister civium erat. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Delmenhorst|Delmenhorstium}} * [http://www.delmenhorst.de/ www.delmenhorst.de] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} [[Categoria:Urbes Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 13]] o7mjbelyde6g8scy2cmbh8tcij443ui 3979983 3979981 2026-08-09T22:49:56Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3979983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Delmenhorst-Kupferstich-Merian.png|thumb|left|Delmenhorstium anno 1647]] [[Fasciculus:Delmenhorst_Rathaus.jpg|thumb|left|Turris aquae et curia Delmenhorstii]] '''Delmenhorstium'''<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> est urbs [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]]. Ad Delmenhorstium etiam [[vicus|vici]] [[Locus Obscurus]]<ref>Toponymum Germanicum ''Düsternort'' ex duobus elementis compositum est, quorum primum (''düster'') colorem obscurum vel opacum significat, alterum vero (''ort'') locum vel spatium geographicum designat. Ad hoc vertendum, vocabulum regulare secundae declinationis "locus, -i" (masculino numero) adhibetur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Düsternort''), [[Stabulum Ovium]]<ref>Vocabulum humile sub-Germanicum ''Schafkoven'' structuram pastoralem et rusticam designat, id est capsam vel tugurium ad oves custodiendas structum (''Schaf'' significat ovem; ''Koven'' vero magalia vel chortem). Ut haec significatio analytice in linguam Latinam vertatur secundum regulas primae et secundae declinationis, selectum est syntagma stabulum ovium. Vocabulum neutrum secundae declinationis stabulum, -i non solum genericum receptaculum, sed proprie tectum animalium et ovile denotat, sicut apud scriptores rei rusticae (ut Columellam et Virgilium) saepissime invenitur. Genetivus pluralis "ovium" (ex "ovis.is", tertiae declinationis regularis) necessariam pecudis specificationem praebet, sicut in ''Novo Diccionario Aegidii Segura Munguía'' (2014) docetur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Schafkoven'') et [[Porta Hasae]]<ref>Hoc nomen ex hydrographia loci et ex structura defensiva saeculi XVII originem ducit; nam Has- ad flumen Theodisce ''Hase'' nominatum pertinet, dum ''-port'' (ex lingua Germanica Inferiori ''Porte'') ianuam, transitum vel cataractam ad aquas coercendas significat. In formam regularem primae declinationis haec elementa vertuntur ut "Porta Hasae". Sustantivum "porta-ae" (femenino) non solum moenium aditum, sed etiam angustias, limites vel transitus fluviales iure significat, ut in ''Totius Latinitatis Lexico Aegidii Forcellini'' (1827) demonstratur. Nomen fluminis Germanici flectitur regulariter in genitivo ut "Hasae", ut plena proprietas syntactica compleatur. Latino de hydronymo "Hasa-ae"; vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Hasport''), ab anno [[1933]] et [[Annenheide]] (Theodisce ''Annenheide''), [[Annenrieda]]<ref name="-rieda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ried(e)(n) plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-rieda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Rieda (prope Meringam)|Rieda prope Meringam]] (Theodisce ''Ried''); [[Rieda (prope Kaufburam)|Rieda prope Kaufburam]] (Theodisce ''Rieden''); [[Oberrieda (Suebia)|Oberrieda]] (Theodisce ''Oberrieden''); [[Rieda ad Lacum Forggensem]] (Theodisce ''Rieden am Forggensee''); [[Rieda Hiemalis]] (Theodisce ''Winterrieden''); [[Rieda Inferior]] (Theodisce ''Niederrieden''). Quae omnia toponyma ex articulo Vicipaediae Latinae de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_communium_Bavariae indice communium Bavariae] desumpta sunt, ubi apte referuntur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Annenriede''), [[Bungerhofia]] (Theodisce ''Bungerhof''), [[Terram Botauri]]<ref>Toponymum Theodiscum ''Iprump'' originem habet onomatopoeicam ex consuetudine populari, cum ita vocaretur avis lacustris "Botaurus stellaris" (Theodisce ''Rohrdommel''), cuius cantus gravis in paludibus resonat. Cum hic vicus agros fluvialibus inundationibus obnoxios ubi haec avis habitabat describat, toponymum analytice fingitur ut "Terra Botauri", quod omnino verbis primae et secundae declinationis constat. Vocabulum "terra-ae" (feminino) regionem vel subiectum solum indicat; nomen vero "botaurus, -i" (masculino secundae declinationis) est ipsa vox authentica qua scriptores Latinitatis mediae hanc avem nominabant, sicut testatur Ioannes Fridericus Niermeyer in ''Mediae Latinitatis Lexico Minore'' (1976), ubi usus huius zoonymi in chartis diplomaticis Europae septentrionalis plene confirmatur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Iprump'') atque [[Stickgrasium]]<ref name="Ehrentraut 1868">Ehrentraut, H. G. (Ed.) (1868). ''Friesisches Archiv: Eine Zeitschrift für friesische Geschichte und Sprache''. C. F. Breckle.</ref> (Theodisce ''Stickgras'') pertinent. Anno [[1972]] denique vicus [[Hasbergia]]<ref name="Hod">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1855). ''Hoyer Urkundenbuch''. [[Hannovera]]e: Jänecke.</ref> (Theodisce ''Hasbergen'') cum Delmenhorstio coniunctus est. == Historia == Castellum Delmenhorstium anno [[1247]] inchoatum est. Regio a comitibus [[Ducatus Oldenburgensis|Oldenburgensibus]] regnatum est. Qui ducatus annis 1667 ad usque 1773 ad [[Dania]]m pertinuit. Annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Delmenhorstium iterum ad Magnum Ducatum Oldenburgensem traditum est, qui post annum [[1918]] res publica factus est. Ab anno [[1946]] haec urbs ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. == Cives clari == * [[Ericus Koch-Weser]] annis [[1901]] - [[1909]] hic magister civium erat. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Delmenhorst|Delmenhorstium}} * [http://www.delmenhorst.de/ www.delmenhorst.de] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} [[Categoria:Urbes Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 13]] clz5z05baq1vwsxrcx3gn8dsttxpo90 3979984 3979983 2026-08-09T22:50:19Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3979984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Delmenhorst-Kupferstich-Merian.png|thumb|left|Delmenhorstium anno 1647]] [[Fasciculus:Delmenhorst_Rathaus.jpg|thumb|left|Turris aquae et curia Delmenhorstii]] '''Delmenhorstium'''<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> est urbs [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]]. Ad Delmenhorstium etiam [[vicus|vici]] [[Locus Obscurus]]<ref>Toponymum Germanicum ''Düsternort'' ex duobus elementis compositum est, quorum primum (''düster'') colorem obscurum vel opacum significat, alterum vero (''ort'') locum vel spatium geographicum designat. Ad hoc vertendum, vocabulum regulare secundae declinationis "locus, -i" (masculino numero) adhibetur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Düsternort''), [[Stabulum Ovium]]<ref>Vocabulum humile sub-Germanicum ''Schafkoven'' structuram pastoralem et rusticam designat, id est capsam vel tugurium ad oves custodiendas structum (''Schaf'' significat ovem; ''Koven'' vero magalia vel chortem). Ut haec significatio analytice in linguam Latinam vertatur secundum regulas primae et secundae declinationis, selectum est syntagma stabulum ovium. Vocabulum neutrum secundae declinationis stabulum, -i non solum genericum receptaculum, sed proprie tectum animalium et ovile denotat, sicut apud scriptores rei rusticae (ut Columellam et Virgilium) saepissime invenitur. Genetivus pluralis "ovium" (ex "ovis.is", tertiae declinationis regularis) necessariam pecudis specificationem praebet, sicut in ''Novo Diccionario Aegidii Segura Munguía'' (2014) docetur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Schafkoven'') et [[Porta Hasae]]<ref>Hoc nomen ex hydrographia loci et ex structura defensiva saeculi XVII originem ducit; nam Has- ad flumen Theodisce ''Hase'' nominatum pertinet, dum ''-port'' (ex lingua Germanica Inferiori ''Porte'') ianuam, transitum vel cataractam ad aquas coercendas significat. In formam regularem primae declinationis haec elementa vertuntur ut "Porta Hasae". Sustantivum "porta-ae" (femenino) non solum moenium aditum, sed etiam angustias, limites vel transitus fluviales iure significat, ut in ''Totius Latinitatis Lexico Aegidii Forcellini'' (1827) demonstratur. Nomen fluminis Germanici flectitur regulariter in genitivo ut "Hasae", ut plena proprietas syntactica compleatur. Latino de hydronymo "Hasa-ae"; vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Hasport''), ab anno [[1933]] et [[Annenheide]] (Theodisce ''Annenheide''), [[Annenrieda]]<ref name="-rieda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ried(e)(n) plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-rieda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Rieda (prope Meringam)|Rieda prope Meringam]] (Theodisce ''Ried''); [[Rieda (prope Kaufburam)|Rieda prope Kaufburam]] (Theodisce ''Rieden''); [[Oberrieda (Suebia)|Oberrieda]] (Theodisce ''Oberrieden''); [[Rieda ad Lacum Forggensem]] (Theodisce ''Rieden am Forggensee''); [[Rieda Hiemalis]] (Theodisce ''Winterrieden''); [[Rieda Inferior]] (Theodisce ''Niederrieden''). Quae omnia toponyma ex articulo Vicipaediae Latinae de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_communium_Bavariae indice communium Bavariae] desumpta sunt, ubi apte referuntur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Annenriede''), [[Bungerhofia]] (Theodisce ''Bungerhof''), [[Terra Botauri]]<ref>Toponymum Theodiscum ''Iprump'' originem habet onomatopoeicam ex consuetudine populari, cum ita vocaretur avis lacustris "Botaurus stellaris" (Theodisce ''Rohrdommel''), cuius cantus gravis in paludibus resonat. Cum hic vicus agros fluvialibus inundationibus obnoxios ubi haec avis habitabat describat, toponymum analytice fingitur ut "Terra Botauri", quod omnino verbis primae et secundae declinationis constat. Vocabulum "terra-ae" (feminino) regionem vel subiectum solum indicat; nomen vero "botaurus, -i" (masculino secundae declinationis) est ipsa vox authentica qua scriptores Latinitatis mediae hanc avem nominabant, sicut testatur Ioannes Fridericus Niermeyer in ''Mediae Latinitatis Lexico Minore'' (1976), ubi usus huius zoonymi in chartis diplomaticis Europae septentrionalis plene confirmatur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Iprump'') atque [[Stickgrasium]]<ref name="Ehrentraut 1868">Ehrentraut, H. G. (Ed.) (1868). ''Friesisches Archiv: Eine Zeitschrift für friesische Geschichte und Sprache''. C. F. Breckle.</ref> (Theodisce ''Stickgras'') pertinent. Anno [[1972]] denique vicus [[Hasbergia]]<ref name="Hod">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1855). ''Hoyer Urkundenbuch''. [[Hannovera]]e: Jänecke.</ref> (Theodisce ''Hasbergen'') cum Delmenhorstio coniunctus est. == Historia == Castellum Delmenhorstium anno [[1247]] inchoatum est. Regio a comitibus [[Ducatus Oldenburgensis|Oldenburgensibus]] regnatum est. Qui ducatus annis 1667 ad usque 1773 ad [[Dania]]m pertinuit. Annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Delmenhorstium iterum ad Magnum Ducatum Oldenburgensem traditum est, qui post annum [[1918]] res publica factus est. Ab anno [[1946]] haec urbs ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. == Cives clari == * [[Ericus Koch-Weser]] annis [[1901]] - [[1909]] hic magister civium erat. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Delmenhorst|Delmenhorstium}} * [http://www.delmenhorst.de/ www.delmenhorst.de] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} [[Categoria:Urbes Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 13]] qn15m1f288wjs3lfovzpnjpkowi9g5v 3979986 3979984 2026-08-09T22:52:00Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3979986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Delmenhorst-Kupferstich-Merian.png|thumb|left|Delmenhorstium anno 1647]] [[Fasciculus:Delmenhorst_Rathaus.jpg|thumb|left|Turris aquae et curia Delmenhorstii]] '''Delmenhorstium'''<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> est urbs [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]]. Ad Delmenhorstium etiam [[vicus|vici]] [[Locus Obscurus]]<ref>Toponymum Germanicum ''Düsternort'' ex duobus elementis compositum est, quorum primum (''düster'') colorem obscurum vel opacum significat, alterum vero (''ort'') locum vel spatium geographicum designat. Ad hoc vertendum, vocabulum regulare secundae declinationis "locus, -i" (masculino numero) adhibetur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Düsternort''), [[Stabulum Ovium]]<ref>Vocabulum humile sub-Germanicum ''Schafkoven'' structuram pastoralem et rusticam designat, id est capsam vel tugurium ad oves custodiendas structum (''Schaf'' significat ovem; ''Koven'' vero magalia vel chortem). Ut haec significatio analytice in linguam Latinam vertatur secundum regulas primae et secundae declinationis, selectum est syntagma stabulum ovium. Vocabulum neutrum secundae declinationis stabulum, -i non solum genericum receptaculum, sed proprie tectum animalium et ovile denotat, sicut apud scriptores rei rusticae (ut Columellam et Virgilium) saepissime invenitur. Genetivus pluralis "ovium" (ex "ovis.is", tertiae declinationis regularis) necessariam pecudis specificationem praebet, sicut in ''Novo Diccionario Aegidii Segura Munguía'' (2014) docetur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Schafkoven'') et [[Porta Hasae]]<ref>Hoc nomen ex hydrographia loci et ex structura defensiva saeculi XVII originem ducit; nam Has- ad flumen Theodisce ''Hase'' nominatum pertinet, dum ''-port'' (ex lingua Germanica Inferiori ''Porte'') ianuam, transitum vel cataractam ad aquas coercendas significat. In formam regularem primae declinationis haec elementa vertuntur ut "Porta Hasae". Sustantivum "porta-ae" (femenino) non solum moenium aditum, sed etiam angustias, limites vel transitus fluviales iure significat, ut in ''Totius Latinitatis Lexico Aegidii Forcellini'' (1827) demonstratur. Nomen fluminis Germanici flectitur regulariter in genitivo ut "Hasae", ut plena proprietas syntactica compleatur. Latino de hydronymo "Hasa-ae"; vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Hasport''), ab anno [[1933]] et [[Annenheide]] (Theodisce ''Annenheide''), [[Annenrieda]]<ref name="-rieda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ried(e)(n) plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-rieda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Rieda (prope Meringam)|Rieda prope Meringam]] (Theodisce ''Ried''); [[Rieda (prope Kaufburam)|Rieda prope Kaufburam]] (Theodisce ''Rieden''); [[Oberrieda (Suebia)|Oberrieda]] (Theodisce ''Oberrieden''); [[Rieda ad Lacum Forggensem]] (Theodisce ''Rieden am Forggensee''); [[Rieda Hiemalis]] (Theodisce ''Winterrieden''); [[Rieda Inferior]] (Theodisce ''Niederrieden''). Quae omnia toponyma ex articulo Vicipaediae Latinae de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_communium_Bavariae indice communium Bavariae] desumpta sunt, ubi apte referuntur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Annenriede''), [[Bungerhofia]]<ref>Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande''. Carl Rümpler.</ref> (Theodisce ''Bungerhof''), [[Terra Botauri]]<ref>Toponymum Theodiscum ''Iprump'' originem habet onomatopoeicam ex consuetudine populari, cum ita vocaretur avis lacustris "Botaurus stellaris" (Theodisce ''Rohrdommel''), cuius cantus gravis in paludibus resonat. Cum hic vicus agros fluvialibus inundationibus obnoxios ubi haec avis habitabat describat, toponymum analytice fingitur ut "Terra Botauri", quod omnino verbis primae et secundae declinationis constat. Vocabulum "terra-ae" (feminino) regionem vel subiectum solum indicat; nomen vero "botaurus, -i" (masculino secundae declinationis) est ipsa vox authentica qua scriptores Latinitatis mediae hanc avem nominabant, sicut testatur Ioannes Fridericus Niermeyer in ''Mediae Latinitatis Lexico Minore'' (1976), ubi usus huius zoonymi in chartis diplomaticis Europae septentrionalis plene confirmatur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Iprump'') atque [[Stickgrasium]]<ref name="Ehrentraut 1868">Ehrentraut, H. G. (Ed.) (1868). ''Friesisches Archiv: Eine Zeitschrift für friesische Geschichte und Sprache''. C. F. Breckle.</ref> (Theodisce ''Stickgras'') pertinent. Anno [[1972]] denique vicus [[Hasbergia]]<ref name="Hod">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1855). ''Hoyer Urkundenbuch''. [[Hannovera]]e: Jänecke.</ref> (Theodisce ''Hasbergen'') cum Delmenhorstio coniunctus est. == Historia == Castellum Delmenhorstium anno [[1247]] inchoatum est. Regio a comitibus [[Ducatus Oldenburgensis|Oldenburgensibus]] regnatum est. Qui ducatus annis 1667 ad usque 1773 ad [[Dania]]m pertinuit. Annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Delmenhorstium iterum ad Magnum Ducatum Oldenburgensem traditum est, qui post annum [[1918]] res publica factus est. Ab anno [[1946]] haec urbs ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. == Cives clari == * [[Ericus Koch-Weser]] annis [[1901]] - [[1909]] hic magister civium erat. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Delmenhorst|Delmenhorstium}} * [http://www.delmenhorst.de/ www.delmenhorst.de] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} [[Categoria:Urbes Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 13]] qqn1zgbsktfirafcmwn07y10g9o42xu 3979987 3979986 2026-08-09T22:52:47Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3979987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Delmenhorst-Kupferstich-Merian.png|thumb|left|Delmenhorstium anno 1647]] [[Fasciculus:Delmenhorst_Rathaus.jpg|thumb|left|Turris aquae et curia Delmenhorstii]] '''Delmenhorstium'''<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> est urbs [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]]. Ad Delmenhorstium etiam [[vicus|vici]] [[Locus Obscurus]]<ref>Toponymum Germanicum ''Düsternort'' ex duobus elementis compositum est, quorum primum (''düster'') colorem obscurum vel opacum significat, alterum vero (''ort'') locum vel spatium geographicum designat. Ad hoc vertendum, vocabulum regulare secundae declinationis "locus, -i" (masculino numero) adhibetur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Düsternort''), [[Stabulum Ovium]]<ref>Vocabulum humile sub-Germanicum ''Schafkoven'' structuram pastoralem et rusticam designat, id est capsam vel tugurium ad oves custodiendas structum (''Schaf'' significat ovem; ''Koven'' vero magalia vel chortem). Ut haec significatio analytice in linguam Latinam vertatur secundum regulas primae et secundae declinationis, selectum est syntagma stabulum ovium. Vocabulum neutrum secundae declinationis stabulum, -i non solum genericum receptaculum, sed proprie tectum animalium et ovile denotat, sicut apud scriptores rei rusticae (ut Columellam et Virgilium) saepissime invenitur. Genetivus pluralis "ovium" (ex "ovis.is", tertiae declinationis regularis) necessariam pecudis specificationem praebet, sicut in ''Novo Diccionario Aegidii Segura Munguía'' (2014) docetur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Schafkoven'') et [[Porta Hasae]]<ref>Hoc nomen ex hydrographia loci et ex structura defensiva saeculi XVII originem ducit; nam Has- ad flumen Theodisce ''Hase'' nominatum pertinet, dum ''-port'' (ex lingua Germanica Inferiori ''Porte'') ianuam, transitum vel cataractam ad aquas coercendas significat. In formam regularem primae declinationis haec elementa vertuntur ut "Porta Hasae". Sustantivum "porta-ae" (femenino) non solum moenium aditum, sed etiam angustias, limites vel transitus fluviales iure significat, ut in ''Totius Latinitatis Lexico Aegidii Forcellini'' (1827) demonstratur. Nomen fluminis Germanici flectitur regulariter in genitivo ut "Hasae", ut plena proprietas syntactica compleatur. Latino de hydronymo "Hasa-ae"; vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Hasport''), ab anno [[1933]] et [[Annenheide]] (Theodisce ''Annenheide''), [[Annenrieda]]<ref name="-rieda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ried(e)(n)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-rieda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Rieda (prope Meringam)|Rieda prope Meringam]] (Theodisce ''Ried''); [[Rieda (prope Kaufburam)|Rieda prope Kaufburam]] (Theodisce ''Rieden''); [[Oberrieda (Suebia)|Oberrieda]] (Theodisce ''Oberrieden''); [[Rieda ad Lacum Forggensem]] (Theodisce ''Rieden am Forggensee''); [[Rieda Hiemalis]] (Theodisce ''Winterrieden''); [[Rieda Inferior]] (Theodisce ''Niederrieden''). Quae omnia toponyma ex articulo Vicipaediae Latinae de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_communium_Bavariae indice communium Bavariae] desumpta sunt, ubi apte referuntur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Annenriede''), [[Bungerhofia]]<ref>Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande''. Carl Rümpler.</ref> (Theodisce ''Bungerhof''), [[Terra Botauri]]<ref>Toponymum Theodiscum ''Iprump'' originem habet onomatopoeicam ex consuetudine populari, cum ita vocaretur avis lacustris "Botaurus stellaris" (Theodisce ''Rohrdommel''), cuius cantus gravis in paludibus resonat. Cum hic vicus agros fluvialibus inundationibus obnoxios ubi haec avis habitabat describat, toponymum analytice fingitur ut "Terra Botauri", quod omnino verbis primae et secundae declinationis constat. Vocabulum "terra-ae" (feminino) regionem vel subiectum solum indicat; nomen vero "botaurus, -i" (masculino secundae declinationis) est ipsa vox authentica qua scriptores Latinitatis mediae hanc avem nominabant, sicut testatur Ioannes Fridericus Niermeyer in ''Mediae Latinitatis Lexico Minore'' (1976), ubi usus huius zoonymi in chartis diplomaticis Europae septentrionalis plene confirmatur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Iprump'') atque [[Stickgrasium]]<ref name="Ehrentraut 1868">Ehrentraut, H. G. (Ed.) (1868). ''Friesisches Archiv: Eine Zeitschrift für friesische Geschichte und Sprache''. C. F. Breckle.</ref> (Theodisce ''Stickgras'') pertinent. Anno [[1972]] denique vicus [[Hasbergia]]<ref name="Hod">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1855). ''Hoyer Urkundenbuch''. [[Hannovera]]e: Jänecke.</ref> (Theodisce ''Hasbergen'') cum Delmenhorstio coniunctus est. == Historia == Castellum Delmenhorstium anno [[1247]] inchoatum est. Regio a comitibus [[Ducatus Oldenburgensis|Oldenburgensibus]] regnatum est. Qui ducatus annis 1667 ad usque 1773 ad [[Dania]]m pertinuit. Annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Delmenhorstium iterum ad Magnum Ducatum Oldenburgensem traditum est, qui post annum [[1918]] res publica factus est. Ab anno [[1946]] haec urbs ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. == Cives clari == * [[Ericus Koch-Weser]] annis [[1901]] - [[1909]] hic magister civium erat. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Delmenhorst|Delmenhorstium}} * [http://www.delmenhorst.de/ www.delmenhorst.de] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} [[Categoria:Urbes Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 13]] mvotho5fhh9kwfwwmr1j0o1ivyhxu3q 3979991 3979987 2026-08-09T22:54:45Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3979991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Delmenhorst-Kupferstich-Merian.png|thumb|left|Delmenhorstium anno 1647.]] [[Fasciculus:Delmenhorst_Rathaus.jpg|thumb|left|Turris aquae et curia Delmenhorstii.]] '''Delmenhorstium'''<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Delmenhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Demost'') est urbs [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]]. Ad Delmenhorstium etiam [[vicus|vici]] [[Locus Obscurus]]<ref>Toponymum Germanicum ''Düsternort'' ex duobus elementis compositum est, quorum primum (''düster'') colorem obscurum vel opacum significat, alterum vero (''ort'') locum vel spatium geographicum designat. Ad hoc vertendum, vocabulum regulare secundae declinationis "locus, -i" (masculino numero) adhibetur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Düsternort''), [[Stabulum Ovium]]<ref>Vocabulum humile sub-Germanicum ''Schafkoven'' structuram pastoralem et rusticam designat, id est capsam vel tugurium ad oves custodiendas structum (''Schaf'' significat ovem; ''Koven'' vero magalia vel chortem). Ut haec significatio analytice in linguam Latinam vertatur secundum regulas primae et secundae declinationis, selectum est syntagma stabulum ovium. Vocabulum neutrum secundae declinationis stabulum, -i non solum genericum receptaculum, sed proprie tectum animalium et ovile denotat, sicut apud scriptores rei rusticae (ut Columellam et Virgilium) saepissime invenitur. Genetivus pluralis "ovium" (ex "ovis.is", tertiae declinationis regularis) necessariam pecudis specificationem praebet, sicut in ''Novo Diccionario Aegidii Segura Munguía'' (2014) docetur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Schafkoven'') et [[Porta Hasae]]<ref>Hoc nomen ex hydrographia loci et ex structura defensiva saeculi XVII originem ducit; nam Has- ad flumen Theodisce ''Hase'' nominatum pertinet, dum ''-port'' (ex lingua Germanica Inferiori ''Porte'') ianuam, transitum vel cataractam ad aquas coercendas significat. In formam regularem primae declinationis haec elementa vertuntur ut "Porta Hasae". Sustantivum "porta-ae" (femenino) non solum moenium aditum, sed etiam angustias, limites vel transitus fluviales iure significat, ut in ''Totius Latinitatis Lexico Aegidii Forcellini'' (1827) demonstratur. Nomen fluminis Germanici flectitur regulariter in genitivo ut "Hasae", ut plena proprietas syntactica compleatur. Latino de hydronymo "Hasa-ae"; vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Hasport''), ab anno [[1933]] et [[Annenheide]] (Theodisce ''Annenheide''), [[Annenrieda]]<ref name="-rieda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ried(e)(n)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-rieda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Rieda (prope Meringam)|Rieda prope Meringam]] (Theodisce ''Ried''); [[Rieda (prope Kaufburam)|Rieda prope Kaufburam]] (Theodisce ''Rieden''); [[Oberrieda (Suebia)|Oberrieda]] (Theodisce ''Oberrieden''); [[Rieda ad Lacum Forggensem]] (Theodisce ''Rieden am Forggensee''); [[Rieda Hiemalis]] (Theodisce ''Winterrieden''); [[Rieda Inferior]] (Theodisce ''Niederrieden''). Quae omnia toponyma ex articulo Vicipaediae Latinae de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_communium_Bavariae indice communium Bavariae] desumpta sunt, ubi apte referuntur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Annenriede''), [[Bungerhofia]]<ref>Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande''. Carl Rümpler.</ref> (Theodisce ''Bungerhof''), [[Terra Botauri]]<ref>Toponymum Theodiscum ''Iprump'' originem habet onomatopoeicam ex consuetudine populari, cum ita vocaretur avis lacustris "Botaurus stellaris" (Theodisce ''Rohrdommel''), cuius cantus gravis in paludibus resonat. Cum hic vicus agros fluvialibus inundationibus obnoxios ubi haec avis habitabat describat, toponymum analytice fingitur ut "Terra Botauri", quod omnino verbis primae et secundae declinationis constat. Vocabulum "terra-ae" (feminino) regionem vel subiectum solum indicat; nomen vero "botaurus, -i" (masculino secundae declinationis) est ipsa vox authentica qua scriptores Latinitatis mediae hanc avem nominabant, sicut testatur Ioannes Fridericus Niermeyer in ''Mediae Latinitatis Lexico Minore'' (1976), ubi usus huius zoonymi in chartis diplomaticis Europae septentrionalis plene confirmatur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Iprump'') atque [[Stickgrasium]]<ref name="Ehrentraut 1868">Ehrentraut, H. G. (Ed.) (1868). ''Friesisches Archiv: Eine Zeitschrift für friesische Geschichte und Sprache''. C. F. Breckle.</ref> (Theodisce ''Stickgras'') pertinent. Anno [[1972]] denique vicus [[Hasbergia]]<ref name="Hod">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1855). ''Hoyer Urkundenbuch''. [[Hannovera]]e: Jänecke.</ref> (Theodisce ''Hasbergen'') cum Delmenhorstio coniunctus est. == Historia == Castellum Delmenhorstium anno [[1247]] inchoatum est. Regio a comitibus [[Ducatus Oldenburgensis|Oldenburgensibus]] regnatum est. Qui ducatus annis 1667 ad usque 1773 ad [[Dania]]m pertinuit. Annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Delmenhorstium iterum ad Magnum Ducatum Oldenburgensem traditum est, qui post annum [[1918]] res publica factus est. Ab anno [[1946]] haec urbs ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. == Cives clari == * [[Ericus Koch-Weser]] annis [[1901]] - [[1909]] hic magister civium erat. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Delmenhorst|Delmenhorstium}} * [http://www.delmenhorst.de/ www.delmenhorst.de] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} [[Categoria:Urbes Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 13]] hvelfb7tcbv0xdezrvia9q3o7skx9sp 0 241508 3980156 3828147 2026-08-10T01:24:10Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} [[File:Lage des Ilm-Kreises in Deutschland.png|thumb|[[Tabula geographia|Locus geographicus]] in Germania.]] '''Circulus Ilm''' ([[Theodisce]]: ''Ilmkreis'') est [[circulus terrae]] in [[Thuringia]] [[Germania]]e situs. [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] [[Arnstadium]], sed sedes administrativa [[Ilmenavia]]e est. ==Administratio (status ante Kalendas Ianuarias 2019)== ===Urbes=== *Arnstadt Pagina domestica: http://www.arnstadt.de *Ilmenavia Pagina domestica: http://www.ilmenau.de *Langewiesen Pagina domestica: http://www.langewiesen.de *Plaue Pagina domestica: http://www.stadt-plaue.de *Stadtilm Pagina domestica: http://www.stadtilm.de ===Oppida administrativa (Gemeindeverwaltungen)=== *Amt Wachsenburg Pagina domestica: http://www.ichtershausen.com *Ilmtal Pagina domestica: https://web.archive.org/web/20070928160531/http://www.ilmtal.eu/ *Wipfratal Pagina domestica: http://www.wipfratal.de *Wolfsberg Pagina domestica: https://web.archive.org/web/20070929061905/http://www.wolfsberggemeinde.de/ ===Vici uniti (Verwaltungsgemeinschaften)=== *Geratal Pagina domestica: http://www.geratal.de Membra: Angelroda, [[Elgersburg]], Geraberg, Martinroda, Neusiß *Großbreitenbach Pagina domestica: http://www.vg-grossbreitenbach.de Membra: Altenfeld, Böhlen, Friedersdorf, Gillersdorf, Großbreitenbach, Wildenspring *Langer Berg Pagina domestica: http://www.vg-langerberg.de Membra: Gehren, Herschdorf, Neustadt am Rennsteig, Pennewitz *Oberes Geratal Pagina domestica: https://web.archive.org/web/20120623164144/http://www.oberes-geratal.de/ Membra: Frankenhain, Gehlberg, Geschwenda, Gossel, Gräfenroda, Liebenstein, Plaue *Riechheimer Berg Pagina domestica: http://www.vg-riechheimer-berg.de/ Membra: Alkersleben, Bösleben-Wüllersleben, Dornheim, Elleben, Elxleben, Kirchheim, Osthausen-Wülfershausen, Rockhausen, Witzleben *Rennsteig Pagina domestica: https://web.archive.org/web/20150725060647/http://www.vg-rennsteig.de/ Membra: Frauenwald, [[Schmiedefeld am Rennsteig]], Stützerbach == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Ilm-Kreis|Circulum Ilm}} {{Fontes geographici}} *[http://www.ilm-kreis.de Domestica pagina huiusce circuli] [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Thuringiae|Ilm]] [[Categoria:Circulus Ilm| ]] 6dwq3zevn5vvoophzjkqyufilyk5ou8 0 242317 3979978 3978078 2026-08-09T22:47:14Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979978 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:American Progress (John Gast painting).jpg|thumb|350px|''Progressus Americanus,'' [[pictura]] a [[Ioannes Gast|Ioanne Gast]] picta (1872), est [[allegoria|allegorica]] modernizationis occidentis novi repraesentatio. [[Columbia historica|Columbia]], [[personificatio]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]], [[civilizatio]]nem ad [[occidens|occidentem]] cum [[colonia|colonis]] Americanis hic ducit. [[Lux|Lucem]] ab [[oriens|oriente]] ad obscuritatem occidentis fert, filum ferreum [[telegraphum|telegraphicum]] intendens; [[liber|librum]] [[schola]]sticum praeterea tenet ([[Biblia Sacra]] non est). Variae actionis [[oeconomia|oeconomicae]] stationes attinguntur, praecipue progredientes [[transportatio]]nis genera.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://picturinghistory.gc.cuny.edu/item.php?item_id=180|title=John Gast, American Progress, 1872|work=[http://picturinghistory.gc.cuny.edu Picturing U.S. History]|publisher=[http://cuny.edu/ City University of New York]}}.</ref>]] {{res|Fatum Manifestum}} ([[Anglice]] ''Manifest Destiny'') fuit fides, in [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis]] [[saeculum 19|saeculo undevicensimo]] late habita, [[colonia|colonos]] [[America|Americanos]] se per [[continens|continentem]] extendere destinavisse. [[Historicus|Rerum gestarum scriptores]] hodierni plerumque inter se congruunt huic notioni esse [[tres|tria]] argumenta prima: * Praecipuae hominum Americanorum virtutes et eorum [[institutio]]nes; * Propositum Americanum ad [[occidens|occidentem]] redimendum et reficiendum ut imago Americae [[historia agrarianismi|agrariae]]; * Fatum invictum ad hoc munus necessarium faciendum.<ref>{{cite book|author=Robert J. Miller|title=Native America, Discovered And Conquered: Thomas Jefferson, Lewis & Clark, And Manifest Destiny|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ccnP7tWU7hwC&pg=PA120|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood|page=120}}.</ref> [[Fridericus Merk]] [[historicus]] dicit hanc notionem exortam esse ex "notione finis ad [[Mundus Vetus|Mundum Veterem]] redimendum per exemplum altum . . . per latentem terrae novae potentiam ad [[caelum]] novum [[aedificium|aedificandum]] generata."<ref>[[Anglice]]: "a sense of mission to redeem the Old World by high example . . . generated by the potentialities of a new earth for building a new heaven."</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Merk|1963|page=[http://books.google.com/books?id=GhYJTaZiuxwC&pg=PA3 3]}}.</ref> [[Fasciculus:John O'Sullivan.jpg|thumb|left|175px|[[Ioannes L. O'Sullivan]], anno [[1874]] [[adumbratio|adumbratus]], iuvenis fuit scriptor columnarum [[diarium|diariorum]] magni momenti, sed hodie plerumque [[memoria]] tenetur solum ob eius usum locutionis ''fati manifesti'' ad adiectionem [[Texia]]e et [[Oregonia]]e suadendam.]] [[Historicus|Historici]] fatum manifestum notionem certatam fuisse expresserunt, quam [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Democratici]] comprobaverunt, sed multi [[Americani]] notabiles (sicut [[Abrahamus Lincoln]], [[Ulixes S. Grant]], et plurimi [[Factio Whig (CFA)|Whigs]]) reiecerunt. [[Daniel Walker Howe]] historicus scribit: "[[Imperialismus]] Americanus consensum Americanum non repraesentavit; intra [[politia]]m nationalem dissensionem acrem commovit. . . . Homines Whig [[mos|moralem]] Americae finem exemplum [[democratis|democraticum]] potius quam [[bellum|victoria bellica]] videbant."<ref>[[Anglice]]:"American imperialism did not represent an American consensus; it provoked bitter dissent within the national polity. . . . ''Whigs'' saw America's moral mission as one of democratic example rather than one of conquest."</ref><ref>Daniel Walker Howe, ''What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America 1815–1848'' (2007), 705–706.</ref> [[Fasciculus:John Quincy Adams.jpeg|thumb|[[Ioannes Quintius Adams]], anno [[1816]] a [[Carolus Robertus Leslie|Carolo Roberto Leslie]] pictus, fuit unus ex primis continentalismi suasoribus. Senex autem se partium quas egit paenitebat cum adiuvaret in [[servitus in Civitatibus Foederatis|servitum]] augendum, atque adversarius adiectionis [[Texia]]e magni momenti factus est]] [[Ioannes L. O'Sullivan]], [[editor principalis|editor]] [[diarium|diarii]], locutionem ''fatum manifestum'' anno [[1845]] excogitavit ad [[essentia]]m huius sententiae decribendam, certum [[sonus|sonum]] [[rhetorica|rhetoricum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/29.asp|title=29. Manifest Destiny|work=[http://www.ushistory.org/us/index.asp American History]|publisher=[http://www.ushistory.org/ USHistory.org]}}</ref> A civibus [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Democraticis]] [[decennium 185|annis 1840]] ad [[Bellum Mexicanum|bellum cum Mexico]] excusandum, et ad dimidium [[terra Oregoniae|terrae Oregoniae]]<!--O. country--> cum [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regno]] dividendum adhibebatur. Sed fatum manifestum semper claudicavisse ob eius circumscriptiones internas et rem servitutis dicit Merk. Notio numquam facta est finis nationalis. Ante [[1843]], [[Ioannes Quintius Adams]], olim maior fautor notionis in qua fatum manifestum conditum erat, sententiam mutaverat et expansionismum repudiaverat quia extentionem [[servitus|servitutis]] in [[Texia]] significabat.<ref>{{harvnb|Merk|1963|pp=[http://books.google.com/books?id=GhYJTaZiuxwC&pg=PA215 215-216]}}.</ref> Fridericus Merk colligit: <blockquote>Ab initio, Fatum Manifestum—programmate vastum, in ea notione [[continentalismus|continentalismi]]—solum subsidium parvum habuit. Assectatoribus [[natio]]nalibus, [[regio|sectionalibus]], [[factio]]nalibus eius [[magnitudo|magnitudini]] adaequatis caruit. Causa fuit id spiritum nationalem non significare. Thesis quod [[nationalismus|nationalismum]] informavit, in multis [[scriptura|scripturis]] historicis inventis, per pauca indicia vere adiuvantia sustinetur.<ref>[[Anglice]]: "From the outset Manifest Destiny—vast in program, in its sense of [[Continentalism#Continentalism in North America|continentalism]]—was slight in support. It lacked national, sectional, or party following commensurate with its magnitude. The reason was it did not reflect the national spirit. The thesis that it embodied nationalism, found in much historical writing, is backed by little real supporting evidence."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Merk|1963|p=[http://books.google.com/books?id=GhYJTaZiuxwC&p=PA215 215]}}.</ref></blockquote> Locutio ''fatum manifestum'' saepissime cum [[quaesita territorialiia Civitatum Foederatarum|territoriali Civitatum Foederatarum expansione]] ab [[1812]] ad [[1860]] consociatur. Haec aetas, a fine [[Bellum anni 1812]] ad [[Bellum Civile Americanum]] conflatum, aetas fati manifesti appellata est.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kurt Hanson |author2=Robert L. Beisner|title=American Foreign Relations since 1600: A Guide to the Literature, Second Edition|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rCQsQdqFyMYC|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781576070802|pages=[http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=rCQsQdqFyMYC&pg=PA313 313]}}</ref> Hoc tempore, Civitates Foederatae ad [[Oceanus pacificus|Oceanum Pacificum]] expandebantur—"[[a mari ad mare nitens]]"—fines [[Civitates Foederatae contiguae|Civitatum Foederatarum contiguarum]] plerumque definientes ut hodie videntur.<ref>Stuart et Weeks hoc aevum tempus fati manifesti (Anglice ''era of manifest destiny'') et aetatem fati manifesti ([[Anglice]] ''age of manifest destiny'') proprie appellant.</ref> ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Bibliographia== * Adams, Sean Patrick. [[2008]]. ''The Early American Republic: A Documentary Reader.''<!--http://books.google.com/books?id=9SE_zwYlXrQC--> Wiley–Blackwell. ISBN 9781405160988. * Bryan, William Jennings. [[1899]]. ''Republic or Empire?''<!--http://books.google.com/books?id=lTk-B-lwmnUC--> * {{cite book |last=Beveridge |first=Albert J. |title=The Meaning of the Times and Other Speeches |url=https://archive.org/details/meaningoftimesot00beve |year=1908 |publisher=The Bobbs–Merrill Company |location=Indianapolis |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last1=Crenshaw |first1=Ollinger |year=1941 |title=The Knights of the Golden Circle: The Career of George Bickley |journal=The American Historical Review |issue=42 |volume=1 |pages=23–50}} * {{cite book |last=Crocker |first=H. W. |title=Don't tread on me: a 400-year history of America at war, from Indian fighting to terrorist hunting |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tFYWAQAAIAAJ |year=2006 |publisher=Crown Forum |isbn=9781400053636}} * {{cite book |title=God's New Israel |last=Cheery |first=Conrad |year=1998 |publisher= The University of North Carolina Press |isbn=9780807847541 |pages=424 |url=http://www.amazon.com/Gods-New-Israel-Religious-Interpretations/dp/0807847542/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1343940477&sr=1-1&keywords=God%27s+New+Israel}} * {{cite book |title=The Filibuster |last=Greene |first=Laurence |year=2008 |publisher=Kessinger Publishing, LLC |location=Novi Eboraci |isbn=978-1436695312 |pages=384 |url=http://www.amazon.com/The-Filibuster-Career-William-Walker/dp/1436695317}} * {{cite book |last=Fisher |first=Philip |title=Hard facts: setting and form in the American novel |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NhvdAAAAIAAJ |year=1985 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195035285}} * {{cite book |last=Fuller |first=John Douglas Pitts |title=The movement for the acquisition of all Mexico, 1846–1848 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uTDJAAAAMAAJ |year=1936 |location=Baltimorae |publisher=Johns Hopkins Press}} * {{cite book |last=Greenberg |first=Amy S. |title=Manifest manhood and the antebellum American empire |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EQV6wPzlyOcC+ |year=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521840965 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Hietala |first=Thomas R. |title=Manifest Design: American Exceptionalism and Empire |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hhMlmAM7tOYC |date=February 2003 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=9780801488467}} Previously published as {{cite book |last=Hietala |first=Thomas R. |title=Manifest design: anxious aggrandizement in late Jacksonian America |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iLXtAAAAMAAJ |year=1985 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=9780801417351}} * {{cite book |last=Hudson |first=Linda S. |title=Mistress of Manifest Destiny: a biography of Jane McManus Storm Cazneau, 1807–1878 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FAELAAAAYAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Texas State Historical Association |isbn=9780876111796}} * {{cite book |last=Johannsen |first=Robert Walter |title=Manifest destiny and empire: American antebellum expansionism |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YumVQgAACAAJ |year=1997 |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |isbn=9780890967560}} * {{cite book |last=Klinghoffer |first=Arthur Jay |title=The power of projections: how maps reflect global politics and history |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WhyPBHJV5VYC |year=2006 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780275991357}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Ford |editor-first=Paul L. |title=Works of Thomas Jefferson, IX |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_cfQake7FYAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |year=2010 |publisher=Cosmo Press Inc. |isbn=9781616402105}} * {{cite book |title=Manifest Destiny's Underworld |last=May |first=Robert E. |year=2004 |publisher=The University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0807855812 |pages=448 |url=http://www.amazon.com/Manifest-Destinys-Underworld-Filibustering-Antebellum/dp/0807855812}} * {{cite book |last=Mattelart |first=Armand |title=The Invention of Communication |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kOduCi83O5QC |year=1996 |publisher=U of Minnesota Press |isbn=9780816626977 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=McDougall |first=Walter A. |title=Promised land, crusader state: the American encounter with the world since 1776 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rwZ26AJl-0oC |year=1997 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |isbn=9780395830857}} * {{cite book |last1=Merk |first1=Frederick |title=Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GhYJTaZiuxwC |year=1963 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674548053}} * {{cite book |last=Prucha |first=Francis Paul |title=The great father: the United States government and the American Indians |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iSeWGTYsFcsC |year=1995 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=9780803287341}} * {{cite book |last1=Ripley |first= Peter C. |year=1985 |title=The Black Abolitionist Papers |url=http://www.questia.com/library/95265957/the-black-abolitionist-papers |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |place=Chapel Hill, NC |pages=646 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last1=Rossiter |first1=Clinton |year=1950 |title=The American Mission |journal=The American Scholar |issue=20 |pages=19–20 |publisher=The American Scholar}} * {{cite book |last=Sampson |first=Robert |title=John L. O'Sullivan and his times |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=d1y5ew93xxIC |year=2003 |publisher=Kent State University Press |isbn=9780873387453}} * {{cite book |last=Stephanson |first=Anders |title=Manifest destiny: American expansionism and the empire of right |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=J3m9ByBK-NIC |year=1996 |publisher=Hill and Wang |isbn=9780809015849}} * {{cite book |last=Stuart |first=Reginald C. |title=United States expansionism and British North America, 1775–1871 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=C3B1AAAAMAAJ |year=1988 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=9780807817674}} * {{cite book |last=Somkin |first=Fred |title=Unquiet Eagle: Memory and Desire in the Idea of American Freedom, 1815–1860 |url=https://archive.org/details/unquieteaglememo00somk |location=Ithaca, N.Y. |year=1967 |ref={{harvid|Somkin|1967}}}} * {{cite book |last=Strong |first=Josiah |title=Our Country |url=http://books.google.com/books/about/Our_country.html?id=PNhr7fU_egwC |year=1885 |publisher=Baker and Taylor Company |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Tuveson |first=Ernest Lee |title=Redeemer nation: the idea of America's millennial role |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-FM8cDl9g00C |year=1980 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226819211 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Weeks |first=William Earl |title=Building the continental empire: American expansion from the Revolution to the Civil War |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vcsk8UsgNRsC |year=1996 |publisher=Ivan R. Dee |isbn=9781566631358}} * {{cite book |last=Ward |first=John William |title=Andrew Jackson : Symbol for an Age: Symbol for an Age |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vQQ_uxoWdpYC |year=1962 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199923205}} * {{cite book |last1=Weinberg |first1=Albert Katz |author2=Walter Hines Page School of International Relations |title=Manifest destiny: a study of nationalist expansionism in American history |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=F3N1AAAAMAAJ |year=1935 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins Press |ref={{Harvid|Weinberg|1935}} |isbn=0404147062 }} * {{cite book |last=Wanklyn |first=Harriet |title=Friedrich Ratzel: A Biographical Memoir and Bibliography |url=https://archive.org/details/friedrichratzel0000unse |year=1961}} ==Bibliographia addita== ===Commentarii in periodicis editi=== * {{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.0022-3840.2001.00111.x |last=Dunning |first=Mike |title=Manifest Destiny and the Trans-Mississippi South: Natural Laws and the Extension of Slavery into Mexico. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-popular-culture_fall-2001_35_2/page/111 |journal=Journal of Popular Culture |year=2001 |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=111–127 |issn=00223840 |id=Fulltext: Ebsco}} * {{cite journal |doi=10.2307/3124986 |last=Pinheiro |first=John C |title='Religion Without Restriction': Anti-catholicism, All Mexico, and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-early-republic_spring-2003_23_1/page/69 |journal=Journal of the Early Republic |year=2003 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=69–96 |issn=02751275}} * {{cite journal |last=Sampson |first=Robert D |title=The Pacifist-reform Roots of John L. O'Sullivan's Manifest Destiny |journal=Mid-America |year=2002 |volume=84 |issue=1–3 |pages=129–144 |issn=00262927}} ===Libri=== * {{cite book |last=Brown |first=Charles Henry |title=Agents of manifest destiny: the lives and times of the filibusters |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WNgMAAAAYAAJ |date=Ianuario 1980 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=9780807813614}} * {{cite book |last= Burns |first=Edward McNall |title=The American idea of mission: concepts of national purpose and destiny |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=25F1AAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=Rutgers University Press}} * {{cite book |last=Fresonke |first=Kris |title=West of Emerson: the design of manifest destiny |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1ar_OqzDUJAC |year=2003 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520231856}} * {{cite book |last=Gould |first=Lewis L. |title=The Presidency of William McKinley |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vnV3AAAAMAAJ |year=1980 |publisher=Regents Press of Kansas |isbn=9780700602063}} * {{cite book |last=Graebner |first=Norman A. |title=Manifest destiny |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6z92AAAAMAAJ |year=1968 |publisher=Bobbs–Merrill |isbn=0672509865}} * {{cite book |last1=Heidler |first1=David Stephen |last2=Heidler |first2=Jeanne T. |title=Manifest destiny |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TEd2AAAAMAAJ |year=2003 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=9780313323089}} * {{cite book |last=Hofstadter |first=Richard |title=The paranoid style in American politics: and other essays |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xSNPRAAACAAJ |year=1965 |publisher=Knopf |chapter=Cuba, the Philippines, and Manifest Destiny}} * {{cite book |last=Horsman |first=Reginald |title=Race and manifest destiny: The origins of American racial Anglo-Saxonism |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9TSc3iKP3ZkC |year=1981 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674948051}} * McDonough, Matthew Davitian. [[2011]]. Manifestly Uncertain Destiny: The Debate over American Expansionism, 1803–1848. Dissertatio PhD, Kansas State University. * Merk, Frederick, et Lois Bannister Merk. [[1963]]. ''Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History: A Reinterpretation.'' Novi Eboraci: Knopf. * {{cite book |last=May |first=Robert E. |title=Manifest destiny's underworld: filibustering in antebellum America |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gpoMAAAAYAAJ |year=2002 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=9780807827031}} * {{cite book |last=Morrison |first=Michael A. |title=Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YTaxzMlkVEMC |date=18 Augusti 1999 |publisher=UNC Press Books |isbn=9780807847961}} * {{cite book |last=Sampson |first=Robert |title=John L. O'Sullivan and his times |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=d1y5ew93xxIC |year=2003 |publisher=Kent State University Press |isbn=9780873387453}} * {{cite book |last= Smith |first=Gene A. |title=Thomas Ap Catesby Jones: commodore of Manifest Destiny |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=moSfw360JOEC |year=2000 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=9781557508485}} {{NexInt}} [[Fasciculus:Alfred Jacob Miller - Fort Laramie - Walters 37194049.jpg|thumb|Prima {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Arx Laramie||en|qid=Q67202805}} ut ante [[1840]] videbatur. Pictura ex memoria ab Alfredo Iacobo Miller facta.]] [[Fasciculus:Emanuel Leutze - Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way - Smithsonian.jpg|thumb|Expansio Americana ad occidentem exemplar perfectum fit in [[Emanuel Leutze|Emanuelis Leutze]] ''[[Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way]],'' tabula picta celeberrima (1861). Inscriptio picturae, ex poemate [[Georgius Berkeley|Episcopi Berkeley]] (1726), fuit locutio tempore fati manifesti saepe citata, fides late habita [[civilizatio]]nem ad [[occidens|occidentem]] per [[historia]]m constanter movisse. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060105071332/http://americanart.si.edu/t2go/1lw/1931.6.1.html (plus)].]] [[Fasciculus:WilliamWalker.jpg|thumb|[[Filibuster]] [[Gulielmus Walker]], qui nonnullas expeditiones ad [[Mexicum]] et [[America Centralis|Americam Mediam]] deduxit, [[Nicaragua]]m rexit, et a [[Classis Britanniarum Regni|Classi Britannica]] captus [[poena capitalis|supplicio capitis]] in [[Honduria]] affectus est.]] [[Fasciculus:Mexico nebel.jpg|thumb|[[Civitates Foederatae|Americana]] [[Mexicopolis]] possessio anno [[1847]].]] [[Fasciculus:USA Territorial Growth 1850.jpg|thumb|Incrementum ab 1840 ad 1850.]] [[Fasciculus:Hultstrand61.jpg|thumb|Coloni [[Americani Norvegiani|Norvegiani]] in [[Dacota Septentrionalis|Dacota Septentrionali]] ante eorum fundum, [[domus caespitis|domum caespitis]]<!--Sod house-->.]]<!-- [[Fasciculus:Annexation Here to Stay.jpg|thumb|[[Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii|Annexation]] of the [[Republic of Hawaii]] anno [[1898]].]] [[Fasciculus:Well, I hardly know which to take first! 5-28-1898.JPG|thumb|A cartoon of [[Uncle Sam]] seated in restaurant looking at the bill of fare containing "Cuba steak", "Porto Rico pig", the "Philippine Islands" and the "Sandwich Islands" (Hawaii).]] [[Fasciculus:Panama canal cartooon 1903.jpg|thumb|The U.S.'s intentions to influence the area (especially the [[Canalis Panamensis]] construction and control) led to the [[separation of Panama from Colombia]] in 1903]]--> ; Auctores et litterae * [[Thomas Hart Benton (senator)|Thomas Hart Benton]]—senator Missuriensis, expansionis occidentalis suasor * [[Stephanus A. Douglas]]—prominens "Americae Iuvenis" suasor * [[Horatius Greeley]]—fecit ut gratiosa apud populum esset locutio "I ad occidentem, iuvenis." * [[Duff Green]]—[[scriptor]], [[politicus]], et prominens fati manifesti sausor * [[Franciscus Fuller Victor]]—prominens [[historicus]] et [[fictio]]nis [[scriptor]] qui spiritum expansionis occidentalis cepit * "[[The White Man's Burden]]"—[[poema]] [[Rudyard Kipling]] magni momenti, quod [[colonia|colonizatio]] a Civitatibus Foederatis suasit ; Res * [[Motus Americae Iuvenis]]<!--Young America movement, political and literary movement with connections to manifest destiny--> * [[Expansionismus]]<!--—for expansionist ideas in other countries--> ==Nexus externi== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110921214929/http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/educators/md3_war.html "Manifest Destiny and the U.S.–Mexican War: Then and Now,"] ''PBS'' * [http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/polk.asp Oratio aditialis Praesidis Polk,] apud universitatem Yalensem * Gayle Olson-Raymer, [http://zinnedproject.org/materials/the-expansion-of-empire/ "The Expansion of Empire,"] apud ''Zinned Project'' [[Categoria:Historia Americae Septentrionalis]] [[Categoria:Historia Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Imperialismus]] [[Categoria:Theoriae politicae]] 6a9x034hohh31d7eh0k82xk9gwbw9m6 0 245171 3979918 3899782 2026-08-09T21:21:57Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979918 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Scared Child at Nighttime.jpg|thumb|[[Puer]] pro incognitis [[circumiecta naturalia|circumiectis naturalibus]] timet.]] {{Videhom|Timora}} {{res|Timor}}, seu {{res|metus}},<ref>Significatione simili: [[anxietas]], anxitudo, [[pavor]], [[terror]].</ref> est [[motus animi]] qui in [[ens]] [[perceptio|percipiens]] minaciam inducit. Haec variationem in [[cerebrum|cerebro]], in functione [[viscera|viscerum]] et postremo in [[mos|more]] sic efficere potest, ut ens fugere vel se celare vel derigescere malit.<ref>Olsson et Phelps 2007.</ref> Timor irrationalis [[phobia]] vocatur.<ref>Öhman 2000.</ref> == Timoris physiologia et psychologia == === Interna machinatio === Timor stimulis externis internisve induci potest. Stimuli [[oculus|oculorum]], stimulorum externorum exemplum, timorem inducere possunt: stimulus anxifer in [[cerebrum|cerebro]] et [[cortex occipitalis|corticem occipitalem]] et [[corpus amygdaloideum|corpus amygdaloideum]] responsum [[neuropsychologia|neurophysiologicum]] inducit.<ref>{{cite journal |authors= Vuilleumier P, Richardson MP, Armony JL, Driver J, Dolan RJ |title= Distant influences of amygdala lesion on visual cortical activation during emotional face processing |journal= Nat Neurosci |year= [[2004]] |volume= 7 |month= Nov |pages= 1271-7 |doi=10.1038/nn1341 }}</ref> Incendi timorem corpus amygdaloideum magnum momentum habet.<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Aggleton JP |title=The contribution of the amygdala to normal and abnormal emotional states |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-neurosciences_1993-08_16_8/page/328 |journal= Trends Neurosci |year=[[1993]] |volume= 16 |pages= 328-33 }}</ref> Inter cortices oculorum et corpora amygdaloideia ipsilaterale nexus sunt: homines igitur cum corporis amygdaloidei functione laesa minores timoris reactiones ostendunt. === Sustentatio timoris === ==== Secundum psychologiam cognitivam ==== In [[psychologia cognitiva]] quoque, aliquae descriptiones timoris divulgatae sunt. Exempli gratia ''descriptio psychophysiologica''<ref>{{cite book |authors= Margraf J, Ehlers A |title=Etiological Models of Panic - Psychophysiological and Cognitive Aspects, in: Panic Disorder: Theory, Research and Therapie, Ed. Baker R |year=[[1989]] |pages= 205-31}}.</ref> ''circulum timoris vitiosum'' ostendit, cui sunt: # ''stressor'' internus sive externus # [[perceptio]] et [[interpretatio]]: "[[periculum|periculosa]] est" # timor # mutationes [[physiologia|physiologicae]] et [[corpus|corporis]] reactiones (exempli gratia: [[sudor]], (cordis) palpitationes, inquies) Deinde hae corporis reactiones, ipsae ''stressores'' factae, circulum vitiosum inducunt et percipientem defatigant. == Perturbationes == Timor emergere potest indicium [[perturbatio affectionis mentis|perturbationis]] sive [[morbus mentis|morbi]]: * [[Pavor nocturnus]]—forma [[insomnia]]e (vox "[[parasomnia]]") in infantibus<ref>Van Horn N. L., Street M. (2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29630274 Night Terrors],''StatPearls Publishing''.</ref>, non raro cum [[somnambulismus|somnambulismo]] * [[Pavor diurnus]]—in [[infans|infantibus]], expergefieri ex [[somnus|somno]] meridiano cum timore {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Anxietas]] * [[Convenientia]] * [[Corpus amygdaloideum]] * [[Expressionismus]] * [[Phobia]] * [[Pudor]] * [[Responsum pugnae aut fugae]] * [[Terrorismus]] * [[Timor specificus]] * [[Timor technologiae]] * [[Vallis formidabilis]] {{div col end}} == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == *Öhman, A. [[2000]]. "Fear and anxiety: Evolutionary, cognitive, and clinical perspectives." In ''Handbook of emotions,'' ed. M. Lewis et J. M. Haviland-Jones, 573–93. Novi Eboraci: The Guilford Press. *Olsson, A. et E. A. Phelps. [[2007]]. "Social learning of fear." ''Nature Neuroscience'' 10 (9): 1095–1128. PMID 17726475. [[Categoria:Timores|!]] {{Myrias|Anthropologia}} iblo4nkhbpno41vfdarkrm0t4zrlyvp 0 245844 3979911 3979400 2026-08-09T21:17:57Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3979911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Elma'''<ref name="Casemir III 2003">Casemir, K. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil III)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref>'''-Assa'''<ref name="Meibom 1688">Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elm-Asse'') commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|circulo Guelpherbytensi]] est. == Historia == Die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2015]] [[Schöppenstedt (commune generale)|Schppenstedt]] et [[Assa (commune generale)|Assa]]<ref name="Meibom 1688"/> communia generalia ad novum Elmam-Assam commune generale coniuncta sunt. == Communia ad Elmam-Assam pertinentes == * [[Dalum]]<ref name="Janicke II 1896">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 2. Von 1221 bis 1260''. S. Hirzel.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Tahln'') (722) * [[Dengdia]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Denkte'') (3023) * [[Hedeper]] (540) * [[Kissenbrück]] (1770) * [[Kneitlingen]] (823) * [[Remlingen (Saxonia Inferior)|Remlingen]] (1813) * [[Roklum]] (460) * [[Schöppenstedt]] oppidum (5.319, sedes administrationis) * [[Semmenstedt]] (649) * [[Uehrde]] (947) * [[Vahlberg]] (781) * [[Winnigstedt]] (761) * [[Wittmar]] (1208) ==Notae== <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Elm-Asse}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 2015]] e6j2oyj58p6334vc9hvund8yqcvo83x 0 246170 3980080 3978342 2026-08-10T00:05:44Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in LER.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Lerensi]] '''Circulus Lerensis'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Lerensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Leer'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Lerensis-e" ad [[Leri|Leros]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Leer''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Lier''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et ad annum [[1945]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit et deinde ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem. Caput circuli urbs [[Leri]] est. == Historia == Ager circuli ab anno [[1815]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circulus conditus et anno [[1932]] circulo dissoluto Weener auctus est. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Lerensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. == Communia circuli == Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt: * [[Borkna]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Borkum''; [[lingua Frisica|Frisice]] ''Boarkum''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Börkum'') urbs (5175 incolae) * [[Bunda]]<ref name="Deiter">Deiter, H. (1881). Oldeborchs, Pastoris zu Bunda in Reiderland, kleine ostfriesische Chronicke, betreffend die Jahre 1558 bis 1605. ''Jahrbuch de Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst und vaterländische Altertümer zu Emden''.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bunde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bunn'') (7566) * [[Jemgum]] (3597) * [[Leri]] (33.891, caput circuli) * [[Moormerland]] (sedes administrationis Warsingsfehn, 22.667) * [[Ostrhauderfehn]] (10.750) * [[Rhauderfehn]] (sedes: Westrhauderfehn, 17.162) * [[Uplengen]] (sedes: Remels, 11.503) * [[Weener]], oppidum (15.430) * [[Westoverledingen]] (sedes: Ihrhove, 20.036) * [[Hesel (commune generale)|Hesel]] commune generale (10.595) ** [[Brincama]]<ref name="Friedländer 1878">Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. (Jahre 787–1470)''. [[Emda]]e: Haynel.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brinkum'') (700) ** [[Firrel]] (816) ** [[Hesel]] (sedes administrationis, 4520) ** [[Holtland]] (2260) ** [[Neukamperfehn]] (1594) ** [[Schwerinsdorf]] (705) * [[Jümme (commune generale)|Jümme]] commune generale (6420) ** [[Teuderium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'') oppidum (2673) ** [[Filsum]] (sedes administraionis, 2094) ** [[Nortmoor]] (1653) * Ager ad commune non pertinens: ** [[Lütje Hörn]] insula inhabitata ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Landkreis Leer|circulum Lerensem}} [http://www.landkreis-leer.de Pagina officialis] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{geo-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lerensis circulus}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1885]] [[Categoria:Frisia orientalis]] 1af5bgzyhnrxwzd7d627cqoaywk4vx3 3980115 3980080 2026-08-10T00:27:21Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in LER.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Lerensi]] '''Circulus Lerensis'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Lerensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Leer'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Lerensis-e" ad [[Leri|Leros]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Leer''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Lier''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et ad annum [[1945]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit et deinde ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem. Caput circuli urbs [[Leri]] est. == Historia == Ager circuli ab anno [[1815]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circulus conditus et anno [[1932]] circulo dissoluto Weener auctus est. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Lerensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. == Communia circuli == Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt: * [[Borkna]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Borkum''; [[lingua Frisica|Frisice]] ''Boarkum''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Börkum'') urbs (5175 incolae) * [[Bunda]]<ref name="Deiter">Deiter, H. (1881). Oldeborchs, Pastoris zu Bunda in Reiderland, kleine ostfriesische Chronicke, betreffend die Jahre 1558 bis 1605. ''Jahrbuch de Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst und vaterländische Altertümer zu Emden''.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bunde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bunn'') (7566) * [[Jemgum]] (3597) * [[Leri]] (33.891, caput circuli) * [[Moormerland]] (sedes administrationis Warsingsfehn, 22.667) * [[Ostrhauderfehn]] (10.750) * [[Rhauderfehn]] (sedes: Westrhauderfehn, 17.162) * [[Uplengen]] (sedes: Remels, 11.503) * [[Weener]], oppidum (15.430) * [[Westoverledingen]] (sedes: Ihrhove, 20.036) * [[Hesel (commune generale)|Hesel]] commune generale (10.595) ** [[Brincama]]<ref name="Friedländer 1878">Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. (Jahre 787–1470)''. [[Emda]]e: Haynel.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brinkum'') (700) ** [[Firrel]] (816) ** [[Hesel]] (sedes administrationis, 4520) ** [[Holtland]] (2260) ** [[Neukamperfehn]] (1594) ** [[Schwerinsdorf]] (705) * [[Iummium (commune generale)|Iummium]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jümme'') commune generale (6420) ** [[Teuderium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'') oppidum (2673) ** [[Filsum]] (sedes administraionis, 2094) ** [[Nortmoor]] (1653) * Ager ad commune non pertinens: ** [[Lütje Hörn]] insula inhabitata ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Landkreis Leer|circulum Lerensem}} [http://www.landkreis-leer.de Pagina officialis] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{geo-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lerensis circulus}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1885]] [[Categoria:Frisia orientalis]] 1gefsk1o8v8sn7xg8daab2wkhau2acr 0 246912 3980206 3978027 2026-08-10T08:18:10Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3980206 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Legality of polygamy.png|thumb|upright=1.4|<div style="margin:0 0.5em;"> {{legend|#000000|Polygynia legitima et exercita.}} {{legend|#cccccc|Status legitimus ignotus vel ambiguus.}} {{legend|#29329C|Polygynia plerumque contra [[lex|leges]], sed usus non plene scelestus.}} {{legend|#009eff|Polygamia plene contra leges et abolita, et usus plene scelestus.}}</div> In [[India]], [[Philippinae|Philippinis]], [[Singapura]], [[Malaesia]], [[Taprobane]], et [[Erythraea]], polygamia solum [[Musulmanus|Musulmanis]] legitima est. In [[Mauritius|Mauritio]], coniunctiones polygamicae per [[mos|mores]] [[ius|iuridicales]] non agnoscuntur; [[homo|homines]] autem [[Islam|Mussulmani]] usque ad quattuor [[mulier]]es ducere possunt, sed [[lex|legitimum]] [[uxor]]um statum non habent.]] '''Polygamia''' ([[Graece]] πολυγαμία 'multinubentia'<ref>[[Tertullianus|Tert.]] ''[[De ieiunio adversus psychicos|De ieiunio]]'' 1.</ref>) est [[matrimonium]] quod [[duo|binos]] vel plures socios amplectitur, et in [[polyamoria]]m, latiorem categoriam, digeri potest.<ref>http://www.scienceofrelationships.com/home/2012/8/17/opening-up-challenging-myths-about-consensual-non-monogamy.html</ref><ref>Zeitzen 2008:3.</ref> Disertius, coniunctio cum singulus [[homo]] plus quam unam [[uxor|maritam]] simul habet [[polygynia]], cumque singula [[mulier]] plus quam unum maritum habet [[polyandria]] appellatur. Matrimonium quod plures maritos maritasque comprehendit [[polyamoria]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201210093927/http://www.ejhs.org/volume6/polyamory.htm Polyamory.]</ref> vel [[matrimonium gregis|matrimonium gregis vel coniunctum]]<ref>Zeitzen 2008:3.</ref> appellari potest. Verbum modis simillimis in [[anthropologia socialis]] et [[sociologia]] adhibetur, atque in [[sermo]]ne vulgari. Contra, [[monogamia]] est [[matrimonium]] quod solum in binis partibus consistit. [[Vocabulum]] ''polygamia,'' sicut ''monogamia,'' sensu [[de facto]] saepe adhibetur, num coniunctio a [[civitas|civitate]] [[lex|legitime]] agnoscatur annon. In [[sociobiologia]] et [[zoologia]], investigatores ''polygamiam'' sensu lato adhibent ad quodque genus [[coitio]]nis iteratae significandum. In civitatibus polygamiam non sinentibus, homo qui se cum alio homine in matrimonio coniungit cum iam legitime in matrimonio ad primum maritum coniunctus [[bigamia]]m scelus admittit. [[Fasciculus:Prince Manga Bell and favorite wives.jpg|thumb|175px|left|Princeps Manga Bell et uxores dilectae.]] [[Fasciculus:The old wife and the new one.jpg|thumb|''Uxores vetus et nova.'' [[Pictura]] ab [[Azim Azimzade]] facta (1935).]] Polygamia late per orbem terrarum probatur. Secundum [[Human Relations Area Files|Ethnographic Atlas]], ex 1231 societatibus observatis, 186 fuerunt monogamicae, 453 polygyniam raram, 588 polygyniam plurem, et quattuor polyandriam habuerunt.<ref name="Atlas">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121118232413/http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/Codebook4EthnoAtlas.pdf ''Ethnographic Atlas Codebook,''] ex Georgi P. Murdock ''Ethnographic Atlas,'' compositionem maritalem 1231 societatum ab 1960 ad 1980referens.</ref> Eodem tempore, adeo intra [[societas humana|societates]] quae polygyniam sinunt, vera [[consuetudo]] polygyniae inaequaliter fit. Sunt autem exceptiones: in [[Senegalia]], exempli gratia, paene 47 centesimae matrimoniorum sunt multiplices.<ref>Diouf 2004.</ref> Intra societates polygyniam faventis, plures uxores habere [[status signum]] saepe fit, quod [[divitiae|divitias]], [[potestsa|potestate]], et [[fama]]m significat. [[Cultura Occidentalis|Occidentales]] societatis Africanae exemplariumque matrimonii [[perceptio]]nes memorant "contradictorias [[nostalgia]]e curas [[cultura]]e Africanae traditionalis contra sententiam polygamiam mulieres opprimere vel progressum impedire."<ref>[[Anglice]]: "contradictory concerns of nostalgia for traditional African culture versus critique of polygamy as oppressive to women or detrimental to development." Zeitzen 2008:5.</ref> Multae [[organizatio]]nes [[iura humana|iuribus humanis]] internationales dicatae, cum gregibus [[iura mulierum|iuribus mulierum]] in multis [[civitas sui iuris|civitatibus]] faventibus, polygamiam abolendam suaderunt, quae violatio [[Pactio Internationalis de Iuribus Civilibus et Politicis|Pactionis Internationalis de Iuribus Civilibus et Politicis]] iudicata est, et [[Consociatio Nationum]] consuetudinem tollendam commendavit.<ref>[http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/gencomm/hrcom28.htm "Equality of Rights Between Men and Women"] (University of Minnesota Human Rights Library).</ref><ref> {{cite web |title=GENERAL COMMENTS ADOPTED BY THE HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE UNDER ARTICLE 40, PARAGRAPH 4, OF THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/13b02776122d4838802568b900360e80 |publisher=United Nations Human Rights Website }} </ref><ref> {{cite web |title=OHCHR report |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrc/docs/ngos/IHRLS_Chad_95.pdf |publisher=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights }} </ref><ref> {{cite web |title=POLYGYNY AS A VIOLATION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW |url= http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/other-autre/poly/chap3.html |publisher= Department of Justice, Government of Canada}} </ref><ref> {{cite web |title=Report of the Human Rights Committee |url= http://www.ccprcentre.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/A_63_40_Vol.I_E.pdf |publisher= United Nations General Assembly}} </ref> [[Fasciculus:Ira Eldredge and his three wives circa 1864 (restored).png|thumb|upright=0.8|Ira Eldredge mormonianus et tres uxores eius anno circa [[1864]].]] [[Fasciculus:Joel_Parrish.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Ioel Parrish [[1890]].]] {{NexInt}} * [[Hypergamia]] * [[Ménage à trois]] * [[Monogamia serialis]] * [[More Danico]] * [[Promiscuitas]] == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Babiniotis, Georgios. [[2002]]. πολυγαμία. ''Dictionary of Modern Greek.'' Lexicology Centre. * Cairncross, John. [[1974]]. ''After Polygamy Was Made a Sin: The Social History of Christian Polygamy.'' Londinii: Routledge & Kegan Paul. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035002/http://www.patriarchpublishinghouse.com/3345.htm Summarium.] * Chapman, Samuel A. [[2001]]. ''Polygamy, Bigamy and Human Rights Law.'' Xlibris Corp. ISBN 1-4010-1244-2. * Diouf, Nafi. [[2004]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080125120859/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4196/is_20040502/ai_n10968614 "Polygamy hangs on in Africa,"] ''The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel,'' 2 Maii. * Hillman, Eugene. [[1975]]. ''Polygamy Reconsidered: African Plural Marriage and the Christian Churches.'' Novi Eboraci: Orbis Books. ISBN 0-88344-391-0. * Korotayev, Andrey. [[2004]]. ''World Religions and Social Evolution of the Old World Oikumene Civilizations: A Cross-cultural Perspective.'' Lewiston Novi Eboraci: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 0-7734-6310-0. * Van Wagoner, Richard S. [[1992]]. ''Mormon Polygamy: A History.'' Ed. 2a. Utah: Signature Books. ISBN 0-941214-79-6. * Wilson, E. O. [[2000]]. ''Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00235-0. * Zeitzen, Miriam Koktvedgaard. [[2008]]. ''Polygamy: a cross-cultural analysis.'' Berg. ISBN 1-84520-220-1. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Polygamy|polygamiam}} {{Wiktionary|Polygamy|polygamiam}} {{Wikiquote|Polygamy|polygamiam}} {{Wikisource|Portal:Polygamy|polygamiam}} * Compton, Todd M. [http://signaturebookslibrary.org/?p=425 "The Four Major Periods of Mormon Polygamy,"] commentarium, Signature Books hospes * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061001201253/http://shamash.org/lists/scj-faq/HTML/faq/08-06.html Historia polygamiae in Iudaismo,] shamash.org * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101105011830/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/49551/rare-life-with-polygamists-1944 "LIFE With Polygamists, 1944,"] www.life.com (''Life Magazine'') * May, Simon. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140429045521/http://www.simonmay.net/LFEP.pdf "Liberal Feminism and the Ethics of Polygamy,"] www.simonmay.net (Department of Philosophy, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170507210952/http://www.africanmarriage.info/#polygamy Polygamia in Africa,] www.african.arriage.info {{Myrias|Anthropologia}} [[Categoria:Polygamia| ]] [[Categoria:Religio et civilitas]] d310kuig6olpxsg9zckj8z70g1skvgp 0 254469 3980074 3505853 2026-08-09T23:59:35Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Jümme''' est commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Lerensis|Circulo Lerensi]]. == Historia == Anno [[1973]] Jümme commune constitutum est. Ex oppido [[Teuderium|Teuderio]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'') (2.693 incolae), quod e vicis [[Amdorfium|Amdorfio]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Amdorf''), [[Barge (Teuderium)|Bargi]]<ref name="Egg"/> (Theodisce ''Barge''), [[Novoburgum (Teuderium)|Novoburgo]]<ref name="Ben">Beninga, E. (1723). ''Chronicon Frisiae Orientalis: Est Res Gestas Frisonum et Saxonum Describens''. Traductum in Latinum.</ref> (Theodisce ''Neuburg''), [[Stickhusium|Stickhusio]]<ref name="Meijer 1702">Meijer, G. (1702). ''Annales Frisiae Orientalis: ab anno Christi 1500 ad annum 1700''. Typis Korte.</ref> (Theodisce ''Stickhausen'') atque [[Velde|Veldi]]<ref name="Egg">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> (Theodisce ''Velde'') constat; et communibus [[Filsum|Filso]] (2.084), quod e vicis Ammersum, Brückenfehn, Busboomsfehn, Lammertsfehn atque Stallbrüggerfeld constat, atque [[Nordmoor]] (1.676) constat. In Filso sedes administrationis est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat|Jümme}} * [http://www.juemme.de Pagina communis generalis Jümme (lingua Theodisca)] {{urbs-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Juemme}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1973]] d06sdvsyre4qljj5h0l38ccj6yu6e9m 3980097 3980074 2026-08-10T00:15:42Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Iummium'''<ref name="Egg"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jümme'') est commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Lerensis|Circulo Lerensi]]. == Historia == Anno [[1973]] Iummium commune constitutum est. Ex oppido [[Teuderium|Teuderio]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'') (2.693 incolae), quod e vicis [[Amdorfium|Amdorfio]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Amdorf''), [[Barge (Teuderium)|Bargi]]<ref name="Egg"/> (Theodisce ''Barge''), [[Novoburgum (Teuderium)|Novoburgo]]<ref name="Ben">Beninga, E. (1723). ''Chronicon Frisiae Orientalis: Est Res Gestas Frisonum et Saxonum Describens''. Traductum in Latinum.</ref> (Theodisce ''Neuburg''), [[Stickhusium|Stickhusio]]<ref name="Meijer 1702">Meijer, G. (1702). ''Annales Frisiae Orientalis: ab anno Christi 1500 ad annum 1700''. Typis Korte.</ref> (Theodisce ''Stickhausen'') atque [[Velde|Veldi]]<ref name="Egg">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> (Theodisce ''Velde'') constat; et communibus [[Filsum|Filso]] (2.084), quod e vicis Ammersum, Brückenfehn, Busboomsfehn, Lammertsfehn atque Stallbrüggerfeld constat, atque [[Nordmoor]] (1.676) constat. In Filso sedes administrationis est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat|Jümme|Iummium}} * [http://www.juemme.de Pagina communis generalis Iummii (lingua Theodisca)] {{urbs-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Juemme}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1973]] 02uyklut3c2ta6pi1gbnuso9zgxza3x 3980099 3980097 2026-08-10T00:16:47Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 /* Historia */ 3980099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Iummium'''<ref name="Egg"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jümme'') est commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Lerensis|Circulo Lerensi]]. == Historia == Anno [[1973]] Iummium commune constitutum est. Ex oppido [[Teuderium|Teuderio]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'') (2.693 incolae), quod e vicis [[Amdorfium|Amdorfio]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Amdorf''), [[Barge (Teuderium)|Bargi]]<ref name="Egg"/> (Theodisce ''Barge''), [[Novoburgum (Teuderium)|Novoburgo]]<ref name="Ben">Beninga, E. (1723). ''Chronicon Frisiae Orientalis: Est Res Gestas Frisonum et Saxonum Describens''. Traductum in Latinum.</ref> (Theodisce ''Neuburg''), [[Stickhusium|Stickhusio]]<ref name="Meijer 1702">Meijer, G. (1702). ''Annales Frisiae Orientalis: ab anno Christi 1500 ad annum 1700''. Typis Korte.</ref> (Theodisce ''Stickhausen'') atque [[Velde|Veldi]]<ref name="Egg">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> (Theodisce ''Velde'') constat; et communibus [[Filsum|Filso]] (Theodisce ''Filsum'') (2.084), quod e vicis Ammersum, Brückenfehn, Busboomsfehn, Lammertsfehn atque Stallbrüggerfeld constat, atque [[Nordmoor]] (1.676) constat. Filsi sedes administrationis est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat|Jümme|Iummium}} * [http://www.juemme.de Pagina communis generalis Iummii (lingua Theodisca)] {{urbs-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Juemme}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1973]] o9mecm7q4linrrxhvek0gxe39f8xm8w 3980101 3980099 2026-08-10T00:17:14Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 /* Historia */ 3980101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Iummium'''<ref name="Egg"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jümme'') est commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Lerensis|Circulo Lerensi]]. == Historia == Anno [[1973]] Iummium commune constitutum est. Ex oppido [[Teuderium|Teuderio]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'') (2.693 incolae), quod e vicis [[Amdorfium|Amdorfio]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Amdorf''), [[Barge (Teuderium)|Bargi]]<ref name="Egg"/> (Theodisce ''Barge''), [[Novoburgum (Teuderium)|Novoburgo]]<ref name="Ben">Beninga, E. (1723). ''Chronicon Frisiae Orientalis: Est Res Gestas Frisonum et Saxonum Describens''. Traductum in Latinum.</ref> (Theodisce ''Neuburg''), [[Stickhusium|Stickhusio]]<ref name="Meijer 1702">Meijer, G. (1702). ''Annales Frisiae Orientalis: ab anno Christi 1500 ad annum 1700''. Typis Korte.</ref> (Theodisce ''Stickhausen'') atque [[Velde|Veldi]]<ref name="Egg">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> (Theodisce ''Velde'') constat; et communibus [[Filsum|Filso]] (Theodisce ''Filsum'') (2.084), quod e vicis Ammersum, Brückenfehn, Busboomsfehn, Lammertsfehn atque Stallbrüggerfeld constat, atque [[Nordmoor]] (1.676) constat. [[Filsum|Filsi]] sedes administrationis est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat|Jümme|Iummium}} * [http://www.juemme.de Pagina communis generalis Iummii (lingua Theodisca)] {{urbs-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Juemme}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1973]] l75j9hsei8pgo4oa0htyxam7m391pbi 3980102 3980101 2026-08-10T00:18:19Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Jümme (commune generale)]] ad [[Iummium (commune generale)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3980101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Iummium'''<ref name="Egg"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jümme'') est commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Lerensis|Circulo Lerensi]]. == Historia == Anno [[1973]] Iummium commune constitutum est. Ex oppido [[Teuderium|Teuderio]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'') (2.693 incolae), quod e vicis [[Amdorfium|Amdorfio]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Amdorf''), [[Barge (Teuderium)|Bargi]]<ref name="Egg"/> (Theodisce ''Barge''), [[Novoburgum (Teuderium)|Novoburgo]]<ref name="Ben">Beninga, E. (1723). ''Chronicon Frisiae Orientalis: Est Res Gestas Frisonum et Saxonum Describens''. Traductum in Latinum.</ref> (Theodisce ''Neuburg''), [[Stickhusium|Stickhusio]]<ref name="Meijer 1702">Meijer, G. (1702). ''Annales Frisiae Orientalis: ab anno Christi 1500 ad annum 1700''. Typis Korte.</ref> (Theodisce ''Stickhausen'') atque [[Velde|Veldi]]<ref name="Egg">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> (Theodisce ''Velde'') constat; et communibus [[Filsum|Filso]] (Theodisce ''Filsum'') (2.084), quod e vicis Ammersum, Brückenfehn, Busboomsfehn, Lammertsfehn atque Stallbrüggerfeld constat, atque [[Nordmoor]] (1.676) constat. [[Filsum|Filsi]] sedes administrationis est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat|Jümme|Iummium}} * [http://www.juemme.de Pagina communis generalis Iummii (lingua Theodisca)] {{urbs-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Juemme}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1973]] l75j9hsei8pgo4oa0htyxam7m391pbi 0 254590 3980038 3819714 2026-08-09T23:34:27Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Stickhausen Burgturm 1.JPG|thumb|left|Turris Castelli Stickhausen]] [[Fasciculus:ChurchDetern.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sanctorum Stephani et Bartholomaei]] '''Detern''' est oppidum [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Lerensis|Circuli Lerensis]] est. Ad oppidum Detern etiam vici Amdorf, Barge, Neuburg, Stickhausen atque Velde pertinent. Ab anno [[1973]] Detern cum aliis communibus ad commune generale [[Jümme (commune generale)|Jümme]] pertinet. == Historia == Olim regio pars [[Frisia orientalis|Frisiae Orientalis]] fuit. Die [[27 Septembris]] [[1426]] hic [[Pugna apud Detern]] de libertate Frisiae Orientalis pugnata est<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190309111236/http://www.klausdede.de/index.php?content=weserundjade&sub=10 klausdede.de]</ref>. Annis [[1744]] - [[1806]] Detern ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1752]] Detern nomine "Dedarden" vel "Detarden" nominatum est. Detern ab anno 1806 deinde ad [[Nederlandia]]m, annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Detern [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quod anno [[1866]] a Borussia occupatum est. Ab anno [[1885]] Detern ad circulum Lerensem pertinet et ab anno [[1946]] vici regionis ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinent. Post [[Bellum mundanum secundum|Bellum Mundanum Secundum]] multi homines ex oriente Germaniae fugati in hac regione novam patriam invenerunt. Anno [[1973]] Detern cum communibus [[Filsum|Filso]] et [[Nortmoor]] ad commune generale Jümme se coniunxit. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat}} * [http://www.detern.de/ Pagina officialis communis Detern] == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Frisia orientalis]] a41unjzs12izbmdswvls3u94zz8vqln 3980043 3980038 2026-08-09T23:37:38Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Detern]] ad [[Teuderium]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3980038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Stickhausen Burgturm 1.JPG|thumb|left|Turris Castelli Stickhausen]] [[Fasciculus:ChurchDetern.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sanctorum Stephani et Bartholomaei]] '''Detern''' est oppidum [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Lerensis|Circuli Lerensis]] est. Ad oppidum Detern etiam vici Amdorf, Barge, Neuburg, Stickhausen atque Velde pertinent. Ab anno [[1973]] Detern cum aliis communibus ad commune generale [[Jümme (commune generale)|Jümme]] pertinet. == Historia == Olim regio pars [[Frisia orientalis|Frisiae Orientalis]] fuit. Die [[27 Septembris]] [[1426]] hic [[Pugna apud Detern]] de libertate Frisiae Orientalis pugnata est<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190309111236/http://www.klausdede.de/index.php?content=weserundjade&sub=10 klausdede.de]</ref>. Annis [[1744]] - [[1806]] Detern ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1752]] Detern nomine "Dedarden" vel "Detarden" nominatum est. Detern ab anno 1806 deinde ad [[Nederlandia]]m, annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Detern [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quod anno [[1866]] a Borussia occupatum est. Ab anno [[1885]] Detern ad circulum Lerensem pertinet et ab anno [[1946]] vici regionis ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinent. Post [[Bellum mundanum secundum|Bellum Mundanum Secundum]] multi homines ex oriente Germaniae fugati in hac regione novam patriam invenerunt. Anno [[1973]] Detern cum communibus [[Filsum|Filso]] et [[Nortmoor]] ad commune generale Jümme se coniunxit. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat}} * [http://www.detern.de/ Pagina officialis communis Detern] == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Frisia orientalis]] a41unjzs12izbmdswvls3u94zz8vqln 3980060 3980043 2026-08-09T23:51:09Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Stickhausen Burgturm 1.JPG|thumb|left|Turris Castelli Stickhausen.]] [[Fasciculus:ChurchDetern.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sanctorum Stephani et Bartholomaei.]] '''Teuderium'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'') est oppidum [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Lerensis|Circuli Lerensis]] est. Ad oppidum Teuderium etiam vici [[Amdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Amdorf''), [[Barge]]<ref name="Egg"/> (Theodisce ''Barge''), [[Novoburgum (Teuderium)|Novoburgum]]<ref name="Ben">Beninga, E. (1723). ''Chronicon Frisiae Orientalis: Est Res Gestas Frisonum et Saxonum Describens''. Traductum in Latinum.</ref> (Theodisce ''Neuburg''), [[Stickhusium]]<ref name="Meijer 1702">Meijer, G. (1702). ''Annales Frisiae Orientalis: ab anno Christi 1500 ad annum 1700''. Typis Korte.</ref> (Theodisce ''Stickhausen'') atque [[Velde]]<ref name="Egg">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> (Theodisce ''Velde'') pertinent. Ab anno [[1973]] Teuderium cum aliis communibus ad commune generale [[Jümme (commune generale)|Jümme]] pertinet. == Historia == Olim regio pars [[Frisia orientalis|Frisiae Orientalis]] fuit. Die [[27 Septembris]] [[1426]] hic [[Pugna apud Teuderium]] de libertate Frisiae Orientalis pugnata est<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190309111236/http://www.klausdede.de/index.php?content=weserundjade&sub=10 klausdede.de]</ref>. Annis [[1744]] - [[1806]] Teuderium ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1752]] Teuderium nomine "Dedarden" vel "Detarden" nominatum est. Teuderium ab anno 1806 deinde ad [[Nederlandia]]m, annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Teuderium [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quod anno [[1866]] a Borussia occupatum est. Ab anno [[1885]] Teuderium ad circulum Lerensem pertinet et ab anno [[1946]] vici regionis ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinent. Post [[Bellum mundanum secundum|Bellum Mundanum Secundum]] multi homines ex oriente Germaniae fugati in hac regione novam patriam invenerunt. Anno [[1973]] Teuderium cum communibus [[Filsum|Filso]] et [[Nortmoor]] ad commune generale Jümme se coniunxit. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Detern|Teuderium}} * [http://www.detern.de/ Pagina officialis communis Detern] == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Frisia orientalis]] q47u2n0kv745xgf8e37b4zulpbfnzug 3980063 3980060 2026-08-09T23:52:06Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Stickhausen Burgturm 1.JPG|thumb|left|Turris Castelli Stickhusii.]] [[Fasciculus:ChurchDetern.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sanctorum Stephani et Bartholomaei.]] '''Teuderium'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'') est oppidum [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Lerensis|Circuli Lerensis]] est. Ad oppidum Teuderium etiam vici [[Amdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Amdorf''), [[Barge]]<ref name="Egg"/> (Theodisce ''Barge''), [[Novoburgum (Teuderium)|Novoburgum]]<ref name="Ben">Beninga, E. (1723). ''Chronicon Frisiae Orientalis: Est Res Gestas Frisonum et Saxonum Describens''. Traductum in Latinum.</ref> (Theodisce ''Neuburg''), [[Stickhusium]]<ref name="Meijer 1702">Meijer, G. (1702). ''Annales Frisiae Orientalis: ab anno Christi 1500 ad annum 1700''. Typis Korte.</ref> (Theodisce ''Stickhausen'') atque [[Velde]]<ref name="Egg">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> (Theodisce ''Velde'') pertinent. Ab anno [[1973]] Teuderium cum aliis communibus ad commune generale [[Jümme (commune generale)|Jümme]] pertinet. == Historia == Olim regio pars [[Frisia orientalis|Frisiae Orientalis]] fuit. Die [[27 Septembris]] [[1426]] hic [[Pugna apud Teuderium]] de libertate Frisiae Orientalis pugnata est<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190309111236/http://www.klausdede.de/index.php?content=weserundjade&sub=10 klausdede.de]</ref>. Annis [[1744]] - [[1806]] Teuderium ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1752]] Teuderium nomine "Dedarden" vel "Detarden" nominatum est. Teuderium ab anno 1806 deinde ad [[Nederlandia]]m, annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Teuderium [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quod anno [[1866]] a Borussia occupatum est. Ab anno [[1885]] Teuderium ad circulum Lerensem pertinet et ab anno [[1946]] vici regionis ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinent. Post [[Bellum mundanum secundum|Bellum Mundanum Secundum]] multi homines ex oriente Germaniae fugati in hac regione novam patriam invenerunt. Anno [[1973]] Teuderium cum communibus [[Filsum|Filso]] et [[Nortmoor]] ad commune generale Jümme se coniunxit. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Detern|Teuderium}} * [http://www.detern.de/ Pagina officialis communis Detern] == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Frisia orientalis]] 6kpsl28xnnwnit3vm21apcjmg8my940 3980065 3980063 2026-08-09T23:53:23Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Stickhausen Burgturm 1.JPG|thumb|left|Turris Castelli Stickhusii.]] [[Fasciculus:ChurchDetern.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sanctorum Stephani et Bartholomaei.]] '''Teuderium'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'') est oppidum [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Lerensis|Circuli Lerensis]] est. Ad oppidum Teuderium etiam vici [[Amdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Amdorf''), [[Barge (Teuderium)|Barge]]<ref name="Egg"/> (Theodisce ''Barge''), [[Novoburgum (Teuderium)|Novoburgum]]<ref name="Ben">Beninga, E. (1723). ''Chronicon Frisiae Orientalis: Est Res Gestas Frisonum et Saxonum Describens''. Traductum in Latinum.</ref> (Theodisce ''Neuburg''), [[Stickhusium]]<ref name="Meijer 1702">Meijer, G. (1702). ''Annales Frisiae Orientalis: ab anno Christi 1500 ad annum 1700''. Typis Korte.</ref> (Theodisce ''Stickhausen'') atque [[Velde]]<ref name="Egg">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> (Theodisce ''Velde'') pertinent. Ab anno [[1973]] Teuderium cum aliis communibus ad commune generale [[Jümme (commune generale)|Jümme]] pertinet. == Historia == Olim regio pars [[Frisia orientalis|Frisiae Orientalis]] fuit. Die [[27 Septembris]] [[1426]] hic [[Pugna apud Teuderium]] de libertate Frisiae Orientalis pugnata est<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190309111236/http://www.klausdede.de/index.php?content=weserundjade&sub=10 klausdede.de]</ref>. Annis [[1744]] - [[1806]] Teuderium ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1752]] Teuderium nomine "Dedarden" vel "Detarden" nominatum est. Teuderium ab anno 1806 deinde ad [[Nederlandia]]m, annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Teuderium [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quod anno [[1866]] a Borussia occupatum est. Ab anno [[1885]] Teuderium ad circulum Lerensem pertinet et ab anno [[1946]] vici regionis ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinent. Post [[Bellum mundanum secundum|Bellum Mundanum Secundum]] multi homines ex oriente Germaniae fugati in hac regione novam patriam invenerunt. Anno [[1973]] Teuderium cum communibus [[Filsum|Filso]] et [[Nortmoor]] ad commune generale Jümme se coniunxit. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Detern|Teuderium}} * [http://www.detern.de/ Pagina officialis communis Detern] == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Frisia orientalis]] d6nima7lnx4iwlpfu4u6ur1dcxttq15 3980112 3980065 2026-08-10T00:25:11Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Stickhausen Burgturm 1.JPG|thumb|left|Turris Castelli Stickhusii.]] [[Fasciculus:ChurchDetern.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sanctorum Stephani et Bartholomaei.]] '''Teuderium'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'') est oppidum [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Lerensis|Circuli Lerensis]] est. Ad oppidum Teuderium etiam vici [[Amdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Amdorf''), [[Barge (Teuderium)|Barge]]<ref name="Egg"/> (Theodisce ''Barge''), [[Novoburgum (Teuderium)|Novoburgum]]<ref name="Ben">Beninga, E. (1723). ''Chronicon Frisiae Orientalis: Est Res Gestas Frisonum et Saxonum Describens''. Traductum in Latinum.</ref> (Theodisce ''Neuburg''), [[Stickhusium]]<ref name="Meijer 1702">Meijer, G. (1702). ''Annales Frisiae Orientalis: ab anno Christi 1500 ad annum 1700''. Typis Korte.</ref> (Theodisce ''Stickhausen'') atque [[Velde]]<ref name="Egg">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> (Theodisce ''Velde'') pertinent. Ab anno [[1973]] Teuderium cum aliis communibus ad commune generale [[Iummium (commune generale)|Iummium]] pertinet. == Historia == Olim regio pars [[Frisia orientalis|Frisiae Orientalis]] fuit. Die [[27 Septembris]] [[1426]] hic [[Pugna apud Teuderium]] de libertate Frisiae Orientalis pugnata est<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190309111236/http://www.klausdede.de/index.php?content=weserundjade&sub=10 klausdede.de]</ref>. Annis [[1744]] - [[1806]] Teuderium ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1752]] Teuderium nomine "Dedarden" vel "Detarden" nominatum est. Teuderium ab anno 1806 deinde ad [[Nederlandia]]m, annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Teuderium [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quod anno [[1866]] a Borussia occupatum est. Ab anno [[1885]] Teuderium ad circulum Lerensem pertinet et ab anno [[1946]] vici regionis ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinent. Post [[Bellum mundanum secundum|Bellum Mundanum Secundum]] multi homines ex oriente Germaniae fugati in hac regione novam patriam invenerunt. Anno [[1973]] Teuderium cum communibus [[Filsum|Filso]] et [[Nortmoor]] ad commune generale Iummium coniunxit. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Detern|Teuderium}} * [http://www.detern.de/ Pagina officialis communis Teuderii] == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Frisia orientalis]] byzzwx4onccmm6qeonq8v4dtljierqx 0 254619 3980076 3505855 2026-08-10T00:02:44Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Flug_Westerstede_nach_Leer_2010_140.JPG|thumb|left|Filsum ex aere visum]] [[Fasciculus:FilsumRathausSGJümme.JPG|thumb|left|Curis communis generalis Jümme in Filso sita]] [[Fasciculus:ChurchFilsum.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Pauli saeculo XIII coepta]] '''Filsum''' est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Lerensis|Circuli Lerensis]] est. Commune Filsum etiam e vicis Ammersum, Brückenfehn, Busboomsfehn, Lammertsfehn atque Stallbrüggerfeld constat. Ab anno [[1973]] Filsum cum aliis communibus ad commune generale [[Jümme (commune generale)|Jümme]] pertinet. == Historia == Ecclesia [[Sancti Pauli|Paulus Tarsensis]] Filsi saeculo XIII aedificatum est; hoc tempore vicus conditum esse creditur. Olim Filsi regio pars [[Frisia orientalis|Frisiae Orientalis]] fuit. Annis [[1744]] - [[1806]] Filsum ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Filsum ab anno 1806 deinde ad [[Nederlandia]]m, annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Filsum [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quod anno [[1866]] a Borussia occupatum est. Ab anno [[1885]] Filsum ad circulum Lerensem pertinet et ab anno [[1946]] vici regionis ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinent. Post [[Bellum mundanum secundum|Bellum Mundanum Secundum]] multi homines ex oriente Germaniae fugati in hac regione novam patriam invenerunt. Anno [[1973]] Filsi vici supra dicti in unum commune coniuncti sunt et hoc cum oppido [[Teuderium|Teuderio]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'') et communi [[Nortmoor]] ad commune generale Jümme se coniunxit. Ab anno [[2011]] Margareta Schulte-Cramer magistra civium est<ref>[http://www.oz-online.de/-news/artikel/50039/Eine-glasklare-Sache-fuer-die-CDU oz-online.de die 11 Novembris 2011]</ref>. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat}} * [http://www.juemme.de Pagina officialis communis generalis Jümme] [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Frisia orientalis]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 13]] 8p76hspci4f11b92bze1b51481j62wh 3980105 3980076 2026-08-10T00:20:58Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Flug_Westerstede_nach_Leer_2010_140.JPG|thumb|left|Filsum ex aere visum.]] [[Fasciculus:FilsumRathausSGJümme.JPG|thumb|left|Curia communis generalis Iummii in Filso sita.]] [[Fasciculus:ChurchFilsum.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Pauli saeculo XIII coepta.]] '''Filsum''' est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Lerensis|Circuli Lerensis]] est. Commune Filsum etiam e vicis Ammersum, Brückenfehn, Busboomsfehn, Lammertsfehn atque Stallbrüggerfeld constat. Ab anno [[1973]] Filsum cum aliis communibus ad commune generale [[Iummium (commune generale)|Iummium]] pertinet. == Historia == Ecclesia [[Sancti Pauli|Paulus Tarsensis]] Filsi saeculo XIII aedificatum est; hoc tempore vicus conditum esse creditur. Olim Filsi regio pars [[Frisia orientalis|Frisiae Orientalis]] fuit. Annis [[1744]] - [[1806]] Filsum ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Filsum ab anno 1806 deinde ad [[Nederlandia]]m, annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Filsum [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quod anno [[1866]] a Borussia occupatum est. Ab anno [[1885]] Filsum ad circulum Lerensem pertinet et ab anno [[1946]] vici regionis ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinent. Post [[Bellum mundanum secundum|Bellum Mundanum Secundum]] multi homines ex oriente Germaniae fugati in hac regione novam patriam invenerunt. Anno [[1973]] Filsi vici supra dicti in unum commune coniuncti sunt et hoc cum oppido [[Teuderium|Teuderio]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'') et communi [[Nortmoor]] ad commune generale Iummium se coniunxit. Ab anno [[2011]] Margareta Schulte-Cramer magistra civium est<ref>[http://www.oz-online.de/-news/artikel/50039/Eine-glasklare-Sache-fuer-die-CDU oz-online.de die 11 Novembris 2011]</ref>. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat}} * [http://www.juemme.de Pagina officialis communis generalis Iummii] [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Frisia orientalis]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 13]] 7udaxl9wkl0zzqqoh5c7fk64hm4eyhu 0 254620 3980079 3505856 2026-08-10T00:04:32Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:ChurchNortmoor.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Georgii in Nortmoor]] '''Nortmoor''' est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Lerensis|Circuli Lerensis]] est. Ad commune Nortmoor etiam vici Brunn, Heide, Plaggenburg, Pillkamp atque Terwisch pertinent. Ab anno [[1973]] Nortmoor cum aliis communibus ad commune generale [[Jümme (commune generale)|Jümme]] pertinet. == Historia == Anno [[1411]] Nortmoor primo in actis descriptum est. Olim regio pars [[Frisia orientalis|Frisiae Orientalis]] fuit. Anno [[1637]] - inter [[Bellum triginta annorum]] et epidemia pestis - vicus Nortmoor secundam partem incolarum amist. Annis [[1744]] - [[1806]] Nortmoor ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Nortmoor ab anno 1806 deinde ad [[Nederlandia]]m, annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Nortmoor [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quod anno [[1866]] a Borussia occupatum est. Ab anno [[1885]] Nortmoor ad circulum Lerensem pertinet et ab anno [[1946]] vici regionis ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinent. Post [[Bellum mundanum secundum|Bellum Mundanum Secundum]] multi homines ex oriente Germaniae fugati in hac regione novam patriam invenerunt. Anno [[1973]] Nortmoor cum communi [[Filsum|Filso]] et oppido [[Teuderium|Teuderio]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'') ad commune generale Jümme se coniunxit. Die [[10 Novembris]] [[2011]] Uwe Fecht (SPD) novus magister civium Nortmoor electus est<ref>[http://www.ga-online.de/-news/artikel/49986/Ueberraschung-im-Nortmoorer-Rat ga-online.de die 10 Novembris 2011]</ref>. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat}} * [http://www.nortmoor.de/ Pagina officialis communis generalis Jümme] == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Frisia orientalis]] dbwjs3nxmc8mbw4ose82zbq3euyrfr9 3980107 3980079 2026-08-10T00:22:14Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:ChurchNortmoor.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Georgii in Nortmoor]] '''Nortmoor''' est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Lerensis|Circuli Lerensis]] est. Ad commune Nortmoor etiam vici Brunn, Heide, Plaggenburg, Pillkamp atque Terwisch pertinent. Ab anno [[1973]] Nortmoor cum aliis communibus ad commune generale [[Iummium (commune generale)|Iummium]] pertinet. == Historia == Anno [[1411]] Nortmoor primo in actis descriptum est. Olim regio pars [[Frisia orientalis|Frisiae Orientalis]] fuit. Anno [[1637]] - inter [[Bellum triginta annorum]] et epidemia pestis - vicus Nortmoor secundam partem incolarum amist. Annis [[1744]] - [[1806]] Nortmoor ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Nortmoor ab anno 1806 deinde ad [[Nederlandia]]m, annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Nortmoor [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quod anno [[1866]] a Borussia occupatum est. Ab anno [[1885]] Nortmoor ad circulum Lerensem pertinet et ab anno [[1946]] vici regionis ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinent. Post [[Bellum mundanum secundum|Bellum Mundanum Secundum]] multi homines ex oriente Germaniae fugati in hac regione novam patriam invenerunt. Anno [[1973]] Nortmoor cum communi [[Filsum|Filso]] et oppido [[Teuderium|Teuderio]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'') ad commune generale Iummium se coniunxit. Die [[10 Novembris]] [[2011]] Uwe Fecht (SPD) novus magister civium Nortmoor electus est<ref>[http://www.ga-online.de/-news/artikel/49986/Ueberraschung-im-Nortmoorer-Rat ga-online.de die 10 Novembris 2011]</ref>. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat}} * [http://www.nortmoor.de/ Pagina officialis communis generalis Iummii] == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Frisia orientalis]] plurpjglst42neqmgb974r0vvqd1w82 0 255046 3980026 3977632 2026-08-09T23:22:55Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Hoeltingmuehle_Meppen.jpg|thumb|left|In oppido [[Meppea]] flumina [[Amisia]] et [[Hasa]] confluunt.]] [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in EL.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Terrae Emesensis.]] '''Circulus Terrae Emesensis'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Terrae Altenburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Emsland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum "terra-ae" Theodiscum lexema ''-land'' vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Emesensis-e" ad flumen [[Amisia|Emesam]] refertur. De hoc hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Emsland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Oamselound''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1977]] conditus est ex antiquis circulis ''Aschendorf-Hümling'', ''Meppea'' atque partibus circuli ''Lingae''. Caput circuli urbs [[Meppea]] est. == Historia == Terra Emesensis a medioaevo ad annum [[1802]] ad [[Dioecesis Monasteriensis|Principatum episcopalem Monasterii]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1806]] Terra Emesensis ad [[Magnus Ducatus Montensis|Magnum Ducatum Montensem]] pertinuit, ab anno [[1810]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]]. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo Terra Emesensis ab anno [[1814]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circuli ''Aschendorf'', ''Hümling'', ''Meppea'' et ''Linga'' conditi sunt. Anno [[1932]] circuli Aschendorf et Hümling coniuncti sunt. Tempore dictaturae [[NSDAP|Nazistarum]] in Terra Emesensi multa castra carceralia condita sunt. Post [[Secundum Bellum Mundanum]] [[Nederlandia]] agrum circuli reparationis causa postulavit neque tamen multum adipisci potuit<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-44435312.html Der Spiegel die 1 Ianuarii 1949]</ref>. Pars Terrae Emesensis etiam a captivis liberatis Polonicis ad annum [[1948]] "Area occupationis Polonica" administrata est<ref>[http://www.deutschlandradiokultur.de/1945-als-das-emsland-polnisch-war.1001.de.html?dram:article_id=155820 deutschlandradiokultur.de die 24 Iunii 2005]</ref>. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1977]] circulus Terrae Emesensis conditus est ex antiquis circulis ''Aschendorf-Hümling'', ''Meppea'' atque partibus circuli ''Lingae''. == Communia circuli == Haec sunt 60 communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt: * [[Emsbüren]] (9903 incolae) * [[Geeste]] (11.260) * [[Haren (Amisia)|Haren]], oppidum (23.255) * [[Haselünne]], oppidum (12.504) * [[Linga (Amisia)|Linga]], oppidum (52.503) * [[Meppea]] oppidum et caput circuli (34.549) * [[Papenburg]], oppidum (35.981) * [[Rhede (Amisia)|Rhede]] (4175) * [[Salzbergen]] (7535) * [[Twist]] (9499) * [[Dörpen (commune generale)|Dörpen]] commune generale (16.140) ** [[Dersum]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Dersum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Derßm'') (1466) ** [[Dörpen]], sedes administrationis (4983) ** [[Heede]] (2419) ** [[Kluse]] (1587) ** [[Lehe]] (999) ** [[Neubörger]] (1544) ** [[Neulehe]] (762) ** [[Walchum]] (1457) ** [[Wippingen]] (923) * [[Freren (commune generale)|Freren]] commune generale (10.304) ** [[Andervenia]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et pagis ditionis Rotenburgensis (Caput de parochia Ahusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis (Caput de antiqua parochia Alfhusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis et Comitatus Lingensis (Caput de parochia Anderveniae)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Andervenne'') (879) ** [[Bestena]]<ref name="Jellinghaus 1923">Jellinghaus, H. (1923). ''Die westfälischen Ortsnamen nach ihren Bestandteilen''' (III ed.). Ferdinand Schöningh.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beesten'') (1597) ** [[Freren]], oppidum et sedes administrationis (5000) ** Messingen (1058) ** Thuine (1770) * [[Herzlake (commune generale)|Herzlake]] commune generale (10.050) ** [[Dohren (Terra Emesensis)|Dohren]] (1097) ** [[Herzlake]], sedes administrationis (4248) ** [[Lähden]] (4705) * [[Lathen (commune generale)|Lathen]] commune generale (11.237) ** [[Fresenburg]] (909) ** [[Lathen]], sedes administrationis (6159) ** [[Niederlangen]] (1208) ** [[Oberlangen]] (951) ** [[Renkenberge]] (715) ** [[Sustrum]] (1295) * [[Lengerich (commune generale)|Lenerich]] commune generale (9093) ** [[Bawinkelum]]<ref name="Moser 1738">Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bawinkel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bowinkel'') (2359) ** [[Gersten]] (1209) ** [[Handrup]] (841) ** [[Langen]] (1451) ** [[Lengerich]], sedes administrationis (2658) ** [[Wettrup]] (575) * [[Nordhümmling (commune generale)|Nordhümling]] commune generale (12.005) ** [[Bochorstia]]<ref name="Erhard 1851">Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bockhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukhast'')(987) ** [[Breddenberga]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898">Wilmans, R., & Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Breddenberg'') (788) ** [[Esterwegen]], sedes administrationis (5179) ** [[Hilkenbrook]] (806) ** [[Surwold]] (4245) * [[Sögel (commune generale)|Sögel]] commune generale (15.997) ** [[Burgium (Saxonia Inferior)|Burgium]]<ref name="Remling VII 2026">Remling, L. (2026). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Emsland''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Börger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borger'') (2747) ** [[Groß Berßen]] (656) ** [[Hüven]] (519) ** [[Klein Berßen]] (1127) ** [[Sögel]], sedes administrationis (7335) ** [[Spahnharrenstätte]] (1511) ** [[Stavern]] (1066) ** [[Werpeloh]] (1036) * [[Spelle (commune generale)|Spelle]] commune generale (13.018) ** [[Lünne]] (1877) ** [[Schapen]] (2327) ** [[Spelle]], sedes administrationis (8814) ** [[Werlte]] commune generale (16.749) ** [[Lahn]] (897) ** [[Lorup]] (3184) ** [[Rastdorf]] (1015) ** [[Vrees]] (1695) ** [[Werlte]], sedes administrationis (9958), sed etiam oppidum in anno domini 2017 est. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Landkreis Emsland|circulum Terrae Emesensis}} * [http://www.emsland.de Pagina officialis circuli] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{geo-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Binethensis comitatus circulus}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1977]] p1jczw9kyjqexnkebidg2ngrv0iosb9 0 255204 3979950 3810378 2026-08-09T22:04:44Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}}{{taxobox | name = Diptera | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|245|0|r=[[Triassicum]] medium > [[Recens]]}} | image = Calliphora augur whitebackground.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Calliphora augur]]'' | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | superordo = [[Panorpida]] | unranked_order = [[Antliophora]] | ordo = '''Diptera''' | ordo_authority = [[Linnaeus]], [[1758]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Subordo|Subordines]] | subdivision = * [[Nematocera]] * [[Brachycera]] }} '''Diptera''' ([[Graece]] δίπτερα '(insecta) binis alis' < δι- '[[duo]]' + πτερόν '[[ala]]'), vulgo plerumque '''muscae''' appellatae, sunt [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordo]] [[insecta|insectorum]] aliis dissimiles quia par [[ala]]rum [[volatus|volatús]] in [[mesothorax|mesothorace]] et par {{Creanda|en|Halteres|Halter (entomologia)|halterum}}{{dubsig}}, ab alis posterioribus deductorum, in [[metathorax|metathorace]] possident, quibus, sensoribus magnarum [[celeritas|celeritatum]] motus volventis, dipera multiplicibus aerobaticis fungi possunt.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dickinson |first=Michael H. |date=29 Maii [[1999]] |title=Haltere–mediated equilibrium reflexes of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences |volume=354 |issue=1385 |pages=903–916 |doi=10.1098/rstb.1999.0442 |pmc=1692594 |pmid=10382224}}.</ref> Nonnullae dipterorum [[species]] posteriori [[evolutio]]ne artem volandi amiserunt. Alter insectorum ordo cui sunt binae alae volatús et halteres sunt [[Strepsiptera]], quae contra Diptera halteres in mesothorace, alas volatús in metathorace gerunt. Diptera sunt magnus ordo, cui sunt 1&thinsp;000&thinsp;000 fere [[species|specierum]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bugguide.net/node/view/55 |title=Order Diptera: Flies |website=BugGuide |publisher=Iowa State University |accessdate=26 Maii 2016}}.</ref><ref name=JHComstock>{{cite book |author=Comstock, John Henry |title=An Introduction to Entomology |publisher=Comstock Publishing |date=[[1949]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontoen1949coms/page/773 773] |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoen1949coms}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayhew |first1=Peter J. |title=Why are there so many insect species? Perspectives from fossils and phylogenies |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-reviews_2007-08_82_3/page/425 |journal=Biological Reviews |volume=82 |issue=3 |year=2007 |pages=425–54 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-185X.2007.00018.x}}.</ref> [[Fasciculus:Aedes_aegypti.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|''[[Aëdes aegypti]].'']] [[Fasciculus:Halteres-Tipule.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Una ex [[Tipulidae|Tipulidis]], halteribus aspectabilissimis.]] [[Fasciculus:Black soldier flies mating.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Hermetia illucens|Hermetiae illucentes]]'' copulant.]] [[Fasciculus:Calliphora spec.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Calliphora]]'' sp.]] [[Fasciculus:Pata insecto.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|1, [[coxa]]; 2, [[trocanter]]; 3, [[femur]]; 4. [[tibia]]; 5, [[tarsus]]; 6, [[unguis|ungues]].]] Dipteris est [[caput]] mobile, unum magnorum [[oculus|oculorum]] compositorum par, et membra [[os (oris)|oralia]] ad pungendum et sugendum in [[Culicidae|Culicidis]], [[Simuliidae|Simuliidis]], [[Asilidae|Asilidis]], aut ad lambendum in aliis [[grex|gregibus]] designata. Propter collocationem alarum, diptera pervariis modis [[volatus|volant]], ac propter [[unguis|ungues]] [[pes|pedesque]] pulvinosos, [[superficies|superficiebus]] levibus adhaerent. Totam [[metamorphosis|metamorphosin]] patiuntur. [[Ovum|Ova]] in [[cibus|res edules]] ponuntur, et [[larva]]e, quae [[membrum|membris]] veris carent, in [[circumiecta|circumiectis]] [[natura]]libus protectis crescunt, saepe intra cibum. [[Pupa (insecta)|Pupa]] est capsula aliquantulum dura, ex qua adultus se excludit; [[vita]] autem adultorum plerumque est brevis. Diptera sunt unus e maioribus insectorum ordinibus, magni momenti [[oecologia|oecologici]] et [[homo|humani]], avidi quoque [[pollen|pollinatores]], secundi solum ab [[apis|apibus]] aliisque [[hymenoptera|hymenopteris]]. Diptera fortasse erant inter primos pollinatores [[evolutio|evolutionarios]]. [[Drosophila]] pro [[organismus eximius|organismis eximiis]] in investigationibus [[scientia (ratio)|scientificis]] utilissima sunt, sed ex contrario [[culicidae]] sunt [[vector (epidemiologia)|vectores]] [[malaria]]e, [[febris dengue]], [[febris Nili Occidentalis]], [[flaviviridae|febris flavae]], [[encephalitis]], aliorumque [[morbus|morborum]] [[infectio]]sorum; et [[musca domestica|muscae domesticae]], cum hominibus per totum [[mundus|mundum]] commensales, morbos in [[cibus|cibo]] ortos dispergunt. ==Taxinomia== ===Coniunctiones externae=== Diptera sunt [[endopterygota]], insecta quae totam [[metamorphosis|metamorphosin]] patiuntur. Ad Mecopterida pertinent, cum [[Mecoptera|Mecopteris]], [[Siphonaptera|Siphonapteris]], [[Lepidoptera|Lepidopteris]], [[Trichoptera|Trichopteris]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-52 |pmid=24646345 |pmc=4000048 |title=The evolutionary history of holometabolous insects inferred from transcriptome-based phylogeny and comprehensive morphological data |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=52 |year=2014 |last1=Peters |first1=Ralph S. |last2=Meusemann |first2=Karen |last3=Petersen |first3=Malte |last4=Mayer |first4=Christoph |last5=Wilbrandt |first5=Jeanne |last6=Ziesmann |first6=Tanja |last7=Donath |first7=Alexander |last8=Kjer |first8=Karl M. |last9=Aspöck |first9=Ulrike |last10=Aspöck |first10=Horst |last11=Aberer |first11=Andre |last12=Stamatakis |first12=Alexandros |last13=Friedrich |first13=Frank |last14=Hünefeld |first14=Frank |last15=Niehuis |first15=Oliver |last16=Beutel |first16=Rolf G. |last17=Misof |first17=Bernhard}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=102510 |title=Taxon: Superorder Antliophora |website=The Taxonomicon |accessdate=21 Augusti [[2007]]}}.</ref> Eorum proprietas est binae [[ala]]e; nonnulla autem, sicut [[Hippoboscidae]], alis secundarie carent.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hutson, A. M. |year=[[1984]] |title=Diptera: Keds, flat-flies & bat-flies (Hippoboscidae & Nycteribiidae) | page=84 |location = Londinii | publisher=Royal Entomological Society of London |series=Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects |volume=10 pt 7}}.</ref> [[Cladogramma]] insequens hodiernam eruditorum opinionem repraesentat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tolweb.org/Endopterygota/8243 |title=Endopterygota Insects with complete metamorphosis |last2=Wiegmann |first2=Brian |website=Tree of Life |last1=Yeates |first1=David K. |accessdate=24 Maii 2016}}.</ref> {{clade |label1=pars [[Endopterygota|Endopterygotorum]] |1={{clade |label1=[[Mecopterida]] |1={{clade |label1=[[Antliophora]] |1={{clade |1='''Diptera''' [[Fasciculus:Syrphidae_icon.jpg|70px]] |2={{clade |1=[[Mecoptera]] (400 [[species]]) (praeter Boreidas) [[Fasciculus:Mecoptera_icon.jpg|70px]] |2={{clade |1=[[Boreidae]] (30 species) [[Fasciculus:Boreus_icon.jpg|70px]] |2=[[Siphonaptera]] (2500 species) [[Fasciculus:HookeFlea01.jpg|50px]] }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=[[Trichoptera]] [[Fasciculus:Trichoptera Anabolia icon.jpg|70px]] |2=[[Lepidoptera]] [[Fasciculus:Blue_morpho_butterfly.jpg|40px]] }} }} |2=[[Hymenoptera]] [[Fasciculus:Tremex_columba.jpg|70px]] }} }} [[Fasciculus:Mydas sp..JPG|thumb|''[[Gauromydas heros]]'' est maximum [[tellus|orbis terrarum]] dipterum.]] [[Fasciculus:Lutzomyia adiketis.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7 |[[Nematocera|Nematocerum]] [[fossile]] in [[sucinum|sucino]] [[Dominica]]no: ''[[Lutzomyia adiketis]]'' ([[Psychodidae]]), [[Miocaenum|Miocaeno]] ineunte, abhinc annorum 20 milliones fere.]] ===Coniunctiones internae=== Hoc cladogramma secundum propositum FLYTREE delineatum est.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yeates |first1=David K. |last2=Meier |first2=Rudolf |last3=Wiegmann |first3=Brian |title=Phylogeny of True Flies (Diptera): A 250 Million Year Old Success Story in Terrestrial Diversification |url=http://www.inhs.illinois.edu/research/flytree/flyphylogeny/ |website=Flytree |publisher=Illinois Natural History Survey |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228210535/http://inhs.illinois.edu/research/flytree/flyphylogeny/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 Decembris 2015 |access-date=24 Maii 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yeates |first1= David K. |last2=Weigmann |first2=Brian M |last3=Courtney |first3=Greg W. |last4=Meier |first4=Rudolf |last5=Lambkins |first5=Christine |last6=Pape |first6=Thomas |title=Phylogeny and systematics of Diptera: Two decades of progress and prospects |year=2007 |journal=Zootaxa |volume=1668 |pages=565–590 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.27 }}</ref> {{clade | style=font-size:100%;line-height:105%; |label1='''Diptera''' |grouplabel1={{clade labels|label1="[[Nematocera]]" |top1=16%}} |1={{clade |bar1=green |1={{clade |1=[[Ptychopteromorpha]] [[File:Ptychoptera contaminata male Walker 1856 plate-XXVIII.png|60px]] |2=[[Culicomorpha]] [[File:Stegomyia fasciata.jpg|55px]] }} |2={{clade |1=[[Blephariceromorpha]] [[File:Imago of Blepharicera fasciata as Asthenia fasciata in Westwood 1842, plate 94.png|60px]]|bar1=green |2={{clade |1=[[Bibionomorpha]] [[File:Isoneuromyia annandalei.jpg|55px]]|bar1=green |2={{clade |1=[[Psychodomorpha]] [[File:Clogmia_clean.jpg|55px]]|bar1=green |2={{clade |1=[[Tipuloidea]] [[File:Tipula oleracea icon.jpg|65px]]|bar1=green |label2='''[[Brachycera]]''' |2={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |1=[[Stratiomyomorpha]] [[File:Hermetia illucens f.jpg|66px]] |2={{clade |1=[[Xylophagomorpha]] [[File:Coenomyia_ferruginea.png|55px]] |2=[[Tabanomorpha]] [[File:Chrysops relicta f.jpg|66px]] }} }} |label2=[[Muscomorpha|Mus]] |2={{clade |1=[[Nemestrinoidea]] [[File:Acrocera globulus.png|66px]] |2={{clade |1=[[Asiloidea]] [[File:Asilidae icon.jpg|66px]] |label2=[[Eremoneura|Ere]] |2={{clade |1=[[Empidoidea]] [[File:Drapetis_brevior_fbi.jpg|35px]] |label2=[[Cyclorrhapha|Cyc]] |2={{clade |1=[[Aschiza]] (pars) |2={{clade |1=[[Phoroidea]] [[File:Platypeza_picta.png|55px]] |2={{clade |1=[[Syrphoidea]] [[File:Syrphidae icon.jpg|55px]] |label2=[[Schizophora|Sch]] |2={{clade |label1=[[Calyptratae|Cal]] |1={{clade |1=[[Hippoboscoidea]] [[File:Nycteribiidae icon.jpg|55px]] |2={{clade |1=[[Muscoidea]] [[File:Musca_domestica_female.jpg|55px]] |2=[[Oestroidea]] [[File:Sarcophaga_haemorrhoidalis_m.jpg|55px]] }} }} |2=[[Acalyptratae]] [[File:Ceratitis capitata illustration.jpg|55px]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} ''Contractiones quae in cladogrammate scribuntur:'' * Cal=[[Calyptratae]] * Cyc=[[Cyclorrhapha]] * Ere=[[Eremoneura]] * Mus=[[Muscomorpha]] * Sch=[[Schizophora]] {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} *[[Asilidae]] *[[Brachycera]] *[[Calliphoridae]] *[[Drosophilidae]] *''[[Glossina]]'' *[[Musca domestica]] *''[[Procecidochares delta]]'' *[[Tabanidae]] {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Blagoderov, V. A., E. D. Lukashevich, et M. B. Mostovski. [[2002]]. "Order Diptera." In ''The History of Insects,'' ed. A. P. Rasnitsyn et D. L. J. Quicke, 227–40. Alphen aan den Rijn Nederlandiae: Kluwer. *Colless, D. H., et D. K. McAlpine. [[1991]]. "Diptera (flies)." In ''The insects of Australia,'' 717–86. The Division of Entomology. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. Canberrae: Melbourne University Press. *Haupt, Joachim, et Hiroko Haupt. [[1998]]. ''Fliegen und Mücken: Beobachtung, Lebensweise.'' Augsburg: Naturbuch. ISBN 3-89440-278-4. *Hennig, Willi. "Diptera (Zweifluger)." In ''Handb. Zool. Berl.'' 4 (2) (31):1–337. *Lindner, Erwin. [[1949]]. ''Handbuch.'' Stutgardiae: Schweizerbart. Die Fliegen der paläarktischen Region, 1. *Oldroyd, Harold. [[1964]]. ''The Natural History of Flies.'' Londinii: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. *Oldroyd, Harold. [[1965]]. ''The Natural History of Flies.'' Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton. *Schumann, H., R. Bährmann, et A. Stark, eds. [[1999]]. ''Checkliste der Dipteren Deutschland.'' Halle: Ampyx. ISBN 3-932795-01-6. *Séguy, Eugène. [[1924]]–[[1953]]. ''Diptera: recueil d'etudes biologiques et systematiques sur les Dipteres du Globe.'' 11 vol. ''Encyclopedie Entomologique,'' serie B II: Diptera. *Séguy, Eugène. [[1950]]. ''La Biologie des Dipteres.'' *Thompson, F. Christian. "Sources for the Biosystematic Database of World Diptera (Flies)." Systematic Entomology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150918204612/http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/diptera/names/BDWDsour.pdf PDF.] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Diptera}} {{fontes biologici}} * [https://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/library/compendium/diptera.html De Dipteris.] Situs interretiale Universitatis civitatis Carolinae Septentrionalis. [[Categoria:Diptera|!]] [[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1758]] {{Myrias|Biologia}} r62c5oshy0bmlupx2rstlv7ywm0uilo 0 256030 3979758 3048215 2026-08-09T15:56:03Z Xqbot 9619 rectificatio redirectionis duplicis → [[Huracanum Katrina]] 3979758 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Huracanum Katrina]] gd052jj9wzzzilwxhsl7ih8uy6wow8g 0 256560 3980000 3911554 2026-08-09T23:01:08Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{L1}} [[Fasciculus:Birch bark MS from Kashmir of the Rupavatra Wellcome L0032691.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Manuscriptum]] artis grammaticae postpaniniae ex [[Casmiria]] repertum (saec. XVII).]] '''Panines'''<ref>Christian Lassen, ''Institutiones linguae Pracriticae'' (König, 1837), p. 5, 156.</ref> ([[lingua Sanscrita|Sanscritice]] ''Pāṇini'', scriptura [[Devanagari]] पाणिनि) fuit [[grammaticus]] qui saeculo aut quinto aut quarto a.C.n. floruisse censetur. [[linguistica|Glottologis]] recentibus innotuit opere ''[[Aṣṭādhyāyī]]'' ('octo capitula') inscripto, quo regulas linguae Sanscritae formulis brevissimis plene et compacte explicuit. De vita Paninis fere nihil cognovimus: ipse enim de se nihil aperte scripsit. Natum esse satis constat in [[oppidum|oppido]] [[Śalātura]] prope [[Peucelaitis|Peucelaitidem]] provinciae [[Gandarica]]e [[imperium Achaemenidarum|imperii Achaemenidarum]].<ref>{{qc|id=Renou}} p. 483.</ref> Quod oppidum primus verbis pellucidis indicavit peregrinus [[Sinae (gens)|Sinensis]] [[religio Buddhistica|Buddhista]] [[Xuanzang]]. Is anno [[630]] per hanc [[regio]]nem iter faciens oppidum ''Solodulo'' (Śalātura) visitavit "quo loco Panines vir eruditus natus est, artis grammaticae compositor".<ref>[[Xuanzang]], ''De peregrinatione'' [https://archive.org/stream/siyukibuddhistre01hsuoft#page/114/mode/2up versionis Anglicae p. 114].</ref> Quam rem, etiamsi post multa saecula asseveratam, confirmant cognomen Sanscritum ''Śalāturīya'' ('qui Śalāturae natus est'), interdum Panini illi ab aliis datum, verbumque exemplare ''Śalāturīya'' ab ipso inter formulas operis sui comprehensum.<ref>{{qc|id=Bohtlingk}} [https://archive.org/stream/pninisachtbc02paniuoft#page/n11/mode/2up vol. 2 pp. viii-xi]</ref><ref>{{qc|id=Cardona}} p. 268.</ref> A plurimis, qui de Panine compendiose scribunt, [[saeculum 4 a.C.n.|saeculo IV a.C.n.]] [[floruit|floruisse]] dicitur,<ref name="Pan">"a native of the extreme north-west of India, who probably flourished about 300 B.C.": "[https://web.archive.org/web/20140208004723/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_298.gif Sanskrit Literature]" in ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'' vol. 2 (1909), p. 263.</ref><ref>"The date of Pāṇini is most commonly fixed in the fourth century B.C.: T. Burrow, ''The Sanskrit Language'' *Londinii: Faber, 1955) p. 48</ref> a curiosioribus vel quinto,<ref>"The date ... is usually assumed to be about 350 B.C., but . . . it is perhaps safer to say that he lived after, and perhaps soon after, 500 B.C.": A. A. MacDonell, ''India's Past: A Survey of Her Literatures, Religions, Languages and Antiquities'' (Oxonii: Oxford University Press, 1927) pp. 136-137 {{Google Books|ff0BJXzeADcC|Paginae selectae}}</ref> nonnullis haesitantibus,<ref>"Generally, I have decided, without absolute certainty, on the 4th or 5th centuries B.C.": {{qc|id=Renou}} p. 483</ref> sed iam antiquius a perpaucis.<ref>Paul Thieme, recensio operis ''The Sanskrit Language'' T. Burrow in ''Language'' vol. 31 (1955) pp. 428-448 ad p. 429 [http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy2.londonlibrary.co.uk/stable/410810 JSTOR]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Eruditi enim de aevo Pāṇini iam saeculo XIX disputabant atque etiam hodie sine ulla certitudine disputant.<ref>{{qc|id=Liebich (1891)}} pp. 1-8</ref><ref>{{qc|id=Cardona}} pp. 260-278.</ref> E rebus variis indicia extrahunt. "Realia" interdum, scilicet quotidiana sibi coaeva, inter verba exemplaria Paninis enumerantur: ''Parśu'' "Persae" a saeculo VI a.C.n. exeunte in regione Gandarica noti; ''iavānī'' "varietas hordei", ''Iavanānī'' "Graecae", nomine Persico appellatae et a saeculo fere V in imperio Persarum notae; ''kumāraśramaṇā'' "[[samanaeus|samanaea]] virgo" fortasse Buddhistica religione (saeculo VI exeunte incepta) sed fortasse alia haerens.<ref>{{qc|id=Cardona}} pp. 261-262.</ref> Pāṇini grammatico [[Kātyāyana]] praecedit qui grammatico [[Patañjali]] praecedit: hic anno circiter [[150 a.C.n.]] floruisse censetur; Kātyāyana inde anno [[250 a.C.n.]] neque multo tardius, Pāṇini anno [[350 a.C.n.]] neque multo tardius floruisse potest.<ref>{{qc|id=Cardona}} pp. 262-268.</ref> Panines formula ad 3959 regularum redacta innotuit. Quae ars Paninia ''Aṣṭādhyāyī'' [[morphologia (linguistica)|morphologiam]], [[syntaxis|syntaxin]], [[semantica]]m linguae Sanscritae explicat. De primo textu agitur partis grammaticae [[Vedanga]]e, [[disciplina academica|disciplinarum academicarum]] [[religio Vedica historica|religionis Vedicae historicae]]. ''Aṣṭādhyāyī'' est una ex primis libris artis grammaticae Sanscritae notis, quamquam Panines priorum textuum qui sunt ''Unadisutra'', ''Dhatupatha'', ''Ganapatha'' mentionem facit. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones operis * {{ec|id=Bohtlingk|c=Otto Böhtlingk, ed., ''Pânini's acht Bücher grammatischer Regeln''. 2 voll. Bonnae, 1839-1840 {{Ling|Sanscritice|Theodisce}} [https://archive.org/details/pninisachtbc01paniuoft Vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/pninisachtbc02paniuoft vol. 2 apud archive.org]}} * [[Chandra Vasu]], ed. et interpr., ''Pāṇini: Ashtādhyāyī''. [[Benares]], 1896-1897 {{Ling|Sanscritice|Anglice}} [http://www.wilbourhall.org/pdfs/chandravasu/book4.pdf lib. 4] [https://archive.org/details/ashtadhyayitrans06paniuoft lib. 6–8]. ; Eruditio * [[Leonardus Bloomfield|Leonard Bloomfield]], recensio operis ''Konkordanz Pānini-Candra'' Brunonis Liebich in ''Language'' vol. 5 (1929) pp. 267-276.[http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy2.londonlibrary.co.uk/stable/409597 JSTOR]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{ec|id=Cardona|c=George Cardona, ''Pāṇini: A Survey of Research''. Hagae: Mouton, 1976 {{Google Books|adWXhQ-yHQUC|Paginae selectae impressionis posterioris}}}} * George Cardona, ''Recent research in Pāṇinian Studies''. Dellii: Motilal Banarsidass, 1999. ISBN 81-208-1637-4. * {{ec|id=Liebich (1891)|c=Bruno Liebich, ''Panini: ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der indischen Literatur''. Lipsiae: Haessel, 1891 [http://storage.lib.uchicago.edu/pres/2006/pres2006-1268.pdf Textus]}} * {{ec|id=Renou|c=Louis Renou, "Pāṇini" in Thomas Albert Sebeok et al., ed., ''Current Trends in Linguistics'' vol. 5 (Hagae: Mouton, 1969) pp. 481-498, praecipue p. 483 {{Google Books|JqYMTdBws40C|Paginae selectae}}}} * {{ec|id=Staal|c=[[Frits Staal|Staal, Frits]]. [[1965]]. Euclid and Pāṇini. ''Philosophy East and West'' 15:99-116. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1397332 JSTOR.]}} * Staal, Frits. [[1988]]. ''Universals: studies in Indian logic and linguistics.'' Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. * Thieme, Paul. [[1935]]. ''Pāṇini and the Veda: Studies in the Early History of Linguistic Science in India''. Allahabad: Globe Press. ; De singulis rebus linguisticis * {{cite journal|last1=Carter|first1=George F.|last2=Jairazbhoy|first2=R. A.|last3=Mundkur|first3=Balaji|title=On Mundkur on Diffusion|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_1979-06_20_2/page/425|journal=Current Anthropology|date=June 1979|volume=20|issue=2|pages=425|doi=10.1086/202297}}. * {{cite journal|last1=Kadvany|first1=John|title=Positional Value and Linguistic Recursion|journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy|date=8 February 2008|volume=35|issue=5-6|pages=487–520|doi=10.1007/s10781-007-9025-5}}. * Ingerman, Peter Zilahy. [[1967]]. Pāṇini-Backus Form. ''Communications of the ACM'' 10(3):137. [http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=363165 Textus.] doi:10.1145/363162.363165. * {{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Prince|first1=Alan|authorlink1=Alan Prince|last2=Smolensky|first2=Paul|authorlink2=Paul Smolensky|title=Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JGBrYc-eJpMC|date=15 April 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-75939-4}}. * Rao, T. R. N. [[1998]]. [http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_es/t_es_rao-t_syntax.htm ''Pāṇini-backus form of languages''.] ; Aliae encyclopaediae * {{cite web |url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/441324/Panini|title= Panini (Indian Grammarian)|year= 2013 |website= www.britannica.com|publisher= Encyclopedia Britannica}} {{NexInt}} * [[Franciscus Bopp]] * [[Grammatici Sanscritici]] * [[Bhaṭṭikāvya]] * [[Pingala]] == Nexus externi == * [http://sanskrit.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/ "PaSSim: Paninian Sanskrit Simulator."] * [http://www.languageinindia.com/feb2004/panini.html Ratio Paninia.] * [http://www.taralabalu.org/panini/ ''Ganakastadhyayi].''] * Forizs, L. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081120003537/http://forizslaszlo.com/filozofia/relevance_of_whitehead/forizs_relevance_of_whitehead.pdf ''Panini, Nagarjuna and Whitehead – The Relevance of Whitehead for Contemporary Buddhist Philosophy.''] * [http://www.wilbourhall.org/index.html#panini ''Astadhyayi''], cum ''Mahabhashya'' et ''Kashika'' commentariis, cum ''Nyasa'' et ''Padamanjara'' commentariis de ''Kashika.'' {{Myrias|Homines}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Panines}} [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 6 aut 5 a.C.n.]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 5 aut 4 a.C.n.]] [[Categoria:Auctores Sanscritici]] [[Categoria:Grammatici]] [[Categoria:Mathematici]] [[Categoria:Philologi Pakistaniae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Pakistaniae]] 3be347i5sv8z3n14ftqmzxpxyr0sk2c 0 256714 3979884 3767653 2026-08-09T20:50:22Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979884 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Summer dress (5634765615).jpg|thumb|upright=1|Vestis muliebris aestuaria.]] [[Fasciculus:Lacroix .jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Mulieres.]] '''Vestis muliebris'''<ref>[[Ebbe Vilborg]], ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok'', editio secunda (Holmiae: Norstedts Akademiska Förlag, 2009). Aliud verbum est ''vestis feminea.''</ref> est [[vestitus]] a [[mulier]]ibus gestus cuius [[textile]] a [[corpus|corpore]] superiori deorsum ad [[crus|crura]] contingit. Variae longitudines apud crura habere possunt. Vestis similis quam [[Roma antiqua|Romanae antiquae]] gerebant est [[stola]]. == Verba allata == *''"Non vestem amatores amant [mulieris], sed vestis fartim"'' ([[Mostellaria (Plautus)|Plautus: Mostellaria]]<ref>[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/plautus/mostellaria.shtml T. Macci Plauti Mostellaria, sectio I.iii]</ref>: dictum criticum Scaphae in directionem Philematiae quae ad se domino eius placendum se exornat "moribus lepidis"). == Bibliographia == *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/fashioninhistory00bige|url-access=registration|quote=fashion in history bigelow.|title=Fashion in History: Apparel in the Western World|last=Bigelow|first=Marybelle S.|publisher=Burgess Publishing Company|year=[[1970]]|isbn=9780808702610|location=Minneapoli Minnesotae}}. *Brockmamn, Helen L. [[1965]]. ''The Theory of Fashion Design.'' Wiley. *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ql8FAAAACAAJ|title=From Victorian to Vamp:Women's Clothing 1900-1929|last=Darnell|first=Paula Jean|publisher=Fabric Fancies|year=[[2000]]|isbn=9781887402156|location=Reno Nivatae}}. *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jqTToUwfElQC&q=dresses&pg=PA89|title=Reforming Women's Fashion, 1850-1920: Politics, Health and Art|last=Cunningham|first=Patricia A.|publisher=The Kent State University Press|year=[[2003]]|isbn=0873387422|location=Kent Ohii}}. *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeclmn3pcnwC&q=petticoat%20&pg=PA16|title=Dress in France in the Eighteenth Century|last=Delpierre|first=Madeleine|publisher=Yale University|others=Translated by Caroline Beamish|year=[[1997]]|isbn=9780300071283|location=Portu Novo Connecticutae}}. *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bSVDDgAAQBAJ&q=dresses%20history&pg=PA20|title=How to Read a Dress: A Guide to Changing Fashion from the 16th to the 20th Century|last=Edwards|first=Lydia|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|year=[[2017]]|isbn=9781472533272|location=Londinii}}. *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/buckskindressesp0000have|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/buckskindressesp0000have/page/26 26]|quote=dresses.|title=Buckskin Dresses and Pumpkin Breeches: Colonial Fashions from the 1580s to 1760s|last=Havelin|first=Kate|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|year=[[2012]]|isbn=9780761358879|location=Minneapoli Minnesotae}}. *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WcbZJZISvHIC&q=dresses%20&pg=PA36|title=Calico Dresses and Buffalo Robes: American West Fashions from the 1840s to the 1890s|last=Krohn|first=Katherine|publisher=Twenty-First Century Bookos|year=[[2012]]|isbn=9780761380528|location=Minneapoli Minnesotae}}. *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-mss7-OStgC&q=dresses&pg=PA113|title=Daily Life in the Middle Ages|last=Newman|first=Paul B.|publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc.|year=[[2001]]|isbn=9780786408979|location=Ieffersoniae Carolinae Septentrionalis}}. *{{cite journal|last1=Parezo|first1=Nancy J.|last2=Jones|first2=Angelina R.|date=Iunius [[2009]]|title=What's in a Name?: The 1940s-1950s 'Squaw Dress'|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-indian-quarterly_summer-2009_33_3/page/373|journal=American Indian Quarterly|volume=33|issue=3|pages=373–404|doi=10.1353/aiq.0.0058|s2cid=162233209}}. *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dAWYAQAACAAJ|title=The Fashion Dictionary: Fabric, Sewing, and Dress as Expressed in the Language of Fashion|last=Picken|first=Mary Brooks|publisher=Funk & Wagnalls Company|year=[[1957]]|location=Novi Eboraci}}. *{{Cite journal|last=Pietsch|first=Johannes|date=September [[2013]]|title=On Different Types of Women's Dresses in France in the Louis XVI Period|journal=Fashion Theory: The Journal of Dress, Body & Culture|volume=17|issue=4|pages=397–416|doi=10.2752/175174113X13673474643084|s2cid=191612745}}. *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8sfJb6nFFmUC&pg=PR3|title=Women in Russian History: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Century|last=Pushkareva|first=Natalia|publisher=M. E. Sharpe|others=Conversus et editus ab Eve Levin|year=[[1997]]|isbn=9780765632708|location=Armonk Novi Eboraci}}. *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZjG5Bko7JkC&q=%22suffragette%20suit%22&pg=PA99|title=America in the 1910s|last=Richards|first=Marlee|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|year=[[2010]]|isbn=9780822534372|location=Minneapoli Minnesotae}}. *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bbxdAQAAQBAJ&q=gown%20history&pg=PA222|title=Clothing Through American History: The British Colonial Era|last1=Staples|first1=Kathleen A.|last2=Shaw|first2=Madelyn|publisher=Greenwood|year=[[2013]]|isbn=9780313084607|location=Sanctae Barbarae Californiae}}. *Stoykov, Lubomir. [[2016]]. ''Theoretical problems of fashion.'' Sophiae: National Academy of Art. ISBN 978-954-9799-11-8. *Tozer, Jane, et Sarah Levitt. [[1983]]. ''Fabric of Society: A Century of People and Their Clothes 1770–1870.'' Laura Ashley Ltd.. ISBN 0-9508913-0-4. == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} *[[Gunna]] *[[Inducula]] *[[Strophium]] *[[Vestis talaris]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Dresses|vestes muliebres}} [[Categoria:Vestimenta]] {{Myrias|Anthropologia}} ks1qsnhytfcjwe81zs62tlgvpc7d3wq 0 257179 3980023 3505895 2026-08-09T23:22:00Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Church at 26892 Dörpen IMG 7803.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Viti vici Dörpen]] '''Dörpen''' est commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Terrae Emesensis|Circulo Terrae Emesensis]]. == Historia == Die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[1973]] Dörpe commune generale a communibus novem est. Quae sunt [[Dersum]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Dersum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Derßm'') (1466 incolae), [[Dörpen]], quod est sedes administrationis (4983), [[Heede]] (2419), [[Kluse]] (1587), [[Lehe]] (999), [[Neubörger]] (1544), [[Neulehe]] (762), [[Walchum]] (1457) atque [[Wippingen]] (923). Ab die [[1 Novembris]] [[2011]] Hermannus Wocken magister civium communis generalis est et Ioanni Hansen successit, qui sodalis eiusdem factionis erat<ref>[http://www.noz.de/lokales/doerpen/artikel/239961/wocken-startet-mit-beifall-und-brotchen noz.de die 1 Novembris 2011]</ref>. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Dörpen|Dörpen}} * [http://www.doerpen.de Pagina communis generalis Schüttorf (lingua Theodisca)] {{urbs-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Doerpen}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1973]] 46s4wbrt4rs26p0pnlvtk1yq2gnbh7a 0 257369 3979649 3979618 2026-08-09T12:15:31Z IacobusAmor 1163 Menda manent 3979649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-3}} [[Fasciculus:Japan Shakemap April 2016.jpg|thumb|Conditio terrae motu Kumamoto die [[14 Aprilis]] 2016.]] [[Fasciculus:Japan Shakemap 15 April 2016.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Conditio terrae motu die [[16 Aprilis]] (tempore Iaponiae) 2016.]] '''Terrae motus Kumamoto anni 2016''' fuit [[terrae motus]] qui [[regio]]nem Kumamoto, [[mons Aso|Aso]], et Ōitka [[Ximum|Ximi]] primum die [[14 Aprilis]] anno [[2016]] cuius [[Scala Richteriana|magnitudo]] fuit 6.5, deinde die [[16 Aprilis]] 2016<ref>Eadem die [[Terrae motus Aequatoriae anni 2016]] agitatus erat.</ref> cuius magnitudo fuit 7.5 quod [[calamitas|calamitatem]] pessimam in historia Ximi dedit et vice-moti terrae plus magnitudine 2 sunt puls quam 800 adhuc hodie sunt. Terrae motu hic, quadragnta octo homines mortui et plus 3000 hominum vulnerati sunt et circa 48000 hominum in refugio [[domo carens|sine domo]] vivere cogentur.<ref>Et homines qui [[autocinetum|autocineto]] vivere et multi [[vestimenta]] idonea, [[sanitatis cura]] et [[ius digitale|Interrete]] careant.</ref> Et [[castellum mediaevale]] Kumamoto, symbolum [[urbs|urbis]] Kumamoto et multi [[aedificium|aedificia]] et [[infrastructura]]e (de [[aqua]], [[electricitas|electoritatis]], et [[gas]]o) destructae sunt. {{NexInt}} *[[Circulus Ignis Pacificus]] *[[Terrae motus Kumamoto anni 2026]] == Nota == <references/> [[Categoria:Historia Iaponiae]] [[Categoria:Terrae motus]] [[Categoria:2016]] k75jb8xpu3m8puyigqwd3lnyfsp4tn0 0 257619 3980017 3978581 2026-08-09T23:16:01Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 4 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980017 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H27337, Moskau, Stalin und Ribbentrop im Kreml.jpg|thumb|[[Iosephus Stalin|Stalin]] et [[Ioachimus de Ribbentrop|Ribbentrop]] post pactum [[subscriptio|signatum]]. 23 Augusti 1939.]] [[Fasciculus:Molotov with Ribbentrop.jpg|thumb|Ribbentrop et [[Venceslaus Molotov|Molotov]] (laeva) cum pactum signabatur.]] [[Fasciculus:Mucha 8 Wrzesien 1939 Warszawa.jpg|thumb|"Tributum Prussicum [[Moscua]]e." ''Mucha,'' acta diurna [[satura|satirica]], [[Varsovia]]e, die [[8 Septembris]].]] '''Pactum Ribbentrop-Molotovianum,'''<ref>Ex [[Venceslaus Molotov|Venceslao Molotov]], [[minister rerum externarum|ministro rerum externarum]] [[Unio Sovietica|Sovietico]], et [[Ioachimus de Ribbentrop|Ioachimo de Ribbentrop]], [[minister rerum externarum|ministro rerum externarum]] [[Germania Nazistica|Germanico]] ex consuetudine appellatum. Pactum etiam ''Pactum Nazi–Sovieticum'' appellatur.</ref> rite '''Foedus Non Aggressionis inter Germaniam et Unionem Rerum Publicarum Socialisticarum Sovieticarum''' ([[Russice]] Договор о ненападении между Германией и Советским Союзом; [[Theodisce]] Nichtangriffsvertrag zwischen Deutschland und der Union der Sozialistischen Sowjetrepubliken<ref>[http://www.1000dokumente.de/index.html?c=dokument_de&dokument=0025_pak&object=facsimile&pimage=1&v=100&nav=&l=de ''100(0) Schlüsseldokumente,''] facsimile, Germania.</ref>) fuit [[pactum non aggressionis]] a [[Germania Nazistica]] et [[Unio Sovietica|Unione Sovietica]] [[Moscua]]e die [[23 Augusti]] [[1939]] [[subscriptio|signatum]]. Pactum validum manebat donec [[rectio]] Germana [[Operatio Barbarossa|vim locis Sovieticis in Polonia Orientali intulit]] die [[22 Iunii]] [[1941]], contra protocollum supplementarium [[Foedus Limitis Germano-Sovieticum|Foederis Limitis Germano-Sovietici]], quod novas [[provinciae usuales|provincias usuales]] subtiliter enumerabat.<ref name="britannica1">{{cite web | url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/230972/German-Soviet-Nonaggression-Pact | title=A secret supplementary protocol of September 28, 1939 | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica | work=German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact | date=2015 | author=Britannica}}.</ref> ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> {{NexInt}} *[[Dies Europaeus victimis memorandis]] ==Bibliographia== *Bendersky, Joseph W. [[2000]]. ''A History of Nazi Germany: 1919–1945.'' Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 083041567X. *Biskupski, Mieczyslaw B., et Piotr Stefan Wandycz. [[2003]]. ''Ideology, Politics, and Diplomacy in East Central Europe. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 1580461379. *Brackman, Roman. [[2001]]. ''The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life.'' Frank Cass. ISBN 0714650501. *Carley, Michael J. [[1993]]. End of the 'Low, Dishonest Decade': Failure of the Anglo-Franco-Soviet Alliance in 1939. ''Europe-Asia Studies'' 45(2):303–341. JSTOR 152863. doi;10.1080/09668139308412091. *Carr, Edward Hallett. [[1949]]. From Munich to Moscow—I. ''Soviet Studies'' 1(1):3–17. JSTOR 148803. Taylor & Francis. doi:10.1080/09668134908409726. *Carr, Edward Hallett. [[1949]]. From Munich to Moscow—II. ''Soviet Studies'' 1(2):93–105. JSTOR 148585. doi:10.1080/09668134908409737. *Carr, Edward Hallett. [[1951]], [[1979]]. ''German–Soviet Relations between the Two World Wars, 1919–1939.'' Novi Eboraci: Arno Press. * {{cite journal|last1=Cyprian|first1=Tadeusz|last2=Sawicki|first2=Jerzy|title=Nazi Rule in Poland 1939–1945|publisher=Polonia|year=1961}} * {{Cite journal|first=Szymon|last=Datner|title=Crimes Committed by the Wehrmacht during the September Campaign and the Period of Military Government|publisher=Poznan|year=1962}}. * {{Cite journal|title=Genocide 1939–1945|first1=S|last1=Datner|first2=J|last2=Gumkowski|first3=K|last3=Leszczynski|publisher=Wydawnictwo Zachodnie|year=1962}}. * {{cite book |last=Davies |first=N |year=1986 |title=God's Playground |volume=II |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-821944-X}}. * {{cite book |last=Eckert |first=Astrid M |title=The Struggle for the Files: The Western Allies and the Return of German Archives after the Second World War |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-521-88018-3}} * {{cite book|last1=Edwards|first1=Robert|title=White Death: Russia's War on Finland 1939–40|url=https://archive.org/details/whitedeathrussia0000edwa|year=2006|publisher =Weidenfeld & Nicolson|location=London|isbn=9780297846307}} * {{cite book|last1=Engle|first1=Edwards|last2=Paananen|first2=Lauri|title=The Winter War: The Russo-Finnish Conflict, 1939–40|year=1985|origyear=1973|publisher=Westview|location=US|isbn=0813301491}} * {{cite book|last=Ericson|first=Edward E.|title=Feeding the German Eagle: Soviet Economic Aid to Nazi Germany, 1933–1941|publisher=Greenwood|year=1999|isbn=0275963373}} * {{cite book|last=Fest|first=Joachim C.|title=Hitler|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2002|isbn=0156027542}} * {{cite book |last=Fisher |first=David |last2=Read |first2=Anthony |date=1999 |title=The Deadly Embrace: Hitler, Stalin, and the Nazi–Soviet Pact 1939–1941 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Co.}} * {{cite book|last=Garlinski|first=Jozef|title=Poland in the Second World War|publisher=Hippocrene Books|year=1987|isbn=0-333-39258-2}} * {{cite book|last=Goldman|first=Stuart D|title=Nomonhan, 1939: The Red Army's Victory That Shaped World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/nomonhan1939reda0000gold|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=2012|isbn=9781612510989}} * {{cite book |last=Halecki |first=O |title=A History of Poland |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofpoland0000hale_m4d3 |publisher=Routledge & Kegan |year=1983 |isbn=0-7102-0050-1}}. * {{cite book|last=Kershaw|first=Ian|title=Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis|url=https://archive.org/details/hitler193645neme0000kers_n4x3|publisher=W. W. Norton|year=2001|isbn=978-0-393-32252-1|oclc=244169429}} * {{cite book|editor1-first=Jari|editor1-last=Leskinen|editor2-first=Antti|editor2-last=Juutilainen|title=Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen|publisher=Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö|year=1999|isbn=951-0-23536-9}} * {{cite book|last=Maser|first=Werner|title=Der Wortbruch: Hitler, Stalin und der Zweite Weltkrieg|url=https://archive.org/details/derwortbruchhitl0000mase_j9g7|place=Munich|publisher=Olzog|year=1994}} * {{cite book|last=Montefiore|first=Simon Sebac|title=Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar|url=https://archive.org/details/stalincourtofred0000seba|edition=5th|year=2005|origyear=2003|publisher=Phoenix|location=Great Britain|isbn=0-75381-766-7}} * {{cite book|last1=Moorhouse|first1=Roger|title=The Devils' Alliance: Hitler's Pact with Stalin, 1939–1941|url=https://archive.org/details/devilsalliancehi0000moor|publisher=The Bodley Head|year=2014|isbn=9781847922052}} * {{cite book|last1=Nekrich|first1=Aleksandr Moiseevich|last2=Ulam|first2=Adam Bruno|last3=Freeze|first3=Gregory L|title=Pariahs, Partners, Predators: German–Soviet Relations, 1922–1941|url=https://archive.org/details/pariahspartnersp0000nekr|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1997|isbn=0231106769}} * {{cite book|last=Philbin|first=Tobias R III|title=The Lure of Neptune: German–Soviet Naval Collaboration and Ambitions, 1919–1941|url=https://archive.org/details/lureofneptuneger0000phil|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|year=1994|isbn=0872499928}} * {{cite book|last=Piotrowski|first=Tadeusz|title=Poland's Holocaust|url=https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot|publisher=McFarland|year=2007|isbn=0-7864-0371-3}} * {{cite journal|last=Resis|first=Albert|title=The Fall of Litvinov: Harbinger of the German–Soviet Non-Aggression Pact|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_europe-asia-studies_2000-01_52_1/page/33|journal=Europe-Asia Studies|year=2000|pages=33–56|volume=52|issue=1|jstor=153750|doi=10.1080/09668130098253|publisher=Taylor & Francis}} * {{cite journal|last=Roberts|first=Geoffrey|title=The Soviet Decision for a Pact with Nazi Germany|journal=Soviet Studies|year=1992a|pages=57–78|volume=55|issue=2|jstor=152247|doi=10.1080/09668139208411994}} * {{cite journal |first=Geoffrey |last=Roberts |title=The Fall of Litvinov: A Revisionist View |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-history_1992-10_27_4/page/639 |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=27 |date=October 1992b |pages=639–57 |jstor=260946 |issue=4 |doi=10.1177/002200949202700405}}. * {{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Geoffrey|author-mask=3|authorlink=Geoffrey Roberts|title=Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953|url=https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2006|isbn=0300112041}} * {{cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Geoffrey |title=Infamous Encounter? The Merekalov–Weizsacker Meeting of 17 April 1939 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_historical-journal_1992-12_35_4/page/921 |journal=The Historical Journal |date=1992 |pages=921–6 |volume=35 |issue=4 |jstor=2639445.}} *{{cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Geoffrey |title=Soviet Policy and the Baltic States, 1939–1940: A Reappraisal |journal=Diplomacy and Statecraft |date=1995 |pages=695–722 |volume=6|issue=3|jstor=153322 }} * {{cite book|last=Service|first=Robert|title=A History of Modern Russia|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernr0000serv|publisher=Penguin books|year=2003|origyear=1997|isbn=9-780141-011219}} * {{cite book|last=Shirer|first=William L|title=The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany|url=https://archive.org/details/risefallofthird00shir|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1990|origyear=1959|isbn=0671728687}} * {{cite book|last=Taylor|first=A. J. P.|title=The Origins of the Second World War|url=https://archive.org/details/originsofsecondw0000tayl|place=London|year=1961|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=9780684829470}} * {{cite book|last=Trotter|first=William R|title=The Winter war: The Russo–Finnish War of 1939–40|edition=5th|year=2002|origyear=1991|publisher=Aurum Press|location=London|isbn=9781854108814|}} <!--First published as {{cite book|title=A Frozen Hell: The Russo–Finnish Winter War of 1939–40|publisher=Algonquin Books|place=Chapel Hill, [[North Carolina|NC]]|year=1991|isbn=1565122496|oclc=58499386}}--> * {{cite book |last=Turtola |first=Martti |editor1-first=Jari |editor1-last=Leskinen |editor2-first=Antti |editor2-last=Juutilainen |title=Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen |year=1999 |chapter=Kansainvälinen kehitys Euroopassa ja Suomessa 1930-luvulla }} * {{cite book|last=Ulam|first=Adam Bruno|title=Stalin: The Man and His Era|url=https://archive.org/details/stalinmanhisera0000ulam|publisher=Beacon Press|year=1989|isbn=0-8070-7005-X}} * {{cite journal|last=Watson|first=Derek|title=Molotov's Apprenticeship in Foreign Policy: The Triple Alliance Negotiations in 1939|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_europe-asia-studies_2000-06_52_4/page/695|journal=Europe-Asia Studies|year=2000|pages=695–722|volume=52|issue=4|jstor=153322|ref=harv|doi=10.1080/713663077}} * {{cite book|last=Watt|first=DC|year=1989|title=How War Came: the Immediate Origins of the Second World War 1938–1939|url=https://archive.org/details/howwarcameimmedi0000watt|location=London|isbn=9780394579160}} * {{cite book|last=Vizulis|first=Izidors|year=1990|title=The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939: The Baltic Case|url=https://archive.org/details/molotovribbentro0000vizu|publisher=Praeger|isbn=0-275-93456-X}} * {{cite book|last=Watt|first=Richard M.|year=1979|title=Bitter Glory: Poland & Its Fate 1918–1939|url=https://archive.org/details/bitterglorypolan0000watt|publisher=Simon & Schuster|place=Novi Eboraci|isbn=0-7818-0673-9}} ==Nexus externi== *Cerskus, Leonas. [http://www.angelfire.com/de/Cerskus/english/index.html "The Story of a Lithuanian soldier."] *[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/nazsov.asp De coniunctionibus Nazi–Sovieticis, 1939–1941.] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20141114231303/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1939pact.html Textus.]<!-- *[http://www.lituanus.org/1989/89_1_03.htm Modern History Sourcebook, a collection of public domain and copy-permitted texts in modern European and World history] has scanned photocopies of original documents * [https://archive.org/details/TheMeaningOfTheSoviet-germanNon-aggressionPact ''The Meaning of the Soviet–German Non-Aggression Pact'' Molotov speech to the Supreme Soviet on August 31, 1939] * [http://users.ju.edu/jclarke/wizzg.html Italy and the Nazi–Soviet Pact of August 23, 1939] * [http://www.secretpact.info/ International Conference and booklet on the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]--> [[Categoria:1939]] [[Categoria:Foedera]]<!--Treaties of the Soviet Union--> [[Categoria:Secundum bellum mundanum]]<!-- [[Category:Secret treaties]] [[Category:World War II treaties]] [[Category:European theatre of World War II]] [[Category:Eastern European theatre of World War II]] [[Category:Romania in World War II]] [[Category:Soviet military occupations]] [[Category:Occupation of the Baltic states]] [[Category:Winter War]] [[Category:Germany–Soviet Union relations]] [[Category:History of the Soviet Union and Soviet Russia]] [[Category:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Government of Nazi Germany]] [[Category:Military history of Germany during World War II]] [[Category:Treaties concluded in 1939]] [[Category:Treaties entered into force in 1939]] [[Category:Treaties of Nazi Germany]] [[Category:Non-aggression pacts]] [[Category:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact| ]]--> {{Myrias|Historia}} b23cqxa5wwzdl9ovkaw59srpdns1o6e 0 259553 3979714 3978833 2026-08-09T15:01:36Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}; {{cite ...}} → {{[[Formula:Opus|opus]]}} 3979714 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Wells Cathedral in the reflecting pool in the grounds of the Bishops Palace.jpg|thumb|Ecclesia ex horto [[palatium episcopale|palatii episcopalis]] conspecta]] {{res|Ecclesia cathedralis Wellensis}} est [[ecclesia cathedralis]] hodie [[Anglicanismus|Anglicana]], [[Andreas (apostolus)|sancto Andreae apostolo]] dicata, [[Wellae|Wellis]] in [[Somersetensis comitatus|Somersetensi comitatu]] sita, sedes [[Index episcoporum Bathoniensium et Wellensium|episcopi Bathoniensis et Wellensis]] et [[Dioecesis Bathoniensis et Wellensis|dioecesis]] eius. Inter annos [[1175]] et [[1490]] in loco ecclesiae prioris anno [[705]] aedificatae exstructa est. Mediae est [[magnitudo|magnitudinis]], nec tam magna quam ecclesiae [[ecclesia cathedralis Lincolniensis|Lincolniensis]] et [[ecclesia cathedralis Eboracensis|Eboracensis]], nec tam parva quam ecclesiae [[ecclesia cathedralis Oxoniensis|Oxoniensis]] et [[ecclesia cathedralis Carleolensis|Carleolensis]]. Ecclesia Wellensis, fronte [[occidens|occidentali]] lato et medio [[turris|turre]] excelsa, est maximum parvae urbis Wellis [[aedificium]]. Elegantia quasi poëtica praedita, una e [[pulchritudo|pulcherrimis]] Angliae cathedralibus appellata est.<ref>Oggins, Robin. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DtS2iD79NgEC&pg=PA42 Cathedrals]'' (Sterling Publishing Co., 1996) p. 42; Clifton-Taylor, Alec. ''The Cathedrals of England'' (Thames & Hudson, 1967. ISBN 978-0-500-18070-9) p. 274</ref> [[Fasciculus:Willelmus Worcestre Itinerarium p. 211 middle.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Descriptio frontis occidentalis ecclesiae cathedralis Wellensis sicut in ''Itinerario'' [[Willelmus Worcestre|Willelmi Worcestre]] legitur ([[Collegium Corporis Christi (Cantabrigia)|Collegium Corporis Christi]] [[Cantabrigia|Cantabrigiense]], [[Bibliotheca Parkeriana]] MS. 210 p. 211)]] Ecclesia, plerumque saeculis [[saeculum 12|XII]] et [[saeculum 13|XIII]] constructa, [[opus francigenum|architectura francigena]], vel adeo gothica, prae se fert. Hoc modo Wellensis differt ab aliis Medii Aevi cathedralibus Anglicis, quarum partes [[opus romanum|opere romano]], [[saeculum 11|saeculo XI]] a [[Normanni]]s per Angliam dispensum, constructae sunt. Constructio partis orientalis et [[chorus (architectura)|chori]] circa annum [[1175]] coepit. [[Ioannes Harvey]] [[historicus|rerum gestarum scriptor]] eam primam structuram vero [[opus francigenum|francigenam]] vel gothicam ducit, quae a romanam dissideret.<ref>Harvey, John. ''English Mediaeval Architects'' (Sutton Publishing, 1987. ISBN 978-0-86299-452-5) p. 19</ref> Opus lapideum [[porticus|porticuum]] acutorum et [[pila]]rum striatarum beatur [[cymatium|cymatiis]] eminentibus complicatisque et [[capitulum (architectura)|capitulis]] modo "foliorum rigidorum"<!--stiff leaf--> insculptis. In parte orientali conservantur antiquae fenestrae [[vitrum pictum|vitri picti]], quod in Anglica rarum est. In fronte eius, modo Anglico priore constructa, plus quam trecentae effigies monstrantur, quas Harvey appellat "supremum in Anglia facinus coniunctarum artium plasticarum". Hae effigies iam saeculo XV a [[Willelmus Worcestre|Willelmo Worcestre]] in ''Itinerariis'' Latinitate sua referuntur: [[Fasciculus:Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Occidentalis ecclesiae frons]] :Memorandum quod in occidentali et boriali parte ecclesie principalis sancti Andree sunt tres magne boterasses cum tribus ordinibus magnorum ymaginum de [[Vetus Testamentum|veteri lege]]. Et in plana occidentali ecclesie sunt sex magne et alte boterasses situate ad latitudines .6. pedum et densitudines circa trium virgarum cum tribus ordinibus magnarum ymaginum de [[Novum Testamentum|nova lege]] sculptarum. Et in orientali et boriali parte dicte ecclesie sunt due maxime boterasses ad altitudines circa .lx. pedum cum tribus ordinibus ... cum magnis ymaginibus de nova lege.<ref>Ioannes Nasmith, ''Itineraria Symonis Simeonis et Willelmi de Worcestre'' (Cantabrigiae, 1778) p. 285; {{qc|id=Hope et Lethaby (1904)}} p. 6</ref> [[Fasciculus:Wells Cathedral Nave 1, Somerset, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|[[Navis (architectura)|Navis]] ecclesiae]] Contra multas cathedrales monasticas Anglicas, ecclesia Wellensis possidet numerosa aedificia, cum capitulo canonicorum saecularium coniuncta, ut [[palatium episcopale]] et [[saeptum vicariorum]], qui e [[saeculum 15|saeculo quinto decimo]] integer mansit. Ecclesia Wellensis est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|aedificium in indicem descriptum||en|qid=Q570600}} gradus I. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == [[Fasciculus:Wells Cathedral Organ from Inverted Arches, Somerset, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|[[Organum (instrumentum musicum)|Organum]]]] [[Fasciculus:Wells Cathedral Lady Chapel, Somerset, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|[[Cappella]] [[Maria (mater Iesu)|nostrae Dominae]]]] {{Vide-etiam|Ecclesiae cathedrales Angliae#Bibliographia}} ; De ecclesia cathedrali Wellensi * [[Ioannes Britton|Britton, John]] (1824). ''The history and antiquities of the Cathedral Church of Wells''. Londinii: Longman [https://archive.org/details/cathedralantiqui02brit/page/n10/mode/2up Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' [https://archive.org/details/historyantiquiti00brit/page/n8/mode/2up editio 1847] * {{Opus | cognomen = Clarke | nomen = Alfred Alexander | titulus = Monograph on the cathedral church of Wells | annus = 1896 | domus editoria = Wells: Arthur G. Young ; Londinii: W. H. Smith & Sons | url = https://archive.org/details/monographoncathe00clarrich | retrospectio = 20160324210245 | deadurl = no }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Cockerell | nomen = Charles Robert | titulus = Iconography of the West Front of Wells Cathedral | annus = 1851 | domus editoria = J. H. Parker | ref = harv | authorlink = }} [https://archive.org/stream/iconographyofwes00cock#page/n13/mode/2up Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * {{Opus | cognomen = Colchester | nomen = L. S. | titulus = Wells Cathedral | annus = 1987 | domus editoria = Unwin Hyman | url = https://archive.org/details/wellscathedral0000colc | ref = harv | isbn = 978-0-04-440015-8 }} * Coldstream, N. et P. Draper, edd. 1979. ''Medieval art and architecture at Wells and Glastonbury'' * Freeman, Edward A. (1870). ''History of the cathedral church of Wells as illustrating the history of the cathedral churches of the old foundation''. Londinii: Macmillan [https://archive.org/details/historyofcathedr00free/page/n7/mode/2up Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * {{ec|id=Hope et Lethaby (1904)|c=Hope, W. H. St. John, et [[Gulielmus Ricardus Lethaby|W. R. Lethaby]]. 1904. "[https://archive.org/details/imagerysculpture00hope/ The imagery and sculptures on the west front of Wells Cathedral Church]" in ''Archaeologia'' vol. 59.}} * [[Ricardus Ioannes King|King, Richard John]] (1876). ''Handbook to the Cathedrals of England. Southern division, part 1: Winchester, Salisbury, Exeter, Wells''. Londinii: John Murray. 2a ed. [https://archive.org/details/handbooktocathed11king_0/page/n9/mode/2up Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * {{Opus | cognomen = Malden | nomen = Richard H. | titulus = The Story of Wells Cathedral | annus = 1947 | domus editoria = Raphael Tuck & Sons | ref = harv | oclc = 3138221 }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Matthews | nomen = Melvyn | cognomen redactoris = Dunning | nomen redactoris = Robert | titulus = Wells Cathedral | annus = 2005 | domus editoria = Scala Publishers Ltd | chapter = The Meaning of Wells Cathedral | ref = harv | isbn = 978-1-85759-370-9 }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Reid | nomen = R. D. | titulus = Wells Cathedral | annus = 1963 | domus editoria = Friends of Wells Cathedral | ref = harv | isbn = 978-0-902321-11-3 }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Smith | nomen = John Colin Dinsdale | titulus = Picture Book of Misericords of Wells Cathedral | annus = 1975 | domus editoria = Friends of Wells Cathedral | ref = harv | isbn = 978-0-902321-15-1 }} * "[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=40953 Colleges: the cathedral of Wells]" in {{VCH}} Somerset vol. 2 (1911) pp. 162-169 ; De cathedralibus * {{Opus | cognomen = Swaan | nomen = Wim | titulus = The Gothic Cathedral | annus = 1984 | domus editoria = Omega | ref = harv | isbn = 978-0-907853-48-0 }} * {{Opus | cognomen 1 = Tatton-Brown | nomen 1 = Tim | cognomen 2 = Crook | nomen 2 = John | titulus = The English Cathedral | annus = 2002 | domus editoria = New Holland Publishers | ref = harv | isbn = 978-1-84330-120-2 }} ; De ecclesiis * {{Opus | cognomen = Cave | nomen = Charles J. P. | titulus = Roof Bosses in Medieval Churches: An Aspect of Gothic Sculpture | annus = 1948 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | url = https://archive.org/details/roofbossesinmedi0000cave | ref = harv | oclc = 716449181 }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Cox | nomen = J. Charles | titulus = English Church Fittings, Furniture and Accessories | annus = 2008 | domus editoria = Jeremy Mills | ref = harv | isbn = 978-1-905217-93-9 }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Crossley | nomen = Frederick Herbert | titulus = The English Abbey | annus = 1962 | domus editoria = Batsford | url = https://archive.org/details/englishabbeybats0000fred | ref = harv | oclc = 2038195 }} * {{Opus | cognomen 1 = Remnant | nomen 1 = George L. | cognomen 2 = Anderson | nomen 2 = Mary Désirée | titulus = A Catalogue of Misericords in Great Britain | annus = 1969 | domus editoria = Clarendon Press | url = https://archive.org/details/catalogueofmiser0000glre | ref = harv | isbn = 978-0-19-817164-5 }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Robinson | nomen = William J. | titulus = West Country Churches | volumen = 4 | annus = 1916 | domus editoria = Bristol Times and Mirror | ref = harv | oclc = 7393657 }} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Wells Cathedral|Ecclesiam cathedralem Wellensem}} * [http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/ Situs interretialis ecclesiae] {{ling|Anglice}} {{Ecclesiae cathedrales Angliae mediaevales}} [[Categoria:Dioecesis Bathoniensis et Wellensis]] [[Categoria:Ecclesiae cathedrales Angliae|Wellensis]] [[Categoria:Confecta saeculo 12]] [[Categoria:Wellae]] jyapy2oayl9qfqe2y4dawtwgwwl40vo 3979715 3979714 2026-08-09T15:04:50Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3979715 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Wells Cathedral in the reflecting pool in the grounds of the Bishops Palace.jpg|thumb|Ecclesia ex horto [[palatium episcopale|palatii episcopalis]] conspecta]] {{res|Ecclesia cathedralis Wellensis}} est [[ecclesia cathedralis]] hodie [[Anglicanismus|Anglicana]], [[Andreas (apostolus)|sancto Andreae apostolo]] dicata, [[Wellae|Wellis]] in [[Somersetensis comitatus|Somersetensi comitatu]] sita, sedes [[Index episcoporum Bathoniensium et Wellensium|episcopi Bathoniensis et Wellensis]] et [[Dioecesis Bathoniensis et Wellensis|dioecesis]] eius. Inter annos [[1175]] et [[1490]] in loco ecclesiae prioris anno [[705]] aedificatae exstructa est. Mediae est [[magnitudo|magnitudinis]], nec tam magna quam ecclesiae [[ecclesia cathedralis Lincolniensis|Lincolniensis]] et [[ecclesia cathedralis Eboracensis|Eboracensis]], nec tam parva quam ecclesiae [[ecclesia cathedralis Oxoniensis|Oxoniensis]] et [[ecclesia cathedralis Carleolensis|Carleolensis]]. Ecclesia Wellensis, fronte [[occidens|occidentali]] lato et medio [[turris|turre]] excelsa, est maximum parvae urbis Wellis [[aedificium]]. Elegantia quasi poëtica praedita, una e [[pulchritudo|pulcherrimis]] Angliae cathedralibus appellata est.<ref>Oggins, Robin. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DtS2iD79NgEC&pg=PA42 Cathedrals]'' (Sterling Publishing Co., 1996) p. 42; Clifton-Taylor, Alec. ''The Cathedrals of England'' (Thames & Hudson, 1967. ISBN 978-0-500-18070-9) p. 274</ref> [[Fasciculus:Willelmus Worcestre Itinerarium p. 211 middle.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Descriptio frontis occidentalis ecclesiae cathedralis Wellensis sicut in ''Itinerario'' [[Willelmus Worcestre|Willelmi Worcestre]] legitur ([[Collegium Corporis Christi (Cantabrigia)|Collegium Corporis Christi]] [[Cantabrigia|Cantabrigiense]], [[Bibliotheca Parkeriana]] MS. 210 p. 211)]] Ecclesia, plerumque saeculis [[saeculum 12|XII]] et [[saeculum 13|XIII]] constructa, [[opus francigenum|architectura francigena]], vel adeo gothica, prae se fert. Hoc modo Wellensis differt ab aliis Medii Aevi cathedralibus Anglicis, quarum partes [[opus romanum|opere romano]], [[saeculum 11|saeculo XI]] a [[Normanni]]s per Angliam dispensum, constructae sunt. Constructio partis orientalis et [[chorus (architectura)|chori]] circa annum [[1175]] coepit. [[Ioannes Harvey]] [[historicus|rerum gestarum scriptor]] eam primam structuram vero [[opus francigenum|francigenam]] vel gothicam ducit, quae a romanam dissideret.<ref>Harvey, John. ''English Mediaeval Architects'' (Sutton Publishing, 1987. ISBN 978-0-86299-452-5) p. 19</ref> Opus lapideum [[porticus|porticuum]] acutorum et [[pila]]rum striatarum beatur [[cymatium|cymatiis]] eminentibus complicatisque et [[capitulum (architectura)|capitulis]] modo "foliorum rigidorum"<!--stiff leaf--> insculptis. In parte orientali conservantur antiquae fenestrae [[vitrum pictum|vitri picti]], quod in Anglica rarum est. In fronte eius, modo Anglico priore constructa, plus quam trecentae effigies monstrantur, quas Harvey appellat "supremum in Anglia facinus coniunctarum artium plasticarum". Hae effigies iam saeculo XV a [[Willelmus Worcestre|Willelmo Worcestre]] in ''Itinerariis'' Latinitate sua referuntur: [[Fasciculus:Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Occidentalis ecclesiae frons]] :Memorandum quod in occidentali et boriali parte ecclesie principalis sancti Andree sunt tres magne boterasses cum tribus ordinibus magnorum ymaginum de [[Vetus Testamentum|veteri lege]]. Et in plana occidentali ecclesie sunt sex magne et alte boterasses situate ad latitudines .6. pedum et densitudines circa trium virgarum cum tribus ordinibus magnarum ymaginum de [[Novum Testamentum|nova lege]] sculptarum. Et in orientali et boriali parte dicte ecclesie sunt due maxime boterasses ad altitudines circa .lx. pedum cum tribus ordinibus ... cum magnis ymaginibus de nova lege.<ref>Ioannes Nasmith, ''Itineraria Symonis Simeonis et Willelmi de Worcestre'' (Cantabrigiae, 1778) p. 285; {{qc|id=Hope et Lethaby (1904)}} p. 6</ref> [[Fasciculus:Wells Cathedral Nave 1, Somerset, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|[[Navis (architectura)|Navis]] ecclesiae]] Contra multas cathedrales monasticas Anglicas, ecclesia Wellensis possidet numerosa aedificia, cum capitulo canonicorum saecularium coniuncta, ut [[palatium episcopale]] et [[saeptum vicariorum]], qui e [[saeculum 15|saeculo quinto decimo]] integer mansit. Ecclesia Wellensis est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|aedificium in indicem descriptum||en|qid=Q570600}} gradus I. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == [[Fasciculus:Wells Cathedral Organ from Inverted Arches, Somerset, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|[[Organum (instrumentum musicum)|Organum]]]] [[Fasciculus:Wells Cathedral Lady Chapel, Somerset, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|[[Cappella]] [[Maria (mater Iesu)|nostrae Dominae]]]] {{Vide-etiam|Ecclesiae cathedrales Angliae#Bibliographia}} ; De ecclesia cathedrali Wellensi * [[Ioannes Britton|Britton, John]] (1824). ''The history and antiquities of the Cathedral Church of Wells''. Londinii: Longman [https://archive.org/details/cathedralantiqui02brit/page/n10/mode/2up Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' [https://archive.org/details/historyantiquiti00brit/page/n8/mode/2up editio 1847] * {{Opus | cognomen = Clarke | nomen = Alfred Alexander | titulus = Monograph on the cathedral church of Wells | annus = 1896 | domus editoria = Wells: Arthur G. Young ; Londinii: W. H. Smith & Sons | url = https://archive.org/details/monographoncathe00clarrich | salus url = vivit | retrospectio = 20160324210245 }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Cockerell | nomen = Charles Robert | titulus = Iconography of the West Front of Wells Cathedral | annus = 1851 | domus editoria = J. H. Parker | url = https://archive.org/stream/iconographyofwes00cock#page/n13/mode/2up }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Colchester | nomen = L. S. | titulus = Wells Cathedral | annus = 1987 | domus editoria = Unwin Hyman | url = https://archive.org/details/wellscathedral0000colc | isbn = 978-0-04-440015-8 }} * Coldstream, N. et P. Draper, edd. 1979. ''Medieval art and architecture at Wells and Glastonbury'' * Freeman, Edward A. (1870). ''History of the cathedral church of Wells as illustrating the history of the cathedral churches of the old foundation''. Londinii: Macmillan [https://archive.org/details/historyofcathedr00free/page/n7/mode/2up Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * {{ec|id=Hope et Lethaby (1904)|c=Hope, W. H. St. John, et [[Gulielmus Ricardus Lethaby|W. R. Lethaby]]. 1904. "[https://archive.org/details/imagerysculpture00hope/ The imagery and sculptures on the west front of Wells Cathedral Church]" in ''Archaeologia'' vol. 59.}} * [[Ricardus Ioannes King|King, Richard John]] (1876). ''Handbook to the Cathedrals of England. Southern division, part 1: Winchester, Salisbury, Exeter, Wells''. Londinii: John Murray. 2a ed. [https://archive.org/details/handbooktocathed11king_0/page/n9/mode/2up Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * {{Opus | cognomen = Malden | nomen = Richard H. | titulus = The Story of Wells Cathedral | annus = 1947 | domus editoria = Raphael Tuck & Sons | oclc = 3138221 }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Matthews | nomen = Melvyn | cognomen redactoris = Dunning | nomen redactoris = Robert | titulus = The Meaning of Wells Cathedral | contextus = Wells Cathedral | annus = 2005 | domus editoria = Scala Publishers Ltd | isbn = 978-1-85759-370-9 }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Reid | nomen = R. D. | titulus = Wells Cathedral | annus = 1963 | domus editoria = Friends of Wells Cathedral | isbn = 978-0-902321-11-3 }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Smith | nomen = John Colin Dinsdale | titulus = Picture Book of Misericords of Wells Cathedral | annus = 1975 | domus editoria = Friends of Wells Cathedral | isbn = 978-0-902321-15-1 }} * "[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=40953 Colleges: the cathedral of Wells]" in {{VCH}} Somerset vol. 2 (1911) pp. 162-169 ; De cathedralibus * {{Opus | cognomen = Swaan | nomen = Wim | titulus = The Gothic Cathedral | annus = 1984 | domus editoria = Omega | isbn = 978-0-907853-48-0 }} * {{Opus | cognomen 1 = Tatton-Brown | nomen 1 = Tim | cognomen 2 = Crook | nomen 2 = John | titulus = The English Cathedral | annus = 2002 | domus editoria = New Holland Publishers | isbn = 978-1-84330-120-2 }} ; De ecclesiis * {{Opus | cognomen = Cave | nomen = Charles J. P. | titulus = Roof Bosses in Medieval Churches: An Aspect of Gothic Sculpture | annus = 1948 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | url = https://archive.org/details/roofbossesinmedi0000cave | oclc = 716449181 }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Cox | nomen = J. Charles | titulus = English Church Fittings, Furniture and Accessories | annus = 2008 | domus editoria = Jeremy Mills | isbn = 978-1-905217-93-9 }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Crossley | nomen = Frederick Herbert | titulus = The English Abbey | annus = 1962 | domus editoria = Batsford | url = https://archive.org/details/englishabbeybats0000fred | oclc = 2038195 }} * {{Opus | cognomen 1 = Remnant | nomen 1 = George L. | cognomen 2 = Anderson | nomen 2 = Mary Désirée | titulus = A Catalogue of Misericords in Great Britain | annus = 1969 | domus editoria = Clarendon Press | url = https://archive.org/details/catalogueofmiser0000glre | isbn = 978-0-19-817164-5 }} * {{Opus | cognomen = Robinson | nomen = William J. | titulus = West Country Churches | volumen = 4 | annus = 1916 | domus editoria = Bristol Times and Mirror | oclc = 7393657 }} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Wells Cathedral|Ecclesiam cathedralem Wellensem}} * [http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/ Situs interretialis ecclesiae] {{ling|Anglice}} {{Ecclesiae cathedrales Angliae mediaevales}} [[Categoria:Dioecesis Bathoniensis et Wellensis]] [[Categoria:Ecclesiae cathedrales Angliae|Wellensis]] [[Categoria:Confecta saeculo 12]] [[Categoria:Wellae]] s8f6w3qjz19z243e27p0ju3gqlfel53 0 263651 3980011 3777415 2026-08-09T23:10:20Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 3 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Festus_window.JPG|thumb|[[Herodes Agrippa II]], Berenice et [[Paulus Tarsensis]]]] '''Iulia Berenice''' ([[Graece]] Βερενίκη; nata anno [[Aera vulgaris|aer. vulg.]] [[28]]<ref>[[Flavius Iosephus]], ''[[Antiquitates Iudaicae|Ant. Iud.]]'' XIX.354ː sedecim annos nata erat cum pater obiit.</ref>, mortua post annum [[81]]), [[saeculum 1|primo saeculo]] exeunte fuit [[regina]] [[Iudaei|Iudaea]], [[cliens (civitas)|cliens]] [[Imperium Romanum|Imperii Romani]]. E stirpe Herodum nata erat, quae in variis regionibus circa [[Iudaea (provincia Romana)|Iudaeam]] inter annos [[39 a.C.n.|39 ante aer. vulg.]] et [[92|92 aer. vulg.]] permittentibus Romanis regnavit, in ipsa Iudaea vero non nisis inter 41 et 44. Filia erat regis [[Herodes Agrippa I|Herodis Agrippae I]] et [[soror]] regis [[Herodes Agrippa II|Herodis Agrippae II]]. Parum quod de vita eius notum est nobis venit a [[Flavius Iosephus|Flavio Iosepho]] historico, qui historiam Iudaicae gentis composuit et [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|seditionem Iudaicam anni 67]] descripsit. [[Suetonius]], [[Tacitus]], [[Dio Cassius]], [[Aurelius Victor]], [[Iuvenalis]], ac [[Christianitas|Christianus]] [[Actus Apostolorum|Actuum Apostolorum]] [[scriptor]] pauca de ea scripserunt. Praesertim autem a tempore [[Renascentia]]e propter amores turbulentos nota est. Post plura conubia inter annos [[41]] et [[48]] infeliciter conclusa, multos annos in aula fratris Herodis Agrippae II, ubi fama erat eos [[incestum]] committere. In [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|primo bello Iudaico]] amorem cum [[Titus (imperator)|Tito Flavio Vespasiano]] futuro [[imperator Romanus|imperatore]] coepit, qui autem regnum assecutus eam propter invidiam populi anno [[79]] dimissit. Cum Titus post duos annos mortuus esset, Berenice ex rebus gestis evanuit. ==De matrimoniis== Primo Marco, [[Alexander alabarches|alabarchi Alexandri]] filio, viro ditissimo, [[Alexandria|Alexandriae]] nupsit qui paene statim obiit. Deinde pater eam fratri [[Herodes (Chalcidis rex)|Herodi]] collocavit, qui regnum Chalcidense a [[Claudius (imperator)|Claudio imperatore]] acceperat ː ita Berenica regina facta est, qui titulus ei adponi solebat<ref>''[[Antiquitates Iudaicae|Ant. Iud.]]'' XIX.276-277.</ref>. Illi marito duos filios peperit, Berenicianum et Hyrcanumt<ref>''[[Antiquitates Iudaicae|Ant. Iud.]]'' XX.104.</ref>. Quo mortuo vidua diu mansit donec Polemoni regi [[Cilicia|Ciliciae]] nupsit cui prius persuaserat ut ad mores Iudaeos sese converteret ː sed brevi postea divortium fecerunt<ref>''[[Antiquitates Iudaicae|Ant. Iud.]]'' XX.145-147.</ref>. Plerumque cum fratre Agrippa rege tam [[Hierosolyma|Hierosolymis]] quam Romae aut in eius regno vitam agebat, adeo ut rumor incesti circumferretur quem [[Flavius Iosephus|Flavius Iosephus]] historicus et amicus regis in historiis suis non confirmabat<ref>''[[Antiquitates Iudaicae|Ant. Iud.]]'' XX.144-145</ref>. Deinde tempore [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|primi belli Iudaici]] ab [[Titus (imperator)|imperatore Tito]] amata eum Romam secuta est, nec iustum matrimonium cum eo contrahere potuit quia Romani hoc aegre tulissent. Titus eam ''dimisit invitus invitam'', ut aiebat [[Suetonius|Suetoniu]]s<ref>''Titus'' VII</ref>. == Berenice et res publicae == Ne a rebus publicis quidem abstinebat sed inceptis fratris operam dabat ; ita circa [[60]] cum fratre Agrippa II procuratori Iudaeae [[Porcius Festus|Porcio Festo]] [[Caesarea Maritima|Caesareae]] adsidebat cum [[Paulus Tarsensis|apostolus Paulus]] reus factus audiebatur, cui rex benevolentiam tum exhibuit<ref>''[[Actus Apostolorum|Actus Apostolorum]]'' 25-26</ref>. Anno [[66]] conflagrante Iudaeorum seditione Hierosolymis caedem suorum apud saevum [[Iudaea (provincia Romana)|procuratorem]] [[Gessius Florus|Gessium Florum]] absente fratre frustra deprecabatur<ref>''[[De bello Iudaico|de Bello Iudaico]]'' II.310.</ref>. Postea quoque cum fratre iram populi mitigare conabatur<ref>''[[De bello Iudaico|de Bello Iudaico]]'' II.405.</ref>, ne bellum cum Romanis fieret. Et postea supplicium [[Iustus Tiberias|Iusti Tiberiadis]] iam a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] morte damnati feliciter a fratre Agrippa deprecata est<ref>''[[Vita Iosephi]]'' 343 et 355.</ref>. Quid effecisset si Romae regnare potuisset coniecturis tantum quaerere hodie licet. == Berenice persona litteraria == [[Fasciculus:Berenice 1671 title page.JPG|thumb|Tragoedia Raciniana in editione anni 1671 ː [[Pagina titularis|pagina titularis]].]] Amores Titi et Berenicae multis operibus et in litteris et in ceteris artibus argumento fuere ː praeclara in primis est [[tragoedia]] ''[[Bérénice (Racine)|Bérénice]]'' inscripta et a [[Ioannes Racine|Ioanne Racine]] die 21 novembris [[1670]] in Gallicam scaenam producta. Eodem anno eius sempiternus rivalis [[Petrus Corneille]] fabulam ''[[''Tite et Bérénice'' (Corneille)|Tite et Bérénice]]'' dedit, quae spectatoribus non placuit atque hodie profunda et diuturna oblivione obruta iacet == Bibliographia == * {{cite journal | last = Ilan | first = Tal | title = Julia Crispina, Daughter of Berenicianus, a Herodian Princess in the Babatha Archive: A Case Study in Historical Identification. | url = https://archive.org/details/jewish-quarterly-review_january-april-1992_82_3-4/page/361 | journal = The Jewish Quarterly Review | volume = 82 | pages = 361–381 | issue = 3/4| year = 1992 | doi = 10.2307/1454863 | jstor = 1454863 | publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press }} * {{cite journal | last = Macurdy | first = Grace H. | title = Julia Berenice | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-philology_1935_56_3/page/246 | journal = The American Journal of Philology | volume = 56 | issue = 3 | pages = 246–253 | year = 1935 | doi = 10.2307/289676 | jstor = 289676 | publisher = The Johns Hopkins University Press}} * {{cite journal | last = Crook | first = John A. | title = Titus and Berenice | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-philology_1951-04_72_2/page/162 | journal = The American Journal of Philology | volume = 72 | issue = 2 | pages = 162–175 | year = 1951 | doi = 10.2307/292544 | jstor = 292544 | publisher = The Johns Hopkins University Press}} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa I)|Berenicen}} === Fontes primarii === * [https://sites.google.com/site/latinjosephus/antiquities Iosephi Antiquitates Iudaicae] {{ling|Latine|Graece|Anglice}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161019001113/https://sites.google.com/site/latinjosephus/bellum-judaicum/book-1 Iosephi Bellum Iudaicum] {{ling|Latine|Graece|Anglice}} * [http://latin.packhum.org/loc/1351/4/0#90 Taciti Historiae, liber II] * [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=65.15&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0593 Cassii Dionis Historia Romana, liber 65, caput 15] {{ling|Graece}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091226162247/http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=1&ArticleID=26 "The 'New Cleopatra' and the Jewish Tax"] Biblical Archaeology Society {{ling|Anglice}} === Imagines === * [http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/greece/judaea/berenice/i.html Nummi Berenicae apud Wildwinds.com] == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Nati 28]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 1 aut 2]] [[Categoria:Iudaei]] [[Categoria:Gens Iulia]] hf3558wf4xog9swhmtf7u8dpmii4n04 0 263798 3980002 3712375 2026-08-09T23:02:07Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980002 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Blastocyst_-_2.png|thumb|Blastocoele [[mammalia|mammalium]]<ref>Gilbert 2010.</ref>]] [[Fasciculus:Blastocyst English.svg|thumb|Schematicum [[blastocystis]] diagramma [[massa cellularis interior|embryoblastum]] et laminam [[trophoblastus|trophoblasti]] monstrat, cum [[superficies|superficie]] [[endometrium|endometrii]].<ref>Gilbert 2010.</ref>]] '''Blastocoele''' (a [[lingua Graeca|Graeco]]: βλαστός 'germen' et κοῖλος 'cavus') est cavum [[fluidum|fluido]] impletum quod in [[hemisphaerium|hemisphaerio]] [[animal]]e primorum [[embryo]]num [[amphibia|amphibiorum]] et [[echinodermata|echinodermatum]], atque inter epiblastum et hypoblastum embryonum [[aves|avium]], [[reptilia|reptilium]], et [[mammalia|mammalium]] stationis blastodermis formatur. {{NexInt}} *[[Blastocystis]] *[[Blastula]] *[[Embryogenesis]] *[[Gastrula]] *[[Morula]] ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Bibliographia== *Borland, Raymond Michael.[[1977]]. Transport processes in the mammalian blastocyst. ''Development in Mammals'' 1:31–67. *Cherr, Gary N., John D. Baldwin, Robert G. Summers, et John B. Morrill. [[1992]]. ''Preservation and visualization of the sea urchin embryo blastocoelic extracellular matrix. ''Microscopy Research and Technique'' 22(1):11–22. PMID 1617206. doi:10.1002/jemt.1070220104. *{{cite journal |last1=Galileo |first1=Deni S. |last2=Morrill |first2=John B. |title=Patterns of cells and extracellular material of the sea urchinLytechinus variegatus (Echinodermata; Echinoidea) embryo, from hatched blastula to late gastrula |journal=Journal of Morphology |volume=185(3) |year=1985 |pages=387–402 |doi=10.1002/jmor.1051850310 }} *{{cite book |last1=Gilbert |first1=Scott F. |year=2010 |title=Developmental Biology |edition=9th |location=Sunderland, MA |publisher=Sinauer Associates |isbn=9780878933846 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Heasman |first1=Janet |last2=Crawford |first2=Aaron |last3=Goldstone |first3=Kim |last4=Garner-Hamrick |first4=Peggy |last5=Gumbiner |first5=Barry |last6=McCrea |first6=Pierre |last7=Kintner |first7=Chris |last8=Noro |first8=Chikako Yoshida |last9=Wylie |first9=Chris |title=Overexpression of cadherins and underexpression of β-catenin inhibit dorsal mesoderm induction in early Xenopus embryos |url=https://archive.org/details/cell_1994-12-02_79_5/page/791 |journal=Cell |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=791–803 |year=1994 |pmid=7528101 |doi=10.1016/0092-8674(94)90069-8 }} *Kalt, Marvin R. [[1971]]. The relationship between cleavage and blastocoel formation in Xenopus laevis. I. Light microscopic observations. ''Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology'' 26(1):37–49. PMID 5565077. [http://dev.biologists.org/content/26/1/51.short Abstractum.] *{{cite journal |last1=Kimmel |first1=Charles B. |last2=Ballard |first2=William W. |last3=Kimmel |first3=Seth R. |last4=Ullmann |first4=Bonnie |last5=Schilling |first5=Thomas F. |title=Stages of embryonic development of the zebrafish |journal=Developmental Dynamics |volume=203 |issue=3 |pages=253–310 |year=1995 |pmid=8589427 |doi=10.1002/aja.1002030302 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Nieuwkoop |first1=PD |title=The organization center of the amphibian embryo: its origin, spatial organization, and morphogenetic action |journal=Advances in Morphogenesis |volume=10 |issue= |pages=1–39 |year=1973 |pmid=4581327 }} *Purcell, S. M., et R. Keller. [[1993]]. A different type of amphibian mesoderm morphogenesis in ''Ceratophrys ornata.'' ''Development'' 117(1):307–17. PMID 8223254. [http://dev.biologists.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8223254 Abstractum.] *{{cite web |last1=Senn |first1=A. |last2=Achoni-Affolter |first2=F. |last3=Dubuis-Grieder |first3=C. |last4=Strauch |first4=E. |title=Synoptic table of the Carnegie stages 1-6 |url=http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/iperiodembry/carnegie02.html |date=April 25, 2007 |editor1-first=Manuele |editor1-last=Ade-Damiano |work=Cours d'embryologie en ligne à l'usage des étudiants et étudiantes en médecine }} *{{cite journal |last1=Wiley |first1=Lynn M. |title=Cavitation in the mouse preimplantation embryo: and the origin of nascent blastocoele fluid |url=https://archive.org/details/developmental-biology_1984-10_105_2/page/330 |journal=Developmental Biology |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=330–42 |year=1984 |pmid=6090240 |doi=10.1016/0012-1606(84)90290-2 }} ==Bibliographia addita== *Dorlands Staff (2004). "blastocoel [distionary entry]". ''Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary'' (online). Amsterdam, NDE: Elsevier-Saunders. "blastocoel...[blaso- + -coele] the fluid-filled cavity of the mass of cells (blastula) produced by cleavage of fertilized ovum. Sometimes spelled...[c]alled...'Also' blastocoelic ...pertaining to the blastocoele."; https://web.archive.org/web/20160624025353/http://www.dorlands.com/wsearch.jsp *{{cite book |last1=Gilbert |first1=Scott F |year=2000 |chapter=Early Mammalian Development |chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10052/ |title=Developmental Biology |edition=6th |location=Sunderland |publisher=Sinauer Associates |isbn=0878932437 }} *{{cite book |last1=Gilbert |first1=Scott F |year=2000 |chapter=Early Amphibian Development |chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10113/ |title=Developmental Biology |edition=6th |location=Sunderland |publisher=Sinauer Associates |isbn=0878932437 }} *{{cite book |last1=Gilbert |first1=Scott F |year=2000 |chapter=The Early Development of Sea Urchins |chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9987/ |title=Developmental Biology |edition=6th |location=Sunderland |publisher=Sinauer Associates |isbn=0878932437 }} [[Categoria:Biologia incrementalis]] [[Categoria:Embryologia]] j1lr26lklsd5zo20u629zwo0qtj43sz 0 263811 3979854 3978676 2026-08-09T20:30:36Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979854 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Blastula.png|thumb|Gastrulatio fit cum [[blastula]], ex uno strato constans, intus plicatur et ad gastrulam creandam amplificatur. Hoc diagramma [[color]]ibus describitur: ectodermis, [[caeruleus|caerulea]]; endodermis, [[viridis]]; [[blastocoele]], [[flavus|flava]]; archenteron, [[purpureus|purpureum]].]] '''Gastrulatio''' est [[tempus]] ab ineunte [[embryogenesis|embryogenese]] plurimorum [[animalia|animalium]], cum [[blastula]] unius strati in structuram trilaminarem denuo constituitur, gastrula appellatam. Haec [[strata germinum]] tria sunt [[ectodermis]], [[mesodermis]], et [[endodermis]].<ref name=mundlos2009>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FlfPSpBvKLgC&pg=PA422 Mundlos 2009:422].</ref><ref name="mcgeady-2004-p.34">McGeady 2004:34.</ref> {{NexInt}} *[[Blastocystis]] *[[Deuterostoma]] *[[Epibolia]] *[[Embryo]] *[[Fertilizatio]] *[[Invaginatio]] *[[Neurulatio]] *[[Protostoma]] *[[Rotatio vegetalis]]<!-- *[[Fate map]]ping *[[Primitive knot]] *[[Vegetal rotation]]--> ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ===Bibliographia=== * {{cite journal | author1=Arnold, Sebastian J. | author2=Robertson, Elizabeth J. | title=Making a commitment: cell lineage allocation and axis patterning in the early mouse embryo | journal=Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. | volume=10(2):91–103 | year=2009 | pmid=19129791 | doi=10.1038/nrm2618 }}. * {{cite book | author=Catala, Martin | chapter=Embryology of the Spine and Spinal Cord | editors=Tortori-Donati, Paolo |display-editors=etal | title=Pediatric Neuroradiology: Brain | publisher=Springer | year=2005 | isbn=9783540410775 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJvkR3gfExwC | chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJvkR3gfExwC&pg=PA1535 }}. * {{Cite book | author=Ereskovsky, Alexander V. | title=The Comparative Embryology of Sponges | publisher=Springer | year=2010 | isbn=9789048185740 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHztG3LEUnsC }}. * {{Cite book | author=Gilbert, Scott F. |title=Developmental Biology | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780878935581 | edition=9a | publisher=Sinauer Associates | year=2010 | isbn=9780878935581 }}. * {{cite book | author=Hall, Brian Keith | title=Evolutionary developmental biology | chapter=8.3.3 The gastrula and gastrulation | chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=JhSwumfgTQ4C&lpg=PA129&pg=PA132 | publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers | edition=2nd | location=The Netherlands | year=1998 | isbn=9780412785801 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JhSwumfgTQ4C }}. * {{cite book | author=Harrison, Lionel G. | title=The Shaping of Life: The Generation of Biological Pattern | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2011 | isbn=9780521553506 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IPG-vg7Pr8C }}. * {{cite book | editor=McGeady, Thomas A. | chapter=Gastrulation | title=Veterinary embryology | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell | year=2006 | isbn=9781405111478 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4C0TUeR7mUC&pg=PA34}}. * {{Cite book | author=Mundlos, Stefan | chapter=Gene action: developmental genetics | editors=Speicher, Michael |display-editors=etal | title=Vogel and Motulsky's Human Genetics: Problems and Approaches | edition=4a | publisher=Springer | year=2009 | isbn=9783540376538 | doi=10.1007/978-3-540-37654-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlfPSpBvKLgC }}. * {{cite journal |author1=Tam, Patrick P. L. |author2=Behringer, Richard R. | title=Mouse gastrulation: the formation of a mammalian body plan |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mechanisms-of-development_1997-11_68_1-2/page/n8 | journal=Mech. Dev. | volume=68 | issue=1-2 | pages=3–25 | year=1997 | pmid=9431800| doi=10.1016/S0925-4773(97)00123-8 }}. ==Bibliographia addita== * {{cite book|author=Baron, Margaret H.|chapter=Embryonic Induction of Mammalian Hematopoiesis and Vasculogenesis|editor=Zon, Leonard I.|title=Hematopoiesis: a developmental approach|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=9780195124507|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zolYg-SsVhQC&pg=PA162}}. * {{cite book|author=Cullen, K. E.|chapter=embryology and early animal development|title=Encyclopedia of life science, Volume 2|publisher=Infobase|year=2009|isbn=9780816070084|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iM_O62qBSQYC&pg=PA283}}. * {{cite book|authors=Forgács, G. & Newman, Stuart A.|chapter=Cleavage and blastula formation|title=Biological physics of the developing embryo|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=9780521783378|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUyVWQhk7CkC&pg=PA24}} * {{cite book|authors=Forgács, G. & Newman, Stuart A.|chapter=Epithelial morphogenesis: gastrulation and neurulation|title=Biological physics of the developing embryo|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=9780521783378|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUyVWQhk7CkC&pg=PA99}} * {{cite book|authors=Hart, Nathan H. & Fluck, Richard A.|chapter=Epiboly and Gastrulation|editor=Capco, David|title=Cytoskeletal mechanisms during animal development|publisher=Academic Press|year=1995|isbn=9780121531317|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2lAYAEZrgsC&pg=PA362}}. * {{cite book|author=Knust, Elizabeth|chapter=Gastrulation movements|editor=Birchmeier, Walter |editor2=Birchmeier, Carmen |title=Epithelial Morphogenesis in Development and Disease|publisher=CRC Press|year=1999|isbn=9789057024191|pages=152–153|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=auK62QPZOWkC&pg=PA152}}. * {{cite book|author=Kunz, Yvette W.|chapter=Gastrulation|title=Developmental biology of Teleost fishes|publisher=Springer|year=2004|isbn=9781402029967|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BWsrvViQmw0C&pg=PA207}}. * {{cite book|chapter=Gastrulation|editor=Nation, James L.|title=Insect physiology and biochemistry|publisher=CRC Press|year=2009|isbn=9780849311819|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l3v2tOvz1uQC&pg=PA9}}. * {{cite book|chapter=Human Ontogeny: Gastrulation, Neurulation, and Somite Formation|editor=Ross, Lawrence M. |editor2=Lamperti, Edward D.|title=Atlas of anatomy: general anatomy and musculoskeletal system|publisher=Thieme|year=2006|isbn=9783131420817|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NK9TgTaGt6UC&pg=PA6}}. * {{cite book|authors=Sanes, Dan H.|chapter=Early embryology of metazoans|title=Development of the nervous system|edition=2nd|publisher=Academic Press|year=2006|isbn=9780126186215|pages=1–2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7q1XsiiIeNwC&pg=PA3|display-authors=et al}}. * {{cite book|authors=Stanger, Ben Z. & Melton, Douglas A.|chapter=Development of Endodermal Derivatives in the Lungs, Liver, Pancreas, and Gut|editors=Epstein, Charles J. |display-editors=etal |title=Inborn errors of development: the molecular basis of clinical disorders of morphogenesis|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=9780195145021|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGoj9RtTcVIC&pg=PA182}}. ==Nexus externi== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20151020033205/http://learningobjects.wesleyan.edu/gastrulation/ Animationes gastrulationis.] learningobjects.wesleyan.edu *Stern, Claudio, ed. [http://www.gastrulation.org Adumbrationes et pelliculae ex ''Gastrulation: From Cells to Embryo.''] [[Categoria:Biologia incrementalis]] [[Categoria:Embryologia]] [[Categoria:Gastrulatio| ]] 54vs9r5pe0d3vi8oqzakxju1vjafyug 0 264160 3979980 3635892 2026-08-09T22:48:45Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Carabidae | image = Carabus auratus with prey.jpg | image_caption = [[Carabus auratus]] | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Coleoptera]] | subordo = [[Adephaga]] | unranked_superfamilia = [[Geadephaga]] | superfamilia = [[Caraboidea]] | familia = '''Carabidae''' | familia_authority = [[Petrus Andreas Latreille|Latreille]], [[1802]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Subfamilia]]e<ref>{{cite web |url=http://carabidae.org/carabidae |title=Carabidae Taxa |date=2011 |work=Carabidae of the World |accessdate=24 Iunii 2011}}.</ref> | subdivision = [[Anthiinae (beetle)|Anthiinae]]<br/> [[Apotominae]]<br/> [[Brachininae]]<br/> [[Broscinae]]<br/> [[Carabinae]]<br/> [[Cicindelinae]]<br/> [[Ctenodactylinae]]<br/> [[Dryptinae]]<br/> [[Elaphrinae]]<br/> [[Gineminae]]<br/> [[Harpalinae]]<br/> [[Hiletinae]]<br/> [[Lebiinae]]<br/> [[Licininae]]<br/> [[Loricerinae]]<br/> [[Melaeninae]]<br/> [[Migadopinae]]<br/> [[Nebriinae]]<br/> [[Nototylinae]]<br/> [[Omophroninae]]<br/> [[Orthogoniinae]]<br/> [[Panagaeinae]]<br/> [[Paussinae]]<br/> [[Platyninae]]<br/> [[Promecognathinae]]<br/> [[Protorabinae]]<br/> [[Pseudomorphinae]]<br/> [[Psydrinae]]<br/> [[Pterostichinae]]<br/> [[Rhysodinae]]<br/> [[Scaritinae]]<br/> [[Siagoninae]]<br/> [[Trechinae]]<br/> [[Xenaroswellianinae]]<br/> }} '''Carabidae''' sunt permagna [[coleoptera|coleopterorum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]], cui sunt plus quam 40&thinsp;000 [[species|specierum]]. Circa 2000 specierum in [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]], et 2700 in [[Europa]] inveniuntur.<ref>{{cite journal |author=B. Kromp |year=[[1999]] |title=Carabid beetles in sustainable agriculture: a review on pest control efficacy, cultivation aspects and enhancement |url=https://archive.org/details/agriculture-ecosystems-environment_1999-06_74_1-3/page/187 |journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment |volume=74 |issue=1–3 |pages=187–228 |doi=10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00037-7}}.</ref> Haec familia est una e decem maximis [[animalia|amimalium]] familiis, ut anno [[2015]] erat. {{NexInt}} *''[[Anthia sexguttata]]'' *''[[Macfarlandia]]'' ==Notae== <references/> == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biologici}} {{CommuniaCat|Carabidae|Carabidas}} {{Vicispecies|Carabidae|Carabidas}} [[Categoria:Carabidae|!]] [[Categoria:Taxa Latreille]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1802]] {{Myrias|Biologia}} 3vcj8nzr3oxss9ldplq9tva6oxzscxr 0 265216 3980082 3784888 2026-08-10T00:06:29Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 6 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:Caedes in navi ''Zong''}} [[Fasciculus:Slave-ship.jpg|thumb|{{Creanda|en|The Slave Ship|Navis servorum (Turner)|''Navis servorum''}} (''The Slave Ship''), [[pictura olearia]] a [[Iosephus Mallord Gulielmus Turner|Iosepho Turner]] picta, argumento ex caede ''Zong'' capto (Burroughs 2010: 106).]] '''Caedes in navi ''Zong''''' fuit [[homicidium|internecio]] 133 [[servus|servorum]] Africanorum a [[nauta|nautis]] ''Zong'' [[navis]] servorum diebus post diem [[29 Novembris]] [[1781]] facta.<ref group="comm.">Exactum mortuum numerum nescimus, sed Iacobus Kelsall, primus navis praefectus (''first mate''), deinde dixit "maximus numerus submersorum fuit in toto 142" (apud Lewis 2007: 364, prolata).</ref> Syndicatus [[venalicium|venalicius]] Gregson, [[Liverpolium|Liverpolii]] situs, qui navem tenebat, ea in {{Creanda|en|History of slavery|commercium servorum|commercio servorum}} [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Atlantico]] utebatur. Ex consuetudine talium societatum, [[cautio]]nem pro servis praestiterat ([[pecunia]] data de iacturis servorum sarciendis caverat). Cum post errores [[navigatio]]nis magna pars [[aqua]]e potabilis consumpta fuisset, nautae servos in [[mare]] proiecerunt ut submergerentur, partim ad nautas servandas, partim ad pecuniam pro servis datam recipiendam, ne [[argentum]] perderent propter servos qui aqua carentes in navi mortui essent. Postquam navis in {{Creanda|en|Black River|Flumen Nigrum (Iamaica)|Flumen Nigrum}} [[portus|portum]] [[Iamaica|Iamaicensem]] venit, eius possessores a cautionis praebitoribus pecuniam pro iacturis servorum postulaverunt. Illi cum pendere recusavissent, a navis possessoribus in iudicium vocati sunt. In causa ''Gregson v Gilbert'' (1783; 3 Doug. KB 232) iudicatum est interfectionem servorum aliquando legitimam esse et praebitores cautionis pro mortuis servis pendere debere. Deinde in appellatione {{Creanda|en|William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield|Gulielmus Murray (primus comes Mansfeldensis)|comes Mansfeldensis}}, iudex principalis, contra possessores navis iudicavit propter nova indicia quae culpam navarchi et nautarum demonstraret. Post primum iudicium, [[Olaudah Equiano]] {{Creanda|en|Freedman|libertinus}} nuntium de caede adversario [[servitus|servitutis]] {{Creanda|en|Granville Sharp|Granville Sharp}} dixit, qui frustra laboraverat ut nautae homicidii accusarentur. Propter disceptationem legitimam, fama de caede late divulgata est, [[saeculum 18|saeculo duodevicensimo]] exeunte, [[saeculum 19|saeculo undevicensimo]] ineunte motum [[abolitionismus|abolitionismi]] excitans, cui res ''Zong'' fuit [[signum]] immanitatis venalicii. Societas ad abolitionem venalicii efficiendam anno [[1787]] condita est. Anno sequenti, [[Parlamentum Britannicum]] primam legem de venalicio tulit, quae numerum servorum in una nave permissum determinavit. Anno praeterea [[1791]], Parlamentum prohibuit ne societates cautionis pecuniam possessoribus navium pro servis eiectis redderent. Caedes in navi ''Zong'' [[scriptor]]es et [[artifex|artifices]] ad [[opus artis|opera]] creanda movit. [[Londinium|Londinii]] anno [[2007]] commemmorata est inter conventus qui [[Actus de abolitione venalicii anni 1807|Actum de abolitione venalicii anni 1807]] celebraverunt. [[Monumentum]] de servis in ''Zong'' interfectis ad flumen Black [[Iamaica]]e positum est.<ref name="usi">[http://www.understandingslavery.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=373&Itemid=236 "The Zong case study"], Understanding Slavery Initiative situs interretialis, 2011.</ref> == Notae == === Commentarii === <references group="comm." /> === Fontes === <references /> ==Bibliographia== * {{cite journal |last=Boime |first=Albert |title=Turner's ''Slave Ship'': The Victims of Empire |journal=Turner Studies | volume=10 |issue=1 |year=[[1990]] |pages=34–43 |url=http://www.albertboime.com/Articles/77.pdf}}. * {{Cite journal | last1 = Burroughs | first1 = R. | doi = 10.1080/01440390903481688 | title = Eyes on the Prize: Journeys in Slave Ships Taken as Prizes by the Royal Navy | journal = Slavery & Abolition | volume = 31 | issue=1| pages = 99–115 | year = [[2010]] | pmid = | pmc = }}. * {{Cite journal | last1 = Drescher | first1 = S. | title = The Shocking Birth of British Abolitionism | doi = 10.1080/0144039X.2011.644070 | journal = Slavery & Abolition | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages = 571–93 | year = 2012 | pmid = | pmc = }}. * {{cite journal |last=Krikler |first=Jeremy |year=[[2007]] |title=The ''Zong'' and the Lord Chief Justice |journal=History Workshop Journal |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=29–47 |doi=10.1093/hwj/dbm035 }}. * {{Cite journal | last1 = Krikler | first1 = Jeremy| title = A Chain of Murder in the Slave Trade: A Wider Context of the ''Zong'' Massacre | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_international-review-of-social-history_2012-12_57_3/page/393 | doi = 10.1017/S0020859012000491 | journal = International Review of Social History | volume = 57 | issue = 3 | pages = 393–415| year = [[2012]] | pmid = | pmc = }}. * {{Cite journal | last1 = Lewis | first1 = A. | title = Martin Dockray and the ''Zong'': A Tribute in the Form of a Chronology | url = https://archive.org/details/journal-of-legal-history_2007-12_28_3/page/357 | doi = 10.1080/01440360701698551 | journal = Journal of Legal History | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 357–70 | year = [[2007]] | pmid = | pmc = }}. * {{Cite journal | last1 = Lovejoy | first1 = P. E. | title = Autobiography and Memory: Gustavus Vassa, alias Olaudah Equiano, the African | doi = 10.1080/01440390601014302| journal = Slavery & Abolition | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 317–47| year = [[2006]] | pmid = | pmc = }}. * {{cite journal |last=Oldham |first=James |year=[[2007]] |title=Insurance Litigation Involving the ''Zong'' and Other British Slave Ships, 1780–1807 |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-legal-history_2007-12_28_3/page/299 |journal=Journal of Legal History |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=299–318 |doi=10.1080/01440360701698437 }}. * {{Cite journal | last1 = Rupprecht | first1 = A.| title = 'A Very Uncommon Case': Representations of the ''Zong'' and the British Campaign to Abolish the Slave Trade | url = https://archive.org/details/journal-of-legal-history_2007-12_28_3/page/329 | doi = 10.1080/01440360701698494 | journal = Journal of Legal History | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 329–46 | year = [[2007]] | pmid = | pmc = }}. * {{Cite journal | last1 = Rupprecht | first1 = A.| doi = 10.1093/hwj/dbm033 | title = Excessive Memories: Slavery, Insurance and Resistance | journal = History Workshop Journal | volume = 64 | issue=1| pages = 6–28 | year = [[2007]] | pmid = | pmc = }}. * {{cite journal |last=Rupprecht |first=Anita |year=[[2008]] |title=A Limited Sort of Property: History, Memory and the Slave Ship ''Zong'' |journal=Slavery & Abolition |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=265–277 |doi=10.1080/01440390802027913 }}. * {{Cite journal | last1 = Swaminathan | first1 = S. | title = Reporting Atrocities: A Comparison of the ''Zong'' and the Trial of Captain John Kimber | doi = 10.1080/0144039X.2010.521336 | journal = Slavery & Abolition | volume = 31 | issue = 4 | pages = 483–99 | year = [[2010]] | pmid = | pmc = }}. * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kIp9er6RDyYC&source=gbs_navlinks_s |last=Walvin |first=James |title=The Zong: A Massacre, the Law and the End of Slavery |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven & London |year=[[2011]] |isbn=978-0-300-12555-9}}. * {{cite journal |last=Webster |first=Jane |year=[[2007]] |title=The ''Zong'' in the Context of the Eighteenth-Century Slave Trade |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-legal-history_2007-12_28_3/page/285 |journal=Journal of Legal History |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=285–98 |doi=10.1080/01440360701698403 }}. * {{cite journal |last=Weisbord |first=Robert |title=The case of the slave-ship Zong, 1783 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_history-today_1969-08_19_8/page/561 |journal=History Today |volume=19 |issue=8 |date=Augustus [[1969]] |pages=561–67}}. * {{cite book |last=Wood |first=Marcus |title=Blind Memory: Visual Representations of Slavery in England and America, 1780–1865 |publisher=Manchester University Press |location=Mancuniae |year=[[2000]] |isbn=978-0-7190-5446-4}}. [[Categoria:Interfectio]] [[Categoria:Naves]] [[Categoria:Servitus]] [[Categoria:1781]] criz4blfrr70pf9svrtsqjg5hqgrb48 0 265265 3979831 3978237 2026-08-09T20:09:13Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bellum | proelium = Bella inter Romanos et Persas | imago = [[Fasciculus:Arch-of-Galerius-1.jpg|300px]] | descriptio = [[Galerius]] in [[Narses (rex)|Narsen]] invadit | consequentia = [[Status quo ante bellum]] | annus = [[54 a.C.n.|54 a.E.V.]] – [[629|629 E.V.]] (683 anni) | locus = [[Mesopotamia]], [[Syria]], [[Levans]] australis, [[Aegyptus]], [[Transcaucasia]], [[Atropatene]], [[Asia Minor]], [[Paeninsula Balcanica]], [[Mare Aegaeum]] | exercitus1 = [[Libera res publica Romana]], deinde [[Imperium Romanum]] deinde [[Imperium Romanum Orientale]], ac socii sui¹ | exercitus2 = [[Regnum Parthorum]], deinde [[Imperium Sassanidarum]], ac socii sui² | dux1 = <small>[[Crassus]],<br/>[[Marcus Antonius]],<br/>[[Publius Ventidius Bassus|Ventidius]],<br/>[[Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo|Corbulo]],<br/>[[Traianus]],<br/>[[Avidius Cassius]],<br/>[[Statius Priscus]],<br/>[[Lucius Verus]],<br/>[[Septimius Severus]],<br/>[[Caracalla]],<br/>[[Macrinus]],<br/>[[Alexander Severus]],<br/>[[Gaius Furius Sabinius Aquila Timesitheus|Timesitheus]],<br/>[[Gordianus III]],<br/>[[Valerianus (imperator)|Valerianus]],<br/>[[Ballista (praefectus praetorio)|Ballista]],<br/>[[Odaenathus]],<br/>[[Carus]],<br/>[[Galerius]],<br/>[[Constantius II]],<br/>[[Flavius Claudius Iulianus|Iulianus]],<br/>[[Iovianus]],<br/>[[Flavius Ardaburius|Ardaburius]],<br/>[[Flavius Hypatius (consul 500)|Hypatius]],<br/>[[Flavius Patricius|Patricius]],<br/>[[Flavius Areobindus Dagalaifus Areobindus|Areobindus]],<br/>[[Flavius Celer|Celer]],<br/>[[Belisarius]],<br/>[[Sittas]],<br/>[[Al-Harith ibn Jabalah]],<br/>[[Ioannes Troglita]],<br/>[[Dagisthaeus]],<br/>[[Bessas (dux)|Bessas]],<br/>[[Marcian (general under Justin II)|Marcian]],<br/>[[Iustinianus (dux)|Iustinianus]],<br/>[[Al-Mundhir III ibn al-Harith|Al-Mundhir ibn al-Harith]],<br/>[[Mauricius (imperator)|Mauricius]],<br/>[[Ioannes Mystacon]],<br/>[[Philippicus (dux)|Philippicus]],<br/>[[Comentiolus]],<br/>[[Narses (dux sub Mauricio)|Narses]]<br/>[[Germanus (general sub Phoca)|Germanus]],<br/>[[Leontius (general sub Phoca)|Leontius]],<br/>[[Domentziolus (filius fratris Phocae)|Domentziolus]],<br/>[[Priscus (dux)|Priscus]],<br/>[[Heraclius]],<br />[[Theodore (frater Heraclii)|Theodore]]</small> | dux2 = <small>[[Surena]],<br/>[[Orodes II (rex Parthorum)|Orodes II]],<br/>[[Pacorus I (rex Parthorum)|Pacorus I]],<br/>[[Quintus Labienus]],<br/>[[Artabanus III ( (rex Parthorum))|Artabanus III]],<br/>[[Vologases I (rex Parthorum)|Vologases I]],<br/>[[Osroes I (rex Parthorum)|Osroes I]], <br/>[[Sanatruces II (rex Parthorum)|Sinatruces II]],<br/>[[Vologases IV (rex Parthorum)|Vologases IV]],<br/>[[Ardashir I]],<br/>[[Sapor I]],<br/>[[Narseh]],<br/>[[Sapor II]],<br/>[[Narseh (cognatus Saporis II)|Narseh]],<br/>[[Mehr Narseh]],<br/>[[Bahram V]],<br/>[[Yazdegerd II]],<br/>[[Kavadh I]],<br/>[[Mihran]],<br/>[[Mihr-Mihroe]],<br/>[[Azarethes]],<br/>[[Chosroes I]],<br/>[[Al-Mundhir IV ibn al-Mundhir]],<br/>[[Khorianes]],<br/>[[Adarmahan]],<br/>[[Tamkhusro]],<br/>[[Varaz Vzur]],<br/>[[Mahbodh]],<br/>[[Kardarigan (saeculum 6)|Kardarigan]],<br/>[[Bahram Chobin]],<br/>[[Zatsparham]],<br/>[[Chosroes II]],<br />[[Shahrbaraz]],<br />[[Kardarigan (saeculum 7)|Kardarigan]],<br/>[[Shahin Vahmanzadegan|Shahin]],<br/>[[Shahraplakan]],<br/>[[Rhahzadh]]</small> | notae = ¹ Socii Romanorum: [[Armenia]], [[Iberia (Caucasus)]], [[Albania (Caucasus)]], [[Commagene]], [[Nabataei]], [[Osroene]], [[Imperium Palmyrenum|Palmyra]], [[Ghassanidae]], [[Lazica]], [[Imperium Axomitarum]], [[Chazari]], [[Göktürk]]i<br/>² Socii Parthorum et Sassanidarum: [[Osroene]], [[Armenia]], [[Iberia (Caucasus)]], [[Albania (Caucasus)]], [[Lakhmidae]], [[Lazica]], [[Avari]], [[Sclaveni]] }} [[Fasciculus:Rome-Seleucia-Parthia_200bc.jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Roma|Rome]], Parthia and [[Seleucidae|Seleucid Empire]] in 200&nbsp;BC. Soon both the Romans and the Parthians would invade the Seleucid-held territories, and become the strongest states in western Asia.]] '''Bella inter Romanos et Persas''' fuerunt series certaminum inter civitates Romanorum Graecorumque et duorum imperiorum [[Persae|Iranicorum]], [[Regnum Parthorum|Parthorum]] et [[Imperium Sassanidarum|Sassanidarum]]. Proelia inter Parthos et Romanos anno [[54 a.C.n.|54 a.E.V.]] coeperunt, et plenum bellum in fine liberae rei publicae susceptum est. Bella duraverunt, paucis pacis intervallis, in tempus [[Imperium Romanum|Imperii Romani]] et [[Imperium Sassanidarum|Imperii Sassanidarum]]. Denique finita sunt cum [[Arabes]] [[Religio Islamica|Musulmani]] in terras Persicas invaderent, ruinam Imperii Sassanidarum efficientes et ingentes terras a [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|Romanis orientalibus]] (Byzantinis) capientes. Quamquam bella inter Romanos et Persas septem saecula durabant, fines satis stabiles manebant. Exercitûs, quasi unum [[tractus funis|funem trahentes]], munimenta, oppida, provincias assidue diripiebant, capiebant, delebant, ac permutebant. Nulla pars satis copiarum habebat ut bellum procul a terris suis tamdiu gereret, nec longe progredi potebat ne vires suas comminueret. Vero ambi exercitûs terras ultra fines suas vicerunt, tum demum aequalitas fere semper restituta est. Finis inter duos hostes [[saeculum 2|saeculo II E.V.]] mutata est: linea prior secundum [[Euphrates|Euphraten]] septentrionalem currebat; nova linea ad orientem, deinde partim ad septentrionem, currebat, per [[Mesopotamia]]m ad [[Tigris (flumen)|Tigrim]] septentrionalem. Etiam linea in [[Armenia]] et [[Caucasus|Caucaso]] mutata est. <!-- The expense of resources during the Roman–Persian Wars ultimately proved catastrophic for both empires. The prolonged and escalating warfare of the 6th and 7th centuries left them exhausted and vulnerable in the face of the sudden emergence and expansion of the Caliphate, whose forces invaded both empires only a few years after the end of the last Roman–Persian war. Benefiting from their weakened condition, the Arab Muslim armies swiftly conquered the entire Sassanid Empire, and deprived the Eastern Roman Empire of its territories in the Levant, the Caucasus, Egypt, and the rest of North Africa. Over the following centuries, more of the Eastern Roman Empire came under Muslim rule.--> == Bibliographia == <div class="references-small">{{div col}} *{{Cite book |title=Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire|last=Ball|first=Warwick|year=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-24357-2|url=https://books.google.com/?id=CPr0tV7K768C&dq=Iran,+wars+with+Rome}} *{{Cite journal|last=Barnes|first=T. D|year=1985|title=Constantine and the Christians of Persia|jstor=300656|journal=The Journal of Roman Studies|volume=75|issn=0013-8266|pages=126–136|publisher=The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 75}} *{{Cite journal|last=Baynes|first=Norman H.|year=1912|title=The restoration of the Cross at Jerusalem |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_english-historical-review_1912-04_27_106/page/287| doi = 10.1093/ehr/XXVII.CVI.287|journal=The English Historical Review|volume=27|issue=106|issn=0013-8266|pages=287–299}} *{{Cite book |title=The Cambridge History of Iran |last=Bivar|first=H. D. H |editor= Bayne Fisher, William |editor2=Gershevitch, Ilya |editor3=Yarshater, Ehsan |editor4=Frye, R. N. |editor5=Boyle, J. A. |editor6=Jackson, Peter |editor7=Lockhart, Laurence |editor8=Avery, Peter |editor9=Hambly, Gavin |editor10=Melville, Charles |year=1993|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=0-521-20092-X |url=https://books.google.com/?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC&pg=PA124&dq=Severus,+Ardashir|chapter=The Political History of Iran under the Arsacids}} *{{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing|last=Boyd|first=Kelly|year=2004|url=https://books.google.com/?id=JBqWbDmFsfEC&dq=Zonaras,+Procopius,+Zosimus,+Persian|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=1-884964-33-8|chapter=Byzantium}} * Börm, Henning (2016). "[https://www.academia.edu/23977858/A_Threat_or_a_Blessing_The_Sasanians_and_the_Roman_Empire_in_C._Binder_-_H._B%C3%B6rm_-_A._Luther_eds._Diwan._Studies_in_the_History_and_Culture_of_the_Ancient_Near_East_and_the_Eastern_Mediterranean_Duisburg_Wellem_2016_pp._615ff A Threat or a Blessing? The Sasanians and the Roman Empire]". In Binder, Carsten; Börm, Henning; Luther, Andreas (eds.): ''Diwan. Studies in the History and Culture of the Ancient Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean''. Wellem, 615–646. *{{Cite book|last=Bury|first=John Bagnall|authorlink=J. B. Bury|title=History of the Later Roman Empire|publisher=Macmillan & Co., Ltd.|year=1923|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/home.html}} *{{Cite journal |last=[[Averil Cameron|Cameron]]|first=Averil|year=1979|title=Images of Authority: Elites and Icons in Late Sixth-century Byzantium | doi = 10.1093/past/84.1.3|journal=Past and Present|volume=84 |pages=3–35}} *{{Cite book |title=The Cambridge Ancient History (XII, The Crisis of Empire)|last=Campbell|first=Brian|editor=Iorwerth Eiddon |editor2=Stephen Edwards|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-30199-8|url=https://books.google.com/?id=MNSyT_PuYVMC&dq=parthian,+Campbell,+Cambridge|chapter=The Severan Dynasty}} *{{Cite web|title= An Overview of the Sassanian Persian Military|last=Cornuelle|first=Chris|url=http://www.throneworld.com/oathofempire/en/sassanids.htm|publisher=Thomas Harlan|accessdate=2013-09-23}} *{{Citation|last=Foss|first=Clive|year=1975|title=The Persians in Asia Minor and the End of Antiquity|publisher= Oxford University Press|journal=The English Historical Review|volume=90|pages=721–47|doi=10.1093/ehr/XC.CCCLVII.721|postscript=.}} *{{cite book|last1=De Blois|first1=Lukas|last2=van der Spek|first2=R.J.|title=An Introduction to the Ancient World|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1134047925|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book |title=Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity. Neighbours and rivals|last=Dignas|first=Beate|year=2007|url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521614078&ss=exc|author2=Winter, Engelbert |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-3-515-09052-0}} *{{Cite book |title=The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part I, 226–363 AD) |last=Dodgeon |first=Michael H. |author2=Greatrex, Geoffrey |author3=Lieu, Samuel N. C. |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-00342-3 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=cpg9AAAAIAAJ&dq=Second+Persian+war,+Lieu}} *{{Cite web|title=Justinian (AD 527–565)|last=Evans|first=James Allan|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/justinia.htm|publisher=Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors|accessdate=2007-05-19}} *{{Cite news |title=Excavations In Iran Unravel Mystery Of "Red Snake"|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080218155534.htm|work=Science News |publisher=[[Science Daily]]|date=February 26, 2008|accessdate=2008-06-03}} *{{Cite book |title=Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War |last=Farrokh |first=Kaveh |isbn=1-84603-108-7|year=2007|publisher=Osprey Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/?id=p7kltwf9yrwC&dq=Lazica,+545|chapter=Khosrau I, Renaissance and Revival}} *{{Cite book |title=Sassanian Elite Cavalry AD&nbsp;224–642|last=Farrokh |first=Kaveh |author2=McBride, Angus |isbn=1-84176-713-1|year=2005|publisher=Osprey Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/?id=aQspOf291_cC&dq=Theodore,+Shahin|chapter=The Savaran in Battle}} *{{Cite journal|last=Foss|first=Clive|year=1975|title=The Persians in Asia Minor and the End of Antiquity|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_english-historical-review_1975-07_90_356/page/n254|journal=The English Historical Review|volume=90|pages=721–47|doi=10.1093/ehr/XC.CCCLVII.721}} *{{Cite book |title=The Cambridge History of Iran |last=Frye|first=R. N. |editor=Bayne Fisher, William |editor2=Gershevitch, Ilya |editor3=Yarshater, Ehsan |editor4=Frye, R. N. |editor5=Boyle, J. A. |editor6=Jackson, Peter |editor7=Lockhart, Laurence |editor8=Avery, Peter |editor9=Hambly, Gavin |editor10=Melville, Charles |year=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-20092-X |url=https://books.google.com/?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC&pg=PA124&dq=Severus,+Ardashir|chapter=The Political History of Iran under the Sassanians}} *{{Cite book |title=The Cambridge Ancient History – XII – The Crisis of Empire|last=Frye|first=R. N. |editor=Iorwerth Eiddon |editor2=Stephen Edwards|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-30199-8|url=https://books.google.com/?id=MNSyT_PuYVMC&dq=Parthian,+Sassanid,+Roman,+Byzantine|chapter=The Sassanians}} *{{Cite book|last=Gabba|first=Reno E.|title=Atti del Convegno sul Terma: la Persia e il Mondo Greco-Romano|publisher=Accademia Nazionale del Lincei|year=1965|chapter=Sulle Influenze Reciproche Degli Ordinamenti de Parti e Dei Romani}} *{{Cite book|last=Garnsey|first=Peter|author2=Saller, Richard P. |title=The Roman Empire: Economy, Society and Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900520060677|publisher=University of California Press|year=1987|isbn=0-520-06067-9|chapter=The Roman Empire}} *{{Cite book|last=Grabar|first=André|title=L'Iconoclasme Byzantin: le Dossier Archéologique|url=https://archive.org/details/liconoclasmebyza0000grab|publisher=Flammarion|year=1984|isbn=2-08-081634-9}} *{{Cite book |title=The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD) |last=Greatrex |first=Geoffrey |author2=Lieu, Samuel N. C. |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-14687-9 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=zoZIxpQ8A2IC&dq=Eternal+Peace,+Justinian,+Kavadh}} *{{Cite book|last=Haldon|first=John|title=Byzantium in the Seventh Century: the Transformation of a Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantiuminseven0000hald|publisher=Cambridge|year=1997|isbn=0-521-31917-X}} *{{Cite book|last=Haldon|first=John|title=Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204|publisher=Routledge|year=1999|isbn=1-85728-495-X|url=https://books.google.com/?id=-R0G0Enf58AC&dq=Byzantine,+persian,+strategy|chapter=Fighting for Peace: Attitudes to Warfare in Byzantium}} *{{Cite book |title=East Rome, Sasanian Persia And the End of Antiquity: Historiographical And Historical Studies|last=Howard-Johnston|first=James|authorlink=James Howard-Johnston|year=2006|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|isbn=0-86078-992-6|url=https://books.google.com/?id=1U4rUaLdYnQC&dq=Howard-Johnston,+East+Rome,+Sasanian+Persia+and+the+End+of+Antiquity}} *{{Cite book |title=The Near East Under Roman Rule: Selected Papers|last=Isaak|first=Benjamin H.|year=1998|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-10736-3|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jjcPG5UInzgC&pg=PA447&dq=Byzantine,+Persian,+strategy|chapter=The Army in the Late Roman East: The Persian Wars and the Defense of the Byzantine Provinces}} * {{cite book|last1=Kia|first1=Mehrdad|title=he Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia|date=2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1610693912|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=B5BHDAAAQBAJ&dq=sasanians+rhodes&hl=nl&source=gbs_navlinks_s|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places|last=Levi|first=A. H. T. |editor=Ring, Trudy |editor2=Salkin, Robert M. |editor3=La Boda, Sharon |year=1994 |publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=1-884964-03-6|url=https://books.google.com/?id=2aOpeBnbxvsC&dq=limes,+Parthians,+Romans|chapter=Ctesiphon}} *{{Cite journal | last =Lightfoot | first =C. S. | year =1990 | title =Trajan's Parthian War and the Fourth-Century Perspective | journal =The Journal of Roman Studies | volume=80 | pages =115–116 | jstor =300283| doi =10.2307/300283 | publisher =The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 80}} *{{Cite book |title=Expanding Realism: The Historical Dimension of World Politics|last=Liska|first=George|year=1998|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=0-8476-8680-9|url=https://books.google.com/?id=oaPlJgAACAAJ&dq=Liska,+Expanding+Realism|chapter=Projection contra Prediction: Alternative Futures and Options}} *{{Cite book |title=The New Cambridge Medieval History (I, c.500–c.700)|last=Louth|first=Andrew |editor=McKitterick, Rosamond |editor2=Fouracre, Paul |editor3=Reuter, Timothy |editor4=Luscombe, David Edward |editor5=Abulafia, David |editor6=Simon, Jonathan |editor7=Riley-Smith, Christopher |editor8=Allmand, C. T. |editor9=Jones, Michael |year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-36291-1|url=https://books.google.com/?id=JcmwuoTsKO0C&dq=30,000+nomismata,+Armenia|chapter=The Eastern Empire in the Sixth Century}} *{{Cite book |title=The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian|last=Greatrex|first=Geoffrey B. |isbn=0-521-81746-3|year=2005|editor= Maas, Michael|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=9AvjaThtrKYC&dq=Greatrex,+Rome+and+Persia+at+War|chapter=Byzantium and the East in the Sixth Century}} *{{Cite book |title=Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History|last=Mackay |first=Christopher S.|isbn=0-521-80918-5|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=6rLDy6qqi0UC&dq=Mackay,+Ancient+Rome|chapter=Caesar and the End of Republican Government}} *{{Cite book |title=Violence in Late Antiquity: Perceptions and Practices|last=McDonough|first=S. J.|year=2006|editor= Drake, Harold Allen|url=https://books.google.com/?id=NbYd3WXfc1cC&dq=Greatrex,+Rome+and+Persia+at+War|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd|isbn=0-7546-5498-2|chapter=Persecutions in the Sasanian Empire}} *{{cite book|last1=Mikaberidze|first1=Alexander|authorlink=Alexander Mikaberidze|title=Historical Dictionary of Georgia|date=2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1442241466|edition=2|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=JNNQCgAAQBAJ&dq=sasanians+iberia+580+province&hl=nl&source=gbs_navlinks_s|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book |title=The Roman Empire at Bay: Ad 180–395|last=Potter|first=David Stone|year=2004|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Da6U4NaBMZAC&dq=Roman,+Persian,+historiography|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-10057-7|chapter=The Failure of the Severan Empire}} *{{Cite book |title=Parthia|last=Rawlinson|first=George|year=2007|origyear=1893 |publisher=Cosimo, Inc|isbn=1-60206-136-X|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Swt66Fh4NcUC&dq=Rawlinson,+Parthia}} *{{Cite web |url=http://www.archaeology.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1555&Itemid=27 |title=The Enigma of the Red Snake |accessdate=2008-05-27 |last=Rekavandi |first=Hamrid Omrani |author2=Sauer, Eberhard |author3=[[Tony Wilkinson|Wilkinson, Tony]] |author4= Nokandeh, Jebrael |work=World Archaeology |publisher=[[Current Archaeology|current archaeology.co.uk]]}} *{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1996–2007 |title =Historiography &ndash; Pre-Islamic Period |encyclopedia= [[Encyclopaedia Iranica]]|editor= Yarshater, Ehsan |last=Shahbazi|first=A. SH.|url=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v12f3/v12f3036b.html}} *{{Cite book |title=Rome and the Arabs|last=Shahîd|first=Irfan|year=1984|publisher=[[Dumbarton Oaks]]|isbn=0-88402-115-7|url=https://books.google.com/?id=W4H97SA6pMAC&dq=limes,+Persia,+Rome|chapter=Arab-Roman Relations}} *{{Cite book |title=The Cambridge Ancient History (IX, The Last Age of the Roman Republic) |last=Sherwin-White|first=A. N. |authorlink=A. N. Sherwin-White|editor=Crook, John Anthony |editor2=[[Elizabeth Rawson|Rawson, Elizabeth]] |year=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-25603-8 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=3yUkzNLiY4oC&dq=Pompey,+Armenia,+Parthian|chapter=Lucullus, Pompey and the East}} *{{Cite book|last=Sicker|first=Martin|title=The Pre-Islamic Middle East|url=https://archive.org/details/preislamicmiddle0000sick|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2000|isbn=0-275-96890-1|chapter=The Struggle over the Euphrates Frontier}} *{{Cite book|last=Sidnell|first=Philip|title=Warhorse, Cavalry in the Ancient World|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=2006|isbn=1-85285-374-3|url=https://books.google.com/?id=DP2EHwdMnq4C&dq=Parthian,+Sassanid,+Roman|chapter=Imperial Rome}} *{{Cite book |title=The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine|last=Southern |first=Pat|year=2001 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-23943-5|url=https://books.google.com/?id=DWiyzw91atgC&dq=Severus,+Ardashir|chapter=Beyond the Eastern Frontiers}} *{{Cite web|title=Theophylact Simocatta and the Persians|last=Soward|first=Warren|author2= Whitby, Michael|author3= Whitby, Mary |url=http://www.humanities.uci.edu/sasanika/pdf/Theophylact.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Sasanika|accessdate=2008-04-27}} *{{Cite book|last=Speck|first=Paul|title=Varia 1 (Poikila Byzantina 4)|year=1984|publisher=Rudolf Halbelt|chapter=Ikonoklasmus und die Anfänge der Makedonischen Renaissance|pages=175–210}} *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Suny|first=Ronald Grigor|authorlink=Ronald Grigor Suny|title=The Making of the Georgian Nation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riW0kKzat2sC&pg=PA42|edition=Second|year=1994|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-20915-3}} *{{Cite book|last=Treadgold|first=Warren|title=A History of the Byzantine State and Society|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti0000trea|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1997|isbn=0-8047-2630-2}} *{{Cite book |title=The Art of Warfare in Western Europe During the Middle Ages|last=Verbruggen|first=J. F.|author2=Willard, Sumner |author3=Southern, R. W. |year=1997|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|isbn=0-85115-570-7|url=https://books.google.com/?id=-qH1u1Ca-1IC&dq=Roman,+Sassanid,+Parthian,+equipment|chapter=Historiographical Problems}} *{{Cite book |title=The Evolution of Middle Eastern Landscapes: An Outline to A.D. 1840|last=Wagstaff|first=John|year=1985|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=0-389-20577-X|url=https://books.google.com/?id=tcPWhU10mGMC&dq=limes,+Rome,+Parthian,+Sasanian|chapter=Hellenistic West and Persian East}} *{{Cite book |title=A Companion to the Roman Army|last=Wheeler|first=Everett|editor=Erdkamp, Paul |year=2007|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|isbn=1-4051-2153-X|url=https://books.google.com/?id=hR73TNL7YMAC&dq=Roman-Persian+Wars,+assessment|chapter=The Army and the Limes in the East}} *{{Cite book |title=The Cambridge Ancient History (volume XIV)|last=Whitby|first=Michael|editor=Cameron, Averil |editor2=Ward-Perkins, Bryan |editor3=Whitby, Michael |year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-32591-9|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Qf8mrHjfZRoC&dq=Marcian,+Nisibis|chapter=The Army, c. 420–602}} *{{Cite book |title=The Cambridge Ancient History (volume XIV)|last=Whitby|first=Michael|editor=Cameron, Averil |editor2=Ward-Perkins, Bryan |editor3=Whitby, Michael |year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-32591-9|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Qf8mrHjfZRoC&dq=Marcian,+Nisibis|chapter=The Successors of Justinian}} *{{Cite book |title=The Rome that Did Not Fall: The Survival of the East in the Fifth Century|last=Williams|first=Stephen|author2=Friell, Gerald |year=1999|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-15403-0|url=https://books.google.com/?id=M_SfLnZt68QC&dq=East,+importance+to+Rome,+trade|chapter=Imperial Wealth and Expenditure}} {{div col end}}</div> {{Myrias|Historia}} [[Categoria:Historia Europae]] [[Categoria:Bella Romano-Persica]] [[Categoria:Bella Romanorum]] 1e67jdvh24zc2s19ljnnsodd2fazut7 0 265887 3979960 3871836 2026-08-09T22:15:26Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979960 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:PurkinjeCell.jpg|thumb|[[Iacobus Ramon y Cajal]] (1899). Illustratio [[Neuron|neuronorum]] cerebellarium [[Columba (avis)|columbae]]]] '''Neuroscientia''' sive '''Neurobiologia''', subdisciplina et [[Biologia|biologiae]] et [[Medicina|medicinae]] et [[Psychologia|psychologiae]], [[Systema nervosum|systema nervosum]] [[disquisitio scientifica|investigat]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130927125043/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/neuroscience Merriam-Webster.]</ref> atque ad eruditionem utilis est. Neuroscientia ad historiam fructuosam respicit simul oculos suos in res futuras novasque convertens. == Historia == [[Fasciculus:1543, Andreas Vesalius' Fabrica, Base Of The Brain.jpg|thumb|[[Andreas Vesalius]] (1543). ''[[De humani corporis fabrica]]'', liber definitivus. Basim [[Cerebrum|cerebri]], [[Chiasma opticum|chiasma opticum]], [[cerebellum]], [[Bulbus olfactorius|bulbos olfactorios]] ostendens]] Iam anno [[1543]] [[Andreas Vesalius]] in [[Liber definitivus|libro definitivo]] suo ''[[De humani corporis fabrica]]'' cerebri dissectiones ostentavit. [[Bolonia]]e, in [[Italia]], circiter anno [[1780]] [[Aloisius Galvanus]] apud [[Medulla spinalis|medullam spinalem]] [[rana]]e mortuae applicat [[Fluxus oneris electrici|fluxum oneris]] ex illae ranae extremitatibus contractiones musculares efficiens. Anno [[1791]] liber eius ''De viribus electricitatis in motu musculari commentarius''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110321135841/http://cis.alma.unibo.it/galvani/liber.html De viribus electricitatis in motu musculari. Liber digitalfactus]</ref> divulgatus est. Anno 1859 [[Hermannus von Helmholtz]] velocitatem electricam neuroni mensus est: 27 m/s. Technicae colorum ad singularia neura tingenda a [[Camillus Golgi|Camillo Golgi]] prope annum 1873 excogitatae sunt. === Neurotransmissores === {{main|Neurotransmissor}} Anno 1921 [[Otto Loewi]] neurotransmissionem chemicam [[nervus vagus|nervi vagi]] invenit<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Loewi O. |title=''Über humorale Übertragbarkeit der Herznervenwirkung'' (Lat. De transmissione humorali effectūs nervi cardialis) |journal=Pflüger’s Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere. |year=1921 |volume=189 |pages=239–242}}</ref>. Hic "''Vagusstoff''" (Lat.: "substantia vagalis") postea [[acetylcholinum]] nominatus est. Anno 1936 [[Henricus Dale]], una cum [[Wilhelmus Siegmundus Feldberg]] et [[Martha Luisa Vogt]] acetylcholinum neurotransmissorem non solum [[systema nervosum autonomicum|systematis nervosi autonomici]] sed etiam motorici esse demonstravit<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Dale H. H., Feldberg W., and Vogt M. |title=Release of acetylcholine at voluntary motor nerve endings |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-physiology_the-journal-of-physiology_1936_86_0/page/353 |journal=The Journal of Physiology |year=1936 |volume=86 |pages=353-80}}</ref>. Ab anno [[1962]] [[Bernardus Katz]] neurotransmissionem hanc ad musculos accuratius descripsit. Investigaverat enim acetylcholinum post stimulationem neuronis gradatim liberari. [[Indagator]]es posteriores cognoverunt, quod ille neurotransmissor in [[Vesicula synaptica|vesiculis synapticis]] eiusdem magnitudinis continetur et liberatur. === Neuropsychologia === Circum annum [[1970]] psychologus Russicus [[Alexander Luria]] (1902-1977) cum organisationis cerebralis descriptione<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Luria A. R. |title=The functional organization of the brain |journal=Scientific American |year=1970 |month=Mar |volume=222 |issue=3 |pages=66-72 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5413155/}}</ref> [[neuropsychologia]]m fundavit. == Neuroscientiae rami == Rami maiores sunt inter alios: {| class="wikitable" |- !Ramus || Descriptio |- | [[Neurochirurgia]] | |- | [[Neuroethologia]] | |- | [[Neurogenesis]] | |- | [[Neuroheuristica]] | |- | [[Neurohistologia]] | |- | [[Neurolinguistica]] | Studium apparatuum [[neuron|neuralium]] in [[cerebrum|cerebro]] [[homo sapiens|humano]] qui [[lingua]]m comprehensam, productam, et acceptam moderantur |- | [[Neurologia]] | |- | [[Neurophysica]] | |- | [[Neurophysiologia]] | |- | [[Neuropsychologia]] | |- | [[Neuroscientia affectiva]] | |- | [[Neuroscientia cognitiva]] | |- | [[Neuroscientia culturalis]] | |- | [[Neuroscientia evolutionaria]] | |- | [[Neuroscientia socialis]] | |- | [[Palaeoneurologia]] | |} {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Agonista (biochemia)]] * [[Aloysius Alzheimer]] * [[Ioannes Martinus Charcot]] * [[Ioannes Carew Eccles]] * [[David Hunter Hubel]] * [[Andreas Fielding Huxley]] * [[Imago corporis]] * [[Ioannes Pavlov]] * [[Neurotransmissor]] * [[Oliverus Sacks]] * [[Optogenetica]] * [[Qualia]] * [[Scientia cognitiva]] * [[Signum transductus]] * [[Susumu Tonegawa]] * [[Thomas Willis]] {{div col end}} == Notae == <references /> ==Bibliographia== *Bear, M. F., B. W. Connors, et M. A. Paradiso. [[2006]]. ''Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain.'' Ed. 3a. Philadelphiae: Lippincott. ISBN 0-7817-6003-8. *Binder, Marc D., Nobutaka Hirokawa, et Uwe Windhorst, eds. [[2009]]. ''Encyclopedia of Neuroscience.'' Berolini: Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-23735-8. [http://www.springer.com/biomed/neuroscience/book/978-3-540-23735-8 URL.] *Kandel, Eric R. Kandel, J. H. Schwartz, et T. M. Jessell. [[2012]]. ''Principles of Neural Science.'' Ed. 5a. Novi Eboraci: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-8385-7701-6. *Squire, L., et al. [[2012]]. ''Fundamental Neuroscience.'' Ed. 4a. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-660303-0. == Nexus externi == * [http://www.fens.org/ Foederatio Societatum Neuroscientiarum Europaearum] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.sfn.org Societas Neuroscientiae] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.neuroscientia.com Neuroscientia.com.] [[Categoria:Biologia]] [[Categoria:Psychologia]] [[Categoria:Neuroscientia]] [[Categoria:Systema nervosum]] 265joz04le4h9lt4cjxio80j87apq4t 0 266226 3979881 3764320 2026-08-09T20:48:25Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cautio}} [[Fasciculus:CYP3A4.png|thumb|Cytochroma P450 CYP3A4.]] '''Cytochroma P450 CYP3A4''' {{victio|Cytochroma|atis|n}} ([[Numerus commissionis enzymorum|Numerus EC]]: 1.14.13.97) est haemoproteinum et pars gregis [[Cytochroma P450]] ideo in [[Metabolismus|metabolismo]] xenobioticorum interest. CYP3A4 maxime omnium cytochromatum [[iecur|iecoris]] humani exprimatur<ref name="LID98">{{cite journal |author=Liddle, C; Goodwin, BJ; George, J; Tapner, M; Farrell GC |title=Separate and interactive regulation of cytochrome P450 3A4 by triiodothyronine, dexamethasone, and growth hormone in cultured hepatocytes |journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab |volume=83 |issue=7 |pages=2411-6 |year=2003 |month=July |pmid=9661620 |doi=10.1210/jcem.83.7.4877 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9661620}}</ref>. == Locus == * In [[Reticulum endoplasmaticum|reticulis endoplasmaticis]] [[cellula]]rum [[Intestinum|intestini]] [[Iecur|iecorisque]]. == Pharmaca ad CYP3A4 relata == Multa chemotherapeutica, analgetica, cardiaca, psychopharmaca [[Substratum (Chemia)|substratum]] cytochromatis 3A4 sunt. Inhibitores ut proteasis inhibitores ([[SCDI]]!) effectus substratorum augere possunt. {| class="wikitable" width=100% |- |colspan=3| <center>[[Pharmacologia #De substantiis|Pharmaca]] relata ad CYP3A4<ref>Cozza KL, Armstrong SC (2001). The Cytochrome P450 System. Drug Interaction Principles for Medical Practice. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing</ref><ref>Preskorn SH (1996). Clinical Pharmacology of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. 1st ed.: Professional Communications, Inc.</ref>.</center>''' |- ! [[Substratum (Chemia)|Substrati]] !! Inhibitores<ref>Inhibitor cum subtratorum effectibus fortioribus</ref> !! Inductores<ref>Inductor cum subtratorum effectibus minoribus</ref> |- style="vertical-align: top;" | * [[Antiarrhythmicum|Antiarrhythmica]] ** [[Amiodaronum]] (classis III) * Substantiae beta-receptoriae inhibendae ** [[Bisoprololum]] <ref>{{cite journal | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1021/js970316d/abstract | title=Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of bisoprolol enantiomers in humans |author1=Yuji Horikiri |author2=Takehiko Suzuki |author3=Masakazu Mizobe | journal =Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences | volume= 87 | issue=3 | pages=289–294 |date=March 1998 | doi=10.1021/js970316d}}</ref> ** Propranololum * [[Calcii canalium inhibitor|Calcii canalium inhibitores]]<ref Name="GAN13">{{cite journal |authors=Gandhi S, Fleet JL, Bailey DG, McArthur 4, Wald R, Rehman F2, Garg AX |title=Calcium-channel blocker-clarithromycin drug interactions and acute kidney injury |journal=JAMA |year=2013 |volume=18 |month=dec |issue=23 |pages=2544-53 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24346990 }}</ref> ** [[Amlodipinum]] ** [[Diltiazemum]] ** Felodipinum ** Lercanidipinum ** '''Nifedipinum''' ** Nisoldipinum ** Nitrendipinum ** [[Verapamilum]] * Immunosuppressiva ** Cyclosporinum<ref name="KRON">{{cite journal |author=Kronbach, T; Fischer, V; Meyer UA |title=Cyclosporine metabolism in human liver: identification of a cytochrome P-450III gene family as the major cyclosporine-metabolizing enzyme explains interactions of cyclosporine with other drugs. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics_1988-06_43_6/page/630 |journal=Clin Pharmacol Ther |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=630-5 |year=1988 |month=June |pmid=3378384 }}</ref> ** Tacrolimus ** [[Sirolimus]] * Chemotherapeutica ** Anastrozolum ** Cyclophosphamidum ** Docetaxelum ** Doxorubicinum ** Erlotinibum ** Etoposidum ** Gefitinibum ** Ifosfamidum ** Imatinibum ** Irinotecanum ** Paclitaxelum ** Sorafenibum ** Sunitinibum ** [[Tamoxifenum]] ** Temsirolimus ** Teniposidum ** Venurafenibum ** Vinblastinum ** Vincristinum ** Vindesinum * [[Antibioticum|Antibiotica]] ** Macrolida *** Clarithromycinum *** Erythromycinum * Antidepressiva ** Tricyclica *** Amitriptylinum *** Clomipraminum *** [[Imipraminum]] ** [[Citalopramum]] ** [[Venlafaxinum]] ** [[Sertralinum]] * [[Antipsychoticum|Antipsychotica]] ** [[Cariprazinum]] ** [[Quetiapinum]] ** [[Risperidonum]] ** [[Haloperidolum]] * [[Benzodiazepinum|Benzodiazepina]] ** Alprazolamum ** [[Diazepamum]] ** Midazolamum ** Triazolamum * [[Alfentanilum]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Labroo RB, Thummel KE, Kunze KL, Podoll T, Trager WF, Kharasch ED |title=Catalytic role of cytochrome P4503A4 in multiple pathways of alfentanil metabolism |journal=Drug Metab Dispos |year=1995 |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=490-6 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7600917}}</ref> * [[Statinum|Statina]] ** [[Simvastatinum]] ** [[Atorvastatinum]] ** [[Lovastatinum]] * Sildenafilum * [[Hormon]]ta ** [[Oestradiolum]] ** Oestradiolovaleratum ** Aethinyloestradiolum ** Laevonorgestrelum * [[Vitaminum D]] * Anticoagulantes ** [[Apixabanum]] <ref name="ACOAG">[http://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-163069/apixaban-oral/details/list-interaction-details/dmid-2166/dmtitle-apixaban-rivaroxaban-p-gp-and-strong-cyp-3a4-inducers/intrtype-drug Apixabanum et Rivaroxabanum / P-gp et inductores fortes CYP3A4] {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref><ref name="UW_API">[https://depts.washington.edu/anticoag/home/content/apixaban-drug-interaction-potential Apixabani interactionum effectus] {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref> ** [[Rivaroxabanum]] <ref name="ACOAG" /> || {{CYP3A4_Inhibitores}} || {{CYP3A4_Inductores}} |- |} == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == [[Categoria:Cytochromata P450|3]] 5598z895kdpswwxi8c6j38g6zznwcfm 0 266466 3980048 3978720 2026-08-09T23:40:25Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980048 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Waltham_Abbey_-21Oct2007_(3).jpg|thumb|Ecclesia [[Abbatia de Waltham|abbatiae de Waltham]], ubi Hugo de Nevill sepultus est]] '''Hugo de Nevill'''<ref>"Uxor Hugonis de Nevill' dat domino Regi CC. gallinas eo quod possit iacere una nocte cum domino suo Hugone de Nevill.'" Cokayne ''Complete Peerage'' '''IX''' p. 480 n. g.</ref> (vulgo ''Hugh de Neville'' vel ''Hugh Neville''; mortuus anno [[1234]]) fuit ''capitalis [[forestarius]]''<ref>''Rotuli litterarum clausarum'' 153 (anni 1235); {{DMLBS|capitalis}}</ref> [[Anglia|Anglicus]], sive maximus silvae custos, [[Ricardus I (rex Angliae)|Ricardo I]], [[Iohannes (rex Angliae)|Iohanne]], atque [[Henricus III (rex Angliae)|Henrico III]] regibus; etiam [[vicecomes]] nonnullorum [[comitatus|comitatuum]] fuit. Nevill, pluribus magistratibus regiis atque episcopo cognatus, unus erat ex domesticis Ricardi principis. Postquam Ricardus rex anno [[1189]] factus est, Nevill regi servire perseveravit et eum in [[Tertia expeditio sacra|Tertia expeditione sacra]] comitatus est.<!--Neville remained in the royal service following Richard's death in 1199 and the accession of King John to the throne, becoming one of the new king's favourites and often gambling with him. He was named in ''[[Magna charta libertatum|Magna Carta]]'' as one of John's principal advisers, and considered by a medieval chronicler to be one of King John's "evil counsellors". He deserted John after the French invasion of England in 1216 but returned to pledge his loyalty to John's son Henry III after the latter's accession to the throne later that year. Neville's royal service continued until his death in 1234, though by then he was a less significant figure than he had been at the height of his powers.--> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == {{div col}} * {{cite book |author=Bartlett, Robert C. |authorlink=Robert Bartlett (historian) |title=England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings: 1075–1225 |url=https://archive.org/details/englandundernorm0000unse_k5a2 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford, UK |year=2000 |isbn=0-19-822741-8}} * {{cite book |author=Carpenter, David |authorlink=David Carpenter (historian) |title=The Minority of Henry III |url=https://archive.org/details/minorityofhenryi0000carp |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, CA |year=1990 |isbn=0-520-07239-1}} * {{cite book |author=Cokayne, George E. |title=The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct, or Dormant |publisher=A. Sutton |location=Gloucester, UK |year=1982 |volume=IX |isbn=0-904387-82-8 |edition=Microprint |authorlink=George Cokayne}} * {{cite book |author=Coss, Peter |title= The Origins of the English Gentry | publisher= Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge, UK |year=2003 |isbn=0-521-82673-X}} * {{cite encyclopedia |author= Crook, David |title=Neville, Hugh de (d. 1234) |encyclopedia =Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |year= 2004 |edition= revised January 2008 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/19942| accessdate= 20 April 2012 |doi= 10.1093/ref:odnb/19942}} {{ODNBsub}} * {{cite book |author=Gillingham, John |authorlink= John Gillingham |title=Richard I |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, CT |year=1999 |isbn=0-300-07912-5}} * {{cite book |author=Huscroft, Richard |title=Ruling England 1042–1217 |url=https://archive.org/details/rulingengland1040000husc |publisher=Pearson/Longman |location=London |year=2005 |isbn=0-582-84882-2}} * {{cite book |author=Latham, R. E. |title=Revised Medieval Latin Word-List: From British and Irish Sources |publisher=British Academy |location=London |year=1965 |oclc= 299837723}} * {{cite journal |author=Maddicott, J. R. |authorlink= John Maddicott |title= The Oath of Marlborough, 1209: Fear, Government and Popular Allegiance in the Reign of King John |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_english-historical-review_2011-04_126_519/page/281 |journal=[[The English Historical Review]] |issue=519 |volume=126 |date=April 2011 |pages=281–318 |doi=10.1093/ehr/cer076}} * {{cite book |author= Saul, Nigel |authorlink=Nigel Saul |chapter=Forest |title=A Companion to Medieval England 1066–1485 |url= https://archive.org/details/companiontomedie0000saul |year=2000 |publisher=Tempus |location= Stroud, UK |isbn=0-7524-2969-8}} * {{cite book |author=Turner, Ralph V. |title=King John: England's Evil King? |publisher=Tempus |location=Stroud, UK |year= 2005 |isbn=0-7524-3385-7}} * {{cite encyclopedia |author= Vincent, Nicholas |title=King John's evil counsellors (act. 1208–1214) |encyclopedia =Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher= Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/theme/95591 |accessdate= 20 April 2012 |year=2004}} {{ODNBsub}} * {{cite book |author=Warren, W. L. |authorlink=W. L. Warren |title=King John |url=https://archive.org/details/kingjohn00wlwa |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, CA |year=1978 |isbn=0-520-03643-3}} * {{cite book |author=Young, Charles R. |title=The Making of the Neville Family in England 1155–1400 |year=1996 |publisher=Boydell Press |location=Woodbridge, UK |isbn=0-85115-668-1}} * {{cite book |author=Young, Charles R. |title=The Royal Forests of Medieval England |url=https://archive.org/details/royalforestsofme0000youn |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia, PA |year=1979 |isbn=0-8122-7760-0}} {{div col end}} [[Categoria:Mortui 1234]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 12]] j2v4cje5sq18vo5ntc56e7mv02xufu7 0 266905 3979883 3891056 2026-08-09T20:49:33Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cautio}} [[Fasciculus: HIV-budding-Color.jpg|thumb|Imago viri immunodeficientiae humanae in [[microscopium|microscopio]] [[electron]]ico visi.]] '''Virus immunodeficientiae humanae'''<ref>"infectio cuius causa est humanae immunodeficientiae virus (''HIV''), haud exclusa syndroma immunodeficientiae acquisitae (''SIDA'')": [http://www1.lf1.cuni.cz/~hrozs/pracoviste/char1l.htm Clinica morborum infectiosorum tropicorumque Universitatis Carolinae].</ref><ref>"virus immunodeficientiae: ''immunhiányvírus''": ''[https://dictzone.com/orvosi-magyar-szotar/virus%20immunodeficientiae DictZone orvosi-magyar szótár]''. "Virus immunodeficientiae homĭnis": ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20170712171119/http://www.bsmu.by/downloads/kafedri/k_latin/stud/2013-2/11.pdf Latinskij jazyk fasc. 1].''</ref> seu acronymo vernaculo '''HIV''',<ref name="ICD-10">"Morbus HIV - morbus deficientiae immunitatis acquisitae": [https://www.stetoskop.info/pretragamkb?ss=B20 ICD-10] apud ''Stetoskop.''</ref> nomine virologico ''human immunodeficiency virus''<ref>Vide ''NCBI'' infra citatum.</ref> est [[virus biologicum]] familiae [[retroviridae|retroviridarum]] et causa [[morbus deficientiae immunitatis acquisitae|morbi deficientiae immunitatis acquisitae]],<ref name="pmid8493571">{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiss R. A. | title = How does HIV cause AIDS? | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1993-05-28_260_5112/page/1273 | journal = Science | volume = 260 | issue = 5112 | pages = 1273–9 | date = May 1993 | pmid = 8493571 | doi = 10.1126/science.8493571 | bibcode = 1993Sci...260.1273W}}.</ref><ref name="pmid18947296">{{cite journal | vauthors = Douek D. C., Roederer M., Koup R. A. | title = Emerging Concepts in the Immunopathogenesis of AIDS | journal = Annual Revire of Medicine. | volume = 60 | pages = 471–84 | year = 2009 | pmid = 18947296 | pmc = 2716400 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.med.60.041807.123549}}.</ref> a [[Lucas Montagnier|Luca Montagnier]] anno [[1983]] inventum. Infirmitate [[systema immunitatis|systematis immunitatis]] progrediente infectiones opportunisticae et [[cancer|cancri]] exstant. == Pertubationes mentis == === Perturbationes neurocognitivae === Centesimae de viginti ad triginta aegrotorum perturbatione neurocognitiva patiuntur.<ref>{{cite journal |authors=McArthur J. C. |title=Dementia, neuropathy, and HIV: An interview with Justin C. McArthur, MB, BS, MPH. Interview by Mark Mascolini |journal=Journal of the International Association of Physicians AIDS Care |year=1996 |month=Iunius |volume=2 |pages=27-8, 31-4 |pmid=11363695}}.</ref> === Depressiones === Usque ad centesimas 38 aegrotorum signa [[depressio (psychiatria)|depressionis]] ostendunt.<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Rodkjaer L., Laursen T., Balle N., Sodemann M. |title=Depression in patients with HIV is under-diagnosed: a cross-sectional study in Denmark. |journal0HIV Med |year02010 |mnonth=Ianuarius |volume=11 |pages=46-53 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-1293.2009.00741.x}}.</ref> == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Cytomegalovirus]] == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biologici}} {{Vicispecies|Human immunodeficiency virus}} {{biologia-stipula}} {{Myrias|Biologia}} [[Categoria:Immunitatis systema]] [[Categoria:Morbi virales]] [[Categoria:Morbi a concubitu sexuum transmissi]] 0au8dvcq6oxjdlghvh00u4dvmasppg5 0 266940 3980075 3401756 2026-08-10T00:01:19Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 3 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} '''''The Columbian Exchange''''' est liber historicus ab [[Alfredus Crosby|Alfredo W. Crosby]] anno 1972 editus. Quo libro "[[permutatio Columbiana|permutationem Columbianam]]" (''the Columbian exchange'') ille primus nominavit, definivit, descripsit. Opus admodum breve, sine notis subiunctis sed bibliographiá utilissimá munitum, eruditi pauci recensuerunt,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dunbar|first1=G. S.|last2=Crosby|first2=Alfred W.|title=The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_william-and-mary-quarterly_1973-07_30_3/page/542|journal=The William and Mary Quarterly|date=July 1973|volume=30|issue=3|pages=542|doi=10.2307/1918510}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rasmussen|first1=Wayne D.|title=The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 by Alfred W. Crosby|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_agricultural-history_1973-07_47_3/page/267|journal=Agricultural History|date=July 1973|volume=47|issue=3|pages=267–269|jstor=3742188}}</ref> sed J. R. McNeill in praefatione editionis 2003 labores Alfredi Crosby ab editoribus multis spretos, a pluribus historicis sine laude receptos esse confitetur.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Liers|first1=Frederick H.|title=Alfred W. Crosby, ''The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492''|url=https://archive.org/details/sixteenth-century-journal_winter-2005_36_4/page/1210|journal=Sixteenth Century Journal|date=2005|volume=36|issue=4|pages=1210}}.</ref> Apud recentiores textum classicum de latissimo rerum ab hominibus gestarum effectu reputatur. His annis, talium operum gratia, crescebant studia de historia circumiectús aevi [[Holocaenum|Holocaeni]] seu [[Anthropocaenum|Anthropocaeni]]. == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * [[Alfredus Crosby|Alfred W. Crosby]], ''The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492''. Westport Connecticutae: Greenwood Press, 1972 * Megan Gambino, "[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/alfred-w-crosby-on-the-columbian-exchange-98116477/ Alfred W. Crosby on the Columbian Exchange]" in ''Smithsonian.com'' (4 Octobris 2011) * Nathan Nunn, Nancy Qian, "[https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/nunn/files/nunn_qian_jep_2010.pdf The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas]" in ''Journal of Economic Perspectives'' vol. 24 (2010) pp. 163–188 [[Categoria:Scripta 1972]] [[Categoria:Libri historici]] sk2iqfbrpvgz72jqmjjzc440gswjqlh 0 267063 3979724 3897840 2026-08-09T15:21:57Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3979724 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Leslie Scalapino in Speaking Portraits c.2004.jpg|thumb|Leslie Scalapino (c.2004)]] '''Lesleia Scalapino''' (nata ''Leslie Scalapino'' [[Sancta Barbara|Sanctae Barbarae]] [[California]]e [[25 Iulii]] [[1944]]; mortua [[Berkeleia]]e [[28 Maii]] [[2010]]) fuit [[poetria]], [[scriptor]] [[oratio soluta|orationis solutae]] experimentalis, [[scriptor scaenicus]], [[commentator]], et [[editor]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americana]], quae aliquando cum [[poetae linguae|poetis linguae]] consociatur, quamquam se inter [[Beat Generation|poetas]] [[Aetas Prostrata|prostratos]] numerare solebat.<ref>Lyn Hejinian, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140222123310/http://www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/21547 "Leslie Scalapino Remembered,"] Academia Poetarum Americanorum, Poet.org.</ref> ==Opera selecta== ===Poesis=== *''O and Other Poems'', Sand Dollar Press, 1976 *''The Woman who Could Read the Minds of Dogs'', Sand Dollar Press, 1976 *''Instead of an Animal'', Cloud Marauder Press, 1978 *''This eating and walking is associated all right'', Tombouctou, 1979 *''Considering how exaggerated music is'', North Point Press, 1982 *''that they were at the beach — aeolotropic series'', North Point Press, 1985 *''way'', North Point Press, 1988 *''Crowd and not evening or light'', O Books, 1992 *''Sight'' (cum [[Lyn Hejinian]]), [[Edge Books]], 1999 *''New Time'', Wesleyan University Press, 1999 *''The Tango'', (cum [[Marina Adams]]), Granary Press, 2001 *''Day Ocean State of Stars' Night: Poems & Writings 1989 & 1999-2006'', Green Integer (E-L-E-PHANT Series), 2007 *''It's go in horizontal, Selected Poems 1974-2006'', UC Press, Berkeliae, 2008 ===Fictio=== *''The Return of Painting'', DIA Foundation, 1990 *''The Return of Painting, The Pearl, and Orion : A Trilogy'', North Point, 1991; Talisman, 1997 *''Defoe'', [[Sun & Moon Press]], 1995 *''The Front Matter, Dead Souls'', Wesleyan University Press, 1996 *''Orchid Jetsam'', Tuumba, 2001 *''Dahlia's Iris — Secret Autobiography and Fiction'', [[Fiction Collective Two|FC2]], November 2003 ===Scripta intergenerica=== *''The Public World / Syntactically Impermanence'', Wesleyan University Press, 1999 *''How Phenomena Appear To Unfold , Potes & Poets Press, 1991 *''Objects in the Terrifying Tense / Longing from Taking Place'', Roof Books, 1994 *''Green and Black'', Selected Writings , Talisman Publishers, 1996 *''R-hu'', Atelos Press, 2000 *''Zither and Autobiography'', Wesleyan, 2003 *''Floats Horse-Floats or Horse-Flows'', Starcherone Books, 2010 *''The Dihedrons Gazelle-Dihedrals Zoom'', The Post-Apollo Press / O Books, 2010 ===Ludi scaenici=== *''Goya's L.A., a play'', Potes & Poets Press, 1994 (musica [[Larry Ochs (musicud)|Larry Ochs]]) *''Stone Marmalade (the Dreamed Title)'', (cum [[Kevin Killian]]) Singing Horse Press, 1996 *''The Weatherman Turns Himself In'', Zasterle Press, Spain 1999 ==Notae== <references/> ==Nexus externi== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20170519153731/http://lesliescalapino.com/ Situs proprius.] *[http://libraries.ucsd.edu/speccoll/findingaids/mss0668.html Leslie Scalapino Papers, MSS 668]. [http://libraries.ucsd.edu/collections/sca/ Special Collections & Archives], UC San Diego Library. *[http://epc.buffalo.edu/authors/scalapino/obit.html Laudatio familiaris.] Electronic Poetry Center *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165309/http://www.asu.edu/pipercwcenter/how2journal/archive/online_archive/v2_2_2004/current/feature/index.htm How2 Special Feature: Leslie Scalapino] *[http://www.obooks.com/ O Books]. [[Parvum prelum]] a Scalapino conditum. *[http://epc.buffalo.edu/authors/scalapino/ Scalapino's Author Page.] Electronic Poetry Center. *[http://peepshowpoetry.blogspot.com/2010/03/blog-post.html ''The Dihedrons Gazelle-Dihedrals Zoom.''] Praefatio et capitula 6–12. Peepshowpoetry.blogspot.com.<!-- *[http://intercapillaryspace.blogspot.com/2006/07/leslie-scalapino-and-marina-adams.html 'The Tango' reviewed] by Melissa Flores-Bórquez at poetry mag "Intercapillary Space" *[http://chax.org/eoagh/issuefour/scalapino-disbelief.html ''Disbelief'': ''History/Memory/Body: Language is the Trace of Being''] written for the Segue Panel "Language Poetry and the Body", May 12, 2007 * [http://quarterlyconversation.com/its-go-in-horizontal-by-leslie-scalapino It’s go in horizontal by Leslie Scalapino] A review by John Herbert Cunningham--> {{Lifetime|1944|2010|Scalapino, Lesleia}} [[Categoria:Alumni Collegii Reed]]<!--Berkeley--> [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Editores]] [[Categoria:Incolae Californiae]] [[Categoria:Modernismus]] [[Categoria:Mulieres]] [[Categoria:Poetae Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Poetae linguae]] [[Categoria:Professores Collegii Bardiani]] [[Categoria:Professores Collegii Mills]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Californiensis Berkeleiensis]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Naropa]] [[Categoria:Scriptores fabularum brevium]] [[Categoria:Scriptores scaenici]]<!-- [[Category:San Francisco Art Institute faculty]] [[Category:California College of the Arts faculty]] [[Category:San Francisco State University faculty]]--> kj6r6egu3honrmf1sdoh52il2p029lw 0 267096 3980225 3977965 2026-08-10T11:55:11Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in DH.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Diepholtia.]] '''Circulus terrae Diepholtia'''<ref name="Hofmannus">{{Hofmannus}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Diepholz''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Deefholt''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1977]] conditus est et circulis pristinis comitatibus Diepholtia<ref name="Hofmannus"/> et Hoya. == De rebus gestis == Ager circuli maxima ex parte ad [[Electoratus Brunsvici-Luneburgi|Electoratum Brunsvici-Luneburgi]] pertinuit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Ab anno [[1810]] ad [[1813]] pars [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Imperii Francici]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1977]] circulus conditus est (vide supra). == Communia circuli == Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt: * [[Birsina]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bassum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassen''), [[urbs]] (15.768 incolae) * [[Diepholtia]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deefholt''), urbs et caput circuli (16.692) * [[Stuhr]] (33.083) * [[Sulingen]], oppidum (12.681) * [[Syke]], oppidum (24.018) * [[Twistringen]], oppidum (12.219) * [[Wagenfeld]] (7102) * [[Weyhe]] (30.388) * [[Altes Amt Lemförde (commune generale)|Altes Amt Lemförde]] (8211) ** [[Brochema]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898">Wilmans, R., & Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Brockum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Broubm'' seu ''Brookm'') (1021) ** Hüde (1131) ** Lembruch (1148) ** Lemförde (sedes administrationis, 3105) ** Marl (718) ** Quernheim (424) ** Stemshorn (664) * [[Barnstorfium (commune generale)|Barnstorfium]]<ref name="Böhmer 2007"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnstrup'') (12.016) ** [[Barnstorfium]]<ref name="Böhmer 2007">Böhmer, J. F. (2007). ''Regesta Imperii III: Salisches Haus 1024–1125. Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Heinrich IV'' (T. Struve, Ed.). Böhlau Verlag.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnstrup'') (sedes administrationis, 6292) ** Drebber (2971) ** Drentwede (994) ** Eydelstedt (1759) * [[Brochusium-Vilsena (commune generale)|Brochusium-Vilsena]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855"/><ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bruchhausen-Vilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brooksen-Vilsen'') (16.971) ** [[Asenthorpium]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1855). ''Hoyer Urkundenbuch:'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Jänecke Verlag.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'') (2919) ** [[Brochusium-Vilsena]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855"/><ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bruchhausen-Vilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brooksen-Vilsen'') (sedes administrationis et oppidum, 8837) ** Martfeld (2681) ** Schwarme (2534) * [[Kirchdorf (commune generale)|Kirchdorf]] (7444) ** [[Barenburgum]]<ref name="Kolb 1712">Kolb, G. (1712). ''Compendium totius orbis: partim geographicum, partim historicum, partim genealogicum''. Typis Universitatis Carolo-Francisceae</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnborg'') (1242) ** [[Bergenborstelium]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrenborstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bornbössel'' seu ''Boornbössel'') (1134) ** Freistatt (632) ** Kirchdorf (sedes administrationis, 2145) ** Varrel (1504) ** Wehrbleck (787) * [[Rehden (commune generale)|Rehden]] (5887) ** [[Barverum]]<ref name="Böhmer 1844">Böhmer, J. F. (1844). ''Regesta Chronologico-Diplomatica Regum et Imperatorum Romanorum: Inde a Conrado I. Usque ad Henricum VII''. Typis et Sumtibus J. C. Hermann. </ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barver'') (1049) ** Dickel (462) ** Hemsloh (563) ** Rehden (sedes administrationis, 2055) ** Wetschen (1758) * [[Schwaförden (commune generale)|Schwaförden]] (6892) ** [[Affinghusia]]<ref name="Rathlef 1766">Rathlef, E. L. (1766). ''Geschichte der Grafschaften Hoya und Diepholz: Monimenta diplomatica et antiquitates ditionis Affinghusiae'' (Vol. I). Bremae: Försterischen Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Affinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Affinghusen'' seu ''Affjehusen'') (832) ** Ehrenburg (1510) ** Neuenkirchen (1163) ** Scholen (808) ** Schwaförde (sedes administrationis, 1523) ** Sudwalde (1056) * [[Siedenburg (commune generale)|Siedenburg]] (4604) ** [[Borstla]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1842">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1842). ''Diepholzer Urkundenbuch: Authentische Urkunden zur Geschichte der Grafschaft Diepholz''. [[Hannovera]]e: Hahn'schen Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Borstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bössel'') (1249) ** Maasen (469) ** Mellinghausen (1075) ** Siedenburg (sedes administrationis, 1278) {{NexInt}} * [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]] ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Landkreis Diepholz|Circulum Diepholtiam}} * [http://www.diepholz.de/ Pagina officialis] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{geo-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Diepholz circulus}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1977]] mtr59y8i356ea9ck58elvilu0nswdpg 0 267154 3980224 3977989 2026-08-10T11:52:28Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in NI.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Neoburgensi.]] '''Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Nienburg/Weser'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus " Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia "Neoburgensis-e" et "Visurgensis-e" ad commune [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Novam Urbem]] et flumen [[Visurgis|Visurgem]] respective referuntur. Quibus de toponymis, vide {{Graesse}}</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Nienburg/Weser''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Nienburg/Weser''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Nienborg/Werser''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et finibus mutatis ad diem hodiernum exstat. == De rebus gestis == Ager circuli maxima ex parte ad [[Electoratus Brunsvici-Luneburgi|Electoratum Brunsvici-Luneburgi]] pertinuit. Anno [[1805]] cum toto Electoratu a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Ab anno [[1807]] ad [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] circulus ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinent et anno [[1977]] fines hodiernas accipit == Communia circuli == Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt: * [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Urbs]], Germanice ''Nienburg/Weser'', caput circuli (31.193 incolae) * [[Rehburg-Loccum]], Oppidum (10.154) * [[Steyerberg]] (5262) * [[Comitatus Hoya (commune generale)|Comitatus Hoya]] commune generale (16.757) ** [[Bukina]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898">Wilmans, R., & Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bücken''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bücken'') oppidum (2139) ** [[Eystrup]] (3251) ** [[Gandesbergen]] (478) ** [[Hämelhausen]] (571) ** [[Hassel (Visurgis)]] (1856) ** [[Hilgermissen]] (2181) ** [[Hoya]], oppidum et sedes administrationis (3.772) ** [[Hoyerhagen]] (953) ** [[Schweringen]] (800) ** [[Warpe]] (756) * [[Heemsen (commune generale)|Heemsen]] commune generale (6.019) ** [[Drakenburg]] (1734) ** [[Haßbergen]] (1559) ** [[Heemsen]] (1706) ** [[Rohrsen]], sedes administrationis (1020) * [[Liebenau (commune generale)|Liebenau]] commune generale (5.950) ** [[Binnenum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016">Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Binnen'') (1010) ** [[Liebenau]], sedes administrationis (3688) ** [[Pennigsehl]] (1252) * [[Marklohe (commune generale)|Marklohe]] commune generale (8.349) ** [[Balga Cortis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Balge'') (1752) ** [[Marklohe]], sedes administrationis (4432) ** [[Wietzen]] (2165) * [[Mittelweser (commune generale)|Mittelweser]] commune generale (15.830) ** [[Estorf]] (1668) ** [[Husum (Neoburgum)|Husum]] (2338) ** [[Landesbergen]] (2730) ** [[Leese]] (1638) ** [[Stolzenau]], sedes administrationis (7456) * [[Steimbke (commune generale)|Steimbke]] commune generale (7.186) ** [[Linsburg]] (922) ** [[Rodewald]] (2496) ** [[Steimbke]], sedes administrationis (2466) ** [[Stöckse]] (1302) * [[Uchte (commune generale)|Uchte]] commune generale (13.932) ** [[Diepenavia]]<ref name="-avia">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-avia-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diepenau'') oppidum (3883) ** [[Raddestorf]] (1886) ** [[Uchte]] (4882) ** [[Warmsen]] (3281) == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]] == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Landkreis Nienburg/Weser|Circulum Neoburgensem}} * [http://www.lk-nienburg.de/ Pagina officialis] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{geo-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Neoburgensis circulus}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1885]] oltr03ka3xcfctztuvaxnv6jc10ot03 0 267190 3979990 3547445 2026-08-09T22:54:27Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979990 wikitext text/x-wiki [[fasciculus:MonoamineOxidase-1GOS.png|thumb|Monoamini oxydasis B]] '''L-monoaminorum oxydases''' ('''MAO''') ([[Numerus commissionis enzymorum|Numerus EC]]: [https://enzyme.expasy.org/EC/1.4.3.4 1.4.3.4]) est familia [[enzymum|enzymorum]] quae monoaminorum oxidationi favent.<ref name="pmid15279561">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tipton K. F., Boyce S., O'Sullivan J., Davey G. P., Healy J. | title = Monoamine oxidases: certainties and uncertainties | journal = Current Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 11 | issue = 15 | pages = 1965–82 | date = August 2004 | pmid = 15279561 | doi = 10.2174/0929867043364810 }}</ref><ref name="pmid15279562">{{cite journal | vauthors = Edmondson DE, Mattevi A, Binda C, Li M, Hubálek F | title = Structure and mechanism of monoamine oxidase | journal = Current Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 11 | issue = 15 | pages = 1983–93 | date = August 2004 | pmid = 15279562 | doi = 10.2174/0929867043364784 }}</ref> Monoamini oxydases in [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriorum]] membranis externis inveniuntur. In corpore humani adhuc duae formae exstiterunt ([[Monoaminorum oxidasis A|MAO-A]] et [[Monoaminorum oxidasis B|MAO-B]]). [[Enzymum]] de Maria Bernheim in [[iecur|iecore]] primo nomine tyramini oxidasis descripta est<ref name="pmid16744124">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hare ML | title = Tyramine oxidase: A new enzyme system in liver | journal = The Biochemical Journal | volume = 22 | issue = 4 | pages = 968–79 | year = 1928 | pmid = 16744124 | pmc = 1252213 | doi = 10.1042/bj0220968 }}</ref><ref name="pmid10643441">{{cite journal | vauthors = Slotkin TA | title = Mary Bernheim and the discovery of monoamine oxidase | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_brain-research-bulletin_november-15-december-1999_50_5-6/page/373 | journal = Brain Research Bulletin | volume = 50 | issue = 5-6 | pages = 373 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10643441 | doi = 10.1016/S0361-9230(99)00110-0 }}</ref>. == Isoenzymi == In hominibus duo, isoenzymi, subtypi noti sunt<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Shih J. C. |title=Monoamine oxidase isoenzymes: genes, functions and targets for behavior and cancer therapy |journal=J Neural Transm (Vienna) |year=2018 |volume= |issue= |pages=doi: 10.1007/s00702-018-1927-8 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30259128}}</ref>: Monoaminorum oxidasis A (MAO-A) et monoaminorum oxidasis B (MAO-B). Structura genorum utriusque isoenzymi similia est: Ambobus 15 [[exon]]a sunt, et relatio inter exona et [[intron]]a aeque distributa. Et MAO-A et MAO-B in [[neuron]]ibus [[astrocytus|astrocytis]] cerebri inveniuntur. === Monoaminorum oxidasis A (MAO-A) === {{main|Monoaminorum oxidasis A}} Nomen geni subtypi A ''MAOA'' nominatur et in [[chromosoma X (homo)|chromosomate X]] locatum est. In [[cerebrum|cerebro]] humano MAO-A imprimis in neuronibus abunde [[catecholaminum|catecholalminorum]] velut in [[locus caeruleus|loco caeruleo]] et [[formatio reticularis|formatione reticulari]] locatum est<ref name="WESTLUND">{{cite journal |authors=Westlund K. N., Denney R. M., Rose R. M., Abell C. W. |title=Localization of distinct monoamine oxidase A and monoamine oxidase B cell populations in human brainstem |journal=Neuroscience |year=1988 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=439-56 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3399053/}}</ref>. Distributum MAO-A est etiam in [[iecur|iecore]], [[endothelium|cellulis endothelialibus]] [[pulmo]]num, [[tractus gastrointestinalis|tractu gastrointestinali]] atque [[placenta]]. === Monoaminorum oxidasis B (MAO-B) === {{main|Monoaminorum oxidasis B}} Nomen geni subtypi B ''MAOB'' nominatur. Genum MAOB quoque in [[chromosoma X (homo)|chromosomate X]], ut genum ''MAOA'', locatum est. In cerebro humano MAO-B praecipue in cellulis nervorum [[serotoninum|systematis serotonergici]] atque [[Nuclei raphes|nucleis raphes]] (et dorsalibus et medianis) inventum est<ref name="WESTLUND" />. Enzymum MAO-B in [[thrombocytus|thrombocytis]] quoque exprimuntur. == MAO inhibitores == Medicamenta enzymum impediens sunt, per exemplum: [[Moclobemidum]] ( inhibitor [[Monoaminorum oxidasis A|MAO-A]], substantia [[Depressio (psychiatria)|antidepressiva]]), [[Selegelinum]] et [[Rasagilinum]] (inhibitor [[Monoaminorum oxidasis B|MAO-B]], [[morbus Parkinson]]) === Historia === Creatio inhibitorum MAO ab [[anni 1950|annis 1950]] coepit, cum inventione [[tuberculostaticum|tuberculostatici]] primum cogitati [[isoniazidum|isoniazidi]], quod [[antidepressivum|effectus ''antidepressivos'']] ostendebat. Illo in tempore autem inhibitio modum isoformae A momentum habuit, at paulo post effectus adversarii ut [[capitis dolor]], [[arrhythmia cordis|arrhythmiae cardiales]], [[hypertensio arterialis]] percipiebantur, imprimis una cum consumptione generum quorumque [[caseus|caseorum]]. Ab [[anni 1960|annis 1960]] investigationes inhibitorum isoformae B, quae intra [[systema nervosum centrale]] enzymum catabolicum degragationem [[neurotransmissor]]is [[dopaminum|dopamini]] agit, quoque fabricationem novorum medicamentorum in [[morbus Parkinson|''morbo Parkinson'']] tractando dabant. == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Morbus Parkinson]] * [[Depressio (psychiatria)|Depressio]] [[Categoria:Oxidases]] 37y0twxjeohwdzvxaqlat72mva1fss9 0 267222 3979805 3708057 2026-08-09T19:25:15Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{titulus italicus}} [[Fasciculus:PaineAgeReason.png|alt=Title page from The Age of Reason|thumb|Pagina tituli primae editionis Anglicae partis I]] [[Fasciculus:36-Visiting_CFI_library-Rare_Books.JPG|thumb|Exempla primarum editionum ''The Age of Reason'']] '''''The Age of Reason; Being an Investigation of True and Fabulous Theology''''' (Aetas rationis, sive investigatio verae et fabulosae theologiae) est liber a [[Thomas Paine|Thoma Paine]], viro publico Anglico-Americano, qui argumenta pro [[deismus|deimso]], opinione philosophica, affert. Priora opera Anglica de deismo sequitur et religionem institutam [[Biblia]]que recusat. In tribus partibus annis [[1794]], [[1795]], ac [[1807]] editus est. Multi exemplaria venditi sunt in Civitatis Foederatibus, ubi liber brevem renovationem deismi movit. Britannici autem lectores, propter [[res novae Francicae|res novas Francicas]] insolitas ac novissimas notiones timentes, eum hostilius acceperunt. ''The Age of Reason'' communia argumenta deistica affert; exempli gratia, eccelsiam Christianam [[corruptio|corruptam]] et potestatis politicae cupidam appellat. Paine rationem [[revelatio]]ni praeponit, [[miraculum|miracula]] reiciens et Biblia opus non divinitus inspiratum ducens; potius religionem naturalem et notionem dei [[creatio|creatoris]] suadet. Maior pars argumentorum Paine diu eruditoribus nota erat, sed eius genus scribendi vividum et apertum deismum iucundum planumque [[plebs|plebi]] fecit. Opus, primum libellis non ligatis distributum, satis insumptuosum multis emptoribus erat. Regimen Britannicum, disseminationem notionum seditiosarum metuens, iudicio persecutum est [[typographus|typographos]] [[librarius|librarios]]que qui opus edere et distribuere conati sunt. Nihiliominus ''The Age of Reason'' plures [[cogitatio libera|cogitatores liberos]] movit ac gubernavit. == Bibliographia == {{div col}} *Bindman, David. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=nH8OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA112&dq=Kelvin+Everest+bindman#v=onepage&q=Kelvin%20Everest%20bindman&f=false 'My own mind is my own church': Blake, Paine and the French Revolution.]" ''Reflections of Revolution: Images of Romanticism''. Ed. Alison Yarrington and Kelvin Everest. Londinii: Routledge, 1993. ISBN 0-415-07741-9. *[[Gregory Claeys|Claeys, Gregory]]. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=10lR6gi5sswC&printsec=frontcover&dq=gregory+claeys+paine#v=onepage&q=&f=false Thomas Paine: Social and political thought]''. Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989. *{{Cite journal | last1 = Clark | first1 = Harry Hayden | year = 1933 | title = Thomas Paine's Theories of Rhetoric | url = | journal = Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters | volume = 28 | issue = | pages = 307–39 }} *Davidson, Edward H. and William J. Scheick. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=AmAhfE57vBkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=davidson+scheick#v=onepage&q=&f=false Paine, Scripture, and Authority:'' The Age of Reason ''as Religious and Political Idea]''. Bethlehem: Lehigh University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-934223-29-7. *Dyck, Ian, ed. ''Citizen of the World: Essays on Thomas Paine''. Novi Eboraci: St. Martin's Press, 1988. ISBN 0-312-01300-0. *[[Eric Foner|Foner, Eric]]. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=OyFF1M8_VDAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=eric+foner+tom+paine#v=onepage&q=&f=false Tom Paine and Revolutionary America]''. Londinii: Oxford University Press, 1976. ISBN 0-19-502182-7. *Fruchtman, Jr., Jack. ''Thomas Paine and the Religion of Nature''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993. ISBN 0-8018-4571-8. *{{Cite journal | last1 = Gimbel | first1 = Richard | year = 1957 | title = The First Appearance of Thomas Paine's ''The Age of Reason'' | url = | journal = Yale University Library Gazette | volume = 31 | issue = | pages = 87–89 }} *[[J. F. C. Harrison|Harrison, J. F. C.]] "Thomas Paine and Millenarian Radicalism." ''Citizen of the World: Essays on Thomas Paine''. Ed. Ian Dyck. Novi Eboraci: St. Martin's Press, 1988. ISBN 0-312-01300-0. *Hawke, David Freeman. ''Paine''. Novi Eboraci: Harper & Row, 1974. ISBN 0-06-011784-2. *[[James A. Herrick|Herrick, James A.]] ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7DPn4RtTbUgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=james+herrick#v=onepage&q=&f=false The Radical Rhetoric of the English Deists: The Discourse of Skepticism, 1680–1750]''. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1997. ISBN 1-57003-166-5. *Hole, Robert. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=8du3_4Q5V8AC&printsec=frontcover&dq=robert+hole#v=onepage&q=&f=false Pulpits, politics and public order in England, 1760–1832]''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. ISBN 0-521-36486-8. *[[Bruce Kuklick|Kuklick, Bruce]]. "Introduction". ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=P2ysnv1t0KQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Bruce+Kuklick#v=onepage&q=&f=false Paine: Political Writings]''. Rev. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-521-66799-2. *Marsh, Joss. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=se_KUXGAua8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=joss+marsh#v=onepage&q=&f=false Word Crimes: Blasphemy, Culture, and Literature in Nineteenth-Century England]''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. ISBN 0-226-50691-6. *Mee, Jon. ''Dangerous Enthusiasms: William Blake and the Culture of Radicalism in the 1790s''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992. ISBN 0-19-812226-8. *Redwood, John. ''Reason, Ridicule and Religion: The Age of Enlightenment in England, 1660–1750''. Londinii: Thames and Hudson, 1976. ISBN 0-674-74953-7. *Robbins, Caroline. "The Lifelong Education of Thomas Paine (1737–1809): Some Reflections upon His Acquaintance among Books." ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'' 127.3 (1983): 135–42. *[[Edward Royle|Royle, Edward]], ed. ''The Infidel Tradition from Paine to Bradlaugh''. Londinii: Macmillan Press Ltd., 1976. ISBN 0-333-17434-8. *{{Cite journal | last1 = Samuels | first1 = Shirley | year = 1987 | title = Infidelity and Contagion: The Rhetoric of Revolution | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_early-american-literature_fall-1987_22_2/page/183| journal = Early American Literature | volume = 22 | issue = | pages = 183–191 }} *Smith, Olivia. ''The Politics of Language, 1791–1819''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984. ISBN 0-19-812817-7. *[[James H. Smylie|Smylie, James H.]] "Clerical Perspectives on Deism: Paine's ''The Age of Reason'' in Virginia." ''Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 6.2 (1972–73): 203–20. *Spater, George. "Introduction." ''Citizen of the World: Essays on Thomas Paine''. Ed. Ian Dyck. Novi Eboraci: St. Martin's Press, 1988. ISBN 0-312-01300-0. *[[E. P. Thompson|Thompson, E. P.]] ''The Making of the English Working Class''. Novi Eboraci: Vintage Books, 1966. ISBN 0-394-70322-7. *[[Kerry S. Walters|Walters, Kerry S.]] ''Rational Infidels: The American Deists''. Durango, CO: Longwood Academic, 1992. ISBN 0-89341-641-X. *[[Richard Watson (bishop)|Watson, Richard]]. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wLfZF884eu0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=richard+watson+apology+bible#v=onepage&q=&f=false An Apology for the Bible, in a Series of Letters, addressed to Thomas Paine]''. Philadelphia: James Carey, 1979. *Wiener, Joel H. "Collaborators of a Sort: Thomas Paine and Richard Carlile." ''Citizen of the World: Essays on Thomas Paine''. Ed. Ian Dyck. Novi Eboraci: St. Martin's Press, 1988. ISBN 0-312-01300-0. *Wilson, David A. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=FQy1E17_Y3wC&pg=PP1&dq=David+A+Wilson+Paine+Cobbett#v=onepage&q=&f=false Paine and Cobbett: The Transatlantic Connection]''. Kingston and Montreal: [[McGill-Queen's University Press]], 1988. ISBN 0-7735-1013-3. *Woll, Walter. ''Thomas Paine: Motives for Rebellion''. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1992. ISBN 3-631-44800-7. {{div col end}} == Editiones recentes == *Paine, Thomas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110925190928/http://www.broadviewpress.com/product.php?productid=1089&cat=0&page=1 ''The Age of Reason'']. Ed. Kerry Walters. Peterborough: [[Broadview Press]], 2011. ISBN 978-1-55481-045-1. *Paine, Thomas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131010005053/http://www.deism.com/the_age_of_reason_paine.htm ''The Age of Reason, The Complete Edition''] World Union of Deists, 2009. ISBN 978-0-939040-35-3 *[[Thomas Paine|Paine, Thomas]]. ''The Age of Reason''. Ed. [[Philip Sheldon Foner]]. Novi Eboraci: Citadel Press, 1974. ISBN 0-8065-0549-4. *Paine, Thomas. ''Thomas Paine: Collected Writings''. Ed. [[Eric Foner]]. Library of America, 1995. ISBN 1-883011-03-5. *Paine, Thomas. ''The Life and Major Writings of Thomas Paine''. Ed. [[Philip S. Foner]]. Replica Books, 2000. ISBN 0-7351-0077-2. *Paine, Thomas. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=GDRt70vGw9YC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Michael+Foot%22#v=onepage&q=&f=false The Thomas Paine Reader]''. Eds. [[Michael Foot]] and Isaac Kramnick. Novi Eboraci: Penguin Books, 1987. ISBN 0-14-044496-3. == Nexus externi == {{Vicifons|en:The Age of Reason}} {{Gutenberg|no=3743|name=Writings of Thomas Paine — Volume 4 (1794–1796): ''The Age of Reason''}} {{ling|Anglice}} [[Categoria:Philosophia Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Deismus]] 3yp5zkxdagtmidltycqfl63u9te5vdu 0 267246 3979858 3270285 2026-08-09T20:34:04Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979858 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vincentius Lerinensis]] anno [[434]] scripsit '''Commonitorium''' [[theologia|theologicum]]. Ipse ut auctorem nominavit quiddam "Peregrinum". Vincentius in hoc commonitorio principia [[traditio]]nis doctrinae [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]] descripsit. In capite primo quaerit "quonam modo possim certa quadam et quasi generali ac regulari via Catholicae [[fides|Fidei]] [[veritas|veritatem]] ab [[haeresis|haeriticae]] pravitatis falsitate discernere, ...". In capite tertio ad hanc quaestionem: "In ipsa item catholica ecclesia magnopere curandum est, ut id teneamus, quod ubique, quod semper, quod ab omnibus creditum est. Hoc est etenim vere proprieque catholicum; quod ipsa vis nominis ratioque declarat, quae omnia fere universaliter comprehendit." (II.3)<ref name=Ingol>{{ling|Germanice|Latine}} [https://books.google.de/books?id=A4RRAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=de#v=onepage&q&f=false Sancti Vincentii Lirinensis Commonitorium. Editio nova, Ingolstadii MDCCCXXIII (1823)], </ref> In capitulis XXVIII et XXIX doctrinam suam de profectu vel progressione explanat: "Sed forsitan dicit aliquis: Nullusne ergo in ecclesia Christi profectus habebitur [[religio]]nis? Habeatur plane, et maximus. [...] Sed ita tamen, ut vere profectus sit ille fidei, non permutatio. Siquidem ad profectum pertinet, ut in semetipsam unaquaeque res amplificetur; ad permutationem vero, ut aliquid ex alio in aliud transvertatur. Crescat igitur oportet, et multum vehementerque proficiat tam singulorum, quam omnium; tam unius hominis quam totius ecclesiae, aetatum ac saeculorum gradibus, intelligentia, [[scientia]], [[sapientia]]; sed in suo duntaxat genere, in eodem scilicet [[dogma]]te, eodem sensu, eadem sententia (XXVIII). [...] Unde non dubium est, hanc esse legitimam et rectam proficiendi regulam, hunc ratum atque pulcherrimum crescendi [[ordo|ordinem]], si eas semper in grandioribus partes ac formas numerus detexat aetatis, quas in parvulis creatoris sapientia praeformaverat." (XXIX)<ref name=Ingol/> ==Nota== <references /> ==Commentaria== *{{cite journal|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|journal=Vigiliae Christianae|issn=0042-6032|volume=49|issue=2|year=1995|pages=180&ndash;188|last=Ferreiro|first=Alberto|title=Simon Magus and Priscillian in the ''Commonitorium'' of Vincent of Lérins|url=https://archive.org/details/vigiliae-christianae_1995-05_49_2/page/180|doi=10.2307/1584394|jstor=1584394}} *{{cite journal|location=Rome|publisher=Gregorian & Biblical Press|journal=Gregorianum|issn=0017-4114|volume=75|issue=3|year=1994|last=Guarino|first=Thomas|title=Vincent of Lerins and the hermeneutical question: historical and theological reflections|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RqzxB99MleMC&pg=PA491|jstor=23579794}} [[Categoria:Documenta Ecclesiae Catholicae]] om63e3c1z3x7fq7u7f93f2kexa5s9vo 0 267263 3979841 3532655 2026-08-09T20:16:11Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cautio}} [[Fasciculus:PDB 1skz EBI.jpg|thumb|Antistasinum inhibitor primo descriptus.]] '''Factoris Xa inhibitores''' sive '''xabantes'''<ref>"xabans" est abbreviatura, usus simplificationis</ref> est classis medicamentorum [[cogulation]]is [[factor X|factorem Xa]] in [[prothrombinum]] in [[thrombinum]] findendo inhibens. Illorum initium proficiendi velociter est ac pharmacocinetica provideri potest. Factoris Xa inhibtores et ''indirectes'' et ''directes'' noti sunt. [[Fasciculus:Micro-combustion apparatus, E. H. Sargent & Co., Chicago, c. 1940, used by Dr. Karl Paul Link to isolate dicoumarol, which led to Warfarin - Wisconsin Historical Museum - DSC03376.JPG|thumb|Apparatus cum quo [[Carolus Paulus Link]] [[dicoumarolum]] segregare potuit.]] == Inhibitores indirecti == In primo solum grex inhibitorium indirectorum nota est. Anno 1906 [[Jay McLean]]<ref name="HEPLEAN">{{cite journal|last=MCLEAN|first=J.|title=The Discovery of Heparin|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_circulation_1959-01_19_1/page/n82|journal=Circulation|date=1 January 1959|volume=19|issue=1|pages=75–78|doi=10.1161/01.CIR.19.1.75|pmid=13619023}}</ref> et [[Guilelmus Henricus Howell]] invenerunt [[heparinum]]. Anno [[1924]] in [[Visconsinia]] numerosae [[Melilotus|melilotis]] [[fenum]] edentes [[vacca]]e perierunt (Anglice: ''sweet clover disease''), postquam [[Carolus Paulus Link]] [[dicoumarolum]] segregavit. Ex dicoumarolo anticoagulantes [[varfarinum]] et [[phenprocoumonum]] culti sunt, qui sunt antagonistae [[vitaminum|vitamini K]]. Alii indirecti inhibtores (non antagonistae vitamini K) sunt, per exemplum, [[heparinum]], [[enoxaparinum]] sive [[certoparinum]]. == Inhibtores directi == Circiter anno [[1980]] duo inhibitores naturales, TAP et antistasinum, descripti sunt. Medicamenta hodierna sunt, per exemplum, [[rivaroxabanum]] (ab anno [[2008]]), quod primum ad mercatum venitur, et [[apixabanum]]<ref name="UW_API">[https://depts.washington.edu/anticoag/home/content/apixaban-drug-interaction-potential Apixabani interactionum effectus] {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref> secundum (ab anno [[2011]]). Tertium, anno 2011 quoque, erat [[edoxabanum]]. [[Dabigatranum]] inhibitor directus quoque est, at non [[factor X|factoris Xa]], sed [[factor II|IIa]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Fibrillatio atrialis]] * [[Sanguis]] * [[Thrombosis]] == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Anticoagulantes]] 3tr2gbwudysq5qzvwbuzg07is9nlygm 0 267367 3980106 3875493 2026-08-10T00:21:49Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Cytomegalovirus | image = Cytomegalovirus 01.jpg | virus_group = I | ordo = [[Herpesvirales]] | familia = [[Herpesviridae]] | subfamilia = Betaherpesvirinae | genus = '''''Cytomegalovirus''''' }} '''''Cytomegalovirus''''' (imminutione ''CMV'') est [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] [[virus biologicum|virale]] ordinis ''herpesviralium'' octo species complectiens, e quibus cytomegalovirus humanum (''HCMV'', Betaherpesvirus humanum 5, ''HHV-5'') corpus humanum invadere et [[febris|febrim]] [[pneumonia]]mque efficere potest. Transmissione de matre ad fetum in utero facta damna gravia infantis effici possunt. == Etymologia == Nomen generis cytomegalovirorum de verbis [[Lingua Graeca|Graecis]] ''κὐτος'' ([[cellula]]) et ''μεγάλη'' (magna) derivatur. Haec descriptio mutationum cellularum aegrotarum causa applicatur. == Historia == Anno [[1881]] [[Hugo Ribbert]] [[corpusculum inclusionis|corpuscula inclusionis]] descripsit<ref>C. J. Andrä (editor): ''Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereines der preussischen Rheinlande und Westfalens.'' vol. XXXVIII. Cohen, Bonnae 1881, pp 161-162.</ref>, post divulgationem aliam<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Jesionek A, Kiolemenoglou B |title=Über einen Befund von protozoenartigen Gebilden in den Organen eines hereditar-luetischen Foetus |journal=Münchner Med Wochenschr |year=1904 |volume=51 |pagesg=1905-7 }}</ref> [[protozoa]] putans, quod cellulis invadentibus nuclei centrales erant. Annis sequentibus haec corpuscula inclusionis in [[glandula parotidea|glandulis parotideis]] infantum mortuorum et aliis glandulis salivariis inventa sunt<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Farber S, Wolbach S title=Intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions (protozoan-like bodies) in the salivary glands and other organs of children |journal=Am J Pathol |year=1932 |volume=8 |pages=123-35 }}</ref>. Anno [[1956]] demum cytomegalovirum segregant tres greges [[Scientia (ratio)|scientificorum]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Rowe WP, Hartley JW, Waterman S, Turner HC, Huebner RJ |title=Cytopathogenic agent resembling human salivary gland virus recovered from tissue cultures of human adenoids |journal=Proc Soc Exp Biol Med |volume=92 |year=1956 |pages=418-24 }}</ref>. [[Thomas Huckle Weller]] ipsum virum ''cytomegalovirum'' vocavit<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Weller TH |title=Cytomegalovirus: the diffcult years |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_1970-12_122_6/page/532 |journal=J Infect Dis |year=1970 |volume=122 |pages=532-9 }}</ref>. == Pathologia == Ut viri nomen indicat per ''cytomegalo''virum in cellulis infectione implicatis amplificatio voluminis cellulae observatur. Ac videntur corpuscula inclusionis eosinophilia in conspectu tamquam ululae oculi, quod ad nomen ''ululae oculi inclusiones''<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Mattes FM, McLaughlin JE, Emery VC, Clark DA, Griffiths PD |title=Histopathological detection of owl's eye inclusions is still specific for cytomegalovirus in the era of human herpesviruses 6 and 7 |journal=J Clin Pathol |volume=53 |issue=8 |pages=612–4 |date=August 2000 |pmid=11002765 |pmc=1762915 |doi= 10.1136/jcp.53.8.612|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1762915/ }}</ref> ''sive ululae oculi cellulae'' duxit. == Taxonomia == In cytomegaloviribus octo species ''betaherpesviri'' numerantur, quae sunt: * ''betaherpesvirus aotinum 1'', * ''betaherpesvirus cebinum 1'', * ''betaherpesvirus cercopithecum 5'', * ''betaherpesvirus humanum 5'' (''HCMV''), * ''betaherpesvirus macacinum 3'', * ''betaherpesvirus paninum 2'', * ''betaherpesvirus papiinum 3'', * ''betaherpesvirus saimiriinum 4''. === Betaherpesvirus humanum 5 === In hominibus [[infectio]]nes gravidarum per cytomegalovirum humanum (''HCMV'') effectae magnum momentum habent. [[Transmissio materno-fetalis|Transmissione materno-fetali]] enim aegroti modo nati in [[Cerebrum|cerebro]] vasculopathiam lenticulo-striatalem, in [[cutis|cute]] petechias et [[icterus|icterum]] atque in sanguine commutationes diversas (hyperbilirubinaemiam, thrombocytopeniam) ostendunt. ==== Encephalitis ==== Per cytomegalovirus encephalitis ([[infectio]] [[cerebrum|cerebri]]) cum numeris CD4⁺-T cellularum infra 50/µl fieri potest, tum cum [[pleocytosis]] (granulocytis causa) et valoribus proteini auctis in liquore cerebrospinali. Exemplum est infectio per [[VIDH]]. == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[CD4]] * [[Corpusculum inclusionis]] == Nexus externi == {{biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Vira]] qaxxpsgq9rap57voyup0pnrvltmi39p 0 267381 3979747 3978213 2026-08-09T15:46:14Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3979747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} [[Fasciculus:Asexual Pride Flag.svg|thumb|[[Vexillum]] asexualitatem significans]] {{res|Insexualitas}}{{LLHL25 ref|asexuell|201}} seu {{res|asexualitas}}<ref name="llhl25-asexuell-201" />{{LLHL25 ref|Insexualität|201}} sive {{res|inopia libidinis}} est si quis non ad [[sexualitas|sexualitatem]] adtrahitur vel est parvum vel absens studium vel desiderium usus sexualis.<ref name="Crooks">{{cite book|authors=Robert L. Crooks, Karla Baur|title=Our Sexuality|isbn=1305887425|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|year=2016|page=300|accessdate=4 Ianuarii 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isIaCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT300}}.</ref><ref name="Helm">{{cite book|author=Katherine M. Helm|title=Hooking Up: The Psychology of Sex and Dating|isbn=1610699513|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|year=2015|page=32|accessdate=4 Ianuarii 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3K9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA32}}.</ref><ref name="Kelly">{{cite book|last = Kelly| first = Gary F.|authormask = |authorlink =|title = Sexuality Today: The Human Perspective|url =https://archive.org/details/sexualitytodayhu00unse|edition=7|series =|year = [[2004]] | publisher = [[McGraw-Hill]] |location=|isbn= 978-0-07-255835-7|oclc = |doi =|bibcode =|id =|page = [https://archive.org/details/sexualitytodayhu00unse/page/401 401]|pages=| nopp =| at =|chapter = Chapter 12 | chapterurl =|quote =|ref =| laysummary =|laydate =|separator=|postscript = &nbsp;&nbsp;Asexuality is a condition characterized by a low interest in sex.|lastauthoramp =}}.</ref> Insexualitatem interpretemur<!--Qui sumus?--> sicut absentiam [[propensio sexualis|propensionis sexualis]] aut quidem aliquem modum propensionis sexualis similiter ac [[heterophylophilia]], [[homophylophilia]] atque [[homophylophilia#Alii_conceptus|diphylophilia]],<ref name = Bogaert2004>{{cite journal|last=Bogaert|first=Anthony F. |year=[[2004]] |title=Asexuality: prevalence and associated factors in a national probability sample |journal=[[Journal of Sex Research]] |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=279–87|pmid=15497056 |doi=10.1080/00224490409552235}}.</ref><ref name="Sexual orientation">{{cite journal|last=Melby|first=Todd|title=Asexuality gets more attention, but is it a sexual orientation?|journal=Contemporary Sexuality|date=November [[2005]]|volume=39|issue=11|pages=1, 4–5 | issn = 1094-5725|url = http://www.apositive.org/wordpress_backup/?page_id=222|accessdate=6 Februarii 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106135903/http://www.apositive.org/wordpress_backup/?page_id=222 |archivedate=6 Novembros 2015 |via= Wayback Machine | postscript = [http://journalseek.net/cgi-bin/journalseek/journalsearch.cgi?field=title&query=1094-5725 Diurno non est situs interretialis.]}}.</ref><ref name="Sex and society">{{cite book|editor=Marshall Cavendish|title=Sex and Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aVDZchwkIMEC&pg=PA82|accessdate=27 Iulii 2013 |volume=2|year=[[2010]] |publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-7906-2|pages=82–83|contribution=Asexuality}}.</ref> in quo casu analogice '''aphylophilia'''{{Convertimus}} dici potest. Insexualitatis verbum etiam designet latiorem spectrum plurium specierum insexualitatis. Insexualitas sive aphylophilia [[morbus]] non aestimatur. Si inopia libidinis homini malum est, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|anaphrodisia||es|qid=Q486058}} appellatur. Sunt nonnulla societates Insexualitati dedicatae, quae [[tela totius terrae]] et [[media socialia|mediis socialibus]] ortis coeperent. Una societas ex notissimis est “Asexual Visibility and Education Network (AVEN)” (‘Insexualitatis Tela Visibilitatis et Educationis’) quae tela condita est anno [[2001]] a conditore [[David Jay|Davide Jay]].<ref name="Sex and society"/><ref name="Swash">{{cite web |first=Rosie|last= Swash|title=Among the asexuals|publisher=''[[The Guardian]]''|date=25 Februarii [[2012]]|accessdate=2 Februarii 2013 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/feb/26/among-the-asexuals}}.</ref> == Notae == <references/> {{Formula:LGBT}} [[Categoria:Attractio sexualis]] jz8yrzvrc9l4e8mj77zxrusgm0h8uan 3979954 3979747 2026-08-09T22:08:21Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} [[Fasciculus:Asexual Pride Flag.svg|thumb|[[Vexillum]] asexualitatem significans]] {{res|Insexualitas}}{{LLHL25 ref|asexuell|201}} seu {{res|asexualitas}}<ref name="llhl25-asexuell-201" />{{LLHL25 ref|Insexualität|201}} sive {{res|inopia libidinis}} est si quis non ad [[sexualitas|sexualitatem]] adtrahitur vel est parvum vel absens studium vel desiderium usus sexualis.<ref name="Crooks">{{cite book|authors=Robert L. Crooks, Karla Baur|title=Our Sexuality|isbn=1305887425|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|year=2016|page=300|accessdate=4 Ianuarii 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isIaCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT300}}.</ref><ref name="Helm">{{cite book|author=Katherine M. Helm|title=Hooking Up: The Psychology of Sex and Dating|isbn=1610699513|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|year=2015|page=32|accessdate=4 Ianuarii 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3K9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA32}}.</ref><ref name="Kelly">{{cite book|last = Kelly| first = Gary F.|authormask = |authorlink =|title = Sexuality Today: The Human Perspective|url =https://archive.org/details/sexualitytodayhu00unse|edition=7|series =|year = [[2004]] | publisher = [[McGraw-Hill]] |location=|isbn= 978-0-07-255835-7|oclc = |doi =|bibcode =|id =|page = [https://archive.org/details/sexualitytodayhu00unse/page/401 401]|pages=| nopp =| at =|chapter = Chapter 12 | chapterurl =|quote =|ref =| laysummary =|laydate =|separator=|postscript = &nbsp;&nbsp;Asexuality is a condition characterized by a low interest in sex.|lastauthoramp =}}.</ref> Insexualitatem interpretemur<!--Qui sumus?--> sicut absentiam [[propensio sexualis|propensionis sexualis]] aut quidem aliquem modum propensionis sexualis similiter ac [[heterophylophilia]], [[homophylophilia]] atque [[homophylophilia#Alii_conceptus|diphylophilia]],<ref name = Bogaert2004>{{cite journal|last=Bogaert|first=Anthony F. |year=[[2004]] |title=Asexuality: prevalence and associated factors in a national probability sample |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_2004-08_41_3/page/279|journal=[[Journal of Sex Research]] |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=279–87|pmid=15497056 |doi=10.1080/00224490409552235}}.</ref><ref name="Sexual orientation">{{cite journal|last=Melby|first=Todd|title=Asexuality gets more attention, but is it a sexual orientation?|journal=Contemporary Sexuality|date=November [[2005]]|volume=39|issue=11|pages=1, 4–5 | issn = 1094-5725|url = http://www.apositive.org/wordpress_backup/?page_id=222|accessdate=6 Februarii 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106135903/http://www.apositive.org/wordpress_backup/?page_id=222 |archivedate=6 Novembros 2015 |via= Wayback Machine | postscript = [http://journalseek.net/cgi-bin/journalseek/journalsearch.cgi?field=title&query=1094-5725 Diurno non est situs interretialis.]}}.</ref><ref name="Sex and society">{{cite book|editor=Marshall Cavendish|title=Sex and Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aVDZchwkIMEC&pg=PA82|accessdate=27 Iulii 2013 |volume=2|year=[[2010]] |publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-7906-2|pages=82–83|contribution=Asexuality}}.</ref> in quo casu analogice '''aphylophilia'''{{Convertimus}} dici potest. Insexualitatis verbum etiam designet latiorem spectrum plurium specierum insexualitatis. Insexualitas sive aphylophilia [[morbus]] non aestimatur. Si inopia libidinis homini malum est, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|anaphrodisia||es|qid=Q486058}} appellatur. Sunt nonnulla societates Insexualitati dedicatae, quae [[tela totius terrae]] et [[media socialia|mediis socialibus]] ortis coeperent. Una societas ex notissimis est “Asexual Visibility and Education Network (AVEN)” (‘Insexualitatis Tela Visibilitatis et Educationis’) quae tela condita est anno [[2001]] a conditore [[David Jay|Davide Jay]].<ref name="Sex and society"/><ref name="Swash">{{cite web |first=Rosie|last= Swash|title=Among the asexuals|publisher=''[[The Guardian]]''|date=25 Februarii [[2012]]|accessdate=2 Februarii 2013 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/feb/26/among-the-asexuals}}.</ref> == Notae == <references/> {{Formula:LGBT}} [[Categoria:Attractio sexualis]] 4msu7akqnsdw9c2e7obpbjwimiairfm 0 267396 3979838 3978010 2026-08-09T20:12:45Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3979838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in ROW.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Rotenburg (Wümme)]] '''Circulus terrae Rotenburgensis ad Wemmam'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Rotenburgensis ad Wemmam" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Rotenburg an der Wümme'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymico syntagmate "[[Rotenburgensis ad Wemmam]]" -ad quod Latinum gentilicium "Rotenburgensis-e" refertur-, vide homonymas urbes {{Graesse}} et {{Hofmannus}}. De hydronymo "[[Wemma]]", etiam vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Landkreis Rotenburg an der Wümme''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Rotenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Rodenborg''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et finibus mutatis ad diem hodiernum exstat. == De rebus gestis == Ager circuli ab anno [[1719]] ad [[Electoratus Brunsvici-Luneburgi|Electoratum Brunsvici-Luneburgi]] pertinuit, post [[Bella Coalitionum|Bella Napoleonica]] ad novum [[Regnum Hannoveranum]]. Ab anno [[1866]] pars [[Borussia]]e fuit. Ab anno [[1946]] circulus ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet et anno [[1977]] fines hodiernas accipit, cum circulus antiquus Vordae Bremensis<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bremervörde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bremervöör'') ad Rotenburgum adiunctus esset. == Communia circuli == Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communi generalia coniuncta sunt: * [[Gnarrenburg]] (9238) * [[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]], caput circuli (21.392) * [[Scheeßel]] (12.946) * [[Visselhövede]], oppidum (10.199) * [[Vorda Bremensis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bremervörde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bremervöör'') urbs (18.645) * [[Botela (commune generale)|Botela]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2001). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden: Band 1''. Von den Anfängen bis 1300. [[Stadae|Stadis]]: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bothel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bootel'')commune generale (8231) ** [[Botela]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bothel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bootel''), sedes administrationis (2428) ** [[Broclina]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Brockel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brookel'') (1320) ** [[Hemsbünde]] (1178) ** [[Hemslingen]] (1405) ** [[Kirchwalsede]] (1161) ** [[Westerwalsede]] (739) * [[Fintel (commune generale)|Fintel]] commune generale (7461) ** [[Fintel]] (2885) ** [[Helvesiek]] (792) ** [[Lauenbrück]], sedes administrationis (2266) ** [[Stemmen]] (844) ** [[Vahlde]] (674) * [[Geestequelle (commune generale)|Geestequelle]] commune generale (6449) ** [[Alvstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759">Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi: Accesserunt instrumenta diplomatica ubi de parochiis Alvstedii et Bremervördae agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Alfstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfs'' seu ''Alfst'') (864) ** [[Basdalum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688">Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Basdahl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Basdaal'' seu ''Basdohl'') (1430) ** [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]<ref name="Ebersdorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf' in Latinam "Ebersdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Ebersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eversdörp'') (1058) ** [[Hipstedt]] (1237) ** [[Oerel]], sedes administrationis (1860) * [[Selsingen (commune generale)|Selsingen]] commune generale (9631) ** [[Andorlangia]]<ref name="Pratje 1759">Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi: Accesserunt instrumenta diplomatica ubi de parochiis Alvstedii et Bremervördae agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Anderlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Annerlingen'') (880) ** [[Deinstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Deinstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deins'') (658) ** [[Farven]] (634) ** [[Ostereistedt]] (914) ** [[Rhade]] (1126) ** [[Sandbostel]] (822) ** [[Seedorf]] (950) ** [[Selsingen]], sedes administrationis (3647) * [[Sittensen (commune generale)|Sittensen]] commune generale (11.009) ** [[Groß Meckelsen]] (466) ** [[Hamersen]] (453) ** [[Kalbe]] (551) ** [[Klein Meckelsen]] (902) ** [[Lengenbostel]] (455) ** [[Sittensen]], sedes administrationis (5765) ** [[Tiste]] (876) ** [[Vierden]] (768) ** [[Wohnste]] (773) * [[Sottrum (commune generale)|Sottrum]] commune generale (14.444) ** [[Ahusium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ahusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et pagis ditionis Rotenburgensis (Caput de parochia Ahusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Ahausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahusen'') (1888) ** [[Boitersena]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2001). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden: Band 1''. Von den Anfängen bis 1300. [[Stadae|Stadis]]: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> [Theodisce]] ''Bötersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boitzen'') (1070) ** [[Hassendorf]] (1120) ** [[Hellwege]] (1041) ** [[Horstedt]] (1293) ** [[Reeßum]] (1679) ** [[Sottrum]], sedes administrationis (6353) * [[Tarmstedt (commune generale)|Tarmstedt]] commune generale (10.796) ** [[Bredthorpium]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873">Ehmck, D. R., & von Bippen, W. (Ed.) (1873). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1300''. C. Schünemann.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Breddorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Breddörp'') (1065) ** [[Bulsteda]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bülstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büls'') (753) ** [[Hepstedt]] (987) ** [[Kirchtimke]] (974) ** [[Tarmstedt]], sedes administrationis (3819) ** [[Vorwerk]] (1029) ** [[Westertimke]] (431) ** [[Wilstedt]] (1738) * [[Zeven (commune generale)|Zeven]] commune generale (22.812) ** [[Elsdorf]] (2046) ** [[Gyhum]] (2250) ** [[Heeslingen]] (4756) ** [[Zeven]], oppidum et sedes administrationis (13.760) {{NexInt}} * [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]] == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Landkreis Rotenburg (Wümme)|Circulum Rotenburg (Wümme)}} * [http://lk-row.de/ Pagina officialis] == Notae == <references /> {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rotenburg (Wümme) circulus}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1885]] 1zo26hzrktvk754huqkk9ei4ne7putj 0 267412 3979821 3978518 2026-08-09T19:58:16Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3979821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} '''Circulus Stadae'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Stadae" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Stade'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Stadae]]", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Stade''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Stade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Stood''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et finibus mutatis ad diem hodiernum exstat. == De rebus gestis == Ager circuli ab anno [[1719]] ad [[Electoratus Brunsvici-Luneburgi|Electoratum Brunsvici-Luneburgi]] pertinuit, post [[Bella Coalitionum|Bella Napoleonica]] ad novum [[Regnum Hannoveranum]]. Ab anno [[1866]] pars [[Borussia]]e fuit. Anno [[1932]] fines circuli auctae sunt. Ab anno [[1946]] circulus ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet et anno [[1972]] fines hodiernas accipit. == Communia circuli == Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communi generalia coniuncta sunt: * [[Buxtehuda]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1842">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1842). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Buxtehude''; [[Saxonice]] ''Buxthu''), urbs Hanseatica et commune sui iuris (40.173 incolae) * [[Drochtersen]] (11.292) * [[Jork]] (12.050) * [[Stadae]] caput circuli et urbs Hanseatica (46.378) * [[Abensium (commune generale)|Abensium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et pagis ditionis Rotenburgensis (Caput de parochia Ahusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis (Caput de antiqua parochia Alfhusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis et Comitatus Lingensis (Caput de parochia Anderveniae)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis (Caput de antiquo archidiaconatu Anchemii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis, decimis et pagis ditionis Stadiensis (Caput de parochia Abensii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> commune generale (8958) ** [[Abensium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Apensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obbens''), sedes administrationis (3945) ** [[Beckdorfium]]<ref name="AdWzG 2010">Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, & U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Beckdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beekdörp'') (2660) ** [[Sauensiek]] (2353) * [[Fredenbeck (commune generale)|Fredenbeck]] commune generale (12.704) ** [[Deinste]]<ref name="Vanni & Rossi 2012">Vanni, D., & Rossi, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Index Nominum Geographicorum Locorumque Mundi Latine Redditus''. Societas Latina.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Deinste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deinst)'') (1999) ** [[Fredenbeck]], sedes administrationis (6072) ** [[Kutenholz]] (4633) * [[Harsefeld (commune generale)|Harsefeld]] commune generale (20.929) ** [[Alorstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1758">Pratje, J. H. (1758). ''Historische Nachrichten von dem ehemaligen berühmten Closter Harsefeld: Monumenta ac documenta saeculi XII ubi de decimis Alorstedii agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlerstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohlers'') (5273) ** [[Bargstedum]]<ref name="Mushard 1764">Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bargstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargst'' seu ''Bars'') (1987) ** [[Brestum (Saxonia Inferior)|Brestum]]<ref name="Pratje 1759">Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brest'') (795) ** [[Harsefeld]], sedes administrationis (12.874) * [[Horneburg (commune generale)|Horneburg]] commune generale (12.388) ** [[Arx Agathae]]<ref name="Kochen 1724">Kochen, J. H. (1724). ''Introductio in Historiam Ducatus Bremensis y Verdensis: Accesserunt diplomata varia et descriptio Arcis Agathae et ditionis Stadiensis''. Stadae: Typis Caspari Holmii.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Agathenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gothenborg'') (1180) ** [[Bliederstorpum]]<ref name="Trüper 2017">Trüper, H. G. (2017). ''Urkundenbuch der Herren von Zesterfleth: 1232–1657''. Wallstein Verlag.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bliedersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bliersdörp'') (1717) ** [[Dollern]] (2034) ** [[Horneburg]], sedes administrationis (6026) ** [[Nottensdorf]] (1431) * [[Lühe (commune generale)|Lühe]] commune generale (9844) ** [[Grünendeich]] (1871) ** [[Guderhandviertel]] (1111) ** [[Hollern-Twielenfleth]] (3360) ** [[Mittelnkirchen]] (1076) ** [[Neuenkirchen]] (838) ** [[Steinkirchen]], sedes administrationis (1588) * [[Nordkehdingen (commune generale)|Nordkehdingen]] commune generale (7375) ** [[Balga]]<ref name="Udolph 1994">Udolph, J. (1994). ''Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem'' (Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Ergänzungsbände 9). Walter de Gruyter.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balje'') (1017) ** [[Friburgum ad Albim]] (''Freiburg/Elbe'') (1872) ** [[Krummendeich]] (490) ** [[Oederquart]] (1040) ** [[Wischhafen]] (2956) * [[Oldendorf-Himmelpforten (commune generale)|Oldendorf-Himmelpforten]] commune generale (17.963) ** [[Borchwega]]<ref name="Rüther 1905">Rüther, H. (Ed.) (1905). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Neuenwalde''. Halle’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burweg'') (1007) ** [[Düdenbüttel]] (990) ** [[Engelschoff]] (763) ** [[Estorf]] (1428) ** [[Großenwörden]] (454) ** [[Hammah]] (3066) ** [[Heinbockel]] (1420) ** [[Himmelpforten]], sedes administrationis (5127) ** [[Kranenburg]] (726) ** [[Oldendorf]] (2982) == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]] == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Landkreis Stade|Circulum Stadae}} * [http://www.landkreis-stade.de/ Pagina officialis] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Stadae circulus}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1885]] r6300js3a04awlawio5f3bue8i6syyz 0 267888 3979922 3662911 2026-08-09T21:31:29Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 3 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-3}} {{Titulus italicus}} {{Taxobox |image=PlatynereisDumeriliiAtoke.tif |regnum=[[Animalia]] |phylum=[[Annelida]] |classis=[[Polychaeta]] |ordo=[[Phyllodocida]] |familia=[[Nereididae]] |name=''Platynereis dumerilii'' |genus=''[[Platynereis]]'' |species='''''P. dumerilii''''' |binomial=''Platynereis dumerilii'' |binomial_authority=([[Ioannes Victor Audouin|Audouin]] & [[Henricus Milne-Edwards|Milne-Edwards]], [[1834]]<ref name=Audoun1834>{{cite journal|last1=Audouin|first1=Jean Victoire|last2=Milne-Edwards|first2=Henri|title=Néréide de Dumeril. Nereis Dumerilii|journal=Recherches pour servir a l'histoire naturelle du littoral de la France, ou, Recueil de mémoires sur l'anatomie, la physiologie, la classification et les moeurs des animaux des nos côtes : ouvrage accompagné de planches faites d'après nature|date=[[1834]]|volume=2|pages=196–199|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.43796|url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/43796|accessdate=7 October 2015}}.</ref>) }} '''''Platynereis dumerilii''''' ad [[Annelida]] attinet.<ref name="Read2015">{{cite web|last1=Read|first1=G.|title=Platynereis dumerilii (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1834). In: Read, G.; Fauchald, K. (Ed.) (2015)|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=130417|website=World Register of Marine Species|accessdate=26 November 2015}}.</ref> Primum in genere Nereis posita<ref name=Audoun1834 /> et postea in [[Platynereis]] reposita erat.<ref name="Fauvel1914">{{cite journal|last1=Fauvel|first1=Pierre|title=Annélides polychètes non-pélagiques provenant des campagnes de l'Hirondelle et de la Princesse-Alice (1885-1910)|journal=Résultats des campagnes scientifiques accompliés par le Prince Albert I|date=1914|volume=46|pages=1–432|url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/18640#9}}.</ref> ''Platynereis dumerilii'' in [[mare|maritimis aquis]] a [[zona temperata]] ad [[zona tropica|tropicam]] [[habitatio|habitat]]. Potest inveniri ad [[Azores]], in [[Mare Mediterraneum|Mediterraneum]], [[Mare Germanicum]], [[Mare Britannicum]], et [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Atlanticum]]; ac ad [[Promontorium Bonae Spei|Promunturium Bonae Spei]], in [[Pontus Euxinus|Mare Nigrum]], [[Mare rubrum|Mare Rubrum]], [[Sinus Persicus|Sinum persicum]], [[Mare Iaponicum]], [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacifici]], ad [[Insulae Kerguelen|Kerguelen Insulas]].<ref name=Fauvel1914 /> ''Platynereis dumerilii'' hodie est animal grave laboratorii,<ref name="Fischer2004">{{cite journal|last1=Fischer|first1=Albrecht|last2=Dorresteijn|first2=Adriaan|title=The polychaete Platynereis dumerilii (Annelida): a laboratory animal with spiralian cleavage, lifelong segment proliferation and a mixed benthic/pelagic life cycle|journal=BioEssays|date=Martius 2004|volume=26|issue=3|pages=314–25|doi=10.1002/bies.10409|pmid=14988933}}.</ref> acque quam [[vivum fossile]] consideratur<ref name="EOL">{{cite web|title=Introduction - Encyclopedia of Life|url=http://eol.org/data_objects/12488328|website=Encyclopedia of Life|accessdate=14 July 2017|language=en}}.</ref><ref name="thebiologyplace">{{cite web|title=Living Fossil Platynereis dumerilii: Unraveling the first steps of eye evolution|url=https://thebiologyplace.wordpress.com/2008/12/04/living-fossil-platynereis-dumerilii-unraveling-the-first-steps-of-eye-evolution/|website=thebiologyplace|accessdate=14 July 2017|date=3 December 2008}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Arendt Group - Evolution of the nervous system in bilateria - EMBL|url=https://www.embl.de/research/units/dev_biology/arendt/|website=www.embl.de|accessdate=14 July 2017|language=en}}.</ref>, et in multis studiis [[Phylogenetica|phylogeneticae]] quam [[Instar animans]] investigatur. ''Platynereis dumerilii'' 3 ad 18 mensis vetus fit.<ref name=Fischer2004 /> Mares 2 ad 3&#x20;cm longi fiunt, dum feminae 3 ad 4&#x20;cm longae fiunt.<ref name="Jha1995">{{cite journal|last1=Jha|first1=A. N.|last2=Hutchinson|first2=T. H.|last3=Mackay|first3=J. M.|last4=Elliott|first4=B. M.|last5=Pascoe|first5=P. L.|last6=Dixon|first6=D. R.|title=The chromosomes Of Platynereis dumerilii (Polychaeta: Nereidae)|journal=Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom|date=1995|volume=75|issue=03|pages=551|doi=10.1017/S002531540003900X}}.</ref> == Reproductio et desveloppamentum{{dubsig}} == ''Platynereis dumerilii'' est [[dioeciosus]], id est duas [[sexus]] habeat:<ref name="Fischer1999">{{cite journal|last1=Fischer|first1=Albrecht|title=Reproductive and developmental phenomena in annelids: a source of exemplary research problems|journal=Hydrobiologia|date=1999|volume=402|pages=1–20|doi=10.1023/A:1003719906378}}.</ref> Inter [[Coniugium|coniugium]], [[mas]] circa [[Femina (sexus)|feminam]] natat, et femina in circis parvis natat. Utrique ova et sperma in aquam dimittunt. Hoc a [[Pheromonum|pheromona]] sexualia inducitur. Ova ergo in aqua [[Fertilizatio externa|extra corpus fertilizatur]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zeeck|first1=Erich|last2=Harder|first2=Tilman|last3=Beckmann|first3=Manfred|title=Uric acid: the sperm-release pheromone of the marine polychaete Platynereis dumerilii|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-chemical-ecology_1998-01_24_1/page/13|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|date=1998|volume=24|issue=1|pages=13–22|doi=10.1023/A:1022328610423}}</ref> ''Platynereis dumerilii'', sicut aliae Nereididae, segmentariam gonades non habet, [[Ovum (cellula)|ova]] libere natantes in cavitate corporis ([[coelom]]) maturat.<ref name="Fischer1999" /> ''Platynereis dumerilii'' inter individua stereotypice desveloppat, et ideo gradus larvae ''Platynereidis dumerilii'' a tempore determinari potest. Autem, temperatura celeritatem valde determinat.<ref name="Fischer2010">{{cite journal|last1=Fischer|first1=Antje HL|last2=Henrich|first2=Thorsten|last3=Arendt|first3=Detlev|title=The normal development of Platynereis dumerilii (Nereididae, Annelida)|journal=Frontiers in Zoology|date=2010|volume=7|issue=1|pages=31|doi=10.1186/1742-9994-7-31|pmid=21192805|pmc=3027123}}</ref> Ergo haec tempora desveloppamenti{{dubsig}} ad temperaturam 18&#x20;°C referuntur: Ad 24 horas post [[fertilizatio]]nem, [[ovum]] fit [[larva]] [[trochophore|trochophora]]{{dubsig}}. Ad 48 horas, trochophora fit metatrochophora.<ref name=Fischer2010 /> Utraeque trochophora et [[metatrochophora]] cum anulo ciliorum in aqua natant, et positive [[Phototaxis|phototacticae]] sunt.<ref name="Jekely2008">{{cite journal|last1=Jékely|first1=Gáspár|last2=Colombelli|first2=Julien|last3=Hausen|first3=Harald|last4=Guy|first4=Keren|last5=Stelzer|first5=Ernst|last6=Nédélec|first6=François|last7=Arendt|first7=Detlev|title=Mechanism of phototaxis in marine zooplankton|journal=Nature|date=20 November 2008|volume=456|issue=7220|pages=395–399|doi=10.1038/nature07590}}.</ref> Una die postea, ad 72 horas post fertilizationem, metatrochophora fit larva nectochaeta. Ea iam tria segmenta habet, quidque cum pare [[Parapodia|parapodiorum]] qua ferrunt [[Chaeta|chaetas]], quae pro motui serviunt.<ref name=Fischer2010 /> Nectochaeta a photoaxe positiva ad negativam mutare potest.<ref name="Rande2014">{{cite journal|last1=Randel|first1=Nadine|last2=Asadulina|first2=Albina|last3=Bezares-Calderón|first3=Luis A|last4=Verasztó|first4=Csaba|last5=Williams|first5=Elizabeth A|last6=Conzelmann|first6=Markus|last7=Shahidi|first7=Réza|last8=Jékely|first8=Gáspár|title=Neuronal connectome of a sensory-motor circuit for visual navigation|journal=eLife|date=27 May 2014|volume=3|doi=10.7554/eLife.02730}}.</ref> Post quinque ad septem dies, larvae pascere initiant et sua celeritate desveloppant, prout copia cibi permittet. Post tres ad quatuor septimanas, sex segmentis formatis caput formatur.<ref name=Fischer2010 /> == Cellulis photoreceptores == Larvae ''Platynereidis dumerilii'' duo genera [[Photoreceptor cell|cellularum photoreceptorum]]{{dubsig}} habent: cellulas photoreceptorum [[rhabdom|rhabdomericas]]{{dubsig}} et ciliares. Cellulae photoreceptorum ciliares in cerebro alto larvae sunt. A [[Pigment|pigmento]] non umbrantur et ergo lucem undique percipiunt. Cellulae photoreceptorum ciliares similem sunt moleculariter et morphologicaliter [[Rod cell|virgis]]{{dubsig}} et [[Cone cell|conis]]{{dubsig}} [[Oculus|oculi]] humani. Praeteria [[Opsin|opsinum]] exprimunt quod magis similem est opsinis ciliaribus visualis vertebratorum, quam illis opsinis rhabdomeris invertebratorum. Igitur cogitatur, ut urbilaterium,{{dubsig}} proavus communis ultimus [[Mollusca|molluscorum]], [[Arthropoda|arthropodorum]], et [[vertebrata|vertebratorum]], iam cellulas photoreceptorum ciliares habuerint.<ref name="Arendt2004">{{cite journal|last1=Arendt|first1=D.|last2=Tessmar-Raible|first2=K.|last3=Snyman|first3=H.|last4=Dorresteijn|first4=A.W.|last5=Wittbrodt|first5=J.|title=Ciliary Photoreceptors with a Vertebrate-Type Opsin in an Invertebrate Brain|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2004-10-29_306_5697/page/869|journal=Science|date=29 October 2004|volume=306|issue=5697|pages=869–871|doi=10.1126/science.1099955|pmid=15514158}}.</ref> Cellula photoreceptorum rhabdomerica cum cellula pigmentorum format oculum simplicem. Par horum oculorum phototaxim in larva trochophora matura ''Platynereidis dumerilii'' mediant.<ref name=Jekely2008 /> In larva nectochaeta postera, phototaxis a oculis definitis complexioribus mediantur.<ref name=Rande2014 /> Oculi definiti exprimunt saltem tria opsina: Duo opsina rhabdomerica et unum Go-opsinum.<ref name="Randel2013">{{cite journal|last1=Randel|first1=N.|last2=Bezares-Calderon|first2=L. A.|last3=Gühmann|first3=M.|last4=Shahidi|first4=R.|last5=Jekely|first5=G.|title=Expression Dynamics and Protein Localization of Rhabdomeric Opsins in Platynereis Larvae|journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology|date=10 May 2013|volume=53|issue=1|pages=7–16|doi=10.1093/icb/ict046|pmid=23667045|pmc=3687135}}.</ref><ref name="Guehmann2015">{{cite journal|last1=Gühmann|first1=Martin|last2=Jia|first2=Huiyong|last3=Randel|first3=Nadine|last4=Verasztó|first4=Csaba|last5=Bezares-Calderón|first5=Luis A.|last6=Michiels|first6=Nico K.|last7=Yokoyama|first7=Shozo|last8=Jékely|first8=Gáspár|title=Spectral Tuning of Phototaxis by a Go-Opsin in the Rhabdomeric Eyes of Platynereis|journal=Current Biology|date=August 2015|volume=25|issue=17|pages=2265–2271|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.017|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982215008209|pmid=26255845}}.</ref> Illa tria opsina omnia ibi phototaxim eodem modo depolarizatione mediant,<ref name=Guehmann2015 /> etsi Go-opsinum{{dubsig}} [[Scallop|concae]] [[Hyperpolarization (biology)|hyperpolarizare]] notum est.<ref name="Kojima1997">{{cite journal|last1=Kojima|first1=Daisuke|last2=Terakita|first2=Akihisa|last3=Ishikawa|first3=Toru|last4=Tsukahara|first4=Yasuo|last5=Maeda|first5=Akio|last6=Shichida|first6=Yoshinori|title=A Novel Go-mediated Phototransduction Cascade in Scallop Visual Cells|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-biological-chemistry_1997-09-12_272_37/page/22979|journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry|date=12 September 1997|volume=272|issue=37|pages=22979–82|pmid=9287291|doi=10.1074/jbc.272.37.22979}}.</ref><ref name=Gomez2000>{{cite journal|last1=Gomez|first1=MP|last2=Nasi|first2=E|title=Light transduction in invertebrate hyperpolarizing photoreceptors: possible involvement of a Go-regulated guanylate cyclase.|journal=The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience|date=15 Iulii 2000|volume=20|issue=14|pages=5254–63|pmid=10884309}}.</ref> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Platynereis dumerilii}} * [http://www.platynereis.de The Platynereis dumerilii Homepage] == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Annelida]] 1ltvet86uld12n8t2okrc8fpf4vz2cm 0 267912 3980135 3884692 2026-08-10T00:47:16Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980135 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Labrador sea map.png|thumb|[[Tabula geographica|Tabula]] bathymetrica [[regio]]nis [[mare|maris]].]] '''Mare Laboratorium'''<ref>"''Labradorsee, f'' Mare Labratorium": ''[http://www.lateinlexikon.com/lexicon_latinum_hodiernum_parsgeographica.pdf Lexicon Latinum hodiernum]''</ref> ([[Francice]] ''mer du Labrador'') est bracchium [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceani Atlantici Septentrionali]] inter [[Paeninsula Laboratoria|Paeninsulam Laboratoriam]] et [[Groenlandia]]m situm. Quod describi solet [[mare marginale]] Oceani Atlantici.<ref name="Calow1999">{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Calow|title=Blackwell's concise encyclopedia of environmental management|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0E0LP-pPCWwC&pg=PA7|date=12 Iulii [[1999]]|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=9780632049516|page=7}}.</ref><ref>Spall 2004.</ref> ==Fauna== ''[[Camptorhynchus labradorius]],'' [[species]] [[Anatidae|Anatidarum]], [[litus]] [[Canada|Canadiense]] usque ad [[saeculum 19|saeculum undevicensimum]] frequentabat, sed nunc est [[exstinctio|exstinctus]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ducher, William |year=[[1894]]|title=The Labrador Duck – another specimen, with additional data respecting extant specimens|journal=Auk|volume=11|issue=1|pages=4–12|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v011n01/p0004-p0012.pdf|doi=10.2307/4067622}}</ref> Alia [[animalia]] litoralia sunt ''[[Canis lupus]] labradorius,''<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/1374306|title=The Wolves of North America|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mammalogy_1937-02_18_1/page/37|jstor=1374306|author=E. A. Goldman|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=18|issue=1 |year=[[1937]]|pages=37–45}}.</ref><ref>Parker et Luttich [[1986]].</ref> ''[[Rangifer]]'' spp., ''[[Alces alces]],'' ''[[Ursus americanus]],'' ''[[Vulpes vulpes]],'' ''[[Alopex lagopus]],'' ''[[Gulo gulo]],'' ''[[Lepus americanus]],'' ''[[Dendragapus]]'' spp., ''[[Pandion haliaetus]],'' ''[[Corvus corax]],'' [[Anatidae]], [[Anserini]], [[Perdicinae]], et [[Phasianidae]].<ref>{{cite book|pages=9–11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bwo4J063Q50C&pg=PA9|title=The Moravians in Labrador|year=[[2006]]|isbn=1-4068-0512-2|author1=Anonymous}}.</ref><ref name=f>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Eastern Canadian Shield taiga|id=na0606}}.</ref> ==Flora== [[Fasciculus:Labrador-sea-paamiut.jpg|thumb|[[Solis occasus]] super Mari Laboratorio ante litus [[Paamiut]] [[Groenlandia]]e.]] [[Fasciculus:Labrador Tea flower.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|[[Flos]] [[thea Laboratoria|theae Laboratoriae]].]] [[Fasciculus:Arctic cultures 900-1500.png|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Cultura]]e [[Arctica]]e in [[historia]].]] [[Fasciculus:LabradorCurrentus-coastguard.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Magnae vires fluminis in Oceano Atlantico Septentrionali.]]Inter [[planta]]s [[regio]]nis litoralis sunt ''[[Picea mariana]],'' ''[[Larix laricina]],'' ''[[Picea glauca]],'' ''[[Betula]]'' spp., ''[[Populus]],'' ''[[Salix]]'' spp., ''[[Ericaceae]],'' ''[[Eriophorum]]'' spp., ''[[Carex]]'' spp., [[lichen]]es, et [[bryophyta]].<ref name=f/> ''[[Rhododendron|Rhododendra]]'' ''[[Rhododendron tomentosum|tomentosum]],'' ''[[Rhododendron groenlandicum|groenlandicum]],'' et ''[[Rhododendron neoglandulosum|neoglandulosum]],'' [[frutex|frutices]] [[sempervirens|sempervirentes]] in [[Groenlandia]] et litoribus Canadianis divulgati, in [[thea Laboratoria]] efficienda adhiberi solent, genere [[thea herbalis|theae herbalis]].<ref>[http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Ledum%20groenlandicum.pdf Ledum groenlandicum Oeder – Labrador Tea]. PDF.</ref> ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Andersen, Henry S., et Martin J. Moynihan. [[1971]]. ''Oceanography of the Grand Banks region and the Labrador Sea: April-June and October 1968.'' Vasingtoniae: U.S. Coast Guard Oceanographic Unit. *Bell, J. S., coordinator. [[1989]]. ''East coast basin atlas series: Labrador Sea.'' Série des atlas des bassins de la côte est: Mer du Labrador. Dartmutae Novae Scotiae: Atlantic Geoscience Centre. ISBN 0660547856. *Parker, G. R., et S. Luttich. [[1986]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200701110614/http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic39-2-145.pdf Characteristics of the Wolf (Canis lupus lubrudorius Goldman) in Northern Quebec and Labrador.] ''Arctic'' 39(2): 145–149. doi:10.14430/arctic2062. *Spall, Michael A. [[2004]]. Boundary Currents and Watermass Transformation in Marginal Seas. ''Journal of Physical Oceanography'' 34(5): 1197–1213. doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<1197:BCAWTI>2.0.CO;2. ==Nexus interni== *[[Nunavut]] *[[Sinus Baffini]] *[[Sinus Hudsonius]] *[[Societas Hydrographica Internationalis]] *[[Terra Nova et Terra Laboratoria]] ==Nexus externi== {{coord|61|N|56|W|type:waterbody_scale:10000000|name=Labrador Sea|display=inline,title}} [[Categoria:Groenlandia]] [[Categoria:Historia Canadae]] [[Categoria:Maria Canadae]] [[Categoria:Nunavut]] [[Categoria:Oceanographia]] [[Categoria:Res geographicae Canadae]] [[Categoria:Terra Nova et Estotilandia]] {{Myrias|Geographia}} s0tndc1gwvaroi314nbd4z12rpd8t9y 0 268470 3979964 3765334 2026-08-09T22:27:38Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cautio}} {| class="wikitable floatright" ! colspan="6" style="background-color: #EFEFEF" | Synucleinum alpha |- | style="font-size: 85%; background-color: #DFFF6F" | Alia nomina || colspan="5" style="font-size: 85%" | SNCA, NACP, PARK1, PARK4, PD1 |- | colspan="6" style="text-align:center" | <div style="position: relative;">[[Fasciculus:Alfa-sinucleina.jpg|200px|Synucleinum alpha]]</div> |- | style="font-size: 85%; background-color: #DFFF6F" | Fontes externae || colspan="5" style="font-size: 85%" | OMIM: [https://omim.org/entry/163890 163890] |- | colspan="6" style="font-size: 85%; background-color: #EFEFEF; text-align: center" | '''Locus [[genum|geni]] ([[homo]])''' |- | colspan="6" style="text-align:center" | <div style="position: relative;">[[Fasciculus:Ideogram human chromosome 4.svg|300px|Chromosomate 4 locatum]]</div> |- | style="font-size: 85%; background-color: #DFFF6F" | '''[[Chromosoma]]''' || colspan="5" style="font-size: 85%" | [[Chromosoma 4 (homo)|4]] ([[homo|humanum]]) |} '''Alpha-synucleinum''' (sive, raro, ''NACP'') est unum ex tribus [[proteinum|proteinis]] familiae [[synucleinum|synucleinorum]] ex 140 [[aminoacidum|aminoacidis]] compositum. Ut omnia synucleina alpha-synucleinum adhuc solum in [[vertebrata|vertebratis]] inventum est, tunc in [[Cerebrum|cerebrorum]] [[synapsis chemica|synapsibus praesynapticis]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Jakes R, Spillantini MG, Goedert M |title=Identification of two distinct synucleins from human brain |journal=FEBS Lett |year=1994 |volume=345 |issue=1 |pages=27-32 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8194594}}</ref>. Adhuc quaedam functio certo nota non est. Anticorpus contra alpha-synucleinum in morbo Parkinson tractando investigatur. Sicubi in cerebro accidat, ut laesiones cerebrales alpha-synucleinis glomeratis sibi forment, ut in variis morbis neurodegenerativis, ii gregi [[synucleopathia]]rum supponuntur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Giasson BI, Duda JE, Murray IV, Chen Q, Souza JM, Hurtig HI, Ischiropoulos H, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM |title=Oxidative damage linked to neurodegeneration by selective alpha-synuclein nitration in synucleinopathy lesions |journal=Science |year=2000 |volume=290 |issue=5493 |pages=985-9 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11062131}}</ref>. Nomen [[genum|geni]] sui dicitur ''SCNA''. Mutationes geni geneticae cum [[Morbus Parkinson|morbo Parkinson]] sociatae sunt. Morbi cum alpha-synucleini accumulatione coniuncti vocitantur ''[[synucleinopathia]]e''. == Natura synucleini == === Structura === Alpha-synucleinum ex centum quadraginta [[aminoacidum|aminoacidis]] formatur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Uéda K., Fukushima H., et al. |title=Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding an unrecognized component of amyloid in Alzheimer disease |journal={{PNAS}} |year=1993 |month=Dec |volume=90 |issue=23 |pages=11282-6 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21982369/}}</ref>. Nomen priscum ''NACP'' erat, et fragmentum eius, ''NAC'', in amyloidis [[morbus Alzheimerianus|morbo Alzheimeriano]] aegrotorum adcognitum est. ==== Synucleina ==== Synucleina sunt [[proteinum|proteina]] parva, solubilia et praecipue in tela nervosa et certis [[tumor]]ibus inventa. In organismo humano tres familiae descripta sunt: alpha, beta, gamma<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Surguchov A |title=Molecular and cellular biology of synucleins |journal=Int Rev Cell Mol Biol |year=2008 |volume=270 |pages=225-317 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19081538}}</ref>. ''Alpha''-synucleina nexus cum [[morbus Parkinson|morbo Parkinson]] et aliis morbis [[neurodegeneratio|neurodegenerativis]] ostendunt. ''Beta''-synucleina autem quasi alpha-synucleinis antagonistae videbatur. ''Gamma''-synucleinum in certis tumoribus, in oculorum morbis inventum est. Adhuc synucleina in [[vertebrata|vertebratis]] descripta sunt<ref>{{cite journal |author=Surguchov A |title=Intracellular Dynamics of Synucleins: "Here, There and Everywhere" |journal=Int Rev Cell Mol Biol |year=2015 |volume=320 |pages=103-69 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26614873}}</ref>. === Genetica alpha-synucleini === [[Genum]] alpha-synucleini ''[https://www.omim.org/entry/163890?search=163890&highlight=163890 SCNA]'' vocatur et [[chromosoma 4 (homo)|humano in chromosomate 4]] locatum est [[chromosoma 4 (homo)|(4q22.1)]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Chen X., de Silva H. A., Pettenati M. J., Rao P. N., St George-Hyslop P., Roses A. D., Xia Y., Horsburgh K., Ueda K., Saitoh T. |title=The human NACP/alpha-synuclein gene: chromosome assignment to 4q21.3-q22 and TaqI RFLP Analysis |journal=Genomics |year=1995 |volume=26 |pages=425-7 }}</ref>. Geno ''SNCA'' longitudinis 146<ref>mus: 118 kb</ref> kilobasium (kb) sex [[exon]]a sunt ex quibus quinque proteino scribunt<ref> {{cite journal |authors=Touchman J. W., Dehejia A., Chiba-Falek O., Cabin D. E., Schwartz J. R., Orrison B. M., Polymeropoulos M. H., Nussbaum R. L. |title=Human and mouse alpha-synuclein genes: comparative genomic sequence analysis and identification of a novel gene regulatory element |url=https://archive.org/details/genome-research_2001-01_11_1/page/78 |journal=Genome research |year=2001 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=78-86}}</ref>. == Significatio pathologica == Morborum neurodegenerativorum cum [[corpusculum Leweyi|corpusculis Leweyi]], ut [[morbus Parkinson]] vel [[dementia cum corpusculis Leweyi]], cursus vagior ostendit. Multitudo autem alpha-synucleini aggregati, per haec [[amyloidum]] formans, in cerebro et [[dementia]]e initium velut cursus morbi indicat<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Irwin DJ, Grossman M, Weintraub D, Hurtig HI, Duda JE, Xie SX, Lee EB, Van Deerlin VM, Lopez OL, Kofler JK, Nelson PT, Jicha GA, Woltjer R, Quinn JF, Kaye J, Leverenz JB, Tsuang D, Longfellow K, Yearout D, Kukull W, Keene CD, Montine TJ, Zabetian CP, Trojanowski JQ |title=Neuropathological and genetic correlates of survival and dementia onset in synucleinopathies: a retrospective analysis |journal=Lancet Neurol |year=2017 |volume=16(1) |pages=55-65 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27979356}}</ref>. Putatur, ut diversitates alpha-synucleini cursus synucleinopathiae diversos explicare possint<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Holec S. A. M., Woerman A. L. |title=Evidence of Distinct α-Synuclein Strains Underlying Disease Heterogeneity |journal=Acta neuropathologica |year=2020 |month=Mai |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32440702/}}</ref>. Nuper aggregationem pathologicam in [[drosophila melanogaster|''drosophila melanogastro'']] per monomerum AS69 inhiberi posse demonstratum est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Agerschou E. D., Flagmeier P., Saridaki T., Galvagnion C., Komnig D., Heid L., Prasad V., Shaykhalishahi H., et al. |title=An engineered monomer binding-protein for α-synuclein efficiently inhibits the proliferation of amyloid fibrils |journal=Elife |year=2019 |month=Aug |issue=8 |pages=e46112 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31389332}}</ref>. === Anticorpus contra alpha-synucleinum === Conatus et experimentum est therapia [[morbus Parkinson|morbi Parkinson]] cum [[anticorpus|anticorporibus]] contra alpha-synucleinum<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Jankovic J., Goodman I., Safirstein B., Marmon T. K., Schenk D. B., Koller M., Zago W., Ness D. K., Griffith S. G., Grundman M., Soto J., Ostrowitzki S., Boess F. G., Martin-Facklam M., Quinn J. F., Isaacson S. H., Omidvar O., Ellenbogen A., Kinney G. G. |title=Safety and Tolerability of Multiple Ascending Doses of PRX002/RG7935, an Anti-α-Synuclein Monoclonal Antibody, in Patients With Parkinson Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial |journal=JAMA Neurol |year=2018 |volume= |issue= |pages= doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.1487 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29913017}}</ref>. Effectus anticorpus monoclonalis PRX002 ([[Prasinezumabum]])/RG7935 [https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03100149 nunc] investigatur<ref>Cuius investigatio ''PASADENA'' nominata est.</ref>. == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Corpusculum Leweyi]] * [[Dementia cum corpusculis Leweyi]] * [[Morbus Parkinson]] * [[Neurodegeneratio]] {{patho-stipula}} [[Categoria:Proteinae]] [[Categoria:Synucleinopathiae]] [[Categoria:Morbus Parkinson]] dsrbavvrr1h7ylaugay0dhog8expvmk 0 268671 3979946 3868483 2026-08-09T22:01:46Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 3 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979946 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Sultan al-Atrash.jpg|thumb|[[Sultanus al-ʾAṭraš]], dux rebellionis]] '''Magna rebellio Syriaca''' (1925–1927; [[Arabice]] الثورة السورية الكبرى‎‎) fuit motus populi contra regimen [[Mandatum Francicum in Syria et Libano|Mandati Francici]] quod regionem [[Syria]]e et [[Libanus|Libani]] post [[Primum bellum mundanum]] occupaverat. Rebellio a [[Sultanus al-ʾAṭraš|Sultano al-ʾAṭraš]], [[Hasanus al-Kharrāṭ]] et aliis ducta est. Participes fuerunt praecipue assectatores religionis [[Druz]]. == Bibliographia == *{{cite book|first=Robert Brenton|last=Betts|title=The Druze|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9nnPg1EDOEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2010|isbn=0300048106}} *{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Joyce Laverty|date=October 1977 |title=The Syrian Revolt of 1925 |journal=International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=545–563|doi=10.1017/S0020743800026118 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1977-10_8_4/page/545}} *{{cite journal |last1=Khoury|first1=Philip S.|date=November 1981|title=Factionalism Among Syrian Nationalists During the French Mandate|journal=International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=441–469|doi=10.1017/S0020743800055859|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1981-11_13_4/page/441}} *{{cite journal |last1=Khoury|first1=Philip S.|year=1982|title=The tribal shaykh, French tribal policy, and the nationalist movement in Syria between two world wars|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=18|issue=2 |pages=180–193|doi=10.1080/00263208208700504|url= }} *{{cite journal |last1=Bou-Nacklie|first1=N.E.|date=January 1998 |title=Tumult in Syria's Hama in 1925: The Failure of a Revolt|journal=Journal of Contemporary History|volume=33|issue=2 |pages= 273–289|doi=10.1177/002200949803300206|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-history_1998-04_33_2/page/273}} [[Categoria:Res novae]] [[Categoria:Syria]] [[Categoria:Libanus]] tfuc4a07l9ugcdne4szst833jfxosor 0 268966 3979746 3978273 2026-08-09T15:45:45Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3979746 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:IBM_Blue_Gene_P_supercomputer.jpg|thumb|[[Computatrum]] valde parallelum [[IBM]] [[Blue Gene|Blue Gene/P]]]] {{res|Computatio parallela}}{{convertimus}} est genus [[computatio|computandi]] in quo multi [[calculus|calculi]] vel {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|processus (computatio)|processus|en|qid=Q205663}} simul perficiuntur.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gottlieb|first=Allan|title=Highly parallel computing|year=1989|publisher=Benjamin/Cummings|location=Redwood City, Calif.|isbn=0-8053-0177-1|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=160438|author2=Almasi, George S.}}</ref> Magna [[problema]]ta saepe dividi possunt in minora, quae deinde simul solvuntur. Plures sunt computationis parallelae formae: parallelismus gradus [[bit]] (''bit-level''), gradus instructionis (''instruction-level''), [[data|datorum]] (''data''), aut operum (''task''). Parallelismus multis annis praecipue in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Supercomputatrum|supercomputatris|en|qid=Q121117}} adhibitus est, sed nuper studium excitavit propter circumscriptiones physicas quae [[frequentiam augere|frequentiae incrementum]] prohibent.<ref>S.V. Adve ''et al.'' </ref> His temporibus cum [[potentia]] consumpta (et [[calor]] generata) a computatris curae est,<ref>Asanovic ''et al.'' </ref> computatio parallela, plerumque in [[microprocessorium|procestrorum]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Processorium multorum nucleorum|multorum nucleorum|en|qid=Q555032}}, magna regula in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|architectura computatrorum||en|qid=Q173212}} facta est.<ref name="View-Power">Asanovic, Krste ''et al.'' </ref> Computatio parallela {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Computatio concurrens|computationi concurrenti|en|qid=Q128392}} propinqua est. Quae saepe confunduntur sed distincta sunt, nam parallelismus sine concurrentia (ut parallelismus gradus bit) et concurrentia sine parallelismo (ut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|operatio multiplex||en|qid=Q192969}} per {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|partitio temporis|partitionem temporis|en|qid=Q913876}} in procestro principi unius nuclei).<ref name="waza">"Concurrency is not Parallelism", ''Waza conference'' Jan 11, 2012, [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Pike Rob Pike] ([http://talks.golang.org/2012/waza.slide slides]) ([http://vimeo.com/49718712 video])</ref><ref>{{Cite web|work=Haskell Wiki|title=Parallelism vs. Concurrency|url=https://wiki.haskell.org/Parallelism_vs._Concurrency}}</ref> In computatione parallela opus dividitur in plura opera minora quae separate perficiuntur et quorum eventus postea combinantur. In concurrenti autem computatione varii processus saepe opera cognata non tractant, aut sunt naturis variis et inter exsecutionem communicationem inter processus postulant (sicut in [[computatio distributa|computatione distributa]]). Computatra parallela in plura genera describi possunt secundum gradum quo apparatus parallelismum sinit: computatra procestris multorum nucleorum et multis procestris plura elementa processoria habent in una machina contenta, cum greges, computatra valde parallela (MPP), ac craticulae plura computatra ad idem opus adhibent. Architectura parallela aliquando una cum procestris usitatioribus ad singula opera acceleranda adhibentur. In quibusdam systematibus parallelismus programmatori perspicuus est, ut in parallelismo gradus bit vel instructionis, sed algorithmi aperte paralleli, praecipue qui concurrentiam adhibeant, sunt difficiliores scriptu sequentialibus algorithmis,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hennessy|last2=Patterson, David A.|author2=Patterson, David A.|last3=Larus, James R.|author3=Larus, James R.|first=John L.|author-link=John L. Hennessy|authorlink=John L. Hennessy|authorlink2=David Patterson (computer scientist)|authorlink3=James Larus|year=1999|title=Computer organization and design: the hardware/software interface|url=https://archive.org/details/computerorganiz000henn|edition=2. ed., 3rd print.|location=San Francisco|publisher=Kaufmann|isbn=1-55860-428-6|ISBN=1-55860-428-6}}</ref> quia concurrentia plures classes novas vitiorum programmatoriorum introducit, quorum [[condicio certaminis|condiciones certaminis]] (''race conditions'') sunt frequentissimae. Communicatio et synchronizatio inter diversa sub-opera saepe sunt maxima impedimenta in bona functione [[programmatura computatralis|programmaturae]] parallelae consequenda. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Cite journal|last=Rodriguez|last2=Villagra|last3=Baran|first=C.|first2=M.|first3=B.|date=29 August 2008|title=Asynchronous team algorithms for Boolean Satisfiability|url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=4610083|journal=Bio-Inspired Models of Network, Information and Computing Systems, 2007. Bionetics 2007. 2nd|pages=66–69|doi=10.1109/BIMNICS.2007.4610083|DOI=10.1109/BIMNICS.2007.4610083}} * Sechin, A.; Parallel Computing in Photogrammetry. GIM International. #1, 2016, pp.&nbsp;21–23. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130610122229/https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/parallel_comp/ Introduction to Parallel Computing], Blaise Barney, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory {{ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.journals.elsevier.com/parallel-computing/ ''Parallel Computing''], periodicum {{ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q7sgzDH1cR8 Parallel Computing Explained In 3 Minutes], pellicula apud YouTube {{ling|Anglice}} [[Categoria:Computatio]] kqiktgi1c3thchusysbk5oa292ufe85 0 269297 3979997 3958598 2026-08-09T22:58:55Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cautio}} [[Fasciculus:Sin Nombre hanta virus TEM PHIL 1136 lores.jpg|thumb|Hantaviridae infectiones periculosissimas perficere possunt.]] {{res|Hantaviridae}} sunt [[ARN]] [[Virus biologicum|virorum]] [[Familia (taxinomia)|familia]] [[Ordo (taxinomia)|ordinis]] ''[[Bunyavirales|bunyaviralium]]''. Nomen de uno [[flumen|fluminum]] [[Res publica Coreana|rei publicae Coreanae]] derivatum est (''hantaan''). == Hantaviridarum vectores modusque traiectionis == {{multiple image | width = 250 | footer = [[Rodentia]] hantaviridas traiciunt: [[Sigmodon hispidus]] (sinistra), [[Clethrionomys glareolus]] (dextra). | image1 = Sigmodon hispidus1.jpg | image2 = Rötelmaus I.jpg }} [[Rodentia]] ut [[Sigmodon hispidus]] in [[America]] et [[Clethrionomys glareolus]] in [[Eurasia]] hantaviridas traiciunt. Adhuc solum [[Rodentia|rodentium]] [[excrementum|excrementa]] ([[urina]], [[saliva]], [[faeces]]) via transmissionis nota est. == Signa infectionis == Tempus incubationis inter duo et quattuor hebdomadas durat, post quod [[symptoma|symptomata]] sunt [[febris]], [[tussis]], [[myalgia]], [[cephalalgia]]. Morbi immunopathologici gravissimi sunt: * Hantavirorum febris [[haemorrhagia|haemorrhagica]] cum syndroma renali<ref name="pmid22869912">{{cite journal |authors=Yi J, Xu Z, Zhuang R, Wang J, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Liu B, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Yan G, Zhang F, Xu Z, Yang A, Jin B | title = Hantaan virus RNA load in patients having hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: correlation with disease severity |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_2013-05-01_207_9/page/1457 | journal = J. Infect. Dis. | volume = 207 | issue = 9 | pages = 1457–61 | year = 2013 | pmid = 22869912 | doi = 10.1093/infdis/jis475 }}</ref> * Hantavirorum syndroma pulmonalis (seu cardiopulmonalis) == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Contagio]] * [[Influentia]] * [[Pneumonia]] * [[Ren]] == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biologici}} {{Vicispecies}} * Centrum morborum vigiliae praeventiaeque (Civitates Foederatae Americae), ''CDC'': [https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/pdf/hps_brochure.pdf Adversaria de hantaviro. (PDF)] {{Ling|Anglice}} [[Categoria:Bunyavirales]] 49po8msxqa7nnjm480u7o9hws4u1aln 0 269338 3979809 3834789 2026-08-09T19:40:59Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cautio}} [[Fasciculus:Human liver.jpg|thumb|400px|'''Fig. I.''' Sectio iecoris cum multis hepatocytis. ''Dextra et supra'' trias portalis cum ductulo biliari (parvius) et venula portali (maius); arteriola hepatica parvissima fere invisibilis est. ''In medio'' una vena centralis invenitur ([[coloratio H&E|H&E]]).]] '''Hepatocytus''' {{victio|hepatocytus|i|m}} (e [[verbum|verbis]] [[Lingua Graeca antiqua|Graecis]] {{Polytonic|ἡπατο-}} 'iecoris' atque {{Polytonic|κύτος}} 'cavum') est [[cellula]] [[parenchyma]]tis [[iecur|iecoris]] (vid. fig. I.). Circiter cellularum dodrans iecoris hepatocyti sunt.<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1534580710000559 De iecoris organogenesi.]</ref> Principalia [[organismus|organismi]] munera sunt ''anabolica'' (synthesis, aedificationis, anabolismi) velut ''catabolica'' (degradationis, catabolismi) sic enim substantiae chemicae ex vasorum sanguine et [[Vena portae|venae portae (hepatis)]] ab [[apparatus digestorius|apparatu digestorio]] et [[Arteria hepatica propria|arteriae hepaticae propriae]] a cetero corpore in iecur intrantes ad hepatocytos adveniunt. == Situs intra iecur (anatomia) == {{main|iecur}} [[Fasciculus:Hepatic structure2.svg|thumb|400px|'''Fig. II. Trabeculum hepatocytorum.''' In funiculo ordinatis hepatocytis intra iecur forma cuboidea est. Secundum hepatocytos sanguinis vasorum [[Endothelium|endothelia]] fenestrata sunt. Flux sanguinis de triade portali ad venulam centralem est (vid. ''[[sagitta]]m [[niger|nigram]], a sinistra ad dextram''). ''portal field'' trias portalis ([[Franciscus Glissonius|Glissonii]])<ref>Glissionius F (1681). [http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb11268631_00001.html Anatomia hepatis].</ref>, ''portal venule'' venula portalis (a [[vena portae]], colore [[Caeruleus|caeruleo]]), ''hepatic arteriole'' arteriola hepatica (ab [[arteria hepatica propria]], colore [[Ruber|rubro]]), ''sinusoid'' vena intralobularis (colore [[Caesius|caesio]]), ''central vein'' vena centralis, ''Kupffer cell'' cellula (sideralis) Kupfferi, ''space of Disse'' spatium perisinusoidale (Disse), ''stellate cell'' cellula sideralis (Ito), ''bile ductule'' ductulus biliaris (colore [[Viridis|viridi]]) cum cellulis minoribus [[Cholangiocytus|cholangiocytis]] [[Epithelium|epithelio]] (sinistra).]] Hepatocyti intra iecur in funiculis ("trabeculum hepatocytorum") ordinati (vid. fig. II.) sunt. Ad [[Metabolismus|metabolismum]] substantiae chemicae ab [[apparatus digestorius|apparatu digestorio]] per [[Vena portae|venam portae]] et venulam portalem (colore [[Caeruleus|caeruleo]]) atque a cetero corpore per [[Arteria hepatica propria|arteriam hepaticam propriam]] et arteriola hepatica communiter (colore [[Ruber|rubro]]) perfluunt ''venam intralobularem'' (colore [[Caesius|caesio]]) ubi illae trans ''spatium perisinusoidalem'' attingunt hepatocytos, qui substantias chemicas accipiunt. Tum [[sanguis]] in ''venam centralem'' deinde in corpus defluit. Substantiae non hepatocytis acceptae sed in spatio perisinusoidali remansae non in sanguinem sed in [[lympha]]m [[Systema lymphaceum|systematis lymphacei]] transeunt. Ex adverso ''ductulus biliaris'', qui [[bilis|bilem]] (colore [[Viridis|viridi]]) in ductum biliarem transfert, cum [[Cholangiocytus|cholangiocytis]] [[Epithelium|epithelio]] situs est. == Anatomia microscopica == [[Fasciculus:400x CAB liver megamitos.jpg|thumb|'''Fig. III.''' Hepatocytis [[Mitochondrium|mitochondria]] magna sunt. Amplificatio: 400x.]] Sub microscopio metitur [[diametrum]] hepatocytorum 20 – 30 [[micrometrum|µm]] ([[pilus]] hominis: 17 - 180 [[micrometrum|µm]]). === Polaritas membranis plasmaticis diversis hepatocytorum === Hepatocyti finem inter sanguinem et bilem formant. Pro ea re circum hepatocytum duo typi [[membrana cellulae|membranarum plasmaticarum]] inveniuntur, membrana enim plasmatica ''basolateralis'' (sive ''sinusoidalis'') et membrana plasmatica ''apicalis'' (sive ''canalicularis''). Haec ''polaritas'' in structuram functionesque hepatocyti maximum momentum habet<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Gissen P, Arias IM |title=Structural and functional hepatocyte polarity and liver disease |journal=J Hepatol |year=2015 |month=Oct |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=1023-37 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4582071/}}</ref>. ==== Membrana plasmatica basolateralis ==== [[Membrana cellulae|Membrana plasmatica]] basolateralis et venae intralobulari et hepatocytis proximis adversa est. Hepatocyti [[microvillus|microvillos]] in spatio perisinusoidali (Disse, vid. fig. II.) permutationem hoc modo substantiarum permittentes porrigunt. ==== Membrana plasmatica apicalis ==== Communiter cum hepatocyto proximo membrana ductulo biliaro apicalis adversa est. Ubi commutatio [[bilirubinum|bilirubinorum]] fit. === Intra hepatocytum (cytoplasma, cytosceletus, organella) === [[Capacitas et volumen|Capacitas]] est 3.4 x 10⁻⁹ cm³.<ref>Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, Matsudaira P, Baltimore D, Darnell JE (2000): Molecular Cell Biology (editio quinta). W. H. Freeman et Company. [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novum Eboracum]], pagg. 10</ref> Cellulae cum forma cuboidea multis [[Reticulum endoplasmaticum|reticulis endoplasmaticis]] non granulosis locupletatae. Hepatocytis unus vel duo [[Nucleus cellulae|nuclei]] et magna [[Mitochondrium|mitochondria]] (vid. Fig. III) sunt. Mitochondriis his multis [[Microscopium|microscopio]] spectatum [[cytoplasma]] inquisitori eosinophile se dat<ref>Universitas civitatis [[Coloratum|Colorati]]: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230529061104/http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/liver/histo_hcytes.html De histologia hepatocytorum.]</ref>. == Munera hepatocytorum (biochemia et physiologia) == Ne longum est quidem dicere [[iecur]] [[computatrum]] [[Metabolismus|metabolismi]] et hepatocytos suos enim partes illius [[procestrum princeps|procestri]], nam hepatocyti inter multos organismi reactiones perficiunt: * [[Glycogenolysis]] — abscissio [[glucoso-6-phosphatum]] et [[Glycogenum|glycogenum (n-1)]] a [[Glycogenum|glycogeno (n)]] (in cytoplasmate) * [[Gluconeogenesis]] — aedificatio [[glucosum]] a substantiis non [[Hydratum carbonii|hydratorum carbonii]] (in cytoplasmate et mitochondriis) * [[Glycogenogenesis]] — additio molecularum [[glucosum|glucosi]] in catenam ita glycogenum formans (in cytoplasmate) * [[Glycolysis]] * Metabolismus [[Lipidum|lipidorum]] * Conversio [[Ammonium (chemia)|ammonii]] venenati ad [[urea]]m: [[cyclus ureae]] (in mitochondriis) * [[Proteinum|Proteinorum]] synthesis et degradatio (in reticulo endoplasmatico granuloso) * Synthesis factorum coagulationis sanguinis (grex [[prothrombinum|prothrombini]] praeter factores III (factor telarius) et IV ([[calcium]]), in reticulo endoplasmatico granuloso) * Synthesis et secretio [[bilis]] (in reticulo endoplasmatico non granuloso et apparatu Golgiano) * Secretio [[Alpha-1-antitrypsinum|α1-antitrypsini]] (A1AT)<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Lockett AD |title=Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Transcytosis and Secretion |journal=Methods Mol Biol |year=2017 |issue=1639:173-184 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28752457}}</ref> * [[Pharmacologia#De substantiis|Substantiarum]] detoxificatio et modificatio === Zonae metabolicae === Nunc vero flux sanguinis de triade portali ad venulam centralem fit. Etsi reactiones omnibus hepatocytis perficiuntur, pondera omnino reactionum istarum non ubique eadem esse videtur. Iam ab anno 1953 differentiae distributionis [[enzymum|enzymorum]] hepaticorum descriptae sunt<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Chiquoine AD |title=The Distribution of Glucose 6-phosphatase in the liver and kidney of the mouse |journal=J Histochem Cytochem |volume=1 |year=1953 |pages=429-35}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |authors=Schuhmacher HH |title=Histochemical Distribution pattern of respiratory enzymes in the liver lobule |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1957-03-15_125_3246/page/501 |journal=Science |volume=125 |year=1957 |pages=501-3}}</ref>. Concentratio ipsa [[Oxygenium|oxygenii]] in [[sanguis|sanguine]] de triade portali ad venulam centralem deminuens expressionem [[Genum|genorum]] enzymorum iubet ut ''zonae metabolicae'' - afferens et efferens - orientur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Jungermann K, Kietzmann T |title=Role of Oxygen in the zonation of carbohydrate metabolism and gene Expression in liver |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_kidney-international_1997-02_51_2/page/402 |journal=Kidney Int |year=1997 |volume=51 |pages=402-12 }}</ref>. Quo fit, ut hepatocytos cum diversis functionum suarum momentis sibi forment: In parte priori enim, circum triadem portalem, hepatocytorum muneribus imprimis [[glycogenolysis]] et [[gluconeogenesis]] et [[Immunologia|immunologicis]] velut bilem formationis, in parte vero posteriori, circum venulam centralem, [[glycogenogenesis]] et [[glycolysis]] et [[lipogenesis]] et [[Glutaminum|glutamini]] formationis et xenobioticorum metabolismi fusius fungantur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Jungermann K, Katz N |title=Functional specialization of different hepatocyte populations |journal=Physiol Rev |year=1989 |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=708-64 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2664826}}</ref>. === Iter de microvillis ad cytoplasma (aditus per membranam plasmaticam basolateralem) === In spatio perisinusoidale (Disse) hepatocytus [[microvillus|microvillis]] (cum pluribus enzymis) substantias afferentes absorptionis accipit, sic illae sine vel cum mutatione prima per [[microfilamentum|microfilamenta]] ([[actinum]]) adveniunt in cytoplasma, ubi secundum finem aliae structurae intra cellulam reactiones biochemicas expediant. === Reticulum endoplasmaticum non granulosum === [[Reticulum endoplasmaticum]] hepatocyti non granulosum [[cytochroma P450|cytochromata]] (CYP) et UDP-[[Glucuronosyltransferasis|glucuronosyltransferases]] (UGT) continet<ref>{{cite journal |authors=den Braver-Sewradj S. P., den Braver M. W., Baze A., Decorde J., Fonsi M., Bachellier P., Vermeulen N. P. E., Commandeur J. N. M., Richert L., Vos J. C. |title=Direct comparison of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and cytochrome P450 activities in human liver microsomes, plated and suspended primary human hepatocytes from five liver donors |journal=Eur J Pharm Sci |year=2017 |issue=109:96-110 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28778465}}. [[Microsoma]]ta sunt partes reticuli endoplasmatici non granulosi abruptae artificiosae.</ref>.<br />In [[inflammatio]]ne graviori hepatocytorum reticulum endoplasmaticum corripi atque [[inflammasoma]] [[NLRP3]] [[macrophagocytus|macrophagocytis stellatis]] incitari videtur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Lebeaupin C., Proics E., de Bieville C. H., Rousseau D., Bonnafous S., Patouraux S., Adam G., Lavallard V. J., Rovere C., Le Thuc O., Saint-Paul M. C., Anty R., Schneck AS., Iannelli A., Gugenheim J., Tran A., Gual P., Bailly-Maitre B. |title=ER stress induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation and hepatocyte death |journal=Cell Death Dis |year=2015 |volume=6 |issue= |pages=e1879 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26355342}}</ref>. Dehinc nonnulli morbi ut [[diabetes mellitus]], [[obesitas]], cancer hepatocellularis prodere queant. === Interactiones alias cellulas (non hepatocytos) === Non paucae functiones solum cum mutuis effectibus aliarum cellularum (cellulae Kupfferi, cellulae siderales, cellulae endotheliales vasorum) iecoris sunt. === Facultas regenerandi === Facultas hepatocytorum iecur regenerandi notabilis est. Per [[hypertrophia]]m (capacitatis incrementum) hepatocytorum atque per [[hyperplasia]]m (numeri incrementum) fit, ut pars quoque iecoris ad magnitudinem principalem apte perveniatur. Expansio differentiatioque [[Cellula praecursoria|cellularum praecursoriarum]] non multum valere videtur.<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Kholodenko IV, Yarygin KN |title=Cellular Mechanisms of Liver Regeneration and Cell-Based Therapies of Liver Diseases |journal=Biomed Res Int |year=2017 |issue=2017:8910821 |url= https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28210629}}</ref> === Numerus circadianus === {{main|Numerus circadianus}} Ut pluribus corporis textibus etiam hepatocytis horologia interna (''horologia peripherica'') sunt, quae rhythms circadianos sustinent<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Guan D., Xiong Y., et al. |title=The hepatocyte clock and feeding control chronophysiology of multiple liver cell types |journal=Science |year=2020 |month=Sep |volume=369 |issue=6509 |pages=1388-94 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32732282/}}</ref>. == Functionum perturbationes et affectus morbosi (pathobiochemia et pathophysiologia) == Ut indicat quantitas mitochondriorum consumptio enim hepatocytorum oxygenii maior est. Per exemplum, perturbationes functionis [[Phosphorylatio oxidativa|phosphorylationis oxidativae]] perturbationes morbosque efficiant. === Icterus hepatocellularis === {{main|icterus}} [[Icterus]] est signum [[bilirubinum|bilirubini]] vis in sanguine auctior. Ex typis icteri tribus, qui sunt ''praehepaticum'' (icterus haemolyticus) et ''hepaticum'' (icterus hepatocellularis) et ''posthepaticum'' (icterus cholestaticum), solum autem typus hepaticus causa perturbationum hepatocytorum ipsorum est. Pertubati enim hepatocyti [[bilis|bilem]] non in ''ductuli biliares'' abducunt, igitur multitudo bilirubini maior per ''venas interlobulares'' in sanguine apparet. Consumpta, potissimum diutissime multumque, hepatocytis [[phosphorus]], [[arsenicum]], [[chloroformium]] velut (de [[amanita]]) [[α-amanitinum]], [[phalloidinum]], [[virotaxinum]] ''venena hepatica'' periculosa sunt seque icterum hepatocellularem praebent. === Carcinoma hepatocellulare === {{main|carcinoma hepatocellulare}} Carcinoma hepatocellulare in orbe terrarum secunda causarum mortis [[Cancer (morbus)|cancris]] sociatae<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Gosalia AJ, Martin P, Jones PD |title=Advances and Future Directions in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma |journal=Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) |year=2017 |month=Iul |volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=398-410 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28867968}}</ref>. Plerumque comites aliarum perturbationum chronicarum, ut [[cirrhosis hepatis]], [[hepatitis B]], [[hepatitis C]], [[steatohepatitis]], abusus androgenorum, contagionis [[aflatoxinum|aflatoxini]] [[Aspergillus flavus|aspergilli flavi]], [[haemochromatosis]] velut [[vitium α1-antitrypsini]] (Syndroma Laurell-Eriksson), postremo transformatio in carcinomam accidat. Tractatio istius cancri [[Transplantatio organorum|transplantationem]] vel ablationem chirurgicam vel chemoembolisationem vel [[radiotherapia]]m vel [[chemotherapia]]m continet. === Senectus === In senectute hepatocytis non raro sunt inclusiones [[lipofuscinum|lipofuscini]]<ref name=gaugler>Gaugler C (1997). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070715160509/http://wwwchem.csustan.edu/chem4400/SJBR/lipofus.htm Lipofuscin] , ''Stanislaus Journal of Biochemical Reviews''</ref>, quod pigmentum [[Fulvus|fulvum]] mutationes et perturbationes membranorum vel [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriorum]] vel [[lysosoma]]tum indicet. {{NexInt}} {{div col|3}} * [[Apolipoproteinum E]] * [[Cellula]] * [[Cirrhosis hepatis]] * [[Cytochroma P450]] * [[Hepatitis]] * [[Hepatitis B]] * [[Hepatitis C]] * [[Iecur]] * [[Metabolismus]] * [[Pharmacologia]] {{div col end}} == Notae == <references/> {{med-stipula}} {{biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Hepatologia]] nd6oc2wykrh6sg31jhia5chjxrytgdf 0 269625 3979923 3976981 2026-08-09T21:32:06Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979923 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ '''Adenosinum-5'-triphosphoricum'''<br />'''''ATP''''' |- | style="text-align: center" colspan="2" | [[Fasciculus:Adenosintriphosphat protoniert.svg|200px|ATP]] |- | style="text-align: center" colspan="2" | [[Fasciculus:ATP-xtal-3D-balls.png|200px|ATP]] |- ! colspan="2" | Cognitores |- | style="font-size: 85%" | [[DrugBank]] || style="font-size: 85%" | [https://web.archive.org/web/20190620143701/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00171 DB00171] |- | style="font-size: 85%" | [[PubChem]] || style="font-size: 85%" | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5957 5957] |- ! colspan="2" | Natura chemica |- | style="font-size: 85%" | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style="font-size: 85%" | {{chem|C|10|H|16|N|5|O|13|P|3}} |- | style="font-size: 85%" | [[Massa molaris]] || style="font-size: 85%" | 507.18 g/mol |- | style="font-size: 85%" | [[Quantitas constans dissociationis acidi|Potentia acidi]] || style="font-size: 85%" | p''K_a1'' = 0.9<br />p''K_a2'' = 1.5<br />p''K_a3'' = 2.3<br />p''K_a4'' = 7.7 |- |} '''Acidum adenosinum triphosphoricum''' (abbreviatura: '''ATP''') est [[nucleotidum]] et [[energia]]e fons [[Labor (physica)|laborum]] corporis. ATP [[Photosynthesis|photosynthesi]] et [[phosphorylatio oxidativa|phosphorylatione oxidativa]] oritur. [[Molecula]] ex grege [[Adeninum|adenini]] cum [[Carbohydratum|carbohydrato]] [[ribosum|ribosi]] et tribus gregibus [[phosphatum|phosphati]] constituta est. Separatione ex ATP gregis phosphati γ [[energia]]m liberat, ut [[adenosinum diphosphoricum]] (ADP) restet.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Knowles |first=J.&nbsp;R. |title=Enzyme-catalyzed phosphoryl transfer reactions |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-biochemistry_1980_49_annual/page/877 |journal=Annu. Rev. Biochem. |volume=49 |pages=877–919 |year=1980 |pmid=6250450 | doi=10.1146/annurev.bi.49.070180.004305}}</ref> Forma iontibus onerata (''sal'' acidi adenosini triphosphorici) '''adenosinum triphosphatum''' nominatur. == Contextus == Omnes [[organismus|organismi]] functiones energiam requirunt, praecipue musculorum actio magnam copiam energiae consumunt. Energiae corporalis fons principalis est ATP. Verbi gratia, [[cor]] humanum die circiter 6&thinsp;000g ATP consumit. == Historia == Anno 1929 biochemicus Germanicus [[Carolus Lohmann (Biochemicus)|Carolus Lohmann]] primus ATP descripsit<ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1997/9173-history-1997/ Situs praemii Nobelii de ATP]. {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref>. Anno 1935 [[Russia|Russicus]] [[Vladimirus Engelhart]] [[musculus|contractiones musculares]] ex ATP pendere cognovit. Anno 1937 [[Dania|Danicus]] [[Hermanus Kalckar]] intellexit, synthesem omnem cum [[ATPasis|ATPasi]] connexam esse. == Natura chemica == === Structura === [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] sua est {{chem|C|10|H|16|N|5|O|13|P|3}}. [[Molecula]] ex grege [[Adeninum|adenini]], carbohydrato [[ribosum|riboso]] et tribus gregibus [[phosphatum|phosphati]] constituta est. [[adeninum|Adenini]] anulo duplici in positione nona, quo unus [[atomus]] [[nitrogenium|nitrogenii]] est, saccharum [[ribosum|ribosi]] cum atomo [[carbonium|carbonii]] affixum est. Opposita tres greges phophati iacent. <gallery> Fasciculus:Adenine.svg|[[Adeninum]] Fasciculus:Beta-D-Ribofuranose.svg|β-<small>D</small>-[[ribosum]] Fasciculus:Phosphoric acid2.svg|[[Acidum phosphoricum]] Fasciculus:Phosphat-Ion.svg|[[Phosphatum]] </gallery> ==== Adeninum ==== {{main|Adeninum}} Adeninum est [[purinum]] [[compositum chemicum]] heterocyclicum et [[basis nucleici acidi]]. Heterocyclus ipse ex atomis et [[carbonium|carbonii]] et [[nitrogenium|nitrogenii]], "N", compositus, coniunctio duorum anulorum, [[imidazolum|imidazoli]] (5 atomis) enim et [[pyrimidinum|pyrimidini]] (6 atomis), est. In [[organismus|organismi]] metabolismo adeninum ex [[ribosum phosphatum|riboso ''phosphato'']] ([[iter pentosorum phosphatorum|itinere pentosorum phosphatorum]]) generatur. ==== Acidum phosphoricum ==== {{main|Acidum phosphoricum}} Acidum phosphoricum est acidum cum formula summarum {{chem|H|3|P|O|4}}. Basis eius coniugata est [[ion]] ''dihydrogenium-phosphatum'' cum formula summarum {{chem|H|2|PO|4|−}}, cuius basis coniugata ''hydrogenium phosphatum'' formula eius summarum est {{chem|HPO|4|2−}}, denique cuius basis ''[[phosphatum]]'' nominatur, cum formula summarum {{chem|PO|4|3−}}. Valores [[Quantitas constans dissociationis acidi|potentiarum acidorum]] sunt 1.9, 6.7, atque 12.4. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *R W Hanson, '[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1016/0307-4412%2889%2990012-5 The role of ATP in metabolism]', ''Biochemical education'', 1989ː 86-92 * ''Know L. (2018). Mitochondria and the future of medicine. Chelsea Green Publishing,'' ISBN 978-1-60358-767-9 {{NexInt}} * [[ATP synthasis]] * [[Cyclus ureae]] * [[Glycolysis]] == Nexus externi == * [https://books.google.de/books?id=XbI5BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA290&dq=triphosphoricum&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwid7vTh2sbjAhWQblAKHYa_DZUQ6AEIPDAD#v=onepage&q=triphosphoricum&f=false fons nominis ext.] * ''nobelprize.org'' de [https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1997/illpres/history.html historia ATP]. {{chem-stipula}} [[Categoria:Biochemia]] [[Categoria:Phosphata]] [[Categoria:Mitochondria]] ietyt9t80ielk5tpulnzqq8qfjmnzgv 0 269835 3979681 3384607 2026-08-09T13:08:04Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3979681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-3}} [[Fasciculus:Kono-jinja (Miyazu) haiden.JPG|thumb|Visio Kono Templi]] '''Kono Templum''' (Iaponice 籠神社) est [[templum]] [[Shinto]]nis pres Amanohashidate, [[pulvinus arenae]] in urbe Niyazu [[Kyotensis]] Septentioalis [[Iaponia]]e. Origo deitatis Toyauke-Ōmikaki<ref>Deitas [[alimentum|alimenti]] quae in Gekū ex [[Ise Magnum Templum|Ise Magnum Templo]] reveratur.</ref> est et hodie aedifinum [[sanctuarium|sanctuarii]] more ''Shinmei-zukuri'' (Iaponice:神明造) ex [[saeculum 8|saeculo VIII]]. [[Fasciculus:Precincts of Kono-jinja.JPG|thumb|Spectaculum Kono Temli cum Amenohashidate]] [[Fasciculus:Sesshu - View of Ama-no-Hashidate.jpg|thumb|Pictura Amanohashidate a Sesshū (1420-1506), in quo porta ''Torii'' Kono Templum dexter visitur.]] Origo Kono Templum est Manai-jinja ubi deitas Toyouke Ōmikaki erat ante migrationem ad ''Gekū'' Ise Magnum Templi cum aqua sancta quae ex [[fons|fonte]] Manai Templum fuit. [[Fasciculus:Manai-jinja (Kono-jinja okumiya) iwakura.JPG|thumb|Visio Manai-jinja, ubi deitas Toyouke Ōmikaki est et pres quo fons aquae sanctae est.]] Etiam [[stemma genealogicum]] Amabe [[familia]]e de Kono Templi, veterrimum stemma genealogicum in [[historia Iaponiae]] stat.<ref>Hoc stemma tessara nationalis Iaponiae est.</ref> [[Fasciculus:Amabe Clan genealogy.jpg|thumb|[[Genealogia]] Amabe Clan]] == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210120101244/http://www.motoise.jp/ Situs publicus] [[Categoria:Aedificia Iaponiae]] [[Categoria:Shinto]] [[Categoria:Kyotum]] [[Categoria:Templa]] otu4hxb7srxmzhl96y0yhlet5p9oflg 0 269882 3980039 3969762 2026-08-09T23:34:49Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980039 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable floatright" |- ! style="background-color:#d0d0d0;" |Varia cellularum glialium genera |- style="text-align: center" | <div style="position: relative;">[[Fasciculus:Glial Cell Types.png|300px|Varia cellularum glialium genera]] {{Image label|x=-10.0|y=-28.0|scale=-1|text=Cellulae<br>ependymales}} {{Image label|x=-151|y=-127.0|scale=-1|text=[[Astrocytus]]}} {{Image label|x=-196|y=-208.0|scale=-1|text=[[Neuron]]}} {{Image label|x=-8|y=-226.0|scale=-1|text=[[Oligodendrocytus]]}} {{Image label|x=-223|y=-260.0|scale=-1|text=[[Cellula microglialis|Cellula<br>microglialis]]}} {{Image label|x=-159|y=-297.0|scale=-1|text=[[Neuron]]}} {{Image label|x=-197|y=-382.0|scale=-1|text=[[Astrocytus]]}}</div> |} '''Cellulae gliales''' sive '''neuroglia''' ([[Graece]] γλία '[[gluten]]') sunt [[cellula]]e non [[neuron]]ales - [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] non conducunt - [[Systema nervosum|systematis nervosi]], quae [[Homoeostasis|homoeostasem]] constantem servant et [[myelinum]] formant et [[neuron]]a sustinent proteguntque<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Jessen KR, Mirsky R |title=Glial cells in the enteric nervous system contain glial fibrillary acidic protein |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1980-08-14_286_5774/page/736 |journal=Nature |volume=286 |issue=5774 |pages=736–7 |date=August 1980 |pmid=6997753 |doi=10.1038/286736a0}}</ref>. In cerebro humano 90 per centenas cellulas numero efficiunt, volumine multo minus. [[Textus coniunctivus]] cerebri esse videri possunt, quocirca e verbo Graeco γλοιός ("glus, gluten") nominantur quamquam hodie scimus non tantum firmamentum eas praebere sed etiam ad discendi facultatem et memoriam multum conferre. Una cum neuronibus, [[textus nervosus|textum nervosum]] formant. In [[Systema nervosum centrale|systemate nervoso centrali]] vulgo distinguuntur [[Astrocytus|astrocyti]], [[Cellula ependymalis|cellulae ependymales]], [[Oligodendrocytus|oligodendrocyti]], [[Cellula microglialis|microglia]]. Quibus in systemate nervoso peripherico [[Cellula Schwannensis|cellulas "Schwannenses"]] et [[Cellula satelles|satellites]] dictas addere licet. Nonnulli [[cerebrum|cerebri]] [[Cancer (morbus)|cancri]] ex cellulis glialibus prodeunt, inter quos [[glioblastoma multiforme]] ex [[astrocytus|astrocytis]] procedens. Nam cellulae gliales crebro dividuntur ad novas cellulas creandas; neurona vero matura non iam dividuntur. Asteroides [[4967 Glia]] in huius cellulae honorem nominatus est. == Cellularum glialium genera == [[Fasciculus:Blausen 0870 TypesofNeuroglia.png|thumb|Genera cellularum glialium]] Dividuntur cellulae gliales inter cellulas ''macro''gliales et ''microgliales''. === Macrogliales cellulae === Cellulae macrogliales de [[ectoderma]]te oriuntur. === Microgliales cellulae === Cellulae microgliales sunt [[macrophagocytus|macrophagocyti]] cerebri, simul partes [[systema immunitatis|systematis immunitatis]], pro eo ''nexus inter [[immunologia]]m et [[neurologia]]m'' nominatae sunt<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Casano A. M., Peri F. |title=Microglia: multitasking specialists of the brain |journal=Developmental cell |year=2015 |month=Feb |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=469-77 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25710533/}}</ref>. De origine [[systema haematopoieticum|systematis haematopoietici]] ''cellulae macrogliales progenitores'' mature, aetate enim foetali, in cerebrum distribuuntur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Réu P., Khosravi A., et al. |title=The Lifespan and Turnover of Microglia in the Human Brain |journal=Cell reports |year=2017 |month=Iul |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=779-84 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28746864/}}</ref>. == Glioblastoma multiforme == {{main|Glioblastoma multiforme}} {{NexInt}} * [[Cerebrum]] * [[Macrophagocytus]] * [[Synapsis chemica]] * [[Rudolphus Virchow]] == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210424154033/http://www.networkglia.eu/en/ Situs interretialis de cellulis glialibus]. {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://fmedic.org/que-sont-les-cellules-gliales-et-que-font-elles Que sont les cellules gliales et que font elles? (Francogallice)] {{Biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Systema nervosum]] [[Categoria:Cytologia]] [[Categoria:Textus nervosi]] [[Categoria:Cellulae gliales|!]] esd8un3r6h18ec9r1rmd9blled9s6cs 0 270132 3979846 3930548 2026-08-09T20:20:53Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979846 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Pierre-Narcisse Guérin - Clytemnestra and Agamemnon - WGA10974.jpg|thumb|Clytaemestra haesitat antequam Agamemnonem interficit (pictura [[Petrus Narcissus Guérin|Petri Narcissi Guérin]] anni 1817).]] '''Orestea''' ([[Graece]] Ὀρέστεια) est [[trilogia]] [[tragoedia]]rum ab [[Aeschylus|Aeschylo]] scriptarum, quae sunt ''[[Agamemnon (Aeschylus)|Agamemnon]]'' (Ἀγαμέμνων), ''[[Choephoroe]]'' (Χοηφóρoι), atque ''[[Eumenides (Aeschylus)|Eumenides]]'' (Εὐμενίδες). In quibus [[narratio|narrantur]] caedes [[Agamemnon]]is a [[Clytaemestra]] facta, caedes Clytaemestrae ab [[Orestes|Oreste]], iudicium Orestis, finita exsecratio [[Atreus|Atridarum]], ac [[Furiae]] placatae. Etiam vis numenque deorum in rebus ac controversiis hominum tractatur.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Porter|first=David|year=2005|title=Aeschylus' "Eumenides": Some Contrapuntal Lines|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-philology_fall-2005_126_3/page/301|jstor=3804934|journal=The American Journal of Philology|volume=126|pages=301–331}} [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3804934]</ref> ''Orestea'' est solum exemplum quod exstat trilogiae Graecae antiquae. Primum praemium [[Dionysia|Dionysiis]] anni [[458 a.C.n.]] consecuta est. Multi ''Orestea''m optimum Aeschyli opus habent. Principia trilogiae themata sunt discrimen inter [[ultio]]nem et [[iustitia]]m et transitus a [[simultas|simultate]] propria ad litem lege ordinatam.<ref name="J1960439">{{Cite journal|last=Euben|first=J. Peter|date=mense Martio 1982|title=Justice and the Oresteia|jstor=1960439|journal=[[The American Political Science Review]]|volume=76|issue=1|pages=22–33|doi=10.2307/1960439}} [https://doi.org/10.2307/1960439]</ref> Primum post trilogiam tragoediarum ''[[Proteus (Aeschylus)|Proteus]]'' (Πρωτεύς), [[drama Satyricum]] sequebatur, sed nihil eius nisi unus versus superstes est. == De posteritate == Orestea inter septem Aeschyleas fabulas aetate Romana ad usum scholarum selectas et hoc modo usque ad aetatem nostram traditas numerabatur, non inter tres quae tantummodo a discipulis Byzantinis adhuc legebanturː quam ob rem manuscripti Oresteam tradentes pauci sunt. Inter Francogallicos interpretatores memorandi sunt [[Alexis Pierron]] (1854), [[Carolus Leconte de Lisle|Leconte de Lisle]] (1872)<ref>Bernard Latzarus, ''Leconte de Lisle, adaptateur des Erinnyes: contribution à l'histoire de l'hellénisme dans la littérature contemporaine : avec une note sur la Cassandre de Victor Hugo'' (Nemausi, 1920).</ref>, [[Paulus Claudel|Paul Claudel]]<ref>William H. Matheson, ''Claudel and Aeschylus: a study of Claudel's translation of the Oresteia'' (Ann Arbor, 1962).</ref> (Gallimard, 1920) cuius interpretationi [[Darius Milhaud]] musicam composuit. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Anton Bierl, ''Die Orestie des Aischylos auf der modernen Bühne : theoretische Konzeptionen und ihre szenische Realisierung.'' Stuttgarti, 1997 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1998/1998.05.21/ Recensio critica] [https://books.google.fr/books?id=CAn_DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *Andrea Blasina, ''Eschilo in scena : dramma e spettacolo nell'Orestea'', Stuttgarti, 2003 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=awW1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PP4&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *A. M. Bowie, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/639449 Religion and Politics in Aeschylus' Oresteia]", ''The Classical Quarterly'', 1993ː 10-31 * {{Cite book|last=Collard|last1=Collard|first1=Christopher|first=Christopher|year=2002|title=Introduction to and translation of ''Oresteia''|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-283281-6|ISBN=0-19-283281-6}} *David Cohen, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/643252 The Theodicy of Aeschylus: Justice and Tyranny in the 'Oresteia']", ''Greece & Rome'', 1986ː 129-141 *D.J. Conacher, ''Aeschylus' Oresteia : a literary commentary'', Toronto, 1987 *Gabriel del Estal, ''La « Orestiada » y su genio juridico. Justicia de sangre y espiritu urbano. Aportación, desde la tragedia, a la historia de la filosofia del derecho, de la religion y de la sociedad en el mundo antiguo.'' Prologo de José Camon Aznar, El Escorial, 1962 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1962_num_75_356_3721_t2_0575_0000_2 Recensio critica] *J. Peter Euben, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1960439 Justice and the Oresteia]", ''The American Political Science Review'', 1982ː 22-33 *Fartzoff, Michel. [[2018]]. ''Famille et cité dans l’Orestie d’Eschyle, La trame du tissu tragique'', Paris, Les Belles Lettres. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_2019_num_132_1_8606_t10_0285_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2019/2019.10.28 Altera recensio critica] **"[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ista_0000-0000_2009_ant_1147_1_2734 Troie dans l'Orestie d'Eschyle : l'adaptation dramatique d'une image ambivalente]" in ''Reconstruire Troie. Permanence et renaissances d'une cité emblématique'', 2009ː 167-185 *Joseph Fontenrose, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2935940 Gods and Men in the Oresteia]", ''Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association'', 1971ː 71-109 *Simon Goldhill, ''Language, Sexuality, Narrative : the Oresteia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1988_num_57_1_2252_t1_0332_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1989_num_102_485_2446_t1_0239_0000_3 Altera recensio critica] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3063281 Tertia recensio critica] *Hetty Goldman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/310507 The Oresteia of Aeschylus as Illustrated by Greek Vase-Painting]", ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'', 1910: 111-159 * Monique Halm-Tisserant, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ktema_0221-5896_2002_num_27_1_2434 Le filet, un leitmotiv dans l'Orestie d'Eschyle]", ''Ktèma'', 2002ː 293-305 *Lutz Käppel, ''Die Konstruktion der Handlung in der Orestie des Aischylos : die Makrostruktur des "Plot" als Sinnträger in der Darstellung des Geschlechterfluchs'', Monaci, Beck, 1998 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=kcM8FvNwDIQC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2000_num_69_1_2445_t1_0304_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1999/1999.09.05 Altera recensio critica] *Richard Kuhns, ''The house, the city and the judge : the growth of moral awareness in the "Oresteia"'', Indianapolis, 1962 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=YjYKtmywvlUC&pg=PR3&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1964_num_77_364_3778_t1_0332_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Anne Lebeck, ''The "Oresteia": A Study in Language and Structure'', [[Washingtonia|Washingtoniae]], 1971 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/268756 Recensio critica] *C. W. MacLeod, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/631132 Politics and the Oresteia]", ''The Journal of Hellenic Studies'', 1982ː 124-144 *Ada Neschke, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1986_num_55_1_2182 L'Orestie de Stésichore et la tradition littéraire du mythe des Atrides avant Eschyle]", ''L'Antiquité Classique'', 1986ː 283-301 *Anne-Sophie Noel, "[https://journals.openedition.org/agon/5724 Un printemps sous le signe de l’Orestie]", ''Agon'', 2019. * {{Cite book|last=Widzisz|last1=Widzisz|first1=Marcel|first=Marcel|year=2012|title=''Chronos'' on the Threshold: Time, Ritual, and Agency in the ''Oresteia''|publisher=Lexington Press|isbn=0-7391-7045-7|ISBN=0-7391-7045-7}} * MacLeod, C. W. "Politics and the Oresteia." The Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. 102, 1982, pp.&nbsp;124–144. *Deborah H. Roberts, ''Apollo and his oracle in the "Oresteia"'', Göttingen, 1984 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1986_num_55_1_2194_t1_0399_0000_2 Recensio critica] **"[https://www.jstor.org/stable/295029 Orestes as Fulfillment, Teraskopos, and Teras in the Oresteia]", ''The American Journal of Philology'', 1985ː 283-297 *Georges Roux, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1974_num_87_414_1240 Commentaires à l'Orestie]", ''Revue des Études Grecques'', 1974ː 33-79 *Nuria Scapin, ''The flower of suffering : theology, justice, and the cosmos in Aeschylus' "Oresteia" and presocratic thought'', DeGruyter, 2020 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=FsCoEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT5&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2021/2021.03.16/ Recensio critica] *Richard Trousdell, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/jung.2008.2.3.5 Tragedy and Transformation: The Oresteia of Aeschylus]", ''Jung Journal: Culture & Psyche'', 2008ː 5-38 *William Whallon, ''Problem and Spectacle. Studies in Oresteia'', Heidelbergae, 1980 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1983_num_52_1_2106_t1_0304_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1982_num_95_452_1342_t2_0521_0000_3 Altera recensio critica] * William F. Zak , ''The polis and the divine order : the Oresteia, Sophocles, and the defense of democracy'', Associated University Presses, 1995 *Froma I. Zeitlin, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/26308158 The Dynamics of misogynyː myth and mythmaking in the Oresteia]", ''Arethusa'', 1978ː 149-184 == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Oresteia|Oresteam}} {{Vicifons|:el:Αγαμέμνων|Ἀγαμέμνων}} {{Vicifons|:el:Χοηφόροι|Χοηφόροι}} {{Vicifons|:el:Ευμενίδες|Εὐμενίδες}} [[Categoria:Aeschylus]] [[Categoria:Graeciae scripta]] [[Categoria:Scripta 458 a.C.n.]] 77cwn8znvjn75ccs7in1j2ie0xs97uk 0 271216 3979803 3978457 2026-08-09T19:22:15Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{titulus italicus}} [[Fasciculus:CentoProbae.jpg|alt=See caption|thumb|Primi quinque versûs ''Centonis de laudibus Christi'' et imago auctoris]] '''''Cento Vergilianus de laudibus Christi''''' est [[carmen]] [[lingua Latina|Latinum]] a [[Faltonia Betitia Proba]] circa annum [[352]] compositum, postquam auctor ad [[Christianismus|Christianismum]] conversa est. ''[[Cento (litterae)|Cento]]'' hic significat "genus carminis ex variis alieni operis hinc inde decerptis versibus, et ad alia significanda traductis consarcinatum".<ref>[[Aegidius Forcellini|Aegidii Forcellini]] ''[[Lexicon Totius Latinitatis|Lexico Totius Latinitatis]]'' (1775), s.v. [http://www.lexica.linguax.com/forc.php?searchedLG=cento "cento"].</ref> In hoc centone versibus ex operibus [[Vergilius|Vergilii]] extractis fabulae [[Vetus Testamentum|Veteris]] et [[Novum Testamentum|Novi Testamenti]] [[Biblia Sacra|Bibliorum]] Christianorum narrantur. Maior pars operis vitam [[Iesus Christus|Iesu Christi]] tractat. Cur Proba hoc poëma scripsit non definite scitur, sed variae coniecturae factae sunt. Utique ''Cento'' late pervulgatus, denique in [[schola|scholis]], saepe cum [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustini]] libro ''[[De doctrina Christiana]]'', ad instituta Christiana docenda adhibitum est. Eruditi autem non omnes magno eum aestimabant. Creditur [[Hieronymus|Hieronymum]] Probam ac ''Centonem'' reprehendisse, et in [[Decretum Gelasianum|decreto]] [[Gelasius I|Gelasio I]] papae ascripto, poëma contemptum et "conpaginatum apocryphum" appellatum est. Nihilominus, [[Isidorus Hispalensis|Isidorus]], [[Franciscus Petrarca|Petrarca]], [[Iohannes Boccacius|Boccacius]] Probam approbaverunt et multi ingenium eius laudaverunt. Saeculis [[saeculum 19|XIX]] et [[saeculum 20|XX]] ''Cento'' deterior habitum est, sed philiologi recentes eum maioris aestimant. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{cite book|last1=Balmer|first1=Josephine|title=Classical Women Poets|url=https://archive.org/details/classicalwomenpo00jose_0|date=1996|publisher=[[Bloodaxe Books]]|place=[[Hexham|Hexham, UK]]|isbn=978-1-85224-342-5|ref=Balmer}} * {{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=[[Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences]]|title=Cento|volume=1|page=180|url=http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01|editor=Chambers, Ephraim|date=1728|publisher=J. and J. Knapton|ref=Chambers}} * {{cite journal|last1=Clark|last2=Hatch|first1=Elizabeth|first2=Diane|title=Jesus as Hero in the Vergilian 'Cento' of Faltonia Betitia Proba|jstor=41591857|journal=Vergilius|date=1981|issue=27|pages=31–39|ref=Clark}} * {{cite book | author=Cooper, Kate|title=The Fall of the Roman Household|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|place=[[Cambridge, UK]]|year=2007|isbn=978-1-139-46910-4|ref=Cooper}} * {{cite book | editor=Copeland, Rita|title=The Oxford History of Classical Reception in English Literature: 800–1558, Volume 1 | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |place=[[Oxford, UK]] | year=2016 | isbn=978-0-19-958723-0|ref=Copeland}} * {{cite book|author=Cox, Virginia|ref=Cox|title=Women's Writing in Italy, 1400–1650|year=2008|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|location=[[Baltimore, MD]]|isbn=978-0-8018-8819-9}} * {{cite book|last1=Cullhed|first1=Sigrid Schottenius|title=Proba the Prophet|date=2015|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|place=[[Leiden]], [[The Netherlands]]|isbn=978-90-04-28948-2|ref=Cullhed}} * {{cite book |last=Fassina |first=Alessia |date=2004 |title=Una Patrizia Romana al Servizio della Fede: Il Centone Cristiano di Faltonia Betitia Proba |type= |chapter= |publisher=[[Ca' Foscari University of Venice]] |docket= |degree=Dissertation |url=http://dspace.unive.it/handle/10579/692 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20170608134539/http://dspace.unive.it/handle/10579/692 |archivedate=June 8, 2017 |ref=Fassina |deadurl=yes |df= }} * {{cite journal|last1=Green|first1=R. P. H.|title=Proba's Cento: Its Date, Purpose, and Reception|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-quarterly_1995_45_2/page/551|jstor=639543 |journal=The Classical Quarterly|date=1995|volume=45|issue=2|pages=551–563|ref=Green}} * {{cite encyclopedia|author=Harich-Schwarzbauer, Henriette|title=Proba|encyclopedia=[[Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft#Der Kleine Pauly.2C Der Neue Pauly and Brill.27s New Pauly|Brill's New Pauly]]|date=2006|url=http://proxy.library.upenn.edu:2097/10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e1009090|editor1-last=Cancik| editor1-first=Hubert| editor2-last=Schneider| editor2-first=Helmuth| editor3-last=Salazar| editor3-first=Christine| editor4-last=Landfester|editor4-first=Manfred|editor5-last=Gentry|editor5-first=Francis|accessdate=November 8, 2017|ref=Harich-Schwarzbauer}} * {{cite book | title=God's Self-Confident Daughters | url=https://archive.org/details/godsselfconfiden0000jens | publisher=[[Westminster John Knox Press]] |place=[[Louisville, Kentucky]] | author=Jensen, Anne | year=1996 | isbn=978-0-664-25672-2|ref=Jensen}} * {{cite book|last1=Kaczynski|first1=Bernice|editor1-first=Laurie|editor1-last=Churchill|editor2-first=Phyllis|editor2-last=Brown|editor3-first=Jane|editor3-last=Jeffrey|title=Women Writing Latin|date=2013|publisher=[[Routledge]]|place=[[Abingdon-on-Thames|Abingdon-on-Thames, UK]]|chapter=Faltonia Betitia Proba: A Vergilian Cento in Praise of Christ|isbn=978-1-136-74291-0|ref=Kaczynski|pages=131–149}} * {{Cite book| publisher = [[University Press of America]]| isbn = 978-0-8191-1642-0| editor1-last=Wilson-Kastner|editor1-first=Patricia | title = A Lost Tradition: Women Writers of the Early Church| location = Washington, D.C| date = 1981|author1=Kastner, G. Ronald|author2=Millin, Ann|pages=33–44|chapter=Proba|ref=Kastner}} * {{cite encyclopedia|author=Lejay, P.|year=1911|title=Faltonia Proba|encyclopedia=[[The Catholic Encyclopedia]]|location=[[New York City, NY]]|publisher=[[Robert Appleton Company]]|accessdate=November 14, 2017|via=[[The Catholic Encyclopedia|New Advent]]|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12440a.htm|ref=Lejay}} * {{cite book|last1=Mărmureanu|first1=Cătălina|last2=Cernescu|first2=Gianina|last3=Lixandru|first3=Laura|title=Early Christian Women Writers: The Interesting Lives and Works of Faltonia Betitia Proba and Athenais-Eudocia|date=2008|degree=Master's|url=http://www.cmi.interculturel.org/files/No%201%20(7)%20-%202009/marmureanu.catalina.cernescu.gianina.lixandru.laura.faltonia.betitia.proba.and.athenais-eudochia.pdf|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20170608134614/http://www.cmi.interculturel.org/files/No%201%20(7)%20-%202009/marmureanu.catalina.cernescu.gianina.lixandru.laura.faltonia.betitia.proba.and.athenais-eudochia.pdf|archivedate=June 8, 2017|publisher=[[University of Bucharest]]|ref=Mărmureanu|deadurl=yes|df=}} * {{cite book|last=McGill|first=Scott|title=Virgil Recomposed: The Mythological and Secular Centos in Antiquity|url=https://archive.org/details/virgilrecomposed0000mcgi|year=2005|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=[[Oxford, UK]]|isbn=978-0-19-803910-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/virgilrecomposed0000mcgi/page/2 2]–5|ref=McGill}} * {{cite book|editor1-last=Plant|editor1-first=Ian|title=Women Writers of Ancient Greece and Rome: An Anthology|url=https://archive.org/details/womenwritersofan0000unse|date=2004|publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]]|place=[[Norman, Oklahoma]]|isbn=978-0-8061-3621-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/womenwritersofan0000unse/page/170 170]–188|chapter=Proba (About AD 322–70)|ref=Plant}} * {{cite book|author=Pollmann, Karla|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=[[Oxford, UK]]|date=2017|title=The Baptized Muse: Early Christian Poetry as Cultural Authority|isbn=978-0-19-103995-9|ref=Pollmann}} * {{cite book|editor1-last=Smith|editor1-first=William|title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology|date=1849|chapter=Falconia {{sic}} Proba|page=134|publisher=[[Eyre & Spottiswoode|Spottiswoode and Company]]|volume=2|place=[[London|London, UK]]|ref=Smith}} * {{Cite book| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]|place=[[Oxford|Oxford, UK]]| isbn = 978-0-19-818502-4|ref=Stevenson| last = Stevenson| first = Jane| title = Women Latin Poets: Language, Gender, and Authority, from Antiquity to the Eighteenth Century| url = https://archive.org/details/womenlatinpoetsl0000stev| date = 2005}} * {{cite journal|last1=Thompson|first1=James|title=Vergil in Mediaeval Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-theology_1906-10_10_4/page/648|jstor=3154430 |journal=The American Journal of Theology|date=1906|volume=10|issue=4|pages=648–662|ref=Thompson}} * {{Cite book| publisher = [[McFarland & Company]]| isbn =978-0-7864-8228-3| last = Worth| first = Roland H.| title = Shapers of Early Christianity: 52 Biographies, A.D. 100–400| location = [[Jefferson, North Carolina]]| date = 2012|ref=Worth}} * {{cite book | title=The Virgilian Tradition: The First Fifteen Hundred Years | url=https://archive.org/details/virgiliantraditi0000unse | publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |place=[[New Haven, Connecticut]] | year=2008 | isbn=978-0-300-10822-4|editor1-first=Jan|editor1-last=Ziolkowski|editor2-first=Michael|editor2-last=Putnam|ref=Ziolkowski}} [[Categoria:Textus Christiani]] [[Categoria:Publius Vergilius Maro]] gga6s4epwiyfxqgg2oh4nzn904dy8ni 0 272070 3979812 3331669 2026-08-09T19:41:36Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cautio}} [[Fasciculus:Barretts esophagus.jpg|thumb|Oesophagus Barrettiensis per [[endoscopium]] visus.]] '''Oesophagus Barrettiensis''' ([[ICD-10]]: K22.7) est [[metaplasia]] [[Epithelium|epithelii]] oesophagi et conditio praemaligna, quae ex [[Oesophagitis propter refluctionem|oesophagite propter refluctionem]] orta est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Shaheen NJ, Richter JE |title=Barrett's oesophagus |journal=Lancet |year=2009 |volume=373 |issue=9666 |pages=850-61 |url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(09)60487-6/fulltext}}</ref> et simul transformatio reversibilis cellularum videtur, quamquam in parte in [[adenocarcinoma]]m transeat. Diagnosis et therapiae [[endoscopium]] adhibetur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Mansour NM, El-Serag HB, Anandasabapathy S |title=Barrett's esophagus: best practices for treatment and post-treatment surveillance |journal=Ann Cardiothorac Surg |year=2017 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=75-87 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28446996}}</ref>. == Symptomata et signa == Vicissitudo qualitatum cellularum de normalis ad praemalignas, oeseophagum Barrettiensem indicans, aliqua symptomata specificata non concitent, quamquam quibusdam cum sequentibus suspicio excitetur: * [[Pyrosis]] frequens ac manens * [[Dysphagia]] — difficultas devorandi * [[Haematemesis]] — [[sanguis|sanguinem]] vomitans * [[Dolor]] sub [[sternum]] (quo [[oesophagus]] [[stomachus|stomachum]] tangunt) * [[Odynophagia]] — edere dolorem efficiens, igitur pondus amittens involuntaria At similius oesophagum Barrettiensem capi cum [[Obesitas|obesitate]] abdominali (vs. obesitate peripherico)<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Edelstein ZR, Farrow DC, Bronner MP, Rosen SN, Vaughan TL |title= Central adiposity and risk of Barrett esophagus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gastroenterology_2007-08_133_2/page/403 |journal= Gastroenterology |volume= 133 |issue= 2 |pages= 403–11 |year= 2007}}</ref>. Machinatio autem eius exacta dubia est. <!--- Differentia distributionis of fat inter men (more central) and women (more peripheral) may explain the increased risk in males<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Reid BJ, Li X, Galipeau PC, Vaughan TL |title= Barrett oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma: time for a new synthesis |journal= Nature Reviews Cancer |volume= 10 |issue= 2 |pages= 87–101}}</ref>. --> {{NexInt}} * [[Cancer (morbus)|Cancer]] * [[Carcinoma oesophageum]] == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == * ''LGA'' de [http://www.londongiassociates.com/barretts-oesophagus oesophago Barrettiensi]. {{Ling|Anglice}} [[Categoria:Morbi oesophagi]] 1my2zga3wky6ifg5aex25t2ddrkbf0j 0 272327 3980028 3978769 2026-08-09T23:27:38Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Pelecanidae | fossil_range = {{fossilrange|28.1|0|r=[[Oligocaenum]] inferius > [[Recens]]}} | image = Pelikan Walvis Bay.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Pelecanus onocrotalus]]'' super [[Walvis Bay]] [[Namibia]]e volat.<br>[[File:Baby pelican.ogg|thumb]] | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | ordo = [[Pelecaniformes]] | familia = '''Pelecanidae''' | genus = '''''Pelecanus''' | family authority = [[Constantinus Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], [[1815]] | genus authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]] | type_species = ''[[Pelecanus onocrotalus]]'' | type_species_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] | subdivision = 8, ''vide commentarium.'' }} '''Pelecanidae''' ([[Graece]] πελεκάν<ref>Jobling 1992:296.</ref> > πέλεκυς '[[securis]]'<ref>Partridge 1983:479.</ref><ref>Nomen in [[Graecia|Graecia]] [[antiquitas|classica]] ad pelecanos et [[Picidae|picidas]] adhibebatur (Simpson et Weiner 1989:1299).</ref>) sunt [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]] magnarum [[avis aquatica|avium aquaticarum]], inter quarum proprietates sunt [[rostrum]] longum et [[saccus gularis]] magnus, qui ad [[praeda]]s capiendas [[aqua]]mque expellendam adhibetur antequam res contentae vorantur. Eis sunt [[penna]]e plerumque pallidae, pelecanis [[Pelecanus occidentalis|occidentalibus]] [[Pelecanus thagus|thagisque]] exceptis. Omnium specierum rostra, sacculi, [[cutis]]que [[facies|faciei]] nuda clarissime ante tempus [[fetus|feturae]] [[color]]antur. [[Octo]] [[species|speciebus]] vivis est [[distributio geographica]] latissima, quae autem [[latitudo|latitudine]] a [[zona tropica|tropicis]] ad [[zona temperata|zonam temperatam]] extenditur, quamquam hae [[avis|aves]] ab interioribus [[America Australis|Americae Australis]] [[regio]]nibus, [[arctica|regionibus polaribus]], [[mare|marique]] aperto absunt. Pelecani ad [[fregata]]s, [[Phalacrocorax|phalacrocoraces]], [[Phaethon (genus)|phaethones]]s, [[Sulidae|sulidasque]] coniuncti olim habebantur, sed potius hodie constat inter [[ornithologia|ornithologos]] ei artissime cum ''[[Scopus umbretta|Scopo umbretta]]'' et ''[[Balaeniceps rex|Balaenicipite regi]]'' coniungi, et in [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordine]] [[Pelecaniformes|Pelecaniformium]] ponuntur. [[Threskiornithinae]], [[plataleinae]], et [[ardeidae]] (inter quas [[botaurinae]]) in eodem ordine digeruntur. [[Fossile|Fossilia]] pelicanorum indicia abhinc annorum saltem 30 milliones reperiuntur, ad reliquias rostri specierum hodiernarum simillimis in stratis [[Oligocaenum|Oligocaenis]] in [[Francia]] repertis. Putantur se evolvisse in [[Mundus Vetus|Mundo Vetere]], tum in [[America]]m migravisse; quod in coniunctionibus intra genus videtur, quia octo species in stirpes mundorum Veteris et [[Mundus Novus|Novi]] digeruntur. Pelecani aquas interiores et [[litus|litorales]] frequentant, ubi praecipue [[piscis|piscibus]] [[victus|vescuntur]], quos ad vel prope [[superficies|superficiem]] aquae capiunt. [[Aves]] gregarii sunt.<!--, travelling in flocks, [[Cooperative hunting|hunting cooperatively]] and breeding [[colonia avium|colonially]].--> Quattuor species [[penna|pennis]] albis super [[solum|humum]], quattuorque species pennis [[fuscus|fuscis]] vel [[canus|canis]] plerumque in [[arbor|ibus]] [[nidus|nidificare]] solent. Coniunctio inter pelecanos et [[homo sapiens|homines]] pugnax aliquando est; nam [[piscator]]es eos alacriter insectantur. Eorum numeri decreverunt ob [[habitatio]]nem destructam perturbatamque et [[circumiecta]] [[pollutio|polluta]], ac tres species in periculo putantur. Significationem [[cultura]]lem in [[mythologia]] atque in [[iconographia]] [[Christianitas|Christiana]] [[scientia heraldica|heraldicaque]] diu habent. ==Cladogramma== Coniunctiones evolutionariae inter species exstantes, in Kennedy, Taylor, Nádvorník, et Spencer (2013) conditae. {{clade|style=line-height:75% |label1= |1={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |1=''[[Pelecanus crispus|P. crispus]]'' |2=''[[Pelecanus philippensis|P. philippensis]]'' }} |2=''[[Pelecanus rufescens|P. rufescens]]'' }} |2=''[[Pelecanus conspicillatus|P. conspicillatus]]'' }} |2=''[[Pelecanus onocrotalus|P. onocrotalus]]'' |label2= |2={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |1=''[[Pelecanus occidentalis|P. occidentalis]]'' |2=''[[Pelecanus thagus|P. thagus]]'' }} |2=''[[Pelecanus erythrorhynchos|P. erythrorhynchos]]'' }} }} }} }} {| |- | style="vertical-align:top;"|{{Clade|style=font-size:90% |label1= |1={{Clade |1=[[Suliformes]] |label2=[[Pelecaniformes]] |2={{Clade |label1= |1={{Clade |1=[[Ardeidae]] |2=[[Threskiornithidae]] }} |label2= |2={{Clade |label1= |1={{Clade |1=''[[Scopus umbretta]]'' |2=''[[Balaeniceps rex]]'' }} |2=''Pelecanidae'' }} }} }} }} [[Cladogramma]] etiam in Hackett et al. (2008) conditum.<ref name="Hackett">{{cite journal |author1=Hackett, S. J. |author2=Kimball, R. T. |author3=Reddy, S. |author4=Bowie, R. C. K. |author5=Braun, E. L. |author6=Braun, M. J. |author7=Chojnowski, J. L. |author8=Cox, W. A. |author9=Han, K.-L. |author10=Harshman, J. |author11=Huddleston, C. J. |author12=Marks, B. D. |author13=Miglia, K. J. |author14=Moore, W. A. |author15=Sheldon, F. H. |author16=Steadman, D. W. |author17=Witt, C. C. |author18=Yuri, T. |year= 2008|title= A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2008-06-27_320_5884/page/1763 |journal= Science |volume= 320|issue= 5884|pages= 1763–68 |doi=10.1126/science.1157704 |pmid=18583609|bibcode=2008Sci...320.1763H }}.</ref> |style="vertical-align:top;"| {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | header = Cognati vivi artissime conecti | width =150 | image1 = Hammerkopf2.jpg | alt1 = Head of a hamerkop | caption1 = ''[[Scopus umbretta]]'' | image2 = Balaeniceps rex -Ueno Zoo, Tokyo, Japan -upper body-8a.jpg | alt2 = Head of a shoebill | caption2 = ''[[Balaeniceps rex]]'' }} |} {| style="width:98%;" class="wikitable" ! style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3a4;" colspan="4"|Vivae generis ''Pelecani'' species |- ! style="width:18%;"|[[Binomen|Binomina]]<ref name="zoonomen">{{cite web | url =http://www.zoonomen.net/avtax/pele.html |title = Zoological Nomenclature Resource: Pelecaniformes (Version 2.003) |date =14 Decembris 2011|publisher = www.zoonomen.net }}.</ref>; ! Imago ! style="text-align:center;"|Descriptio ! style="width:20%;"|Spatium et status |- |''[[Pelecanus erythrorhynchos]]''<br />Gmelin, [[1789]] |<center>[[Fasciculus:Mikebaird - American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos ) (bird) in Mo (by).jpg|185px|alt=American white pelican]]</center> |Longitudo 1.3–1.8 m, spatium [[ala]]rum 2.44–2.9 m, pondus 5–9 kg.<ref name="Nellis01">{{cite book| last = Nellis| first = David W.| title = Common Coastal Birds of Florida & the Caribbean| url = https://books.google.com/?id=-REZ4R8wBg4C|year = 2001| publisher = Pineapple Press| location = Sarasotae Floridae| isbn = 1-56164-191-X| page = 11}}.</ref> Pinnae paene omnino alibae, praeter [[pennae volatus|pennas volatus]] primarias et secundarias<!--[[Flight feather#Remiges|remiges]]--> solum [[volatus|volatu]] visibiles. |Species monotypica. [[America Septentrionalis]] interior, in [[Mexicum|Mexico]] [[hiems|hiemans]].<ref name=sibleymonroe/> Status: Least Concern. <!--<ref name="iucnerythrorhynchos">{{IUCN2010 |assessor=BirdLife International |year=2011 |id=106003814 |title=Pelecanus erythrorhynchos |version=2011.2 |downloaded=19 Iunii 2012}}.</ref> --> |- |''[[Pelecanus occidentalis]]''<br />Linnaeus, [[1766]] |<center>[[Fasciculus:Pelecanus Occidentalis KW 1.JPG|185px|alt=''Pelecanus occidentalis.'']]</center> |Longitudo ad 1.4 m, spatium alarum 2–2.3 m, pondus 3.6–4.5 kg.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fws.gov/contaminants/pdf/brown_pelicanfactsheet09.pdf|title=BrownPelican|accessdate=9 Iunii 2012 |work=Endangered Species Program information sheet |publisher=US Fish & Wildlife Service |date=November 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111133115/http://www.fws.gov/contaminants/pdf/brown_pelicanfactsheet09.pdf|archivedate=11Novembris2012}}.</ref> Minimus pelicanus.<!--; distinguished by brown plumage; feeds by plunge-diving.--><ref>{{cite book|author1=Ridgely, Robert S. |author2=Gwynne, John A. | title = A Guide to the Birds of Panama: With Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras| url = https://books.google.com/?id=H9INVOMUgOAC| year = 1992| publisher = Princeton University Press| location = Princetoniae Novae Caesareae| isbn = 0691025126| page = 63}}.</ref> |Quinque [[subspecies]]. Distributio litoralis, ab America Septentrionali et Mari Caribico ad Americam Australem septentrionalem et [[Insulae Galapagenses|Insulas Galapagenses]].<ref name=sibleymonroe/> Status: Least Concern.<!--<ref name="iucnoccidentalis">{{IUCN2010 |assessor=BirdLife International |year=2011 |id=160032208 |title=Pelecanus occidentalis |version=2011.2 |downloaded=19 Iunii 2012}}.</ref>--> |- |''[[Pelecanus thagus]]''<br />Molina, [[1782]] |<center>[[Fasciculus:Pelícano en Pucusana.JPG|185px|alt=Peruvian pelican]]</center> |Longitudo ad 1.52 m, spatium alarum 2.48 m,<ref>{{cite book| author = Chester, Sharon R.| title = A Wildlife Guide to Chile: Continental Chile, Chilean Antarctica, Easter Island, Juan Fernández Archipelago| url = https://books.google.com/?id=qrI5ph6BWiIC| year = 2008| publisher = Princeton University Press| location = Princetoniae Novae Caesareae| isbn = 0691129762| pages = 174–75 }}.</ref> pondus 7 kg.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://mundoazul.org/habitats-species/marine-birds/peruvian-pelican-pelecanus-thagus/|title=PeruvianPelican |first= Stefan |last= Austermühle |publisher=Mundo Azul |date=17 Octobris 2010}}.</ref> <!--Dark with a white stripe from the crown down the sides of the neck.--> |Species monotypica. Litus [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacificum]] Americae Australis ab [[Aequator]]e et [[Peruvia]] ad meridiem ad [[Tsilia]]m australem.<ref name="sibleymonroe">{{cite book|author1=Sibley, Charles Gald |author2=Monroe, Burt Leavelle | title = Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World| url = https://books.google.com/?id=Wk-vyrNVAccC| year= 1990| publisher = Yale University Press| isbn = 0300049692| pages = 314–15}}.</ref> Status: Near Threatened.<!-- <ref name="iucnthagus">{{IUCN2010 |assessor=BirdLife International |year=2011 |id=106003816 |title=Pelecanus thagus |version=2011.2 |downloaded=19 Iunii 2012}}</ref>--> |- |''[[Pelecanus onocrotalus]]''<br />[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]] |<center>[[Fasciculus:Whitepelican edit shadowlift edit.jpg|185px|alt=Great white pelican]]</center> |Longitudo 1.40–1.75 m, spatium alarum 2.45–2.95 m, pondus 10–11 kg.<ref name="BWP">{{cite book|editor1=Snow, David |editor2=Perrins, Christopher M | title = The Birds of the Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes)| year = 1998| publisher = Oxford University Press| location = Oxoniae| isbn = 019854099X| pages = 93–98}}.</ref><ref name="Mullarney ">{{cite book| last = Mullarney| first = Killian| author2 = Svensson, Lars| author3 = Zetterström, Dan| author4 = Grant, Peter| title = [[Collins Bird Guide]]| year = 1999| publisher = Collins| isbn = 0-00-219728-6| page = [https://archive.org/details/collinsbirdguide0000sven/page/n79 76] }}.</ref> Pennae albae, parte faciali et [[crus|cruribus]] [[roseus|roseis]]. |Species monotypica. Distributio rara ab [[Mare Mediterraneum|Mediterraneo]] orientali ad orientem ad [[Indosina]]m et [[Aurea Chersonesus|Paeninsulam Malayanam]] et ad [[meridies|meridiem]] ad [[Africa Australis|Africam Australem]].<ref name=sibleymonroe/> Status: Least Concern.<!-- <ref name="iucnonocrot">{{IUCN2010 |assessor=BirdLife International |year=2011 |id=106003809 |title=Pelecanus onocrotalus |version=2011.2 |downloaded=19 Iunii 2012}}.</ref> --> |- |''[[Pelecanus conspicillatus]]''<br />Temminck, [[1824]] |<center>[[Fasciculus:Pelecanus conspicillatus -Australia -8.jpg|185px|alt=Australian pelican]]</center> |Longitudo 1.60–1.90 m, spatium alarum 2.5–3.4 m, pondus 4–8.2 kg.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://australian-animals.net/pelican.htm|title=Australian Pelican|publisher=Unique Australian Animals}}.</ref> Plerumque albus, partibus nigris inter pinnas primarias et rostro magno, roseo pallido. |Species monotypica. [[Australia ]] et [[Nova Guinea]]; errans in [[Nova Zelandia|Novam Zelandiam]], [[Insulae Salomonis|Insulas Salomonis]], [[Archipelagus Bismarckianus|Archipelagum Bismarckianum]], [[Viti|Vitios]], et [[Wallacea]]m.<ref name=sibleymonroe/> Status: Least Concern.<!-- <ref name="iucnconspic">{{IUCN2010 |assessor=BirdLife International |year=2011 |id=106003813 |title=Pelecanus conspicillatus |version=2011.2 |downloaded=19 Iunii 2012}}</ref> --> |- |''[[Pelecanus rufescens]]''<br />Gmelin, [[1789]] |<center>[[Fasciculus:Pink-backed Pelican - Naivasha - Kenya 50276 (15205474549).jpg|185px|alt=Pink-backed pelican]]</center> |Longitudo 1.25–1.32 m, spatium alarum 2.65–2.9 m,<ref name="beaman"/> pondus 3.9–7 kg.<ref>Elliott (1992), p. 309.</ref> Canus, pinnis albis, aliquando roseis in tergo, [[mandibulum|mandibulo]] [[flavus|flavo]] et sacculo cano.<ref name="beaman"/> |Species monotypica. [[Africa]], [[Insulae Seisellenses]], et [[Arabia]] meridio-occidentalis;<ref name=sibleymonroe/> [[exstinctio|exstinctus]] in [[Madagascaria]].<ref>{{cite book| last = Langrand| first = Olivier| title = Guide to the Birds of Madagascar| url = https://books.google.com/?id=VYVqhOqS2WEC| year = 1990| publisher = Yale University Press| location = Portu Novo Connecticutae |isbn = 0300043104| page = 96}}.</ref> Status: Least Concern.<!-- <ref name="iucnrufescens">{{IUCN2010 |assessor=BirdLife International |year=2011 |id=106003810 |title=Pelecanus rufescens |version=2011.2 |downloaded=19 Iunii 2012}}</ref> --> |- |''[[Pelecanus crispus]]''<br />Bruch, [[1832]] |<center>[[Fasciculus:Pelecanus crispus at Beijing Zoo crop.JPG|185px|alt=Dalmatian pelican]]</center> |Longitudo 1.60–1.80 m, spatium alarum 2.70–3.20 m, pondus 10–12 kg.<ref name=BWP/><ref name= Mullarney/> Maximus pelicanus; a ''Pelecano onocrotalo'' variat ob pinnas [[collis]] crispas, cruribus canis, et pinnis a cana ad albam.<ref name="beaman">{{cite book|author1=Beaman, Mark |author2=Madge, Steve | title = The Handbook of Bird Identification: For Europe and the Western Palearctic| url = https://books.google.com/?id=M_RpY0i2blYC| year = 2010| publisher = A&C Black| location = Londinii| isbn = 1408134942| pages = 83–85}}.</ref> |Species monotypica. Ab [[Europa]] meridio-orientali ad [[India]]m et [[Sinae|Sinas]].<ref name=sibleymonroe/> Status: Near Threatened.<!-- <ref name=iucncrispus/> --> |- |''[[Pelecanus philippensis]]''<br />Gmelin, [[1789]] |<center>[[Fasciculus:Pelecanus Philippensis.JPG|185px|alt=Spot-billed pelican]]</center> |Longitudo 1.27–1.52 m, spatium alarum 2.5 m, pondus circa 5 kg.<ref name="brazil09">{{cite book| author = Brazil, Mark| title = Birds of East Asia| url = https://books.google.com/?id=7-GgBoivL70C| year = 2009| publisher = A&C Black| location = Londinii| isbn = 0713670401| page = 110 }}</ref> Plerumque canus et albus,<!-- with a grey hindneck crest in breeding season,--> clunibus roseis et sacculo maculato.<ref name=brazil09/> |Species monotypica. [[Asia]] meridiana a [[Pakistania]] trans [[India]]m ad orientem ad [[Indonesia]]m;<ref name=sibleymonroe/> [[exstinctio|exstinctus]] in [[Philippinae|Philippinis]] et fortasse Sinis orientalibus.<ref name=brazil09/> Status: Near Threatened.<!-- <ref name=iucnphillippenis/> --> |} {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | header = | width = 250 | image1 = Spot-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis) at nest with chicks in Uppalpadu W IMG 2663.jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = Nidificans ''[[Pelecanus philippensis|Pelecanorum philippensium]]'' colonia [[Uppalapadu]] in vico [[Āndhra Pradeśa]] civitatis [[India]]e. Haec species in [[arbor]]ibus nidiciat. | image2 = Spot-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis) feeding a juvenile in Garapadu, AP W IMG 5362.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = ''[[Pelecanus philippensis]]'' avem iuvenem nutrit in nido arboreo [[Garapadu]] in vico [[Āndhra Pradeśa]] civitatis [[India]]e. | image3 =Pelecanus conspicillatus -Brisbane Water, Broken Bay, New South Wales, Australia -colony-8.jpg | alt3 = | caption3 = Nidificans ''[[Pelecanus conspicillatus|Pelecanorum conspicillatorum]]'' colonia in litore [[Nova Cambria Australis|Novae Cambriae Australis]]. Haec species super humum nidificat. }} ==Fossilia== Inter [[fossile|fossilia]] pelecanorum repertorum sunt: *''[[Pelecanus cadimurka]]'', Rich & van Tets, 1981 (Pliocaeno exeunte in [[Australia Australis|Australia Australi]])<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rich, P. V. |author2=van Tets, J. |year=1981 |title= The Fossil Pelicans of Australia |journal= Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) |volume=18 |issue=12 |pages= 235–64}}.</ref> *''[[Pelecanus cautleyi]]'', Davies, 1880 (Pliocaeno ineunte in Siwalik Hills Indiae)<!-- <ref name=fbbm/> --> *''[[Pelecanus fraasi]]'', [[Ricardus Lydekker|Lydekker]], 1891 (Medio Miocaeno in [[Bavaria]])<!-- <ref name=fbbm/> --> *''[[Pelecanus gracilis]]'', Milne-Edwards, 1863 (Miocaeno ineunte in Francia) (vide ''[[Miopelecanus]]'')<!-- <ref name=fbbm/> --> *''[[Pelecanus halieus]]'', Wetmore, 1933 (Pliocaeno exeunte in Idaho)<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wetmore, A. |year=1933 |title= Pliocene Bird Remains from Idaho |journal= Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections |volume=87 |issue=20|pages=1–12 |url= https://archive.org/details/cbarchive_36794_pliocenebirdremainsfromidaho1862}}.</ref>;; *''Pelecanus intermedius'', Fraas, 1870 (Miocaeno medio in [[Bavaria]])<!-- <ref name=fbbm/> --> (ad ''Miopelecanos'' a Cheneval anno 1984 translatus) *''[[Pelecanus odessanus]]'', Widhalm, 1886 (Miocaeno exeunte, prope [[Odessa]] [[Ukraina]]e)<ref>{{cite journal |author= Widhalm, J.|year=1886 |title= Die Fossilen Vogel-Knochen der Odessaer-Steppen-Kalk-Steinbrüche an der Neuen Slobodka bei Odessa |journal= Schriften der Neurussische Gesellschaft der Naturforscher zu Odessa |volume=10|pages=3–9}}.</ref> *''[[Pelecanus schreiberi]]'', Olson, 1999 (Pliocaene ineunte in [[Carolina Septentrionalis|Carolina Septentrionali]])<!-- <ref name=pbsw/> --> *''[[Pelecanus sivalensis]]'', Davies, 1880 (Pliocaeno ineunte in Siwalik Hills Indiae)<!-- <ref name=fbbm/> --> *''[[Pelecanus tirarensis]]'', Miller, 1966 (Oligocaeno exeunte ad Miocaenuim medium in Australia Australi)<ref>{{cite journal |author=Miller, A.H. |year= 1966|title= The Fossil Pelicans of Australia |journal= Memoirs of the Queensland Museum |volume=14 |pages= 181–90}}.</ref> ==In societatae humana== ''[[Pelecanus onocrotalus]]'' est [[avis civitatis]] [[Romania]]e.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eupedia.com/europe/national_birds_flowers_europe.shtml|title=NationalBirds|work=List of national birds and flowers or plants of European countries|publisher=Eupedia}}</ref> ''[[Pelecanus occidentalis]]'' est avis civitatis trium civitatum [[Mare Caribicum|Caribicorum]]: [[Sanctus Christophorus et Nives|Sancti Christophori et Nivis]], [[Barbata]]e, et [[Sanctus Martinus (insula)|Sancti Martini]] , quorum [[insigne|insignibus]] exornat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bidc.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=115&Itemid=96|title=PelicanCraft Centre: Overviewpublisher=Barbados Investment and Development Corporation}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stkittsheritage.com/historic_heritage.asp|title=NationalSymbols: The Coat of Arms |work=Historic Heritage |publisher=St Christopher National Trust |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713073043/http://stkittsheritage.com/historic_heritage.asp|archivedate=13July2012 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museumsintmaarten.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=91&Itemid=124|title=CoatofArms|work=St Maarten Museum website|publisher=Sint Maarten National Heritage Foundation|}}</ref> Qui etiam est avis civitatis [[Ludoviciana]]e, quae vulgo appellatur ''Pelican State'' ('Civitas Pelecanorum'); quae avis in [[vexillum|vexillo]] et [[sigillum Ludovicianae|sigillo civitatis]] videri potest. Sigilla [[Universitas Civica Ludovicianae|Universitatis Civicae Ludovicianae]] et [[Universitas Tulane|Universitatis Tulane]] exornat, et est ''mascot'' [[New Orleans Pelicans]] turma NBA, Universitatis Tulane, et [[Universitas Indorum Occidentalium|Universitatis Indorum Occidentalium]]. [[Logotypus]] pelecani albi adhibetur a [[Montepio Geral]], [[argentaria]] [[Portugallia|Portugallica]],<ref name="montepio">{{cite web| title= Montepio institutional | work= Montepio Bank website | url= http://www.montepio.pt/SitePublico/pt_PT/institucional.page?|publisher= Montepio}}.</ref> et pelecanus in [[obversus et reversus|reverso]] [[nummus|nummi]] [[Albanian lek|unius lek]] [[Albania|Albanici]] depingitur, anno [[1996]] facti.<ref name="coin">{{cite web|title= Albanian coins in issue in 1995, 1996 and 2000| url= http://www.bankofalbania.org/web/Albanian_coins_of_circulation_43_2.php|publisher=BankofAlbania|year=2009}}.</ref> [[Nomen proprium|Nomen]] et [[imago]] adhibentur a [[Pelican Books]], [[impressio (nomen commerciale)|impressione]] librorum non [[fictio]]nalium a Penguin Books editorum. Sigillum [[Institutum Collegiatum Packeranum|Instituti Collegiati Packerani]], quod pelecanum iuvenem nutrientem depingit in usu est ex anno [[1885]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fc.packer.edu/Websites/MSHandbook/mshb2003.htm|title=MiddleSchoolHandbook|work=packer.edu|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130217094354/https://fc.packer.edu/Websites/MSHandbook/mshb2003.htm|archivedate=17February2013|df=dmy-all}}.</ref> [[Factio Solidaritatis Americana]], [[factio politica]] [[Democratia Christiana|Democratica Christiana]], pelecano pro suo signo animali utitur, sua fundamenta socialis doctrinae [[Ecclesia Catholica|Catholicae]] attingens. [[Fasciculus:Pelican-Gaping-Aruba.JPG|thumb|''[[Pelecanus occidentalis]]'' [[os]] aperit faucisque sacculum inflat ad [[lingua]]m et [[anatomia]]m rostri interni monstrandam.]] [[Fasciculus:Pelecanus erythrorhynchos -Tulsa Zoo, Oklahoma, USA-8c.jpg|thumb|upright|In ''[[Pelecanus erythrorhynchos|Pelecano erythrorhyncho]],'' tuber in rostro ante tempus [[fetus|feturae]] crescit.]] [[Fasciculus:Pelecanus occidentalis -Smith Island, Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA -nest-8cr.jpg|thumb|''[[Pelecanus occidentalis]]'' adultus cum pullo in [[nidus|nido]] in [[Sinus Chesapeacus|Sinu Chesapeaco]] [[Terra Mariae|Terrae Mariae]]. Haec species nidos in [[solum|humo]] facit, [[arbor]]ibus idoneis absentibus.<ref>[http://www.floridawildlifeviewing.com/florida_animals_wildlife/PelicanNesting.htm"Brown Pelican breeding and nesting habits,"] ''Florida Wildlife Viewing'' (M. Timothy O’Keefe).</ref>]] [[Fasciculus:Pelecanus occidentalis -Jamaica -fishing-8.ogv|thumb|upright=1|''[[Pelecanus occidentalis|Pelecani occidentales]]'' in [[mare]] ante [[Iamaica]]m praecipites desiliunt.]] [[Fasciculus:Pelecanus onocrotalus -Kenya -several-8.jpg|thumb|''[[Pelecanus onocrotalus|Pelecani onocrotali]] in [[Kenia]] quiescunt.]] [[Fasciculus:Ägyptische Sammlung 08.jpg|upright|thumb|Pelicani in ''[[relief]]'' in [[templum|templo]] [[Abu Gorab]] [[Domus quinta Aegypti|Domus quintae]] in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]] monstrantur.]] ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Elliott, Andrew. [[1992]]. Family Pelecanidae (Pelicans). In ''Handbook of the Birds of the World, Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks,'' ed. Josep del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott, et Jordi Sargatal, 290–311. Barcinonae: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 9788487334108. *Jobling, James A. [[2010]]. ''The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names.'' Londinii: Christopher Helm. ISBN 9781408125014. * Kennedy, Martyn, Scott A. Taylor, Petr Nádvorník, et Hamish G. Spencer. [[2013]]. The phylogenetic relationships of the extant pelicans inferred from DNA sequence data. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 66(1):215–22. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.09.034. PMID 23059726. *Marchant, S., et P. J. Higgins. [[1990]]. ''Ratites to Ducks.'' Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds, vol. 1. Melburni Victoriae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195530683. *Nelson, J. Bryan. [[2005]]. ''Pelicans, cormorants and their relatives: Pelecanidae, Sulidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae, Fregatidae, Phaethontidae.'' Illustrationes Andrew MacKay; adumbrationes John Busby. Oxoniae et Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198577273. *Partridge, Eric. [[1983]]. ''Origins: a Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English.'' Novi Eboraci: Greenwich House. ISBN 0-517-414252. *Simpson, J. et E. Weiner, eds. [[1989]]. ''Oxford English Dictionary.'' Ed. 2a. Oxoniae: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0198611862. ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Pelecanus|pelecanum}} {{Wikiquote|Pelicans}} *[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/pelicans-pelecanidae Pelliculaepelicanorum.] Internet Bird Collection. [[Categoria:Fossilia viva]] [[Categoria:Monotypicae avium familiae]] [[Categoria:Pelecanidae|*]] [[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1758]]<!-- [[Category:Animal culling]] [[Category:Extant Chattian first appearances]] [[Category:National symbols of Barbados]]--> {{Myrias|Biologia}} 5jlu7sqy26du1dmofnph09j0cjnwesy 0 273685 3980046 3713526 2026-08-09T23:38:07Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cautio}} {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ Cephalosporina |- | style="text-align: center" colspan="2" | [[Fasciculus:Cephalosporin core structure.svg|200px|Cephalosporina]] |- ! colspan="2" | Natura chemica |- | style="font-size: 85%" | [[Formula chemica]] || style="font-size: 85%" | C₈H₅N₂O₄SR¹R² |- ! colspan="2" | Natura pharmacologica |- | style="font-size: 85%" | Codex ATC || style="font-size: 85%" | {{ATC|J01D}} |} '''Cephalosporina''' sunt [[antibioticum|antibiotica]] et classis [[antibioticum beta-lactamo|antibioticorum beta-lactamo]]. Cum [[cephamycinum|cephamycinis]] autem cephalosporina [[cephemum|cephema]] gregem constituunt. Nomen cephalosporini de nomine interea haud usitato [[fungus|fungi]] ''Cephalosporii acremonii'' derivatur. Effectus principales sunt bactericidi ("bacteria caedentes") idcirco, quia cephalosporina ad [[proteinum penicillinum ligans|proteina penicillinum ligantia]], itaque aedificationem murorum cellularium [[bacterium|bacteriorum]] inhibentes, iungunt. Anno [[1945]] primum cephalosporinum de [[Iosephus Brotzu|Iosepho Brotzu]] inventum est. Structura chemica [[penicillinum|penicillino]] similis est. Hodie quinque generationum (primae, secundae, tertiae, quartae, quintae) cephalosporinorum descriptae sunt. Dum cephalosporina primae generationis solum contra bacteria, quae sunt "positiva" secundum classificationem Gramiensem, occidunt, cephalosporina generationum sequentium etiam bacteria "negativa" interimunt. Reactiones adversae cephalosporinorum inter alias sunt [[diarrhoea]] et [[colitis pseudomembranosa]], [[nausea]], [[dolor]]es, [[adversa drogae reactio|exanthema]]. Nonnulla bacteria resistentia contra cephalosporina demonstrant. == Classificatio == Hodierno tempore cephalsporina in ''generationibus'' dividi solet, quamquam ista classificatio non satis diligenter videtur. Ita dicitur cephalosporinum primae generationis, secundae, tertiae, quartae, quintae. Distinctio autem modo incrementum effectuum contra organisma "negativa" (secundum classificationem Gramiensem) indicat. Initio cephalosporina primae generationis omnia cum literis "ceph-" coeperunt, profecto in civitatibus linguae Anglicae, nunc contra consuetudinem principalem cephalosporinorum omnium generationum litterae "cef-" adhibeatur. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Cephalosporinum<br />generationis !width="25%"| Membra ! Descriptio |- | primae | * [[Cefacetrilum]] * [[Cefadroxilum]] * [[Cefalexinum]] * [[Cefaloglycinum]] * [[Cefalonium]] * [[Cefaloridinum]] * [[Cefalotinum]] * [[Cefapirinum]] * [[Cefatrizinum]] * [[Cefazaflurum]] * [[Cefazedonum]] * [[Cefazolinum]] * [[Cefradinum]] * [[Cefroxadinum]] * [[Ceftezolum]] | '''Positive''' secundum classificationem Gramiensem cum effectibus contra penicillinasis-producing, methicillin-susceptible [[Staphylococcus|staphylococci]] et [[Streptococcus|streptococci]] (quamquam non sunt remedia primaria infectionum illarum). Sunt sine effectibus contra methicillin-resistant staphylococci vel [[Enterococcus|enterococci]]. '''Negative''' secundum classificationem Gramiensem cum effectibus contra ''[[Proteus (bacterium)|Proteus mirabilis]]'', nonnullas ''[[Escherichia coli|Escherichiarum coli]]'', et ''[[Klebsiella pneumoniae|Klebsiellarum pneumoniae]]'' ("PEcK"), sed sine effectibus contra ''[[Bacteroides fragilis|Bacteroidem fragilem]]'', ''Pseudomonades'', ''Acinetobacteria'', ''Enterobacteria'', indoli positivos ''Proteos'', vel ''Serratias''. |- | secundae | * [[Cefaclorum]] * [[Cefonicidum]] * [[Cefprozilum]] * [[Cefuroximum]] * [[Cefuzonamum]] Effectibus antianaerobicis: * [[Cefmetazolum]] * [[Cefotetanum]] * [[Cefoxitinum]] Cephema ista quoque nonnumquam inter cephalosporina secundae generationis sunt: * [[Carbacephemum|Carbacephema]]: ** [[Loracarbefum]] * [[Cefamycinum|Cefamycina]]: ** [[Cefbuperazonum]] ** [[Cefmetazolum]] ** [[Cefminoxum]] ** [[Cefotetanum]] ** [[Cefoxitinum]] ** [[Cefotiamum]] | '''Positive''' secundum classificationem Gramiensem: minus quam primae generationis. '''Negative''' secundum classificationem Gramiensem: magis quam primae generationis: HEN ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'', ''[[Enterobacter aerogenes]]'' et variae ''[[Neisseria]]rum'' |- | tertiae | * [[Cefcapenum]] * [[Cefdaloximum]] * [[Cefdinirum]] * [[Cefditorenum]] * [[Cefetametum]] * [[Cefiximum]] * [[Cefmenoximum]] * [[Cefodizimum]] * [[Cefotaximum]] * [[Cefovecinum]] * [[Cefpimizolum]] * [[Cefpodoximum]] * [[Cefteramum]] * [[Ceftamerum]] * [[Ceftibutenum]] * [[Ceftiofurum]] * [[Ceftiolenum]] * [[Ceftizoximum]] * [[Ceftriaxonum]] Effectibus contra ''Pseudomonades'' (e.g. [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]): * [[Cefoperazonum]] * [[Ceftazidimum]] Cephema haec quoque interdum cum cephalosporinis tertiae generationis inveniuntur: * [[Oxacephemum|Oxacephema]]: ** [[Latamoxefum]] | '''Positive''' secundum classificationem Gramiensem: quibusque membris gregum (imprimis consumptionis per os velut cum effectibus contra ''pseudomonadibus'') effectus reducti contra organismi "positivi" habent. Effectus contra staphylococcos ac streptococcos sunt minus cum usu compositorum tertiae generationis quam primarum secundarumque.<ref>The Antimicrobial Drugs, by Eric M. Scholar. Page 108. books.google.com</ref> '''Negative''' secundum classificationem Gramiensem: cephalosporinis tertiae generationis sunt spectrum effectuum amplius atque effectus aucti contra organisma "negativa". Imprimis in tractandis [[infectio nosocomialis|infectionibus nosocomialibus]] magnum momentum habend, sed multitudinis ascendentibus ''beta lactamasum spectri extensi'' utilitas classis huius diminuitur. Tertia generationis etiam [[systema nervosum centrale]] penetrant, itaque cum effectibus contra [[meningitis|meningitide]] per pneumococcos, meningococcos, ''H. influenzae''. |- | quartae | * [[Cefclidinum]] * [[Cefepimum]] * [[Cefluprenamum]] * [[Cefoselisum]] * [[Cefozopranum]] * [[Cefpiromum]] * [[Cefquinomum]] Cephema haec quoque interdum cum cephalosporinis quintae generationis inveniuntur: * [[Oxacephems]]: ** [[Flomoxef]] <small>Nota:[[Cefquinomum]] non ad usum hominum (modo [[medicina veterinaria|medicinae veterinariae]]).</small> | '''Positive''' secundum classificationem Gramiensem: Ea sunt substantiae spectro extenso cum effectibus illis primae generationis similiter contra organisa "positiva". '''Negative''' secundum classificationem Gramiensem: cephalosporina quintae generationis sunt [[zwitterion]]ta, quae membranas externas bacteriorum "negativorum" penetrare possunt.<ref name="SweetGibbs2009">{{Cite book|author1=Richard L Sweet|author2=Ronald S. Gibbs|title=Infectious Diseases of the Female Genital Tract|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wuR_ngItU5oC&pg=PA403|accessdate=8 September 2010|date=1 March 2009|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-0-7817-7815-2|pages=403–}}</ref> Eis etiam resistentia maior contra β-lactamasium sunt quam cephalosporinis tertiae generationis. Pluria etiam [[finis sanguinem cerebrum|finem sanguinem Cerebrum]] transgredi possunt, propterea efficienter in tractandis [[meningitis|meningitidibus]]. At contra ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa|Pseudomonadem aeruginosam]]'' efficienter est. |- | quintae | * [[Ceftobiprolum]] * [[Ceftarolinum]] * [[Ceftolozanum]] | [[Ceftobiprolum]] cephalosporinum quintae generationis descriptum est,<ref name="pmid18225983">{{cite journal|author=Widmer AF |title=Ceftobiprole: a new option for treatment of skin and soft-tissue infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2008-03-01_46_5/page/656 |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=46 |issue=5 |pages=656–658 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18225983 |doi=10.1086/526528 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17613382">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kosinski MA, Joseph WS |title=Update on the treatment of diabetic foot infections |journal=Clin Podiatr Med Surg |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=383–396 |date=July 2007 |pmid=17613382 |doi=10.1016/j.cpm.2007.03.009 |url=http://journals.elsevierhealth.com/retrieve/pii/S0891-8422(07)00026-2}}</ref><!-- tamen though acceptance for this terminology is not universal. Ceftobiprole has powerful anti[[pseudomonal]] characteristics and ''appears'' to be less susceptible to development of resistance. [[Ceftaroline]] has also been described as "fifth-generation" cephalosporin, but does not have the antipseudomonal or VRE coverage of ceftobiprole.<ref name="pmid20001879">{{Cite journal|author=Kollef MH |title=New antimicrobial agents for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus |journal=Crit Care Resusc |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=282–6 |date=December 2009 |pmid=20001879 |doi= |url=}}</ref> [[Ceftolozane]] is a new option for treatment of Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections (cIAI), and Complicated Urinary Tract Infections (cUTI). Ceftolozane is combined with the [[beta-lactamase|β-lactamase]] inhibitor [[tazobactam]], as multi-drug resistant bacterial infections will generally show resistance to all [[beta-lactam antibiotic|β-lactam antibiotics]] unless this enzyme is inhibited.<ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 17145788| pmc = 1803152| year = 2007| author1 = Takeda| first1 = S| title = In vitro and in vivo activities of a new cephalosporin, FR264205, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa| journal = Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy| volume = 51| issue = 3| pages = 826–30| last2 = Nakai| first2 = T| last3 = Wakai| first3 = Y| last4 = Ikeda| first4 = F| last5 = Hatano| first5 = K| doi = 10.1128/AAC.00860-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 18701284| year = 2008| author1 = Toda| first1 = A| title = Synthesis and SAR of novel parenteral anti-pseudomonal cephalosporins: Discovery of FR264205| journal = Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters| volume = 18| issue = 17| pages = 4849–52| last2 = Ohki| first2 = H| last3 = Yamanaka| first3 = T| last4 = Murano| first4 = K| last5 = Okuda| first5 = S| last6 = Kawabata| first6 = K| last7 = Hatano| first7 = K| last8 = Matsuda| first8 = K| last9 = Misumi| first9 = K| last10 = Itoh| first10 = K| last11 = Satoh| first11 = K| last12 = Inoue| first12 = S| doi = 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.085}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 21321149| pmc = 3088243| year = 2011| author1 = Sader| first1 = H. S.| title = Antimicrobial activity of CXA-101, a novel cephalosporin tested in combination with tazobactam against Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacteroides fragilis strains having various resistance phenotypes| journal = Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy| volume = 55| issue = 5| pages = 2390–4| last2 = Rhomberg| first2 = P. R.| last3 = Farrell| first3 = D. J.| last4 = Jones| first4 = R. N.| doi = 10.1128/AAC.01737-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 23274659| pmc = 3623364| year = 2013| author1 = Craig| first1 = W. A.| title = In vivo activities of ceftolozane, a new cephalosporin, with and without tazobactam against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae, including strains with extended-spectrum β-lactamases, in the thighs of neutropenic mice| journal = Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy| volume = 57| issue = 4| pages = 1577–82| last2 = Andes| first2 = D. R.| doi = 10.1128/AAC.01590-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 24352909| year = 2014| author1 = Zhanel| first1 = G. G.| title = Ceftolozane/tazobactam: A novel cephalosporin/β-lactamase inhibitor combination with activity against multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli| journal = Drugs| volume = 74| issue = 1| pages = 31–51| last2 = Chung| first2 = P| last3 = Adam| first3 = H| last4 = Zelenitsky| first4 = S| last5 = Denisuik| first5 = A| last6 = Schweizer| first6 = F| last7 = Lagacé-Wiens| first7 = P. R.| last8 = Rubinstein| first8 = E| last9 = Gin| first9 = A. S.| last10 = Walkty| first10 = A| last11 = Hoban| first11 = D. J.| last12 = Lynch Jp| first12 = 3rd| last13 = Karlowsky| first13 = J. A.| doi = 10.1007/s40265-013-0168-2}}</ref> --> |- | Alia: | Cephema haec nondum sunt quaedam generationis attributa: * [[Cefaloramum]] * [[Cefaparolum]] * [[Cefcanelum]] * [[Cefedrolorum]] * [[Cefempidonum]] * [[Cefetrizolum]] * [[Cefivitrilum]] * [[Cefmatilenum]] * [[Cefmepidium]] * [[Cefoxazolum]] * [[Cefrotilum]] * [[Cefsumidum]] * [[Ceftioxidum]] * [[Cefuracetimum]] * [[Nitrocefinum]] | [[Nitrocefinum]] est chromogenicum cephalosporinorum substratum, in praesentia β-lactamasis color mutat. |} {{NexInt}} * [[Medicamentum pharmaceuticum]] == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150921163439/http://www.courses.ahc.umn.edu/pharmacy/6124/remmel_notes/cephalosporins.pdf De cephalosporinis (PDF)]. {{Ling|Anglice}} [[Categoria:Antibiotica]] [[Categoria:Cephalosporina|!]] 1qlexantabay1terx6rkh52y85r8hqt 0 274117 3979937 3529376 2026-08-09T21:52:45Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{titulus italicus}} {{Taxobox | fossil_range = {{fossil range|28|1.8|r=[[Oligocaenum]] superius > [[Pleistocaenum]] inferius}} | image = Megalodon shark jaws museum of natural history 068.jpg | image_caption = Forma [[maxillae|maxillarum]] megalodonis in [[Museum Americanum historiae naturalis|Museo Americano historiae naturalis]] | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Chondrichthyes]] | ordo = [[Lamniformes]] | familia = †[[Otodontidae]] | genus = †''[[Carcharocles]]'' | species = †''[[Carcharocles megalodon|C. megalodon]]'' | binomial = ''[[Carcharocles megalodon]]'' | binomial_authority = ([[Ludovicus Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1843) | synonyms ={{div col}} ;Genus ''Carcharias'' *''C. giganteus'' *''C. grosseserratus'' *''C. incidens'' *''C. macrodon'' *''C. megalodon'' *''C. mexicanus'' *''C. polygurus'' *''C. polygyrus'' *''C. productus'' *''C. (Prionodon) incidens'' ;Genus ''Carcharocles'' *''C. subauriculatus'' *''C. megalodon megalodon'' *''C. productus'' ;Genus ''Carcharodon'' *''C. arcuatus'' *''C. branneri'' *''C. brevis'' *''C. costae'' *''C. crassidens'' *''C. crassirhadix'' *''C. crassus'' *''C. gibbesi'' *''C. gigas'' *''C. helveticus'' *''C. humilis'' *''C. intermedius'' *''C. latissimus'' *''C. leviathan'' *''C. megalodon'' *''C. megalodon indica'' *''C. megalodon megalodon'' *''C. megalodon polygyra'' *''C. megalodon productus'' *''C. megalodon siculus'' *''C. megalodon yamanarii'' *''C. morricei'' *''C. polygurus'' *''C. polygyrus'' *''C. productus'' *''C. quenstedti'' *''C. rectidens'' *''C. rectideus'' *''C. semiserratus'' *''C. subauriculatus'' *''C. tumidissimus'' *''C. turicensis'' ;Genus ''Megaselachus'' *''M. arcuatus'' *''M. auriculatus falciformis'' *''M. branneri'' *''M. brevis'' *''M. crassidens'' *''M. crassirhadix'' *''M. crassus'' *''M. gigas'' *''M. heterodon'' *''M. humilis'' *''M. incidens'' *''M. leviathan'' *''M. megalodon'' *''M. megalodon indicus'' *''M. polygyrus'' *''M. productus'' *''M. rectidens'' *''M. semiserratus'' *''M. subauriculatus'' ;Genus ''Procarcharodon'' *''P. megalodon'' *''P. megalodon megalodon'' ;Genus ''Otodus'' *''O. megalodon'' *''O. (Megaselachus) megalodon'' ;Genus ''Selache'' *''S. manzonii'' {{div col end}} | synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://shark-references.com/species/view/Otodus-Megaselachus-megalodon|title=''Otodus (Megaselachus) megalodon'' (Agassiz, 1837)|work=SharkReferences.com|accessdate=24 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=8XNGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA82}}|first=C. R.|last=Eastman|title=Maryland Geological Survey|volume=2|publisher= Johns Hopkins University|location=Baltimore, Maryland|year=1904|page=82}}</ref><ref name=cappetta/><ref>{{cite journal|url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=ZmqWKhTAeqYC|page=308}}|first=O. P.|last=Hay|year=1901|title=Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America|journal=Bulletin of the United States Geological Society|issue=179|page=308}}.</ref> }} '''''Carcharocles megalodon''''' est [[exstinctio|exstincta]] [[Selachimorpha|selachimorphorum]] [[species (taxinomia)|species]], quae abhinc circiter inter 23 et 2.6 milliones annorum, inter [[Miocaenum]] superius et [[Pliocaenum]] inferius vixit. Ante tempus recens disputatum erat de megalodontis taxinomia: alii putaverant id [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Lamidae|Lamidarum]] (sicut ''[[Carcharodon carcharias]]''); alii exstinctae familiae [[Otodontidae|Otodontidarum]] esse. Hodie secunda opinio praevalet, sed de [[genus (taxinomia)|genere]] eius etiamnunc disputatur: hoc potest esse aut ''[[Carcharocles]]'', aut ''[[Megaselachus]]'', aut ''[[Otodus]]'', aut ''[[Procarcharodon]]''. Eruditi censent ''C. megalodontem'' specie similem fuisse ''Carcharodonti carchariae'', aut fortasse ''[[Cetorhinus maximus|Cetorhino maximo]]'' vel ''[[Carcharias taurus|Carchariae tauro]]''. Unus erat ex maximis et validissimis [[praedator]]ibus omnis temporis; ex reliquiis eius [[fossile|fossilibus]] putatur eum longitudinem 18 metrorum attigisse. Maxillae poterant mordere vi inter {{formatnum:108514}} et {{formatnum:182201}} [[newtonium|newtoniorum]]. [[Dens|Dentes]] erant crassi ac robusti, ad [[praeda]]m captandam et ossa frangenda apti. Megalodon penitus communitates marinas affecit. Fossilia monstrant id [[distributio cosmopolita|distributionem cosmopolitam]] habuisse. Veri simile est magnam praedam, ut [[balaena]]s, [[pinnipedia|phocas]], [[chelonioidea|testudines marinos]], venatum esse. Iuvenilia aquas tepidas litorales habitabtant, ubi piscibus et parvis balaenis vescebantur. Contra ''Carcharodon carchariam'', qui mollem praedae ventrem aggreditur, megalodon magnis maxillis cavitatem pectoralem perfregisse et cor pulmonesque pupugisse videtur. Varias ob causas megalodon exstinctum est. Cum magnis [[cetacea|cetaceis]], ut ''[[Livyatan]]'' et ''[[Orcinus citoniensis|Orcino citoniensi]]'', atque cum ''[[Carcharodon carcharias|Carcharodonte carcharia]]'' ob praedam concertabat. Quoniam megalodon aquas tepidiores diligebat, creditur etiam refrigerationem et deminutionem marium, propter quas idonei nutricationis loci amissi sunt, ruinam eius partim effecisse. Insuper [[Mysticeti]], principalis cibi fons, minus diversi facti sunt et ad regiones polares migraverunt. Exstinctio megalodontis alia animalia affecisse videtur; exempli gratia, magnitudo mysticetorum post megalodontis occasum multum auxit. == Bibliographia == * {{Cite book|last=Kent|first=Bretton W.|year=[[1994]]|title=Fossil Sharks of the Chesapeake Bay Region|url={{google books|plainurl=y|pages=1}}|pages=1–146|location=Columbiae Terrae Mariae|publisher=Egan Rees & Boyer, Inc.|isbn=978-1-881620-01-3|ISBN=978-1-881620-01-3|oclc=918266672|OCLC=918266672}}. * {{Cite journal|last=Dickson|last1=Dickson|last2=Graham|first1=K. A.|first=K. A.|first2=J. B.|year=[[2004]]|title=Evolution and consequences of endothermy in fishes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_physiological-and-biochemical-zoology-pbz_november-december-2004_77_6/page/998|journal=Physiological and Biochemical Zoology|volume=77|issue=6|pages=998–1018|doi=10.1086/423743|DOI=10.1086/423743|pmid=15674772|PMID=15674772}}. == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biologici}} {{Vicispecies|Carcharocles megalodon|''Carcharoclem megalodontem''}} {{CommuniaCat|Carcharocles megalodon|''Carcharoclem megalodontem''}} [[Categoria:Lamniformes]] [[Categoria:Fossilia]] [[Categoria:Taxa Agassiz]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1843]] [[Categoria:Species animalium]] [[Categoria:Oligocaeno nata]] [[Categoria:Pleistocaeno exstincta]] 60zd6as8unjw1svcps6o14ht6egaj03 0 274631 3980041 3724077 2026-08-09T23:36:23Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{Taxobox | name = Apollo | status = VU | status_system = IUCN2.3 | image = Parnassius apollo Pirineus.JPG | image_width = 250px | image_caption = ''Parnassius apollo,'' latus superius | image2 = Papilionidae - Parnassius apollo.jpg | image2_width = 250px | image2_caption = Latus inferius | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Lepidoptera]] | familia = [[Papilionidae]] | subfamilia = [[Parnassiinae]] | tribus = [[Parnassiini]] | genus = ''[[Parnassius]]'' | species = '''''P. apollo''''' | binomial = ''Parnassius apollo'' | binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], <!--[[10th edition of Systema Naturae]]--> [[1758]]) | range_map = Apollo distribution map.png | range_map_caption = Tabula distributionis }} [[Fasciculus: Papilionidae - Parnassius apollo-0.jpg|thumb|''Parnassius apollo.'']] '''''Parnassius apollo''''' est [[lepidoptera|papilio]] [[subfamilia]]e [[Parnassiinae|Parnassiinarum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Papilionidae|Papilionidarum]]. Species ob [[res classicae|traditionem classicam]] ex [[Apollo]]ne, uno e [[duodecim dei Olympici|duodecim deis Olympicis]], appellatur. ==Subspecies== Inter [[subspecies]] sunt:<ref name=Funet/><ref>Smart 1975.</ref><ref>Pro indice pleniore subspecierum et singulis de [[typus generis|typis]] speciminum in [[Museum Britannicum|Museo Britannico]] (Historia Naturalis), vide Ackery 1973.</ref> {{div col|2}} * ''Parnassius apollo apollo'' <small> L.</small> * ''Parnassius apollo alpherakyi'' <small> Krulikowsky, 1906</small> * ''Parnassius apollo bartholomaeus'' <small>Stichel, 1899</small> * ''Parnassius apollo democratus'' <small>Kulikowsky, 1906</small> * ''Parnassius apollo filabricus'' <small>Sagarra, 1933</small> * ''Parnassius apollo gadorensis'' <small>Rougeot & Capdeville, 1969</small> ([[Sierra de Gádor]]). [[Exstinctio|Exstincta]]. * ''Parnassius apollo geminus'' <small>Schawerda, 1907</small> * ''Parnassius apollo graecus'' <small>Ziegler, 1901</small> * ''Parnassius apollo hesebolus'' <small>Nordmann, 1851</small> * ''Parnassius apollo hispanicus'' <small>Oberthür, 1909</small> ([[Hispania]] media) * ''Parnassius apollo limicola''''' <small>Stichel, 1906</small> * ''Parnassius apollo merzbacheri'' <small>Fruhstorfer, 1906</small> * ''Parnassius apollo nevadensis'' <small>Oberthür, 1891</small> ([[Serra Nivata (Hispania)|Serra Nivata]]) * ''Parnassius apollo provincialis'' <small>Kheil, 1905</small> * ''Parnassius apollo pyrenaica'' <small>Harcourt-Bath, 1896</small> * ''Parnassius apollo rhodopensis'' <small>Markowitsch, 1910</small> ([[Graecia]], [[Balcaniae]]) * ''Parnassius apollo rhaeticus'' <small>Fruhstorfer, 1906</small> * ''Parnassius apollo rhea'' <small>(Poda, 1761</small>) * ''Parnassius apollo rubidus'' <small>Fruhstorfer, 1906</small> * ''Parnassius apollo sibiricus'' <small>Nordmann, 1851</small> * ''Parnassius apollo sicilae'' <small>Oberthür, 1891</small> * ''Parnassius apollo valesiacus''<small> Fruhstorfer, 1906</small> * ''Parnassius apollo vinningensis'' <small>Stichel, 1899</small> ([[Mosella]] [[Germania]]e) {{div col end}} [[Fasciculus:Papilionidae - Parnassius apollo - Habitat.JPG|thumb|[[Habitatio]] ''Parnassii apollonis'' in [[La Thuile, Aosta Valley|La Thuile]], loco [[Italia|IItalico]], circiter 2700 [[metrum|metra]] super [[aequor maris|aequore maris]].]] Haec species [[collis|colles]] et alpina [[continens|continentalium]] [[Europa]]e [[mons|montium]] [[pratum|prata]] pascuaque [[flos|florentia]] in [[Hispania]], [[Scandinavia]], [[Europa Media|Europaque Media]], in [[Balcania|Balcaniis]] ad [[Graecia]]m septentrionalem, atque in [[Alpes|Alpibus]] inter [[Italia]]m et [[Francia]]m petit.<ref name="Cesaroni">{{cite journal|last1=Todisco|first1=Valentina|last2=Gratton|first2=Paolo|last3=Cesaroni|first3=Donatella|last4=Sbordoni|first4=Valerio|title=Phylogeography of Parnassius Apollo: Hints on Taxonomy and Conservation of a Vulnerable Glacial Butterfly Invader|journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=101|issue=1|page=178|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01476.x/pdf|accessdate=24 Octobris 2014|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01476.x}}.</ref><ref name=Funet>[http://ftp.funet.fi/index/Tree_of_life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/papilionidae/parnassiinae/parnassius/Funet-Taxonomy, distribution and images]</ref> Invenitur etiam in nonnullis [[regio]]nibus [[Asia Media|Asiae Mediae]] ([[Iacutia]]). Eius [[habitatio]] a 400 [[metrum|metris]] super [[aequor maris]] usque ad 2300 metra patet, sed loca supra 1000 metra praeponit.<ref name=CEBG>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190721123059/http://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/papilionidae/pyr2.htm Captain's European Butterfly Guide].</ref> ==Pinacotheca== <gallery mode=packed> Parnassius apollo MHNT CUT 2013 3 3female Aragnouet dos.jpg|[[Femina (sexus)|Femina]]. Parnassius apollo MHNT CUT 2013 3 3 female Aragnouet ventre.jpg|Femina, latus inferius. Parnassius apollo MHNT CUT 2013 3 3 male Porté-Puymorens dos.jpg|[[Mas]]. Parnassius apollo MHNT CUT 2013 3 3 male Porté-Puymorens ventre.jpg|Mas, latus inferius. </gallery> Fetum unum in anno habet. Adulti a Maio mense ad Septembrem [[volatus|volant]],<ref name=still>Still, J. (1996) Butterflies and Moths of Britain and Europe. Harper Collins, London.</ref><ref name=CEBG /> [[nectar]]e a [[flos|floribus]] effecto [[victus|vescentes]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Fred | first1 = M. S. | last2 = O'Hara | first2 = R.B. | last3 = Brommer | first3 = J. E. | year = 2006 | title = Consequences of the spatial configuration of resources for the distribution and dynamics of the endangered Parnassius apollo butterfly | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-conservation_2006-06_130_2/page/183| journal = Biological Conservation | volume = 130 | issue = | pages = 183–192 | doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2005.12.012}}.</ref> {{Multiple image | header = [[Circulus vitae]] ''Parnassii apollonis'' | direction = horizontal | align = center | width1 = 180 | image1 = Parnassius apollo.jpeg | caption1 = Par inter se coeunt. | width2 = 180 | image2 = Parnassius apollo - sphragis 02 (HS).jpg | caption2 = [[Sphragis]] in femina. | width3 = 180 | image3 = Parnassius apollo larva.jpg | caption3 = [[Eruca]] | width4 = 280 | image4 = Parnassius apollo caterpillar by Nemos.jpg | caption4 = [[Eruca]] | width5 = 180 | image5 = Papilionidae - Parnassius apollo-1.JPG | caption5 = [[Imago (biologia)|Imago]] }} [[Fasciculus: Parnassius apollo - Apollo, Erzurum 2012-06-29 01-1.jpg|thumb|[[Volatus|Volans]].]] {{NexInt}} *[[Apollo]] ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Ackery, P. R. [[1973]]. A list of the type-specimens of Parnassius (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in the British Museum (Natural History). ''Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology)'' 29(1):1—35, 1 pl. [https://archive.org/stream/bulletinofbritis29briti#page/n13/mode/2upTextus interretialis.] *Capdeville, Pierre. [[1978]]–[[1980]]. ''Les races géographiques de Parnassius apollo. Sciences Nat, Venette. *Dolek, M., et A. Geyer. [[2002]]. Conserving biodiversity on calcareous grasslands in the Franconian Jura by grazing: a comprehensive approach. ''Biological Conservation'' 104:351–60. doi:10.1016/s0006-3207(01)00200-2. *Mérit, Xavier, et Véronique Mérit. [[2006]]. Les ''Parnassius'' de France.<!--textes de Xavier Mérit-Véronique Mérit et Henri Descimon, cartes de répartition, planches, et photos en nature de Luc Manil, Xavier Mérit et Bernard Turlin--> ''Bulletin des Lépidoptéristes parisiens'' 15(33). Lutetae. *Möhn, Edwin. [[2005]] ''Schmetterlinge der Erde, Butterflies of the world.'' Pars 23, Papilionidae; XII. Parnassius apollo. Ed. Erich Bauer et Thomas Frankenbach. Keltern: Goecke & Evers; Cantuariae: Hillside Books. ISBN 9783937783161. *Smart, P. [[1975]]. ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Butterfly World.'' Londinii: Hamlyn Publishing Group. *Weiss, Jean-Claude. [[2005]]. ''The Parnassiinae of the World.'' Pars 4. Cantuariae: Hillside Books. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080820040150/http://www.insects.demon.co.uk/mono/Weiss4-english.html Textus.] *Witkowsky, Z., J. Budzik, et A. Kosior. [[1992]]. Restoration of the Apollo butterfly in Pieniny National Park. ''Chrońmy Przyrodę Ojczystą'' 1992:3–4. ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Parnassius apollo|''Parnassium apollonem''}}<!-- *{{ARKive|3=Apollo butterfly}}--> *[http://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Parnassius_Apollo ''P. apollo.''] Lepiforum.de. *[http://www.barcodinglife.org/index.php/Taxbrowser_Taxonpage?taxid=6843 Imagines ''P. apollonis.''] Consortium pro Barcode Vitae. [[Categoria:Fauna Iraniae]] [[Categoria:Fauna Pakistaniae]] [[Categoria:Fauna Turciae]] [[Categoria:Lepidoptera Asiae]] [[Categoria:Lepidoptera Europae]] [[Categoria:Lepidoptera Indiae]] [[Categoria:Parnassius]] [[Categoria:Species insectorum ex hominibus mythologicis appellatae|apollo]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1758]] [[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]] bgnyte6ejp5kx83euph6j0i4n4fqcgc 0 275258 3979791 3978690 2026-08-09T19:07:03Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979791 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Bayes'_Theorem_MMB_01.jpg|thumb|[[Lumen nei]] caeruleum formam simplicem theorematis Bayes monstrans]] '''Theorema Bayes''' in [[theoria probabilitatum]] et [[statistica]] est [[theorema]] quod describit eventûs [[probabilitas|probabilitatem]], fundatam in scientia priore condicionum quae cum hoc eventu coniunctae sint. Exempli gratia, si morbus [[cancer (morbus)]] cum aetate coniuncta sit, possumus ex aetate hominis probabilitatem illius eventûs, quod hic homo cancrum habeat, computare. Una ex multis usibus theorematis Bayes est [[inferentia Bayesiana]], genus [[inferentia statistica|inferentiae statisticae]].<!-- When applied, the probabilities involved in Bayes' theorem may have different probability interpretations. With the Bayesian probability interpretation the theorem expresses how a subjective degree of belief should rationally change to account for availability of related evidence. Bayesian inference is fundamental to Bayesian statistics. Bayes’ theorem is named after Reverend Thomas Bayes (<span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</span>; 1701–1761), who first provided an equation that allows new evidence to update beliefs in his ''An Essay towards solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances'' (1763). It was further developed by [[Petrus Simon Laplace|Pierre-Simon Laplace]], who first published the modern formulation in his 1812 "[[Petrus Simon Laplace|Théorie analytique des probabilités]]". Sir Harold Jeffreys put Bayes’ algorithm and Laplace's formulation on an axiomatic basis. Jeffreys wrote that Bayes' theorem "is to the theory of probability what the [[Theorema Pythagorae|Pythagorean theorem]] is to geometry".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jeffreys|first=Harold|author-link=Harold Jeffreys|year=1973|title=Scientific Inference|url=https://archive.org/details/scientificinfere0000jeff|page=[https://archive.org/details/scientificinfere0000jeff/page/31 31]|edition=3rd|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-18078-8|ISBN=978-0-521-18078-8}}</ref>--> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Cite journal|last=Bruss|first=F. Thomas|year=2013|title=250 years of ‘An Essay towards solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chance. By the late Rev. Mr. Bayes, communicated by Mr. Price, in a letter to John Canton, A. M. F. R. S.|doi=10.1365/s13291-013-0069-z|journal=Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung|publisher=Springer Verla|volume=115| issue= 3-4|pages=129-133}} * {{Cite book|last1=Gelman|first1=A|last2=Carlin|first2=JB|last3=Stern|first3=HS|last4=Rubin|first4=DB|year=2003|title=Bayesian Data Analysis|edition=secunda|publisher=CRC Press}} * {{Cite book|last1=Grinstead|first1=CM|last2=Snell|first2=JL|year=1997|title=Introduction to Probability|edition=secunda|publisher=American Mathematical Society|url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chance/teaching_aids/books_articles/probability_book/book.html}} * {{Cite book|last=McGrayne|first=SB|year=2011|title=The Theory That Would Not Die: How Bayes’ Rule Cracked the Enigma Code, Hunted Down Russian Submarines & Emerged Triumphant from Two Centuries of Controversy|url=https://archive.org/details/theorythatwouldn0000shar|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-18822-6|ISBN=978-0-300-18822-6}} * {{Cite journal|last=Laplace|first=P|year=1774/1986|title=Memoir on the Probability of the Causes of Events|journal=Statistical Science|volume=1|issue=3|pages=364–378}} * {{Cite book|last=Lee|first=Peter M|year=2012|title=Bayesian Statistics: An Introduction|edition=quarta|publisher=Wiley|ISBN=978-1-118-33257-3}} * {{Cite journal|date=31 March 2015|title=Bayes’ theorem|url=http://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v12/n4/full/nmeth.3335.html|journal=Nature Methods|volume=12|issue=4|pages=277&ndash;8}} * {{Cite book|last=Rosenthal|first=Jeffrey S|year=2008|title=Struck by Lightning: The Curious World of Probabilities|url=https://archive.org/details/struckbylightnin0000rose|publisher=Granta|ISBN=9781862079960}} * {{Cite journal|last=Stigler|first=SM|year=1986|title=Laplace’s 1774 Memoir on Inverse Probability|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_statistical-science_1986-08_1_3/page/359|journal=Statistical Science|volume=1|issue=3|pages=359–363|doi=10.1214/ss/1177013620|DOI=10.1214/ss/1177013620}} * {{Cite book|last=Stone|first=JV|year=2013|url=http://jim-stone.staff.shef.ac.uk/BookBayes2012/HTML_BayesRulev5EbookHTMLFiles/ops/xhtml/ch01BayesJVSone.html|title=Bayes’ Rule: A Tutorial Introduction to Bayesian Analysis|publisher=Sebtel Press, England}} * ''[http://santafe.edu/~simon/br.pdf Bayesian Reasoning for Intelligent People]'' * {{Cite book|last=Morris|first=Dan|year=2016|url=https://www.bayestheorem.net/|title=Bayes' Theorem Examples: A Visual Introduction For Beginners|publisher=Blue Windmill|ISBN=978-1549761744}} == Nexus externi == * [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/07/books/review/the-theory-that-would-not-die-by-sharon-bertsch-mcgrayne-book-review.html The Theory That Would Not Die by Sharon Bertsch McGrayne] New York Times Book Review by John Allen Paulos on 5 August 2011 * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zxm4Xxvzohk Visual explanation of Bayes using trees] (video) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D8VZqxcu0I0 Bayes’ frequentist interpretation explained visually] (video) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081231051947/http://jeff560.tripod.com/b.html Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics (B)]. Contains origins of “Bayesian,” “Bayes’ Theorem,” “Bayes Estimate/Risk/Solution,” “Empirical Bayes,” and “Bayes Factor.” * <cite class="citation web">Weisstein, Eric W. [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/BayesTheorem.html "Bayes' Theorem"]. ''MathWorld''.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MathWorld&rft.atitle=Bayes%E2%80%99+Theorem&rft.au=Weisstein%2C+Eric+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmathworld.wolfram.com%2FBayesTheorem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABayes%27+theorem">&nbsp;</span> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140202131520/http://rldinvestments.com/Articles/BayesTheorem.html Bayes Theorem and the Folly of Prediction] * [http://www.celiagreen.com/charlesmccreery/statistics/bayestutorial.pdf A tutorial on probability and Bayes’ theorem devised for Oxford University psychology students] * [http://yudkowsky.net/rational/bayes An Intuitive Explanation of Bayes' Theorem by Eliezer S. Yudkowsky] [[Categoria:Theoremata mathematica]] [[Categoria:Res statisticae]] {{Myrias|Mathematica}} 9nhwer9n70msxw0cc3bylxbsq9dm15g 0 275267 3979977 3978336 2026-08-09T22:45:59Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 9 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979977 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Erik Erikson.jpg|thumb|Ericus Erikson senex.]] '''Ericus Homberger Erikson''' (natus ''Erik Salomonsen'' [[Francofurtum ad Moenum|Francofurti]] in [[Magnus Ducatus Hassiae|Magno Ducatu Hassiae]] [[15 Iunii]] [[1902]]<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/13/obituaries/erik-erikson-91-psychoanalyst-who-reshaped-views-of-human-growth-dies.html?pagewanted=all Erik Erikson, 91, Psychoanalyst Who Reshaped Views of Human Growth, Dies.] ''The New York Times,'' 13 Martii 1994.</ref>; mortuus [[Harvicum (Massachusetta)|Harvici]] in [[Massachusetta]] [[12 Maii]] [[1994]]) fuit [[psychologus]] [[psychologia evolutionaria|evolutionarius]] et [[psychoanalysis|psychoanalysta]] [[Germanoamericani|Germanoamericanus]], qui [[stationes evolutionis psychosocialis Eriksonianae|ratione evolutionis psychologicae]] [[homo|hominum]] innotuit. Clarus est ob notionem [[discrimen identitatis|discriminis identitatis]] excogitatam. [[Kai T. Erikson]], [[filius]], est [[sociologus]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]]. Erikson, quamquam [[A.B.|gradu baccalaureato]] carebat, [[professor]] in [[institutio]]nibus maximi momenti docebat, inter quas [[universitas|universitates]] [[Universitas Harvardiana|Harvardiana]], [[Universitas Californiensis Berkeleiensis|Californiensis]] [[Berkeleia]]e,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/medicine/psychology-and-psychiatry-biographies/erik-erikson|title=ErikErikson|last=|first=|date=2018|website=Encyclopedia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> et [[Universitas Yalensis|Yalensis]]. Inspectio a ''[[Review of General Psychology]]'' anno [[2002]] edita eum duodecimum a maximo psychologo citato [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]] aestimavit.<ref>Haggbloom et al. 2002.</ref> ==Opera== ===Opera maiora=== * ''Childhood and Society'' (1950) * ''Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History'' (1958) * ''Insight and Responsibility'' (1966) * ''Identity: Youth and Crisis'' (1968) * ''Gandhi's Truth: On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence'' (1969) * ''Life History and the Historical Moment'' (1975) * ''Adulthood'' (liber editus, 1978) * ''Vital Involvement in Old Age'' (cum J. M. Erikson et H. Kivnick, 1986) * ''The Life Cycle Completed'' (cum J. M. Erikson, 1987) ===Compendia=== * ''Identity and the Life Cycle. Selected Papers'' (1959) * ''"A Way of Looking At Things": Selected Papers from 1930 to 1980, Erik H.Erikson'' ed. S. Schlein. Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton & Co. (1995) {{NexInt}} *[[Circulus vitae]] *[[Generativitas]] *[[Identitas]] *[[Institutum Eriksonianum]]<!--Erikson Institute--> ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen. [[2000]]. Emerging Adulthood: A Theory of Development from the Late Teens Through the Twenties. ''American Psychologist'' 55(5): 469–480. [[doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.5.469]]. ISSN 1935-990X. *Burston, Daniel. [[2007]]. ''Erik Erikson and the American Psyche: Ego, Ethics, and Evolution.'' Lanham Terrae Mariae: Jason Aronson. ISBN 978-0-7657-0495-5. *Eckenfels, Edward J. [[2008]]. ''Doctors Serving People: Restoring Humanism to Medicine through Student Community Service.'' Novi Brunsvici Novae Caesareae: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-4315-4. *Engler, Barbara. [[2008]]. ''Personality Theories: An Introduction.'' Ed. 8a. Belmont Californiae: Wadsworth Publishing. ISBN 978-0-547-14834-2. *Engler, Barbard. [[2014]]. ''Personality Theories: An Introduction.'' Ed. 9a. Belmont Californiae: Wadsworth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-285-08880-8. *Erikson, Erik H. [[1974]]. ''Dimensions of a New Identity.'' Jefferson Lectures in the Humanities. Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-00923-1. *Erikson, Erik H., et Joan M. Erikson. [[1997]]. ''The Life Cycle Completed.'' Ed. aucta. Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton & Company (published 1998). ISBN 978-0-393-34743-2. *Erikson Bloland, Sue. [[2005]]. ''In the Shadow of Fame: A Memoir by the Daughter of Erik H. Erikson.'' Novi Eboraci: Viking Press. ISBN 978-0-670-03374-4. *Fadiman, James, et Robert Frager. [[2002]]. ''Personality and Personal Growth.'' Ed. 5a. Upper Saddle River Novae Caesareae: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-040961-4. *Friedman, Lawrence Jacob. [[2000]]. ''Identity's Architect: A Biography of Erik H. Erikson.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00437-5. *Haggbloom, Steven J., Renee Warnick, Jason E. Warnick, Vinessa K. Jones, Gary L. Yarbrough, Tenea M. Russell, Chris M. Borecky, Reagan McGahhey, John L. Powell III, Jamie Beavers, et Emmanuelle Monte. [[2002]]. The 100 Most Eminent Psychologists of the 20th Century. ''Review of General Psychology'' 6(2): 139–52. [[doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139]]. ISSN 1939-1552. *Heathcoate, Ann. [[2010]]. Eric Berne's Development of Ego State Theory: Where Did It All Begin and Who Influenced Him? ''Transactional Analysis Journal'' 40(3–4): 254–260. [[doi:10.1177/036215371004000310]]. ISSN 2329-5244. *Hoare, Carol Hren. [[2002]]. ''Erikson on Development in Adulthood: New Insights from the Unpublished Papers.'' Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513175-8. *Paranjpe, Anand C. [[2005]]. Erikson, Erik Homburger. In ''The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers,'' ed. John R. Shook, 2: 734–37. Bristolii Angliae: Thoemmes Continuum. [[doi:10.1093/acref/9780199754663.001.0001]]. ISBN 978-1-84371-037-0. *Stevens, Richard. [[1983]]. ''Erik Erikson: An Introduction.'' Novi Eboraci: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-25812-2. *Stevens, Richard. [[2008]]. ''Erik H. Erikson: Explorer of Identity and the Life Cycle.'' Basingstoke Angliae: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-9986-3. ==Bibliographia addita== *Andersen, D. C. [[1993]]. Beyond Rumor and Reductionism: A Textual Dialogue with Erik H. Erikson. ''The Psychohistory Review'' 22(1): 35–68. ISSN 0363-891X. PMID 11623368. *Bondurant, Joan V., Margaret W. Fisher, et J. D. Sutherland. [[1971]]. Gandhi: A Psychoanalytic View: Review of ''Gandhi's Truth: On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence'' by Erikson, Erik H. ''The American Historical Review'' 76(4): 1104–15. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 1849243. |[[doi:10.2307/1849243]]. : {{cite journal |last=Brenman-Gibson |first=Margaret |year=1997 |title=The Legacy of Erik Hamburger Erikson |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychoanalytic-review_1997-06_84_3/page/329 |journal=Psychoanalytic Review |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=329–335 |issn=0033-2836 |pmid=9279928 }} : {{cite book |editor1-last=Capps |editor1-first=Donald |editor2-last=Capps |editor2-first=Walter H. |editor3-last=Bradford |editor3-first=M. Gerald |year=1977 |title=Encounter with Erikson: Historical Interpretation and Religious Biography |location=Missoulae Montanae |publisher=Scholars Press }} : {{cite journal |last=Carney |first=J. E. |publication-date=1993 |year=1993 |title='Is It Really So Terrible Her?': Karl Menninger's Pursuit of Erik Erikson |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychohistory-review_fall-1993_22_1/page/119 |volume=22 |issue=1 |journal=The Psychohistory Review |pages=119–153 |issn=0363-891X |pmid=11623367 }} : {{cite book |last=Coles |first=Robert |year=1970 |title=Erik H. Erikson: The Growth of His Work |url=https://archive.org/details/erikheriksongrow00cole |location=Bostoniae |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |oclc=898775065 }} : {{cite journal |last1=Coles |first1=Robert |last2=Fitzpatrick |first2=J. J. |year=1976 |title=The Writings of Erik H. Erikson |journal=The Psychohistory Review |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=42–46 |issn=0363-891X |pmid=11615801 }} : {{cite journal |last=Crunden |first=Robert M. |year=1973 |title=Freud, Erikson, and the Historian: A Bibliographical Survey |journal=Canadian Review of American Studies |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=48–64 |issn=0007-7720 |doi=10.3138/CRAS-004-01-04 }} : {{cite journal |last=Douvan |first=Elizabeth |year=1997 |title=Erik Erikson: Critical Times, Critical Theory |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_child-psychiatry-and-human-development_fall-1997_28_1/page/15 |journal=Child Psychiatry and Human Development |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=15–21 |issn=1573-3327 |doi=10.1023/A:1025188901554 }} : {{cite journal |last=Eagle |first=Morris |year=1997 |title=Contributions of Erik Erikson |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychoanalytic-review_1997-06_84_3/page/337 |journal=Psychoanalytic Review |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=337–347 |issn=0033-2836 |pmid=9279929 }} : {{cite encyclopedia |last=Elms |first=Alan C. |year=2008 |title=Erikson, Erik Homburger |editor-last=Koertge |editor-first=Noretta |encyclopedia=New Dictionary of Scientific Biography |volume=2 |location=Farmington Hills Michiganiae |publisher=Gale Group |pages=406–412 |isbn=978-0-684-31322-1 }} : {{cite book |last=Evans |first=Richard I. |year=1967 |title=Dialogue with Erik Erikson |location=Novi Eboraci |publisher=E. P. Dutton & Co. }} : {{cite journal |last=Fitzpatrick |first=J. J. |year=1976 |title=Erik H. Erikson and Psychohistory |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-menninger-clinic_1976-07_40_4/page/295 |journal=Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=295–314 |issn=0025-9284 |pmid=791417 }} : {{cite journal |last=Goethals |first=George W. |year=1976 |title=The Evolution of Sexual and Genital Intimacy: A Comparison of the Views of Erik H. Erikson and Harry Stack Sullivan |journal=The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=529–544 |issn=1546-0371 |doi=10.1521/jaap.1.1976.4.4.529 }} : {{cite journal |last=Hoffman |first=L. E. |year=1993 |title=Erikson on Hitler: The Origins of 'Hitler's Imagery and German Youth' |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychohistory-review_fall-1993_22_1/page/69 |journal=The Psychohistory Review |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=69–86 |issn=0363-891X |pmid=11623369 }} : {{cite journal |last=Masson |first=J. L. |year=1974 |title=India and the Unconscious: Erik Erikson on Gandhi |journal=The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=519–529 |issn=1745-8315 |pmid=4616017 }} : {{cite book |last=Roazen |first=Paul |year=1976 |title=Erik H. Erikson: The Power and Limits of a Vision |url=https://archive.org/details/erikheriksonpowe0000roaz_g2q2 |location=Novi Eboraci |publisher=Free Press }} : {{cite journal |last=Roazen |first=Paul |year=1993 |title=Erik H. Erikson as a Teacher |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychohistory-review_fall-1993_22_1/page/101 |journal=The Psychohistory Review |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=101–117 |issn=0363-891X |pmid=11623366 }} : {{cite journal |last=Schnell |first=R. L. |year=1980 |title=Contributions to Psychohistory: IV. Individual Experience in Historiography and Psychoanalysis: Significance of Erik Erikson and Robert Coles |journal=Psychological Reports |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=591–612 |issn=0033-2941 |doi=10.2466/pr0.1980.46.2.591 }} : {{cite journal |last=Strozier |first=Charles B. |year=1976 |title=Disciplined Subjectivity and the Psychohistorian: A Critical Look at the Work of Erik H. Erikson |journal=The Psychohistory Review |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=28–31 |issn=0363-891X |pmid=11615797 }} : {{cite book |editor1-last=Wallerstein |editor1-first=Robert S. |editor2-last=Goldberger |editor2-first=Leo |year=1998 |title=Ideas and Identities: The Life and Work of Erik Erikson |url=https://archive.org/details/ideasidentitiesl0000unse |location=Madisoniae Connecticutae |publisher=International Universities Press |isbn=978-0-8236-2445-4 }} : {{cite journal |last=Weiner |first=M. B. |year=1979 |title=Caring for the Elderly. Psychological Aging: Aspects of Normal Personality and Development in Old Age. Part II. Erik Erikson: Resolutions of Psychosocial Tasks |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-nursing-care_1979-05_12_5/page/27 |journal=The Journal of Nursing Care |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=27–28 |pmid=374748 }} : {{cite book |last=Welchman |first=Kit |year=2000 |title=Erik Erikson: His Life, Work, and Significance |url=https://archive.org/details/erikeriksonhisli0000welc |location=Buckinghamiae Angliae |publisher=Open University Press |isbn=978-0-335-20157-0 }} : {{cite journal |last=Wurgaft |first=Lewis D. |year=1976 |title=Erik Erikson: From Luther to Gandhi |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychoanalytic-review_summer-1976_63_2/page/209 |journal=Psychoanalytic Review |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=209–233 |issn=0033-2836 |pmid=788015 }} : {{cite book |last=Zock |first=Hetty |year=2004 |title=A Psychology of Ultimate Concern: Erik H. Erikson's Contribution to the Psychology of Religion |edition=2a |location=Amstelodami |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-5183-180-1 }} {{Lifetime|1902|1994|Erikson, Ericus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]] [[Categoria:Christiani]] [[Categoria:Incolae Californiae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Connecticutae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Massachusettae]] [[Categoria:Iudaei]] [[Categoria:Praemium Librorum Nationale]] [[Categoria:Praemium Pulitzer]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Californiensis Berkeleiensis]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Harvardianae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Pittsburgensis]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Yalensis]] [[Categoria:Psychologi Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Psychologi Germaniae]]<!--melius:Developmental psychologists--> [[Categoria:Psychologia religionis]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Germaniae]]<!-- [[Category:Analysands of Anna Freud]] [[Category:Converts to Christianity from Judaism]] [[Category:Ego psychology]] [[Category:German emigrants to the United States]] [[Category:German people of Danish-Jewish descent]] [[Category:German psychoanalysts]] [[Category:Jewish American social scientists]]--> {{Myrias|Homines}} mg4lyzftb10bml8um889498b0gj4i27 0 275980 3979832 3736839 2026-08-09T20:10:05Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3979832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Marianus''', vulgo ''Marjan'' '''Šarec''' ([[Labacum|Labaci]] natus die [[2 Decembris]] [[1977]]) est histrio et politicus [[Slovenia]]e. Alumnus [[academia Scaenica Labacensis|academiae scaenicae Labacensis]], Marianus Šarec in programmatibus radiophonicis comoedus innotuit apud [[televisio Nationalis Slovenica|televisionem nationalem Slovenicam]]. Praefectus urbi [[civitas Stain|Stain]] anno [[2010]]m iterum [[2014]] electus est. Praesidatum patriae anno [[2017]] petens secundus post [[Borut Pahor]] accedit. Mense Iunio [[2018]], dux factionis sub nomine suo constitutae, [[parlamentum Slovenicum|parlamento Slovenico]] legatus est. Die [[17 Augusti]] [[2018|huius anni]] primus minister electus, post quattuor hebdomadas conformatus est. == Bibliographia == * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20180820074621/https://www.delo.si/sobotna/zabavljac-ki-se-je-zresnil.html Portret tedna: Marjan Šarec]" in ''Delo'' (2 Iunii 2017) * "[https://www.delo.si/novice/slovenija/sarec-ne-bojim-se-prevzeti-odgovornosti-82579.html Šarec: Očitno nekdo želi, da se mučim naprej]" in ''Delo'' (17 Augusti 2018) == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{Primi ministri Sloveniae}} {{Consilium Slovenicum Sarec}} {{Consilium Slovenicum Golob}} {{Lifetime|1977||Sarec, Marianus}} [[Categoria:Politici Sloveniae]] [[Categoria:Actores Sloveniae]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbibus]] [[Categoria:Gubernatores civitatum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Academiae Scaenicae Labacensis]] 1i8ly00v4vy63s9lsja63ufmfdgjmbb 0 277016 3980104 3978433 2026-08-10T00:19:59Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 5 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{titulus italicus}} [[Fasciculus:Astronomica.png|alt=Manuscriptum illuminatum|thumb|Prima pagina ''Astronomicon'' ex manuscripto anni [[1461]]]] '''''Astronomica''''' sunt [[poëma]] [[Lingua Latina|Latinum]] didacticum (aliquando [[poëma epicum|epicum]] appellatum) res caelestes tractans, [[hexameter|hexametris]] scriptum, in quinque libros divisum. ''Astronomica'' circa annos [[10]]–[[20]] scripta sunt a poëta Romano, nomine fortasse [[Marcus Manilius|Marco Manilio]], de quo parum notum est. Quamquam ab aliis scriptoribus Romanis lecta esse videntur, explicite in nullo alio opere quod exstat proferuntur. ''Astronomica'' sunt primum opus de [[astrologia]] et [[zodiacus|zodiaco]] magnum, intelligibilis, ac plerumque integrum. Ad hoc [[Lucretius|Lucretii]] poëma [[Epicureismus|Epicureum]] ''[[De rerum natura (Lucretius)|De rerum natura]]'' multum auctoritate valuit, sed in ''Astronomicis'' [[placita Stoicorum]] [[determinismus|deterministica]] approbantur, quibus mundus a [[deus|deo]] curatus et a [[ratio]]ne rectus sit. Quintus liber ''Astronomicon'' [[lacuna]]m habet, propter quod principalis libris magnitudo dubia est; alii putant totos libros perditos esse, alii credunt parvam tantum partem abesse. <!-- The poem was rediscovered c.&nbsp;1416{{Ndash}}1417 by the Italian humanist and scholar [[Poggius Bracciolinus|Poggio Bracciolini]], who had a copy made from which the modern text derives. Upon its discovery, the ''Astronomica'' was read, commented upon, and edited by a number of scholars. Nevertheless, it failed to become as popular as other classical Latin poems and was neglected for centuries. This started to change during the early 20th century when, between 1903 and 1930, the classicist [[Alfredus Eduardus Housman|A. E. Housman]] published a critically acclaimed edition of the poem in five books. Housman's work was followed by the Latinist G. P. Goold's lauded English translation in 1977. Today, scholars consider the ''Astronomica'' to be highly technical, complicated, and occasionally contradictory. At the same time, many have praised Manilius's ability to translate highly technical astronomical concepts and complex mathematical computations into poetry.--> == Commentarii == <references group="nb"/> == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * {{Cite journal| issn = 1477-3643| volume = 6| pages = 1–18| last = Abry| ref = Abry| first = Josèphe-Henriette| title = Manilius and Aratus: Two Stoic Poets on Stars| journal = Leeds International Classical Studies| date = 2007| url = http://arts.leeds.ac.uk/lics/2007/200701.pdf| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160913071926/http://arts.leeds.ac.uk/lics/2007/200701.pdf| archivedate = 2016-09-13| df = }} * {{cite journal|last1=Asso|first1=Paolo|date=October 5, 2003|accessdate=February 16, 2017|title=D.R. Shackleton Bailey, ''Statius. Silvae. Loeb Classical Library, 206''|url=http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003-10-05.html|journal=[[Bryn Mawr Classical Review]]|issn=1055-7660|ref=Asso}} * {{Cite journal| issn = 0009-837X| volume = 74| issue = 2| pages = 158–169| last1 = Bailey| first1 = D. R. Shackleton| title = Review Article: The Loeb Manilius| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-philology_1979-04_74_2/page/158| journal = Classical Philology| date = 1979| jstor = 267675|ref=Bailey}} * {{Cite journal| issn = 0009-837X| volume = 78| issue = 2| pages = 144–48| last = Brind'Amour|ref=Brind'Amour| first = Pierre| title = Manilius and the Computation of the Ascendant| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-philology_1983-04_78_2/page/144| journal = Classical Philology| date = 1983| jstor = 269720}} * {{cite book|last1=Brock|ref=Brock|first1=M. Dorothy|title=Studies in Fronto and His Age|url=https://archive.org/details/studiesinfrontoh00broc|date=1911|publisher=[[Northwestern University Press]]|location=Evanston, IL|oclc=983331173}} * {{cite book|author=Butterfield, David|ref=Butterfield|title=The Early Textual History of Lucertius' ''De rerum natura''|date=2013|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=[[Cantabrigia]]|isbn=9781107037458}} * {{Cite journal| doi = 10.2307/4135033| issn = 0075-4358| volume = 94| pages = 209–210| last1 = Campbell| first1 = Gordon| last2 = Volk| first2 = Katharina| last3 = Schindler| first3 = C.| title = Review of The Poetics of Latin Didactic: Lucretius, Vergil, Ovid, Manilius| journal = The Journal of Roman Studies| date = 2004|jstor=4135033|ref=Campbell 2004}} * {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Chisholm|ref=Chisholm|editor1-first=Hugh|article=Manilius|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]]|date=1910–1911|place=[[Cantabrigia]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}} * {{cite journal|author=Ellis, Robinson|title=A New Edition of Manilius, Book I|journal=Hermathena|date=1904|via=The [[Internet Archive]]|volume=XIII|number=XXX|ref=Ellis|url=https://archive.org/details/neweditionofmani00ellirich|accessdate=July 3, 2017}} * {{cite journal|author= Gain, D. B.|year=1970|title=Gerber and Manilius|journal=Latomus|volume=29|issue=1|pages=128–132|ref=Gain}} * {{cite journal|author=Garrod, H.|year=1933|title=Housman's Manilius (Editio Minor) – M. Manilii Astronomica. Recensuit Housman A. E.. Editio minor. Pp. xvi 181. Cambridge: University Press, 1932. Cloth, 10s. 6d. net|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-review_1933-02_47_1/page/26|journal=The Classical Review|volume=47|number=1|pages=26–27|doi=10.1017/S0009840X00061060|ref=Garrod}} * {{Cite book|location=[[Oxonia]]| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]| isbn = 9780199781782| last = Gee|ref=Gee| first = Emma| title = Aratus and the Astronomical Tradition| date = 2013}} * {{cite book |ref=Goold|editor=Goold, G. P. |title=Astronomica|orig-year=1977|date=1997|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]| location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge, MA]]|isbn=9780674995161|chapter=Introduction|pages=xi–cxxiii|edition=3}} * {{Cite book| location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge, MA]]|publisher = [[Harvard University Press]]| isbn = 9780674035720| last1 = Grafton| first1 = Anthony| last2 = Most| first2 = Glenn W.| last3 = Settis| first3 = Salvatore| title = The Classical Tradition| date = 2010|ref=AnthonyMostSettis 2010}} * {{cite book|last1=Green|ref=Green|first1=Steven|title=Disclosure and Discretion in Roman Astrology|date=2014|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=[[Oxonia]]|isbn=9780199646807}} * {{cite book|last1=Green|first1=Steven|last2=Volk|first2=Katharina|editor1=Green, Steven|editor2=Volk, Katharina|title=Forgotten Stars: Rediscovering Manilius' Astronomica|date=2011|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=[[Oxonia]]|isbn=9780199586462|chapter=Preface|pages=vii–ix|ref=Green & Volk}} * {{cite book|last1=Hatch|first1=Robert A.|editor1=Hockey, Thomas|editor2=Trimble, Virginia|editor3=Williams, Thomas|editor4=Bracher, Katherine|editor5=Jarrell, Richard|editor6=Marché II, Jordan|editor7=Ragep, F. Jamil|editor8=Palmeri, JoAnn|editor9=Bolt, Marvin|title=Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780387310220_1|date=2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|location=[[Berolinum]]|isbn=9780387304007|ref=Hatch}} * {{Cite book| location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge, MA]]| publisher = [[Harvard University Press]]| isbn = 9780674058712| last = Haugen| first = Kristine Louise| title = Richard Bentley| url=https://archive.org/details/richardbentleypo0000haug| date = 2011|ref=Haugen}} * {{cite book|author=Heilen, Stephan|chapter=Lorenzo Bonincontri's Reception of Manilius' Chapter on Comets (''Astr.'' 1.809–926) |editor1=Green, Steven|editor2=Volk, Katharina|title=Forgotten Stars: Rediscovering Manilius' Astronomica|date=2011|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|place=[[Oxonia]]|isbn=9780199586462|pages=278–310|ref=Heilen}} * {{cite book|ref=Housman Vol. 1 |editor=Housman, A. E. |title=Astronomica: Vol. 1 |date=1903 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |place=[[Cantabrigia]] |url=http://www.hellenisticastrology.com/critical%20editions/Housman-Manilius-volume-1.pdf |chapter=Introduction|pages=vii–lxxv|oclc=946500303}} * {{cite book|ref=Housman Vol. 3 |editor=Housman, A. E. |title=Astronomica: Vol. 3 |date=1916 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |place=[[Cantabrigia]] |url=http://www.hellenisticastrology.com/critical%20editions/Housman-Manilius-volume-3.pdf |chapter=Introduction|pages=v–xxx|oclc=831157576}} * {{cite book |ref=Housman Vol. 5 |editor=Housman, A. E. |title=Astronomica: Vol. 5|date=1930|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|place=[[Cantabrigia]]|url=http://www.hellenisticastrology.com/critical%20editions/Housman-Manilius-volume-5.pdf|chapter=Introduction|pages=v–xlvi|oclc=889948016}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|author=Hübner, Wolfgang|year=2006|title=Paranatellonta |editor1=Canicik, Hubert |editor2=Schneider, Helmuth |encyclopedia=[[Brill Publishers|Brill's New Pauly]]|location=Leiden, Netherlands|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|doi=10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e907920|via=BrillOnline Reference Works|ref=Hübner}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|author=Hübner, Wolfgang|year=2012|title=Manilius, Astronomica |editor1=Walde, Christine |editor2=Egger, Brigitte |encyclopedia=[[Brill Publishers|Brill's New Pauly Supplements I – Volume 5: The Reception of Classical Literature]]|location=Leiden, Netherlands|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|doi=10.1163/2214-8647_bnps5_e720840|via=BrillOnline Reference Works|ref=Hübner2}} * {{cite book|last1=Keith|ref=Keith|first1=Alison|title=A Latin Epic Reader: Selections from Ten Epics|date=2013|publisher=Bolchazy-Carducci|place=Mundelein, IL|isbn=9781610411103}} * {{Cite journal| issn = 0363-1923| volume = 30| pages = 41–65| last = MacGregor| first = Alexander| title = Was Manilius really a Stoic?| journal = Illinois Classical Studies| date = 2005| jstor = 23065297|ref=MacGregor}} * {{cite book |ref=Housman Vol. 4 |author=Manilius|editor1-last=Housman|editor1-first=A. E.|title=Astronomica: Vol. 4|date=1920|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|place=[[Cantabrigia]]|url=http://www.hellenisticastrology.com/critical%20editions/Housman-Manilius-volume-4.pdf|oclc=889946457}} * {{cite book |last1=Manilius |ref=Manilius & Housman Vol. 5|editor1-last=Housman|editor1-first=A. E.|title=Astronomica: Vol. 5|date=1930|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|place=[[Cantabrigia]]|url=http://www.hellenisticastrology.com/critical%20editions/Housman-Manilius-volume-5.pdf|oclc=889948016}} * {{cite book |ref=Manilius & Goold|last1=Manilius|translator-last=Goold|translator-first=G. P. |title=Astronomica|url=https://archive.org/details/astronomica0000mani|orig-year=1977|date=1992|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]| location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge, MA]]|isbn=9780674995161|edition=2}} * {{Cite book|location=[[Cantabrigia]]| publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]| isbn = 9781316849040| editor-last = Moul| editor-first = Victoria| title = A Guide to Neo-Latin Literature| date = 2017|ref=Moul 2017}} * {{Cite journal|author=Pingree, David|ref=Pingree|title=Reviewed Works: Manilius, ''Astronomica'' by G. P. Goold, Manilius|journal=Phoenix|volume=34|issue=3 |year=1980|pages=263–266|doi=10.2307/1087125|jstor=1087125 }} * {{cite journal|last1=Sister Wilfrid|title=Is There an Africitas?|journal=The Classical Weekly|date=December 17, 1928|volume=22|issue=10|pages=73|jstor=4389237 |doi=10.2307/4389237 |ref=Wilfrid}} * {{cite book|author=Stark, Caroline |editor1=Green, Steven|editor2=Volk, Katharina|title=Forgotten Stars: Rediscovering Manilius' Astronomica|date=2011|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|place=[[Oxonia]]|isbn=9780199586462|chapter=Renaissance Receptions of Manilius' Anthropology|pages=261–277|ref=Stark}} * {{cite journal|last1=Steele|ref=Steele|first1=R. B.|title=The Astronomica of Manilius|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-philology_october-december-1932_53_4/page/320|journal=American Journal of Philology|date=1932|volume=53|issue=4|pages=320–343|jstor=290230|doi=10.2307/290230 }} * {{cite book|author=Verrall, Arthur Woollgar|chapter=Poetry to the End of the Augustan Age|title=A Companion to Latin Studies|url=https://archive.org/details/b24750694|year=1913|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=[[Cantabrigia]]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/b24750694/page/602 602]–46|edition=2|editor=Sandys, John Edwyn|ref=Verrall|oclc=922009237}} * {{Cite book| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]|place=[[Oxonia]]| isbn = 9780199245505| last = Volk|ref=Volk 2002| first = Katharina| title = The Poetics of Latin Didactic: Lucretius, Vergil, Ovid, Manilius| date =2002}} * {{Cite journal| last = Volk| first = Katharina| issn = 0009-8388| volume = 53| issue = 2| pages = 628–633|author1= |title = Manilius' Solitary Chariot-Ride ("Astronomica" 2.138-40)| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-quarterly_2003-12_53_2/page/628| journal = The Classical Quarterly| date = 2003|ref=Volk 2003| jstor = 3556230}} * {{cite book|author= |ref=Volk 2009| last = Volk| first = Katharina|title=Manilius and His Intellectual Background|date=2009|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|place=[[Oxonia]]|isbn= 9780199265220}} * {{Cite journal| last = Volk| first = Katharina| issn = 0392-6338| issue = 65| pages = 187–197 |title = Literary Theft and Roman Water Rights in Manilius' Second Proem| journal = Materiali e Discussioni per l'Analisi dei Testi Classici| date = 2010|ref=Volk 2010| jstor = 25800980}} * {{cite book |editor1=Green, Steven|editor2=Volk, Katharina|author=Volk, Katharina|title=Forgotten Stars: Rediscovering Manilius' Astronomica|date=2011|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|place=[[Oxonia]]|isbn=9780199586462|chapter=Introduction: A Century of Manilian Scholarship|pages=1–12|ref=Volk2011}} * {{Cite book|location=[[Abingdon-on-Thames]], [[United Kingdom|UK]]|publisher = Routledge| isbn = 9781317547143 |chapter=Manilius' Cosmos of the Senses |author=Volk, Katharina|editor1=Butler, Shane|editor2=Purves, Alex|title = Synaesthesia and the Ancient Senses| date = 2014|ref=Volk 2014}} == Nexus externi == * [http://latin.packhum.org/loc/926/1/0 ''Astronomica''] apud [[PHI Texts]] {{ling|Latine}} * [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/manilius.html ''Astronomica''] apud [[The Latin Library]] {{ling|Latine}} * [https://www.doi.org/10.4159/DLCL.manilius-astronomica.1977 ''Astonromica''] apud [[Loeb Classical Library]] {{ling|Latine|Anglice}} * [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xMw-AAAAcAAJ|Commentarius Ricardi Bentley anni 1739] apud [[Internet Archive]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171022084814/http://www.hellenisticastrology.com/critical%20editions/ Commentarii A. E. Housman annorum 1903–30] apud Hellensitic Astrology [[Categoria:Astrologia]] [[Categoria:Stoicismus]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae aevi Augustani]] [[Categoria:Italiae scripta]] [[Categoria:Carmina didactica]] [[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 1]] phtpnuz4206mzc2d9w4gewdpcw8lv9d 0 277239 3979934 3978661 2026-08-09T21:48:39Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 3 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979934 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Edward Sapir.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Eduardus Sapir.]] '''Eduardus Sapir''' (IPA [səˈpɪər], natus [[Lauenburgum|Lauenburgi]]<!--Lębork--> [[Prussia]]e die [[26 Ianuarii]] [[1884]]; mortuus [[Portus Novus|Portu Novo]] [[Connecticuta]]e die [[4 Februarii]] [[1939]]) fuit [[anthropologus]] et [[linguista]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]], qui unus ex eruditis [[auctor]]itate gravissimis in progressu [[disciplina academica|disciplinae]] [[linguistica]]e late habetur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/523671/Edward-Sapir|title=Edward Sapir|work=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref>[http://www.credoreference.com/entry/wileycs/sapir_edward "Sapir, Edward,"] ''Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science'' (2005).</ref> ==Vita== [[Fasciculus:FranzBoas.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|[[Franciscus Boas]].]] Cum [[familia]] in Civitates Foederatas [[puer]] migravit. Linguisticae in [[Universitas Columbiae|Universitate Columbiae]] studuit, ubi maxime a [[Franciscus Boas|Francisco Boas]] motus est. Ut [[linguae vernaculae Americarum|linguae vernaculas Americarum]] investigaret, [[California]]m migravit, ubi in [[Universitas Californiensis Berkeleiensis|Universitate Californiensi Berkeleiensi]] cum [[Alfredus L. Kroeber|Alfredo Kroeber]] [[lingua]]s vernaculas perscribebat et annotavit. Quindecim annos pro [[Geological Survey of Canada]] laborabat, cum factus est unus e duobus linguistis [[America Septentrionalis|Americae Septentrionalis]] maximi momenti, quorum alter erat [[Leonardus Bloomfield]]. [[Professor]] in [[Universitas Sicaginiensis|Universitate Sicaginiensi]] creatus est, ubi nonnullos annos commorabatur professionalem disciplinam linguisticam assidue promovens. Ad ultimum, professor [[anthropologia]]e in [[Universitas Yalensis|Universitate Yalensi]] docebat, quamquam cum circumiectis universitatis numquam vero congruebat. Inter discipulos eius erant linguistae [[Maria Haas]], [[Morris Swadesh]], [[Beniaminus Lee Whorf]], [[Carolus Hockett]], et [[Harrius Hoijer]], atque anthropologi [[Fridericus Eggan]] et [[Hortensia Powdermaker]]. [[Fasciculus:PSM V63 D575 Columbia university library.png|thumb|[[Bibliotheca Memorialis Low|Bibliotheca Universitatis Columbiae]] anno [[1903]], cum Sapir scholasticus ibi esset.]] [[Fasciculus:Tilohash.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Antonius Tillohash et familia. Tillohash cum Sapir [[lingua Paiuta Meridiana|linguam Paiutam Meridianam]] describente collaborabat.]] [[Fasciculus:Ishi.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Alfredus L. Kroeber|Alfredus Kroeber]] et [[Ishi]], quocum Sapir in [[California]] laboravit.]] [[Fasciculus:Margaret Mead NYWTS.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Margareta Mead]] nonnulla decennia post consuetudinem cum Sapir habuerat.]] Scholasticus universitarius linguarum [[Latine|Latinae]], [[Graece|Graecae]], [[Francogallice|Francogallicae]] primo anno studuit. Anno secundo [[linguae Germanicae|linguarum Germanicarum]] studere coepit, praesertim [[lingua Gothica|Gothicae]], [[lingua Theodisca alta antiqua|Theodiscae altae antiquae]], [[lingua Saxonica antiqua|Saxonicae antiquae]], [[lingua Islandica|Islandicae]], [[lingua Batava|Batavae]], [[lingua Suecica|Suecicae]], et [[lingua Danica|Danicae]]. [[Sanscritice|Sanscriticam]] quoque discere coepit, praeter [[musica]]m in ordine [[Eduardus MacDowell|Eduardi MacDowell]], clari [[compositor]]is et [[professor]]is (quamquam incertum est num Sapir [[acroasis|acroases]] ipsius MacDowell audiret). Notionem [[phonema]]tis penitus in sua [[dissertatio]]ne exploravit. Ottavae [[carmen vulgare|carmina vulgaria]] [[Canadenses Francogallici|Canadiana Francogallica]] collegit et edidit, et [[volumen]] [[poesis]] [[compositio|composuit]]. Antequam Canada, migravit, consuetudinam cum [[Margareta Mead]] habuit. ==Editiones selectae== ===Dissertatio=== *Sapir, Edward. [[1909]]. ''The Takelma language of southwestern Oregon.'' [https://archive.org/details/cu31924097764371 Textus.] ===Libri=== * {{cite book | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = Herder's "Ursprung der Sprache" | publisher = University of Chicago Press | year = 1907 | location = Sicagi | id = ASIN: B0006CWB2W }} * {{Cite book | first = Edward | last = Sapir | editor-last = Modi | editor-first = Jivanji Jamshedji | contribution = On the etymology of Sanskrit asru, Avestan asru, Greek dakru | title = Spiegel memorial volume. Papers on Iranian subjects written by various scholars in honour of the late Dr. Frederic Spiegel | year = 1908 | pages = 156–159 | place = Bombay | publisher = British India Press }} * {{cite book | last = Sapir | first = Edward |author2=Curtin, Jeremiah | title = Wishram texts, together with Wasco tales and myths | publisher = E.J. Brill | year = 1909 | url = https://archive.org/details/wishramtexts00sapirich | id = ASIN: B000855RIW | isbn = 0-404-58152-8 }} * {{cite book | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = Yana Texts | publisher = Berkeley University Press | year = 1910 | url = https://archive.org/details/yanatexts00sapirich | isbn = 1-177-11286-8 }} * {{cite book | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = A sketch of the social organization of the Nass River Indians | publisher = Government Printing Office | year = 1915 | location = Ottavae | url = https://archive.org/details/sketchofsocialor00sapiial}} * {{cite book | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = Noun reduplication in Comox, a Salish language of Vancouver island | publisher = Government Printing Office | year = 1915 | location = Ottavae | url = https://archive.org/details/nounreduplicatio00sapirich}} * {{cite book | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = Time Perspective in Aboriginal American Culture, A Study in Method | publisher = Government Printing Bureau | year = 1916 | location = Ottavae | url = https://archive.org/details/timeperspectivei00sapirich}} * {{cite book | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = Dreams and Gibes | publisher = The Gorham Press | year = 1917 | location = Bostoniae | url = https://archive.org/details/dreamsgibes00sapirich | isbn = 0-548-56941-X }} * {{cite book | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = Language: An introduction to the study of speech | publisher = Harcourt, Brace and Company | year = 1921 | location = New York | url = http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/12629 | id = ASIN: B000NGWX8I | isbn = 4-87187-529-6 }} * {{cite book | last = Sapir | first = Edward |author2=Swadesh, Morris | title = Nootka Texts: Tales and ethnological narratives, with grammatical notes and lexical materials | publisher = Linguistic Society of America | year = 1939 | location = Philadelphiae | id = ASIN: B000EB54JC | isbn = 0-404-11893-3 }} * {{Cite book | first = Edward | last = Sapir | editor-last = Mandelbaum | editor-first = David | title = Selected writings in language, culture and personality | url = https://archive.org/details/selectedwritings00sapi | publisher = University of California Press | year = 1949 | location = Berkeleiae | id = ASIN: B000PX25CS | isbn = 0-520-01115-5 }} * {{cite book | last = Sapir | first = Edward |author2=Irvine, Judith | title = The psychology of culture: A course of lectures | url = https://archive.org/details/psychologyofcult0000sapi | publisher = Walter de Gruyter | year = 2002 | location = Berolini | isbn = 978-3-11-017282-9 }} ===Commentarii=== * {{cite journal | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = Preliminary report on the language and mythology of the Upper Chinook | journal = American Anthropologist | volume = 9 | pages = 533–544 | year = 1907 | doi=10.1525/aa.1907.9.3.02a00100}} * {{cite journal | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = Some fundamental characteristics of the Ute language | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1910-03-04_31/page/350 | journal = Science | issue = 31 | pages = 350–352 | year = 1910 | doi = 10.1126/science.31.792.350 | volume=31}} * {{cite journal | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = Some aspects of Nootka language and culture | journal = American Anthropologist | volume = 13 | pages = 15–28 | year = 1911 | doi=10.1525/aa.1911.13.1.02a00030}} * {{cite journal | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = The problem of noun incorporation in American languages | journal = American Anthropologist | volume = 13 | pages = 250–282 | year = 1911 | doi=10.1525/aa.1911.13.2.02a00060| url= http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/aa.1911.13.2.02a00060/pdf }} *{{cite journal|last=Sapir|first=E. |year=1913|title=Southern Paiute and Nahuatl, a study in Uto-Aztekan|journal=Journal de la Société des Américanistes|volume=10|issue=2|pages=379–425|doi=10.3406/jsa.1913.2866|url=http://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/jsa_0037-9174_1913_num_10_2_2866.pdf}} * {{cite journal | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = The Na-dene languages: a preliminary report | journal = American Anthropologist | volume = 17 | pages = 765–773 | year = 1915 | doi = 10.1525/aa.1915.17.3.02a00080 }} * {{cite journal | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = Do we need a superorganic? | journal = American Anthropologist | volume = 19 | pages = 441–447 | year = 1917 | doi = 10.1525/aa.1917.19.3.02a00150}} * {{cite journal | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = The grammarian and his language | journal = The American Mercury | issue = 1 | pages = 149–155 | year = 1924}} * {{cite journal | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = Culture, Genuine and Spurious | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-sociology_1924-01_29_4/page/401 | journal = The American Journal of Sociology | volume = 29 | issue = 4 | pages = 401–429 | year = 1924 | doi = 10.1086/213616}} * {{cite journal | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = Memorandum on the problem of an international auxiliary language | journal = The Romanic Review | issue = 16 | pages = 244–256 | year = 1925}} * {{cite journal | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = Sound patterns in language | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_language_1925_1/page/37 | journal = Language | issue = 1 | pages = 37–51 | year = 1925 | doi = 10.2307/409004}} * {{cite journal | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = The function of an international auxiliary language | journal = Romanic Review | issue = 11 | pages = 4–15 | year = 1931 | url = http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/5037/sapir.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028180701/http://geocities.com/Athens/Forum/5037/sapir.html|archivedate=2009-10-28}} * {{cite journal | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = Internal linguistic evidence suggestive of the Northern origin of the Navaho | journal = American Anthropologist | volume = 38 | pages = 224–235 | year = 1936 | doi = 10.1525/aa.1936.38.2.02a00040}} * {{cite journal | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = Grading: a study in semantics | journal = Philosophy of Science | issue = 11 | pages = 93–116 | year = 1944 | doi = 10.1086/286828 | id = }} * {{cite journal | last = Sapir | first = Edward | title = The relation of American Indian linguistics to general linguistics | journal = Southwestern Journal of Anthropology | issue = 1 | pages = 1–4 | year = 1947}} ==Notae== <references/> == Bibliographia == *Cowan, William, Michael K. Foster, et Konrad Koerner. [[1986]]. ''New perspectives in language, culture, and personality: Proceedings of the Edward Sapir Centenary Conference (Ottawa, 1–3 October 1984).'' Amstelodami: John Benjamins. ISBN 90-272-4522-3. *Koerner, E. F. K., et Konrad Koerner. [[1985]]. ''Edward Sapir: Appraisals of his life and work.'' Amstelodami: John Benjamins. ISBN 978-90-272-4518-2. *Darnell, Regna. [[1989]]. ''Edward Sapir: linguist, anthropologist, humanist.'' Berkeleiae: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06678-6. *Darnell, R. [[1998]]. Camelot at Yale: The Construction and Dismantling of the Sapirian Synthesis, 1931–39. ''American Anthropologist'' 100: 361–372. *Darnell, Regna. [[2010]]. ''Edward Sapir: linguist, anthropologist, humanist.'' Cum nova praefatione ab auctore scripta. Lincolniae: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9780803224377. *Falk, Julia S. [[1995]]. Words without grammar: linguists and the international language movement in the United States. ''Language and Communication'' 15(3): 241–259. *Golla, Victor, ed. [[1984]]. The Sapir–Kroeber correspondence: Letters between Edward Sapir and A. L. Kroeber 1905–1925." ''Reports from the Survey of California and other Indian languages'' 6: 1–509. [http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/documents/survey-reports/survey-report-6.pdf PDF.] *Handler, Richard. [[1984]]. Sapir's Poetic Experience. ''American Anthropologist'' N.S. 86(2): 416–417. *Haas, Mary R. [[1953]]. Sapir and the Training of Anthropological Linguists. ''American Anthropologist'' 55: 447–450. *Malkiel, Yakov. [[1981]]. Drift, Slope, and Slant: Background of, and Variations upon, a Sapirian Theme. ''Language'' 57(3): 535–70. *Moore, Jerry D. [[2009]]. Edward Sapir: Culture, Language, and the Individual. In ''Visions of Culture: an Introduction to Anthropological Theories and Theorists,'' 88–104. Walnut Creek Californiae: Altamira. *Prston, Richard J. [[1966]]. Edward Sapir's Anthropology: Style, Structure, and Method. ''American Anthropologist'' N.S. 68(5): 1105–28. *Sapir, Edward, et William Bright. [[1992]]. ''Southern Paiute and Ute: linguistics and ethnography.'' Berolini: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-013543-5. *Sapir, Edward, Regna Darnell, Judith T. Irvine, et Richard Handler. [[1999]]. ''The collected works of Edward Sapir: culture.'' Berolini: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-012639-6. {{NexInt}} *[[Ruth Benedict]] *[[Familia linguarum]] *[[Linguistica comparativa]] *[[Linguistica historica]] *[[Linguae Algicae]] *[[Linguae Athabascanae]] *[[Linguae Uto-Aztecanae]] *[[Relativitas linguistica]] (coniectura Sapir-Whorfiana) ==Nexus externi==<!-- {{Wikisource author}}--> {{wikiquote|Edward Sapir|Aduardum Sapir}} {{CommuniaCat|Edward Sapir|Eduardum Sapir}} *[http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/biomems/esapir.html National Academy of Sciences biography] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051202115404/http://spartan.ac.brocku.ca/~lward/Sapir/Documents.html Robert Throop and Lloyd Gordon Ward: Mead Project 2.0] ad spartan.ac.brocku.ca *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100707172600/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/sapir.htm Interlingua: Communication Sin Frontiera. Biographia, Edward Sapir] *{{Gutenberg author |id=Sapir,+Edward | name=Edward Sapir}}<!-- *{{Internet Archive author |sname=Edward Sapir |sopt=t}} * {{librivox author | id=13231}}--> {{Lifetime|1884|1939|Sapir, Eduardus}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Columbiae]] [[Categoria:Anthropologi Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Eruditi Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Interlingua]] [[Categoria:Iudaei]] [[Categoria:Linguistae anthropologici]] [[Categoria:Linguistae Canadae]] [[Categoria:Linguistae Civitatum Foederatarum]]<!-- [[Categoria:Palaeolinguistae]]--> [[Categoria:Poetae Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Chicagoensis]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Yalensis]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]] <!--[[Category:People from Lębork]] [[Category:Lithuanian Jews]] [[Category:People from the Province of Pomerania]] [[Category:American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent]] [[Category:Lithuanian emigrants to the United States]] [[Category:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)]] [[Category:Yale Sterling Professors]] [[Category:Linguists of Na-Dene languages]] [[Category:Linguists of Navajo]] [[Category:Linguists of Algic languages]] [[Category:Linguists of Siouan languages]] [[Category:Linguists of Salishan languages]] [[Category:Linguists of Hokan languages]] [[Category:Linguists of Uto-Aztecan languages]] [[Category:Linguists of Chinookan languages]] [[Category:Linguists of Wakashan languages]] [[Category:Linguists of Yiddish]] [[Category:DeWitt Clinton High School alumni]] [[Category:Linguistic Society of America presidents]]--> 4c302jg14cz4f27o6j4huzqe4u5jbqi 0 279059 3979869 3946009 2026-08-09T20:40:36Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979869 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Havana 1639b.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Hydrochroma]]tica Sinus Havanae [[pictura]], circa [[1639]] facts.]] [[Fasciculus:Hatuey monument, Baracoa, Cuba.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Monumentum]] [[Hatuey]], [[princeps|principis]] Taini, [[Baracoa]]e positum.]] [[Fasciculus:Moll - A Map of the West-Indies.png|thumb|upright=0.8|[[[Tabula geographica]] ab [[Hermannus Moll|Hermanno Moll]] anno [[1736]] facta, [[Indi Occidentales|Indos Occidentales]] et [[Mexicum]] monstrans, [[Nova Hispania|Novam Hispaniam]] una constituentibus, Cuba in media imagine conspicua.]] [[Fasciculus:El Morro.jpg|250px|thumb|upright=0.8|[Arx [[Castellum Morro]] Havanae situm, anno [[1589]] [[aedificium|aedificatum]].]] [[Fasciculus:British fleet entering Havana.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[''Classis Britannica Havanam Intrat, 21 Augusti 1762.'' Pictura [[Domenicus Serres|Domenici Serres]], [[1775]].]] [[Fasciculus:Wreck of the U.S.S. Maine, ca. 1898 - NARA - 512929.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[USS Maine|''Maine,'']] [[navis longa]] Civitatum Foederatarum, anno [[1898]] emersa et [[photographema|photographata]].]] [[Fasciculus:60 aniversario del asalto al Cuartel Moncada (9375788996).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[[Castra Moncada]], locus primi rerum novarum Cubanarum proelii, die sexagesimo proelii anniversario, anno [[2013]].]] '''Historia Cubae''' ad [[Cuba]]m, [[insula]]m in [[Mare Caribicum|Mari Caribico]], proprie attinet. Quae insula ab [[homo|hominibus]] variarum [[cultura]]rum [[Mesoamerica]]rum [[habitatio|habitabatur]], cum [[conquisitatores Hispani|conquisitatores]] [[Imperium Hispanicum|Hispani]] anno [[1492]] advenire inciperent. Omnem insulam mox vicerunt, [[rectio]]que [[Hispania|Hispanica]] [[gubernator]]es ad [[colonia]]m ex [[Havana]] regendam creavit. Quae [[urbs]] anno [[1762]] breviter a [[miles|militibus]] [[Magna Britannia|Britannis]] occupabatur antequam pro [[Florida]] reddita est. Nonnullae [[seditio]]nes [[saeculum 19|saeculo undevicensimo]] dicionem Hispanicam non deiecerunt; evenit autem e [[bellum|bello]] [[Bellum Hispano-Americanum|Hispano-Americano]] ut Hispani ex insula anno [[1898]] recesserunt, atque [[exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum]] tres et dimidium annos [[civitas|civitati]] imperabat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2028&term=Background|title=CIA World Factbook: Cuba: Introduction: Background}}.</ref> [[Libertas]] [[civitas sui iuris|nationalis]] anno [[1902]] rite concessa est.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/countries/cuba|title=A guide to the United States' history of recognition, diplomatic, and consular relations, by country, since 1776: Cuba|publisher=US State Department – Office of the Historian|accessdate=24 Aprilis 2013}}.</ref> [[Res publica]] Cubana annis sub libertate assecta maiorem [[civitas provectibilis|provectionem]] [[oeconomia|oeconomicam]] consecuta est, sed corruptio seriesque ducum [[tyrannia|tyrannicorum]] vigebant, usque ad eversionem [[Fulgentius Batista|Fulgentii Batista]] [[dictator]]is a [[Motus 26 Iulii|Motu 26 Iulii]], quem [[Fidelis Castro|Fidelis]] [[Radulphus Castro|Radulphusque Castro Ruz]] annis ab [[1953]] ad [[1959]] per [[res novae Cubanae|res novas Cubanas]] ducebant.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rumbaut |first1=Luis E. |last2=Rumbaut |first2=Rubén G. |year=2009 |title=Cuba: The Cuban Revolution at 50 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_latin-american-perspectives_2009-01_36_1/page/84 |journal=Latin American Perspectives |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=84–98 |jstor=27648162 |doi=10.1177/0094582x08329137}}.</ref> Cuba tum [[socialismus|civitas socialistica]] per [[communismus|factionem communisticam Cubanam]] gubernabatur, [[frater|fratribus]] Castro iam ducibus.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/blogs/talk/2008/02/castro_resigns.html "Castro Resigns"]. [[NPR]]. 19 February 2008.</ref> Cuba post res novas, [[negotium|negotiis]] internationalibus a [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis]] secreta, gradatim ad [[commercium]] et [[periegesis|periegesim]] penetravit.<ref name=FirstShip>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2012/07/20127147196482238.html|title=Cuba receives first US shipment in 50 years|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=14 Iulii 2012|accessdate=16 Iulii 2012}}.</ref><ref name=BBCDec2014>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-30516740|title=Obama hails 'new chapter' in US-Cuba ties|publisher=BBC News|date=17 Decembris 2014|accessdate=18 Decembris 2014}}</ref><ref name=CubaObama>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/17/cuba-love-obama-bay-of-pigs-anniversary|title=Cuba's love for Obama swells: Bay of Pigs veterans reflect on the 'inconceivable'|work=The Guardian|date=17 Aprilis 2015|accessdate=18 Aprilis 2015}}.</ref><ref name=ReOpen2015>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-33919484|title=US flag raised over reopened Cuba embassy in Havana|publisher=BBC News|date=15 Augusti 2015|accessdate=27 Augusti 2015}}.</ref> Correctiones domesticae [[oeconomia]]m insularem nuper renovant. {{NexInt}}<!-- *[[Civilitas Cubae]]--> * [[Colonizatio Hispanica Americae]] * [[Christophorus Columbus]] * [[Historia Americae Latinae]] * [[Historia regionis Caribicae]] * [[Imperium Hispanicum]] * [[Iosephus Martí]] * [[Mexicum]]<!-- *[[Tempora historiae Cubanae]]--> == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * Bleitrach, Danielle, Viktor Dedaj, et Jacques-François Bonaldi. [[2004]]. ''Cuba est une île.'' Le Temps des cerises. ISBN 978-2-8410-9499-8. * Castillo Ramos, Ruben. [[1956]]. Muerto Edesio, El rey de la Sierra Maestro. ''Bohemia'' 48, no. 9 (12 Augusti): 52–54, 87. * Chomsky, Aviva, Barry Carr, et Pamela Maria Smorkaloff, eds. [[2004]]. ''The Cuba Reader: History, Culture, Politics.'' Dunelhamiae Carolinae Septentrionalis et Londinii: Duke University Press. * De Paz Sánchez, Manuel Antonio, José Fernández, et Nelson López. [[1993]]–[[1994]]. ''El bandolerismo en Cuba (1800–1933): Presencia canaria y protesta rural.'' 2 voll. Santa Cruz de Tenerife. * Foner, Philip S. [[1962]]. ''A History of Cuba and its Relations with the United States.'' * Franklin, James. [[1997]]. ''Cuba and the United States: A Chronological History.'' Novi Eboraci: Ocean Press. ISBN 1875284923.*Gleijeses, Piero. [[2002]]. ''Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959–1976.'' Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. * Gott, Richard. [[2004]]. ''Cuba: A New History.'' Portu Novo: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300104111. * Hernández, José M. [[1993]]. ''Cuba and the United States: Intervention and Militarism, 1868–1933.'' University of Texas Press. * Hernández, Rafael, et John H. Coatsworth, eds. [[2001]]. ''Culturas Encontradas: Cuba y los Estados Unidos.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. * Johnson, Willis Fletcher. [[1920]]. ''The History of Cuba.'' Novi Eboraci: B. F. Buck & Company. * Kirk, John M., et Peter McKenna. [[1997]]. ''Canada-Cuba Relations: The Other Good Neighbor Policy.'' Gainesville: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0813015200. * Louis, Allaire. [[2000]]. Archaeology of the Caribbean Region. In ''South America,'' ed. 3a, ed. Frank Salomon. The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, III, ed. Stuart B. Schwartz. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-63075-4. * McPherson, Alan. [[2003]]. ''Yankee No! Anti-Americanism in U.S.-Latin American Relations.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674011848. * Morley, Morris H., et Chris McGillion. [[2002]]. ''Unfinished Business: America and Cuba after the Cold War, 1989–2001.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521817161, ISBN 0521520401. * Offner, John L. [[1992]]. ''An Unwanted War: The Diplomacy of the United States and Spain over Cuba, 1895–1898.'' University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0807820385, ISBN 807843806. * Paterson, Thomas G. [[1994]]. ''Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. * Perez, Louis A. [[1989]]. ''Lords of the Mountain: Social Banditry and Peasant Protest in Cuba, 1878–1918.'' Pitt Latin American Series: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 0-8229-3601-1. * Pérez, Louis A. [[1990]]. ''Cuba and the United States: Ties of Singular Intimacy.'' University of Georgia Press. * Pérez, Louis A., Jr. [[1998]]. ''The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography.'' University of North Carolina Press. * Schwab, Peter. [[1999]]. ''Cuba: Confronting the U.S. Embargo.'' Novi Eboraci: St. Martin's. * Staten, Clifford L. (2005), [[2015]]. ''The history of Cuba.'' Ed. 2a. Barbaropoli Californiae: Greenwood, impressio societatis ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781610698412. * Thomas, Hugh. [[1998]]. ''Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom.'' Novi Eboraci: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80827-2. * Tone, John Lawrence. [[2006]]. ''War and Genocide in Cuba, 1895–1898.'' Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0807830062, ISBN 9780807830062. * Walker, Daniel E. [[2004]]. ''No More, No More: Slavery and Cultural Resistance in Havana and New Orleans.'' Minneapoli: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0816643261, ISBN 081664327X.*Whitney, Robert W. [[2001]]. ''State and Revolution in Cuba: Mass Mobilization and Political Change, 1920–1940.'' Chapel Hill et Londinii: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2611-1. * Zeuske, Michael. [[2004]]. ''Insel der Extreme: Kuba im 20. Jahrhundert.'' Turici: Rotpunktverlag. ISBN 3-85869-208-5. * Zeuske, Michael. [[2004]]. ''Schwarze Karibik: Sklaven, Sklavereikulturen und Emanzipation.'' Turici: Rotpunktverlag. ISBN 3-85869-272-7. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120502192253/http://cubasettlers.com/ ''American Settlers in Cuba.''] Photographemata historica et data de civibus Civitatum Foederatarum qui ad Cubam ante res novas migraverunt. * Coyote, Peter. [[2009]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090309023056/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/g/a/2009/03/04/petercoyote030409.DTL&type=printable "Reflecting on Cuba's Bloody History."] ''San Francisco Chronicle,'' 4 Martii 2009. * [http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/cb/cuba/#history "Cuba: History."] ''Country Directory.'' Latin American Network Information Center, University of Texas at Austin. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190531002357/http://merrick.library.miami.edu/cubanHeritage/manuscript/ ''Cuban Historical and Literary Manuscript Collection.''] University of Miami Libraries Digital Collections. * [http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/stryker/ ''Deena Stryker Photographs of Cuba, 1963–1964 and undated.''] Duke University Libraries Digital Collections. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120208125248/http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552531 ''Post-USSR: Modern Cuban Struggles.''] [[Pellicula]], Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives (1991). {{Myrias|Historia}} [[Categoria:Historia Cubae| ]] [[Categoria:Imperium Hispanicum]] 57zaupktqac0tt10ne633gcfdy92vt8 0 279995 3980003 3534373 2026-08-09T23:02:44Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Terrabacteria | color = lightgrey | image = Actinomyces_israelii.jpg | image_caption = [[Micrographema electronorum inspiciendorum]] speciei ''[[Actinomyces israelii|Actinomycis israelii]]''{{dubsig}} ([[Actinobacteria]]) | domain = [[Bacteria]] | unranked_phylum = '''Terrabacteria''' | unranked_phylum_authority = Battistuzzi et al., 2004, Battistuzzi & Hedges, 2009 | subdivision_ranks = Phyla | subdivision = *[[Actinobacteria]] *[[Deinococcus-Thermus]] *[[Cyanobacteria]] *[[Chloroflexi (phylum)|Chloroflexi]] *[[Firmicutes]] | synonyms = * Glidobacteria <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2006</small> (Actinobacteriis et Firmicutibus exclusis) }} '''Terrabacteria''' (a ''terra'') sunt [[taxon]] cui sunt duae fere partes (6157 species) [[species|specierum]] [[prokaryota|prokaryotorum]], inter quas [[bacteria]] in [[phylum|phylis]] [[bacteria gram-positiva|gram-positivis]]{{dubsig}} ([[Actinobacteria]] et [[Firmicutes]]) ac phyla [[Cyanobacteria]], [[Chloroflexi (phylum)|Chloroflexi]], et [[Deinococcus-Thermus]].<ref name="ref1">{{cite journal | last1 = Battistuzzi | first1 = F. U. | last2 = Feijão | first2 = A. | last3 = Hedges | first3 = S. B. | year = 2004 | title = A genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 4 | issue = | page = 44 | pmc=533871 | pmid=15535883 | doi=10.1186/1471-2148-4-44}}.</ref><ref name="ref2">{{cite journal | last1 = Battistuzzi | first1 = FU | last2 = Hedges | first2 = SB | year = 2009 | title = A major clade of prokaryotes with ancient adaptations to life on land | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_molecular-biology-and-evolution_2009-02_26_2/page/335| journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 26 | issue = 2| pages = 335–43 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msn247 | pmid=18988685}}/</ref> == Arbor == [[Arbor]] [[cladus|cladistica]]:<ref name="ref1" /><ref name="ref2" /> {{clade |1=[[Archaea]] |2={{clade |1=[[Thermotogae]] |2={{clade |1=[[Aquificae]] |2={{clade |1=[[Fusobacteria]] |label2="Selabacteria" |2={{clade |label1=[[Hydrobacteria]] |1={{clade |label1=Polyphyletic&nbsp;[[Planctobacteria|grex PVC]] |1={{clade |1={{cladex|1=[[Spirochaetes]]|bar2=green|2=[[Planctomycetes]]}} |2={{cladex|bar1=green|1=[[Chlamydiae]]|label2=[[grex FCB]]|2={{clade|1=[[Chlorobi]]|2=[[Bacteroidetes]]}}}} }} |label2=Paraphyletic&nbsp;[[Proteobacteria]] |2={{cladex |bar1=midnightblue |1=[[Epsilonproteobacteria]] |2={{cladex |1={{cladex|1=[[Solibacteres]]|bar2=midnightblue|2=[[Deltaproteobacteria]]}} |bar2=midnightblue |2={{clade |1=[[Alphaproteobacteria]] |2={{clade|1=[[Betaproteobacteria]]|2=[[Gammaproteobacteria]]}} }} }} }} }} |label2=Terrabacteria |2={{clade |1={{clade|1=[[Actinobacteria]] |2=[[Deinococcus-Thermus]]}} |2={{clade |1={{clade|1=[[Cyanobacteria]] |2=[[Chloroflexi (phylum)|Chloroflexi]]}} |2=[[Firmicutes]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} == Notae == <references/> [[Categoria:Bacteria]] [[Categoria:Taxa Battistuzzi]] [[Categoria:Taxa 2004]] hbwfqefyqrbjj9r0j5fsndt0ncey87s 0 279997 3980119 3781067 2026-08-10T00:30:04Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Avialae | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|165|0|r=[[Iurassicum]] superius > [[Recens]]}} | image = Archaeopteryx lithographica (Eichstätter Specimen).jpg | image_caption = ''[[Archaeopteryx lithographica]]'' [[fossile|fossilis]]. Exemplar {{Creanda|de|Eichstätt|Eysteta|Eystettense}} ([[Museum Iurassicum Eystettense]]) | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Sauropsida]] | superordo = [[Dinosauria]] | ordo = [[Saurischia]] | subordo = [[Theropoda]] | infraordo = [[Pennaraptora]] | zoosectio = [[Paraves]] | unranked_familia = '''Avialae''' | unranked_familia_authority = [[Iacobus Gauthier|Gauthier]], [[1986]] | subdivision_ranks = Subgreges | subdivision = *†[[Anchiornithidae]]?<ref name="cauetal2017"/> *†''[[Archaeopteryx]]'' *†[[Scansoriopterygidae]]?<ref name="cauetal2017">{{cite journal|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature24679|title=Synchrotron scanning reveals amphibious ecomorphology in a new clade of bird-like dinosaurs|first1=A.|last1=Cau|first2=V.|last2=Beyrand|first3=D.|last3=Voeten|first4=V.|last4=Fernandez|first5=P.|last5=Tafforeau|first6=K.|last6=Stein|first7=R.|last7=Barsbold|first8=K.|last8=Tsogtbaatar|first9=P.|last9=Currie|first10=P.|last10=Godefroit|year=2017|journal=Nature|volume=552|issue=7685|pages=395–399|doi=10.1038/nature24679|pmid=29211712}}</ref> *†''[[Balaur]]''? *†''[[Jeholornis]]'' *†''[[Rahonavis]]''? *†''[[Yandangornis]]''? *[[Euavialae]] **†''[[Jixiangornis]]'' **[[Avebrevicauda]] ***†''[[Sapeornis]]'' ***[[Pygostylia]] }} '''Avialae''' ([[portmanteau]]: 'avium alae') est [[cladus]] [[dinosauria|dinosauriorum]] [[volatus|volantium]] qui [[aves]], sola dinosauria viva, comprehendit. Plerumque definitur omnia dinosauria [[theropoda]] avibus hodiernis artius quam [[Deinonychosauria|deinonychosauriis]] conecta, quamquam definitiones aliae aliquando adhibentur. ''[[Archaeopteryx|archaeopteryx lithographica]],'' e [[membrum Solnhofense|membro Solnhofensi]] in [[Bavaria]] temporis [[Iurassicum|Iurassici]] exeuntis inventa, est prima avialarum nota cui fortasse erat facultas volandi per se.<ref name="Alonso">{{cite journal|last1=Alonso |first1=P. D. |last2=Milner |first2=A. C. |last3=Ketcham |first3=R. A. |last4=Cookson |first4=M. J. |last5=Rowe |first5=T. B. |year=2004 |title=The avian nature of the brain and inner ear of Archaeopteryx |url=http://www.ucm.es/info/paleo/personal/patricio/DMKCR-2004.pdf |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=430 |issue=7000 |pages=666–669 |doi=10.1038/nature02706 |pmid=15295597 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209193641/http://www.ucm.es/info/paleo/personal/patricio/DMKCR-2004.pdf |archivedate=2006-02-09 |df= |bibcode=2004Natur.430..666A }} [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v430/n7000/suppinfo/nature02706.html Supplementary info]</ref> Nonnullae autem avialae ex Iurassico exeunti in [[Formatio Tiaojishan|Formatione Tiaojishan]] in [[Sinae (regio)|Sinis]] recentius inventae sunt, quae abhinc annorum 160 milliones vixerunt.<ref name="Hu et al.2009">{{cite journal |last=Hu |first=D. |last2=Hou |first2=L. |last3=Zhang |first3=L. |last4=Xu |first4=X. |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2009 |title=A pre-''Archaeopteryx'' troodontid theropod from China with long feathers on the metatarsus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2009-10-01_461_7264/page/640 |journal=Nature |volume=461 |issue=7264 |pages=640–643 |doi=10.1038/nature08322|pmid=19794491|bibcode=2009Natur.461..640H }}</ref><ref name=daohugouage2012>{{cite journal |author1=Liu Y.-Q. |author2=Kuang H.-W. |author3=Jiang X.-J. |author4=Peng N. |author5=Xu H. |author6=Sun H.-Y. |year=2012 |title=Timing of the earliest known feathered dinosaurs and transitional pterosaurs older than the Jehol Biota |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=323–325 |issue= |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.01.017 }}</ref> ==Notae== <references/> == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biologici}} [[Categoria:Aves]] [[Categoria:Taxa Gauthier]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1986]] [[Categoria:Taxa intercalaria]] g9y3ys6ckl7dy70z1ypotq9qn3s2hvy 0 280245 3979913 3883397 2026-08-09T21:18:51Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979913 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Humpback Whale underwater shot.jpg|thumb|''[[Megaptera novaeangliae]],'' mammale infraordinis [[Cetacea|Cetaceorum]] [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordinis]] [[Cetartiodactyla|Cetartiodactylorum]].|alt=A humpback whale swimming]] [[Fasciculus:Hydrurga leptonyx edit1.jpg|thumb|''[[Hydrurga leptonyx]],'' mammale [[cladus|cladi]] [[Pinnipedia|Pinnipediorum]] ordinis [[Carnivora|Carnivororum]].|alt=A black-speckled seal with light-gray underside and dark-gray back, sitting on rocks, its mouth agape showing sharp teeth]] [[Fasciculus:Prorastomus BW.jpg|thumb|†''[[Prorastomus]]'', unum ex primis sireniis (40 mya)|alt=A furry, streamlined mammal swimming through the water with toes visible on each foot, similar to those of an elephant. All limbs are thrust backward or underneath the animal.]] [[Fasciculus:Predicted patterns of marine mammal species richness.png|thumb|Diversitas [[species|specierum]] mammalium marinarum: A, omnes species (n = 115); B, [[Odontocetes]] (n = 69); C, [[Mysticetes]] (n = 14); D, [[Pinnipedia]] (n = 32). Ex [[data|datis]] ex [[decennium|decennio]] 1990–1999.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kaschner|first=K.|last2=Tittensor|first2=D. P.|last3=Ready|first3=J.|last4=Gerrodette|first4=T.|last5=Worm|first5=B.|year=2011|title=Current and future patterns of global marine mammal biodiversity|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=6|issue=5|page=e19653|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0019653|bibcode=2011PLoSO...619653K|pmid=21625431|pmc=3100303}}</ref>.]] [[Fasciculus:Killer Whale Tipe B.jpg|thumb|''[[Orcinus orca]]'' [[vulnus|vulneratum]] ''[[Leptonychotes weddellii|Leptonychotem weddellii]]'' super [[glacies|glaciem]] marinam quaerit.|alt=A killer whale sticking the front end of its body out of the water onto a floating piece of sea-ice to grab a dark-brown seal with light-brown-spots]] '''Mammale marinum''' est [[mammale aquaticum]] quod [[oceanus|oceano]] aliisve [[oecosystema marinum|oecosystematibus marinis]] ut [[vita]]m agat nititur. Inter quae [[animalia]] sunt [[pinnipedia]], [[cetacea]], [[sirenia]], [[enhydra lutris|enhydrae lutres]], [[ursus maritimus|ursique maritimi]]. [[Taxon]] distinctum vel collectionem systematicam non constituunt, sed potius coniunctiones [[polyphyletia|polyphyleticas]] ob [[evolutio convergens|evolutionem convergentem]] habent, quia proximo [[antecessor communis|antecessore communi]] carent. Similes inter se videntur solum quia [[alimentum|alimenti]] causa in potestate [[circumiecta|circumiectorum]] marinorum vertuntur. Accommodatio mammalium marinorum ad vitam aquaticam magnopere inter [[species]] variat. Cetacea et sirenia penitus aquatica sunt, et ergo in [[aqua]] [[habitatio|habitare]] debent. [[Otariidae]] et alia pinnipedia sunt semiaquatica; maximam vitae partem in aqua degunt, sed ad [[litus]] redeunt ut [[coire|coeant]], [[partus|pariant]], [[pellis|pellemque]] [[pennas ponere|ponant]]<!--moult-->. Ex contrario, [[lutrinae]] ursique maritimi ad vitam aquaticam multo minus accommodati sunt: eorum [[victus]] [[ratio]] aliquantum variat; alii [[plancton]] [[heterotrophismus|heterotrophicum]], alii [[pisces]], [[decapodiformes]], [[invertebrata]] [[exosceletus]] ferentia, [[gramen maritimum]], alii alia mammalia edere possunt. <!--While the number of marine mammals is small compared to those found on land, their roles in various ecosystems are large, especially concerning the maintenance of marine ecosystems, through processes including the regulation of prey populations. This role in maintaining ecosystems makes them of particular concern as 23% of marine mammal species are currently threatened.--> Mammalia marina olim ab [[venatio cetaceorum ab indigenis|indigenis]] pro [[cibus|cibo]] et aliis opibus quaerebantur.<!--Many were also the target for commercial industry, leading to a sharp decline in all populations of exploited species, sicut cetacea et pinnipeda.--> Ob [[venatio]]ne [[commercium|mercatoriam]], ''[[Hydrodamalis gigas]],'' ''[[Hydrodamalis gigas]],'' ''[[Zalophus japonicus]],'' et ''[[Neomonachus tropicalis]]'' [[exstinctio|exstincti]] sunt. Venatione autem mercatoria finita, nonnullae species, inter quas ''[[Eschrichtius robustus]]'' et ''[[Mirounga angustirostris]],'' iterum vigere coeperunt; e converso, aliae species, insigniter ''[[Eubalaena glacialis]],'' [[in periculum summo discrimine vocatus|in periculum summo discrimine vocantur]]. <!-- Other than hunting, marine mammals can be killed as [[bycatch]] from fisheries, where they become entangled in fixed netting and drown or starve. Increased ocean traffic causes collisions between fast ocean vessels and large marine mammals.--> [[Damnatio habitationis]] mammalia marina et eorum potestatem [[cibus|cibi]] inveniendi et capiendi etiam minatur. <!--[[Noise pollution]], for example, may adversely affect [[echolocatio animalium|echolocating]] mammals, and the ongoing [[effects of global warming]] degrade Arctic environments.--><!-- ==Taxinomia== {{Multiple images |header=Marine mammals of varying sizes and shapes |align=center |direction=horizontal |image1=Ursus maritimus 4 1996-08-04.jpg |alt1=A white polar bear's head popping out of the water, with a black snout and eyes |width1=190 |caption1=''[[Ursus maritimus]],'' membrum familiae [[Ursidae|Ursidarum]]. |image2=Sea otter cropped.jpg |alt2=A furry sea otter with a light-brown face and a dark-brown body, sitting on its back in the water |width2=220 |caption2=''[[Enhydra lutris]],'' membrum familiae [[Mustelidae|Mustelidarum]]. |image3=Sea lion family.JPG |alt3=Seven sea lions sleeping on a wooden platform next to the water. There're two dark-brown individuals, and three smaller and lighter-colored individuals, all sleeping on top of one another. The other two are cut-off in the image. |width3=300 |caption3=''[[Zalophus californianus|Zalophi californiani]],'' mambra familiae [[Otariidae|Otariidarum]]. |image4=FL fig04.jpg |alt4=A manatee with a circular tail, floating in the water-column |width4=230 |caption4=''[[Trichechus manatus]],'' membrum ordinis [[Sirenia|Sireniorum]]. |image5=Minke Whale (NOAA).jpg |alt5=A whale with a dark brown back and a creamy-white underside, tailfin, and pectoral fins |width5=285 |caption5=''[[Balaenoptera acutorostrata]],'' membrum ordinis [[Cetartiodactyla|Cetartiodactylorum]]. }}--> ===Classificatio specierum exstantium===<!-- {{cladogram |title=Phylogenia mammalium marinorum |align=right |style=margin-top:1em;;width:60% |cladogram={{clade |style=font-size:75%;line-height:100%;width:70% |label1=[[Mammalia]] |1={{Clade |1={{Clade |label1x=[[Placentalia]] |1={{Clade |label1=[[Afrotheria]] |1={{Clade |label1=[[Hyracoidea]] |1=[[Procaviidae]] |label2=[[Tethytheria]] |2={{Clade |label1=[[Proboscidea]] |1=[[Elephantidae]] |label2='''[[Sirenia]]''' |2={{Clade |1='''[[Dugongidae]]''' |label2='''[[Trichechidae]]''' |2={{clade |1='''''[[Trichechus manatus]]''''' |2='''''[[Trichechus senegalensis]]''''' |3=[[Trichechus inunguis]] }} }} }} }} |label2=[[Laurasiatheria]] |2={{Clade |label1=[[Euungulata]] |1={{clade |1={{Clade |label1=[[Cetartiodactyla]] |1={{clade |label1=[[Whippomorpha]] |1={{clade |1=[[Hippopotamidae]] |label2='''[[Cetacea]]''' |2={{clade |1='''[[Mysticeti]]''' |2='''[[Odontoceti]]''' }} }} |2=[[Ruminantia]] }} }} |2=[[Perissodactyla]] }} |label2=[[Ferae]] |2={{clade |1=[[Pholidota]] |label2=[[Carnivora]] |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Feliformia]] |label2=[[Caniformia]] |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Canidae]] |label2=[[Arctoidea]] |2={{clade |label1=[[Ursidae]] |1={{clade |1='''''[[Ursus maritimus]]''''' |2=omnes aliae ursidae }} |2={{clade |label1=[[Mustelidae]] |1={{clade |1='''''[[Enhydra lutris]]''''' |2='''''[[Lontra felina]]''''' |3='''†''[[Neovison macrodon]]''''' |4=omnes aliae mustelidae }} |label2='''[[Pinnipedia]]''' |2={{clade |1='''[[Otariidae]]''' |2='''[[Odobenidae]]''' |3='''[[Phocidae]]''' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |caption=[[Taxon|Taxa]] litteris pinguibus monstrata sunt marina.<ref>{{cite book|url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=W4Cbz0WphN0C |page=2}}|first=T. A.|last=Jefferson|first2=S.|last2=Leatherwood|first3=M. A.|last3=Webber|year=1994|title=Marine Mammals of the World|publisher=Food and Agriculture Department of the United Nations|pages=1–2|isbn=978-92-5-103292-3|oclc= 30643250}}.</ref> }}--> * Ordo [[Cetartiodactyla]]<ref name="marinemammalscience.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.marinemammalscience.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Society-for-Marine-Mammalogy-Taxonomy-List-2014-10-24.pdf|title=The Society for Marine Mammalogy's Taxonomy Committee List of Species and subspecies|editor1-first=William F.|editor1-last=Perrin|editor2-first=C. Scott|editor2-last=Baker|editor3-first=Annalisa|editor3-last=Berta|editor4-first=Daryl J.|editor4-last=Boness|editor5-first=Robert L.|editor5-last=Brownell Jr.|editor6-first=Daryl P.|editor6-last=Domning|editor7-first=R. Ewan|editor7-last=Fordyce|editor8-first=Angie|editor8-last=Srembaa|editor9-first=Thomas A.|editor9-last=Jefferson|editor10-first=Carl|editor10-last=Kinze|editor11-first=James G.|editor11-last=Mead|editor12-first=Larissa R.|editor12-last=Oliveira|editor13-first=Dale W.|editor13-last=Rice|editor14-first=Patricia E.|editor14-last=Rosel|editor15-first=John Y.|editor15-last=Wang|editor16-first=Tadasu|editor16-last=Yamada|year=2014|accessdate=25 June 2016}}</ref> ** Subordo [[Whippomorpha]] *** Familia [[Balaenidae]], duo genera et quattuor species *** Familia [[Cetotheriidae]], una species *** Familia [[Balaenopteridae]], duo genera et octo species *** Familia [[Eschrichtiidae]], una species *** Familia [[Physeteridae]], una species *** Familia [[Kogiidae]], unum genus et duae species *** Familia [[Monodontidae]], duo genera et duae species *** Familia [[Ziphiidae]], sex genera et viginti una species *** Familia [[Delphinidae]], septendecim genera et triginta octo species *** Familia [[Phocoenidae]], duo genera et septem species * Ordo [[Sirenia]]<ref name="marinemammalscience.org"/> *** Familia [[Trichechidae]], duae species *** Familia [[Dugongidae]], una species * Ordo [[Carnivora]]<ref name="marinemammalscience.org"/> ** Subordo [[Caniformia]] *** Familia [[Mustelidae]], tres species *** Familia [[Ursidae]], una species ** Subordo [[Pinnipedia]] *** Familia [[Otariidae]], septem genera et quindecim species *** Familia [[Odobenidae]], una species *** Familia [[Phocidae]], quattuordecim genera et duodeviginti species * Ordo [[Chiroptera]] ** Familia [[Vespertilionidae]] *** ''[[Myotis vivesi]]''<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Arroyo-Cabrales, J. |author2=Ospina-Garces, S. |year=2016 |title=''Myotis vivesi'' |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. |volume=2016 |page=e.T14209A22069146 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14209A22069146.en}}.</ref> ===Evolutio=== Mammalia marina sunt grex 129 fere specierum quae [[oceanus|oceano]] earum [[vita]]e causa nituntur.<ref name="kasc">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0019653| pmid = 21625431| title = Current and Future Patterns of Global Marine Mammal Biodiversity| journal = PLoS ONE| volume = 6| issue = 5| pages = e19653| year = 2011| last1 = Kaschner | first1 = K. | last2 = Tittensor | first2 = D. P. | last3 = Ready | first3 = J. | last4 = Gerrodette | first4 = T. | last5 = Worm | first5 = B. | bibcode = 2011PLoSO...619653K | pmc=3100303}}</ref><ref name="pompa">{{Cite journal | last1 = Pompa | first1 = S. | last2 = Ehrlich | first2 = P. R. | last3 = Ceballos | first3 = G. | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1101525108 | title = Global distribution and conservation of marine mammals | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences| volume = 108 | issue = 33 | pages = 13600–13605| date = 2011-08-16| pmid = 21808012| pmc = 3158205| bibcode = 2011PNAS..10813600P }}</ref> Ad [[taxon]] distinctum vel collectionem systematicam non pertinent, sed potius coniunctiones [[polyphylia|polyphyleticas]] habent. Coniunguntur etiam per fidem in [[circumiecta|circumiectis]] marinis vescendi.<ref name="jeff">{{cite book|last1=Jefferson|first1=T. A.| last2=Webber|first2=M. A.|last3=Pitman|first3=R. L.|year=2009|title=Marine Mammals of the World A Comprehensive Guide to their Identification|location=London|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-383853-7|pages=7–16|oclc=326418543|edition=1st}}.</ref><!-- Contra diversitatem [[morphologia|morphologicam]] inter greges, improved foraging efficiency has been the main driver in their [[evolutio]].<ref>Uhen 2007.</ref><ref name=savage/> --> Gradus fiduciae in circumiectis marinis ut superstites sint inter species magnopere variat. Exempli gratia, [[cetacea]] circumiectis marinis omnino in omnibus aetatis partibus nituntur; [[pinnipedia]] in oceano vescuntur, sed in terra [[fetus]] pariunt; atque [[ursus maritimus|ursi maritimi]] in terra vel super [[glacies|glaciem]] vesci debent.<ref name=jeff/> Ex omnibus mammalium marinorum speciebus, viginti tres centesimae [[species sub minas|sub minas]]{{dubsig}}<!--?threatened species|threatened--> sunt.<ref name="ship">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.1165115|pmid=18845749|url=http://www.felidae.org/KNOWELLPUBL/Schipper%20et%20al.%202008.pdf | title = The Status of the World's Land and Marine Mammals: Diversity, Threat, and Knowledge| journal = Science| volume = 322| issue = 5899| pages = 225–30| year = 2008| last1 = Schipper | first1 = J.| last2 = Chanson | first2 = J. S.| last3 = Chiozza | first3 = F.| last4 = Cox | first4 = N. A.| last5 = Hoffmann | first5 = M.| last6 = Katariya | first6 = V.| last7 = Lamoreux | first7 = J.| last8 = Rodrigues | first8 = A. S. L.| last9 = Stuart | first9 = S. N.| last10 = Temple | first10 = H. J.| last11 = Baillie | first11 = J.| last12 = Boitani | first12 = L.| last13 = Lacher | first13 = T. E.| last14 = Mittermeier | first14 = R. A.| last15 = Smith | first15 = A. T.| last16 = Absolon | first16 = D.| last17 = Aguiar | first17 = J. M.| last18 = Amori | first18 = G.| last19 = Bakkour | first19 = N.| last20 = Baldi | first20 = R.| last21 = Berridge | first21 = R. J.| last22 = Bielby | first22 = J.| last23 = Black | first23 = P. A.| last24 = Blanc | first24 = J. J.| last25 = Brooks | first25 = T. M.| last26 = Burton | first26 = J. A.| last27 = Butynski | first27 = T. M.| last28 = Catullo | first28 = G.| last29 = Chapman | first29 = R.| last30 = Cokeliss | first30 = Z.| display-authors = 29|bibcode=2008Sci...322..225S|hdl=1893/783}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schipper|first1=J.|last2=Chanson|first2=J. S.|last3=Chiozza|first3=F.|last4=Cox|first4=N. A.|year=2008|title= The status of the world's land and marine mammals: diversity, threat, and knowledge|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2008-10-10_322_5899/page/225|journal=Science|volume=322|issue=5899|pages=225–230|doi=10.1126/science.1165115|pmid=18845749|bibcode=2008Sci...322..225S|hdl=1893/783}}.</ref> ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Beddington, J. R., R. J. H. Beverton, et D. M. Lavigne. [[1985]]. ''Marine mammals and fisheries.'' Londinium et Bostoniae: G. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 0046390030. *Berta, Annalisa, et James L. Sumich. [[1999]]. ''Marine mammals: evolutionary biology.'' Illust. Pieter Arend Folkens et Peter J. Adam. Didacopoli: Academic Press. ISBN 0120932253. *Boyd, I. L., ed. [[1993]]. ''Marine mammals: advances in behavioural and population biology: the proceedings of a symposium held at the Zoological Society of London on 9th and 10th April 1992.'' Oxoniae: Published for the Zoological Society of London by Clarendon Press; Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198540698. *Cousteau, Jacques. [[1973]]. ''Mammals in the sea.'' Novi Eboraci: New World Publishing. ISBN 0529050773. *Duguy, Raymond, et Daniel Robineau. [[1982]]. ''Guide des mammifères marins d'Europe.'' Neuchâtel Helvetiae: Delachaux & Niestlé. ISBN 260300168X. *Gambell, Ray. [[1974]]. ''The life of sea mammals: a simple introduction to the way sea mammals live and behave.'' Londinii: Macdonald and Co. ISBN 0356048497. *Perrin, W. F., B. Wursig, et J. G. M. Thewissen. [[2009]]. ''Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals,'' ed. 2a. Didacopoli: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-0809-1993-5. OCLC 316226747. Google Books 2rkHQpToi9sC. *Reynolds, John E., et Sentiel A. Rommel, eds. [[1999]]. ''Biology of marine mammals.'' Vasingtoniae: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1560983752. *Rice, Dale W. [[1998]]. ''Marine mammals of the world: systematics and distribution.'' Laurentiae Kansiae: Society for Marine Mammalogy. ISBN 1891276034. *Richardson, W. John, et al. [[1995]]. ''Marine Mammals and Noise.'' Didacopoli: Academic Press. ISBN 0125884400. *Stonehouse, Bernard. [[1985]]. ''Sea mammals of the world.'' Illust. Martin Camm. Harmondsworth Middlesexiae Angliae et Novi Eboraci: Penguin. ISBN 0140070818. *Uhen, M. D. [[2007]]. Evolution of marine mammals: Back to the sea after 300 million years. ''The Anatomical Record'' 290 (6): 514–22. doi:10.1002/ar.20545 PMID 17516441. ==Nexus externi== *[http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/what-we-do/ Centrum Mammalium Marinorum.] Grex conservationi mammalium marinorum dicatus. *[http://www.marinemammalscience.org/ Societas Mammalogiae Marinae.] Maxima [[tellus|orbis terrarum]] societas ad mammalogiam marinam pertinens. *[http://marinebio.org/oceans/marine-mammals/ The MarineBio Conservation Society.]{{Nexus deficit|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Situs interretialis pro [[educatio]]ne de vita marina. *[http://www.noaa.gov/resource-collections/marine-mammals National Oceanographic and Atmosphere Administration.] Ministerium quod status oceani [[clima]]tisque investigat. *[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/mesaxonia/desmostylia.html "Introduction to the Desmostylia" (quae sunt exstinctus mammalium marinorum grex).] [[Exhibitio]] Musei Palaeontologiae Universitatis Californiensis. [[Categoria:Mammalia marina| ]] {{1000 paginae}}{{Myrias|Biologia}} 77tfr8gv4wclpgzp1kte9c93lftblp9 0 281324 3980014 3710271 2026-08-09T23:12:40Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980014 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ '''Adenosinum diphosphoricum'''<br />'''''ADP''''' |- | style="text-align: center" colspan="2" | [[Fasciculus:Adenosindiphosphat protoniert.svg|200px|ADP]] |- | style="text-align: center" colspan="2" | [[Fasciculus:Adenosine-diphosphate-3D-balls.png|200px|ADP]] |- ! colspan="2" | Nomina |- | style="font-size: 85% | [[IUPAC]] || style="font-size: 85%" | [(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-<br />purino-9-yl)-3,4-di-hydroxy-<br />oxolano-2-yl]-methylo-<br />phosphono hydrogenio<br />phosphatum |- ! colspan="2" | Cognitores |- | style="font-size: 85%" | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style="font-size: 85%" | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.5800.html 5800] |- | style="font-size: 85%" | [[DrugBank]] || style="font-size: 85%" | [https://web.archive.org/web/20161221000108/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB03431 DB03431] |- | style="font-size: 85%" | [[PubChem]] || style="font-size: 85%" | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6022 6022] |- ! colspan="2" | Natura chemica |- | style="font-size: 85%" | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style="font-size: 85%" | {{chem|C|10|H|15|N|5|O|10|P|2}} |- | style="font-size: 85%" | [[Massa molaris]] || style="font-size: 85%" | 427.201 g/mol |- |} '''Adenosinum diphosphoricum''' (abbreviatura: '''ADP''') est [[nucleotidum]] compositum organicum et magnum momentum metabolismi velut generationis [[energia]]e corporis. ATP [[Photosynthesis|photosynthesi]] et [[phosphorylatio oxidativa|phosphorylatione oxidativa]] oritur. [[Molecula]] ex grege [[Adeninum|adenini]], [[Saccharum (alimentum)|saccharo]] [[ribosum|ribosi]] et duobus gregibus [[phosphatum|phosphati]] constituta est. Separatione ex [[ATP]] gregis [[phosphatum|phosphati]] γ energiam liberat, ut ADP restet.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Knowles |first=J.&nbsp;R. |title=Enzyme-catalyzed phosphoryl transfer reactions |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-biochemistry_1980_49_annual/page/877 |journal=Annu. Rev. Biochem. |volume=49 |pages=877–919 |year=1980 |pmid=6250450 | doi=10.1146/annurev.bi.49.070180.004305}}</ref>. Separatio alii gregis phosphati demum [[adenosinum phosphoricum]] (AMP) generat. == Natura chemica == === Structura === [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] sua est {{chem|C|10|H|15|N|5|O|10|P|2}}. Nomen [[IUPAC]] est [(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-[[purinum|purino]]-9-yl)-3,4-di-hydroxy-oxolano-2-yl]-methylo-phosphono hydrogenio [[phosphatum]]. [[adeninum|Adenini]] anulo duplici in positione nona, quo unus [[atomus]] [[nitrogenium|nitrogenii]] est, saccharum [[ribosum|ribosi]] cum atomo [[carbonium|carbonii]] affixum est. Opposita duo greges phophati iacent. <gallery> Fasciculus:Adenin.svg|[[Adeninum]] </gallery> == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Cyclus ureae]] * [[Glycolysis]] == Nexus externi == * [https://books.google.de/books?id=XbI5BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA290&dq=triphosphoricum&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwid7vTh2sbjAhWQblAKHYa_DZUQ6AEIPDAD#v=onepage&q=triphosphoricum&f=false Fons nominis ''adenosini triphosphorici externa] {{chem-stipula}} [[Categoria:Biochemia]] [[Categoria:Purina]] [[Categoria:Phosphata]] [[Categoria:Mitochondria]] ettmoyv6splg5nzz7yh2fw432gw64kk 0 281326 3979889 3972239 2026-08-09T20:54:44Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Ioannes Broadus Watson}} (vulgo ''John''; natus [[Travelers Rest]] in [[Carolina Meridiana]] die [[9 Ianuarii]] [[1878]]; mortuus [[Manhata]]e die [[25 Septembris]] [[1958]]) fuit [[psychologus]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]] qui [[behaviorismus|behaviorismum]], [[schola]]m [[psychologia|psychologicam]], condidit. Mutationem in [[disciplina]] psychologica suasit per ''Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It'' ('Psychologia a behaviorista spectata'), quam [[oratio]]nem in [[Universitas Columbiae|Universitate Columbiae]] anno [[1913]] habuit.<ref name="Watson">{{cite journal | last1 = Watson | first1 = J. B. | year = 1913 | title = Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it. | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-review_1913-03_20_2/page/158| journal = [[Psychological Review]] | volume = 20 | issue = 2| pages = 158–177 | doi=10.1037/h0074428}}</ref> Ad behaviorismum promovendum, Watson mores [[animalia|animalium]], [[educatio]]nem [[puer]]orum, et [[praeconium mercatorium|praeconia mercatoria]] scivit. Praeterea experimentum [[Parvus Albertus|Parvi Alberti]]<!--Little Albert--> et [[experimentum Kerplunk]] fecit. Usui [[theoria]]e scientificae cum behaviorismo favebat.<ref name=":0">A. S. Cohn (2014), "John B. Watson," in ''The social history of the American family: An encyclopedia,'' ed. L. H. Ganong, et M. J. Coleman (Thousand Oaks Californiae: Sage Publications). Ex [http://proxy.rockford.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/sageamrcafam/watson_john_b/0\ quodam situ interretiali]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref> [[Periodicum]] ''[[Psychological Review]]'' [[editor|edidit]] ab anno [[1910]] ad [[1915]].<ref>{{Cite journal| title = Introduction to the 100th Anniversary Issue of the Psychological Review | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-review_1994-04_101_2/page/195 | first1 = Walter | last1 = Kintsch | first2 = John T.| last2 = Cacioppo | journal = Psychological Review | volume = 101 | issue = 2 | year = 1994| pages = 195–199 | doi=10.1037/0033-295x.101.2.195}}</ref> Investigatio a ''Review of General Psychology'' anno [[2002]] facta Watson septimum decimum a citatissimo [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]] psychologo numeravit.<ref>Haggbloom et al. 2002.</ref> Discipulus [[Sicagum|Sicagi]] [[philosophia]]e sub [[Ioannes Dewey|Ioanne Dewey]] studere coepit.<ref name="Hergenhahn">B. R. Hergenhahn (1992), ''An introduction to the history of psychology'' (California: Wadsworth Publishing Company).</ref> Deinde opus [[Ioannes Pavlov|Ioannis Pavlov]] (1849–1936) eum tenebat, unde interpretationem principiorum Pavlovianorum magnopere faciliorem redditam in eius operibus vulgo destinatis inserebat.<ref name="Bolles">R. C. Bolles (1993), ''The story of psychology: A thematic history'' (California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company).</ref> Watson discipulus graduatus Mariam Ickes duxit, [[soror]]em [[Haroldus L. Ickes|Haroldi L. Ickes]], qui secretarius interioris Civitatum Foederatarum fuerit.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=tnPkFDU8orEC&pg=PA587&dq=%22john+watson%22+%22mary+ickes%22#v=onepage&q=%22john%20watson%22%20%22mary%20ickes%22&f=false|title=Encyclopedia of Emotion|last=Reevy|first=Gretchen|last2=Ozer|first2=Yvette Malamud|last3=Ito|first3=Yuri|date=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313345760|language=en}}.</ref> [[Avus]] maternus erat [[Marietta Hartley|Mariettae Hartley]] [[actrix|actricis]], quae rebus psychologicis patiebatur quas [[theoria|theoriis]] ipsi avo tribuebat.<ref>M. Hartley, et A. Commire (1990), ''Breaking the Silence'' (Novi Eboraci: G.P. Putnam's Sons).</ref> == Opera selecta == *Watson, John B. [[1907]]. "Kinaesthetic and Organic Sensations: Their Role in the Reactions of the White rat to the Maze." ''Psychological Review Monograph Supplement'' 8 (33): 1–100. *Watson, John B. [[1908]]. "The Behavior of Noddy and Sooty Terns." "Carnegie Institute Publication" 103: 197–255. *Watson, John B. [[1914]]. ''Behavior: An introduction to comparative psychology.'' Novi Eboraci: Henry Holt. *Watson, John B. [[1915]]. "Recent experiments with homing birds." ''Harper's Magazine'' 131: 457–64. *Watson, John B. [[1930]]. ''Behaviorism.'' Ed. retractata. Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. *Watson, John B. [[1936]]. "John Broadus Watson.'' Autobiographia. In ''A History of Psychology in Autobiography,'' ed. C. Murchison, 3: 271–81. Clark University Press. ==Bibliographia== *Buckley, Kerry W. [[1989]]. ''Mechanical Man: John Broadus Watson and the Beginnings of Behaviorism.'' Guilford Press. *Buckley, Kerry W. [[1994]]. "Misbehaviorism: The Case of John B. Watson's Dismissal from Johns Hopkins University." In ''Modern Perspectives on John B. Watson and Classical Behaviorism,'' ed. J. T. Todd et E. K. Morris. Greenwood Press. *Coon, Deborah J. [[1994]]. "'Not a Creature of Reason': The Alleged Impact of Watsonian Behaviorism on Advertising in the 1920s." In ''Modern Perspectives on John B. Watson and Classical Behaviorism,'' ed. J. T. Todd et E. K. Morris. Greenwood Press. *Curtis, H. S. [[1899]]/[[1900]]. "Automatic Movements of the Larynx." ''American Journal of Psychology'' 11: 237–39. *Dewsbury, Donald A. [[1990]]. "Early interactions between animal psychologists and animal activists and the founding of the APA committee on precautions in animal experimentation." ''American Psychologist'' 45 (3): 315–27. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.45.3.315. *Haggbloom, Steven J., Renee Warnick, Jason E. Warnick, Vinessa K. Jones, Gary L. Yarbrough, Tenea M. Russell, Chris M. Borecky, Reagan McGahhey, et John L. Powell III. [[2002]]. [http://www.apa.org/monitor/julaug02/eminent.aspx The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century.] ''Review of General Psychology'' 6 (2): 139–52. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139. *Harris, B. [[1984]]. "'Give me a dozen healthy infants. . . .': John B. Watson's popular advice on childrearing, women, and the family." In ''In the shadow of the past: Psychology portrays the sexes,'' ed M. Lewin, 126–54. Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press. *Mills, John A. [[1998]]. ''Control: A History of Behavioral Psychology.'' Novi Eboraci: New York University Press. *Samelson, F. [[1981]]. "Struggle for Scientific Authority: The Reception of Watson's Behaviorism, 1913-1920." ''Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences'' 17 (3): 399–425. doi:10.1002/1520-6696(198107)17:3<399::aid-jhbs2300170310>3.0.co;2-2. *Todd, James T. [[1994]]. "What Psychology Has to Say About John B. Watson: Classical Behaviorism in Psychology Textbooks, 1920-1989." In ''Modern Perspectives on John B. Watson and Classical Behaviorism,'' ed. James T. Todd et Edward K. Morris. Greenwood Press. *Todd, James T., et Edward K. Morris. [[1986]]. "The Early Research of John B. Watson: Before the Behavioral Revolution." ''The Behavior Analyst'' 9 (1): 71–88. doi:10.1007/BF03391931. PMID 22478649. PMC 2741879. *Todd, James T., et Edward K. Morris. [[1994]]. ''Modern Perspectives on John B. Watson and Classical Behaviorism.'' Greenwood Press. *Wyczoikowska, A. [[1913]]. "Theoretical and experimental studies in the mechanism of speech." "Psychological Review" 20: 448–58. ==Notae== <references/> {{NexInt}} *[[Ethologia]] *[[Psychologia socialis]] ==Nexus externi==<!-- {{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooks=no|about=yes|wikititle=John B Watson}}--> {{Fontes biographici}} *Watson, John B. [[1913]]. [http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Watson/views.htm "Psychology as the behaviorist views it."]. Ex ''Psychological Review'' 20: 158–77. *Watson, John B., et Rosalie Rayner. [[1920]]. [http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Watson/emotion.htm "Conditioned emotional reactions."] [Experimentum Parvi Alberti.] ''Journal of Experimental Psychology'' 3 (1): 1–14. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20061206121808/http://alpha.furman.edu/~einstein/watson/watson1.htm ''John B. Watson: His Life in Words and Pictures.''] Facultas Psychologiae Universitatis Furmanianae. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130315135925/http://www.jhu.edu/~jhumag/0400web/35.html "It's All in the Upbringing."] Vita et opera Watsoniana in situ interretiali Universitatis Hopkinsiensis, ubi ab 1908 ad 1920 docebat. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100706180111/http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Psych/rwozniak/watson.html De Watson.] *https://web.archive.org/web/20180926145608/http://www.mathcs.duq.edu/~packer/DevPsych/Houk2000.html De Watson.]<!-- * {{Internet Archive author |sname=John Broadus Watson |sopt=t}} * {{Librivox author |id=1846}} * {{Find a Grave}}--> {{Lifetime|1878|1958|Watson, Ioannes}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Furman]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Chicagoensis]] [[Categoria:Atheistae Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Autobiographi]]<!--Civitatum Foederatarum--> [[Categoria:Editores]]<!--Civitatum Foederatarum--> [[Categoria:Incolae Carolinae Meridionalis]] [[Categoria:Praesides Societatis Psychologicae Americanae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Hopkinsiensis]] [[Categoria:Psychologi Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]]<!-- [[Category:Behaviourist psychologists]] [[Category:Developmental psychologists]] [[Category:20th-century psychologists]] [[Category:People from Travelers Rest, South Carolina]]--> {{Myrias|Homines}} mz5cgy7xdyafcla4y5kbsnfajhnt9br 0 282346 3979853 3458564 2026-08-09T20:29:30Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Georgius''', vulgo ''George'' '''Watt''' ([[Meldrum|Meldri]] in oppido natus die [[24 Aprilis]] [[1851]]; ad [[Lockerbie]] die [[2 Aprilis]] [[1930]] mortuus) fuit [[medicus]] et [[botanista]] [[Scotia|Scoticus]] qui in [[India]] laboravit. [[Fasciculus:Watt Tea planter's bungalow.jpg|thumb|Villa vilici thearii iuxta [[Darjeeling]] in [[India]] anno circiter 1880 lucis ope picta. Collectus Georgii Watt, [[Regius Hortus Botanicus Edinburgensis]]]] Alumnus fuit [[Schola Grammatica Aberdonensis|scholae grammaticae]] et [[Academia Marischallana|collegii Marischallani]] [[Aberdonia|Aberdonensis]] necnon [[universitas Glasguensis|universitatis Glasguensis]]. Professor botanicae apud {{Creanda|en|Hooghly Mohsin College|collegium Hooghliense}} ab anno fere [[1874]],<ref>Rajesh Kochhar, "Tribhuvandas Kalyandas Gajjar (1863–1920): the pioneering industrial chemist of western India" in ''Current Science'' vol. 104 (2013) pp. 1093-1097, vide p. 1094</ref> mox apud {{Creanda|en|Krishnagar Government College|collegium Regiminis Krishnagarense}} meruit. Catalogum botanicum {{Creanda|en|Calcutta International Exhibition|Expositio internationalis Calcuttensis|expositionis internationalis Calcuttensis}}, anno [[1883]]/4 celebratae, confecit in partes septem divisum, titulo ''Economic Products of India Exhibited in the Economic Court, Calcutta International Exhibition, 1883/84'': * [https://archive.org/details/economicproduct03wattgoog vol. I], in quo comprehenduntur pars 1, gummia et resinae; pars 2, tincturae, coriaria, acida; pars 3, fibra et plantae fibrosae; pars 4, olea et semina oleaginosa, unguenta, sapones; * [https://archive.org/details/economicproduct00wattgoog pars 5], res medicinales * [https://archive.org/details/economicproduct05wattgoog pars 6], cibi, res cibariae, pabula * [https://archive.org/details/economicproduct06wattgoog pars 7], ligna E quo catalogo, iussu ministerii agriculturae imperii Britannici Indiani, opus capitale elaboraverit, titulo ''Dictionary of the Economic Products of India'', inter annos 1889 et [[1893]] divulgatum: * [https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfTheEconomicProductsOfIndia1 vol. 1], Abaca–Buxus. 1889 * [https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfTheEconomicProductsOfIndia2 vol. 2], Cabbage–Cyperus. 1890 * [https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfTheEconomicProductsOfIndia3 vol. 3], Dacrydium–Gordonia. 1890 * [https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfTheEconomicProductsOfIndia4 vol. 4], Gossypium–Linociera. 1890 * [https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfTheEconomicProductsOfIndia5 vol. 5], Linum–Oyster. 1891 * [https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfTheEconomicProductsOfIndia61 vol. 6 pars 1], Pachyrhizus–Rye. 1892 * [https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfTheEconomicProductsOfIndia62 vol. 6 pars 2], Sabadilla–Silica. 1893 * [https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfTheEconomicProductsOfIndia63 vol. 6 pars 3], Silk–Tea. 1893 * [https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfTheEconomicProductsOfIndia64 vol. 6 pars 4], Tectona–Zygophillum. 1893 Series encyclopaedica ''The Wealth of India'' medio saeculo XX divulgata est,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Watt's Dictionary: A Landmark in the Study of the Economic Plants of India|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_economic-botany_january-march-1975_29_1/page/31| author=Chakravarthy, R.S.| journal=Economic Botany |volume=29| issue=1 |year=1975| pages=31–38| jstor=4253561 | doi=10.1007/bf02861253}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Wealth of India - a CSIR's encyclopaedia of information resource on economic plants, animals and minerals| author=Chakre, Onkar J. | journal=Current Science| volume=99| issue=7| year=2010| pages=969–971|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_099_07_0969_0971_0.pdf}}</ref> ex opere Watt partim derivata, e qua volumina nonnulla in interrete legi possunt.<ref>''Raw materials'' ("Materia cruda") ed. S. S. Bhatnagar, S. Husain Zaheer: [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73201 Vol. 1], A-B. 1948; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46098 Vol. 2], C. 1950; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46099 Vol. 4], F-G. 1950; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.23547 Vol. 5], H-K; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46100 Vol. 6], L-M. 1947; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46101 Vol. 7], N-Pe; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.39929 Vol. 8], Ph-Re. ''Industrial products'' ("Provenientia industrialia") ed. B. N. Sastri: [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46094 Pars 1], A-B. 1948; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46095 Pars 2], C. 1944; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46096 Pars 3], D-E. 1946; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.23547 Pars 5], H-K</ref> == Scripta alia == [[Fasciculus:Watt Cotton tp and frontispiece.jpg|thumb|upright=2|''The wild and cultivated cotton plants of the world'' (1907): frontispicium et titulus]] * 1881 : "[https://zenodo.org/record/1447496#.XTi5H-bVKBY Notes on the Vegetation &c. of Chumba State and British Lahoul; with Descriptions of New Species]" in ''Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany'' vol. 18 pp. 368–382 * 1898 : ''The pests and blights of the tea plant being a report of investigations conducted in Assam and to some extent also in Kangra''. Calcuttae: Superintendent, Government Printing [https://archive.org/details/cu31924024006623/page/n6 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1907 : ''The wild and cultivated cotton plants of the world; a revision of the genus Gossypium''. Londinii: Longman [https://archive.org/details/wildcultivatedco00watt Textus] * 1908 : ''The commercial products of India : being an abridgment of The dictionary of the economic products of India''. Londinii: John Murray [https://archive.org/details/commercialproduc00wattuoft Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == * "[https://stories.rbge.org.uk/archives/11686 Sir George Watt (1851-1930)]" apud ''Botanics Stories'' ([[Regius Hortus Botanicus Edinburgensis]] {{Lifetime|1851|1930|Watt, Georgius}} [[Categoria:Alumni Academiae Marischallanae]] [[Categoria:Medici Britanniae]] [[Categoria:Botanistae Indiae]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Glasguensis]] [[Categoria:Professores Collegii Hooghliensis]] [[Categoria:Professores Collegii Regiminis Krishnagarensis]] [[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Grammaticae Aberdonensis]] 7lam875vozc0bjdalf0lll7dwf6t9yt 0 283493 3980013 3889906 2026-08-09T23:11:47Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980013 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Cropduster spraying pesticides.jpg|thumb|Post [[bellum mundanum secundum]], auctus technologiarum usus, [[pesticida|pesticidis]], [[laetamen|laetaminibus]], novisque frumentorum [[cultivarietas|cultivarietatibus]] non exclusis, mundanam [[cibus|ciborum]] productionem magnopere auxit.]] '''Res novae virides,''' vel '''tertiae res novae agriculturales,''' est [[copia]] [[vis|virium]] [[translatio technologiae|translationis technologicae]]<!--t. transferral--> quae inter [[1950]] annosque [[1960]] exeuntís fiebat, productionem [[agricultura]]lem per totum [[tellus|orbem terrarum]] amplificans, praecipue in [[mundus|mundo]] [[civitas provectibilis|provectibili]], notabilissme annis 1960 exeuntibus incipens.<ref>{{cite book |first=Peter B.R. |last=Hazell |title=The Asian Green Revolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=frNfVx-KZOcC&pg=PA1 |year=2009 |work=IFPRI Discussion Paper |publisher=Intl Food Policy Res Inst |id=GGKEY:HS2UT4LADZD}}</ref> Quae vires assumptionem novarum [[technologia]]rum effecerunt, inter quas [[cultivarietas|cultivarietates]] maius parientís [[frumentum|frumentorum]], praecipue [[triticum (alimentum)|triticorum nanorum]]<!--dwarf wheats--> et [[oryza]]rum, cum [[laetamen|laetaminibus]] [[chemica|chemicis]] et [[agrochemicum|agrochemicis]], et cum accommodatis [[aqua]]e copiis (plerumque [[inrigatio]]ne implicantibus) novisque cultivationis [[ratio]]nibus, [[machina|mechanizatione]] comprehensa. Omnes quarum una videbantur sarcina [[ratio]]num (ut dicebantur), quae technologiae [[traditio]]nali succedebat atque omnis asciscebat.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Farmer|first=B. H.|year=[[1986]]|title= Perspectives on the 'Green Revolution'in South Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_modern-asian-studies_1986-02_20_1/page/175|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=20|number=1|pages=175–99|doi=10.1017/s0026749x00013627}}.</ref> [[Fasciculus:Norman Borlaug, 2004 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.4|left|[[Normannus Borlaug]] anno [[2004]].]] [[Fasciculus:Wheat yields in Least Developed Countries.svg|thumb|[[Fructus]] [[triticum|tritici]] in [[civitates minime evolutae|civitatibus minime evolutis]]<!--least developed c.--> ex [[1961]], [[chiliogramma|chiliogrammatibus]] per [[hectarium]].]] [[Fasciculus:Wheat-haHula-ISRAEL2.JPG|thumb|Novae cultivarietates tritici et aliorum [[frumentum|frumentorum]] [[res]] maximi momenti in rebus novis viridibus erant.]] [[Fasciculus:World population history.svg|thumb|Multitudo orbis terrarum annos ab [[1950]] ad [[2010]].]] [[Fasciculus:Hubbert peak oil plot.svg|thumb|Praedictio proportionum mundanae productionis [[petroleum|petrolei]] a [[M. King Hubbert]] facta. Hodierna enim [[agricultura]] [[energia|energiá]] [[petroleum|petrolei]] plerumque nititur.<ref>"[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/world-oil-supplies-are-set-to-run-out-faster-than-expected-warn-scientists-6262621.html "World oil supplies are set to run out faster than expected, warn scientists,"] ''The Independent,'' 14 Iunii 2007.</ref>]] [[Fasciculus:Irrigation1.jpg|thumb|Auctus [[inrigatio]]nis adhibendae maiores partes in rebus novis viridibus egit.]] Ambae [[Societas Fundata Fordiana]] et [[Societas Fundata Rockefellerana]] magnopere in hoc proposito implicabantur.<ref>Gary Toenniessen et al. (2008), "Building an alliance for a green revolution in Africa," ''Annals of the New York academy of sciences'' 1136 (1): 233–42. [http://www.un.org/chinese/millenniumgoals/pdf/NYAS%20Building%20AGRA%20Off-print.pdf PDF].</ref> Dux fortasse maximus erat [[Normannus Borlaug]], pater rerum novarum viridium dictus, qui plus quam [[billio]]nem [[homo|hominum]] [[fames|fame]] servavisse putabatur, qua pro causa [[Praemium Nobelianum pacis|Praemium Nobelianum Pacis]] anno [[1970]] accepit. Fundamenta propositi erant promulgatio cultivarietatum frumentorum maius pariendorum, prolatio [[infrastructura]]e inrigationis, profectus rationum administrationis, ac distributio [[agricola|agricolis]] [[semen|seminum]] [[hybrida|hybridizatarum]], laetaminum [[chemia organica|syntheticorum]], et [[pesticida]]rum. ''Green Revolution,'' [[vocabulum]] [[Anglice|Anglicum]], primum dicebatur in [[oratio]]ne die [[8 Martii]] [[1968]] habita a Gulielmo S. Gaud, ministro [[Ministerium Progressus Internationalis Civitatum Foederatarum|Ministerii Progressús Internationalis Civitatum Foederatarum]]<!--US Agency for International Development-->, qui divulgationem novarum [[technologia]]rum sic commemorabat: "Hi aliique progressús in [[disciplina]] agriculturali [[materia]]s novarum commutationum continent. Nec [[violentia]]e res novae [[ruber|rubrae]] sicut illae [[Unio Sovietica|sovietorum]], nec res novae [[albus|albae]] sicut illae [[sachus|sachi]] [[Irania]]e sunt, sed eas res novas virides appello."<ref>[[Anglice]] "These and other developments in the field of agriculture contain the makings of a new revolution. It is not a violent Red Revolution like that of the Soviets, nor is it a White Revolution like that of the Shah of Iran. I call it the Green Revolution."</ref><ref name="agbio">{{cite web |url=http://www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/topics/borlaug/borlaug-green.html |title=The Green Revolution: Accomplishments and Apprehensions |last1= Gaud |first1=William S. |date=8 Martii 1968 |publisher=AgBioWorld |accessdate=8 Augusti 2011}}.</ref><ref>Marie-Monique Robin, ''The World According to Monsanto: Pollution, Corruption, and the Control of the World's Food Supply'' (The New Press, 2010), 308.</ref> {{NexInt}} *[[Agricultura intensiva]] *[[Biodiversitas]] *[[Biotechnologia]] *[[Commutatio neolithica]] *[[Monocultura]]<!-- *[[Robotum agriculturale]]--> *[[Securitas cibaria]] ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia==<!-- *Upadhayaya, Arvind. "Black spots in Green revolution."--> *Conway, Gordon. [[1998]]. ''The doubly green revolution: food for all in the twenty-first century.'' Ithacae Novi Eboraci: Comstock Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8014-8610-4. [https://archive.org/details/doublygreenrevol00conw Archivum.] *Cotter, Joseph. [[2003]]. ''Troubled Harvest: Agronomy and Revolution in Mexico, 1880–2002.'' Westport Connecticutae: Prager. *Dowie, Mark. [[2001]]. ''American foundations: an investigative history.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-04189-8. [https://archive.org/details/americanfoundati00dowi Archivum.] *Farrell, John Joseph, et Miguel A. Altieri. [[1995]]. ''Agroecology: the science of sustainable agriculture.'' Ed. 2a. Boulder Colorati: Westview. ISBN 978-0-8133-1718-2. *Frison, Emile. [[2008]]. "Green Revolution in Africa will depend on biodiversity." ''Development and Cooperation'' 49 (5): 190–93. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081208121135/http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/070224/index.en.shtml Archivum.] *Harwood, Andrew. [[2013]]. [http://www.historyandpolicy.org/policy-papers/papers/development-policy-and-history-lessons-from-the-green-revolution "Development policy and history: lessons from the Green Revolution."] ''History and Policy,'' 14 Iunii 2013. *Jain, H. J. [[2010]]. ''Green revolution: history, impact and future.'' Hustoniae: Studium Press. ISBN 978-1441674487, ISBN 978-1-933699-63-9, 1441674489 (ebook), ISBN 1933699639. *Oasa, Edmund K. [[1987]]. "The Political Economy of International Agricultural Research in Glass." In ''The Green Revolution revisited: critique and alternatives,'' ed. Bernhard Glaeser, 13–55. Londinii: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-0-04-630014-2. *Ross, Eric. [[1998]]. ''The Malthus Factor: Poverty, Politics and Population in Capitalist Development.'' Londinii: Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-85649-564-6. *Ruttan, Vernon. [[1977]]. "The Green Revolution: Seven Generalizations." ''International Development Review'' 19: 16–23. *Sen, Amartya Kumar, et Jean Drèze. [[1989]]. ''Hunger and public action.'' Oxoniae: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-828365-2. *Shiva, Vandana. [[1989]]. ''The violence of the green revolution: Ecological degradation and political conflict in Punjab.'' Dehra Dun: Research Foundation for Science and Ecology. ISBN 978-81-85019-19-2. *Smil, Vaclav. [[2004]]. ''Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-69313-4. *Spitz, Pierre. [[1987]]. "The Green Revolution Re-Examined in India in Glass." In Glaeser, Bernhard (ed.). The Green Revolution revisited: critique and alternatives, ed. Bernhard Glaeser, 57–75. Londinii: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-0-04-630014-2. *Wright, Angus. [[1984]]. "Innocence Abroad: American Agricultural Research in Mexico." In ''Meeting the expectations of the land: essays in sustainable agriculture and stewardship,'' ed. Bruce Colman, Wes Jackson, Wendell Berry, 124–38. Franciscopoli: North Point Press. ISBN 978-0-86547-171-9. *Wright, Angus Lindsay. [[2005]]. ''The death of Ramón González: the modern agricultural dilemma.'' Austinopoli: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-71268-3. ==Nexus externi== *Borlaug, Norman. [[1996]]. [https://archive.org/details/BorlaugIARI Oratio.] *Moseley, W. G. [[2008]]. "In search of a better revolution." ''Minneapolis StarTribune,'' 14 Maii 2008. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181216120637/https://www.commondreams.org/views/2008/05/14/search-better-revolution Archivum.] *Rowlatt, Justin. [[2016]]. "IR8: The Miracle Rice Which Saved Millions of Lives." ''[[BBC]] News,'' 1 Decembris 2016. [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38156350 Textus interretialis.] *Shiva, Vandana. [[1991]]. [http://livingheritage.org/green-revolution.htm "The Green Revolution in the Punjab."] ''The Ecologist'' 21, no. 2 (Martius-Aprilis). Textus ex Shiva 1989. * {{cite web |title=Accelerating the Green Revolution in Africa |publisher=Rockefeller Foundation |url=http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/what-we-do/where-we-work/africa/accelerating-green-revolution-africa |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002174456/http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/what-we-do/where-we-work/africa/accelerating-green-revolution-africa |archivedate=2 Octobris 2010}} [[Categoria:Agricultura]]<!--A. revolutions--> [[Categoria:Technologia]]<!-- [[Category:Intensive farming]] [[Category:History of international development]] [[Category:Rockefeller Foundation]]--> {{Myrias|Technologia}} chzbb4jo9nwm9s9z1bg317o6w9p14iy 0 283772 3979938 3716590 2026-08-09T21:53:19Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979938 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Joe_Biden_Receives_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_(closeup_of_Biden%27s_face).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Iosephus Biden]] lacrimas fundere incipit dum [[Baracus Obama]] [[Nomisma Libertatis Praesidentiale]] in [[Aedes Albae|Aedibus Albis]] ei concedit, die [[12 Ianuarii]] [[2017]].]] '''Fletus''' est [[lacrima]]s fundere (aut ortus lacrimarum in [[oculus|oculis]]), [[animi motus|statui animi]], [[dolor]]i, [[corpus|corporeaeve]] oculorum [[irritatio]]ni respondens. Inter animi motús qui fletum stimulare possunt numerantur [[felicitas]], [[gaudium]], [[ira]], [[tristitia]]. Actio flendi definitur "multiplex [[res]] [[secretomotrum|secretomotorica]] cuius proprietas est lacrimas fundere ex [[apparatus lacrimalis|apparatu lacrimali]] sine irritatione structurarum [[oculus humanus|oculorum]],"<ref>[[Anglice]] "a complex secretomotor phenomenon characterized by the shedding of tears from the lacrimal apparatus, without any irritation of the eye structures."</ref> potius levationem praebens quae [[coniunctivitis|coniunctivitem]] prohibet.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0010-440X(93)90049-A |author=Patel, V. |title=Crying behavior and psychiatric disorder in adults: a review |url=https://archive.org/details/comprehensive-psychiatry_may-june-1993_34_3/page/206 |journal=Compr Psychiatry |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=206–11 |year=1993 |pmid=8339540 }} Quoted by Michelle C. P. Hendriks, A. J. J. M. Vingerhoets in ''Crying: is it beneficial for one's well-being?''</ref> Consociatum [[vocabulum]] [[medica|medicum]] est '''lacrimatio,''' quae etiam lacrimas fundendas non animi motus causa attingit. Varia flendi genera agnoscuntur.<ref>Inter quae ''clamitatio'' et ''clamor'' (''clamare'' et ''clamitare''), ''eiulatio'' et ''eiulatus'' (''eiulare''), ''lacrimare,'' ''lamenta'' et ''lamentatio'' (''lamentari''), ''(de)ploratus'' (''(de)plorare''), ''planctus'' (''plangere''), ''singultus'' (''singultare''), ''vagitus'' (''vagire''), ''vociferari.''</ref><!-- For crying to be described as sobbing, it usually has to be accompanied by a set of other symptoms, such as slow but erratic [[inhalatio]], occasional instances of [[breath holding]] et [[tremor]] [[musculus|muscularis]].--> [[Fasciculus:Crying-girl.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|[[Puella]] duos annos nata vagit.]] [[Opus reticulatum neurale biologicum|Coniunctio neuronalis]] inter [[glandula lacrimalis|glandulam lacrimalem]] ([[ductus nasolacrimalis|ductum nasolacrimalem]]) et [[regio]]nes [[cerebrum|cerebri]] humani cum animi motu implicatas affirmata est. Investigatores [[scientia (ratio)|scientifici]] disputant num [[homo|homines]] sint sola [[animalia]] quae lacrimas fundant, statui animi motús respondentes.<ref name="Cry p44">Walter 2006.</ref><ref>Frey et Langseth 1985: 135–39.</ref> [[Carolus Darwin]] in ''[[The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals]]'' dixit custodes [[elephantus|elephanti]] [[India|Indicorum]] in [[Vivarium Londiniense|Vivario Londiniensi]] ei dixisse eorum curas lacrimas maeroris aliquando fundere. Lacrimis animi motibus effectibus sunt compositio [[chemica]] quae ab aliis lacrimarum generibus discrepat, summas continentes insigniter maiores [[hormon]]tium [[prolactinum|prolactini]], [[hormon adrenocorticotropicum|hormontis adrenocorticotropici]], et [[Leu-enkephalinum|Leu-enkaphalini]],<ref>Skorucak, [http://www.scienceiq.com/Facts/ScienceOfTears.cfm "The Science of Tears."]</ref> atque [[elementum chemicum|elementorum]] [[kalium|kalii]] et [[manganum|mangani]].<ref name="Cry p44"/> ==Systema lacrimale== [[Fasciculus:Human-Male-White-Newborn-Baby-Crying.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Infans nuper natus vagit.]] [[Fasciculus:From left, Sarah Stover, the widow of U.S. Air Force Capt. Christopher Stover, an HH-60G Pave Hawk helicopter pilot assigned to the 56th Rescue Squadron, pays tribute to her husband during a memorial service 140117-F-XB934-225.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Binae [[mulier]]es ad [[exsequiae|exsequias]] cohonestandas lamentantur.]] [[Fasciculus:Weeping Parisian from NARA Ww2-81.jpg|thumb|[[Francicus]] lacrimas maeroris [[patria|patriotici]] fundit (1941).]] [[Fasciculus:Tears_.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Puer]] lacrimam fundit.]] [[Fasciculus:Gray896.png|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Adumbratio]] [[apparatus lacrimalis]].]] Sunt tria lacrimarum genera: lacrimae basales, lacrimae reflexivae,<!--Latina classica: reciprocae--> lacrimae [[psychologia|psychicae]]. Lacrimae basales ab 1 ad 2 [[litrum|microlitra]] per [[minutum]] effunduntur, et oculis unguendis [[cornea|corneisque]] levandis prosunt. Lacrimae reflexivae sunt lacrimae quae irritationi oculari respondent, ut cum coquus [[cepa]]s minutatim concidat.<!--or a person is poked in the eye.--> Lacrimae psychicae in systemate lacrimali generantur et sunt lacrimae animi motús causá expulsae.<ref>Lutz 1999: 68.</ref> [[Systema lacrimale]] in [[systema secretorium|systemate secretorio]] consistit, quod lacrimas generat, et [[systema excretorium|systemate excretorio]], quod lacrimas exhaurit. [[Glandula lacrimalis]] lacrimas animi motús vel reflexivas plerumque generat. Aliquid [[liquidum|liquidi]] lacrimarum cum homo oculis conivet in [[vapor]]em vertit, et aliquid per [[punctum lacrimale]] exhauritur. Lacrimae per punctum exhaustae deinde per [[nasus|nasum]] exhauriuntur. [[Fluidum]] nimium quod in punctum non iit supra [[palpebra]]m concidit, quae lacrimas effundas facit.<ref>Lutz 1999: 69–70.</ref> {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} *[[Audi benigne Conditor]] *"[[Crying Time]]" ([[cantus]]) *[[Depressio (psychiatria)]] *[[Ductum lacrimale]] *[[Dysautonomia familialis]] *[[Ecclesia Dominus Flevit]] *[[Globus pharyngis]] *[[Lacrimatus est Iesus]] *[[Lamentationes]] *''[[Lamentatio sanctae matris ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae]]'' *[[Paralysis Belliana]]<!--Bell's palsy--> *[[Syndroma cri du chat]] {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Blume-Marcovici, Amy, ed. [[2017]]. ''When therapists cry: reflections on therapists' tears in therapy.'' Novi Eboraci: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 9781138927308, ISBN 9781138927315. *Chang, Rosemarie Sokol, et N. S. Thompson. [[2011]]. "Whines, cries, and motherese: Their relative power to distract." ''Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology'' 5 (2): 131–41. *Corless, Damian. [[2008]]. "Boys Don't Cry?" ''Irish Independent,'' 8 Augusti 2008. [http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/boys-dont-cry-1449222.html Editio interretialis.] *Flintoff, John-Paul. [[2003]]. "Why We Cry." Melburni: The Age.<!--30 Augusti--> [http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/08/27/1061663846142.html Editio interretialis.] *Frank, C., et G. Harrer. [[1983]] "Über pathologischee Lachen und Weinen." ''Zeitschrift f. Klin. Psych. Psychopath. Psychother'' 31: 247–57. *Frey, William H. II, et Muriel Langseth. [[1985]]. ''Crying: The Mystery of Tears.'' Minneapoli: Winston Press. ISBN 0-86683-829-5. [https://archive.org/details/cryingmysteryoft00frey Editio interretialis.] *Lester, Barry M., et C. F. Zachariah Boukydis, eds. [[1985]]. ''Infant crying: theoretical and research perspectives.'' Novi Eboraci: Plenum Press. ISBN 0306417758. *Löfgren, L. B. [[1966]]. "On weeping." ''International Journal of Psychoanalysis'' 47: 375–81. *Lutz, Tom. [[1999]]. ''Crying: The Natural and Cultural History of Tears.'' Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-04756-3. [https://archive.org/details/cryingnaturalcul00lutz Editio interretialis.] *Marston, A. [[1984]]. "Toward the laboratory study of sadness and crying." ''American Journal of Psychology.'' 97: 127–31. *Miceli, M., et C. Castelfranchi. [[2003]]. "Crying: discussing its basic reasons and uses." ''New Ideas in Psychology'' 21 (3): 247–73. *Montagu, A. [[1960]]. "Natural selection and the origin and evolution of weeping in men." ''Journal of the American Medical Association 174: 392–97. *Nagy, Piroska. [[2000]]. ''Le Don des larmes au Moyen Age: Un instrument spirituel en quête d'institution Ve-XIIIe siècle.'' Albin Michel . ISBN 9782226120540. *Patel, V. [[1993]]. "Crying behavior and psychiatric disorder in adults: a review." ''Comparative Psychiatry'' 34 (3): 206–11. doi:10.1016/0010-440X(93)90049-A. PMID 8339540. *Walter, Chip. [[2006]]. "Why Do We Cry?" ''Scientific American Mind'' 17, no. 6 (Decembris): 44. doi:10.1038/scientificamericanmind1206-44. ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Crying|fletum}} *Skorucak, Anton. [http://www.scienceiq.com/Facts/ScienceOfTears.cfm "The Science of Tears."] ScienceIQ.com. *Stepp, Gina. [[2009]]. "It's No Party, But I'll Cry if I Want To." ''Vision Media,'' 14 Ianuarii 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090211080149/http://familymatters.vision.org/public/item/223553 Editio interretialis.] [[Categoria:Mores]] [[Categoria:Animi motus]] [[Categoria:Iuventus]]<!-- [[Categoria:Parenting]]--> {{Myrias|Anthropologia}} qegc6q6c7rjd7u4y1wlcjul5peef4do 0 285188 3979888 3978502 2026-08-09T20:53:32Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979888 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:A havan ceremony on the banks of Ganges, Muni ki Reti, Rishikesh.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Sivus]] (supra) est prima Shavaismi [[deitas]]. - [[Ritus]] ad Muni ki Reti in Rishikesh habitus]] [[Fasciculus:Virabhadra silver plaque.jpg|thumb|Lamina [[veneratio]]nis Virabhadra.<!--image on Commons has explanatory notes-->]] [[Fasciculus:DevelopmentofShaivism.jpg|thumb|Evolutio variarum Sivaismi scholarum ex prima veneratione [[Rudra]]e.]] [[Fasciculus:Shiva Pashupati.jpg|thumb|[[Sigillum]] "Pashupati" ex [[Cultus humanus Vallis Indi|cultu humano Vallis Indi]].]] [[Fasciculus:Four sets of Gold Coins of Vima Kadphises.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|[[Nummus|Nummi]] [[Kushan]] [[saeculum 2|saeculi secundi]]: unum latus [[deitas|deitatem]] cum [[taurus|tauro]] pingit. Aliquot eruditi putant hanc deitatem esse Sivum quia [[tridens|tridentem]] tenet, statum [[wikt:ithyphallic|ithyphallicum]] monstrat, et iuxta [[Nandi (taurus)|Nandi]] taurum stat, ut in Shaivismo.<ref name="sino-platonic.org">Loeschner, Hans (2012) [http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp227_kanishka_stupa_casket.pdf The Stūpa of the Kushan Emperor Kanishka the Great], ''Sino-Platonic Papers'', No. 227 (July 2012), p. 11.</ref><ref name="Bopearachchi, O. 2007">Bopearachchi, O. (2007), "Some observations on the chronology of the early Kushans," ''Res Orientales'' 17: 41–53.</ref><ref>Perkins, J. (2007), "Three-headed Śiva on the Reverse of Vima Kadphises's Copper Coinage," ''South Asian Studies'' 23 (1): 31–37.</ref> Alii autem dicunt eum esse [[Oesho]] [[Zoroastrismus|Zoroastrismum]], non Sivum.<ref name="Bopearachchi, O. 2007"/>]] [[Fasciculus:(1) An Indian woman offering puja to the morning sun.jpg|thumb|[[Icon]]es [[Sivus|Sivi]] et [[mulier]] Hindu quae in flumine Narmada orat (''puja'' faciens) in [[Maheshwar]] Madhya Pradesh.]] [[Fasciculus:Mamallapuram, Shore Temple, Visitors, India.jpg |thumb|upright=1.1|[[Templum litorale]] [[saeculum|saeculi]] [[saeculum 7|septimi]] aut [[saeculum 8|octavi]] ad Mahabalipuram est [[patrimonium totius mundi]]. Nonnulla milia [[sculptura]]rum ad Sivaismum conectarum ostendit.<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/ Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram], UNESCO World Heritage Sites; Quote: "It is known especially for its rathas (temples in the form of chariots), mandapas (cave sanctuaries), giant open-air reliefs such as the famous 'Descent of the Ganges', and the temple of Rivage, with thousands of sculptures to the glory of Shiva."</ref>]] [[Fasciculus:Female Ascetics (Yoginis) LACMA M.2011.156.4 (1 of 2).jpg|thumb|Duae [[ascesis|asceticae]] Sivi. [[Pictura]] [[saeculum 18|saeculi duodevicensimi]].]] {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Face of Parvati dancer.jpg | width1 = 150 | alt1 = | caption1 = | image2 = Sadhu Vârânasî.jpg | width2 = 170 | alt2 = | caption2 = | footer = Tres [[cinis]] lineae ([[Tripundra]]), notá [[ruber|rubrá]] in fronte, est [[signum]] quod multo in omnibus Shaivismi traditionibus observatur, ''[[om]]'' significans.<ref>{{cite book|last= Deussen|first=Paul| title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC&pg=PA789|year= 1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1467-7|pages=789–790}}.</ref><ref>Antonio Rigopoulos (2013), ''Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism,'' vol.5 (Brill Academic, ISBN 978-9004178960), 182-183.</ref> }} '''Sivaismus'''<ref>Petrus A. Bohlen, ''De Buddhaismi origine et aetate definiendis tentamen'' (Regimontii Prussorum, 1827), p. 24, ''Sivaismum.''</ref><ref>Antonius Fridericus Ozanam, ''De frequenti apud veteres poetas heroum ad inferos descensu'' (Lutetiae, 1839), p. 39, ''Sivaismi.''</ref> (''Śaivam''; [[lingua Tamulica|Tamulice]] சைவம்; [[Devanagari]] शैव संप्रदाय;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/education/story/history-of-shaivism-1-769753.html|title=History of Shaivism|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hindi.webdunia.com/hindu-religion/shaiv-sampraday-113072400020_1.html|title=facts on the Shaivism|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.himalayanacademy.com/media/books/dancing-with-siva/web/glossary_c.html|title=Dancing with Siva|publisher=Himalayan Academy|year=|isbn=|location=USA|at=section: Glossary—Śabda Kośaḥ N-S}}</ref> {{lang-as|শৈৱ}}; {{lang-bn|শৈব}}; {{lang-te|శైవ సాంప్రదాయం}}; {{lang-kn|ಶೈವ ಸಂಪ್ರದಾಯ}}; {{lang-ml|ശൈവമതം}};{{lang-or|ଶିବ ସମ୍ପ୍ରଦାୟଂ}}; {{lang-si|ශිවාගම/ශෛවවාදය}}) est una ex [[traditio]]nibus maximi momenti intra [[Hinduismus|Hinduismum]], quae [[Sivus|Sivum]] veneratur [[deus|ens supremum]].<ref>S. Parmeshwaranand 2004: 19–20, 272–275.</ref><ref name="Raju1985p10">{{cite book|author=P. T. Raju|title=Structural Depths of Indian Thought |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZ_iahRQomwC |year=1985|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-88706-139-4|pages=10–14, 509–516}}.</ref><ref>Cum [[Vaishnavismus|Vaishnavismo]], [[Saktismus|Saktismo]], et [[Smartismus|Smartismo]].</ref> Sectatores Shaivites et Saivites appellantur. Sivaismus est una ex maximis sectis quae [[fides|credunt]] Sivum, [[mundus|mundorum]] creatorem deletoremque rite cultum, esse deum supremum, supra omnes.<ref>Flood 2003: 200–201.</ref> Cultoribus sunt multae traditiones, inter quas [[cosmologia dualistica|theismus dualisticus]] (sicut [[Siva Siddhanta]]) et non-theismus [[monismus|monisticus]] ad [[ioga]]m inclinans, sicut [[Shaivismus Kashmiriensis]].<ref>Flood 1996: 162–167.</ref><ref name="ganeshtagare">Ganesh Tagare (2002), ''The Pratyabhijñā Philosophy'' (Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1892-7), 16–19.</ref><ref>Flood 2003: 202–204.</ref> Ambo [[Vedi]] et [[Āgama (Hinduismus)|Agamae]] fontes [[theologia]]e magnam auctoritatem apud cultores habent.<ref name=dhavamony>Mariasusai Dhavamony (1999), ''Hindu Spirituality'' (Gregorian University and Biblical Press, ISBN 978-88-7652-818-7), 31–34 et notae.</ref><ref name="Mark Dyczkowski 1989 pages 43">Mark Dyczkowski (1989), ''The Canon of the Śaivāgama'' (Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0595-8), 43–44.</ref> Origo Shaivismi a [[Rudra|Rudrá]] conceptó in [[Rigveda]] repeti potest.<ref>{{cite book|title=Textbooks from India, Volume 1|publisher=National Council of Educational Research and Training|year=2002|page=199|quote=The origin of Saivism may be traced to the conception of Rudra in the RigVeda}}.</ref> ==Etymologia et nomina== [[Vocabulum]] ''Shiva'' (''śiva,'' [[lingua Tamulica|Tamulice]] சிவன், [[Sanscrite]] शिव) ad verbum [[significatio (linguistica)|significat]] 'benignum, amicum, propitium, felicem' ([[Anglice]] "kind, friendly, gracious, auspicious"),<ref>Apte, Vaman Shivram (1965), ''The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary,'' ed. quarta, retractata (Dellii: Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-0567-4), p. 919.</ref><ref name="Macdonell, p. 314">Macdonell, p. 314.</ref> unde [[nomen proprium]], quod 'felicem, prosperum, secundum, faustum' ([[Anglice]] "The Auspicious One"<ref name="Macdonell, p. 314"/>) significat. {{NexInt}} *[[Hinduismus]] *[[Om]] *[[Saktismus]] *[[Sophia (sapientia)]] *[[Sufismus]] *[[Upanishad]] ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== * {{cite book |last=Apte |first=Vaman Shivram |authorlink= |title=The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/practicalsanskri0000apte |year=1965 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-0567-5 }} (ed quarta). * {{cite book |last=Basham |first=A. L. |authorlink= |editor=Zysk, Kenneth |title=The Origins and Development of Classical Hinduism |url=https://archive.org/details/originsdevelopme0000bash |year=1989 |publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Novi Eboraci |isbn=978-0-19-507349-2 }} * {{cite book |last=Bhandarkar |first=Ramakrishna Gopal |authorlink= |title=Vaisnavism, Śaivism, and Minor Religious Systems |year=1913 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-206-0122-2 }} Third AES reprint edition, 1995. * {{cite book |editor-last=Bhattacharyya |editor-first=Haridas|authorlink= |title=The Cultural Heritage of India |url=https://archive.org/details/culturalheritage04bhat |year=1956 |publisher=The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture |location=Calcuttae |isbn= }} Four volumes. * {{cite journal | last=Briggs | first=Lawrence Palmer | title=The Syncretism of Religions in Southeast Asia, Especially in the Khmer Empire | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_october-december-1951_71_4/page/230 | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume=71 | issue=4 | pages=230–249 | year=1951 | doi=10.2307/596106 | ref=harv | jstor=596106 }} * {{Citation|last = Chakravarti|first = Mahadev|year = 1994|title = The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through The Ages |place = Dellii|publisher = Motilal Banarsidass|edition = Second Revised|isbn = 978-81-208-0053-3}} * {{cite book |last=Courtright |first=Paul B. |authorlink= |title={{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}: Lord of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings |year=1985 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Novi Eboraci|isbn=978-0-19-505742-3 }} * {{cite book| author=Alain Daniélou|title=The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism from the Princeton Bollingen Series|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x9RrAwAAQBAJ |year=1991|publisher=Inner Traditions |isbn=978-1-59477-733-2}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|author= Alain Daniélou|title=While the Gods Play: Shaiva Oracles and Predictions on the Cycles of History and the Destiny of Mankind|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=qNZrAwAAQBAJ |year= 1987|publisher= Inner Traditions |isbn= 978-1-59477-736-3}} * {{cite book|last= Dasgupta| first= Surendranath| title= A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 5: The Southern Schools of Śaivism|location=Cantabrigiae|publisher= Cambridge University Press|year= 1955|url=https://archive.org/stream/AHistoryOfIndianPhilosophyBySurendranathDasgupta-5Volumes/A.History.of.Indian.Philosophy.by.Surendranath.Dasgupta#page/n2311/mode/2up |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Mariasusai Dhavamony|title=Love of God according to Śaiva Siddhānta: a study in the mysticism and theology of Śaivism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tD8qAAAAYAAJ|year=1971|location=Oxoniae|publisher=Clarendon Press}} * {{cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin |authorlink= |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo |url-access=registration |year=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cantabrigiae |isbn= 978-0-521-43878-0|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Flood |editor-first=Gavin|authorlink=Gavin Flood |chapter=The Śaiva Traditions|title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781405132510 |year=2003 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Malden Massachusettae|isbn=978-1405132510|ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Gray | first=David B. | title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |chapter=Tantra and the Tantric Traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism | location=Oxoniae | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2016 | doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.59 | ref=harv | isbn=9780199340378 }} * {{cite book |series=SUNY Series in Religious Studies |last=Grimes |first=John A. |authorlink= |title=Ganapati: Song of the Self |url=https://archive.org/details/ganapatisongofse0000grim |year=1995 |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albaniae Novi Eboraci |isbn=978-0-7914-2440-7 }} * {{cite book |last=Harper |first=Katherine Anne|authorlink= |author2=Brown, Robert L. |title=The Roots of Tantra|url=https://archive.org/details/rootsoftantra0000unse |year=2002 |publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albaniae Novi Eboraci |isbn=978-0-7914-5306-3 }} * {{cite book|author=Ariel Glucklich|title=The Strides of Vishnu : Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC| year=2008| location= Oxoniae| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-971825-2 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last = Gonda| first= Jan| title= Medieval Religious Literature in Sanskrit. A History of Indian Literature 2.1|publisher= Harrassowitz Verlag|year= 1977|chapter= Ch. 10-13|ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last=Keay |first=John|authorlink= |title=India: A History | url=https://archive.org/details/indiahistoryfrom0000unse |year=2000 |publisher=Grove Press |location=Novi Eboraci |isbn=978-0-8021-3797-5 }} * {{cite book| ref=harv|author1=Ann R. Kinney|author2=Marijke J. Klokke|author3=Lydia Kieven|title=Worshiping Siva and Buddha: The Temple Art of East Java|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sfa2FiIERLYC |year=2003|location = Honolulu| publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2779-3}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Stella Kramrisch|title=The Presence of Siva|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5BanndcIgUC|year=1993|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-01930-7}} * {{cite book|last = Lorenzen| first= David N.| chapter=Śaivism: An Overview|title= The Encyclopedia of Religion|volume=13| editor= Mircea Eliade|publisher= Collier Macmillan|year= 1987|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|author1=Constance Jones|author2=James D. Ryan|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC|year=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|first=Julius |last=Lipner | title=Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qv3fCgAAQBAJ |year=2012| publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-24061-5}} * {{cite book|first=James|last= Mallinson |authorlink= |chapter=Nāth Sampradāya|title=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism|volume=3| editor1= Knut A. Jacobsen|editor2=Helene Basu|editor3=Angelika Malinar|editor4=Vasudha Narayanan|publisher=Brill Academic|year=2012}} * {{cite book |last=Mate |first=M. S. |authorlink= |title=Temples and Legends of Maharashtra |year=1988 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |location=Mumbai |isbn= }} * {{cite book |last=Michaels |first=Axel|authorlink= |title=Hinduism: Past and Present |url=https://archive.org/details/hinduismpastpres0000mich |year=2004 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=978-0-691-08953-9 }} * {{cite book|ref=harv|author=R. Blake Michael|title=The Origins of Vīraśaiva Sects: A Typological Analysis of Ritual and Associational Patterns in the Śūnyasaṃpādane |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wclA8r5f_LcC|year= 1992|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0776-1}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Paul E. Muller-Ortega|title=Triadic Heart of Siva, The: Kaula Tantricism of Abhinavagupta in the Non-dual Shaivism of Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2maVlGOSdlMC |year=2010|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-1385-3}} * {{cite book|first=Antonio |last= Rigopoulos| title=Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara: A Study of the Transformative and Inclusive Character of a Multi-faceted Hindu Deity|url=https://archive.org/details/dattatreyaimmort0000rigo | year=1998| publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-3696-7|ref= harv}} * {{Cite journal | last =Nath | first =Vijay | date =March–April 2001 | title =From 'Brahmanism' to 'Hinduism': Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition | journal =Social Scientist | volume =29 | issue =3/4 | pages =19–50 | doi=10.2307/3518337 |jstor=3518337 }} * {{cite book |series= |last=Oberlies |first=T. |authorlink= |title=Die Religion des Rgveda |year=1998 |publisher= |location=Vienna |isbn= }} * {{cite book|ref=harv|author=S Parmeshwaranand|title=Encyclopaedia of the Śaivism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQvbJDacNDMC |year=2004|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-427-4}} * {{cite book|last= Pathak| first= V. S.|title= History of Śaiva Cults in Northern India from Inscriptions, 700 A.D. to 1200 A.D.| publisher= Motilal Banarsidass|year= 1960|ref= harv}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Indira Viswanathan Peterson|title=Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQwABAAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-6006-7}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|author=A. K. Ramanujan|title=Speaking of Śiva|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4tIpcyRKZUC|year=1973| publisher=Penguin |isbn= 978-0-14-044270-0}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|author1=Velcheru Narayana Rao|author2=Gene H. Roghair|title=Siva's Warriors: The Basava Purana of Palkuriki Somanatha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hwABAAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-6090-6}} * {{Cite book|first=Ludo |last=Rocher| year= 1986| authorlink= | title= The Puranas| publisher= Otto Harrassowitz Verlag| isbn= 978-3447025225|ref=harv}} * {{Citation|last=Samuel|first=Geoffrey|title=The Origins of Yoga and Tantra|url=https://books.google.com/?id=JAvrTGrbpf4C|year=2008|location=Cantabrigiae|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-69534-3}} * {{cite book|last= Sanderson|first= Alexis|chapter = The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period| title= Genesis and Development of Tantrism| editor= Shingo Einoo| location= Tocii |publisher= Tokyo Institute of Oriental Culture| year= 2009| chapter-url= http://www.alexissanderson.com/uploads/6/2/7/6/6276908/sanderson_2009_the_saiva_age.pdf| ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last= Sanderson|first= Alexis|chapter = Saivism and the Tantric Traditions| title= The World's Religions| editor= S Sutherland |display-editors=etal |publisher= Routledge | year= 1988| ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last= Sanderson|first= Alexis|chapter = Meaning of a Tantric Ritual| title= Essais sur le Rituel| editor1= A. M. Blondeau|editor2= K. Schipper |publisher= Louvain: Peeters | year= 1995 | ref=harv}} * {{cite journal| title=The Śaiva Religion among the Khmers Part I|author = Alexis Sanderson| journal = Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient| volume= 90/91|pages = 349–462| year=2004| jstor= 43732654| ref=harv}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Alexis Sanderson|editor=Dominic Goodall & Andre Padoux|title=Mélanges tantriques à la mémoire d'Hélène Brunner: Tantric Studies in Memory of Hélène Brunner|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cHnhXwAACAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Institut Français de Pondichéry|isbn=978-2855396668}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Hilko Wiardo Schomerus|title=Śaiva Siddhānta: An Indian School of Mystical Thought : Presented as a System and Documented from the Original Tamil Sources|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uUL8r9cOMXcC |year=2000|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1569-8}} * {{cite book |series= |last=Sharma |first=Ram Karan |authorlink= |title=Elements of Poetry in the Mahābhārata|url=https://archive.org/details/liang.elementsofpoetry0000sarm|year=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-0544-6 }} (ed. secunda). * {{Citation|last = Tattwananda|first = Swami|year = 1984|title = Vaisnava Sects, Saiva Sects, Mother Worship |place = Calcutta|publisher = Firma KLM Private Ltd.|edition = First Revised|isbn =}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|author1=Vasugupta|author2=Mark Dyczkowski (Translator)|title=The Aphorisms of Siva: The Siva Sutra with Bhaskara's Commentary, the Varttika|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6-n4ulAsdIC|year=1992|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-1264-0}} * {{cite book |series= |last=Winternitz |first=Maurice |authorlink= |title=History of Indian Literature |year=1972 |publisher=Oriental Books Reprint Corporation |location=Dellii |isbn= }} (ed. secunda).<!-- Two volumes. First published 1927 by the University of Calcutta.--> ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Shaivism|Sivaismum}} ~*[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shaivism ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', "Shaivism"] *[http://www.saivism.net/ Saivism.Net] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20171207081214/http://www.alexissanderson.com/publications.html Alexis sanderson, ''Publications''], scholarly studies in Shaivism [[Categoria:Denominationes Hinduicae]] [[Categoria:Philosophia Indica]]<!--Theistic Indian ph.--> [[Categoria:Religiones monotheisticae]] [[Categoria:Siva]] <!-- [[Category:Hindu denominations]]--> {{Myrias|Philosophia}} 9u0pbp7n6o8b7u8n2fpqpwk1noc3o54 0 285259 3980133 3644692 2026-08-10T00:45:11Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} <!--[[Fasciculus:Elizabeth_Hazelton_Haight.jpg|thumb|Elizabeth Hazelton Haight.]]--> '''Elizabetha Hazelton "Hazel" Haight''' (nata ''Elizabeth Hazelton Haight,'' [[Alburnum (Novum Eboracum)|Alburni]] in [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboraci]] die [[11 Februarii]] [[1872]]; mortua [[Beacon (Novum Eboracum)|Beacon]] in Novo Eboraci die [[15 Novembris]] [[1964]]) fuit [[Latine|Latinista]], [[philologus|philologa]] [[res classicae|rerum classicarum]], et [[academia|academica]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americana]], quae [[lingua Latina|Latinae]] docendae favebat. Plurimum sui cursús vitae in [[Collegium Vassarensis|Collegio Vassarensi]] [[Poughkeepsie (oppidum)|Poughkeepsie]] in [[oppidum|oppido]] Novi Eboraci [[professor]] degebat. In Collegio Vassarensi anno [[1890]] [[matriculatio|matriculavit]], et gradum [[A.B.]] anno [[1894]] accepit. Ad [[Universitas Cornelliana|Universitatem Cornellianam]] migravit, ubi cum [[Carolus E. Bennett|Carolo E. Bennett]] studuit, et [[PhD]] anno [[1909]] accepit, dissertatione de ''The Sea in Greek Poetry'' (de 'mari in poesi Graeca') scriptá.<ref name=MemMin>{{cite web |url=https://digitallibrary.vassar.edu/islandora/object/vassar%3A31891#page/1/mode/1up |title=Haight, Elizabeth Hazelton, 1872-1964 - Memorial Minute |publisher=Vassar College |author1=Erck, M. E. |author2=Erck, T. H. |author3=Ryberg, I. S. |accessdate=2017-05-09}}</ref><ref name='ClassWorld'>{{cite journal |author1=Lateiner, D. |date=1996–1997 |title=Elizabeth Hazelton Haight (1872-1964) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-world_november-1996-february-1997_90_2-3/page/153 |journal=The Classical World |volume=90 |issue=2/3 |pages=153–166|doi=10.2307/4351927 |jstor=4351927 }}</ref> ==Libri editi== * ''Vassar,'' cum James M. Taylor. Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press, 1915. * ''The Autobiography and Letters of Matthew Vassar.'' Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press, 1916. * ''Life and Letters of James M. Taylor.'' Novi Eboraci: E. P. Dutton & Company, 1919. OCLC 3433918. * ''Italy Old and New.'' Londinii: Stanley Paul & Co., 1922. * ''Horace and His Art of Enjoyment.'' Novi Eboraci: Dutton, 1925. OCLC 250063956. * ''Apuleius and His Influence.'' Novi Eboraci: Longmans Green & Co., 1927. OCLC 367528670. * ''Romance in the Latin Elegiac Poets.'' Novi Eboraci: Longmans Green, 1932. OCLC 938038. * ''Essays on Ancient Fiction.'' Novi Eboraci: Longmans Green, 1936. OCLC 39970129. * ''The Roman Use of Anecdotes in Cicero, Livy and the Satirists.'' Novi Eboraci: Longmans Green, 1940. * ''Essays on the Greek Romances.'' Novi Eboraci: Longmans, 1943. OCLC 251464618; iterum Port Washington Novi Eboraci, 1965. * ''More Essays on the Greek Romances.'' Novi Eboraci: Longmans Green, 1945. OCLC 459716756. * ''The Symbolism of the House Door in Classical Poetry''. New York, Longmans Green, 1950. OCLC 906181909. * ''Aspects of Symbolism in the Latin Anthology and in Classical and Renaissance Art''. New York, Longmans Green, 1952. * ''Pseudo-Callisthenes, Life of Alexander''. New York, Longmans, 1955. OCLC 459039241. ==Notae== <references/><!-- ==Nexus externi== * {{DBCS}}--> {{Lifetime|1872|1964|Haight, Elizabeth Hazelton}} <!--Alumnae?--> [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Cornellianae]] [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Editores]] [[Categoria:Eruditi Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Incolae Novi Eboraci]] [[Categoria:Latinistae Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Mulieres]] [[Categoria:Professores Collegii Vassar]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]]<!-- [[Category:American classical scholars]] [[Category:Women classical scholars]] [[Category:Scholars of Latin literature]] [[Category:Scholars of ancient Greek literature]]--> 3ef1zn0wsbn3bquuk7iok2k5nq1t4kl 0 285312 3979896 3497378 2026-08-09T21:08:31Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cautio}} {| class="wikitable floatright" ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#ff2020; | Nodus atrioventricularis<br />Nodus AV |- ! colspan="2" | Cognitores |- | style="font-size: 85%" | [[Terminologia Anatomica|TA]] || style="font-size: 85%" | [http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/12.1.06.004%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm A12.1.06.004] |- ! colspan="2" | Anatomia macroscopica |- | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | <div style="position: relative;">[[Fasciculus:Reizleitungssystem 1.png|250px|Cor humanum]]</div> |- | colspan="3" style="font-size: 85%; width:250px" | [[Systema conductionis electricae cordis]] cum '''nodo atrioventriculari''' (2), in [[septum interatriale|septo interatriali]] et iuxta anulum fibrosum dextrum [[valvae cordis|valvarum cordis]] locato, et in imagine tumescentia caeurulea minor visto.<br />[[Nodus sinuatrialis]] (1), initii conductionis electricae intracardialis, nodo AV paululum maiori est. |} '''Nodus atrioventricularis''', breviter "nodus AV", vel etiam '''nodus Aschoff-Tawara''' est pars [[Systema conductionis electricae cordis|systematis conductionis electricae cordis]], tres electrice atria et ventriculi connectans. Impulsus ex [[nodus atrioventricularis|nodo atrioventriculari]] per tractus internodales - anteriorem, medialem, posteriorem - in nodum AV fluunt, ex quo per [[fasciculus atrioventriularis|fasciculum atrioventricularem]] (fasciculum H<small>IS</small>) versus ventriculos se dirigunt. [[Electrocardiogramma]]e ope, longitudine [[intervallum PR|intervalli PR]], mala nodi atrioventricularis aestimantur. In medicina et cardiologia [[obsidio atrioventricularis|obsidiones atrioventriculares]] magnum momentum habent. Conductio accelerata cum [[syndroma Wolff-Parkinson-White|syndromate Wolff-Parkinson-White]] nexa est. == Anatomia == === Situs === Nodus AV in parte inferiori [[septum interatriale|septi interatrialis]],iuxta aperturam [[sinus coronarius|sinus coronarii]], invenitur, ibi in medio trianguli parvi imaginarii (inter [[tendo Todariensis|tendinem Todariensem]], valvam septalis [[valvae tricuspidalis]], orificium sinus coronarii), quod secundum anatomum [[Walter Carolus Koch|Walter Carolum Koch]] igitur ''[[triangulum Kochiense]]'' vocitatur. Nodus AV structura valde densa videtur, mensura eius circiter 1 x 3 x 5 mm² est<ref>''thefreedictionary.com'': [http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/_/viewer.aspx?path=dorland&name=triangle_of-Koch.jpg Imago cum nodo AV et triangulo Kochiensi].</ref>. === Providentia vasalis === ==== Providentia arterialis ==== Arterialis providentia nodi AV non constanter apparet. In hominibus irrigatio imprimis per [[arteria coronaria dextra|arteriam coronariam dextram]], minore in parte per [[arteria coronaria sinistra|sinistram]] fit. Rarius utraque [[arteriae coronariae|arteriarum coronariarum maiorum]] provident<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Saremi F., Abolhoda A., Ashikyan O., Milliken J. C., Narula J., Gurudevan S. V., Kaushal K., Raney A. |title=Arterial supply to sinuatrial and atrioventricular nodes: imaging with multidetector CT |journal=Radiology |year=2000 |month=Ian |volume=246 |issue=1 |pages=99-107 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18024438}}</ref>. Interdum [[arteria anastomotica Kugeliensis]] ex arteria coronaria sinistra oriente observatur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Kugel M. A. |title=Anatomical studies on the coronary arteries and their branches |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-heart-journal_1927-02_2_3/page/260 |journal=American heart journal |year=1927 |volume=3 |pages=260-70}}</ref>. == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Arrhythmia cordis]] * [[Obsidio atrioventricularis]] == Nexus externi == * De [https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/151597-overview obsidionibus nodi AV]. {{Ling|Anglice}} {{med-stipula}} [[Categoria:Cordis anatomia]] m7mqbtnk8yqfmefw4648oo58tkz9f5e 0 285528 3979995 3849436 2026-08-09T22:57:16Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3979995 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Chateau eau mondeville france.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Turris aquaria [[Mondeville (Calva Dorsa)|Mondeville]] in [[oppidum|oppido]] [[Calva Dorsa|Calvae Dorsae]] in [[Francia]].]] [[Fasciculus:Roihuvuori watertower3.png|thumb|upright=0.7|Usitata turris aquariae [[ratio]] operativa: 1, statio [[antlia]]e; 2, lacus; 3, varii aquae usus.]] [[Fasciculus:Beaumont Kansas Water Tower.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Turris aquaria [[ferrivia]]e [[Beaumont St. Louis and San Francisco Railroad]] (1875, refecta 2012). [[Beaumont (Kansia)|Beaumont]] [[Kansia]]e sita.]] [[Fasciculus:Chicago Water tower.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Turris aquaria [[Sicagum|Sicagi]] sita.]] [[Fasciculus:Wasserturm Rybnik.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Turris aquaria [[Rybnik]] in [[urbs|urbe]] [[Silesia]]e [[Polonia|Polonicae]] sita.]][[Fasciculus:Roihuvuori water tower - Helsinki Finland.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Fungus|Fungiformis]] turris aquaria [[Roihuvuori]] in [[suburbium|suburbio]] [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] in [[Finnia]] [[anni 1970|annis 1970]] erecta est.]] [[Fasciculus:Flensburg Wasserturm Mürwik.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Hodierna turris aquaria in [[Horti hominum (Flensburgum)|Hortis Hominum]] [[Flensburgum|Flensburgi]] in [[portus|portu]] [[Slesvicum-Holsatia|Slesvico-Holsatiae]] in [[Germania]].]]<!-- [[Fasciculus:Emmy-Noether-Str Wasserturm München.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Wasserturm Stadtwerke München|Wasserturm der Stadtwerke München]] ]]--> [[Fasciculus:TrierPetrisbergWasserbandWasserturmH2c.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Illuminata turris aquaria [[Petrisberg]]{{dubsig}} in regione [[Augusta Treverorum|Augustae Treverorum]] sita.]] '''Turris aquaria''' est [[aedificium]] editum quod [[lacus aquarius|lacum aquarium]]<!--?water tank--> fulcit usque ad [[altitudo|altitudinem]] ad [[systema aquae distribuendae]] constructam cuius [[pressura]] satis ad [[aqua potabilis|aquam potabilem]] distribuendam, et ad copiam [[aqua]]e [[siphonarius|siphonariis]] praebendam sit.<ref>Marcis Kempe, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210410040623/https://www.mwra.com/04water/html/historypaper/kempe-historypaper-all.pdf "New England Water Supplies: A Brief History,"] ''NEWWA Journal,'' September 2006: 96–99.</ref> Turres aquariae saepe cum [[lacus ministrandi|lacubus ministrandi]]<!--?service reservoirs--> subterraneis aut superficialibus operantur, qui aquam purificatam prope loca ubi adhibebitur condunt.<ref>William Kinnimond Burton, [https://books.google.com/books?id=i9dAAAAAIAAJ&dq=Waterworks+water+tower+design+and+location&pg=PA127#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The Water Supply of Towns and the Construction of Waterworks: A Practical Treatise for the Use of Engineers and Students of Engineering''] (Lockwood: 14 Martii 1894) via Google Books.</ref> Alia turrium aquariarum genera solum aquam non potabilem condunt, vigilibus aut [[industria|officinis]] reservatam, et non necessarie cum publica copia aquaria coniunctam. == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:Shooters Hill.JPG|Turris aquaria [[Shooter's Hill]] est [[monumentum]] loci [[Londinium|Londinii]] situm. Turres aquariae in [[suburbium|suburbiis]] Londiniensibus saepe videntur. Fasciculus:Rooftop water towers on New York apartment buildings.jpg|[[Turris aquaria tectoria|Turres aquariae tectoriae]]{{dubsig}}<!--rooftop watertowers--> in [[aedificium|aedificiis]] insularum in via 57 orientali [[Urbs Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]] videntur. Fasciculus:Friedrichsplatz (Mannheim) - Wasserturm (0005).JPG|Turris aquaria in Friedrichsplatz [[Manhemium|Manhemii]], in [[genus florale|florali]] [[urbs|urbis]] [[regio]]ne sita. Fasciculus:The House in the Clouds, Thorpeness.jpg|[[Domus inter nubes]], [[Thorpeness]] in [[litus|litorali]] [[Sussexia]]e orientalis [[vicus|vico]] sita, loci turris aquarius ab anno [[1923]] ad annum [[1977]] erat. Fasciculus:Louisville water tower.jpg|[[Turris aquaria Ludovicopolitana]], [[Ludovicopolis (Kentukia)|Ludovicopoli]] in [[Kentukia]] sita, una ex paucis turribus aquariis generis tubae stationariae{{dubsig}}<!--Anglice ''standpipe''--> in [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis]] anno [[1860]] erecta est. Fasciculus:KornwestheimWasserturm.jpg|[[Turris aquaria vetus]] [[Kornwestheim]] in [[Badenia-Virtembergia]] [[Germania]]e anno [[1914]] erecta est. Fasciculus:NOI Techpark Südtirol 6.jpg|Turris aquaria [[Bauzanum|Bauzani]] in [[caput (urbs)|capite]] [[provincia Bauzanensis|provinciae Bauzanensis]] anno [[1936]] erecta est. Fasciculus:Château d’eau dans Paris 7.jpg|Turris aquaria in [[arrotundimentum VII Lutetiae|arrotundimento septimo]] [[Lutetia]]e. </gallery> {{NexInt}} * [[Aquae ductus]] * [[Cisterna]] * [[Gravitas]] * [[Hydrologia]] * [[Ingeniaria civica]] * [[Ingeniaria urbana]] * [[Pressura hydrostatica]] * [[Purificatio aquae]] * [[Turris aquatica Arnstadii|Turris aquaria Arnstadiensis]] == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * Aschenbeck, Nils, et Jens U. Schmidt. [[2003]]. ''Wassertürme im Nordwesten.'' Oldenburg: Isensee. ISBN 3-89995-006-2. * Despesse, B.-M. [[2013]]. ''La Sculpture-château d'eau de Philolaos à Valence: Mémoire de la Drôme.'' * Fontenas, H. [[1996]]. ''Stockages: Un trouble de l'esthétique architecturale.'' Les Cahiers du Musée national d'art moderne, 58. Lutetiae: Centre Georges Pompidou. * Fouquet, P.,et A. Bouchy. [[1963]]. ''Les Réservoirs d'eau.'' Dunod. * Harris, NiNi. [[1986]]. "Treasured Towers." In ''St. Louis: Its Neighborhoods and Neighbors, Landmarks and Milestones,'' ed. Robert E. Hannon. Urbs Sancti Ludovici: Buxton & Skinner Printing Co. * Hibbeler, Russel C. [[2013]]. ''Technische Mechanik 2 Festigkeitslehre.'' Ed. octava. Monaci: Pearson Deutschland. ISBN 978-3-86894-126-5. * Karner, Stefan, et Peter J. Wichniarz. [[1987]]. ''Berliner Wassertürme.'' Berolini: Ernst. ISBN 3-433-02100-7. * Kluger, Martin. [[2013]]. ''Wasserbau und Wasserkraft: Trinkwasser und Brunnenkunst in Augsburg.'' Augsburgi: Context Verlag. ISBN 978-3-939645-72-6. * Rose, Lisa. [[2012]], "Despite challenge, Union Township water tower remains a Jersey landmark." ''The Star-Ledger,'' 22 Februarii. [https://www.nj.com/news/2012/02/despite_challenge_union_townsh.html Editio interretialis, die 30 Martii 2019 retractata.] * Schmidt, Jens U. [[2003]]. ''Wassertürme in Hamburg: Die Geschichte Hamburgs im Spiegel seiner ungewöhnlichsten Bauten.'' [[Delmenhorstium|Delmenhorstii]]: Aschenbeck und Holstein. ISBN 3-932292-44-8. * Schmidt, Jens U. [[2008]]. ''Wassertürme in Schleswig-Holstein: Geschichte und Geschichten um die Wasserversorgung im Norden und ihre auffälligsten Bauten.'' Cottbus: Regia-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-939656-71-5. * Schmidt, Jens U. [[2010]]. ''Wassertürme in Berlin: Hauptstadt der Wassertürme.'' Cottbus: Regia-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86929-032-4. * Schmidt, Jens U. Günther Bosch, et Albert Baur. [[2009]]. ''Wassertürme in Baden-Württemberg.'' Cottbus: Regia-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86929-002-7. * Wieckhorst, Thomas. [[1996]]. ''Wassertürme neu genutzt.'' Neustadt an der Weinstraße: Meininger Verlag. ISBN 3-87524-112-6. * Werth, Jan. [[1971]]. "Ursachen und technische Voraussetzungen für die Entwicklung der Wasserhochbehälter." In ''Die Architektur der Förder- und Wassertürme: Industriearchitektur des 19. Jahrhunderts,'' ed. Bernhard Becher et Hilla Becher, 325–428. Studien zur Kunst des 19. Jahrhunderts, 13. Monaci: Prestel. ISBN 3-7913-0323-6.<!--Werth = Aachen, Techn. Hochsch. diss., 1969--> * Woll, Stefan. [[1986]]. ''Berliner Wassertürme.'' Berliner Kaleidoskop, 31. Berolini: Haude und Spener. ISBN 3-7759-0281-3. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Water towers|turres aquarias}} * Brain, Marshall. [https://people.howstuffworks.com/water.htm "How Water Towers Work."] ''How Stuff Works.'' * [http://www.catsupbottle.com/ "World's Largest Catsup Bottle."] * [http://www.watertowers.de/ ''Internationale Turrium Aquariarum Archivum.''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220128233134/http://watertowers.eu/ Situs interretialis de mille turribus aquariis in Polonia.] * [http://watertank.net/why-we-use-plastic.html De turribus aquariis: ''CFR Title 21 Part 129,'' documentum rectionis Civitatum Foederatarum.] {{Myrias|Technologia}} [[Categoria:Hydrologia]] [[Categoria:Ingeniaria civilis]] [[Categoria:Turres]] [[Categoria:Turres aquariae| ]] rar2x8h720m8k6jw7u857jlzs4u46x7 0 285700 3979885 3978773 2026-08-09T20:51:28Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979885 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Xuanyuan Temple in Yan'an, Shaanxi (1).jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Templum Xuanyuan]] in [[Huangling (comitatus)|Huangling]] comitatu [[Shaanxi]], [[veneratio]]ni [[imperator flavus|imperatoris flavi]] dicatum.]] '''Religio vulgaris Sinica'''{{FD ref}} ([[Mandarinice]] 中國民間信仰, [[lingua Mandanarinica simplex|Mandarinice simpliciter]] 中国民间信仰, [[pinyin]] ''Zhōngguó mínjiān xìnyǎng'') est [[familia]] variarum [[religio]]num in [[Sinae|Sinis]] [[Taivania]]que latissime notarum, atque inter [[diaspora Sinica|diasporam Sinicam]] exercitarum. Quae [[pietas|pietatis]] forma est antiqua [[Sinae (gens)|Sinarum]] [[traditio]], [[veneratio]]nem comprehendens [[vis|virium]] [[natura]]e maiorumque, [[exorcismus|exorcismum]] virium noxiarum, et [[fides|fidem]] [[ratio]]nali naturae, [[universum|universi]], [[realitas|realitatisque]] [[ordo|ordini]], qui ab [[homo|hominibus]] et eorum [[rectio|rectoribus]], et adeo [[spiritus|spiritibus]] et [[deus|deis]], moveri potest.<ref>Teiser 1995: 378.</ref> [[Fasciculus:Heshen temple in Hequ, Xinzhou, Shanxi, China.jpg|thumb|upright=1|left|[[Templum]] [[Hebo]] ('domini fluminis'), [[deus|dei]] (Heshen 'dei fluminis') [[Flumen Flavum|Fluminis Flavi]], in [[Hequ (comitatus)|comitatu Hequ]] [[Xinzhou]] [[Shanxi]] situm.]] [[Fasciculus:文澳 城隍廟.jpg|thumb|[[Templum]] [[deus oppidanus|dei oppidani]] Wenao prope [[urbs|urbem]] [[Magong City|Magong]] [[Taivania]]e.]] [[Fasciculus:Five officials haikou 2010 01.jpg|thumb|[[Ara]] Quinque Ministris intra Templum Quinque Dominorum dicata [[Haikou]] in [[oppidum|oppido]] [[Hainan]] sita.]] [[Fasciculus:Dongmen City God Temple, 2014-10-07 17.JPG|thumb|Templum dei oppidani Dongmen, in comitatu [[Xiangshan (comitatus)|Xiangshan]] [[Ningbo]] [[Zhejiang]] situm.]] [[Fasciculus:浞景寺_01.jpg|thumb|[[Signum]] legitur: "Hic locus est locus fidei antiquae. Nulla donatio religiosa, nullae exercitationes religiosae sinuntur." Imago in vetere templo religionis Sinicae [[Weifang|Weifang]] in urbe [[provincia]]e Shandong.]] [[Fasciculus:Worship at the Great Temple of Shennong-Yandi in Suizhou, Hubei.jpg|thumb|[[Ritus]] communales ad Magnum Templum [[imperator Yan|Yandi]] [[Shennong]] ({{lang|zh|炎帝神農大殿}} ''Yándì Shénnóng dàdiàn'') in [[Suizhou]] [[Hubei]] fiunt.]] [[Fasciculus:媽祖娘娘002.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Statua]] [[Mazu (dea)|Mazu]] [[dea]]e in templo [[Chiayi (urbs)|Chiayi]] in urbe [[Taivania]]e posita.]] [[Fasciculus:Quanshan Tudi Gong Gong - statues - DSCF8317.JPG|thumb|Ara ''zitong'' in templo [[Quanzhou]] [[Fujian]] sita; ad laevam est [[statua]] [[Kuixing]].]] [[Fasciculus:忠縣丁房雙闕02.jpg|thumb|[[Porta]]e [[lapis|lapideae]] domus Han Dingfang [[Zhong (comitatus)|Zhong]] comitatus [[Chongqing]], quae olim ad templum Sinicum pertinebant, generali [[Ba Manzi]] temporum [[civitates bellantes|civitatum bellantium]] olim dicatum.]] [[Fasciculus:Quanjunxi Linggong - DSCF8614.JPG|thumb|{{lang|zh|泉郡溪靈宮}} Quánjùnxī línggōng, "[[palatium]] [[numen|numinosum]] ad [[rivus|rivum]] in [[terra]] [[fons|fontium]]," in [[Quanzhou]] [[Fujian]].<!--Temples are usually built in accordance with feng shui methods, which hold that anything needs to be arranged in equilibrium with the surrounding world in order to thrive. Names of holy spaces often describe, poetically, their collocation within the world.-->]] [[Fasciculus:Temple of the Filial Blessing in Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (2).jpg|thumb|Templum benedictionis filiorum ({{lang|zh|孝佑宮}} ''Xiàoyòugōng'') in [[Ouhai (districtus)|Ouhai]] districtu [[Wenzhou]] [[Zhejiang]] situm; quod est locus venerationis maiorum.]] [[Fasciculus:安平天后宮石將軍.JPG|thumb|Ara generalium lapideorum, deitatum protegentium, in templo Kantai Tianhou in [[Anping (districtus)|Anping]] districtu [[Tainan]] [[Taivania]]e.]] [[Fasciculus:Ch-brahma-temple.jpg|thumb|Templum [[Brahma]] vel [[Simianshen]] {{lang|zh|四面神}} (dei quattuor [[facies|facierum]]), [[Changhua]] Taivaniae situm.<!-- The [[Thailand|Thai]]-style worship of Simianshen has its origins among [[Thai Chinese]], and has spread over the last few decades among Mainland Chinese and [[Overseas Chinese]] populations.-->]] [[Fasciculus:Zhen-Wu Temple in Wuci Township.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Fanum [[Xuanwu (deus)|Zhenwu]] deo dicatum in [[Wuqi (districtus)|Wuqi]] districtu [[Taichung]] Taivaniae situm.]] [[Fasciculus:Zhangzhou Putou Damiao 20120225-2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|{{lang|zh|浦頭大廟}} ''Pǔtóu dàmiào,'' "primum templum magnum ad ripas fluminis," in [[Zhangzhou]] [[Fujian]] situm.]]<!-- [[Fasciculus:Guanji temple and Huang shrine in Lucheng, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (1).jpg|upright=0.8|thumb|Templum Guanji (laeva) et fanum ancestrale Huang (dextra) in [[Wenzhou]] [[Zhejiang]] situm.]] [[Fasciculus:Worship at an ancestral temple in Hong'an, Hubei, China.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Homines as [[ritus]] venerationis in [[Hong'an (comitatus)|Hong'an]] comitatu [[Hubei]] celebrandos conveniunt.]]--> [[Veneratio]] [[deus|deis]] [[immortalitas|immortalibusque]] Sinicis ({{lang|zh|神}} ''shén'') dicatur, qui esse possunt [[deitas|deitates]] [[res|rerum]] naturalium [[mores|morumque]] humanorum, vel praeterea [[progenitor]]es stirpium. [[Mythologia|Fabulae]] de nonnullis deis in [[corpus|corpore]] [[litterae Sinarum|litterarum Sinarum]] quae [[mythologia Sinica|mythologiam Sinicam]] tractant colliguntur. Ante [[saeculum 11|saeculum undecimum]] ([[domus Song|aetatem Song]]), hae exercitationes cum [[Buddhismus|Buddhisticis]] [[karma]]e notionibus (res quae a se fiunt) mixtae erant, et [[doctrina]]e [[Taoismus|Taoisticae]] de [[hierarchia|hierarchiis]] deorum, ad rationem religiosam populo gratam generandam, quae variis modis usque ad praesens superest.<ref>Overmyer 1986: 51.</ref> {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} *[[Buddhismus]] *[[Confucianismus]] *[[Feng shui]] *[[Gentilicii mores]] *[[Magna Culturae Conversio Proletariana]] *[[Meditatio]] *[[Samanismus]] *[[Shinto]] *[[Spiritualitas]] *[[Tao]] *[[Tao Te Ching]] *[[Yin et yang]] {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== * {{citation | last = Adler | first = Joseph | chapter = Chinese Religion: An Overview | pages = | title = Encyclopedia of Religion, 2nd Ed. | series = | volume = | editor-first = Lindsay | editor-last = Jones | location = Detroiti | publisher = Macmillan Reference USA | year = 2005 | isbn = | ref = harv |chapter-url=http://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Writings/Chinese%20Religions%20-%20Overview.htm}}<!-- * {{cite conference | first = Joseph A. | last = Adler | pages = | title = The Heritage of Non-Theistic Belief in China | editor-first = | editor-last = | conference = (Conference paper) Toward a Reasonable World: The Heritage of Western Humanism, Skepticism, and Freethought | location = San Diego, CA | date = 2011 | url = http://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Writings/Non-theistic.pdf | ref = harv}}--> * {{cite book | last = Cai | first = Zongqi | year = 2004 | title = Chinese Aesthetics: Ordering of Literature, the Arts, and the Universe in the Six Dynasties | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | location = | url =https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780824827915| isbn = 978-0824827915 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Chamberlain | first = Jonathan | year = 2009 | title = Chinese Gods : An Introduction to Chinese Folk Religion | publisher = Blacksmith Books | location = Hong Kong | url = | isbn = 9789881774217 | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | last = Chan | first = Kim-Kwong | authorlink = | title = Religion in China in the Twenty-first Century: Some Scenarios | journal = Religion, State & Society | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = | date = 2005 | language = | url = | jstor = | issn = | doi = | accessdate = | ref = harv}} * {{cite journal | last = Chang | first = Ruth H. | authorlink = | title = Understanding Di and Tian: Deity and Heaven from Shang to Tang Dynasties | journal = Sino-Platonic Papers | volume = | issue = 108 | pages = | date = 2000 | language = | url = | jstor = | issn = 2157-9679 | doi = | accessdate = | ref = harv}} * {{cite book | last = Chau | first = Adam Yuet | year = 2005 | title = Miraculous Response: Doing Popular Religion in Contemporary China | publisher = | location = | url =https://archive.org/details/miraculousrespon0000chau|isbn = 9780804751605 |ref = harv}} * {{cite journal | last = Chau | first = Adam Yuet | authormask = 2 | title = The Politics of Legitimation and the Revival of Popular Religion in Shaanbei, North-Central China | journal = Modern China | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 236–278 | date = 2005 | url = http://www.ames.cam.ac.uk/general_info/biographies/chinese/chau-publications/Chau%20The%20politics%20of%20legitimation%20and%20the%20revival%20of%20popular%20religion.pdf | doi = 10.1177/0097700404274038 | ref = harv | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234625/http://www.ames.cam.ac.uk/general_info/biographies/chinese/chau-publications/Chau%20The%20politics%20of%20legitimation%20and%20the%20revival%20of%20popular%20religion.pdf | archivedate = 30 December 2013 | df = dmy-all }} * {{cite journal | last = Chau |first = Adam Yuet | authormask = 2 | title = Modalities of Doing Religion and Ritual Polytropy: Evaluating the Religious Market Model from the Perspective of Chinese Religious History | journal = Religion | volume = 41 | issue = 4 | pages = 457–568 | date = 2011 | language = | url = | jstor = | issn = | doi = 10.1080/0048721X.2011.624691 | accessdate = | ref = harv }} * {{citation | last = Chau | first = Adam Yuet | authormask = 2 | chapter = A Different Kind of Religious Diversity: Ritual Service Providers and Consumers in China | pages = 141–156 | title = Religious Diversity in Chinese Thought | series = | volume = | editor1 = Schmidt-Leukel, Perry |editor2=Joachim Gentz | location = Novi Eboraci | publisher = Palgrave-MacMillan | year = 2013 | isbn = 9781137333193 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VePQAQAAQBAJ | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Cheng | first = Manchao | year = 1995 | title = The Origin of Chinese Deities | publisher = Foreign Languages Press | location = Beijing | url = https://archive.org/details/originofchinesed00chen | isbn = 978-7119000305 | ref = harv | url-access = registration }}<!-- * {{cite conference | first = Philip | last = Clart | pages = 391–412 | title = Conceptualizations of "Popular Religion" in Recent Research in the People's Republic of China | editor-first = | editor-last = | conference =International Symposium on Mazu and Chinese folk religion ({{lang|zh|媽祖與華人民間信仰」國際研討會論文集}}) | location = Boyang, Taipei | date = 2014 | url = http://home.uni-leipzig.de/clartp/Yanjiu%20xin%20shijie%202014.pdf |ref = harv }}--> * {{cite journal | last = Clart | first = Philip | authorlink = | title = Confucius and the Mediums: Is There a "Popular Confucianism"? | journal = T'oung Pao | volume = | issue = LXXXIX | pages = | date = 2003 | language = | url = http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~clartp/Clart%202003.pdf | jstor = | issn = | doi = | accessdate = | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | last = Clart | first = Philip | authorlink = | title = The Phoenix and the Mother: The Interaction of Spirit Writing Cults and Popular Sects in Taiwan | journal = Journal of Chinese Religions | volume = 25 | issue = | pages = 1–32 | date = 1997 | language = | url = http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~clartp/The%20Phoenix%20and%20the%20Mother.pdf | jstor = | issn = | doi = 10.1179/073776997805306959| accessdate = | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Davis | first = Edward L. | year = 2005 | title = Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture | publisher = Routledge | location = | url = |isbn = 978-0415241298 |ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = De Groot | first = J.J.M. | authorlink = | title = The Religious System of China: Its Ancient Forms, Evolution, History and Present Aspect, Manners, Customs and Social Institutions Connected Therewith | year = 1892 | publisher = Brill | location = Lugduni Batavorum | ref = harv }} 6 volumes. Online at: [https://web.archive.org/web/20241007100252/http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/groot_jjm_de/religious_system_of_china/religious_system.html Les classiques des sciences sociales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi]; Scribd: [https://www.scribd.com/doc/298935093/The-Religious-System-of-China-1892-Vol-1-Groot Vol. 1], [https://www.scribd.com/doc/298935163/The-Religious-System-of-China-1892-Vol-2-Groot Vol. 2], [https://www.scribd.com/doc/298935219/The-Religious-System-of-China-1892-Vol-3-Groot Vol. 3], [https://www.scribd.com/doc/298935256/The-Religious-System-of-China-1892-Vol-4-Groot Vol. 4], [https://www.scribd.com/doc/298935289/The-Religious-System-of-China-1892-Vol-5-Groot Vol. 5], [https://www.scribd.com/doc/298935357/The-Religious-System-of-China-1892-Vol-6-Groot Vol. 6]. * {{cite journal | last = Didier | first = John C. | authorlink = | title = In and Outside the Square: The Sky and the Power of Belief in Ancient China and the World, c. 4500 BC – AD 200 | journal = Sino-Platonic Papers | volume = | issue = 192 | pages = | date = 2009 | language = | url = | jstor = | issn = | doi = | accessdate = | ref = harv }} ''[http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp192_vol1.pdf Volume I: The Ancient Eurasian World and the Celestial Pivot]'', ''[http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp192_vol2.pdf Volume II: Representations and Identities of High Powers in Neolithic and Bronze China]'', ''[http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp192_vol3.pdf Volume III: Terrestrial and Celestial Transformations in Zhou and Early-Imperial China]''. * {{cite book | last = Do | first = Thien | year = 2003 | title = Vietnamese Supernaturalism: Views from the Southern Region | publisher = Routledge | location = | series = Anthropology of Asia | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Piudqn9uijUC |isbn = 978-0415307994 |ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Fan | first1 = Lizhu | first2 = Na | last2 = Chen | authorlink = | title = The Religiousness of "Confucianism" and the Revival of Confucian Religion in China Today | journal = Cultural Diversity in China | volume = 1| issue = 1 | pages = 27–43 | date = 2015 | language = | url = | jstor = | issn = 2353-7795 | doi = 10.1515/cdc-2015-0005 | accessdate = | ref= harv}} * {{cite journal | last1 = Fan | first1 = Lizhu | first2 = Na | last2 = Chen | authorlink = | title = The Revival of Indigenous Religion in China | journal = China Watch | volume = | issue = | pages = | date = 2013 | language = | url = http://fudan-uc.ucsd.edu/_files/201306_China_Watch_Fan_Chen.pdf | jstor = | issn = | doi = | accessdate = | ref= harv}} Preprint from ''The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion'', 2014. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195338522.013.024 * {{cite book | last = Fowler | first = Jeanine D. | year = 2005 | title = An Introduction to the Philosophy and Religion of Taoism: Pathways to Immortality | publisher = Sussex Academic Press | location = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9wi-ZDdmaqEC |isbn = 978-1845190866 |ref = harv}} * {{cite book | last1 = Goossaert | first1 = Vincent | last2 = Palmer | first2 = David | year = 2011 | title = The Religious Question in Modern China | publisher = University of Chicago Press | location = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Bx83dlLMPdMC |isbn = 978-0226304168 |ref = harv}} * {{cite book | last1 = Gaenssbauer | first1 = Monika | year = 2015 | title = Popular Belief in Contemporary China: A Discourse Analysis | publisher = Projekt Verlag | location = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hGfOCgAAQBAJ |isbn = 978-0226304168 |ref = harv}}<!-- * {{cite conference | first = Ze | last = Jin | title = Challenges and Choices Facing Folk Faith in China | conference = Religion and Cultural Change in China | location = The Brookings Institution - Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, Washington: DC | date = 2005 | url = http://www.brookings.edu/fp/cnaps/events/jinzeenglish20050201.pdf | ref = harv | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924003028/http://www.brookings.edu/fp/cnaps/events/jinzeenglish20050201.pdf | archivedate = 24 September 2015 | df = dmy-all }}--> * {{citation | last = Jansen | first = Thomas | authorlink = | chapter = Sacred Texts | pages = | title = The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions | series = Wiley Blackwell Companions to Religion | volume = 82 | editor-last = Nadeau | editor-first = Randall L. | location = | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1444361971 | chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FmnKSfAS4PcC | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Jones | first = Stephen | year = 2013 | title = In Search of the Folk Daoists of North China | publisher = Ashgate Publishing | location = | url = |isbn = 978-1409481300 |ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last1 = Lagerwey | first1 = John | last2 = Kalinowski | first2 = Marc | year = 2008 | title = Early Chinese Religion: Part One: Shang Through Han (1250 BC-220 AD) | series= Early Chinese Religion | publisher = Brill | location = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Idhyr1hqS0kC |isbn = 978-9004168350 |ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | last = Law | first = Pui-Lam | authorlink = | title = The Revival of Folk Religion and Gender Relationships in Rural China: A Preliminary Observation | journal = Asian Folklore Studies | volume = 64 | issue = | pages = 89–109 | date = 2005 | language = | url = http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/672 | jstor = | issn = | doi = | accessdate = | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Li | first = Ganlang | year = 2009 | title = 台灣古建築圖解事典 | edition = 四版五刷 | publisher = 遠流出版社 | location = Taipei | url = | isbn = 978-9573249573 | pages = 47–49 | ref = harv}} * {{cite book | last = Li | first = Lan | year = 2016 | title = Popular Religion in Modern China: The New Role of Nuo | series = | volume = | publisher = Routledge | location = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pwrPCwAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-1317077954 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Libbrecht | first = Ulrich | authorlink = | year = 2007 | title = Within the Four Seas...: Introduction to Comparative Philosophy | publisher = Peeters Publishers | location = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rmT3ZHGxJPgC |isbn = 978-9042918122 |ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last1 = Little | first1 = Stephen | last2 = Eichman | first2 = Shawn | year = 2000 | title = Taoism and the Arts of China | publisher = University of California Press | location = | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_5ame4Rl1RXMC |isbn = 978-0520227859 |ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Littlejohn | first = Ronnie | authorlink = | year = 2010 | title = Confucianism: An Introduction | publisher = I. B. Tauris | location = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_RZe8Hr57NEC |isbn = 978-1848851740 |ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last1 = Lü | first1 = Daji | last2 = Gong | first2 = Xuezeng | authorlink = | year = 2014 | title = Marxism and Religion | series = Religious Studies in Contemporary China | publisher = Brill | location = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6r0FAwAAQBAJ |isbn = 978-9047428022 |ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Medhurst | first = Walter H. | year = 1847 | title = A Dissertation on the Theology of the Chinese, with a View to the Elucidation of the Most Appropriate Term for Expressing the Deity, in the Chinese Language | publisher = Mission Press | location = | url = https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.13521 | isbn = | ref = harv }} Original preserved at The British Library. Digitalised in 2014. * {{cite book | last = Mou | first = Zhongjian | year = 2012 | title = Taoism | publisher = Brill | location = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OtkMuSA5pNsC | isbn = 978-9004174535 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Overmyer | first = Daniel L. |authorlink = | year = 1986 | title = Religions of China: The World as a Living System | publisher = Harper & Row | location = Novi Eboraci | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nYkbAAAAQBAJ | isbn = 9781478609896| ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Overmyer | first = Daniel L. | year = 2009 | title = Local Religion in North China in the Twentieth Century: The Structure and Organization of Community Rituals and Beliefs | publisher = Brill | location = Leiden; Boston | url = http://cnqzu.com/library/To%20Organize/Books/Brill%20Ebooks/Brill._Handbook_of_Oriental_Studies/Brill.%20Handbook%20of%20Oriental%20Studies/Local_Religion_in_North_China_in_the_Twentieth_Century__Handbook_of_Oriental_Studies_.pdf | isbn = 9789047429364 | ref = harv | access-date = 24 May 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150616021930/http://cnqzu.com/library/To%20Organize/Books/Brill%20Ebooks/Brill._Handbook_of_Oriental_Studies/Brill.%20Handbook%20of%20Oriental%20Studies/Local_Religion_in_North_China_in_the_Twentieth_Century__Handbook_of_Oriental_Studies_.pdf | archive-date = 16 June 2015 | url-status = dead }} * {{cite journal | last = Ownby | first = David | authorlink = | title = Sect and Secularism in Reading the Modern Chinese Religious Experience | journal = Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions | volume = 144 | issue = 144| pages = | year = 2008 | language = | url = http://assr.revues.org/17633 | jstor = | issn = | doi = 10.4000/assr.17633 | accessdate = | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | last = Palmer | first = David A. | authorlink = | title = Chinese Redemptive Societies and Salvationist Religion: Historical Phenomenon or Sociological Category? | journal = Journal of Chinese Ritual, Theatre and Folklore | volume = 172 | issue = | pages = 21–72 | year = 2011 | language = | url = http://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/139685/1/Content.pdf?accept=1 | jstor = | issn = | doi = | accessdate = | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Paper | first = Jordan | year = 1995 | title = The Spirits are Drunk: Comparative Approaches to Chinese Religion | publisher = State University of New York Press | location = Albaniae Novi Eboraci | url =https://archive.org/details/spiritsaredrunkc0000pape| isbn = 978-0791423158 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Pregadio | first = Fabrizio | year = 2013 | title = The Encyclopedia of Taoism | publisher = Routledge | location = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=R3Sp6TfzhpIC | isbn = 978-1135796341 | ref = harv }} Two volumes: 1) A-L; 2) L-Z. * {{cite book | last = Pas | first = Julian F. | year = 2014 | title = Historical Dictionary of Taoism | series = Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements | publisher = Scarecrow Press | location = Albany, NY | url = | isbn = | asin = B00IZ9E7EI | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | last = Payette | first = Alex | authorlink = | title = Local Confucian Revival in China: Ritual Teachings, 'Confucian' Learning and Cultural Resistance in Shandong | journal = China Report | volume = 52 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–18 | date = February 2016 | language = | url = http://chr.sagepub.com/content/52/1/1.abstract | jstor = | issn = | doi = 10.1177/0009445515613867 | accessdate = | ref = harv }} * {{cite encyclopedia | last = Sautman | first = Barry | authorlink = | year = 1997 | title = Myths of Descent, Racial Nationalism and Ethnic Minorities in the People's Republic of China |editor-first=Frank |editor-last=Dikötter |encyclopedia=The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives | location = Honolulu | publisher = University of Hawai'i Press | pages = 75–95 |ISBN=9622094430| ref = harv }} * {{citation | last1 = Shahar | first1= Meir | last2 = Weller | first2 = Robert Paul | year = 1996 | title = Unruly Gods: Divinity and Society in China | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gegRl__dR8EC | isbn = 978-0190258146 | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | last = Shi | first = Yilong 石奕龍 | authorlink = |script-title =zh:中国汉人自发的宗教实践 — 神仙教 | title = Zhongguo Hanren zifadi zongjiao shijian: Shenxianjiao | trans-title = The Spontaneous Religious Practices of Han Chinese Peoples — Shenxianism | journal = 中南民族大学学报 — 人文社会科学版 (Journal of South-Central University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences)) | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 146–150 | date = 2008 | language = | url = http://www.doc88.com/p-2949949083043.html | jstor = | issn = | doi = | accessdate = | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last1 = Shen | first1 = Qingsong | last2 = Shun | first2 = Kwong-loi | year = 2007 | title = Confucian Ethics in Retrospect and Prospect | publisher = Council for Research in Values & Philosophy | location = | url =https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_iKjsm-JUbD0C| isbn = 978-1565182455 | ref = harv }} * {{cite encyclopedia | last = Tay | first = Wei Leong | year = 2010 | title = Kang Youwei: The Martin Luther of Confucianism and His Vision of Confucian Modernity and Nation | url = http://utcp.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/publications/pdf/UTCPBooklet17_08_Tay.pdf |editor-first=Haneda |editor-last=Masashi |encyclopedia=Secularization, Religion and the State |publisher=University of Tokyo Center for Philosophy | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last1 = Sun | first1 = Xiaochun | last2 = Kistemaker | first2 = Jacob | year = 1997 | title = The Chinese Sky During the Han: Constellating Stars and Society | publisher = Brill | location = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=87lvBoFi8A0C |isbn = 978-9004107373 |ref = harv }} * {{citation | first = Stephen F. | last = Teiser |authorlink = | chapter = The Spirits of Chinese Religion | pages = | title = Religions of China in Practice | series = | volume = | editor = Donald S. Lopez Jr. | location = Princeton, NJ | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 1996 | isbn = | chapter-url = http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/main/spirits_of_chinese_religion.pdf | ref = harv }}, extracts at ''[http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/bgov/cosmos.htm The Chinese Cosmos: Basic Concepts]''. * {{cite journal | last = Teiser | first = Stephen F. | authorlink = | title = Popular Religion | journal = Journal of Asian Studies | volume = 54 | issue = 2 | pages = 378–395 | date = 1995 | language = | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-asian-studies_1995-05_54_2/page/378| jstor = 2058743| issn = | doi = 10.2307/2058743| accessdate = | ref= harv }} * {{cite journal | last = Wang | first = Mingming | authorlink = | title = A Drama of the Concepts of Religion: Reflecting on Some of the Issues of "Faith" in Contemporary China | journal = Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series | volume = | issue = 155 | page = 27 | date = 2011 | language = | url = http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/wps/wps11_155.pdf | jstor = | issn = | doi = | accessdate = | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Wang | first = Robin R. | year = 2004 | title = Chinese Philosophy in an Era of Globalization | publisher = State University of New York Press | location = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Cv8kM9sW3RUC | isbn = 978-0791460061 | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | last = Wu | first = Hsin-Chao | authorlink = | title = Local Traditions, Community Building, and Cultural Adaptation in Reform Era Rural China | journal = | volume = | issue = | pages = | publisher = Harvard University | location = | date = 2014 | language = | url = https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/13070033/Wu_gsas.harvard.inactive_0084L_11791.pdf?sequence=1 | jstor = | issn = | doi = | accessdate = | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Yang | first1 = Fenggang | last2 = Hu | first2 = Anning | authorlink = | title = Mapping Chinese Folk Religion in Mainland China and Taiwan | journal = Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion | volume = 51 | issue = 3 | pages = 505–521 | date = 2012 | language = | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-for-the-scientific-study-of-religion_2012-09_51_3/page/505| jstor = | issn = | doi = 10.1111/j.1468-5906.2012.01660.x | accessdate = | ref = harv }} * {{citation | last = Yang | first = Mayfair Mei-hui | authorlink = | chapter = Ritual Economy and Rural Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics | pages = | title = Cultural Politics in a Global Age: Uncertainty, Solidarity and Innovation | series = | volume = | editor-last1 = Held | editor-first1 = David | editor-last2 = Moore | editor-first2 = Henrietta | location = Oxford | publisher = Oneworld Publications | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-1851685509 | ref = harv }}. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235730/http://www.religion.ucsb.edu/Faculty/yangm_files/23CulturalPolitics.pdf Available online]. * {{cite book |last = Yang |first = C. K. | authorlink = | year = 1961 | title = Religion in Chinese Society; a Study of Contemporary Social Functions of Religion and Some of Their Historical Factors | publisher = University of California Press | location = Berkeley | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=N2d09EhGBgkC | isbn = 9780520013711| ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last1 = Yao | first1 = Xinzhong | authorlink1 = | year = 2010 | title = Chinese Religion: A Contextual Approach | publisher = A&C Black | location = London | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GuINLKnJp0AC | isbn = 9781847064752 | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | last = Zavidovskaya | first = Ekaterina A. | authorlink = | title = Deserving Divine Protection: Religious Life in Contemporary Rural Shanxi and Shaanxi Provinces | journal = St. Petersburg Annual of Asian and African Studies | volume = I | issue = | pages = 179–197 | date = 2012 | language = | url = https://www.academia.edu/2071015 | jstor = | issn = | doi = | accessdate = | ref= harv}} * {{citation | last = Zhao | first = Dunhua | authorlink = | chapter = The Chinese Path to Polytheism | pages = | title = Chinese Philosophy in an Era of Globalization | series = | volume = | editor-last = Wang | editor-first = Robin R. | location = | publisher = | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-0791485507 | chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7BMp7VT7G4oC | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | last = Zhou | first = Jixu | authorlink = | title = Old Chinese "*tees" and Proto-Indo-European "*deus": Similarity in Religious Ideas and a Common Source in Linguistics | journal = Sino-Platonic Papers | volume = | issue = 167 | pages = | date = 2005 | language = | url = http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp167_old_chinese_proto_indo_european.pdf | jstor = | issn = | doi = | accessdate = | ref= harv }} ===Commentarii=== *Duara, Prasenjit. [[2013]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140117123442/http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/2013/11/21/chinese-religions-in-comparative-historical-perspective/ "Chinese religions in comparative historical perspective."] In ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140106153206/http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/the-state-of-religion-in-china/ ''The state of religion in China.''] The Immanent Frame. *Madsen, Richard. [[2013]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131030065448/http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/2013/10/10/secular-belief-religious-belonging/ "Secular belief, religious belonging."] In ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140106153206/http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/the-state-of-religion-in-china/ ''The state of religion in China.''] The Immanent Frame. *Schneider, Nathan. [[2010]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140106153208/http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/2010/09/23/the-future-of-chinas-past/ "The future of China’s past: An interview with Mayfair Yang."] The Immanent Frame. *Yang, Fenggang. [[2013]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140106153252/http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/2013/10/31/stand-still-and-watch/ "Stand still and watch."] In [https://web.archive.org/web/20140106153206/http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/the-state-of-religion-in-china/ ''The state of religion in China.'']'' The Immanent Frame. ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Chinese folk religion}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160113165135/http://zumiao.jguo.cn/ ''China Ancestral Temples Network.''] *Dean, Kenneth. [[2010]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181019161639/http://www.boredinheaven.com/ ''Bored in Heaven.''] [[Pellicula documentaria]] de refectione religionis Sinensis et [[Taoismus|Taoismi]]. minuti. [[Categoria:Anthropologia religionis]] [[Categoria:Paganismus]] [[Categoria:Religio]] [[Categoria:Religio et civilitas]] [[Categoria:Religio et societas]]<!-- [[Categoria:Religio vulgaris Sinensis| ]] [[Categoria:Religiones Asiae Orientalis]] [[Categoria:Religio vulgaris]]--> {{Myrias|Philosophia}} ksuayjubmilj408dvtpgmt6rzyroh2c 0 285784 3980110 3503934 2026-08-10T00:22:57Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina non annexa}} {{Latinitas|-3}} '''''All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae''''' (ASAS-SN; “Exquisitio automatica [[supernova]]rum in toto caelo”) est institutum automaticum exquisitionis [[supernova]]rum et aliorum phaenomenorum [[astronomia|astronomicorum]] transitoriorum. Regitur ab [[astronomus|astronomibus]] ex [[Universitas Civica Ohiensis|Universitate Civica Ohiensis]]. Habet 20 [[telescopium|telescopios]] roboticos in ambobus [[hemisphaerium|hemisphaeriis]]. Exquirere totum caelum quotidie potest.<ref name=Dong>{{cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=S.|last2=Shappee|first2=B. J.|last3=Prieto|first3=J. L.|last4=Jha|first4=S. W.|last5=Stanek|first5=K. Z.|last6=Holoien|first6=T. W.- S.|last7=Kochanek|first7=C. S.|last8=Thompson|first8=T. A.|last9=Morrell|first9=N.|last10=Thompson|first10=I. B.|last11=Basu|first11=U.|last12=Beacom|first12=J. F.|last13=Bersier|first13=D.|last14=Brimacombe|first14=J.|last15=Brown|first15=J. S.|last16=Bufano|first16=F.|last17=Chen|first17=P.|last18=Conseil|first18=E.|last19=Danilet|first19=A. B.|last20=Falco|first20=E.|last21=Grupe|first21=D.|last22=Kiyota|first22=S.|last23=Masi|first23=G.|last24=Nicholls|first24=B.|last25=Olivares E.|first25=F.|last26=Pignata|first26=G.|last27=Pojmanski|first27=G.|last28=Simonian|first28=G. V.|last29=Szczygiel|first29=D. M.|last30=Wo niak|first30=P. R.|display-authors=10|title=ASASSN-15lh: A highly super-luminous supernova|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_science_2016-01-15_351_6270/page/257|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|date=January 15, 2016|volume=351|issue=6270|pages=257–260|doi=10.1126/science.aac9613|arxiv=1507.03010|bibcode = 2016Sci...351..257D|pmid=26816375}}</ref> Initialiter, ASAS-SN quattuor telescopios in Haleakala et quattuor in Cerro Tololo habebat. Anno 2017, duodecim telescopios addiderunt in [[Chilia]], [[Africa Australis|Africa Australe]] et [[Texia]], cum pecunia ex “Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation”, Universitate Civica Ohiensis, Fundatione Astronomica Montis Cuba, [[Res publica popularis Sinarum|Sinis]], Chilia, [[Dania]] et [[Germania]]. Omnes telescopii habent diametrum 14 cm et ProLine PL230 CCD cameras. Pixeles camerarum 7.8 secundas arcis operiunt. Igitur posterae observationes ab aliis telescopiis usualiter necesse sunt ut accuratiorem locum impetrent.<ref name=holo>{{cite web|last1=Holoien|first1=Tom|last2=Stanek|first2=Kris|title=ASAS-SN's (Assassin's) Homepage|url=http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~assassin/index.shtml|website=www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu|accessdate=19 January 2016|date=5 January 2016}}</ref> Meta principalis incepti luminosas supernovas exquirere est. Potentissimum supernovae eventum, [[ASASSN-15lh]], repperit. Tamen saepe detegit alia eventa transitoria, exempli gratia eventa diruptionis aesto (''tidal disruption events'', e.g. [[ASASSN-19bt]]), novas galacticas (e.g. [[ASASSN-16kt]], [[ASASSN-16ma]] et [[ASASSN-18fv]]), variabiles cataclysmicas et excandescentias stellares, ex quibus complures potentissimarum excandescentiarum. Mense iulio 2017, ASAS-SN primam [[cometa]]m, [[ASASSN1]] sed C/2017 O1 (ASASSN), reperrit. Mense iulio 2019, importantissima data [[asteroides|asteroidis]] [[2019 OK]] potita sunt. Obiecta cum magnitudine inter 18 et 8 detegere potest.<ref name=holo/> Obiecta detecta ab ASAS-SN recipiunt designationem “ASASSN-” + annum (ultimae duo notae) + litterae, e.g. [[ASASSN-19bt]].<ref name = ASASSN-19bt >[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/09/190926112638.htm Thomas W.-S. Holoien] and [https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.09293 22 others <!--Thomas W.-S. Holoien, Patrick J. Vallely, Katie Auchettl, K. Z. Stanek, Christopher S. Kochanek, K. Decker French, Jose L. Prieto, Benjamin J. Shappee, Jonathan S. Brown, Michael M. Fausnaugh, Subo Dong, Todd A. Thompson, Jack M. M. Neustadt, P. Cacella, J. Brimacombe, Rachael L. Beaton, Konstantina Boutsia, Laura Chomiuk, Thomas Connor, Nidia Morrell, Andrew B. Newman, Gwen C. Rudie, Laura Shishkovsky, Jay Strader --> Astrophysical Journal (September 26, 2019) Discovery and Early Evolution of ASASSN-19bt, the First TDE Detected by TESS] Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite </ref> == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} * [[Astrophysica]] * [[Supernova]] * [[Reliqua supernovae]] [[Categoria:Astronomia]] 1ljqmgdgbaxt17jywz9kuqrvzbknw61 0 285865 3979659 3979469 2026-08-09T12:26:07Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus movit paginam [[Neuropeptidis]] ad [[Neuropeptidum]]: Vide disputationem 3979469 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Oxytocin color.svg|thumb|[[Hormon]] [[oxytocinum]], cum novem [[aminoacidum|aminoacidorum]], exemplum neuropeptidium.]] '''Neuropeptidia''' (s. neuropeptide, {{pns|is|n}})<ref>Cfr. "We propose as the genus name Peptidiphaga (Pep.ti.di.pha’.ga. N.L. n. '''''peptidis''''', '''''-is''''', peptide; Gr. fem. n. ''phaga'', ''-ae'', eater; N.L. fem. n. Peptidiphaga, peptide eater)" apud {{cite journal | last1 = Beall | first1 = Clifford J. | last2 = Mokrzan | first2 = Elaine M. | last3 = Griffen | first3 = Ann L. | last4 = Leys1 | first4 = Eugene J. | date = [[Februarius|Februarii]] 2018 | title = Cultivation of Peptidiphaga gingivicola from subgingival plaque: the first representative of a novel genus of Actinomycetaceae | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5771945/ | journal = Molecular Oral Microbiology | volume = 33 | issue = 1 | pages = 105-110 | doi = 10.1111/omi.12205 }}</ref> sunt catenae ex aminoacidis compositae breves ([[peptidis|peptidia]]), ergo moleculae minutis proteinis similia, quae communicationi inter [[neuron]]es operam dare videntur. Ab [[neuron]]ibus liberantur. Eo modo [[neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoribus]] valde similia sunt; quamquam hic communiter notio neuro''modulationis'' praefertur. Hodie circiter sex milia neuropeptidium in organismis biologicis, divisa in plus quam sexaginta gregibus, descripta sunt, secundum situm interretialem ''Neuropep''<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Wang Y., Wang M., Yin S., Jang R., Wang J., Xue Z., Xu T. |title=NeuroPep: a comprehensive resource of neuropeptides |journal=Database (Oxford) |year=2015 |month=Apr |pages=2015:bav038 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25931458}}</ref>. Tam multa sunt ut [[Periodicum scientificum|periodicum]] totum eis dicatum sit<ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/neuropeptides Situs interretialis]</ref>. == Physiologia == Biosynthesis neuropeptidium in [[reticulum endoplasmaticum|reticulo endoplasmatico granuloso]] fit, e quo ''praecursores'' (praepropeptidia) per [[Vesicula|vesiculas]] in [[apparatus Golgianus|apparatum Golgianum]] transferuntur. Praepropeptidibus singulis interdum varia neuropeptidia respondent postquam per [[Enzymum|enzyma]] in plures partes divisa sunt. Secta secundum [[microtubulus|microtubulos]] neuropeptidia ad [[synapsis chemica|synapses chemicas]] portantur. [[Exocytosis]] ope neuropeptidia ex cellula nervali in [[fissura synaptica|fissuram synapticam]] liberantur. [[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|Receptoria]] [[Synapsis chemica|postsynaptica]] metabotropa movent et eorum effectus multo diuturniores sunt quam neurotransmissorum e parva molecula consistentium (ut [[Aminum|monoamina]]) eo magis quo multo minor quantitas eorum necessaria sit ad proxima neura excitanda et multo lentior fit eorum degradatio. [[Agonista (biochemia)|Agonistae]] et [[Antagonista|antagonistae]] neuropeptidium in [[pharmacologia]] ut [[Medicamentum pharmaceuticum|medicamina]] adhibentur in moribus corrigendis. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Umer Saleem Bhat, Navneet Shahi, Siju Surendran, Kavita Babu . "[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/molecular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2021.786471/full Neuropeptides and Behaviors: How Small Peptides Regulate Nervous System Function and Behavioral Outputs]", ''Frontiers in Mololecular Neuroscience'', 2021:786471 *Eric G. Ceballos, Asa Farahani, Zhen-Qi Liu, Filip Milisav, Justine Y. Hansen, Alain Dagher & Bratislav Misic, "[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-026-02236-w Organization of neuropeptide systems in the human brain]", ''Nature Neuroscience'', 2026: 1212–1224 *Mathilde C. C. Guillaumin rt Denis Burdakov, "[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnins.2021.644313/full Neuropeptides as Primary Mediators of Brain Circuit Connectivity]", ''Frontiers in Neuroscience'', 2021:644313 {{NexInt}} * [[Neurotransmissor]] * [[Synapsis chemica]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neuropeptides neuropeptides] spectant * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200219010131/http://isyslab.info/NeuroPep/ Situs interretialis ''Neuropep'' de neuropeptidibus]. {{Ling|Anglice}} [[Categoria:Neuropeptida|!]] fj3f7jznm5v144skjx0zzygpcj6hu10 3979665 3979659 2026-08-09T12:29:00Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3979665 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Oxytocin color.svg|thumb|[[Hormon]] [[oxytocinum]], cum novem [[aminoacidum|aminoacidorum]], exemplum neuropeptidium.]] '''Neuropeptidum'''<ref>De hoc nomine vide disputationem</ref> vel '''neuropeptide''', {{pns|is|n}})<ref>Cfr. "We propose as the genus name Peptidiphaga (Pep.ti.di.pha’.ga. N.L. n. '''''peptidis''''', '''''-is''''', peptide; Gr. fem. n. ''phaga'', ''-ae'', eater; N.L. fem. n. Peptidiphaga, peptide eater)" apud {{cite journal | last1 = Beall | first1 = Clifford J. | last2 = Mokrzan | first2 = Elaine M. | last3 = Griffen | first3 = Ann L. | last4 = Leys1 | first4 = Eugene J. | date = [[Februarius|Februarii]] 2018 | title = Cultivation of Peptidiphaga gingivicola from subgingival plaque: the first representative of a novel genus of Actinomycetaceae | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5771945/ | journal = Molecular Oral Microbiology | volume = 33 | issue = 1 | pages = 105-110 | doi = 10.1111/omi.12205 }}</ref> sunt catenae ex aminoacidis compositae breves ([[peptidis|peptidia]]), ergo moleculae minutis proteinis similia, quae communicationi inter [[neuron]]es operam dare videntur. Ab [[neuron]]ibus liberantur. Eo modo [[neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoribus]] valde similia sunt; quamquam hic communiter notio neuro''modulationis'' praefertur. Hodie circiter sex milia neuropeptidorum in organismis biologicis, divisa in plus quam sexaginta gregibus, descripta sunt, secundum situm interretialem ''Neuropep''<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Wang Y., Wang M., Yin S., Jang R., Wang J., Xue Z., Xu T. |title=NeuroPep: a comprehensive resource of neuropeptides |journal=Database (Oxford) |year=2015 |month=Apr |pages=2015:bav038 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25931458}}</ref>. Tam multa sunt ut [[Periodicum scientificum|periodicum]] totum eis dicatum sit<ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/neuropeptides Situs interretialis]</ref>. == Physiologia == Biosynthesis neuropeptidorum in [[reticulum endoplasmaticum|reticulo endoplasmatico granuloso]] fit, e quo ''praecursores'' (praepropeptidia) per [[Vesicula|vesiculas]] in [[apparatus Golgianus|apparatum Golgianum]] transferuntur. Praepropeptidibus singulis interdum varia neuropeptida respondent postquam per [[Enzymum|enzyma]] in plures partes divisa sunt. Secta secundum [[microtubulus|microtubulos]] neuropeptida ad [[synapsis chemica|synapses chemicas]] portantur. [[Exocytosis]] ope neuropeptida ex cellula nervali in [[fissura synaptica|fissuram synapticam]] liberantur. [[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|Receptoria]] [[Synapsis chemica|postsynaptica]] metabotropa movent et eorum effectus multo diuturniores sunt quam neurotransmissorum e parva molecula consistentium (ut [[Aminum|monoamina]]) eo magis quo multo minor quantitas eorum necessaria sit ad proxima neura excitanda et multo lentior fit eorum degradatio. [[Agonista (biochemia)|Agonistae]] et [[Antagonista|antagonistae]] neuropeptidum in [[pharmacologia]] ut [[Medicamentum pharmaceuticum|medicamina]] adhibentur in moribus corrigendis. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Umer Saleem Bhat, Navneet Shahi, Siju Surendran, Kavita Babu . "[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/molecular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2021.786471/full Neuropeptides and Behaviors: How Small Peptides Regulate Nervous System Function and Behavioral Outputs]", ''Frontiers in Mololecular Neuroscience'', 2021:786471 *Eric G. Ceballos, Asa Farahani, Zhen-Qi Liu, Filip Milisav, Justine Y. Hansen, Alain Dagher & Bratislav Misic, "[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-026-02236-w Organization of neuropeptide systems in the human brain]", ''Nature Neuroscience'', 2026: 1212–1224 *Mathilde C. C. Guillaumin rt Denis Burdakov, "[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnins.2021.644313/full Neuropeptides as Primary Mediators of Brain Circuit Connectivity]", ''Frontiers in Neuroscience'', 2021:644313 {{NexInt}} * [[Neurotransmissor]] * [[Synapsis chemica]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neuropeptides neuropeptida] spectant * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200219010131/http://isyslab.info/NeuroPep/ Situs interretialis ''Neuropep'' de neuropeptidibus]. {{Ling|Anglice}} [[Categoria:Neuropeptida|!]] 07hdxoecx96rglodbui5ycpfp5a1xa3 3979666 3979665 2026-08-09T12:29:28Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3979666 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Oxytocin color.svg|thumb|[[Hormon]] [[oxytocinum]], cum novem [[aminoacidum|aminoacidorum]], exemplum neuropeptidium.]] '''Neuropeptidum'''<ref>De hoc nomine vide disputationem</ref> vel '''neuropeptide''' ({{pns|is|n}})<ref>Cfr. "We propose as the genus name Peptidiphaga (Pep.ti.di.pha’.ga. N.L. n. '''''peptidis''''', '''''-is''''', peptide; Gr. fem. n. ''phaga'', ''-ae'', eater; N.L. fem. n. Peptidiphaga, peptide eater)" apud {{cite journal | last1 = Beall | first1 = Clifford J. | last2 = Mokrzan | first2 = Elaine M. | last3 = Griffen | first3 = Ann L. | last4 = Leys1 | first4 = Eugene J. | date = [[Februarius|Februarii]] 2018 | title = Cultivation of Peptidiphaga gingivicola from subgingival plaque: the first representative of a novel genus of Actinomycetaceae | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5771945/ | journal = Molecular Oral Microbiology | volume = 33 | issue = 1 | pages = 105-110 | doi = 10.1111/omi.12205 }}</ref> sunt catenae ex aminoacidis compositae breves ([[peptidis|peptidia]]), ergo moleculae minutis proteinis similia, quae communicationi inter [[neuron]]es operam dare videntur. Ab [[neuron]]ibus liberantur. Eo modo [[neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoribus]] valde similia sunt; quamquam hic communiter notio neuro''modulationis'' praefertur. Hodie circiter sex milia neuropeptidorum in organismis biologicis, divisa in plus quam sexaginta gregibus, descripta sunt, secundum situm interretialem ''Neuropep''<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Wang Y., Wang M., Yin S., Jang R., Wang J., Xue Z., Xu T. |title=NeuroPep: a comprehensive resource of neuropeptides |journal=Database (Oxford) |year=2015 |month=Apr |pages=2015:bav038 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25931458}}</ref>. Tam multa sunt ut [[Periodicum scientificum|periodicum]] totum eis dicatum sit<ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/neuropeptides Situs interretialis]</ref>. == Physiologia == Biosynthesis neuropeptidorum in [[reticulum endoplasmaticum|reticulo endoplasmatico granuloso]] fit, e quo ''praecursores'' (praepropeptidia) per [[Vesicula|vesiculas]] in [[apparatus Golgianus|apparatum Golgianum]] transferuntur. Praepropeptidibus singulis interdum varia neuropeptida respondent postquam per [[Enzymum|enzyma]] in plures partes divisa sunt. Secta secundum [[microtubulus|microtubulos]] neuropeptida ad [[synapsis chemica|synapses chemicas]] portantur. [[Exocytosis]] ope neuropeptida ex cellula nervali in [[fissura synaptica|fissuram synapticam]] liberantur. [[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|Receptoria]] [[Synapsis chemica|postsynaptica]] metabotropa movent et eorum effectus multo diuturniores sunt quam neurotransmissorum e parva molecula consistentium (ut [[Aminum|monoamina]]) eo magis quo multo minor quantitas eorum necessaria sit ad proxima neura excitanda et multo lentior fit eorum degradatio. [[Agonista (biochemia)|Agonistae]] et [[Antagonista|antagonistae]] neuropeptidum in [[pharmacologia]] ut [[Medicamentum pharmaceuticum|medicamina]] adhibentur in moribus corrigendis. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Umer Saleem Bhat, Navneet Shahi, Siju Surendran, Kavita Babu . "[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/molecular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2021.786471/full Neuropeptides and Behaviors: How Small Peptides Regulate Nervous System Function and Behavioral Outputs]", ''Frontiers in Mololecular Neuroscience'', 2021:786471 *Eric G. Ceballos, Asa Farahani, Zhen-Qi Liu, Filip Milisav, Justine Y. Hansen, Alain Dagher & Bratislav Misic, "[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-026-02236-w Organization of neuropeptide systems in the human brain]", ''Nature Neuroscience'', 2026: 1212–1224 *Mathilde C. C. Guillaumin rt Denis Burdakov, "[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnins.2021.644313/full Neuropeptides as Primary Mediators of Brain Circuit Connectivity]", ''Frontiers in Neuroscience'', 2021:644313 {{NexInt}} * [[Neurotransmissor]] * [[Synapsis chemica]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neuropeptides neuropeptida] spectant * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200219010131/http://isyslab.info/NeuroPep/ Situs interretialis ''Neuropep'' de neuropeptidibus]. {{Ling|Anglice}} [[Categoria:Neuropeptida|!]] kwtz08fsjo0w0kxvpvhsr4gxm3p2it1 3979669 3979666 2026-08-09T12:34:23Z Grufo 64423 +fons 3979669 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Oxytocin color.svg|thumb|[[Hormon]] [[oxytocinum]], cum novem [[aminoacidum|aminoacidorum]], exemplum neuropeptidium.]] {{res|Neuropeptidum}}{{LLHL26 ref|Peptid|269}}<ref>De hoc nomine vide disputationem</ref> vel {{res|neuropeptide}} ({{pns|is|n}})<ref>Cfr. "We propose as the genus name Peptidiphaga (Pep.ti.di.pha’.ga. N.L. n. '''''peptidis''''', '''''-is''''', peptide; Gr. fem. n. ''phaga'', ''-ae'', eater; N.L. fem. n. Peptidiphaga, peptide eater)" apud {{cite journal | last1 = Beall | first1 = Clifford J. | last2 = Mokrzan | first2 = Elaine M. | last3 = Griffen | first3 = Ann L. | last4 = Leys1 | first4 = Eugene J. | date = [[Februarius|Februarii]] 2018 | title = Cultivation of Peptidiphaga gingivicola from subgingival plaque: the first representative of a novel genus of Actinomycetaceae | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5771945/ | journal = Molecular Oral Microbiology | volume = 33 | issue = 1 | pages = 105-110 | doi = 10.1111/omi.12205 }}</ref> sunt catenae ex aminoacidis compositae breves ([[peptidis|peptidia]]), ergo moleculae minutis proteinis similia, quae communicationi inter [[neuron]]es operam dare videntur. Ab [[neuron]]ibus liberantur. Eo modo [[neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoribus]] valde similia sunt; quamquam hic communiter notio neuro''modulationis'' praefertur. Hodie circiter sex milia neuropeptidorum in organismis biologicis, divisa in plus quam sexaginta gregibus, descripta sunt, secundum situm interretialem ''Neuropep''<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Wang Y., Wang M., Yin S., Jang R., Wang J., Xue Z., Xu T. |title=NeuroPep: a comprehensive resource of neuropeptides |journal=Database (Oxford) |year=2015 |month=Apr |pages=2015:bav038 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25931458}}</ref>. Tam multa sunt ut [[Periodicum scientificum|periodicum]] totum eis dicatum sit<ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/neuropeptides Situs interretialis]</ref>. == Physiologia == Biosynthesis neuropeptidorum in [[reticulum endoplasmaticum|reticulo endoplasmatico granuloso]] fit, e quo ''praecursores'' (praepropeptidia) per [[Vesicula|vesiculas]] in [[apparatus Golgianus|apparatum Golgianum]] transferuntur. Praepropeptidibus singulis interdum varia neuropeptida respondent postquam per [[Enzymum|enzyma]] in plures partes divisa sunt. Secta secundum [[microtubulus|microtubulos]] neuropeptida ad [[synapsis chemica|synapses chemicas]] portantur. [[Exocytosis]] ope neuropeptida ex cellula nervali in [[fissura synaptica|fissuram synapticam]] liberantur. [[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|Receptoria]] [[Synapsis chemica|postsynaptica]] metabotropa movent et eorum effectus multo diuturniores sunt quam neurotransmissorum e parva molecula consistentium (ut [[Aminum|monoamina]]) eo magis quo multo minor quantitas eorum necessaria sit ad proxima neura excitanda et multo lentior fit eorum degradatio. [[Agonista (biochemia)|Agonistae]] et [[Antagonista|antagonistae]] neuropeptidum in [[pharmacologia]] ut [[Medicamentum pharmaceuticum|medicamina]] adhibentur in moribus corrigendis. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Umer Saleem Bhat, Navneet Shahi, Siju Surendran, Kavita Babu . "[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/molecular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2021.786471/full Neuropeptides and Behaviors: How Small Peptides Regulate Nervous System Function and Behavioral Outputs]", ''Frontiers in Mololecular Neuroscience'', 2021:786471 *Eric G. Ceballos, Asa Farahani, Zhen-Qi Liu, Filip Milisav, Justine Y. Hansen, Alain Dagher & Bratislav Misic, "[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-026-02236-w Organization of neuropeptide systems in the human brain]", ''Nature Neuroscience'', 2026: 1212–1224 *Mathilde C. C. Guillaumin rt Denis Burdakov, "[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnins.2021.644313/full Neuropeptides as Primary Mediators of Brain Circuit Connectivity]", ''Frontiers in Neuroscience'', 2021:644313 {{NexInt}} * [[Neurotransmissor]] * [[Synapsis chemica]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neuropeptides neuropeptida] spectant * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200219010131/http://isyslab.info/NeuroPep/ Situs interretialis ''Neuropep'' de neuropeptidibus]. {{Ling|Anglice}} [[Categoria:Neuropeptida|!]] qq3h0occfqftw9set00wufhnz1k6bor 3979675 3979669 2026-08-09T12:52:39Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3979675 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Oxytocin color.svg|thumb|[[Hormon]] [[oxytocinum]], cum novem [[aminoacidum|aminoacidorum]], exemplum neuropeptidium.]] {{res|Neuropeptidum}}{{LLHL26 ref|Peptid|269}}<ref>De hoc nomine vide disputationem</ref> vel {{res|neuropeptide}} ({{pns|is|n}})<ref>Cfr. "We propose as the genus name Peptidiphaga (Pep.ti.di.pha’.ga. N.L. n. '''''peptidis''''', '''''-is''''', peptide; Gr. fem. n. ''phaga'', ''-ae'', eater; N.L. fem. n. Peptidiphaga, peptide eater)" apud {{cite journal | last1 = Beall | first1 = Clifford J. | last2 = Mokrzan | first2 = Elaine M. | last3 = Griffen | first3 = Ann L. | last4 = Leys1 | first4 = Eugene J. | date = [[Februarius|Februarii]] 2018 | title = Cultivation of Peptidiphaga gingivicola from subgingival plaque: the first representative of a novel genus of Actinomycetaceae | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5771945/ | journal = Molecular Oral Microbiology | volume = 33 | issue = 1 | pages = 105-110 | doi = 10.1111/omi.12205 }}</ref> est catena ex aminoacidis composita brevis ([[peptidis|peptidia]]), ergo moleculae minutis proteinis similis, quae communicationi inter [[neuron]]es operam dare videtur. Ab [[neuron]]ibus liberatur. Eo modo [[neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoribus]] valde similia sunt; quamquam hic communiter notio neuro''modulationis'' praefertur. Hodie circiter sex milia neuropeptidorum in organismis biologicis, divisa in plus quam sexaginta gregibus, descripta sunt, secundum situm interretialem ''Neuropep''<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Wang Y., Wang M., Yin S., Jang R., Wang J., Xue Z., Xu T. |title=NeuroPep: a comprehensive resource of neuropeptides |journal=Database (Oxford) |year=2015 |month=Apr |pages=2015:bav038 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25931458}}</ref>. Tam multa sunt ut [[Periodicum scientificum|periodicum]] totum eis dicatum sit<ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/neuropeptides Situs interretialis]</ref>. == Physiologia == Biosynthesis neuropeptidorum in [[reticulum endoplasmaticum|reticulo endoplasmatico granuloso]] fit, e quo ''praecursores'' (praepropeptidia) per [[Vesicula|vesiculas]] in [[apparatus Golgianus|apparatum Golgianum]] transferuntur. Praepropeptidibus singulis interdum varia neuropeptida respondent postquam per [[Enzymum|enzyma]] in plures partes divisa sunt. Secta secundum [[microtubulus|microtubulos]] neuropeptida ad [[synapsis chemica|synapses chemicas]] portantur. [[Exocytosis]] ope neuropeptida ex cellula nervali in [[fissura synaptica|fissuram synapticam]] liberantur. [[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|Receptoria]] [[Synapsis chemica|postsynaptica]] metabotropa movent et eorum effectus multo diuturniores sunt quam neurotransmissorum e parva molecula consistentium (ut [[Aminum|monoamina]]) eo magis quo multo minor quantitas eorum necessaria sit ad proxima neura excitanda et multo lentior fit eorum degradatio. [[Agonista (biochemia)|Agonistae]] et [[Antagonista|antagonistae]] neuropeptidum in [[pharmacologia]] ut [[Medicamentum pharmaceuticum|medicamina]] adhibentur in moribus corrigendis. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Umer Saleem Bhat, Navneet Shahi, Siju Surendran, Kavita Babu . "[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/molecular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2021.786471/full Neuropeptides and Behaviors: How Small Peptides Regulate Nervous System Function and Behavioral Outputs]", ''Frontiers in Mololecular Neuroscience'', 2021:786471 *Eric G. Ceballos, Asa Farahani, Zhen-Qi Liu, Filip Milisav, Justine Y. Hansen, Alain Dagher & Bratislav Misic, "[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-026-02236-w Organization of neuropeptide systems in the human brain]", ''Nature Neuroscience'', 2026: 1212–1224 *Mathilde C. C. Guillaumin rt Denis Burdakov, "[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnins.2021.644313/full Neuropeptides as Primary Mediators of Brain Circuit Connectivity]", ''Frontiers in Neuroscience'', 2021:644313 {{NexInt}} * [[Neurotransmissor]] * [[Synapsis chemica]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neuropeptides neuropeptida] spectant * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200219010131/http://isyslab.info/NeuroPep/ Situs interretialis ''Neuropep'' de neuropeptidibus]. {{Ling|Anglice}} [[Categoria:Neuropeptida|!]] d51xlo6v0uvfi72iadsphi2icswaqhq 3979683 3979675 2026-08-09T13:08:21Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3979683 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Oxytocin color.svg|thumb|[[Hormon]] [[oxytocinum]], cum novem [[aminoacidum|aminoacidorum]], exemplum neuropeptidium.]] {{res|Neuropeptidum}}{{LLHL26 ref|Peptid|269}}<ref>De hoc nomine vide disputationem</ref> vel {{res|neuropeptide}} ({{pns|is|n}})<ref>Cfr. "We propose as the genus name Peptidiphaga (Pep.ti.di.pha’.ga. N.L. n. '''''peptidis''''', '''''-is''''', peptide; Gr. fem. n. ''phaga'', ''-ae'', eater; N.L. fem. n. Peptidiphaga, peptide eater)" apud {{cite journal | last1 = Beall | first1 = Clifford J. | last2 = Mokrzan | first2 = Elaine M. | last3 = Griffen | first3 = Ann L. | last4 = Leys1 | first4 = Eugene J. | date = [[Februarius|Februarii]] 2018 | title = Cultivation of Peptidiphaga gingivicola from subgingival plaque: the first representative of a novel genus of Actinomycetaceae | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5771945/ | journal = Molecular Oral Microbiology | volume = 33 | issue = 1 | pages = 105-110 | doi = 10.1111/omi.12205 }}</ref> est catena ex aminoacidis composita brevis ([[peptidis]]), ergo moleculae minutis proteinis similis, quae communicationi inter [[neuron]]es operam dare videtur. Ab [[neuron]]ibus liberatur. Eo modo [[neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoribus]] valde similia sunt; quamquam hic communiter notio neuro''modulationis'' praefertur. Hodie circiter sex milia neuropeptidorum in organismis biologicis, divisa in plus quam sexaginta gregibus, descripta sunt, secundum situm interretialem ''Neuropep''<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Wang Y., Wang M., Yin S., Jang R., Wang J., Xue Z., Xu T. |title=NeuroPep: a comprehensive resource of neuropeptides |journal=Database (Oxford) |year=2015 |month=Apr |pages=2015:bav038 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25931458}}</ref>. Tam multa sunt ut [[Periodicum scientificum|periodicum]] totum eis dicatum sit<ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/neuropeptides Situs interretialis]</ref>. == Physiologia == Biosynthesis neuropeptidorum in [[reticulum endoplasmaticum|reticulo endoplasmatico granuloso]] fit, e quo ''praecursores'' (praepropeptidia) per [[Vesicula|vesiculas]] in [[apparatus Golgianus|apparatum Golgianum]] transferuntur. Praepropeptidibus singulis interdum varia neuropeptida respondent postquam per [[Enzymum|enzyma]] in plures partes divisa sunt. Secta secundum [[microtubulus|microtubulos]] neuropeptida ad [[synapsis chemica|synapses chemicas]] portantur. [[Exocytosis]] ope neuropeptida ex cellula nervali in [[fissura synaptica|fissuram synapticam]] liberantur. [[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|Receptoria]] [[Synapsis chemica|postsynaptica]] metabotropa movent et eorum effectus multo diuturniores sunt quam neurotransmissorum e parva molecula consistentium (ut [[Aminum|monoamina]]) eo magis quo multo minor quantitas eorum necessaria sit ad proxima neura excitanda et multo lentior fit eorum degradatio. [[Agonista (biochemia)|Agonistae]] et [[Antagonista|antagonistae]] neuropeptidum in [[pharmacologia]] ut [[Medicamentum pharmaceuticum|medicamina]] adhibentur in moribus corrigendis. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Umer Saleem Bhat, Navneet Shahi, Siju Surendran, Kavita Babu . "[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/molecular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2021.786471/full Neuropeptides and Behaviors: How Small Peptides Regulate Nervous System Function and Behavioral Outputs]", ''Frontiers in Mololecular Neuroscience'', 2021:786471 *Eric G. Ceballos, Asa Farahani, Zhen-Qi Liu, Filip Milisav, Justine Y. Hansen, Alain Dagher & Bratislav Misic, "[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-026-02236-w Organization of neuropeptide systems in the human brain]", ''Nature Neuroscience'', 2026: 1212–1224 *Mathilde C. C. Guillaumin rt Denis Burdakov, "[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnins.2021.644313/full Neuropeptides as Primary Mediators of Brain Circuit Connectivity]", ''Frontiers in Neuroscience'', 2021:644313 {{NexInt}} * [[Neurotransmissor]] * [[Synapsis chemica]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neuropeptides neuropeptida] spectant * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200219010131/http://isyslab.info/NeuroPep/ Situs interretialis ''Neuropep'' de neuropeptidibus]. {{Ling|Anglice}} [[Categoria:Neuropeptida|!]] kadhi79uvxarw33ef2180zsdro8h7mx 3979684 3979683 2026-08-09T13:09:56Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3979684 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Oxytocin color.svg|thumb|[[Hormon]] [[oxytocinum]], cum novem [[aminoacidum|aminoacidorum]], exemplum neuropeptidium.]] {{res|Neuropeptidum}}{{LLHL26 ref|Peptid|269}}<ref>De hoc nomine vide disputationem</ref> vel {{res|neuropeptide}} ({{pns|is|n}})<ref>Cfr. "We propose as the genus name Peptidiphaga (Pep.ti.di.pha’.ga. N.L. n. '''''peptidis''''', '''''-is''''', peptide; Gr. fem. n. ''phaga'', ''-ae'', eater; N.L. fem. n. Peptidiphaga, peptide eater)" apud {{cite journal | last1 = Beall | first1 = Clifford J. | last2 = Mokrzan | first2 = Elaine M. | last3 = Griffen | first3 = Ann L. | last4 = Leys1 | first4 = Eugene J. | date = [[Februarius|Februarii]] 2018 | title = Cultivation of Peptidiphaga gingivicola from subgingival plaque: the first representative of a novel genus of Actinomycetaceae | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5771945/ | journal = Molecular Oral Microbiology | volume = 33 | issue = 1 | pages = 105-110 | doi = 10.1111/omi.12205 }}</ref> est catena ex aminoacidis composita brevis ([[peptidis|peptidum]]), ergo moleculae minutis proteinis similis, quae communicationi inter [[neuron]]es operam dare videtur. Ab [[neuron]]ibus liberatur. Eo modo [[neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoribus]] valde similia sunt; quamquam hic communiter notio neuro''modulationis'' praefertur. Hodie circiter sex milia neuropeptidorum in organismis biologicis, divisa in plus quam sexaginta gregibus, descripta sunt, secundum situm interretialem ''Neuropep''<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Wang Y., Wang M., Yin S., Jang R., Wang J., Xue Z., Xu T. |title=NeuroPep: a comprehensive resource of neuropeptides |journal=Database (Oxford) |year=2015 |month=Apr |pages=2015:bav038 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25931458}}</ref>. Tam multa sunt ut [[Periodicum scientificum|periodicum]] totum eis dicatum sit<ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/neuropeptides Situs interretialis]</ref>. == Physiologia == Biosynthesis neuropeptidorum in [[reticulum endoplasmaticum|reticulo endoplasmatico granuloso]] fit, e quo ''praecursores'' (praepropeptidia) per [[Vesicula|vesiculas]] in [[apparatus Golgianus|apparatum Golgianum]] transferuntur. Praepropeptidibus singulis interdum varia neuropeptida respondent postquam per [[Enzymum|enzyma]] in plures partes divisa sunt. Secta secundum [[microtubulus|microtubulos]] neuropeptida ad [[synapsis chemica|synapses chemicas]] portantur. [[Exocytosis]] ope neuropeptida ex cellula nervali in [[fissura synaptica|fissuram synapticam]] liberantur. [[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|Receptoria]] [[Synapsis chemica|postsynaptica]] metabotropa movent et eorum effectus multo diuturniores sunt quam neurotransmissorum e parva molecula consistentium (ut [[Aminum|monoamina]]) eo magis quo multo minor quantitas eorum necessaria sit ad proxima neura excitanda et multo lentior fit eorum degradatio. [[Agonista (biochemia)|Agonistae]] et [[Antagonista|antagonistae]] neuropeptidum in [[pharmacologia]] ut [[Medicamentum pharmaceuticum|medicamina]] adhibentur in moribus corrigendis. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Umer Saleem Bhat, Navneet Shahi, Siju Surendran, Kavita Babu . "[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/molecular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2021.786471/full Neuropeptides and Behaviors: How Small Peptides Regulate Nervous System Function and Behavioral Outputs]", ''Frontiers in Mololecular Neuroscience'', 2021:786471 *Eric G. Ceballos, Asa Farahani, Zhen-Qi Liu, Filip Milisav, Justine Y. Hansen, Alain Dagher & Bratislav Misic, "[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-026-02236-w Organization of neuropeptide systems in the human brain]", ''Nature Neuroscience'', 2026: 1212–1224 *Mathilde C. C. Guillaumin rt Denis Burdakov, "[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnins.2021.644313/full Neuropeptides as Primary Mediators of Brain Circuit Connectivity]", ''Frontiers in Neuroscience'', 2021:644313 {{NexInt}} * [[Neurotransmissor]] * [[Synapsis chemica]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neuropeptides neuropeptida] spectant * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200219010131/http://isyslab.info/NeuroPep/ Situs interretialis ''Neuropep'' de neuropeptidibus]. {{Ling|Anglice}} [[Categoria:Neuropeptida|!]] d0gzr95kk23bk41clssu3sj4zz3eggz 3979691 3979684 2026-08-09T13:37:21Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3979691 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Oxytocin color.svg|thumb|[[Hormon]] [[oxytocinum]], cum novem [[aminoacidum|aminoacidis]], exemplum neuropeptidi.]] {{res|Neuropeptidum}}{{LLHL26 ref|Peptid|269}}<ref>De hoc nomine vide disputationem</ref> vel {{res|neuropeptide}} ({{pns|is|n}})<ref>Cfr. "We propose as the genus name Peptidiphaga (Pep.ti.di.pha’.ga. N.L. n. '''''peptidis''''', '''''-is''''', peptide; Gr. fem. n. ''phaga'', ''-ae'', eater; N.L. fem. n. Peptidiphaga, peptide eater)" apud {{cite journal | last1 = Beall | first1 = Clifford J. | last2 = Mokrzan | first2 = Elaine M. | last3 = Griffen | first3 = Ann L. | last4 = Leys1 | first4 = Eugene J. | date = [[Februarius|Februarii]] 2018 | title = Cultivation of Peptidiphaga gingivicola from subgingival plaque: the first representative of a novel genus of Actinomycetaceae | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5771945/ | journal = Molecular Oral Microbiology | volume = 33 | issue = 1 | pages = 105-110 | doi = 10.1111/omi.12205 }}</ref> est catena ex aminoacidis composita brevis ([[peptidis|peptidum]]), ergo moleculae minutis proteinis similis, quae communicationi inter [[neuron]]es operam dare videtur. Ab [[neuron]]ibus liberatur. Eo modo [[neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoribus]] valde similia sunt; quamquam hic communiter notio neuro''modulationis'' praefertur. Hodie circiter sex milia neuropeptidorum in organismis biologicis, divisa in plus quam sexaginta gregibus, descripta sunt, secundum situm interretialem ''Neuropep''<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Wang Y., Wang M., Yin S., Jang R., Wang J., Xue Z., Xu T. |title=NeuroPep: a comprehensive resource of neuropeptides |journal=Database (Oxford) |year=2015 |month=Apr |pages=2015:bav038 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25931458}}</ref>. Tam multa sunt ut [[Periodicum scientificum|periodicum]] totum eis dicatum sit<ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/neuropeptides Situs interretialis]</ref>. == Physiologia == Biosynthesis neuropeptidorum in [[reticulum endoplasmaticum|reticulo endoplasmatico granuloso]] fit, e quo ''praecursores'' (praepropeptidia) per [[Vesicula|vesiculas]] in [[apparatus Golgianus|apparatum Golgianum]] transferuntur. Praepropeptidibus singulis interdum varia neuropeptida respondent postquam per [[Enzymum|enzyma]] in plures partes divisa sunt. Secta secundum [[microtubulus|microtubulos]] neuropeptida ad [[synapsis chemica|synapses chemicas]] portantur. [[Exocytosis]] ope neuropeptida ex cellula nervali in [[fissura synaptica|fissuram synapticam]] liberantur. [[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|Receptoria]] [[Synapsis chemica|postsynaptica]] metabotropa movent et eorum effectus multo diuturniores sunt quam neurotransmissorum e parva molecula consistentium (ut [[Aminum|monoamina]]) eo magis quo multo minor quantitas eorum necessaria sit ad proxima neura excitanda et multo lentior fit eorum degradatio. [[Agonista (biochemia)|Agonistae]] et [[Antagonista|antagonistae]] neuropeptidum in [[pharmacologia]] ut [[Medicamentum pharmaceuticum|medicamina]] adhibentur in moribus corrigendis. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Umer Saleem Bhat, Navneet Shahi, Siju Surendran, Kavita Babu . "[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/molecular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2021.786471/full Neuropeptides and Behaviors: How Small Peptides Regulate Nervous System Function and Behavioral Outputs]", ''Frontiers in Mololecular Neuroscience'', 2021:786471 *Eric G. Ceballos, Asa Farahani, Zhen-Qi Liu, Filip Milisav, Justine Y. Hansen, Alain Dagher & Bratislav Misic, "[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-026-02236-w Organization of neuropeptide systems in the human brain]", ''Nature Neuroscience'', 2026: 1212–1224 *Mathilde C. C. Guillaumin rt Denis Burdakov, "[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnins.2021.644313/full Neuropeptides as Primary Mediators of Brain Circuit Connectivity]", ''Frontiers in Neuroscience'', 2021:644313 {{NexInt}} * [[Neurotransmissor]] * [[Synapsis chemica]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neuropeptides neuropeptida] spectant * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200219010131/http://isyslab.info/NeuroPep/ Situs interretialis ''Neuropep'' de neuropeptidibus]. {{Ling|Anglice}} [[Categoria:Neuropeptida|!]] 4gtfncf8zvdqab7x37ohgfa2y0yxkl8 0 286207 3979886 3978730 2026-08-09T20:52:04Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979886 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Charles Sanders Peirce.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Carolus Sanders Peirce]].]] '''Argumentatio,'''<ref>Etiam ''coniectura.'' D. P. Simpson, ''Cassell's Latin Dictionary,'' ed. quinta (Novi Eboraci: Wiley Publishing, 1968), 738, s.v. '''inference''': "(1) as a logical process, ''argumentatio, coniectura.'' (2) = conclusion drawn, ''conclusio, coniectura.''"</ref> vel '''conclusio,'''<ref>Etiam ''coniectura, deductio.'' John C. Traupman, ''Latin and English Dictionary,'' ed. tertia (Novi Eboraci: Bantam Books, 2007), 572, s.v. '''inference''': "coniectura . . . deductio . . . ; ''(logic)'' conclusio."</ref> vel [[Latine|Latinitate]] recentiore '''inferentia,'''<ref>[[Vocabulum]] [[Latina|Latinum]] [[medium aevum|mediaevale]], ''Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary'' (Springfield Massachusettae: Merriam-Webster, 1985), 619, s.v. ''inferential.''</ref> in [[logica]] est series graduum [[ratio]]nalium, qui a [[principia|principiis]]<!--premises [in general] (Cassell's et Traupman; minor p. = adsumptio; maior p. = propositio)--> ad [[consecutii logica|consecutiones logicas]] moventur. Quae ratio secundum [[traditio]]nem in [[ratiocinatio deductiva|deductionem]] et [[ratiocinatio inductiva|inductionem]] digeritur, quae distinctio in [[Europa]] ex temporibus [[Aristoteles|Aristotelis]] ([[saeculum 3 a.C.n.|saeculo tertio a.C.n.]]) aut antea nobis venit. Argumentatio est deductio quae [[consecutio logica|consecutiones logicas]] ex principiis notis aut assumptis [[veritas|veris]] [[indicium formale|derivat]]<!--?formal proof-->, [[regula inferentia|legibus inferentiae validae]] in [[logica]] investigatis; inductio autem est ratiocinatio ex certis principiis ad consecutionem universam motis. Tertium argumentationis genus aliquando distinguitur, insigniter a [[Carolus Sanders Peirce|Carolo Sanders Peirce]], quod [[ratiocinatio abductiva|abductionem]] ab inductione distinguit, ubi abductio est conclusio ad optimam explanationem mota.<!--The English is unclear.--> Variae [[scientia (ratio)|scientiae]] provinciae usum investigant quomodo argumentatio moveatur. Argumentatio humana (quomodo homines conclusiones concludant) intra provinciam [[psychologia cognitiva|psychologicae cognitivae]] per rationes ab antiquis traditas investigatur; investigatores autem [[intellegentia artificialis|intellegentiae artificiosae]] automataria argumentationis systemata ad conclusiones humanas imitandas excolunt. [[Argumentatio statistica]] rationes [[mathematica]]s adhibet ad conclusiones concludendas, incertitudine praesente. Quae ratiocinationem [[determinismus|deterministicam]] generalem facit, incertitudine absente casu praecipuo. Argumentatio [[statistica]] [[data|datis]] [[quantitas|quantitativis]] aut [[qualitas|qualitativis]] (categoricis) utitur, quae variationibus fortuitis subiecta sint. {{NexInt}} {{div col|3}} * [[Analogia]] *''[[A priori]]'' *''[[A posteriori]]'' *[[Argumentum]] *[[Axioma]] *[[Cogitatio]] *[[Dialectica]] *[[Epilogismus]] *[[Logica mathematica]] *[[Paradoxum]] *[[Carolus Sanders Peirce]] *[[Perceptio]] *[[Syllogismus]] *[[Symbolologia]] *[[Systema axiomaticum]] *[[Theorema]]<!-- * [[Abductive reasoning]] * [[Deductive reasoning]] * [[Inductive reasoning]] * [[Entailment]] * [[Immediate inference]] * [[Inferential programming]] * [[Logic of information]] * [[Logical assertion]] * [[Logical graph]] * [[Rule of inference]] * [[List of rules of inference]] * [[Transduction (machine learning)]]--> {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== ===Generalia=== * {{cite book |first=Ian |last=Hacking |title=An Introduction to Probability and Inductive Logic |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontopr0000hack |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |ref=Hacking, 2011 |isbn=978-0-521-77501-4 }}. * {{cite book |first=Edwin Thompson |last=Jaynes |url=http://titles.cambridge.org/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521592712 |title=Probability Theory: The Logic of Science |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-59271-0 |ref=Jaynes, 2003 |access-date=2004-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041011085524/http://titles.cambridge.org/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521592712 |archive-date=2004-10-11 |url-status=dead }}. * {{cite book |first=David J.C. |last=McKay |title=Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-64298-9 |url=http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/mackay/itila/book.html |ref=McKay, 2003 }}. * {{cite book |last=Tijms |first=Henk |title=Understanding Probability |url=https://archive.org/details/understandingpro0000tijm |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |ref=Tijms, 2004 |isbn=978-0-521-70172-3 }}. ===Conclusio inductiva=== * {{cite book| title=Studies in Inductive Logic and Probability| year=1971| volume=1| publisher=The University of California Press| editor1-first=Rudolf |editor1-last=Carnap |editor2-first=Richard C. |editor2-last=Jeffrey}}. * {{cite book| title=Studies in Inductive Logic and Probability| year=1980| volume=2| publisher=The University of California Press| editor-first=Richard C. |editor-last=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qfe0SEazn3oC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| isbn=9780520038264}}. *Angluin, Dana. [[1976]]. "An Application of the Theory of Computational Complexity to the Study of Inductive Inference." Thesis, University of California at Berkeley. * {{cite journal| first=Dana |last=Angluin| title=Inductive Inference of Formal Languages from Positive Data| journal=Information and Control| year=1980| volume=45|issue=2| pages=117–135| url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~yinw/papers/Angluin80.pdf| doi=10.1016/s0019-9958(80)90285-5}}. * {{cite journal| first=Dana |last=Angluin|first2= Carl H. |last2=Smith| title=Inductive Inference: Theory and Methods| journal=Computing Surveys|date=Sep 1983| volume=15| number=3| pages=237–269| url=http://users.dsic.upv.es/asignaturas/facultad/apr/AngluinSmith83.pdf| doi=10.1145/356914.356918}}. * {{cite book| title=Inductive Logic| year=2009| volume=10| publisher=Elsevier| editor1-first=Dov M. |editor1-last=Gabbay |editor2-first=Stephan |editor2-last=Hartmann |editor3-first=John |editor3-last=Woods| series=Handbook of the History of Logic}}. * {{cite book| first=Nelson |last=Goodman| title=Fact, Fiction, and Forecast| year=1983| publisher=Harvard University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i97_LdPXwrAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9780674290716}}. ===Conclusio abductiva=== * {{cite book| title=Automated abduction: Inference to the best explanation| year=1997| publisher=AAAI Press| editor1-first=P. |editor1-last=O'Rourke |editor2-first=J. |editor2-last=Josephson}}. * {{cite book| first=Stathis |last=Psillos| title=An Explorer upon Untrodden Ground: Peirce on Abduction| year=2009| volume=10| pages=117–152| publisher=Elsevier| editor1-first=Dov M. |editor1-last=Gabbay |editor2-first=Stephan |editor2-last=Hartmann |editor3-first=John |editor3-last=Woods| series=Handbook of the History of Logic| url=http://users.uoa.gr/~psillos/PapersI/11-Peirce-Abduction.pdf}}. *Oliver, Ray. [[2005]]. "Hybrid Abductive Inductive Learning." Ph.D. thesis, University of London, Imperial College. citeseerx = 10.1.1.66.1877. [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.66.1877&rep=rep1&type=pdf PDF.] ===Psychologicae ratiocinationis humanae investigationes=== ====Deductiva==== *{{cite journal| first1=Ruth M. J.| last1=Byrne| first2=P. N.| last2=Johnson-Laird| title="If" and the Problems of Conditional Reasoning| journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences| year=2009| volume=13| number=7| pages=282–287| url=https://psych.princeton.edu/psychology/research/johnson_laird/pdfs/2009ifandtheproblemof.pdf| doi=10.1016/j.tics.2009.04.003| access-date=2013-08-09| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407061602/https://psych.princeton.edu/psychology/research/johnson_laird/pdfs/2009ifandtheproblemof.pdf| archive-date=2014-04-07| url-status=dead}}. *{{cite book| first1 = Philip Nicholas |last1 = Johnson-Laird| first2 = Ruth M. J. | last2 = Byrne| title=Deduction| year=1992| publisher=Erlbaum}} *{{cite book| first = Philip N. | last = Johnson-Laird| title=Mental Models, Deductive Reasoning, and the Brain| year=1995| pages=999–1008| publisher=MIT Press| editor-first = M. S. | editor-last = Gazzaniga| url=http://nbu.bg/cogs/events/2002/materials/Markus/mental_models.pdf}} *{{cite book| first1 = Sangeet | last1 = Khemlani | first2 = P. N. | last2 = Johnson-Laird| | chapter=Illusory Inferences about Embedded Disjunctions| title=Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Washington/DC| year=2008| pages=2128–2133| chapter-url=http://mentalmodels.princeton.edu/papers/2008disjillusions.pdf}}. *{{cite journal | first1 = Markus | last1 = Knauff | first2 = Thomas | last2 = Fangmeier | first3 = Christian C. | last3 = Ruff | first4 = P. N. | last4 = Johnson-Laird | title = Reasoning, Models, and Images: Behavioral Measures and Cortical Activity | journal = Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience | year = 2003 | volume = 15 | number = 4 | pages = 559–573 | url = http://www.uni-giessen.de/cms/fbz/fb06/psychologie/abt/kognition/dateien/kfrjl_JOCN.pdf | doi = 10.1162/089892903321662949 | pmid = 12803967 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.318.6615 | access-date = 2013-08-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518094338/http://www.uni-giessen.de/cms/fbz/fb06/psychologie/abt/kognition/dateien/kfrjl_JOCN.pdf | archive-date = 2015-05-18 | url-status = dead }}. ====Statistica==== *{{cite journal | first1 = Rachel | last1 = McCloy | first2 = Ruth M. J. | last2 = Byrne | first3 = Philip N. | last3 = Johnson-Laird | title = Understanding Cumulative Risk | journal = The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology | year = 2009 | pages = 499–515 | url = http://psych.princeton.edu/psychology/research/johnson_laird/pdfs/2009%20Understanding%20cumulative%20risk.pdf | doi = 10.1080/17470210903024784 | volume = 63 | issue = 3 | access-date = 2013-08-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518073242/http://psych.princeton.edu/psychology/research/johnson_laird/pdfs/2009%20Understanding%20cumulative%20risk.pdf | archive-date = 2015-05-18 | url-status = dead }}. *{{cite journal| first = Philip N. | last = Johnson-Laird | title=Mental Models and Probabilistic Thinking| journal=Cognition| year=1994| volume=50| issue = 1–3 | pages=189–209| url=http://mentalmodels.princeton.edu/papers/1994probabilistic.pdf| doi=10.1016/0010-0277(94)90028-0}}. ====Analogica==== *{{cite journal| first = B. D. | last = Burns| title=Meta-Analogical Transfer: Transfer Between Episodes of Analogical Reasoning| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-experimental-psychology-lmc_1996-07_22_4/page/1032 | journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition| year=1996| volume=22| number=4| pages=1032–1048| doi=10.1037/0278-7393.22.4.1032}}. ====Spatialis==== *{{cite journal| first1 = Georg | last1 = Jahn | first2 = Markus | last2 = Knauff | first3 = P. N. | last3 = Johnson-Laird| title=Preferred mental models in reasoning about spatial relations| journal=Memory & Cognition| year=2007| volume=35| number=8| pages=2075–2087| url=http://mentalmodels.princeton.edu/papers/2007preferredmodels.pdf| doi=10.3758/bf03192939}}. *{{cite journal| first1 = Markus | last1 = Knauff | first2 = P. N. | last2 = Johnson-Laird | title=Visual imagery can impede reasoning| journal=Memory & Cognition| year=2002| volume=30| number=3| pages=363–371| url=http://mentalmodels.princeton.edu/papers/2002imagery.pdf| doi=10.3758/bf03194937}}. *{{cite journal| first1 = James A. | last1 = Waltz | first2 = Barbara J. | last2 = Knowlton | first3 = Keith J. | last3 = Holyoak | first4 = Kyle B. | last4 = Boone | first5 = Fred S. | last5 = Mishkin | first6 = Marcia | last6 = de Menezes Santos | first7 = Carmen R. | last7 = Thomas | first8 = Bruce L. | last8 = Miller| title=A System for Relational Reasoning in Human Prefrontal Cortex| journal=Psychological Science|date=Mar 1999| volume=10| number=2| pages=119–125| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228906574| doi=10.1111/1467-9280.00118}}. ====Moralis==== *Bucciarelli, Monica, Sangeet Khemlani, et P. N. Johnson-Laird. [[2008]]. ""The Psychology of Moral Reasoning. ''Judgment and Decision Making'' 3, no. 2 (Februarius): 121–39. [http://journal.sjdm.org/jdm8105.pdf PDF.] ==Nexus externi== {{Wiktionary|inference|deductionem}}<!-- {{Portal|Philosophia}} *{{PhilPapers|category|inference}} *{{InPho|taxonomy|2397}}--> *[http://philosophyterms.com/inference/ Exemplum et definitio.] [[Categoria:Cognitio]] [[Categoria:Intellegentia]] [[Categoria:Logica]] [[Categoria:Notiones in logica]] [[Categoria:Res statisticae]]<!-- [[Categoria:Consequentia logica]] = logical consequence [[Categoria:Ratiocinatio]] [[Category:Sources of knowledge]]--> {{Myrias|Philosophia}} 6lsecaz1dgr6istvj6e6l6gikjd4u6a 0 286275 3979890 3847475 2026-08-09T20:56:01Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979890 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:102111_Pinker_344.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Stephanus Arthurus Pinker.]] [[Fasciculus:Steven Pinker Göttingen 10102010a.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Pinker colloquium [[Gottinga]]e habitum adloquitur, anno [[2010]].]] [[Fasciculus:Steven Pinker and Nils Brose G%C3%B6ttingen 10102010.JPG| thumb|upright=0.8|Pinker et Nils Brose in colloquio de neuroscientia anno [[2010]].]] [[Fasciculus:Steven Pinker 2011.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Pinker anno [[2011]].]] [[Fasciculus:Steven Pinker CSICon 2018 Enlightenment Now- The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress.jpg| thumb|upright=1|Pinker de [[liber|libro]] ''Enlightenment Now'' apud CSICon anno [[2018]] disserit.]] '''Stephanus Arthurus Pinker''' (natus ''Steven Arthur Pinker'' [[Mons Regalis|Monte Regali]] in [[Quebecum|Quebeco]] [[18 Septembris]] [[1954]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Steven-Pinker|title=Steven Pinker Biography|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/1999/nov/06/1|title=Steven Pinker: the mind reader|website=The Guardian|date=November 6, 1991|accessdate=September 11, 2019}}</ref>) est [[linguista]], [[psychologia cognitiva|psychologus cognitivus]], et [[auctor]] [[scientia popularis|scientiae popularis]] [[Canada|Canadiano]]-[[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]]. [[Professor]] familiae Johnstone in facultate [[psychologia]]e [[Universitas Harvardiana|Universitatis Harvardianae]], suasione [[psychologia evolutionaria|psychologiae evolutationariae]] [[theoria mentis|theoriaeque mentis]] [[computatrum|computationalis]] innotuit. Pinker diploma a [[Collegium Dawsonianum|Collegio Dawsoniano]] anno [[1973]], gradumque [[A.B.]] in [[psychologia]] ab [[Universitas McGill|Universitate McGilliana]] anno [[1976]] accepit. [[Ph.D.|Doctoratum philosophiae]] in psychologia experimentali in [[Universitas Harvardiana|Universitate Harvardiana]] anno [[1979]] sub Stephano Kosslyn meruit. Investigationes in [[Massachusettense Institutum Technologiae|Massachusettensi Instituto Technologiae]] uno anno fecit, tum [[professor]] adiutor in [[universitas|universitatibus]] Harvardiana et [[Universitas Stanfordiensis|Stanfordiensi]] docuit. ==Bibliographia== ===Libri=== * ''Language Learnability and Language Development'' (1984) * ''Visual Cognition'' (1985) * ''Connections and Symbols'' (1988) * ''Learnability and Cognition: The Acquisition of Argument Structure'' (1989) * ''Lexical and Conceptual Semantics'' (1992) * ''The Language Instinct'' (Novi Eboraci: W. Morrow and Co., 1994) * ''How the Mind Works'' (1997) * ''Words and Rules: The Ingredients of Language'' (1999) * ''The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature'' (2002) * ''The Best American Science and Nature Writing'' (editor and introduction author, 2004) * ''Hotheads'' (pars libri ''How the Mind Works'', 2005), ISBN 978-0-14-102238-3. * ''The Stuff of Thought: Language as a Window into Human Nature'' (2007) * ''The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined'' (2011) * ''Language, Cognition, and Human Nature: Selected Articles'' (2013) * ''The Sense of Style: The Thinking Person's Guide to Writing in the 21st Century'' (September 30, 2014) * ''Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress'' (February 13, 2018) ===Commentarii=== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060118201913/http://pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/articles/ Commentarii et alia opera in paginis Universitatis Harvardianae.] *{{cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.1857983 | last1 = Pinker | first1 = S. | year = 1991 | title = Rules of Language | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1991-08-02_253_5019/page/530 | journal = Science | volume = 253 | issue = 5019| pages = 530–535 | pmid=1857983}} *{{cite journal | last1 = Ullman | first1 = M. | last2 = Corkin | first2 = S. | last3 = Coppola | first3 = M. | last4 = Hickok | first4 = G. | last5 = Growdon | first5 = J. H. | last6 = Koroshetz | first6 = W. J. | last7 = Pinker | first7 = S. | year = 1997 | title = A neural dissociation within language: Evidence that the mental dictionary is part of declarative memory, and that grammatical rules are processed by the procedural system | journal = Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 289–299 | doi = 10.1162/jocn.1997.9.2.266 | pmid = 23962016 | url = http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:3600798 }} *Pinker, S. [[2003]] "Language as an adaptation to the cognitive niche." In ''Language evolution: States of the Art,'' ed. M. Christiansen et S. Kirby. Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. *Pinker, S. [[2005]]. [https://ffrf.org/about/getting-acquainted/item/13184-the-evolutionary-psychology-of-religion ''The Evolutionary Psychology of Religion.''] *{{cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.0268-1064.2005.00274.x | last1 = Pinker | first1 = S. | year = 2005 | title = So How Does the Mind Work? | journal = Mind and Language | volume = 20 | issue = 1| pages = 1–24 }} *{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.cognition.2005.04.006 | last1 = Jackendoff | first1 = R. | last2 = Pinker | first2 = S. | year = 2005 | title = The nature of the language faculty and its implications for evolution of language" (Reply to Fitch, Hauser, & Chomsky) | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_cognition_2005-09_97_2/page/211 | journal = Cognition | volume = 97 | issue = 2| pages = 211–225 }} *{{Cite web|url=https://stevenpinker.com/publications/defense-dangerous-ideas|title=In Defense of Dangerous Ideas|date=July 15, 2007|website=Steven Pinker|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807161712/https://stevenpinker.com/publications/defense-dangerous-ideas|archive-date=August 7, 2017|url-status=live}} *Pinker, S. [[2012]]. [http://edge.org/conversation/the-false-allure-of-group-selection "The False Allure of Group Selection"]. ''Edge,'' 19 Iunii 2012. *Pinker, S. [[2013]]. [https://newrepublic.com/article/114127/science-not-enemy-humanities Science Is Not Your Enemy]. ''New Republic,'' 6 Auigusti 2013. *Pinker, S. [[2014]]. [https://newrepublic.com/article/119321/harvard-ivy-league-should-judge-students-standardized-tests "The Trouble With Harvard: The Ivy League is broken and only standardized tests can fix it."] ''New Republic,'' 4 Septembris 2014. ==Notae== <references/> {{NexInt}} *[[Noam Chomsky]] *[[Ricardus Dawkins]] *[[Daniel Dennett]] *[[Samuel Harris]] *[[Christophorus Hitchens]] ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Steven Pinker|Stephanum Pinker}} {{wikiquote|Steven Pinker|Stephanum Pinker}} *[http://stevenpinker.com/ Situs interretialis Pinker proprius.]<!-- *{{C-SPAN|Steven Pinker}}--> *[http://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/review-of-enlightenment-now-by-steven-pinker Recognitio libri "Enlightenment Now."] ===Colloquia=== *[http://7thavenueproject.com/post/89583301445/steven-pinker-interview-why-violence-has-declined Colloquium generis "7th Avenue" de "Better Angels" (2014).] *[http://www.cbc.ca/thehour/video.php?id=1918 "Steven Pinker on ''The Hour.''"] *[http://www.reitstoen.com/pinker.php Multimedia ad Stephanum Pinker perdinentia.] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150703123600/http://mosaicscience.com/story/conversation-with%E2%80%A6-steven-pinker Colloquium in ''Mosaic Science'' (Wellcome).] ===Acroases===<!-- *{{TED speaker|steven_pinker}}--> *[http://richannel.org/steven-pinker-the-better-angels-of-our-nature "The Better Angels of our Nature."], Royal Institution, November 2011. *[http://richannel.org/linguistics-style-and-writing-in-the-21st-century "Linguistics, Style and Writing in the 21st Century: With Steven Pinker]." Royal Institution, October 2015 *[http://richannel.org/qampa--linguistics-style-and-writing "Q&A – Linguistics, style and writing with Steven Pinker."] Royal Institution, October 2015. *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQgNQhBDcRY&t=515s Colloquium: Steven Pinker et Michael Shermer.] Pangburn, September 2018. ===Disceptationes=== *[http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/pinker_rose/pinker_rose_p1.html "The Two Steves] Debate," cum Stephano Pinker et Steven Rose neurobiologo.] *[http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/debate05/debate05_index.html "The Science of Gender and Science."] Disceptatio cum Stephano Pinker et Elizabeth Spelke, psychologa cognitiva,] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Hb3oe7-PJ8 Pellicula in YouTube.] *[http://iai.tv/video/the-decline-of-violence "The Decline of Violence."] Disceptatio cum Stephano Pinker, Judith Marquand, Andrea Copson (praeside British Humanist Association), et Roger Bolton (praeside exsecutivo BBC). {{Lifetime|1954||Pinker, Stephanus}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Harvardianae]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis McGill]] [[Categoria:Atheistae Canadae]] [[Categoria:Atheistae Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Feminismus]]<!-- melius: Feministae--> [[Categoria:Humanistae Canadae]] [[Categoria:Humanistae Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Iudaei]]<!-- Canadae + [[Categoria:Iudaei Civitatum Foederatarum]]--> [[Categoria:Linguistae Canadae]] [[Categoria:Linguistae Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Marxiana]]<!-- arbor: critics of M / anti-M / M--> [[Categoria:Philosophi Canadae]] [[Categoria:Philosophi Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Philosophi linguae]] [[Categoria:Philosophi mentis]] [[Categoria:Postmodernismus]]<!-- arbor: critics of p / criticism of p / p --> [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Harvardianae]] [[Categoria:Psychologi Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Psychologi Canadae]] [[Categoria:Psychologi evolutionarii]]<!-- [[Categoria:Psycholinguistae]] developmental--> [[Categoria:Scientia cognitiva]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Canadae]]<!--de scientia--> [[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]]<!--de scientia--> [[Categoria:Sodales Academiae Nationalis Scientiarum (CFA)]]<!-- [[Category:Fellows of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]] [[Category:Fellows of the Cognitive Science Society]] [[Category:Stanford University Department of Psychology faculty]] [[Category:Linguistics, Language, and the Public Award recipients]]--> pefk5dypdz6svo1g8ea5599cqk6y3df 0 286608 3979929 3894124 2026-08-09T21:37:07Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Cyprinidae | fossil_range = [[Palaeocaenum|Paleocaeno]] ad recens | image = Karper 59326.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Cyprinus carpio]]'' ([[Cyprinidae]]: [[Cyprininae]]) | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | superclassis = [[Osteichthyes]] | classis = [[Actinopterygii]] | subclassis = [[Neopterygii]] | infraclassis = [[Teleostei]] | superordo = [[Ostariophysi]] | ordo = '''Cypriniformes''' | authority = [[Petrus Bleeker|Bleeker]], [[1859]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Familia]]e<ref name=FBO>{{FishBase order | order = Cypriniformes| month = December | year = 2012}}</ref> | subdivision = [[Balitoridae]]<br/> [[Barbucca|Barbuccidae]]<ref>Kottelat 2012</ref><br/> [[Botiidae]]<ref>Kottelat 2012</ref><br/> [[Catostomidae]]<br/> [[Cobitidae]]<br/> [[Cyprinidae]]<br/> [[Ellopostomatidae]]<ref>Kottelat 2012</ref><br/> [[Gastromyzontidae]]<ref>Kottelat 2012</ref><br/> [[Gyrinocheilidae]]<br/> [[Nemacheilidae]]<br/> [[Psilorhynchidae]]<br/> [[Serpenticobitidae]]<ref>Kottelat 2012.</ref><br/> [[Vaillantellidae]]<ref>Kottelat 2012</ref><br/> et vide commentarium }} [[Fasciculus:Steinbeisser 001.jpg|thumb|''[[Cobitis taenia]].'']] [[Fasciculus:Nemac fasci 080519 9380 ckoep.jpg|thumb|''[[Nemacheilus chrysolaimos]].''<!--Closely related to true loaches, like these, they have barbels.-->]] [[Fasciculus:Chinese algae eater.jpg|thumb|''[[Gyrinocheilus aymonieri]].''<!--a sucking loach, is distant from other "loaches".-->]] [[Fasciculus:Erimyzon sucetta.jpg|thumb|''[[Erimyzon sucetta]].'']] [[Fasciculus:Thicktail Chub.jpg|thumb|''[[Gila crassicauda]]'' ex [[1960]] fere per totum [[tellus|orbem terrarum]] [[exstinctio|exstincta]] est.]] [[Fasciculus:Epalzeorhynchos bicolor.jpg|thumb|Pauci ''[[Epalzeorhynchos bicolor|Epalzeorhynchi bicolores]]'' in locis incultis hodie manent.]] '''Cypriniformes''' sunt [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordo]] [[Actinopterygii|Actinopterygiorum]], inter quem insigniter sunt [[Cyprinidae]] et [[Cobitoidea]]. Cui ordini sunt undecim aut duodecim [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]], plus quam 400 [[genus (taxinomia)|genera]], et plus quam 4250 [[species]], nonnullis speciebus novis quotannis descriptis, ac generibus quidem novis saepe agnitis.<ref name=FBO/><ref name=CoF>Eschmeyer et Fong 2015.</ref> Diversissimi in [[Asia]] meridio-orientali adsunt, atque ab [[Australia]] et [[America Australis|America Australi]] omnino absunt.<ref name=Nelson>Nelson 2006.</ref> Veterrimus [[piscis]] inter cypriniformes, 112 annos natus, est ''[[Ictiobus cyprinellus]]'' Americae Septentrionalis.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Lackmann|first=Alec R.|last2=Andrews|first2=Allen H.|last3=Butler|first3=Malcolm G.|last4=Bielak-Lackmann|first4=Ewelina S.|last5=Clark|first5=Mark E.|date=2019-05-23|title=Bigmouth Buffalo Ictiobus cyprinellus sets freshwater teleost record as improved age analysis reveals centenarian longevity|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-019-0452-0.epdf?author_access_token=VjQRlXH41L-cjNA12h44YtRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0NEjK8hDZff8EGRexxq55ZFUJUsqRL88UlxjwZhtQZih2A5Yrj6cwm6-y76Yd-vFdZr3QXscclgdMrVKP1KP8qQ1y2ffiDT2bf79zDojZPdnQ==|journal=Communications Biology|language=En|volume=2|issue=1|pages=197|doi=10.1038/s42003-019-0452-0|pmid=31149641|pmc=6533251|issn=2399-3642}}.</ref> Artissime cognati vivi sunt [[Characiformes]], [[Gymnotiformes]] (''[[Electrophorus electricus]]'' et [[Gymnotiformes]]), et [[Siluriformes]].<ref>Saitoh ''et al.'' (2003), Briggs (2005)</ref> ==Systematica== * '''Superfamilia Cyprinoidei''' **'''Superfamilia Cyprinoidea''' *** Familia [[Cyprinidae]] <small>Bonaparte, 1840</small> ***Familia [[Psilorhynchidae]] <small>[[Sunder Lal Hora|Hora]], 1926</small> * '''Superfamilia Cobitoidei''' ** '''Superfamilia Catostomoidea''' *** Familia [[Catostomidae]] <small>Agassiz 1850</small> ** '''Superfamilia Gyrinocheiloidea''' *** Familia [[Gyrinocheilidae]] <small>Gill 1905</small> ** '''Superfamilia Cobitoidea''' *** Familia [[Barbuccidae]] <small>Kottelat 2012</small> *** Familia [[Serpenticobitidae]] <small>Kottelat 2012</small> *** Familia [[Botiidae]] <small>Berg 1940</small> *** Familia [[Vaillantellidae]] <small>Nalbant & Bănărescu 1977</small> *** Familia [[Cobitidae]] <small>Swainson 1838</small> *** Familia [[Balitoridae]] <small>Swainson 1839</small> *** Familia [[Gastromyzontidae]] <small>Fowler 1905</small> *** Familia [[Ellopostomatidae]] <small>Bohlen & Šlechtová 2009</small> *** Familia [[Nemacheilidae]] <small>Regan 1911</small> ===Phylogenia=== Phylogenia cypriniformium in aliquot operibus conditur<ref name="slech">{{cite journal|pmid=17433724|year=2007|last1=Slechtová|first1=V.|title=Families of Cobitoidea (Teleostei; Cypriniformes) as revealed from nuclear genetic data and the position of the mysterious genera Barbucca, Psilorhynchus, Serpenticobitis and Vaillantella|url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2007-09_44_3/page/1358|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=44|issue=3|pages=1358–65|last2=Bohlen|first2=J.|last3=Tan|first3=H. H.|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.019}}.</ref><ref name="chen">{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02398.x|pmid=20738682|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Cobitoidea (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) revisited: Position of enigmatic loach ''Ellopostomaresolved'' with six nuclear genes|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-fish-biology_2009-12_75_9/page/2197|journal=Journal of Fish Biology|volume=75|issue=9|pages=2197–2208|year=2009|last1=Chen|first1=W.-J.|last2=Lheknim|first2=V.|last3=Mayden|first3=R. L.}}.</ref><ref name="bohlen">Jörg Bohlen, Vendula Šlechtová: ''Phylogenetic position of the fish genus ''Ellopostoma'' (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) using molecular genetic data.'' Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters. Bd.&nbsp;20, Nr.&nbsp;2, 2009, S.&nbsp;157-162 ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150924072138/http://www.pfeil-verlag.de/04biol/pdf/ief20_2_05.pdf PDF]; 1,8 MB).</ref><ref>{{cite website |last1 = Mikko Haaramo |year = |title=Cobitoidei – loach-like cypriniforms |website=Mikko's Phylogeny Archive |issue= |accessdate= 2013-10-26 |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/actinopterygii/cypriniformes/cobitoidei.html}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=638796#null|title=ITIS Standard Report Page: Cyprinoidea|website=www.itis.gov|access-date=2019-07-26}}.</ref> {{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%;width:300px; |label1=Cypriniformes |1={{clade |label1=Cyprinoidei |1={{clade |label1=Cyprinoidea |1={{clade |1=[[Cyprinidae]] |2=[[Psilorhynchidae]] }} }} |label2=Cobitoidei |2={{clade |label1=Catostomoidea |1=[[Catostomidae]] |2={{clade |label1=Gyrinocheiloidea |1=[[Gyrinocheilidae]] |label2=[[Cobitoidea]] |2={{clade |1=[[Botiidae]] |2={{clade |1=[[Vaillantellidae]] |2={{clade |1=[[Cobitidae]] |2={{clade |1=[[Balitoridae]] |2={{clade |1=[[Ellopostomatidae]] |2=[[Nemacheilidae]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} Species cypriniformium [[exstinctio|exstinctae]] per totum [[tellus|orbem terrarum]] sunt:<ref name =iucn2007>IUCN (2007)</ref> *''[[Acanthobrama hulensis]]'' *''[[Alburnus akili]]'' *''[[Barbus microbarbis]]'' *''[[Chasmistes muriei]]'' *''[[Chondrostoma scodrense]]'' *''[[Cyprinus yilongensis]]'' *''[[Evarra bustamantei]]'' *''[[Evarra eigenmanni]]'' *''[[Evarra tlahuacensis]]'' *''[[Gila crassicauda]]'' *''[[Lepidomeda altivelis]]'' *''[[Moxostoma lacerum]]'' *''[[Notropis aulidion]]'' *''[[Notropis orca]]'' *''[[Notropis saladonis]]'' *''[[Pogonichthys ciscoides]]'' *''[[Rhinichthys deaconi]]'' *''[[Stypodon signifer]]'' * ''[[Telestes ukliva]]'' ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Briggs, John C. [[2005]]. "The biogeography of otophysan fishes (Ostariophysi: Otophysi): a new appraisal." ''Journal of Biogeography'' 32 (2): 287–94. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01170.x. *Eschmeyer, W. N., et J. D. Fong. [[2015]]. [http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/SpeciesByFamily.asp#Cyprinidae Species by family/subfamily.] ''Catalog of Fishes.'' California Academy of Sciences. *FishBase. [[2004]]a. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080511171951/http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?ID=126 "Family Balitoridae - River loaches. Version of 2004-NOV-22."] Situs accessus 2007-03-05. *FishBase. [[2004]]b. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930023855/http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?id=125 "Family Catostomidae - Suckers. Version of 2004-NOV-22."] Situs accessus 2007-03-05. *FishBase. [[2004]]c. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080511172839/http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?ID=127 "Family Cobitidae - Loaches. Version of 2004-NOV-22."] Situs accessus 2007-03-05. *FishBase. [[2004]]d. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080710085449/http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?ID=122 "Family Cyprinidae - Minnows or carps. Version of 2004-NOV-22."] Situs accessus 2007-03-05. *FishBase. [[2004]]e. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930035034/http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?id=123 "Family Gyrinocheilidae - Algae eaters. Version of 2004-NOV-22."] Situs accessus 2007-03-05. *FishBase. [[2004]]f. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930141429/http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?id=124 "Family Psilorhynchidae - Mountain carps. Version of 2004-NOV-22."] Situs accessus 2007-03-05. *FishBase. [[2005]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081016043421/http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/OrdersSummary.cfm?order=Cypriniformes "Order Summary for Cypriniformes. Version of 2005-FEB-15."] Situs accessus 2007-03-05. *Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FFWCC). [[2006]]. [http://floridafisheries.com/Fishes/non-native.html "Florida's Exotic Freshwater Fishes."] Situs accessus 2007-03-05. *Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission (GSMFC). [[2005]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070818063036/http://nis.gsmfc.org/nis_factsheet2.php?toc_id=183 "Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758). Version of 2005-08-03."] Situs accessus 2007-05-03. *He, Shunping, Xun Gub, Richard L. Maydee, Wei-Jen Chen, Kevin W. Conway, et Yiyu Chen. [[2008]]. "Phylogenetic position of the enigmatic genus Psilorhynchus (Ostariophysi: Cypriniformes): Evidence from the mitochondrial genome." ''Molecular Phylogenetic Evolution'' 47: 419–25. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.10.012. *Helfman, G., B. Collette, et D. Facey. [[1997]]. ''The Diversity of Fishes.'' Oxoniae: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-86542-256-7. *International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). [[2007]]. [www.iucnredlist.org ''2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.''] *Kottelat, M. [[2012]]. " Conspectus cobitidum: an inventory of the loaches of the world (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cobitoidei)." ''The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology,'' Suppl. No. 26: 1–199. *Nelson, Joseph S. [[2006]]. ''Fishes of the World.'' Novi Eboraci: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-25031-7/ *Orlov, Alexei, et Pascualita Sa-a. [[2007]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930153641/http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/speciesSummary.php?ID=47843&genusname=Tribolodon&speciesname=brandtii "''Tribolodon brandtii.''"] ''Fish Base.'' *Saitoh, Kenji, Masaki Miya, Jun G. Inoue, Naoya B. Ishiguro, et Mutsuminame Nishida. [[2003]]. "Mitochondrial Genomics of Ostariophysan Fishes: Perspectives on Phylogeny and Biogeography." ''Journal of Molecular Evolution'' 56 (4): 464–72. doi:10.1007/s00239-002-2417-y PMID 12664166. *Wieser, Wolfgang, et al., eds. [[1992]]. ''Environmental biology of European cyprinids: papers from the workshop on "The environmental biology of cyprinids" held at the University of Salzburg, Austria, in September 1989.'' Dordrecht et Bostoniaa: Kluwer Academic. ISBN 0792314840. ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Cypriniformes|Cypriniformes}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070406040007/http://bio.slu.edu/mayden/cypriniformes/home.html Cypriniformes.] ''Tree of Life.'' [[Category:Cypriniformes|*]] [[Categoria:Pisces Africae]] [[Categoria:Pisces Mediae Americae]] [[Categoria:Pisces Americae Septentrionalis]] [[Categoria:Pisces Asiae]] [[Categoria:Pisces Europae]]<!-- [[Category:Ray-finned fish orders]] [[Category:Ostariophysi]] [[Category:Extant Paleocene first appearances]]--> {{Myrias|Biologia}} 8vlvl97xoxrkw1417eu5xmje60pwcd8 0 287148 3979797 3978812 2026-08-09T19:14:53Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 3 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979797 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--[[Fasciculus:George Armitage Miller speaking at the first APS convention in 1989.jpg|thumb|Georgius Armitage Miller acroasim in primo congressi [[Societas Psychologica Americana|Societatis Psychologicae Americanae]] anno [[1989]] habet.]]--> '''Georgius Armitage Miller''' ([[Carolopolis (Virginia Occidentalis)|Carolopoli]] in [[Virginia Occidentalis|Virginia Occidentali]] die [[3 Februarii]] [[1920]]; mortuus [[Plainsboro]] in [[Nova Caesarea]] die [[22 Iulii]] [[2012]]<ref>Vitello 2012.</ref>) fuit [[psychologus]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]] qui unus erat ex conditoribus [[psychologia cognitiva|psychologiae cognitivae]], et latius [[scientia cognitiva|scientiae cognitivae]]. Contulit ad [[psycholinguistica]]m augendam. Aliquot [[liber|libros]] edidit, et evolutionem [[WordNet]] administravit, [[datorum repositorium|datorum repositorii]] interretialis nexibus inter [[vocabulum|vocabula]] dicati, quo [[programma computatrale|programmata computatralia]] uti possunt. "[[The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two]]" commentarium celebrem scripsit, ubi dixit multas inventiones experimentales una habitas monstrare finem [[homo sapiens|humanae]] [[memoria temporis brevis|memoriae temporis brevis]]<!--?short-term memory--> facultatis peraeque esse [[septem]]; qui commentarius saepe a psychologis et adeo in [[cultura]] latiore citatur. Miller multa [[praemium|praemia]] abstulit, inter quae erat [[Medalia Nationalis Scientiae]]. Miller cursum [[vita]]e coepit cum [[theoria]] in psychologia regnans esset [[behaviorismus]], qui, studium [[cognitio|rationum mentis]] evadens, animum solum ad [[mores]] qui observari possunt attendebat. Miller, hanc rationem reiciens, [[technicae rationes experimentales|technicas rationes experimentales]] rationesque [[mathematica]]s ad rationes mentis enodandas excogitabit, animum praesertim ad [[oratio]]nem [[lingua]]mque attendens. Apud [[Universitas Harvardiana|Universitatem Harvardianam]], [[Massachusettense Institutum Technologiae]], et [[Universitas Princetoniensis|Universitatem Princetoniensem]] plerumque laborans, unus ex conditoribus psycholinguisticae factus est, atque erat unus ex hominibus maximi momenti circa annum [[1978]] in [[scientia cognitiva]] condita. Adiutor erat aliorum scriptorum in scientia cognitiva et psycholinguistica, sicut [[Noam Chomsky]]. Propter psychologiam in regnum rationum mentis motam ac propter illum motum cum [[theoria informationis]] [[theoria computationis]] et [[linguistica]] coniunctum, Miller unus e psychologis [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]] maximi momenti late habetur. Investigatio a ''Review of General Psychology'' anno [[2002]] facta Miller vicensimum a citatissimo psychologo [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]] numeravit.<ref>Haggbloom et al. 2002.</ref> ==Miscellanea de vita== Uno anno [[academia|academico]] (annis 1947 et 1938) [[Universitas Georgii Vasingtonii|Universitatem Georgii Vasingtonii]], tum [[Universitas Alabamensis|Universitatem Alabamensem]] frequentavit, ubi gradum [[A.B.|baccalaureatum]] accepit.<ref>Auctor non nominatus 1991.</ref> [[Ph.D.|Doctoratum]] in [[Universitas Harvardiana|Universitate Harvardiana]] anno [[1946]] accepit, dissertatione "The Optimal Design of Jamming Signals" ('Optima signorum obstructionis designatio'), quam [[Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum]] "top secret" classificavit,<ref>Auctor non nominatus 1991.</ref> doctoralique consultore [[Stanleius Smith Stevens|Stanleio Smith Stevens]]. [[Professor]] docuit in [[Institutum Technologiae Massachusettense|Massachusettensi Instituto Technologiae]], [[Universitas Alabamensis|Universitate Alabamensi]], [[Universitas Harvardiana|Universitate Harvardiana]], [[Universitas Oxoniensis|Universitate Oxoniensi]], [[Universitas Princetoniensis|Universitate Princetoniensi]], [[Universitas Rockefellerana|Universitate Rockefellerana]]. Miller [[Timotheus Leary|Timotheum Leary]] conscribere adiuvit ut Leary in Universitate Harvardiana doceret. Miller eum in Universitate Alabamensi cognoverat, ubi Miller psychologiam docebat cum Leary discipulus psychologiae esset. ==Libri Miller editi== * {{cite book | title = Plans and the Structure of Behavior| url = https://archive.org/details/plansstructureo00mill| url-access = registration| year = 1960 | publisher = Henry Holt & Co. | isbn = |author1=George A. Miller |author2=Eugene Galanter |author3=Karl H. Pribram }} * {{cite book | title = Language and Communication | url = https://archive.org/details/languagecommunic00millrich | url-access = registration | year = 1963 | authormask = 1 | publisher = McGraw Hill | asin =B000SRSOIK | author = George A. Miller }} * {{cite book | authormask = 1 | title = Mathematics and Psychology (Perspectives in Psychology) | year = 1965 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | isbn = 9780471604082 | author = George A. Miller}} * {{cite book | editor = Frank Smith | editor2 = George A. Miller | title = The genesis of language; a psycholinguistic approach; proceedings of a conference on language development in children | url = https://archive.org/details/genesisoflanguag00smit | url-access = registration | year = 1966 | publisher = The MIT Press | isbn = }} * {{cite book | title = The Genesis of Language: A Psycholinguistic Approach | year = 1968 | publisher = The MIT Press | isbn = 978-0262690225 | author1 = Frank Smith | author2 = George A Miller | url = https://archive.org/details/TheGenesis_00_Smit }} * {{cite book | editor = George A. Miller | authormask = 1 | title = Communication, Language and Meaning (Perspectives in Psychology) | url = https://archive.org/details/communicationlan00geor | url-access = registration | year = 1973 | publisher = Basic Books | isbn = 9780465128334}} * {{cite book | authormask = 1 | title = Linguistic Communication: Perspectives for Research | publisher = International Reading Association | year = 1974 | isbn = 978-0872079298 | author = George A. Miller}} * {{cite book | authormask = 1 | title = The Psychology of Communication | year = 1975 | publisher = Harper Androw-1975 | isbn = 978-0465097074 | author = George A. Miller}} * {{cite book | title = Language and Perception | year = 1976 | publisher = Harvard University Press | isbn = 978-0674509474 | author1 = George A. Miller | author2 = Philip N Johnson-Laird | url = https://archive.org/details/languagepercepti00mill }} * {{cite book | editor = Morris Halle | editor2 = Joan Bresnan | editor3 = George A. Miller | title = Linguistic theory and psychological reality | year = 1978 | publisher = The MIT Press | isbn = 978-0262080958 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/linguistictheory0000unse_w7c6 }} * {{cite book | editor = George A. Miller | editor2 = Elizabeth Lenneberg | title =Psychology and biology of language and thought : essays in honor of Eric Lenneberg | url = https://archive.org/details/psychologybiolog0000unse | year = 1978 | publisher = Academic Press | isbn = 978-0124977501 }} * {{cite book | editor = Oscar Grusky | editor2 = George A. Miller | title = Sociology of Organizations | year = 1981 | edition = 2nd | publisher = Free Press | isbn = 9780029129302 | url = https://archive.org/details/sociologyoforgan00grus }} * {{cite book | editor = Ned Joel Block | editor2 = Jerrold J. Katz | editor3 = George A. Miller | title = Readings in Philosophy of Psychology, Volume II | year = 1981 | publisher = Harvard University Press | isbn = 9780674748781 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/readingsinphilos00nedb }} * {{cite book | title = Plans and the Structure of Behavior | year = 1986 (repr.) | publisher = Adams Bannister Cox Pubs | isbn = 978-0937431009 |author1=George A. Miller |author2=Eugene Galanter |author3=Karl H. Pribram }} * {{cite book | authormask = 1 | title = Spontaneous Apprentices: Children and Language (Tree of Life) | year = 1987 | publisher = Seabury Press | isbn = 978-0816493302 | author = George A. Miller | url = https://archive.org/details/spontaneousappre00mill }} * {{cite book | authormask = 1 | title = Language and Speech | year = 1987 | publisher = W. H. Freeman and Company (sd) | isbn = 978-0716712978 | author = George A. Miller | url = https://archive.org/details/languagespeech00mill }} * {{cite book | authormask = 1 | title = Psychology: The Science of Mental Life | url = https://archive.org/details/psychologyscienc0000mill | year = 1991 | publisher = Penguin Books Ltd | isbn = 9780140134896 | author = George A. Miller}} * {{cite book | authormask = 1 | title = The Science of Words | url = https://archive.org/details/scienceofwordssc00geor | year = 1991 | publisher = W. H. Freeman & Co. | isbn = 978-0716750277 | author = George A. Miller }} ===Capita in libris=== *{{citation | last1 = Miller | first1 = George A. | last2 = Galanter | first2 = Eugene | author-link2 = Eugene Galanter | contribution = Some comments on Stochastic models and psychological theories | editor-last1 = Arrow | editor-first1 = Kenneth J. | editor-last2 = Karlin | editor-first2 = Samuel | editor-last3 = Suppes | editor-first3 = Patrick | editor-link1 = Kenneth Arrow | editor-link2 = Samuel Karlin | editor-link3 = Patrick Suppes | title = Mathematical models in the social sciences, 1959: Proceedings of the first Stanford symposium | pages = 277–297 | publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford, California | series = Stanford mathematical studies in the social sciences, IV | year = 1960 | isbn = 9780804700214 | ref = none | postscript = .}} <!-- {{NexInt}}--> ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Auctor non nominatus. [[1991]]. "Gold medal awards for life achievement: George Armitage Miller." ''American Psychologist'' 46 (4): 326–28. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.46.4.326. [https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-george-miller-20120806-story.html Editio interretialis.] *{{cite journal | title = George A. Miller: The Psychology of Communication: Seven Essays: Review | journal = Journal of Business Communication | year = 1968 | volume = 5 | pages = 54–55 | doi = 10.1177/002194366800500208 | issue = 2 }} *{{cite web | title = The Miller's tale | url = http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/publications/observer/2006/june-06/the-millers-tale.html#.UJmnsq5Jt8E | author = Richard Hébert | date = Iulius 2006 | accessdate = August 10, 2012 | publisher = American Psychological Society }} *{{cite web |title = BA 3320.Introduction to operations management |date = 8 Septembris 2007 |author = Robert J. Banis |accessdate = August 10, 2012 |url = http://www.umsl.edu/~banisr/3320/docs/tqm.ppt |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121125063809/http://www.umsl.edu/~banisr/3320/docs/tqm.ppt |archivedate = November 25, 2012 |df = mdy-all }} *{{cite web | url = http://newsbreaks.infotoday.com/nbreader.asp?ArticleID=17858 | title = Beyond keyword searching.Oingo and Simpli.com introduce meaning-based searching | date = December 20, 1999 | accessdate = August 10, 2012 }} *{{cite web | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica | url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1382641/George-A-Miller | title = George A. Miller | accessdate = August 8, 2012 }} *{{cite web | url = http://www.cmu.edu/cmnews/extra/030513_commence03.html | title = Preeminent leaders awarded honorary degrees | publisher = Carnegie Mellon University: Carnegie Mellon Today | date = May 13, 2003 | accessdate = August 23, 2012 }} *{{cite web |title = George A. Miller Prize in cognitive neuroscience |publisher = Cognitive Neuroscience Society |accessdate = August 10, 2012 |url = http://cogneurosociety.org/annual-meeting/awards/george-a.-miller-prize-in-cognitive-neuroscience |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120326110646/http://cogneurosociety.org/annual-meeting/awards/george-a.-miller-prize-in-cognitive-neuroscience |archivedate = March 26, 2012 |df = mdy-all }} *{{Cite book |last = Cowan |first = N. |last2 = Morey |first2 = C. C. |last3 = Chen |first3 = Z. |chapter = The legend of the magical number seven |editor = Sergio Della Sala |title = Tall tales About the Brain: Separating Fact from Fiction |publisher = Oxford University Press |chapter-url = http://web.missouri.edu/~cowann/docs/articles/in%20press/Cowan%20et%20al,%20Tall%20tales%20in%20press.pdf |isbn = 978-0-19-856877-3 |access-date = August 11, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130418060252/http://web.missouri.edu/~cowann/docs/articles/in%20press/Cowan%20et%20al,%20Tall%20tales%20in%20press.pdf |archive-date = April 18, 2013 |url-status = dead |df = mdy-all }} *{{cite journal | last = Haggbloom | first = S.J. |display-authors=et al. | year = 2002 | volume = 6 | pages = 139.52 | title = The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century | journal = Review of General Psychology | issue = 2 | doi = 10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139 | last3 = Warnick | first3 = Jason E. | last4 = Jones | first4 = Vinessa K. | last5 = Yarbrough | first5 = Gary L. | last6 = Russell | first6 = Tenea M. | last7 = Borecky | first7 = Chris M. | last8 = McGahhey | first8 = Reagan | last2 = Powell | first2 = John L., III | url = http://creativity.ipras.ru/texts/top100.pdf }} *{{cite web |url = http://www.psychologicalscience.org/anniversary/timeline.cfm |title = The history of APS: A timeline |accessdate = August 22, 2012 |publisher = Association for Psychological Science |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120515152053/http://www.psychologicalscience.org/anniversary/timeline.cfm |archivedate = May 15, 2012 |df = mdy-all }} *{{cite web | url = http://president.williams.edu/honorary-degrees/?ffp=2 | title = Honorary degrees | publisher = Williams University: Office of the President | accessdate = August 23, 2012 }} *{{cite news | work = Los Angeles Times | date = 6 Augusti 2012 | accessdate = August 8, 2012 | title = George A. Miller dies at 92; pioneer of cognitive psychology | author = Thomas M. Haugh II | url = http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-george-miller-20120806,0,6416902.story }} *{{cite book | author = Lindzey, G. |year = 1989 | title = A History of psychology in autobiography. | publisher = Stanford University Press }} *{{cite web | url = http://www.lrec-conf.org/lrec2006/article.php3?id_article=45 | title = LREC 2006 Conference: Winners of the 2006 Antonio Zampolli Prize | publisher = LREC | accessdate = August 10, 2012 | year = 2006 }} *{{cite web | publisher = Marquis Who's Who | accessdate = August 7, 2012 | title = Profie details: George Armitage Miller | url = http://search.marquiswhoswho.com/profile/100002520559 }} *{{cite web | title = George A. Miller Award for an Outstanding Recent Article on General Psychology | url = http://www.apa.org/about/awards/div-1-miller.aspx | publisher = American Psychological Association | accessdate = August 10, 2012 }} *{{cite journal | last = Milner | first = P. M. | doi = 10.1037/h0083461 | journal = Canadian Journal of Psychology | year = 1960 | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 281–282 | title = Review of Plans and the Structure of Behavior }} *Osgood, C. E. [[1952]]. "Language and communication," ''Psychological Bulletin'' 49 (4): 361–63. doi:10.1037/h0052690. *{{cite journal | journal = The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science | last = Bunge | first = Mario | title = Reviews: George A. Miller: The Psychology of Communication | url = https://archive.org/details/british-journal-for-the-philosophy-of-science_1968-02_18_4/page/350 | year = 1968 | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 350–352 | doi = 10.1093/bjps/18.4.350 }} *{{cite web | url = http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S34/33/10E46/index.xml?section=topstories | title = George Miller, Princeton psychology professor and cognitive pioneer, dies | author = Michael Hotchkiss | date = 26 Iulii 2012 | accessdate = August 10, 2012 }} *{{cite journal | title = Gold medal awards for life achievement: George Armitage Miller | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-psychologist_1991-04_46_4/page/326 | journal = American Psychologist | volume = 46 | issue = 4 | pages = 326–328 | doi = 10.1037/0003-066X.46.4.326 | year = 1991 | last1 = No Authorship Indicated }} *Sampson, Geoffrey. [[2000]]. "Reviews." ''International Journal of Lexicography'' 13 (1): 54–59. doi:10.1093/ijl/13.1.54. *{{cite web |title = Daniel Shiffman: WordNet |author = Daniel Shiffman |accessdate = August 10, 2012 |url = http://www.shiffman.net/teaching/a2z/wordnet/ |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120819161743/http://www.shiffman.net/teaching/a2z/wordnet/ |archivedate = August 19, 2012 |df = mdy-all }} *{{cite journal | journal = Monitor on Psychology | title = Sidebar: Eminent psychologists of the 20th century | year = 2002 | volume = 33 | issue = 7 | page = 29 | url = http://www.apa.org/monitor/julaug02/eminent.aspx }} *Smith, S. M. [[1952]]. "Language and Communication." ''Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology'' 47 (3): 734–35. doi:10.1037/h0052503. *{{cite web |url = http://psych.princeton.edu/psychology/related/gmiller/index.php |title = George A. Miller Sr. Thesis Prize |accessdate = August 10, 2012 |publisher = Department of Psychology, Princeton University |year = 2004 |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131019031205/http://psych.princeton.edu/psychology/related/gmiller/index.php |archivedate = October 19, 2013 |df = mdy-all }} *{{cite journal | title = Plans and the structure of behavior: Review | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-anthropologist_1960-12_62_6/page/1065 | journal = American Anthropologist | last = Wallace | first = A.F.C. | volume = 62 | issue = 6 | year = 1960 | pages = 1065–1067 | doi = 10.1525/aa.1960.62.6.02a00190 }} *{{cite web |work = Washington Post |title = George A. Miller; helped transform the study of psychology; at 92 |author = Emily Langer |date = 3 Augusti 2012 |accessdate = August 8, 2012 |url = http://articles.boston.com/2012-08-03/news/33000658_1_psychology-miller-cognitive-science/2 |archive-url = https://archive.is/20130119060121/http://articles.boston.com/2012-08-03/news/33000658_1_psychology-miller-cognitive-science/2 |url-status = dead |archive-date = January 19, 2013 }} *Vitello, Paul. [[2012]]. "George A. Miller, a pioneer in cognitive psychology, is dead at 92." ''New York Times,'' 1 Augusti. [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/02/us/george-a-miller-cognitive-psychology-pioneer-dies-at-92.html?pagewanted=all Editio interretialis.] ==Nexus externi== *[https://archive.today/20121211083156/http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69509&pageid=icb.page334500&pageContentId=icb.pagecontent698262&view=watch.do&viewParam_entry=35358&state=maximize%23a_icb_pagecontent698262#a_icb_pagecontent698262 Colloquium de rebus novis cognitivis anno 2007 habitum cum Chomsky, Bruner, Pinker, et aliis: pars I.] *[https://archive.today/20121210123020/http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69509&pageid=icb.page334500&pageContentId=icb.pagecontent698262&view=watch.do&viewParam_entry=35369&state=maximize%23a_icb_pagecontent698262#a_icb_pagecontent698262 Colloquium de rebus novis cognitivis anno 2007 habitum cum Chomsky, Bruner, Pinker, et aliis: pars II.] *[https://archive.today/20121210204104/http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69509&pageid=icb.page334500&pageContentId=icb.pagecontent698262&view=watch.do&viewParam_entry=35374&state=maximize%23a_icb_pagecontent698262#a_icb_pagecontent698262 Colloquium de rebus novis cognitivis anno 2007 habitum cum Chomsky, Bruner, Pinker, et aliis: pars III.] *[https://archive.today/20121214195114/http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69509&pageid=icb.page334500&pageContentId=icb.pagecontent698262&view=watch.do&viewParam_entry=35382&state=maximize%23a_icb_pagecontent698262#a_icb_pagecontent698262 Colloquium de rebus novis cognitivis anno 2007 habitum cum Chomsky, Bruner, Pinker, et aliis: pars IV.] *[http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Miller/ Classics in the history of psychology: The seven plus/minus two paper] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120921224948/http://www.kurzweilai.net/george-a-miller De vita Millerana apud Kurzweil.net.] *[http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~rit/geo/ Obsoleta professorum pagina.] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20200222114015/https://www.questia.com/read/57282051/communication-language-and-meaning-psychological ''Communication, Language, and Meaning'' (a Miller editus).] *[http://www.edwardtufte.com/bboard/q-and-a-fetch-msg?msg_id=0000U6 Blog de disputationibus de commentarii de septem plus minus duo.] *[http://neurotree.org/neurotree/tree.php?pid=597 Genealogia academic Millerana apud Neurotree.]<!-- * {{LCAuth|n50033671|George A. Miller|26}}--> {{Lifetime|1920|2012|Miller, Georgius Armitage}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Alabamensis]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Harvardianae]] [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Incolae Virginiae Occidentalis]] [[Categoria:Linguistae Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Memoria]]<!--melius: memory researchers--> [[Categoria:Praesides Societatis Psychologicae Americanae]] [[Categoria:Professores Instituti Technologiae Massachusettensis]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Alabamensis]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Harvardianae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Oxoniensis]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Princetoniensis]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Rockefeller]] [[Categoria:Psychologi Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Psychologia cognitiva]]<!--melius: cognitive psychologists--> [[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Socii Academiae Artium et Scientiarum Americanae]] [[Categoria:Socii Guggenheimiani]]<!-- [[Categoria:Socii Societatis Scientiae Cognitivae]] [[Category:Cognitive scientists]] [[Category:Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences fellows]] [[Category:National Medal of Science laureates]] [[Category:Fellows of the Society of Experimental Psychologists]] [[Category:Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science]] [[Category:Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]] [[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]] [[Category:Consciousness researchers and theorists]] [[Category:MIT Lincoln Laboratory people]]--> {{Myrias|Homines}} dudw5ca1y3ezlwam3ags4jkr1s9nwuc 0 287204 3979892 3838354 2026-08-09T21:00:12Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Valanginian|Recens}} | image = KreeftbijDenOsse.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Homarus gammarus]]'' | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | subphylum = [[Crustacea]] | classis = [[Malacostraca]] | ordo = [[Decapoda]] | subordo = [[Pleocyemata]] | infraordo = [[Astacidea]] | superfamilia = [[Nephropoidea]] | familia = '''Nephropidae''' | familia_authority = [[Iacobus Dwight Dana|Dana]], [[1852]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Genus (taxinomia)|Genera]] | subdivision_ref = <ref name="Grave">{{cite journal|author1=Sammy De Grave |author2=N. Dean Pentcheff |author3=Shane T. Ahyong |year=2009 |title=A classification of living and fossil genera of decapod crustaceans |journal=Raffles Bulletin of Zoology |volume=Suppl. 21 |pages=1–109 |url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s21/s21rbz1-109.pdf |display-authors=etal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606064728/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s21/s21rbz1-109.pdf |archive-date=June 6, 2011}}.</ref> | subdivision = * ''[[Acanthacaris]]'' <small>Bate, 1888</small> * ''[[Eunephrops]]'' <small>Smith, 1885</small> * ''[[Homarinus]]'' <small>Kornfield, Williams & Steneck, 1995</small> * ''[[Homarus]]'' <small>Weber, 1795</small> * ''[[Hoploparia]]'' † <small>M'Coy, 1849</small> * ''[[Jagtia]]'' † <small>Tshudy & Sorhannus, 2000</small> * ''[[Metanephrops]]'' <small>Jenkins, 1972</small> * ''[[Nephropides]]'' <small>Manning, 1969</small> * ''[[Nephrops]]'' <small>Leach, 1814</small> * ''[[Nephropsis]]'' <small>Wood-Mason, 1873</small> * ''[[Oncopareia]]'' † <small>Bosquet, 1854</small> * ''[[Palaeonephrops]]'' † <small>Mertin, 1941</small> * ''[[Paraclythia]]'' † <small>Fritsch & Kafka, 1887</small> * ''[[Pseudohomarus]]'' † <small>van Hoepen, 1962</small> * ''[[Thaumastocheles]]'' <small>Wood-Mason, 1874</small> * ''[[Thaumastochelopsis]]'' <small>Bruce, 1988</small> * ''[[Thymopides]]'' <small>Burukovsky & Averin, 1977</small> * ''[[Thymops]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small> * ''[[Thymopsis nilenta|Thymopsis]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small> }} [[Fasciculus:Lobsters awaiting purchase, Trenton, ME IMG 2477.JPG|thumb|Nephropidae [[Trentonia (Cenomannica)|Trentonia]]e in oppido [[Cenomannica]]e venumdantur.]] [[Fasciculus:Lobster, Crab, and a Cucumber - 1891P32.jpg|thumb|''Lobster, Crab, and a Cucumber.'' [[Pictura]] a [[Gulielmus Henricus Hunt (pictor)|Gulielmo Henrico Hunt]] ([[hydrochroma]], 1826 aut 1827) facta.]] '''Nephropidae''' sunt [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]] (aliquando Homeridae appellata) magnorum [[crustacea|crustaceorum]] [[mare|maritimorum]]. Nephropidae, quibus [[corpus|corpora]] longa [[cauda]]eque [[musculus|musculosae]] sunt, in rimis cuniculisque in imo [[mare|mari]] [[habitatio|habitant]]. Tribus ex quinque [[crus|crurum]] paribus sunt [[chela (organum)|chelae]], praecipue primo pari, quae plerumque aliis maiora sunt. Nephropidae, [[cibus marinus]] magni aestimatae, certum momentum [[oeconomia|oeconomicum]] habent, saepe una ex quaestuosissimis [[res|rebus]] [[cibus|cibariis]] in [[regio]]nibus [[litus|litoralibus]] captis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geog.mcgill.ca/climatechange/ReportsMap/lobsterRpt.pdf |title=''Homarus americanus'', American lobster |date=27 Iunii 2007 |publisher=McGill University}}/</ref> Nephropidae magni momenti in [[commercium|commercio]] sunt duae [[species]] [[genus (taxinomia)|generis]] ''[[Homarus|Homari]]'' (in [[cultura]] vulgari nephropidae familiarissimae) ex [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceano Atlantico]] [[septentrio]]nali, ac duo genera ''[[scampi]]'' vulgo appellata, quae [[caridea|carideorum]] similia sunt: ''[[Nephrops]]'' in [[hemisphaerium septentrionale|hemisphaerio septentrionali]] (scilicet ''[[Nephrops norvegicus]]'') et ''[[Metanephrops]]'' in [[hemisphaerium australe|hemisphaerio australi]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Thomas |last=Scott |year=1996 |title=ABC Biologie |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-010661-9 |chapter=Lobster |page=[https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00scot/page/703 703] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LorrYj5pkKYC&pg=PA703 |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00scot/page/703 }}.</ref> Artissime coniuncti nephropidarum cognati sunt genus ''[[Enoplometopus]]'' et tres [[aqua dulcis|aquae dulcis]] familiae: [[Astacidae]] [[Cambaridae]]que [[superfamilia]]e [[Astacoidea|Astacoideorum]], et [[Parastacidae]] superfamiliae [[Parastacoidea|Parastacoideorum]]. == Species == {{Multiple image | width = 220 | header = Nephropidarum exempla | direction = vertical | align = right | image1 = Acanthocaris tenuimana.jpg | caption1 = ''[[Acanthacaris tenuimana]]'' | image2 = Metanephrops japonicus edit.jpg | caption2 = ''[[Metanephrops japonicus]]'' | image3 = Nephropsis rosea.jpg | caption3 = ''[[Nephropsis rosea]]'' }} [[Fasciculus:Bugre americanu.jpg|thumb|''[[Homarus americanus]].'']] [[Fossile|Fossilia]] nephropidarum indicia retro saltem usque ad aevum [[Valanginium]] [[Cretaceum|Cretacei]] extenduntur, abhinc annorum 140 milliones.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of Paleontology |year=2005 |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=961–968 |doi=10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[0961:HAANSO]2.0.CO;2 |title=''Hoploparia albertaensis'', a new species of clawed lobster (Nephropidae) from the Late Coniacean, shallow-marine Bad Heart Formation of northwestern Alberta, Canada |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-paleontology_2005-09_79_5/page/961 |author1=Dale Tshudy |author2=W. Steven Donaldson |author3=Christopher Collom |author4=Rodney M. Feldmann |author5=Carrie E. Schweitzer |bibcode=1974JPal...48..524M }}.</ref> Hic index omnes familiae Nephropidarum species exstantis continet:<ref>{{cite journal|first=Tin-Yam |last=Chan |year=2010 |title=Annotated checklist of the world's marine lobsters (Crustacea: Decapoda: Astacidea, Glypheidea, Achelata, Polychelida) |journal=The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology |volume=Suppl. 23 |pages=153–181 |url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s23/s23rbz153-181.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316150833/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s23/s23rbz153-181.pdf |archive-date=March 16, 2012}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=30em}} *''[[Acanthacaris]]'' :*''[[Acanthacaris caeca]]'' <small>A. Milne-Edwards, 1881</small> :*''[[Acanthacaris tenuimana]]'' <small>Bate, 1888</small> *''[[Dinochelus]]'' <small>Ahyong, Chan & Bouchet, 2010</small> :*''[[Dinochelus ausubeli]]'' <small>Ahyong, Chan & Bouchet, 2010</small> *''[[Eunephrops]]'' <small>Smith, 1885</small> :*''[[Eunephrops bairdii]]'' <small>Smith, 1885</small> :*''[[Eunephrops cadenasi]]'' <small>Chace, 1939</small> :*''[[Eunephrops luckhursti]]'' <small>Manning, 1997</small> :*''[[Eunephrops manningi]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small> *''[[Homarinus]]'' <small>Kornfield, Williams & Steneck, 1995</small> :*''[[Homarinus capensis]]'' <small>(Herbst, 1792)</small> *''[[Homarus]]'' <small>Weber, 1795</small> :*''[[Homarus americanus]]'' <small>H. Milne-Edwards, 1837</small> :*''[[Homarus gammarus]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small> *''[[Metanephrops]]'' <small>Jenkins, 1972</small> :*''[[Metanephrops andamanicus]]'' <small>(Wood-Mason, 1892)</small> :*''[[Metanephrops arafurensis]]'' <small>(De Man, 1905)</small> :*''[[Metanephrops armatus]]'' <small>Chan & Yu, 1991</small> :*''[[Metanephrops australiensis]]'' <small>(Bruce, 1966)</small> :*''[[Metanephrops binghami]]'' <small>(Boone, 1927)</small> :*''[[Metanephrops boschmai]]'' <small>(Holthuis, 1964)</small> :*''[[Metanephrops challengeri]]'' <small>(Balss, 1914)</small> :*''[[Metanephrops formosanus]]'' <small>Chan & Yu, 1987</small> :*''[[Metanephrops japonicus]]'' <small>(Tapparone-Canefri, 1873)</small> :*''[[Metanephrops mozambicus]]'' <small>Macpherson, 1990</small> :*''[[Metanephrops neptunus]]'' <small>(Bruce, 1965)</small> :*''[[Metanephrops rubellus]]'' <small>(Moreira, 1903)</small> :*''[[Metanephrops sagamiensis]]'' <small>(Parisi, 1917)</small> :*''[[Metanephrops sibogae]]'' <small>(De Man, 1916)</small> :*''[[Metanephrops sinensis]]'' <small>(Bruce, 1966)</small> :*''[[Metanephrops taiwanicus]]'' <small>(Hu, 1983)</small> :*''[[Metanephrops thomsoni]]'' <small>(Bate, 1888)</small> :*''[[Metanephrops velutinus]]'' <small>Chan & Yu, 1991</small> *''[[Nephropides]]'' <small>Manning, 1969</small> :*''[[Nephropides caribaeus]]'' <small>Manning, 1969</small> *''[[Nephrops]]'' <small>Leach, 1814</small> :*''[[Nephrops norvegicus]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small> *''[[Nephropsis]]'' <small>Wood-Mason, 1872</small> :*''[[Nephropsis acanthura]]'' <small>Macpherson, 1990</small> :*''[[Nephropsis aculeata]]'' <small>Smith, 1881</small> :*''[[Nephropsis agassizii]]'' <small>A. Milne-Edwards, 1880</small> :*''[[Nephropsis atlantica]]'' <small>Norman, 1882</small> :*''[[Nephropsis carpenteri]]'' <small>Wood-Mason, 1885</small> :*''[[Nephropsis ensirostris]]'' <small>Alcock, 1901</small> :*''[[Nephropsis holthuisii]]'' <small>Macpherson, 1993</small> :*''[[Nephropsis malhaensis]]'' <small>Borradaile, 1910</small> :*''[[Nephropsis neglecta]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small> :*''[[Nephropsis occidentalis]]'' <small>Faxon, 1893</small> :*''[[Nephropsis rosea]]'' <small>Bate, 1888</small> :*''[[Nephropsis serrata]]'' <small>Macpherson, 1993</small> :*''[[Nephropsis stewarti]]'' <small>Wood-Mason, 1872</small> :*''[[Nephropsis suhmi]]'' <small>Bate, 1888</small> :*''[[Nephropsis sulcata]]'' <small>Macpherson, 1990</small> *''[[Thaumastocheles]]'' <small>Wood-Mason, 1874</small> :*''[[Thaumastocheles dochmiodon]]'' <small>Chan & Saint Laurent, 1999</small> :*''[[Thaumastocheles japonicus]]'' <small>Calman, 1913</small> :*''[[Thaumastocheles zaleucus]]'' <small>(Thomson, 1873)</small> *''[[Thaumastochelopsis]]'' <small>Bruce, 1988</small> :*''[[Thaumastochelopsis brucei]]'' <small>Ahyong, Chu & Chan, 2007</small> :*''[[Thaumastochelopsis wardi]]'' <small>Bruce, 1988</small> *''[[Thymopides]]'' <small>Burukovsky & Averin, 1977</small> :*''[[Thymopides grobovi]]'' <small>(Burukovsky & Averin, 1976)</small> :*''[[Thymopides laurentae]]'' <small>Segonzac & Macpherson, 2003</small> *''[[Thymops]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small> :*''[[Thymops birsteini]]'' <small>(Zarenkov & Semenov, 1972)</small> *''[[Thymopsis nilenta|Thymopsis]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small> :*''[[Thymopsis nilenta]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small> {{div col end}} {{NexInt}} *[[Gerardus de Nerval]], [[scriptor]] [[Francia|Francicus]], qui nephropidam in deliciis habebat *[[Bellum nephropidarum]], certamen inter [[Brasilia]]m et [[Francia]]m annis [[1960]] ineuntibus de territoriis nephropidarum piscandarum ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Corson, Trevor. [[2005]]. ''The Secret Life of Lobsters: How Fishermen and Scientists Are Unraveling the Mysteries of Our Favorite Crustacean.'' Novi Eboraci: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-055559-7. [https://books.google.com/books?id=GOMhHfKjeUoC Google Books.] *Debelius, Helmut. [[2000]]. ''Krebs-Führer: Garnelen, Krabben, Langusten, Hummer, Fangschreckenkrebse, weltweit; über 1000 Fotos aus dem natürlichen Lebensraum der Krustentiere.'' Hamburgi. ISBN 3-86132-504-7. *Phillips, Bruce F., ed. [[2006]]. ''Lobsters: Biology, Management, Aquaculture and Fisheries.'' Novi Eboraci: Wiley. doi:10.1002/9780470995969. ISBN 978-1-4051-2657-1. *Townsend, Elisabeth. [[2012]]. ''Lobster: A Global History.'' Londinii: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-794-7. ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Nephropidae|Nephropidas}} *Holthuis, Lipke. [[1991]]. ''Marine Lobsters of the World.'' Food and Agriculture Organization. [http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/bis/lobsters.php?menuentry=inleiding Editio interretialis.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070913113438/http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/bis/lobsters.php?menuentry=inleiding Archivum] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20101206104523/http://www.lobsterscience.ca/ Atlantic Veterinary College Lobster Science Centre.] [[Categoria:Nephropidae| ]] [[Categoria:Taxa Dana]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1852]]<!-- [[Category:Animal-based seafood]] [[Category:Commercial crustaceans]] [[Category:Valanginian first appearances]] [[Category:Extant Early Cretaceous first appearances]] [[Category:Negligibly senescent organisms]]--> {{Myrias|Biologia}} mnf56xntsd9eabhwhp7u9uoglr1shz5 0 287329 3979708 3978988 2026-08-09T14:53:12Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3979708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{vicificanda}}{{Latinitas|-2}} [[Fasciculus:Scranton ab Culmine Montis Campani.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Despectus in Scrantoniam ex culmine Montis Campani.]] {{res|Scrantonia}}<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uR0UAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA152&lpg=PA152&dq=scrantonia+pennsylvania&source=bl&ots=yhp4pe2b1G&sig=ACfU3U0RC6r62Ix22HfUyWWJ6BxxoLqAfg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiZspWC7aHqAhWdoHIEHTGKCR44ChDoATAAegQICRAB#v=onepage&q=scrantonia%20pennsylvania&f=false ''Year Book of the Pennsylvania Society of New York'']: “The postoffice at Scrantonia, as it was first called, was opened April 1, 1850” (1903: 152).</ref><ref>Rick Leiby, “Scranton, PA” ([http://paphs.org/scranton-pa/ ''Pennsylvania Postal History Society'']{{Nexus deficit|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}): “By 1852 the official name was changed from Scrantonia to Scranton."</ref> est [[urbs]] sexta a maxima in [[Pennsilvania]] et maxima urbs in [[Lackawanna Comitatus|Lackawanna Comitatu]] sita. Numerus incolarum est 77&thinsp;291. Scrantonia vulgo Urbs Electricitatis appellatur, quia primos curros{{dubsig}}<!--autocineta?--> [[electricitas|electricos]] habuit. == Nomen et conditus == Indigenae in Vyomina Valle genti Leni Lenapenis{{dubsig}} appertinuerunt. Tum novi incolae albi abs [[Connecticuta]] post [[Bellum Rerum Novarum Americanum]] advenerunt, qui Sloci Vallem [[oppidum|oppidulum]] condiderunt.<ref>Platt, J. C., [[iarchive:reminiscencesofe00plat/page/6/mode/2up|Reminiscences of The Early History of Dark Hollow, Slocum Hollow, Harrison Lackawanna Iron Works, Scrantonia and Scranton, Pa.]]: Nomen ''Sloci Valles'' ad Abenezerem Slocum, qui terram Altum Vallem emit, retrotrahit.</ref> Oppidum nunc appellatur ex Georgio W. Scrantonio, qui cum familia [[negotium]] ferri carbonnisque administravit. Scrantonia denuntiavit se esse urbem ante diem ix Kalendas Maias{{dubsig}} [[1866]]. == Regiones == Urbs dividitur in septem [[regio]]nes, quae sunt Scrantonia Septentrionalis, Pars Meridiana, Pars Ortus, Pars Vesperis, Urbs Media, Minoocola, et Columen Viridis. == Incolae Noti == Scrantonia scitur multis.{{dubsig}} Urbs ''Officina'' seriem televisificam, inspiravit.{{dubsig}} Scrantonia quoque habet aliquot incolas notos, inter quis [[Iosephus Bidenius]], [[Praeses Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]], et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Michael Munchak|}}, rector Broncoris.{{dubsig}} [[Fasciculus:Bibliotheca Publica Scrantonis.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Bibliotheca publica]] Scrantoniae.]] == Notae == <references/> [[Categoria:Urbes Pennsilvaniae]] ftb262dfjz977ebnaqanj5wdwvspgax 0 287347 3979815 3519028 2026-08-09T19:43:41Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image | footer = ''Laeva,'' [[Mediana]], locus natalis [[Constantinus|Constantini Magni]]; ''dextra,'' ruinae [[Gamzigrad]]{{dubsig}} ([[Felix Romuliana|Felicis Romulianae]]), congeriei [[palatium|palatiorum]] et [[templum|templorum]] a [[Galerius|Galerio]] [[imperator]]e [[aedificium|aedificatae]]. | width1 = 110 | image1 = Medijana mozaik.jpg | width2 = 230 | image2 = Remains of the 4th-century Felix Romuliana imperial palace at Gamzigrad (2008).jpg }} '''Historia Serbiae''' de [[historia|historico]] [[Serbia]]e [[civitas|civitatumque]] antecessorum progressu tractat, a prima [[aetas ferrea|aetate ferrea]] ad [[praesens]], historia gentis [[Serbi|Serbicae]] et [[regio]]num quas [[rectio|regebant]] non exceptis. Ambitus rectionis [[habitatio]]nisque Serbicae multum variavit, qua pro causa notio historiae Serbiae similiter variat. [[Slavi]] se inter [[Balcania]]s [[saeculum|saeculis]] [[saeculum 6|sexto]] [[saeculum 7|septimoque]] collocabant, ex qua ratione [[Primus Principatus Serbicus]] ortus est, [[domus Vlastimirović|domu Vlastimirović]]{{dubsig}} regnante; qui deinde [[Grandis Principatus Serbicus]] ante [[saeculum 11|saeculum undecimum]] factus est, annoque [[1217]] ambo [[Regnum Serbiae (mediaevale)|regnum]] et [[ecclesia]] nationalis ([[ecclesia orthodoxa Serbiae|Ecclesia Orthodoxa Serbiae]]) constitutae sunt, [[domus Nemanjić|domu Nemanjići]]{{dubsig}} regnante. Anno [[1345]] [[Imperium Serbicum]] constitutum est, quod in magna Balcaniarum parte dominabatur. Anno [[1540]], [[Imperium Ottomanicum]] Serbiam in suam dicionem redegit. [[Fasciculus:Servia1350AD.png|thumb|Propinqui [[Imperium Serbicum|Imperii Serbici]] fines.]] {{multiple image | footer = ''Laeva,'' figura [[cultura]]e [[Lepenski Vir]], 7000 a.C.n.; ''dextra,'' figura culturae [[Vinča]], 4000–4500 a.C.n.. | width1 = 130 | image1 = Lepenski Vir Head.JPG | width2 = 110 | image2 = Vinca clay figure 02.jpg }} [[Terra]]e Serbicae ante medium [[saeculum 16|saeculum sextum decimum]] evanuerant, a simulatibus domesticis vastatae, et ab [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Imperio Ottomanico]] superatae. [[Res novae Serbicae|Rebellio]] contra rectionem Ottomanicam anno [[1817]] [[Principatus Serbiae|Principatum Serbiae]] produxit, qui [[libertas|libertatem]] nationalem anno [[1867]] de facto adeptus est, a [[Potestates Magnae|Potestatibus Magnis]] in [[Congressus Berolinensis|Congressu Berolinensi]] anno [[1878]] agnitam. Serbia, in [[bella Balcanica|bellis Balcanicis]] annis [[1912]] et [[1913]] victor, [[Vardar Macedonia|Vardar Macedoniam]]{{dubsig}}, [[Kosovia]]m, et [[Raška (regio)|Raška regionem]]{{dubsig}} ([[Vetus Serbia|Veterem Serbiam]]) recuperavit. Anno [[1918]] exeunte, [[Voivodina]] regio secessionem ex [[Austria-Hungaria]] nuntiavit, ut se cum [[Civitas Slovenorum, Croatorum, et Serborum|Civitate Slovenorum, Croatorum, et Serborum]] coniungeret; regnum Serbicum se cum confoederatione die [[1 Decembris]] [[1918]] coniunxit, et regnum [[Regnum Serborum, Croatorum, et Clovenorum]] appellari coepit. Serbia suos fines hodiernos adepta est [[secundum bellum mundanum|bello mundano secundo]] confecto, cum facta esset unitas foederalis intra [[Res Publica Socialistica Foederativa Iugoslaviae|Rem Publicam Socialisticam Foederativam Iugoslaviae]] (mense Novembri [[1945]] pronuntiatam). Serbia post [[dissolutio Iugoslaviae|dissolutionem Iugoslaviae]] in serie [[bellum|bellorum]] [[anni 1990|annis 1990]] [[civitas sui iuris]] iterum die [[5 Iunii]] [[2006]] facta est, post referendum anno [[2006]] habitum et dissolutionem coniunctionis cum [[Mons Niger|Monte Negro]]. Inter locos archaeologicos in Serbia sunt [[Aria Babi]], [[Hajdučka Vodenica]], [[Lepenski Vir]], [[Velesnica]], [[Vlasac]]. {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} *[[Ager Merulensis]] *[[Bellum Balcanicum Primum]] *[[Bellum Balcanicum Secundum]] *[[Bellum Russicum Ottomanicum (1877 - 1878)]] *[[Dominicus Čabrinović]] *[[Daniel Ilić]] *[[Index regum praesidumque Serbiae]] *[[Pax Bucarestae (1913)]] *[[Pax Londinii (1913)]] *[[Pax Sancti Stephani]] *[[Gabriel Princip]] {{div col end}}<!-- ==Notae== <references/>--> ==Bibliographia== {{div col|2}} ;Fontes primarii * {{Cite book|ref=harv|editor-last=Moravcsik|editor-first=Gyula|editorlink=Gyula Moravcsik|title=Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio|year=1967|orig-year=1949|edition=2nd revised|location=Vasingtoniae|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3al15wpFWiMC|isbn=9780884020219}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|editor-last=Pertz|editor-first=Georg Heinrich|title=Einhardi Annales|year=1845|location=Hanoverae|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yBhKAAAAcAAJ}} * {{cite book | edition=Reiske, J. J. |author=Constantine VII ''Porphyrogenitus'' |year=1840|publisher=Impensis E. Weberi|title=De Ceremoniis|location=|ref={{harvid|Reiske|1840}} |title-link=De Ceremoniis }} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|editor-last=Scholz|editor-first=Bernhard Walter|title=Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories|year=1970|publisher=University of Michigan Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTzl6wFjehMC|isbn=0472061860}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|editor-last=Thurn|editor-first=Hans|title=Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis historiarum|year=1973|location=Berolini et Novi Eboraci|publisher=De Gruyter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79jH-QXdf0EC|isbn=9783110022858}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|editor-last=Шишић|editor-first=Фердо|title=Летопис Попа Дукљанина (Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja)|year=1928|location=Београд-Загреб|publisher=Српска краљевска академија|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HXwCSCgxTlcC}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Кунчер|first=Драгана|year=2009|title=Gesta Regum Sclavorum|volume=1|location=Београд-Никшић|publisher=Историјски институт, Манастир Острог|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/27256737/Gesta-Regum-Sclavorum-I}} ;Fontes secundarii * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Babac|first=Dušan M.|title=The Serbian Army in the Great War, 1914-1918|year=2016|location=Solihull|publisher=Helion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOpgrgEACAAJ|isbn=9781910777299}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|editor-last=Bataković|editor-first=Dušan T.|title=Histoire du peuple serbe|trans-title=History of the Serbian People|language=Francogallice|date=2005|location=Lausanne|publisher=L’Age d’Homme|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|editor-last1=Bokovoy|editor-first1=Melissa K.|editor-last2=Irvine|editor-first2=Jill A.|editor-last3=Lilly|editor-first3=Carol S.|title=State-Society Relations in Yugoslavia, 1945-1992|year=1997|location=Londinii|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KfbI4e1q1yEC}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Bronza|first=Boro|chapter=The Habsburg Monarchy and the Projects for Division of the Ottoman Balkans, 1771-1788|title=Empires and Peninsulas: Southeastern Europe between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699–1829|year=2010|location=Berolini|publisher=LIT Verlag|pages=51–62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cz7pbGvCqhwC}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Bulić|first=Dejan|chapter=The Fortifications of the Late Antiquity and the Early Byzantine Period on the Later Territory of the South-Slavic Principalities, and their re-occupation|title=The World of the Slavs: Studies of the East, West and South Slavs: Civitas, Oppidas, Villas and Archeological Evidence (7th to 11th Centuries AD)|publisher=Istorijski institut SANU|year=2013|pages=137–234|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pLJCCwAAQBAJ}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Ćirković|first=Sima|year=2004|title=The Serbs|location=Malden|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Curta|first=Florin|title=The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700|year=2001|location=Cantabrigiae|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rcFGhCVs0sYC}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Curta|first=Florin|title=Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250|year=2006|location=Cantabrigiae|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt|url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Cox|first=John K.|title=The History of Serbia|year=2002|location=Westport Connecticutae|publisher=Greenwood Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U765FGDfbPoC}} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last=Dimić|first=Ljubodrag|title=From Assertions to Knowledge: Yugoslav Historiography Concerning the War of 1941-1945|journal=East European Studies|location=Seoli|year=2000|volume=9|pages=257–281}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Dimić|first=Ljubodrag|chapter=Ideology and culture in Yugoslavia (1945-1955)|title=Velike sile i male države u hladnom ratu 1945-1955: Slučaj Jugoslavije|year=2005|location=Belgradi|publisher=Filozofski fakultet|pages=303–320|chapter-url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/316519979/Velike-sile-i-male-dr%C5%BEave-u-Hladnom-ratu-1945-1955-Slu%C4%8Daj-Jugoslavije}} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last=Dimić|first=Ljubodrag|title=Serbien und Jugoslawien (1918-1941)|journal=Österreichische Osthefte|year=2005|volume=47|issue=1–4|pages=231–264|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VaEWAQAAMAAJ}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Dimić|first=Ljubodrag|chapter=Serbian Historiography on the Great War|title=The Serbs and the First World War 1914-1918|year=2015|location=Belgradi|publisher=Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts|pages=383–407|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUjRjwEACAAJ|isbn=9788670256590}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=DiNardo|first=Richard L.|title=Invasion: The Conquest of Serbia, 1915|year=2015|location=Barbaropoli|publisher=Praeger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZeIBwAAQBAJ|isbn=9781440800931}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Đorđević|first=Miloš Z.|chapter=A Background to Serbian Culture and Education in the First Half of the 18th Century according to Serbian Historiographical Sources|title=Empires and Peninsulas: Southeastern Europe between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699–1829|year=2010|location=Berolini|publisher=LIT Verlag|pages=125–131|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cz7pbGvCqhwC|isbn=9783643106117}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|editor-last=Dragnich|editor-first=Alex N.|title=Serbia's Historical Heritage|year=1994|location=Novi Eboraci|publisher=Columbia University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OW5pAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9780880332446}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Dragnich|first=Alex N.|title=Serbia Through the Ages|year=2004|location=Boulder Colorati|publisher=East European Monographs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d3dpAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9780880335416}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Dvornik|first=Francis|title=The Slavs in European History and Civilization|year=1962|location=Novi Brunsvici|publisher=Rutgers University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/slavsineuropeanh0000dvor|url-access=registration|isbn=9780813507996}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Fine|first=John Van Antwerp Jr.|title=The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century|year=1991|origyear=1983|location=Ann Arbor Michiganiae|publisher=University of Michigan Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C|isbn=0472081497}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Fine|first=John Van Antwerp Jr.|title=The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest|year=1994|origyear=1987|location=Ann Arbor Michiganiae|publisher=University of Michigan Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC|isbn=0472082604}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Fryer|first=Charles|title=The Destruction of Serbia in 1915|year=1997|location=Novum Eboracum|publisher=Columbia University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B4NpAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9780880333856}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Gavrilović|first=Zaga|title=Studies in Byzantine and Serbian Medieval Art|year=2001|location=Londinii|publisher=The Pindar Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UBNAAAAYAAJ|isbn=9781899828340}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Gumz|first=Jonathan E.|title=The Resurrection and Collapse of Empire in Habsburg Serbia, 1914-1918|year=2009|location=Cantabrigiae|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3EOOwAACAAJ}} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last=Hehn|first=Paul N.|title=Serbia, Croatia and Germany 1941-1945: Civil War and Revolution in the Balkans|url=https://archive.org/details/canadian-slavonic-papers_1971_13_4/page/344|journal=Canadian Slavonic Papers|year=1971|volume=13|issue=4|pages=344–373|jstor=40866373|doi=10.1080/00085006.1971.11091249}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|year=2011|editor-last1=Ingrao|editor-first1=Charles|editor-last2=Samardžić|editor-first2=Nikola|editor-last3=Pešalj|editor-first3=Jovan|title=The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718|location=West Lafayette Indianae|publisher=Purdue University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3Sg_1wR4poC}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|editor-last=Ivić|editor-first=Pavle|editorlink=Pavle Ivić|title=The History of Serbian Culture|year=1995|location=Edgware|publisher=Porthill Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7nItAQAAIAAJ}} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last=Janković|first=Đorđe|title=The Slavs in the 6th Century North Illyricum|journal=Гласник Српског археолошког друштва|year=2004|volume=20|pages=39–61|url=http://www.rastko.rs/arheologija/delo/13047}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Jelavich|first=Barbara|title=History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries|volume=1|year=1983a|location = Cantabrigiae| publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qR4EeOrTm-0C}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Jelavich|first=Barbara|title=History of the Balkans: Twentieth Century|volume=2|year=1983b|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd-or3qtqrsC|isbn=9780521274593}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Jireček|first=Constantin|title=Geschichte der Serben|year=1911|volume=1|location=Gotha|publisher=Perthes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XoVOAQAAMAAJ}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Jireček|first=Constantin|title=Geschichte der Serben|year=1918|volume=2|location=Gotha|publisher=Perthes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o85DAAAAYAAJ}} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last=Komatina|first=Predrag|title=The Slavs of the mid-Danube basin and the Bulgarian expansion in the first half of the 9th century|journal=Зборник радова Византолошког института|year=2010|volume=47|pages=55–82|url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0584-9888/2010/0584-98881047055K.pdf}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Komatina|first=Predrag|chapter=The Church in Serbia at the Time of Cyrilo-Methodian Mission in Moravia|title=Cyril and Methodius: Byzantium and the World of the Slavs|year=2015|location=Thessaloniki|publisher=Dimos|pages=711–718|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/13442372}} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Kuzmanović|first1=Zorica|last2=Mihajlović|first2=Vladimir D.|title=Roman Emperors and Identity Constructions in Modern Serbia|journal=Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power|year=2015|volume=22|issue=4|pages=416–432|url=https://www.academia.edu/10452643}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Lyon|first=James B.|title=Serbia and the Balkan Front, 1914: The Outbreak of the Great War|year=2015|location=Londinii|publisher=Bloomsbury|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vMkfCgAAQBAJ|isbn=9781472580054}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Luttwak|first=Edward N.|title=The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire|year=2009|location=Cantabrigiae Massachusettae|publisher=Harvard University Press|url=https://books.google.rs/books?id=cUVJKJejPY8C|isbn=9780674035195}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Miller|first=Nicholas|chapter=Serbia and Montenegro|title=Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture|year=2005|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, California|pages=529–581|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C|isbn=9781576078006}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Mirković|first=Miroslava B.|title=Sirmium: Its History from the First Century AD to 582 AD|year=2017|location=Novi Sad|publisher=Center for Historical Research|url=http://digitalna.ff.uns.ac.rs/sadrzaj/2017/978-86-6065-375-0}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Mitrović|first=Andrej|title=Serbia's Great War 1914-1918|year=2007|location=West Lafayette Indianae|publisher=Purdue University Press|url=https://books.google.rs/books?id=CI5Wm8771EYC|isbn=9781557534767}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Mócsy|first=András|title=Pannonia and Upper Moesia: A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire|year=2014|origyear=1974|location=Novi Eboraci|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LP9RAwAAQBAJ|isbn=9781317754251}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Nicol|first=Donald M.|title=The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453|origyear=1972|year=1993|location=Cantabrigiae|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=y2d6OHLqwEsC|isbn=9780521439916}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Obolensky|first=Dimitri|title=The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500-1453|year=1974|origyear=1971|location=Londinii|publisher=Cardinal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlBoAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9780351176449}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Orbini|first=Mauro|year=1601|title=Il Regno de gli Slavi hoggi corrottamente detti Schiavoni|location=Pesaro|publisher=Apresso Girolamo Concordia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fx3OntcdUkQC}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Орбин|first=Мавро|year=1968|title=Краљевство Словена|location=Београд|publisher=Српска књижевна задруга|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MduZAAAAIAAJ}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Ostrogorsky|first=George|year=1956|title=History of the Byzantine State|location=Oxford|publisher=Basil Blackwell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Papazoglu|first=Fanula|title=The Central Balkan Tribes in pre-Roman Times: Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci and Moesians|year=1978|location=Amstelodami|publisher=Hakkert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Up4JAQAAIAAJ}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Pavlovich|first=Paul|title=The History of the Serbian Orthodox Church|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1hzZAAAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Serbian Heritage Books}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Pavlowitch|first=Stevan K.|title=Serbia: The History behind the Name|year=2002|location=Londinii|publisher=Hurst & Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-RuLDaNwbMC}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Pavlowitch|first=Stevan K.|title=Hitler's new disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia|year=2008|location=Novi Eboraci|publisher=Columbia University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dI9pAAAAMAAJ}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Pešalj|first=Jovan|chapter=Early 18th-Century Peacekeeping: How Habsburgs and Ottomans Resolved Several Border Disputes after Karlowitz|title=Empires and Peninsulas: Southeastern Europe between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699–1829|year=2010|location=Berlin|publisher=LIT Verlag|pages=29–42|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cz7pbGvCqhwC}} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last=Petrović|first=Vladimir P.|year=2007|title=Pre-Roman and Roman Dardania: Historical and Geographical Considerations|journal=Balcanica|volume=37|publisher=Balkanološki institut SANU|pages=7–23|url=http://www.balkaninstitut.com/pdf/izdanja/balcanica/Balcanica%20XXXVII%20(2006).pdf}} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last=Pisarri|first=Milovan|title=Bulgarian Crimes Against Civilians in Occupied Serbia during the First World War|journal=Balcanica|year=2013|volume=44|issue=44|pages=357–390|url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/ft.aspx?id=0350-76531344357P|doi=10.2298/BALC1344357P}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Popović|first=Radomir V.|title=Le Christianisme sur le sol de l'Illyricum oriental jusqu'à l'arrivée des Slaves|year=1996|location=Thessaloniki|publisher=Institute for Balkan Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YwsQAQAAIAAJ|isbn=9789607387103}} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last=Popović|first=Svetlana|title=The Serbian Episcopal sees in the thirteenth century|journal=Старинар|issue=51|year=2001|pages=171–184|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yuAVAQAAMAAJ}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last1=Radojević|first1=Mira|last2=Dimić|first2=Ljubodrag|title=Serbia in the Great War 1914-1918: A short History|year=2014|location=Belgrade|publisher=Srpska književna zadruga, Belgrade forum for the world of equals}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Radosavljević|first=Nedeljko V.|chapter=The Serbian Revolution and the Creation of the Modern State: The Beginning of Geopolitical Changes in the Balkan Peninsula in the 19th Century|title=Empires and Peninsulas: Southeastern Europe between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699–1829|year=2010|location=Berolini|publisher=LIT Verlag|pages=171–178|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cz7pbGvCqhwC|isbn=9783643106117}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Rajić|first=Suzana|chapter=Serbia - the Revival of the Nation-state, 1804-1829: From Turkish Provinces to Autonomous Principality|title=Empires and Peninsulas: Southeastern Europe between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699–1829|year=2010|location=Berolini|publisher=LIT Verlag|pages=143–148|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cz7pbGvCqhwC|isbn=9783643106117}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Runciman|first=Steven|title=The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and His Reign: A Study of Tenth-Century Byzantium|year=1988|location = Cantabrigiae| publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.rs/books?id=XHVzWN6gqxQC|isbn=9780521357227}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|editor-last=Samardžić|editor-first1=Radovan|editor-link1=Radovan Samardžić|editor-last2=Duškov|editor-first2=Mediolani|title=Serbs in European Civilization|year=1993|location=Belgrade|publisher=Nova, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Institute for Balkan Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3MtAQAAIAAJ|isbn=9788675830153}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Sedlar|first1=Jean W.|title=East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500|year=1994|location=Seattli|publisher=University of Washington Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4NYTCgAAQBAJ|isbn=9780295800646}} * {{cite journal|last=Sotirović|first=Vladislav B.|title=The Serbian Patriarchate of Peć in the Ottoman Empire: The First Phase (1557–94)|journal=Serbian Studies|volume=25|issue=2|pages=143–169|publisher=NASSS|year=2011|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/14uxFUXu94fwnln_ROYPKOrUm7mZdr-6o/view|doi=10.1353/ser.2011.0038}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Soulis|first=George Christos|title=The Serbs and Byzantium during the reign of Tsar Stephen Dušan (1331-1355) and his successors|year=1984|location=Vasingtoniae|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Library and Collection|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NXFpAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9780884021377}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|editor-last=Stanković|editor-first=Vlada|title=The Balkans and the Byzantine World before and after the Captures of Constantinople, 1204 and 1453|year=2016|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Lexington Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=avTADAAAQBAJ|isbn=9781498513265}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Stavrianos|first=Leften|title=The Balkans Since 1453|year=2000|origyear=1958|location=London|publisher=Hurst|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xcp7OXQE0FMC|isbn=9781850655510}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Stephenson|first=Paul|title=Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900-1204|year=2000|location = Cantabrigiae| publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ILiOI0UgxHoC}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Stephenson|first=Paul|title=The Legend of Basil the Bulgar-Slayer|year=2003|location=Cantabrigiae|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0PmrXKnczUC}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Temperley|first=Harold W. V.|title=History of Serbia|year=1919|origyear=1917|edition=2|location=Londinii|publisher=Bell and Sons|url=https://archive.org/download/historyofserbia00temp/historyofserbia00temp.pdf}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Tomasevich|first=Jozo|title=War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: Occupation and Collaboration|year=2001|location=Stanfordiae|publisher=Stanford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Turlej|first=Stanisław|title=Justiniana Prima: An Underestimated Aspect of Justinian's Church Policy|year=2016|location=Cracoviae|publisher=Jagiellonian University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2yYDQAAQBAJ}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Živković|first=Tibor|title=Forging unity: The South Slavs between East and West 550-1150|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JlIsAQAAIAAJ|year=2008|location=Belgradi|publisher=The Institute of History, Čigoja štampa}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Živković|first=Tibor|title=De conversione Croatorum et Serborum: A Lost Source|year=2012|location=Belgradi|publisher=The Institute of History|url=https://www.academia.edu/1231887}} * Zametica, John. [[2017]]. ''Folly and malice: the Habsburg empire, the Balkans and the start of World War One.'' Londinii: Shepheard–Walwyn. ;Historiographia *Nielsen, Christian Axboe. "Serbian Historiography after 1991." ''Contemporary European History'' 29.1 (2020): 90-103. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/6E1D15C45E06D87B2FE864CF163EC599/S096077731900033Xa.pdf/serbian_historiography_after_1991.pdf online] {{div col end}} ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|History of Serbia|historiam Serbiae}} *{{cite web|ref=harv|last=Ćorović|first=Vladimir| title=Istorija srpskog naroda|year=2001|url=http://www.rastko.rs/rastko-bl/istorija/corovic/istorija/index_l.html}} *[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Serbia Historicae Serbiae tabulae.] *[http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Serbia:_Primary_Documents Historia Serbiae: Documenta Primaria.] {{DEFAULTSORT:Historia Serbiae}} [[Categoria:Historia Serbiae| ]] {{Myrias|Historia}} omnu5hu2nqt19tp83g8wd0kn7m9k8m7 0 287378 3979713 3929180 2026-08-09T14:57:22Z Richard Nevell 80894 Prehistoric sculpture in the National Museum of Archaeology in Malta.jpg 3979713 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Facade Hagar Qim.jpg|thumb|[[Ħaġar Qim]], unum ex [[Templa Megalithica Melitae|templis megalithicis Melitae]]]] '''Historia Melitae''' [[praehistoria]]m diuturnam sequitur, post annum 5900 f[[a.C.n.]] fere, cum [[homo|homines]] [[insula]]s nunc [[Melita (insula)|Melitam]] appellatas [[habitatio|habitare]] coeperent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/first-inhabitants-arrived-700-years-earlier-than-thought.673783.amp|title=First inhabitants arrived 700 years earlier than thought|website=Times of Malta|access-date=25 Martii 2020}}.</ref> Primi incolae [[agricola]]e erant, quarum [[ratio]]nes [[agricultura]]les [[solum]] laedere solebant, cum ad ultimum insulae inhabitabiles factae sunt. Alii [[immigratio|immigrantes]] circa annum 3850 a.C.n. advenerunt, [[civilizatio]]nem ferentes quae vigens [[templum|templa]] [[Templa Megalithica Maltae|megalithica]] [[aedificium|aedificavit]] hodie inter veterrima aedificia in [[tellus|orbe terrarum]] inventa. Earum [[cultura]] circa annum 2350 a.C.n. collapsa [[bellator]]es [[Aetas Aenea|Aetatis Aeneae]] insulas mox frequentaverunt. [[Fasciculus:Tarxien fat lady.JPG|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Una e [[femina|feminis]] [[obesitas|obesis]] (ut appellantur) Melitae antiquae apud [[Templa Tarxien]]]] Praehistoria Melitensis circa [[700 a.C.n.]] finivit, cum [[Phoenici]] [[colonia]]s in insulis deducere coeperunt, quas regnabant donec [[respublica Romana]] eas in suam dicionem anno [[218 a.C.n.]] redegit. Melita a [[imperium Byzantinum|Romanis orientalibus]] [[saeculum 6|saeculo sexto p.C.n.]] victa est, qui vicissim ab [[Aghlabidae|Aghlabidis]]{{dubsig}} post [[oppugnatio Melitae (870)|oppugnationem]] [[Medina (Melita)|Medinae]] [[urbs|urbis]] anno [[870]] expulsi sunt. [[Terra]] perpaucos incolas nonnulla [[saeculum|saecula]] fortasse sustinebat, donec ab [[Arabi]]s [[saeculum 11|saeculo undecimo]] frequentari inciperet. Insulae, a [[Normannia|Normannis]], qui [[regnum Siciliae]]{{dubsig}} constituerant, anno [[1091]] victae, [[Christianismus|Christianizatio]] gradatim insequebatur. Insulae illo tempore a [[rectio|rectoribus]] continuis regebantur, inter quos erant [[Suabi]]{{dubsig}}, [[Corona Aragoniae|Aragonici]], et denique [[imperium Hispanicum|Hispani]]. [[Fasciculus:Prehistoric sculpture in the National Museum of Archaeology in Malta.jpg|thumb|[[Sculptura]] [[spiralis]] ex uno [[templum|templorum]] megalithicorom, nunc in [[Museum Nationale Archaeologicae Melitae|Museo Nationali Archaeologiae]] exposita.]] [[Fasciculus:Cippus - Louvre.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Unus ex [[Cippi Melqart|Cippis Melcathri]], binis [[cippus|cippis]] [[deus|deo]] [[Melqart|Melcathro]]<ref>Nomen [[Lingua Phoenicia|Phoenice]] ''Melqart'' est. Nomen Latinum apud [[Herennius Philo|Herennii Philonis]] fragmentum 2. "Τῷ δὲ Δημαροῦντι γίνεται Μελκάθρος, ὁ καὶ Ἡρακλῆς" "Huic autem Demarunti nascitur Melcathros qui et Hercules (dicitur)."</ref> dicatis.]] [[Fasciculus:SetteGiugno2009.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Monumentum]] [[Septimus Iunii (festum)|Septimi Iunii]] (''Sette Giugno''), nationalis diei festi Melitensis.]] [[Fasciculus:1930 elections in Malta.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Documentum suffragale Ernesti Laiviera in electionibus Melitensibus anni [[1930]], postea sublatis.]] [[Fasciculus:BombDamageMalta.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Miles|Milites]] et togati privati detritum a [[bomba|bombis]] effectum in "Strada Reale" [[Valletta]]e in [[caput (urbs)|capite]] die [[1 Maii]] [[1942]] amovent.]] [[Fasciculus:Denkmal an die Unabhängigkeit Maltas in Valletta.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Monumentum]] [[libertas|libertatis]] Melitensi, [[Floriana]]e in [[oppidum|oppido]] dicatum.]] [[Fasciculus:Proclamation-de-la-Républiq.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Antonius Mamo]] [[praeses]] et [[Dom Mintoff]]{{dubsig}} [[primus minister]] rempublicam Melitensem constitutam die [[13 Decembris]] [[1974]] pronuntiant.]] Melita [[Ordo Hospitalis|Ordini Hospitali]] anno [[1530]] concessa est, qui cliens [[Sicilia]]e in incolas dominabatur. [[Imperium Ottomanicum]] anno [[1565]] insulas per Magnam [[Obsidio Melitensis|Obsidionem Melitensem]] capere conatum est, sed incursio defecit. Ordo Hospitalis Melitam plus quam duo [[saeculum|saecula]] continenter regebat, cum [[ars|artes]] et [[architectura]] vigerent ac [[societas humana|societas]] penitus proficeret. [[Prima res publica (Francia)|Prima res publica Francica]] insulas anno [[1798]] invasit, [[Napoleo]]ne [[dux|duce]], Ordinem Hospitalem expellens, et [[occupatio Francica Melitae|occupationem Francicam]] incipiens. Post autem nonnullos rectionis Francicae menses, incolae [[Oppugnatio Melitae (1798–1800)|rebellantes]] Francicos anno [[1800]] expulserunt, [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannis]], [[Neapolis|Neapolitanis]], [[Portugallia|Portugallicisque]] adiuvantibus. Melita postea [[Protectoratus Melitae|protectoratus Britannicus]] facta est [[Colonia Coronae Melitae]]{{dubsig}} anno [[1813]] de facto creata. Quod confirmatum est per [[Pax Prima Lutetiae|Pacem Primam Lutetiae]] anno insequente confectam. Insulae [[portus]] et [[castra]] [[navale|navalia]] magni momenti Britannis mox profuerunt, ad praesidium quidem [[Classis Mediterranea|Classis Mediterraneae]]. Qua pro causa insulae vehementer [[Oppugnatio Melitae (secundum bellum mundanum)|petita sunt]] a [[Potestates Axis|Potestatibus Axis]] per [[secundum bellum mundanum]], unde Melita [[Crux Georgii|Crucem Georgii]] anno [[1942]] accepit, [[symbolus|symbolum]] [[virtus|virtutis]], qui hodie in [[vexillum|vexillo]] [[insigne|armisque heraldicis]] Melitae videtur. Colonia coronae Melitae se gubernabat inter annos [[1921]]–[[1933]], [[1947]]–[[1958]], et [[1962]]–[[1964]]. Melita [[libertas|libertatem]] [[natio]]nalem intra [[Consortio Populorum|Consortionem Populorum]] anno [[1964]] nomine [[Civitas Melita|Civitate Melita]] adepta est, sed [[respublica]] anno [[1974]] facta est, quae [[civitas sui iuris]] ex die [[1 Maii]] anno [[2004]] socius [[Unio Europaea|Unionis Europaeae]] est. ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Attard, Joseph. [[1988]]. ''Britain and Malta: The Story of an Era.'' Melitae: Publishers Enterprises Group. [https://books.google.com/books?id=hwMtPAAACAAJ Google Books.] *Bierman, John, et Colin Smith. [[2002]]. ''The Battle of Alamein: Turning Point, World War II.'' Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-03040-8. *Blouet, Brian W. [[2007]]. ''The Story of Malta.'' Allied Publications. ISBN 9789990930818. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PgsjAQAAIAAJ Google Books.] *Boffa, Charles J. [[1998]]. ''Boffa: The Saga of the French Occupation of Malta: 1798–1800.'' Progress Press Company. ISBN 99909-3-052-X. (OCLC 41049810. *Calvocoressi, Peter. [[1981]]. ''Top Secret Ultra.'' Ballantine Espionage Intelligence Library, 10. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-30069-0. *Cassar, Paul. [[1964]]. ''Medical history of Malta.'' Londinii: Wellcome Historical Medical Library. *Cassar, Carmel. [[2000]]. ''A Concise History of Malta.'' Msida: Mireva Publications. ISBN 1870579526. [https://books.google.com/books?id=c3nJnQEACAAJ Google Books.] *Elliott, Peter. [[1980]]. ''The cross and the ensign: a naval history of Malta, 1798–1979.'' Annapoli Terrae Mariae: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 087021926X. *Freller, Thomas. [[2010]]. ''Malta, the Order of St John.'' Malra's Living Heritage. Midsea Books. ISBN 978-99932-7-298-4. *Godechot, Jacques. [[1970]]. ''Histoire de Malte'' Que sais-je. Lutetiae: Presse Universitaire de France. *Luke, Harry. [[1949]]. ''Malta: An Account and an Appreciation.'' Londinii: Harrap. [https://books.google.com/books?id=k_5AAAAAYAAJ Google Books.] *Mercieca, Simon. [[2005]]. ''Les chevaliers de Saint-Jean à Malte.'' Florentiae: Casa Editrice Bonechi. Miller Distributors Limited. ISBN 88-476-1681-6. *Riley-Smith, Jonathan. [[1999]]. ''Hospitallers: the history of the Order of St. John.'' Londinii et Rio Grande Ohii: Hambledon Press. ISBN 1852851961. *Stephenson, Charles. [[2004]]. ''The Fortifications of Malta 1530–1945.'' Londinii: Osprey Publishing Ltd. ISBN 9781782007067. [https://books.google.com/books?id=XsQ1CdqvyqUC Google Books.] *Titterton, G. A. [[2002]]. ''The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean.'' 2 vol. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7146-5179-8. {{NexInt}} *[[Gaulos]] *[[Historia Europae]] *[[Historia Italiae]] *[[Karthago]] *[[Paulus Tarsensis]] ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|History of Malta|historiam Melitae}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051231154302/http://www.maltadata.com/ Data de electionibus Melitensibus.] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20170510143854/http://www.maltastar.com/dart/20130103-study-reveals-how-malta-looked-20-000-years-ago#.UOVRtgiNIiw.facebook "How Malta looked 20,000 years ago."] *[http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Malta:_Primary_Documents Historia Melitae: Documenta Primaria.] [[Categoria:Historia Melitae|!]] {{Myrias|Historia}} qcmmudhtbdd5ljbe370577dxjfnv1rr 3979940 3979713 2026-08-09T21:54:21Z IacobusAmor 1163 ~ (10K) 3979940 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Facade Hagar Qim.jpg|thumb|[[Ħaġar Qim]], unum ex [[Templa Megalithica Melitae|templis megalithicis Melitae]].]] '''Historia Melitae''' [[praehistoria]]m diuturnam sequitur, post annum 5900 f[[a.C.n.]] fere, cum [[homo|homines]] [[insula]]s nunc [[Melita (insula)|Melitam]] appellatas [[habitatio|habitare]] coeperent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/first-inhabitants-arrived-700-years-earlier-than-thought.673783.amp|title=First inhabitants arrived 700 years earlier than thought|website=Times of Malta|access-date=25 Martii 2020}}.</ref> Primi [[incola]]e [[agricola]]e erant, quarum [[ratio]]nes [[agricultura]]les [[solum]] laedere solebant, cum ad ultimum insulae inhabitabiles factae sunt. Alii [[immigratio|immigrantes]] circa annum 3850 a.C.n. advenerunt, [[civilizatio]]nem ferentes quae vigens [[templum|templa]] [[Templa Megalithica Maltae|megalithica]] [[aedificium|aedificavit]] hodie inter veterrima aedificia in [[tellus|orbe terrarum]] inventa. Earum [[cultura]] circa annum 2350 a.C.n. collapsa [[bellator]]es [[Aetas Aenea|Aetatis Aeneae]] insulas mox frequentaverunt. [[Fasciculus:Tarxien fat lady.JPG|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Una e [[femina|feminis]] [[obesitas|obesis]] (ut appellantur) Melitae antiquae apud [[Templa Tarxien]]]] Praehistoria Melitensis circa [[700 a.C.n.]] finivit, cum [[Phoenici]] [[colonia]]s in insulis deducere coeperunt, quas regnabant donec [[respublica Romana]] eas in suam dicionem anno [[218 a.C.n.]] redegit. Melita a [[imperium Byzantinum|Romanis orientalibus]] [[saeculum 6|saeculo sexto p.C.n.]] victa est, qui vicissim ab [[Aghlabidae|Aghlabidis]]{{dubsig}} post [[oppugnatio Melitae (870)|oppugnationem]] [[Medina (Melita)|Medinae]] [[urbs|urbis]] anno [[870]] expulsi sunt. [[Terra]] perpaucos incolas nonnulla [[saeculum|saecula]] fortasse sustinebat, donec ab [[Arabi]]s [[saeculum 11|saeculo undecimo]] frequentari inciperet. Insulae, a [[Normannia|Normannis]], qui [[regnum Siciliae]]{{dubsig}} constituerant, anno [[1091]] victae, [[Christianismus|Christianizatio]] gradatim insequebatur. Insulae illo tempore a [[rectio|rectoribus]] continuis regebantur, inter quos erant [[Suabi]]{{dubsig}}, [[Corona Aragoniae|Aragonici]], et denique [[imperium Hispanicum|Hispani]]. [[Fasciculus:Prehistoric sculpture in the National Museum of Archaeology in Malta.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Sculptura]] [[spiralis]] ex uno [[templum|templorum]] megalithicorom, nunc in [[Museum Nationale Archaeologicae Melitae|Museo Nationali Archaeologiae]] exposita.]] [[Fasciculus:Cippus - Louvre.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Unus ex [[Cippi Melqart|Cippis Melcathri]], binis [[cippus|cippis]] [[deus|deo]] [[Melqart|Melcathro]]<ref>Nomen [[Lingua Phoenicia|Phoenice]] ''Melqart'' est. Nomen Latinum apud [[Herennius Philo|Herennii Philonis]] fragmentum 2. "Τῷ δὲ Δημαροῦντι γίνεται Μελκάθρος, ὁ καὶ Ἡρακλῆς" "Huic autem Demarunti nascitur Melcathros qui et Hercules (dicitur)."</ref> dicatis.]] [[Fasciculus:SetteGiugno2009.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Monumentum]] [[Septimus Iunii (festum)|Septimi Iunii]] (''Sette Giugno''), nationalis diei festi Melitensis.]] [[Fasciculus:1930 elections in Malta.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Documentum suffragale Ernesti Laiviera in electionibus Melitensibus anni [[1930]], postea sublatis.]] [[Fasciculus:BombDamageMalta.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Miles|Milites]] et togati privati detritum a [[bomba|bombis]] effectum in "Strada Reale" [[Valletta]]e in [[caput (urbs)|capite]] die [[1 Maii]] [[1942]] amovent.]] [[Fasciculus:Denkmal an die Unabhängigkeit Maltas in Valletta.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Monumentum]] [[libertas|libertatis]] Melitensi, [[Floriana]]e in [[oppidum|oppido]] dicatum.]] [[Fasciculus:Proclamation-de-la-Républiq.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Antonius Mamo]] [[praeses]] et [[Dom Mintoff]]{{dubsig}} [[primus minister]] rempublicam Melitensem constitutam die [[13 Decembris]] [[1974]] pronuntiant.]] Melita [[Ordo Hospitalis|Ordini Hospitali]] anno [[1530]] concessa est, qui cliens [[Sicilia]]e in incolas dominabatur. [[Imperium Ottomanicum]] anno [[1565]] insulas per Magnam [[Obsidio Melitensis|Obsidionem Melitensem]] capere conatum est, sed incursio defecit. Ordo Hospitalis Melitam plus quam duo [[saeculum|saecula]] continenter regebat, cum [[ars|artes]] et [[architectura]] vigerent ac [[societas humana|societas]] penitus proficeret. [[Prima res publica (Francia)|Prima res publica Francica]] insulas anno [[1798]] invasit, [[Napoleo]]ne [[dux|duce]], Ordinem Hospitalem expellens, et [[occupatio Francica Melitae|occupationem Francicam]] incipiens. Post autem nonnullos rectionis Francicae menses, incolae [[Oppugnatio Melitae (1798–1800)|rebellantes]] Francicos anno [[1800]] expulserunt, [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannis]], [[Neapolis|Neapolitanis]], [[Portugallia|Portugallicisque]] adiuvantibus. Melita postea [[Protectoratus Melitae|protectoratus Britannicus]] facta est [[Colonia Coronae Melitae]]{{dubsig}} anno [[1813]] de facto creata. Quod confirmatum est per [[Pax Prima Lutetiae|Pacem Primam Lutetiae]] anno insequente confectam. Insulae [[portus]] et [[castra]] [[navale|navalia]] magni momenti Britannis mox profuerunt, ad praesidium quidem [[Classis Mediterranea|Classis Mediterraneae]]. Qua pro causa insulae vehementer [[Oppugnatio Melitae (secundum bellum mundanum)|petita sunt]] a [[Potestates Axis|Potestatibus Axis]] per [[secundum bellum mundanum]], unde Melita [[Crux Georgii|Crucem Georgii]] anno [[1942]] accepit, [[symbolus|symbolum]] [[virtus|virtutis]], qui hodie in [[vexillum|vexillo]] [[insigne|armisque heraldicis]] Melitae videtur. Colonia coronae Melitae se gubernabat inter annos [[1921]]–[[1933]], [[1947]]–[[1958]], et [[1962]]–[[1964]]. Melita [[libertas|libertatem]] [[natio]]nalem intra [[Consortio Populorum|Consortionem Populorum]] anno [[1964]] nomine [[Civitas Melita|Civitate Melita]] adepta est, sed [[respublica]] anno [[1974]] facta est, quae [[civitas sui iuris]] ex die [[1 Maii]] anno [[2004]] socius [[Unio Europaea|Unionis Europaeae]] est. ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Attard, Joseph. [[1988]]. ''Britain and Malta: The Story of an Era.'' Melitae: Publishers Enterprises Group. [https://books.google.com/books?id=hwMtPAAACAAJ Google Books.] *Bierman, John, et Colin Smith. [[2002]]. ''The Battle of Alamein: Turning Point, World War II.'' Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-03040-8. *Blouet, Brian W. [[2007]]. ''The Story of Malta.'' Allied Publications. ISBN 9789990930818. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PgsjAQAAIAAJ Google Books.] *Boffa, Charles J. [[1998]]. ''Boffa: The Saga of the French Occupation of Malta: 1798–1800.'' Progress Press Company. ISBN 99909-3-052-X. (OCLC 41049810. *Calvocoressi, Peter. [[1981]]. ''Top Secret Ultra.'' Ballantine Espionage Intelligence Library, 10. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-30069-0. *Cassar, Paul. [[1964]]. ''Medical history of Malta.'' Londinii: Wellcome Historical Medical Library. *Cassar, Carmel. [[2000]]. ''A Concise History of Malta.'' Msida: Mireva Publications. ISBN 1870579526. [https://books.google.com/books?id=c3nJnQEACAAJ Google Books.] *Elliott, Peter. [[1980]]. ''The cross and the ensign: a naval history of Malta, 1798–1979.'' Annapoli Terrae Mariae: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 087021926X. *Freller, Thomas. [[2010]]. ''Malta, the Order of St John.'' Malra's Living Heritage. Midsea Books. ISBN 978-99932-7-298-4. *Godechot, Jacques. [[1970]]. ''Histoire de Malte'' Que sais-je. Lutetiae: Presse Universitaire de France. *Luke, Harry. [[1949]]. ''Malta: An Account and an Appreciation.'' Londinii: Harrap. [https://books.google.com/books?id=k_5AAAAAYAAJ Google Books.] *Mercieca, Simon. [[2005]]. ''Les chevaliers de Saint-Jean à Malte.'' Florentiae: Casa Editrice Bonechi. Miller Distributors Limited. ISBN 88-476-1681-6. *Riley-Smith, Jonathan. [[1999]]. ''Hospitallers: the history of the Order of St. John.'' Londinii et Rio Grande Ohii: Hambledon Press. ISBN 1852851961. *Stephenson, Charles. [[2004]]. ''The Fortifications of Malta 1530–1945.'' Londinii: Osprey Publishing Ltd. ISBN 9781782007067. [https://books.google.com/books?id=XsQ1CdqvyqUC Google Books.] *Titterton, G. A. [[2002]]. ''The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean.'' 2 vol. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7146-5179-8. {{NexInt}} *[[Gaulos]] *[[Historia Europae]] *[[Historia Italiae]] *[[Karthago]] *[[Paulus Tarsensis]] ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|History of Malta|historiam Melitae}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051231154302/http://www.maltadata.com/ Data de electionibus Melitensibus.] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20170510143854/http://www.maltastar.com/dart/20130103-study-reveals-how-malta-looked-20-000-years-ago#.UOVRtgiNIiw.facebook "How Malta looked 20,000 years ago."] *[http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Malta:_Primary_Documents Historia Melitae: Documenta Primaria.] [[Categoria:Historia Melitae|!]] {{Myrias|Historia}} b8dmzu1pt9xm4mxxxplhofjdlk1x86k 1 287703 3979807 3523088 2026-08-09T19:40:25Z Grufo 64423 -- 3979807 wikitext text/x-wiki == about Bibliographia == the entire section "Bibliographia" seems to be copied from another language. if possible can you please create content corresponding to hyperlinks. [[Uzanto:Leela52452|Leela52452]] ([[Uzanto-Diskuto:Leela52452|diskuto]]) 12:34, 20 apr. 2020 (UTC) [[:m:User_talk:leela52452|any OTHER suggestion or critique is preferred here]] sprhkrnz21encwloc0zs6uxb3aqjqdq 3979808 3979807 2026-08-09T19:40:39Z Grufo 64423 /* De nuntio de pagina spammifera */ Nova pars 3979808 wikitext text/x-wiki == about Bibliographia == the entire section "Bibliographia" seems to be copied from another language. if possible can you please create content corresponding to hyperlinks. [[Uzanto:Leela52452|Leela52452]] ([[Uzanto-Diskuto:Leela52452|diskuto]]) 12:34, 20 apr. 2020 (UTC) [[:m:User_talk:leela52452|any OTHER suggestion or critique is preferred here]] == De nuntio de pagina spammifera == De nuntio de pagina spammifera videatur [[:en:Special:PermanentLink/1367706659]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:40, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) nc8uqeqpvhmbj8qp4upi1x776q2c1sb 0 288187 3979795 3958573 2026-08-09T19:11:48Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = '''Gryllotalpidae''' | fossil_range = [[Cretaceum|Cretaceo]] inferiori – recens {{fossilrange|140<!--approx-->|0}} | image = Mole cricket02.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Gryllotalpa brachyptera]]'' | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | subclassis = [[Pterygota]] | infraclassis = [[Neoptera]] | superordo = [[Orthopteroidea]] | ordo = [[Orthoptera]] | subordo = [[Ensifera]] | infraordo = [[Gryllidea]] | superfamilia = [[Gryllotalpoidea]] | familia = '''Gryllotalpidae''' | familia_authority = [[Henricus Ludovicus Fridericus de Saussure|Saussure]], [[1870]] |subdivision_ranks = [[Subfamilia]]e | range_map = Gryllotalpidae-verbreitung.png | range_map_caption = <small>Distributio ''[[Gryllotalpa]]e'', ''[[Scapteriscus|Scapterisci]]'', ''[[Neocurtilla]]e''</small> | synonyma = * Curtillidae <small>Kirby, 1906</small> * Gryllotalpida, Gryllotalpides, Gryllotalpina <small>Leach, 1815</small> |subdivision = ''Vide commentarium.'' }} '''Gryllotalpidae''' sunt [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]] [[insecta|insectorum]] [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordinis]] [[Orthoptera|Orthopterorum]] (ad quam ordinem pertinent [[caelifera]], [[acrididae]], [[gryllidae]]). Gryllotalpidis sunt [[corpus]] [[cylindrus|cylindriforme]] a tres ad quinque [[centimetrum|centimetra]] longum in adultis, [[oculus|oculis]] parvis, [[crus|cruribusque]] [[rutrum|rutriformibus]], ad defodendum penitus evolutis. Adsunt gryllotalpidae in multis [[mundus|mundi]] [[regio]]nibus, atque in locis ubi nuper advenierunt, [[pestis (organismus)|pestes]] [[agricultura]]e fieri possunt. Tres [[vita]]e stationes subeunt: [[ovum|ova]], [[nympha (biologia)|nymphae]], adulti. Paene semper in [[solum|solo]] subterraneo degunt, sed adulti, [[ala|alis]] praediti, tempore [[fetus|feturae]] [[volatus|circumvolant]]. [[Diaeta]] variat: nonnullae [[species]] solum [[holus|holera]] petunt, plerumque [[radix|radicibus]] [[victus|vescentes]]; aliae sunt [[omnivora]], [[vermis|vermes]] et vermiculos [[coleoptera|coleopterorum]]<!--grubs = larvae--> comedentes, cum paucae plerumque sint [[praedator]]es. Gryllotalpidis [[mas|maribus]] est insolite magnus [[cantus]]; ex cuniculis canunt in [[humus|humo]] effossis, qui in [[aer]]em aperiuntur formam [[cornu]]s [[acustica|acustici]] habens.<ref>Hill, Wells, et Shadley 2006.</ref> Cantus est [[tonus]] paene purus, in stridores modulatus. Adhibetur ad [[femina (sexus)|feminas]] attrahendas, aut [[coitus]] causa, aut ad locos ovorum ponendorum commodos indicandos. Nonnullae species ab hominibus eduntur.<ref>Adalla et Cervancia 2010.</ref> ==Taxinomia et phylogenia== Gryllotalpidae sunt [[grex]] [[monophyletismus|monophyleticus]] ordinis Orthopterorum. [[Enodatio cladistica]] earum [[morphologia]]e anno [[2015]] sex [[tribus (taxinomia)|tribus]] agnoscit, quarum quattuor tum novae erant: indioscaptorini ([[scapteriscinae]]), triamescaptorini, gryllotalpellini, et neocurtillini ([[gryllotalpinae]]), et duae tribus, scapteriscini et gryllotalpini, retractatae sunt.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cadena-Castañeda |first1=Oscar J. |title=The phylogeny of mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpoidea: Gryllotalpidae) |journal=Zootaxa |date=2015 |volume=3985 |issue=4 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3985.4.1 |pmid=26250160 |pages=451–90|url=https://zenodo.org/record/234476 }}.</ref> Nomen gregis recte ex ''[[gryllus|gryllo]]'' et ''[[talpa]]'' derivatur.<ref>{{cite web |title=Origin of Gryllotalpa |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gryllotalpa |publisher=Merriam-Webster |accessdate=19 Septembris 2015}}.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ Greges gryllotalpidarum ! Subfamilia !! Imago !! Exemplum !! Notae |- | ''[[Scapteriscinae]]'' || [[Fasciculus:Scapteriscus vicinus.JPG|120px]] || ''[[Neoscapteriscus vicinus]]'' || Extans |- | ''[[Gryllotalpinae]]'' || [[Fasciculus:Mole Cricket (Gryllotalpa africana) (16643378886).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Gryllotalpa africana]]'' || Extans |- | ''[[Marchandiinae]]'' [[exstinctio|exstinctae]] || <!--[[Fasciculus:....jpg|120px]]--> || <!--name of illustrated species--> || [[Cretaceum]] inferius [[Francia]]e |} Intra subfamilias exstantis, [[genus (taxinomia)|genera]] sunt:<ref>[http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1128736 Orthoptera Species File].</ref> ===Gryllotalpinae=== * tribus '''Gryllotalpellini''' Cadena-Castañeda, 2015 ([[America Australis]]) ** ''[[Gryllotalpella]]'' * tribus '''Gryllotalpini''' Leach, 1815 ([[mundus]]) ** ''[[Gryllotalpa]]'' * tribus '''Neocurtillini''' Cadena-Castañeda, 2015 ([[America]]) ** ''[[Leptocurtilla]]'' ** ''[[Neocurtilla]]'' * tribus '''Triamescaptorini''' Cadena-Castañeda, 2015 ([[Nova Zelandia]]) ** ''[[Triamescaptor]]'' * tribus incertae sedis ** †genus ''[[Pterotriamescaptor]]'' ** †genus ''[[Burmagryllotalpa]]''<ref name="Burmagryllotalpa2020">{{Cite journal|last1=Wang |first1=H. |last2=Lei |first2=X. |last3=Zhang |first3=G. |last4=Xu |first4=C. |last5=Fang |first5=Y |last6=Zhang |first6=H. |year=2020 |title=The earliest Gryllotalpinae (Insecta, Orthoptera, Gryllotalpidae) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=107 |pages=Article 104292 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104292 }}.</ref> ===Scapteriscinae=== * tribus '''Indioscaptorini''' Cadena-Castañeda, 2015 ([[subcontinens Indica]]) ** ''[[Indioscaptor]]'' * tribus '''Scapteriscini''' Zeuner, 1939 ([[America]]) ** ''[[Scapteriscus]]'' ** ''[[Neoscapteriscus]]'' ===Genera exstincta=== * †''[[Archaeogryllotalpoides]]'' * †''[[Cratotetraspinus]]'' * †''[[Marchandia]]'' * †''[[Palaeoscapteriscops]]'' * †''[[Tresdigitus rectanguli]]'' <small>Xu, Fang & Wang, 2020</small><ref name="Tresdigitus2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=C. |last2=Fang |first2=Y. |last3=Wang |first3=H. |year=2020 |title=A new mole cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=in press |pages=Article 104428 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104428 }}.</ref> [[Fossile|Fossilia]] gryllotalpidarum rara sunt.<!--A [[stem group]] fossil, ''Cratotetraspinus'', is known from the [[Lower Cretaceous]] of Brazil.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Martins-Neto, R.G. |year=1995 |title=Complementos ao estudo sobre os Ensifera (Insecta, Orthopteroida) da Formacao Santana, Cretaceo Inferior do Nordeste do Brasil |journal=Revista Brasileira de Entomologia |volume=39 |pages=321–345}}</ref> Two specimens of ''Marchandia magnifica'' in [[amber]] have been found in the Lower Cretaceous of Charente-Maritime in France.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Perrichot |first1=V. |author2=Néraudeau, Didier|author3=Azar, Dany|author4= Menier, Jean-Jacques |author5=Nel, André |title= A new genus and species of fossil mole cricket in the Lower Cretaceous amber of Charente-Maritime, SW France (Insecta: Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae)|journal= Cretaceous Research|date=2002 |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=307–314 |doi=10.1006/cres.2002.1011}}</ref> They are somewhat more abundant in the [[Tertiary]] amber of the Baltic and Dominican regions; impressions are found in Europe and the American [[Green River Formation]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Ratcliffe, B.C. |author2=Fagerstrom, J.A. |year=1980 |title=Invertebrate lebensspuren of Holocene floodplains: their morphology, origin and paleoecological significance |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-paleontology_1980-05_54_3/page/614 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=54 |pages=614–630}}</ref>--> [[Fasciculus:Pigmy Mole Cricket (Tridactylus sp.) (13977429463).jpg|thumb|[[Tridactylidea]] sunt membra subordinis [[Caelifera|Caeliferorum]].]] [[Fasciculus:Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa MHNT.jpg|thumb|''[[Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa]].'']] [[Fasciculus:Scapteriscus vicinus.JPG|thumb|''[[Neoscapteriscus vicinus]].'']] ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Adalla, Candida B., et Cleofas R. Cervancia.[[2010]]. "Philippine edible insects: a new opportunity to bridge the protein gap of resource-poor families and to manage pests." In ''Forest insects as food: humans bite back: Proceedings of a workshop on Asia-Pacific resources and their potential for development, 19-21 February 2008, Chiang Mai, Thailand,'' ed. Patrick B. Durst, Dennis V. Johnson, Robin N. Leslie, et Kenichi Shono, 154–155. Bancoci: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. ISBN 978-92-5-106488-7. *Hill, Peggy S.M., Harrington Wells, et John R. Shadley. [[2006]]. "Singing from a constructed burrow: why vary the shape of the burrow mouth?" ''Journal of Orthoptera Research'' 15(1): 23–29. *Vittum, Patricia J. [[2020]]. ''Turfgrass insects of the United States and Canada.'' Ed. tertia. Ithacae Novi Eboraci: Comstock Publishing Associates, impressio Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501747977 (pdf), ISBN 9781501747960. ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Gryllotalpidae|Gryllotalpidas}} {{Wikispecies|Gryllotalpidae|Gryllotalpidas}} *[http://australianmuseum.net.au/Mole-Cricket "Mole Cricket."] Australian Museum. *Houston, Terry. [[2011]]. "Information sheet: Mole Crickets." Western Australian Museum. [http://museum.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/Mole%20crickets.pdf PDF.] *Prendergast, Amy. [[2012]] "Solving the Mystery of the Hidden Callers of the Night."] Australian Wildlife Secrets. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150121074841/http://blog.wildlifesecrets.com.au/solving-the-mystery-of-the-hidden-callers-of-the-night/ Blog.] *[http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/molecrickets/mcri0002.htm "Mole Cricket Knowledge Base."]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences [[Universitas Floridensis|Universitatis Floridensis.]] *Paginae in "Featured Creatures," situ Instituti Scientiarum Cibi et Agriculturae Universitatis Floridensis **[http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/orn/turf/pest_mole_crickets.htm "Mole crickets, ''Scapteriscus'' spp."] **[http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/nematode/mole_cricket_nematode.htm "Mole cricket nematode."] **[http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/beneficial/Larra_wasps.htm "''Larra'' spp., mole cricket hunters."] *[http://www.eattheweeds.com/bug-a-boos-or-grubs-up/ "Bug-a-Boo’s or Grubs Up."]<!-- {{Taxonbar|from=Q199765}}--> [[Categoria:Gryllotalpidae]] [[Categoria:Taxa Saussure]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1870]]<!-- [[Categoria:Insects as food]] [[Category:Valanginian first appearances]] [[Category:Extant Early Cretaceous first appearances]]--> {{Myrias|Biologia}} 4x18pp9g73r1g6evwb845a1q1u5eot0 0 288292 3979916 3754641 2026-08-09T21:20:14Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Lophiiformes | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|130|0}}<small>[[Cretaceum|Cretaceo]] ineunte – recens</small> | image = Humpback anglerfish.png | image_caption = ''[[Melanocetus johnsonii]]'' | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | superclassis = [[Osteichthyes]] | classis = [[Actinopterygii]] | subclassis = [[Neopterygii]] | infraclassis = [[Teleostei]] | clade = [[Percomorpha]] | ordo = '''Lophiiformes''' | ordo_authority = [[Samuel Garman|Garman]], [[1899]] }} '''Lophiiformes''' sunt [[piscis|pisces]] infraclassis [[Teleostei|Teleosteorum]] [[classis (taxinomia)|classis]] [[Actinopterygii|Actinopterygiorum]].<ref name="fishbase">{{FishBase order | order = Lophiiformes | month = February | year = 2006}}</ref> Qui inter [[Osteichthyes]] numeratur, propter eius proprium [[praedatio]]nis modum appellantur, in quo [[esca]] (vel illicium), [[caro]] ex [[caput|capite]] crescens, illecebra aliorum piscium videtur. [[Fasciculus:Antennarius striatus.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|[[Antennariidae]]: ''[[Antennarius striatus]].'']] [[Fasciculus:Representatives of ceratioid families.jpg|thumb|A, ''[[Centrophryne spinulosa]],'' 136 mm SL; B, ''[[Cryptopsaras couesii]],'' 34.5 mm SL; C, ''[[Himantolophus appelii]],'' 124 mm SL; D, ''[[Diceratias trilobus]],'' 86 mm SL; E, ''[[Bufoceratias wedli]],'' 96 SL; F, ''[[Bufoceratias shaoi]],'' 101 SL; G, ''[[Melanocetus eustalus]],'' 93 mm SL; H, ''[[Lasiognathus amphirhamphus]],'' 157 mm SL; I, ''[[Thaumatichthys binghami]],'' 83 mm SL; J, ''[[Chaenophryne quasiramifera]],'' 157 mm SL.]] [[Fasciculus:Red-lipped Bat fish.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Ogcocephalidae]]: ''[[Ogcocephalus darwini]].'']] [[Fasciculus:Striped anglerfish ( Antennarius striatus ).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Antennariidae]]: ''[[Antennarius striatus]].'']] [[Fasciculus:Lophius piscatorius MHNT.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Sceletus]] ''[[Lophius piscatorius|Lophii piscatorii]]'': prima pinnae dorsalis spina [[harundo]] piscatoria cum illecebra reapse imitatur.]] [[Fasciculus:Hamol u0.gif|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Linophrynidae]]: ''[[Haplophryne mollis]]'' femina cum maribus adiunctis.]] [[Fasciculus:Chaunax pictus.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Chaunacidae]]: ''[[Chaunax pictus]]'' (B. K. Phillips).]] [[Fasciculus:Ceratias holboelli.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Ceratiidae]]: ''[[Ceratias holboelli]].'']] Nonnulli lophiiformes extremo [[dimorphismus sexualis|dimorphismo sexuali]] et [[symbiosis|symbiosi]] innotuerunt, ubi [[mas]] [[femina (sexus)|femina]] multo minor est, praecipue in [[subordo|subordine]] [[Ceratioidei|Ceratioideorum]]. In quibus [[species|speciebus]], mares feminis nonnullis [[ordines magnitudinis|ordinibus magnitudinis]] minores esse possunt.<ref name="Pietsch">{{cite journal|last=Pietsch|first=Theodore W.|title=Dimorphism, parasitism, and sex revisited: modes of reproduction among deep-sea ceratioid anglerfishes (Teleostei: Lophiiformes)|url=https://archive.org/details/ichthyological-research_2005-08-25_52_3/page/207|journal=Ichthyological Research|date=25 Augusti 2005|volume=52|issue=3|pages=207–236|doi=10.1007/s10228-005-0286-2}}.</ref> Lophiiformes per totum orbem terrarum fiunt. Nonnulli [[zona pelagica|pelagici]] sunt, procul ab imo [[mare|mari]] [[habitatio|habitantes]], sed alii [[zona benthica|benthici]] sunt, prope imum mare habitantes. Nonnulli in mari profundo (e.g., [[Ceratiidae]]), sed alii in pluteo [[continens|continentali]] habitant (e.g., [[Antennariidae]] et [[Lophiidae]]). Formae pelagicae maxime lateraliter compressae, sed formae benthicae saepe dorsoventraliter compressae sunt, saepe [[os (oris)|oribus]] magnis et sursum indicantibus. == Evolutio == Phylogenetica [[ADN mitochondriale|genomatis mitochondrialis]] investigationes monstraverunt lophiiformes rapide inter sese diversos factos esse a [[Cretaceum|Cretaceo]] ineunte ad medium, abhinc annorum ab 130 et 100 milliones.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Miya|first=M.|author2=T. Pietsch |author3=J. Orr |author4=R. Arnold |author5=T. Satoh |author6=A. Shedlock |author7=H. Ho |author8=M. Shimazaki |author9=M. Yabe |title=Evolutionary history of anglerfishes (Teleostei: Lophiiformes): a mitogenomic perspective|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|year=2010|volume=10|page=58|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-10-58|pmid=20178642|pmc=2836326}}.</ref> == Classificatio == [[FishBase]],<ref name="fishbase" /> Nelson,<ref>Nelson 1993.</ref> et Pietsch<ref name="Pietsch2">Pietsch 2009.</ref> duodeviginti [[familia (taxinomia)|familias]], sed [[ITIS]]<ref>{{ITIS | id = 164495 | taxon = Lophiiformes | accessdate = 3 Aprilis 2006}}</ref> sedecim tantum perscribit. Taxa insequentia ad eorum coniunctiones evolutionarias monstrandas ordinantur.<ref name=Pietsch /> * Subordo Lophoiodei ** [[Lophiidae]] * Subordo Antennarioidei ** [[Antennariidae]] ** [[Tetrabrachiidae]]<ref name="itis">Boschma's frogfish and the four-armed frogfish are included in the Antennariidae in ITIS.</ref> ** [[Brachionichthyidae]] ** [[Lophichthyidae]]<ref name="itis" /> * Subordo Chaunacoidei ** [[Chaunacidae]] * Subordo Ogcocephaloidei ** [[Ogcocephalidae]] * Subordo Ceratioidei ** [[Centrophrynidae]] ** [[Ceratiidae]] ** [[Himantolophidae]] ** [[Diceratiidae]] ** [[Melanocetidae]] ** [[Thaumatichthyidae]] ** [[Oneirodidae]] ** [[Caulophrynidae]] ** [[Neoceratiidae]] ** [[Gigantactinidae]] ** [[Linophrynidae]] == Anatomia == Omnes Lophiiformes sunt [[carnivora]] et ergo ad [[praeda]]m captandam apti sunt. Eorum [[color]]es a [[canus|cano]] obscuro ad [[fuscus|fuscum]] obscurum variant. [[Caput|Capita]] sunt magna, [[os (oris)|ora]] lunata, [[dens|dentes]] longi et introrsus ad [[praeda]]m facile ingerenda positi. Ei a 2 ad 18 [[centimetrum|centimetra]] longi fere sunt, sed nonnullae [[species]] ad 100 centimetra longi sunt,<ref>{{cite web |title=Anglerfish |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/group/anglerfish/ |website=National Geographic |date=10 Septembris 2010 |accessdate=28 Februarii 2019}}.</ref> sed haec variatio propter dimorphismum sexualem plerumque est, feminis maribus permulto maioribus.<ref name="Anglerfish">{{cite web|url=http://www.fishbase.org/identification/SpeciesList.php?genus=Melanocetus|title=Fish Identification|website=fishbase.org|accessdate=28 Ianuarii 2019}}</ref> [[Antennariidae]] aliaeque [[aqua]]e tenuis species praedae insidiantur, et sese [[saxum|saxis]], [[porifera|poriferis]], [[algae|algisve]] [[mare|maritimis]] saepe dissimulant. <ref name="Camouflage">{{cite web|title=Camouflage|url=https://www.frogfish.ch/frogfish-camouflage.html|accessdate=22 Ianuarii 2018}}.</ref> Plurimis familiae [[Ceratidae|Ceratidarum]] lophiiformibus adultis est [[esca]], [[organum (corpus)|organum]] [[lumenescentia|luminescens]], in apice radii dorsalis mutati positum, quod illicio prodest.<!-- The organ has been hypothesized to serve the obvious purpose of luring prey in dark, deep-sea environments, but also serves to call males' attention to the females to facilitate mating.--> == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * Anderson, M. Eric, et Robin W. Leslie. [[2001]]. "Review of the deep-sea anglerfishes (Lophiiformes: Ceratioidei) of southern Africa." ''Ichthyological Bulletin of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology'' 70. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Rhodes University. [http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1019903 Editio interretialis.] * Hubbs, Carl. [[1958]]. "Ogcocephalus darwini, un nuevo pez endémico en las Islas Galápagos." ''Copeia'' (3): 15. doi:10.2307/1440581. * Murphy, Julie. [[2015]]. ''Anglerfish.'' Ann Arbor Michiganiae: Cherry Lake Publishing. ISBN 9781631880247, ISBN 1631880241, ISBN 9781631880674 (charta), ISBN 1631880675 (charta). * Nelson, Joseph S. [[1994]]. ''Fishes of the World.'' John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-54713-6. * Pietsch, Theodore W. [[2009]]. ''Oceanic Anglerfishes: Extraordinary Diversity in the Deep Sea. Berkeleiae: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25542-5. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Lophiiformes}} {{CommuniaCat|Lophiiformes|organismos bioluminescentes}} {{CommuniaCat|Lophiiformes|cibos Lophiiformium}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210520032513/http://tolweb.org/Lophiiformes "Lophiiformes."] Tree of Life. *[http://deepseacreatures.org/anglerfish "Anglerfish."] [[Photographema]]ta. *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=anDIlMVgNwk "Anglerfish mating."] [[Pellicula]] (02:37). *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z-BbpaNXbxg "Angler Fish."] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUVerZsbYiw "Weird Killer of the Deep."] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VqPMP9X-89o "The anglerfish: The original approach to deep-sea fishing."] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AW93uB5fDLQ 3D "scans reveal deep-sea anglerfish's huge final meal."]<!-- {{Taxonbar|from=Q206948}}--> <!-- [[Category:Bioluminescent fish]] [[Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines]] [[Category:Extant Early Cretaceous first appearances]]--> {{Myrias|Biologia}} [[Categoria:Lophiiformes| ]] [[Categoria:Paracanthopterygii]] [[Categoria:Taxa Garman]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1899]] 731avjtv2e4gvnkgrhfrlez717orueq 0 288887 3980037 3970479 2026-08-09T23:33:47Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Placodermi | fossil_range = {{fossil range|430|358.9|latest=praesens}}Late [[Llandovery epoch|Llandovery]] – Late [[Devonian]]<!-- <small>If paraphyletic in relation to the rest of [[Gnathostomata]], then modern jawed vertebrates represent extant forms</small> --> | image = Bothriolepis panderi.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Bothriolepis|Bothriolepis panderi]]'' ([[fossile]]) [[pinna pectoralis|pinnas pectorales]] monstrat. | regnum = [[Animalia]] | subregnum = [[Eumetazoa]] | superphylum = [[Deuterostomia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | clade = [[Olfactores]] | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | infraphylum = [[Gnathostomata]] | classis = '''†Placodermi''' | classis_authority = [[Fridericus McCoy|McCoy]], [[1848]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Ordo (taxinomia)|Ordines]] | subdivision = [[Antiarchi]] [[extinction|†]]<br /> [[Arthrodira]] †<br /> [[Brindabellaspida]] †<br /> [[Petalichthyida]] †<br /> [[Phyllolepida]] †<br /> [[Ptyctodontida]] †<br /> [[Rhenanida]] †<br /> [[Acanthothoraci]] †<br /> ?[[Pseudopetalichthyida]] †<br /> ?[[Stensioellida]] † }} '''Placodermi''' (a [[Graece|Graecis]] πλάξ 'lamina' + δέρμα '[[cutis]]') est [[classis (taxinomia)|classis]] [[pisces|piscium]] [[praehistoria|praehistoricorum]] [[arma]]torum, solum ex [[fossile|fossilibus]] nobis notorum, qui ab aevo [[Silurianum|Siluriano]] ad finem aevi [[Devonianum|Devoniani]] vigebant. Eorum [[caput]] et [[thorax]] durissimis laminis articulatis tegebantur, et reliquium [[corpus|corporis]] [[squama|squamosum]] vel nudum fuit, secundum [[species|speciem]]. Inter prima [[gnathostomata]] fuerunt; eorum [[maxilla]]e ut videtur ex eorum primis [[arcus branchiarum|arcibus branchiarum]] creverunt. Classis Placodermorum [[paraphylia|paraphyletica]] plerumque putatur, quia in nonnullis [[grex exterior|gregibus exterioribus]] vel distinctis omnium [[vertebrata|vertebratorum]] maxillis praeditorum viventiumque [[taxon sororale|taxis sororalibus]] consistit, quae ex eis orta sunt. Quod ab ''[[Entelognathus|Entelognatho]]'' monstratur, [[fossile|fossile]] abhinc annorum 419 milliones ex [[Sina]] orto, solo placodermo noto cui fuit maxilla [[os (ossis)|ossea]] maxillarum in [[Osteichthyes|piscibus osseis]] hodiernis inventarum similis, [[mandibulum|mandibulo]] quod in [[homo sapiens|homine sapiente]] aliisque [[tetrapoda|tetrapodis]] invenitur non excluso.<ref name="Nature">{{cite journal | url = http://www.nature.com/news/ancient-fish-face-shows-roots-of-modern-jaw-1.13823 | title = Ancient fish face shows roots of modern jaw | journal = Nature | date = 25 Septembris 2013 |accessdate = 26 Septembris 2013 | doi = 10.1038/nature.2013.13823 | last1 = Barford | first1 = Eliot }}.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meredith Smith|first=Moya|last2=Clark |first2=Brett|last3=Goujet |first3=Daniel|last4=Johanson |first4=Zerina|date=17 Augusti 2017 |title=Evolutionary origins of teeth in jawed vertebrates: conflicting data from ac+anthothoracid dental plates ('Placodermi') |journal=Palaeontology|language=en|volume=60|issue=6|pages=829–836 |doi=10.1111/pala.12318|issn=0031-0239 |url=https://nhm.openrepository.com/bitstream/10141/622339/2/Smith_et_al-2017-Palaeontology.pdf}}.</ref> Mandibula aliorum placodermorum simpliciora fuerunt, inque uno [[os (ossis)|ore]] constiterunt.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.australianscience.com.au/biology/entelognathus-the-fish-with-the-first-modern-face/ |title=Entelognathus: The Fish with the First Modern Face |access-date=6 Maii 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705180718/http://www.australianscience.com.au/biology/entelognathus-the-fish-with-the-first-modern-face/ |archive-date=2018-07-05 |url-status=dead }}.</ref> Placodermi fuerunt primi pisces qui [[pinna pelvica|pinnas pelvicas]] evolverunt, praecursores [[membrum posterius|membrorum posteriorum]]<!--?hindlimbs--> in tetrapodis, cum [[dens|dentibus]] veris.<ref name="Rucklin2012">{{Cite journal | last1 = Rücklin | first1 = M. | last2 = Donoghue | first2 = P. C. J. | last3 = Johanson | first3 = Z. | last4 = Trinajstic | first4 = K. | last5 = Marone | first5 = F. | last6 = Stampanoni | first6 = M. | title = Development of teeth and jaws in the earliest jawed vertebrates | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2012-11-29_491_7426/page/748 | doi = 10.1038/nature11555 | journal = Nature | volume = 491 | issue = 7426 | pages = 748–751 | year = 2012 | pmid = 23075852| pmc = | bibcode = 2012Natur.491..748R }}.</ref> Greges paraphyletici ancipites sunt, quia coniunctiones [[phylogenia|phylogeneticae]], proprietates, et [[exstinctio]] incertae sunt.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=XcYSZTPkXTQC&lpg=PA166&dq=australopithecus+paraphyletic&pg=PA166#v=onepage&q=australopithecus%20paraphyletic&f=false|title=The Symbolic Species Evolved|last=Schilhab |first=Theresa |last2=Stjernfelt|first2=Frederik |last3=Deacon|first3=Terrence |date=26 Martii 2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9789400723351|location=|pages=|language=Anglice}}.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Villmoare|first=Brian |date=30 Ianuarii 2018 |title=Early Homo and the role of the genus in paleoanthropology |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|language=Anglice |volume=165|pages=72–89|doi=10.1002/ajpa.23387|pmid=29380889|issn=0002-9483|doi-access=free}}.</ref> Fossilia ''[[Incisoscutum|Incisoscuti]],'' ''[[Materpiscis]],'' et ''[[Austroptyctodus|Austroptyctodi]],'' trium [[genus (taxinomia)|generum]] aliorum ex aevo abhinc annorum 380 milliones ortorum, sunt prima [[viviparitas|partus vivi]] exempla nota.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news | publisher = BBC | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7424281.stm | title = Fossil reveals oldest live birth | date = 28 Maii 2008 |accessdate = 30 Maii 2008 }}.</ref> ==Cladogramma== [[Cladogramma]] insequens coniunctiones inter placodermos monstrat.<ref name=CJR09>{{cite journal | last1 = Carr | first1 = R. K. | last2 = Johanson | first2 = Z. | last3 = Ritchie | first3 = A. | year = 2009 | title = The phyllolepid placoderm ''Cowralepis mclachlani'': Insights into the evolution of feeding mechanisms in jawed vertebrates | url = http://www.biosci.ohiou.edu/faculty/carr/pdf_files/Carr_et_al_2009.pdf | journal = Journal of Morphology | volume = 270 | issue = 7 | pages = 775–804 | doi = 10.1002/jmor.10719 | pmid = 19215000 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130604051912/http://www.biosci.ohiou.edu/faculty/carr/pdf_files/Carr_et_al_2009.pdf | archivedate = 4 Iunii 2013}}.</ref> [[Fasciculus:Homostius2DB.jpg|thumb|''[[Homostius]]'' et [[Pterichthys]].'']] [[Fasciculus:Diandongpetalichthys liaojiaoshanensis.jpg|thumb|[[Diandongpetalichthys]].]] {{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:85% |1={{clade |1=''[[Stensioella]]'' |label2='''Placodermi''' |2={{clade |1=''[[Pseudopetalichthys]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Brindabellaspis]]'' |2=[[Acanthothoraci]]}} |3={{clade |1=[[Rhenanida]] |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Yunnanolepis]]'' |2=[[Euantiarcha]]}} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Petalichthyida]] |2=[[Ptyctodontida]]}} |label2=[[Arthrodira]] |2={{clade |1=''[[Wuttagoonaspis]]'' |2=[[Actinolepidae]] |3={{clade |1=[[Phyllolepida]] |2={{clade |1=[[Phlyctaeniida]] |label2=[[Brachythoraci]] |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Holonema]]'' |2=''[[Antineosteus]]'' |3=[[Buchanosteidae]]}} |label2=[[Eubrachythoraci]] |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Pholidosteus]]'' |2=''[[Tapinosteus]]''}} |2={{clade |1=''[[Coccosteus]]'' |2=''[[Torosteus]]''}} }} |2=''[[Plourdosteus]]'' |3={{clade |1=''[[Dunkleosteus]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Brachyosteus]]'' |2=''[[Erromenosteus]]'' |3=''[[Gorgonichthys]]'' |4=''[[Titanichthys]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} ==Bibliographia== *Ahlberg, P. E., K. Trinajstic, Z. Johanson, et J. A. Long. [[2009]]. "Pelvic claspers confirm chondrichthyan-like internal fertilization in arthrodires." ''Nature'' 460 (7257): 888–89. Bibcode:2009Natur.460..888A. doi:10.1038/nature08176. PMID 19597477. *Janvier, P. [[1998]]. ''Early Vertebrates.'' Oxoniae et Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854047-7. *Long, J. A. [[1983]]. "New bothriolepid fishes from the Late Devonian of Victoria, Australia." ''Palaeontology'' 26: 295–320. *Long, J. A. [[1984]]. "New phyllolepids from Victoria and the relationships of the group." ''Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales'' 107: 263–308. *Long, J. A. [[1996]]. ''The Rise of Fishes: 500 Million Years of Evolution.'' Baltimorae: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-5438-5. *Long, J. A., et K. Trinajstic. [[2010]]. "The Late Devonian Gogo Formation Lagerstatte – Exceptional preservation and Diversity in early Vertebrates." ''Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences'' 38: 255–79. Bibcode:2010AREPS..38..255L. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-040809-152416. *Long, J. A., K. Trinajstic, G. C. Young, et T. Senden. [[2008]]. "Live birth in the Devonian." ''Nature'' 453 (7195): 650–52. Bibcode:2008Natur.453..650L. doi:10.1038/nature06966. PMID 18509443. *Long, J. A., K. Trinajstic, et Z. Johanson. [[2009]]. "Devonian arthrodire embryos and the origin of internal fertilization in vertebrates." ''Nature'' 457 (7233): 1124–27. Bibcode:2009Natur.457.1124L. doi:10.1038/nature07732. PMID 19242474. *Zhu, M, X. Yu, B. Choo, J. Wang, et L. Jia. [[2012]]. "An antiarch placoderm shows that pelvic girdles arose at the root of jawed vertebrates." ''Biology Letters'' 8 (3): 453–56. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.1033. PMC 3367742. PMID 22219394. ==Notae== <references/> ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Placodermi|Placodermos}} *Markussen-Brown, Annetta. [[2000]]. [http://hoopermuseum.earthsci.carleton.ca/placoderms/first.html "Devonian Armoured Fish."] *[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/basalfish/placodermi.html "Introduction to the Placodermi: Extinct armored fishes with jaws."] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120309154319/http://www.btinternet.com/~vendian/FOSSILWEB/paleozoic_fish.htm <small>"PALAEOZOIC FOSSILS UK."</small>] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060501194014/http://www.toyen.uio.no/palmus/galleri/montre/english/m_panserhai_e.htm "Placoderms."] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20101220205158/http://palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/Unit060/060.000.html "Placodermi: Overview."] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6195188.stm De ''Dunkleosteo terrelli.''] BBC.<!-- {{Taxonbar|from=Q130932}}--> [[Categoria:Classes animalium]] [[Categoria:Placodermi| ]] [[Categoria:Taxa McCoy]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1848]]<!-- [[Category:Paraphyletic groups]] [[Category:Devonian fish]] [[Category:Silurian fish]] [[Category:Llandovery first appearances]] [[Category:Devonian extinctions]]--> {{Myrias|Biologia}} jw8r43sd8rbiuauy9s879y34v5eo0cp 0 288975 3979903 3978161 2026-08-09T21:14:18Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Tinamou | image = Stavenn Eudromia elegans 00.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Eudromia elegans]]'' | fossil_range = [[Miocaenum]] – Recens {{fossil range|10|0}} | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]]<!-- | infraphylum = [[Gnathostomata]]--> | superclassis = [[Tetrapoda]]<!-- | unranked_classis = [[Eumaniraptora]]--> | classis = [[Aves]] | infraclassis = [[Palaeognathae]] | clade = [[Notopalaeognathae]] | ordo = '''Tinamiformes''' | parent_authority = [[Thomas Henricus Huxley|Huxley]], [[1872]]<ref name="SN">{{harvnb|Brands|2008}}</ref> | familia = '''Tinamidae''' | family_authority = [[Georgius Robertus Gray|G. R. Gray]], [[1840]]<ref name="SN" /> | type_species = ''[[Tinamus major]]'' | type_species_authority = [[Ioannes Fridericus Gmelin|Gmelin]], [[1789]] | diversity_link = List of Tinamidae species | diversity = 2 [[subfamilia]]e, 9 [[genus (taxinomia)|genera]], 47 [[species]], 127 [[subspecies]] | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = * Subfamilia [[Tinaminae]] ** ''[[Nothocercus]]'' ** ''[[Crypturellus]]'' ** ''[[Tinamus]]'' * Subfamilia [[Nothurinae]] ** ''[[Tinamotis]]'' ** ''[[Eudromia]]'' ** ''[[Rhynchotus]]'' ** ''[[Nothoprocta]]'' ** ''[[Nothura]]'' ** ''[[Taoniscus]]'' | synonyms = * Crypturidae <small>Bonaparte, 1831</small> * Tinamotidae <small>Bonaparte, 1854</small> * Eudromiidae <small>Bonaparte, 1854</small> * Rhynchotidae <small>von Boetticher, 1934</small> | range_map = Tinamidi Distribuzione.jpg | range_map_caption = {{big|{{Legend2|#00FE00| Range of the family|border=1px solid #aaa}}}} }} '''Tinamidae''' sunt [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[aves|avium]], sola [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordinis]] '''Tinamiformium''' familia, cui sunt duae [[subfamilia]]e distinctae, quadraginta sex [[species]] comprehendens, quae in [[Mexicum|Mexico]], [[America Media]], et [[America Australis|America Australi]] [[endemismus|inveniuntur]]. [[Nomen proprium|Nomen]] ex ''tinamu,'' [[vocabulum|vocabulo]] [[Galibi]]ano, in una ex [[lingua|linguis]] [[linguae Caribanae|Caribanis]], deducitur.<ref>{{harvnb|Gotch|1995|p=182}}.</ref> Tinamidae [[grex sororalis]] [[palaeognathae|palaeognatharum]] sine [[volatus|volatu]] usitate putabantur, sed investigationes recentiores eas intra radiationem palaeognatharum commode ponunt, quod [[significatio (linguistica)|significat]] palaeognathas basales volare potuisse.<ref>Phillips et al. 2010.</ref> Tinamidae inter [[fossile|fossilia]] primum aevo [[Miocaenum|Miocaeno]] apparent. Plerumque sedentariae in [[solum|solo]] habitare solent, et, quamquam non sine volatu, volatum evitant et [[periculum]] aufugire malunt. Inveniuntur in variis [[habitatio]]nibus [[natura]]libus, a [[terra|terris]] [[gramen|graminosis]] [[clima semiaridum|semiaridis]] [[clima alpinum|alpinisque]] ad [[zona tropica|tropicas]] [[silva pluvialis|silvas pluviales]]. Binae subfamiliae habitatione late distinguuntur, [[Nothurinae|Nothurinis]] tinanimidis [[steppa]]rum vel agrorum apertorum, [[Tinaminae|Tinaminis]] tinamidis [[silva]]rum vulgo appellatis. ==Coniunctiones geneticae== [[Cladogramma]] generum Tinamidarum insequitur, secundum [[data]] [[morphologia|morphologica]] et [[molecula]]re, a Bertelli & Porzecanski enodata (2004).<ref>{{harvnb|Bertelli|Porzecanski|2004}}</ref> {{Clade |label1= [[Tinamidae]] |1={{Clade |label1= [[Tinaminae]] |1={{Clade |1= ''[[Nothocercus]]'' |label2= |2={{Clade |1= ''[[Crypturellus]]'' |2= ''[[Tinamus]]'' }} }} |label2= [[Nothurinae]] |2={{Clade |label1= |1={{Clade |1= ''[[Tinamotis]]'' |2= ''[[Eudromia]]'' }} |label2= |2={{Clade |1= ''[[Rhynchotus]]'' |label2= |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |1= ''[[Nothoprocta]]'' |label2= |2={{Clade |1= ''[[Nothura]]'' |2= ''[[Taoniscus]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} ===Species ordine taxinomico digestae=== [[Fasciculus:Tinamus majorPCSL00504B.jpg|thumb|''[[Tinamus major]].'']] [[Fasciculus:NothocercusNigricapillusSmit.jpg|thumb|''[[Nothocercus nigrocapillus]].'']] [[Fasciculus:Crypturellus cinereus.jpg|thumb|''[[Crypturellus cinereus]].'']] [[Fasciculus:Rhynchotus rufescens -Parque das Aves-8a.jpg|thumb|''[[Rhynchotus rufescens]].'']] [[Fasciculus:Brushland Tinamou.jpg|thumb|''[[Nothoprocta cinerascens]].'']] [[Fasciculus:NothuraMarmorataSmit.jpg|thumb|''[[Nothura boraquira]].'']] [[Fasciculus:Tinamotis ingoufi.JPG|thumb|''[[Tinamotis ingoufi]].'']]<!-- {{main|List of Tinamidae}}--> '''Signa status conservationis''':<ref>{{harvnb|Birdlife International|2013}}.</ref> *VU – [[vulnerable species|vulnerabilis]] *NT – [[paene in periculum redactus]] *LC – [[minimae curae]] '''Ordo Tinamiformes''' <small>Huxley 1872</small> [Crypturi <small>Goodchild 1891</small>; Dromaeomorphae <small>Huxley 1867</small>]<br /> '''Familia Tinamidae'''<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Paleofile.com (net, info)]] | url=http://www.paleofile.com/ | title=''Taxonomic lists- Aves'' | accessdate=30 Decembris 2015}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=English Names of Birds |last=Çınar|first=Ümüt|year=November 2015|title=''01 → Pᴀʟᴇᴏɢɴᴀᴛʜᴀᴇ : Sᴛʀᴜᴛʜɪᴏɴɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Rʜᴇɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Cᴀsᴜᴀʀɪɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Aᴘᴛᴇʀʏɢɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Aᴇᴘʏᴏʀɴɪᴛʜɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Dɪɴᴏʀɴɪᴛʜɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Lɪᴛʜᴏʀɴɪᴛʜɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Tɪɴᴀᴍɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs & Rᴇfᴇʀᴇɴᴄᴇs'' |url=http://kmoksy.com/zobot/birds_English.html |accessdate= 30 Decembris 2015}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Brodkob, Pierce|year=1963| title=''Catalogue of fossil birds 1- Archaeopterygiformes through Ardeiformes'' | url=http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00001514/00001|journal=Biological Sciences, Bulletin of the Florida State Museum| volume=7|issue=4|pages=180–293| accessdate=30 Decembris 2015}}.</ref> * '''Genus''' †''[[Querandiornis]]''''' <small>Rusconi 1958</small> ** †''[[Querandiornis romani]]'' <small>Rusconi 1958</small> * '''Subfamilia [[Tinaminae]]''' ** '''Genus ''[[Crypturellus]]''''' *** †''[[Crypturellus reai]]'' <small>Chandler 2012</small> *** ''[[Crypturellus casiquiare]]'' – LC *** ''[[Crypturellus bartletti]]'' – LC *** ''[[Crypturellus berlepschi]]'' – LC *** ''[[Crypturellus atrocapillus]]'' – NT *** ''[[Crypturellus strigulosus]]'' – LC *** ''[[Crypturellus obsoletus]]'' – LC *** ''[[Crypturellus kerriae]]'' – VU *** ''[[Crypturellus cinereus]]'' – LC *** ''[[Crypturellus duidae]]'' – NT *** ''[[Crypturellus soui]]'' – LC *** ''[[Crypturellus transfasciatus]]'' – NT *** ''[[Crypturellus erythropus]]'' – LC **** ''[[Crypturellus erythropus columbianus]]'' (status taxinomicus hodie incertus) [[American Ornithologists' Union]] fissionem anno 2006 non approbavit; sic [[BirdLife International]].<ref name="SACC" /> **** ''[[Crypturellus erythropus saltuarius]]'' (status taxinomicus hodie incertus) [[American Ornithologists' Union]] fissionem anno 2006 non approbavit; sic [[BirdLife International]].<ref name="SACC">{{harvnb|Remsen Jr.|Donegan|2008}}</ref> **** ''[[Crypturellus erythropus idoneus]]'' (status taxinomicus hodie incertus) [[American Ornithologists' Union]] fissionem anno 2006 non approbavit; sic [[BirdLife International]].<ref name="SACC" /> *** ''[[Crypturellus brevirostris]]'' – LC *** ''[[Crypturellus boucardi]]'' – LC *** ''[[Crypturellus parvirostris]]'' – LC *** ''[[Crypturellus tataupa]]'' – LC *** ''[[Crypturellus ptaritepui]]'' – LC *** ''[[Crypturellus cinnamomeus]]'' – LC *** ''[[Crypturellus undulatus]]'' – LC *** ''[[Crypturellus variegatus]]'' – LC *** ''[[Crypturellus noctivagus]]'' – NT ** '''Genus ''[[Nothocercus]]''''' *** ''[[Nothocercus bonapartei]]'' – LC *** ''[[Nothocercus nigrocapillus]]'' – VU *** ''[[Nothocercus julius]]'' – LC ** '''Genus''' ''[[Tinamus]]'' *** ''[[Tinamus osgoodi]]'' – VU *** ''[[Tinamus major]]'' – NT *** ''[[Tinamus tao]]'' – VU *** ''[[Tinamus solitarius]]'' – NT *** ''[[Tinamus guttatus]]'' – NT *'''Subfamily [[Nothurinae]]''' ** '''Genus ''[[Eudromia]]''''' *** †''[[Eudromia intermedia]]'' <small>(Rovereto 1914)</small> [''Tinamisornis intermedius'' <small>Rovereto 1914 non Dabbene & Lillo 1913</small>; ''Roveretornis intermedius'' <small>(Rovereto 1914) Brodkorb 1961</small>] *** †''[[Eudromia olsoni]]'' <small>Tambussi & Tonni 1985</small> [''Tinamisornis intermedius'' <small>Dabbene & Lillo 1913 non Rovereto 1914</small>; ''Eudromia elegans intermedia'' <small>(Dabbene & Lillo 1913)</small>] *** ''[[Eudromia elegans]]'' – LC *** ''[[Eudromia formosa]]'' – LC ** '''Genus ''[[Nothoprocta]]''''' *** ''[[Nothoprocta pentlandii]]'' – LC *** ''[[Nothoprocta cinerascens]]'' – LC *** ''[[Nothoprocta perdicaria]]'' – LC *** ''[[Nothoprocta curvirostris]]'' – LC *** ''[[Nothoprocta ornata]]'' – LC *** ''[[Nothoprocta taczanowskii]]'' – VU ** '''Genus ''[[Nothura]]''''' *** ''[[Nothura chacoensis]]'' – LC *** ''[[Nothura darwinii]]'' – LC *** ''[[Nothura minor]]'' – VU *** †''[[Nothura paludosa]]'' <small>Mercerat 1897</small> *** †''[[Nothura parvula]]'' <small>(Rovereto) Tambussi 1989</small> [''Tinamisornis parvulus'' <small>Rovereto</small>; ''Cayetanornis parvulus'' <small>(Rovereto) Brodkorb 1963</small>] *** ''[[Nothura maculosa]]'' – LC *** ''[[Nothura boraquira]]'' – LC ** '''Genus ''[[Rhynchotus]]''''' *** [[Huayco tinamou]], '' Rhynchotus maculicollis'' – LC *** [[Red-winged tinamou]], ''Rhynchotus rufescens'' – LC ** '''Genus ''[[Taoniscus]]''''' *** [[Dwarf tinamou]], ''Taoniscus nanus'' – VU ** '''Genus ''[[Tinamotis]]''''' *** [[Patagonian tinamou]], ''Tinamotis ingoufi'' – LC *** [[Puna tinamou]], ''Tinamotis pentlandii'' – LC ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== [[Fasciculus:TinamouSkull.jpg|thumb|Aspectus [[venter|ventralis]] [[cranium|cranii]] ''[[Rhynchotus rufescens|Rhynchoti rufescentis]].'']] * {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.aanat.2011.04.002| pmid = 21596537| title = Moa's Ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand| journal = Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger| volume = 194| issue = 1| pages = 36–51| date = 2012-01-20| last1 = Allentoft | first1 = M. E. | last2 = Rawlence | first2 = N. J. | ref = harv | url = http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/4368/}} * {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msu153| title = Genomic Support for a Moa-Tinamou Clade and Adaptive Morphological Convergence in Flightless Ratites| url = https://archive.org/details/molecular-biology-and-evolution_2014-07_31_7/page/1686| journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution| year = 2014| last1 = Baker | first1 = A. J.| last2 = Haddrath | first2 = O.| last3 = McPherson | first3 = J. D.| last4 = Cloutier | first4 = A.| ref = harv | volume=31 | issue = 7| pages=1686–96 | pmid=24825849| doi-access = free}} * {{cite journal | last1 = Bertelli | first1 = Sara | last2 = Chiappe | first2 = Luis M. | year = 2005 | title = Earliest tinamous (Aves: Palaeognathae) from the Miocene of Argentina and their phylogenetic position | journal = Contributions in Science | volume = 502 | pages = 1–20 | url = http://www.nhm.org/site/sites/default/files/pdf/contrib_science/CS502.pdf | issn = 0459-8113 | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Bertelli | first1 = Sara | last2 = Porzecanski | first2 = Ana Luz | year = 2004 | title = Tinamou (Tinamidae) systematics: a preliminary combined analysis of morphology and molecules | journal = Ornitologia Neotropical | volume = 15 (Suppl.) | pages = 293–99 | url = http://www.ibiologia.unam.mx/links/neo/revista/pdf%20revistas/15%20Supplement/ON%2015%20%28Suppl%29%20293-300.pdf | ref = harv }} * {{cite web |editor = Birdlife International | url = http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sowbsearchresults.php?a=ns&SearchTerms=tinamidae | title = Species status: Tinamidae | accessdate = 2013-05-25 | work = BirdLife data zone | publisher = BirdLife International | year = 2013 | ref = harv }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.taxonomy.nl/Main/Classification/51315.htm | title = Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Order Tinamiformes | accessdate = 4 Februarii 2009 | last = Brands | first = Sheila | year = 2008 | work = Project: The Taxonomicon | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal |last = Brennan | first = Patricia L. R. | year = 2004 | title = Techniques for studying the behavioural ecology of forest-dwelling tinamous (Tinamidae) | journal = Orntitologia Neotropical | volume = 15 (Suppl.) | pages = 329–37 | ref = harv }} * {{cite web |last = Brown | first = Joseph W. | url = http://tolweb.org/Tinamiformes/15838 | title = Tinamidae: Tinamous | accessdate = 18 Martii 2009 |date=June 2007 | work = Tree of Life Web Project | ref = harv }}<!-- * {{cite iucn|author= Butchart, S.|author2= Symes, A.|last-author-amp= yes| year = 2008 | url = https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/100060055/0/ | title = ''Taoniscus nanus'' | access-date = 9 Apr 2013 | ref = harv }} * {{cite iucn|author= Butchart, S.|author2= Symes, A.|last-author-amp= yes| year = 2008a | url = https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/100060053/0// | title = ''Nothura minor'' | access-date = 9 Apr 2013 | ref = harv }}--> * {{cite encyclopedia | last1 = Cabot | first1 = J. | last2 = Carboneras | first2 = C. | last3 = Folch | first3 = A. | last4 = de Juanca | first4 = E. | last5 = Llimona | first5 = F. | last6 = Matheu | first6 = E. | year = 1992 | editor-first = J. | editor-last = del Hoyo | publisher = Lynx Edicions | location = Barcelona, Spain | volume = I: Ostrich to Ducks | encyclopedia = Handbook of the Birds of the World | title = Tinamiformes | isbn = 978-8487334108 | ref = harv | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Cenizo | first1 = Marcus Martín | last2 = Tambussi | first2 = Claudia Patricia | last3 = Montalvo | first3 = Claudia Inés | year = 2012 | title = Late Miocene continental birds from the Cerro Azul Formation in the Pampean region (central-southern Argentina) | journal = Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology | volume = 36 | issue = 1 | pages = 47–68 | url = https://www.academia.edu/833016 | doi = 10.1080/03115518.2011.582806 | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | last = Chandler | first = Robert M. | year = 2012 | title = A New Species of Tinamou (Aves: Tinamiformes, Tinamidae) from the Early-Middle Miocene of Argentina | journal = PalArch's Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | issn = 1567-2158 | pages = 1–8 | url = http://www.palarch.nl/wp-content/Chandler_2012_A_New_Species_of_Tinamou_from_the_Early_Middle_Miocene_of_Argentina_TERQUA_Proceedings_2011_PJVP_9_2.pdf | ref = harv}} * {{cite book | last = Davies | first = S. J. J. F. | editor-last = Forshaw | editor-first = Joseph | year = 1991 | title = Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds | url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofan0000jose | publisher = Merehurst Press | location = London, UK | isbn = 978-1-85391-186-6 | ref = harv }} *Davies, S. J. J. F. [[2002]]. ''Ratites and tinamous : Tinamidae, Rheidae, Dromaiidae, Casuariidae, Apterygidae, Struthionidae.'' Laminae colorata Michael J. Bamford; adumbrationes et tabulae geographicae Danika Loomes. Oxoniae et Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198549962 * {{cite encyclopedia | last = Davies | first = S. J. J. F. | editor-last = Hutchins | editor-first = Michael | encyclopedia = Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia | title = Tinamous | edition = secunda | year = 2003 | publisher = Gale Group | volume = 8: Birds I: Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins | location = Farmington Hills, MI | isbn = 978-0-7876-5784-0 | pages = 57–59 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | editor-last = Farmer | editor-first = Donald | title = Avian Biology | volume = 8 | year = 1985 | publisher = Elsevier | isbn = 978-0323157995 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last1 = Gauthier | first1 = J. | last2 = de Queiroz | first2 = K. | chapter = Feathered dinosaurs, flying dinosaurs, crown dinosaurs, and the name "Aves" | editor1-last = Gauthier | editor1-first = J. | editor2-last = Gall | editor2-first = L. F. | publisher = The Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University | title = New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom | pages = 7–41 | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-912532-57-8 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last1 = Gotch | first1 = A. F. | title = Latin Names Explained. A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals | url = https://archive.org/details/latinnamesexplai0000gotc_v6a1 | year = 1995 | origyear = 1979 | publisher = Facts on File | location = London, UK | isbn = 978-0-8160-3377-5 | chapter = Tinamous | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Hackett | first1 = Shannon J. | last2 = Kimball | first2 = Rebecca T. | last3 = Reddy | first3 = Sushma | last4 = Bowie | first4 = Rauri C. K. | last5 = Braun | first5 = Edward L. | last6 = Braun | first6 = Michael J. | last7 = Chojnowski | first7 = Jena L. | last8 = Cox | first8 = W. Andrew | last9 = Han | first9 = Kin-Lan | last10 = Harshman | first10 = John | last11 = Huddleston | first11 = Christopher J. | last12 = Marks | first12 = Ben D. | last13 = Miglia | first13 = Kathleen J. | last14 = Moore | first14 = William S. | last15 = Sheldon | first15 = Frederick H. | last16 = Steadman | first16 = David W. | last17 = Witt | first17 = Christopher C. | last18 = Yuri | first18 = Tamaki | year = 2008| title = A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history | journal = Science | volume = 320 | issue = 1763 | doi = 10.1126/science.1157704 | pmid = 18583609 | pages = 1763–68 | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Harshman | first1 = John | last2 = Braun | first2 = Edward L. | last3 = Braun | first3 = Michael J. | last4 = Huddleston | first4 = Christopher J. | last5 = Bowie | first5 = Rauri C. K. | last6 = Chojnowski | first6 = Jena L. | last7 = Hackett | first7 = Shannon J. | last8 = Han | first8 = Kin-Lan | last9 = Kimball | first9 = Rebecca T. | last10 = Marks | first10 = Ben D. | last11 = Miglia | first11 = Kathleen J. | last12 = Moore | first12 = William S. | last13 = Reddy | first13 = Sushma | last14 = Sheldon | first14 = Frederick H. | last15 = Steadman | first15 = David W. | last16 = Steppan | first16 = Scott J. | last17 = Witt | first17 = Christopher C. | last18 = Yuri | first18 = Tamaki | title = Phylogenomic evidence for multiple losses of flight in ratite birds | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume =105 | issue = 36 | pages = 13462–67 | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0803242105 | pmid = 18765814 | pmc = 2533212 | ref = harv }} * {{cite web | last = Howard | first = Laura | url = http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Tinamiformes/ | title = Tinamiformes (on-line) | accessdate = 2013-06-15 | work = Animal Diversity Web | publisher = University of Michigan Museum of Zoology | year = 2003 | ref = harv }} * {{cite web | editor = IUCN | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/summarystatistics/2012_2_RL_Stats_Table_4a.pdf | title = Table 4a: Red List Category summary for all animal classes and orders | publisher = IUCN | year = 2012 | accessdate = 6 Februarii 2013 | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Jaramillo | first1 = A. | last2 = Johnson | first2 = M. T. J. | last3 = Rothfels | first3 = C. R. | last4 = Johnson | first4 = R. A. | title = The native and exotic avifauna of Easter Island: then and now | journal = Boletin Chileno de Ornitologia | volume = 14 | pages = 8–21 | year = 2008 | url = http://www.utm.utoronto.ca/~johnso73/papers_I/Jaramillos%20et%20al%2008%20Chilean%20Ornitho%20Bull.pdf | ref = harv }} * {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.1251981| pmid = 24855267| title = Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution| journal = Science| volume = 344| issue = 6186| pages = 898–900| date = 2014-05-23| last1 = Mitchell | first1 = K. J.| last2 = Llamas | first2 = B.| last3 = Soubrier | first3 = J.| last4 = Rawlence | first4 = N. J.| last5 = Worthy | first5 = T. H.| last6 = Wood | first6 = J.| last7 = Lee | first7 = M. S. Y.| last8 = Cooper | first8 = A.| ref = harv| hdl = 2328/35953| url = http://dspace.flinders.edu.au/xmlui/bitstream/2328/35953/1/Mitchell_AncientDNA_AM2014.pdf}} *Phillips, Matthew J., Gillian C. Gibb, | Elizabeth A. Crimp, et David Penny. [[2010]]. "Tinamous and Moa Flock Together: Mitochondrial Genome Sequence Analysis Reveals Independent Losses of Flight among Ratites." ''Systematic Biology'' 59 (1): 90–107. [http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/59/1/90.full Editio interretialis.] doi:10.1093/sysbio/syp079. PMID 20525622. * {{cite web | last1 = Remsen Jr. | first1 = J. V. | last2 = Donegan | first2 = Thomas | url = http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCprop209-211.htm | title = Classification of birds of South America Part 01 | accessdate = 4 Februarii 2009 | year = 2008 | page = Proposal 209–211 | work = South American Classification Committee | publisher = American Ornithologists' Union | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Sick | first = H.| year = 1993 | title = Birds in Brazil, a Natural History | url = https://archive.org/details/birdsinbrazil00unse | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton Novae Caesareae | isbn = 978-0691085692 | ref = harv }} * {{cite web|author=University of Georgia |year=2008 |url=http://gallus.forestry.uga.edu/trg/ecology.htm |title=Ecology |accessdate=2013-06-02 |work=Tinamou Research Group |publisher=University of Georgia |ref=harv |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507090619/http://gallus.forestry.uga.edu/trg/ecology.htm |archivedate=7 Maii 2013 }} ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Tinamidae|Tinamidas}} {{Wikispecies|Tinamiformes|Tinamiformes}} *[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/tinamous-tinamidae Pelliculae Tinamidarum.] Internet Bird Collection. *[http://www.xeno-canto.org/browse.php?query=TINAMIDAE Soni Tinamidarum.] Xeno Canto Collection. <!-- SystBiol51:959–979 {{doi|10.1080/10635150290156006}} --><!-- {{Taxonbar|from=Q19172}}--> <!--[[Categoria:Aves Americae Australis]]--> [[Categoria:Familiae animalium]] [[Categoria:Taxa Gray]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1840]] [[Categoria:Tinamiformes| ]]<!-- [[Category:Extant Tortonian first appearances]] [[Category:Higher-level bird taxa restricted to the Neotropics]]--> {{Myrias|Biologia}} qafbgi37efk0dh0avh7giwqyy54kmyd 0 288991 3979840 3978587 2026-08-09T20:15:38Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 4 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Cathartidae | fossil_range = [[Eocaenum|Eocaeno]] ad [[Holocaenum]] | image = Urubu a tete rouge - Turkey Vulture.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Cathartes aura]]'' | image_alt = Large black bird with red, unfeathered head, perched on a rock and sitting looking to right of cameraman | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | infraphylum = [[Gnathostomata]] | superclassis = [[Tetrapoda]] | unranked_classis = [[Eumaniraptora]] | classis = [[Aves]] | ordo = [[Cathartiformes]] | familia = '''Cathartidae''' | family_authority = [[Fridericus de Lafresnaye|Lafresnaye]], [[1839]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Genus (taxinomia)|Genera]] | subdivision = ''[[Cathartes]]''<br /> ''[[Coragyps]]''<br /> ''[[Gymnogyps]]''<br /> ''[[Sarcoramphus]]''<br /> ''[[Vultur]]'' | range_map = Turkeyvulturerange.jpg | range_map_caption = '''Approximate Cathartidae range map'''<br /> Yellow – Summer-only range of turkey vulture <br /> Green – At least one species present year-round | synonyms = * Vulturidae <small>Illiger, 1811</small> }} [[Fasciculus:VultureBeak.png|thumb|alt=Sketch of head showing an unobstructed view through the nostrils|[[Naris|Narem]] perviam omnino habet familia.]] '''Cathartidae''' sunt [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]] [[aves|avium]] [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordinis]] [[Cathartiformes|Cathartiformium]], cui sunt septem [[species]] exstantes in quinque [[genus (taxinomia)|genera]] digestae. Inter genera huius familiae sunt ''[[Vultur (genus)|Vultur]]'' et ''[[Gymnogyps]],'' cloacarii qui in [[calor|calidis]] et [[zona temperata|temperatis]] [[America]]e [[regio]]nibus [[habitatio|habitant]]. Cathartidae [[Mundus Novus|Mundi Novi]] aevo [[Neogaenum|Neogaeno]] late in [[Mundus Vetus|Mundo Vetere]] et [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]] [[endemismus|endemicae]] erant. [[Accipitridae]] (aves [[Mundus Vetus|Mundi Veteris]]) et Cathartidae unum [[cladus|cladum]] non constituunt, sed hi greges similes videntur propter [[evolutio convergens|evolutionem convergentem]]. Cathartidae sunt cloacarii, qui plerumque [[corpus|cadaveribus]] [[animal]]ium mortuorum [[victus|vescuntur]], sed in [[morbus|morbum]] non incidunt ipsi. [[Bacteria]] in eorum [[cibus|cibo]], aliis [[vertebrata|vertebratis]] [[pathogenum|pathogenica]], in eorum [[flora intestina|floras intestinas]] dominantur, et ei utilitatem ex bacteriali [[textus (biologia)|textus]] mortui dissolutione capiunt. Nonnullis Canthartidarum speciebus est acutus [[odoratus]], quandoquidem Accipitridae cadavera solum [[visus|visu]] reperiunt. Insignissima multarum Cathartidarum proprietas est [[caput]] calvum, [[pinna|pinnis]] omnino carens. ==Species exstantes== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! colspan="3" align="center" style="background-color: #D3D3A4" |Species exstantes |- ! [[Nomen proprium|Nomen]] ! class="unsortable"| [[Imago]] ! [[Distributio geographica]] |- | ''[[Coragyps atratus]]'' | [[Fasciculus:Coragyps-atratus-001.jpg|120px]] | [[America Australis]] et ad septentriones ad [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitates Foederatas]] |- | ''[[Cathartes aura]]'' | [[Fasciculus:Cathartes aura -Santa Teresa County Park, San Jose, California, USA -adult-8a.jpg|120px]] | Per [[America]], ad septentriones ad [[Canada]]m meridianam |- | ''[[Cathartes burrovianus]]'' | [[Fasciculus:Cathartes burrovianus JJK'1.jpg|120px]] | America Australis ad septentriones ad [[Mexicum]] |- | ''[[Cathartes melambrotus]]'' | [[Fasciculus:Greater Yellow-headed Vulture (Cathartes melambrotus) in flight from below.jpg|120px]] | [[Pelvis Amazonus]] Americae Australis [[zona tropica|tropicae]] |- | ''[[Gymnogyps californianus]]'' | [[Fasciculus:Gymnogyps californianus -San Diego Zoo-8a.jpg|120px]] | [[California]], et olim latissime in [[mons|montibus]] [[America Septentrionalis|Americae Septentrionalis]] [[occidens|occidentalis]].<ref name="BirdLife-Int:2006"/> |- | ''[[Vultur gryphus]]'' | [[Fasciculus:Vultur gryphus -Doué-la-Fontaine Zoo, France-8a.jpg|120px]] | [[Andes]]<ref name = BLI/> |- | ''[[Sarcoramphus papa]]'' | [[Fasciculus:Sarcoramphus papa -National Zoo -Washington -USA-8a.jpg|120px]] | Mexicum meridianum ad [[Argentina]]m [[septentrio]]nalem |}<!-- {{NexInt}} *[[Teratornithidae]]--> ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Allaby, Michael. [[1992]]. In ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Zoology.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-286093-3. *Alvarenga, H. M. F., et S. L. Olson. [[2004]]. "A new genus of tiny condor from the Pleistocene of Brazil (Aves: Vulturidae)." ''Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington'' 117 (1): 1–9. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120227011453/http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/1563/1/Wingegyps.pdf PDF.] *Alvarenga, H. G. R. R. Brito, R. Migotto, A. Hubbe, et E. Höfling. [[2008]]. "''Pleistovultur nevesi'' gen. et sp. nov. (Aves: Vulturidae) and the diversity of condors and vultures in the South American Pleistocene." ''Ameghiniana'' 45 (3): 613–18. *American Ornithologists' Union. [[2010]] [http://www.aou.org/checklist/north/pdf/AOUchecklistTin-Falcon.pdf "Check-list of North American Birds, Tinamiformes to Falconiformes."] Ed.septima. *Avise, J. C. [[1994]]. "DNA sequence support for a close phylogenetic relationship between some storks and New World vultures." ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' 91: 5173–77. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.11.5173. *Avise, J. C. [[1995]]. "Erratum." ''PNAS'' 92 (7): 3076. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.7.3076b. *BirdLife International. [[2004]]. ''2001 Categories & Criteria (version 3.1).'' ''International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.'' [http://www.iucnredlist.org/info/categories_criteria2001 Editio interretialis.]<!-- * {{cite iucn|author=BirdLife International|year=2009|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/144772/0|title=''Vultur gryphus''|access-date=6 October 2009|ref=harv}} * {{cite iucn|author=BirdLife International|year=2009a|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/144771/0|title=''Gymnogyps californianus''|access-date=6 October 2009|ref=harv}}--> * {{cite book | last = Brookes| first = Ian (editor-in-chief) | title = The Chambers Dictionary, ninth edition | year =2006 | publisher = Chambers | location = Edinburgh | isbn = 978-0-550-10185-3| title-link = The Chambers Dictionary }} p. 238 * Brown J. W., et D. P. Mindell. [[2009]]. "Diurnal birds of prey (Falconiformes)" In ''The Timetree of Life,'' ed. S. B. Hedges et S. Kumar, 436–39. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-953503-5. *de Boer, L. E. M. [[1975]]. "Karyological heterogeneity in the Falconiformes (Aves)." ''Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences'' 31 (10): 1138–39. doi:10.1007/BF02326755. PMID 1204722. *Campbell, Kenneth E. Jr., ee E. P. Tonni. [[1983]]. "Size and Locomotion in Teratorns (Aves: Teratornithidae)." ''The Auk'' 100 (2): 390–403. doi:10.1093/auk/100.2.390. [https://semanticscholar.org/paper/19ac06dd116644c12a8abf7f3815597433ab89aa Editio interretialis.] *Cracraft, J., F. K. Barker, M. Braun, J. Harshman, G. J. Dyke, J. Feinstein, S. Stanley, A. Cibois, P. Schikler, P. Beresford, J. García-Moreno, M. D. Sorenson, T. Yuri, ry D. P. Mindell. [[2004]]. "Phylogenetic relationships among modern birds (Neornithes): toward an avian tree of life." In ''Assembling the tree of life,'' ed. J. Cracraft et M. J. Donoghue, 468–89. Oxoniae et Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. *Emslie, Steven D. [[1988]]. "An early condor-like vulture from North America." ''The Auk'' 105 (3): 529–35. doi:10.1093/auk/105.3.529. [http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v105n03/p0529-p0535.pdf PDF.] * {{cite journal | last1 = Ericson | first1 = Per G. P. | last2 = Anderson | first2 = Cajsa L. | last3 = Britton | first3 = Tom | last4 = Elżanowski | first4 = Andrzej | last5 = Johansson | first5 = Ulf S. | last6 = Kallersjö | first6 = Mari | last7 = Ohlson | first7 = Jan I. | last8 = Parsons | first8 = Thomas J. | last9 = Zuccon | first9 = Dario | last10 = Mayr | first10 = Gerald | year = 2006 | title = Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils | url = | journal = Biology Letters | volume = 2| issue = 4| pages = 543–7| doi = 10.1098/rsbl.2006.0523 | pmid = 17148284 | pmc=1834003}} *Farmer, A., et K. Francl. [[2008]]. "''Cathartes aura.''" University of Michigan Animal Diversity Web. [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cathartes_aura.html Eddtio interretialis.] *Feduccia, J. Alan. [[1999]]. ''The Origin and Evolution of Birds.'' Portu Novo: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-226-05641-4. * {{cite journal | last1 = Fisher | first1 = Harvey I | year = 1942 | title = The Pterylosis of the Andean Condor | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_condor_january-february-1942_44_1/page/n30 | jstor = 1364195 | journal = Condor | volume = 44 | issue = 1| pages = 30–32 | doi=10.2307/1364195}} * {{cite journal | last1 = Gibb | first1 = G. C. | last2 = Kardailsky | first2 = O. | last3 = Kimball | first3 = R. T. | last4 = Braun | first4 = E. L. | last5 = Penny | first5 = D. | year = 2007 | title = Mitochondrial genomes and avian phylogeny: complex characters and resolvability without explosive radiations | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_molecular-biology-and-evolution_2007-01_24_1/page/269| journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 24 | issue = 1| pages = 269–280 | doi=10.1093/molbev/msl158 | pmid=17062634| citeseerx = 10.1.1.106.1680 }} * {{cite book |title=Complete Birds Of The World |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalgeograph0000unse_h8k1 |last=Harris |first=Tim |year=2009 |publisher=National Geographic Society |location=Washington D.C |isbn=978-1-4262-0403-6 }} p. 72 * {{cite journal| last1 = Hackett| first1 = Shannon J.| last2 = Kimball | first2 = Rebecca T.| last3 = Reddy | first3 = Sushma| last4 = Bowie | first4 = Rauri C. K.| last5 = Braun | first5 = Edward L.| last6 = Braun | first6 = Michael J.| last7 = Chojnowski | first7 = Jena L.| last8 = Cox | first8 = W. Andrew| last9 = Han | first9 = Kin-Lan| last10 = Harshman | first10 = John| last11 = Huddleston | first11 = Christopher J.| last12 = Marks | first12 = Ben D.| last13 = Miglia | first13 = Kathleen J.| last14 = Moore | first14 = William S.| last15 = Sheldon | first15 = Frederick H.| last16 = Steadman | first16 = David W.| last17 = Witt | first17 = Christopher C.| last18 = Yuri | first18 = Tamaki | title = A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2008-06-27_320_5884/page/1763| journal = Science| date = 2008| volume = 320| issue = 5884| pages = 1763–68| doi = 10.1126/science.1157704| pmid = 18583609| pmc =| bibcode = 2008Sci...320.1763H}} * Howell, Steve N.G., and Sophie Webb (1995). ''A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America.'' New York: Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-854012-4. p. 174 * {{cite journal | last1 = Johnson | first1 = J.A. | last2 = Brown | first2 = J.W. | last3 = Fuchs | first3 = J. | last4 = Mindell | first4 = D.P. | year = 2016 | title = Multi-locus phylogenetic inference among New World Vultures (Aves: Cathartidae) | url = | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 105 | issue = | pages = 193–199 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.08.025 | pmid = 27601346 }} * Kemp, Alan, et Ian Newton. [[2003]]. "New World Vultures." In ''The Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds,'' ed. Christopher Perrins, 146. Firefly Books. ISBN 1-55297-777-3. * Krabbe, Niels & Fjeldså, Jon. 1990: ''Birds of the High Andes''. Apollo Press. ISBN 87-88757-16-1. p. 88 * {{cite journal | last1 = Ligon | first1 = J. D. | year = 1967 | title = Relationships of the cathartid vultures | url = | journal = Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan | volume = 651 | issue = | pages = 1–26 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Mayr | first1 = G | year = 2006 | title = A new raptorial bird from the Middle Eocene of Messel, Germany | url = http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/terrzool/ornithologie/masillaraptor.pdf | journal = Historical Biology | volume = 18 | issue = 2| pages = 95–102 | doi=10.1080/08912960600640762| citeseerx = 10.1.1.493.8590 }} * Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. (2008) [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Cathartidae.html Family Cathartidae] University of Michigan Animal Diversity Web Retrieved 5 October 2009 *Phillips, Steven J., et Patricia Wentworth Comus. [[2000]]. ''A natural history of the Sonoran Desert.'' University of California Press: Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. ISBN 0-520-21980-5. * Reed, Chester Albert (1914): ''[https://archive.org/details/birdbookillustra00reedrich The bird book: illustrating in natural colors more than seven hundred North American birds, also several hundred photographs of their nests and eggs]''. University of Wisconsin. * Remsen, J. V., Jr., C. D. Cadena, A. Jaramillo, M. Nores, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, T. S. Schulenberg, F. G. Stiles, D. F. Stotz, and K. J. Zimmer. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20090302073659/http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.html A classification of the bird species of South America]''. American Ornithologists' Union. * Ryser Fred A. & A. Ryser, Fred Jr. 1985: [https://books.google.com/books?id=bxpXq_hMxfAC&pg=PA211 ''Birds of the Great Basin: A Natural History'']{{Nexus deficitur|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. University of Nevada Press. ISBN 0-87417-080-X. *Sibley, Charles G., et Burt L. Monroe. [[1990]]. ''Distribution and Taxonomy of the Birds of the World.'' Portu Novo: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04969-2. * Sibley, Charles G., et Jon Edward Ahlquist. (1991) ''Phylogeny and Classification of Birds: A Study in Molecular Evolution''. Portu Novo: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04085-7. * Snyder, Noel F. R. & Snyder, Helen (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=g6aOgkIbEwEC&pg=PA40&dq= ''Raptors of North America: Natural History and Conservation'']. Voyageur Press. ISBN 0-7603-2582-0. p.40 * Stone, Lynn M. (1992) ''Vultures'' Rourke Publishing Group ISBN 0-86593-193-3. p. 14 * {{cite journal | last1 = Stucchi | first1 = Marcelo | last2 = Emslie Steven | first2 = D | year = 2005 | title = Un Nuevo Cóndor (Ciconiiformes, Vulturidae) del Mioceno Tardío-Plioceno Temprano de la Formación Pisco, Perú | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_condor_2005-02_107_1/page/107 | lang = es | journal = The Condor | volume = 107 | issue = 1| pages = 107–113 | doi = 10.1650/7475 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Suárez |first1=W. |last2=Emslie |first2=S. D. |year=2003 |title=New fossil material with a redescription of the extinct condor ''Gymnogyps varonai'' (Arredondo, 1971) from the Quaternary of Cuba (Aves: Vulturidae) |journal= Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=29–37 |url= http://people.uncw.edu/emslies/documents/SuarezandEmslie2003.pdf}} * Suarez, William (2004) "[http://caribjsci.org/april%2004/40_120-125.pdf The identity of the fossil raptor of the genus ''Amplibuteo'' (Aves: Accipitridae) from the Quaternary of Cuba]" ''Caribbean Journal of Science'' 40: (1): 120–125. * Terres, J. K., et National Audubon Society. (1991). ''The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds''. Reprint of 1980 edition. ISBN 0-517-03288-0. *Tozzer, Alfred Marston, et Glover Morrill Allen. [[1910]]. "Plates 17 & 18." ''Animal Figures in the Maya Codices.'' Cambridge Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. *Wink, M. [[1995]]. "Phylogeny of Old and New World vultures (Aves: Accipitridae and Cathartidae) inferred from nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome ''b'' gene." ''Zeitschrift für Naturforschung'' 50 (11–12): 868–82. doi:10.1515/znc-1995-11-1220. PMID 8561830. *Zim, Herbert Spencer; Chandler Robbins, et Bertel Bruun. [[2001]]. ''Birds of North America: A Guide to Field Identification.'' Golden Publishing. ISBN 1-58238-090-2. {{NexInt}} *[[Vultur]] ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Cathartidae|Cathartidas}} *[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/new-world-vultures-cathartidae Pelliculae, photographemata, soni "New World Vulture."] Internet Bird Collection. *[http://www.xeno-canto.org/browse.php?query=cathardidae Soni "New World Vulture."] Xeno-canto.org. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20141227030437/http://beautyofbirds.com/vulturesnewworld.html Photographemata "New World Vulture."] Beautyofbirds.com.<!-- {{Taxonbar|from=Q184858}}--> [[Categoria:Aves Americae Meridionalis]] [[Categoria:Aves Americae Septentrionalis]] [[Categoria:Cathartidae| ]] [[Categoria:Familiae animalium]] [[Categoria:Taxa Lafresnaye]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1839]]<!-- [[Category:Extant Eocene first appearances]] [[Category:Eocene birds]]--> {{Myrias|Biologia}} fb27djh43ggidv1jxvjen1hem9293mj 0 289291 3979953 3555069 2026-08-09T22:07:45Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Cuculidae | fossil_range = [[Eocaenum|Eocaeno]] - [[Holocanum]], {{fossilrange|34|0}} | image = Cacomantis flabelliformis.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Cacomantis flabelliformis]]'') | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | infraclassis = [[Neognathae]] | clade = [[Otidimorphae]] | ordo = [[Cuculiformes]] | ordo_authority = [[Ioannes Georgius Wagler|Wagler]], [[1830]] | taxon = Cuculidae | familia = '''Cuculidae''' | familia_authority = [[Gulielmus Elford Leach|Leach]], [[1820]] | type_species = ''[[Cuculus canorus]]'' | type_species_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Genus (taxinomia)|Genera]] | subdivision = Circiter 26 }} '''Cuculidae''' sunt [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]] [[aves|avium]], solum [[taxon]] [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordinis]] '''Cuculiformium.'''<ref name=Ericson>{{cite journal | last1 = Ericson | first1 = P. G. P. |display-authors=et al | year = 2006 | title = Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils | url = http://biology-web.nmsu.edu/houde/Ericson_et_al_2006.pdf | journal = Biology Letters | volume = 2 | issue = 4 | pages = 543–547 | doi = 10.1098/rsbl.2006.0523 | pmid = 17148284 | pmc = 1834003 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080307225744/http://biology-web.nmsu.edu/houde/Ericson_et_al_2006.pdf | archivedate = 2008-03-07 }}.</ref><ref name=Hackett>{{cite journal | last1 = Hackett | first1 = S. J. | display-authors = et al. | year = 2008 | title = A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2008-06-27_320_5884/page/1763| journal = Science | volume = 320 | issue = 5884| pages = 1763–1768 | doi=10.1126/science.1157704 | pmid=18583609| bibcode = 2008Sci...320.1763H }}.</ref><ref name=Jarvis2014>{{cite journal | last1 = Jarvis | first1 = E. D. | display-authors = etal | year = 2014 | title = Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds | journal = Science | volume = 346 | issue = 6215| pages = 1320–1331 | doi=10.1126/science.1253451 | pmid=25504713 | pmc=4405904| bibcode = 2014Sci...346.1320J }}.</ref> Familia insigniter comprehendit ''[[Cuculus canorus|Cuculum canorum]],'' ''[[Geococcyx|Geococcyges]],'' ''[[Eudynamys]]es,''<!--?--> ''[[Phaenicophaeus|Phaenicophaeum]],'' ''[[Coua]]s,'' ''[[Centropus|Centropodes]],'' ''[[Crotophaga]]s.'' ''Centropodes'' et ''Crotophagae'' aliquando in familias separatas digeruntur, [[Centropodidae|Centropodidas]] et [[Crotophagidae|Crotophagidas]] proprie appellatas. Cuculiformes sunt unus ex tribus ordinibus qui una [[Otidimorphae|Otidimorphas]] constituunt, quorum alii sunt [[Musophagidae]] et [[Otididae]] (olim Otidae appellatae). Cuculidae plerumque sunt aves [[magnitudo|magnitudine]] a parva ad mediam. Plurimae [[species]] in [[arbor]]ibus [[habitatio|habitant]]. sed multae in [[solum|solo]] degunt. Familiae est [[distributio cosmopolita]], quamquam plurimae species in [[zona tropica]] habitant. Nonnullae species [[migratio|migratoriae sunt]]. Cuculidae [[insecta|insectis]], [[larva|larvis]] insectorum. variisque [[animalia|animalibus]] parvis [[victus|vescuntur]], cum [[fructus|fructibus]]. Nonnullae species sunt [[parasitus|parasiti]] [[fetus|feturae]], [[ovum|ova]] in [[nidus|nidis]] aliarum specierum parientes, sed maior pars suos iuvenes alunt. Cuculidae partes in [[cultura]] [[homo|hominum]] nonnulla [[millennium|millennia]] egerunt. In [[mythologia Graeca]] antiqua, [[Hera]]e [[dea]]e sacrae sunt. Latissime in [[Europa]], cum [[ver]]e consociantur, atque adeo cum [[dedecus sexuale|dedecore sexuali]]<!--?cuckoldry-->, exempli gratia, in ''[[Love's Labour's Lost]]'' [[Gulielmus Shakesperius|Gulielmi Shakesperii]]. In [[India]], [[Kamadeva]]e sacrae sunt, [[deus|deo]] desiderii et appetitus. In [[Iaponia]], [[amor]]em inultum repraesentant. ==Taxinomia et systematica== ===Cladistica=== Cuculiformes vivi, apud Sorenson et Payne 2005:<ref>Sorenson, Michael D.; Robert B. Payne, "A molecular genetic analysis of cuckoo phylogeny". In Payne, Robert B. ''The Cuckoos'' (Oxoniae: Oxford University Press, 2005), 82. ISBN 0-19-850213-3.</ref> {| class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; border:solid 1px #aaa" |- ! style="background:#F0F2F5" | Classificatio Cuculiformium |- | {{clade|style=font-size:80%;line-height:80% |1={{clade |1={{clade |label1=[[Crotophaginae]] |1={{clade |1=''[[Guira]]'' |2=''[[Crotophaga]]'' }} |label2=[[Neomorphinae]] |2={{clade |label1=Taperini |1={{clade |1=''[[Tapera]]'' |2=''[[Dromococcyx]]'' }} |label2=Neomorphini |2={{clade |1=''[[Morococcyx]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Geococcyx]]'' |2=''[[Neomorphus]]'' }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |label1=[[Centropodinae]] |1={{clade |label1=[[Centropodini]] |1=''[[Centropus]]'' |label2=[[Couini]] |2={{clade |1=''[[Carpococcyx]]'' |2=''[[Coua]]'' }} }} |label2=Cuculinae |2={{clade |label1=[[Rhinorthini]] |1=''[[Rhinortha]]'' |2={{clade |label1=[[Phaenicophaeini]] |1={{clade |1=''[[Ceuthmochares]]'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Taccocua]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Zanclostomus]]'' |2=''[[Phaenicophaeus]]'' }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Dasylophus]]'' |2=''[[Rhamphococcyx]]'' }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Clamator]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Coccycua]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Piaya]]'' |2=''[[Coccyzus]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} |label2=[[Cuculini]] |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Pachycoccyx]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Microdynamis]]'' |2=''[[Eudynamys]]'' }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Scythrops]]'' |2=''[[Urodynamis]]'' }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Chrysococcyx]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Cacomantis]]'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Surniculus]]'' |2=''[[Cercococcyx]]'' }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Hierococcyx]]'' |2=''[[Cuculus]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |} ===Genera=== [[Fasciculus:Chestnut-breasted Malkoha2.jpg|thumb|''[[Phaenicophaeus curvirostris]],'' multarum [[Phaenicophaeinae|Phaenicophaeinarum]] similis, [[cutis|cutem]] clare [[color]]atam circa [[oculus|oculum]] habet.]] [[Fasciculus:Coua caerulea (Blauer Seidenkuckuck - Blue Coua) - Weltvogelpark Walsrode 2013-01.jpg|thumb|''[[Coua caerulea]].'']] [[Fasciculus:YellowbilledCuckoo23.jpg|thumb|''[[Coccyzus americanus]].'']] [[Fasciculus:NeomorphusSalviniSmit.jpg|thumb|''[[Neomorphus geoffroyi]].'']] [[Fasciculus:Centropus superciliosus -Tanzania-8.jpg|thumb|''[[Centropus superciliosus]].'']] * '''[[Basalis (evolutio)|Basalia]] vel [[incertae sedis]]''' ** Genus ''[[Dynamopterus]]'' ([[fossile]]<!--: Late [[Eocene]]/[[Rupelian|Early Oligocene]] of [[Caylus, Tarn-et-Garonne]], France)-->) ** Genus ''[[Cursoricoccyx]]'' ([[fossile]]<!--: [[Early Miocene]] of Logan County, USA) – Neomorphinae?-->) ** Cuculidae gen. et sp. indet. ([[fossile]]<!--: [[Zanclean|Early Pliocene]] of Lee Creek Mine, USA)<ref>{{harvnb|Olson|1985}}</ref>-->) ** Genus ''[[Nannococcyx]]'' ([[Exstinctio|exstinctus]]) * '''Subfamilia Cuculinae''' ** Genus ''[[Eocuculus]]'' ([[fossile]]<!--: Late Eocene of Teller County, USA)--><ref>{{Cite journal | title = Geologic Resources Division Technical Report | issue = NPS/NRGRD/GRDTR–99/03 }}.</ref> ** Genus ''[[Clamator]]'' (4 species) ** Genus ''[[Pachycoccyx]]'' ** Genus ''[[Cuculus]]'' (11 species) ** Genus ''[[Hierococcyx]]'' (8 species) ** Genus ''[[Cercococcyx]]'' (3 species) ** Genus ''[[Cacomantis]]'' (10 species) ** Genus ''[[Chrysococcyx]]'' (13 species) ** Genus ''[[Surniculus]]'' (4 species) ** Genus ''[[Microdynamis]]'' ** Genus ''[[Eudynamys]]'' (4 species, una [[praehistoria|praehistorica]])<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Wragg | first1=G. M. | last2=Weisler | first2=M. I |title=Extinctions and new records of birds from Henderson Island, Pitcairn group, south Pacific Ocean | journal=Notornis | date=1994 | volume=41 | issue=1 | pages=61–70 | url=https://notornis.osnz.org.nz/extinctions-and-new-records-birds-henderson-island-pitcairn-group-south-pacific-ocean}}.</ref> ** Genus ''[[Urodynamis]]'' ** Genus ''[[Scythrops]]'' * '''Subfamilia [[Phaenicophaeinae]]''' ** Genus ''[[Ceuthmochares]]'' (2 species) ** Genus ''[[Rhinortha]]'' (aliquando in ''Phaenicophaeos''; fortasse hic melius digesta) ** Genus ''[[Zanclostomus]]'' ** Genus ''[[Phaenicophaeus]]'' (9 species) ** Genus ''[[Taccocua]]'' ** Genus ''[[Carpococcyx]]'' (3 species) ** Genus ''[[Coua]]'' (9 species vivae, 1 nuper [[exstincto|exstincta]]) * '''Subfamilia [[Coccyzinae]]'''<ref>{{Cite journal | pages = 483–88 | doi = 10.1017/S1477200006002052 | issue = 4 | year = 2006 | last1 = Hughes | first1 = Janice M. | s2cid = 58926964 | title = Phylogeny of the cuckoo genus ''Coccyzus''(Aves: Cuculidae): A test of monophyly | journal = Systematics and Biodiversity | volume = 4}}.</ref> ** Genus ''[[Coccyzus]]'' (13 species) ** Genus ''[[Coccycua]]'' olim in ''Coccyzo'' et ''Piaya'' (3 species) ** Genus ''[[Piaya]]'' (2 species) * '''Subfamilia [[Neomorphinae]]''' ** Genus ''[[Neococcyx]]'' ([[fossile]]: [[Oligocaenum]] inferius [[America Septentrionalis|Americae Septentrionalis]] mediae) ** Genus ''[[Tapera]]'' ** Genus ''[[Dromococcyx]]'' (2 species) ** Genus ''[[Lesser ground cuckoo|Morococcyx]]'' ** Genus ''[[Geococcyx]]'' (2 species) ** Genus ''[[Neomorphus]]'' (5 species) * '''Subfamilia [[Coucal|Centropodinae]]''' ** Genus ''[[Coucal|Centropus]]'' (30 fere species) * '''Subfamilia [[Crotophaginae]]''' ** Genus ''[[Crotophaga]]'' (3 species) ** Genus ''[[Guira]]'' ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Feduccia, Alan. [[1996]]. ''The Origin and Evolution of Birds.'' Portu Novo: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-06460-8. *Olson, Storrs L. [[1985]]. "Section VII.C. Cuculidae." In ''Avian Biology,'' ed. D. S. Farner, J. R. King, et Kenneth C. Parkes, 8: 110–111. Novi Eboraci: Academic Press. ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Cuculidae|Cuculidas}} {{Wikisource|The Origin of Species/Chapter VIII|The Origin of Species: Instincts of the Cuckoo}} {{Wikiquote|Cuckoos|Cuculidsa}} {{wiktionary|cuckoo|Cuculidas}} *[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/cuckoos-cuculidae Pelliculae Cuculidarum.] Internet Bird Collection *[http://www.xeno-canto.org/browse.php?query=cuculidae Soni Cuculidarum.] Xeno-canto.org..<!-- {{Taxonbar|from=Q26381}}--> [[Categoria:Cuculidae|*]] [[Categoria:Familiae animalium]] [[Categoria:Taxa Leach]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1820]]<!-- [[Category:Priabonian first appearances]] [[Category:Extant Eocene first appearances]]--> {{Myrias|Biologia}} q8so3q9grrh2kf9o5hneulz7mxt3u2o 0 289587 3979930 3978219 2026-08-09T21:37:56Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox | name = Laniidae | image = Red-backed shrike.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Lanius collurio]]'' | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | unranked_ordo = [[Psittacopasserae]] | ordo = [[Passeriformes]] | superfamilia = [[Corvoidea]] | familia = '''Laniidae''' | familia_authority = [[Constantinus Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], [[1815]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Genus (taxinomia)|Genera]] | subdivision = * ''[[Lanius]]'' * ''[[Eurocephalus]]'' * ''[[Corvinella]]'' * ''[[Urolestes]]'' }} '''Laniidae''' (a ''lanio''<ref>Jobling 2010: [https://archive.org/details/helmdictionarysc00jobl_997/page/n219 219].</ref>) sunt [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]] [[aves|avium]] [[carnivora]]rum [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordinis]] [[Passeriformes|Passeriformium]], cui sunt triginta tres [[species]] in quattuor [[genus (taxinomia)|genera]] digestae. ==Distributio geographica, migratio, habitatio== Plurimae laniidarum species in [[Eurasia]] et [[Africa]] [[distributio geographica|distribuuntur]], solum duabus (''[[Lanius ludovicianus|Lanio ludoviciano]],'' ''[[Lanius excubitor|Lanio excubitore]]'') in [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]] [[ovum|ova]] [[fetus|parientibus]]. Species huius familiae neque in [[America Australis|America Australi]] neque in [[Australia]] fiunt, sed una species [[Nova Guinea|Novam Guineam]] attingit. [[Geographia|Geographica]] laniidarum [[spatium|spatia]] magnopere variant, certis speciebus (sicut ''Lanio excubitore'') per omne [[hemisphaerium septentrionale]] inventis, cum una, ''[[Lanius newtoni]],'' solum in [[insula]] [[Sanctus Thomas (insula)|Sancti Thomae]] in [[Insulae Sancti Thomae et Principis|Insulis Sancti Thomae et Principis]] ante [[litus]] Africanum [[endemismus|endemica esset]].<ref>Yosef 2008.</ref> [[Habitatio]]nes apertas petunt, praecipue [[steppa]]s et [[savanna]]s. Aliquot autem species sunt [[silva|silvicolae]], quae raro in [[ager|agris]] apertis videntur; aliquot quoque [[ovum|ova]] in [[latitudo|latitudinibus]] [[septentrio]]nalibus [[aestas|aestate]] pariunt, tum ad [[clima]]ta [[calor|calidiora]] [[migratio|migrant]], ubi [[hiems|hiemant]]. ==Descriptio== Laniidae sunt aves [[magnitudo|magnitudinis]] mediae, [[pinna|pinnis]] [[canus|canis]], [[fuscus|fuscis]], [[niger|nigris]], [[albus|albis]] [[color]]atis. Multae species inter 16 et 25 [[centimetrum|centimetra]] longae sunt; genus autem ''[[Corvinella]],'' cui sunt [[pinna]]e [[cauda]]les multo praelongae, usque ad 50 centimetra longa crescere potest. [[Rostrum|Rostra]] hamata sunt, sicut rostra [[avis praedatoria|avium praedatoriarum]], earum ingenii praedatorii causa, atque earum [[animalium soni|vocationes]] sunt acres. ==Mores== Laniidae [[corpus|corpora]] [[insecta|insectorum]] parvorumque [[vertebrata|vertebratorum]] in [[spina|spinis]] [[natura]]libus, [[ferrum|ferreis]] [[saepes|saepium]] [[filum|filis]], vel ulla [[res|re]] acutissima insigniter transfigere solent. Quod eas adiuvat ut [[caro|carnem]] in fragmenta minora et commodiora scindant, et ad [[cache]] prodest, ut avis ad partes non consumptas postea redire possit.<ref name=EoB>{{cite book |editor=Forshaw, Joseph|author= Clancey, P. A.|year=1991|title=Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofan0000jose|publisher= Merehurst Press|location=Londinii|page= [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofan0000jose/page/180 180]|isbn= 1-85391-186-0}}.</ref> Idem mores etiam sunt adaptatio ad ''[[Romalea guttata|Romaleam guttatam]],'' [[caelifera|caeliferum]] [[venenum|venenosam]], comedendam: avis ab uno ad duo [[dies]] exspectat, donec toxina intra caeliferum evanescant.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Reuven |last1=Yosef |first2=Douglas W. |last2=Whitman |year=1992 |title=Predator exaptations and defensive adaptations in evolutionary balance: No defence is perfect |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_evolutionary-ecology_1992-11_6_6/page/527 |doi=10.1007/BF02270696 |volume=6 |issue=6 |journal=Evolutionary Ecology |pages=527–536}}.</ref> ==Species ordine taxinomico digestae== [[Fasciculus:Shrike prey lizard.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Lacertus]] [[spina|spinis]] a ''[[Lanius meridionalis|Lanio meridionali]]'' infixus.]] [[Fasciculus:butchbirdprey.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Apis]] ut videtur capta et in spina ab una ex lanidiis transfixa.]] [[Fasciculus:Lanius collurio 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Lanius collurio]].'']] Familia Laniidarum nomine ''Lanidia'' a [[Constantinus Samuel Rafinesque|Constantino Samuele Rafinesque]], [[polymethes|polymathe]] [[Francia|Francico]], anno [[1815]] proposita est.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Rafinesque | first=Constantine Samuel | author-link=Constantinus Samuel Rafinesque | year=1815 | title=Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés | publisher=Self-published | place=Palermo | language=Francice | page=67 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48310145 }}.</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | year=1994 | title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume= Number 222 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | place=New York | pages=150, 252 | url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/830 }}<!--Linked page allows download of the 48MB pdf-->.</ref><br> {{div col|2}} '''Familia LANIIDAE'''<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologus) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2019 | title=Shrikes, vireos & shrike-babblers | work=World Bird List Version 9.2 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/shrikes/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=14 Augusti 2019 }}.</ref> * '''Genus: ''[[Lanius (genus)|Lanius]]''''' ** ''[[Lanius tigrinus]]'' ** ''[[Lanius souzae]]'' ** ''[[Lanius bucephalus]]'' ** ''[[Lanius cristatus]]'' ** ''[[Lanius collurio]]'' ** ''[[Lanius isabellinus]]'' ** ''[[Lanius phoenicuroides]]'' ** ''[[Lanius collurioides]]'' ** ''[[Lanius gubernator]]'' ** ''[[Lanius vittatus]]'' ** ''[[Lanius schach]]'' ** ''[[Lanius tephronotus]]'' ** ''[[Lanius validirostris]]'' ** ''[[Lanius mackinnoni]]'' ** ''[[Lanius minor]]'' ** ''[[Lanius ludovicianus]]'' ** ''[[Lanius borealis]]'' ** '[['Lanius excubitor]]'' *** ''[[Lanius excubitor pallidirostris]]'' ** ''[[Lanius meridionalis]]'' ** ''[[Lanius sphenocercus]]'' ** ''[[Lanius excubitoroides]]'' ** ''[[Lanius cabanisi]]'' ** ''[[Lanius dorsalis]]'' ** ''[[Lanius somalicus]]'' ** ''[[Lanius humeralis]]'' ** ''[[Lanius collaris]]'' *** ''[[Lanius collaris marwitzi]]'' ** ''[[Lanius newtoni]]'' ** ''[[Lanius senator]]'' ** ''[[Lanius nubicus]]'' * '''Genus ''Corvinella''''' ** ''[[Corvinella corvina]]'' * '''Genus: ''Urolestes''''' ** ''[[Urolestes melanoleucus]]'' * '''Genus: ''[[Eurocephalus]]''''' ** ''[[Eurocephalus ruppelli]]'' ** ''[[Eurocephalus anguitimens]]'' {{div col end}} <gallery> Fasciculus:Collyrio corvinus - 1796-1808 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - UBA01 IZ16600405.tif|''[[Corvinella corvina]]'' Fasciculus:Histoire naturelle des oiseaux d'Afrique (10170610164).jpg|''[[Urolestes melanoleucus]]'' Fasciculus:Lanius nubicus 1838.jpg|''[[Lanius nubicus]]'' </gallery> ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Fuchs, J., P. Alström, Reuven Yosef, et U. Olsson. [[2019]]. "Miocene diversification of an open‐habitat predatorial passerine radiation, the shrikes (Aves: Passeriformes: Laniidae)." ''Zoologica Scripta'' 1–18. doi:10.1111/zsc.12363. *Harris, Tony. [[2000]]. ''Shrikes and Bush-Shrikes: including wood-shrikes, helmet-shrikes, flycatcher-shrikes, philentomas, batises, and wattle-eyes.'' Illust. Kim Fraaklin. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07036-9. *Jobling, James A. [[2010]]. ''The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names.'' Londinii: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. [https://archive.org/details/helmdictionarysc00jobl_997 Praeconium interretiale.] *Lefranc, Norbert. [[1997]]. ''Shrikes: A Guide to the Shrikes of the World.'' Portu Novo: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07336-4. *Yosef, Reuven. [[2008]]. "Family Laniidae (Shrikes)." ''Handbook of the Birds of the World, volume 13: Penduline-tits to Shrikes,'' ed. Josep del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott, et David Christie, 732–73. Barcinonae: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-96553-45-3. ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Laniidae|Laniidas}} *[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/shrikes-laniidae Pelliculae.] Internet Bird Collection. *Thurber, James. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200221155643/http://www-personal.k-state.edu/~lyman/english320/Thurber-The_Shrike_and_the_Chipmunks.htm "The Shrike and the Chipmunks."] [[Fabula brevis]].<!-- *{{Cite NSRW|short=x|wstitle=Shrike}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q171052}}--> [[Categoria:Familiae animalium]] [[Categoria:Laniidae|*]] [[Categoria:Taxa Rafinesque]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1815]] {{Myrias|Biologia}} bq36kk4bjdfvet41saqbnypftzi5vb0 0 289846 3980015 3854517 2026-08-09T23:13:18Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Emberiza'' | image = Cirl bunting cropped.jpg | image_caption = ''Emberiza cirlus'' | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | ordo = [[Passeriformes]] | subordo = [[Passeri]] | infraordo = [[Passerida]] | familia = '''Emberizidae''' | familia_authority = [[Nicolaus Aylward Vigors|Vigors]], [[1831]] | taxon = Emberiza | genus = '''''Emberiza''''' | genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] | subdivision = 44. ''Vide commentarium.'' | synonyms = *''Onychospina'' <small>Bonaparte, 1853</small> *''Onychospiza'' <small>Rey, 1872 (unjustified emendation)</small> }} '''''Emberiza''''' est [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] [[aves|avium]] [[Mundus Vetus|Mundi Veteris]] [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordinis]] [[Passeriformes|Passeriformium]], solum genus [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] '''Emberizidarum.''' Quae aves plerumque [[semen|seminibus]] [[victus|vescuntur]], [[rostrum|rostris]] brevibus [[conus|conicisque]] praeditae. ==Taxinomia== Familia Emberizidarum olim in [[taxinomia]] [[scientia (ratio)|scientifica]] maior erat, et species nunc in [[Passarellidae|Passarellidas]] ([[passeri|passeros]] [[Mundus Novus|Mundi Novi]]) et [[Calcariidae|Calcariidas]] digestas comprehendebat. Studia autem [[phylogenia|phylogenetica]] [[molecula]]ria invenit familiam in cladis distictis consistere qui melius familiae separatae tractentur.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Barker | first1=F. K. | last2=Burns | first2=K. J. | last3=Klicka | first3=J. | last4=Lanyon | first4=S. M. | last5=Lovette | first5=I. J. | year=2013 | title=Going to extremes: contrasting rates of diversification in a recent radiation of New World passerine birds | journal=Systematic Biology | volume=62 | issue=2 | pages=298–320 | doi=10.1093/sysbio/sys094 | pmid=23229025 | doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Barker | first1=F. K. | last2=Burns | first2=K. J. | last3=Klicka | first3=J. | last4=Lanyon | first4=S. M. | last5=Lovette | first5=I.J. | year=2015 | title=New insights into New World biogeography: An integrated view from the phylogeny of blackbirds, cardinals, sparrows, tanagers, warblers, and allies | journal=Auk | volume=132 | issue=2 | pages=333–346 | doi=10.1642/AUK-14-110.1 | doi-access=free }}.</ref> Genus ''Emberiza'' nunc est solum genus in familiam Emberizidarum digestum.<ref name=ioc/> Quod genus a [[Carolus Linnaeus|Carolo Linnaeo]], [[natura]]lista [[Suecia|Suecico]], anno [[1758]] in {{Creanda|en|10th edition of Systema Naturae|Editio decima Systematis Naturae|decima}} ''[[Systema Naturae|Systematis Naturae]]'' [[editio]]ne introductum est.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carolus | authorlink=Carolus Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=Volume 1| edition=decima | page=176 | publisher=Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii | language=Latine | url= https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727083 }}.</ref> [[Typus generis]] deinde ''Emberiza citrinella'' appellatus est.<ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Paynter | editor-first=Raymond A. Jr | year=1970 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=Volume 13 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=5 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483240 }}</ref> [[Nomen proprium|Nomen]] ''Emberiza'' ex ''Embritz'' in [[Lingua Theodisca superior antiqua|lingua Theodisca superiore antiqua]] deducitur.<ref name =job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A. | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location = Londinii | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | page =[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n145 145] }}.</ref> Studium [[genetica|geneticum]] anno [[2008]] invenit tris species emberizidarum quae in sua genera [[monotypismus|monotypica]] digerebantur sese intra ''Emberizam'' colligere solebant. Quae species erant ''[[Melophus lathami]],'' ''[[Latouchiornis siemsseni]],'' ''[[Miliaria calandra]],''<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Alström | first1=P. | last2=Olsson | first2=U. | last3=Lei | first3=F. | last4=Wang | first4=H. | last5=Gao | first5=W. | last6=Sundberg | first6=P. | year=2008 | title=Phylogeny and classification of the Old World Emberizini (Aves, Passeriformes) | url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2008-06_47_3/page/960 | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=47 | issue=3 | pages=960–973 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.12.007 | pmid=18411062 }}</ref> quarum omnes nunc in genus ''Emberizam'' digeruntur.<ref name=ioc/> Magnum passerorum studium in [[DNA]] conditum annoque [[2019]] prolatum dixit ''Emberizas'' generi ''[[Calcarius|Calcario]]'' specieique ''[[Plectrophenax nivalis|Plectrophenaci nivali]]'' familiae Calcariidarum artissime cognatas esse.<ref name=oliveros>{{ cite journal | last1=Oliveros | first1=C. H. | display-authors=et al. | year=2019 | title=Earth history and the passerine superradiation | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume=116 | issue=16 | pages=7916–25 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1813206116 | doi-access=free | pmid=30936315 | pmc=6475423 }}.</ref> [[Eduardus C. Dickinson]] [[ornithologus]] et [[Leslie Christidis]] in quarta ''Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World'' [[editio]]ne ''Emberiza'' diffindunt et genera ''Fringillariam,'' ''Melophum,'' ''Granativoram,'' ''Emberizam,'' et ''Schoeniclum'' agnoscunt.<ref>{{ cite book | editor-last1=Dickinson | editor-first1=E. C. | editor1-link=Eduardus C. Dickinson | editor-last2=Christidis | editor-first2=L. | editor2-link=Leslie Christidis | year=2014 | title=The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World | volume=Volume 2: Passerines | edition=quarta | place=Eastbourne Britanniarum Regni | publisher=Aves Press | isbn=978-0-9568611-2-2 | pages=353–357 }}.</ref> Quod autem exemplum neque in [[interrete|interretiali]] ''Handbook of the Birds of the World'' editione,<ref>{{cite web | editor-last=del Hoyo | editor-first=Joseph | title=Taxonomic structure and notes: Emberizidae | work=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive | publisher=Lynx Edicions | url=https://www.hbw.com/our-taxonomy#Emberizidae | accessdate=25 Iunii 2019}}.</ref> neque in indice avium omnis [[tellus|orbis terrarum]] quem Frank Gill et David Donsker pro International Ornithologists' Union tenent reicitur.<ref name=ioc/> British Ornithologists' Union arguit genus diffindere minimum [[bonum (ethica)|bonum]] praebere et [[taxinomia]]m reapse labefactare.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Sangster | first1=G. | display-authors=etal | year=2016 | title=Taxonomic recommendations for Western Palearctic birds: 11th report | journal=Ibis | volume=158 | issue=1 | pages=206–212 | doi=10.1111/ibi.12322 | doi-access=free}}.</ref> ==Index specierum== Generi sunt quadraginta quattuor species.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2018 | title=Buntings | work=World Bird List Version 8.1 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/buntings/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=2 Maii 2018 }}.</ref> {{div col|3}} * ''[[Emberiza lathami]]'' * ''[[Emberiza siemsseni]]'' * ''[[Emberiza calandra]]'' * ''[[Emberiza citrinella]]'' * ''[[Emberiza leucocephalos]]'' * ''[[Emberiza cia]]'' * ''[[Emberiza godlewskii]]'' * ''[[Emberiza cioides]]'' * ''[[Emberiza stewarti]]'' * ''[[Emberiza jankowskii]]'' * ''[[Emberiza buchanani]]'' * ''[[Emberiza cineracea]]'' * ''[[Emberiza hortulana]]'' * ''[[Emberiza caesia]]'' * ''[[Emberiza cirlus]]'' * ''[[Emberiza striolata]]'' * ''[[Emberiza sahari]]'' * ''[[Emberiza impetuani]]'' * ''[[Emberiza tahapisi]]'' * ''[[Emberiza goslingi]]'' * ''[[Emberiza socotrana]]'' * ''[[Emberiza capensis]]'' * ''[[Emberiza vincenti]]'' * ''[[Emberiza tristrami]]'' * ''[[Emberiza fucata]]'' * ''[[Emberiza pusilla]]'' * ''[[Emberiza chrysophrys]]'' * ''[[Emberiza rustica]]'' * ''[[Emberiza elegans]]''<!-- Auk117:847 --> * ''[[Emberiza aureola]]'' * ''[[Emberiza poliopleura]]'' * ''[[Emberiza flaviventris]]'' * ''[[Emberiza affinis]]'' * ''[[Emberiza cabanisi]]'' * ''[[Emberiza rutila]]'' * ''[[Emberiza koslowi]]'' * ''[[Emberiza melanocephala]]'' * ''[[Emberiza bruniceps]]'' * ''[[Emberiza sulphurata]]'' * ''[[Emberiza spodocephala]]'' * ''[[Emberiza variabilis]]'' * ''[[Emberiza pallasi]]'' * ''[[Emberiza yessoensis]]'' * ''[[Emberiza schoeniclus]]'' {{div col end}} Etiam est species [[exstinctio|exstincta]]: * †''[[Emberiza alcoveri]]'' ([[praehistoria|praehistorica]]) ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Olsson, Urban, et Jon Curson. [[1995]]. ''Buntings and Sparrows: A Guide to the Buntings and North American Sparrows.'' Illust. Clive Byers. Bostoniae: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 1-873403-19-4. ==Nexus externi== {{Fontes biologici}} *[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/buntings-seedeaters-allies-emberizidae Pelliculae, photographemata, soni.] Internet Bird Collection. [[Categoria:Genera animalium]] [[Categoria:Emberizidae|.]] [[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1758]] [[Categoria:Passerida]] {{Myrias|Biologia}} bt0q05es5pzd2o3tr2lyay4wot4p7jr 0 289994 3979823 3910543 2026-08-09T19:59:13Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ''Fregata'' | fossil_range = [[Eocaenum|Eocaeno]] ineuntt ad praesens {{fossilrange|50|present}} | image = Male Frigate bird.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Fregata magnificens]]'' in [[Insulae Galapagenses|Insulis Galapagensibus]] | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | ordo = [[Suliformes]] | familia = '''Fregatidae''' | familia_authority = [[Côme-Damien Degland|Degland]] et [[Zéphirin Gerbe|Gerbe]], [[1867]] | genus = '''''Fregata''''' | genus_authority = [[Bernardus Germanus Stephanus de la Ville, Comte de Lacépède|Lacépède]], [[1799]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] | subdivision = * ''[[Fregata magnificens]]'' * ''[[Fregata aquila]]'' * ''[[Fregata andrewsi]]'' * ''[[Fregata minor]]'' * ''[[Fregata ariel]]'' | range_map = Fregata distribution.png | range_map_caption = [[Distributio geographica]] }} [[Fasciculus:Magnificent-Frigate-male.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Fregata magnificens]]'' [[mas]] in [[Insulae Galapagtenses|Insulis Galapagensibus]].]] [[Fasciculus:Frigate sooty.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8| ''[[Fregata minor]]'' immatura pullum speciei ''[[Onychoprion fuscatus|Onychoprii fuscati]]'' arripit.]] '''Fregatidae''' sunt [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]] [[aves|avium]] [[mare|maritimarum]], quae in omnibus [[oceanus|oceanis]] [[zona tropica|tropicis]] [[subtropica|subtropicisque]] inveniuntur. Quinque [[species]] exstantes in '''''Fregata,''''' solum unum [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]], digeruntur. Omnibus sunt [[penna]]e plerumque [[niger|nigrae]], [[cauda]]e longae penitusque furcatae, [[rostrum (avis)|rostra]] longa et curva. [[Femina (sexus)|Feminis]] sunt [[venter|ventres]] [[albus|albi]], [[mas|maribus]] [[saccus gularis]] distincte [[ruber]], quem tempore [[fetus|feturae]] ad feminas attrahendas inflant. [[Ala]]e longae acutaeque usque ad 2.3 [[metrum|metra]] [[latitudo alarum|extendere]] possunt, quod est maxima omnium avium [[fractio (mathematica)|ratio]] [[area (geometria)|areae]] ad [[pondus]] [[corpus|corporeum]]. Fregatidae, quae afflatibus [[aer]]is nonnulla [[hebdomas|septem dierum]] spatia labi possunt, [[dies|diu]] ad [[cibus|cibum]] [[venatio|venandum]] degunt, [[nox|noctuque]] in [[arbor]]ibus vel rupibus cubitant. [[Praeda]] usitata est [[pisces]] et [[decapodiformes]], quos capiunt ad [[aqua]]e [[superficies|superficiem]] consurgentes, magnos [[praedator]]es sicut [[thunnini|thunninos]] effugientes. Fregatae etiam sunt [[kleptoparasitismus|kleptoparasitae]], nam cibum ex aliis avibus maritimis aliquando surripiunt, atque adeo pullos avium maritimorum e [[nidus|nidis]] arripiunt. Per tempus [[monogamia|monogamae]] sunt, sed una in [[colonia|coloniis]] nidificant. Simplices nidos in arboribus humilibus vel super [[solum]] in [[insula|insulia]] remotis faciunt. Unum [[ovum]] quoque tempore [[fetus|feturae]] pariunt. Parentes iuvenes alunt longius quam paene omnes aves alii, et solum annis alternis [[ovum|ova]] parire possunt. Fregatidae sunt [[grex sororius]] [[Suloidea|Suloideorum]], quae in [[phalacrocorax|phalacrocoracidis]], [[anhingidae|anhingidis]], ''[[morus|moris]],'' et ''[[sula|sulis]]'' consistunt. Tres ex quinque exstantibus fregatidarum speciebus (''[[Fregata magnificens|magnificens]],'' ''[[Fregata minor|minor]],'' ''[[Fregata ariel|ariel]]'') late divulgatae sunt, sed duae (''[[Fregata andrewsi|andrewsi]],'' ''[[Fregata aquila|aquila]]'') in [[periculum|periculo]] sunt, atque alicui speciei est [[habitatio]] [[fetus|feturae]] in una [[insula]] parva. Veterrima [[fossile|fossilia]] ex [[aevum|aevo]] [[Eocaenum|Eocaeno]] ineunte effossa sunt, abhinc annorum quinquaginta [[millio]]nes. Quibus tribus speciebus, in genus ''[[Limnofregata]]m'' digestis, erant rostra breviora minusque curva, longioresque [[pes|pedes]], atque in [[circumiecta|circumiectis]] [[aqua dulcis|aquae dulcis]] [[habitatio|habitabant]]. == Systematica == [[Typus generis]] est ''[[Fregata aquila]].''<ref name="AFD">{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/science-and-research/abrs/databases-and-online-resources/taxa/Fregata|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205002927/http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/science-and-research/abrs/databases-and-online-resources/taxa/Fregata|archivedate=2014-12-05 |title=Genus ''Fregata'' Lacépède, 1799 |last=Australian Biological Resources Study|date=29 Iulii 2014 |work=Australian Faunal Directory|publisher=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government|accessdate=30 Novembris 2014|location=Canberrae Territorii Capitalis Australiani}}.</ref> Multos annos, solum duae Fregatidarum species universe agnoscebantur: maiores ''Fregata aquila,'' minores ''Fregata ariel'' appellabantur; anno autem [[1914]], [[Gregorius Mathews]], [[ornithologus]] [[Australia]]nus, quinque species circumscripsit, quae validae manent.<ref name=kennedy04>{{cite journal | last1=Kennedy | first1=Martyn | last2=Spencer | first2=Hamish G. | year=2004 | title=Phylogenies of the frigatebirds (Fregatidae) and tropicbirds (Phaethonidae), two divergent groups of the traditional order Pelecaniformes, inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences | url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2004-04_31_1/page/31 | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=31 | issue=1 | pages=31–38 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.007 | pmid=15019606}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Mathews | first=Gregory M. | year=1914 | title=On the species and subspecies of the genus ''Fregata'' | journal=Australian Avian Record | volume=2 | issue=6 | pages=117–21 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34804723 }}.</ref> Tres [[subspecies]] ''Fregatae ariel'' et quinque subspecies ''Fregatae minoris'' agnoscuntur.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/pelicans/|title=Hamerkop, Shoebill, Pelicans, Boobies & Cormorants |last1=Gill |first1=Frank |last2=Donsker |first2=David |date=23 Apriisl 2015 |work=IOC World Bird List|publisher=International Ornithologists' Committee |accessdate=10 Iunii 2015}}.</ref> {{Cladogram|title=[[Phylogenia]] Fregatidarum<ref>Kennedy et Spencer 2004.</ref> |caption= |align=right |cladogram={{Cladex| style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%;width:400px; |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Fregata minor]]'' |2=''[[Fregata andrewsi]]'' }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Fregata magnificens]]'' |2=''[[Fregata aquila]]'' }} }} |2=''[[Fregata ariel]]'' }} }} }} == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == *Harrison, Peter. [[1988]]. ''Seabirds: An Identification Guide.'' Londinii: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7470-1410-8. *del Hoyo, Josep, et al. [[1992]]. ''Handbook of the Birds of the World. 1: Ostrich to Ducks.'' Barcinonae: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-10-5. *Kennedy, Martyn, et Hamish G. Spencer. [[2004]]. "Phylogenies of the frigatebirds (Fregatidae) and tropicbirds (Phaethonidae), two divergent groups of the traditional order Pelecaniformes, inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences." ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 31 (1): 31–38. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.007. PMID 15019606. *Mathews, Gregory M. [[1914]]. "On the species and subspecies of the genus ''Fregata.''" ''Australian Avian Record'' 2 (6): 117–21. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34804723 Editio interretialis.] *Nelson, Bryan. [[2005]]. ''Pelicans, Cormorants and their relatives.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-857727-3. *O'Brien, Rory M. [[1990]]. "Family Fregatidae frigatebirds." In ''Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds. Volume 1: Ratites to ducks; Part B, Australian pelican to ducks,'' ed. S. Marchant et P. G. Higgins, 912. Melburni et Victoriae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-553068-1. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150127001914/http://www.nzbirdsonline.org.nz/sites/all/files/142_Great%20Frigatebird.pdf#2 PDF.] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Fregata|Fregatidas}} {{Fontes biologici}} *[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/frigatebirds-fregatidae Pelliculae, photographemata, soni.] Internet Bird Collection. [[Categoria:Aves marinae]] [[Categoria:Familiae animalium]] [[Categoria:Fauna pantropica]] [[Categoria:Suliformes]] [[Categoria:Taxa Degland]] [[Categoria:Taxa Gerbe]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1867]] {{Myrias|Biologia}} sxxfg1csf9raptqybe0si6x1rtfhod4 0 290113 3980117 3820996 2026-08-10T00:28:26Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Hydrobatidae | image = European Storm Petrel From The Crossley ID Guide Eastern Birds.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Hydrobates pelagicus]]'' [[Fasciculus:Storm Petrel (Hydrobates pelagicus) (W1CDR0001395 BD7).ogg|thumb|center|[[Carmen]] ''Hydrobatis pelagicoo,'' [[insula]]e Skokholm in Pembrokeshire [[Cambria]]e captum.]] | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | cladus = [[Austrodyptornithes]] | ordo = [[Procellariiformes]] | familia = '''Hydrobatidae''' | taxon = Hydrobatidae | familia_authority = [[Gregorius Mathews|Mathews]], [[1912]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Genus (taxinomia)|Genera]] | subdivision = *''[[Hydrobates]]'' *''[[Oceanodroma]]'' }} '''Hydrobatidae''' sunt [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]] [[aves|avium]] [[mare|maritimarum]] [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordinis]] [[Procellariiformes|Procellariiformium]]. Cum [[Oceanitidae|Oceanitidis]] in una familia olim coniungebatur, sed non arte cognatae nunc separatae sunt. Hae minimae aves maritimae [[crustacea|crustaceis]] [[plancton]]icis parvisque [[pisces|piscibus]] ex [[superficies|superficie]] carptis [[victus|vescuntur]], usitate in [[aer]]e pendentes. [[Volatus]] est volitans, aliquando volatui [[chiroptera|chiropterorum]] similis. [[Fasciculus:Fork-tailchick.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Pullus ''[[Oceanodroma furcata|Oceanodromae furcatae]].'']] [[Fasciculus:Oceanodroma furcata1.jpg|thumb|''[[Oceanodroma furcata|Oceanodromae furcatae]],'' inusitate inter hydrobatidas, sunt [[penna]]e omnino [[fanus|canae]].]] [[Fasciculus:Whitefacedstormpetrel1.jpg|thumb|''[[Pelagodroma marina]]'' trans [[superficies|superficiem]] aquae magnis saltibus moveri solet.]] Hydrobatidae in [[hemisphaerium septentrionale|hemisphaerio septentrionali]] inveniuntur, sed nonnullae [[species]] prope [[aequator]]em in [[hemisphaerium australe]] aliquando volant. Omnes omnino sunt [[fauna pelagica|pelagicae]], [[terra]]m attingentes solum ut [[fetus|nascantur]]. [[Mores]] et [[distributio geographica|distributio]] mari plurimarum specierum minime intelleguntur, ubi difficile inventu difficiliusque agnitu esse possunt. [[Nidus|Nidos]] in [[colonia|coloniis]] faciunt, [[philopatria]]m coloniarum natalium vehementer monstrantes. Plurimae species nidos in foraminibus vel cuniculis faciunt, et omnes praeter unam ad colonias ad [[fetus|pullos]] alendos [[nox|nocte]] attendunt. Paria copulas [[monogamia|monogamas]] tenent et sustinent, atque officia [[incubatio]]nis et [[alimentum|alimentationis]] inter se communicant. Ut in multis avium maritimarum speciebus, nidificatio est magnopere producta, incubatione usque ad quinquaginta dies, et ''fledging'' alios septuaginta dies durante. Opus [[homo|hominum]] nonnullas species [[species in discrimen adducta|minatur]]. Una species, ''[[Oceanodroma macrodactyla]],'' nuper [[exstinctio|exstincta]] facta esse putatur. Minae principales sunt [[species introducta]]e, praecipue [[mammalia]], quae colonias feturae [[praeda]]ntur; multae enim hydrobatidae in [[insula|insulis]] remotis quae mammalibus carent de [[mos|more]] nidificant, et ergo [[praedator|praedatoribus]] sicut [[rattus|rattis]] [[feles|felibusque]] feris impares sunt. ==Taxinomia== Duae [[subfamilia]]e, [[Hydrobatinae]] et [[Oceanitinae]], intra Hydrobatidas, unam familiam magnam, olim agnoscebantur, quae autem familia fissa est, Oceanitidis ad gradum familiarem levatis.<ref name = "HBW storm">Carboneras 1992.</ref> Oceanitinae, aves australes, plerumque in [[aqua|aquis]] australibus inveniebantur (quamquam ''[[Oceanites oceanicus]]'' constanter in [[hemisphaerium septentrionale]] [[migratio|migrat]]); septem species in quinque genera digerebantur. Hydrobatinae, aves septentrionales, erant genera ''[[Hydrobates]]'' et ''[[Oceanodroma]].'' Plerumque in hemisphaerio septentrionali vivunt, sed nonnullae in aquis ad australem [[aequator]]is videntur et nascuntur. Enodatio autem [[cytochroma b|cytochromatis ''b'']] [[sequentia DNA|sequentiae DNA]] monstrabat familiam [[paraphyletismus|paraphyleticam]] esse, accuratius duas familias distinctas tractaturam.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=9787440 |year=1998|title=Body Size Effects and Rates of Cytochrome b Evolution in Tube-Nosed Seabirds|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_molecular-biology-and-evolution_1998-10_15_10/page/1360 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=15|issue=10|pages= 1360–1371|author1=Nunn, G |author2=Stanley, S. |lastauthoramp=yes |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025864 |doi-access=free}} [http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/17/11/1774.pdf Corrigendum].</ref> Eadem enodatio monstravit hydrobatidas esse [[basalis (evolutio)|basales]] intra [[Procellariiformes]]. Prima fissura familiam Oceanitidarum genuit, et hydrobatidae a reliquo ordine deinde abierunt. Aliquot [[fossile|fossilia]] certarum specierum inventa sunt, quorum primum ex [[Miocaenum|Miocaeno]] superiori est.<ref name = "HBW storm"/> ==Species== Familiae sunt viginti duae [[species]] in duas [[subfamilia]]s digestae. * '''Subfamilia [[Oceanitinae]]''' ** ''[[Oceanites oceanicus]]'' ** ''[[Oceanites maorianus]]'' ** ''[[Oceanites gracilis]]'' ** ''[[Garrodia nereis]]'' ** ''[[Pelagodroma marina]]'' ** ''[[Fregetta tropica]]'' ** ''[[Fregetta grallaria]]'' ** ''[[Nesofregetta fuliginosa]]'' * '''Subfamilia [[Hydrobatinae]]''' ** ''[[Hydrobates pelagicus]]'' ** ''[[Oceanodroma leucorhoa]]'' ** ''[[Oceanodroma matsudairae]]'' ** ''[[Oceanodroma microsoma]]'' ** ''[[Oceanodroma tethys]]'' ** ''[[Oceanodroma castro]]'' ** ''[[Oceanodroma monorhis]]'' ** ''[[Oceanodroma macrodactyla]]'' ** ''[[Oceanodroma tristrami]]'' ** ''[[Oceanodroma markhami]]'' ** ''[[Oceanodroma melania]]'' ** ''[[Oceanodroma homochroa]]'' ** ''[[Oceanodroma hornbyi]]'' ** ''[[Oceanodroma furcata]]'' * '''Exstinctae''' ** ''[[Oceanodroma hubbsi]]'' † ([[California]], [[Miocaenum]]) ** ''[[Oceanites zalascarthmus]]'' † ([[Africa Australis]], [[Pliocaenum]]) **'' [[Primodroma bournei]]'' † ([[Britannia]], [[Eocaenum]]) ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Ainley, D. G., et W. T. Everett. [[2001]]. "Black Storm Petrel (''Oceanodroma melania'')." In ''The Birds of North America,'' no. 577, ed. A. Poole et F. Gill. Phladelphiae: The Birds of North America, Inc. *Bretagnolle, V. [[1990]]. "Effect of moon on activity of petrels (Class Aves) from the Selvagen Islands (Portugal)." ''Canadian Journal of Zoology'' 68 (7): 1404–09. doi:10.1139/z90-209. *Brinkley, E., et A. Humann. [[2001]]. "Storm petrels." In ''The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behaviour,'' ed. C. Elphick, J. Dunning, et D. Sibley. Novi Eboraci: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-45123-4. *Brooke, Michael. [[2004]]. ''Albatrosses and Petrels across the World.'' Oxoniae et Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850125-0. *Carboneras, C. [[1992]]. "Family Hydrobatidae (Storm petrels)." In ''Handbook of Birds of the World,'' 1: 258–65. Barcinonae: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-10-5. *Hackett, S. J., R. T. Kimball, S. Reddy, R. C. K Bowie, E. L. Braun, M. J. Braun, J. L. Chojnowski, W. A. Cox, K.-L. Han, J. Harshman, C. J. Huddleston, B. D. Marks, K. J. Miglia, W. S. Moore, F. H. Sheldon, D. W. Steadman, C. C. Witt, et T. Yuri. [[2008]]. "A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history." ''Science'' 320: 1763–68. *Harrison, P. [[1983]]. ''Seabirds: an identification guide.'' Bostoniae: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-33253-2. *Howell, Steve N. G., cum J. Brian Patteson, Kate Sutherland, et Debra L. Shearwater. [[2012]]. ''Petrels, albatrosses, and storm-petrels of North America: a photographic guide.'' Princetoniae Novae Caesareae: Princeton University Press. ISBN 97806911421115 ISBN 0691142114. *Penhallurick, J., et M. Wink. [[2004]]. "Analysis of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the Procellariiformes based on complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial DNA genome." ''Emu'' 104: 125–47. ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Hydrobatidae|Hydrobatidas}} {{Wikispecies|Hydrobatidae|Hydrobatidas}} {{Fontes biologici}} *[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/storm-petrels-hydrobatidae Pelliculae.] Internet Bird Collection. [[Categoria:Familiae animalium]] [[Categoria:Hydrobatidae|*]] [[Categoria:Taxa Mathews]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1912]] {{Myrias|Biologia}} 8q76y52rfstixysqi8yfzu2fd8bh2tg 0 290166 3979963 3978501 2026-08-09T22:26:41Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 5 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Casuarius'' | fossil_range = [[Miocaenum|Miocaeno]] – [[Holocaenum]], {{Geological range|17|0.0006|earliest=19}} | image = Dinornis maximus, Natural History Museum (PV A 608).jpg | image_caption = [[Sceletus]] ''[[Dinornis novaezealandiae]],'' [[typus generis|typi ordinis]] | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | infraclassis = [[Palaeognathae]] | cladus = [[Notopalaeognathae]] | ordo = '''†Dinornithiformes''' | taxon = Dinornithiformes | ordo_authority = [[Carolus Lucianus Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], [[1853]]<ref>Brands 2008.</ref> | type_species = {{extinct}}''[[Dinornis novaezealandiae]]'' | type_species_authority = [[Ricardus Owen|Owen]], [[1843]] | subdivision_ranks = Subgreges | subdivision = | diversity = 6 [[genus (taxinomia)|genera]], 9 [[species]] | diversity_link = | diversity_ref = <ref name="Stephenson"/> | synonyms_ref=<ref>{{cite journal|author=Brodkob, Pierce|year=1963| title=''Catalogue of fossil birds 1. Archaeopterygiformes through Ardeiformes'' | url=http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00001514/00001|journal=Biological Sciences, Bulletin of the Florida State Museum| volume=7|issue=4|pages=180–293| access-date=30 Decembris 2015}}.</ref> | synonyms = * Dinornithes <small>Gadow, 1893</small> * Immanes <small>Newton, 1884</small> }} [[Fasciculus:Dinornithidae SIZE 01.png|thumb|Compariatio [[magnitudo|magnitudinum]] quattuor specierum dinornithiformium et [[homo|hominis]]: 1, ''[[Dinornis novaezealandiae]]''; 2, ''[[Emeus crassus]]''; 3, ''[[Anomalopteryx didiformis]]''; 4, ''[[Dinornis robustus]].'']] '''Dinornithiformes''' sunt [[exstinctio|exstinctus]] [[aves|avium]] [[avis volare nequiens|volare nequientium]] [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordo]] [[classis (taxinomia)|infraclassis]] [[Palaeognathae|Palaeognatharum]]. Cui ordini sunt novem [[species]] in sex [[genus (taxinomia)|genera]] digestae, omnes solum in [[Nova Zelandia]] [[endemismus|endemicae]].<ref name="bird.org.nz">OSNZ (2009)</ref> Maximae species, ''[[Dinornis robustus]]'' et ''[[Dinornis novaezelandiae]],'' circiter 3.6 [[metrum|metra]] altae ([[collum|collo]] extento) et circa 230 [[chiliogramma]]ta [[pondus|ponderis]] erant.<ref name="Davies">Davies 2003.</ref> Aestimationes numeri harum avium circa annum [[1280]], cum [[Polynesiani]] [[colonia]]s in Novam Zelandiam deducere inciperent, inter 58&thinsp;000<ref name=":0" /> et 2.5 fere [[millio]]nes variant.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Latham|first=A. David M.|last2=Latham|first2=M. Cecilia|last3=Wilmshurst|first3=Janet M.|last4=Forsyth|first4=David M.|last5=Gormley|first5=Andrew M.|last6=Pech|first6=Roger P.|last7=Perry|first7=George L. W.|last8=Wood|first8=Jamie R.|date=March 2020|title=A refined model of body mass and population density in flightless birds reconciles extreme bimodal population estimates for extinct moa|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ecog.04917|journal=Ecography|language=en|volume=43|issue=3|pages=353–364|doi=10.1111/ecog.04917|issn=0906-7590|doi-access=free}}.</ref> Aves artissime dinornithiformibus cognatae secundum studia [[genetica]] sunt [[Tinamidae]], aves [[America]]e [[America Australis|Australis]] et [[America Media|Mediae]], quae [[volatus|volare]] possunt, olim [[grex sororius]] palaeognatharum habitae.<ref>Phillips et al. 2010.</ref> Novem species dinornithiformium erant solae aves quae [[ala|alis]] vestigialibus, proprietatibus etiam omnium aliarum palaeognatharum, omnino carebant. Erant maxima [[animalia]] [[terra|terrestria]] et [[herbivora]] praevalentia in [[silva]], terra [[frutex|fruticum]], et [[oecosystemata|oecosystematibus]] subalpinis in Nova Zelandia usque ad [[Maori|Maoros]] adventos, et [[praeda]] [[natura]]lis erant solum ''[[Hieraaetus moorei|Hieraaeti moorei]],'' maximae [[tellus|orbis terrarum]] speciei [[accipitridae|accipitridarum]] (nunc etiam [[exstinctio|exstinctae]]). Dinornithiformes exstincti sunt ducentos fere annos post homines adventos, plerumque propter nimium [[venatio]]nis.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url = http://www.academia.edu/download/42597382/A_high-precision_chronology_for_the_rapi20160211-16235-1dflya9.pdf |title = A high-precision chronology for the rapid extinction of New Zealand moa (Aves, Dinornithiformes)|last = Perry|first = George L. W.|date = 2014-12-01|journal = Quaternary Science Reviews|doi = 10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.025|pmid = |access-date = 2014-12-22|last2 = Wheeler|first2 = Andrew B.|last3 = Wood|first4 = Janet M.|last4 = Wilmshurst|first3 = Jamie R.|issue = |volume = 105 |pages=126–135|bibcode = 2014QSRv..105..126P}}.</ref> Dinornithiformes vulgo ''moa'' (ambo [[singularis]] et [[pluralis]]) universe appellantur, ex [[vocabulum|vocabulo]] [[lingua Maoriana|Maoriana]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Megafauna]] == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * {{cite journal |last=Anderson |first=A. |authorlink= |year=1989 |title=On evidence for the survival of moa in European Fiordland |journal=New Zealand Journal of Ecology |volume=12 |issue=Supplement |pages=39–44 |id= |url=https://newzealandecology.org/nzje/1859.pdf |accessdate= |quote= }} * {{cite journal |last=Baker |first=Allan J. |authorlink= |author2=Huynen, Leon J. |author3=Haddrath, Oliver |author4= Millar, Craig D. |author5=Lambert, David M. |year=2005 |title=Reconstructing the tempo and mode of evolution in an extinct clade of birds with ancient DNA: The giant moas of New Zealand |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=102 |issue=23 |pages=8257–8262 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0409435102 |url= |accessdate= |quote=|pmid=15928096 |pmc=1149408 |bibcode=2005PNAS..102.8257B}} * Angst, Delphine, et Eric Buffetaut. [[2017]]. ''Paleobiology of giant flightless birds.'' Londinii: ISTE Press; Oxoniae: Elsevier. ISBN 9781785481369, ISBN 1785481363. * Archey, Gilbert. [[1941]]. ''The moa; a study of the Dinornithiformes.'' Aucopoli: by order of the Council. * {{cite web| url= http://www.taxonomy.nl/Main/Classification/80139.htm | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090307111134/http://www.taxonomy.nl/Main/Classification/80139.htm | url-status= dead | archive-date= March 7, 2009 | title=Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Order Dinornithiformes | accessdate=Feb 4, 2009 | last=Brands | first=Sheila | authorlink= | date=Augusti 14, 2008 | work=Project: The Taxonomicon }} * {{cite book |title=A history of the birds of New Zealand |url=https://archive.org/details/historybirdsnew1bull |last=Buller |first=W.L. |authorlink= |year=1888 |publisher=Buller |location=London |isbn= |pages= }} * {{cite journal |last=Bunce |first=Michael |authorlink= |author2=Worthy, Trevor H. |author3=Ford, Tom |author4=Hoppitt, Will |author5=Willerslev, Eske |author6= Drummond, Alexei |author7= Cooper, Alan |year=2003 |title=Extreme reversed sexual size dimorphism in the extinct New Zealand moa ''Dinornis'' |journal=Nature |pmid=12968178 |volume=425 |issue=6954 |pages=172–175 |doi=10.1038/nature01871 |url=https://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~alexei/2003_Bunce_etal.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128092134/https://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~alexei/2003_Bunce_etal.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2019-01-28 |accessdate= |quote= |bibcode=2003Natur.425..172B }} * {{cite journal |last=Burrows |first=C. |authorlink= |year=1981 |title=The diet of moas based on gizzard contents samples from Pyramid Valley, North Canterbury, and Scaifes Lagoon, Lake Wanaka, Otago |journal=Records of the Canterbury Museum |volume=9 |issue= |pages=309–336 |display-authors=etal}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Davies |first=S. J. J. F.|editor=Hutchins, Michael |encyclopedia=Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia: 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins |title=Moas |edition=2 |year=2003 |publisher=Gale Group |volume= |location=Farmington Hills, MI|isbn=978-0-7876-5784-0 |pages=95–98}} * {{cite book |title=A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life, The Ancestor's Tale |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |authorlink=Richard Dawkins|year=2004 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin|location=Boston |isbn=978-0-618-00583-3 |page=292}} * {{cite book |title=Travels in New Zealand |last=Dieffenbach |first=E. |authorlink= |year=1843 |publisher=John Murray |location=Londinii |volume=II |pages=195 |isbn=978-1-113-50843-0 }} * {{cite web| url=http://skeptics.org.nz/SK:VIEWARTICLE::838 | title=Skeptics Meet Moa Spotters | accessdate=Feb 14, 2011 | last=Dutton | first=Dennis | year=1994 | work=New Zealand Skeptics Online | publisher=New Zealand Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal | location=New Zealand| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308182827/http://skeptics.org.nz/SK%3AVIEWARTICLE%3A%3A838| archivedate=2016-03-08| url-status=dead }} * {{cite journal |last=Forrest |first=R.M. |authorlink= |year=1987 |title=A partially mummified skeleton of ''Anomalopteryx didiformis'' from Southland |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand |volume=17 |issue= 4|pages=399–408 |doi= 10.1080/03036758.1987.10426481|url=https://archive.org/details/royal-society-of-new-zealand-journal_1987-12_17_4/page/399|accessdate= |quote= |doi-access=free }} * {{cite book |last1=Fuller |first1=Errol |editor1-first=Sarah |editor1-last=Bunney |title=Extinct Birds |year=1987 |publisher=The Rainbird Publishing Group |location=Londinii |isbn=978-0-8160-1833-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/extinctbirds00full }} * {{cite journal |doi=10.1080/03014220709510542 |last=Gill |first=B. J. |authorlink= |year=2007 |title=Eggshell characteristics of moa eggs (Aves: Dinornithiformes) |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand|volume=37 |issue= 4|pages=139–150 }} * {{cite book|last =Gould| first= Charles|publisher = W. H. Allen & Co.|year = 1886|title =Mythical Monsters|url =https://archive.org/details/mythicalmonster00goulgoog}} * {{cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=A. |authorlink= |year=1894 |title=On the feathers of a small species of moa (''Megalapteryx didinus'') found in a cave at the head of the Waikaia River, with a notice of a moa-hunters camping place on the Old Man Range |journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute |volume=27 |issue= |pages=232–238 |doi= |url= http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_27/rsnz_27_00_002240.html |accessdate= |quote= }} * {{cite journal |last=Hartree |first=W.H. |authorlink= |year=1999 |title=A preliminary report on the nesting habits of moas in the East Coast of the North Island |journal=Notornis |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=457–460 |url=http://notornis.osnz.org.nz/system/files/Notornis_46_4_457.pdf }} * {{cite book|title= On the Track of Unknown Animal| last = Heuvelmans| first = Bernard| publisher=Hill & Wang|year= 1959| location = Novi Eboraci}} * {{cite journal |last=Hill |first=H. |authorlink= |year=1913 |title=The Moa&nbsp;– Legendary, Historical and Geographical: Why and When the Moa disappeared |journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand |volume=46 |issue= |pages=330 |id= |url=http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/image/rsnz_46/rsnz_46_00_0368_0330_ac_01.html |accessdate= |quote= }} * {{cite journal |last=Holdaway |first=R.N. |authorlink= |author2=Jacomb, C. |year=2000 |title=Rapid Extinction of the Moas (Aves: Dinornithiformes): Model, Test, and Implications |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=287 |issue=5461 |pages=2250–54 |doi=10.1126/science.287.5461.2250 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2000-03-24_287_5461/page/2250|accessdate= |quote=|pmid=10731144 |bibcode=2000Sci...287.2250H}} * {{cite journal |last=Holdaway |first=R.N. |authorlink= |author2=Worthy, T. H. |year=1997 |title=A reappraisal of the late Quaternary fossil vertebrates of Pyramid Valley Swamp, North Canterbury |journal=New Zealand Journal of Zoology |volume=24 |issue= |pages=69–121 |doi= 10.1080/03014223.1997.9518107|url= |accessdate= |quote= }} * {{cite journal |last=Horrocks |first=M. |authorlink= |year=2004 |title=Plant remains in coprolites: diet of a subalpine moa (Dinornithiformes) from southern New Zealand|journal=Emu |volume=104 |issue= 2|pages=149–156 |doi=10.1071/MU03019 |display-authors=etal}} * {{cite journal |last=Hutton |first=F. W. |authorlink= |author2=Coughtrey, M. |year=1874 |title=Notice of the Earnscleugh Cave |journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute |volume=7 |issue= |pages=138–144 |doi= |url= http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_07/rsnz_07_00_001670.html |accessdate= |quote= }} * {{cite journal |last1=Huynen|first1=Leon | last2=Gill|first2=Brian J.|last3=Millar|first3=Craig D. | last4=Lambert|first4=David M. |date=30 Aug 2010 |title=Ancient DNA Reveals Extreme Egg Morphology and Nesting Behavior in New Zealand's Extinct Moa |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume= 107|issue=30 |pages= 16201–16206|pmid= 20805485|pmc= 2941315|doi=10.1073/pnas.0914096107 |bibcode=2010PNAS..10716201H }} * {{cite journal |last=Huynen |first=Leon J. |authorlink= |last2=Millar |first2=Craig D. |last3=Scofield |first3=R.P. |last4= Lambert |first4=David M. |year=2003 |title=Nuclear DNA sequences detect species limits in ancient moa |journal=Nature |volume=425 |issue=6954 |pages=175–178 |doi=10.1038/nature01838 |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10573099 |accessdate= |quote= |pmid=12968179 |bibcode=2003Natur.425..175H }} * {{cite web| url=http://www.hawkesbaytoday.co.nz/local/news/lead-story-birdman-says-moa-surviving-in-the-bay/3760032/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724192611/http://www.hawkesbaytoday.co.nz/local/news/lead-story-birdman-says-moa-surviving-in-the-bay/3760032/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=July 24, 2011 | title=Birdman says moa surviving in the Bay | accessdate=Feb 14, 2011 | last=Laing | first=Doug | authorlink= | date=Jan 5, 2008 | format= | work=Hawkes Bay Today | publisher=APN News & Media Ltd | location=| pages= | language= | doi= | quote= }} * {{cite journal |last=Millener |first=P.R. |authorlink= |year=1982 |title=And then there were twelve: the taxonomic status of Anomalopteryx oweni (Aves: Dinornithidae) |journal=Notornis |volume=29 |issue= 1 |pmid=|pages=165–170 | url=http://notornis.osnz.org.nz/system/files/Notornis_29_3.pdf#page=5&zoom=75,-403,607 }} * {{cite web| url=http://www.bird.org.nz/nzrbn.htm| title=New Zealand Recognised Bird Names (NZRBN) database| accessdate=Feb 14, 2011| author=OSNZ| date=Jan 2009| publisher=Ornithological Society of New Zealand Inc.| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425022726/http://bird.org.nz/nzrbn.htm| archivedate=2015-04-25| url-status=dead}} * {{cite book |title=Memoirs on the Extinct Wingless Birds of New Zealand, with an Appendix of Those of England, Australia, Newfoundland, Mauritius and Rodriguez. |last=Owen |first=Richard |authorlink= |year=1879 |publisher=John van Voorst |location=Londinii |isbn= |pages= |hdl= 2152/16251 |url= https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/16251 }} * {{cite journal |last=Phillips|first=Matthew J. |authorlink= |last2=Gibb |first2=Gillian C. |last3=Crimp |first3=Elizabeth A. |last4= Penny |first4=David |year=2010 |title=Tinamous and Moa Flock Together: Mitochondrial Genome Sequence Analysis Reveals Independent Losses of Flight among Ratites |journal=Systematic Biology |pmid=20525622 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=90–107 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syp079 |url=http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/59/1/90 |accessdate=Feb 1, 2010 |quote= |doi-access=free }} * {{cite book |title=New Zealand: Being a Narrative of Travels and Adventures During a Residence in that Country Between the Years 1831 and 1837 |last=Polack |first=J. S. |authorlink= |year=1838 |publisher=Richard Bentley |location=Londinii |volume=I |pages=[https://archive.org/details/newzealandbeingn00pola/page/303 303], 307 |url= https://archive.org/details/newzealandbeingn00pola }} * {{Cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/swiftasshadowext00purc/page/32 | title=Swift as a Shadow | first=Rosamond | last=Purcell | publisher=Mariner Books | page=[https://archive.org/details/swiftasshadowext00purc/page/32 32] | year=1999 | isbn=978-0-395-89228-2 }} * {{cite web| url=http://www.bird.org.nz/nzrbn.htm | title=New Zealand Recognised Bird Names (NZRBN) database | accessdate=May 10, 2010 | last=Stephenson | first=Brent | authorlink= | date=January 5, 2009 | website= | publisher=Ornithological Society of New Zealand | location=Nova Zelandia| pages= | language= | doi= | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425022726/http://bird.org.nz/nzrbn.htm | archivedate=2015-04-25 | quote= }} * {{cite journal |last=Turvey |first=Samuel T. |authorlink= |last2=Green |first2=Owen R. |last3= Holdaway |first3=Richard N. |year=2005 |title=Cortical growth marks reveal extended juvenile development in New Zealand moa |journal=Nature |volume=435 |issue=7044 |pages=940–943 |doi=10.1038/nature03635 |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7782822 |accessdate= |quote= |pmid=15959513 |bibcode=2005Natur.435..940T }} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Vickers-Rich P, Trusler P, Rowley MJ, Cooper A, Chambers GK, Bock WJ, Millener PR, Worthy TH, Yaldwyn JC |year=1995 |title=Morphology, myology, collagen and DNA of a mummified moa, ''Megalapteryx didinus'' (Aves: Dinornithiformes) from New Zealand |journal=Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa |volume=4 |pages=1–26 |url=http://www.tepapa.govt.nz/SiteCollectionDocuments/Tuhinga/Tuhinga.4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522001705/http://www.tepapa.govt.nz/SiteCollectionDocuments/Tuhinga/Tuhinga.4.pdf |archive-date=2010-05-22 |url-status=dead}} * {{cite journal |last=Wood |first=J.R. |authorlink= |year=2007 |title=Moa gizzard content analyses: further information on the diet of ''Dinornis robustus'' and ''Emeus crassus'', and the first evidence for the diet of ''Pachyornis elephantopus'' (Aves: Dinornithiformes) |journal=Records of the Canterbury Museum |volume=21 |issue= |pages=27–39 }} * {{cite journal |doi=10.1080/03014220809510550 |last=Wood |first=J.R.|authorlink= |year=2008 |title=Moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) nesting material from rockshelters in the semi-arid interior of South Island, New Zealand |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand|volume=38 |issue= 3|pages=115–129 }} * {{cite journal |last=Wood |first=J. R. |author3=Rawlence, N. J. |author4=Jones, S. M. |author5=Read, S. E. |year=2008 |title=A deposition mechanism for Holocene miring bone deposits, South Island, New Zealand |journal=Journal of Taphonomy |volume=6 |issue= |pages=1–20 |doi= |url= |accessdate= |quote= |hdl= 2440/62495 }} * {{cite journal |last=Worthy |first=Trevor H. |authorlink= |year=1989 |title=Mummified moa remains from Mt. Owen, northwest Nelson |journal=Notornis |volume=36 |issue= |pages=36–38 |doi= |url= https://notornis.osnz.org.nz/system/files/Notornis_36_1.pdf#page=40 |accessdate= |quote= }} * {{cite journal |last=Worthy |first=Trevor H. |authorlink= |year=1998a |title=Quaternary fossil faunas of Otago, South Island, New Zealand |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand |volume=28 |issue= 3|pages=421–521 |doi= 10.1080/03014223.1998.9517573|url= |accessdate= |quote= }} * {{cite journal |last=Worthy |first=Trevor H. |authorlink= |year=1998b |title=The Quaternary fossil avifauna of Southland, South Island, New Zealand |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand |volume=28 |issue= 4|pages=537–589 |doi= 10.1080/03014223.1998.9517575|url= |accessdate= |quote= }} * {{cite journal |last=Worthy |first=Trevor H. |authorlink= |author2=Holdaway, R.N. |year=1993 |title=Quaternary fossil faunas from caves in the Punakaiki area, West Coast, South Island, New Zealand |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand |volume=23 |issue= 3|pages=147–254 |doi= 10.1080/03036758.1993.10721222|url=https://archive.org/details/royal-society-of-new-zealand-journal_1993-09_23_3/page/147|accessdate= |quote= }} * {{cite journal |last=Worthy |first=Trevor H. |authorlink= |author2=Holdaway, R.N. |year=1994 |title=Quaternary fossil faunas from caves in Takaka Valley and on Takaka Hill, northwest Nelson, South Island, New Zealand |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand |volume=24 |issue= 3|pages=297–391 |doi= 10.1080/03014223.1994.9517474|url=https://archive.org/details/royal-society-of-new-zealand-journal_1994-09_24_3/page/297|accessdate= |quote= }} * {{cite journal |last=Worthy |first=Trevor H. |authorlink= |author2=Holdaway, R.N. |year=1995 |title=Quaternary fossil faunas from caves on Mt. Cookson, North Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand |volume=25 |issue= 3|pages=333–370 |doi= 10.1080/03014223.1995.9517494|url=https://archive.org/details/royal-society-of-new-zealand-journal_1995-09_25_3/page/333|accessdate= |quote= |doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal |last=Worthy |first=Trevor H. |authorlink= |author2=Holdaway, R. N. |year=1996 |title=Quaternary fossil faunas, overlapping taphonomies, and paleofaunal reconstructions in North Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand |volume=26 |issue= 3|pages=275–361 |doi= 10.1080/03014223.1996.9517514|url= |accessdate= |quote= }} * {{cite book |title=The Lost World of the Moa |url=https://archive.org/details/lostworldofmoapr0000wort |last=Worthy |first=Trevor H. |authorlink= |author2=Holdaway, Richard N. |year=2002 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomingtoniae |isbn=978-0-253-34034-4 |pages= }} * {{cite encyclopedia| url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/video/11386/a-moa-sighting | title=A moa sighting? | accessdate=Feb 14, 2011 | last=Worthy | first=Trevor H. |date= Mar 2009 | encyclopedia=Te Ara: the Encyclopedia of New Zealand }} * {{cite web| url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2010/03/09/dna-from-the-largest-bird-ever-sequenced-from-fossil-eggshells/ | title=DNA from the Largest Bird Ever Sequenced from Fossil Eggshells | accessdate=Feb 14, 2011 | last=Yong | first=Ed | authorlink= |date= Mar 2010 | format= | website= | publisher=Discover Magazine | location=| pages= | language= | doi= | quote= }} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Moa|Dinornithiformes}} {{Wikispecies|Dinornithiformes}} {{Fontes biologici}} * [http://www.terranature.org/extinctBirds.htm Aves exstinctae Novae Zelandiae.] TerraNature.org. * [http://www.terranature.org/moa.htm De dinornithiformibus.] TerraNature,org. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201205082610/http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Dinornithidae Classificatio et fontes.] Arbor Vitae. * [http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/moa/page-1 De dinornithiformibus.] ''Te Ara: the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.'' * [https://sketchfab.com/models/dc2ff43384ed4f70a3ea098992f9b160 3D Exemplar calvariae cuiusdam dinornithiformis.] {{Myrias|Biologia}} [[Categoria:Aves exstinctae]] [[Categoria:Aves Novae Zelandiae]] [[Categoria:Aves sine volatu]] [[Categoria:Dinornithidae|*]] [[Categoria:Ordines animalium]] [[Categoria:Palaeognathae]] [[Categoria:Taxa Bonaparte]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1853]] 1qznsjznh7uboalv0sbyfhmldrkfex2 0 290245 3980114 3739769 2026-08-10T00:27:07Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Phaethontidae | fossil_range = [[Eocaenum|Eocaeno]] ineunte ad praesens | image = Red-billed Tropicbird (Phaethon aethereus) (4089464789).jpg | image_caption = ''[[Phaethon aethereus]]'' | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Aves]] * cladus = [[Neognathae]] | ordo = [[Phaethontiformes]] | familia = '''Phaetontidae''' | genus = '''''Phaethon''''' | genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] | subdivision = * ''[[Phaethon aethereus]]'' * ''[[Phaethon rubricauda]]'' * ''[[Phaethon lepturus]]'' | synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite website | title=''Part 7- Vertebrates'' | year=2007 | website=Collection of genus-group names in a systematic arrangement | url=http://mave.tweakdsl.nl/tn/genera7.html |display-authors=etal| access-date=30 Iunii 2017}}.</ref> | synonyma = * ''Leptophaethon'' <small>Mathews 1913</small> * ''Lepturus'' <small>Moehring 1752 nom rej.</small> * ''Lepturus'' <small>Brisson 1760</small> * ''Scaeophaethon'' <small>Mathews 1913</small> * ''Phoenicurus'' <small>Bonaparte 1855 non Forster 1817</small> * ''Tropicophilus'' <small>Stephens 1826</small> | type_species = ''[[Phaethon aethereus]]'' }} [[Fasciculus:Tropicbird Seychelles.jpg|thumb|''Phaeton lepturus'' in [[Insulae Seisellenses|Insulis Seisellensibus]].]] [[Fasciculus:Red tailed tropic bird.jpg|thumb|''Phaethon rubricauda'' prope [[Midway]] [[atollum]].]] [[Fasciculus:Red-billed Tropicbird JCB.jpg|thumb|''Phaethon rubricauda'' prope [[Genovesa Insula|Genovesa]] [[Insulae Galapagenses|Insularum Galapagensium]].]] '''Phaethontidae''' sunt [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]] [[aves|avium]] [[avis marina|maritimarum]] [[zona pelagiza|pelagicarum]] [[zona tropica|tropicarum]], solae [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordinis]] [[Phaethontiformes|Phaethontiformium]] repraesentantes [[taxon exstans|exstantes]]. Pars [[Pelecaniformes|Pelecaniformium]] diu habebantur, sed [[genetica]] monstrat eas artius cognatas cum [[Eurypygiformes|Eurypygiformibus]]. Sunt tres [[species]] in unum [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]], '''''Phaethontem,''''' digestae. [[Nomen proprium|Nomina]] [[scientia (ratio)|scientifica]] a [[Graeco]] ''phaethon'' '[[sol]]' derivantur.<ref name= job90>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A. | year= [[2010]] | title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher = Christopher Helm | location = Londinii | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 |page = [https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n301 301]}}.</ref> Earum [[penna]]e plerumque sunt [[albus|albae]], pennis [[cauda]]libus praelongis et parvis [[crus|cruribus]] [[pes|pedibusque]] infirmis. == Taxinomia, systematica,[[evolutio]] == Phaethontidae [[traditio|more maiorum]] in [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordinem]] [[Pelecaniformes]] digerebantur, qui [[Pelecanidae|Pelecanidas]], [[Phalacrocoracidae|Phalacrocoracidas]], [[Anhingidae|Anhingidas]], [[Sulidae|Sulidas]], et [[Fregatidae|Fregatidas]] comprehendebat. [[Taxinomia Sibley–Ahlquist]] Pelecaniformes cum aliis [[grex|gregibus]] coniunxit ut "Ciconiiformes" permagnus grex essent. Qui autem grex, omnino [[paraphyletismus|paraphyleticus]] recentius monstratus, iterum diffissus est. [[Microscopium|Microscopica]] structurae [[testa]]rum [[ovum|ovorum]] enodatio a Constantino Mikhailov anno [[1995]] edita monstravit testas ovorum Phaethontidarum crassa aliorum Pelecaniformium materie miocroglobulari carere.<ref>{{cite journal | author= Mikhailov, Konstantin E. | title=Eggshell structure in the shoebill and pelecaniform birds: comparison with hamerkop, herons, ibises and storks | url= https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-zoology_1995-09_73_9/page/1754 |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology |year= 1995 |issue=9 |volume=73 |pages= 1754–70 | doi=10.1139/z95-207}}.</ref> Jarvis et alii, in "Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds," commentario anno [[2014]] divulgato, Phaethontidas artissime cum ''[[Eurypyga helias]]'' et ''[[Rhynochetos jubatus|Rhynocheto jubato]]'' ordinis [[Eurypygiformes|Eurypygiformium]] coniungit, cum hi clades [[Aequornithes]], gregem sororium "avium aquaticarum nuclearium" dictum, constituerent, coniecturam "Metaves" relinquentes.<ref name="Jarvis">{{cite journal | last1 = Jarvis | first1 = Erich D. | display-authors = et al. | year = 2014 | title = Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/content/346/6215/1320.full | journal = Science | volume = 346 | issue = 6215| pages = 1320–1331 | doi = 10.1126/science.1253451 | pmid=25504713 | pmc=4405904}}.</ref> '''Ordo Phaethontiformes'''<ref name="mikko">{{cite web |website=Mikko's Phylogeny Archive |last=Haaramo|first=Mikko|year=2007|title=''Pelecaniformes – Tropicbirds, pelicans, frigate birds, boobies, anhingas and cormorants'' |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/archosauria/aves/pelecanimorphae/pelecaniformes.html |accessdate= 30 Decembris 2017}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web | website=Paleofile.com |url=http://www.paleofile.com/ |title=''Taxonomic lists- Aves'' |accessdate=30 Decembris 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111195520/http://paleofile.com/ |archivedate=11 Ianuaroo 2016 }}.</ref> * '''Familia''' †'''Prophaethontidae''' <small>Harrison & Walker 1976</small> ** Genus †''[[Prophaethon]]'' <small>Andrews 1899</small> *** †''[[Prophaethon shrubsolei]]'' <small>Andrews 1899</small> ** Genus †''[[Lithoptila]]'' <small>Bourdon, Bouya & Iarochène 2005</small> *** †''[[Lithoptila abdounensis]]'' <small>Bourdon, Bouya & Iarochène 2005</small> * '''Familia Phaethontidae''' <small>Brandt 1840</small> ** Genus †''[[Proplegadis]]'' <small>Harrison & Walker 1971</small> *** †''[[Proplegadis fisheri]]'' <small>Harrison & Walker 1971</small> ** Genus †''[[Phaethusavis]]'' <small>Bourdon, Amaghzaz & Bouya 2008</small> *** †''[[Phaethusavis pelagicus]]'' <small>Bourdon, Amaghzaz & Bouya 2008</small> ** Genus †''[[Heliadornis]]'' <small>Olson 1985</small> *** †''[[Heliadornis ashbyi|H. ashbyi]]'' <small>Olson 1985</small> *** †''[[Heliadornis minor|H. minor]]'' <small>Kessler 2009</small> *** †''[[Heliadornis paratethydicus|H. paratethydicus]]'' <small>Mlíkovský 1997</small> ** Genus ''[[Phaethon (avis)|Phaethon]]'' <small>[[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]]</small> *** ''[[Phaethon aethereus]]'' ([[Oceanus Atlanticus|Atlanticus]] [[zona tropica|tropicus]], [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacificus]] orientalis, et [[Oceanus Indicus]]) *** ''[[Phaethon rubricauda]]'' (Oceanus Indicus et Pacificus occidentalis et medius tropicus) *** ''[[Phaeton lepturus]]'' (late in [[aqua|aquis]] tropicis divulgatus, praeter Pacificum orientalem) ''Phaethon aethereus'' est basalis intra genus. Fissura inter ''Phaethontem aethereum'' et alias duas Phaethontidas abhinc annorum sex [[millio]]nes facta fuisse putatur, fissura inter ''Phaethontem rubricaudam'' et ''Phaethontem lepturum'' abhinc annorum quattuor milliones facta.<ref name="KennedySpencer2004">{{cite journal|last1=Kennedy|first1=Martyn|last2=Spencer|first2=Hamish G.|title=Phylogenies of the frigatebirds (Fregatidae) and tropicbirds (Phaethonidae), two divergent groups of the traditional order Pelecaniformes, inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences|url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2004-04_31_1/page/31|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=31|issue=1|year=2004|pages=31–38|issn=1055-7903|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.007|pmid=15019606}}.</ref> ''[[Phaethusavis]]'' et ''[[Heliadornis]]'' sunt genera [[praehistoria|praehistorica]] ex [[fossile|fossilibus]] Phaethontidarum descripta. [[Typus]] familiae est ''[[Phaethon aethereus]].'' === Species exstantes === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Imago !! [[Binomen]] !! Distributio |- |[[Fasciculus:RED BILLED TROPIC BIRD.jpg|120px]] || ''Phaethon aethereus'' || Atlanticus medius, Pacificus orientalis, [[Mare Caribicum|Caribicum]], et Atlanticus orientalis, [[Sinus Persicus]], [[Sinus Adenensis]], [[Mare Rubrum]] |- |[[Fasciculus:Red-tailed Tropicbird - Nosy Ve - Madagascar MG 1985 (15108469068).jpg|120px]] || ''Phaethon rubricauda'' || [[Oceanus|Oceani]] Indicus meridianus, Pacificus occidentalis et medius, a [[litus|litore]] [[Africa]]no ad [[Indonesia]], aquae circa [[Iaponia]]m meridianam ad [[Sina]]m |- |[[Fasciculus:White-tailed Tropicbird - Phaeton lepturus 2.jpg|120px]] || ''Phaethon lepturus '' || Oceani Atlanticus tropicus, Pacificus occidentalis, Indicus |- |} == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * Boland, C. R. J., M. C. Double, et G. B. Baker. [[2004]]. "Assortative mating by tail streamer length in red-tailed tropicbirds ''Phaethon rubricauda'' breeding in the Coral Sea." ''Ibis'' 146 (4): 687–90. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2004.00310.x. * del Hoyo Josep, et al., eds. [[1992]]. ''Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks.'' Barcinonae: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-10-5. * Fleet, Robert R. [[1974]]. ''The red-tailed tropicbird on Kure Atoll.'' Vasingtoniae: American Ornithologists' Union. * Nelson, Bryan.[[2005]]. ''Pelicans, Cormorants and their relatives.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-857727-3. * Spear, Larry B., et David G. Ainley. [[2005]]. "At-sea behaviour and habitat use by tropicbirds in the eastern Pacific." ''Ibis'' 147 (2): 391–407. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2005.00418.x. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1474-919x.2005.00418.x Editio interretialis.] * van Tuinen, Marcel, David Waterhouse, et Gareth J. Dyke. [[2004]]. "Avian molecular systematics on the rebound: a fresh look at modern shorebird phylogenetic relationships." ''Journal of Avian Biology'' 35 (3): 191–94. doi:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03362.x. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Phaethon|''Phaethontem''}} * Oiseaux.net. [[2006]]. [http://www.oiseaux.net/oiseaux/pelecaniformes/red-billed.tropicbird.html "Red-billed Tropicbird."]. * Patteson, Brian. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060313135307/http://www.patteson.com/image3.htm Photographemata Phaethontidarum.] * Robertson, Don. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080509102823/http://montereybay.com/creagrus/tropicbd-id.html De Phaethontidis agnoscendis.] * [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/tropicbirds-phaethontidae Pelliculae Phaethontidarum.] Internet Bird Collection. {{Myrias|Biologia}} [[Categoria:Phaethontidae| ]] [[Categoria:Aves marinae]] [[Categoria:Familiae animalium]] [[Categoria:Familiae avium ex hominibus mythologicis appellatae|Phaethon]] [[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1758]] pqh4xxu4720toeh1xn346oq4wppkf0c 0 290380 3980086 3910397 2026-08-10T00:10:13Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 3 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{Taxobox | name = on | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|0.01|0}}<small>[[Holocaenum|Holocaeno]] ineunte – praesens</small> | image = American bison k5680-1.jpg | image_caption = ''Bison bison bison'' | status = NT | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref =<ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn |author=Gates, C. |author2=Aune, K |last-author-amp=yes |year=2008 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/2815/0 |title=''Bison bison'' |access-date= 10 Novembris 2008|ref=harv}}.</ref> | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Mammalia]] | ordo = [[Artiodactyla]] | familia = [[Bovidae]] | subfamilia = [[Bovinae]] | tribus = [[Bovini]] | subtribus = [[Bovina]] | genus = ''[[Bison]]'' | species = '''''Bison bison''''' | species_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]]) | synonyms = {{plainlist| * ''Bos americanus'' {{small|Gmelin,&nbsp;1788}} * ''Bos bison'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758}} * ''Bison americanus'' {{small|(Gmelin,&nbsp;1788}} * ''Bison bison montanae'' {{small|Krumbiegel,&nbsp;1980}} }} | range_map = Bison_bison_map.svg | subdivision_ranks = [[Subspecies]] | subdivision = ''[[Bison bison athabascae]]''<br /> ''[[Bison bison bison]]'' }} [[Fasciculus:Waldbison Bison bison athabascae Tierpark Hellabrunn-13.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Bison bison athabascae.'']] [[Fasciculus:Bison.ogg|thumb|[[Animalium soni|Vocatio]] bisontis.]] [[Fasciculus:American Bison AdF.jpg|thumb|[[Mas]] adultus (ultra) et [[femina (sexus)|femina]] adulta (citra), in [[Yellowstone National Park]].]] [[Fasciculus:Bison bison Wichita Mountain Oklahoma.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Bison [[mas]] in [[Montes Wichita|Montibus Wichita]] [[Oclahoma]]e.]] [[Fasciculus:Bison skeleton at MAV-USP.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Sceletus]] bisontis.]] [[Fasciculus:Muybridge Buffalo galloping.gif|thumb|Bison currere videtur. Series [[photographema]]tum ab [[Eduardus Muybridge|Eduardo Muybridge]] factorum, primum anno [[1887]] in ''Animal Locomotion'' edita.]] [[File:American bison (Bison bison) in Yukon, Canada.webm|thumb|Bison bison]] {{ires|Bison bison}} est [[species]] [[bison]]tis cuius vasti [[grex|greges]] in [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]] olim vagabantur. Eius [[distributio geographica|spatium]] [[historia|historicum]] ante annum 9000 [[a.C.n.]], [[magna bisontum zona]] appellatur, tractus vigentium [[terra]]rum [[poaceae|graminearum]] qui ab [[Alasca]] ad [[Sinus Mexici|Sinum Mexici]], ad [[oriens|orientem]] usque ad [[Ora Orientalis Civitatum Foederatarum|litus Atlanticum]] (in nonnullis [[regio]]nibus paene ad ''[[tidewater]]'' [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Atlanticum]]) ad [[Novum Eboracum (civitas)|Novum Eboracum]], et ad [[meridies|meridiem]] usque ad [[Georgia (Civitates Foederatae)|Georgiam]], et, secundum nonnullos fontes, usque ad [[Florida]]m extendebatur, atque in [[Carolina Septentrionalis|Carolina Septentrionali]] prope Buffalo Ford in [[Catawba Flumen|Catawba Flumine]] anno [[1750]] videbatur.<ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17748/17748-h/17748-h.htm Project Gutenburg E Book – ''The Extermination of the American Bison''].</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fws.gov/species/species_accounts/bio_buff.html |title=American Buffalo (''Bison bison'') species page |publisher = U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service |accessdate = 24 Februarii 2013}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=William T. Hornaday, Superintendent of the National Zoological Park |title=The Extermination of the American Bison|date=10 Februarii 2006 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |origyear=1889 |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17748/17748-h/17748-h.htm}}.</ref> Paene [[exstinctio|exstinctus]] factus est propter [[venatio]]nem [[commercium|mercatoriam]] [[saeculum 19|saeculo undevicensimo]] effectam [[morbus|morbosque]] [[bovidae|bovinos]] ex [[bos|bobus]] domesticis introductis. Species [[saeculum 18|saeculo duodevicensimo]] exeunte plus quam 60 [[millio]]nes [[animal]]ium numerari putatur, sed ante annum [[1889]] solum 541 animalia enumerabantur. Medio [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicensimo]], [[ratio]]nes gregum augendorum prospere eveniebant, et 31&thinsp;000 animalium ferorum hodie in vita sunt,<ref>Aune, K., Jørgensen, D. & Gates, C. 2017. Bison bison (errata version published in 2018). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T2815A123789863. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2815A45156541.en.</ref> plerumque in aliquot [[saeptum nationale|saeptis nationalibus]] aliisque saeptis hodie inclusi. Animalia huius species praeterea post nonnullas [[reintroductio]]nes etiam in variis [[Iacutia]]e et [[Mexicum|Mexici]] regionibus libere vagantur. Describuntur duae [[subspecies]] vel oecotypi: ''[[Bison bison bison]]'' ("bison planitiei"), [[magnitudo|magnitudine]] minor, gibbere rotundiori, et ''Bison bison athabascae'' ("bison silvestris"), maior, gibbere quadrato.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Geist V. |title=Phantom subspecies: the wood bison, ''Bison bison'' "''athabascae''" Rhoads 1897, is not a valid taxon, but an ecotype |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_arctic_1991-12_44_4/page/283 |journal=Arctic |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages= 283–300 |year=1991 |doi=10.14430/arctic1552}}</ref><ref>{{Cite conference | first = Charles E. | last = Kay |author2=Clifford A. White | title = Reintroduction of bison into the Rocky Mountain parks of Canada: historical and archaeological evidence | booktitle = Crossing Boundaries in Park Management: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Research and Resource Management in Parks and on Public Lands | pages = 143–51 | publisher = George Wright Soc | year = 2001 | location = Hancock, Michigan | url = http://www.georgewright.org/24kay.pdf | accessdate =2 Decembris 2009}}.</ref><ref name=RFLP>{{cite journal |title= Genetic relationship of wood and plains bison based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms |author= Bork, A. M. |author2= C. M. Strobeck |author3= F. C. Yeh |author4= R. J. Hudson |author5= R. K. Salmon |last-author-amp= yes |journal= Can J Zool |volume= 69 |issue= 1 |pages= 43–48 |year= 1991 |url= http://article.pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/RPAS/RPViewDoc?_handler_=HandleInitialGet&calyLang=eng&journal=cjz&volume=69&articleFile=z91-007.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170510072808/http://article.pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/RPAS/RPViewDoc?_handler_=HandleInitialGet&calyLang=eng&journal=cjz&volume=69&articleFile=z91-007.pdf |url-status= dead |archive-date= May 10, 2017 |doi= 10.1139/z91-007 |access-date= December 2, 2009 |df= mdy-all }}</ref><ref name=Texas>{{cite journal |title=Conservation Genetic Analysis of the Texas State Bison Herd |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mammalogy_2004-10_85_5/page/924 |author= Halbert, Natalie D. |author2= Terje Raudsepp |author3= Bhanu P. Chowdhary |author4= James N. Derr |last-author-amp= yes |journal= Journal of Mammalogy |volume= 85 |issue= 5 |pages= 924–931 |year= 2004|doi= 10.1644/BER-029 |doi-access= free }}</ref><ref name="PMID10382295">{{cite journal |title= Genetic variation within and relatedness among wood and plains bison populations |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_genome_1999-06_42_3/page/483 |author= Wilson, G. A. |author2=C. Strobeck |last-author-amp=yes |journal= Genome |volume= 42 |issue= 3 |pages= 483–96 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10382295 |doi= 10.1139/gen-42-3-483 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |format=MS thesis |title=Conservation of North American Bison: Status and Recommendations |url=http://www.notitia.com/bison/Members/PDF%20Files/Library/Thesis%20Document%20-%20Conservation%20Status%20of%20Bison%20-%20BOYD.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928155026/http://www.notitia.com/bison/Members/PDF%20Files/Library/Thesis%20Document%20-%20Conservation%20Status%20of%20Bison%20-%20BOYD.pdf |archivedate=September 28, 2007 |url-status=dead |last=Boyd |first=Delaney P. |date=April 2003 |publisher= University of Calgary |accessdate=23 Februarii 2010 |oclc=232117310}}.</ref> Praeterea, ''Bison bison bison'' in ''B. b. montanae'' planitiei [[septentrio]]nalis et ''B. b. bison'' planitiei [[meridies|meridianae]] fortasse consistit, ut summa sit tres.<ref name=Texas/> Quae autem distinctio late non approbatur. Bison silvestris est una ex maximis [[bovidae|bovidarum]] exstantium speciebus feris in [[tellus|mundo]], solum a ''[[Bos gaurus|Bove gauro]]'' [[Asia]]e superata.<ref name="Bull45">{{cite book |title=The Genetics of Cattle, 2nd Edition |url=https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=RYgXBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=gaur+1500kg&source=bl&ots=37XDeViXG4&sig=ACfU3U1-Xn1iOFn0XOeNF-cwkvico_orKw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiKr77vpJnqAhUWOisKHURzAMQ4ChDoATACegQIBRAB#v=onepage&q=gaur%201500kg&f=false}}</ref> Inter animalia terrestria in America Septentrionali exstantia, bison est gravissimum et longissimum, secundumque ab altissimo, post ''[[Alces alces|Alcem alcem]].'' [[Indi Americani]] qui in [[Magna Planities|Magnis Planitiebus]] nonnulla [[millennium|millennia]] [[habitatio|habitabant]] [[religio]]ne aliisque [[cultura]]e proprietatibus cum bisonte Americano artissime coniungebantur. Quod [[animal]] est [[insignia nationalia Civitatum Foederatarum|mammal nationale Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]]. == Descriptio == Bisonti [[hiems|hieme]] saetae longae, villosae, [[fuscus|atrofuscae]], atque [[aestas|aestate]] saetae leves fuscaeque pallidae sunt. Bisontes [[mas|mares]] [[femina (sexus)|feminis]] multo maiores gravioresque sunt. [[Phenotypus]] bisontis silvestris phenotypo bisontis planitiei fortasse est primitivior, cum hic ut videtur se ex mixtura ''[[Bison occidentalis|Bisontis occidentalis]]'' et ''[[Bison antiquus|Bisontis antiqui]]'' evolveret.<ref name=Van1986 /> Bisontes planitiei saepe minores, bisontes silvestres saepe maiores sunt. Maxima longitudo a capite ad clunes est 3.5 [[metrum|metra]] in maribus et 2.85 metra in feminis; [[cauda]] a 30 ad 95 [[centimetrum|centimetra]] addit.<ref name=Van1986 /><ref>Halloran 1960.</ref><ref name=YukagirBison/> [[Altitudo|Altitudines]] ad ''[[withers]]'' a 152 ad 186 centimetra in ''B. b. bisonte'' et circa 2 metra in ''B. b. athabascae'' variare possunt.<ref name=YukagirBison>Boeskorov et al. 2011.</ref> [[Pondus|Pondera]] a 318 ad 1179 [[chiliogramma]]ta variare possunt,<ref name=YukagirBison/><ref name=Meagher1986>{{cite journal|last1=Meagher|first1=M.|title=Bison bison|journal=Mammalian Species|date=1986|issue=266|pages=1–8|url=http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-266-01-0001.pdf|jstor=3504019|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229105651/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-266-01-0001.pdf|archivedate=December 29, 2011}}</ref><ref name="McDonald, J. 1981">McDonald 1981: 316.</ref><ref>[http://www.theanimalfiles.com/mammals/hoofed_mammals/bison_american.html The Animal Files]</ref> a 460 ad 988 chiliogrammata, medianis a 730 ad 792.5 chiliogrammata (''B.b. bison''), et 943.6 chiliogrammata (''B.b.athabascae'') in maribus, et a 360 ad 640 chiliogrammata, medianis a 450 ad 497.6 chiliogrammata, in feminis,<ref name=Van1986 /> quamquam minima pondera usitata pondera circa aetatem maturitatis sexualis repraesentant, a duo ad tris fere annos aetatis.<ref>Castelló 2916.</ref><ref>Berger et Peacock 1988.</ref><ref>Rutberg 1984.</ref><ref>Rutberg 1986.</ref><ref>Roden, Vervaecke, et Van Elsacker 2005.</ref><ref name=Van1986 /> Maximum pondus umquam notum in ''B. b. bisonte'' erat 1270 chiliogrammata,<ref>Berger et Cunningham 1994: 162.</ref> sed mares usque ad 1360 chiliogrammata aestimati sunt.<ref name=AllAboutBison /> ''B. b. athabascae'' ''B. b. bisonte'' est multo maior et gravior.<ref name=Van1986>de Jong 1986:37.</ref> Bison captivus pro [[caro|carne]] alitus gravis praeter [[natura]] esse potest, et maximus bison sic semidomesticus 1724 [[chiliogramma]]ta [[pondus|ponderis]] fuit.<ref name=Meagher1986/> [[Caput|Capita]] et [[corpus|corpora]] superiora sunt permagna. Ambobus [[sexus|sexibus]] sunt brevia [[cornu]]a curva, quae usque ad 60 centimetra longa et a 90 centimetra ad 124 centimetra lata crescunt,<ref>Burt 1976: 224.</ref><ref name=AllAboutBison>[https://allaboutbison.com/legendary-bison-bulls/ Legendary Bison Bulls],</ref> et quibus pugnandi causa intra gregem et pro defensione utuntur. Bisontes sunt [[herbivora]], quae [[poaceae|graminibus]] [[cyperaceae|cyperaceisque]] [[planities|planitierum]] Americae Septentrionalis [[victus|vescuntur]]. Quotidie duas [[hora]]s pascuntur, duas horas quiescunt, duas horas ruminant, et tum ut iterum pascantur ad novum locum migrant. == Pinacotheca: bison in cultura latiore == <gallery> Fasciculus:Flag of Wyoming.svg|Bison [[vexillum]] civicum[[Vyomina]]e adornat. Fasciculus:Bison effigy.jpg|Effigies [[cutis]] bisontis Americani in [[saltatio solaris|saltatione solaris]] indigenarum [[Lakota]]e adhibetur. Fasciculus:Flag of Manitoba.svg|Bison in [[vexillum|vexillo]] [[Manitoba]]e apparet. Fasciculus:1935 Indian Head Buffalo Nickel.jpg|[[Buffalo nickel]] anni [[1935]]. Haec designatio, bisontem Americanum depingens, ab anno [[1913]] ad annum [[1938]] edebatur. Fasciculus:US-$10-LT-1901-Fr.114.jpg|[[Syngrapha]] $10 seriei 1901 [[Meriwether Lewis]] et [[Gulielmus Clark|Gulielmum Clark]], [[explorator]]es [[miles|militarios]], cum bisonte Americano depingit. Fasciculus:US stamp 1898 4c Indian Hunting Buffalo.jpg|Primum [[pittacium cursuale]] imaginem bisontis ferens anno [[1898]] in Civitatibus Foederatis editum est: 4¢ "Indian Hunting Buffalo," pars seriei commemorativae de [[Expositio Trans-Mississippiana|Expositione Trans-Mississippiana]] </gallery> {{NexInt}} *[[Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo]] == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == *Berger, Joel, et Carol Cunningham. [[1994]]. ''Bison: mating and conservation in small populations.'' Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-08456-7. *Berger, Joel, et M. Peacock. [[1988]]. "ariability in size-weight relationships of Bison bison." ''Journal of Mammalogy'' 69 (3), 618–24. *Boeskorov, Gennady G., Olga R. Potapova, Albert V. Protopopov, Valery V. Plotnikov, Larry D. Agenbroad, Konstantin S. Kirikov, Innokenty S. Pavlov, Marina V. Shchelchkova, Innocenty N. Belolyubskii, Mikhail D. Tomshin, Rafal Kowalczyk, Sergey P. Davydov, Stanislav D. Kolesov, Alexey N. Tikhonov, et Johannes van der Plicht. [[2016]]. "The Yukagir Bison: The exterior morphology of a complete frozen mummy of the extinct steppe bison, ''Bison priscus'' from the early Holocene of northern Yakutia, Russia." ''Quaternary International'' 406 (25 Iunii): pars B,, 94–110. *Branch, E. Douglas. (1929) [[1997]]. ''The Hunting of the Buffalo.'' Ed. nova. Lincolniae: University of Nebraska Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3zE0lxKhxs0C&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Hunting%20of%20the%20Buffalo&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true Google Books.] *Burt, William Henry. [[1976]]. ''A Field Guide to the Mammals: North America North of Mexico.'' Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. *Castelló, J. R. [[2016]]. ''Bovids of the World: Antelopes, Gazelles, Cattle, Goats, Sheep, and Relatives.'' Princetoniae: Princeton University Press. *Dary, David A. [[1974]]. ''The Buffalo Book.'' Sicagi: Swallow Press. *de Jong, C. G. Van Zyll. [[1986]]. "A systematic study of recent bison, with particular consideration of the wood bison (''Bison bison athabascae'' Rhoads 1898)." National Museum of Natural Sciences. *Gard, Wayne. [[1954]]. ''The Great Buffalo Hunt.'' Lincolniae: University of Nebraska Press. *Halloran F. A. [[1960]]. "American Bison Weights and Measurements from the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge." ''Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science,'' 212–218. *Isenberg, Andrew C. [[2000]]. ''The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History, 1750–1920.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=s_lyumM8d84C&lpg=PA5 Google Books.] *Lott, Dale F. [[2002]]. ''American Bison: A Natural History.'' Berkeleiae: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24062-9, ISBN 0520233387. [https://books.google.com/books?id=irVb_xAtWIwC&lpg=PP1 Google Books.] *Louie, Flores Dan. [[1991]]. "Bison Ecology and Bison Diplomacy: The Southern Plains from 1800 to 1850." ''Journal of American History'' 78 (2): 465–85. doi:10.2307/2079530. JSTOR 2079530. *McDonald, J. [[1981]]. ''North American Bison: Their classification and Evolution.'' Berkeleiae, Angelopoli, Londinii: University of California Press. *McHugh, Tom. [[1972]]. ''The Time of the Buffalo.'' Lincolniae: University of Nebraska Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xSbrXXh0lWMC&lpg=PP1 Google Books.] *Meagher, Margaret Mary. [[1973]]. ''The Bison of Yellowstone National Park.'' Vasingtoniae: Government Printing Office. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629031320/http://www.nps.gov/yell/naturescience/bison1973.htm Archivum].] *Coke, Rister Carl. [[1929]]. "The Significance of the Destruction of the Buffalo in the Southwest." ''Southwestern Historical Quarterly'' 33: 34–49. *Roden, C., H. Vervaecke, et L. Van Elsacker. [[2005]]. "Dominance, age and weight in American bison males (Bison bison) during non-rut in semi-natural conditions." ''Applied Animal Behaviour Science'' 92 (1), 169–77. *Roe, Frank Gilbert. [[1951]]. ''The North American Buffalo: A Critical Study of the Species in Its Wild State.'' Toronti: University of Toronto Press. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2822108 JSTOR.] *Rutberg, A. T. [[1984]]. "Birth synchrony in American bison (Bison bison): response to predation or season?" ''Journal of Mammalogy'' 65 (3), 418–23. *Rutberg, A. T. [[1986]]. "Dominance and its fitness consequences in American bison cows." ''Behaviour'' 96 (1), 62–91. *Shaw, James H. [[1995]]. "How Many Bison Originally Populated Western Rangelands?" ''Rangelands'' 17, no. 5 (October): 148–50. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4001099 JSTOR.] *Smits, David D. [[1994]], [[1995]]. "The Frontier Army and the Destruction of the Buffalo, 1865–1883]." ''Western Historical Quarterly'' 25: 313–38 et 26: 203-208. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200706150320/https://history.msu.edu/hst321/files/2010/07/smits-on-bison.pdf PDF.] *Zontek, Ken. [[1995]]. "Hunt, Capture, Raise, Increase: The People Who Saved the Bison." ''Great Plains Quarterly'' 15: 133–49. [http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/1009/ Editio interrelialis.] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Bison bison|''Bisontem bisontem''}} {{Wikispecies|Bison bison|''Bisontem bisontem''}} {{Fontes biologici}} *Hornaday, William T. [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/17748 ''The Extermination of the American Bison.''] Project Gutenberg. *Mooar, John Wesley. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170503223247/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/ttusw/00171/tsw-00171.html Chartae, 1871–1917 et sine die.] Southwest Collection, Special Collections Libraries, Texas Tech University. * {{ITIS |id=180706 |taxon=Bison bison |accessdate=March 18, 2006}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170621111052/http://www.americanbison.org/ American Bison.] * [http://www.americanprairie.org/ American Prairie Foundation.] * [http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=23 ''Bison bison.''] North American Mammals, Smithsonian Institution. * [http://www.buffalofieldcampaign.org/ Buffalo Field Campaign.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120510213104/http://www.bisoncentral.com/ National Bison Association.] * [http://www.nature.org/animals/mammals/animals/bison.html Species profile: American bison.] The Nature Conservancy. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070501101405/http://www.nps.gov/archive/yell/kidstuff/testknow/images/bisongor.htm De salute in Yellowstone National Park.] National Park Service. * [http://editthis.info/wildbison/Wild_Bison_Reference_Project Wild Bison Reference Project.] Collaborative Bibliography for the Conservation, Management and Advocacy of Wild Bison. * [http://www.nfb.ca/film/Great_Buffalo_Saga/ ''The Great Buffalo Saga.'']{{Nexus deficit|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Documentarium NFB. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110812073557/http://www.sdpb.org/badlands/Tatanka/index.asp Traditionalis bisontis usus.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101022050458/http://www.arrowheads1.com/artifactinfo/bisonskel.htm Structura sceleti et ossium bisontis.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130823142119/http://www.notesfromthefieldtv.com/ De bisonte Americano.] PBS. {{Myrias|Biologia}} [[Categoria:Bison]] [[Categoria:Magnae Planities]] [[Categoria:Mammalia Canadae]] [[Categoria:Mammalia Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Mammalia herbivora]] [[Categoria:Species animalium]] [[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1758]] lt6vrbh38tqkef3l2p0s98onwjdoust 0 290387 3980083 3832794 2026-08-10T00:07:19Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Drepanidini | image = Iiwi.jpg | image_caption = ʻIʻiwi|{{Okina}}I{{Okina}}iwi (''[[Drepanis coccinea]]'') | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | ordo = [[Passeriformes]] | subordo = [[Passeri]] | superfamilia = [[Passerida]] | familia = [[Fringillidae]] | subfamilia = [[Carduelinae]] | tribus = '''Drepanidini''' | subdivision_ranks = [[Genus (taxinomia)|Genera]] | subdivision = ''Vide commentarium.'' | synonyms = Drepanididae<br /> Drepanidini<small>(''vide commentarium'')</small><br /> Drepaniidae<br/> Drepanidinae }} [[Fasciculus:DrepadinidaeSchnabel.jpg|thumb|Formae [[rostrum (avis)|rostrorum]] et [[lingua]]rum drepanidorum et [[mohoidae|mohoidarum]].]] '''Drepanidini''' sunt [[tribus (taxinomia)|tribus]] vel [[grex]] tantus parvarum [[aves|avium]] [[subordo|subordinis]] [[Passeri|Passerorum]] [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordinis]] [[Passeriformes|Passeriformium]], quae in [[Havaii]]s [[endemismus|endemicae]] sunt, cum avibus [[genus (taxinomia)|generis]] ''[[Carpodacus|Carpodaci]]'' artissime cognatae. Quarum magna diversitas [[morphologia|morphologica]] ex [[radiatio adaptiva|radiatione adaptiva]] in [[circumiecta|circumiectis]] [[insula]]ribus effecta est.<ref name=Lerner2011>Lerner et al. 2011.</ref><ref name=Zuccon2012>Zuccon et al. 2012.</ref> Antequam [[ratio]]nes [[phylogenetica|phylogeneticae]] [[molecula]]res excogitatae sunt, coniunctio drepanidinorum aliarumque specierum aviariarum controversa fuerat. Aliquot eruditi drepanidinos [[familia (taxinomia)|familiam]] '''Drepanididas,'''<ref name=Clements>Clements 2007.</ref> sed alii eos [[subfamilia]]m '''Drepanidinas''' familiae Fringillidarum putant. Omnis autem grex "Drepanidini" appellabatur in tractationibus ubi [[emberizidae]] et [[passerellidae]] inter [[fringillidae|fringillidas]] comprehendebantur; quod [[nomen proprium|nomen]] unius subgregis avium aliis hodie praeponitur.<ref name=HowardMoore>Dickinson 2003.</ref><ref name=AOU>AOU [http://www.aou.org/checklist/index.php3 Check-list of North American Birds.] Situs accessus 26 Decembris 2007.</ref> Omnis grex recentissime inter [[carduelinae|carduelinas]] digestus est.<ref name=Zuccon2012/><ref name=iou>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | title=Finches, euphonias | work= World Bird List Version 5.2| url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/finches/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union| accessdate=5 Iunii 2015 }}.</ref> ==Proprietates== [[Penna|Pennis]] paene omnium carduelinarum Havaianarum specierum est [[odor]] proprius, qui, ut multi investigatores affirmant, "veterum carbasi [[tabernaculum|tabernaculorum]] aliquantulum similis"<ref>[[Anglice]] "rather like that of old canvas tents."</ref> olet.<ref>Pratt 2002: 46.</ref> Nonnulli drepanidini [[nectarivora|nectarivori]] [[flos|flores]] ''[[Metrosideros polymorpha|Metrosiderae polymorphae]]'' petunt. Formae [[rostrum (avis)|rostrorum]], quae late variant, a rostris crassis et fringilliformibus ad rostra gracilia et decurva (ad certos flores scrutandos apta), ratione radiationis adaptivae exortae sunt, cum quaedam fringilla avita se ad multos [[locus oecologicus|locos oecologicos]] complendos evolveret. Aliquot viginti drepanidinorum species nuper [[exstinctio|exstinctae]] sunt, aliaeque mox post homines in [[insula]]s primum adventos, qui [[animalia]] introduxerunt (exempli gratia, [[rattus|rattos]], [[sus|sues]], [[caper|capros]], [[bos|boves]]), et [[habitatio]]nes [[natura]]les [[agricultura]]e causa converterunt.<ref name="32part1">Storrs et Olson 1991.</ref><ref name="32part2">James et Olson 1991.</ref> ==Genera et species== Nomen ''praehistoricum'' hic [[significatio (linguistica)|significat]] species quae [[exstinctio|exstinctae]] inter primam [[colonia|colonizationem]] Havaianam (ex primo [[millennium|millennio]] exeunte) et adventum [[Europa]]eum anno [[1778]] factae sunt.<br> *'''Drepanidini''' **Genus ''[[Aidemedia]]'' <small>[[Storrs L. Olson|Olson]] & [[Helena F. James|James]], 1991</small><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=En4wBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT30|title=The Eponym Dictionary of Birds|author=Beolens, Bo|author2=Watkins, Michael|author3=Grayson, Michael|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=2014|isbn=9781472905741}} Genus ''Aidemedia'' ex Aidem appellatur.</ref> ***''Aidemedia chascax'' <small>[[Storrs L. Olson|Olson]] & [[Helena F. James|James]], 1991</small> (avis [[praehistoria|praehistorica]]) ***''Aidemedia lutetiae'' <small>[[Storrs L. Olson|Olson]] & [[Helena F. James|James]], 1991</small> (avis [[praehistoria|praehistorica]]) ***''Aidemedia zanclops'' <small>[[Storrs L. Olson|Olson]] & [[Helena F. James|James]], 1991</small> (avis [[praehistoria|praehistorica]]) **Genus ''[[Akialoa]]'' <small>Olson & James, 1995</small> ***''Akialoa ellisiana'' <small>[[Georgius Robertus Gray|Gray]], 1859</small> ([[exstinctio|exstincta]], 1940) ***''Akialoa lanaiensis'' <small>[[Leonillus Gualterius Rothschild|Rothschild]], 1893</small> ([[exstinctio|exstincta]], 1892) ***''Akialoa stejnegeri'' <small>[[Scott Barchard Wilson|Wilson]], 1889</small> ([[exstinctio|exstincta]], 1969) ***''Akialoa obscura'' <small>[[Ioannes Cabanis|Cabanis]], 1889</small> ([[exstinctio|exstincta]], 1940) ***''Akialoa upupirostris'' (avis [[praehistoria|praehistorica]]) **Genus ''[[Chloridops]]'' <small>[[Scott Barchard Wilson|Wilson]], 1888</small> ***''Chloridops kona'' <small>[[Scott Barchard Wilson|Wilson]], 1888</small> ([[exstinctio|exstincta]], 1894) ***''Chloridops regiskongi'' (avis [[praehistoria|praehistorica]]) ***''Chloridops wahi'' (avis [[praehistoria|praehistorica]]) **Genus ''[[Chlorodrepanis]]'' <small>Olson & James, 1995</small> ***''Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri'' <small>[[H. Douglas Pratt|Pratt]], 1989</small> ***''Chlorodrepanis flava'' <small>[[Andreas Bloxam|Bloxam]], 1827</small> ***''Chlorodrepanis virens'' <small>[[Ioannes Cabanis|Cabanis]], 1851</small> **Genus ''[[Ciridops]]'' <small>[[Alfredus Newton|Newton]], 1892</small> ***''Ciridops anna'' <small>[[Sanford Ballard Dole|Dole]], 1879</small> ([[exstinctio|exstincta]], 1892 aut 1937) ***''Ciridops tenax'' <small>[[Storrs L. Olson|Olson]] & [[Helen F. James|James]], 1991</small> (avis [[praehistoria|praehistorica]]) ** Genus ''[[Drepanis]]'' <small>[[Conradus Iacobus Temminck|Temminck]], 1820</small> ***''Drepanis funerea'' <small>[[Alfredus Newton|Newton]], 1894</small> ([[exstinctio|exstincta]], 1907) ***''Drepanis pacifica'' <small>[[Ioannes Fridericus Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1788</small> ([[exstinctio|exstincta]], 1898) ***''Drepanis coccinea'' <small>[[Ioannes Reinholdus Forster|Forster]], 1780</small> ** Genus ''[[Dysmorodre]]'' ''panis'' <small>[[Robertus Cyrillus Layton Perkins|Perkins]], 1919</small> ***''Dysmorodrepanis munroi'' <small>[[Robertus Cyrillus Layton Perkins|Perkins]], 1919</small> ([[exstinctio|exstincta]], 1918) **Genus ''[[Hemignathus]]'' <small>[[Henricus Lichtenstein|Lichtenstein]], 1839</small> ***''Hemignathus affinis'' ([[exstinctio|exstincta]], 1995–1998) ***''Hemignathus hanapepe'' ([[exstinctio|exstincta]], 1998) ***''Hemignathus lucidus'' ([[exstinctio|exstincta]], 1837) ***''Hemignathus vorpalis'' <small>[[Helena F. James|James]] & [[Storrs L. Olson|Olson]], 2003</small> (avis [[praehistoria|praehistorica]])<ref>{{cite journal|last=James|first=Helen F|author2=Storrs L. Olson|year=2003|title=A giant new species of nukupuu (Fringillidae: Drepanidini: Hemignathus) from the island of Hawaii|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_auk_2003-10_120_4/page/970|journal=The Auk|volume=120|issue=4|pages=970–981|doi=10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0970:AGNSON]2.0.CO;2}}.</ref> ***''Hemignathus wilsoni'' <small>[[Leonillus Gualterius Rothschild|Rothschild]], 1893</small> **Genus ''[[Himatione]]'' <small></small> ***''Himatione sanguinea'' <small>[[Ioannes Fridericus Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1788</small> ***''Himatione fraithii'' ([[exstinctio|exstincta]], 1923) ** Genus ''[[Loxioides]]'' <small>[[Aemilius Oustalet|Oustalet]], 1877</small> ***''Loxioides bailleui'' <small>[[Aemilius Oustalet|Oustalet]], 1877</small> ***''Loxioides kikuichi'' <small>Olson & James, 2006</small> (avis [[praehistoria|praehistorica]], fortasse usque ad [[saeculum 18]] iniens supervixit) **Genus ''[[Loxops]]'' ***''Loxops caeruleirostris'' <small>[[Scott Barchard Wilson|Wilson]], 1890</small> ***''Loxops coccineus'' <small>[[Ioannes Fridericus Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1789</small> ***''Loxops ochraceus'' <small>[[Leonillus Gualterius Rothschild|Rothschild]], 1893</small> ([[exstinctio|exstincta]], 1988) ***''Loxops wolstenholmei'' <small>[[Leonillus Gualterius Rothschild|Rothschild]], 1895</small> ([[exstinctio|exstincta]], annis 1990) ***''Loxops mana'' <small>Wilson, 1891</small> **Genus ''[[Magumma]]'' ***''Magumma parva'' <small>[[Leonhardus Hess Stejneger|Stejneger]], 1887</small> **Genus ''[[Melamprosops]]'' <small>Casey & Jacobi, 1974</small> ***''Melamprosops phaeosoma'' <small>Casey & Jacobi, 1974</small> (fortasse exstincta dicta, 28 Novembris 2004) ** Genus ''[[Oreomystis]]'' <small>Wilson, 1891</small> ***''Oreomystis bairdi'' <small>[[Leonhard Hess Stejneger|Stejneger]], 1887</small> **Genus ''[[Orthiospiza]]'' ***''Orthiospiza howarthi'' <small>[[Helena F. James|James]] & [[Storrs L. Olson|Olson]], 1991</small> (avis [[praehistoria|praehistorica]]) **Genus ''[[Palmeria]]'' <small>[[Leonillus Gualterius Rothschild|Rothschild]], 1893</small> ***''Palmeria dolei'' <small>[[Scott Barchard Wilson|Wilson]], 1891</small> **Genus ''[[Paroreomyza]]'' ***''Paroreomyza maculata'' <small>Cabanis, 1850</small> ([[exstinctio|exstincta]], annis 1990 ineuntibus?) ***''Paroreomyza flammea'' <small>([[Scott Barchard Wilson|Wilson]], 1889)</small> ([[exstinctio|exstincta]], 1963) ***''Paroreomyza montana'' ****''Paroreomyza montana montana'' <small>[[Scott Barchard Wilson|Wilson]], 1890</small> ([[exstinctio|exstincta]], 1937) ****''Paroreomyza montana newtoni'' <small>([[Leonillus Gualterius Rothschild|Rothschild]], 1893)</small> **Genus ''[[Pseudonestor]]'' ***''Pseudonestor xanthophrys'' <small>[[Leonillus Gualterius Rothschild|Rothschild]], 1893</small> **Genus ''[[Psittirostra]]'' ***''Psittirostra psittacea'' <small>[[Ioannes Fridericus Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1789</small> ([[exstinctio|exstincta]], 1998?) **Genus ''[[Rhodacanthis]]''<ref name="James_Prince">{{cite journal|last=James|first=Helen F.|author2=Johnathan P. Prince|date=May 2008|title=Integration of palaeontological, historical, and geographical data on the extinction of koa-finches|journal=Diversity & Distributions|volume=14|issue=3|pages=441–451|doi=10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00442.x}}.</ref> ***''Rhodacanthis flaviceps'' <small>[[Leonillus Gualterius Rothschild|Rothschild]], 1892</small> ([[exstinctio|exstincta]], 1891) ***''Rhodacanthis forfex'' <small>[[Helena F. James|James]] & [[Storrs L. Olson|Olson]], 2005</small> (avis [[praehistoria|praehistorica]]) ***''Rhodacanthis litotes'' <small>[[Helena F. James|James]] & [[Storrs L. Olson|Olson]], 2005</small> (avis [[praehistoria|praehistorica]]) ***''Rhodacanthis palmeri'' <small>[[Leonillus Gualterius Rothschild|Rothschild]], 1892</small> ([[exstinctio|exstincta]], 1896) **Genus ''[[Telespiza]]'' <small>[[Scott Barchard Wilson|Wilson]], 1890</small> ***''Telespiza cantans'' <small>[[Scott Barchard Wilson|Wilson]], 1890</small> ***''Telespiza persecutrix'' <small>[[Helena F. James|James]] & [[Storrs L. Olson|Olson]], 1991</small> (avis [[praehistoria|praehistorica]]) ***''Telespiza ultima'' <small>[[Gulielmus Alanson Bryan|Bryan]], 1917</small> ***''Telespiza ypsilon'' <small>[[Helena F. James|James]] & [[Storrs L. Olson|Olson]], 1991</small> (avis [[praehistoria|praehistorica]]) **Genus ''[[Vangulifer]]'' ***''Vangulifer mirandus'' (avis [[praehistoria|praehistorica]]) ***''Vangulifer neophasis'' (avis [[praehistoria|praehistorica]]) **Genus ''[[Viridonia]]'' ***''Viridonia sagittirostris'' <small>[[Leonillus Gualterius Rothschild|Rothschild]], 1892</small> ([[exstinctio|exstincta]], 1901) ** Genus ''[[Xestospiza]]'' <small>[[Helena F. James|James]] & [[Storrs L. Olson|Oslon]], 1991</small> ***''Xestospiza conica'' <small>James & Olson, 1991</small> (avis [[praehistoria|praehistorica]]) ***''Xestospiza fastigialis'' <small>James & Olson, 1991</small> (avis [[praehistoria|praehistorica]]) ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Clements, J. [[2007]]. ''The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World.'' Ed. sexta. ISBN 978-0-7136-8695-1. *Dickinson, E. [[2003]]. ''The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World.'' Ed. tertia. Princetoniae: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11701-0. *Groth, Jeffrey G. [[1998]]. "Molecular phylogeny of the cardueline finches and Hawaiian honeycreepers." ''Ostrich'' 69: 401. *Groth, Jeffrey G. [[2001]]. "Finches and Allies." In ''The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behavior,'' ed. Chris Elphick, John B. Dunning Jr., et David Allen Sibley, 552–60. Novi Eboraci: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-1-4000-4386-6. [https://archive.org/details/sibleyguidetobir00sibl_227 Archivum.] [https://archive.org/details/sibleyguidetobir00sibl_227/page/n551 Editio interretialis: pagina 552.] *James, Helen F., et Storrs L Olson. [[1991]]. "Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands: Part II. Passeriformes." ''Ornithological Monographs'' 46: 1–92. doi:10.2307/40166713. HDL 10088/1746. JSTOR 40166713. [http://sora.unm.edu/node/170 Editio interretialis.] *Lerner, H. R. L., M. Meyer, H. F. James, et R. C. Fleischer. [[2011]]. "Multilocus resolution of phylogeny and timescale in the extant adaptive radiation of Hawaiian Honeycreepers." ''Current Biology'' 21 (21): 1838–44. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.039. PMID 22018543. *Newton, Ian. [[1973]]. ''Finches.'' The New Naturalist Library, 55. Novi Eboraci: Taplinger. ISBN 0-8008-2720-1. *Olson, Storrs L., et Helen F. James. [[1991]]. "Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands: Part I. Non-Passeriformes." ''Ornithological Monographs'' 45: 1–91. doi:10.2307/40166794. HDL 10088/1745. JSTOR 40166794. [http://sora.unm.edu/node/169 Editio interretialis.] *Pratt, H. Douglas. [[2002]]. ''The Hawaiian Honeycreepers.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-854653-5. [https://books.google.com/books?id=h8cdPD-YsosC Google Books.] *Zuccon, Dario, Robert Prŷs-Jones, Pamela C. Rasmussen, et Per G. P. Ericson. [[2012]]. "The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae)." ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 62 (2): 581–96. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002. PMID 22023825. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180926130508/http://www.nrm.se/download/18.9ff3752132fdaeccb6800010935/Zuccon%20et%20al%202012.pdf PDF.] ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Drepanidinae|Drepanidinas}} {{Fontes biologici}} *[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/hawaiian-honeycreepers-drepanididae "Hawaiian Honeycreepers (Drepanididae)."] De quattuor speciebus, cum [[pellicula|pelliculis]] et [[photographema]]tibus. [http://ibc.lynxeds.com Internet Bird Collection.] [[Categoria:Carduelinae]] [[Categoria:Drepanidinae]] [[Categoria:Fauna Havaiorum]] [[Categoria:Tribus animalium]] q1c4cdccbh5w283fdeslrigbs6btc9g 0 290659 3980031 3978402 2026-08-09T23:30:30Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Ochotona''<ref name=MSW>{{MSW3 Hoffmann|pages=185–193}}</ref> | fossil_range = [[Miocaenum|Miocaeno]]–[[Holocaenum]] | image = American pika (ochotona princeps) with a mouthful of flowers.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Ochotona princeps]]'' | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]][ | classis = [[Mammalia]] | ordo = [[Lagomorpha]] | familia = [[Ochotonidae]] | parent_authority = [[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], [[1897]] | genus = '''''Ochotona''''' | genus_authority= [[Henricus Fridericus Link|Link]], [[1795]] | taxon = Ochotona | type_species = ''[[Daurian pika|Ochotona daurica]]'' | type_species_authority = [[Henricus Fridericus Link|Link]], 1795<br />(''Lepus dauuricus'' [[Petrus Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1776) | subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] | subdivision = ''Vide commentarrum.'' | range_map = | range_map_caption = }} '''''Ochotona''''' est [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] parvorum [[mammalia|mammalium]] [[mons|monticolarum]] quae in [[Asia]] et [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]] [[endemismus|inveniuntur]]. [[Membrum|Membris]] brevibus, [[corpus|corpore]] rotundo, [[pellis|pelli]] aequali, nullaque [[cauda]], [[leporidae|leporidarum]], eorum cognatorum propinquorum, similes sunt, quamquam [[auris|aures]] breves rotundasque habent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.treehugger.com/animals/what-know-about-mouse-bunny-could-vanish-states.html|title=Meet the 'mouse-bunny' that could vanish from the US|author=Melissa Breyer|date=2 Septembris 2016|publisher=treehugger}}/</ref> ''[[Ochotona macrotis]]'' [[Himalaia]]e et [[mons|montium]] proximorum in [[terra|terris]] plus quam 6000 [[metrum|metra]] altis invenitur, altissimis ullius mammalis. ''Ochotonae'' clivos [[saxum|saxosos]] malunt, ubi variis [[planta|plantis]], plerumque [[poaceae|poaceis]], [[flos|floribus]], [[caulis|caulibusque]] iuvenibus, [[victus|vescuntur]]. [[Autumnus|Automno]] [[faenum]], [[ramus|ramulos]] molles, aliosque [[cibus|cibos]] in eorum cuniculos trahunt ad [[hiems|hieme]] edendum.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of animals|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofan0000walt|last=Walters|first=Martin|publisher=Parragon|year=2005|isbn=978-1-40545-669-2|location=|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofan0000walt/page/n206 203]|quote=|via=}}.</ref> ''Ochotonae'' [[lepus|lepores]] sibilantis vulgo appellantur propter eorum clamorem cum in cuniculum praeceps desiliant. [[Nomen proprium|Nomen]] ''Ochotona'' ab ''ogdoi,'' [[vocabulum|vocabulo]] [[lingua Mongolica|Mongolico]], deducitur, quod hoc animal [[significatio (linguistica)|significat]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170510133417/http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/0MLagomorph/Ochotonidae/Ochotona/ochotona_hoffmanni.htm#Synonyms General pika information] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510133417/http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/S/0MLagomorph/Ochotonidae/Ochotona/ochotona_hoffmanni.htm |date=10 Maii 2017}}. twycrosszoo.org.</ref> Omnibus speciebus ''Ochotonidarum'' prodest,<ref name=EB1911>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Pica (rodent) |display=Pica |volume=21 |page=575 |first=Richard |last=Lydekker}}</ref> quae sunt [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]] mammalium intra [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordinem]] [[Lagomorpha|Lagomorphorum]] digestorum, [[leporidae|leporidas]] ([[lepus|lepores]] familiares) comprehendens. ''Ochotona,''<ref name=EB1911/> solum familiae genus agnitum, triginta species comprehendit. Duae [[species]] quae insigniter in [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]] [[habitatio|habitant]] sunt ''[[Ochotona princeps]],'' plerumque in [[mons|montibus]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] occidentalium et [[Canada]]e maxime meridianae et occidentalis, et ''[[Ochotona collaris]]'' [[Columbia Britannica|Columbiae Britannicae]] septentrionalis, [[Iuconus (territorium)|Iuconi]], [[Territoria septentrio-occidentalia (Canada)|Territoriorum septentrio-occidentalium]] occidentalium, et [[Alasca]]e. ==Habitatio== [[Fasciculus:Collared Pika - Hatchers Pass Alaska.jpg|thumb|''[[Ochotona collaris]]'' in Angustiis Hatcheranis [[Alasca]]e.]] [[Fasciculus:Ochotona sp.jpg|thumb|[[Fossile|Fossilia]] ''Ochotonae'' sp.]] ''Ochotonae'' in [[clima]]tibus frigidis [[endemismus|endemicae sunt]], plerumque in [[Asia]], [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]], nonnullisque [[Europa Orientalis|Europae Orientalis]] [[regio]]nibus. Plurimae [[species]] in clivis montanis [[habitatio|habitant]], ubi permultae fissurae fiunt, sed nonnullae species etiam cuniculos rudes in [[solum|solo]] effodiunt. Nonnullae species quae cuniculos faciunt in apertis [[steppa|steppis]] [[habitatio|habitant]]. In montibus [[Eurasia]]e, eorum cuniculos cum [[passeridae|passeridis]] [[nix|nivem]] amantibus una communicant, cum [[aves|avibus]] quae ibi [[nidus|nidos]] etiam faciunt.<ref name=EoM>{{cite book|editor= Macdonald, D.|author= Kawamichi, Takeo|year= 1984|title= The Encyclopedia of Mammals|publisher= Facts on File|location= Novi Eboraci|pages= [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/726 726]–727|isbn= 978-0-87196-871-5|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0}}.</ref> ''Ochotonae'' frigore egent ut in [[vita]] manent; in [[temperatura|temperaturis]] quidem supra 25.5 C [[mors|mori]] possunt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fws.gov/nevada/nv_species/pika.html|title=American Pika|publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service|access-date=2018-11-18}}</ref> Propter temperaturas mutantis, nonnullae ''Ochotonarum'' multitudines solum in altioribus [[altitudo|altitudinibus]] habitant.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Erb|first=Liesl P|last2=Ray|first2=Chris|last3=Guralnick|first3=Robert|date=1 Septembris 2011|title=On the generality of a climate-mediated shift in the distribution of the American pika (''Ochotona princeps'')|url=https://archive.org/details/ecology_2011-09_92_9/page/1730|journal=Ecology|volume=92|issue=9|pages=1730–35|doi=10.1890/11-0175.1|pmid=21939069}}.</ref> ==Proprietates== ''Ochotonae'' sunt parva mammalia, quibus sunt [[membrum|membra]] brevia [[auris|auresque]] rotundae. Eorum [[corpus|corpora]] sunt a 15 ad 23 [[centimetrum|centimetra]] longa, et a 120 ad 350 [[gramma]]ta [[pondus|ponderis]], in speciem posita. Sicut [[lepus|lepores]], post edendum, primum [[faeces]] molles [[viridis|viridesque]] producunt, quas iterum consumunt ad [[nutrimentum|nutrimenta]] addita ingerenda, antequam faecales globulos [[solidum|solidos]] ad ultimum producunt. Nonnullae, sicut ''[[Ochotona collaris]],'' [[aves]] [[mors|mortuas]] in eorum cuniculis condunt pro [[cibus|cibo]] [[hiems|hiemali]].<ref>Leininger, Charlene (2009) [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Ochotona_collaris/ ''Ochotona collaris''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628150601/http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Ochotona_collaris/ |date=18 Iunii 2013}}. Animal Diversity Web.</ref> Haec animalia plerumque sunt [[herbivora]], quae variis [[planta]]rum [[materies|materiebus]] [[victus|vescuntur]], inter quas [[forb]]ia, [[poaceae|gramina]], [[cyperaceae]], [[ramus|ramuli]] surculique [[frutex|fruticum]], [[bryophyta]], [[lichen]]es. Sicut alia lagomorpha, eis sunt [[incisor]]es rodentes, ac [[dens|dentibus]] [[caninus (dens)|caninis]] carent, quamquam pauciores [[molar (dens)|molares]] quam [[lepus|lepores]] habent; eorum [[dentitio|formula dentalis]] est 2.0.3.2 / 1.0.2.3. ''Ochotonae'' inter [[saxum|saxa]] [[habitatio|habitantes]] parvos [[fetus]] gignunt, plerumque pauciores quam quinque pullos, cum autem species [[solum]] effodientes plures gignant, ac saepius, fortasse propter maiores opes in eorum [[circumiecta|circumiectis]] [[natura]]libus. Pulli post tempus [[gestatio]]nis a 25 ad 30 [[dies]] nascuntur.<ref name=EoM/> ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Chapman, Joseph A., et John E. C. Flux, eds. [[1990]]. ''Rabbits, Hares and Pikas: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan.'' International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. ISBN 2-8317-0019-1. *Fisher, C. T., et D. W. Yalden. [[2004]]. "The steppe pika Ochotona pusilla in Britain, and a new northerly record." ''Mammal Review,'' 23 Novembris 2004. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2004.00052.x. *Laplana, César, Paloma Sevilla, Juan Luis Arsuaga, Mari Carmen Arriaza, Enrique Baquedano, Alfredo Pérez-González, et Nieves López-Martínez. [[2015]]. "How Far into Europe Did Pikas (Lagomorpha: Ochotonidae) Go during the Pleistocene? New Evidence from Central Iberia." ''PLOS One,'' 4 Novembris 2015. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140513. *Orr, Robert Thomas. [[1977]]. ''The Little-known Pika.'' Novi Eboraci: Macmillan. ISBN 9780025939608. *Savage, R. J. G., et M. R. Long. [[1986]]. ''Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide.'' Novi Eboraci: Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-1194-X. *Smith, Andrew T., et Yan Xie. [[2008]]. "Family Ochotonidae, Genus ''Ochotona.''" In ''A Guide to the Mammals of China,'' 275. Princetoniae: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2. ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Ochotona|''Ochotonam''}} {{Wikispecies|Ochotona|''Ochotonam''}} *Morris, Michael. [http://cmiae.org/national-park-feature-article/the-trek-of-the-pika/ "The trek of the pika."] Parks Canada, Mount Revelstoke and Glacier National Parks, cum fasciculo [[sonus|sonorum]]. [[Categoria:Genera animalium]] [[Categoria:Mammalia herbivora]] [[Categoria:Ochotonidae| ]] [[Categoria:Taxa Link]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1795]] {{Myrias|Biologia}} k497upcfyki0f35qy1hl01hifdm9xzq 0 290843 3979867 3707902 2026-08-09T20:39:41Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Tarsius''<ref name=2010_Groves_Shekelle/> | fossil_range = {{Geological range|48.6|0}} [[Eocaenum|Eocaeno]] ad [[Holocaenum|recens]] | image = Tarsius sp. 1.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Lemur tarsier]]'' | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Mammalia]] | ordo = [[Primates]] | subordo = [[Haplorrhini]] | familia = [[Tarsiidae]] | genus = '''''Tarsius''''' | taxon = Tarsius | genus_authority = [[Gottlieb Conradus Christianius Storr|Storr]], [[1780]] | type_species = ''[[Lemur tarsier]]'' | type_species_authority = [[Ioannes Christianus Polycarp Erxleben|Erxleben]], [[1777]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] | subdivision = * ''[[T. dentatus]]'' * ''[[Tarsius lariang]]'' * ''[[Tarsius niemitzi]]'' * ''[[Tarsius pelengensis]]'' * ''[[arsius pumilus]]'' * ''[[Tarsius sangirensis]]'' * ''[[Tarsius tarsier]]'' * ''[[Tarsius tumpara]]'' * ''[[Tarsius wallacei]]'' * ''[[Tarsius fuscus]]'' * ''[[Tarsius spectrumgurskyae]]'' * ''[[Tarsius supriatnai]]'' * [[Exstinctio|†]]''[[Tarsius eocaenus|T. eocaenus]]'' * [[Exstinctio|†]]''[[Tarsius sirindhornae|T. sirindhornae]]'' | synonyms = * ''Hypsicebus'' <small>Lesson, 1840</small> * ''Macrotarsus'' <small>Link, 1795</small> * ''Rabienus'' <small>Gray, 1821</small>}} [[Fasciculus:Distribution Tarsius.png|thumb|upright=1|[[Distributio geographica]] ''Tarsiorum'' in [[Celebis|Celebi]], [[color]]e digestorum.<br/>[[viridis]], ''[[Tarsius dentatus]]''<br/>[[aurantius]], ''[[Tarsius wallacei]]''<br/>[[roseus]], ''[[Tarsius lariang]]''<br/>[[flavus]], ''[[Tarsius fuscus]]''<br/>[[caeruleus]], ''[[Tarsius pumilus]]''<br/>[[ruber]], ''[[Tarsius pelengensis]]''<br/>[[canus]], ''[[Tarsius supriatnai]]''<br/>[[purpureus]], ''[[Tarsius spectrumgurskyae]]''<br/>[[niger]], ''[[Tarsius niemitzi]].'']] [[Fasciculus:Tarsius tarsier Tandurusa zoo.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|''Tarsius'' [[septentrio]]nalis [[Celebis]] [[paeninsula]]e.]] '''''Tarsius''''' est [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] parvorum [[primates|primatum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Tarsiidae|Tarsiidarum]], quae in [[insula|insulis]] [[Asia Meridio-Orientalis|Asiae Meridio-Orientalis]] [[endemismus|endemici sunt]]. Ante annum [[2010]], omnes tarsiidarum [[species]] in hoc genus digerebantur, sed emendatio familiae genericum ''[[Cephalopachus|Cephalopachi]]'' statum restituit, et ''[[Carlito (genus)|Carlitonem]],'' novum genus, erexit ad binas species accommodandas.<ref name=2010_Groves_Shekelle>{{cite journal | last1 = Groves | first1 = C. | last2 = Shekelle | first2 = M. | title = The Genera and Species of Tarsiidae | journal = International Journal of Primatology | volume = 31 | issue = 6 | pages = 1071–1082 | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1007/s10764-010-9443-1}}.</ref> Omnes ''Tarsii'' in [[Celebis|Celebi]] et insulis propinquis in [[Indonesia]] et [[Philippinae|Philippinis]] inveniuntur. == Descriptio == ''Tarsii'' [[magnitudo|magnitudine]] inter minimos primates sunt, a 10 ad 11 [[centimetrum|centimetra]] longi, [[cauda]] autem [[corpus|corpori]] a 20 ad 26 centimetra longiore. ''Tarsii'' a 100 ad 130 [[chiliogramma]]ta [[pondus|ponderis]] sunt, [[mas|maribus]] [[femina (sexus)|feminis]] aliquantulum gravioribus. [[Pellis]] est brevis et [[canus]] vel [[flavus|flavocanus]]. [[Crus|Crura]] posteriora cruribus anterioribus longiora sunt, [[talus|talo]] ([[os (ossis)|osse]]) magnopere elongato. [[Caput]] est rotundum, super [[collum]] breve. [[Oculus|Oculi]] sunt permagni, ut haec [[animalia]] [[nox|nocte]] bene videre possint. == Species == Emendatio familiae anno [[2010]], a Colin Groves et Myron Shekelle edita, octo vel novem [[taxon exstans|exstantis]] ''Tarsii'' species sequentis agnovit, cum autem statum ''Tarsii pumili'' dubitaret. * ''[[Tarsius dentatus]]'' <small>Miller & Hollister, 1921</small> * ''[[Tarsius fuscus]]'' <small>Fischer, 1804</small> * ''[[Tarsius lariang]]'' <small>Merker & Groves, 2006</small> * ''[[Tarsius pelengensis]]'' <small>Sody, 1949</small> * ''[[Tarsius sangirensis]]'' <small>Meyer, 1897</small> * ''[[Tarsius tarsier]]'' <small>(Erxleben, 1777)</small> * ''[[Tarsius tumpara]]'' <small>Shekelle et al., 2008</small> * ''[[Tarsius pumilus]]'' <small>Miller & Hollister, 1921</small> * ''[[Tarsius wallacei]]'' <small>Merker et al., 2010</small> Duae species a Shekelle Groves aliisque anno [[2017]] descriptae sunt.<ref name="Shekelle2017">{{cite journal |last1=Shekelle |first1=Myron |last2=Groves |first2=Colin P. |last3=Maryanto |first3=Ibnu |last4=Mittermeier |first4=Russell A. |title=Two New Tarsier Species (Tarsiidae, Primates) and the Biogeography of Sulawesi, Indonesia |journal=Primate Conservation |date=2017 |volume=31 |pages=61–69 |url=http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/1200343/27791702/1515005906400/PC31_Shekelle_et_al_Two_new_tarsiers.pdf }}.</ref> * ''[[Tarsius spectrumgurskyae]]'' <small>Shekelle et al., 2017</small> * ''[[Tarsius supriatnai]]'' <small>Shekelle et al., 2017</small> Anno [[2019]] alia species a Shekelle aliisque descripta est.<ref name="Shekelle">Myron Shekelle, Colin P. Groves, Ibnu Maryanto, Russell A. Mittermeier, Agus Salim, et Mark S. Springer, ''A New Tarsier Species from the Togean Islands of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, with References to Wallacea and Conservation on Sulawesi.'' ''Primate Conservation'' 33 (2019): 1–9. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190920053059/http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/1200343/28189770/1568845686573/PC33_Shekelle_New_tarsier_species.pdf%3Ftoken%3DxBOLI%252BIShuif5rCujFPC3N6OuaQ%253D PDF].</ref><ref>Natali Anderson (2019), [https://www.google.com/search?ei=fRc7X77FH8iuytMP_oasuAU&q=tarsius&oq=tarsius&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQAzIFCC4QkwIyAgguMgIILjICCAAyBggAEAcQHjICCC4yAggAMgIIADICCC4yBAguEAo6BAgAEEdQ2UpY2UpgilBoAHABeACAAXmIAXmSAQMwLjGYAQCgAQGqAQdnd3Mtd2l6wAEB&sclient=psy-ab&ved=0ahUKEwj-97vZtqPrAhVIl3IEHX4DC1cQ4dUDCAw&uact=5 "New Species of Tarsier Discovered: An international team of scientists has discovered a new species of tarsier living on the Togean Islands of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia,"] ''Sci News,'' 4 Novembris 2019.</ref> * ''[[Tarsius niemitzi]]'' Anno [[2018]], [[Fossilworks]], porta [[repositorium datorum palaeobiologicorum]], duas species [[exstinctio|exstinctas]] agnoscebat:<ref>{{Fossilworks |id=101390 |title =''Tarsius'' Storr 1780 (tarsier) |date = November 24, 2018}}.</ref> * [[Exstinctio|†]]''[[Tarsius eocaenus]]'' <small>Beard et al., 1994</small><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beard |first1=K. Christopher |last2=Qi |first2=Tao |last3=Dawson |first3=Mary R. |last4=Wang |first4=Banyue |last5=Li |first5=Chuankuei |title=A diverse new primate fauna from middle Eocene fissure-fillings in southeastern China |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1994-04-14_368_6472/page/607 |journal=Nature |date=1994 |volume=368 |issue=6472 |page=607 |doi=10.1038/368604a0 |pmid=8145845}}.</ref> * [[Exstinctio|†]]''[[Tarsius sirindhornae]]'' <small>Chaimanee et al., 2011</small><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chaimanee|first1=Y.|last2=Lebrun|first2=R.|last3=Yamee|first3=C.|last4=Jaeger|first4=J.-J.|title=A new Middle Miocene tarsier from Thailand and the reconstruction of its orbital morphology using a geometric-morphometric method|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|date=2010|volume=278|issue=1714|pages=1956–63|doi=10.1098/rspb.2010.2062|pmid=21123264|pmc=3107645}}.</ref> == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * Geissmann, Thomas. [[2002]]. ''Vergleichende Primatologie.'' Berolini: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-43645-6. * Groves, Colin, et Myron Shekelle. [[2010]]. "The Genera and Species of Tarsiidae." ''International Journal of Primatology'' 31, no. 6 (December): 1071–82. doi:10.1007/s10764-010-9443-1. * Gursky, Sharon. [[2007]]. ''The spectral tarsier.'' Upper Saddle River Novae Caesareae: Pearson/Prentice Hall. ISBN 0131893327, ISBN 9780131893320. * Nowak, Ronald M. [[1999]]. ''Walker's Mammals of the World.'' Ed. sexta. Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9. * Rosa, M. G., J. D. Pettigrew, et H. M. Cooper. [[1996]]. "Unusual pattern of retinogeniculate projections in the controversial primate Tarsius." ''Brain Behav. Evol.'' 48 (3): 121–29. * Wilson, Don E., et DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. [[2005]]. ''Mammal Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic Reference.'' Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Tarsius|''Tarsium''}} {{Wikispecies|Tarsius|''Tarsium''}} {{Fontes biologici}} {{Myrias|Biologia}} [[Categoria:Tarsiidae]] [[Categoria:Genera animalium]] [[Categoria:Taxa Storr]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1780]] 8mhiv3gboxjllcdm4cnndnfxtkgzgmx 0 290873 3980124 3950217 2026-08-10T00:38:52Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Myocastor coypus'' | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn | authors = Ojeda, R.; Bidau, C.; Emmons, L. | title = ''Myocastor coypus'' | volume = 2016 (errata version published in 2017) | page = e.T14085A121734257 | year = 2016 }} </ref> | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Late Pliocene | Recent}} | image = Nutria (Myocastor coypus).jpg | image_caption = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Mammalia]] | ordo = [[Rodentia]] | familia = [[Echimyidae]] | subfamilia = [[Echimyinae]] | tribus = [[Myocastorini]] | tribus_authority = Fabre et al., [[2017]]<ref name="Fabre2017"/> | genus = ''[[Myocastor]]'' | genus_authority = [[Robertus Kerr|Kerr]], [[1792]] | species = '''''Myocastor coypus''''' | species_authority = ([[Ioannes Ignatius Molina|Molina]], [[1782]]) | range_map = Mapa Myocastor coypus.png | range_map_caption = [[Distributio geographica]]; [[ruber]], endemicus; [[roseus]], introductus }} [[Fasciculus:RagondinCrâne.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Calvaria]].]] [[Fasciculus:Nutria-orange.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Magni [[dens|dentes]] [[aurantius|aurantii]] hic facile videntur.]] [[Fasciculus:Nutria population in Weilerswist, Germany.ogg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Mores]] [[Villare ad Swistam|Villari ad Swistam]] (Theodisce ''Weilerswist'') [[Germania]]e, in HD pleno.]] [[Fasciculus:A coypu or nutria in a canal in Milan.webm|thumb|upright=0.8|''Myocastor coypus'' in [[canalis|canali]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]].]] [[Fasciculus:Ratao do banhado 1 REFON.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Myocastor coypus'']] [[Fasciculus:Zoo, Zagreb - nutrija (04.2012).JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|''Myocastor coypus'' inter stipites in [[hortus zoologicus|horto zoologico]] sedet.]] [[Fasciculus:A trap for capturing nutria.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Laqueus ad ''Myocastores coypus'' capiendos.]] [[Fasciculus:Myocastor coypus - Biberratte Albino.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Myocastores coypus'' [[color]]is [[aurum|aurei]].]] [[Fasciculus:Muscheln essen.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|''Myocastor coypus'' [[bivalvia|bivalve]] comedit.]] '''''Myocastor coypus''''' est [[species]] magnarum et [[aqua]]ticorum [[mammalia|mammalium]] [[herbivora|herbivororum]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Myocastor_coypus/ | title=Myocastor coypus (coypu)|website=Animal Diversity Web, Museum of Zoology | publisher=University of Michigan|date=1999}}.</ref> [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordinis]] [[Rodentia|Rodentium]]. ''[[Myocastor]]'' diu erat solum genus in [[familia (taxinomia)|familiam]] [[Myocastoridae|Myocastoridarum]] digestum,<ref name="Woods1982">{{Cite book|last1=Woods |first1=C. A. | editor-last1=Mares| editor-first1=M. A.| editor-last2=Genoways| editor-first2=H. H.|title=Mammalian Biology in South America |publisher=University of Pittsburgh |year=1982 |pages=377–92 |chapter=The history and classification of South American Hystricognath rodents: reflections on the far away and long ago |isbn= |location=Pittsburgi }}.</ref> sed nunc intra [[Echimyidae|Echimyidas]], familiam rattorum spinosorum, digeritur.<ref name="Galewski2005">{{Cite journal|last=Galewski|first=Thomas|last2=Mauffrey|first2=Jean-François|last3=Leite|first3=Yuri L. R.|last4=Patton|first4=James L.|last5=Douzery|first5=Emmanuel J. P.|year=2005|title=Ecomorphological diversification among South American spiny rats (Rodentia; Echimyidae): a phylogenetic and chronological approach|url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2005_34_3/page/601|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=34|issue=3|pages=601–15|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2004.11.015|pmid=15683932}}.</ref><ref name="Upham2012">{{Cite journal|last=Upham|first=Nathan S.|last2=Patterson|first2=Bruce D.|year=2012|title=Diversification and biogeography of the Neotropical caviomorph lineage Octodontoidea (Rodentia: Hystricognathi)|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=63|issue=2|pages=417–29|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.01.020|pmid=22327013}}.</ref><ref name="Fabre2017">{{Cite journal|last=Fabre|first=Pierre-Henri|last2=Upham|first2=Nathan S.|last3=Emmons|first3=Louise H.|last4=Justy|first4=Fabienne|last5=Leite|first5=Yuri L. R.|last6=Loss|first6=Ana Carolina|last7=Orlando|first7=Ludovic|last8=Tilak|first8=Marie-Ka|last9=Patterson|first9=Bruce D.|last10=Douzery|first10=Emmanuel J. P.|date=2017-03-01|title=Mitogenomic Phylogeny, Diversification, and Biogeography of South American Spiny Rats|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=34|issue=3|pages=613–33doi=10.1093/molbev/msw261|pmid=28025278|issn=0737-4038|doi-access=free}} {{free access}}.</ref> Prope [[corpus aquae|corpora aquae]] [[habitatio|habitant]], ubi se in latibulis tegunt et [[caulis|caulibus]] [[planta]]rum [[fluvius|fluviatilium]] [[victus|vescuntur]].<ref name="Taylor1997">{{Cite journal|last=Taylor|first=K.|last2=Grace|first2=J.|last3=Marx|first3=B.|date=May 1997|title=The effects of herbivory on neighbor interactions along a coastal marsh gradient|journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=84|issue=5|pages=709|issn=0002-9122|pmid=21708623|doi=10.2307/2445907|jstor=2445907}} {{free access}}.</ref> Quae [[animalia]], olim in [[subtropica|subtropicis]] [[zona temperata|temperatisque]] [[America Australis|Americae Australis]] [[regio]]nibus [[endemismus|endemica]], in [[America Septentrionalis|Americam Septentrionalem]], [[Europa]]m, [[Asia]]m, et [[Africa]]m plerumque ab [[agricola|agricolis]] [[pellis]] introducta sunt.<ref name=APHIS>{{cite web | author1=LeBlanc, Dwight J. |date= [[1994]] |url=http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/nreos/wild/pdf/wildlife/NUTRIA.PDF |title=Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage – Nutria|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203022247/http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/nreos/wild/pdf/wildlife/NUTRIA.PDF |archivedate=3 Februarii 2007 |website=[[Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service]]}}.</ref> Quamquam homines ''Myocastores coypus'' iam in nonnullis regionibus [[venatio|venantur]] et irretiunt, eius [[fossa]]e et [[diaeta]] [[homo sapiens|hominibus]] saepe incommodae sunt, unde [[species invasiva]] late habetur.<ref name="WDFW">{{Cite web|url=https://wdfw.wa.gov/living/nutria.html|title=Living with Wildlife - Nutria|access-date=22 Martii 2019}}.</ref> == Taxinomia == ''Myocastor coypus'' primum ab [[Ioannes Ignatius Molina|Ioanne Ignatio Molina]] anno [[1782]] nomine ''Mure coypus'' descriptus est, species generis ''[[Mus|Muris]].''<ref name=mammalspecies>C. A. Woods, L. Contreras, G. Willner-Chapman, H. P. Whidden (1992). [https://web.archive.org/web/20171008180721/http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-398-01-0001.pdf Mammalian Species: Myocastor coypus]. American Society of Mammalogists, 398: 1-8.</ref> Species vicissim generi ''Myocastori'' anno [[1792]] a [[Robertus Kerr|Roberto Kerr]] tributa est.<ref name="ITIS2">{{cite web|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180401|author=ITIS Report|title=ITIS Standard Report: Myocastor|accessdate=5 Septembris 2007}}.</ref> [[Stephanus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]], separatim a Kerr, speciem ''Myopotamum coypus'' nominavit,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=203538 |author=ITIS Report |title=ITIS Standard Report: Myopotamus |accessdate=19 Decembris 2007 }} </ref> quae aliquando sic appellatur. Quattuor [[subspecies]] late agnoscuntur.<ref name=mammalspecies /> * ''M. c. bonariensis'': ([[Argentina]] septentrionalis), [[Bolivia]], [[Paraquaria]], [[Uraquaria]], [[Brasilia]] australis (RS, SC, PR, SP) * ''M. c. coypus'': [[Tsilia]] media, [[Bolivia]] * ''M. c. melanops'': [[Chiloé Insula]] * ''M. c. santacruzae'': [[Patagonia]] ''M. c. bonariensis,'' subspecies in maxime septentrionali ([[subtropica]]) [[distributio geographica|distributionis geographicae]] [[regio]]ne praesens, typus creditur qui in alias [[continens|continentes]] introductus est.<ref>Carter 2007.</ref> == Phylogenia == Sequentiae [[DNA]] et [[proteinum|proteinorum]] genus ''Myocastorem'' esse [[grex|gregem]] sororium generis ''Callistomys'' monstrant.<ref name="Loss2014"/><ref name="Fabre2017"/> Quae bina [[taxon|taxa]] vicissim coniunctiones [[evolutio]]narias cum aliis [[Myocastorini|Myocastorinorum]] generibus partiunt, quae hic ''Proechimys'' et ''Hoplomys,'' ibi ''Thrichomys'' sunt.<ref name="Fabre2013">{{Cite journal|last=Fabre|first=Pierre-Henri|last2=Galewski|first2=Thomas|last3=Tilak|first3=Marie-ka|last4=Douzery|first4=Emmanuel J. P.|date=2013-03-01 |url= http://macroecointern.dk/pdf-reprints/Fabre_ZS_2013.pdf |title=Diversification of South American spiny rats (Echimyidae): a multigene phylogenetic approach|journal=Zoologica Scripta|language=en|volume=42|issue=2|pages=117–134|doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00572.x|issn=1463-6409}}.</ref><ref name="Loss2014">{{Cite journal|last=Loss|first=Ana|last2=Moura|first2=Raquel T.|last3=Leite|first3=Yuri L. R.|date=2014|title=Unexpected phylogenetic relationships of the painted tree rat ''Callistomys pictus'' (Rodentia: Echimyidae)|url=http://www.naturezaonline.com.br/natureza/conteudo/pdf/05_LossACetal_132-136.pdf|journal=Natureza on Line|volume=12|pages=132–136|via=}}.</ref><ref name="Fabre2014">{{Cite journal|last=Fabre|first=Pierre-Henri|last2=Vilstrup|first2=Julia T.|last3=Raghavan|first3=Maanasa|last4=Der Sarkissian|first4=Clio|last5=Willerslev|first5=Eske|last6=Douzery|first6=Emmanuel J. P.|last7=Orlando|first7=Ludovic|date=2014-07-01|title=Rodents of the Caribbean: origin and diversification of hutias unravelled by next-generation museomics|journal=Biology Letters|language=en|volume=10|issue=7|pages=20140266|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2014.0266|pmid=25115033|issn=1744-9561|pmc=4126619}}.</ref><ref name="Upham2015">{{Cite book|title=Biology of caviomorph rodents: diversity and evolution|last1=Upham|first1=Nathan S.|last2=Patterson|first2=Bruce D.|publisher=SAREM Series A, Mammalogical Research—Sociedad Argentina para el Estudio de los Mamíferos|year=2015|isbn=|editor-last1=Vassallo|editor-first1=Aldo Ivan|location=Buenos Aires|pages=63–120 |chapter-url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282577627 |chapter=Evolution of Caviomorph rodents: a complete phylogeny and timetree for living genera|editor-last2=Antenucci|editor-first2=Daniel}}.</ref> == Proprietates == ''Myocastor coypus'' permagni [[rattus|ratti]] vel [[castor]]is minime [[cauda]]ti aliquantulum similis est. [[Corpus]] adulti plerumque est a 4 ad 9 [[chiliogramma]]ta [[pondus|ponderis]] et a 40 ad 60 [[centimetrum|centimetra]] longum; [[cauda]] a 30 ad 45 centimetra longa. Adultus usque ad 16 vel etiam 17 chiliogrammata esse potest, sed medium inter adultos plerumque est a 4.5 ad 7 chiliogrammata.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/0021-9975(67)90014-X| title=Foot-and-mouth disease in Myocastor coypus| year=1967| last1=Capel-Edwards| first1=Maureen| journal=Journal of Comparative Pathology| volume=77| issue=2| pages=217–21| pmid=4291914}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0587.1990.tb00594.x|title = Response by coypus to catastrophic events of cold and flooding|year = 1990|last1 = Doncaster|first1 = C. P.|last2 = Micol|first2 = T.|journal = Ecography|volume = 13|issue = 2|pages = 98–104}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1002/ar.1091300304| title=The genital systems of nutria(Myocastor coypus)| year=1958| last1=Hillemann| first1=Howard H.| last2=Gaynor| first2=Alta I.| last3=Stanley| first3=Hugh P.| journal=The Anatomical Record| volume=130| issue=3| pages=515–31| pmid=13559732}}.</ref> [[Pellis]] externa crassa et [[brunneus|atrobrunnea]], pellis interna mollis et [[canus|cana]] est. Tres proprietates distinctae sunt regio [[albus|alba]] in anteriori [[rostrum|rostri]] parte, [[pes|pedes]] posteriores [[digitus|digitis]] [[cutis|cuti]] coniunctis, et magni [[incisor]]es [[aurantius|aurantii]] [[flavus|flavique]] clari.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eol.org/pages/328471|title=Myocastor coypus (Molina 1782) - Encyclopedia of Life|website=eol.org}}.</ref> [[Papilla]]e [[femina (sexus)|feminarum]] in summis [[crus|cruribus]] sunt, ut pulli sugant cum femina in [[aqua]] sit. == Pinacotheca == <center> <gallery> Fasciculus:Nutria heart. (Myocastor coypus).jpg|[[Cor]] ''Myocastoris coypus'' Fasciculus:Nutriaschädel.jpg|[[Calvaria]] in variis aspectibus visa Fasciculus:Nutria (Myocastor coypus) in a partially frozen river Ljubljanica.jpg|Prope [[flumen]] Fasciculus:Coypus.jpg|''Myocastores feri'' [[Esia]] in flumine [[Francia|Francico]] Fasciculus:Myocastor coypus 2016 G2.jpg|Pullus decem dies natus </gallery> </center> {{NexInt}} * ''[[Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris]]'' == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * Bertolino, Sandro, Aurelio Perrone, et Laura Gola. [[2005]]. "Effectiveness of coypu control in small Italian wetland areas." ''Wildlife Society Bulletin'' 33, no. 2 (Iunius): 714–72. * Carter, Jacoby. [[2007]]. ''Worldwide Distribution, Spread of, and Efforts to Eradicate the Nutria (''Myocastor coypus'') – South America.'' Vasingtoniae: United States Geological Survey. * Carter, Jacoby, A. L. Foote, et L. A. Johnson-Randall. [[1999]]. "Modeling the effects of nutria (Myocastor coypus) on wetland loss." ''Wetlands 19 (1): 209–19. * Carter, Jacoby, et Billy P. Leonard. [[2002]]. "A Review of the Literature on the Worldwide Distribution, Spread of, and Efforts to Eradicate the Coypu (''Myocastor coypus'')." ''Wildlife Society Bulletin'' 30, no. 1 (ver): 162–75. * Galewski, Thomas, Jean-François Mauffrey, Yuri L. R. Leite, James L. Patton, et Emmanuel J. P. Douzery. [[2005]]. "Ecomorphological diversification among South American spiny rats (Rodentia; Echimyidae): a phylogenetic and chronological approach." ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 34, no. 3 (Martius): 601–615. ISSN 1055-7903. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.11.015. * Klapperstück, Johannes. (1964) [[2004]]. ''Der Sumpfbiber. (Nutria).'' Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei, 115. Ed. tertia. Hohenwarsleben: Westarp-Wissenschaften-Verlags-Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-89432-162-8. * Ludwig, Mario, Harald Gebhard, Herbert W. Ludwig, et Susanne Schmidt-Fischer. [[2000]]. ''Neue Tiere & Pflanzen in der heimischen Natur: Einwandernde Arten erkennen und bestimmen.'' Monaci: BLV. ISBN 3-405-15776-5. * Nolfo-Clements, Lauren E. [[2006]]. "Seasonal variations in habitat availability, habitat selection, and movement patterns of ''Myocastor coypus'' on a subtropical freshwater floating marsh." Dissertation. Tulane University. ISBN 0-542-60916-9. * Sheffels, Trevor, et Mark Systma. [[2007]]. "Report on Nutria Management and Research in the Pacific Northwest." Center for Lakes and Reservoir Environmental Sciences and Resources, Portland State University. December 2007. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100605003204/http://www.clr.pdx.edu/docs/CLR_nutria_report.pdf PDF, editio interretialis.] * Vallance, Michel. [[2007]]. ''Faune sauvage de France: biologie, habitats et gestion.'' Le gerfaut. ISBN 9782351910306. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=SHVZgSF-lI8C&pg=PA46&dq=ragondin+%22rat+musqu%C3%A9%22&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi044-Fl_vPAhWGvBoKHa0JDLoQ6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=ragondin%20%22rat%20musqu%C3%A9%22&f=false Google Books.] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Myocastor coypus|''Myocastorem coypus''}} {{Wiktionary|Myocastor coypus|''Myocastorem coypus}} {{Fontes biologici}} * [http://www.rodentsofunusualsize.tv/ "Rodents of Unusual Size."] [[Pellicula documentaria]] de hoc animale in [[Ludoviciana]]m introducto * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200805220454/https://www.fws.gov/chesapeakenutriaproject/ "Chesapeake Bay Nutria Eradication Project."] United States Fish and Wildlife Service. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100505021325/http://www.clr.pdx.edu/projects/ans/nutria.php "Report on coypus in the Pacific Northwest of North America."] Portland State University. * [https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/nutria "Species Profile - Nutria (''Myocastor coypus'')."] National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. * Molly Cleaver, "[https://www.hnoc.org/publications/first-draft/how-nutria-took-over-louisiana-and-what-locals-have-done-stop-them How nutria took over Louisiana, and what locals have done to stop them]" apud ''Historic New Orleans Collection'' {{Myrias|Biologia}} [[Categoria:Fauna Americae Meridionalis]] [[Categoria:Fauna Angoliae]] [[Categoria:Fauna Brasiliae]] [[Categoria:Fauna Paraquariae]] [[Categoria:Fauna Uraquariae]] [[Categoria:Fauna Tanzaniae]] [[Categoria:Mammalia Africae]] [[Categoria:Mammalia Americae Septentrionalis]] [[Categoria:Mammalia aquatica]] [[Categoria:Mammalia Argentinae]] [[Categoria:Mammalia Asiae]] [[Categoria:Mammalia Atropatenae]] [[Categoria:Mammalia Boliviae]] [[Categoria:Mammalia Chiliae]] [[Categoria:Mammalia Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Mammalia Europae]] [[Categoria:Mammalia herbivora]] [[Categoria:Mammalia Keniae]] [[Categoria:Species animalium]] [[Categoria:Taxa Molina]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1782]] 3n9huznthu5fk2f3ikkqtxvleki5766 0 291273 3979969 3978747 2026-08-09T22:34:11Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Naja'' | fossil_range = [[Miocaenum|Miocaeno]]-[[Holocaenum]] | image = Indiancobra.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Naja naja]]'' [[typus generis]] | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | classis = [[Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | subordo = [[Serpentes]] | familia = [[Elapidae]] | genus = '''''Naja''''' | taxon = Naja | genus_authority = [[Iosephus Nicolaus Laurenti|Laurenti]], [[1768]] | type_species= ''[[Naja naja|Coluber naja]]'' | type_species_authority= [[Linnaeus]], [[1758]] }} '''''Naja''''' est [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] [[anguis|anguium]] [[venenum|venenosorum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Elapidae|Elapidarum]]. [[Species]] huius generis late per [[mundus vetus|mundum veterem]] [[distributio geographica|extenduntur]] et agnoscuntur. Fiunt species in [[regio]]nes per [[Africa]]m, [[Asia Meridio-Occidentalis|Asiam Meridio-Occidentalem]], [[Asia Meridiana|Asiam Meridianam]], et [[Asia Meridio-Orientalis|Asiam Meridio-Orientalem]]. Angues quos tirones insigniter cum ''Najis'' confundunt sunt ''[[Hemachatus haemachatus]]'' et ''[[Ophiophagus hannah]],'' proprie generum [[monotypismus|monotypicorum]] ''[[Hemachatus|Hemachati]]''<ref name="S&B95">{{cite book |last1=Spawls |first1=S |last2=Branch |first2=B |title=The Dangerous Snakes of Africa |date=1995 |publisher=Ralph Curtis Books |isbn=9780883590294 |edition=1st. |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/the-dangerous-snakes-of-africa-9781472960276/ |accessdate=9 Aprilis 2020}}.</ref> et ''[[Ophiophagus|Ophiophagi]].''<ref name="Z&A93">{{cite book |last1=Zhao |first1=E |last2=Adler |first2=K |title=Herpetology of China |date=1993 |publisher=Society for the Study of Amphibians & Reptiles |isbn=9780916984281 |pages=522 |edition=1st |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/herpetology-of-china/oclc/716490697?loc= |accessdate=9 Aprilis 2020}}.</ref><ref name="GV06">{{cite book |last1=Vogel |first1=G |title=Terralog: Venomous Snakes of Asia, Vol. 14 |date=31 Martii 2006 |publisher=Hollywood Import & Export |location=Frankfurt Am Main |isbn=978-3936027938 |pages=148 |edition=1 |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/2091614.Terralog?from_search=true&from_srp=true&qid=xZLWn8Lg3O&rank=1 |accessdate=9 Aprilis 2020}}.</ref> [[Typus generis]] est ''[[Naja naja]].'' Generi ''Najae'' a viginti ad viginti duae species descriptae olim erant, sed genus nuper identidem [[taxinomia|emendatum est]], ut fontes [[academia|academici]] magnopere variant.<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=700233 |taxon=''Naja'' |accessdate=13 Aprilis 2008}}.</ref> Emendatio autem anni [[2009]], latissime accepta,<ref name=wallach>{{cite journal|last=Wallach|first=Van|author2= Wüster, W|author3= Broadley, Donald G.|title=In praise of subgenera: taxonomic status of cobras of the genus Naja Laurenti (Serpentes: Elapidae)|journal=Zootaxa|year=2009|volume=2236|issue=1|pages=26–36|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2236.1.2|url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2009/f/zt02236p036.pdf}}.</ref> docet genera ''[[Boulengerina]]m'' et ''[[Paranaja multifasciata|Paranajam]]'' eadem ac ''Naja'' esse. Secundum illam emendationem, generi ''Najae'' nunc sunt 38 species.<ref name="Wuster18"/> == Descriptio == Species ''Najae'' [[longitudo|longitudine]] variant, et [[corpus|corpora]] plurimarum sunt tenuia. Plurimae usque ad 1.84 [[metrum|metra]] longae crescunt; longitudines autem maximae sunt 3.1 fere metra, ''[[Naja melanoleuca]]'' fortasse longissima.<ref name=WCH>{{cite web|title=Naja melanoleuca - General Details, Taxonomy and Biology, Venom, Clinical Effects, Treatment, First Aid, Antivenoms|url=http://www.toxinology.com/fusebox.cfm?fuseaction=main.snakes.display&id=SN0183|work=WCH Clinical Toxinology Resource|publisher=University of Queensland|accessdate=17 Decembris 2011}}.</ref> Omnes species anteriorem corporis quartam supra [[solum]] tollere, [[collum]]que complanare ad maiores videndas possunt. == Venenum == {|style="text-align:center; float:left; font-size:85%; margin-right:2em;" class="wikitable" |+ '''Species ''Najae'' maxime venenosae''' |- ! Gradus!! Species !! LD₅₀ subcutis |- | 1 || ''[[Naja oxiana]] ''|| 0.10&nbsp;mg/kg<ref name=IJEB/> |- | 2 || ''[[Naja philippinensis]] ''|| 0.14&nbsp;mg/kg<ref name=NP/><ref>Brown 1973: 81.</ref> |- | 3 || ''[[Naja samarensis]] ''|| 0.21&nbsp;mg/kg<ref name=M67/> |- | 4 || ''[[Naja melanoleuca]] ''|| 0.225&nbsp;mg/kg<ref name=IJEB/><ref name="ErZug"/> |- | 5 ||'' [[Naja siamensis]] ''|| 0.25&nbsp;mg/kg<ref name=IJEB/> |- | 6 || ''[[Naja atra]] ''|| 0.28&nbsp;mg/kg<ref name=IJEB/><ref name=M74>{{cite book | title=Venom diseases | url=https://archive.org/details/venomdiseases0000mint | publisher=Thomas Publisher, Limited, Charles C. | author=Minton, SA | year=1974 | location=Springfield Illinoesiae | isbn=978-0-398-03051-3}}.</ref> |- | 7 || ''[[Naja naja]]''|| 0.29&nbsp;mg/kg<ref name=IJEB/><ref name=M74/> |- | 8 || ''[[Naja nivea]] ''|| 0.37&nbsp;mg/kg<ref name=M74/> |- | 9 || ''[[Naja kaouthia]] ''||0.47&nbsp;mg/kg<ref name=IJEB/> |- | 10 || ''[[Naja sumatrana]] ''|| 0.60&nbsp;mg/kg<ref>{{cite journal | title=Cross-reactivity of monovalent and polyvalent Trimeresurus antivenoms with venoms from various species of Trimeresurus (lance-headed pit viper) snake | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_toxicon_1994-07_32_7/page/849 | author=Tan, N.H., Choy, S.K., Chin, K.M., et Gnanajothy, P. | journal=Toxicon | year=1994 | volume=32 | issue=7 | pages=849–853 | doi=10.1016/0041-0101(94)90010-8| pmid=7940592}}.</ref> |} == Taxinomia == {{clade| style=font-size:90%; line-height:90% |label1=''Naja'' |1={{clade |label1=(''Naja'') |1={{clade |1=[[Naja naja|''Naja'' (''Naja'') ''naja'']] |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Naja kaouthia|''Naja'' (''Naja'') ''kaouthia'']] |2=[[Naja atra|''Naja'' (''Naja'') ''atra'']] }} |2={{clade |1=[[Naja mandalayensis|''Naja'' (''Naja'') ''mandalayensis'']] |2=[[Naja siamensis|''Naja'' (''Naja'') ''siamensis'']] |3=[[Naja sputatrix|''Naja'' (''Naja'') ''sputatrix'']] }} }} }} |2={{clade |label1=(''[[Afronaja]]'') |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Naja pallida|''Naja'' (''Afronaja'') ''pallida'']] |2=[[Naja nubiae|''Naja'' (''Afronaja'') ''nubiae'']] }} |2={{clade |1=[[Naja katiensis|''Naja'' (''Afronaja'') ''katiensis'']] |2={{clade |1=[[Naja nigricollis|''Naja'' (''Afronaja'') ''nigricollis'']] |2={{clade |1=[[Naja ashei|''Naja'' (''Afronaja'') ''ashei'']] |2={{clade |1=[[Naja mossambica|''Naja'' (''Afronaja'') ''mossambica'']] |2=[[Naja nigricincta|''Naja'' (''Afronaja'') ''nigricincta'']] }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |label1=(''[[Boulengerina]]'') |1={{clade |1=[[Naja multifasciata|''Naja'' (''Boulengerina'') ''multifasciata'']] | status1=dashed |2={{clade |1={{clade | status1=dashed |1=[[Naja christyi|''Naja'' (''Boulengerina'') ''christyi'']] |2=[[Naja annulata|''Naja'' (''Boulengerina'') ''annulata'']] }} |2=[[Forest cobra|''Naja'' (''Boulengerina'') ''melanoleuca'']] }} }} |label2=(''[[Uraeus]]'') |2={{clade |1=[[Naja nivea|''Naja'' (''Uraeus'') ''nivea'']] |2={{clade |1=[[Naja senegalensis|''Naja'' (''Uraeus'') ''senegalensis'']] |2={{clade |1=[[Naja haje|''Naja'' (''Uraeus'') ''haje'']] |2=[[Naja arabica|''Naja'' (''Uraeus'') ''arabica'']] }} |3={{clade |1=[[Naja annulifera|''Naja'' (''Uraeus'') ''annulifera'']] |2=[[Naja anchietae|''Naja'' (''Uraeus'') ''anchietae'']] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} {{NexInt}} *''[[Rikki-tikki-tavi]] ,'' [[fabula]] [[Rudyard Kipling|Rudyardi Kipling]] == Notae == [[Fasciculus:Indian Cobra.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Naja naja]].'']] [[Fasciculus:Naja melanoleuca head dissection A- fang B - venom gland.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Insecatum ''[[Naja melanoleuca|Najae melanoleucae]]'' [[caput]]: A, [[dens|dentes]]; B, [[glandula]] venenosa.]] [[Fasciculus:Cobra hood.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Naja naja]].'']] <references/> == Bibliographia == *Broadley, Donald G. [[1974]]. ''A review of the cobras of the ''Naja nigricollis'' complex in southwestern Africa (Serpentes, Elapidae).'' Windhoek, S.W. Africae: Staatsmuseum. *Brown, John H. [[1973]]. ''Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes.'' Campifonte Illinoesiae: Charles C. Thomas. ISBN 978-0-398-02808-4. [https://archive.org/details/toxicologypharma0000brow/page/81/mode/2up Editio interretialis.] *Laurenti, Iosephus Nicolaus. [[1768]]. ''Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota reptilium austriacorum.'' Vindobonae: Joan Thomae. [https://archive.org/details/specimenmedicume00laur Editio interretialis.] *Van Wallach, Wolfgang Wüster, et Donald Broadley. [[2009]]. "In praise of subgenera: taxonomic status of cobras of the genus ''Naja'' Laurenti (Serpentes: Elapidae)." ''Zootaxa'' 2236 (1): 26–36. [https://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2009/f/zt02236p036.pdf PDF.] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Naja|''Najam''}} {{Wiktionary|Naja|''Najam''}} {{Fontes biologici}} *Battaglia, V. [[2006]]. ''Cobra. Naja.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20110223172422/http://dinosoria.com/ Dinosoria.com.] {{Myrias|Biologia}} [[Categoria:Naja| ]] [[Categoria:Animalia venenosa]] [[Categoria:Elapidae]] [[Categoria:Genera animalium]] [[Categoria:Taxa Laurenti]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1768]] qx6g7rfj2f44myrkkgp1qaktdakzcut 0 291440 3979982 3975811 2026-08-09T22:49:38Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979982 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:DNA animation.gif|thumb|right|upright=1.20|[[Acidum nucleicum|Acida nucleica]] non solae [[biomolecula]]e in universo esse possunt, quae rationes vitae codificare possunt.<ref name="AstroDNA">{{cite web|url=http://www.astrobio.net/debate/2168/launching-the-alien-debates |title=Launching the Alien Debates (part 1 of 7) | accessdate=5 Maii 2014 | date=8 Decembris 2006 |work=Astrobiology Magazine |publisher=NASA }}.</ref>]] [[Fasciculus:Pioneer10-plaque tilt.jpg|thumb|Imagines in [[Nomisma Quadrangulum a Pioneer|Nomismte Quadrangulo a Pioneer]].]] [[Fasciculus:951 Gaspra.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Asteroides]] vitam ad tellurem fortasse portaverunt.]][[Fasciculus:Beagle 2 replica.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Exemplar ''Beagle-2.'']] '''Astrobiologia,''' olim '''exobiologia''' appellata, est campus [[scientia (ratio)|scientificus]] [[disciplina academica|interdisciplinarius]] qui [[abiogenesis|origines]], [[evolutio]]nem primam, distributionem, [[tempus futurum|futurumque]] [[vita]]e in [[universum|universo]] tractat. Astrobiologia utrum [[vita extraterrestris]] exsistat an non rogat, et si exsistit, quomodo [[homo sapiens|homines]] eam detegere possint.<ref name="about">{{cite web| url=http://astrobiology.nasa.gov/about-astrobiology/ |title=About Astrobiology |accessdate=20 Octobris 2008 |date=21 Ianuarii 2008 |work=NASA Astrobiology Institute |publisher=NASA | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081011192341/http://astrobiology.nasa.gov/about-astrobiology/| archivedate= 11 Octobris 2008}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kaufman |first1=Marc |title=A History of Astrobiology |url=https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/about/history-of-astrobiology/ |publisher=NASA |accessdate=14 Februarii 2019}}.</ref> Astrobiologia [[disciplina|disciplinis]] [[biologia molecularis|biologia moleculari]], [[biophysica]], [[biochemia]], [[chemia]], [[astronomia]], [[cosmologia physica]], [[exoplanetologia]], [[geologia]]que utitur ad [[vita]]m futuram in aliis [[mundus|mundis]] investigandam et [[biospherium|biosphaeria]] quae a vita terrestri differre possunt agnoscenda.<ref>{{cite book |title=The life and death of planet Earth |last1=Ward |first1=P. D. |author2=Brownlee, D. |date=2004 |publisher=Owl Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8050-7512-0 }}.</ref> [[Abiogenesis|Origo]] et prima vitae [[evolutio]] sunt inseparabilis disciplinae astrobiologiae pars.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://link.springer.com/journal/11084 |title=Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres |work=Journal: Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres |accessdate=6 Aprilis 2015 }}.</ref> Astrobiologia [[data scientifica]] exstantia interpretatur, et, quamquam eruditi coniecturas contextuales faciant, plerumque [[hypothesis|hypotheses]] quae [[theoria scientifica|theoriis scientificis]] omnino aptas tractat. ==Historia et etymologia== [[Vocabulum]] ''astrobiologia'' primum [[Russice]] a [[Gabriel Adriani filius Tikhov|Gabriele Tikhov]], [[astronomia|astronomo]] [[Russia|Russico]], anno [[1953]] propositum est.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cockell |first=Charles S. |title='Astrobiology' and the ethics of new science |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/42790151 |date=2001 |journal=Interdisciplinary Science Reviews |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=90–96 |doi=10.1179/0308018012772533}}.</ref> Quod nomen a [[Graece|Graecis]] ἄστρον '[[stella]], [[constellatio]]' + βίος '[[vita]]' + ''logia'' '[[studium]]' derivatur. Aliud nomen olim in usu inter astronomos est ''[[xenobiologia]]'' ('biologia peregrinorum'), vocabulum anno [[1954]] a [[Robertus Heinlein|Roberto Heinlein]], [[scriptor]]e [[fictio scientifica|fictionis scientificae]] in [[mythistoria]] ''[[The Star Beast]]'' ('[[bestia]] stellarum') adhibitum.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Heinlein R., Harold W.|lastauthoramp=yes |title=Xenobiology |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1961-07-21_134_3473/page/223|journal=Science |date=21 July 1961 |pages=223–225 | doi=10.1126/science.134.3473.223 |pmid=17818726 |jstor=1708323 |volume=134 |issue=3473|bibcode = 1961Sci...134..223H }}.</ref> ==Aequatio Drakiana== Aestimatio numeri planetarum quibus est [[vita extraterrestris]] communicativa ex [[aequatio Drakiana|aequatione Drakiana]] colligi potest, [[aequatio]]ne quae [[probabilitas|probabilitatem]] vitae intellegentis ut exitus factorum sicut pars planetarum quae [[habitatio|habitari]] possunt et pars planetarum ubi vita oriri potest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.setileague.org/general/drake.htm |title=What is the Drake Equation? |accessdate=20 Octobris 2008 |last=Ford |first=Steve |date=Augustus 1995 |publisher=SETI League | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081029212425/http://www.setileague.org/general/drake.htm| archivedate= 29 Octobris 2008 | url-status= live}}.</ref> :<math>N = R^{*} ~ \times ~ f_{p} ~ \times ~ n_{e} ~ \times ~ f_{l} ~ \times ~ f_{i} ~ \times ~ f_{c} ~ \times ~ L</math> ubi * '''''N''''' =[[Numerus]] [[civilizatio]]num [[communicatio|communicativarum]] * '''''R*''''' = Proportio formationis stellarum vitae aptarum (stellae sicut noster [[sol]]) * '''''f_p''''' = Pars illarum stellarum quibus sunt [[planeta]]e<!-- (current evidence indicates that planetary systems may be common for stars like the Sun)--> * '''''n_e''''' = Numerus mundorum [[magnitudo|magnitudinis]] [[tellus|telluris]] per systema planetarium * '''''f_l''''' = Pars illorum planetarum magnitudinis telluris ubi vita re vera oritur * '''''f_i''''' = Pars talium situum ubi [[intellegentia]] oritur * '''''f_c''''' = Pars planetarum communicativorum ubi [[technologia]] communicationis [[electromagnetismus|electromagneticae]] oritur * '''''L''''' = Tempus vitae civilizationum communicantium {{NexInt}} {{div col|3}} *[[Abiogenesis]] *[[Astrogeologia]] *[[Astrobotanice]] *[[Astrochemia]] *[[Biologia synthetica]] *[[Cosmobiologia]] *[[Cosmooecologia]] *[[Exoplanetologia]] *[[Extremophilia]] *[[I. B. S. Haldane]] *[[Historia biologiae]] *[[Hydrocarbonium]] *[[Hydrogenium]] *[[Methanum]] *[[Vita extraterrestris]] *[[Xenobiologia]] {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Catling, David. [[2013]]. ''Astrobiology: a very short introduction.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199586455, ISBN 0199586454. *Chyba, C. F., et K. P. Hand. [[2005]]. "Astrobiology: The Study of the Living Universe." ''Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics'' 43 (1): 31–74. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.43.051804.102202. Bibcode 2005ARA&A..43...31C. s2cid = 2084246. *Cockell, Charles S. [[2015]]. ''Astrobiology: Understanding Life in the Universe.'' Nova Caesarea: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-91332-1. *Dick, Steven J., et James E. Strick. [[2004]]. ''The living universe: NASA and the development of astrobiology.'' Iovi Brunsvici Novae Caesareae: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 081353447X. *Gilmour, Iain, et Mark A. Sephton. [[2004]]. ''An introduction to astrobiology.''Cantabrigiae: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83736-1. *Goldsmith, D., et T. Owen. [[2001]]. ''The Search For Life in the Universe.'' Ed. tertia. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1891389160. *Grinspoon, David. (2003) [[2004]]. ''Lonely planets: The natural philosophy of alien life.'' Novi Eboraci: ECCO. ISBN 978-0-06-018540-4. *Jakosky, Bruce M. [[2006]]. ''Science, Society, and the Search for Life in the Universe.'' Tucsoniae: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-2613-0. *Kolb, Vera M., ed. [[2015]]. ''Astrobiology: An Evolutionary Approach.'' Boca Raton Floridae: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4665-8461-7. *Kolb, Vera M., ed. [[2019]]. ''Handbook of Astrobiology.'' Boca Raton Floridae: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-138-06512-3, ISBN 9781315159966 (eBook General), ISBN 9781351661119 (eBook Adobe Reader), ISBN 9781351661102 (eBook ePub), ISBN 9781351661096 (eBook Mobipocket). *Lunine, Jonathan I. [[2005]]. ''Astrobiology. A Multidisciplinary Approach.'' Franciscopoli: Pearson Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-8053-8042-2. *Mautner, Michael N. [[2000]]. ''Seeding the Universe with Life: Securing Our Cosmological Future.'' Vasingtoniae: The Society for Life in Space. ISBN 978-0-476-00330-9. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121102064713/http://www.astro-ecology.com/PDFSeedingtheUniverse2005Book.pdf PDF.] *Ward, Peter, et Donald Brownlee. [[2000]]. ''Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe.'' Novi Eboraci: Copernicus. ISBN 978-0-387-98701-9. ==Nexus externi== *[http://www.astrobiology.com Astrobiology.com.]{{Nexus deficit|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Maior nuntiorum astrobiologicorum fons. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20040831120442/http://www.liebertpub.com/publication.aspx?pub_id=99 ''Astrobiology.''] Periodicum academicum a Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., divulgatum. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080725030239/http://www.journals.cambridge.org/jid_IJA ''International Journal of Astrobiology.''] Periodicum academicum, a Cambridge University Press divulgatum. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110221183914/http://astrobiology.nasa.gov/ Astrobiology.nasa.gov.] *[http://cab.inta-csic.es/ Centro de Astrobiología.] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20121020132805/http://www.astrobiology.ac.uk/ Centre for Astrobiology.] *[https://www.loc.gov/loc/kluge/fellowships/NASA-astrobiology.html De investigatione astrobiologica.] [[Bibliotheca Congressionalis]]. *[http://www.astrobiologysurvey.org "Astrobiology Survey."] Cursus academicus. *[https://www.astrobio.net/ ''Astrobiology Magazine: Exploring Solar System and Beyond.''] [[Categoria:Astrobiologia| ]] [[Categoria:Biologia secundum specialitatem]] [[Categoria:Evolutio]] [[Categoria:Origo vitae]] [[Categoria:Vita extraterrestris]] {{Myrias|Physica}} ba6tcd16q9iphspiee7io6xr5cru6ub 0 291626 3979925 3838986 2026-08-09T21:34:22Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{Taxobox |name = ''Cichorium intybus'' |image = Illustration Cichorium intybus0 clean.jpg |image_caption = Illustratio anno [[1885]] edita.<ref>Illustratio in Prof. Dr. Otto Wilhelm Thomé, ''Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz'' (Gerae Germaniae: 1885).</ref> |image_alt = Botanical illustration of chicory |regnum = [[Planta]]e | cladus = [[Tracheophytes]] | cladus = [[Angiospermae]] | cladus = [[Eudicotyledones]] | cladus = [[Asteridae]] | ordo = [[Asterales]] | familiae = [[Asteraceae]] | tribus = [[Cichorieae]] | genus = ''[[Cichorium]]'' | species = '''''Cichorium intybus''''' | species_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] |synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true |title=<small>Synonymy</small> |''Cichorium balearicum'' <small>Porta</small> |''Cichorium byzantinum'' <small>Clementi</small> |''Cichorium caeruleum'' <small>Gilib.</small> |''Cichorium cicorea'' <small>Dumort.</small> |''Cichorium commune'' <small>Pall.</small> |''Cichorium cosnia'' <small>Buch.-Ham.</small> |''Cichorium divaricatum'' <small>Heldr. ex Nyman</small> |''Cichorium glabratum'' <small>C.Presl</small> |''Cichorium glaucum'' <small>Hoffmanns. & Link</small> |''Cichorium hirsutum'' <small>Gren.</small> |''Cichorium illyricum'' <small>borb.</small> |''Cichorium officinale'' <small>Gueldenst. ex Ledeb.</small> |''Cichorium perenne'' <small>Stokes</small> |''Cichorium rigidum'' <small>Salisb.</small> |''Cichorium sylvestre'' <small>Garsault </small> |''Cichorium sylvestre'' <small>(Tourn.) Lam.</small> }} |synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=''Cichorium intybus'' L. synonyms|url=http://tropicos.org/Name/2702287?tab=synonyms|work=Tropicos.org|publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden|accessdate=23 Martii 2014}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=''Cichorium intybus'' L.|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-37233|website=The Plant List|accessdate=23 Martii 2014|date=2013}}.</ref> }} [[Fasciculus:Cichorium Intybus.jpg|thumb|[[Planta]] ''Cichorii intybus.'']] [[Fasciculus:Wegenwachter cichorei.jpg|thumb|''Cichorium intybus'' secundum viam crescit.]] '''''Cichorium intybus'''''<ref name="ecocrop.fao.org">{{cite web|url=http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=694 |title=Cichorium intybus |publisher=FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN |accessdate=16 Decembris 2013}}.</ref> est [[species]] [[planta perennis|perennium]] [[planta]]rum [[planta herbacea|herbacearum]] aliquandoque [[lignum|lignearum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Asteraceae|Asteracearum]], quibus plerumque sunt [[flos|flores]] [[caeruleus|caerulei]] clari, raro [[albus|albi]] aut [[roseus|rosei]]. Multae [[cultivarietas|cultivarietates]] pro [[folium|foliis]] [[acetaria|acetariorum]], ''chicons'' ([[gemma (planta)|gemmis]] ''blanched''), vel [[radix|radicibus]] (var. ''sativum'') coluntur. Radices coctae contundaeque [[substitutum coffei|substituto]] [[coffeum|coffei]] [[additivum cibi|additivoque]] [[cibus|cibi]] prosunt; coqui etiam possunt, sicut radices ''[[Pastinaca sativa|Pastinacae sativae]].'' [[Saeculum 21|Saeculo vicensimo uno]] ineunte, [[inulinum]], [[extractum]] ex radice ''Cichorii intybus,'' [[dulcificator]] et fons [[fibra]]e [[diaeta|diaetariae]] in [[fabrica]] cibi adhiberi coepit.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=21198631|year=[[2011]]|last1=Raninen|first1=K.|title=Dietary fiber type reflects physiological functionality: Comparison of grain fiber, inulin, and polydextrose|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nutrition-reviews_2011-01_69_1/page/9|journal=Nutrition Reviews|volume=69|issue=1|pages=9–21|last2=Lappi|first2=J|last3=Mykkänen|first3=H|last4=Poutanen|first4=K|doi=10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00358.x}}.</ref> ''Cichorium intybus'' etiam [[pabulum|pabulo]] [[pecus|pecorum]] colitur.<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=B0bXX_grAwYC&pg=PA68 | title = Nutrition and Feeding of Organic Cattle | isbn = 978-1-84593-758-4 | last1 = Blair | first1 = Robert | date = 30 Aprilis 2011}}.</ref><ref>Kidane et al. 2010.</ref> [[Planta]] fera secundum [[via]]s in [[Europa]] [[habitatio|habitat]], et nunc in [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]], [[Sinae|Sinis]], [[Australia]]que viget, ubi late [[naturalizatio (biologia)|naturalizata]] est.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cichorium intybus|url=http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200023652|publisher=Flora of North America|accessdate=23 Martii 2014}}.</ref><ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200023652 Flora of China, ''Cichorium intybus'' Linnaeus, 1753. <big>菊苣</big> ju ju ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183748/http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200023652 |date=3 Martii 2016 }}.</ref><ref>[http://bie.ala.org.au/species/Cichorium+intybus Atlas of Living Australia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013336/http://bie.ala.org.au/species/Cichorium%2Bintybus |date=5 Martii 2016 }}.</ref> ''Cichorium intybus'' et ''[[Cichorium endivia]]'' saepe a vulgo insciente confunduntur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://plantanswers.tamu.edu/vegetables/endive.html |title=Endive, Chicory and Witloof |work=Aggie Horticulture |publisher=Texas AgriLife Extension Service, Texas A&M System |accessdate=16 Decembris 2013}}.</ref> ==Pinacotheca== <gallery> Fasciculus:Cichorium intybus-alvesgaspar1.jpg|[[Flos]]. Fasciculus:Dried chicory root.jpg|Radix sicca. Fasciculus:Chicory tea.jpg|[[Thea]] [[Corea]]na ex radice sicca facta. </gallery> ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== * Bolòs, O., J. Vigo, R. M. Masalles, et J. M. Ninot. [[2005]]. ''Flora manual dels Països Catalans.'' Ed. tertia. Barcinonae: Pòrtic. * Fischer, Manfred A., Karl Oswald, et Wolfgang Adler. [[2008]]. ''Exkursionsflora für Österreich, Liechtenstein und Südtirol,'' ed. tertia. Lintiae: Land Oberösterreich, Biologiezentrum der Oberösterreichischen Landesmuseen. ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9. * Guillot, Camille. [[1911]]. ''La chicorée et divers produits de substitution du café.'' Lons-le-Saunier: Impr. L. Declume. * Kidane, A., J. G. Houdijk. S. Athanasiadou, B. J. Tolkamp, et I. Kyriazakis. [[2010]]. "Effects of maternal protein nutrition and subsequent grazing on chicory (''Cichorium intybus'') on parasitism and performance of lambs." ''Journal of Animal Science'' 88 (4): 1513–21. doi:10.2527/jas.2009-2530. PMID 20023143. * Leach, Frann. [[2004]]. ''Organic Gardening: How to grow organic Chicory.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721202446/http://www.gardenzone.info/crops/index.php?crop=chicory Archivum apud Gardenzone.info.] * Marzell, Heinrich. [[1963]]. ''Zauberpflanzen Hexentränke. Brauchtum und Aberglaube.'' Kosmos Bibliothek, 241. Stutgardiae. * Ryder, Edward J. [[1999]]. ''Lettuce, endive, and chicory.'' Novi Eboraci: CABI Publishing. ISBN 0851992854. * Seybold, Siegmund, ed. [[2002]]. ''Schmeil-Fitschen interaktiv.'' CD-Rom. Wiebelsheim: Quelle & Meyer. ISBN 3-494-01327-6. * Storl, Wolf-Dieter, et Paul Pfyl. [[2002]]. ''Bekannte und vergessene Gemüse: Heilkunde, Ethnobotanik, Rezepte.'' ISBN 3-85502-808-7. * Wang, Quanzhen, et Jian Cui. [[2011]]. ''Perspectives and utilization technologies of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.).'' ''African Journal of Biotechnology'' 10 (14 Martii). * Wittop Koning, Dirk Arnold, et Alain Leroux, cum Louis Cotinat et Pierre Julien. [[1974]]. ''La Chicorée dans l'histoire de la médecine et dans la céramique pharmaceutique,'' ed. secunda. Orchies (84, rue François-Herbo, 59310): [Chicorée Leroux]. ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Cichorium intybus|''Cichorium intybus''}} {{Wikisource|Chicory|''Cichorium intybus''}} {{Wiktionary|Chicory| ''Cichorium intybus''}} {{Fontes biologici}} * [http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/pls/htmldb_pgrc/f?p=185:46:2741440038118646::NO::module,mf_use,source,akzanz,rehm,akzname,taxid:mf,,botnam,0,,Cichorium%20intybus,31946 ''Cichorium intybus.''] In: [http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/ ''Mansfeld's World Database of Agriculture and Horticultural Crops.''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060927121306/http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=36762 ITIS 36762.] * [http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Cichorium.html De variis speciebus] * [http://www.northernbushcraft.com/plants/chicory/notes.htm "Edibility of Chicory."] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110516194224/http://www.naturemanitoba.ca/botany/wildPlants/Chicory.pdf "Chicory."] ''Nature Manitoba.'' [[Categoria:Cichorieae]] [[Categoria:Coffea]] [[Categoria:Condimenta]] [[Categoria:Flora Europae]] [[Categoria:Fruges]] [[Categoria:Holera]] [[Categoria:Plantae medicinales]] [[Categoria:Species plantarum]] [[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1753]] {{Myrias|Biologia}} 4y793x0cak8v4x8sz08kk2juwy4qer7 0 293018 3979695 3979356 2026-08-09T14:27:55Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Nexus externi */ 3979695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cautio}} [[Fasciculus:Substance P.png|thumb|'''Substantia P''']] '''Substantia P''' (etiam abbreviatura '''SP''') est [[peptidum]] undecim [[aminoacidum|aminoacidorum]], ita ''hendecapeptidum''. Attribuitur substantia P familiae [[tachykininum|tachykininorum]], quo substantia P inter cetera tachykinina abundantissimum in corpore apparet. Ut cetera tachykinina substantia P quoque effectus suos [[receptorium tachykinini|receptoriis tachykinini]] exercet, imprimis [[receptorium tachykinini 1|receptorio tachykini 1]] (NK₁). Invenitur substantia P [[neurotransmissor]] in partibus systematum nervosorum et [[systema nervosum centrale|centralis]] et [[systema nervosum periphericum|peripherici]], quibus liberatur SP de [[nervus sensorius|nervorum sensoriorum]] terminalibus. Imprimis [[neurotransmissor]] est in [[apparatus digestorius|apparatu digestorio]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Hökfelt T., Pernow B., Wahren J. |title=Substance P: a pioneer amongst neuropeptides |journal=Journal of internal medicine |year=2001 |month=Ian |volume=249 |issue=1 |pages=27-40 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11168782/}}</ref> et [[nervus vagus|nervo vago]]. Itaque inter [[Neuropeptidis|neuropeptides]] ''cerebrointestinales'' numeratur. SP effectus sunt salivationis incrementum, [[musculus levis|musculorum levium]] contractio. Putatur alia munera eius ad [[inflammatio]]nem et [[curatio vulnerum|vulnerum curationem]] pertinere<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Suvas S. |title=Role of Substance P Neuropeptide in Inflammation, Wound Healing, and Tissue Homeostasis |journal=Journal of immunology |year=2017 |month=Sep |volume=199 |issue=5 |pages=1543-52 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28827386/}}</ref>. Partes effectuum substantiae P ope obsidionis receptorii NK₁ inhiberi potest ([[antagonista receptorii NK1]], per exemplum [[antiemeticum]] [[Aprepitantum]]). == De substantiae P natura == === Molecula === Substantia P est ''hendecapeptidum'', quod est catena ex undecim [[aminoacidum|aminoacidis]] composita: :H-[[Argininum|Arg]]¹-[[Prolinum|Pro]]-[[Lysinum|Lys]]-Pro-[[Glutaminum|Gln]]-Gln-[[Phenylalaninum|Phe]]-Phe-[[Glycinum|Gly]]-[[Leucinum|Leu]]-[[Methioninum|Met]]¹¹-NH₂ === Synthesis === SP de [[genum|geno]] TAC1 [[praeprotachykininum 1|praeprotachykinini 1]] (TAC₁), denique ab molecula praecurrente derivatur: Praecursori huic aliud [[aminoacidum]] [[Glycinum]] inest (SP-Gly, SP-G), quod post [[translatio genetica|translationem]] dissecatur. Dissectioni enzymaticae, [[peptidylglycini alpha amida dans monooxygenasis|peptidylglycini alpha amida dantis monooxygenasis]] (PAM) ope<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Jeng A. Y., Fujimoto R. A., et al. |title=Suppression of substance P biosynthesis in sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglion by prodrug esters of potent peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase inhibitors |journal=The journal of biological chemistry |year=1997 |month=Iun |volume=272 |issue=23 |pages=14666-71 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9169429/}}</ref>, [[vitaminum C]] et [[cuprum]] (Cu⁺⁺) necesse est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Wong M., Jeng A. Y. |title=Posttranslational modification of glycine-extended substance P by an alpha-amidating enzyme in cultured sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglia |journal=Journal of neuroscience research |year=1994 |month=Ian |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=97-102 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7511706/}}</ref>. ==== Praeprotachykininum (TAC₁) ==== Praeprotachykini [[genum]] in hominibus in [[chromosoma 7 (homo)|chromosomate 7 locato]] (7q21-22) locatum est. == Physiologia == In corpore substantia P [[neurotransmissor]] agit. === Distributio substantiae P in corpore === Invenitur substantia P neurotransmissor afferentium [[fibra nervalis|fibrarum nervalium]] nonnullis in partibus systematum nervosorum et [[systema nervosum centrale|centralis]] et [[systema nervosum periphericum|peripherici]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Ribeiro-da-Silva A., Hökfelt T. |title=Neuroanatomical localisation of Substance P in the CNS and sensory neurons |journal=Neuropeptides |year=2000 |month=Oct |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=256-71 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11049730/}}</ref>. ==== In systemate nervoso centrali ==== [[Synapsis chemica|Synapses]] substantiam P continentes in utroque [[medulla spinalis|medullae spinalis]] ''cornu dorsali'' abunde (20% omnium cellularum eorum cornuum) demonstratae sunt. Adveniunt in cornus laminis zonis extremis (laminis I et II) [[nervus sensorius|nervorum sensoriorum]] in [[anxietas|anxietate]] [[dolor]]eque<ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0079612306610078?via%3Dihub Substance P in traumatic brain injury]</ref> axones<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Charnay Y., Paulin C., et al. |title=Distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of the human foetus and infant |journal=Neuroscience |year=1983 |month=Sep |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=41-55 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6196680/}}</ref>, processus quorum in [[epidermis|epidermi]] atque [[vas sanguineum|vasorum]] [[glandula]]rumque parietibus oriuntur. Ut in [[medulla spinalis|medulla spinali]] fibrae nervales substantiam P continentes in substantiam gelatinosam [[nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini|nuclei spinalis nervi trigemini]] proficiscuntur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Priestley J.V., Somogyi P., Cuello A. C. |title=Immunocytochemical localization of substance P in the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the rat: a light and electron microscopic study |journal=The journal of comparative neurology |year=1982 |month=Oct |volume=211 |issue=1 |pages=31-49 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6184386/}}</ref>. Praeterea demonstrata est substantia P in [[cerebrum|cerebri]] utraque [[substantia nigra]] ([[nuclei basales|nucleis basalibus]]) et utroque [[corpus amygdaloideum|corpore amygdaloideo]] (parte mediali). ==== In sytemate nervoso peripherico ==== Multipliciter reperiuntur substantiae P in ''fibris nervosis sensoriis tenuioribus'' et in [[systema nervosum entericum|''systemate nervoso enterico'']]. === Effectus physiologici === Effectus sunt excitantes<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Otsuka M., Konishi S., et al. |title=Substance P and primary afferent transmission |journal=Advances in biomedical psychopharmacology |year=1976 |volume=15 |pages=187-91 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/192049/}}</ref> cum tardioribus et ascensu et descensu. == Historia == Substantia P primum anno 1931 ab [[Ulf von Euler]] et [[Ioannes Gaddum|Ioanne Gaddum]] descripta est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Euler U. S. V., Gaddum J.H. |title=An unidentified depressor substance in certain tissue extracts |journal=The journal of physiology |year=1931 |month=Iun |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=74-87 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16994201/}}</ref>. <gallery> Fasciculus:Ulf von Euler.jpg|[[Ulf von Euler]] Fasciculus:John Gaddum.png|[[Ioannes Gaddum]] </gallery> == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Systema immunitatis]] * [[Intestinum]] * [[Vulnus]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Substance_P Substantiam P] spectant * ''Britannica.com'' de [https://www.britannica.com/science/substance-P Substantia P] {{Ling|Anglice}} {{biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]] aa4dfkxx16tdnd75b556bqoc88jakwy 3979698 3979695 2026-08-09T14:36:45Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Notae */ 3979698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cautio}} [[Fasciculus:Substance P.png|thumb|'''Substantia P''']] '''Substantia P''' (etiam abbreviatura '''SP''') est [[peptidum]] undecim [[aminoacidum|aminoacidorum]], ita ''hendecapeptidum''. Attribuitur substantia P familiae [[tachykininum|tachykininorum]], quo substantia P inter cetera tachykinina abundantissimum in corpore apparet. Ut cetera tachykinina substantia P quoque effectus suos [[receptorium tachykinini|receptoriis tachykinini]] exercet, imprimis [[receptorium tachykinini 1|receptorio tachykini 1]] (NK₁). Invenitur substantia P [[neurotransmissor]] in partibus systematum nervosorum et [[systema nervosum centrale|centralis]] et [[systema nervosum periphericum|peripherici]], quibus liberatur SP de [[nervus sensorius|nervorum sensoriorum]] terminalibus. Imprimis [[neurotransmissor]] est in [[apparatus digestorius|apparatu digestorio]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Hökfelt T., Pernow B., Wahren J. |title=Substance P: a pioneer amongst neuropeptides |journal=Journal of internal medicine |year=2001 |month=Ian |volume=249 |issue=1 |pages=27-40 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11168782/}}</ref> et [[nervus vagus|nervo vago]]. Itaque inter [[Neuropeptidis|neuropeptides]] ''cerebrointestinales'' numeratur. SP effectus sunt salivationis incrementum, [[musculus levis|musculorum levium]] contractio. Putatur alia munera eius ad [[inflammatio]]nem et [[curatio vulnerum|vulnerum curationem]] pertinere<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Suvas S. |title=Role of Substance P Neuropeptide in Inflammation, Wound Healing, and Tissue Homeostasis |journal=Journal of immunology |year=2017 |month=Sep |volume=199 |issue=5 |pages=1543-52 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28827386/}}</ref>. Partes effectuum substantiae P ope obsidionis receptorii NK₁ inhiberi potest ([[antagonista receptorii NK1]], per exemplum [[antiemeticum]] [[Aprepitantum]]). == De substantiae P natura == === Molecula === Substantia P est ''hendecapeptidum'', quod est catena ex undecim [[aminoacidum|aminoacidis]] composita: :H-[[Argininum|Arg]]¹-[[Prolinum|Pro]]-[[Lysinum|Lys]]-Pro-[[Glutaminum|Gln]]-Gln-[[Phenylalaninum|Phe]]-Phe-[[Glycinum|Gly]]-[[Leucinum|Leu]]-[[Methioninum|Met]]¹¹-NH₂ === Synthesis === SP de [[genum|geno]] TAC1 [[praeprotachykininum 1|praeprotachykinini 1]] (TAC₁), denique ab molecula praecurrente derivatur: Praecursori huic aliud [[aminoacidum]] [[Glycinum]] inest (SP-Gly, SP-G), quod post [[translatio genetica|translationem]] dissecatur. Dissectioni enzymaticae, [[peptidylglycini alpha amida dans monooxygenasis|peptidylglycini alpha amida dantis monooxygenasis]] (PAM) ope<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Jeng A. Y., Fujimoto R. A., et al. |title=Suppression of substance P biosynthesis in sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglion by prodrug esters of potent peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase inhibitors |journal=The journal of biological chemistry |year=1997 |month=Iun |volume=272 |issue=23 |pages=14666-71 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9169429/}}</ref>, [[vitaminum C]] et [[cuprum]] (Cu⁺⁺) necesse est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Wong M., Jeng A. Y. |title=Posttranslational modification of glycine-extended substance P by an alpha-amidating enzyme in cultured sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglia |journal=Journal of neuroscience research |year=1994 |month=Ian |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=97-102 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7511706/}}</ref>. ==== Praeprotachykininum (TAC₁) ==== Praeprotachykini [[genum]] in hominibus in [[chromosoma 7 (homo)|chromosomate 7 locato]] (7q21-22) locatum est. == Physiologia == In corpore substantia P [[neurotransmissor]] agit. === Distributio substantiae P in corpore === Invenitur substantia P neurotransmissor afferentium [[fibra nervalis|fibrarum nervalium]] nonnullis in partibus systematum nervosorum et [[systema nervosum centrale|centralis]] et [[systema nervosum periphericum|peripherici]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Ribeiro-da-Silva A., Hökfelt T. |title=Neuroanatomical localisation of Substance P in the CNS and sensory neurons |journal=Neuropeptides |year=2000 |month=Oct |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=256-71 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11049730/}}</ref>. ==== In systemate nervoso centrali ==== [[Synapsis chemica|Synapses]] substantiam P continentes in utroque [[medulla spinalis|medullae spinalis]] ''cornu dorsali'' abunde (20% omnium cellularum eorum cornuum) demonstratae sunt. Adveniunt in cornus laminis zonis extremis (laminis I et II) [[nervus sensorius|nervorum sensoriorum]] in [[anxietas|anxietate]] [[dolor]]eque<ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0079612306610078?via%3Dihub Substance P in traumatic brain injury]</ref> axones<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Charnay Y., Paulin C., et al. |title=Distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of the human foetus and infant |journal=Neuroscience |year=1983 |month=Sep |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=41-55 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6196680/}}</ref>, processus quorum in [[epidermis|epidermi]] atque [[vas sanguineum|vasorum]] [[glandula]]rumque parietibus oriuntur. Ut in [[medulla spinalis|medulla spinali]] fibrae nervales substantiam P continentes in substantiam gelatinosam [[nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini|nuclei spinalis nervi trigemini]] proficiscuntur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Priestley J.V., Somogyi P., Cuello A. C. |title=Immunocytochemical localization of substance P in the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the rat: a light and electron microscopic study |journal=The journal of comparative neurology |year=1982 |month=Oct |volume=211 |issue=1 |pages=31-49 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6184386/}}</ref>. Praeterea demonstrata est substantia P in [[cerebrum|cerebri]] utraque [[substantia nigra]] ([[nuclei basales|nucleis basalibus]]) et utroque [[corpus amygdaloideum|corpore amygdaloideo]] (parte mediali). ==== In sytemate nervoso peripherico ==== Multipliciter reperiuntur substantiae P in ''fibris nervosis sensoriis tenuioribus'' et in [[systema nervosum entericum|''systemate nervoso enterico'']]. === Effectus physiologici === Effectus sunt excitantes<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Otsuka M., Konishi S., et al. |title=Substance P and primary afferent transmission |journal=Advances in biomedical psychopharmacology |year=1976 |volume=15 |pages=187-91 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/192049/}}</ref> cum tardioribus et ascensu et descensu. == Historia == Substantia P primum anno 1931 ab [[Ulf von Euler]] et [[Ioannes Gaddum|Ioanne Gaddum]] descripta est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Euler U. S. V., Gaddum J.H. |title=An unidentified depressor substance in certain tissue extracts |journal=The journal of physiology |year=1931 |month=Iun |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=74-87 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16994201/}}</ref>. <gallery> Fasciculus:Ulf von Euler.jpg|[[Ulf von Euler]] Fasciculus:John Gaddum.png|[[Ioannes Gaddum]] </gallery> == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Robertus Vink (ed.), ''Substance P: From Pain to Cancer'', Academic Press, 2024 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/edited-volume/9780443221941/substance-p] {{NexInt}} * [[Systema immunitatis]] * [[Intestinum]] * [[Vulnus]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Substance_P Substantiam P] spectant * ''Britannica.com'' de [https://www.britannica.com/science/substance-P Substantia P] {{Ling|Anglice}} {{biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]] 4v74i985ydqw13x8efv5ogqn3vww5it 3979702 3979698 2026-08-09T14:41:33Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3979702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cautio}} [[Fasciculus:Substance P.png|thumb|'''Substantia P''']] '''Substantia P''' (etiam abbreviatura '''SP''') est [[peptidum]] undecim [[aminoacidum|aminoacidorum]], ita ''hendecapeptidum''. Attribuitur substantia P familiae [[tachykininum|tachykininorum]], quo substantia P inter cetera tachykinina abundantissimum in corpore apparet. Ut cetera tachykinina substantia P quoque effectus suos [[receptorium tachykinini|receptoriis tachykinini]] exercet, imprimis [[receptorium tachykinini 1|receptorio tachykini 1]] (NK₁). Invenitur substantia P [[neurotransmissor]] in partibus systematum nervosorum et [[systema nervosum centrale|centralis]] et [[systema nervosum periphericum|peripherici]], quibus liberatur SP de [[nervus sensorius|nervorum sensoriorum]] terminalibus. Imprimis [[neurotransmissor]] est in [[apparatus digestorius|apparatu digestorio]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Hökfelt T., Pernow B., Wahren J. |title=Substance P: a pioneer amongst neuropeptides |journal=Journal of internal medicine |year=2001 |month=Ian |volume=249 |issue=1 |pages=27-40 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11168782/}}</ref> et [[nervus vagus|nervo vago]]. Itaque inter [[Neuropeptidis|neuropeptides]] ''cerebrointestinales'' numeratur. SP effectus sunt salivationis incrementum, [[musculus levis|musculorum levium]] contractio. Putatur alia munera eius ad [[inflammatio]]nem et [[curatio vulnerum|vulnerum curationem]] pertinere<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Suvas S. |title=Role of Substance P Neuropeptide in Inflammation, Wound Healing, and Tissue Homeostasis |journal=Journal of immunology |year=2017 |month=Sep |volume=199 |issue=5 |pages=1543-52 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28827386/}}</ref>. Partes effectuum substantiae P ope obsidionis receptorii NK₁ inhiberi potest ([[antagonista receptorii NK1]], per exemplum [[antiemeticum]] [[Aprepitantum]]). == De substantiae P natura == === Molecula === Substantia P est ''hendecapeptidum'', quod est catena ex undecim [[aminoacidum|aminoacidis]] composita: :H-[[Argininum|Arg]]¹-[[Prolinum|Pro]]-[[Lysinum|Lys]]-Pro-[[Glutaminum|Gln]]-Gln-[[Phenylalaninum|Phe]]-Phe-[[Glycinum|Gly]]-[[Leucinum|Leu]]-[[Methioninum|Met]]¹¹-NH₂ === Synthesis === SP de [[genum|geno]] TAC1 [[praeprotachykininum 1|praeprotachykinini 1]] (TAC₁), denique ab molecula praecurrente derivatur: Praecursori huic aliud [[aminoacidum]] [[Glycinum]] inest (SP-Gly, SP-G), quod post [[translatio genetica|translationem]] dissecatur. Dissectioni enzymaticae, [[peptidylglycini alpha amida dans monooxygenasis|peptidylglycini alpha amida dantis monooxygenasis]] (PAM) ope<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Jeng A. Y., Fujimoto R. A., et al. |title=Suppression of substance P biosynthesis in sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglion by prodrug esters of potent peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase inhibitors |journal=The journal of biological chemistry |year=1997 |month=Iun |volume=272 |issue=23 |pages=14666-71 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9169429/}}</ref>, [[vitaminum C]] et [[cuprum]] (Cu⁺⁺) necesse est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Wong M., Jeng A. Y. |title=Posttranslational modification of glycine-extended substance P by an alpha-amidating enzyme in cultured sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglia |journal=Journal of neuroscience research |year=1994 |month=Ian |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=97-102 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7511706/}}</ref>. ==== Praeprotachykininum (TAC₁) ==== Praeprotachykini [[genum]] in hominibus in [[chromosoma 7 (homo)|chromosomate 7 locato]] (7q21-22) locatum est. == Physiologia == In corpore substantia P [[neurotransmissor]] agit. === Distributio substantiae P in corpore === Invenitur substantia P neurotransmissor afferentium [[fibra nervalis|fibrarum nervalium]] nonnullis in partibus systematum nervosorum et [[systema nervosum centrale|centralis]] et [[systema nervosum periphericum|peripherici]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Ribeiro-da-Silva A., Hökfelt T. |title=Neuroanatomical localisation of Substance P in the CNS and sensory neurons |journal=Neuropeptides |year=2000 |month=Oct |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=256-71 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11049730/}}</ref>. ==== In systemate nervoso centrali ==== [[Synapsis chemica|Synapses]] substantiam P continentes in utroque [[medulla spinalis|medullae spinalis]] ''cornu dorsali'' abunde (20% omnium cellularum eorum cornuum) demonstratae sunt. Adveniunt in cornus laminis zonis extremis (laminis I et II) [[nervus sensorius|nervorum sensoriorum]] in [[anxietas|anxietate]] [[dolor]]eque<ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0079612306610078?via%3Dihub Substance P in traumatic brain injury]</ref> axones<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Charnay Y., Paulin C., et al. |title=Distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of the human foetus and infant |journal=Neuroscience |year=1983 |month=Sep |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=41-55 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6196680/}}</ref>, processus quorum in [[epidermis|epidermi]] atque [[vas sanguineum|vasorum]] [[glandula]]rumque parietibus oriuntur. Ut in [[medulla spinalis|medulla spinali]] fibrae nervales substantiam P continentes in substantiam gelatinosam [[nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini|nuclei spinalis nervi trigemini]] proficiscuntur<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Priestley J.V., Somogyi P., Cuello A. C. |title=Immunocytochemical localization of substance P in the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the rat: a light and electron microscopic study |journal=The journal of comparative neurology |year=1982 |month=Oct |volume=211 |issue=1 |pages=31-49 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6184386/}}</ref>. Praeterea demonstrata est substantia P in [[cerebrum|cerebri]] utraque [[substantia nigra]] ([[nuclei basales|nucleis basalibus]]) et utroque [[corpus amygdaloideum|corpore amygdaloideo]] (parte mediali). ==== In sytemate nervoso peripherico ==== Multipliciter reperiuntur substantiae P in ''fibris nervosis sensoriis tenuioribus'' et in [[systema nervosum entericum|''systemate nervoso enterico'']]. === Effectus physiologici === Effectus sunt excitantes<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Otsuka M., Konishi S., et al. |title=Substance P and primary afferent transmission |journal=Advances in biomedical psychopharmacology |year=1976 |volume=15 |pages=187-91 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/192049/}}</ref> cum tardioribus et ascensu et descensu. == Historia == Substantia P primum anno 1931 ab [[Ulf von Euler]] et [[Ioannes Gaddum|Ioanne Gaddum]] descripta est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Euler U. S. V., Gaddum J.H. |title=An unidentified depressor substance in certain tissue extracts |journal=The journal of physiology |year=1931 |month=Iun |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=74-87 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16994201/}}</ref>. <gallery> Fasciculus:Ulf von Euler.jpg|[[Ulf von Euler]] Fasciculus:John Gaddum.png|[[Ioannes Gaddum]] </gallery> == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Kanwal Iftikhar, Afshan Siddiq, Sadia Ghousia Baig, Sumbul Zehra. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0143417919300484 Substance P: A neuropeptide involved in the psychopathology of anxiety disorders]", ''Neuropeptides'', 2020: 101993 *Robertus Vink (ed.), ''Substance P: From Pain to Cancer'', Academic Press, 2024 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/edited-volume/9780443221941/substance-p] {{NexInt}} * [[Systema immunitatis]] * [[Intestinum]] * [[Vulnus]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Substance_P Substantiam P] spectant * ''Britannica.com'' de [https://www.britannica.com/science/substance-P Substantia P] {{Ling|Anglice}} {{biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]] f06yfj2zeerad2ed5873toqo99lf2vk 0 293099 3980067 3733864 2026-08-09T23:55:38Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980067 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Archaeology (español).png|thumb|upright=1.4|Archaeogenetica [[Asia]]e [[Europa]]eque [[tabula geographica]].]] [[Fasciculus:Ludwik Hirszfeld1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Ludovicus Hirszfeld]] (1884–1954), [[microbiologia|microbiologus]] et [[serologia|serologus]] [[Polonia|Polonicus]], qui greges [[sanguis|sanguinis]] ABO investigavit (1954).]] [[Fasciculus:Arthur Mourant 1954.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8| [[Arthurus Mourant]], [[chemicus]], [[haematologia|haematologicus]], et [[genetica|geneticista]] [[Anglia|Anglicus]], qui [[anthropologia biologia|anthropologiae biologicae]] multum favit (1954).]] [[Fasciculus:Boyd Ellanby 5306.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Gulielmus C. Boyd]] (1983–1983), [[immunologia|immunologus]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]] et Lyle G. Boyd [[uxor]] [[genus sanguinis|genera sanguinis]] investigaverunt (circa 1953).]] '''Archaeogenetica''' est [[studium]] [[DNA]] antiqui variis [[genetica molecularis|geneticae molecularis]] [[ratio]]nibus fontibusque DNA effectum. Quod genus explicationis [[genetica]]e ad specimina [[planta]]rum, [[homo sapiens|hominum]], aliorumque [[animalia|animalium]] adhiberi potest. DNA antiquum ex variis specimenibus [[fossile|fossilizatis]] extrahi potest, inter quae [[os (ossis)|ossa]], [[testa]]e [[ovum|ovorum]], [[textus (biologia)|textusque]] in specimenibus humanis aliisque animalibus arte conservati. DNA antiquum ex [[semen|seminibus]] textuque plantarum, textu et aliquando [[faex|faecibus]] animalium extrahi potest. Archaeogenetica [[biologia|biologica]] antiquarum [[migratio]]num [[grex|gregum]] multitudinum,<ref>Soares et al. 2010.</ref> eventuum [[domitus]], atque [[evolutio]]nis plantarum animaliumque indicia nobis dat.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bouwman|first1=Abigail|last2=Rühli|first2=Frank|title=Archaeogenetics in evolutionary medicine|journal=Journal of Molecular Medicine|volume=94|issue=9|pages=971–77|doi=10.1007/s00109-016-1438-8|pmid=27289479|year=[[2016]]|s2cid=10223726}}.</ref> Comparatio DNA antiqui et DNA hodiernorum multitudinum geneticorum sinit ut investigatores pleniores explicationes faciant cum DNA antiquum imperfectum sit.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Csákyová|first1=Veronika|last2=Szécsényi-Nagy|first2=Anna|last3=Csősz|first3=Aranka|last4=Nagy|first4=Melinda|last5=Fusek|first5=Gabriel|last6=Langó|first6=Péter|last7=Bauer|first7=Miroslav|last8=Mende|first8=Balázs Gusztáv|last9=Makovický|first9=Pavol|date=10 Martii [[2016]]|title=Maternal Genetic Composition of a Medieval Population from a Hungarian-Slavic Contact Zone in Central Europe|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=3|pages=e0151206|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0151206|pmid=26963389|issn=1932-6203|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1151206C|pmc=4786151}}.</ref> [[Nomen substantivum|Nomen]] ''archaeogenetica'' ex [[Graeco]] ''arkhaios'' 'antiquus' + [[Anglice|Anglico]] ''genetics'' 'studium [[haereditas|haereditatis]]' derivatur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=archaeo|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|website=www.etymonline.com|language=en|access-date=8 Augusti 2017}}.</ref> Quod [[vocabulum]] a [[Colinus Renfrew|Colino Renfrew]] [[archaeologus|archaeologi]] excogitatum est.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sokal|first=Robert R.|date=Iulius [[2001]]|title=Archaeogenetics: DNA and the Population Prehistory of Europe.|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=69|issue=1|pages=243– 44|issn=0002-9297|pmc=1226043|doi=10.1086/321274}}.</ref> {{NexInt}} * [[Genetica]] * [[Genealogia]] * [[Homininae]] * [[Evolutio humana]] * [[Palaeontologia molecularis]] * [[Palaeogenetica]] ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== * Amorim, Antonio. [[1999]]. "Archaeogenetics." ''Journal of Iberian Archaeology'' 1: 15–25. * Bouwman, Abigail, et Frank Rühli. [[2016]]. "Archaeogenetics in evolutionary medicine." ''Journal of Molecular Medicine'' 94 (9): 971–77. doi:10.1007/s00109-016-1438-8. PMID 27289479. S2CID 10223726. * {{cite journal|last1=Cann|first1=Rebecca L.|last2=Stoneking|first2=Mark|last3=Wilson|first3=Allan C.|title=Mitochondrial DNA and Human Evolution|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1987-01-01_325_6099/page/31|journal=Nature|volume=325|issue=6099|date=1 January 1987|pages=31–36|doi=10.1038/325031a0|ref=harv|pmid=3025745|bibcode=1987Natur.325...31C|s2cid=4285418}} * {{cite book|last1=Cavalli-Sforza|first1=Luigi Luca|last2=Menozzi|first2=Paolo|last3=Piazza|first3=Alberto|date=1994|title=The History and Geography of Human Genes|location=Princeton|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-69-108750-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FrwNcwKaUKoC|ref=harv}} *Forster, Peter, et Colin Renfrew. [[2006]]. ''Phylogenetic Methods and the Prehistory of Languages.'' Cantabrigiae: McDonald Institute Press, University of Cambridge. ISBN 978-1-902937-33-5. * {{cite book|editor-last1=Forster|editor-first1=Peter|editor-last2=Renfrew|editor-first2=Colin|title=Phylogenetic Methods and the Prehistory of Languages|date=2006|location=Cambridge, UK|publisher=McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research|isbn=978-1-902937-33-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R25sAAAAIAAJ|ref=harv}} * {{cite journal|last1=Gray|first1=Russel D.|last2=Atkinson|first2=Quentin D.|title=Language-tree Divergence Times Support the Anatolian Theory of Indo-European Origin|journal=Nature|volume=426|issue=6965|date=2003|pages=435–39|doi=10.1038/nature02029|ref=harv|pmid=14647380|bibcode=2003Natur.426..435G|s2cid=42340|url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d6aef57c-ce30-40fb-8786-f64c4a70afd1}} * {{cite journal|author=Indian Genome Variation Consortium|title=Genetic Landscape of the People of India: A Canvas for Disease Gene Exploration|journal=Journal of Genetics|volume=87|issue=1|date=2008|pages=3–20|doi=10.1007/s12041-008-0002-x|pmid=18560169|s2cid=21473349|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/jgenet/Vol87No1/temp/jgen08-00038.pdf|ref=harv}} * Gyulai, Gábor, ed. [[2011]]. ''Plant archaeogenetics.'' Novi Eboraci: Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 9781611226447. *Pääbo, Svante, Hendrik Poinar, David Serre, Viviane Jaenicke-Després, Juliane Hebler, Nadin Rohland, Melanie Kuch, Johannes Krause, Linda Vigilant, et Michael Hofreiter. [[2004]]. "Genetic analyses from ancient DNA." ''Annual Review of Genetics'' 38 (December): 645–679. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.37.110801.143214. * {{cite journal|last1=Pauling|first1=Linus|last2=Zuckerkandl|first2=Emile|title=Chemical Paleogenetics: Molecular Restoration Studies of Extinct Forms of Life|journal=Acta Chemica Scandinavica|volume=17|issue=Supplement 1|date=1963|pages=9–16|doi=10.3891/acta.chem.scand.17s-0009|url=http://actachemscand.org/pdf/acta_vol_17sup_p0009-0016.pdf|ref=harv|access-date=2014-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415095740/http://actachemscand.org/pdf/acta_vol_17sup_p0009-0016.pdf|archive-date=2014-04-15|url-status=dead}} * {{cite journal|last=Petraglia|first=M.|title=Population Increase and Environmental Deterioration Correspond with Microlithic Innovations in South Asia ca. 35,000 Years Ago|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=2009|volume=106|issue=30|pages=12261–12266|ref=harv|doi=10.1073/pnas.0810842106|pmid=19620737|pmc=2718386|bibcode=2009PNAS..10612261P}} * {{cite book|editor-last1=Renfrew|editor-first1=Colin|editor-last2=Boyle|editor-first2=Katherine V.|date=2000|title=Archaeogenetics: DNA and the Population Prehistory of Europe|location=Cambridge|publisher=McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research|isbn= 978-1-90-293708-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LhnbAAAAMAAJ|ref=harv}} *Soares, Pedro, Alessandro Achilli, Ornella Semino, William Davies, Vincent Macaulay, Hans-Jürgen Bandelt, Antonio Torroni, et Martin B. Richards. [[2010]]. "The Archaeogenetics of Europe." ''Current Biology'' 20 (4): R174–83. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.054. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 20178764. S2CID 7679921. [http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(09)02069-7 Editio interretialis.] ==Nexus externi== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20030226045523/http://www.mcdonald.cam.ac.uk/Genetics/ Molecular Genetics Laboratory, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.] [[Categoria:Archaeologia]] [[Categoria:Genealogia]] [[Categoria:Genetica]] {{Myrias|Historia}} 0en9dhlzpfmx3xyqa9alnnh93ltwyeo 0 293104 3979802 3584130 2026-08-09T19:20:55Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979802 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Gray696.svg|thumb|250px|Quidam nuclei craniales. Nuclei trigemini litteris "V" indicati sunt. Quamquam nucleus motorius (rubre) in imagine sinistre nucleo principali inferius (Vs) pictus, vero ei superius locatus est.]] '''Nuclei trigemini''' sunt [[nucleus nervi cranialis|nuclei nervi cranialis]] quattuor, qui [[nervus trigeminus|nervo trigemino]] attribuuntur. Inveniuntur distributi in [[cerebrum|cerebri]] [[mesencephalon|mesencephalo]], [[pons (cerebrum)|ponte]], [[medulla oblongata]], [[medulla spinalis|medulla spinali superiore]]. Tres eorum sunt nuclei sensorii, unus motorius<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Yew D. T., Pang K. M., Mok Y.C. |title=Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies of the various nuclei of the trigeminal complex in the human newborn |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neuroscience_1991_45_1/page/23 |journal=Neuroscience |year=1991 |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=23-35 |url0https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1754066/}}</ref>, ordine hac, ab rostro (superius) ad caudam (inferius) spectatum: * [[Nucleus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini]] (sensorius) * [[Nucleus motorius nervi trigemini]] (pars motoria) * Nucleus pontinus nervi trigemini ''sive'' [[nucleus principalis nervi trigemini]] (pars sensoria) * [[Nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini]] (pars sensoria) cum ** parte orali (ab ponte ad [[nervus hypoglossus|nervi hypoglossi]] nucleum), ** parte interpolari (ab nervi hypoglossi nucleo ad [[obex (cerebrum)|obicem]]), ** parte caudali (ab obice ad [[Nervus cervicalis 2 (homo)|nervum C2]]). == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Nervus motorius]] * [[Nervus sensorius]] == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070413030711/http://thalamus.wustl.edu/course/brstem.html Nuclei trunci encephali] {{Ling|Anglice}} [[Categoria:Cranialium nervorum nuclei]] [[Categoria:Nervus trigeminus]] d5bobltjd531iqfw2ir55j1ydf19shk 0 293335 3979957 3978159 2026-08-09T22:11:53Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979957 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Geologic Clock with events and periods.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Historia]] [[terra (plantea)|terrae]] cum spatiis temporis [[aevum geologicum|aevorum geologicorum]] adumbratis.]] [[Fasciculus:Elrathia kingii growth series.jpg|thumb|[[Trilobita]] primum per [[Cambrium]] orta sunt.]] [[Fasciculus:Europasaurus holgeri Scene 2.jpg|thumb|[[Dinosauria]] fuerunt [[vertebrata]] [[animal terrestre|terrestria]] per multum [[aevum|aevi]] [[Mesozoicum|Mesozoici]].]] [[Fasciculus:Human evolution chart-en.svg|thumb|[[Historia]] [[homo sapiens|humana]] per [[data]] [[fossile|fossilium]] refecta.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Reed|first=David L.|display-authors=4|author2=Smith, Vincent S. |author3=Hammond, Shaless L. |author4=Rogers, Alan R. |author5= Clayton, Dale H. |title=Genetic Analysis of Lice Supports Direct Contact between Modern and Archaic Humans|journal=PLOS Biology|date=[[2004]]|volume=2|issue=11|pages=e340|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020340|pmid=15502871|pmc=521174}}.</ref>]] '''Historia terrae''' explicationem [[terra (planeta)|terrae]] [[planeta]]e ab eius conformatione ad [[praesens]] modo [[historia|historico]] tractat.<ref>Stalney 2005.</ref> Paene omnes [[scientia naturalis|scientiae naturalis]] provinciae intellectui principalium eventuum [[praeteritum|praeteriti]] terrae [[tempus|temporis]] favent, cuius proprietates sunt continua mutatio [[geologia|geologica]] atque [[evolutio]] [[biologia|biologica]]. ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Cattermole, Peter, et Patrick Moore. [[1985]]. ''The story of the earth.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-26292-7. * {{Cite book | first=G.B. | last=Dalrymple | authorlink= |date=[[1991]] | title=The Age of the Earth | url=https://archive.org/details/ageofearth00unse | publisher=Stanford University Press | location= Palo Alto | isbn=978-0-8047-1569-0 }} * {{Cite journal | last=Dalrymple | first=G. Brent | title=The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved | journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications | date=2001 | volume=190 | issue=1 | pages=205–221 | url=http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/190/1/205.abstract | accessdate=2012-04-13 | doi = 10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14 | ref=harv |bibcode = 2001GSLSP.190..205D | s2cid=130092094 }} * {{Cite book | last = Dawkins | first = Richard | authorlink = Richard Dawkins | title =The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life | date = [[2004]] | publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company | location = Bostoniae | isbn = 978-0-618-00583-3 |ref=harv| title-link = The Ancestor's Tale }} * {{Cite book|editor1-first=F. M. |editor1-last=Gradstein |editor2-first=James George |editor2-last=Ogg |editor3-first=Alan Gilbert |editor3-last=Smith |title=A Geological Time Scale 2004|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_T3-BXN-667 |date=[[2004]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78673-7|others=Reprinted with corrections 2006|ref=harv}} * {{cite report |first1=Felix M. |last1=Gradstein |first2=James G. |last2=Ogg |first3=Martin |last3=van Kranendonk |title=On the Geological Time Scale 2008 |url=http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/nysgs/resources/images/geologicaltimescale.pdf |date=2008 |publisher=International Commission on Stratigraphy |accessdate=20 Aprilis 2012 |docket=Fig. 2 |ref=harv |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028022719/http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/nysgs/resources/images/geologicaltimescale.pdf |archivedate=28 Octobris 2012 |df= }}. *Hartman, H. [[1998]]. "Photosynthesis and the Origin of Life." ''Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres'' 28 (4–6): 512–21. Bibcode 1998OLEB...28..515H. doi:10.1023/A:1006548904157. PMID 11536891. S2cid 2464. *Kearey, Philip, Keith A. Klepeis, et Frederick J. Vine. [[2009]]. ''Global tectonics.'' Ed. tertia. Oxoniae: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-0777-8. * {{Cite book|last=Levin |first=H. L. |date=[[2009]] |title=The Earth through time |publisher=Saunders College Publishing |edition=Nona |isbn= 978-0-470-38774-0|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Lunine |first=J. I. |date=[[1999]] |title=Earth: evolution of a habitable world |url=https://archive.org/details/earthevolutionof0000luni |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cantabrigiae |isbn=978-0-521-64423-5 |ref=harv}} *McElhinny, Michael W., et Phillip L. McFadden. [[2000]]. ''Paleomagnetism continents and oceans.'' Ed. secunda. Didacopoli: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-483355-5. * {{Cite book | last = McNeill | first = Willam H. | authorlink = | title = A World History | url = https://archive.org/details/worldhistory0000mcne_e1t4 | origyear = 1967 | edition = Quarta | date = [[1999]] | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Novi Eboraci | isbn = 978-0-19-511615-1 |ref=harv}} * Melosh, H. J.; Vickery, A. M. & Tonks, W. B. [[1993]]. ''Impacts and the early environment and evolution of the terrestrial planets.'' In ''Protostars and Planets III,'' ed. H. J. Levy et J. I Lunine, , 1339–70. Tucsoniae Arizonae: University of Arizona Press. * {{Cite book|last=Stanley|first=Steven M.|title=Earth system history|url=https://archive.org/details/earthsystemhisto0000stan_j8i8|date=[[2005]]|publisher=Freeman|location=Novi Eboraci|isbn=978-0-7167-3907-4|edition=2nd|ref=harv}} * {{cite journal | last1 = Stern | first1 = T. W. | last2 = Bleeker | first2 = W. | date = [[1998]] | title = Age of the world's oldest rocks refined using Canada's SHRIMP: The Acasta Gneiss Complex, Northwest Territories, Canada | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_geoscience-canada_1998-03_25_1/page/27| journal = Geoscience Canada | volume = 25 | issue = | pages = 27–31 }} *Walker, James C. G. [[1986]]. ''Earth history: the several ages of the earth.'' Bostoniae: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 0867200227, ISBN 0867200235. * {{Cite journal|last=Wetherill|first=G.W.|title=Occurrence of Earth-Like Bodies in Planetary Systems|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1991-08-02_253_5019/page/535|journal=Science|date= [[1991]]|volume=253|issue=5019|pages=535–538|doi=10.1126/science.253.5019.535|pmid=17745185|ref=harv|bibcode = 1991Sci...253..535W |s2cid=10023022}} {{NexInt}} {{div col|3}} * [[Abiogenesis]] * [[Aetas planetae Telluris]] * [[Aevum geologicum]] * [[Aevum glaciale]] * [[Agricultura]] * [[Algae]] * [[Angiospermae]] * [[Archaea]] * [[Bacteria]] * [[Cellula]] * [[Chronologia]] * [[Civilizatio]] * [[Clima]] * [[Continens]] * [[Dinosauria]] * [[Eucaryota]] * [[Fossile]] * [[Fungi]] * [[Geologia]] * [[Geochronologia]] * ''[[Homo erectus]]'' * [[Ignis]] * [[Luna]] * [[Mesozoicum]] * [[Mitochondrium]] * [[Nucleus]] * [[Oceanus]] * [[Organismus]] * ''[[Paranthropus]]'' * [[Phanerozoicum]] * [[Photosynthesis]] * [[Plantae]] * [[Pleistocaenum]] * [[Poaceae]] * [[Saxum]] * [[Sol]] * [[Spiritualitas]] * [[Supercontinens]] * [[Systema periodicum]] * [[Systema solare]] * [[Taxinomia]] * [[Tectonica laminarum]] * ''[[Tiktaalik]]'' * [[Virus]] * [[Vita]] {{div col end}} ==Nexus externi== * [[Paulus Davies|Davies, Paul]]. [[2005]]. "[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/dec/20/comment.science Quantum leap of life]". ''The Guardian''. 20 Decembris. De origine vitae. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121022084620/http://johnkyrk.com/evolution.html "Evolution timeline."] * [http://www.bbc.com/earth/bespoke/story/20150123-earths-25-biggest-turning-points/ "25 biggest turning points in Earth History.] [[BBC]]. * [http://historystack.com/30_Major_Events_in_History_of_the_Earth "Evolution of the Earth."]. * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005493g "Ageing the Earth."], BBC Radio 4. Cum Richard Corfield, Hazel Rymer, et Henry Gee. ''In Our Time,'' 20 Novembris 2003. [[Categoria:Geochronologia]] [[Categoria:Geologia|*]] [[Categoria:Historia|!]] [[Categoria:Terra]] {{Myrias|Historia}} 3eze8riyrtarfr2qkntei3yc0d8b9jb 0 293769 3979932 3978452 2026-08-09T21:42:51Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 4 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979932 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Dopaminergic pathways.svg|thumb|Viae cerebri dopaminergicae principales (caerulee)]] '''Viae dopaminergicae''' vel '''itinera dopaminergica''' sive '''proiectiones dopaminergicae''' sunt [[cerebrum|cerebri]] greges [[fibra proiectionis|fibrarum projectionis]], quae [[neurotransmissor]]em [[dopaminum]] generant liberantque<ref name="urlBeyond the Reward Pathway">{{cite web |url=http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/reward/pathways.html |title=Beyond the Reward Pathway |accessdate=2009-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209020641/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/reward/pathways.html |archive-date=2010-02-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="projection">{{cite web | last=Le Moal | first=Michel | title=Mesocorticolimbic Dopaminergic Neurons | url=http://www.acnp.org/g4/gn401000025/ch025.html | work=Neuropsychopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress | accessdate=4 November 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205211300/http://www.acnp.org/g4/gn401000025/ch025.html | archive-date=5 February 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref>. Viarum singulares neurones vocitantur [[neuron dopaminergicum|'''neurona dopaminergica''']]. Neuronis dopaminergicis sunt [[axon]]a, quae proiectionum dopaminergicarum toto longitudine perveniunt. [[Perikaryon|Perikarya]] cellularum generant [[enzymum|enzyma]], quae secundum axona transportata, in [[synapsis chemici|synapsibus chemicis]] [[neurotransmissor]]em [[synthesis biologica|synthesem biologicam]] [[dopaminum|dopamini]] perficiunt. Haec perikarya, ut cellularum [[substantia nigra|substantiae nigrae]] [[pars compacta|partis compactae]] (SNc), colorationem obscuram pigmento [[melaninum|melanino]] causa solent. Perbene itinera dopaminergica se habent functionibus multis, ut [[functio executiva|functionibus executivis]], [[discere]], [[remuneratio]]nibus, [[motivatio]]ne, gubernationibus endocrineis<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Alcaro A., Huber R., Panksepp J. |title=Behavioral functions of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system: an affective neuroethological perspective |journal=Brain research reviews |year=2007 |month=Dec |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=283-321 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17905440/}}</ref>. Suspicatur itinerum horum cum nucleis dysfunctiones cum morbis multis ut [[morbus Parkinsonianus|morbo Parkinsoniano]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Galvan A., Wichmann T. |title=Pathophysiology of parkinsonism |journal=Clinical neurophysiology |year=2008 |month=Iul |volume=119 |issue=7 |pages=1459-74 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18467168/}}</ref>, [[Conturbatio hypercinetica cum attentionis defecto|conturbatione hypercinetica cum attentionis defecto]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Blum K., Chen A. L.-C., et al. |title=Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder and reward deficiency syndrome |journal=Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment |year=2008 |month=Oct |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=893-918 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19183781/}}</ref> (CHAD), [[dependentia (medicina)|dependentia]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Volkow N. D., Wang G.-J., et al. |title=Addiction: decreased reward sensitivity and increased expectation sensitivity conspire to overwhelm the brain's control circuit |journal=BioEssays |year=2010 |month=Sep |volume=32 |issue=9 |pages=748-55 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20730946/}}</ref>, [[syndroma pedum inquietorum|syndromate pedum inquietorum]] (SPI)<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Guo S., Huang J., et al. |title=Restless Legs Syndrome: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Diagnosis and Management |journal=Frontiers in aging neuroscience |year=2017 |month=Iun |volume=9 |pages=171 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28626420/}}</ref> coniunctas esse. == Itinera singularia == {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" colspan="2"| Itineris nomen ! scope="col" | Descriptio ! scope="col" | Res sociatae ! scope="col" | Mala sociata |- | rowspan="2"| <center>Proiectiones<br />mesocorticolimbicae</center> | <center>[[mesolimbica via|Via<br />mesolimbica]]</center> | Iter mesolimbicum signa dopaminergica ab [[area tegmentalis ventralis|area tegmentali ventrali]] (ATV) [[mesencephalon|mesencephali]] in striatum ventrale transmittit, ambos et [[nucleus accumbens|nucleum accumbentem]] atque [[tuberculum olfactorium]] includens<ref name="Dopaminergic pathways and reward system review">{{cite journal | authors=Ikemoto S. |title =Brain reward circuitry beyond the mesolimbic dopamine system: a neurobiological theory |journal= Neuroscience and Biobehav. Review |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=129–50 |year=2010 |pmid=20149820 |pmc=2894302 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.02.001 |quote=Recent studies on intracranial self-administration of neurochemicals (drugs) found that rats learn to self-administer various drugs into the mesolimbic dopamine structures–the posterior ventral tegmental area, medial shell nucleus accumbens and medial olfactory tubercle.&nbsp;... In the 1970s it was recognized that the olfactory tubercle contains a striatal component, which is filled with GABAergic medium spiny neurons receiving glutamatergic inputs form cortical regions and dopaminergic inputs from the VTA and projecting to the ventral pallidum just like the nucleus accumbens}}<br />[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2894302/figure/F3/ Figure 3: The ventral striatum and self-administration of amphetamine]</ref><ref name="NHM pathways" />. [[Praefixum]] "meso" verbi "mesolimbici" ad mesencephalon valet (seu "cerebrum medium"), quia Graecum ''μέσος'' medium significat. | * [[Cognitio]] [[systema remunerationis|remunerationi]] sociata ** [[Salientia incensiva]] ("velle"), cognitione cupiditas stimulo remuneranti nectere ** [[Incrementum positivum]] * {{Nowrap|[[Voluptas]] ("cupere"), ''immediatum'' certis stimulis}}<br />responsum * Cognitio aversioni sociata | * [[CHAD]] * [[dependentia (medicina)|Dependentia]] * [[Schizophrenia]] |- | <center>[[via mesocorticale|Via<br />mesocorticalis]]</center> | Iter mesocorticale signa dopaminergica ab ATV in [[cortex praefrontalis|corticem praefrontalem]] transmittit. [[Praefixum]] "meso" "mesocorticalis" ad ATV mesencephali, at "corticale" ad [[cortex cerebri|cerebri cortices]] respicit. | * [[functio executiva|Functiones exectutivae]] | * [[CHAD]] * [[dependentia (medicina)|Dependentia]] * [[Schizophrenia]] |- | colspan="2" | <center>[[Via nigrostriatalis]]</center> | Iter nigrostriatale signa dopaminergica ab [[substantia nigra]] [[pars compacta|parte compacta]] (SNc) in [[nucleus caudatus|nucleum caudatum]] atque [[putamen (cerebrum)|putamen]] transmittit. [[Substantia nigra]] in [[mesencephalon|mesencephalo]] locata est, at et nucleus caudatus et putamen in [[striatum dorsale|striato dorsali]] locata sunt. | * Functio motoria * Cognitio remunerationem relata * [[Discentia associativa]] | * [[dependentia (medicina)|Dependentia]] * [[chorea (symptoma)|Chorea]] * [[Morbus Parkinsonianus]] |- | colspan="2" | <center>[[Via tuberoinfundibularis]]</center> || Iter tuberoinfundibulare signa dopaminergica ab [[nucleus arcuatus|nucleo arcuato]] (seu '' nc. infundibulari'' noto) [[hypothalamus|hypothalami]] in [[glandula pituitaria|glandulam pituitariam]] ope liberationis dopamini in [[eminentia mediana|eminentiam medianam]] et postea circulationem trans [[Venae portales hypophysiales|venas portales hypophysiales]] transmittit. Iter hoc secretionem varium [[hormon]]tum gubernat, ut [[prolactinum|prolactini]] ex glandula pituitaria liberati. "Infundibularis" verbi "tuberoinfundibularis" ad ''infundibulum'' pediculum hypophysis respicit, ex quo glandula pituitaria emanat. | * Itineris actio liberationem prolactini inhibet. | * [[Hyperprolactinaemia]] |- | colspan="2" | <center>Proiectio hypothalamospinalis</center> || Iter hoc et [[truncus encephali|trunci encephali]] et [[medulla spinalis|medullae spinalis]] [[rete neurale|retia neuralia]] locomotoria amovet. | * Functio motoria | * [[Syndroma pedum inquietorum]] |- | colspan="2" | <center>[[Via incertohypothalamica]]</center> || Iter hoc, ex [[zona incerta]] oriens, [[hypothalamus|hypothalamum]] atque centra locomotoria [[truncus encephali|trunci encephali]] amovet. | * Actiones viscerales et sensorimotoriae | * [[tremor (symptoma)|Tremor]] |} '''Itinera momenti maioris'''<ref name="Dopaminergic pathways and reward system review" /><ref name="NHM pathways" /><ref name="NHM tuberoinfundibular pathway">{{cite book | authors = Malenka R. C., Nestler E. J., Hyman S. E. |editors = Sydor A., Brown R. Y. |title = Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience |year=2009 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |location=New York |isbn = 9780071481274 |page = 249 |edition=2nd |chapter=Chapter 10: Neural and Neuroendocrine Control of the Internal Milieu |quote=Relationship of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary, or adenohypophysis, receives rich blood flow from the capillaries of the portal hypophyseal system. This system delivers factors released by hypothalamic neurons into portal capillaries at the median eminence. The figure shows one such projection, from the tuberal (arcuate) nuclei via the tuberoinfundibular tract to the median eminence.}}</ref> (eadem ut supra descripta) :Mesocorticolimbica :* [[Area tegmentalis ventralis|ATV]] → [[cortex praefrontalis]] :* ATV → [[striatum ventrale]] ([[nucleus accumbens]] ac [[tuberculum olfactorium]]) : Nigrostriatalis :* [[pars compacta|SNc]] → [[striatum dorsale]] ([[nucleus caudatus]] ac [[putamen]]) : Tuberoinfundibularis :* [[Nucleus infundibularis]] areae hypothalamicae intermediae → [[eminentia mediana]] (dopaminum eminentia mediana loco liberatum [[glandula pituitaria|glandulam pituitariam]] trans [[Venae portales hypophysiales|venas portales hypophysiales]] pervenit.) : Hypothalamospinalis :* [[Hypothalamus]] → [[medulla spinalis]] : Incertohypothalamica :* [[Zona incerta]] → [[hypothalamus]] :* Zona incerta → [[truncus encephali]] '''Aliae viae''' * ATV → [[amygdala]] (via mesoamygdaloidea)<ref name="NHM pathways">{{cite book |authors=Malenka R. C., Nestler E. J., Hyman S. E. |editors = Sydor A., Brown R. Y. |title = Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience |year = 2009 |publisher = McGraw-Hill Medical | location = New York | isbn = 9780071481274 | pages = 147–148, 154–157 | edition = 2nd | chapter = Chapter 6: Widely Projecting Systems: Monoamines, Acetylcholine, and Orexin | quote=Neurons from the SNc densely innervate the dorsal striatum where they play a critical role in the learning and execution of motor programs. Neurons from the VTA innervate the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens), olfactory bulb, amygdala, hippocampus, orbital and medial prefrontal cortex, and cingulate cortex. VTA DA neurons play a critical role in motivation, reward-related behavior, attention, and multiple forms of memory.&nbsp;... Thus, acting in diverse terminal fields, dopamine confers motivational salience ("wanting") on the reward itself or associated cues (nucleus accumbens shell region), updates the value placed on different goals in light of this new experience (orbital prefrontal cortex), helps consolidate multiple forms of memory (amygdala and hippocampus), and encodes new motor programs that will facilitate obtaining this reward in the future (nucleus accumbens core region and dorsal striatum).&nbsp;... DA has multiple actions in the prefrontal cortex. It promotes the "cognitive control" of behavior: the selection and successful monitoring of behavior to facilitate attainment of chosen goals. Aspects of cognitive control in which DA plays a role include working memory, the ability to hold information "on line" in order to guide actions, suppression of prepotent behaviors that compete with goal-directed actions, and control of attention and thus the ability to overcome distractions.&nbsp;... Noradrenergic projections from the LC thus interact with dopaminergic projections from the VTA to regulate cognitive control.}}</ref> * ATV → [[hippocampus]]<ref name="NHM pathways" /> * ATV → [[gyrus cinguli]]<ref name="NHM pathways" /> * ATV → [[bulbus olfactorius]]<ref name="NHM pathways" /> * SNc → [[nucleus subthalamicus]]<ref name="pmid15380000">{{cite journal |authors = Cragg S. J., Baufreton J., Xue Y., Bolam J. P., Bevan M. D .|title = Synaptic release of dopamine in the subthalamic nucleus | journal = Eur. J. Neurosci. | volume = 20 | issue = 7 | pages = 1788–802 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15380000 | doi = 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03629.x |url = }}</ref> Viae mesocorticalis et mesolimbica interdum communiter '''proiectio mesocorticolimbica''', ''systema mesocorticolimbicum'', sive ''iter mesocorticolimbicum'' nominantur<ref name="projection" /><ref name="MEDRS-quality human review">{{cite journal | authors = Doyon WM, Thomas AM, Ostroumov A, Dong Y, Dani JA | title = Potential substrates for nicotine and alcohol interactions: a focus on the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system | journal = Biochem. Pharmacol. | volume = 86 | issue = 8 | pages = 1181–93 |date=October 2013 | pmid = 23876345 | doi = 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.07.007 | pmc=3800178}}</ref>. == Functiones == Viae dopaminergicae, quarum proiectiones ab [[substantia nigra]] [[pars compacta]] et [[area tegmentalis ventralis|area tegmentali ventrali]] in [[striatum]] (i.e., itinera nigrostriatalia et mesolimbica) inveniuntur, vero una pars sequentiae multorum itinerum [[circulus gangliothalamocorticalis corticobasalis]] nominatae, formant<ref name="Reward system components and structure-specific functions">{{cite journal |authors = Taylor S. B., Lewis C. R., Olive M. F. |title = The neurocircuitry of illicit psychostimulant addiction: acute and chronic effects in humans |journal= Subst Abuse Rehabil | volume = 4 | issue = | pages = 29–43 | year = 2013 | pmid = 24648786 | pmc = 3931688 | doi = 10.2147/SAR.S39684 | quote = <!--Regions of the basal ganglia, which include the dorsal and ventral striatum, internal and external segments of the globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and dopaminergic cell bodies in the substantia nigra, are highly implicated not only in fine motor control but also in PFC function.43 Of these regions, the NAc (ut supra descriptum) and the DS (ut infra descriptum) are most frequently examined with respect to addiction. Thus, only a brief description of the modulatory role of the basal ganglia in addiction-relevant circuits will be mentioned here. The overall output of the basal ganglia is predominantly via the thalamus, which then projects back to the PFC to form cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) loops. Three CSTC loops are proposed to modulate executive function, action selection, and behavioral inhibition. In the dorsolateral prefrontal circuit, the basal ganglia primarily modulate the identification and selection of goals, including rewards.44 The OFC circuit modulates decision-making and impulsivity, and the anterior cingulate circuit modulates the assessment of consequences.44 These circuits are modulated by dopaminergic inputs from the VTA to ultimately guide behaviors relevant to addiction, including the persistence and narrowing of the behavioral repertoire toward drug seeking, and continued drug use despite negative consequences.43–45-->}}</ref><ref name="Striatal efferents, afferents, and colocalized receptors in dMSNs and iMSNs">{{cite journal |authors = Yager LM, Garcia AF, Wunsch AM, Ferguson SM |title=The ins and outs of the striatum: Role in drug addiction |journal = Neuroscience |volume = 301 |issue = |pages = 529–541 |date = August 2015 |pmid = 26116518 |doi = 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.033 |quote = <!--[The striatum] receives dopaminergic inputs from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the substantia nigra (SNr) and glutamatergic inputs from several areas, including the cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and thalamus (Swanson, 1982; Phillipson and Griffiths, 1985; Finch, 1996; Groenewegen et al., 1999; Britt et al., 2012). These glutamatergic inputs make contact on the heads of dendritic spines of the striatal GABAergic medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs) whereas dopaminergic inputs synapse onto the spine neck, allowing for an important and complex interaction between these two inputs in modulation of MSN activity&nbsp;... It should also be noted that there is a small population of neurons in the NAc that coexpress both D1 and D2 receptors, though this is largely restricted to the NAc shell (Bertran- Gonzalez et al., 2008).&nbsp;... Neurons in the NAc core and NAc shell subdivisions also differ functionally. The NAc core is involved in the processing of conditioned stimuli whereas the NAc shell is more important in the processing of unconditioned stimuli; Classically, these two striatal MSN populations are thought to have opposing effects on basal ganglia output. Activation of the dMSNs causes a net excitation of the thalamus resulting in a positive cortical feedback loop; thereby acting as a ‘go’ signal to initiate behavior. Activation of the iMSNs, however, causes a net inhibition of thalamic activity resulting in a negative cortical feedback loop and therefore serves as a ‘brake’ to inhibit behavior&nbsp;... there is also mounting evidence that iMSNs play a role in motivation and addiction (Lobo and Nestler, 2011; Grueter et al., 2013). For example, optogenetic activation of NAc core and shell iMSNs suppressed the development of a cocaine CPP whereas selective ablation of NAc core and shell iMSNs&nbsp;... enhanced the development and the persistence of an amphetamine CPP (Durieux et al., 2009; Lobo et al., 2010). These findings suggest that iMSNs can bidirectionally modulate drug reward.&nbsp;... Together these data suggest that iMSNs normally act to restrain drug-taking behavior and recruitment of these neurons may in fact be protective against the development of compulsive drug use.--> | pmc=4523218}}</ref> Iste classificationis methodus in multorum [[morbus mentis|morborum mentis]] inquirendo adhibetur. Circuli antea dicti pars nigrostriatalis ex substantia nigra parte compacta consistit, initium et inhibentium et incitantium itinerum, quae ex striato in [[globus pallidus|globum pallidum]] currunt, protractura adversus [[thalamus (cerebrum)|thalamum]]; aut currunt in [[nucleus subthalamicus|nucleum subthalamicum]], protractura adversus thalamus. Istius circuitus neurona dopaminergica phasium magnitudinem, numerum [[potentialis actio|potentialium actionum]] icentium ope, responsum erroris remunerationis positivi, augent, quod est cum primum remuneratio vera remunerationi expectatae emineat. Neuronae haec minime incentium phases, praedictionis remunerationis negativae causa (minus remunerationis quam praedictum), minuunt. Hac de re hypothesis, plus enim serotonergica, quam dopaminergica neurona remunerationis spoliationem indicare, evolvebat. Dopaminergicorum quoque actionum phases, stimulis negativos eventus indicantibus, incrementum ostendunt, quamvis dopaminergicorum neuronorum stimulatio constanter [[praeferentia loco condicionalis|praeferentiam loco condicionalem]] exorsa sit, ita ipsum momentum principale in stimulorum positivorum calculando indicans. Istis de investigationibus hypotheses duo elucebantur, quoad et nucleorum basalium et circuituum nigrostriatalium dopaminergicorum momentum selectionis actionum. Exemplum primum cum ''criticum'' valorem imprimentem, dum ''auctor'' stimulis valore percepto elictis responsa imprimentem, poscit. Secundum tamen exemplum actiones non in ganglionibus basalibus oriri, sed verisimiliter in cerebri corticibus generari atque omnino ganglionibus basalibus seligi, proponit. Itaque retur exemplum hoc pariter iter et directe pariter mores congruentes gubernare et indirecte actiones condicioni non congruentes supprimere. Proponit quoque id exemplum incentes potentiales actiones dopaminergicas tonicae directi itineris augere, ita [[Propensio animi|inclinationem obliquam]] actiones celerius faciendi elucidare<ref name="pmid21270784">{{cite journal |authors=Maia T. V., Frank M. J. |title=From reinforcement learning models to psychiatric and neurological disorders |journal = Nat. Neurosci. |volume = 14 |issue = 2 |pages = 154–62 |year = 2011 |pmid = 21270784 |pmc = 4408000 |doi = 10.1038/nn.2723 |url = }}</ref>. Putatur quoque exempla [[nuclei basales|nucleorum basalium]] haec [[CHAD]], [[syndroma Tourette|syndromatis Tourette]], [[morbus Parkinsonianus|morbi Parkinsoniani]], [[schizophrenia]]rum, [[malum obsessivum et compulsivum|mali obsessivi et compulsivi]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Beucke |first1=Jan C. |last2=Sepulcre |first2=Jorge |last3=Talukdar |first3=Tanveer |last4=Linnman |first4=Clas |last5=Zschenderlein |first5=Katja |last6=Endrass |first6=Tanja |last7=Kaufmann |first7=Christian |last8=Kathmann |first8=Norbert|title=Abnormally High Degree Connectivity of the Orbitofrontal Cortex in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama-psychiatry_2013-06_70_6/page/619 |journal=JAMA Psychiatry|date=1 June 2013|volume=70|issue=6|pages=619–29|doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.173|pmid=23740050|issn=2168-622X|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maia|first1=Tiago V.|last2=Cooney |first2=Rebecca E.|last3=Peterson |first3=Bradley S. |title=The Neural Bases of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adults|journal=Development and Psychopathology|date=1 January 2008|volume=20|issue=4|pages=1251–1283|doi=10.1017/S0954579408000606|pmc=3079445|issn=0954-5794|pmid=18838041}}</ref> atque [[dependentia (medicina)|dependentiae]] indagationum necesse esse. Per exemplum, [[morbus Parkinsonianus|morbum Parkinsonianum]] putatur effectus actionum itineris inhibentis excessivarum, quibus explicentur motus tardos et mala cognitiva; at syndroma Tourette actionum incitantium, quibus syndromatis impulsus characteristicos interpretatur<ref name="pmid21270784" />. Mesocorticolimbica itinera, ut supra dictum, [[nuclei basales|nucleorum basalium]] relatione, [[discere]] componendum consideratur. Proponebantur varia exempla; inter ea tamen principale ''[[discentia differentiae temporalis causa]]'': Praedictio, primum remuneratio deinde gubernatio facturae, [[factor discendi|factore discendi]] cum remunerationis effectu contra exspectationem in [[curva discendi|curvam discendi]] resolveat<ref name="pmid26109341">{{cite journal | authors = Schultz W. | title = Neuronal Reward and Decision Signals: From Theories to Data | journal = Physiol. Rev. | volume = 95 | issue = 3 | pages = 853–951 | year = 2015 | pmid = 26109341 | pmc = 4491543 | doi = 10.1152/physrev.00023.2014 | url = }}</ref>. <!--This "learning" is too nonspecific; most readers will assume this is the acquisition of new declarative memory when it really just refers to "reward prediction error", which was already covered in the first paragraph. This paragraph needs to be merged into that one--> Mesocorticale iter imprimis ad [[functio executiva|functionas executivas]] gubernandas (e.g., attentionem, memoriam laborantem, [[gubernatio inhibens|gubernationem inhibentem]], proponenda, et cetera) relatum, ita illud praecipue ad [[CHAD]] spectat<ref name="NHM-Cognitive Control">{{cite book |authors=Malenka R. C., Nestler E. J., Hyman S. E. |editors=Sydor A., Brown R. Y. |title=Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience |year=2009 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |location=New York |isbn=9780071481274 |pages=313–321 |edition=2nd |chapter=Chapter 13: Higher Cognitive Function and Behavioral Control |quote =&nbsp;&bull;&#32;Executive function, the cognitive control of behavior, depends on the prefrontal cortex, which is highly developed in higher primates and especially humans.<br />&nbsp;&bull;&#32;Working memory is a short-term, capacity-limited cognitive buffer that stores information and permits its manipulation to guide decision-making and behavior.&nbsp;...<br /> These diverse inputs and back projections to both cortical and subcortical structures put the prefrontal cortex in a position to exert what is often called “top-down” control or cognitive control of behavior.&nbsp;... The prefrontal cortex receives inputs not only from other cortical regions, including association cortex, but also, via the thalamus, inputs from subcortical structures subserving emotion and motivation, such as the amygdala (Chapter 14) and ventral striatum (or nucleus accumbens; Chapter 15).&nbsp;...<br />In conditions in which prepotent responses tend to dominate behavior, such as in drug addiction, where drug cues can elicit drug seeking (Chapter 15), or in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; described below), significant negative consequences can result.&nbsp;... ADHD can be conceptualized as a disorder of executive function; specifically, ADHD is characterized by reduced ability to exert and maintain cognitive control of behavior. Compared with healthy individuals, those with ADHD have diminished ability to suppress inappropriate prepotent responses to stimuli (impaired response inhibition) and diminished ability to inhibit responses to irrelevant stimuli (impaired interference suppression).&nbsp;... <!--Inhibitory control brain structures-->Functional neuroimaging in humans demonstrates activation of the prefrontal cortex and caudate nucleus (part of the striatum) in tasks that demand inhibitory control of behavior.&nbsp;... Early results with structural MRI show thinning of the cerebral cortex in CHAD subjects compared with age-matched controls in prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex, areas involved in working memory and attention.}}</ref><ref name="ADHD 2008 paper" />. Iter mesolimbicum [[salientia incensiva|salientiam incensivam]], [[motivatio]]nem, apprehensionem incrementi ope, atque [[timor]]em, velut alias res cognitivas, gubernat.<ref name="NHM pathways" /><ref name="ADHD 2008 paper">{{cite journal |last1=Engert|first1=Veronika|last2=Pruessner|first2=Jens C |title=Dopaminergic and Noradrenergic Contributions to Functionality in ADHD: The Role of Methylphenidate|journal=Current Neuropharmacology |date=9 January 2017 |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=322–328 |doi=10.2174/157015908787386069 |pmc=2701285 |issn=1570-159X |pmid=19587853}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pezze |first1=Marie A. |last2=Feldon |first2=Joram |title=Mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways in fear conditioning |url=https://archive.org/details/progress-in-neurobiology_2004-12_74_5/page/301 |journal=Progress in Neurobiology |date=1 December 2004 |volume=74 |issue=5 |pages=301–20 |doi=10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.09.004 |pmid=15582224 |issn=0301-0082}}</ref>. Praeterea ad [[motivatio]]ne cognitionem relatum est. huius itineris dopamini inopia, aut laesionibus loco originis sui, voluntatis magnitudinem cuiusque animalis praemium accipiendi minuit (e.g., aut numerum [[vectis|vectem]] nicotini deprimentem aut vitam nutrimentum quaerendi). Dopaminergicae drogae etiam animalis magnitudinem voluntatis approprinquandi praemo dein praemium recipiendi augere queant; supra itineris mesolimbici neuronorum potentiales actiones anticipatione remunerationis ineunte numerus augent<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Salamone|first1=John D.|last2=Correa|first2=Mercè|title=The Mysterious Motivational Functions of Mesolimbic Dopamine |journal=Neuron |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=470–485 |doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2012.10.021 |pmid=23141060 |pmc=4450094 |year=2012}}</ref>. Putabatur olim dopamini liberationem mesolimbicam voluptatis mediatorem primarium esse, hodiernis autem temporibus illae modo momentum minus voluptatis perceptionis habere<ref name="Pleasure system">{{cite journal |authors = Berridge KC, Kringelbach ML | title = Pleasure systems in the brain | journal = Neuron | volume = 86 | issue = 3 | pages = 646–664 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25950633 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.018 | quote = To summarize: the emerging realization that many diverse pleasures share overlapping brain substrates; better neuroimaging maps for encoding human pleasure in orbitofrontal cortex; identification of hotspots and separable brain mechanisms for generating ‘liking’ and ‘wanting’ for the same reward; identification of larger keyboard patterns of generators for desire and dread within NAc, with multiple modes of function; and the realization that dopamine and most ‘pleasure electrode’ candidates for brain hedonic generators probably did not cause much pleasure after all.| pmc=4425246}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Berridge|first1=Kent C|last2=Kringelbach|first2=Morten L|title=Neuroscience of affect: brain mechanisms of pleasure and displeasure|journal=Current Opinion in Neurobiology|date=1 June 2013|volume=23|issue=3|pages=294–303|doi=10.1016/j.conb.2013.01.017|pmid=23375169|pmc=3644539}}</ref>. Duo status hypothesis actionum [[cortex praefrontalis|corticis praefrontalis]], ope actionis itinerum [[receptorium dopamini 1|D1]] ac [[receptorium dopamini 2|D2]], propositi sunt: alter itinere D1 iussus quo cancelli melius informationem tenendi, alter D2 iussus quo mutationes faciliores melius informationem ingenerandi permittent <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Durstewitz|first1=Daniel|last2=Seamans|first2=Jeremy K. |title=The dual-state theory of prefrontal cortex dopamine function with relevance to catechol-o-methyltransferase genotypes and schizophrenia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-psychiatry_2008-11-01_64_9/page/739|journal=Biological Psychiatry |date=1 November 2008 |volume=64 |issue=9 |pages=739–749 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.05.015 |pmid=18620336|issn=1873-2402}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Seamans|first1=Jeremy K.|last2=Yang|first2=Charles R. |title=The principal features and mechanisms of dopamine modulation in the prefrontal cortex|url=https://archive.org/details/progress-in-neurobiology_2004-09_74_1/page/1|journal=Progress in Neurobiology|date=1 September 2004|volume=74|issue=1|pages=1–58|doi=10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.05.006|pmid=15381316}}</ref>. == Gubernatio == Recipiunt [[area tegmentalis ventralis]] et [[substantia nigra]] [[pars compacta]] [[informatio]]nem de aliis systematibus neurotransmissoribus, ut de [[Glutamate (neurotransmitter)|glutamatergicis]] , [[GABA]]ergicis, [[acetylcholinum|cholinergicis]] [[indita|inditis]] velut de aliis nucleis monoaminergicis. Continet ATV [[receptorium serotonini 1A|receptoria 5-HT_1A]], quae effectus biphasicos ad potentialium actionum generationem exercent, cum dosibus exiguis agonistatum [[receptorium serotonini 1A|receptorii 5-HT_1A]] potentialium actionum numerum augentibus, at dosibus maioribus actiones reducentibus. Expresserunt [[Receptorium serotonini 2A|receptoria 5-HT_2A]] neuronibus dopaminergicis incrementum actionum, vice versa [[receptorium serotonini 2C|receptoria 5-HT_2C]] decrementum<ref name="5-ht da">{{cite book |last1=Jacobs|first1=edited by Christian P. Müller, Barry |title=Handbook of the behavioral neurobiology of serotonin |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780123746344|date=2009 |publisher=Academic |location=London |isbn=978-0-12-374634-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780123746344/page/262 262]–264 |edition=1st}}</ref>. Mesolimbicum iter, quod ab ATV in [[nucleus accumbens|nucleum accumbentem]] profertur, [[receptorium acetylcholini muscarinicum|acetylcholini receptoriis]] quoque gubernatur. Praecipue et [[receptorium acetylcholini muscarinicum 2|receptoriorum M₂]] et [[receptorium acetylcholini muscarinicum 4|M₄]] agentia liberationem dopamini inhibent, sed [[receptorium acetylcholini muscarinicum 1|receptorioriis M₁]] mediantibus liberationem dopamini auget.<ref name="cholinergic">{{cite journal|last1=Shin|first1=Jung Hoon|last2=Adrover|first2=Martín F.|last3=Wess|first3=Jürgen|last4=Alvarez|first4=Veronica A.|title=Muscarinic regulation of dopamine and glutamate transmission in the nucleus accumbens|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|date=30 June 2015|volume=112|issue=26|pages=8124–8129|doi=10.1073/pnas.1508846112|pmc=4491757|issn=0027-8424|pmid=26080439|bibcode=2015PNAS..112.8124S}}</ref> Indita GABAergica ab striato orientia actiones neuronales dopaminergicas minuunt, insuper indita glutaminergica ab multis areis et corticalibus et subcorticalibus multitudinem agentis electrici neuronorum dopaminergicorum augent. Praeterea endocannabinoida habere effectus gubernantes in liberationem dopamini ab neuronibus ex ATV ac SN transcurrentibus videtur.<ref name="endocannabinoid inhibition">{{cite journal | vauthors = Melis M, Pistis M | title = Endocannabinoid signaling in midbrain dopamine neurons: more than physiology? |journal = Curr. Neuropharmacol. |volume = 5 |issue = 4 |pages = 268–277 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 19305743 | pmc = 2644494 | doi = 10.2174/157015907782793612 |quote = Thus, it is conceivable that low levels of CB1 receptors are located on glutamatergic and GABAergic terminals impinging on DA neurons [127, 214], where they can fine-tune the release of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter and regulate DA neuron firing.<br />Consistently, in vitro electrophysiological experiments from independent laboratories have provided evidence of CB1 receptor localization on glutamatergic and GABAergic axon terminals in the VTA and SNc.}}</ref> [[Noradrenalinum|Noradrenergicis]] inditis ab [[locus caeruleus|loco caeruleo]] derivatis effectus et excitantes et inhibentes in neurona dopaminergica, quae ex ATGV et SNc egrediuntur, sunt.<ref name="da regulation">{{cite journal |last1=Morikawa|first1=Hitoshi|last2=Paladini|first2=Carlos A.|title=Dynamic Regulation of Midbrain Dopamine Neuron Activity: Intrinsic, Synaptic, and Plasticity Mechanisms|journal=Neuroscience|date=15 December 2011|volume=198|pages=95–111 |doi=10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.023 |pmc=3221882 |issn=0306-4522 |pmid=21872647}}</ref><ref name="Noradrenergic modulation of DA neurons - 2014 review" /> Indita excitantes [[orexinum|orexinergia]] in ATV in [[hypothalamus lateralis|hypothalamo laterali]] oriuntur; ea lineam basales [[potentialis actio|potentialium actionum]] ATV neuronorum dopaminergicorum gubernent<ref name="Cannabinoid-Orexin systemic cross-talk" /><ref name="pmid19815001" />. {| class="wikitable" |+ [[Indita]] in [[area tegmentalis ventralis|aream tegmentalem ventralem]] (ATV) atque substantiam nigram partem compactam (SNc) |- ! scope="col" | [[Neurotransmissor]] ! scope="col" | Origo ! scope="col" | Type of Connection ! scope="col" | <small>Fontes</small> |- ! scope="row" | [[Glutamatum]] | * [[Nucleus pedunculopontinus]] * [[Nucleus subthalamicus]] * [[Nucleus tegmentalis posterolateralis]] * [[Stria terminalis]] * [[Colliculus superior]] * [[Area hypothalamica lateralis]] * [[Area praeoptica]] * [[Substantia grisea centrale]] * [[Nuclei raphes]] | ''Incitantes'' projectiones in ATV et SNc |<ref name="da regulation"/> |- ! scope="row" | [[GABA]] | * [[Nucleus tegmentalis rostromedialis]] * [[Striatum]] * Indita GABAergica localia | ''Inhibentes'' proiectiones in ATV et SNc |<ref name="da regulation"/> |- !scope="row" | [[Serotoninum]] | * [[Nuclei raphes]] | Effectus gubernantes, receptorii sybtypo pendentes<br />Generat effectum biphasicos in ATV neurona |<ref name="da regulation"/> |- !scope="row" | [[Noradrenalinum]] | * [[Locus caeruleus]] * Alii nuclei noradrenergici | Effectus gubernantes, receptorii sybtypo pendentes<br />Effectus et excitantes et inhibentes loci caerulei in ATV et SN [[pars compacta|partem compactam]] tempori pendentes sunt |<ref name="da regulation"/><ref name="Noradrenergic modulation of DA neurons - 2014 review">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chandler DJ, Waterhouse BD, Gao WJ | title = New perspectives on catecholaminergic regulation of executive circuits: evidence for independent modulation of prefrontal functions by midbrain dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons | journal = Front Neural Circuits | volume = 8 | issue = | pages = 53 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24904299 | pmc = 4033238 | doi = 10.3389/fncir.2014.00053 | quote = It has been shown that electrical stimulation of LC results in an excitation followed by a brief inhibition of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons through an α1 receptor dependent mechanism (Grenhoff et al., 1993).}}</ref> |- !scope="row" | [[endocannabinoidum|Endocannabinoida]] | * ATV neurona dopamini<!-- {{#tag:ref|At a [[Chemical synapse#Structure|chemical synapse]], neurotransmitters are normally released from the presynaptic [[axon terminal]] and signal through receptors that are located on the [[dendrite]]s of the postsynaptic neuron; however, in [[retrograde neurotransmission]], the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron release neurotransmitters that signal through receptors that are located on the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron.<ref name="Cannabinoid-Orexin systemic cross-talk" /><br />Endocannabinoids signal between neurons through retrograde neurotransmission at synapses;<ref name="Cannabinoid-Orexin systemic cross-talk" /> consequently, the dopaminergic neurons that project out of the VTA and SNc release endocannabinoids from their dendrites onto the axon terminals of their inhibitory GABAergic and excitatory glutamatergic inputs to inhibit their effects on dopamine neuronal firing.<ref name="endocannabinoid inhibition" /><ref name="Cannabinoid-Orexin systemic cross-talk" />|name="retrograde neurotransmission"|group="note"}} --> * SNc neurona dopamini<!-- <ref name="retrograde neurotransmission" group="note" /> --> | Effectus excitantes in neurona dopaminergica, ab inditis GABAergicis inhibentibus<br /> Effectus inhibentes in neurona dopaminergica, ab inditis glutamatergicis inhibentibus<br /> Interagat cum orexino per [[receptorium cannabinoidorum 1|CB1]]–[[receptorium orexini 1|OX1]] [[oligomerum RPGC|receptoriorum heterodimera]] ad actiones neuronales electricos gubernandos |<ref name="endocannabinoid inhibition" /><ref name="da regulation"/><ref name="Cannabinoid-Orexin systemic cross-talk" /><ref name="Human heterodimers: OX1–OX2 OX1–CB1 OX2–CB1" /> |- !scope="row" | [[Acetylcholinum]] | * [[Nucleus pedunculopontinus]] * [[Nuclei tegmentales laterodorsales]] | Effectus gubernantes, receptiorii sybtypo pendentes |<ref name="da regulation"/> |- !scope="row" | [[Orexinum]] | * [[Hypothalamus lateralis]] | Effectus excitantes in dopaminergica neurona ope signa dantium [[receptorium orexini|receptoriis orexini]] ([[receptorium orexini 1|OX1]] atque [[receptorium orexini 2|OX2]])<br />Auget et tonicas et phasicas actiones neuronorum dopaminergicorum in ATV<br />Interagat cum endocannabinoidis per [[receptorium cannabinoidorum 1|CB1]]–[[receptorium orexini 1|OX1]] [[oligomerum RPGC|receptoriorum heterodimera]] ad actiones neuronales electricos gubernandos |<ref name="Cannabinoid-Orexin systemic cross-talk">{{cite journal | vauthors = Flores A, Maldonado R, Berrendero F | title = Cannabinoid-hypocretin cross-talk in the central nervous system: what we know so far | journal = Front. Neurosci. | volume = 7 | issue = | pages = 256 | year = 2013 | pmid = 24391536 | pmc = 3868890 | doi = 10.3389/fnins.2013.00256 | quote = Direct CB1-HcrtR1 interaction was first proposed in 2003 (Hilairet et al., 2003). Indeed, a 100-fold increase in the potency of hypocretin-1 to activate the ERK signaling was observed when CB1 and HcrtR1 were co-expressed&nbsp;... In this study, a higher potency of hypocretin-1 to regulate CB1-HcrtR1 heteromer compared with the HcrtR1-HcrtR1 homomer was reported (Ward et al., 2011b). These data provide unambiguous identification of CB1-HcrtR1 heteromerization, which has a substantial functional impact.&nbsp;... The existence of a cross-talk between the hypocretinergic and endocannabinoid systems is strongly supported by their partially overlapping anatomical distribution and common role in several physiological and pathological processes. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this interaction.&nbsp;... Acting as a retrograde messenger, endocannabinoids modulate the glutamatergic excitatory and GABAergic inhibitory synaptic inputs into the dopaminergic neurons of the VTA and the glutamate transmission in the NAc. Thus, the activation of CB1 receptors present on axon terminals of GABAergic neurons in the VTA inhibits GABA transmission, removing this inhibitory input on dopaminergic neurons (Riegel and Lupica, 2004). Glutamate synaptic transmission in the VTA and NAc, mainly from neurons of the PFC, is similarly modulated by the activation of CB1 receptors (Melis et al., 2004). }}<br />&nbsp;&bull;&#32;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3868890/figure/F1/ Imago 1: Schematic of brain CB1 expression and orexinergic neurons expressing OX1 (HcrtR1) or OX2 (HcrtR2)]<br />&nbsp;&bull;&#32;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3868890/figure/F2/ Imago 2: Synaptic signaling mechanisms in cannabinoid and orexin systems]<br />&nbsp;&bull;&#32;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3868890/figure/F3/ Imago 3: Schematic of brain pathways involved in food intake]</ref><ref name="pmid19815001">{{cite journal | vauthors = Aston-Jones G, Smith RJ, Sartor GC, Moorman DE, Massi L, Tahsili-Fahadan P, Richardson KA | title = Lateral hypothalamic orexin/hypocretin neurons: A role in reward-seeking and addiction | journal = Brain Res. | volume = 1314 | issue = | pages = 74–90 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 19815001 | pmc = 2819557 | doi = 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.09.106 | url = }}</ref><ref name="Human heterodimers: OX1–OX2 OX1–CB1 OX2–CB1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jäntti MH, Mandrika I, Kukkonen JP | title = Human orexin/hypocretin receptors form constitutive homo- and heteromeric complexes with each other and with human CB1 cannabinoid receptors | journal = Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. | volume = 445 | issue = 2 | pages = 486–90 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24530395 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.02.026 | quote = Orexin receptor subtypes readily formed homo- and hetero(di)mers, as suggested by significant BRET signals. CB1 receptors formed homodimers, and they also heterodimerized with both orexin receptors.&nbsp;... In conclusion, orexin receptors have a significant propensity to make homo- and heterodi-/oligomeric complexes. However, it is unclear whether this affects their signaling. As orexin receptors efficiently signal via endocannabinoid production to CB1 receptors, dimerization could be an effective way of forming signal complexes with optimal cannabinoid concentrations available for cannabinoid receptors.}}</ref> |} == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == * ''learn.genetics.utah.edu'': [https://web.archive.org/web/20100209020641/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/reward/pathways.html de itineris cerebri] {{Ling|Anglice}} * ''www.acnp.org'': [https://web.archive.org/web/20180205211300/http://www.acnp.org/g4/gn401000025/ch025.html de via mesolimbica] {{Ling|Anglice}} {{biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Systema dopaminergicum (dopaminum)]] menzxo46bpnvxdruckpnhfbk7dr9t8p 0 293839 3980130 3890127 2026-08-10T00:44:31Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Sphenodon'' | fossil_range = [[Miocaenum|Miocaeno]] ineunte – praesens, {{fossilrange| 19|0|earliest=19}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Sphenodon Gray 1831 (rhynchocephalian) |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=92231&is_real_user=1 |website=PBDB }}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | image = Tuatara (5205719005).jpg | image_caption = ''Sphenodon punctatus punctatus,'' "tuatara septentrionalis" |status = LC |status_system = IUCN3.1 |status_ref =<ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |authors= Hitchmough, R.|title= ''Sphenodon punctatus'' |year= 2019|page= e.T131735762A120191347 |access-date= 14 Aprilis 2020}}</ref> | status2 = VU | status2_system = IUCN3.1 | status2_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |authors= Australasian Reptile & Amphibian Specialist Group.|title= ''Sphenodon guntheri'' |year= [[1996]]|page= e.T20612A9214663 |access-date= 5 Maii 2020}}</ref> (Brothers Islands population) | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Rhynchocephalia]] | familia = [[Sphenodontidae]] | genus = '''''Sphenodon''''' | genus_authority = [[Ioannes Eduardus Gray|Gray]], [[1831]] (nomen conservatum) | taxon = Sphenodon | type_species = ''Sphenodon punctatus'' | type_species_authority = Gray, [[1842]] | range_map = World.distribution.rhynchocephalia.colour contrast.png | range_map_caption = Distributio naturalis (Nova Zelandia) | range_map2 = North Island Map tuatara.PNG | range_map2_caption = Current distribution of tuatara (in black):<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Daugherty C. H. |author2=Cree A. |author3=Hay J. M. |author4=Thompson M. B. | year = 1990 | title = Neglected taxonomy and continuing extinctions of tuatara ''(Sphenodon)'' |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1990-09-13_347_6289/page/177 | journal = Nature | volume = 347 | issue = 6289| pages = 177–179 | doi = 10.1038/347177a0 | bibcode=1990Natur.347..177D|s2cid=4342765 }}</ref><ref name=recovery>{{cite book| last =Gaze| first =Peter| title =Tuatara recovery plan 2001–2011| work =Threatened Species Recovery Plan 47| publisher =Biodiversity Recovery Unit, Department of Conservation, Government of New Zealand| year =2001| url =http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/science-and-technical/TSRP47.pdf| access-date =2 June 2007| isbn =978-0-478-22131-2| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20111105132732/http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/science-and-technical/TSRP47.pdf#| archive-date =5 November 2011| url-status =dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tiritirimatangi.org.nz/Articles/NZ%20Herald%20Articles%20-%20Tuatara%20Release.pdf | date=25 October 2003 | author=Beston, Anne | title=New Zealand Herald: Tuatara Release | access-date=11 September 2007 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004201202/http://www.tiritirimatangi.org.nz/Articles/NZ%20Herald%20Articles%20-%20Tuatara%20Release.pdf | archivedate=4 October 2007}}</ref> Circles represent the North Island tuatara, and squares the Brothers Island tuatara. Symbols may represent up to seven islands. | subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] | subdivision = * '''''S. punctatus''''' <br/><small>(Gray, 1842) (conserved name)</small> * {{extinct}}'''''S. diversum''''' <br/><small>Colenso, 1885</small> | synonyms = * ''Sphaenodon'' <br/><small>Gray, 1831 ([[Conserved name|rejected name]])</small> * ''Hatteria'' <br/><small>Gray, 1842 (rejected name)</small> * ''Rhynchocephalus'' <br/><small>[[Richard Owen|Owen]], 1845 (rejected name)</small> }} '''''Sphenodon''''' ([[Maorice]] ''tuatara''<ref name="KCC">{{cite web| title=The Tuatara| work=Kiwi Conservation Club: Fact Sheets| publisher=Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand Inc.| year=2009| url=http://www.kcc.org.nz/tuatara| access-date=13 Septembris 2017| url-status=bot: unknown| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016044037/http://www.kcc.org.nz/tuatara| archivedate=16 Octobris 2015.}}</ref>) est [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] [[reptilia|reptilium]] [[endemismus|endemicorum]] in [[Nova Zelandia]]. Quamquam plurimarum [[lacerta|lacertarum]] similes, partes stirpis distinctae sunt, [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordinis]] [[Rhynchocephalia|Rhynchocephalium]].<ref name="TerraNature">{{cite web| publisher =TerraNature Trust| title =Tuatara| work =New Zealand Ecology: Living Fossils| year =[[2004]]| url =http://www.terranature.org/tuatara.htm| access-date =10 Novembris 2006| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170503163100/http://www.terranature.org/tuatara.htm| archive-date =3 Maii 2017| url-status =dead}}</ref> Una [[species]] ''Sphenodontis'' est sola sui ordinis species,<ref name="Günther1867">{{cite journal|author=Günther A|year=1867|title=Contribution to the anatomy of ''Hatteria'' (''Rhynchocephalus'', Owen).|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society|volume=157|pages=595–629|jstor=108983|doi=10.1098/rstl.1867.0019|doi-access=free|bibcode=1867RSPT..157..595G}}</ref> qui [[aevum|aevo]] [[Triassicum|Triassico]] abhinc 250 fere [[millio]]num ortus,<ref name="Jones et al 2013">{{cite journal |author=Jones M. E., Anderson C. L., Hipsley C. A., Müller J, Evans S. E., Schoch R. R.| title=Integration of molecules and new fossils supports a Triassic origin for Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes, and tuatara)| journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology| volume=13|issue=208|year=2013| page=208|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-13-208| pmid=24063680| pmc=4016551}}</ref><ref name="Gemmell2020">{{cite journal|last1= Gemmell|first1= N.J.|last2= Rutherford|first2= K.|last3= Prost|first3= S.|display-authors= etal|title=The tuatara genome reveals ancient features of amniote evolution |journal= Nature|year= 2020|volume= 584|issue= 7821|pages= 403–409|doi= 10.1038/s41586-020-2561-9|pmid= 32760000|pmc= 7116210|doi-access= free}}.</ref> aevo [[Mesozoicum|Mesozoico]] vigebat.<ref name="DoC">{{cite web | title=Tuatara | work=Conservation: Native Species | publisher=Threatened Species Unit, Department of Conservation, Government of New Zealand | url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/native-animals/reptiles-and-frogs/tuatara/ | access-date=3 Februarii 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131210804/http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/native-animals/reptiles-and-frogs/tuatara/# | archive-date=31 Ianuarii 2011 | url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Maiores communes recentissimi]] sunt [[Squamata]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Molecular systematics of primary reptilian lineages and the tuatara mitochondrial genome|url = https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2003-11_29_2/page/289|journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|date = 2003-01-01|volume = 29|issue = 2|doi = 10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00108-8|first1 = Joshua S.|last1 = Rest|first2 = Jennifer C.|last2 = Ast|first3 = Christopher C.|last3 = Austin|first4 = Peter J.|last4 = Waddell|first5 = Elizabeth A.|last5 = Tibbetts|first6 = Jennifer M.|last6 = Hay|first7 = David P.|last7 = Mindell|pages=289–297|pmid = 13678684}}.</ref> Quam ob rem, ''Sphenodontes'' in studio [[evolutio]]nis lacertarum et [[serpentes|anguium]] magni momenti sunt, atque in proprietatubus [[habitibus]]que primorum [[diapsida|diapsidorum]] reconstructis, [[grex|gregis]] [[tetrapoda|tetrapodorum]] [[amniota|amniotorum]] cui etiam sunt [[dinosauria]] (cum [[aves|avibus]]) et [[crocodilia]]. ==Cladogramma== [[Fasciculus:Tuatara cladogram.svg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|<small>[[Cladistica|Cladogramma]] coniunctiones [[Sauria|Sauriorum]] exstantium indicat.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Fry | first1 = B.G. | last2 = Vidal | first2 = N. | last3 = Norman | first3 = J. A. | last4 = Vonk | first4 = F. J. | last5 = Scheib | first5 = H. | last6 = Ramjan | first6 = R. | last7 = Kuruppu | first7 = S. | last8 = Fung | first8 = K. | last9 = Hedges | first9 = S. B. | last10 = Richardson | first10 = M. K. | last11 = Hodgson | first11 = W. C. | last12 = Ignjatovic | first12 = V. | last13 = Summerhayes | first13 = R. | last14 = Kochva | first14 = E. | year = [[2005]] | title = Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes | journal = Nature | volume = 439| issue = 7076| pages = 584–588| doi = 10.1038/nature04328 | pmid = 16292255 | bibcode = 2006Natur.439..584F | s2cid = 4386245 }}.</ref> Numeratae res sunt 1, ''Sphenodon''; 2, [[Lacerta]]e; 3, [[Serpentes|Angues]]; 4, [[Crocodilia]]; 5, [[Aves]]. "Lacertae" sunt [[paraphylis|paraphyleticae]]; [[longitudo|longitudines]] ramorum tempora divergentiae non indicant.</small>]] ''Sphenodontes'' inter lacertas primum anno [[1833]] digesti sunt, cum [[Museum Britannicum]] [[calvaria]]m acciperet.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lutz|2005|p=42}}.</ref> Genus false classificabatur donec anno [[1867]] [[Albertus C. L. G. Günther|Albertus Günther]], qui opus museo tum dabat, proprietates [[aves|avium]], [[testudines|testudinum]], [[crocodilia|crocodiliumque]] similes observavit, unde ordinem Rhynchocephalium pro ''Sphenodonte'' et eius cognatis proposuit.<ref name=Günther1867 /> [[Fasciculus:Tuatara scale.png|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Magnitudo|Magnitudines]] ''Sphenodontis punctati'' et [[homo|hominis]].]] [[Fasciculus:Tuatara skull side.PNG|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Calvaria]] ''Sphenodontis'' completos arcus temporales monstrat, cum [[os (ossis)|ossibus]] singulis. <!--{{ordered list|premaxilla|nasal|prefrontal|frontal|maxilla|postfrontal|dentary|postorbital|jugal|parietal|squamosal|quadrate}}--> ]] [[Fasciculus:TWC Wildlife Centre• Stewart Nimmo • MRD 8910.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Sphenodon'' in West Coast Wildlife Centre ad [[Franz Josef / Waiau|Franz Josef]] in occidentali Novae Zelandiae litore.]] [[Fasciculus:Henry at Invercargill.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|''Sphenodon'' [[mas]], Henry appellatus, in [[Southland Museum and Art Gallery]] habitans, iam sexualiter activus est, 111 annos natus.<ref name="Archived copy">{{cite web |url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/discoblog/2009/01/26/111-year-old-reptile-becomes-a-dad-after-tumor-surgery/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-01-31 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015183849/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/discoblog/2009/01/26/111-year-old-reptile-becomes-a-dad-after-tumor-surgery/ |archivedate=15 Octobris 2012}}.</ref>]] ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Daugherty, Charles, et Alison Cree. [[1990]]. "Tuatara: a survivor from the dinosaur age." ''New Zealand Geographic'' 6 (Aprilis–Iunium): 60. *Lutz, Dick. [[2005]]. ''Tuatara: A Living Fossil.'' Salem Oregoniae: DIMI PRESS. ISBN 978-0-931625-43-5. *McKintyre, Mary. [[1997]]. ''Conservation of the Tuatara.'' Victoria University Press. ISBN 978-0-86473-303-0. *Newman, Don G. [[1987]]. ''Tuatara.'' Endangered New Zealand Wildlife Series. Dunedin, New Zealand: John McIndoe et Department of Conservation; Portlandiae Oregoniae: distributus ab I.S.B.S. ISBN 0868680982, ISBN 978-0-86868-098-9. *Parkinson, Brian. [[2000]]. ''The Tuatara.'' Reed Children’s Books. ISBN 978-1-86948-831-4. ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Sphenodon punctatus|''Sphenodontem punctatum''}} {{Wikispecies|Sphenodon|''Sphenodontem''}} {{Fontes biologici}} *{{cite web |url = http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/science-and-technical/TSOP21.pdf | title = Tuatara captive management plan and husbandry manual | author=B. Blanchard| publisher = Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand | access-date =26 Novembris 2007 |year = 2000|display-authors=etal}}. *{{cite web | url=http://digimorph.org/specimens/Sphenodon_punctatus/adult/ | title=Digimorph – ''Sphenodon punctatus'' (tuatara) – 3D visualisations from X-ray CT scans | access-date=8 Maii 2006}}. *{{cite web | title=ARKive – images and movies of the Brothers Island tuatara ''(Sphenodon guntheri)'' | url=http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/reptiles/Sphenodon_guntheri/ | access-date=3 Iunii 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626014815/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/reptiles/Sphenodon_guntheri/ | archive-date=26 Iunii 2007 | url-status=dead}}. *{{cite web | title=Evolution of a third eye in some animals? ''MadSci Network'' | url=http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2005-07/1121008231.Zo.r.html | access-date=9 Augusti 2007}} *{{cite journal | title=The lonely eye | pmid=15751188 | doi=10.1136/bjo.2004.059105 | year=2005 | last1=Schwab | first1=IR. | last2=O'Connor | first2=GR | volume=89 | issue=3 | pages=256 | pmc=1772576 | journal=The British Journal of Ophthalmology}}. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081015051223/http://www.teara.govt.nz/TheBush/FishFrogsAndReptiles/Tuatara/en ''Tuatara.''] ''Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100522111410/http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/Taxon.aspx?irn=7307 Specimina ''Tuatarae'' in collectione Musei Novae Zelandiae Te Papa Tongarewa.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170826011404/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/18249270 "Tuatara reptile slices food with 'steak-knife teeth.'"] BBC Nature. * De tuatara. [[Radio New Zealand|RNZ]] ''Critter of the Week.'' [http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/afternoons/audio/201855296/critter-of-the-week-the-tuatara 18 Augusti 2017.] [[Categoria:Fauna Novae Zelandiae]] [[Categoria:Genera animalium]] [[Categoria:Pleistocaenum]] [[Categoria:Reptilia Novae Zelandiae]] [[Categoria:Sphenodontia]] [[Categoria:Taxa Gray]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1831]] {{Myrias|Biologia}} dcjxhh6sgnlzto0hnr006ixxpoapl3d 0 295382 3979733 3978697 2026-08-09T15:29:08Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}; +{{[[Formula:Titulus ad litteram|titulus ad litteram]]}} 3979733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} [[Fasciculus:Adolphe Adam -1856 -sized.JPG|thumb|upright=0.6|Adolphus Adam.]] {{lres|O sancta nox}} [[incipit]] cantus de Christi natu [[vocabulum|verbis]] “Minuit, chrétiens” (‘[[Media nox]], [[Christiani]]’), [[poëma]]tis [[Francogallice|Francogallici]] [[Placidus Cappeau|Placidi Cappeau]] ([[1808]]–[[1877]]), ab [[Adolphus Adam|Adolpho Adam]] anno [[1847]] compositus. Qui [[hymnus]] [[nativitas Iesu|nativitatem Iesu]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|redemptio (theologia)|redemptionem|en|qid=Q935362}} [[homo sapiens|hominis]] depingit. == Historia == In [[Roquemaure (Vardo)|Roquemaure]] fine anni 1843, organum ecclesiae nuper renovatum erat. Ut res celebraretur, presbyter poetum Placidum Cappeau, qui ibi natus erat, persuasit ut poematem Nativitatis scriberet.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Collins|first=Ace|title=Stories Behind the Best-Loved Songs of Christmas|url=https://archive.org/details/storiesbehindbes00acec|publisher=Zondervan|year=2001|isbn=9780310873877|location=Grand Rapids|pages=[https://archive.org/details/storiesbehindbes00acec/page/132 132]–138}}.</ref> Brevi tempore eodem anno, Adolphus Adam symphoniam composuit. Hymnus primum in [[Roquemaure (Vardo)|Roquemaure]] anno 1847 a cantatrice Emilia Laurey cantus est. Presbyter [[Unitarianismus|Unitarianus]] Iohannus Sullivan Dwight, editor Ephemeris Musicae Dwighti, translationem Anglicam anno 1855 scripsit.<ref>Nobbman, Dale V. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_3WBhALsuYsC&pg=PA36 ''Christmas Music Companion Fact Book'']. 2000. p. 36. Google Books].</ref> Haec popularis in Foederatis Civitatibus Americae facta est, praecipue boreale, ubi versus tertius [[Abolitionismus|abolitionistis]] placuit, exempli gratia Dwight ipse.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Collins|first=Ace|title=Stories Behind the Best-Loved Songs of Christmas|url=https://archive.org/details/storiesbehindbes00acec|publisher=Zondervan|year=2001|isbn=9780310873877|location=Grand Rapids|pages=[https://archive.org/details/storiesbehindbes00acec/page/132 132]–138}}</ref> == Repraesentationes == Hic cantus a multis cantatoribus notis representatus est. Paucis translationibus notis haud exceptatis: * 1996: translatio Iohanni Berry<ref>{{cite book|last=Whitburn|first=Joel|author-link=Joel Whitburn|title=Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008|publisher=Record Research|year=2008|page=49|isbn=978-0-89820-177-2}}</ref> * 1997: translatio Martinae McBride * 1998: translatio Celinae Dion<ref>{{cite web|title=Chart History - Celine Dion - Holiday 100|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/celine-dion/chart-history/HSX|website=Billboard.com|publisher=MRC|access-date=November 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102052518/https://www.billboard.com/music/celine-dion/chart-history/HSX|archive-date=November 2, 2020|language=en}}</ref> * 2002: translatio Iosuis Groban<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicarchivevault.com|title=Billboard Singles Charts &#124; Record Research MusicVault|publisher=Musicarchivevault.com|access-date=December 11, 2013}}</ref> * 2006: translatio Iosuis Gracin * 2012: translatio Ludi Primarii Ladywell in Motherwell<ref>[https://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/o-holy-night/ “O Holy Night”, Ladywell Primary School], officialcharts.com</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == * “Cantique de Noël”: in International Music Score Library Project * [http://cantorion.org/music/673/O_Holy_Night_%28Cantique_de_No%C3%ABl%29_Sheet_music Symphonia] pro voce et clavichordio * [http://artsongcentral.com/2007/adam-cantique-de-noel/ Symphonia] apud ''Art Song Central'' * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vzAQ9lbJ9yM “Minuit Chrétien” TuTuberensis], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Carolus Jauquier||fr|qid=Q2959445}} (translatio Francogallica originalis) [[Categoria:Carmina natalicia]] [[Categoria:Musica 1847]] 3f5s9z250hu6aw7lfgoieb8k8t56nq1 0 295630 3980051 3608580 2026-08-09T23:43:55Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{Taxobox | image = | image_width = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image2 = | image2_width = | image2_alt = | image2_caption = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Platyhelminthes]] | classis = [[Monogenea]] | subclassis = [[Monopisthocotylea]] | ordo = [[Dactylogyridea]] | familia = [[Diplectanidae]] | genus = ''[[Pseudorhabdosynochus]]'' | species = '''''Pseudorhabdosynochus venus''''' | binomial = ''Pseudorhabdosynochus venus'' | species_authority = Hinsinger & Justine, 2006 }} '''''Pseudorhabdosynochus venus''''' est [[species]] [[vermis|vermium]] planarum [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Diplectanidae|Diplectanidarum]] [[classis (taxinomia)|classis]] [[Monogenea|Monogeneorum]], quae in [[branchiae|branchiis]] [[piscis]] ''[[Epinephelus howlandi|Epinepheli howlandi]]'' [[parasitus]] est. Solum in [[aqua|aquis]] ante [[Nova Caledonia|Novam Caledoniam]] [[endemismus|invenitur]], primum anno [[2006]] descripta.<ref name="HinsingerJustine2006venus">{{cite journal|last1=Hinsinger|first1=Damien D.|last2=Justine|first2=Jean-Lou|title=''Pseudorhabdosynochus venus'' n. sp. (Monogenea: Diplectanidae) from ''Epinephelus howlandi'' (Perciformes: Serranidae) off New Caledonia|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_systematic-parasitology_2006-02_63_2/page/153|journal=Systematic Parasitology|volume=63|issue=2|year=[[2006]]|pages=153–58|issn=0165-5752|doi=10.1007/s11230-005-9012-8|pmid=16718595}}.</ref> ==Descriptio== ''Pseudorhabdosynochus venus'' est parvum monogeneum, a dimidio [[millimetrum|millimetri]] ad 1 millimetrum [[longitudo|longum]]. Speciei sunt usitatae aliarum specierum [[genus (taxinomia)|generis]] ''[[Pseudorhabdosynochus|Pseudorhabdosynochi]]'' proprietates, plerumque [[corpus]] planum et [[haptor]] posterior, qui est [[organum]] per quod hoc [[animal]] se ad hostis branchias affigit. Haptori vicissim sunt duo [[squamodiscus|squamodisci]], quorum unus [[venter|ventralis]], unus [[dorsum|dorsalis]] est. [[Organum]] copulatorium sclerotizatum [[mas|marum]], "organum quadriloculatum" rite appellatum, est [[faba|fabiforme]], quattuor cubiculis internis, ut in aliis ''Pseudorhabdosynochi'' speciebus.<ref name=Kritsky1986>{{cite journal | last1 = Kritsky | first1 = D. C. | last2 = Beverley-Burton | first2 = M. | year = [[1986]] | title = The status of ''Pseudorhabdosynochus'' Yamaguti, 1958, and ''Cycloplectanum'' Oliver, 1968 (Monogenea: Diplectanidae) | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34595480 | journal = Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington | volume = 99 | pages = 17–20 }} {{open access}}.</ref> [[Vagina]] certam partem sclerotizatam continet, structuram multiplicem quae anteriorem [[tuba]]m apertam, canalem S-formem, cubiculum lacrimiforme, et cubiculum [[sphaera|sphaericum]] adiunctum comprehendit, quorum omnes partes magnopere sclerotizatae sunt.<ref name="HinsingerJustine2006venus"/> ==Etymologia== ''Pseudorhabdosynochus venus'' e [[Venus (dea)|Venere]] appellatur, [[dea]] [[mythologia Graeca|mythologica]] [[amor]]is [[pulchritudo|pulchritudinisque]] propria, quod ad "mirificum et pulchram vaginam sclerotizatam" attinet.<ref>[[Anglice]] "spectacular and beautiful sclerotised vagina."</ref><ref name="HinsingerJustine2006venus"/> ==Hostes et loci== Typus et solus ''Pseudorhabdosynochi venus'' hostis notus est ''[[Epinephelus howlandi]],'' piscis [[subfamilia]]e [[Epinephelinae|Epinephelinarum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Serranidae|Serranidarum]]. Typus loci et solus locus notus est [[aqua]]e ante [[Nouméa|Noumeam]] [[Nova Caledonia|Novae Caledoniae]]. ==Notae== <references/> ==Nexus externi== {{Fontes biologici}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q2790127}} [[Categoria:Fauna Novae Caledoniae]] [[Categoria:Monogenea]] [[Categoria:Species animalium]] [[Categoria:Species animalium ex rebus mythologicis appellatae|venus]] [[Categoria:Taxa Hinsinger]] [[Categoria:Taxa Justine]] [[Categoria:Taxa 2006]] 1128zmdqc43cxbaxehletbv04zyw67q 0 296483 3980020 3978393 2026-08-09T23:19:42Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980020 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Wfm melville island canada.jpg|thumb|Despectus in Insulam Melvillii et insulas propinquas ex [[satelles|satellite]].]] [[Fasciculus:Melville Island, Canada.svg|thumb|[[Tabula geographica]] Insulae Melvillii.]] {{res|Insula Melvillii}}{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ernestus Meyer||de|qid=Q62969}}, [https://books.google.ru/books?hl=ru&id=XhkAAAAAQAAJ&q=baffini#v=snippet&q=baffini&f=false ''De plantis labradoricis libri tres'', Lipsiae 1830, saepe].|2=Q62969}} vel '''Insula Melviliiana'''<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=OAjZ2CkC5rAC&pg=PA188&dq=insula+melvilliana&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi2uvWUgsyMAxVIQ6QEHTcqGCYQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=snippet&q=melvilliana&f=false Op. cit., p. 188].</ref> ([[Anglice]] ''Melville Island'', [[linguae Escimaicae|Inuctitutice]] ''ᐃᓗᓪᓕᖅ, Ilulliq'') est [[insula]] non [[habitatio|habitata]], una e maioribus [[Archipelagus Arcticus Canadiensis|Archipelagi Arctici Canadiensis]] insulis [[arctica|arcticis]], in [[regio]]ne [[meridies|meridiana]] [[occidens|occidentalique]] [[Insulae Reginae Elizabethae|Insularum Reginae Elizabethae]] in [[Canada Septentrionalis|Canada Septentrionali]] iacens. [[Area (geometria)|Area]] [[superficies|superficialis]] est 42&thinsp;149 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chiliometra quadrata]], ut tricensima tertia a maxima [[orbis terrarum|orbis terrarum]] insula et octava a maxima [[Canada]]e insula sit. [[Terra]] insularis est 341 [[chiliometrum|chiliometra]] [[longitudo|longa]] et inter 210 et 292 chiliometra [[latitudo|lata]]. [[Mons|Montes]] in Insula Melvillii, nonnulli e maximis in occidentali Arctico Canadiensi patentibus, usque ad 750 [[metrum|metra]] [[altitudo|alti]] sunt. Duae [[Inclavatura et exclavatura|exclavaturae]] in insula adsunt, quae ad occidentem meridiani 110 versus iacent et pars [[Territoria septentrio-occidentalia (Canada)|Territoriorum Septentrionalium et Occidentalium Canadae]] sunt, quae per [[terra]]m ex Nunavut et [[navis|navem]] ex Territoriis Septentrionalibus et Occidentalibus attigi possunt. Insula Melvilliana partita est inter Territoria Septentrionalia et Occidentalia, quae occidentale insulae dimidium [[rectio|administrat]], et [[Nunavut]], quod dimidium [[oriens|orientale]] administrat. Fines per meridianum 110 occidentem extenduntur. == Historia == Primus [[Europa]]eus qui Insulam Melvillii visitavit fuit [[Gulielmus Eduardus Parry]] [[Eques]], [[explorator]] [[Britannia|Britannicus]], qui ad [[sinus|sinum]] nunc Winter Harbour appellatum anno [[1819]] [[hiems|hiemavit]]; omnino autem congelato [[mare|mari]], ibi usque ad diem [[1 Augusti|1 Augusti]] [[1820]] mansit.<ref name=Parry>{{cite book|last = Parry|first = W. E.| date = [[1821]]|title = Journal of a voyage for the discovery of a North-West passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific: performed in the years 1819–20|url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_sdM0AAAAQAAJ|location = Londinii|publisher = John Murray}}.</ref> Insula ex [[Robertus Dundas, secundus Viscount Melville|Roberto Dundas, secundo Vicecomite Melville]], ex anno [[1819]] appellatur, qui eo tempore erat [[Primus Dominus Maritimus]]. [[Nauta]]e [[expeditio amissa Frankliniana|expeditionem amissa Franklinianam]] anno [[1851]] petentes [[ora]]m orientalem usque ad Bradford Point exploraverunt, Abrahamo Bradford duce, cum [[Franciscus Leopoldus McClintock]], [[Ricardus Vesey Hamilton]], et [[Georgius Henricus Richards]] oras septentrionales occidentalesque anno [[1853]] permetirentur.<ref name=MDougall>{{cite book|last = M'Dougall|first = G. F.|date = [[1857]]|title = The eventful voyage of H.M. discovery ship "Resolute" to the Arctic regions, in search of Sir John Franklin and the missing crews of H. M. discovery ships "Erebus" and "Terror," 1852, 1853, 1854|url = https://archive.org/details/eventfulvoyageof00mdou|location = Londinii|publisher = Longman}}.</ref><ref name=Murphy>{{cite book|last = Murphy|first = D.|date = [[2004]] |title = The Arctic Fox: Francis Leopold McClintock, discoverer of the fate of Franklin|url = https://archive.org/details/arcticfoxfrancis0000murp|location = Toronti|publisher = Dundurn Press}}.</ref><ref name=Savours>{{cite book|last = Savours|first = A.|date = [[1999]]|title = The Search for the North West Passage|url = https://archive.org/details/searchfornorth00savo_0|location = Novi Eboraci|publisher = St. Marten's Press}}.</ref> == Flora et fauna == [[Fasciculus:Salix herbacea fruits.jpg|thumb|upright=1|''[[Salix herbacea]]'' [[femina (sexus)|femina]] [[fructus]] [[ruber|rubros]] fert.]] Insulae sunt paucae [[planta]]e. [[Vegetatio]], ubi viget, in parvis [[bryophyta|bryophytorum]], [[lichen]]um, [[gramen|graminum]], [[cyperaceae|cyperacearumque]] [[tumulus|tumulis]] plerumque consistit. ''[[Salix herbacea]],'' sola [[species]] [[lignum|lignea]], tortas super [[solum]] tegetes format. [[Fasciculus:Branta bernicla bernicla - Brent Goose.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|''[[Branta bernicla]].'']] Inter [[animalia]] quae insula utuntur sunt ''[[Ursus maritimus]],'' ''[[Rangifer tarandus]] pearyi,'' ''[[Ovibos moschatus]],'' ''[[Dicrostonyx groenlandicus]],'' ''[[Canis lupus arctos]]'' ([[subspecies]] ''[[Canis lupus|Canis lupi]]''), ''[[Vulpes lagopus]],'' ''[[Lepus arcticus]],'' et ''[[Mustela erminea]].'' Eruditi ab [[Universitas Albertae|Universitate Albertae]] anno [[2003]] missi ''[[Ursus arctos horribilis|Ursum arctos horribilem]]'' eiusque [[vestigium|vestigia]] conspexerunt, quod manet maxime septentrionalis ursorum arctos horribilium renuntiatio nota.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Doupé, Jonathan P. |author2=England, John H. |author3=Furze, M. |author4=Paetkau, David |title=Most Northerly Observation of a Grizzly Bear (Ursus arctos) in Canada: Photographic and DNA Evidence from Melville Island, Northwest Territories.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_arctic_2007-09_60_3/page/271 |journal=Arctic |date=[[2007]]|volume=60|issue=3|pages=271–76|doi=10.14430/arctic219}}.</ref> Insula Mellville est una e duabus regiones maioribus ubi ''[[Branta bernicla]]'' [[ovum|ova]] ponunt. Explicatio [[DNA]] et studia campestria monstrant has [[aves]] ab aliis ''[[Branta]]e'' [[grex|gregibus]] distinctas esse.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beautyofbirds.com/brantgeese.html|title=Brant Geese {{!}} Beauty of Birds|website=www.beautyofbirds.com|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.martinreid.com/Main%20website/brant.html|title=birds, bird photos, bird photographs, butterflies, dragonflies, dragonfly, butterfly|website=www.martinreid.com|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref> Quae aves, solum a quattuor milibus ad octo milia numeratae, unus e rarissimis [[anatidae|anatidarum]] gregibus in orbe terrarum esse possunt. {{NexInt}} *[[Vilhjalmur Stefansson]] ==Notae== <references/> == Bibliographia== * Arctic Pilot Project (Canada). [[1979]]. ''Environmental Statement: Melville Island Components.'' Calgary: Arctic Pilot Project. * Barnett, D., et al. [[1977]]. ''Terrain Characterization and Evaluation An Example from Eastern Melville Island.'' Geological Survey of Canada, 76–23. Ottavaea: Energy, Mines and Resources Canada. ISBN 0-660-00812-2. * Buchanan, R. et al. [[1980]]. ''Survey of the Marine Environment of Bridport Inlet, Melville Island.'' Calgary: Pallister Resource Management. * Christie, R. et al., eds. [[1994]]. ''The Geology of Melville Island, Arctic Canada.'' Ottavae: Geological Survey of Canada. ISBN 0-660-14982-6. * Hodgson, D. [[1992]]. ''Quaternary Geology of Western Melville Island, Northwest Territories.'' Ottavae: Geological Survey of Canada. ISBN 0-660-13809-3. * Hotzel, C. [[1973]]. ''Terrain Disturbance on the Christopher Formation, Melville Island, NWT.'' Ottavae: Carleton University, Department of Geography. * McGregor, D., et al. [[1982]]. ''Middle Devonian Miospores from the Cape De Bray, Weatherall, and Hecla Bay Formations of Northeastern Melville Island, Canadian Arctic.'' Ottavae: Energy, Mines and Resources Canada. ISBN 0-660-11084-9. * Osborn, Sherard. [[1852]]. ''Stray leaves from an Arctic journal, or, Eighteen months in the polar regions: in search of Sir John Franklin's expedition, in the years 1850–51.'' Novi Eboraci: Putnam’s. [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6t8-AAAAYAAJ Archivum.] * Savours, Ann. [[1999]]. ''The Search for the North West Passage.'' Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0312223724. [https://archive.org/details/searchfornorth00savo_0 Archivum.] * Shea, I., et al. [[2005]]. ''Deadman's Melville Island & Its Burial Ground.'' Tantallon: Glen Margaret Publishing. ISBN 0-920427-68-5. * Shearer, D. [[1974]]. ''Modern and Early Holocene Arctic Deltas, Melville Island, N.W.T., Canada.'' * Spector, A. et al. [[1967]]. "A Gravity Survey of the Melville Island Ice Caps." ''Canada Dominion Observatory Contributions'' 7 (7). * Steen, O., et al. [[1978]]. ''Landscape Survey Eastern Melville Island, N.W.T.'' Calgary: R. M. Hardy & Associates. * Thomas, D. et al.[[1999]]. ''Range types and their relative use by Peary caribou and muskoxen on Melville Island, NWT.'' Edmonton: Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service. * Trettin, H., et al. [[1966]]. ''Lower Triassic Tar Sands of Northwestern Melville Island, Arctic Archipelago.'' Ottavae: Department of Energy, Mines and Resources. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Melville Island|Insulam Melvillii}} {{Fontes geographici}} * [http://atlas.gc.ca/toporama/en/index.html?id=map1&extent=-677873.5822927146,2859652.1399990185,-296872.82029119064,3050152.5209997804 "Melville Island."] In [[Atlas of Canada]]. Toporama; Natural Resources Canada. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061001030838/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17378 "Salt Dome 'Craters' on Melville Island."] NASA Earth Observatory. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080613053037/http://www.mb.ec.gc.ca/nature/ecb/da02s07.en.html#44 "Environment Canada Field Projects: Geese and Swans."] {{DEFAULTSORT:Melvillii, insula}} [[Categoria:Archipelagus Arcticus]] [[Categoria:Insulae Canadae]] [[Categoria:Regio Arctica]] [[Categoria:Nunavut]] [[Categoria:Territoria septentrio-occidentalia (Canada)]] [[Categoria:Insulae Reginae Elizabethae]] {{Myrias|Geographia}} ryhil4fz8c5h3yxf0pfnv5lbyvwbrwu 0 297313 3979924 3715818 2026-08-09T21:33:20Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979924 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Space_elevator_structural_diagram--corrected_for_scale+CM+etc.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Space_elevator_structural_diagram--corrected_for_scale+CM+etc.svg|alt=Diagram of a space elevator. At the bottom of the tall diagram is the Earth as viewed from high above the North Pole. About six earth-radii above the Earth an arc is drawn with the same center as the Earth. The arc depicts the level of geosynchronous orbit. About twice as high as the arc and directly above the Earth's center, a counterweight is depicted by a small square. A line depicting the space elevator's cable connects the counterweight to the equator directly below it. The system's center of mass is described as above the level of geosynchronous orbit. The center of mass is shown roughly to be about a quarter of the way up from the geosynchronous arc to the counterweight. The bottom of the cable is indicated to be anchored at the equator. A climber is depicted by a small rounded square. The climber is shown climbing the cable about one third of the way from the ground to the arc. Another note indicates that the cable rotates along with the Earth's daily rotation, and remains vertical.|thumb|Elevatrum spatiale tamquam capulum quoddam aequatori fixum spatiumque exaequans percipitur. Aequipondium in parte summa sustinet centrum molis super orbitae geostaticae fastigium. Quod vim centrifugam producit satis sursum a Telluris rotatione, ad gravitatem omnino exaequandam, quo facto apulum tenet.]] [[Fasciculus:Space_elevator_in_motion_viewed_from_above_north_pole.ogv|thumbtime=28|thumb|Elevatrum spatiale in motu cum Tellure rotatum, de polo septentrionali spectatum. [[Satelles]] qui libere volat praebetur in orbita geostatica post capulo.]] '''Elevatrum spatiale'''{{FD ref}} vel '''anabathrum spatiale'''{{dubsig}} est genus systematis vectorii a [[planeta]] in [[spatium]] tendentis, quod scientistae proposuere. Praecipuum eius componens est capulum quod tamquam [[ancora]] ad [[Superficies|superficiem]] deligatur ac in spatium extenditur. Ratio designata insuper efficere potuerit vehicula per capulum a superficie planetaria commeare, sicut in Tellure, immediate in orbitam, sine ingentium missilium usu. Elevatrum spatiale in Tellure innixum consistere potuerit ex capulo partim ex parte infima superficiei Telluris adnexo. partim ex parte summa in spatio super orbitam geostaticam fixo. [[Gravitas|Gravitatis]] vires aemulae, graviores in summa parte, et [[vis centrifuga]] externa, gravior in summa parte, capulum ipsum tenebunt. Fixo quidem capulo, ii qui enituntur iterum iterumque enitentur in spatium mediis mechanicis, onere in orbitam emisso. Ii qui reptant descendere quoque possunt ut reportentur onera in superficiem ab orbita. Conceptum turris orbitam geostaticam assequentis primum in lucem edidit [[Constantinus Tsiolovsky]]. Proposuit enim [[Turris|turrim]] de Telluris superficie ad summam orbitam geostaticam orbitam assequentem. Sicut aliis in aedificiis, Tsiolkovskyiana structura sub vi compressionis fuerit, pondus eius desubter sustentans. Ex anno [[1959]], consilia ad talia elevatra construenda mere ad structuras tensiles concentrabantur, viribus centrifugis systematis pondere sustentatis. In conceptibus tensilibus, laqueus spatialis porrigitur ex massa larga (aequipondio) ultra orbitam geostationariam ad solum. Haec structura librat inter Tellurem illiusque aequipondium tamquam [[perpendiculum]]. Capuli crassitudo secundum tensionem ordinatur. Pars summa eius est in orbita geostationaria, pars ima autem in solo. Materiae quae nobis praesto sunt satis fortes ad huiusmodi elevatrum exsequendum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20150211-space-elevators-a-lift-too-far|title=Should We give up on the dream of space elevators?|first=Nic|last=Fleming|date=February 15, 2015|access-date=January 4, 2021|publisher=BBC|quote='This is extremely complicated. I don't think it's really realistic to have a space elevator,' said Elon Musk during a conference at MIT, adding that it would be easier to 'have a bridge from LA to Tokyo' than an elevator that could take material into space.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/people-are-still-trying-build-space-elevator-180957877/|title=People Are Still Trying to Build a Space Elevator|access-date=January 4, 2020|last=Donahue|first=Michelle Z.|date=January 21, 2016|publisher=Smithsonian Magazine|quote='We understand it’s a difficult project,' YojiIshikawa says. 'Our technology is very low. If we need to be at 100 to get an elevator built—right now we are around a 1 or 2. But we cannot say this project is not possible.'}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2018/01/30/why-the-world-still-awaits-its-first-space-elevator|title=Why the world still awaits its first space elevator|access-date=January 4, 2020|date=January 30, 2018|publisher=The Economist|quote=The chief obstacle is that no known material has the necessary combination of lightness and strength needed for the cable, which has to be able to support its own weight. Carbon nanotubes are often touted as a possibility, but they have only about a tenth of the necessary strength-to-weight ratio and cannot be made into filaments more than a few centimetres long, let alone thousands of kilometres. Diamond nanothreads, another exotic form of carbon, might be stronger, but their properties are still poorly understood.}}</ref>. Fontes quidam spectant illuc, quod futura carboni nanotuborum indagandorum progressio ad proiectum practicum valebit<ref name="Smitherman2">[http://www.nss.org/resources/library/spaceelevator/2000-SpaceElevator-NASA-CP210429.pdf "Space Elevators: An Advanced Earth-Space Infrastructure for the New Millennium"], NASA/CP-2000-210429, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, 2000 ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150328040627/http://www.nss.org/resources/library/spaceelevator/2000-SpaceElevator-NASA-CP210429.pdf archived])</ref><ref name="Edwards2">Edwards, Bradley Carl. [http://www.niac.usra.edu/studies/521Edwards.html "The NIAC Space Elevator Program"]. NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts</ref>. Fontes alii nanotubos carbonii nunquam satis firmam fore conclusere<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2093356-carbon-nanotubes-too-weak-to-get-a-space-elevator-off-the-ground/|title=Carbon nanotubes too weak to get a space elevator off the ground|access-date=January 3, 2020|last=Aron|first=Jacob|date=June 13, 2016|publisher=New Scientist|quote=Feng Ding of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University and his colleagues simulated CNTs with a single atom out of place, turning two of the hexagons into a pentagon and heptagon, and creating a kink in the tube. They found this simple change was enough to cut the ideal strength of a CNT to 40 GPa, with the effect being even more severe when they increased the number of misaligned atoms... That’s bad news for people who want to build a space elevator, a cable between the Earth and an orbiting satellite that would provide easy access to space. Estimates suggest such a cable would need a tensile strength of 50 GPa, so CNTs were a promising solution, but Ding’s research suggests they won’t work.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.space.com/2456-nanotubes-stuff.html|title=Nanotubes Might Not Have the Right Stuff|access-date=January 3, 2020|last=Christensen|first=Billn|date=June 2, 2006|publisher=Space.com|quote=recent calculations by Nicola Pugno of the Polytechnic of Turin, Italy, suggest that carbon nanotube cables will not work... According to their calculations, the cable would need to be twice as strong as that of any existing material including graphite, quartz, and diamond.}}</ref>. Fieri quoque potest, in carbonis nanotuborum locum nanotubos nitridi borii, adamantis nanofilos subituros esse. Ratiocinantur quidam, uncum caelestem potius in Tellure construi posse. Conceptus adhibetur quoad alias planetas aliaque corpora caelestia. Problemata quoad requisita soliditatis-densitatis non oriuntur in illis systematis solaris locis, quae gravitate Tellurem superant (velut Luna et Mars). Nuperrime nobis illae praestant materiae (utpote Kevlar) quae sat firmae levesque sunt ad elevatra huiusmodi exsequenda. == Historia == === Conceptus primi === [[Fasciculus:Константин_Циолковский.jpg|left|thumb| [[Constantinus Ciołkowski|Constantinus Tsiolkovsky]]]] Elevatri spatialis notio anno 1895 apparuit, cum Constantinus Tsiolovsky, scientista natione Russus, a Turri Eiffeliano esset inspiratus. Similem turrem excogitabat, ad extremum caeli, spatium evadentem, ad altitudinem 35,786 chiliometrorum, ad culmen orbitae geostaticae constructum<ref name="NASASci2">{{cite web|url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2000/ast07sep_1.htm|title=The Audacious Space Elevator|publisher=NASA Science News|url-status=dead|access-date=September 27, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919070924/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2000/ast07sep_1.htm|archive-date=September 19, 2008}}</ref>. Ipse notavit, culmen huiusce turris in orbita geostatica Tellurem abiturum fuisse. Obiecta velocitatem horizontalem impetraverit propter rotationem Telluris, et obiectum in summam turrem emissum sufficientem habuerit velocitatem horizontalem, ut ibi in orbita geostatica maneret. Turris Tsiovolksyana habuit structuram compressionis, hodierna autem concepta structuram tensilem includunt. === Saeculum vigesimum === Propositum irreale se ostendebat structurae compressivae a solo constructio, cum materia vi sufficiente compressiva, quae pondus suum his condicionibus sustentaret, non exstitisset<ref name="JBIS19992">{{cite journal|author1=Landis, Geoffrey A.|author2=Cafarelli, Craig|name-list-style=amp|year=1999|title=The Tsiolkovski Tower Reexamined|journal=Journal of the British Interplanetary Society|volume=52|pages=175–180|others=Presented as paper IAF-95-V.4.07, 46th International Astronautics Federation Congress, Oslo Norway, October 2–6, 1995|bibcode=1999JBIS...52..175L}}</ref>. Anno 1959, ingeniarius quidam nomine [[Yuri N. Artsutanov]] aliquid, quod ad effectum produci potest, proposuit. Ipse usum suasit satellitis geostatici tamquam fundamentum, unde structura submittitur. Adhibito aequipondio, capulum demitteretur ex orbita geostatica ad Telluris superficiem, simulque aequipondium extenditur ex satellite a Tellure remoto. Consilium Artsutanovianum coram populum Russicum in percontatione in lucem prolatum est anno 1960<ref>{{cite web|url=http://liftport.com/files/Artsutanov_Pravda_SE.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060506100948/http://liftport.com/files/Artsutanov_Pravda_SE.pdf|archive-date=May 6, 2006|title=To the Cosmos by Electric Train|work=liftport.com|year=1960|publisher=Young Person's Pravda|last=Artsutanov|first=Yu|access-date=March 5, 2006}}</ref>, quae vero Anglice diu praesto non erat. Ipse etiam crassitudinem capuli diminuendam proposuit, ut firmitas constans maneret. Capulum in solo esset tenuior, capulum autem in orbita geostatica crassior. Tam turris quam capuli consilia in articulo New Scientist anni 1964, die 24 Decembris proposita sunt. Anno 1966, Isaacs, Vite, Bradner et Bachus, quattuor ingeniarii conceptum reinvenientes, id "Sky-hook" (uncum caelestem) appellantes, analysim suam in lucem protulerunt, in commentario ''Science''.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Satellite Elongation into a True 'Sky-Hook'|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1966-02-11_151_3711/page/682|year=1966|journal=Science|volume=151|doi=10.1126/science.151.3711.682|author=Isaacs, J. D.|author2=A. C. Vine, H. Bradner and G. E. Bachus|bibcode=1966Sci...151..682I|issue=3711|pages=682–3|last3=Bradner|last4=Bachus|pmid=17813792|s2cid=32226322}}</ref> Sciscebant determinare, quod genus materiae ad elevatrum aedificandum requireretur, hoc posito, quod capulum rectum esset sine variationibus in sua area sectionis transversae, soliditatem requisitam duplo majorem futuram fuisse omnibus materiis tunc exstantibus, sicut graphito, quartz adamantique. Anno 1975 [[Hieronymus Pearson]], physicus Americanus, conceptum denuo invenit, et analysim suam in commentario, qui inscribitur Acta Astronautica, in lucem edidit. Designavit altitudinem areae transversae sectionis,meliorem futuram fuisse ad elevatrum construendum. Capulum completum esset crassissimum in orbita geostatica, ubi tensio maxima est, in verticibus tenuissima, ad pondus reducendum in unitate areae transversalis sectionis, ut unumquodque punctum in capulo ferre possit. Suasit usum aequipondii, quod lentius porrigeretur ad 144,000 chiliometra (89,000 millia passuum) (paene dimidium distantiae ad Lunam), cum sectio elevatri inferior construitur. Sine aequipondio largo portio capuli superior esset longior quam portior inferior propter modum, quomodo vires gravitationis et centrifugae ob distantiam a Tellure mutatur. Analysis turbationes comprehendit, sicut Lunae, venti, onerumque gravitatio. Pondus materiae ad construendum elevatrum necessarium requireret mille itinera sideralium austronavium, quamquam pars materiae transportatur in elevatro, cum minima soliditas solum assecuta est, vel in spatio fabricatur ex asteroidibus aereve lunari. Carbonis nanotubis annis 1990 amplificatis, David Smitherman, NASAe ingeniarius deprehendit propter soliditatem harum materiarum elevatrum huiusmodi ad effectum perduci posse, et officinam convocavit in Marshall Space Flight Center, multosque physicae peritos ingeniariosque invitavit ad conceptionem disputandam, consiliaque ad elevatrum in effectum perducendum colligenda. Anno 2000, alius Americanus scientia peritus, [[Bradley C. Edwards]] suasit, ut taenia 100.000 chiliometra longa, ex carbinis nanotubis composita crearetur<ref name="EDWARDS_PHASE_I_2000_472Edwards.html2">Bradley C. Edwards, "[http://www.niac.usra.edu/studies/472Edwards.html The Space Elevator]"</ref>. Elegit formam transversalis sectionis quam priorem conceptum formae circularis, quia formam illam probabilius meteroidum influxum laturam esse credidit. Haec forma superficiem largam praebuit. Opus scientistae Edwards spectat ad alias quoque practicas circumstantias<ref name="Edwards3">Edwards, Bradley Carl. [http://www.niac.usra.edu/studies/521Edwards.html "The NIAC Space Elevator Program"]. NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts</ref><ref name="Smitherman3">[http://www.nss.org/resources/library/spaceelevator/2000-SpaceElevator-NASA-CP210429.pdf "Space Elevators: An Advanced Earth-Space Infrastructure for the New Millennium"], NASA/CP-2000-210429, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, 2000 ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150328040627/http://www.nss.org/resources/library/spaceelevator/2000-SpaceElevator-NASA-CP210429.pdf archived])</ref><ref>Science @ NASA, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080919070924/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2000/ast07sep_1.htm "Audacious & Outrageous: Space Elevators"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919070924/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2000/ast07sep_1.htm|date=September 19, 2008}}, September 2000</ref>. == Notae == [[Categoria:Technologia opinabilis]] cagy9kidhbhatag810q4qcape9z69of 0 297606 3979756 3978067 2026-08-09T15:53:16Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3979756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Abu Isa Alwarekus}}<ref name="HO"> Iohannes Henricus Hottingerus, Historia Orientalis, Tiguri, anno 1660 {{Google Books|uLWKgQ6aumYC|pag. 582}}.</ref> ([[Arabice]] plene أبو عيسى محمد ابن هارون الوراق‎ - ''Abū ʿĪsā Muḥammad ibn Hārūn al-Warrāq''), natus [[Bagdatum|Bagdati]] anno [[889]], mortuus ibidem die [[24 Iunii]] [[994]], erat [[scriptor]] [[Arabes|Arabicus]] qui [[religio]]nem reprehendit et ita a contemporaneis inter ''zindikaeos''<ref name="HO" /> (i.e. [[haeresis|haereticos]]) numeratur. Profecto de exsistentiam dei dubitavit; e.g. dixit: "Stultus est qui conscius incapacitatis servi ei imperat ut faciat quod facere non potest ac tum eum punit."<ref>{{cite book|first=Sarah|last=Stroumsa|title=Freethinkers of Medieval Islam: Ibn al-Rawandi, Abu Bakir al-Razi and their Impact on Islamic Thought|url=https://archive.org/details/freethinkersofme0000stro|publisher=Brill|year=1999|isbn=9004113746}}</ref> Discipulus erat {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ibn Duraid||ar|qid=Q788374}} ac amicus [[Ibn-ar-Ravandi]]. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == *{{cite book|first=Jennifer Michael|last=Hecht|title=Doubt: A History: The Great Doubters and Their Legacy of Innovation from Socrates and Jesus to Thomas Jefferson and Emily Dickinson|publisher=Harper San Francisco|year=2003|isbn=0-06-009795-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/doubthistory00jenn/mode/2up?q=warraq}} {{bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|889|994|Alwarekus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Arabici]] [[Categoria:Philosophi]] [[Categoria:Rationalistae]] plwcypz3egwo42xy8rjbpduua5okvmn 0 297862 3979839 3635667 2026-08-09T20:13:07Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{Taxobox | image = Bruchophagus roddi.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Bruchophagus roddi]]'' | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Hymenoptera]] | superfamilia = [[Chalcidoidea]] | familia = [[Eurytomidae]] | subfamilia = [[Eurytominae]] | genus = '''''Bruchophagus''''' | subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] | genus_authority = Ashmead, [[1888]] | |type_species= | type_species_authority = }} '''''Bruchophagus''''' est [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] [[vespa]]rum [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Eurytomidae|Eurytomidarum]] [[superfamilia]]e [[Chalcidoidea|Chalcidoideorum]],<ref name="GBIF">{{cite web |title=Bruchophagus Ashmead, 1888 |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/1369082 |website=www.gbif.org |access-date=26 Iunii 2021 |language=en}}.</ref> Cui generi est [[distributio cosmopolita]].<ref name="GBIF" /> ==Species== Generi sunt tres [[species]].<ref name="GBIF" /> *''[[Bruchophagus abnormis]]'' <small>Zerova, 1984</small> *''[[Bruchophagus abscedus]]'' <small>Askew, 2019</small> *''[[Bruchophagus acaciae]]'' <small>Cameron, 1910</small> ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== * {{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Yan |last2=Xiao |first2=Hui |last3=Fu |first3=Jinzhong |last4=Huang |first4=Da-Wei |title=A molecular phylogeny of eurytomid wasps inferred from DNA sequence data of 28S, 18S, 16S, and COI genes |url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2004-04_31_1/page/300 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=[[2004]] |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=300–307 |doi=10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00282-3 |pmid=15019626 |ref=none}} * {{cite journal |last1=Lotfalizadeh |first1=Hosseinali |last2=Delvare |first2=Gérard |last3=Rasplus |first3=Jean-Yves |title=Phylogenetic analysis of Eurytominae (Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae) based on morphological characters |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |date=[[2007]] |volume=151 |issue=3 |pages=441–510 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00308.x |doi-access=free |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last1=Bouček |first1=Z |title=Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species |date=[[1988]] |publisher=CAB International |location=Wallingford Oxoniae |isbn=0-85198-607-2 |ref=none}} ==Nexus externi== {{Taxonbar|from=Q13445607}} [[Categoria:Eurytomidae]] [[Categoria:Genera animalium]] [[Categoria:Taxa Ashmead]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1888]] 24ba1catm014756yahhtwovnwtq99a2 0 297866 3979818 3635961 2026-08-09T19:46:18Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{Taxobox | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Hymenoptera]] | superfamilia = [[Chalcidoidea]] | familia = [[Eurytomidae]] | subfamilia = [[Eurytominae]] | genus = '''''Plutarchia''''' | subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] | genusa_authority = [[Alexander Arsenius Girault|Girault]], [[1925]]<ref name="Girault, 1925"/> | |type_species=''[[Plutarchia bicarinativentris]]'' | type_species_authority=Girault, 1925<ref name="Girault, 1925"/>}} '''''Plutarchia''''' est [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] [[vespa]]rum [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Eurytomidae|Eurytomidarum]] [[superfamilia]]e [[Chalcidoidea|Chalcidoideorum]], quod [[Alexander Arsenius Girault]] anno [[1925]] circumscripsit. Ex [[Plutarchus|Plutarcho]], [[historicus|rerum gestarum scriptore]] [[Graecia|Graeco]], nominatur. Generi primum erant solum [[typus generis]], ''[[Plutarchia bicarinativentris]],'' in [[Australia]] inventa. Aliquot autem [[species]] deinde ex [[Asia Meridiana]], [[Australasia]], et [[Nigeria]] descriptae ad ''Plutarchiam'' attributae sunt. ==Species== Anno [[2021]], Universal Chalcidoidea Database tredecim species sequentis agnoscit:<ref name="NHM"/> * ''[[Plutarchia bengalensis]]'' <small>Narendran & Padmasenan, 1990</small><ref name="Narendran et al, 1990"/> * ''[[Plutarchia bicarinativentris]]'' <small>Girault, 1925</small><ref name="Girault, 1925"/><ref name="Dahms, 1983"/> * ''[[Plutarchia carinata]]'' <small>Narendran & Padmasenan, 1990</small><ref name="Narendran et al, 1990"/> * ''[[Plutarchia fronta]]'' <small>Narendran, 1994</small><ref name="Narendran, 1994"/> * ''[[Plutarchia gastris]]'' <small>Narendran, 1994</small><ref name="Narendran, 1994"/> * ''[[Plutarchia giraulti]]'' <small>Subba Rao, 1974</small><ref name="Subba Rao, 1974"/> * ''[[Plutarchia gracillima]]'' <small>(Dalla Torre, 1898)</small><ref name="Motschoulsky, 1863"/><ref name="Dalla Torre, 1898"/><ref name="Narendran, 1994"/> * ''[[Plutarchia hayati]]'' <small>Narendran & Padmasenan, 1990</small><ref name="Narendran et al, 1990"/> * ''[[Plutarchia indefensa]]'' <small>(Walker, 1860)</small><ref name="Walker, 1860"/><ref name="Subba Rao, 1974"/> * ''[[Plutarchia keralensis]]'' <small>Narendran & Padmasenan, 1990</small><ref name="Narendran et al, 1990"/> * ''[[Plutarchia malabarica]]'' <small>Narendran & Padmasenan, 1990</small><ref name="Narendran et al, 1990"/> * ''[[Plutarchia marginata]]'' <small>Narendran & Padmasenan, 1990</small><ref name="Narendran et al, 1990"/> * ''[[Plutarchia neepalica]]'' <small>Narendran, 1994</small><ref name="Narendran, 1994"/> Sunt saltem tres aliae species nondum descriptae.<ref name="Narendran, 1994"/> <ref name="NHM">{{cite web |last1=Noyes |first1=J. S. |title=Universal Chalcidoidea Database |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/chalcidoids/ |publisher=Natural History Museum |access-date=June 1, 2021 |date=March 2019}}</ref> <ref name="Girault, 1925">{{cite book|last1=Girault |first1=A. A. |title=Indications (In New Insects) of Ruling Power and Law in Nature |location=Brisbane |publisher=Private publication |date=1925 |page=3}}</ref> <ref name="Subba Rao, 1974">{{cite journal |last1=Subba Rao |first1=B. R. |title=Redescriptions of ''Plutarchia'' Girault and ''Axanthosoma'' Girault with the description of a new species of ''Plutarchia'' from Nigeria (Eurytomidae: Hymenoptera) |journal=Journal of Entomology Series B, Taxonomy |date=1974 |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=199–206 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3113.1974.tb00075.x}}</ref> <ref name="Walker, 1860">{{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=F. |title=Characters of some apparently undescribed Ceylon insects |journal=The Annals and Magazine of Natural History |date=1860 |volume=6 |issue=35 |page=358 |doi=10.1080/00222936008697340 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2267285 |series=Third Series}}</ref> <ref name="Narendran et al, 1990">{{cite journal |last1=Narendran |first1=T.C. |last2=Padmasenan |first2=R. |title=A Study on the Indian Species of ''Plutarchia'' Girault (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |date=1990 |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=114-122 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48806806 |issn=0006-6982}}</ref> <ref name="Narendran, 1994">{{cite book |last1=Narendran |first1=T.C. |title=Torymidae and Eurytomidae of Indian Subcontinent |date=1994 |publisher=Department of Zoology, University of Calicut |location=Kerala, India |pages=193–201 |chapter=Genus ''Plutarchia'' Girault}}</ref> <ref name="Dahms, 1983">{{cite journal |last1=Dahms |first1=Edward Clive |title=A checklist of the types of Australian Hymenoptera described by Alexandre Arsene Girault: II. Preamble and Chalcidoidea species A-E with advisory notes |journal=Memoirs of the Queensland Museum |date=1983 |volume=21 |issue=1 |page=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40555877 124] |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40555816}}</ref> <ref name="Motschoulsky, 1863">{{cite journal |last1=Motschoulsky |first1=Victor de |title=Essai d'un Catalogue des Insectes de l'Île Ceylan (Suite) |journal=Bulletin de la Société impériale des naturalistes de Moscou |date=1863 |volume=36 |issue=3 |page=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40282948 42] |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40282907}}</ref> <ref name="Dalla Torre, 1898">{{cite book |last1=Dalla Torre |first1=C. G. de |title=Chalcididae et Proctotrupidae |date=1898 |publisher=Lipsia |location=Guilelmus Engelmann |series=Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus |volume=V |chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10936323 |page=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10936328 337] |chapter=Eurytoma}}</ref> ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== * {{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Yan |last2=Xiao |first2=Hui |last3=Fu |first3=Jinzhong |last4=Huang |first4=Da-Wei |title=A molecular phylogeny of eurytomid wasps inferred from DNA sequence data of 28S, 18S, 16S, and COI genes |url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2004-04_31_1/page/300 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=[[2004]] |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=300–307 |doi=10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00282-3 |pmid=15019626 |ref=none}} * {{cite journal |last1=Lotfalizadeh |first1=Hosseinali |last2=Delvare |first2=Gérard |last3=Rasplus |first3=Jean-Yves |title=Phylogenetic analysis of Eurytominae (Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae) based on morphological characters |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |date=[[2007]] |volume=151 |issue=3 |pages=441–510 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00308.x |doi-access=free |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last1=Bouček |first1=Z |title=Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species |date=[[1988]] |publisher=CAB International |location=Wallingford, Oxon |isbn=0-85198-607-2 |ref=none}} ==Nexus externi== {{taxonbar|from=Q13957201}} [[Categoria:Eurytomidae]] [[Categoria:Genera animalium]] [[Categoria:Hymenoptera Africae]] [[Categoria:Hymenoptera Asiae]] [[Categoria:Hymenoptera Australiae]] [[Categoria:Taxa Girault]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1925]] [[Categoria:Vespae parasiticae]] crxlpjo3sipavt4ftatr3lfhxf149fy 0 298218 3980118 3895577 2026-08-10T00:29:25Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980118 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:GrassHopperOviPositor.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Ovipositor unius e [[tettigoniidae|tettigoniidis]]; duo [[cercus|cerci]] etiam videntur.]] [[Fasciculus:Dolichomitus Oviposition R Bartz.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Ratio]] ovipositionis in ''[[Dolichomitus|Dolichomito]] sp.'' sic videtur: (1) [[vespa]], [[antenna (biologia)|antennis]] leviter feriens, vibratibus auscultat qui hostem adesse [[significatio (linguistica)|significant]]; (2) vespa longiore ovipositore foramen per [[cortex|corticem]] terebrat; (3) vespa ovipositorem in cavum ubi [[larva]] latet interponit; (4) vespa emendationes facit; (5–6) vespa [[ovum|ova]] ponit.]] '''Ovipositor''' est [[organum (anatomia)|organum]] [[tubus|tubiforme]] quo aliquot [[animalia]], plerumque [[insecta]], [[ovum|ova]] ponunt. In insectis, ovipositor in uno, duobus, tribusve appendicum paribus consistit. Singula et [[morphologia]] ovipositoris variant, sed eius forma propriis muneribus apta est, sicut locum ovi praeparandum, ovumque tradendum et tum recte ponendum. In multis insectis, hoc organum ad ovum ad certam [[superficies|superficiem]] affigendum adhibetur, sed in multis [[species|speciebus]] [[parasitus|parasiticis]] (plerumque in [[vespa|vespis]] aliisque [[hymenoptera|hymenopteris]]), [[organum (corpus)|organo]] perforandi vel terebrandi quoque prodest. Aliquot ovipositores non in usu partim retractant, et pars [[basalis i(anatomia)|basalis]] quae extruditur '''scapum''', disertius '''oviscapum''', appellatur. ==In insectis== [[Caelifera]] ovipositoribus utuntur ad cuniculum in [[solum|solo]] terebrandum ut ova accipiant. [[Cicadoidea]] [[lignum]] [[ramus|ramulorum]] ovipositoribus perforant ad ova inserenda. [[Symphyta]] et aliquot [[ensifera|ensiferorum]] [[species]] [[textus (biologia)|textus]] [[planta]]rum ovipositore insecant. In ''[[Megarhyssa]],'' [[genus (taxinomia)|genere]] vesparum [[superfamilia]]e [[Ichneumonoidea|Ichneumonoideorum]], feminis est [[terebra]], pertenuis ovipositor nonnullas [[uncia]]s longus, quo lignum [[truncus|truncorum]] [[arbor]]um terebrant.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sezen |first=Uzay |title=Two ichneumon wasps competing to oviposit |url=http://naturedocumentaries.org/1517/competing-wasps/ |access-date=24 Iulii [[2012]]}}.</ref> Quae species statione [[larva]]li [[parasitus|parasiticae]] larvas [[siricidae|siricidarum]] [[praeda]]nt; ergo ovum recte in [[corpus]] hostis vescentis ponitur. Ovipositores ''Megarhyssae,'' cum [[magnitudo|magnitudine]] corporis comparati, sunt inter longissima organa nota quae ova ponunt.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sezen |first=Uzay |title=Giant ichneumon wasp ovipositing |url=http://naturedocumentaries.org/3843/giant-ichneumon-megarhyssa-macrurus-ovipositing/ |access-date=15 Februarii 2016}}.</ref> [[Aculeus|Aculei]] [[aculeata|aculeatorum]] (vesparum, [[anthophila|anthophilorum]], [[formica]]rum) re vera sunt ovipositores magnopere commutati, qui cum [[glandula|glandulis]] [[venenum|veneni]] consociantur. Adhibentur ad [[praeda]]m enervandam vel ut [[arma]] ad sese defendendos. Quodque aculeatum propter penetrationem cum veneno ova ponere potest sine [[periculum|periculo]] noxae. In nonnullis speciebus, iniectio etiam [[virus biologicum|vira]] interponit quae hostis [[systema immunitatis]] comprimunt, atque ova destruenda prohibet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~bio336/Bio336/Lectures/Lecture5/Overheads.html|title=Evolutionary Genetics|website=www.zoology.ubc.ca}}</ref> Ovipositor nihilominus in paene omnibus [[hymenoptera|hymenopteris]] icientibus ovis ponendis non iam prodest. In speciebus autem familiae [[Chrysididae|Chrysididarum]] (inter hymenoptera), sicut in ''[[Chrysis ignita|Chrysi ignita]],'' imminutus icendi apparatus et proprius ovipositor inveniuntur. Ovipositores [[Chalcidoidea|Chalcidoideorum]] [[dens|dentibus]] serratis praediti sunt ad [[fructus]] penetrandos, sed ovipositoribus [[cynipidae|cynipidarum]] sunt dentes uniformes aut nulli, quod significat [[morphologia (biologia)|morphologiam]] huius organi ad [[historia]]m [[vita]]e pertinere.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Elias |first1=Larissa |last2=Kjellberg |first2=Finn |last3=Farache |first3=Fernando Henriche Antoniolli |last4=Almeida |first4=Eduardo |last5=Rasplus |first5=Jean-Yves |last6=Cruaud |first6=Astrid |last7=Peng |first7=Yan-Quiong |last8=Yang |first8=Da-Rong |last9=Pereira |first9=Rodrigo Augusto Santinelo |title=Ovipositor morphology correlates with life history evolution in agaonid fig wasps |journal=Acta Oecologica |date=Iulius [[2018]] |volume=90 |pages=109–116 |doi=10.1016/j.actao.2017.10.007 |bibcode=2018AcO....90..109E |url=https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/272011/1-s2.0-S1146609X18X00058/1-s2.0-S1146609X17300358/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEI%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIFrRhRX4xObadBffbMqYGgRCTEOpeS7UtzyAT7hyHTRfAiEA%2BWQfhCMOgnR9oEUu%2FddZLRXoXXkve9ibaQdQPj%2FUIN0qtAMIeBADGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDGzHh3FlzqeK%2BixfNCqRA8zy9bHuoJsH0wcjXyV%2BWABeXG66U6z0p6p0Im7pS4r%2FPppiqOjwAWF3%2Fj5gMuQoFlZabbDQCIqbSUMH2Ii8H2FqhUdp87texV8lpn4v5k9ZLlV0hw%2BBUz28%2B3jTyxD%2BAXtxoxuFP2QwxST%2BZTggBObdAc4ki7KhakpxGUx5INW923CGprKbIPbPfgB8wBhgEQXa9eGJKif%2BFyZxs7HOri%2BPKHMAM0tmaK0LD6EQVhWw3nJTgzyFb6xY%2FzuRqYhD%2BCYrN0R9US8rYRXVJCm1oNODlq4dwuwZBazn8vG2NlRW233DluOF87U78g41tUNqX3WNTUOGI7mIJrDVNGl%2F9%2FU6%2Fu%2BoMys5K2GQadEPQNjOIye2qZHwQN0r5W5G3NGUem0H6AtQVXl4EFYKndYqAm0DZRmXCxB7IifSLhCgGE6DeQj5ds%2BA9YB%2FX9H3ybAr2Hs32tg5fyQT3cNE52vye78Yy4254Za715fnbhEz%2FKBHYcRg8iILBye41sRGTPHheRV3YkRhtG9g7mNj7KjLgueVMNDUhPoFOusBkbuS4mAdtCfk9W4wtltmmWrLSlxtyj9HRZN%2FLcJa90m3B4tTYAUol91rsszXx69cJjcPqbsFiNEuROpl2sDmRTebATKZaCZ6i51WoxbwuCUCWsJRJHJ2J6oTpkLVVkrbI%2Bnucyse%2F%2FvsCKmh7tKSBBtm%2BNfkOVrprQlQTz6pB79DJuWSwWfRfUH8Q0FuOjcs9UuHADcUTCJstZ04YiQqsFfsTVrMhZjcSNqbwkdfv7nu2VffxgzI3atoUSzN5KCna5wPtuONJft0221ZbdPLhYaz%2FkVZs6MD2zEfX%2FNP7UXnxKM%2FSLSkp3wBVQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20200822T152944Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYVISSQXUW%2F20200822%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=28895442a8ee152401380c7958b4fb81f3a344c213645922309c5c7820cd788b&hash=6099f782f2922dbccbaa418107c716a83a988b36f7817aefa839808221bde026&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S1146609X17300358&tid=spdf-2c41f932-3b6f-40bf-a950-4a985da65b8c&sid=975252b783e7b3462018f1e4033e89c787d1gxrqa&type=client |access-date=22 Augusti 2020}}.</ref> In speciebus [[Tephritidae|Tephritidarum]] et [[Pyrgotidae|Pyrgotidarum]] [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordinis]] [[Diptera|Dipterorum]] inveniuntur ovipositores plene evoluti qui, cum non in usu sint, partim retractantur, parte extrusa oviscapio appellata. [[Oestridae|Oestridis]], ali familiae intra Diptera, saepe sunt breves ovipositores pilosi; in specie ''[[Cuterebra fontinella]]'' invenitur unus e brevissimis intra familiam.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hadwen S. |title=A description the egg and ovipositor of ''Cuterebra fontinella'', Clark (Cottontail Bot.)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-entomological-society-of-british-columbia_1915-01_5/page/n17 |journal=Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia |volume=5 |pages=88–91 |year=[[1915]]}}.</ref> Ovipositores non solum in [[pterygota|pterygotis]] (insectis [[ala]]tis), sed etiam in [[apterygota|apterygotis]] inveniuntur, ubi ovipositor etiam [[spermatophora]]s per [[coitus|coitum]] colligit. Minimum de [[mores|moribus]] ovorum ponendorum inter talibus insectis in feris scitur.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Matushkina |first1=Natalia A. |title=Ovipositor Internal Microsculpture in the Relic Silverfish Tricholepidion gertschi (Insecta: Zygentoma) |journal=Psyche: A Journal of Entomology |date=Ianuarius [[2011]] |volume=2011 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2011/563852 |url=http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/psyche/2011/563852.pdf |access-date=22 Augusti 2020|doi-access=free }}.</ref> ==In piscibus== Feminis [[acheilognathinae|acheilognathinis]] generis ''[[Rhodeus|Rhodei]]'' est ovipositor [[tubus|tubiformis]] qui ex orificio [[genitalia|genitali]] exoritur, quo tempore [[fetus|feturae]] utuntur cum ova in velamentum [[bivalvia|bivalviorum]] [[aqua dulcis|aquae dulcis]] ponant, ubi ova tute crescunt. [[Hippocampus|Hippocampis]], [[piscis|piscibus]] familiae [[Syngnathidae|Syngnathidarum]], est ovipositor quo ova in [[mas|maris]] sacculo gignendi interponunt, qui ea fert donec iuvenes in idonea [[aqua]] aperta liberentur. ==Pinacotheca== <gallery> Fasciculus:Urophora.cardui.female.jpg|Una e [[tephritidae|tephritidis]], ovipositore retractato, scapum monstrat. Fasciculus:Anastrepha ludens 1322089.jpg|''[[Anastrepha ludens|Anastrephae ludentes]]'' scapa ovipositorum extentorum monstrant. Fasciculus:Megarhyssa.jpg|''[[Megarhyssa]]'' femina ova ovipositore ponit. </gallery> ==Notae== <references/> ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Ovipositor|ovipositorem}} [[Categoria:Anatomia animalium]] [[Categoria:Morphologia arthropodorum]] [[Categoria:Systema reproductionis]] mpop8vgdh7dhgle59cvxui1pd42f789 0 298233 3980016 3667501 2026-08-09T23:13:52Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Hetesrotremata | image = Xantho_poressa_2009_G2.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Xantho poressa]]'' ([[Xanthoidea]]: [[Xanthidae]])' | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | subphylum = [[Crustacea]] | classis = [[Malacostraca]] | ordo = [[Decapoda]] | infraordo = [[Brachyura]] | sectio = [[Eubrachyura]] | cladus = [[Heterotremata]] | authority = [[Daniela Guinot|Guinot]], [[1977]] | subdivision_ranks = Superfamiliae | subdivision = ''Vide commentarium.'' }} '''Heterotremata''' sunt [[cladus]] [[brachyura|brachyurorum]], cui sunt brachyura quorum aperturae [[genitalia|genitales]] in [[sternum (arthropoda)|sterno]] [[femina (sexus)|feminarum]], sed in [[crus|cruribus]] [[mas|marium]] sunt. Qui cladus sexaginta octo [[familia (taxinomia)|familias]] in viginti octo [[superfamilia|superfamiliis]] comprehendit.<ref name="Grave">{{cite journal|journal=Raffles Bulletin of Zoology |year=[[2009]] |volume=Suppl. 21 |pages=1–109 |title=A classification of living and fossil genera of decapod crustaceans |author1=Sammy De Grave |author2=N. Dean Pentcheff |author3=Shane T. Ahyong |url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s21/s21rbz1-109.pdf |display-authors= |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606064728/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s21/s21rbz1-109.pdf |archivedate=6 Iunii 2011 }}.</ref> ==Evolutio== Heterotremata sunt [[grex sororius]] [[Thoracotremata|Thoracotrematorum]] intra cladum [[Eubrachyura|Eubrachyurorum]], [[aevum|aevo]] [[Cretaceum|Cretaceo]] decedentia. Eubrachyura ipsa sunt pars [[Brachyura|Brachyurorum]], maioris cladi, qui in omnibus "[[cancer|cancris]] veris" consistit. Summarium internarum graduum altissimorum coniunctionum intra Brachyura in [[cladogramma]]te infra monstratur. <ref name="Ling">{{cite journal |title=Evolutionary History of True Crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) and the Origin of Freshwater Crabs |url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-biology-and-evolution_2014-05_31_5/page/1173 |author1=Ling Ming Tsang |author2=Christoph D. Schubart |author3=Shane T. Ahyong |author4=Joelle C. Y. Lai |author5=Eugene Y. C. Au |author6=Tin-Yam Chan |author7=Peter K. L. Ng |author8=Ka Hou Chu |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution | location = Oxoniae | publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=31 |issue=5 |year=[[2014]] |pages=1173–87 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msu068 |doi-access=free}}.</ref><ref name="Wolfe2019">{{cite journal |last1=Wolfe |first1=Joanna M. |last2=Breinholt |first2=Jesse W. |last3=Crandall |first3=Keith A. |last4=Lemmon |first4=Alan R. |last5=Lemmon |first5=Emily Moriarty |last6=Timm |first6=Laura E. |last7=Siddall |first7=Mark E. |last8=Bracken-Grissom |first8=Heather D. |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2019.0079 |title=A phylogenomic framework, evolutionary timeline and genomic resources for comparative studies of decapod crustaceans |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B | date=24 Aprilis [[2019]] |volume=286 |issue=1901 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2019.0079 |pmid=31014217 |doi-access=free }}.</ref> {{clade| style=font-size:85%; line-height:85% |label1='''[[Brachyura]]''' |1={{clade |1=[[Dromiacea]] |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Raninoida]] |2=[[Cyclodorippoida]] }} |label2=[[Eubrachyura]] |2={{clade |1=[[Heterotremata]] |2=[[Thoracotremata]] }} }} }} }} Coniunctiones internae intra Heterotremata minus certae sunt, multis [[superfamilia|superfamiliis]] nunc irritis. [[Cladogramma]] coniecturale infra perscriptum ex explicatione Tsang et al. 2014 exscribitur.<ref name="Ling"/> {{clade| style=font-size:85%; line-height:85% |label1='''Heterotremata''' |1={{clade |label1=Cancri [[aqua dulcis|aquae dulcis]] |1={{clade |label1=[[Potamoidea]] (cancri aquae dulcis [[Mundus Vetus|Mundi Veteris]]) |1={{clade |1=[[Potamonautidae]] |2={{clade |1=[[Potamidae]] |2=[[Gecarcinucidae]] }} }} |2=[[Pseudothelphusidae]] (cancri aquae dulcis [[Mundus Novus|Mundi Novi]]) }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Trichodactylidae]] (cancri aquae dulcis) |2=[[Orithyiidae]] }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Belliidae]] |2=[[Chasmocarcinidae]] }} |2=[[Retroplumidae]] }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |label1=[[Dorippoidea]] |1={{clade |1=[[Ethusidae]] |2=[[Dorippidae]] }} |2=[[Leucosiidae]] }} |2={{clade |label1=[[Majoidea]] |1={{clade |1=[[Inachidae]] |2={{clade |1=[[Epialtidae]] (paraphyleticae) |2=[[Majidae]] / [[Mithracidae]] }} }} |2=[[Corystidae]] }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Euryplacidae]] |2=[[Matutidae]] }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Calappidae]] |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Parthenopidae]] |2=[[Cancridae]] }} |2={{clade |1=[[Carpiliidae]] |2={{clade |1=[[Aethridae]] |2=''[[Pseudocarcinus]]'' ex [[Menippidae|Menippidis]] }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Menippe (genus)|Menippe]]'' ex [[Menippidae|Menippidis]] |2={{clade |1=[[Polybiidae]] |2=[[Portunidae]] }} }} }} |2={{clade |label1=[[Pilumnoidea]] |1={{clade |1=[[Tanaochelidae]] |2={{clade |1=[[Galenidae]] |2=[[Pilumnidae]] }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Mathildellidae]] |2={{clade |1=[[Eriphiidae]] |2={{clade |1=[[Oziidae]] |2=[[Vultocinidae]] }} }} }} |2=[[Trapeziidae]] }} |2={{clade |1=[[Goneplacidae]] |2={{clade |1=[[Scalopidiidae]] |label2=[[Xanthoidea]] |2={{clade |1=[[Xanthidae]] (paraphyleticae) |2=[[Panopeidae]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} ==Superfamiliae== {{div col|3}} *[[Aethridae|Aethroidea]] *[[Belliidae|Bellioidea]] *[[Bythograeidae|Bythograeoidea]] *[[Calappoidea]] *[[Cancroidea]] *[[Carpilioidea]] *[[Cheiragonoidea]] *[[Corystidae|Corystoidea]] *[[Dairoidea]] *[[Dorippoidea]] *[[Eriphioidea]] *[[Gecarcinucoidea]] *[[Goneplacoidea]] *[[Hexapodidae|Hexapodoidea]] *[[Leucosioidea]] *[[Majoidea]] *[[Orithyioidea]] *[[Palicoidea]] *[[Parthenopidae|Parthenopoidea]] *[[Pilumnoidea]] *[[Portunoidea]] *[[Potamoidea]] *[[Pseudothelphusidae|Pseudothelphusoidea]] *[[Pseudozioidea]] *[[Retroplumidae|Retroplumoidea]] *[[Trapezioidea]] *[[Trichodactyloidea]] *[[Xanthoidea]] {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references/> ==Nexus externi== *{{Vicispecies|Heterotremata}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q902172}} [[Categoria:Brachyura]] [[Categoria:Taxa intercalaria]] [[Categoria:Taxa Guinot]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1977]] ikiwazb2oj26ah7wpjoqv3z0gb93fye 0 298999 3980093 3658715 2026-08-10T00:14:32Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980093 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Parasiti quibus habitus mutantur''' sunt [[parasitus|parasiti]] duorum pluriumve hospitum receptoriorum, mutationis efficiendae in habitu cuiusdam ex illis hospitibus capaces, quorum transmissio foveatur, interdum immediate in hospitum dijudicatione necnon mechanismis habitum inspicientibus influxum exercentes. Iubent hunc hospitem intermediarium probabilius a praedatore majore gradu trophico<ref name="Luong20142">{{cite journal|last1=Luong|first1=L.|last2=Grear|first2=D.|last3=Hudson|first3=P.|year=2014|title=Manipulation of host-resource dynamics impacts transmission of trophic parasites|journal=International Journal for Parasitology|volume=44|issue=10|pages=737–742|doi=10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.05.004|pmid=24929136}}.</ref><ref name="Seppala20082">{{cite journal|last1=Seppala|first1=O.|last2=Valtonen|first2=E.|last3=Benesh|first3=D.|year=2008|title=Host manipulation by parasites in the world of dead-end predators: adaptation to enhance transmission?|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=275|issue=1643|pages=1611–1615|doi=10.1098/rspb.2008.0152|pmc=2602814|pmid=18430644}}.</ref> devorari, qui hospes fit ubi parasitus propagatur; quamobrem mechanismus hic transmissio trophica a parasito aucta sive effecta<ref name="Lafferty19993">{{cite journal|last=Lafferty|first=K.D.|title=The Evolution of Trophic Transmission|journal=Parasitology Today|volume=15|issue=3|year=1999|doi=10.1016/s0169-4758(99)01397-6|pmid=10322324|pages=111–115}}.</ref> appellatur. Quorum exempla in [[bacteria|bacteriis]], [[protozoa|protozois]], [[virus biologicum|viribus]] [[animal]]ibusque reperiuntur. Parasiti mutant hospitis habitum ut eorum suorumve germinum tutela increscat. Notio Anglica ''bodyguard manipulation'' ad exprimendas huiusmodi [[ratio]]nes adhibetur.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.beproc.2013.06.003|author-link2=Jacques Brodeur|pmid=23791577|first5=Frédéric|last5=Thomas|first4=Josée|last4=Doyon|first3=Anaïs|last3=Droit|first2=Jacques|title=Bodyguard manipulation in a multipredator context: Different processes, same effect|last2=Brodeur|first1=Fanny|last1=Maure|year=2013|pages=81–86|volume=99|journal=Behavioural Processes|s2cid=13154407}}.</ref> Ex praecipuis mutationibus habitualibus a parasitis effectis praecellit nimia securitas qua hospites facilius in praedam cedere possunt<ref name="Moore20022">Moore, J. (2002). Parasites and the behavior of animals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref><ref name="Lafferty19992">{{cite journal|last=Lafferty|first=K.D.|title=The Evolution of Trophic Transmission|journal=Parasitology Today|volume=15|issue=3|year=1999|doi=10.1016/s0169-4758(99)01397-6|pmid=10322324|pages=111–115}}</ref>. Protozoanum Toxopasma gondii, verbi gratia, parvas inficit rodentes, eorumque securitatem nimiam elevat, quinimo ad odorem urinae propensitatem, utercumque periculum praedationis ceu felem, ejus hospitem definitivum, inficiendi increscit. Hospitis habitum mutant hi parasiti centrale systema nervosum inficientes, sive communicationem neurochemicam immutantes, Quae in neuro-parasitologia indagantur. == Habitus mutatio == === Genera === Commutationes quas parasiti exsequuntur sive directae sive indirectae sunt. Genus indirectum est via frequentissima qua hi utebantur parasiti, appropinquatio autem directa parum solita est. Commutatio est directa quum parasitus ipse hospitem afficit ac habitualia responsa inducit, itaque utputa compositis neuroactivis creandis quae responsum stimulant in hospitis centrali nervoso systemate (CNS), methodus quidam plerumque a parasitis usitatus qui intra CNS versantur.<ref name="tolv2">{{cite journal|last1=Thomas|first1=F.|last2=Adamo|first2=S.|last3=Moore|first3=J.|year=2005|title=Parasitic manipulation: where are we and where should we go?|journal=Behavioural Processes|volume=68|issue=3|pages=185–199|doi=10.1016/j.beproc.2004.06.010|pmid=15792688|s2cid=599951}}.</ref> Influxum in [[systema nervosum]] hospitis exercere est implicatum, manipulatio inceptum comprehendit. Verumtamen difficile est factorem efficientem determinare, praesertim num mutatio habitualis facta sit ex indirecta manipulatione ipsius parasiti, seu ex responso systematis immunitatis. Appropinquatio ad manipulandum habitum crebro admodum sumptuosum est pro parte parasiti, quod compensationem efficit inter manipulationis beneficia et energiam manipulandi. Crebrior parasitorum appropinquatio est inductio immediata habitualium responsorum qua cum hospitis systemate immunitatis interagit ut composita necessaria neuroactiva creentur ad inducendum responsum habituale desideratum.<ref name="tolv3">{{cite journal|last1=Thomas|first1=F.|last2=Adamo|first2=S.|last3=Moore|first3=J.|year=2005|title=Parasitic manipulation: where are we and where should we go?|journal=Behavioural Processes|volume=68|issue=3|pages=185–199|doi=10.1016/j.beproc.2004.06.010|pmid=15792688|s2cid=599951}}.</ref> Parasiti vim habent habitum hospitum immediate immutandi qua eorum (videlicet hospitum recipientium) immunitas, progressio vel metabolismus turbetur. Castratores parasitici vehementer immutant suorum hospitum metabolismum et fecunditatem, hormona castratoria secernendo, habitum physiologiamque immutando, ipsius parasiti emolumento.<ref name="poulin2">{{cite book|last=Poulin|first=Robert|author-link= |title=Evolutionary Ecology of Parasites - From individuals to communities|year=1997|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|isbn=978-0-412-79370-7|page=76|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QaDVuLXoUNIC}}.</ref> Parasiti habitum immutant iis pactis quibus probabilitas transmissionis augetur (utputa hospite a [[praedator]]e ingesto); efficit parasiti exitum in situ idoneo (utputa habitata a hospite recipienti antelata immutando)<ref name="Thomas et al.2">{{cite journal|last=Thomas|issue=3|citeseerx=10.1.1.485.9002|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002153/http://www.erin.utoronto.ca/~w3gwynne/BIO418/Nemato.pdf|url-status=dead|doi=10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00410.x|url=http://www.erin.utoronto.ca/~w3gwynne/BIO418/Nemato.pdf|pages=356–361|volume=15|first=F.|journal=[[Journal of Evolutionary Biology|J. Evol. Biol.]]|title=Do hairworms (Nematomorpha) manipulate the water seeking behaviour of their terrestrial hosts?|date=May 2002|author6=Renaud, F.|author5=Durand, P.|author4=Manu, C.|author3=Martin, G.|author2=Schmidt-Rhaesa, A.|s2cid=86278524}}.</ref>; efficit, ut parasitus superstes fiat vel ut hospes a parasitis compluribus probabilius inficiatur. === Per vira === [[Rabies]] hospitem recipientem reddit aggrediendi cupidum pronumque alios mordendi. Hoc aucta salivatione virus gestanti, crescit probabilitatem in hospitibus novis recipientibus vagandi. Vira ex [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]] [[Baculoviridae|Baculoviridarum]] inducunt in hospitibus recipientibus immutationem moris comedendi, circumiectumque seligendi. Inficiunt heterocera papilionesque, qui nonnumquam infecti sine intermessione edere coeperunt, nutrimenta ad vira replicanda praestantes. Virionibus (unitates scilicet virorum) paratis ad hospitem recipientem relinquendum, erucae magis magisque excelsius nitintur, donec cellae [[enzymum|enzyma]] secernant, ut animal evolvatur, congeriebus viralis materiae conspersis quae a recipientibus futuris ingestiuntur.<ref name="Mindsuckers2">{{Cite news|last=Zimmer|first=Carl|title=Mindsuckers - Meet Nature's Nightmare|work=National Geographic|date=November 2014|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2014/11/mindsuckers/zimmer-text}}.</ref> === Per protozoa === Protozoanum ''[[Toxoplasma gondii]]'' animalia inficit ex familia felidarum illiusque [[oocysta]]e amittuntur in hospitis [[faex|faece]]. Rodente quodam faecem consumente inficitur a parasito (quo hospes intermediarius fit). Qui subsequenter extrovertior fit minusque pavidus a felibus, probabilitatem praedationis augens, parasitique probabilitatem vitae complendae crescens. Demonstratum est T. gondii, homines infecturi, immutare eorum habitum pariter ac rodentium: hoc cum schrisophreniae casibus iungitur. Alii parasiti, qui hospitem periculo praedationis dedunt, sunt ''[[Euhaplorchis californiensis]]'', ''[[Dicrocoelium dendriticum]]'',<ref name="Otranto20022">{{cite journal|last1=Otranto|first1=D.|last2=Traversa|first2=D.|year=2002|title=A review of dicrocoeliosis of ruminants including recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment|journal=Veterinary Parasitology|volume=107|issue=4|pages=317–335|doi=10.1016/s0304-4017(02)00121-8|pmid=12163243}}.</ref> ''[[Myrmeconema neotropicum]]''<ref name="Yanoviak20082">{{cite journal|last1=Yanoviak|title=Parasite-Induced Fruit Mimicry in a Tropical Canopy Ant|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-naturalist_2008-04_171_4/page/536|pmid=18279076|doi=10.1086/528968|pages=536–544|issue=4|volume=171|journal=Am Nat|year=2008|first1=S.|first4=G.|last4=Poinar|first3=R.|last3=Dudley|first2=M.|last2=Kaspari|s2cid=23857167}}.</ref> necnon ''[[Diplostomum pseudospathaceum]]''. == Notae == <references/> [[Categoria:Parasiti]] [[Categoria:Parasitismus]] mwej1a6xrpqcy2py7q9npalwxbwzk4k 0 299830 3979970 3663002 2026-08-09T22:34:48Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Calligrapha'' | image = Ninebark Calligrapha Beetle - Calligrapha spiraea, Muddy Creek, Garrett County, Maryland.jpg | image_caption = ''Calligrapha spiraeae'' | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Coleoptera]] | subordo = [[Polyphaga]] | infraordo = [[Cucujiformia]] | cladus = [[Phytophaga]] | superfamilia = [[Chrysomeloidea]] | familia = [[Chrysomelidae]] | subfamilia = [[Chrysomelinae]] | tribus = [[Chrysomelini]] | genus = '''''Calligrapha''''' | genus_authority = [[Ludovicus Alexander Augustus Chevrolat|Chevrolat]], [[1836]] | taxon = Calligrapha | type_species = ''[[Calligrapha polyspila|Chrysomela polyspila]]''<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Yves|last1=Bousquet|first2=Patrice|last2=Bouchard|year=2013 |title=The genera in the second catalogue (1833–1836) of Dejean's Coleoptera collection|journal=[[ZooKeys]]|issue=282|pages=1–219|doi=10.3897/zookeys.282.4401|pmc=3677338|pmid=23794836}}</ref> | type_species_authority = [[Ernestus Fridericus Germar|Germar]], [[1821]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Subgenus|Subgenera]] | subdivision_ref = <ref name="Rileyetal2003">{{cite book|last1=Riley|first1=E. G.|last2=Clark|first2=S. M.|last3=Seeno|first3=T. N.|year=[[2003]]|title=Catalog of the leaf beetles of America North of Mexico (Coleoptera: Megalopididae, Orsodacnidae and Chrysomelidae, excluding Bruchinae)|publisher=Coleopterists Society, Special Publication No. 1|place=Sacramenti Californiae|isbn=978-0-9726087-1-8}}.</ref> | subdivision = * ''Bidensomela'' * ''Calligramma''<ref name="Monros1955">{{cite journal|last=Monrós|first=F.|year=[[1955]]|title=On some new genera of nearctic Chrysomelinae (Chrysomelidae)|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/58742041|journal=The Coleopterists Bulletin|volume=9|issue=4|pages=53–60|JSTOR=3998693}}.</ref> * ''Calligrapha'' * ''Erythrographa''<ref name="GomezZurita2018">{{cite journal|last=Gómez-Zurita|first=J.|year=[[2018]]|title=Systematic revision of Central American ''Calligrapha'' Chevrolat of the subgenus ''Erythrographa'' subgen. nov. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Chrysomelinae)|journal=Zootaxa|volume=4531|issue=1|pages=1–58|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4531.1.1}}</ref> * ''Graphicallo''<ref name="Monros1955"/> | synonyms_ref = <ref name="Rileyetal2003"/> | synonyms = ;''sensu stricto'': * ''Polyspila'' <small>[[Frideeicus Gulielmus Hope|Hope]], [[1840]]</small> * ''Phyllis'' <small>[[Ioannes Nepomucensis Franciscus Xavier Gistel|Gistel]], [[1848]]</small> * ''Boliographa'' <small>[[Victor Motschulsky|Motschulsky]], [[1860]]</small> * ''Metallographa'' <small>[[Victor Motschulsky|Motschulsky]], [[1860]]</small> ;''Bidensomela'': * ''Acalligrapha'' <small>Monrós, [[1955]]</small><ref name="Monros1955"/> * ''Coreopsomela'' <small>Monrós, [[1955]]</small><ref name="Monros1955"/> }} '''''Calligrapha''''' est [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] [[coleoptera|coleopterorum]] [[subfamilia]]e [[Chrysomelinae|Chrysomelinarum]], cuius fines [[taxinomia|taxinomici]] sunt haud accurati.<ref name='Zootaxa'>{{cite journal |last=Gómez-Zurita |first=Jesús |date=[[2015]] |title=Systematic revision of the genus Calligrapha Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Chrysomelinae) in Central America: The group of Calligrapha argus Stål |journal=Zootaxa |volume=3922 |issue=1 |pages=1–71 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3922.1.1.}}</ref> Plurimae [[species]] in [[America]] [[America Media|Media]] et [[America Australis|Australi]] fiunt.<ref name='Zootaxa' /> [[Typus generis]] est ''[[Calligrapha polyspila]].'' [[Binomen|Nomen]] a [[Ludovicus Alexander Augustus Chevrolat|Ludovico Alexandro Augusto Chevrolat]] anno [[1836]] constitutum est. ==Species== Inter hoc genus digeruntur saltem quinquaginta species.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bugguide.net/node/view/462 |title=Genus Calligrapha |publisher=BugGuide.net |date=2003–2017 |access-date=2017-01-23}}.</ref><ref name=catlife>{{Cite web| title=Browse ''Calligrapha'' | url=http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/browse/tree/id/711a463a1bc31a6d94aa83cd15099ff3 | website=Catalogue of Life | access-date=2018-02-27 .}}</ref><ref name="GomezZurita2021">{{cite journal|last=Gómez-Zurita|first=J.|year=[[2021]]|title=Systematic revision of ''Calligrapha'' s. str. Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Chrysomelinae)|journal=[[Zootaxa]]|volume=4953|issue=1|pages=1–111|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4953.1.1}}.</ref><ref name="GomezZurita2018"/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Gómez-Zurita|first=J.|year=[[2016]]|title=Systematic revision of ''Calligrapha'' Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) with pale spots on dark elytra and description of two new species|journal=Zootaxa|volume=4072|issue=1|pages=61–89|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4072.1.3}}.</ref> {{div col|2}} * ''[[Calligrapha aeneopicta]]'' <small>Stål, 1859</small> * ''[[Calligrapha aladina]]'' <small>Bechyné, 1954</small> * ''[[Calligrapha alni]]'' <small>Schaeffer, 1928</small> * ''[[Calligrapha alnicola]]'' <small>Brown, 1945</small> * ''[[Calligrapha amator]]'' <small>Brown, 1945</small> * ''[[Calligrapha amelia]]'' <small>Knab, 1909</small> * ''[[Calligrapha anabelae]]'' <small>Gómez-Zurita, 2015</small> * ''[[Calligrapha ancoralis]]'' <small>Stal, 1860</small> * ''[[Calligrapha androwi]]'' <small>S. Clark and Cavey, 1995</small> * ''[[Calligrapha apicalis]]'' <small>Notman, 1919</small> * ''[[Calligrapha argus]]'' <small>Stål, 1859</small> * ''[[Calligrapha barda]]'' <small>(Say, 1835)</small> * ''[[Calligrapha bidenticola]]'' <small>Brown, 1945</small> * ''[[Calligrapha billbergi]]'' <small>Stål, 1860</small> * ''[[Calligrapha californica]]'' <small>Linell, 1896</small> * ''[[Calligrapha catarinae]]'' <small>Gómez-Zurita, 2015</small> * ''[[Calligrapha cephalanthi]]'' <small>(Schwarz, 1878)</small> * ''[[Calligrapha confluens]]'' <small>Schaeffer, 1928</small> * ''[[Calligrapha consputa]]'' <small>Stål, 1860</small> * ''[[Calligrapha discrepans]]'' <small>(Achard, 1923)</small> * ''[[Calligrapha dislocata]]'' <small>(Rogers, 1856)</small> * ''[[Calligrapha diversa]]'' <small>Stal, 1859</small> * ''[[Calligrapha dolosa]]'' <small>Brown, 1945</small> * ''[[Calligrapha elegantula]]'' <small>Jacoby, 1877</small> * ''[[Calligrapha felina]]'' <small>Stål, 1860</small> * ''[[Calligrapha femorata]]'' <small>Jacoby, 1891</small> * ''[[Calligrapha floridana]]'' <small>Schaeffer, 1934</small> * ''[[Calligrapha fulvipes]]'' <small>(Gistel, 1848)</small><!-- Idem ac C. fulvipes Stal, 1859 --> * ''[[Calligrapha fulvitarsis]]'' <small>Jacoby, 1891</small> * ''[[Calligrapha geographica]]'' <small>Stål, 1860</small> * ''[[Calligrapha gyllenhali]]'' <small>Stål, 1859</small> * ''[[Calligrapha ignota]]'' <small>Brown, 1940</small> * ''[[Calligrapha incisa]]'' <small>(Rogers, 1856)</small> * ''[[Calligrapha intermedia]]'' <small>Jacoby, 1882</small> * ''[[Calligrapha knabi]]'' <small>Brown, 1940</small> * ''[[Calligrapha labyrinthica]]'' <small>Stål, 1859</small> * ''[[Calligrapha limbaticollis]]'' <small>Stål, 1859</small> * ''[[Calligrapha lunata]]'' <small>(Fabricius, 1787)</small> * ''[[Calligrapha matronalis]]'' <small>Erichson, 1847</small> * ''[[Calligrapha mexicana]]'' <small>Stål, 1859</small> * ''[[Calligrapha multiguttata]]'' <small>Stål, 1859</small> * ''[[Calligrapha multiplagata]]'' <small>(Achard, 1923)</small> * ''[[Calligrapha multipunctata]]'' <small>(Say, 1824)</small> * ''[[Calligrapha multipustulata]]'' <small> Stål, 1859</small> * ''[[Calligrapha notatipennis]]'' <small>Stål, 1859</small> * ''[[Calligrapha ostryae]]'' <small>Brown, 1945</small> * ''[[Calligrapha pantherina]]'' <small>Stål, 1859</small> * ''[[Calligrapha panzoensis]]'' <small>Bechyné, 1952</small> * ''[[Calligrapha pavimentata]]'' <small>Gómez-Zurita, 2016</small> * ''[[Calligrapha philadelphica]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small> * ''[[Calligrapha pnirsa]]'' <small>Stål, 1860</small> (leaf beetle) * ''[[Calligrapha polyspila]]'' <small>(Germar, 1821)</small> * ''[[Calligrapha praecelsis]]'' <small>(Rogers, 1856)</small> * ''[[Calligrapha pruni]]'' <small>Brown, 1945</small> * ''[[Calligrapha ramulifera]]'' <small>Stål, 1859</small> * ''[[Calligrapha rhoda]]'' <small>Knab, 1909</small> * ''[[Calligrapha rowena]]'' <small>Knab, 1909</small> * ''[[Calligrapha sallei]]'' <small>(Achard, 1923)</small> * ''[[Calligrapha scalaris]]'' <small>(J. E. LeConte, 1824)</small> * ''[[Calligrapha serpens]]'' <small>Bowditch, 1911</small> * ''[[Calligrapha serpentina]]'' <small>(Rogers, 1856)</small> * ''[[Calligrapha sigmoidea]]'' <small>(J. L. LeConte, 1859)</small> * ''[[Calligrapha simillima]]'' <small>Stål, 1860</small> * ''[[Calligrapha spiraeae]]'' <small>(Say, 1826)</small> * ''[[Calligrapha stillatipennis]]'' <small>Stål, 1859</small> * ''[[Calligrapha suboculata]]'' <small>Stål, 1859</small> * ''[[Calligrapha suffriani]]'' <small>Jacoby, 1882</small> * ''[[Calligrapha suturella]]'' <small>Schaeffer, 1933</small><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gómez-Zurita|first1=J.|last2=Vogler|first2=A.P.|last3=Funk|first3=D.J.|year=[[2004]]|title=Diagnosing an overlooked North American taxon: biological observations and mitochondrial insights on ''Calligrapha suturella'' Schaeffer, 1933 new status (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_entomological-society-of-america-annals_2004-01_97_1/page/28|journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America|volume=97|issue=1|pages=28–36|doi=10.1603/0013-8746(2004)097[0028:DAONAT]2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free}}.</ref> * ''[[Calligrapha sylvia]]'' <small>(Stål, 1860)</small> * ''[[Calligrapha synthesys]]'' <small>Gómez-Zurita, 2018</small> * ''[[Calligrapha thermalis]]'' <small>Gómez-Zurita, 2013</small> * ''[[Calligrapha tiliae]]'' <small>Brown, 1945</small> * ''[[Calligrapha tortilis]]'' <small>Stål, 1859</small> * ''[[Calligrapha verrucosa]]'' <small>(Suffrian, 1858)</small> * ''[[Calligrapha vicina]]'' <small>Schaeffer, 1933</small> * ''[[Calligrapha vigintimaculata]]'' <small>(Chevrolat, 1833)</small> * ''[[Calligrapha virginea]]'' <small>Brown, 1945</small> * ''[[Calligrapha wickhami]]'' <small>Bowditch, 1911</small> * ''[[Calligrapha zapoteca]]'' <small>Gómez-Zurita, 2016</small> {{div col end}} ==Pinacotheca== <gallery> Fasciculus:Calligrapha sp. (9534115661).jpg|''Calligrapha'' sp. Fasciculus:CalligraphaAmator.jpg|''[[Calligrapha amator]]'' Fasciculus:CalligraphaPhiladelphica2.jpg|''[[Calligrapha philadelphica]]'' </gallery> ==Notae== <references/> ==Nexus externi== {{Vicispecies|Calligrapha|''Calligrapham''}} * [http://bugguide.net/node/view/462 Imagines nonnullarum specierum ''Calligraphae'' apud BugGuide.net.] {{Taxonbar|from=Q1897730}} [[Categoria:Chrysomelinae]] [[Categoria:Coleoptera Americae Australis]] [[Categoria:Coleoptera Americae Septentrionalis]] [[Categoria:Genera animalium]] [[Categoria:Taxa Chevrolat]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1836]] 3i446d97efj4g71su1h151e7agbx3i8 0 300172 3979926 3662995 2026-08-09T21:35:00Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Phytophaga | image = {{multiple image|align=center | total_width = 250 | image1=Coleoptera_BHL18157147.jpg | image2=The_natural_history_of_beetles_(Plate_21)_(6008009921).jpg | footer = Communia Chrysomeloidea (laeva) et [[Curculionoidea]] (dextra)}} | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Coleoptera]] | subordo = [[Polyphaga]] | infraordo = [[Cucujiformia]] | cladus = '''Phytophaga''' | cladus_authority = | subdivision_ranks = [[Superfamilia]]e | subdivision = | taxon=Phytophaga | display_parents =2 | subdivision = * [[Chrysomeloidea]] * [[Curculionoidea]] }} '''Phytophaga''' sunt [[cladus]] [[coleoptera|coleopterorum]] [[infraordo|infraordinis]] [[Cucujiformia|Cucujiformium]], quae in [[superfamilia|superfamiliis]] [[Chrysomeloidea|Chrysomeloideorum]] et [[Curculionoidea|Curculionoideorum]] consistunt, quae [[planta|plantis]] proprie [[victus|vescuntur]] et quorum tarsi sunt pseudotetramerosi vel cryptopentamerosi, ubi plerumque quartum segmentum tarsale a tertio segmento tarsali multum imminuitur vel celatur. Superfamilia [[Cucujioidea|Cucujioideorum]] est sororalis Phytophagorum grex.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/s41467-017-02644-4|title=Evolutionary history of Coleoptera revealed by extensive sampling of genes and species|year=[[2018]]|last1=Zhang|first1=Shao-Qian|last2=Che|first2=Li-Heng|last3=Li|first3=Yun|last4=Dan Liang|last5=Pang|first5=Hong|last6=Ślipiński|first6=Adam|last7=Zhang|first7=Peng|journal=Nature Communications|volume=9|issue=1|page=205|pmid=29335414|pmc=5768713|bibcode=2018NatCo...9..205Z}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00360.x|title=Structural alignment of 18S and 28S rDNA sequences provides insights into phylogeny of Phytophaga (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea and Chrysomeloidea)|year=2009|last1=Marvaldi|first1=Adriana E.|last2=Duckett|first2=Catherine N.|last3=Kjer|first3=Karl M.|last4=Gillespie|first4=Joseph J.|journal=Zoologica Scripta|volume=38|pages=63–77|s2cid=84345520}}.</ref> [[Nomen proprium|Nomen]] ''Phytophaga'' In aliquot litteris obsoletis solum ad [[Chrysomeloidea]] pertinebat. {{cladogramma|title=Familiae inter Phytophaga|align=left |caption=[[Phylogenia]] phytophagorum. |cladogram= {{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:75%;width:300px; |label1=Phytophaga |1={{clade |label1=[[Chrysomeloidea]] |1={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |1=[[Megalopodidae]] |2=[[Cerambycidae]] }} |2= [[Chrysomelidae]] }} |label2= [[Curculionoidea]] |2={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |1=[[Nemonychidae]] |2=[[Anthribidae]] }} |label2= |2={{clade |1=[[Belidae]] |label2= |2={{clade |1=[[Attelabidae]] |label2= |2={{clade |1=[[Brentidae]] |2=[[Curculionidae]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} Variatio [[species|specierum]] intra Phytophaga cum speciatione intra [[angiospermae|angiospermis]] consociare putatur. Usus plantarum consumendarum fortasse erat mutatio ab usibus [[spora|sporarum]] [[fungus|microfungalium]] (in [[strobilus|strobilis]] et [[cycadophila|cycadophilis]]) et [[nutritio saprotrophica|plantarum saprotrophicarum]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Farrell|first=B. D.|date=[[1998]]-07-24|title="Inordinate Fondness" Explained: Why Are There So Many Beetles?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1998-07-24_281_5376/page/555|journal=Science|volume=281|issue=5376|pages=555–59|doi=10.1126/science.281.5376.555|pmid=9677197}}.</ref> Phytophaga, inter quae digeruntur paene 125&thinsp;000 [[species]] descriptae, sunt secunda a maxima [[insecta|insectorum]] stirpe post [[lepidoptera]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/syen.12179 |title=Phylogeny and evolution of the superfamily Chrysomeloidea (Coleoptera: Cucujiformia) |year=[[2016]] |last1=Haddad |first1=Stephanie |last2=McKenna |first2=Duane D. |journal=Systematic Entomology |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=697–716 |s2cid=87055542}}.</ref> {{NexInt}} * [[Herbivora]] ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== * Clark, Hamlet. [[1866]]. ''A catalogue of Phytophaga.'' Londinii: Williams and Norgate. ==Nexus externi== {{taxonbar|from=Q21354171}} [[Categoria:Infraordines animalium]] [[Categoria:Polyphaga| ]] kknr2aknb6g9n4u0r02jvabra6ahpvb 0 300712 3980027 3893052 2026-08-09T23:27:09Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 5 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980027 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:African daisy (Osteospermum sp. 'Pink Whirls').jpg|thumb|''[[Osteospermum]]'' 'Pink Whirls', cultivarietas pro [[flos|floribus]] venuste [[color]]atis dilecta,]] [[Fasciculus:Liberty Hyde Bailey 1858-1954.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Libertas Hyde Bailey]] (1858–1954) [[vocabulum|vocabula]] ''cultigenum'' anno [[1918]] et ''cultivarietatem'' anno [[1923]] creavit.]] [[Fasciculus:Triticum aestivum, Gewone tarwe.jpg|thumb|''[[Triticum aestivum]],'' ab eruditis [[cultigenum]] putatum, est [[species]] ab aliis [[triticum|triticis]] distincta, secundum [[notio specierum biologicarum|notione specierum biologicarum]]. Multae cultivarietates diversae intra hoc cultigenum considerate generatae sunt. Alia cultigena species distinctae non existimantur.]] [[Fasciculus:Airport orchid.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Cultivarietas ''[[Oncidium|Oncidii]],'' [[genus (taxinomia)|generis]] [[orchidaceae|orchidacearum]].]] [[Fasciculus:Leucospermum cultivar Edit.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Leucospermum]]'' 'Scarlet Ribbon', mixtura in [[Tasmania]] creata ex ''[[Leucospermum glabrum|L. glabro]]'' et ''[[Leucospermum tottum|L. totto]].'']] '''Cultivarietas''' (ex [[Anglice|Anglicis]] ''cultivated'' + ''variety'') est [[planta]] quam homines [[proprietas|proprietates]] desideratas petentes generant, quae in quaque generatione nova regignuntur per [[ratio]]nem sicut usus insitorum, [[cultura]] [[textura]]e, et generationem [[semen|seminum]] diligenter cohibitam. Plurimae cultivarietates ex considerata hominum tractatione, sed aliquae e plantis feris quibus sunt proprietates distinctae oriuntur. [[Nomen proprium|Nomina propria]] cultivarietatum secundum praecepta [[Codex Internationalis Nominum Plantarum Cultarum|Codicis Internationalis Nominum Plantarum Cultarum]]<!--International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants--> eliguntur, et non omnes plantae cultae cultivarietates rite appellantur. [[Hortus|Horticulturistae]] plerumque credunt [[vocabulum]] ''cultivarietas''<ref>Vocabulo ''cultivarietati'' sunt duae [[significatio (linguistica)|significationes]]: categoria classificationis et [[unitas]] [[taxinomia|taxinomica]] intra eandem categoriam. Quod vocabulum, cum [[taxon]] attingat, non ad plantam singulam, sed ad omnes plantas quae unicas cultivarietatis proprietates partiunt adhibetur.</ref> creatum fuisse ut 'varietatem cultam' significaret. Multae plantae populo gratae, sicut [[rosa]]e, [[camellia]]e, [[narcissus|narcissi]], et [[rhododendron|rhododendra]], sunt cultivarietates a selectione humana aut a [[lusus (botanice)|lusu]] in feris generatae, et pro [[color]]e, forma, vel [[magnitudo|magnitudine]] [[flos|florum]] et [[folium|foliorum]], forma habituque omnis [[organismus|organismi]], aliisve [[proprietas|proprietatibus]] desideratis porro propagatae.<ref name="Kays2011">{{cite book|author=Stanley J. Kays|title=Cultivated vegetables of the world: a multilingual onomasticon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1pBMcf6wyj0C&pg=PA15|date=3 Octobris [[2011]]|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-90-8686-720-2|pages=15–}}.</ref> Similiter, paene omnes [[orbis terrarum]] [[fruges]] [[agricultura]]les sunt cultivarietates, quae pro [[fructus|fructibus]] maioribus, [[sapor]]e, facultate [[morbus|morborum]] repugnandorum, aliisque proprietatibus selectae sunt, atque [[victus|victu]] quam minime nunc adhibentur plantae ferae. [[Arbor]]es quae in [[silvicultura]] adhibentur sunt praecipuae formae pro [[natura]]li ingenio aucto et [[fructus|fructu]] [[materia]]e cultae. Cultivarietates sunt maior pars [[cultigenum|cultigeni]], latioris gregis a [[Libertas Hyde Bailey|Libertate Hyde Bailey]] anno [[1923]] propositi,<ref name="Bailey 1923 113">Bailey 1923: 113.</ref> qui definitur planta cuius origo vel selectio praesertim ex considerato opere humano derivatur.<ref>Spencer, Cross, et Lumley 2007: 938.</ref> Cultivarietas non est eadem res ac [[varietas]] [[botanice|botanica]],<ref>Lawrence 1953: 19–20.</ref> quae est gradus [[taxinomia|taxinomicus]] sub [[subspecies|subspeciem]] positus, ac regulae quidem botanicarum varietatum et cultivarietatum creandarum inter se discrepant. {{NexInt}} * [[Agricultura]] * [[Herbarium]] * [[Horticultura]] * [[Ingeniaria genetica]] * [[Mutatio genetica]] * [[Plantae ornamentales]] * [[Res novae virides]] * [[Seminium]] * [[Taxinomia Linnaeana]] * [[Taxinomia plantarum]] ==Notae== <references/> == Bibliographia == * {{Cite journal | last = Bailey | first = Liberty Hyde | year = [[1923]] | author-link = Liberty Hyde Bailey | title = Various cultigens, and transfers in nomenclature | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=R21DAAAAIAAJ | journal = Gentes Herbarum | volume = 1 (Part 3) | pages = 113–36 }}. * {{Cite journal | last = Brickell | first = Chris D. et al. (eds) | year = [[2009]] | title = International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP or Cultivated Plant Code) incorporating the Rules and Recommendations for naming plants in cultivation. Editio octava, adopted by the International Union of Biological Sciences International Commission for the Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants | publisher = International Society of Horticultural Science | journal = Scripta Horticulturae | volume = 10 | pages = 1–184 | isbn = 978-90-6605-662-6 | url = http://www.actahort.org/chronica/pdf/sh_10.pdf }}. * {{Cite journal | last = Lawrence | first = George H. M. | year = [[1953]] | title = Cultivar, Distinguished from Variety | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_baileya_1953-03_1_1/page/19 | journal = Baileya | volume = 1 | pages = 19–20 }}. * {{Cite journal | last = Lawrence | first = George H. M. | year = [[1955]] | title = The Term and Category of Cultivar | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_baileya_1955-12_3_4/page/177 | journal = Baileya | volume = 3 | pages = 177–81 }}. * {{Cite journal | last = Lawrence | first = George H. M. | year = [[1957]] | title = The Designation of Cultivar-names | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_baileya_1957-12_5_4/page/162 | journal = Baileya | volume = 5 | pages = 162–65 }}. * {{Cite journal | last = Lawrence | first = George H. M. | year = [[1960]] | title = Notes on Cultivar Names | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_baileya_1960-03_8_1/page/1 | journal = Baileya | volume = 8 | pages = 1–4 }}. * {{Cite book |last = Morton |first = Alan G. |year = [[1981]] |title = History of Botanical Science: An Account of the Development of Botany from Ancient Times to the Present Day |location = Londinii |publisher = Academic Press |isbn = 0-12-508382-3 |url-access = registration |url = https://archive.org/details/historyofbotanic0000mort }}. * {{Cite book | last1 = Spencer | first1 = Roger | last2 = Cross | first2 = Robert | last3 = Lumley | first3 = Peter | year = [[2007]] | title = Plant names: a guide to botanical nomenclature. (Ed. tertia.)|location=Collingwood Australiae | publisher = CSIRO Publishing (also Earthscan, UK.) | isbn = 978-0-643-09440-6 }}. * {{Cite journal | last1 = Spencer | first1 = Roger D. | last2 = Cross | first2 = Robert G. | year = [[2007]] | title = The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN), the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP), and the cultigen | url = https://archive.org/details/taxon_2007-08_56_3/page/938 | journal = Taxon | volume=56 | issue=3 | pages= 938–40 | doi = 10.2307/25065875 | jstor = 25065875 }}. * {{Cite journal | last = Trehane | first = Piers | year = [[2004]] | title = 50 years of the ''International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants'' | journal = Acta Horticulturae | volume = 634 | pages = 17–27 | doi = 10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.634.1 }}. == Nexus externi == {{Victionarium|cultivar|vultivarietatem}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051015035630/http://www.ishs.org/sci/icracpco.htm ''The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants'' (editio ultima, 2009).] * [http://www.ishs.org/sci/icralist/icralist..htm International Cultivar Registration Authorities.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050306203301/http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/HORT234/Nomenclature.html "The Language of Horticulture."] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051226124519/http://www.rhs.org.uk/learning/publications/plantsman/0605/opinion.asp Commentarius ony Lord.] ''The Plantsman,'' [[magazina]] * [http://www.fao.org/hortivar Hortivar – The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Horticulture Cultivars Performance Database.] [[Categoria:Cultivarietates| ]] [[Categoria:Taxinomia plantarum]] {{Myrias|Technologia}} o9iau6hinnqw9vpphenm0vrzpb89sbh 0 300867 3979706 3979132 2026-08-09T14:48:04Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3979706 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Chinesische-Tafelrunde.JPG|thumb|[[Cena]] virorum Sinarum.]] {{res|Ars coquinaria Sinensis}} e [[textus|textibus]] a [[saeculum 3 a.C.n.|saeculo fere III a.C.n.]], ex [[archaeologia]] aevorum anteriorum elucidari potest. Dissertatione coqui mythistorici [[Y Yn|Yi Yin]], in ''[[Veres autumnique domini Lü|Veres autumnosque domini Lü]]'' anno circiter [[239 a.C.n.]] data, quinque sapores enumerantur, qui sunt 酸 ''suān'' amarus, 苦 ''kǔ'' acer, 甜 ''tián'' dulcis, 辣 ''là'' pungens vel 熱 ''rè'' calidus, 咸 ''xián'' salsus. Sequitur enumeratio optimorum ciborum, partim e media valle [[Flumen Caeruleum|fluminis Caerulei]], partim e regionibus mythicis provenientium.<ref>[[Lü Buwei]], ed., ''[[Veres autumnique domini Lü|Lüshi Chunqiu]]'' 14/2.1, 14/3.4 (John Knoblock, Jeffrey Riegel, edd. et interprr., ''The Annals of Lü Buwei'' [Stanfordiae, 2000] pp. 306-311)</ref> Artes coquinariae Mandschuriensium et Sinarum differebant,<ref>{{qc|id=Yuan Mei (1792)}} (Chen, ed. [2018] p. 45)</ref> sed in [[Epulum Manchu-Han|unam cenam interdum recreatam]] coniungi solebant, ab [[Yuan Mei]] deprecatam.<ref>{{qc|id=Yuan Mei (1792)}} "[https://wayoftheeating.wordpress.com/2014/09/05/things-to-avoid-12-cliche/ 戒落套]"</ref> :<ref>"sixteen dishes, eight vessels, and four side-dishes" ... "eight small delicacies", "ten great dishes" (「十六碟」「八簋（音詭）」「四點心」「滿漢席」「八小吃」「十大菜」): {{qc|id=Yuan Mei (1792)}} "[https://wayoftheeating.wordpress.com/2014/09/05/things-to-avoid-12-cliche/ 戒落套]"</ref><ref>"eight treasures" (八珍) : {{qc|id=Yuan Mei (1792)}} "[https://wayoftheeating.wordpress.com/2014/10/25/seafoods-introduction-海鮮單開篇/ 海鮮單:開篇]"</ref> Aevo nostro popinae Sinenses fere ubique per mundum frequentantur. Celebres coqui Sinenses variis linguis de arte sua disseruntur, e.g. [[Joyce Chen]], [[Caecilia Chang]], [[Sylvia Wu]]. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == ; Fontes antiquiores * saec. II a.C.n. exeunte? : ''[[Ritus regni Zhou|Zhou li]]'' 4.13-51, 5.3-6, 5.16-45 (Edouard Biot, interpr., ''Le Tcheou-li, ou Rites des Tcheou''. 3 voll. Lutetiae: Imprimerie Nationale, 1851 [https://archive.org/details/letcheouliourite1t3chou/page/n195/mode/2up pp. 70-113] * ante saec. I : ''[[Liber rituum|Liji]]'' lib. 10 ''Nei ze'' (Séraphin Couvreur, ed. et interpr., ''Li ki, ou Mémoires sur les bienséances et les cérémonies ... avec une double traduction en français et en latin'', 2a ed. [Ho Kien Fu: Mission Catholique, 1913] [https://archive.org/details/likioummoiress01couvuoft/page/620/mode/2up vol. 1 pp. 620-676]) ([[Iacobus Legge|James Legge]], interpr., ''The Sacred Books of China: The texts of Confucianism'' partes 3-4: ''The Lî Kî'' [Oxonii: Clarendon Press, 1885] [https://archive.org/details/sacredbooksofchi03conf/page/448/mode/2up pars 3 pp. 449-479] * 544 : [[Jia Sixie]], ''[[Principales populo favendi artes]]'' cap. 68-89 * c. 1250 : Lin Hong, ''[[Simplicia montani victualia]]'' * 1330 : {{ec|id=Hu|c=Hu Si-hui, ''[[Propria ad mensam Imperatoris principia]]''}} * ante 1374 : {{ec|id=Ni Zan|c=[[Ni Zan]], ''[[Aedis silvarum nebulosarum regimentarium]]''}} * 1671 : [[Li Yu (scriptor)|Li Yu]], ''[[Fortuitae affectuum otiosorum adumbrationes]]'' * 1792 : {{ec|id=Yuan Mei (1792)|c=[[Yuan Mei]], ''[[Praecepta ex horto plenitudinis]]'' (Sean J. S. Chen, ed. et interpr., ''Recipes from the Garden of Contentment'' [Great Barrington Massachusettensium: Berkshire Publishing, 2018] {{Google Books|iGi9DwAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}})}} ; De historia * E. N. Anderson, ''The Food of China''. Novo Portu: Yale University Press, 1988 * E. N. Anderson, ''Food and Environment in Early and Medieval China''. Philadelphiae: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014 * Kwang-chi Chang, "Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China" in ''Transactions of the New York Academy of Medicine'' ser. 2a vol. 35 (1973) * Kwang-chi Chang, ed., ''Food in Chinese Culture''. Novo Portu: Yale University Press, 1977 * "Interior Regulations": A chapter in the ''Classic of Rites'' instructs us how to prepare food" in Daniel Ding, ''The Historical Roots of Technical Communication in the Chinese Tradition''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2020 {{Google Books|kSn_DwAAQBAJ|pp. 131-146}} * Carrington Goodrich, "Chinese Food over the Millennia" in ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' vol. 99 (1979) pp. 87-90 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/598953 JSTOR] * Thomas Gwinner, ''Essen und Trinken: die klassische Kochbuchliteratur Chinas''. Francofurti, 1988 * Thomas O. Höllmann, ''Schlafender Lotus, trunkenes Huhn. Kulturgeschichte der chinesischen Küche''. Monaci: C. H. Beck, 2010. ISBN 978-3-406-60539-0 * [[Fridericus Simoons|Frederick J. Simoons]], ''Food in China: A Cultural and Historical Inquiry''. CRC Press, 1991 {{Google Books|H0JZDwAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}}} * Roel Sterckx, ''Food, Sacrifice, and Sagehood in Early China''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 2011 * Roel Sterckx, ed., ''Of Tripod and Palate: Food, Politics, and Religion in Traditional China''. Londinii: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005 * Joanna Waley-Cohen, "The Quest for Perfect Balance: taste and gastronomy in imperial China" in Paul Freedman, ed., ''Food: the history of taste'' (Berkeleiae: University of California Press, 2007) pp. 99-134 {{Google Books|0tWMtRLaZOEC|Paginae selectae}} ; De arte coquinaria recentiori * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Buwei Yang Chao||en|qid=Q4793487}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Yuen Ren Chao||en|qid=Q557556}}, ''How to Cook and Eat in Chinese'' (Novi Eboraci: John Day, 1945) [https://archive.org/details/howtocookeatinch00cha0 exemplar mutuabilis editionis 1949]; [https://archive.org/details/howtocookeatinch00bych editionis 1963]; [https://archive.org/details/howtocookeatinch00chao editionis Britannicae] * Charles W. Hayford, "Open Recipes, Openly Arrived at: ‘How to Cook and Eat in Chinese’ (1945) and the Translation of Chinese Food" in ''Journal of Oriental Studies'' vol. 45 (2012) pp. 67–87 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/43498205 JSTOR] * Kian Lam Kho, "Dragon on a Platter: the art of naming Chinese dishes" in Mark McWilliams, ed., ''Food and Communication: proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2015'' (Londinii: Prospect Books, 2016) * T. C. Lai, ''Chinese Food for Thought''. Hongcongi: Hong Kong Book Centre, 1978 * David Y. H. Wu, Chee Beng Tan, edd., ''Changing Chinese Foodways in Asia''. Hongcongi: Chinese University Press, 2001 ; De gastronomia litteraria * David R. Knechtges, "Food in Early Chinese Literature" in ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' vol. 106 (1986) pp. 49-63 [http://www.jstor.com/stable/602363 JSTOR] * David R. Knechtges, "Gradually Entering the Realm of Delight: Food and Drink in Early Medieval China" in ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' vol. 117 (1997) pp. 229-239 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/605487 JSTOR] * [[Eduardus Hetzel Schafer|E. H. Schafer]], ''The Golden Peaches of Samarkand''. Berkeleiae: University of California Press, 1963 [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.18789 Textus] * [[Eduardus Hetzel Schafer|E. H. Schafer]], ''The Vermilion Bird: T'ang images of the south''. Berkeleiae: University of California Press [https://archive.org/details/vermilionbirdtan00scha/ Exemplar mutuabile] * Stephen H. West, "Playing with Food: Performance, Food, and the Aesthetics of Artificiality in the Sung and Yuan" in ''Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies'' vol. 57 (1997) pp. 67–106 * Isaac Yue, Siu-fu Tang, edd., ''Scribes of Gastronomy: Representations of Food and Drink in Imperial Chinese Literature''. Hongcongi: Hong Kong University Press, 2013 {{NexInt}} * [[Dapanji]] == Nexus externi == * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20220115062744/https://www.whatchina.cn/chefs-in-ancient-china.html Top 10 Famous Chefs in Ancient China]" [[Categoria:Ars coquinaria Sinensis|!]] 5c001q5mh46bw70pd2njcgy747o45d0 0 301876 3979920 3674551 2026-08-09T21:26:50Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | image = Geoplana_burmeisteri.jpg | image_caption = ''Obama burmeisteri'' from the Atlantic rainforests of southern Brazil | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Platyhelminthes]] | ordo = [[Tricladida]] | subordo = [[Continenticola]] | superfamilia =[[Geoplanoidea]] | familia = '''Geoplanidae''' | taxon = Geoplanidae | familia_authority = [[Gulielmus Stimpson|Stimpson]], [[1857]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Subfamilia]]e<ref name="Sluys09">{{Cite journal | last1 = Sluys | first1 = R. | last2 = Kawakatsu | first2 = M. | last3 = Riutort | first3 = M. | last4 = Baguñà | first4 = J. | title = A new higher classification of planarian flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) | url = https://archive.org/details/journal-of-natural-history_2009_43_29-32/page/1763 | doi = 10.1080/00222930902741669 | journal = Journal of Natural History | volume = 43 | issue = 29–30 | pages = 1763–77| year = [[2009]] | s2cid = 85174457 }}</ref> | subdivision = ''Vide commentarium.'' | synonyms = * Terricola <small>Hallez,&nbsp;1857</small> }} [[Fasciculus:Obama anthropophila.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Obama anthropophila]]'' est geoplanum cui sunt [[color]]es sordidi.]] [[Fasciculus:Terrestrial Flatworm (Terricola) from a Sulawesi rainforest - Indonesia.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Species clare colorata in subfamilia [[Bipaliinae|Bipaliinarum]].]] '''Geoplanidae''' sunt [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]] [[praedatio|praedatoriorum]] [[platyhelminthes|platyhelminthium]] [[terra|terrestrium]] [[superfamilia]]e [[Geoplanoidea|Geoplanoideorum]]. [[Species]] alia [[invertebrata]] plerumque [[praeda]]nt, quae [[vis|vi]] [[physica|corporea]] atque adhaesivis [[systema digestorium|digestoriisque]] eorum [[mucus|muci]] [[proprietas|proprietatibus]] [[venatio|venantur]], oppugnant, capiunt, [[victus|edunt]].<ref name="Ogren, R.E 1995">{{Cite journal | last1 = Ogren | first1 = R. E. | doi = 10.1007/BF00036370 | title = Predation behaviour of land planarians | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_hydrobiologia_1995-06-02_305_1-3/page/105 | journal = Hydrobiologia | volume = 305 | issue = 1–3 | pages = 105–111 | year = [[1995]] | s2cid = 31413150 }}.</ref> Mechanationes quae [[aqua]]m retineant tam carent ut variationibus [[humiditas|humiditatis]] in [[circumiecta|circumiectis]] [[natura]]libus mox respondeant.<ref name="Sluys99">{{Cite journal | last1 = Sluys | first1 = R. | title = Global diversity of land planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Terricola): a new indicator-taxon in biodiversity and conservation studies| journal = Biodiversity and Conservation | volume = 8 | issue = 12 | pages = 1663–1681 | doi = 10.1023/A:1008994925673 | year = [[1999]] | s2cid = 38784755 }}</ref> ==Subfamilia== Familiae sunt septem [[subfamilia]]e.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Geoplanidae Stimpson, 1857|url=https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=414975|access-date=2021-11-23|website=www.marinespecies.org}}</ref> * [[Anzoplaninae]] * [[Bipaliinae]] * [[Eudoxiatopoplaninae]] * [[Geoplaninae]] * [[Microplaninae]] * [[Rhynchodeminae]] * [[Timyminae]] ==Cladistica== Haec arbor [[cladistica|cladistica]] hodiernam classificationem geoplanidarum monstrat.<ref name="Sluys09"/> {{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:80% |label1=[[Tricladida]] |1={{Clade |1=[[Maricola]] |2={{Clade |1=[[Dimarcusidae|Cavernicola]] |label2=[[Continenticola]] |2={{Clade |label1=[[Planarioidea]] |1={{Clade |1=[[Planariidae]] |2={{Clade |1=[[Kenkiidae]] |2=[[Dendrocoelidae]] }} }} |label2=[[Geoplanoidea]] |2={{Clade |1=[[Dugesiidae]] |2=Geoplanidae }} }} }} }} }} ==Pinacotheca== <gallery> Fasciculus:Bipalium adventitium close up.jpg|''[[Bipalium adventitium]]'' sub [[saxum|saxo]] in [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis]] in [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]]. Fasciculus:Geoplana ladislavi.jpg|''[[Obama ladislavii]]'' in [[hortus|horto]] in Porto Alegre in [[Brasilia]] australi. Fasciculus:Cephaloflexa araucariana.JPG|''[[Cephaloflexa araucariana]]'' ex [[São Francisco de Paula National Forest]] in Brasilia australi.. Fasciculus:Luteostriata ernesti.JPG|''[[Luteostriata ernesti]]'' in São Francisco de Paula National Forest. Fasciculus:Notogynaphallia plumbea.jpg|''Notogynaphallia plumbea'' in [[silva umida Araucariana]] [[Paraná (civitas)|Paraná]] Brasiliae. Fasciculus:Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Terricola, Atlantic forest, northern littoral of Bahia, Brazil (14617707721).jpg|Geoplanida ignota ex [[Bahia]] Brasiliae. Fasciculus:Geoplaninae.jpg|Geoplanida ignota ex [[silva pluvialis temperata Valdiviana|Silva Pluviali Valdiviana]] in [[Tsilia]] australi. Fasciculus:Pseudogeoplana reticulata.jpg|''Pseudogeoplana reticulata'' ex silva pluvali Valdiviana. Fasciculus:Caenoplana coerulea.jpg|''[[Caenoplana coerulea]],'' geoplanida [[caeruleus|caerulea]]. Fasciculus:New Zealand flatworm 2.JPG|''[[Arthurdendyus triangulatus]],'' platyhelminthes [[Nova Zelandia|Novae Zelandiae]]. Fasciculus:Peerj-297-fig-1 Platydemus manokwari.png|''[[Platydemus manokwari]]'' in [[Francia]]. Fasciculus:Rhynchodemus sylvaticus.jpg|''Rhynchodemus sylvaticus'' in [[Paeninsula Iberica]]. Fasciculus:Microplana sp2.JPG|''Microplana robusta'' in [[Portugallia]]. Fasciculus:Diversibipalium multilineatum from Italy - Fig 1 a - Body.png|''[[Diversibipalium multilineatum]]'' in [[Italia]]. Fasciculus:Bipaliinae 2.jpg|Species subfamiliae Bipaliinarum in Sarawak [[Malaesia]]e. Fasciculus:Diversibipalium rauchi.png|''Diversibipalium rauchi'' in Thomson Nature Park in [[Singapura]]. </gallery> ==Notae== [[Fasciculus:Polycladus gayi.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Polycladus gayi'' ex [[silva pluvialis|silva pluviali]] Valdiviana in [[Tsilia]] australi.]] <references/> ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Geoplanidae|geoplanidas}} *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iOWtKWTlTLM Pellicula de geoplanida iuveni in Borneo.] {{Taxonbar|from=Q3112410}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Geoplanidae}} [[Categoria:Familiae animalium]] [[Categoria:Geoplanidae| ]] [[Categoria:Taxa Stimpson]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1857]] sgrs2vkxykyrhgennn3ob6bw3zfaapv 0 301878 3979919 3674550 2026-08-09T21:25:43Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | image = Bipalium.jpg | image_caption = ''Bipalium pennsylvanicum'' | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Platyhelminthes]] | ordo = [[Tricladida]] | subordo = [[Continenticola]] | superfamilia =[[Geoplanoidea]] | familia = [[Geoplanidae]] | subfamilia = '''Bipaliinae''' | taxon = Bipaliinae | subdivision_ranks = [[Genus (taxinomia)|Genera]]<ref name="Sluys09">{{Cite journal | last1 = Sluys | first1 = R. | last2 = Kawakatsu | first2 = M. | last3 = Riutort | first3 = M. | last4 = Baguñà | first4 = J. | title = A new higher classification of planarian flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) | url = https://archive.org/details/journal-of-natural-history_2009_43_29-32/page/1763 | doi = 10.1080/00222930902741669 | journal = Journal of Natural History | volume = 43 | issue = 29–30 | pages = 1763–1777| year = [[2009]] }}.</ref> | subdivision = ''Vide commentarium.'' }} '''Bipaliinae''' sunt [[subfamilia]] [[praedatio|praedatoriorum]] [[platyhelminthes|platyhelminthium]] [[terra|terrestrium]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Geoplanidae|Geoplanidarum]], quae plerumque in [[Madagascaria]], [[subcontinens Indica|subcontinente Indica]], et [[Asia Meridio-Orientalis|Asia Meridio-Orientali]] inveniuntur, quamquam aliquot [[species]] per [[orbis terrarum|orbem terrarum]] introductae sunt.<ref name="Ogren1987">{{Cite journal | last1 = Ogren | first1 = R. E. | last2 = Kawakatsu | first2 = M. | title = Index to the species of the genus ''Bipalium'' (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola) | journal = The Bulletin of Fuji Women's College |series=Series 2 | volume = 25 | issue = 2 | pages = 79–119 | year = [[1987]] | url = http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110008426065/en}}{{open access}}.</ref><ref name="Presas14">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.7717/peerj.430| pmid = 24949245| title = Diversity of introduced terrestrial flatworms in the Iberian Peninsula: A cautionary tale| journal = PeerJ| volume = 2| pages = e430| year = [[2014]]| last1 = Álvarez-Presas | first1 = M. | last2 = Mateos | first2 = E. | last3 = Tudó | first3 = À. | last4 = Jones | first4 = H. | last5 = Riutort | first5 = M. | pmc = 4060057}}</ref> ==Descriptio== [[Fasciculus:Humbertium covidum with scale at end mm.webm|thumb|[[Pellicula]] de ''[[Humbertium covidum|Humbertio covido]].'' Gradus in fine monstratur, [[millimetrum|millimetris]] notatus.]] Subfamiliae est [[caput]] semilunare, cui in latere ventrali sunt [[sensus|sensoriae]] foveae marginales atque in latere dorsali parvi [[oculus|oculi]] marginales.<ref name="Ogren1987" /><ref name="Winsor04">Winsor, L.; Johns, P. M.; Barker, G. M. (2004), "Terrestrial planarians (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria: Tricladida: Continenticola) predaceous on terrestrial gastropods." In ''Natural Enemies of Terrestrial Molluscs,'' ed. G. Barker, 227–78.</ref> == Genera == Species in subfamila inter genera sequentia digeruntur.<ref name="Winsor04"/> *''[[Bipalium]]'' <small>Stimpson, 1857</small> *''[[Humbertium]]'' <small>Ogren & Sluys, 2001</small> *''[[Novibipalium]]'' <small>Kawakatsu et al., 1998</small> *''[[Diversibipalium]]'' <small>Kawakatsu et al., 2002</small> ==Notae== <references/> ==Nexus externi== {{Taxonbar|from=Q18378622}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bipaliinae}} [[Categoria:Genera animalium]] [[Categoria:Geoplanidae]] fie6d5x3epelaca03e3j4wlz86p9vsi 0 301887 3979871 3674547 2026-08-09T20:41:15Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | image = Geoplana_burmeisteri.jpg | image_caption = ''Obama burmeisteri'' from the Atlantic rainforests of southern Brazil | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Platyhelminthes]] | ordo = [[Tricladida]] | subordo = [[Continenticola]] | superfamilia = '''Geoplanoidea''' | taxon = Geoplanoidea | superfamilia_authority = [[Gulielmus Stimpson|Stimson]], [[1857]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Familia (taxinomia))|Familiae]]<ref name="Sluys09">{{Cite journal | last1 = Sluys | first1 = R. | last2 = Kawakatsu | first2 = M. | last3 = Riutort | first3 = M. | last4 = Baguñà | first4 = J. | title = A new higher classification of planarian flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) | url = https://archive.org/details/journal-of-natural-history_2009_43_29-32/page/1763 | doi = 10.1080/00222930902741669 | journal = Journal of Natural History | volume = 43 | issue = 29–30 | pages = 1763–1777| year = [[2009]] }}</ref> | subdivision = * [[Dugesiidae]] * [[Geoplanidae]] }} [[Fasciculus:Obama anthropophila.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Obama anthropophila]]'' est geoplanum cui sunt [[color]]es sordidi.]] '''Geoplanoidea''' sunt [[superfamilia]] [[praedatio|praedatoriorum]] [[platyhelminthes|platyhelminthium]] [[terra|terrestrium]] [[aqua dulcis|aquae dulcis]] [[subordo|subordinis]] [[Continenticola|Continenticolorum]], cui sunt [[Geoplanidae]] et [[Dugesiidae]], quae [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] duplicationem fasciculi communicant qui [[18S ribosomal RNA]] codice notat.<ref name="Carranza98">{{Cite journal | last1 = Carranza | first1 = S. | last2 = Littlewood | first2 = D. T.| last3 = Clough | first3 = K. A. | last4 = Ruiz-Trillo | first4 = I. | last5 = Baguñà | first5 = J. | last6 = Riutort | first6 = M. | doi = 10.1098/rspb.1998.0341 | title = A robust molecular phylogeny of the Tricladida (Platyhelminthes: Seriata) with a discussion on morphological synapomorphies | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 265 | issue = 1396 | pages = 631–40 | year = [[1998]] | pmid = 9881470 | pmc = 1689013}}</ref> ==Phylogenetica== Hic habes [[arbor]]em [[phylogenetica|phylogeneticam]].<ref name="Sluys09"/> {{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:80% |label1=[[Tricladida]] |1={{Clade |1=[[Maricola]] |2={{Clade |1=[[Dimarcusidae|Cavernicola]] |label2=[[Continenticola]] |2={{Clade |label1=[[Planarioidea]] |1={{Clade |1=[[Planariidae]] |2={{Clade |1=[[Kenkiidae]] |2=[[Dendrocoelidae]] }} }} |label2=Geoplanoidea |2={{Clade |1=[[Dugesiidae]] |2=[[Geoplanidae]] }} }} }} }} }} ==Notae== <references/> ==Nexus externi== {{Vicispecies|Geoplanoidea}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q5535582}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Geoplanoidea}} [[Categoria:Continenticola]] [[Categoria:Superfamiliae animalium]] [[Categoria:Taxa Stimpson]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1857]] jt4crtewb0pq80m5lcpi2p40dp5zpy2 0 302140 3980050 3978591 2026-08-09T23:43:19Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 3 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980050 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Slugs 1896.png|thumb|upright=1.25|Variae [[species]] limacum [[Britannia Maior|Britannicorum]], a summa parte: ''[[Arion ater]]'', ''[[Geomalacus maculosus]],'' ''[[Limax maximus]],'' ''[[Limax flavus]].'']] [[Fasciculus:Slug in VanDusen Botanical Garden.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Arion (genus)|Arion]]'' sp. (superfamiliae [[Ariononoidea|Arionoideorum]]), ex [[Vancuverium|Vancuverio]] in [[Columbia Britannica]].]] [[Fasciculus:Ambigolimax Slug ഒച്ച് from Calicut Kerala.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Ambigolimax]]'' (superfamiliae [[Limacoidea|Limacoideorum]]) ex [[Calcutta]] in [[Kerala]] [[India]]e.]] '''Limax''' ut vulgo intellegitur est [[terra|terrestre]] [[phylum|phyli]] [[mollusca|molluscorum]] [[gastropoda|gastropus]], quod [[testa]] carens videtur. Variae limacum [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] in [[taxinomia]] [[biologia|biologica]] partes nonnullorum stemmatum [[evolutio]]nariorum putantur, quae etiam [[cochlea (animal)|cochleas]] comprehendunt. Ergo familiae limacum inter se non arte conectuntur, contra [[superficies|superficialem]] formae [[corpus|corporeae]] similitudinem. [[Vita]] sine testa saepe libere orta est, exemplum [[evolutio convergens|evolutionis convergentis]], et ergo notio limacis ipsius est [[polyphylis|polyphyletica]]. == Taxinomia == Solum [[Onchidiacea]] et [[Soleolifera]], duo e sex [[Pulmonata|Pulmonatorum]] [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordinibus]], limaces comprehendunt. [[Sigmurethra]], tertia familia, varios cochlearum, semicochlearum,<ref>Cochleae quarum testae sunt nimis parvae ut corpus omnino intra testam celari possit.</ref> limacumque [[cladus|clados]] continet.<ref>Burton 1982.</ref> Taxinomia huius gregis per sequentias [[DNA]] faciendas nuper retractatur.<ref name=White2011>{{cite journal | last1 = White | first1 = T. R. | last2 = Conrad | first2 = M. M. | last3 = Tseng | first3 = R. | last4 = Balayan | first4 = S. | last5 = Golding | first5 = R. | last6 = de Frias Martins | first6 = A. M. | last7 = Dayrat | first7 = B. A. | year = [[2011]] | title = Ten new complete mitochondrial genomes of pulmonates (Mollusca: Gastropoda) and their impact on phylogenetic relationships | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 11 | issue = 1| page = 295 | doi=10.1186/1471-2148-11-295| pmid = 21985526 | pmc = 3198971 }}.</ref> Pulmonata paraphyletica videntur, basalia inter [[opisthobranchia]], quae terminalis arboris ramus sunt. [[Ellobiidae]] etiam sunt polyphyleticae. * Subinfraordo [[Orthurethra]] ** Superfamilia [[Achatinelloidea]] <small>Gulick, 1873</small> ** Superfamilia [[Cochlicopoidea]] <small>Pilsbry, 1900</small> ** Superfamilia [[Partuloidea]] <small>Pilsbry, 1900</small> ** Superfamilia [[Pupilloidea]] <small>Turton, 1831</small> * Subinfraordo [[Sigmurethra]] ** Superfamilia [[Acavoidea]] <small>Pilsbry, 1895</small> ** Superfamilia [[Achatinoidea]] <small>Swainson, 1840</small> ** Superfamilia [[Aillyoidea]] <small>Baker, 1960</small> ** Superfamilia [[Arionoidea]] <small>[[Ioannes Eduardus Gray|J.E. Gray]] in Turnton, 1840</small> *** Familia [[Arionidae]] ** Superfamilia [[Athoracophoroidea]] *** Familia [[Athoracophoridae]] ** Superfamilia [[Orthalicoidea]] *** Subfamilia [[Bulimulinae]] ** Superfamilia [[Camaenoidea]] <small>Pilsbry, 1895</small> ** Superfamilia [[Clausilioidea]] <small>[[Otto Andreas Lowson Mörch|Mörch]], 1864</small> ** Superfamilia [[Dyakioidea]] <small>Gude & Woodward, 1921</small> ** Superfamilia [[Gastrodontoidea]] <small>Tryon, 1866</small> ** Superfamilia [[Helicoidea]] <small>[[Constantinus Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1815</small> ** Superfamilia [[Helixarionoidea]] <small>Bourguignat, 1877</small> ** Superfamilia [[Limacoidea]] <small>[[Constantinus Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1815</small> ** Superfamilia [[Oleacinoidea]] <small>H. & A. Adams, 1855</small> ** Superfamilia [[Orthalicoidea]] <small>Albers-Martens, 1860</small> ** Superfamilia [[Plectopylidoidea]] <small>Moellendorf, 1900</small> ** Superfamilia [[Polygyroidea]] <small>Pilsbry, 1894</small> ** Superfamilia [[Punctoidea]] <small>Morse, 1864</small> ** Superfamilia [[Rhytidoidea]] <small>Pilsbry, 1893</small> *** Familia [[Rhytididae]] ** Superfamilia [[Sagdidoidera]] <small>Pilsbry, 1895</small> ** Superfamilia [[Staffordioidea]] <small>[[Ioannes Thiele (zoologus)|Thiele]], 1931</small> ** Superfamilia [[Streptaxoidea]] <small>[[Ioannes Eduardus Gray|J.E. Gray]], 1806</small> ** Superfamilia [[Strophocheiloidea]] <small>[[Ioannes Thiele (zoologus)|Thiele]], 1926</small> ** Superfamilia [[Parmacelloidea]] ** Superfamilia [[Zonitoidea]] <small>[[Otto Andreas Lowson Mörch|Mörch]], 1864</small> ** Superfamilia [[Quijotoidea]] <small>Iesus Ortea et Ioannes Iosephus Bacallado, 2016</small> *** Familia [[Quijotidae]] == Descriptio == [[Fasciculus:Slug parts.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Externa limacis [[anatomia]]: [[adumbratio]] limacis notis [[pes|pedis]] (ima parte), fimbriarum pedis quae eum cingit, amiculi post [[caput]], [[pneumostoma]]tis [[respiratio|respirandi]], et tentaculorum optici et sensorii.]] Inter externam limacis [[anatomia]]m numerantur res sequentes. ;Tentacula Sicut alia gastropoda pulmonata terrestra, plurimis limacibus sunt duo paria tentaculorum ex [[caput|capite]] emergentia. Pars superior [[lux|lucem]] [[Sensus (biologia)|sensit]] et in maculis [[oculus|ocularibus]] finitur, cum par inferior ad [[odor|olfactionem]] aptum sit. Ambo paria intra corpus celari possunt. ;Amiculum In summa limacis parte, post caput, est amiculum [[ephippium|ephippiomorphum]], subter quod sunt apertura genitalis et [[anus (anatomia)|anus]]. In uno amiculi latere (paene semper dextro) est apertura [[systema respiratorium|respiratoria]], quae aperta facile, difficile clausa videtur. Haec apertura [[pneumostoma]] proprie appellatur. ;Cauda Pars limacis post amiculum [[cauda]] appellatur. ;Carina Nonnullis limacum speciebus, exempli gratia ''[[Tandonia budapestensis|Tandoniae budapestensi]],'' est iugum, quod super tergum secundum mediam caudam (aliquando omnem caudam, vel aliquando solum partem extremam) prominet. Hoc iugum carina appellatur. ;Pes Ima limacis pars, quae plana videtur, [[pes]] tantum appellatur. Sicut paene omnia gastropoda, limax per rhythmicas [[contractio muscularis|contractionis muscularis]] undas in ima pedis parte movetur. Stratum [[mucus|muci]] simul emittit, quae damnum pedis prohibet.<ref name=biologists1>{{cite journal|last=Denny|first=M. W.|author2=Gosline, J. M. |title=The physical properties of the pedal mucus of the terrestrial slug, ''Ariolimax columbianus''|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology | year = [[1980]] | volume=88 | pages=375–93 | url=http://jeb.biologists.org/content/88/1/375.full.pdf|issue=1|doi=10.1242/jeb.88.1.375}}.</ref> Circa marginem pedis in aliquot limacibus est quaedam structura fimbriae pedales appellata. ;Testa vestigialis Plurimi limaces vestigium testae retinent, quod plerumque intra [[corpus]] manet. Quod [[organum (anatomia)|organum]] plerumque [[sal]]es [[calcium|calcii]] condit, saepe cum [[glandula|glandulis]] [[systema digestiva|digestivis]].<ref name=Loest1979>{{Cite journal | jstor = 30155937 | pages = 461–69 | title = Ammonia Volatilization and Absorption by Terrestrial Gastropods: a Comparison between Shelled and Shell-Less Species | journal = Physiological Zoology | volume = 52 | issue = 4 | year = [[1979]] | last1 = Loest | first1 = R. A.| doi = 10.1086/physzool.52.4.30155937 | s2cid = 87142440 }}.</ref> Talis testa interna in [[Limacidae|Limacidis]]<ref name=Branson1980>{{cite journal | title = The recent Gastropoda of Oklahoma, Part VIII. The slug families Limacidae, Arionidae, Veronicellidae, and Philomycidae | author1 = Branson, B. A | journal = Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science | volume = 60 | pages = 29–35 | year = [[1980]]}}.</ref> et [[Parmacellidae|Parmacellidis]] adest.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Estudio de ''Parmacella valenciannesii'' Webb & Van Beneden, 1836, y consideraciones sobre la posicion sistematica de la familia Parmacellidae (Mollusca, Pulmonata, Stylommatophora)|journal=Boletín de la Sociedad de Historia Natural de les Baleares|year=[[1981]]|volume=25|pages=103–124| author1 = Alonso, M. R. | author2 = Ibañe, M. | url = http://www.raco.cat/index.php/BolletiSHNBalears/article/viewFile/171102/244828}}.</ref> [[Philomycidae]],<ref name=Branson1980/> [[Onchidiidae]],<ref>{{cite journal | title = Review of the current knowledge of the systematics of Onchidiidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) with a checklist of nominal species | author1 = Dayrat, B. | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 2068 | pages = 1–26 | year = [[2009]]| doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.2068.1.1 | s2cid = 4821033 | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/6a8a053dd966a42632e0a316dc54046aaf433446 }}.</ref> et [[Veronicellidae]]<ref>{{cite journal | title = Valiguna flava (Heynemann, 1885) from Indonesia and Malaysia: Redescription and Comparison with Valiguna siamensis (Martens, 1867)(Gastropoda: Soleolifera: Veronicellidae) | author1 = Schilthuizen, M. | author2 = Thome, J. W. | journal = Veliger | volume = 50 | issue = 3 | pages = 163–170 | year = 2008}}</ref> adulti testis omnino carent. == Physiologia == [[Fasciculus:Ambigolimax.jpg|thumb|''[[Ambigolimax]]'' [[Fremont (California)|Fremont]] in [[oppidum|oppido]] [[California|Californiensi]].]] [[Corpus|Corpora]] limacum plerumque ex [[aqua]] constant, qua pro causa eorum [[textus (biologia)|textus]], sine testa [[magnitudo|magnitudinis]] satis magnae, [[desiccatio|desiccari]] solent. [[Mucus]] protegens generandus est ut supervivant. Multae [[species]] maxime impigrae in vescendo sub [[pluvia]]m sunt, quia [[humus]] madidus est. Temporibus siccioribus se in humidos abdunt locos, sub [[cortex|corticem]] [[arbor]]um, [[truncus|truncos]] casos, [[saxum|saxa]], et structuras ab hominibus factas, sicut ollas [[flos|florum]]. ad humorem corporis melius conservandum.<ref name="biologists1"/> Sicut omnia gastropoda, cum crescant, [[torsio (gastropoda)|torsionem]] subeunt, [[organum (corpus)|organis]] internis 180° intorquentibus per evolutionem. Interna limacum [[anatomia]] hanc [[rotatio]]nem distincte monstrat, sed corpora externa plus minus [[symmetria|symmetrica]] videntur, praeter [[pneumostoma]], quod in uno [[animal]]is latere invenitur, usitate in latere dextro. Limaces duo [[mucus|muci]] genera exsudant, quorum aliud tenue et aquatile, aliud crassum et tenax est. Ambo genera sunt [[hygroscopia|hygroscopica]]. Mucus tenuis e medio pede ad margines, mucus autem tenax e parte anteriori ad posteriorem extenditur. Limaces etiam mucum crassum generant, qui omne animalis corpus tegit.<ref name="biologists1"/> [[Fasciculus:Slug eggs and baby.jpg|thumb|''[[Deroceras]]'' iuvenis et [[ovum|ova]] alius et maioris speciei, ut videtur inter [[arionidae|arionidas]].]] Mucus a pede expressus [[fibra]]s continet quae limacem in [[superficies|superficiebus]] rectis manendo adiuvant. Vestigium limi quod limax relinquit effectus secundarios habet: alii limaces, qui vestigium limi reperiant, vestigium limi generatum esse ab una ex eadem specie agnoscere possunt, quod vicissim ad coniugem inveniendum prodest. Praeterea, vestigium limi sequi est [[mos]] nonnullorum limacum carnivororum.<ref name="biologists1"/> Corporeus autem mucus [[praeda]]toribus nonnihil defendit, qui efficit ut limax difficile sublatu et tentu sit, exempli gratia in [[rostrum|rostro]] [[avis]], ac mucus ipse iniucundus sapere potest.<ref name=illinois1>{{cite web|last=Nixon|first=P.|title=Slugs|url=http://hyg.ipm.illinois.edu/pastpest/199809g.html|website=Home, Yard & Garden Pest Newsletter|publisher=College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois|access-date=14 Decembris 2012}}.</ref> Aliquot limaces mucum tenacissimum generare possunt, qui praedatores inutiles reddere atque adeo tenere potest.<ref name=":0" /> Aliquot species, sicut ''[[Limax maximus]],'' fila limi exsudant ad parem per [[copulatio]]nem suspendendum. == Reproductio == [[Fasciculus:Slugs Mating.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Par limacum coeuntium per [[filum]] muci in pariete suspensorum.]] Limaces sunt [[hermaphrodita]], quibus sunt organa reproductionis ambo [[mas|maria]] et [[femina (sexus)|femina]].<ref name="theoystersgarter1">{{cite web |url=http://theoystersgarter.com/2008/03/24/perverted-cannibalistic-hermaphrodites-haunt-the-pacific-northwest/ |title=Perverted cannibalistic hermaphrodites haunt the Pacific Northwest! ''The Oyster's Garter'' |publisher=Theoystersgarter.com |date=24 Martii 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413003808/http://theoystersgarter.com/2008/03/24/perverted-cannibalistic-hermaphrodites-haunt-the-pacific-northwest/ |archive-date=13 Aprilis 2008 |access-date=15 Augusti 2016}}.</ref> Cum alius limax alium inveniat, inter se circumplectuntur et per [[genitalia]] protrusa [[sperma]]m permutant; aliquot dies post, circa triginta ponunt [[ovum|ova]] in foramine in [[humus|humo]], vel sub re sicut stipite caso. [[Apophallatio]] solum in nonnullis ''[[Ariolimax|Ariolimacis]]'' speciebus et in una ''[[Deroceras|Deroceratis]]'' specie observata est. Inter ''Ariolimaces,'' [[penis]] aliquando intra socii corpore irretiri fit. Per apophallationem limaces se separant cum alius vel ambo limaces [[penis|penem]] sui vel alius emordeat aut emordeant; penibus autem abiectis, [[ariolimax|ariolimaces]] per feminas systematis reproductivi partes iam copulare possunt.<ref name="theoystersgarter1"/><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Reise, H |author2=Hutchinson, J. M. C. |title=Penis-biting slugs: wild claims and confusions |journal=Trends in Ecology and Evolution |date=[[2002]] |volume=17 |issue=4 |page=163 |doi=10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02453-9 |url=http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/zoologie/malakologie/malak/hutch/hutchpub/tree3.pdf |access-date=15 Augusti 2016}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Leonard, J. L. |author2=Pearse, J. S. |author3=Harper, A. B. |title=Comparative reproductive biology of ''Ariolimax californicus'' and ''A. dolichophallus'' (Gastropoda; Stylommiatophora) |journal=Invertebrate Reproduction & Development |date=[[2002]] |volume=41 |issue=1–3 |pages=83–93 |doi=10.1080/07924259.2002.9652738 |s2cid=83829239 }}.</ref> == Oecologia == Limaces partes magni momenti in [[oecosystema]]tibus agunt, materie plantarum et [[fungi|fungorum]] tabescentium edendo.<ref name="yukozimo1"/> Plurimi limaces [[carnivora|carnivori]] mortua sui generis specimina aliquando [[victus|vescuntur]]. === Mores vescendi === [[Fasciculus:Large Slug near Manali, India.jpg|thumb|Magnus limax prope [[Manali]] in [[India]].]] [[Fasciculus:Slug feeding on fruit.jpg|thumb|Limax generis ''[[Lehmannia]]e'' parvo [[fructus|fructu]] [[Mexicopolis|Mexicopoli]] in [[Mexicum|Mexico]] [[victus|vescitur]].]] [[Fasciculus:Muelheim an der Ruhr - Arion rufus - contraction.webm|thumb|Limax oppugnatus se contrahit et tentacula detrahit.]] [[Fasciculus:Geomalacus maculosus 3.jpg|thumb|alt=A brown and yellow spotted slug curled up into a tight ball so that its head is withdrawn completely, its mantle edge and tail are nearly touching, and none of its foot surface is exposed|Habitus trepidationis ''[[Geomalacus maculosus|Geomalaci maculosi]],'' solum in hac specie observatus.]] Multae limacum [[species]] pervariis materiebus organicis vescuntur, inter quae [[folium|folia]] plantarum viventium, [[lichen]]a, [[basidiomycota]], adeo [[caro]] animalium mortuorum.<ref name="yukozimo1">{{cite web |url=http://animals.mom.me/slugs-eat-11378.html |title=What Do Slugs Eat? |publisher=animals.mom.me |access-date=15 Augusti 2016}}.</ref><ref name=Mycologia2002>{{cite journal |last1=Keller |first1=H. W. |author2=Snell, K. L. |title=Feeding activities of slugs on Myxomycetes and macrofungi |journal=Mycologia |year=[[2002]] |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=757–60 |url=http://www.mycologia.org/content/94/5/757.full |doi=10.2307/3761690 |pmid=21156549 |access-date=15 Augusti 2016|jstor=3761690 }}.</ref> Aliquot limaces sunt [[praedator]] qui alios limaces, [[cochlea (animal)|cochleas]], et [[lumbricina]] edunt.<ref name="yukozimo1"/><ref name=BBC>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/south_east/7498195.stm |title=Worm-eating slug found in garden ('''video''') |work=[[BBC News]] |date=10 Iulii [[2008]] |access-date=15 Augusti 2016}}.</ref> Limaces maxime variis [[vegetabile|vegetabilibus]] [[herba|herbisque]] [[victus|vesci]] possunt, inter quas [[flos|flores]] sicut [[petunia]]e, [[chrysanthemum|chrysanthema]], [[asteraceae]], [[lobelia]], [[lilium|lilia]], [[narcissus]], [[gentianaceae]], [[primulaceae]], [[begonia]]e, [[alcea]]e, [[iris (planta)|irides]], et [[fructus]] sicut [[fragaria]]e.<ref name=UMMZ /> Etiam [[carota]]e, [[pisum|pisa]], [[malum (fructus)|mala]], et [[brassicaceae]], quas [[zoologus|zoologi]] eis pro solo [[cibus|cibo]] dent.<ref name=Mycologia2002/> Limaces variarum familiarum sunt [[fungivora]]; inter quas familias sunt [[Philomycidae]] (insigniter ''[[Philomycus carolinianus]]'' et ''[[Phylomicus flexuolaris]]'') atque ''[[Ariolimacidae]]'' (insigniter ''[[Ariolimax californianus]]''), quarum species [[mycetozoa]] et [[basidiomycetes]] proprie vescuntur.<ref name=Mycologia2002/> Inter [[fungi|fungos]] qui boletos a limacibus edendos generant sunt ''[[Lactarius]]'' spp., ''[[Pleurotus ostreatus]],'' et ''[[Boletus edulis]].'' Limaces etiam aliis speciebus aliorum generum vescuntur, sicut ''[[Agaricus|Agarico]],'' ''[[Pleurocybella]],'' et ''[[Russula]].'' Inter [[gymnomycota]] quibus vescuntur sunt ''[[Stemonitis axifera]]'' et ''[[Symphytocarpus flaccidus]]''.<ref name=Mycologia2002/> Aliquot limaces certas fungorum partes vel gradus evolutionis petunt, quae autem proprietas maxime variat. Aliquando, limaces totos boletos edunt, sine inclinatione ad gradus [[ontogenetica|ontogeneticos]].<ref name=Mycologia2002/> === Praedatores === Limaces in [[diaeta]] permultorum [[invertebrata|invertebratorum]] et [[vertebrata|vertebratorum]] inveniuntur. [[Praeda]]tio limacum res investigationum [[scientia (ratio)|scientificarum]] saltem centum annos est. Quia nonnulli limaces [[pestis agriculturalis|pestes agriculturales]] habentur, [[zoologus|zoologi]] praedatores studiose indagant, ut efficacia moderationis biologicae consilia constituantur.<ref name=South1992/> ==== Invertebrata ==== [[Coleoptera]] familiae [[Carabidae|Carabidarum]], sicut ''[[Carabus violaceus]]'' et ''[[Pterostichus melanarius]],'' limacibus vescuntur.<ref name=Paill2000>{{cite book |last1=Brandmayr |first1=P. |display-authors=etal |title=Natural History and Applied Ecology of Carabid Beetles |year=[[2000]] |publisher=PENSOFT Publishers |location=Sofia, Moscow |pages=221–27 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=guGltcZwD4AC&q=slug+diet&pg=PA221 |last2=Paill |first2= W. |chapter=Slugs as prey for larvae and imagines of ''Carabus violaceus'' (Coleoptera: Carabidae) |access-date=15 Augusti 2016|isbn=9789546421005 }}.</ref><ref name=Syomndson2000>{{cite journal|last=Symondson|first=W. O. C.|author2=Glen, D. M. |author3=Erickson, M. L. |author4=Liddell, J. E. |author5= Langdon, C. J. |title=Do earthworms help to sustain the slug predator Pterostichus melanarius (Coleoptera: Carabidae) within crops? Investigations using monoclonal antibodies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_molecular-ecology_2000-09_9_9/page/1279|journal=Molecular Ecology|year=[[2000]]|volume=9|issue=9|pages=1279–92|doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.01006.x|pmid=10972768|s2cid=23921693}}.</ref> ==== Vertebrata ==== Paene omnes [[vertebrata|vertebratorum]] greges magni momenti limaces venantur. Multa exempla inter [[reptilia]], [[aves]], [[mammalia]], [[amphibia]], et [[pisces]] inveniuntur; talia [[vertebrata]] limacibus aliquando vescuntur.<ref name=South1992/> Inter [[piscis|pisces]] qui limaces exquirunt sunt ''[[Salmo trutta]],'' qui nonnumquam ''[[Arion circumscriptus|Arione circumscriptuo]],'' uno ex [[Arionidae|Arionidis]], maxime petit.<ref name=South1992>{{cite book|last=South|first=A.|title=Terrestrial Slugs: Biology, ecology and control|url=https://archive.org/details/terrestrialslugs0000sout|year=[[1992]]|publisher=Chapman & Hall|location=Boundary Row Londini|isbn=978-0412368103|pages=[https://archive.org/details/terrestrialslugs0000sout/page/428 428]}}.</ref> Similiter, ''[[Galaxias postvectis]]'' limacibus vescitur.<ref name=McDowall>{{cite journal|last=McDowall|first=R. M.|author2=Main, M. R. |author3=West, D. W. |author4= Lyon, G. L. |title=Terrestrial and benthic foods in the diet of the shortjawed kokopu, ''Galaxias postvectis'' Clarke (Teleostei: Galaxiidae)|url=https://archive.org/details/new-zealand-journal-of-marine-and-freshwater-research_1996-06_30_2/page/257|journal=New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research|year=[[1996]]|volume=30|issue=2|pages=257–69|doi=10.1080/00288330.1996.9516713|doi-access=free.}}</ref> [[Amphibia]] sicut [[anura]] praedatores limacum magni momenti diutissime putantur. Inter quae insigniter sunt species generis ''[[Bufo]]nis'' (insigniter ''[[Bufo marinus]]'') et ''[[Ceratophrys|Ceratophrydis]].''<ref name=South1992/> Inter [[reptilia]] quae limacibus vescuntur plerumque sunt [[anguis|angues]] et [[lacerta]]e.<ref name=South1992/> Aliquot [[colubridae]] limacibus venari solent. [[Diaeta]] [[litus|litoralium]] ''[[Thamnophis elegans|Thamnophis elegantis]]'' gregum limacibus solum comprehendit (plerumque inter quos ''[[Ariolimax]]''), sed greges mediterranei varia [[animalia]] venantur.<ref name=Britt2006>{{cite journal|last=Britt|first=E. J.|author2=Hicks, J. W. |author3=Bennett, A. F. |title=The energetic consequences of dietary specialization in populations of the garter snake, Thamnophis elegans|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|year=[[2006]]|volume=209|pages=3164–69|doi=10.1242/jeb.02366|url=https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/209/16/3164/16230/The-energetic-consequences-of-dietary|issue=16|pmid=16888064|doi-access=free}}.</ref> ''[[Thamnophis ordinoides]],'' unus ex eius congeneribus, limaces aliquando edit. ''[[Storeria occipitomaculata]]'' et ''[[Storeria dekayi]]'' limacibus plerumque sed non solum vescuntur. Aliquot generis ''[[Dipsas|Dipsatis]]'' / ''[[Sibynomorphus|Sibynomorphi]]'' species (e.g. ''[[Sibynomorphus neuwiedi|Sibynomorphi neuwiedi]]'') et ''[[Duberria lutrix|Duberriae lutricis]]'' solum limaces edunt.<ref name=South1992/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Maia |first=T |author2=Dorigo, T. A. |author3=Gomes, S. R. |author4=Santos, S. B. |author5=Rocha, C. F. D. |title=''Sibynomorphus neuwiedi'' (Ihering, 1911) (Serpentes; Dipsadidae) and ''Potamojanuarius lamellatus'' (Semper, 1885) (Gastropoda; Veronicellidae): a trophic relationship revealed |journal=Biotemas |year=[[2012]] |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=211–13 |doi=10.5007/2175-7925.2012v25n1p211 |issn=2175-7925 |doi-access=free }}.</ref> Aliquot [[lacerta]]e limaces comedunt. Inter quas sunt ''[[Anguis fragilis]],'' ''[[Tiliqua rugosa]],'' ''[[Cyclodomorphus casuarinae]],'' et ''[[Zootoca vivipara]].''<ref name=South1992/><ref name=Avery1966>{{cite journal|last=Avery|first=R. A.|title=Food and feeding habits of the common lizars (Lacerta vivipara) in the west of England|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-zoology_1966-06_149_2/page/115|journal=Journal of Zoology|year=[[1966]]|volume=149|issue=2|pages=115–21|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1966.tb03886.x}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hewer|first=A. M.|title=Tazmanian lizards|journal=Tazmanian Naturalist|year=[[1948]]|volume=1|issue=3|pages=8–11|url=http://www.tasfieldnats.org.au/TasNaturalist/Articles/1948/TasNat_1948_Vol1_No3_pp8-11_Hewer_TasmanianLizards.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425171558/http://tasfieldnats.org.au/TasNaturalist/Articles/1948/TasNat_1948_Vol1_No3_pp8-11_Hewer_TasmanianLizards.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 Aprilis 2013}}.</ref> Inter [[aves]] quae limaces praedantur numerantur ''[[Turdus merula]],'' ''[[Sturnus vulgaris]],'' ''[[Corvus frugilegus]],'' ''[[Corvus monedula]],'' [[strigiformes]], [[vultur]]es, et [[anatidae|anates]]. Secundum investigationes limacum praedatorum, ''[[Turdus pilaris]]'' (''[[Deroceras reticulatum|Derocerate reticulato]]''), ''[[Turdus iliacus]]'' (''[[Limax (genus)|Limace]]'' et ''[[Arion (gastropoda)|Arione]]''), [[Turdidae]] (''[[Limax (genus)|Limace]]'' et ''[[Arion ater|Arione atro]]''), ''[[Lagopus lagopus scotica]]'' (''[[Deroceras|Derocerate]]'' et ''[[Arion hortensis|Arione hortensi]]''), [[galliformes]], ''[[Jynx]]'' (''[[Limax flavus|Limace flavo]]''), ''[[Columba livia]],'' et [[charadriiformes]] eos praedantur.<ref name=South1992 /> Inter [[mammalia]] quae limaces vescuntur sunt [[vulpes]], [[meles]], et [[erinaceinae]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cardiff.ac.uk/biosi/staffinfo/wocs2.html |title=Slug Control |publisher=Cardiff.ac.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402220342/http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/biosi/staffinfo/wocs2.html |archive-date=2 Aprilis 2013 |access-date=15 Augusti 2016}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://budgeting.thenest.com/ecological-benefits-slugs-31334.html |title=Ecological Benefits of Slugs |publisher=thenest.com |access-date=15 Augusti 2016}}.</ref> == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:Mating Great Grey Slug 4124.jpg|''[[Limax maximus|Limaces maximi]]'' coeunt. Fasciculus:Black-velvet leatherleaf slug (belocaulus angustipes).jpg|''[[Belocaulus angustipes|Belocauli angustipedes]]'' coeunt: [[penis]] [[albus]] ad aperturam reproductionis in imo minoris limacis latere extenditur. Fasciculus:Arion vulgaris eating.jpg|''[[Arion vulgaris]]'' vescitur. Fasciculus:Ghost Slug adult.jpg|''Selenochlamys ysbryda'' Fasciculus:Amanita amerimuscaria 126174.jpg|''[[Ariolimax]]'' ''[[Amanita muscaria|Amanitam muscariam]]'' comedit. </gallery> == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * Burton, D. W. [[1982]]. "How to be sluggish." ''Tuatara'' 25, no. 2 (Ianuarius): 48–63. [http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-Bio25Tuat02-t1-body-d2.html Textus interretialis.] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Slugs|limaces}} * [https://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-1506:1 ''Land Slugs and Snails and Their Control.''] USDA Farmer's Bulletin No. 1895. Res retractata 1959. Apud [https://web.archive.org/web/20071009202026/http://www.library.unt.edu/govinfo/digital-collections UNT Government Documents Department.] *{{Cite web |url=http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/washington/misc/art30642.html |title=The Secret Lives of Jumping Slugs. |access-date=9 Februarii [[2010]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413130622/http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/washington/misc/art30642.html |archive-date=13 Aprilis 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all.}} The Nature Conservancy. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050404222301/http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2010.html ''Slugs and Their Management.''] Ohio State University Extension. *[http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/slugs_of_florida.htm ''Slugs of Florida.'']. Institutum Scientiarum Cibi et Agriculturae [[Universitas Floridae|Universitatis Floridae]]. [[Categoria:Anatomia]] [[Categoria:Greges paraphyletici]] [[Categoria:Stylommatophora]] {{Myrias|Biologia}} {{Appendicula de hac pagina| {{PagMens|08|2024}} }} 0iwoxzelwydxsjv0bs9l6byi7iobvot 0 302435 3979842 3792962 2026-08-09T20:16:47Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979842 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Caravela_Vera_Cruz.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Caravela]] ''Vera Cruz.'']] [[Fasciculus:Nao_Victoria.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Navis]] ''Victoria.'']] '''Aevum Explorationis''', laxe et haud sollemni more definitum, fuit tempus praematurae [[modernismus|modernitatis]], cum aetate [[navigatio]]nis coincidens, abs [[saeculum 15|quindecimo fere saeculo]] usque ad [[saeculum 18|duodevigesimum saeculum]] in [[historia Europae]], in quo [[Europa]]ei [[navigatio|navigantes]] [[regio]]nes [[orbis terrarum]] explorarent. [[Exploratio]] latissime transmarina, quam [[Portugallia|Portugalli]] et [[Hispania|Hispani]] duxerunt, factores maximi momenti se erexerunt in [[cultura Europaea]], maxime in occursu et [[colonialismus|colonialismo]] Europaeorum [[America]]rum. Quod etiam denotat accrescentem [[colonialismus|colonialismi]] acceptionem in administratione regiminum Europaeorum, ut talis, nonnunquam cum primo fluctu colonialismi Europaei [[synonymum|synonyma]] est. Exploratio Europaea extra [[Mare Nostrum]] initium suum ducit cum expeditionibus maritimis Portugalliae ad Insulas Fortunatas anno [[1336]]. Paulo post Portugalli [[archipelagus|archipelagum]] Atlanticum invenerunt et detegerunt, [[Insulae Materiae|Insulam Materiae]] et [[Azores]], coronae Portugallicae sibi annis [[1419]] et [[1427]] vindicatae, mox [[ora]] [[Africa Occidentalis|Africae Occidentalis]] post annum [[1434]], donec [[iter]] navigationis ad [[India]]m [[Vascus Gama]] constituit. Corona Castiliae (Hispania) [[pecunia]]m suppeditavit transatlanticis [[Christophorus Columbus|Christophori Columbi]] ad Americam [[continens|continentem]] itineribus inter annos [[1492]] et [[1504]], initium colonialismi Europaei designantes, et ad primam globi [[circumnavigatio]]nem adducebatur inter [[1419]] et [[1522]] in expeditionibus [[Ferdinandus Magellanus|Ferdinandi Magellan]] (quam [[Ioannes Sebastianus Elcano]] complevet). Hae explorationes alias quoque expeditiones navales commoverunt in [[oceanus|oceanis]] [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Atlantico]], [[Oceanus Indicus|Indico]], [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacifico]], in America, [[Asia]], [[Africa]], et [[Australia]], quae exeunte [[saeculum 19|19 saeculo]] pergebant usque ad [[saeculum 20|saeculum vicensimum]], cum etiam [[polus|regiones polares]] explorabantur. Exploratio Europaea multum contulit ad accrescens [[commercium]] pancosmicum inter [[imperium|imperia]] colonialia cum [[Mundus Vetus|Mundo Veteri]] et [[Mundus Novus|Novo]] coniuncta. Aetas Explorationis serius effecit mundi descriptionem, quae ad novum mundi aspectum et politismorum distantium contactum adducebatur. Verumtamen [[morbus|morbi]] novi propagabantur, [[incola]]rum numerum, praesertim autochtones Americanos, exstinguentes. Aevum comprehendebat subiectionem, expilationem, et occupationem militarem, increscentem influxum oeconomicum et culturae necnon [[technologia]]e Europae diffusionem. == Notio == Notionem explorationis seu inventionis iamdudum perquisierunt, [[historia]]m huius termini principalis eximentes.<ref name="Washburn 1962 p=12">{{cite journal|last=Washburn|first=Wilcomb E.|title=The Meaning of "Discovery" in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1962-10_68_1/page/1|journal=The American Historical Review|publisher=JSTOR|volume=68|issue=1|year=[[1962]]|pages=1–21|issn=0002-8762|doi=10.2307/1847180|jstor=1847180}}.</ref> Terminus ipse usu venit in litteris historicis ac etiamnunc rite adhibetur. J. H. Parry, [[historicus]] maritimus et [[professor]] [[Universitas Harvardiana|Universitatis Harvardianae]], aetatem alias ''Age of Reconnaissance'' vocans, argumentatur non modo aevum Europaearum explorationum illa territoria eis nondum cognita explorandi fuisse, sed etiam notitias [[geographia|geographicas]] [[scientia (ratio)|scientiamque]] empiricam auxisse. "Erat prima victoria pervestigationis [[empirismus|empiricae]] contra [[auctoritas|auctoritatem]], initia [[scientia (ratio)|scientiae]], [[technologia]]e, operisque quotidiani quod recentiori [[cultura Occidentalis|mundo occidentali]] necessarie [[proprietas|proprium]] est."<ref>[[Anglice]] "It saw also the first major victories of empirical inquiry over authority, the beginnings of that close association of science, technology, and everyday work which is an essential characteristic of the modern western world."</ref><ref>J. H. Parry, ''The Age of Reconnaissance: Discovery, Exploration, and Settlement, 1450–1650'' (Londinii: Cardinal, 1973), 13.</ref> {{NexInt}} *[[Conquisitatores Hispani]] *[[Permutatio Columbiana]] == Bibliographia == * {{cite book|author=Brook, Timothy|title=Vermeer's Hat: The Seventeenth Century and the Dawn of the Global World|publisher=Bloomsbury Press|year=[[2007]]|edition=reissue|isbn=978-1-59691-444-5|ref=Brook 2007|author-link=Timotheus Brook (historicus)|title-link=Vermeer's Hat: The Seventeenth Century and the Dawn of the Global World}}. * {{cite book|author=Cipolla, Carlo|title=European Culture and Overseas Expansion|publisher=Pelican|location=Londonii|year=[[1970]]|ref=Cipolla1970|author-link=Carolus Maria Cipolla}} * {{cite book|author=DeVoto, Bernard|title=The Course of Empire|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|orig-year=(1952)|year=[[1998]]|isbn=978-0-395-92498-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F5Nx4hETrnAC&pg=1|ref=DeVoto|author-link=Bernardus DeVoto|access-date=2011-06-16}}. * {{cite book|last=Hall|first=Robert L.|chapter=Savoring Africa in the New World|title=Seeds of Change: A Quincentennial Commemoration|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/seedsofchangequi00viol|chapter-url-access=registration|editor1-first=Herman J.|editor1-last=Viola|editor2-first=Carolyn|editor2-last=Margolis|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|year=[[1991]]|isbn=978-1-56098-036-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/seedsofchangequi00viol/page/161 161–?]|ref=Hall 1991|url=https://archive.org/details/seedsofchangequi00viol/page/161}}. * {{cite book|first=Eugene F., Jr.|last=Rice|title=The Foundations of Early Modern Europe: 1460–1559|publisher=W. W. Norton & Co.|orig-year=(1970)|year=[[1994]]|isbn=978-0-393-96304-5|ref=Rice 1970|url=https://archive.org/details/foundationsofear00rice}}. * {{cite journal|author=Wright, John K.|title=Terrae Incognitae: The Place of the Imagination in Geography|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=37|issue=1|date=Martius [[1947]]|pages=1–15|ref=Wright 1947|doi=10.1080/00045604709351940|url=http://rcin.org.pl/Content/33938}}. ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria:Aeva historica]] [[Categoria:Colonizatio Hispanica Americarum]] [[Categoria:Exploratio]] [[Categoria:Historia Europae]] {{Myrias|Historia}} cnhfysf47rckrvju322pdrbhcyi7pdv 0 304459 3979765 3728773 2026-08-09T15:56:50Z Xqbot 9619 rectificatio redirectionis duplicis → [[Georgia Melonia]] 3979765 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Georgia Melonia]] hz4cbb0g2e377q0czha8oqe22gu20h8 0 304722 3979735 3978651 2026-08-09T15:31:11Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3979735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Societas Indiae Orientalis}} [[Fasciculus:VOC.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Monogramma||en|qid=Q168346}} societatis fortasse est primus [[logotypus]] corporatus per omnem [[orbis terrarum|orbem terrarum]] agnitus.<ref name="TimothyBrook">[[Timothy Brook]], ''Vermeer's Hat: The Seventeenth Century and the Dawn of the Global World'' (Londinii: Profile Books, 2008), ISBN 1-84668-120-0.</ref>]] [[Fasciculus:VOC amsterdam building.JPG|thumb|Principalis societatis sedes, [[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]] sita.]] {{res|Societas Indiae Orientalis Batava}}<ref>"Societas Indiae Orientalis" in titulo ipso; "Societas Batava" pp. 92, 138 in [[Didericus Walterus Iacobus Carolus van Lijnden|Diderici Walteri Iacobi Caroli van Lijnden]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=05tdAAAAcAAJ ''Dissertatio . . . de commercio Societatis Indiæ Orientalis'', Schoonhoviae 1839]; "Societas Batava Indiae Orientalis": [http://books.google.de/books?id=uwMQAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA219&lpg=PA219&dq=societas+Batava+Indiae+orientalis&source=web&ots=A1a0uJhuot&sig=7oMStfq-xhpg1Am_D860w1UQ2Rs&hl=de India Orientalis Christiana Auctore Patre Paulino a Sancto Bartholomaeo].</ref><ref>"Societas Indiae Orientalis quae est Amstelodami": tale nomen [https://francearchives.gouv.fr/fr/facomponent/293b0cfba58c8cf9f419580dbb05da166d9d804c hic in rubrica tabulae pictae legis]</ref> ([[Nederlandice]] ''Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie,'' saepe ''VOC'' imminuta) fuit [[societas mercatoria]] et una ex primis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Societas collybaria|societatibus collybariis|en|qid=Q134161}}{{dubsig}} in [[orbis terrarum|orbe terrarum]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Exchange History NL – 400 years: the story |url=https://www.beursgeschiedenis.nl/en/the-story/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006122346/https://www.beursgeschiedenis.nl/en/the-story/ |archive-date=6 Octobris [[2022]]\ |access-date=6 Octobris 2022 |website=Exchange History NL |language=En}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fergusson |first1=Niall |title=The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World |year=2008 |url=https://archive.org/details/ascentofmoneyfin0000ferg |publisher=Penguin Books |edition=[[2009]] |location=Londinii |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ascentofmoneyfin0000ferg/page/128 128]–132}}.</ref> Quae societas, a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Civitates Generales Nederlandiae|Civitatibus Generalibus Nederlandiae|en|qid=Q1371388}} die [[20 Martii]] [[1602]]<ref>{{cite web|title=VOC Knowledge Center – VOC Beginnings|url=https://voc-kenniscentrum.nl/vocbegin.html|website=VOC-Kenniscentrum|language=Nl|access-date=6 Octobris 2022|archive-date=1 Octobris 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001004110/https://www.voc-kenniscentrum.nl/vocbegin.html|url-status=live}}.</ref> rite constituta, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Prior societas|priores societates|nl|qid=Q2900145}} commiscentes, [[monopolium]] annorum viginti et unius accepit ad [[negotium|negotia]] in [[Asia]] facienda,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fergusson |first1=Niall |title=The Ascent of Money |year=2008 |url=https://archive.org/details/ascentofmoneyfin0000ferg |publisher=Penguin Books |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/ascentofmoneyfin0000ferg/page/129 129] |edition=[[2009]]|quote=[a monopoly on] all Dutch trade east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan}}.</ref> [[oceanus|oceanis]] [[Oceanus Indicus|Indico]] et [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacifico]] non exceptis. [[Thea]]m, [[cuprum]], [[argentum]], [[textum|textilia]], [[Linum xylinum|xylinum]], [[sericum]], [[fictile|fictilia]], [[aroma]]ta, [[opium]] ex [[Iaponia]], [[Sinae (regio)|Sinis]]. [[Archipelagus Malaicus|insulis archipelagi Malaici]], [[India]] importabat. Principalis societatis sedes orientalis in [[Amboina]] insula sita est, donec [[Ioannes Petri filius Coen]] [[Batavia (urbs)|Bataviam]] [[urbs|urbem]] (nunc [[Jakarta]]m) anno [[1619]] condisset, [[Insulae Sundanae|Insularum Sundanarum]] et [[Moluccae|Moluccarum]] magnam partem ipsa administrabat, et [[bellum|bella]] contra [[aborigines]] et contra [[Hispani|Hispanos]] et [[Britanni|Britannos]] ipsa, saepe sine auxilio gubernationis Nederlandicae, gerebat. [[Saeculum 18|Saeculo autem duodevicensimo]], lucra perdebat, et, dissoluta, terras suas civitati [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicae]] reddidit. [[Civitas Capitis]] et [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novum Eboracum]] urbes etiam ut portus et munimenta Societatis Indiae Orientalis conditae sunt. == Cultu vulgi == Cantrix [[Marieke Lustenhouwer]] cantum "VOC" de societate cecinit anno [[2008]], qui anno [[2024]] ostenta est non loquentibus lingua Batava propter quod memum de animatione{{dubsig}} "Ongezellig" prolatum est in YouTube, quod hunc cantum comprehendit. ==Notae== <references /> {{NexInt}} * ''[[Batavia (navis)|Batavia]]'' navis == Bibliographia == * Els M. Jacobs, ''In Pursuit of Pepper and Tea: the story of the Dutch East India Company''. Amstelodami: Netherlands Maritime Museum, 1991 ==Nexus externi== * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dutch-East-India-Company Societas Indiae Orientalis Batava] in ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' {{ling|Anglice}} * [[:s:ru:ЭСБЕ/Ост-индские торговые компании|Societates Indiae Orientalis]] in ''[[Lexicon encyclopaedicum Brockhaus et Efron|Lexico encyclopaedico Brockhaus et Efron]]'' {{ling|Russice}} [[Categoria:Constituta 1602]] [[Categoria:Dissoluta 1798]] [[Categoria:Historia Indonesiae]] [[Categoria:Imperium Nederlandense]] [[Categoria:Societates mercatoriae Nederlandiae]] [[Categoria:Commercium speciarium]] {{Myrias|Historia}} fq0d0bgg3fkfa8f09fxvdenrm85l1r4 0 304773 3979921 3978389 2026-08-09T21:27:52Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979921 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bella Napoleonica'''<ref>"in magnis illis innovationibus, quae post bella Napoleonica contigerunt ..." [https://books.google.fr/books?id=LEdLAAAAMAAJ&q="Bella+Napoleonica"&dq="Bella+Napoleonica"&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjW67Cn1877AhX1XaQEHV2vASsQ6AF6BAgHEAI hic legis]; "Quae duplex lingua latina in Europa adhiberi non destitit usque ad bella Napoleonica ...": ''[http://www.maurouberti.it/latino/documenti/testi/angelino/pronuntiatus/pronuntiatus.html De pronuntiatu restituto]''</ref> (1803–1815) fuerunt series maiorum [[orbis terrarum]] certaminum quae [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Imperium Francicum]] et eius socios, [[Napoleo|Napoleone I]] ductos, contra fluctuantes variarum [[civitas|civitatum]] [[Europa]]earum coniunctiones posuerunt. Quo tempore [[Francia]] in plurimum Europae [[continens|continentalis]] dominabatur. Quae [[bellum|bella]] ex controversiis persistentibus ad [[res novae Francicae|res novas Francicas]] et [[bella revolutionaria Francica]] orta sunt, plerumque ex [[Bellum Primae Coniunctionis|Bello Primae Coniunctionis]] (1792–1797) et [[Bellum Secundae Coniunctionis|Bello Secundae Coniunctionis]] (1798–1802). Bella Napoleonica in quinque certaminbus fuisse usitate dicuntur, quorum quodque ex distincta coniunctione Napoleoni adversante appellatur: bella [[Bellum Tertiae Coniunctionis|Tertiae]] (1803–1806), [[Bellum Quartae Coniunctionis|Quartae]] (1806–1807), [[Bellum Quintae Coniunctionis|Quintae]] (1809), [[Bellum Sextae Coniunctonis|Sextae]] (1813–1814), et [[Centum Napoleonis dies|Septimae Coniunctionis]] (Bellum Centum Dierum saepe appellatum, 1815), cum [[Bellum Paeninsulare|Bello Paeninsulare]] (1807–1814) atque [[Bellum Patrium|incursione Francica in Russiam]] (1812). == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * {{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Annual_Register_Or_A_View_of_the_His/NNU7AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=annual%20register%201803 |title=The Annual Register, Or, A View of the History, Politics, and Literature for the Year. . . . |date=[[1805]] |publisher=J. Dodsley |editor-last=Adams |editor-first=John}}. * {{Cite book |last=Andrew |first=Christopher |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Secret_World/AxttDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Secret World: A History of Intelligence |date=[[2018]] |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-24052-8}}. * {{Cite book |last=Arnold |first=James R. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Napoleon_Conquers_Austria/63xTTaYTbrwC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Napoleon Conquers Austria: The 1809 Campaign for Vienna |date=[[1995]] |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-94694-4}}. *{{Cite book |last=Bell |first=David Avrom |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_First_Total_War/Pw5jup_LyHAC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=The First Total War: Napoleon's Europe and the Birth of Warfare as We Know it |date=[[2007]] |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-618-34965-4}}. * {{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jeremy |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/k3crAQAAIAAJ?sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJ943G4rvwAhUmFFkFHcvXDG8Q7_IDMBN6BAgLEAM |title=The War of 1812 in the Age of Napoleon |date=[[2009]] |location = Normanniae |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-4078-0}}v * {{Cite book |last=Briggs |first=Asa |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/pEhUMgEACAAJ?sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi1udGIqNPwAhXjUjUKHQ9VDH0Q8fIDMAx6BAgOEAU |title=The Making of Modern England, 1783–1867: The Age of Improvement |date=[[1959]] |publisher=Harper & Row}}. * {{Cite book |last=Bryant |first=Arthur |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Years_of_Victory_1802_1812/BzGgAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=Years%20of%20victory:%201802%E2%80%931812 |title=Years of Victory, 1802–1812 |date=[[1944]] |publisher=Collins}}. * {{Cite book |last=Burke |first=Edmund |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Annual_Register_Or_A_View_of_the_His/J9g7AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=The Annual Register, Or, A View of the History, Politics, and Literature for the Year. . . . |date=[[1808]] |publisher=J. Dodsley}}. * {{Citation |last=Canales |first=Esteban |title=1808–1814: demografía y guerra en España |url=http://www.uclm.es/ab/humanidades/profesores/descarga/manuel_ortiz/crisisregimen.pdf |year=[[2004]] |publisher=[[Autonomous University of Barcelona]] |language=es |access-date=3 Maii 2017}}. * {{Cite book |last=Chandler |first=David G. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/guFnAAAAMAAJ?sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjWxtGz8LzwAhWlEVkFHYBGCgMQ8fIDMBp6BAgnECE |title=The Campaigns of Napoleon |date=[[1966]]] |publisher=Scribner |isbn=978-0-02-523660-8}}. * {{Cite book |last=Clodfelter |first=Micheal |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Warfare_and_Armed_Conflicts/kNzCDgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, ed. quarta |date=[[2017]] |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-2585-0}}. * {{Cite book |last1=Desan |first1=Suzanne |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_French_Revolution_in_Global_Perspect/jAyeDgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=The French Revolution in Global Perspective |last2=Hunt |first2=Lynn |last3=Nelson |first3=William Max |date=[[2013]] location = Ithacae in Novo Eboraco |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-6747-9}}. * {{Cite book |last=Esdaile |first=Charles |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/qOR1NQEACAAJ?sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7tYv-yrvwAhX7ElkFHSTjBqsQ8fIDMBp6BAgnECE |title=Napoleon's Wars: An International History, 1803–1815 |date=[[2009]] |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-311628-8}}. * {{Cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Niall |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Ascent_of_Money/PS4CVCq-70sC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World: 10th Anniversary Edition |date=[[2008]] |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-4406-5402-2}}. * {{Cite book |last=Fremont-Barnes |first=Gregory |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Napoleonic_Wars_3/NpeHCwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=The Napoleonic Wars (3): The Peninsular War 1807–1814 |date=[[2014]] |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4728-0975-9}}. * {{Cite book |last=Gates |first=David |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/VN9nAAAAMAAJ?sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiC4YHHx8DwAhU_GFkFHQZRDQIQre8FMBN6BAgLEAg |title=The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War |date=[[1986]] |location = Londinii |publisher=Allen & Unwin |isbn=978-0-04-940079-5}}. * {{Cite book |last=Glover |first=Michael |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/7R68zQEACAAJ?sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi17JKvw8DwAhXJGFkFHevsDYEQre8FMBh6BAgkEB0 |title=Wellington's Peninsular Victories: Busaco, Salamanca, Vitoria, Nivelle |date=[[1963]] |publisher=Macmillan}}. * {{Cite journal |last=Götz |first=Norbert |date=[[2014]]-06-06 |title=The Good Plumpuddings' Belief: British Voluntary Aid to Sweden During the Napoleonic Wars |journal=The International History Review |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=519–539 |doi=10.1080/07075332.2014.918559 |issn=0707-5332 |doi-access=free}}. * {{Cite book |last=Grab |first=Alexander |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Napoleon_and_the_Transformation_of_Europ/d48dBQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe |date=[[2003]] |publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education |isbn=978-1-4039-3757-5}}. * {{Cite book |last=Grainger |first=John D. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Amiens_Truce/YTIKDcuLoGoC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=The Amiens Truce: Britain and Bonaparte, 1801–1803 |date=[[2004]] |publisher=Boydell Press |isbn=978-1-84383-041-2}}. * {{Cite book |last=Gray |first=Colin S. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/War_Peace_and_International_Relations/ulRtsANRIK8C?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=War, Peace and International Relations: An Introduction to Strategic History |date=[[2007]] |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-16951-1}}. * {{Cite book |last=Halévy |first=Elie |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_English_People_England/ZCs8AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=A History of the English People ...: England in 1815 |date=[[1924]] |publisher=Harcourt, Brace}}. * {{Cite book |last=Haythornthwaite |first=Philip |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Borodino_1812/MC3DCwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Borodino 1812: Napoleon's great gamble |date=[[1978]] |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-78096-881-0}}. * {{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Colin |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Cambridge_Illustrated_History_of_Fra/EVNGNIojGgMC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of France |date=[[1994]] |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-66992-4}}. * {{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Maldwyn Allen |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/American_Immigration/r2jUy7SJo04C?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=American Immigration |date=[[1992]] |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-40633-6 |editor-last=Boorstin |editor-first=Daniel J.}}. * {{Cite book |last=Kagan |first=Frederick |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_End_of_the_Old_Order/XZdjTr7DCcgC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=The End of the Old Order: Napoleon and Europe, 1801–1805 |date=[[2007]] |publisher=Hachette Books |isbn=978-0-306-81645-1}}. * {{Cite journal |last=Keeling |first=Drew |year=1999 |title=The Transportation Revolution and Transatlantic Migration |journal=Research in Economic History |volume=19}}. * {{Cite journal |last=Keeling |first=Drew |date=1 Ianuarii [[2007]] |title=Transport Capacity Management and Transatlantic Migration, 1900–1914 |journal=Research in Economic History |publisher=Emerald Group Publishing Limited |volume=25 |pages=225–283 |doi=10.1016/s0363-3268(07)25005-0 |isbn=978-0-7623-1370-9}}. * {{Cite book |last1=Keen |first1=Benjamin |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_Latin_America/yZIJAAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=A History of Latin America |last2=Haynes |first2=Keith |date=[[2012]] |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-133-70932-9}}. * {{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Paul M. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/n4ZMl8iS8lAC?sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiy44KR5bzwAhU8MlkFHfslDGcQre8FMBt6BAgnEEo |title=The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 |date=[[1989]] |publisher=Vintage Books |isbn=978-0-679-72019-5}}. * {{Cite book |last=Knight |first=Roger |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Britain_Against_Napoleon/LdZtKP2qLxgC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Britain Against Napoleon: The Organization of Victory, 1793–1815 |date=[[2013]] |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-0-14-197702-7}}. * {{Cite book |last=Leggiere |first=Michael V. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Bl%C3%BCcher/twXBAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Blücher: Scourge of Napoleon |date=[[2014]] |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-4567-9}}. * {{Cite book |last=Malia |first=Martin Edward |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/History_s_Locomotives/7rDBKN3kvM4C?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=History's Locomotives: Revolutions and the Making of the Modern World |date=[[2006]] |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-12690-7}}. * {{Cite journal |last=McConachy |first=Bruce |year=[[2001]] |title=The Roots of Artillery Doctrine: Napoleonic Artillery Tactics Reconsidered |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-military-history_2001-07_65_3/page/n10 |journal=[[Journal of Military History]] |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=617–40 |doi=10.2307/2677528 |jstor=2677528 |s2cid=159945703}}. * {{Cite book |last1=McEvedy |first1=Colin |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Atlas_of_World_Population_History/p98UAQAAIAAJ?hl=en |title=Atlas of World Population History |last2=Jones |first2=Richard |date=[[1978]] |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=978-0-87196-402-1}}. * {{Cite book |last=McLynn |first=Frank |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/FRj1MNP-3xwC?sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi6o7eZ4LvwAhXBMlkFHYDHB_QQ8fIDMBd6BAgjECs |title=Napoleon: A Biography |date=[[1998]] |publisher=Pimlico |isbn=9780712662475}}. * {{Cite book |last=Munch-Petersen |first=Thomas |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Defying_Napoleon/lP70HAAACAAJ?hl=en |title=Defying Napoleon: How Britain Bombarded Copenhagen and Seized the Danish Fleet in 1807 |date=[[2007]] |publisher=Sutton |isbn=978-0-7509-4280-5}}. * {{Cite book |last=Palmer |first=Robert Roswell |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/lXfRAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwis3KL5xcHwAhXEUjUKHRggALEQre8FMAB6BAgDEDY |title=Twelve who Ruled: The Committee of Public Safety, During the Terror |date=[[1941]] |publisher=Princeton University Press}}. * {{Cite book |last=Palmer |first=Alan |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Alexander_I_Tsar_of_War_and_Peace/C3FpAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=Alexander%20I:%20Tsar%20of%20War%20and%20Peace. |title=Alexander I: Tsar of War and Peace |date=[[1974]] |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |isbn=978-0-297-76700-8}}. * {{Cite book |last1=Palmer |first1=R. R. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Modern_World/Vmt6CgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=A History of the Modern World: ed. undecima |last2=Colton |first2=Joel |last3=Kramer |first3=Lloyd |date=[[2013]] |publisher=McGraw-Hill Higher Education |isbn=978-0-07-759962-1}}. * {{Citation |last=Philo |first=Tom |title=Military and Civilian War Related Deaths Through the Ages |url=http://www.taphilo.com/history/war-deaths.shtml/ |year=2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420103253/http://www.taphilo.com/history/war-deaths.shtml |archive-date=20 April 2010}}{{Unreliable source? |failed=y |date=Februarius [[2013]]}} * {{Cite book |last=Rapport |first=Mike |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Napoleonic_Wars_A_Very_Short_Introdu/wPK7XxVwF6YC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=The Napoleonic Wars: A Very Short Introduction |date=[[2013]] |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-164251-7}}. * {{Cite book |last=Riehn |first=Richard K. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/1812/ZdZnAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=1812: Napoleon's Russian Campaign |date=[[1990]] |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-07-052731-7}}. * {{Citation |last=Riehn |first=Richard K. |title=1812: Napoleon's Russian Campaign |year=[[1991]] |edition=Paperback |place=Novi Eboraci |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0471543022}}. * {{Cite book |last=Riley |first=J. P. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Napoleon_and_the_World_War_of_1813/beq3AAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Napoleon and the World War of 1813: Lessons in Coalition Warfighting |date=[[2013]] |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-32135-1}}. * {{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Andrew |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Napoleon/rjVBAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Napoleon: A Life |date=[[2014]] |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-698-17628-7}}. * {{Cite journal |last=Ryan |first=A. N. |date=[[1953]] |title=The Causes of the British Attack upon Copenhagen in 1807 |journal=The English Historical Review |volume=LXVIII |issue=CCLXVI |pages=37–55 |doi=10.1093/ehr/lxviii.cclxvi.37 |issn=0013-8266}}. * {{Cite book |last=Schäfer |first=Anton |title=Zeittafel der Rechtsgeschichte. Von den Anfängen über Rom bis 1919. Mit Schwerpunkt Österreich und zeitgenössischen Bezügen |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_l_GeQfwJufAC |publisher=Edition Europa Verlag |year=[[2002]] |isbn=3-9500616-8-1 |edition=3rd |language=de}}. * {{Cite book |last=Schroeder |first=Paul W. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Transformation_of_European_Politics/BS2z3iGPCigC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848 |date=[[1994]] |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-820654-5}}. * {{Cite book |last=Sherwig |first=John M. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Guineas_and_Gunpowder/OInxvgEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Guineas and Gunpowder: British Foreign Aid in the Wars with France, 1793–1815 |date=[[1969]] |location = Cantabrigae in Massachusetta |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-36775-3}}. * {{Cite book |last=Shlapentokh |first=Dmitry |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/eVKOSX0E2bUC?sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSv9zDvMDwAhWdMVkFHXxBCn0Q7_IDMBN6BAgLEAU |title=The French Revolution and the Russian Anti-Democratic Tradition: A Case of False Consciousness |date=[[1997]] |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-4128-2397-5}}. * {{Cite book |last1=Stoker |first1=Donald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iks6rVhTHrwC&pg=PA38 |title=Conscription in the Napoleonic Era: A Revolution in Military Affairs? |last2=Schneid |first2=Frederick C. |last3=Blanton |first3=Harold D. |date=[[2008]] |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-203-67404-8}}. * {{Cite book |last=Sutherland |first=Donald M. G. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_French_Revolution_and_Empire/DuwHSN9QTroC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=The French Revolution and Empire: The Quest for a Civic Order |date=[[2008]] |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-75826-7}}. * {{Cite journal |last=Tone |first=John Lawrence |year=[[1996]] |title=Napoleon's uncongenial sea: Guerrilla warfare in Navarre during the Peninsular War, 1808–14. |url=https://archive.org/details/european-history-quarterly_1996-07_26_3/page/355 |journal=European History Quarterly |volume=26 |pages=355–382 |doi=10.1177/026569149602600302 |number=3 |s2cid=144885121}}. * {{Cite book |last=Tone |first=John Lawrence |title=War in an Age of Revolution, 1775–1815 |publisher=Cambridge UP |year=[[2010]] |isbn=9780521899963 |editor-last=Chickering |editor-first=Roger |page=243 |chapter=Partisan Warfare in Spain and Total War |editor-last2=Förster |editor-first2=Stig |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2WtMq4LF90C&pg=PA243}}. * {{Cite book |last=Tulard |first=Jean |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Napoleon/wUDiAAAACAAJ?hl=en |title=Napoleon: The Myth of the Saviour |date=[[1984]] |publisher=Methuen |isbn=978-0-416-39510-5}}. * {{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Wordsworth_Pocket_Encyclopedia/IeQ5AAAACAAJ?hl=en |title=The Wordsworth Pocket Encyclopedia |date=[[1993]] |publisher=Wordsworth Editions |isbn=978-1-85326-301-9 |editor-last=Upshall |editor-first=Michael}}. * {{Citation |last=White |first=Matthew |title=Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Nineteenth Century |url=http://necrometrics.com/wars19c.htm#Napoleonic |year=[[2014]] |access-date=3 May 2017}}. Qui situs interretialis sequentes fontes citat.* *{{Citation |last=Bodart |first=Gaston |title=Losses of Life in Modern Wars |year=[[1916]]}}. ** {{Citation |last=Clodfelter |first=Micheal |title=Warfare and Armed Conflict: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1618–1991}}. ** {{Citation |last=Danzer |title=Arme-Zeitun |language=de}}. **{{Citation |last=Dumas |first=Samuel |title=Losses of Life Caused By War |year=[[1923]]}}. ** {{Citation |last=Payne |first=Stanley G. |title=A History of Spain and Portugal |volume=2}}. **{{Citation |last=Urlanis |first=Boris |title=Wars and Population |year=[[1971]]}}. * {{Cite book |last1=Young |first1=Peter |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Wellington_s_Masterpiece/tOOoCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Wellington's Masterpiece: The Battle and Campaign of Salamanca |last2=Lawford |first2=J. P. |date=[[2015]] |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-39728-1}}. {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Alexander I (imperator Russiae)]] * [[Bella libertatis Hispano-Americana]] * [[Bella revolutionaria Francica et Napoleonica]] * [[Bellum anni 1812]] * [[Bellum mundanum]] * [[Carolus Philippus Amadeus de Clausewitz]] * [[Commissio Scientiarum et Artium (1798-1801)]] * [[Historia Franciae]] * [[Michael Kutuzov]] * [[Litterae Franciae]] * [[Popularis rebellio secundo die Maii 1808]] * [[Proelium Vorotunense]] * [[Res novae Haitianae]] * [[Res novae Serbicae]] * [[Tabula Rosettana]] * [[Arthurus Wellesley (dux de Wellington)]] {{div col end}} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Napoleonic Wars|bella Napoleonica}}<!-- {{Wikivoyage|Napoleonic Wars|Napoleonic Wars|travel information}}==> *{{wikisource inline|list= **{{cite EB1911|last=Beck |first=Archibald Frank |wstitle=Waterloo Campaign |volume=28 |pages=371–381 |noicon=x |short=x}} **{{cite EB1911|last=Maude |first=Frederic Natusch |wstitle=Napoleonic Campaigns |volume=19|pages=212–236 |noicon=x |short=x}} **{{cite EB1911 |last=Robinson |first=Charles Walker |wstitle=Peninsular War |volume=21 |pages=90–98 |noicon=x |short=x}} **{{cite EB1911|last=Rose |first=John Holland |wstitle=Napoleon I. |volume=19 |pages=190–211 |noicon=x |short=x}} }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20111009051911/http://www.thailisting.com/epic/ The Legend of Bonaparte] *[http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/exhibition/napoleonic_wars/index.HTML The Napoleonic Wars Exhibition held by The European Library] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140108104011/http://xvld.org/ 15th Kings Light Dragoons (Hussars) Re-enactment Regiment] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090831063254/http://www.95th-rifles.co.uk/main.html 2nd Bt. 95th Rifles] Reenactment and Living History Society *[http://www.militaryheritage.com/napoleon.htm The Napoleonic Wars Collection Website] *[http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/ Napoleon, His Army and Enemies] *[http://www.napoleonguide.com/ Napoleonic Guide] *[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2600 War and Peace] by [[Leo Tolstoy]] *[http://british-history.co.uk/napoleonic Napoleonic Wars] *[https://www.napoleon.org/en/ Fondation Napoléon] *[https://www.napoleon-series.org/ The Napoleon Series] --> [[Categoria:Bella Napoleonica| ]]<!-- [[Category:Anglo-French wars]] [[Category:Global conflicts]] [[Category:19 century in France]]--> {{Myrias|Historia}} lynfm3xp7134qm3q6ip5o2swq7boce0 0 304802 3980022 3958253 2026-08-09T23:21:27Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980022 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Caffeine structure.svg|thumb|upright=0.6|Forma caffeini in [[spatium dimensionum duarum|spatio dimensionum duarum]].]] '''Caffeinum''' est [[stimulans]] [[systema nervosum centrale|systematis nervosi centralis]] [[classis chemica|classis chemicae]] [[methylxanthinum|methylxanthinorum]].<ref name="pmid1356551">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nehlig A., Daval J. L., Debry G. | title = Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_brain-research-reviews_may-august-1992_17_2/page/139 | journal = Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 139–70 | year = [[1992]] | pmid = 1356551 | doi = 10.1016/0165-0173(92)90012-B | s2cid = 14277779 }}.</ref> [[Nootropicum|Amplificationi]] [[cognitio|cognitivae]] prodest, alacritatem [[animus|animique]] attentionem augens.<ref name="caffeine & theanine">{{cite journal | vauthors = Camfield D. A., Stough C., Farrimond J., Scholey A. B. | title = Acute effects of tea constituents L-theanine, caffeine, and epigallocatechin gallate on cognitive function and mood: a systematic review and meta-analysis | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nutrition-reviews_2014-08_72_8/page/507 | journal = Nutrition Reviews | volume = 72 | issue = 8 | pages = 507–22 | date = Augustus [[2014]] | pmid = 24946991 | doi = 10.1111/nure.12120 }}.</ref><ref name="Continuum">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wood S., Sage J. R., Shuman T., Anagnostaras S. G. | title = Psychostimulants and cognition: a continuum of behavioral and cognitive activation | journal = Pharmacological Reviews | volume = 66 | issue = 1 | pages = 193–221 | date = Ianuarius [[2014]] | pmid = 24344115 | pmc = 3880463 | doi = 10.1124/pr.112.007054 }}.</ref> Caffeinum prohibet ne [[adenosinum]] se ad adenosinum A₁ liget, quod vicissim [[acetylcholinum]] [[neurotransmissor]]is liberandum auget.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Carter A. J., O'Connor W. T., Carter M. J., Ungerstedt U. | title = Caffeine enhances acetylcholine release in the hippocampus in vivo by a selective interaction with adenosine A1 receptors | journal = The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | volume = 273 | issue = 2 | pages = 637–42 | date = Maius [[1995]] | pmid = 7752065 }}</ref> "Caffeino est forma [[spatium dimensionum trium|spatii dimensionum trium]] illi adenosini similis,"<ref>[[Anglice]] "Caffeine has a three-dimensional structure similar to that of adenosine."</ref> per quam eius receptores ligat et coercet.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Hillis D. M., Sadava D., Hill R. W., Price M. V. | title = Principles of Life | edition = secunda | pages = 102–103 | year = [[2015]] | isbn = 978-1-4641-8652-3 }}.</ref> Caffeinum gradus [[cyclicum monophosphatis adenosinum|cyclici monophosphatis adenosini]] per phosphodiesterasem non diserte inhibendam auget.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Faudone G., Arifi S., Merk D. | title = The Medicinal Chemistry of Caffeine | journal = Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 64 | issue = 11 | pages = 7156–78 | date = Iunius [[2021]] | pmid = 34019396 | doi = 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00261 | s2cid = 235094871 }}.</ref> == Historia == [[Fasciculus:Caffeine molecule ball from xtal (1).png|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Forma caffeini in [[spatium dimensionum trium|spatio dimensionum trium]].]] [[Fasciculus:Pierre Joseph Pelletier.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Petrus Iosephus Pelletier]].]] [[Friedlieb Ferdinandus Runge]], [[chemicus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]], caffeinum aliquantulum purum primum anno [[1819]] secrevit, quod Kaffebase appellavit (h.e., unam ex [[basis (chemia)|basibus]] quae in [[coffea]] insunt).<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Runge F. F. |title=Neueste phytochemische Entdeckungen zur Begründung einer wissenschaftlichen Phytochemie |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=KLg5AAAAcAAJ&pg=P146}} |year=[[1820]] |publisher=G. Reimer |location=Berolini |pages=144–59 |trans-title=Recentissima inventa phytochemica ad phytochemiam scientificam condendam |access-date=8 Ianuarii 2014}}.</ref> Secundum Runge, sic agebat, [[Ioannes Volfgangus Goethius|Ioanne Volfgangio Goethio]] rogante.<ref>''Hauswirtschaftlichen Briefen'' ('Epistulae Domesticae') in libro Friedlieb Ferdinandi Runge (1866). </ref><ref>Ioannes Volfgangus Goethius, ''Goethes Gespräche'', vol. 10: ''Nachträge, 1755–1832,'' ed. F. W. von Biedermann (Lipsiae: F. W. v. Biedermann, 1896), pp. 89–96; vide praecipue {{google books |plainurl=y |id=MacwAAAAYAAJ|page=95}} paginam 95.</ref><ref name="weinberg">{{cite book | vauthors = Weinberg B. A., Bealer B. K. | title = The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug | publisher = Routledge | year = [[2001]] | isbn = 978-0-415-92723-9 | pages = xvii–xxi | url = https://archive.org/details/worldofcaffeines00benn }}.</ref> Caffeinum anno [[1821]] iterum secretum est a [[Petrus Ioannes Robiquet|Petro Ioanne Robiquet]] chemico [[Francia|Francico]] et separatim a [[Petrus Iosephus Pelletier|Petro Iosepho Pelletier]] et [[Iosephus Beneamatus Caventou|Iosepho Beneamato Caventou]],<!--Bienaimé --> binis chemicis Francicis, ut [[Ioannes Iacobus Berzelius]] chemicus [[Suecia|Suecicus]] in suo [[diarium|diario]] annuo commemoravit. Praeterea, Berzelius dixit chemicos Francicos caffeinum invenisse quamquam opera Rungiana et opera inter se nescirent.<ref>{{cite book |year=[[1825]] |title=Jahres-Bericht über die Fortschritte der physischen Wissenschaften von Jacob Berzelius |volume=4 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=XJI8AAAAIAAJ|page=1}} |language=de |trans-title=Annual report on the progress of the physical sciences by Jacob Berzelius |vauthors=Berzelius JJ |quote=Caféin ist eine Materie im Kaffee, die zu gleicher Zeit, 1821, von Robiquet und Pelletier und Caventou entdekt wurde, von denen aber keine etwas darüber im Drucke bekannt machte. |trans-quote=Caffeine is a material in coffee, which was discovered at the same time, 1821, by Robiquet and [by] Pelletier and Caventou, by whom however nothing was made known about it in the press. |quote-page=180}}.</ref> {{NexInt}} {{div col|3}} * [[Amphetaminum]] * [[Cocainum]] * [[Coffea]] * [[Mate]] * [[Methylliberinum]] * [[Potio refrigeratoria]] * [[Socolata]] * [[Thea]] * [[Theobrominum]] * [[Theophyllinum]] * [[Xanthosinum]] {{div col end}} == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * Bersten, I. [[1999]]. ''Coffee, Sex & Health: A history of anti-coffee crusaders and sexual hysteria.'' Sydneii: Helian Books. ISBN 978-0-9577581-0-0. * Carpenter, M. [[2015]]. ''Caffeinated: How Our Daily Habit Helps, Hurts, and Hooks Us.'' Plume. ISBN 978-0142181805. * Gilbert, Richard M. [[1986]]. ''Caffeine, the most popular stimulant.'' Praefatio Jack Mendelson et Nancy Mello. Novi Eboraci: Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 0877547564. * Gupta, B. S., et Uma Gupta. [[1999]]. ''Caffeine and behavior: current views and research trends.'' Boca Raton in Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0849311667. * Kushner, Marina. [[2006]]. ''The truth about caffeine : how companies that promote it deceive us and what we can do about it.'' Royersford in Pennsylvania: SCR Books. ISBN 9780974758213, 0974758213. * Pendergrast, M. (1999) [[2001]]. ''Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World.'' Londinii: Texere. ISBN 978-1-58799-088-5. * Pollan, M. [[2021]]. ''This Is Your Mind on Plants.'' Penguin Press. ISBN 9780593296905. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Caffeine|caffeinum}} * [http://gmd.mpimp-golm.mpg.de/Spectrums/43595824-4FD6-4B29-AFC2-2771E487F6F3.aspx "GMD MS Spectrum."] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110813123009/http://chemsub.online.fr/name/Caffeine.html "Caffeine: ChemSub Online."] * [http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/mv_caffeine.htm "Caffeine"] apud ''The Periodic Table of Videos'' (Universitas Nottinghamensis). <!--[[Categoria:Alcaloida in plantis reperta]]--> [[Categoria:Antagonistae receptorum adenosini]] [[Categoria:Antagonistae receptorum glycini]] [[Categoria:Anxiogenica]] [[Categoria:Auxilia ergogenetica]] [[Categoria:Caffeinum| ]] [[Categoria:Carcinogena Gregis 3 IARC]] [[Categoria:Composita amara]] [[Categoria:Elementa socolatae]] [[Categoria:Inhibitores acetylcholinesterasis]] [[Categoria:Inhibitores phosphodiesterasis]] [[Categoria:Insecticidae in toxinis plantarum conditae]] [[Categoria:Mutagena]] [[Categoria:Nootropica]] [[Categoria:Purina]] [[Categoria:Stimulantia]] [[Categoria:Vasoconstrictores]] [[Categoria:Xanthina]]<!-- + [[Category:Multiple Chemboxes|X]] =??? --> {{Myrias|Physica}} hahfzarq5znkbxd44b8ifp4jd1blyr4 0 304911 3979825 3768446 2026-08-09T20:03:11Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979825 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hibifolinum''' est [[glycosidum]] [[flavonolum|flavonolorum]] quod [[neurotoxicitas|neurotoxicitatem]] a [[beta-amyloidum|beta=amyloido]] inductam in vitro prohibet.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=19539722|year=2009|last1=Zhu|first1=JT|last2=Choi|first2=RC|last3=Xie|first3=HQ|last4=Zheng|first4=KY|last5=Guo|first5=AJ|last6=Bi|first6=CW|last7=Lau|first7=DT|last8=Li|first8=J|last9=Dong|first9=TT|last10=Lau|first10=BW|last11=Chen|first11=JJ|last12=Tsim|first12=KW|title=Hibifolin, a flavonol glycoside, prevents beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in cultured cortical neurons|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neuroscience-letters_2009-09-11_461_2/page/172|volume=461|issue=2|pages=172–6|doi=10.1016/j.neulet.2009.06.010|journal=Neuroscience Letters|s2cid=32342156}}.</ref> Eius [[nomen proprium|nomen]] IUPAC est [[acidum]] 3,3′,4′,5,7-Pentahydroxy-4-oxoflav-2-en-8-yl β-<small>D</small>-glucopyranosiduronicum. [[Formula chemica]] est C₂₁H₁₈O₁₄. ==Notae== <references/> [[Categoria:Glycosida flavonolorum]] 9y9ote1p6fuc5rxfxe8f42ck5ue9fcr 0 305660 3980163 3921417 2026-08-10T01:46:08Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3980163 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Ancus.2.png|thumb|Ancus]] {{res|Neuma}}{{DuCange ref|neuma}}{{DAEL ref|neuma|733}}<ref>[http://www.chmtl.indiana.edu/tml/9th-11th/ANOQUID_TEXT.html Cod. Lat. Palat. 235.]{{Nexus deficit|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Cf. etiam Peter Wagner: ''Neumenkunde,'' editio altera (Lipsiae: 1912), 355.</ref> (sive {{pns|tis|n}} sive {{pns|ae|f}}) seu {{res|pneuma}}{{DuCange ref|pneuma}} ({{pns|tis|n}}), antea {{res|iubilus}},<ref>"Jubilus" apud: ''Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon'', tomus 10 (Lipsiae: 1907), [http://www.zeno.org/nid/20006846327 325].</ref> est figura [[notatio musica|notarum]], quibus [[melisma]]tica [[cantus Gregorianus|cantus Gregoriani]] ornamenta designantur.<ref>Sic in occidente [[cantus planus]] redditur; in aliis [[traditio]]nibus Christianis variationes sunt.</ref> == Usus == Ita utilissime describitur ascensus et descensus [[melodia]]e necnon congruentia [[tonus|toni]] cum [[syllaba]]. [[Medium aevum|Medio sic dicto aevo]] rituum [[liturgia|liturgicorum]] [[musica]]m tradere coeperunt. Forma vetus ab saeculo octavo lineolas, hamos ancos curbatosque, puncta habet quae primo visu [[stenographia]]e similant. In cursu temporis figurae vestigiis equis simulata sunt et magis crassa facta sunt, praesertim quando tonorum altitudo linea F fixata est. [[Guido Aretinus]] in figuris ponendis regulas statuerat, quas regulas usque nunc servamus. Ita incertitudo de sonorum altitudine valde minuta est. Praeter figuras crassas (quae etiam ''notae Germanica'' sive ''notae Gothicae'' nuncupantur) ex saeculo XII ''nota quadrata/quadriquarta'' cum capitibus quadratis (e.g. [[Roma]]na nota choralis) apparuit, quae scripturam mensuralem sibi adoptaverat. Sed sine linea neumarum interpretatio fieri non potest quippe quae ipsae intervallorum magnitudinem sileant et directionem modorum forte tantummodo prodant. == Termini technici == *virga/virgula et punctum: pro nota una separata *pes/podatus: pro intervallo uno in altum *clivis/flexa: pro intervallo in bassum *tremula, quilisma, plica etc.: signa de recto modo recitandi Alii velut gnomo, epiphonus, cephalicus, oriscus, ancus, tramea, sinuosa, strophicus, bivirgis, trivirgis, distropha, semivocalis aut synonyma aut combinatio sunt. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Neumes|neumas}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090415220456/http://www.mittelalter-recherche.de/neumen.html de neumis recte scribendis monstratio] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20181010174409/http://ensembleison.de/publications/neumen/index.htm introductio in mundum neumarum captantem] == Notae == <references/> [[Categoria:Notatio musica]] cj84d6nif18yc7l3l2q3gx5z19d2z00 0 306064 3979772 3977928 2026-08-09T16:12:04Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3979772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Helena Schlein}}, saepe ''Elly Schlein'' sed praenominibus legalibus ''Elena Ethel'' ([[Sorengo]] in [[Helvetia]] die [[4 Maii]] [[1985]] nata) est mulier politica [[Italia|Italica]], Reipublicae Italicae [[Camera Deputatorum Reipublicae Italicae|deputata]] ab 2022 anno ac [[Factio democratica (Italia)|Factonis Democraticae]] ductrix a die 12 Martii 2023.<ref name=":0">"[https://www.rainews.it/maratona/2023/02/pd-oggi-le-primarie-2023--f3cabcee-1e51-4068-9749-0260d3d0d3e3.html Elly Schlein è la nuova segretaria del Partito democratico: “Saremo un bel problema per Meloni"]" in ''Rai News'' (27 Februarii 2023) {{Ling|Italice}}</ref> == Biographia == Helena Ethel Schlein [[Luganum|Lugani]],<ref>Vide paginam suam apud [https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/de/124804/ELLY_SCHLEIN/history/8 situm interretiale] Parlamenti Europaei {{Ling|Theodisce}}.</ref> in [[Pagus Ticinensis|Pago Ticinense]], nata est anno 1985. Pater Melvinus Schlein politologus [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americanus]] erat atque maiores suae familiae [[Hebraei]] [[Aschenates]] erant, e {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Žovkva||uk|qid=Q864836}} pago Ucrainico oriundi.<ref>"[https://corrieredibologna.corriere.it/bologna/politica/22_settembre_27/chi-elly-schlein-famiglia-lugano-volontariato-obama-l-outing-tv-copertine-390392f8-3e42-11ed-8079-63c555ec057e.shtml Chi è Elly Schlein: la famiglia a Lugano, il volontariato per Obama, i coming out in tv, le copertine]" in ''Corriere di Bologna'' (27 Septembris 2022) {{Ling|Italice}}</ref> Mater sua, Maria Paula Viviani, [[profestrix]] in [[Universitas studiorum Insubriae|universitatem studiorum Insubriae]] est.<ref name=":1">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20230308161348/https://corrieredellumbria.corr.it/news/esteri/30470932/elly-schlein-chi-e-bisessuale-amato-uomini-donne-vita-privata-carriera.html Elly Schlein, chi è: "Ho amato uomini e donne". La vita privata e la carriera]" in ''Corriere dell'Umbria'' (13 Februarii 2022) {{Ling|Italice}}</ref> Anno 2013 Helena Schlein sodalis Factionis Democraticae facta est. Anno 2015, mense Maio, Helena Schlein a Factione Democratica discessit ut protestatio contra politicam [[Matthaeus Renzi|Matthaei Renzi]], illo tempore dux Factionis Democraticae atque [[Primus Minister Italiae|primus minister Italiae]]. Igitur Schlein in aliam factionem politicam, [[Possibile]], transiit.<ref>"[https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2015/05/08/pd-leurodeputata-schlein-segue-civati-questo-partito-non-esiste-gia-piu/1665706/ Pd, l'eurodeputata Schlein segue Civati: "Questo partito non esiste già più"]" in ''Il Fatto Quotidiano'' (8 Maii 2015) {{Ling|Italice}}</ref> Post cladem electionibus anno 2022, [[Henricus Letta]] ab officio Factionis Democraticae se abdicaverat, igitur Helena Schelin rediit atque se candidatum professa est.<ref>"[https://www.ilpost.it/2022/11/11/elly-schlein-candidatura-segreteria-pd/ Elly Schlein ha fatto capire che vuole candidarsi alla segreteria del PD]" in ''Il Post'' (11 Novembris 2022) {{Ling|Italice}}</ref> Anno 2023, mense Martio, illa adversarium [[Stephanus Bonaccini|Stephanum Bonaccini]] vicit atque electa est ductrix factionis politicae, prima mulier atque omnium antecedentium nata minima.<ref name=":0" /> == Vita privata == Anno 2020 ea se [[Bisexualitas|bisexualem]] esse dixit.<ref name=":1" /> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * "[https://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/politica/elly-schlein-chi-e-7ae24b4f Elly Schlein, chi è la prima segretaria donna del Partito Democratico]" in ''Il Resto del Carlino'' (25 Februarii 2023) {{Ling|Italice}} * "[https://tg24.sky.it/politica/approfondimenti/elly-schlein-compagna-vita-privata Elly Schlein, dai genitori prof alla sorella diplomatica: cosa si sa della vita privata]" in ''Sky TG24'' (28 Februarii 2023) {{Ling|Italice}} == Nexus externi == {{Communia|Elly Schlein|Helenam Schlein}} {{Fontes biographici}} * [https://www.ellyschlein.it/ Situs privatus] {{Ling|Italice}} {{Lifetime|1985||Schlein, Helena}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Bononiensis]] [[Categoria:Politici Italiae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Helvetiae]] [[Categoria:LGBT]] t716gzbcug2amya5i76w0112k2o0rj2 0 306186 3979707 3979035 2026-08-09T14:49:55Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3979707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Aloysia Sygaea Toletana}}<ref>Imaginem vide. Saepe et '''Sigaea'''.</ref>, nata ''Luisa Sigea de Velasco'' in ''Tarancón'' circa annum 1522 et mortua [[Burgi]]s [[13 Octobris]] anno [[1560]], fuit poetria et scriptrix Latina [[Hispania|Hispanicae]] originis. == Vita et opera == Didaci Sygaei nobilis filia fuit, qui, in [[Universitas Compluti Urbis|Universitate Complutensi]] educatus, e [[Corona Castellae|Castella]] post [[Bellum popularium Castellanorum|bellum popularium]] in [[Lusitania]]m fugit; ipse filiis praeceperat, unde Aloysia linguam Latinam bene cognovit. [[Maria Lusitanica]], [[Emmanuel I|Emmanuelis I]] regis et [[Heleonora (regina Portugalliae et Franciae)|Heleonorae]] filia, amica, discipula et patrona Aloysiae facta est. Ad nuptias eius cum [[Philippus II (rex Hispaniae)|Philippo]] principe Aloysia ''Syntram'' anno 1553 carmen suum bucolicum multo laudatum composuit. Mariae et ''Duarum virginum colloquium de vita aulica et privata'' dedicatum est, anno 1562 editus. Anno 1552 Aloysia Francisco de Cuevas nupta est et anno 1558 ambo ad aulam [[Maria Austriaca (gubernator Nederlandiae)|Mariae Austriacae]] venerut, sed illa mox mortua est. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Andreas de Resende||pt|qid=Q268083}} epitaphium tale Aloysiae composuit: :Hic sita Sigaea est: satis hoc: qui cetera nescit ::Rusticus est: artes nec colit ille bonas. [[Nicolaus Chorerius|Nicolai Chorerii]] ''[[Satyra sotadica|Satyra sotadica de arcanis Amoris et Veneris]]'' diu falso Aloysiae attribuebatur. Epistolas quoque reliquit, inter quas et [[Paulus III|Paulo III]] pontifici epistola exstat. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == * [https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/17738/luisa-sigea De Sygaea] in ''Lexico biographico Hispanico'' {{ling|Hispanice}} * [[:s:ru:ЭСБЕ/Сигеа, Алоизия|De Sygaea]] in ''[[Lexicon encyclopaedicum Brockhaus et Efron|Lexico encyclopaedico Brockhaus et Efron]]'' {{ling|Russice}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230314124119/https://bvpb.mcu.es/es/consulta/registro.cmd?id=397594 ''Duarum virginum colloquium...,'' manuscriptum] * [https://luisasigeadevelasco.blogspot.com/2016/09/syntra.html ''Syntra'' cum versione Hispanica] {{Lifetime|1522|1560|Sygaea, Aloysia}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini Renascentiae]] [[Categoria:Poetae Latini Hispaniae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Hispaniae]] [[Categoria:Humanistae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Portugalliae]] 1di81gzhktdpwe5naiiwcvuq5725mzv 0 306235 3979968 3911843 2026-08-09T22:33:22Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979968 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Swift j1818 inset.jpg|thumb|upright=1|In hac rara imagine est magnetar [[Swift J1818.0–1607]] (violaceum), quod iuvenissimum{{dubsig}} astronomi putant (circa 500 annis in Telluris tempore). Est etiam velocissimum adhuc inventum ([[rotatio]] circa quaterdeciens in temporis [[secundum|decasecundo]] iterat, vel 1.4 [[Hertz|Hz]]).]] [[Fasciculus:Dust_Ring_around_Magnetar1.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[SGR 1900+14]] est [[mollis radiationis gamma iteratrum]] quo astronomi latēre magnetar putant.]] {{res|Magnetar}} ({{pns|aris|n}}, [[portmanteau]] ab [[Anglice|Anglico]] ''magnet'' + ''star,'' [[stella]] magnetica), est [[stella neutronica]] extremo [[campus magneticus|campo magnetico]] (ab ∼10⁹ [[Tesla (unitas)|T]] usque ~10¹¹ [[Tesla (unitas)|T]]). Ante mensem [[Iulius|Iulium]] anni [[2021]], viginti quattuor magnetaria nota sunt. == Historia == [[Exsistentia]] magnetarium a [[Rupertus Duncan|Ruperto Duncan]] ac [[Christophorus Thomson|Christophoro Thomson]] anno [[1992]] proposita est ad [[mollis radiationis gamma iteratrum|mollis radiationis gamma iteratra]] claranda.<ref name="duncan_thompson">{{cite journal|doi=10.1086/186413|bibcode=1992ApJ...392L...9D|title=Formation of Very Strongly Magnetized Neutron Stars: Implications for Gamma-Ray Bursts|last1=Duncan|first1=Robert C.|authorlink1=Rupertus Duncan|last2=Thompson|first2=Christopher|journal=Astrophysical Journal Letters|volume=392|page=L9|year=[[1992]]}}.</ref><ref name="sokol">{{cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=Christopher |last2=Duncan |first2=Robert C. |date=Iulius [[1995]] |title=The soft gamma repeaters as very strongly magnetized neutron stars - I. radiative mechanisms for outbursts |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_monthly-notices-of-the-royal-astronomical-society_1995-07-15_275_2/page/255 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=275 |issue=2 |pages=255–300 |bibcode=1995MNRAS.275..255T |doi=10.1093/mnras/275.2.255|doi-access=free }}.</ref> Quae [[coniectura]] sequentibus annis recepta est, et extenta ad [[Pulsar enormium radiorum Roentgenianorum|pulsaria enormium radiorum Roentgenianorum]] explicanda. {{NexInt}} *[[Foramen nigrum]] *[[Pulsar]] *[[Radiatio gamma]] *[[Roentgeniani radii]] ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria:Stellarum genera]] [[Categoria:Astrophysica]] [[Categoria:Stellae variabiles]] faoab136idliz9ob7a5o4fk31u7mc6u 0 306295 3979816 3935235 2026-08-09T19:45:36Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 3 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979816 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Artist's concept of PSR B1257+12 system.jpg|thumb|[[Artifex|Artistica]] planetarum orbitantium [[PSR B1257+12]] imago. Proximus est planeta [[PSR B1257+12 d|d]], Phobetor appellatus.]] '''Planeta pulsaris'''{{Convertimus}} est [[planeta]] qui circum [[pulsar]] ({{*ie}} [[stella neutronica]] rapide rotans) movetur. Primi inventi [[planeta extrasolaris|planetae extrasolares]] fuerunt planetae pulsarium. Hi per mensuras periodi pulsationum, enormitates quaerendo, deteguntur. Quaelibet enim [[corpus caeleste|corpora caelestia]] quae circum pulsar moveantur sunt causa mutationum eius ordinariae periodi, et cum pulsaria constante [[frequentia]] pulsare soleant, quaelibet mutatio, auxilio accuratarum mensurarum periodi pulsationis, facilie revelatur. == Historia == Inventio planetarum pulsarium fuit insperata: stellae neutronicae primitus [[supernova|supernovis]] creatae sunt, et quilibet planeta tales stellas prius orbitans in explosione destruendus putabar. Anno [[1991]], [[Andreas G. Lyne]] primum planetam pulsaris inventum nuntiavit circa [[PSR B1829–10]],<ref>{{cite journal | author1 = Bailes, M. | author2 = Lyne, A. | author3 = Shemar, S. | title = A planet orbiting the neutron star PSR1829–10 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1991-07-25_352_6333/page/311 | journal = [[Nature]] | volume = 352 | issue = 6333 | pages = 311–313 | year = [[1991]] | doi = 10.1038/352311a0 .}}</ref> sed hoc nuntium postea retractavit,<ref>{{cite journal | author1 = Lyne, A. | author2 = Bailes, M. | title = No planet orbiting PS R1829–10 | journal = [[Nature]] | volume = 355 | issue = 6357 | pages = 213 | year = [[1992]] | doi = 10.1038/355213b0 | url = https://www.nature.com/articles/355213b0.pdf .}}</ref> parum ante quam reales primi planetae pulsarium nuntiarentur. Nam anno [[1992]], [[Alexander Wolszczan]] et [[Dale Frail]] inventionem [[systema planetarium|systematis]] pluribus planetis circa pulsar [[PSR B1257+12]] nuntiaverunt.<ref>{{cite journal | bibcode = 1992Natur.355..145W | author = Wolszczan, A. | author2 = Frail, D. | title = A planetary system around the millisecond pulsar PSR1257 + 12 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1992-01-09_355_6356/page/145 | journal = [[Nature]] | volume = 355 | issue = 6356 | pages = 145–147 | year = [[1992]] | doi = 10.1038/355145a0 | s2cid = 4260368 .}}</ref> Hi (planetae [[PSR B1257+12 c|c]] et [[PSR B1257+12 d|d]]) fuerunt primi duo certi planetae extrasolares, eorum fuit primum systema planetarium extrasolare pluribus planetis notum, et ei primi planetae pulsarium detecti. In principio inventio fuit incerta propter priorem retractationem alterīus pulsaris planetae, et multi [[astronomus|astronomi]] inquirebant quomodo pulsaria habere possent planetas. Demum tamen planetae probati sunt esse reales,<ref>{{cite journal | bibcode = 1994Sci...264..538W | author = Wolszczan, A. | title = Confirmation of Earth Mass Planets Orbiting the Millisecond Pulsar PSR B1257+12 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1994-04-22_264_5158/page/538 | journal = [[Science]] | volume = 264 | issue = 5158 | pages = 538–542 | date = [[1994]] | doi = 10.1126/science.264.5158.538 | pmid = 17732735 | s2cid = 19621191 .}}</ref> et postea, eadem arte, duo alii planetae minoribus [[massa|massis]] in eadem systemate inventi sunt, licet retractatus sit unus (planeta [[PSR B1257+12 b|b]] servatur). == Planetae pulsarium confirmati == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |- ! [[Pulsar]] ! [[Planeta]] ! [[Massa]]<!-- data-sort-value in Jupiter masses --> ! data-sort-type="number" | [[Semiaxis maior]]<br><small>([[Unitas astronomica|UA]])</small> ! data-sort-type="number" | [[Periodus orbitalis]]<!-- data-sort-value in days --> ! [[Anno]] |- | [[Black Widow Pulsar|PSR B1957+20]] | [[PSR B1957+20 b]] | data-sort-value="22" | {{Massae astronomicae|22|Iuppiter}} | data-sort-value="0" | − | 0.38 [[Dies|d]] | 1988 |- | [[PSR B1620−26|PSR B1620-26]] | [[PSR B1620−26 b|PSR B1620-26 b ("Mathusalam")]] | data-sort-value="22" | {{Massae astronomicae|2.5|Iuppiter}} | 23 | data-sort-value="36550" | 100.06849 [[Annus|a]] | 2003 |- | rowspan="3"| [[PSR B1257+12|PSR B1257+12 ("Lich")]] | [[PSR B1257+12 b|PSR B1257+12 b ("Draugr")]] | data-sort-value="6.292e-5" | {{Massae astronomicae|0.020|Tellus}} ({{Massae astronomicae|1.63|Luna}}) | 0.19 | 25.262 ± 0.003 [[Dies|d]] | 1994 |- | [[PSR B1257+12 c|PSR B1257+12 c ("Poltergeist")]] | data-sort-value="0.01353" | {{Massae astronomicae|4.3|Tellus}} | 0.36 | 66.5419 ± 0.0001 [[Dies|d]] | 1992 |- | [[PSR B1257+12 d|PSR B1257+12 d ("Phobetor")]] | data-sort-value="0.01227" | {{Massae astronomicae|3.90|Tellus}} | 0.46 | 98.2114 ± 0.0002 [[Dies|d]] | 1992 |- | rowspan="2"| [[PSR B0943+10]] | [[PSR B0943+10 b]] | {{Massae astronomicae|2.8|Iuppiter}} | 1.8 | 730 [[Dies|d]] | 2014 |- | [[PSR B0943+10 c]] | {{Massae astronomicae|2.6|Iuppiter}} | 2.9 | 1460 [[Dies|d]] | 2014 |- | [[PSR B0329+54]] | [[PSR B0329+54 b]] | data-sort-value="0.006198" | {{Massae astronomicae|1.97 ± 0.19|Tellus}} | 10.26 ± 0.07 | data-sort-value="10139" | 27.76 ± 0.03 [[Annus|a]] | 2017 |- | [[PSR J2322-2650]] | [[PSR J2322-2650 b]] | {{Massae astronomicae|0.7949|Iuppiter}} | 0.0102 | 0.322963997 [[Dies|d]] | 2017 |- | [[PSR J2007+3120]] | [[PSR J2007+3120 b]] | {{Massae astronomicae|0.0072|Iuppiter}} | data-sort-value="0" | − | 723 ± 8 [[Dies|d]] | 2022 |- | [[PSR M13E]] | [[PSR M13E b]] | {{Massae astronomicae|19.42 ± 3.0|Iuppiter}} | data-sort-value="0" | − | 0.11261745834 ± 0.00000000004 [[Dies|d]] | 2020 |- | [[PSR J1719-1438]] | [[PSR J1719-1438 b]] | data-sort-value="1" | c. {{Massa astronomica|1|Iuppiter}} | 0.004 | data-sort-value="0.090706293" | 2.176951032 [[Hora|h]] | 2011 |- | [[PSR J1544+4937]] | [[PSR J1544+4937 b]] | {{Massae astronomicae|18|Iuppiter}} | 0.00537 | 0.1207729895 ± 0.0000000001 [[Dies|d]] | 2013 |- | [[PSR J0636+5129]] | [[PSR J0636+5129 b]] | {{Massae astronomicae|8|Iuppiter}} | data-sort-value="0" | − | 0.067 [[Dies|d]] | 2016 |- | [[PSR J2051-0827 b|PSR J2051-0827]] | [[PSR J2051-0827 b]] | {{Massae astronomicae|28.3|Iuppiter}} | data-sort-value="0" | − | 0.099110266 [[Dies|d]] | 1996 |- | [[PSR J1807-2459 A]] | [[PSR J1807-2459 A b]] | {{Massae astronomicae|9.4|Iuppiter}} | data-sort-value="0" | − | 0.07 [[Dies|d]] | 2000 |} == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Pulsar enormium radiorum Roentgenianorum]] * [[Magnetar]] * [[Mollis radiationis gamma iteratrum]] [[Categoria:Astrophysica]] [[Categoria:Planetae pulsarium|!]] [[Categoria:Stellae variabiles]] [[Categoria:Systemata planetaria|-]] omt2my8othnzbh5azumd4gvrrikyejf 10 306461 3980089 3971211 2026-08-10T00:11:45Z Grufo 64423 Nunc mechanema annotationis [[Formula:Annotatio intra versum accommodata|aliā formulā]] nititur 3980089 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}}|<templatestyles src="Formula:Scholium/styles.css" />{{Annotatio intra versum accommodata|1={{{1|}}}|2=<span class="scholium">{{{2|}}}</span>}}|{{{2|}}}}}{{#if:{{{inspicitur|}}} | {{#switch:{{lc:{{{inspicitur}}}}} | auctoritas = [[Categoria:Paginae citationibus carentes]] | latinitas = [[Categoria:Latinitas -2 (dubium)]] | barbaries = [[Categoria:Paginae partim latinizandae]] | scientia = [[Categoria:Scientia corrigenda vel amplificanda]] | veritas = [[Categoria:Paginae partim verificandae]] | #default = {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}}|0|[[Categoria:Paginae partim inspiciendae]]}} }} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> agqf0lomydz5c8mvbsslunjg0acnay1 3980139 3980089 2026-08-10T00:53:23Z Grufo 64423 Formulam redintegravi 3980139 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}}|<templatestyles src="Formula:Scholium/styles.css" />{{Annotatio intra versum accommodata|1={{{1|}}}|2=<span class="scholium">{{{2|}}}</span>|fixio=colorata}}|{{{2|}}}}}{{#if:{{{inspicitur|}}} | {{#switch:{{lc:{{{inspicitur}}}}} | auctoritas = [[Categoria:Paginae citationibus carentes]] | latinitas = [[Categoria:Latinitas -2 (dubium)]] | barbaries = [[Categoria:Paginae partim latinizandae]] | scientia = [[Categoria:Scientia corrigenda vel amplificanda]] | veritas = [[Categoria:Paginae partim verificandae]] | #default = {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}}|0|[[Categoria:Paginae partim inspiciendae]]}} }} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> l1gjwpjkm5ya1357o02i32tvieha8cd 10 306462 3980087 3854860 2026-08-10T00:10:28Z Grufo 64423 Folium CSS plerumque in “[[Formula:Annotatio intra versum accommodata/styles.css]]” positum 3980087 sanitized-css text/css span.scholium { text-decoration: #008000 wavy underline; } 1f1k4nggxmzgpxuekk5zutxokudrq19 10 306463 3980191 3943357 2026-08-10T04:37:56Z Grufo 64423 +Cat 3980191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula transitoria}} {{Formula tabularia|censens=aliquas electas [[:Categoria:Corrigenda|categorias de rebus corrigendis]]|prodens=singillatim}} {{Formula numquam substituenda|...}} {{Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur|Formula:Scholium/styles.css}} Utere hac formula ut [[scholium|scholia]] (de [[Vicipaedia:De bibliographiis et nexibus externis|auctoritate]], [[Vicipaedia:Latinitas|Latinitate]], etc.) in paginas inseras. Saepe apud [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatium nominale]] principale scholia non sunt diutina, quia (praesertim si argumentum {{para|inspicitur}} detur) mendas vel dubia signare solent, et removebuntur cum usores quandam solutionem inveniant (exceptiones sunt tamen possibiles). Contra, scholia in spatiis nominalibus disputationum instrumenta mansura ad rem explicandam esse possunt. Si vis, tu adiuvare potes, {{Nexūs ad paginam|Formula:Scholium|scholia in spatio nominali principali inspiciens|Principale|celanda=nexus|dumtaxat=100}}, ad Vicipaediam meliorem faciendam. == De usu == * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Dico tibi “{{Scholium|Lingua fatua|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet}}”</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ Dico tibi “{{Scholium|Lingua fatua|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet}}” * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet {{Scholium|Corrige si potes!}}</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet {{Scholium|Corrige si potes!}} Ambo {{para|1}} et {{para|2}} tantummodo versus singulos comprehendere possunt (<code>&lt;br&gt;</code> conceditur). == De argumentis == <templatedata>{ "description": "Haec formula scholia (de auctoritate, Latinitate, etc.) in paginas inserit.", "params": { "1": { "label": "Scholium", "description": "Nota ad locum explanandum", "type": "content", "required": true, "example": "Lingua fatua" }, "2": { "label": "Locus", "description": "Locus explanandus", "type": "content", "required": false, "example": "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet" }, "inspicitur": { "label": "Qualitas inspecta", "description": "Qualitas inspecta, ut pagina in categoriis opportunis numeretur (vide tabellam) – omitte si nullam qualitatem inspiciendam putas", "type": "string", "required": false, "example": "latinitas" } } }</templatedata> === Argumentum {{para|inspicitur}} === Si argumentum {{para|inspicitur}} datur, pagina in unam ex sequentibus [[Vicipaedia:De categoriis|categoriis]] inseverit. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" |- ! {{para|inspicitur}} ! Categoria |- | <code>auctoritas</code> | {{Nc|Paginae citationibus carentes|Paginae citationibus carentes}} |- | <code>barbaries</code> | {{Nc|Paginae partim latinizandae|Paginae partim latinizandae}} |- | <code>latinitas</code> | {{Nc|Latinitas -2 (dubium)|Latinitas -2 (dubium)}} |- | <code>scientia</code> | {{Nc|Scientia corrigenda vel amplificanda|Scientia corrigenda vel amplificanda}} |- | <code>veritas</code> | {{Nc|Paginae partim verificandae|Paginae partim verificandae}} |- | Alia qualitas ad libitum (e.g.<br /><code>res</code>, <code>miscellanea</code>, etc.) | {{Nc|Paginae partim inspiciendae|Paginae partim inspiciendae}} |} E.g. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Scholium|inspicitur=latinitas|Lingua fatua|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet}}</syntaxhighlight>. Omitte argumentum si nullam qualitatem putas inspiciendam. Tibi suademus ne argumentum omittas nisi in disputationibus, si vis ut alii usores facile notam tuam videant et deinceps interveniant. == Subpaginae formulae huius == * {{rel|Formula:Scholium/styles.css}} == Ulteriora si cupis == {{Categoriae vestigatoriae formulae | Latinitas -2 (dubium) | Paginae citationibus carentes | Paginae partim inspiciendae | Paginae partim latinizandae | Paginae partim verificandae | Scientia corrigenda vel amplificanda }} * {{Fn|Abbr}} – ad formam brevem vocabuli scribendam * {{Fn|Indicium ostentum}} – ad locutionem cum quibuslibet [[data|datibus]] associandam * {{Fn|Res}} – ad rem dissertatam ostendendam * {{Fn|Convertimus}} – ad verbum aut locutionem translatione Latina carentem convertendum * {{fn|Citatio desiderata}} – pro sententiis quae fontes carent (vide etiam {{Fn|Cdref}} et {{Fn|Cdvox}}) * {{Fn|Fons nominis desideratus}} – ad fontes sententiarum postulandas (vide etiam {{Fn|Fndref}} et {{Fn|Fndvox}}) * {{Fn|Fons abortus}} * {{Fn|Fons verificandus}} – ad fontes inspiciendos * {{Fn|Nomen desideratum}} – pro nominis barbaris quae vertenda sunt in Latinum sermonem (vide etiam {{Fn|Ndref}} et {{Fn|Ndvox}}) * {{Fn|Dubium}} * {{fn|Expungo}} * {{Fn|Obscura}} * {{Fn|Titulus barbarus desideratus}} – ut titulorum, qui extra Vicipaediam Latine nunquam redditi sunt, textus primus, i.e. non Latinus, adhibendus denotetur * {{Fn|Verba barbara desiderata}} – ut citationum, quae extra Vicipaediam Latine nunquam redditae sunt, textus primus, i.e. non Latinus, includendus denotetur * {{Fn|Verba latinizanda}} * {{Fn|Verba verificanda}} * {{Fn|Verba vicificanda}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae annotationes superpositas creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae de rebus corrigendis|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae scholiasticae|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> 3uybj59xgvw24awew6st97rnv984pbx 3980192 3980191 2026-08-10T04:38:49Z Grufo 64423 /* Ulteriora si cupis */ 3980192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula transitoria}} {{Formula tabularia|censens=aliquas electas [[:Categoria:Corrigenda|categorias de rebus corrigendis]]|prodens=singillatim}} {{Formula numquam substituenda|...}} {{Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur|Formula:Scholium/styles.css}} Utere hac formula ut [[scholium|scholia]] (de [[Vicipaedia:De bibliographiis et nexibus externis|auctoritate]], [[Vicipaedia:Latinitas|Latinitate]], etc.) in paginas inseras. Saepe apud [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatium nominale]] principale scholia non sunt diutina, quia (praesertim si argumentum {{para|inspicitur}} detur) mendas vel dubia signare solent, et removebuntur cum usores quandam solutionem inveniant (exceptiones sunt tamen possibiles). Contra, scholia in spatiis nominalibus disputationum instrumenta mansura ad rem explicandam esse possunt. Si vis, tu adiuvare potes, {{Nexūs ad paginam|Formula:Scholium|scholia in spatio nominali principali inspiciens|Principale|celanda=nexus|dumtaxat=100}}, ad Vicipaediam meliorem faciendam. == De usu == * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Dico tibi “{{Scholium|Lingua fatua|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet}}”</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ Dico tibi “{{Scholium|Lingua fatua|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet}}” * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet {{Scholium|Corrige si potes!}}</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet {{Scholium|Corrige si potes!}} Ambo {{para|1}} et {{para|2}} tantummodo versus singulos comprehendere possunt (<code>&lt;br&gt;</code> conceditur). == De argumentis == <templatedata>{ "description": "Haec formula scholia (de auctoritate, Latinitate, etc.) in paginas inserit.", "params": { "1": { "label": "Scholium", "description": "Nota ad locum explanandum", "type": "content", "required": true, "example": "Lingua fatua" }, "2": { "label": "Locus", "description": "Locus explanandus", "type": "content", "required": false, "example": "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet" }, "inspicitur": { "label": "Qualitas inspecta", "description": "Qualitas inspecta, ut pagina in categoriis opportunis numeretur (vide tabellam) – omitte si nullam qualitatem inspiciendam putas", "type": "string", "required": false, "example": "latinitas" } } }</templatedata> === Argumentum {{para|inspicitur}} === Si argumentum {{para|inspicitur}} datur, pagina in unam ex sequentibus [[Vicipaedia:De categoriis|categoriis]] inseverit. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" |- ! {{para|inspicitur}} ! Categoria |- | <code>auctoritas</code> | {{Nc|Paginae citationibus carentes|Paginae citationibus carentes}} |- | <code>barbaries</code> | {{Nc|Paginae partim latinizandae|Paginae partim latinizandae}} |- | <code>latinitas</code> | {{Nc|Latinitas -2 (dubium)|Latinitas -2 (dubium)}} |- | <code>scientia</code> | {{Nc|Scientia corrigenda vel amplificanda|Scientia corrigenda vel amplificanda}} |- | <code>veritas</code> | {{Nc|Paginae partim verificandae|Paginae partim verificandae}} |- | Alia qualitas ad libitum (e.g.<br /><code>res</code>, <code>miscellanea</code>, etc.) | {{Nc|Paginae partim inspiciendae|Paginae partim inspiciendae}} |} E.g. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Scholium|inspicitur=latinitas|Lingua fatua|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet}}</syntaxhighlight>. Omitte argumentum si nullam qualitatem putas inspiciendam. Tibi suademus ne argumentum omittas nisi in disputationibus, si vis ut alii usores facile notam tuam videant et deinceps interveniant. == Subpaginae formulae huius == * {{rel|Formula:Scholium/styles.css}} == Ulteriora si cupis == {{Categoriae vestigatoriae formulae | Latinitas -2 (dubium) | Paginae citationibus carentes | Paginae partim inspiciendae | Paginae partim latinizandae | Paginae partim verificandae | Scientia corrigenda vel amplificanda }} * {{Fn|Abbr}} – ad formam brevem vocabuli scribendam * {{Fn|Indicium ostentum}} – ad locutionem cum quibuslibet [[data|datibus]] associandam * {{Fn|Res}} – ad rem dissertatam ostendendam * {{Fn|Convertimus}} – ad verbum aut locutionem translatione Latina carentem convertendum * {{fn|Citatio desiderata}} – pro sententiis quae fontes carent (vide etiam {{Fn|Cdref}} et {{Fn|Cdvox}}) * {{Fn|Fons nominis desideratus}} – ad fontes sententiarum postulandas (vide etiam {{Fn|Fndref}} et {{Fn|Fndvox}}) * {{Fn|Fons abortus}} * {{Fn|Fons verificandus}} – ad fontes inspiciendos * {{Fn|Nomen desideratum}} – pro nominis barbaris quae vertenda sunt in Latinum sermonem (vide etiam {{Fn|Ndref}} et {{Fn|Ndvox}}) * {{Fn|Dubium}} * {{fn|Expungo}} * {{Fn|Obscura}} * {{Fn|Titulus barbarus desideratus}} – ut titulorum, qui extra Vicipaediam Latine nunquam redditi sunt, textus primus, i.e. non Latinus, adhibendus denotetur * {{Fn|Verba barbara desiderata}} – ut citationum, quae extra Vicipaediam Latine nunquam redditae sunt, textus primus, i.e. non Latinus, includendus denotetur * {{Fn|Verba latinizanda}} * {{Fn|Verba verificanda}} * {{Fn|Verba vicificanda}} * {{Fn|Annotatio intra versum accommodata}} * {{Fn|Assenserunt}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae annotationes superpositas creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae de rebus corrigendis|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae scholiasticae|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> of97zqv7bke9ftga4kn2w3i4wt6w6sl 0 306734 3979975 3796921 2026-08-09T22:40:18Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 2 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Martinus Iulius Bram''' ([[1897]]–[[1956]]) fuit [[praelatus]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]] [[Ecclesia Episcopalis|Ecclesiae Episcopalis]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]], qui munus {{Creanda|en|Episcopal Diocese of South Florida|Dioecesis Episcopalis Floridae Meridianae|Episcopi Suffragani Floridae Meridianae}} ab anno [[1951]] ad annum [[1956]] sustinebat. ==De iuventute et eruditione== Martinus Iulius ([[Anglice]] ''Martin Julius'') Bram [[Urbs Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]] in [[urbs|urbe]] die [[25 Septembris]] [[1897]] natus est, Martini Samuelis Bram et Helenae<!--Ellen--> Chambers Bram filius. In publicis [[schola|scholis]] urbanis eruditus, {{Creanda|en|Hobart and William Smith Colleges|Collegium Hobartense}} frequentavit, ubi gradum [[A.B.|Baccalauratus Artium]] magna cum laude anno [[1926]] accepit. Statim in {{Creanda|en|Virginia Theological Seminary|Seminario Theologico Virginiae}} [[matriculatio|matriculavit]], ubi gradum [[Baccalaureatus Divinitatis]] anno [[1929]] accepit. ==Ministerium ordinatum== Bram [[diaconus]] mense Iunio [[1928]] ac [[presbyter]] mense Novembri [[1929]] a {{Creanda|en|Philip Cook (bishop)|Philippus Cook|Philippo Cook}}, [[Episcopus|Episcopo]] [[Delavaria]]e, ordinatus est.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Fish, C. S. |date=[[1941]] |title=Bram, Martin Julius |journal=Stowe's Clerical Directory of the American Episcopal Church |pages=108}}.</ref> Mox {{Creanda|en|rector (ecclestiasical)|rector}} {{Creanda|en|St. Paul's Episcopal Church (Georgetown, Delaware)|Ecclesia Episcopalis Sancti Pauli (Georgiopolis)|Ecclesiae Episcopalis Sancti Pauli}} [[Georgiopolis (Delavaria)|Georgiopoli]] in Delavaria,<ref>[https://stpaulsgeorgetown.church/history/ Our History: St.Paul's Episcopal Church."]</ref> tum anno [[1933]] rector Ecclesiae Sanctae Crucis {{Creanda|en|Sanford, Florida|Sanfordiae}} in Florida creatus est, ubi Mabel Harris Bowler in [[matrimonium]] die [[17 Iunii]] [[1935]] duxit. Rector {{Creanda|en|St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Tampa, Florida)|Ecclesia Episcopalis Sancti Andreae (Tampa)|Ecclesiae Episcopalis Sancti Andreae}} [[Tampa (Florida)|Tampae]] omnino et subtiliter per [[secundum bellum mundanum]], a die [[7 Decembris]] [[1941]] (die [[Portus Margaritarum]]) ad diem [[2 Septembris]] [[1945]] (diem {{Creanda|en|Victory over Japan Day|victoriae Iaponiensis}}) fuit, cum se munere loci abdicaret.<ref>Nancy Turner, [http://saintandrewstampa.org/history-of-saint-andrews-episcopal-church/ "Faith of Our Fathers: History of Saint Andrew's Episcopal Church."]</ref> Confestim usque ad annum [[1951]], rector {{Creanda|en|Holy Trinity Episcopal Church (West Palm Beach, Florida)|Ecclesia Episcopalis Sanctae Trinitatis (Litus Palmense Occidentale)|Ecclesiae Episcopalis Sanctae Trinitatis}} [[Litus Palmense Occidentale|Litore Palmensi Occidentali]] in [[urbs|urbe]] in [[Comitatus Litoris Palmensis|Comitatu Litoris Palmensis]] et [[regio]]ne {{Creanda|en|Miami metropolitan area|Orae Aureae}} fuit.<ref>{{cite journal |date=29 Aprilis [[1951]] |title=Suffragan Bishop-Elect of Florida |url=https://archive.org/details/living-church_1951-04-29_122_17/page/8 |journal=The Living Church |volume=122|issue=17 |pages=8}}.</ref> Anno [[1950]], secretarius Concilii Ecclesiarum Floridae creatus est, [[organizatio]]nis [[religio]]sae [[rassismus|rassismo]] resistentis atque [[ius|iura]] [[agricola]]rum, emendationem {{Creanda|en|Criminal justice|systematis iustitiae scelestae}}, et [[pax|pacem]] inter [[gens|gentes]] adiuvantis, anno [[1947]] conditae.<ref>[https://www.devex.com/organizations/florida-council-of-churches-132436 Florida Council of Churches.]</ref> ==Episcopatus== Bram, in conventu [[episcopatus Ecclesiae Anglicanae|dioecesiano]] {{Creanda|en|Daytona Beach, Florida|Litore Daytonensi}} habito Episcopus Suffraganus Floridae Meridianae [[suffragium|suffragio]] secundo die [[10 Aprilis]] [[1951]] electus,<ref>{{cite journal |date=22 Aprilis [[1951]] |title=South Florida Election |url=https://archive.org/details/living-church_1951-04-22_122_16/page/5 |journal=The Living Church |volume=122|issue=16 |pages=5}}.</ref> in sua [[paroecia]] in Litore Palmensi Occidentali die [[21 Septembris]] [[1951]] a {{Creanda|en|Henry I. Louttit Sr.|Henrico I. Louttit}}, Episcopo Floridae Meridianae et olim rectore eiusdem paroechiae, consecratus est, episcopis Mason [[Dallasium|Dallasii]] et Burton [[Nassau|Nassoviae]] comitantibus.<ref>[https://www.episcopalarchives.org/e-archives/the_witness/pdf/1951_Watermarked/Witness_19511011.pdf ''The Witness,'' 11 Oct 1951, p. 7.]</ref> {{Creanda|en|Sewanee: The University of the South|Universitas Meridiei}} gradum [[Doctor Divinitatis|Doctoris Divinitatis]] [[honoris causa]], [[Seminarium]] quoque {{Creanda|en|Virginia Theological Seminary|Theologicum Virginiense}} mense Iunio [[1952]] ei concessit.<ref>[https://vts.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Hon-Degree-Alums-List-IA-2.pdf "Honorary Alumni."]</ref> [[Iura civilia et politica|Iura civilia]] et [[salus publica]] eum episcopum magnopere tenebant. [[Iuvenis]] quidem inter [[Indi Americani|Indos]] {{Creanda|en|Monacan Indian Nation|Monacanos}} in [[Comitatus Amherstensis|Comitatu Amherstensi]] in [[Virginia]] [[missionarius]] laboraverat.<ref>Bram 1921.</ref> Subito, cum {{Creanda|en|retreat (spiritual)|refugio spirituali}} in Monasterio Boni Pastoris prope {{Creanda|en|Orange City, Florida|Urbem Malorum Sinensium}} in Florida interesset, [[infarctus cordis|infarctu cordis]] die 9 Februarii [[1956]] vita decessit.<ref>{{cite journal |date=26 Februarii [[1956]] |title=Death of Bishop Bram |journal=The Living Church |volume=132|pages=18}}.</ref> Reverendus [[Gulielmus F. Moses]] ei in [[episcopatus|episcopatum]] successit. ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Bram, Martin J. [[1921]]. "Bear Mountain or Indian Mission: Unique Work near Amherst." ''Southwestern Episcopalian,'' 5 et 14. [https://virginiaindianarchive.org/items/show/70 Textus in Virginia Indian Archive,]{{Nexus deficit|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} die 9 Aprilis 2023 accessus. {{Lifetime|1897|1956|Bram, Martinus Iulius}} [[Categoria:Alumni Collegiorum Hobart et Gulielmi Smith]] [[Categoria:Alumni Seminarii Theologici Virginiae]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Meridiei]] [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Clerici Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Episcopaliani Americani]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Ecclesiae Episcopalis]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]] d2om92atl0mtscyb74a4w5ufe1kdc6i 10 306910 3980195 3852377 2026-08-10T04:41:12Z Grufo 64423 +Cat 3980195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula numquam substituenda|...}} {{Utitur TemplateStyles|Formula:Indicium ostentum/styles.css}} Utere hac formula aut {{fn|Indicium tacitum}} ut quandam notionem cum quibuslibet [[data|datis]] nectas (per codicem HTML <code>&lt;data value="''indicium''"&gt;''notio''&lt;/data&gt;</code>). == Usus == Elementum HTML <code>&lt;data&gt;</code> quendam textum cum quodam indicio hominibus machinisque intellegibili associat. Non est lex de syntaxi datorum quae associari possunt, ergo utere forma quam praesagis rectam esse (i.e. forma quae sive homines sive machinae legere possunt). * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Indicium ostentum|123.456|{{decfrac|123.456}}}}</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ {{Indicium ostentum|123.456|{{decfrac|123.456}}}} * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Indicium ostentum|4429|MMMMCDXXIX}}</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ {{Indicium ostentum|4429|MMMMCDXXIX}} * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Vide ''{{Indicium ostentum|isbn:978-80-210-9055-2|Fasciculus Florum}}'' (Jan Šprincl)</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ Vide ''{{Indicium ostentum|isbn:978-80-210-9055-2|Fasciculus Florum}}'' (Jan Šprincl) Si plus cognoscere vis, vide: {{cite web | url = https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/text-level-semantics.html#the-data-element | title = The '''data''' element | author = Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group | website = HTML Standard | access-date = 20 [[Aprilis 2023]] }}. == De formula adhibenda == <templatedata>{ "description": "Haec formula quandam notionem cum quibuslibet datis nectit.", "params": { "1": { "label": "Indicium", "description": "Notio indicata", "example": "isbn:978-80-210-9055-2", "type": "string", "required": true }, "2": { "label": "Verba ostendenda", "description": "Verba ostendenda", "example": "''Fasciculus Florum''", "type": "content", "required": true }, "ancora": { "label": "Ancora", "description": "Attributio HTML ‘id’", "example": "fasciculus-florum", "type": "string", "required": false }, "class": { "label": "Class", "description": "Attributio HTML ‘class’", "example": "fasciculus", "type": "string", "required": false }, "style": { "label": "Style", "description": "Attributio HTML ‘style’", "example": "color: blue;", "type": "string", "required": false }, "lingua": { "label": "Tessera linguae", "description": "Attributio HTML ‘lang’", "example": "en-GB", "type": "string", "required": false } } }</templatedata> == Subpaginae formulae huius == * {{Rel|Formula:Indicium ostentum/styles.css}} == Synonyma == * {{Fn|Ostentum indicium}} * {{Fn|Allocatio ostenta}} * {{Fn|Ostenta allocatio}} == Vide quoque == * {{Fn|Indicium tacitum}} – formula simillima, sed indicium celat * {{Fn|Scholium}} – ad scholia in paginam inserenda * {{Fn|Numerus articulatus}} * {{Fn|Tempus}} * {{Fn|Res}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae scholiasticae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae data machinaria in vicitextu praebentes|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae annotationes superpositas creant]] }}</includeonly> r0488qfm4pd3g0bry4ja7jbxca9b85g 0 307213 3980071 3978165 2026-08-09T23:58:15Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Arecibo_message.svg|thumb|Repraesentatio graphica nuntii [[telescopium Arecibonense|telescopii Arecibonensis]], conatus primi humanitatis, cum [[unda radiationis|undas radiationis]] adhibuisset, ut [[civilizatio]]nes alienae de eius existentia certiores fierent.]] '''Paradoxum Fermianum''' est discrepantia inter mancum argumentum conclusivum [[vita extranea|vitae extraterrestris]] provectae et simul magnam eius existentiae [[probabilitas|probabilitatem]]. Ut legamus apud commentarium anni [[2015]], "Si vita tam facilis est, quidam ex aliquo loco nunc vocationem habuisset."<ref>[[Anglice]] "If life is so easy, someone from somewhere must have come calling by now."</ref><ref name="NYT-201508033">{{cite news|last=Overbye|first=Dennis|author-link=Dennis Overbye|title=The Flip Side of Optimism about Life on Other Planets|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/04/science/space/the-flip-side-of-optimism-about-life-on-other-planets.html|date=3 Augusti [[2015]]|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=29 Octobris 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919003259/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/04/science/space/the-flip-side-of-optimism-about-life-on-other-planets.html|archive-date=19 Septembris 2019|url-status=live}}.</ref> [[Henricus Fermi]] fuit [[physicus]] natione Italo-Americanus, de quo [[paradoxum]] appellatur propter convivium cum [[Eduardus Teller|Eduardo Teller]], [[Herbertus York|Herberto York]], et [[Aemilius Konopinski|Aemilio Konopinski]], aliis physicis sodalibus. Qui viri prandientes de relationibus [[res inexplicata volans|rerum inexplicatarum volantium (RIV)]]{{dubsig}} et possibilitate itineris [[lux|luce]] longioris confabulabantur. Sermo ad alias res transiit, cum Fermi divulgasset: "Sed ubi sunt omnes?"<ref>[[Anglice]] "But where is everybody?" Etiamsi citatio accurata incerta sit.</ref><ref name="NYT-201508032">{{cite news|last=Overbye|first=Dennis|author-link=Dennis Overbye|title=The Flip Side of Optimism about Life on Other Planets|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/04/science/space/the-flip-side-of-optimism-about-life-on-other-planets.html|date=3 Augusti [[2015]]|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=29 Octobris 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919003259/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/04/science/space/the-flip-side-of-optimism-about-life-on-other-planets.html|archive-date=19 Septembris [[2019]]|url-status=live}}.</ref> Multi paradoxum Fermianum solvere diversimode conati sunt,<ref name=":02">[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y111CQAAQBAJ&pg=PP11 ''If the Universe Is Teeming with Aliens . . . <small>WHERE IS EVERYBODY?:</small> Seventy-Five Solutions to the Fermi Paradox and the Problem of Extraterrestrial Life, Second Edition''], Stephen Webb, foreword by Martin Rees, Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London: Springer International Publishing, 2002, 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/wait-but-why/the-fermi-paradox_b_5489415.html|title=The Fermi Paradox|last=Urban|first=Tim|date=17 Iunii [[2014]]|work=Huffington Post|access-date=6 Ianuarii 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402042005/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/wait-but-why/the-fermi-paradox_b_5489415.html|archive-date=2 Aprilis 2017|url-status=live}}.</ref> ut raritatem entium extraterrestrium intelligentium, breve talium [[cultus humanus|civilizationum]] aevum supponerent. == Ratiocinandi catena == Nonnulla quae infra sequuntur sunt facta <u>et coniecturae quae una prosunt</u>{{dubsig}}, ut contradictio illustretur. * Sunt [[billio]]nes [[stella]]rum in [[Via Lactea]] similes Soli<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Star (astronomy)|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/star-astronomy|access-date=February 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301055912/https://www.britannica.com/topic/star-astronomy|archive-date=1 Martii 2016|url-status=live}} "With regard to mass, size, and intrinsic brightness, the Sun is a typical star." <!--Latinizanda:--> Technically, the sun is near the middle of the main sequentia [[diagramma Hertzsprung–Russellense|diagrammatis Hertzsprung–Russellensis]]. Quae sequentia ab 80 ad 90 centesimas stellarum [[galaxia]]e continet. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716170751/http://astro.unl.edu/naap/hr/hr_background3.html|date=16 Iulii 2011}}.</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Grevesse|first1=N.|last2=Noels|first2=A.|last3=Sauval|first3=A. J.|title=Standard abundances|journal=ASP Conference Series|volume=99|page=117|year=1996|quote=The Sun is a normal star, though dispersion exists.|bibcode=1996ASPC...99..117G}}</ref> * Admodum verisimile est, quasdam harum stellarum [[planeta]]s terrestres esse intra zonam habitabilem circumstellarem. * Harum stellarum quaedam, earum inde planetae, multo antiquiores sunt Sole.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Aguirre, V. Silva|author2=G. R. Davies|author3=S. Basu|author4=J. Christensen-Dalsgaard|author5=O. Creevey|author6=T. S. Metcalfe|author7=T. R. Bedding|title=Ages and fundamental properties of Kepler exoplanet host stars from asteroseismology|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=452|issue=2|pages=2127–2148|date=2015|arxiv=1504.07992|display-authors=etal|doi=10.1093/mnras/stv1388|bibcode=2015MNRAS.452.2127S|s2cid=85440256}} <!--Accepted for publication in MNRAS. See Figure 15 in particular.--></ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Schilling|first=G.|date=13 Iunii 2012|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/scienceshot-alien-earths-have-been-around-while|title=ScienceShot: Alien Earths Have Been Around for a While|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|access-date=6 Ianuarii 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809002119/http://news.sciencemag.org/2012/06/scienceshot-alien-earths-have-been-around-while|archive-date=9 Augusti 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>. Si planetae terrestres typici sunt, in quodam eorum vita intelligens se evolvit. * Fieri potest his civilizationibus contigisse, ut [[iter interstellare]] provexerint, <u>gressus quem</u>{{dubsig}} homines nunc indagant. * Etiam praeter lentum progressum itineris interstellaris, galaxia Via Lactea percurri poterit millionibus paucorum annorum. * Cum stellae Soli pares annorum billione antiquiores sunt Sole, [[Tellus]] visitari potuerit. * Verumtamen, non est argumentum firmum quod factum est. == Historia == Fermi haud primus hanc quaestionem attulit. Mentio prior implicita facta est a [[Constantinus Ciołkowski|Constantino Ciołkowski]] in [[manuscriptum|manuscripto]] non edito ex anno 1933.<ref>Tsiolkovsky, K. (1933). ''The Planets are Occupied by Living Beings'', Archives of the Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics, Kaluga, Russia. Vide [[wikisource:ru:Планеты заселены живыми существами (Циолковский)|original text]] Russice scriptum [[Wikisource]].</ref> Annotavit, "homines entium intelligentium praesentiam denegare in planetis universi", quoniam "(i) si talia entia exstarent, Tellurem iamdudum visitassent" et (ii) "si tales civilizationes exstarent, nobis signum quodpiam dedissent de sua exsistentia." Hoc non erat paradoxum aliis, qui hoc ut absentiam vitae extraterrestris sumpsissent. Ille vitae extraterrestri et possibilitati itineris spatialis credebat. Proinde proposuit hypothesem quae postea ut hypothesis horti zoologici innotescebat et supposuit humanitatem nondum paratam esse ut nobiscum consocientur.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Tsiolkovsky – Russian Cosmism and Extraterrestrial Intelligence|author=Lytkin, V.|author2=Finney, B.|author3=Alepko, L.|journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=36|issue=4|date=December 1995|pages=369|bibcode=1995QJRAS..36..369L}}</ref> Vicissim, Tsiolkovsky ipse non primus fuit qui paradoxum detegisset, ut testimonia aliorum hominum protulit, qui praemissum, quod civilizationes extraterrestres exstarent, renuebant. Anno 1975, [[Michael H. Hart]] primus in lucem protulit exquisitam paradoxi examinationem. Arguit, quodsi entia extraterrestria exstant, itinerisque spatialis capacia sunt, in galaxia colonias collocassent brevius quam aetas Telluris. Verumtamen, non est indicium observabile eos hic fuisse, quod Hart "Factum A" appellavit. Alia nomina quae ad quaestionem Fermianam coniunguntur ("Ubi sunt ii?") silentium universi<ref name="Brin2">{{cite journal|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983QJRAS..24..283B/abstract|title=The Great Silence - The Controversy Concerning Extraterrestrial Intelligent Life|journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society|author=Brin, Glen David|author-link=David Brin|volume=24|issue=3|pages=283–309|date=August 1983|bibcode=1983QJRAS..24..283B}}.</ref><ref name="Annis2">{{cite journal|arxiv=astro-ph/9901322|author=Annis, James|title=An Astrophysical Explanation for the Great Silence|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-british-interplanetary-society_1999-01_52_1/page/19|journal=Journal of the British Interplanetary Society|volume=52|issue=1|pages=19|date=1999|bibcode=1999JBIS...52...19A}}.</ref><ref name="Cirkovic20092">{{cite journal|author1=Milan M. Ćirković|title=Fermi's Paradox – The Last Challenge for Copernicanism?|date=2009|doi=10.2298/SAJ0978001C|journal=Serbian Astronomical Journal|issue=178|pages=1–20|volume=178|arxiv=0907.3432|bibcode=2009SerAJ.178....1C|s2cid=14038002}}</ref> includunt, quamvis hi tantum unam paradoxi portionem revocent, quod homines nullum indicium vident aliarum civilizationum. == Bibliographia == * {{Cite web|author=Rebecca Boyle and Quanta Magazine|date=March 10, 2019|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/03/star-movement-fermi-paradox-alien-intelligence/584518/|title=Moving Stars Might Speed the Spread of Alien Life|work=[[The Atlantic]]}} * Ćirković, Milan [https://web.archive.org/web/20210505080417/http://nautil.us/issue/63/horizons/our-attitude-toward-aliens-proves-we-still-think-were-special] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505080417/http://nautil.us/issue/63/horizons/our-attitude-toward-aliens-proves-we-still-think-were-special|date=May 5, 2021}} Why we downplay Fermi's paradox. [[:en:Nautilus_Quarterly|Nautilus]] * Ćirković, Milan [https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-great-silence-9780199646302?cc=gb&lang=en& The Great Silence: Science and Philosophy of Fermi's Paradox] The Great Silence [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]] * {{cite book|title=The Extraterrestrial Life Debate, Antiquity to 1915|url=https://archive.org/details/extraterrestrial0000crow_l4o0|last=Crowe|first=Michael J.|publisher=[[University of Notre Dame Press]]|date=2008|isbn=978-0-268-02368-3}} * {{Cite book|last=Forgan|first=Duncan H.|year=2019|title=Solving Fermi's Paradox|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107163652}} * {{cite book|last=Michaud|first=Michael|title=Contact with Alien Civilizations: Our Hopes and Fears about Encountering Extraterrestrials|publisher=Copernicus Books|date=2006|isbn=978-0-387-28598-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/contactwithalien0000mich}} * {{cite book|author1=Zuckerman, Ben|author2=Hart, Michael H.|title=Extraterrestrials: Where Are They?|isbn=978-0-521-44803-1|year=1995|author-link1=Benjamin Zuckerman|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} == Notae == <references/> [[Categoria:Astrobiologia]] [[Categoria:Henricus Fermi]] [[Categoria:Vita extraterrestris]] dhkkyxs9yyeov9vw6aqnh5ick7w6xr7 0 309654 3979856 3914465 2026-08-09T20:32:41Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979856 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mutatio accelerationis'''<ref>An "subitatio" accipi potest? "''Vulg''. Sap. 5, 2" [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/subitatio hic citatur]</ref> in [[physica]] est [[vector]] qui mutationem vectoris accelerationis (accuratius, [[derivativum]] accelerationis per tempus, seu derivativum tertium [[locus (geometria)|vectoris loci]] per tempus) indicat. Haec est igitur functio temporalis, et exprimi potest vel [[magnitudo|magnitudine]] et plaga vel tribus functionibus numerorum realium per tempus, quae axibus ''x'', ''y'', et ''z'' respondent. Percelerationis symbolum vulgatissimum est ''j'' et eius unitates sunt m/s³ ([[systema internationale unitatum|Systemate Internationali Unitatum]]) vel [[gravitas normalis|gravitates normales]] per secundum temporis divisae (''g''₀/s). Linguis modernis nomina habet magnopere varia; exempli gratia [[Anglice]] dicitur ''jerk'' et ''jolt'' (quibus vocabulis fere "quassus" vel "impetus" dicitur), [[Italice]] ''strappo'' (i.e. "distractio", "discerptio"), [[Francogallice]] ''à-coup'' (simile [[adverbium|adverbio]] Latino "subito"), [[Hispanice]] ''sobreaceleración'' ("peracceleratio"), [[Theodisce]] ''Ruck'' ("quassus"), et cetera. Cum vi permultae [[quantitas physica|quantitates]] legibus physicis alligatae sint, nulla lex percelerationem vi alligat. Animalium tamen refert, cum viribus musculorum adaptandis situs corporis regere difficilius sit, et machinarum, cum vibrationes perceleratione gignantur. ==Significatio== Vector percelerationis {{math|{{vect|j}}}} est primum [[derivativum temporale]] [[acceleratio]]nis, [[derivativum secundum|secundum]] [[velocitas|velocitatis]], [[derivativum tertium|tertium]] [[locus (geometria)|loci]]: <math display="block" qid=Q497332>\mathbf j(t) = \frac{\mathrm{d} \mathbf a(t)}{\mathrm{d}t} = \frac{\mathrm{d}^2 \mathbf v(t)}{\mathrm{d}t^2} = \frac{\mathrm{d}^3 \mathbf r(t)}{\mathrm{d}t^3}</math> ubi: * {{math|{{vect|a}}}} est acceleratio * {{math|{{vect|v}}}} est velocitas * {{math|{{vect|r}}}} est locus * {{math|{{scal|t}}}} est tempus. Potest quoque definiri productum [[massa]]e et percelerationis, id est (massa constante) derivatum a [[vis|vi]] per tempus. Haec quantitas Anglice ''yank'' ("avulsio") dicitur. [[Aequatio differentialis]] gradus tertii de perceleratione, cui forma est <math display="block">J\left(\overset{\mathbf{...}}{x}, \ddot{x}, \dot{x}, x\right) = 0</math> si autem in aequivalens systema trium aequationum differentialium primi ordinis non linearium versa est, minima est ubi [[theoria chai|chaos]] gigni potest, quod mathematicorum studia adducit.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chlouverakis |first1=Konstantinos E. |last2=Sprott |first2=J. C. |title=Chaotic hyperjerk systems |journal=Chaos, Solitons & Fractals |date=2006 |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=739–746 |doi=10.1016/j.chaos.2005.08.019|bibcode=2006CSF....28..739C |url=http://sprott.physics.wisc.edu/pubs/paper297.pdf}}</ref> == Vis, acceleratio, et perceleratio == In massa constanti ''m'', acceleratio ''a'' rectam proportionem cum vi {{math|{{vect|F}}}} servat ex secunda [[leges motus Newtoni|lege motus Newtoni]]: <math display="block" qid="Q2397319">\mathbf{F} = m \mathbf{a}</math> In [[mechanica Newtoniana]] corporum rigidorum, nulla vis derivativis accelerationis coniungitur; systemata autem physica ob percelerationem fluctuant deformanturque; quam ob rem, exempli gratia, [[NASA]] cum [[Telescopium spatiale Hubbleanum]] excogitaret, et primum et [[derivativa superiora loci|secundum]] derivativum accelerationis circumscripsit.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/General/jerk.html | title=Third derivative of position | website=math.ucr.edu | access-date=2019-09-08}}</ref> In physica moderna [[vis Abraham–Lorentz]] cum perceleratione coniungitur. Haec est vis qua [[recussus|recutitur]] particula onerata quae radiationem emittit dum acceleratur, et proportionem cum perceleratione et cum [[onus (physica)|onere]] particulae servat. De eadem autem re [[theoria absorbendi Wheeler–Feynman]] magis provecta est, theoriis relativitatis et quantorum adhibi potest, [[energia propria|energiaeque propriae]] rationem profert. == Res quibus adhibenda est == De perceleratione cogitatur multis in rebus, ut in [[ars ingeniaria|arte ingeniaria]], maxime in struendis ferriviis (ut tramina sint viatoribus commoda, neve nimis acerbe accelerentur aut sistantur) [[curriculum retroflexum|curriculisque retroflexis]]. Ingeniarii rem quam minimo tempore transvehere, dummodo celeritas, acceleratio, perceleratio intra terminos teneantur, velle solent. Nam fragilium aut accurationem requirentium non acceleratio tantum sed etiam perceleratio maxima circumscribi debet; nec non animalium [[vertebrata|vertebratorum]] (inter alia hominum), quibus opus est tempore ut vim mutatam sentiant tensionemque muscularem adaptent ne [[quassatura colli|quassaturam colli]] patiantur. Homines qui umbrellis descensoriis utuntur et astronautae percelerationibus maximis subeunt. In eis quoque rebus, quibus resonantiae vibratoriae obstare possint, mutatio accelerationis potest esse momenti magni. <gallery mode="packed" caption="Tabulae quibus in [[Francia]] res, quae percelerationem in via faciant, nuntiantur"> Fasciculus:France road sign A1c.svg|Series flexuum quorum primus in dextram it, percelerationem in latus factura. Fasciculus:France road sign A1d.svg|Series flexuum quorum primus in sinistram it, percelerationem in latus factura. Fasciculus:France road sign A2b.svg|[[Obstaculum tardans]] (distans 50m) percelerationem verticalem facturum. Fasciculus:France road sign C27.svg|[[Obstaculum tardans]] percelerationem verticalem facturum. </gallery> ==Effectus in humana corpora sensusque== Corporis humani situs regitur viribus [[musculus adversarius|musculorum adversariorum]] compensandis. [[Gyrus postcentralis]], ut vim quandam compenset (e.g. si pondus sustinendum est), [[circuitus rector|circuitum rectorem]], qui [[aequilibrium mechanicum|aequilibrium]] desideratum efficiat, constituit. Si quidem vis nimis celeriter mutatur, musculi tam celeriter nequeunt vel laxari vel contendi, ex quo corpus in tempus regi non potest. Tempus reagendi post vim mutatatam a circumscriptionibus physiologicis cerebrique [[attentio]]nis pendet; celerius stabilietur corpus post vim mutatam si exspectabatur quam si non exspectabatur. Necesse est, ne vehiculo insidentes regimine corporis amisso vulnerentur, et accelerationem et percelerationem circumscribi; tempore enim opus est ut musculi adaptentur cum vis vel minime mutetur. Subitae vero mutationes [[quassatura colli|quassaturam colli]] et alia vulnera efficere possunt.<ref name="thetartan2007"/> Etiam si non tantae sunt ut vulnera faciant, possunt esse incommodae viatori. Ingeniarii igitur se valde exercitant ut accelerationes subitae in [[anabathrum|anabathris]], [[currus electricus|curribus electricis]], et aliis vehiculis minime fiant. Acceleratio et perceleratio homini, qui autocineto insidet, sic sentiuntur: * Cum aurigae periti leniter accelerare sciant, imperiti impetu vario machinam agere solent. Imperitus enim auriga, dum pedem nunc copulae applicat, nunc remittit, acerbam mutationem accelerationis efficere potest, quamvis finita potentia motri accelerationem ipsam intra terminum teneat. * Homines in potenti autocineto lusorio vecti in sedem premuntur propter accelerationem. Cum machina currere incipit, magna perceleratio positiva fit, acceleratione celeriter aucta. Mox, machina iam currente, parva perceleratio negativa fit per longum tempus, resistentia aëris cum velocitate autocineti aucta vehiculique accelerationem et vim, quae hominem in sedem premit, minuente. Ubi machina ad velocitatem maximam pervenit, accelerationem in nullam minuta est et ibi constat. Ergo perceleratio quoque nulla est donec auriga machinam decelerat aut flectit. * Frenis subito applicatis aut in conflictione vehiculi, homines insidentes proiciuntur maiore acceleratione in initio quam in cetero processu, quia regimen corporis per tensionem muscularem initio amittitur, mox recipitur. Haec autem in tentamentis vehiculorum non explorantur; [[cadaver]]a enim et [[imago in explorationem conflictionum|imagines hominum]] musculis non reguntur. * Ut percelerationes minimae sint, flexus viarum et ferriviarum et [[laqueus verticalis|laqueorum curriculorum retroflexorum]] in forma [[clothoides|clothoidum]] struuntur. Dum [[umbrella descensoria]] in formam alae aperitur, postquam perventum est ad velocitatem terminalem circa 70 [[metrum|m]]/[[secundum|s]], homo percelerationi fere constanti subit<ref name=Knack>{{Cite web |language=en |url=http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a247666.pdf |title=Parachute Recovery Systems Design Manual |author=Theo W. Knack |page=5-49 |accessdate = 2017-01-01 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |language=en |title=Universality Considerations for Graphing Parachute Opening Shock Factor Versus Mass Ratio |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-aircraft_march-april-2007_44_2/page/529 |first1=Jean |last1=Potvin |journal=[[Journal of Aircraft]] |publisher = Aerospace Research Central |page=529-533 |year=2007 |doi=10.2514/1.24061 |volume=44 |issue=2 }} </ref>. NASA percelerationem maximam astronautis 500 [[chiliogramma|g]]/[[secundum|s]] ≃ 5000 [[metrum|m]]/[[secundum|s]]³ imponit<ref>{{cite book |first1=Kathryn L. |last1=Lueders |title=ISS Crew Transportation and Services Requirements Document |publisher=NASA |year=2016 |accessdate=2023-10-30 |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20170001943/downloads/20170001943.pdf |format=pdf}}</ref>. ==In fictis simplicioribus veritate== Si acceleratio [[continuitas (mathematica)|discontinua]] esset, perceleratio esset infinita. Haec re vera non fiunt propter [[deformatio]]nem, effectus [[mechanica quantica|quanticos]], et causas alias. Mens tamen concipere potest accelerationem discontinue salire perceleratione infinita, exempli gratia in [[solidum non deformabile|solido non deformabili]]. Omnis particulus solidi talis per viam universe continuam et [[functio dispertita|per partes]] [[functio teres|teretem]] it. In punctis ubi via non est teres, acceleratio est discontinua. Si elementa vectoris accelerationis ({{math|{{vect|a}}_{{mvar|x}}}}, {{math|{{vect|a}}_{{mvar|y}}}}, {{math|{{vect|a}}_{{mvar|z}}}}) functionibus per tempus ostendentur, [[functio Heaviside|saltum]] in eis punctis facient. Perceleratio ibi ostendi poterit [[functio delta|functione Dirac]] magnitudine saltus. Integranda per tempus functione Dirac saltus accelerationis reddetur. Per haec simpliciter ficta intellegi et describi possunt effectus percelerationis in rebus veris nec tam simplicibus. Exempli simplicissimi gratia, fac particulum punctualem ire constanti celeritate per viam, cuius forma est arcus radio ''r'' coniunctus lineae rectae [[tangens|tangenti]]. Via universa erit continua et eius partes erunt teretes. Donec per arcum it, particuli acceleratio habebit semper magnitudinem {{math|{{sfrac|{{mvar|v}}²|{{mvar|r}}}}}} et plagam variatam sed semper normalem arcui et in huius centrum intentam. Ubi particulus coniunctionem arcus cum linea transibit, acceleratio desiliet in nihil, id est per magnitudinem {{math|{{sfrac|{{mvar|v}}²|{{mvar|r}}}}}}, et perceleratio functione Dirac eiusdem magnitudinis ostendi poterit. Alio exemplo, fac particulem fune pendere, circulum percurrens in vacuo. Nonnullam accelerationem in centrum circuli habebit. Nunc funis scindatur; via particuli momento temporis in parabolam vertetur, sublata acceleratione quam funis in centrum circuli faciebat et acceleratione gravitatis deorsum trahente particulum. Etiam hic perceleratio fiet infinita. Re vera autem nihil potest viam corporis ex arcu in lineam puncto temporis convertere, nec funem puncto temporis scindere. == In materia lente deformabili == Ut res acceleretur, necesse est vim adhibere, secundum [[principium fundamentale dynamicae]]. Ex ea vi et lege [[inertia]]e fit lenta [[deformatio]], quae est functio [[firmitas|firmitatis]] et magnitudine virium. Si acceleratio velociter mutatur, velociter quoque mutatur deformatio, quod systema fluctuare, id est vibrare, facit. Si autem vis tarde mutatur, perceleratio est parva, et [[unda|propagatio]] deformationis praesentanea videtur apud mutationem accelerationis; ergo corpus deformatum se ut sub [[onus quasistabilis|onere quasistabili]] gerit. Solum vis mutata (ergo perceleratio nonnulla) undas mechanicas (aut [[radiatio electromagnetica|electromagneticas]] si de particulo onerato agitur) propagare potest; si igitur satis percelerationis est ut consideranda sit, cogitare oportet an [[unda concussionis|undam concussionis]] per corpus propagatura sit. ===Effectus percelerationis=== [[Fasciculus:Effet dynamique isolement mobile et verin.svg|thumb|Ratio inter accelerationem et compressionem virgae cylindri: vires in mobile (supra) et vires in virgam (infra).]] Effectus percelerationis in deformationem potest ostendere exemplo massae {{math|{{mvar|m}}}} per planum cylindro propulsae. Si frictio est nullius momenti, massam virgae cylindri negligere licet. Cogitemus de tempore, quo machina uniformiter acceleratur, {{math|{{vect|a}}}} ergo constat. Mobile igitur propellendum est vi {{math|{{vect|F}} {{=}} {{scal|m}}{{vect|a}}}} (superiore in parte imaginis appositae). Embolus autem impellitur hac fluido (oleo aut aëre secundum speciem cylindri) vi {{math|{{vect|F}}}}, illac mobili vi {{math|{{vect|−F}}}}. Ergo virga lente comprimitur, deformaturque in proportione accelerationis. Si acceleratio tarde mutatur, tum longitudo virgae gradatim variatur. Sed si acceleratio velocius mutatur, mutatio longitudinis in [[unda compressionis]] propagatur quae paulatim [[fluctuatio restincta|restinguitur]]. Haec machinam quassat et vibrat. ===Fluctuans deformatio=== [[Fasciculus:Onde compression impulsion 1d 30 petit.gif|thumb|Unda plana compressionis]] Propagatio deformationis per imaginem [[unda plana|undae planae]] compressionis sub titulo "Species undarum compressionis" ostenditur. Ostenduntur quoque undae deformationis forma orbis propagatae, quae ob percelerationem angularem fiunt, et quae [[strictura lateralis|stricturam lateralem]] ac fortasse alios [[modus normalis|modos normales]] [[vibratio]]nis efficiunt. Reflectio a finibus undas constructive [[Intercessio undarum|intercedere]] facit (quod in imagine non ostenditur), stricturam fortasse extra illius materiae terminos efficientes. Eae undae deformationis, praesertim si fit resonantia, corpora strepitu, tritura, et calamitate afficere solent. [[Fasciculus:Acceleration et deformation elastique.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Massa conto superposita]] Imago cui titulus est "Massa conto superposita" molem coniunctam conto lento, cui massa est superposita, ostendit. Cum moles acceleratur, contus flectitur, et cum illa accelerari subito desinit, apex conti fluctuat ([[restinctio|restincte]]) regimine firmitatis conti. Probabile fortasse est maiorem percelerationem (periodicam) ampliorem fluctuationem excituram esse, quod fluctationes parvae restinguuntur antequam unda concussionis reficiantur. Probabile quoque fortasse est maiorem percelerationem maiorem habere spem [[Resonantia|modi resonantis]] exciendi, quod maxima componentia undae concussionis maximas frequentias et [[series Fourieriana|coefficientes Fourierianos]] habet. [[Fasciculus:Chronogrammes loi sinusoidale par partie en vitesse.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Facies accelerationis sinusoidalis.]] Ut undae stricturae et vibrationes quam minime amplae excitentur, percelerationem quam minimam efficere oportet, acceleratione continua et quam minimae acclivitatis. Cum exemplaria mathematica non omnia possint, algorithmi ad vibrationem minuendam [[derivativa superiora loci|derivativis superioribus loci]] utuntur, vel modos continuos et accelerationis et percelerationis subiciunt. Una ratio percelerationis intra terminum tenendae est accelerationi formam sinusoidalem dare, interiecto inter accelerationem et decelerationem tempore, ubi nulla acceleratio sit (vide imaginem cum titulo "Facies accelerationis sinusoidalis). Ita velocitas quoque sinusoidalis erit et per aliquod temporis in maximo constabit. Perceleratio, etsi semper erit satis parva, tamen erit discontinua eis momentis temporis, ubi tempus nullius accelerationis incipiet aut desinet. == In viarum architectura == [[File:Easement curve.svg|thumb|Perceleratio [[curvamen transitorium viarium|curvamine transitorio viario]] circumscribitur. Pictum est curvamen rubrum quo inter lineam caeruleam et arcum viridem transitur.]] Viae et ferriviae ita struuntur ut nimis percelerationis ex varietate curvaminum non fiat. Ferriviarum machinatores 0.35&nbsp;m/s³ in metam, 0.5&nbsp;m/s³ in terminum maximum habent. [[Curvamen transitorium viarium]] percelerationem ex recta in curvamen aut vice versa transeuntis circumscribit. Memento accelerationem euntis per arcum celeritate constanti nullam esse in plagam tangentem, nonnullam esse in plagam normalem. Curvamen transitorium gradatim acuitur, quo acceleratio centripeta gradatim augetur. Optimum curvamen transitorium, quo acceleratio centripeta per functionem linearem augetur et perceleratio est constans, est [[spira Euleriana]] (vide imaginem). Viarum verarum planum inclinatur ut acceleratio verticalis fiat; hac enim via et agger minus teruntur. Curvamen Vindobonense est diplomata ratio triturae minuendae.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20240305152550/https://depatisnet.dpma.de/DepatisNet/depatisnet?window=1&space=menu&content=treffer&action=pdf&docid=AT000000412975B</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mplusm.at/ifg/download/Presle-05.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-08-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313052948/http://mplusm.at/ifg/download/presle-05.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-13 }}</ref> [[Curriculum retroflexum|Curricula quoque retroflexa]]<ref name="thetartan2007">{{cite web|url=http://thetartan.org/2007/4/16/scitech/work |title=How Things Work: Roller Coasters - The Tartan Online |publisher=Thetartan.org |date=2007-04-16 |access-date=2013-09-15}}</ref> curvaminibus transitoriis instruuntur ut perceleratio circumscribatur. Laqueum ineuntis acceleratio ad circiter 4''g'' (40&nbsp;m/s²) pervenire potest, quod non est tolerabile homini nisi per curvamina transitoria vehatur. Etiam curvamina formam litterae S habentes curvaminibus transitoriis instruuntur ut perceleratio mitigetur. == In regimine motus == [[Fasciculus:Jerk loi mouvement vitesse trapezoidale.svg|thumb|Imagines motus cui facies velocitatis trapezoidalis est.]] In [[regimen motus|regimine motus]], consilia in motum per lineam rectam intenduntur, ut systema ab aliquo statu in alterum moveatur (i.e. motus a puncto ad punctum). Tales rationes [[anabathrum|anabathris]] instrumentisque fabrilibus adhibendae sunt. Ut anabathra eis, qui vehuntur, commoda sint, percelerationem verticalem determinare necessarium habetur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schindler.com/content/ie/internet/en/mobility-solutions/products/elevators/schindler-5300/_jcr_content/rightPar/downloadlist/downloadList/3_1340031711862.download.asset.3_1340031711862/05SML9039_Inform_Sheet_EN.pdf|title=Archived copy|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120525/http://www.schindler.com/content/ie/internet/en/mobility-solutions/products/elevators/schindler-5300/_jcr_content/rightPar/downloadlist/downloadList/3_1340031711862.download.asset.3_1340031711862/05SML9039_Inform_Sheet_EN.pdf|archive-date=2014-08-26|access-date=2014-08-22}}</ref> [[Catalogus normarum ISO|ISO 18738]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=54395|title=Measurement of ride quality -- Part 1: Lifts (elevators)|last1=ISO 18738-1:2012 |publisher=International Organization for Standardization|access-date=31 Decembris 2014}}</ref> quibus modis percelerationem, accelerationem, vibrationem, et strepitum anabathri metiri oporteat imperat; non tamen imperat quanta tolerentur, quanta ingrata habenda sint. Plerosque, qui anabathro vehantur, percelerationem verticalem 2&nbsp;m/s³ tolerabilem et 6&nbsp;m/s³ intolerabilem censere ferunt<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lift-report.de/index.php/news/176/368/Elevator-Ride-Quality|title=Elevator Ride Quality - The Human Ride Experience|last1=Howkins|first1=Roger E.|publisher=VFZ-Verlag für Zielgruppeninformationen GmbH & Co. KG|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314224900/http://www.lift-report.de/index.php/news/176/368/Elevator-Ride-Quality|archive-date=14 Martii 2015|access-date=31 Decembris 2014}}</ref>. Valetudinariis terminus 0.7&nbsp;m/s³ commendatur. ===Regimina simplicia sed inutilia=== ====Regimen celeritatis trapezoidale==== Simplicissimae leges motus sunt: * [[motus rectus uniformis]] ; * [[motus rectus acceleratus]]. Si autem corpus stare sine motu et ante motum et post motum debet, motus universus nec uniformis esse nec uniformiter accelerari potest; nam tum velocitas discontinua esset in initio, in exitu, aut in ambobus; vis igitur infinita esset; quod fieri non potest. Simplex regimen, quo corpus a puncto ad punctum moveatur finitis viribus, tres partes habet: # Acceleratio uniformis donec ad celeritatem maximam pervenitur. # Motus uniformis maxima celeritate. (Haec autem pars non est necessaria.) # Deceleratio uniformis donec corpus in punctum finalem stat. Quo regimine acceleratio est [[functio scaliforma]]. Ad fines graduum haec est indifferentiabilis; ergo perceleratio est infinita. Corpus quidem in tali regimine movetur ut in fictione solidi indeformabilis. Hoc fere regimine moventur nonnullae verae et verisimiles machinae: * systemata quorum potentiae non est moderatio, sed aut nulla est aut tota, ut cylindrus hydraulicus aut pneumaticus aut motrum cuius circuitus altor non potest esse nisi apertus aut clausus, e.g. si regitur solo obturamento in fine cursus; percelerationi vero terminum imponit celeritas qua [[valvula electrica]] aperitur, aut [[valvula directrix|valvulae directricis]], aut mitigatio quam [[circuitus RLC]] efficit; * automaton quod iuberetur extemplo maximam potentiam actuatoribus immittere (quod imprudens esset); percelerationi vero terminum imponeret celeritas potentiae accipiendae; * gibber; cuius percelerationem infinitam esse oculis humanis non comperitur, cum homo non [[curvitas arcus|curvitatis]], sed [[functio differentiabilis|acclivitatis]] tantum discontinuitatem comperire possit. Ergo potest quidem gibber satis teres videri, tamen derivativum secundum discontinuum habere. Quod vero in regimine motus trapezoidali fit; facies enim gibberis videtur teres (cf. primam ''Imaginum motus cui facies velocitatis trapezoidalis est''), curvitas tamen et ideo acceleratio sunt discontinuae (cf. tertiam imaginem). Illo humanorum sensuum vitio haud parvum est periculum tale systema inscium excogitare. {{clr}} [[Fasciculus:Came a rainure translation raccordement cercle.svg|thumb|Gibber cum canali (viridi) qui rem transfert (caeruleam). Rectae canalis partes arcibus circularibus conectuntur.]] ==== Gibber conexibus circularibus ==== Nunc cogitemus de ratione [[gibber (mechanicus)|gibberis]] faciendi: Res vehenda est in carro, qui per axem ''x'' currit, et gibber est in carro, qui per axem ''y'' currit celeritate constanti. Rota sequens currit in canali gibberi infossa. Gibbere per axem ''y'' progrediente, rota sequens canali trahitur et carrum vehendum per axem ''x'' movet. Facies gibberis faciei curvaminis ''x''(''t'') congruit. Quod tres partes rectas habet: horizontalem (''x'' = 0) qua vehendum in loco initiali stat, acclivem qua movetur, horizontalemque (''x'' = ''x''_f) qua in loco finali stat. Etiam canalis igitur gibberis tres partes rectas habet. Simplicissime excogitaretur gibber, cuius tres partes rectae conecterentur arcibus circularibus tangentibus, quorum radius exterior est maior radio rotae. Ergo functio quoque ''x''(''t'') conexus circulares (vel ellipticos, secundum proportionem inter tempus et locum in imagine pictam) habebit. Continuo videbis rotam in parte circulari canalis accelerationem constantem centripetam (et vim centrifugam) pati; ergo in initu et exitu huius partis immitis mutatio erit ex nulla acceleratione (in partibus rectis, ubi rota aut non movetur aut motu recto uniformi movetur) in nonnullam accelerationem centripetam. =====Velocitas vehendi===== Ut accuratius computemus, in parte circulari rotae centrum patitur accelerationem radialem quantitate : <math>a_0 = \frac{v^2}{R}</math> ubi {{math|{{scal|v}}}} est celeritas centri rotae pro ratione gibberis et {{math|{{scal|R}}}} est radius arcus canalis. Id est, acceleratio momento temporis ex 0 (velocitate constanter nulla initio motus gibberis) in {{math|{{scal|a}}₀}} (inita circulari parte) mutatur. Et cum rota ex parte circulari exit, acceleratio radialis tam immite desinit quam incepit. Haec pro regimine motus aspiciamus. Initum arcus consideremus: regimen ''x''(''t'') est aequatio Cartesiana circuli, qui per punctos (0, 0) — (infimum circuli) — et (τ, ''x''₀) — ultimum ad dextram — it. Habemus igitur: : <math>(x/x_0 - 1)^2 + (t/\tau)^2 = 1 \Longrightarrow x(t) = x_0 \left ( 1 - \sqrt{1 - (t/\tau)^2}\right )</math> ex quo: : <math>v = \frac{x_0 t}{\tau^2 \sqrt{1 - (t/\tau)^2}}</math> ======Demonstratio====== Habemus : <math>x = x_0 - x_0\sqrt{1 - (t/\tau)^2}</math> Primum membrum est constans, cuius derivativum est nihil. Secundum scribi potest : <math>(1 - t^*)^{1/2}\text{ ubi }t^* = (t/\tau)^2</math> cui potest adhiberi regula : <math>\left ( (1 - t^*)^n \right )' = -t^{*\prime} \times n (1 - t^*)^{n-1} \text{ ubi } t^{*\prime} = \frac{2t}{\tau^2}</math> quo derivatur : <math>\begin{align} v\ & = -x_0 \left ( - t^{*\prime} \times \frac{1}{2} (1 - t^*)^{-1/2}\right ) \\ & = \frac{x_0 t}{\tau^2 \sqrt{1 - (t/\tau)^2}} \end{align}</math> =====Acceleratio vehendi===== [[Fasciculus:Jerk loi mouvement came rainure circulaire.svg|thumb|Grapha motus ex recta via per circularem in alteram rectam. Picta est sola ea pars motus, quae in plagam axis ''x'' fit.]] Manifestum est celeritatem ad +∞ tendere dum ''t'' ad τ appropinquat. Hoc statum reddit, ubi canalis gibberis quartam partem circuli percucurrit; nam gibber carrum trahit in plagam perpendicularem huius canali, quod motum impedit. Haec igitur pars finiri debet tempore ''t''₁ inferiore quam τ. Postea, in canali recta, celeritas constat: : <math>\begin{cases} t \leqslant t_1 \text{ : } v(t) = \frac{x_0 t}{\tau^2 \sqrt{1 - (t/\tau)^2}} \\ t \geqslant t_1 \text{ : } v(t) = v_1 \text{, ubi } v_1 = \frac{x_0 t_1}{\tau^2 \sqrt{1 - (t_1/\tau)^2}} \end{cases} </math> Manifestum est acclivitatem velocitatis ''v''(''t'') rumpi, ergo accelerationem discontinuam esse in initio et exitu partis circularis. Habemus igitur duobus momentis temporis percelerationem infinitam (per functionem Dirac). Huius igitur gibberis ratio inutilis est ob concussus permagnos. Inter haec momenta Diraciana, quantitas percelerationis est : <math>j = \frac{3 x_0 t}{\tau^4}(1 - (t/\tau)^2)^{-5/2}</math> Etiam acceleratione plenius computanda confirmantur duo discontinua: aliud ad 0 et aliud ad ''t''₁ : <math>\begin{cases} t < 0\text{ : } a = 0 \\ 0 < t < t_1\text{ : } a = \frac{x_0}{\tau^2}(1 - (t/\tau)^2)^{-3/2} \\ t > t_1\text{ : } a = 0 \end{cases}</math> ======Demonstratio====== Ut accuratius exponatur, habemus: : <math>( (1 - t^*)^n )'' = t^{*\prime\prime} \times \frac{-1}{2} \times (1 - t^*)^{-3/2}</math> ubi : <math>t^{*\prime\prime} = 2/\tau^2</math> ergo : <math>a = \frac{x_0}{\tau^2}\left(1 - \left(\frac{t}{\tau}\right)^2\right)^{-3/2}</math> ergo : <math>a(0) = \frac{x_0}{\tau^2} > 0</math> ; : <math>a(t_1) = \frac{x_0}{\tau^2} \left( 1- \left(\frac{t_1}{\tau}\right)^2\right)^{-3/2} > 0 </math>. ====Corpus inter machinas translatum==== [[Fasciculus:A coup roues echange.svg|thumb|Rota translativa, qua infinita perceleratio fit ob vectorem accelerationis extemplo inversum.]] Perceleratio permagna fieri potest etiam ubi machina ad alteram machinam corpus transfert. In exemplo hic picto transfertur vectis cylindricus habens cervicem, qua tenetur. In prima rota hic accelerationem centripetam (vel alio aspectu [[vis centrifugalis|vim centrifugam]]) patitur; cuius plaga translato ad rotam alteram vecti statim convertitur; vectis igitur agitatur. === Regimina percelerationis finitae === Ut perceleratio finita sit, sine Diracianis, necesse est ut acceleratio sit continua. Oportet igitur regimen prius a functione accelerationis tereti (quae tamen differentiabilis esse non debet) definire, deinde integrare ut functio velocitatis, deinde loci reddatur. (Si gibber excogitatur, acceleratio et [[curvitas arcus|curvitas]] sunt aut utraque continua aut utraque discontinua.) In accelerationem regimen simplex per partes legi solet, exempli gratia: * rectum; * sinusoidale ; * polynomiale. In exemplum ostendamus faciem regiminis motus tertii ordinis, cuius auctus et deminutio sint quadratici. Velocitas, acceleratio, et perceleratio intra terminos certos tenentur (vide imaginem). [[File:Schematic diagram of Jerk, Acceleration, and Speed.svg|center|Hac imagine pingitur simplex ratio celeritatis, accelerationis, atque percelerationis, cum magnitudo harum omnium determinata sit, qua res per lineam rectam a puncto in alterum satis distantem transvehatur.]] Facies huius motus ex his septem partibus constat: # Auctus accelerationis — perceleratio ad terminum superiorem; acceleratio per lineam rectam augetur donec ad terminum suum superiorem pervenit; velocitas per functionem quadraticam augetur # Acceleratio ad terminum — perceleratio nulla; velocitas per lineam rectam augetur # Deminutio accelerationis — perceleratio ad terminum inferiorem; acceleratio per lineam rectam deminuitur; velocitas per functionem negative quadraticam augetur dum termino suo appropinquat # Velocitas ad terminum — perceleratio nulla; acceleratio quoque nulla # Auctus decelerationis — perceleratio ad terminum inferiorem; acceleratio per lineam rectam deminuitur donec ad terminum suum inferiorem pervenit; velocitas per functionem negative quadraticam deminuitur # Deceleratio ad terminum — perceleratio nulla; velocitas per lineam rectam deminuitur # Deceleratio deminuitur — perceleratio ad terminum superiorem; acceleratio per lineam rectam in nullam augetur; velocitas per functionem quadraticam deminuitur; loco optato, velocitati nulli, accelerationi nulli appropinquatur Spatium vero quartae partis (id est, velocitatis constantis) secundum intervallum loci inter initium et exitum variat. Et si intervallum sit tam parvum, ut quartam partem omittere non sufficiat, tum partes secundam et sextam eadem quantitate minuere licebit, quo velocitas ad terminum suum non perveniet. Et si ne sic quidem iter satis breve fiat, partes primam, tertiam, quintam, et septimam eadem quantitate minuere licebit, quo acceleratio ad terminum suum non perveniet. Sunt quidem alia consilia de regimine motus, ut id, quo quadratum percelerationis dato tempore transitus quam minimum sit<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hogan|first1=Neville|date=1984|title=An organizing principle for a class of voluntary movements|journal=J. Neurosci. |volume=4|issue=11|pages=2745–2754|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.04-11-02745.1984|pmid=6502203|pmc=6564718|doi-access=free}}</ref> et functiones accelerationis sinusoidales. Aliud consilium est percelerationem per [[colum lineare]], saepe [[colum gravans]], mittere ne immitius variet. Hac ratione regimen motus ut libet mutari potest, e.g. si meta motus movetur. Colum secundum suam potentiam derivativum loci superioris ordinis circumscribet. Facies functionis motus in rem certam intendi solet, inter alia in machinam, transvectionem hominum, instrumentum quod res catenis extollit, autocinetum, aut robotum. === In fabrica === Consilia de perceleratione sunt capienda ubi de [[fabrica (ratio)|fabrica]] agitur. Cum acceleratio celeriter mutata instrumenta praemature atterere possit, quo haec inique secent, [[regimen motus|rectores motus]] nostro aevo ita machinas formant ut perceleratio terminos habeat. Praesertim in formis gibberum excogitandis perceleratio consideratur propter effectus [[tribologia|tribologicos]] utque corpus actum faciem gibberis sequi sine [[vibratio fabrilis|vibratione fabrili]] possit.<ref>Blair, G., "Making the Cam", ''Race Engine Technology '' 10, September–October 2005</ref> Alibi quoque perceleratio considerari solet si vibratio curae est, artificiaque fiunt quibus ingeniarii eam metiantur. == Perceleratio angularis == [[Fasciculus:Ondes cisaillement 2d 20 petit.gif|thumb|Unda deformationis cylindricae, quae subita perceleratione angulari efficitur.]] [[Fasciculus:Animiertes Prinzip Malteserkreuzgetriebe 3D.gif|thumb|Actio crucis Melitensis.]] [[Fasciculus:Chronogrammes croix malte 4 branches complet.svg|thumb|Grapha motus crucis Maltensis per unum periodum rotae.]] Consideremus [[rotatio]]nem circa axem fixum. Situs corporis angulo θ radiantium scribi potest; ex quo definiri possunt: * [[velocitas angularis]] ω (radiantium per secundum), quae est derivativum anguli per tempus; * [[acceleratio angularis]] α (radiantium per secundum quadratum), quae est derivatum quantitatis ω per tempus. Similiter possumus α per tempus derivare et sic '''percelerationem angularem''' ''j''_a definire: : <math>j_\mathrm{a} = \dot{\alpha} = \ddot{\omega} = \dot{\ddot{\theta}}</math> ; : <math>j_\mathrm{a} = \frac{\mathrm{d} \alpha}{\mathrm{d}t} = \frac{\mathrm{d}^2 \omega}{\mathrm{d}t^2} = \frac{\mathrm{d}^3 \theta}{\mathrm{d}t^3}</math>. Ut acceleratio angularis fiat, necessaria est [[copula (physica)|copula]], ergo [[torsio]] systematis. Ut magna perceleratio angularis fiat, necessaria est acerba mutatio copulae, qua [[unda lateralis]] per systema propagatur. Acceleratio angularis aequat [[momentum virium]] in corpus intentarum, per [[momentum inertiae]] eiusdem corporis circa axem momentarium divisum. Si corpus rotans et indeformabile per spatium movetur, [[torsor cinematicus|torsore cinematico]] describi potest, quo omni momento temporis definitur vector celeritatis rotationis <math>\vec{\Omega}</math>; ex quo definiuntur vector accelerationis angularis : <math>\vec{\alpha} = \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}\vec{\Omega}</math> vectorque percelerationis angularis : <math>\vec{\jmath}_\mathrm{a} = \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}\vec{\alpha}</math>. In exemplum habeamus [[crux Melitensis (machina)|crucem Melitensem]], quo artificio rotatio rara ex rotatione perpetua rotae motricis fit. Per quartam igitur partem omnis periodi angulus θ variat, et per ceterum periodum constat. Ideo acceleratio angularis α huius machinae discontinua, et perceleratio "infinita" ([[Functio delta|Diraciana]]), quo concussus fit. Quod nihil impedit, quominus talis machina [[proiectio cinematographica|proiectoribus cinematographicis]] utilis sit sine calamitate et cum strepitu modico, cum onera minima sint. Machina enim trahit partem pelliculae in porticu proiectoris sitam, cui minima est inertia (materia quidem plastica, longitudo circa viginti centimetra, crassitudo paucae decimae millimetri, latitudo 35 mm, pondus pauca grammata), minimae frictiones, celeritasque mediocris (2.4|m/s vel 8.6 km/h). {{multiple image <!-- Essential parameters --> | align = left<!-- left/right/center/none --> | direction = vertical<!-- horizontal/vertical --> | width = 300<!-- integer width in pixels; no "px" suffix --> <!-- Image 1 --> | image1 = Cames conjuguees rotation intermittente un sixieme de tour.svg | width1 = 300 | alt1 = | caption1 ={{sfrac|1|6}} per rotationem <!-- Image 2 --> | image2 = Cames conjuguees rotation intermittente un tiers de tour.svg| width2 = | alt2 = | caption2 ={{sfrac|1|3}} per rotationem <!-- Extra parameters --> | header = Gibberes duplices | header_align = center<!-- left/right/center --> | header_background = | footer = | footer_align = <!-- left/right/center --> | footer_background = | background color = }} Ne perceleratio angularis inutilis fiat, uti possumus in loco crucis Melitensis gibberibus duplicibus, inter alia eo, qui [[gibber duplex Trézel|Trézel]] vocatur, maiore volumine atque sumptu, minore quidem strepitu. In gibbere duplici, unus axis duos gibberes habet, quibus alterum axem per partem rotationis movet. Imago apposita vecturas, quae sextam partem et tertiam partem rotationes per rotationem axis motoris efficiunt, ostendit. Nullum est intervallum radiale quia duo bracchia rotae gradatae semper gibberem duplicem tangunt. Plerumque accidit, ut binis contactibus perceleratio, attritus, et strepitus, qui secutori singulo contingunt, vitari possint. Exempli gratia, secutor singulus, qui per canalem currens alias aliud latus tangit, inutilis est, dum duo secutores per eundem canalem currentes, quorum alius aliud latus tangit, utiliores. == Derivativa percelerationis == [[Derivatum|Derivativa]] vectoris loci ultra tertium ordinem, quae ipsius percelerationis derivativa sunt, definiri possunt, si omnes functiones mechanicae per tempus sunt differentiabiles per partes. Nullam rem theoriae physicae gravem indicant, sed utilia sunt in regimine motu, quo perceleratio, acceleratio, et velocitas intra terminos maneant, excogitando. Horum mentio est rara,<ref name="PhysicsFAQ">{{cite web | last1 = Gragert | first1 = Stephanie | last2 = Gibbs | first2 = Philip | title = What is the term used for the third derivative of position? | url = http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/General/jerk.html | publisher = Math Dept., [[University of California, Riverside]] | work = Usenet Physics and Relativity FAQ | date = Novembris [[1998]] | access-date = 2015-10-24 }}</ref> nec in hodiernis quidem [[lingua|linguis]] nomina fixa habent. [[Telescopium spatiale Hubbleanum|Telescopii Spatialis Hubbleani]] ingeniarii Anglico vocabulo ''[[jounce]]'' in quartum derivativum loci utebantur; sunt qui quartum derivativum ''snap,'' quintum ''crackle,'' sextum ''pop'' vocaverint,<ref>{{cite book | url = https://info.aiaa.org/Regions/Western/Orange_County/Newsletters/Presentations%20Posted%20by%20Enrique%20P.%20Castro/AIAAOC_SnapCracklePop_docx.pdf | chapter = Snap, Crackle, and Pop | last = Thompson | first = Peter M. | date = Martius [[2011]] | title = Proc of AIAA Southern California Aerospace Systems and Technology Conference | page = 1 | access-date = 29 Februarii 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170304041659/https://info.aiaa.org/Regions/Western/Orange_County/Newsletters/Presentations%20Posted%20by%20Enrique%20P.%20Castro/AIAAOC_SnapCracklePop_docx.pdf |archive-date=2017-03-04}}</ref><ref name="Visser2004">{{cite journal |last=Visser |first=Matt |date=31 Martii [[2004]] |title=Jerk, snap and the cosmological equation of state |journal=[[Classical and Quantum Gravity]] |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=2603–2616 |issn=0264-9381 |doi=10.1088/0264-9381/21/11/006 |arxiv = gr-qc/0309109 |bibcode = 2004CQGra..21.2603V |s2cid=10468158 }}</ref> quae nomina ex figuris [[Snap, Crackle, et Pop]] indita sunt, quibus quoddam [[cereale]] coctum venditatur. {{NexInt}} *[[Acceleratio]] *[[Celeritas]] ==Notae== <references /> ==Bibliographia== *{{cite journal |title=Making the Cam |url=http://www.profblairandassociates.com/pdfs/Camshaft%20RET%20010.pdf |access-date=2009-09-29 |journal=Race Engine Technology |issue=10 |year=2005 |author=Blair G }} * {{Cite journal | language=en | first1=David | last1=Eager | first2=Ann-Marie | last2=Pendrill | first3=Nina | last3=Reistad | title=Beyond velocity and acceleration | subtitle=jerk, snap and higher derivatives | journal=European Journal of Physics | volume=37 | issue=6 | date=11/2016 | article number=065008 | oclc=6879306577 | doi=10.1088/0143-0807/37/6/065008 | bibcode=2016EJPh...37f5008E | abstract=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0143-0807/37/6/065008#artAbst | urle=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0143-0807/37/6/065008/pdf | format=pdf}}. *{{cite book | author = Sprott JC | title = Chaos and Time-Series Analysis | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2003 | isbn = 0-19-850839-5 |ref=CITEREFSprott2003 }} *{{cite journal|title=Some simple chaotic jerk functions |url=http://sprott.physics.wisc.edu/pubs/paper229.pdf |access-date=2009-09-28 |doi=10.1119/1.18585 |journal=Am J Phys |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=537–43 |year=1997 |author=Sprott JC |bibcode=1997AmJPh..65..537S |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613054556/http://sprott.physics.wisc.edu/pubs/paper229.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-13 }} * {{Cite book | language=fr | first1=Richard | last1=Taillet | first2=Loïc | last2=Villain | first3=Pascal | last3=Febvre | title=Dictionnaire de physique | place=Louvain-la-Neuve | publisher=[[Groupe De Boeck|De Boeck Supérieur]] | date=1/2018 | edition=4 | orig-date=Maio 2008 | isbn10=2-8073-0744-2 | isbn=978-2-8073-0744-5 | ean=9782807307445 | oclc=1022951339 | bnf=456469019 | sudoc=224228161 | url={{Google Books|id=pjlFDwAAQBAJ}} | accessdate=9 Decembris 2021 | chapter=Jerk | page=402}}. ==Nexus externi== *[http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/General/jerk.html What is the term used for the third derivative of position?], de perceleratione in Usenet Physics FAQ] *[https://performance-motion-devices.s3.amazonaws.com/pdfs/White%20Papers/Mathematics_of_Motion_Control_Profiles.pdf Mathematics of Motion Control Profiles] *[https://www.scribd.com/document/273374901/Elevator-Ride-Quality Elevator-Ride-Quality] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120525/http://www.schindler.com/content/ie/internet/en/mobility-solutions/products/elevators/schindler-5300/_jcr_content/rightPar/downloadlist/downloadList/3_1340031711862.download.asset.3_1340031711862/05SML9039_Inform_Sheet_EN.pdf Libellus fabri anabathrorum] *[https://depatisnet.dpma.de/DepatisNet/depatisnet?window=1&space=menu&content=treffer&action=pdf&docid=AT000000412975B Diploma Curvaminis Vindobonensis] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160313052948/http://mplusm.at/ifg/download/presle-05.pdf De Curvamine Vindobonensi] [[Categoria:Acceleratio]] [[Categoria:Mechanica classica]] ayewh68cznq0jblra71vc43t1mui770 0 310666 3979866 3810713 2026-08-09T20:38:59Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | classis= Clitellata | fossil_range= {{fossil range|205|0|r=[[Triassicum]] superius > [[Recens]]<ref name="Manum1991">{{Cite journal | last1 = Manum | first1 = S. B. | last2 = Bose | first2 = M. N. | last3 = Sawyer | first3 = R. Y. T. | doi = 10.1111/j.1463-6409.1991.tb00300.x | title = Clitellate cocoons in freshwater deposits since the Triassic | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_zoologica-scripta_1991_20_4/page/347 | journal = Zoologica Scripta | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 347 | year = 1991 }}</ref>}} | image = Earthworm Miñoca 060106GFDL.jpg | image_caption= Lumbricus | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Annelida]] | classis_authority= [[Gulielmus Michaelsen|Michaelsen]], 1919 | subdivision_ranks = [[subclassis|subclasses]] | subdivision = subclassis&nbsp;[[Hirudinea]]<br/> subclassis [[Oligochaeta]]<br/> }} '''Clitellata''' sunt [[classis (taxinomia)|classis]] [[vermis|vermium]] [[annelida|annelidorum]], insignia [[clitellum|clitello]] [[corpus]] cingente, quod globulum genitalem certa aevi parte efficit, et circa 8000 [[species|specierum]] comprehendentia. Eo [[Polychaeta|Polychaetis]] dissimilia sunt, quod [[parapodium|parapodiis]] carent et [[caput]] eis minus excultum est. ==Descriptio== Clitellata sunt vermes segmentata quibus character est [[clitellum]], id est quasi cingulum prope caput [[animal]]is maturi situm. [[Os (oris)|Os]] est in parte ventrali, sub obductum [[prostomium]] (seu proboscin). [[Cerebrum]] non in capite, sed in segmento corporis situm est. Clitellum, quod aliquot segmentis immutatis efficitur, aut [[gonoporus|gonoporos]] femininos fert aut proximum eis est a tergo. Eius textus glandularis in concubitu mucum edit, qui animalia coniungit dum semen inter se permutant; post concubitum quoque edit materiam, quae corpus animalis circumit, ovis semineque inclusis. Animal tum illum globulum circa caput obducit, quo effecto globuli finis concrescit, intusque ova fecundantur fetusque educantur.<ref name=Ruppert>{{cite book |title=Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition |last1=Ruppert |first1=Edward E. |last2=Fox |first2=Richard, S. |last3=Barnes |first3=Robert D. |year=[[2004]] |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-81-315-0104-7 |pages=459–482 }}.</ref><ref name=EB>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/animal-reproductive-system/Mechanisms-that-aid-in-the-union-of-gametes#ref606971 |title=Animal reproductive system: Mechanisms that aid in the union of gametes: Annelids and mollusks|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=25 Octobris 2017 }}.</ref> ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria:Clitellata|!]] [[Categoria:Taxa Michaelsen]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1919]] nyc6dslxbl0nzjeii104qakmck0glg6 0 310728 3979699 3979407 2026-08-09T14:37:50Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3979699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vicificanda}} [[Fasciculus:Dingo (Canis lupus dingo) Kakadu 2.jpg|thumb|Dingo prope Aquam Flavam<!--Yelllow Water--> in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Hortus Nationalis Kakadu|Horto Cacatuarum Nationali|en|qid=Q189657}} [[Territorium Septentrionale (Australia)|Territorii Septentrionalis]] Australiae.]] [[Fasciculus:Dingo-Distribution-Fleming.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Regio ubi habitat.]] {{res|Dingo}} (gen. ''dingonis''<ref>Cf. [https://books.google.ru/books?id=NOVwAAAAIAAJ&q=canem+flavidum+dingonem&dq=canem+flavidum+dingonem&hl=ru&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwivtJGyo--DAxUTJhAIHfQvDaoQ6AF6BAgEEAI ''Latin Teaching'', vol. 36, 1981, pp. 55, 58, 59] (e “Nenia senis Kangarunis”, versione Latina ''The Sing-Song of Old Man Kangaroo'', fabulae [[Rudyard Kipling|Rudyardi Kipling]]).</ref>), recte {{ires|Canis familiaris dingo}} vel {{ires|Canis dingo}} et {{ires|Canis lupus dingo}}, est [[canis]] qui in [[Australia]] habitat. Hic canis est mediae magnitudinis. [[Corpus]] habet longum et angustum; aptus celeritati, agilitati, patientiae est. [[Saepes dingonum]] longissima per totam [[Australia]]m extenta partem continentem austrorientalem, ubi oves pascuntur, a dingonibus, ceteram Australiam sicciorem incolentibus, defendit. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes biologici}} [[Categoria:Mammalia Australiae]]<!-- [[Categoria:Varietates animalium]]--> [[Categoria:Varietates canum]] [[Categoria:Verba Anglica]] sxoxv8eatltn5oa10rqpxbxhm16dw42 0 311157 3979783 3816231 2026-08-09T18:22:15Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3979783 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Uhland.jpg|thumb|Uhland, circa annum 1818]] [[File:Des Sängers Fluch - Wilhelm Pilgram.jpg|thumb|''Des Sängers Fluch''<ref>[http://www.zeno.org/Literatur/M/Uhland,+Ludwig/Gedichte/Gedichte+(Ausgabe+letzter+Hand)/Balladen+und+Romanzen/Des+S%C3%A4ngers+Fluch carminis versus]</ref>; opusculum [[gulielmus Pilgram|Gulielmi Pilgram]] pictoris, in Ludovici Uhland carmen quoddam]] '''Ioannes Ludovicus''' vulgo ''Johann Ludwig'' '''Uhland''' (natus die [[26 Aprilis]] [[1787]] [[Tubinga]]e, mortuus die [[13 Novembris]] [[1862]] ibidem) poëta illustrissimus, [[philologia|philologus]], litterarum explorator et [[politicus|vir publicus]] [[germania|Germanicus]] fuit. ==Vita== In urbe natali [[gymnasium]] et [[Universitas Eberhardina Carolina|universitatem]] frequentavit (annis inter 1802 et 1808 iuribus studuit); semper autem litteris [[medium Aevum|mediaevalibus]] et [[Francia|Francicis]] gaudebat atque erudiebatur. Tunc carmina prima (partim sub nomine falso ''Volker'') edita sunt. Anno 1810 autem [[Lutetia]]m iit ad codices legum cognoscendos; tamen eum magis iuvabat [[Lutetia]]e [[manuscriptum|manuscripta]] vetera exquirere. In patriam reversus [[Stutgardia]]e sine studio advocatus factus est. Quando Germania ab iugo Francico liberanda fuit, cor eius exsultavisse fertur. Tum venit editio prima »Gedichte« (Stutgardiae 1815), quam sequentes tractationes amplificabant. Quibus versibus Uhland se [[romanticismus|Romanticismi]] poetam optimum praebuit. Ei et Medium Aevum et natio Germanica et cultura popularis feliciter uniebantur. Forma brevis ad essentias veniens ingenio [[ioannes Volfgangus Goethius|Goethii]] et [[henricus Heine|Henrici Heine]] similis fuit, cum res ad auctorem ipsum pertinentes in operibus minoris momenti essent. Praedilectio eius ad [[litterae Franciae|litteras Francicas]] in cantilenis iucundis sentiri potest, quamquam argumenta uniuscuiusque similant. Dramata eius non ita valent; et »Ernst, Herzog von Schwaben« (Heidelbergae 1818) et »Ludwig der Bayer« (Berolini 1819) satietatem quandam capiunt. Ex anno 1816 res politicae et indagationes scientificae poëtam ab operibus exarandis retinebant, quippe qui in parlamento senator esset. Opus de litterarum historia »Walter von der Vogelweide« (Stutgardiae 1822) monstrat Ludovicum Uhland ad amussim litteras exploravisse. Anno 1829 Tubingae professor universitarius creatus est et studiosos in disciplinis ad maiora evehebat. Uhland autem mox, quia universitas ei vacationem ad politica munera non concesserat, academicis valedixit. Uxor eius dives Aemilia Vischer vitam bonam condidit, itaque marito et politicis et scientificis vivere licuit. [[Res novae]] anno 1848 saevientes eum in vitam publicam revocaverunt; cum aliis in curia imperium non hereditandum decrevit. Uhland maiestatis populi fautor cum senatoribus ultimis adhuc Stutgardiam ad [[democratia]]m servandam iit. Ex anno 1850 iterum se in litteris collocavit; tunc confecta sunt pulchra opuscula »Über den Mythus von [[Thorus|Thor]]« (Stutgardiae 1836) et »Alte hoch- und niederdeutsche Volkslieder« (Stutgardiae 1844). Honores recusans modestiam cum dignitate coluit, quo omnibus insinuavit. Cum Adalbertus Keller una cum Gulielmo Ludovico Holland et Francisco Pfeiffer anthologiam rerum scientificarum sub titulo »Schriften zur Geschichte der Dichtung und Sage« (Stutgardiae 1866–72) edidissent, omnes praelectiones Tubingenses editae sunt (»Geschichte der altdeutschen Poesie«, »Geschichte der deutschen Dichtung im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert«, »Sagengeschichte der germanischen und romanischen Völker«). Diarium eius prelo mandavit Iulius Hartmann, sub titulo »Tagebuch 1810–1820« (Stutgardiae 1897). Statuam Ludovici Uhland confecit [[Gustavus Adolphus Kietz]], quae anno 1873 Tubingae erecta est. ==Nexus externi== {{Commonscat|Ludwig Uhland|Ludovicum Uhland}} *[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland Vicifons] *[https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118625063 nexus apud DDB] *[http://www.zeno.org/Literatur/M/Uhland,+Ludwig opera apud Zeno.org]* *[https://web.archive.org/web/20240626080853/http://www.deutscheslied.com/de/search.cgi?cmd=composers&name=Uhland%2C+Ludwig musica in carmina Ludovici Uhland composita] ==Notae== <references/> {{lifetime|1787|1862|Uhland, Ludovicus}} [[categoria:Poetae Germaniae]] [[categoria:Historia litterarum]] [[categoria:Eruditi Germaniae]] [[categoria:Professores Universitatis Tubingensis]] [[categoria:Iuris consulti]] [[Categoria:Politici Germaniae]] kwb9phtrnfdjulgdkmfj6fgbxvmomad 0 311159 3980009 3814966 2026-08-09T23:08:31Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{res|Lancelot Thomas Hogben}} ({{abbr|FRS|“Fellow of the Royal Society”}} {{abbr|FRSE|“Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh”}}, natus die [[9 Decembris]] [[1895]], mortuus die [[22 Augusti]] [[1975]]) fuit zoologus experimentarius et medicus statisticus [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]]. In prima parte vitae suae ranam africanam unguibus munitam (''{{Creanda|en|African clawed frog|xenopus laevis|xenopodem laevem}}'') adhibuit organismum modellum investigationis [[biologia|biologicae]], in media parte vitae suae se contra motum eugeneticum movit, et in ultima parte vitae libros populares de [[scientia]], [[mathematica]] et [[lingua]] scripsit.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Sarkar | first1 = S. | title = Lancelot Hogben, 1895-1975 | journal = Genetics | volume = 142 | issue = 3 | pages = 655–660 | year = 1996 | doi = 10.1093/genetics/142.3.655 | pmid = 8849876 | pmc = 1207007 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Tabery | first1 = J. | title = Biometric and developmental gene–environment interactions: Looking back, moving forward | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_development-and-psychopathology_fall-2007_19_4/page/961 | doi = 10.1017/S0954579407000478 | journal = Development and Psychopathology | volume = 19 | issue = 4 | pages = 961–976 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17931428 | s2cid = 412662 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | title = Lancelot Hogben | journal = Lancet | volume = 2 | issue = 7934 | pages = 565 | year = 1975 | pmid = 51402| doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(75)90955-1 | s2cid = 208786843 }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Hogben | first1 = L. | title = Fifty years ago: Lancelot Hogben reviews Bradford Hill. 1948 | journal = Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health | volume = 50 | issue = 1 | pages = 3; discussion 3–4 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8815153 | pmc = 1060894 | doi=10.1136/jech.50.1.3 }}</ref> == Nexus interni == * [[Interglossa]] == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * {{Cite journal | last1 = Tabery | first1 = J. | title = R. A. Fisher, Lancelot Hogben, and the origin(s) of genotype-environment interaction | journal = Journal of the History of Biology | volume = 41 | issue = 4 | pages = 717–761 | year = 2008 | pmid = 19244846 | doi=10.1007/s10739-008-9155-y | s2cid = 46322531 | url = http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/4209/1/Tabery-Fisher.Hogben.and.the.Origins.f.GxE%28April.2008%29.doc }} * {{Cite journal | last1 = Keynes | first1 = M. | title = Lancelot Hogben, F.R.S. (1895-1975): A review of his autobiography. Review of: Hogben, A; Hogben, A.: ''Lancelot Hogben - scientific humanist''. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Merlin Press, 1998 | journal = Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London | volume = 53 | issue = 3 | pages = 361–369 | year = 1999 | pmid = 11624011 | doi=10.1098/rsnr.1999.0088| s2cid = 72372017 }} [[Categoria:Nati 1895]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1975]] [[Categoria:Professores Scholae Scientiarum Oeconomicarum et Politicarum Londiniensis]] [[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Civitatis Capitis]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Birminghamiensis]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Aberdonensis]] [[Categoria:Zoologi Britanniae]] mq1e6e17oca8bj6mvqsld9w61wyfpy4 0 312538 3979701 3979263 2026-08-09T14:40:49Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3979701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{Disnomen}} {{Nomen | genus = Femininum et masculinum | origo = Anglica | significatio = “insula larga” | imago = Sidney Sonnino (cropped).jpg | capitulum = [[Sidney Sonnino]], vir politicus Italicus }} {{ires|Sidney}}, aut {{ires|Sydney}}, vel Latine {{res|Sidneia}} (forma muliebris)<ref>“Curante Comite Feriæ, qui filiam Guil. Dormeri ex Maria Sidneia duxerat”; Gulielmus Cambdenus, ''Annales rerum Anglicarum, et Hibernicarum regnante Elizabetha, ad annum salutis 1589'' (1616): 73 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Annales_rerum_Anglicarum_et_Hibernicarum/0C96L0Sxkx0C?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Maria+Sidneia&pg=PA73&printsec=frontcover].</ref> aut {{res|Sidneius}} (forma virilis),<ref>“Tuus, PHILIPPUS SIDNEIUS”; Robinson Hastings, ''The Zurich Letters'' (1845): 183 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/The_Zurich_Letters/r86ncTEHkycC?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Sidneius&pg=RA1-PA183&printsec=frontcover].</ref> est [[cognomen]], [[nomen proprium|nomen]], ac [[praenomen]] femininum et masculinum<ref>''Behind the Name'', s.v. “[https://www.behindthename.com/name/sidney Sidney (name)]”. {{Ling|Anglice}}.</ref> [[Anglice|Anglicum]] quod e [[Vocabulum|vocabulis]] ''sid'' ('largum') et ''eg'' ('insula') originem ducit.<ref name=":0">''Behind the Name'', s.v. “[https://surnames.behindthename.com/name/sidney Sidney (surname)]”. {{Ling|Anglice}}.</ref> == Qui hoc cognomen habuerint == * [[Philippus Sidney]] == Qui hoc nomen habuerint == * [[Ioannes Sydney Fine]] * [[Albertis Sydney Harrison]] == Qui vel quae hoc praenomen habuerint == * [[Sidney Altman]] * [[Sydney Brenner]] * [[Sydney Corman]] * [[Sidney Lanier]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sydney Leroux||en|qid=Q467268}} * [[Sidney Lumet]] * [[Sidney Eduardus Mezes]] * [[Sydney Parkinson]] * [[Sidney Perham]] * [[Sydney Pollack]] * [[Sidney Poitier]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sydney Tamiia Poitier||en|qid=Q261244}} * [[Sidney Preston Osborn]] * [[Sidney Sonnino]] * [[Sidneia Sweeney]] ==Nexus interni== * [[Sydneium]], vulgo ''Sydney'', urbs Australiae == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Cognomina Anglica]] [[Categoria:Nomina]] [[Categoria:Praenomina Anglica]] [[Categoria:Praenomina feminina et masculina]] esnl2pb69tiw3ugjs4s54f7r75ds93o 0 314945 3979728 3978774 2026-08-09T15:24:24Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}; {{cite ...}} → {{[[Formula:Opus|opus]]}} 3979728 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Open science multilingual.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Plurilinguismus est proprietas Open Science{{dubsig}}, ut UNESCO putat.]] {{Res|Linguae scientiae}} vel {{Res|plene=Linguae scientiales|scientiales}}{{dubium}} sunt [[lingua]]e quae inter varias communitates scientificas in [[communicatio]]ne inter [[gens|gentes]] adhibentur. Quae linguae, ut arbitratur [[Michael Gordin]], [[historia scientiae|historicus scientiarum]], “aut peculiares quarundam linguarum formae in scientiis tractandis adhibitae, aut compages linguarum inter sese diversarum quibus scientia colitur sunt.”<ref>{{qc|Gordin, 2015}}, p. 24: “either specific forms of a given language that are used in conducting science, or they are the set of distinct languages in which science is done.”</ref> Usque ad [[saeculum 19]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Lingua classica|linguae classicae|en|qid=Q949174}}, ut lingua [[lingua Latina|Latina]], [[lingua Arabica|Arabica]], [[lingua Sanscrita|Sanscrita]], et [[linguae Sinicae|Sinica classica]] pro scientiarum communicatione per [[continens|continentes]] [[Africa]]nam, [[Europa]]eam, et [[Asia]]ticam adhiberi solebant. Variae causae, velut [[res novae]] [[industria]]les, [[civitas|civitatum]] [[natio]]nalium efformatio, et [[colonia]]rum expansio, mundialem trium nationalium linguarum usum promoverunt, nempe: linguarum [[Francogallice|Francogallicae]], [[Theodisce|Theodiscae]], et [[Anglice|Anglicae]]. Tamen novae quoque linguae proponebantur, sicut lingua [[Russice|Russica]], [[lingua Italiana|Italiana]], quae cum ita essent, consociationes scientificae inter gentes usum [[lingua artificiosa|linguarum artificiosarum]], e.g. linguae [[lingua Esperantica|Esperanticae]] promovebant. [[Bellum mundanum primum|Bello mundano primo]] exacto, lingua Anglica [[sermo]]nes Francogallicum et Germanicum exturbavit, et lingua scientiarum primaria, sed non exclusiva facta est. Investigationes in [[Unio Sovietica|Unione Sovietica]] annis post bellum cito increverunt, et accessus ephemeridum Russicarum Americanis maioris momenti factus est. Ultimis [[saeculum 21|saeculi vicensimi primi]] decenniis, publicationes scientificae linguam Anglicam antehabuerunt ob [[institutio]]num scientificarum praeeminentiam. Linguae regionales etiamnum graves manebant in regionibus [[Sinae|Sinarum]], [[America Latina|Americae Latinae]], et [[Indonesia]]e. == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Gordin, 2015 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Gordin | nomen = Michael D. | titulus = Scientific Babel: How Science Was Done Before and After Global English | tempus = 2015-04-13 | domus editoria = University of Chicago Press | url = https://archive.org/details/scientificbabelh00unse | isbn = 978-0-226-00032-9 }} }} == Nexus externi == * Bonnie Lee La Madeleine: [https://ideas.repec.org/a/nat/nature/v445y2007i7126d10.1038_nj7126-454a.html "Lost in translation,"] ''Nature'' 445 (Ianuarii 2007), p. 454–455 + * Lison Segue: [https://www.lemonde.fr/sciences/article/2023/08/16/les-chercheurs-non-anglophones-fortement-desavantages-dans-les-publications-scientifiques_6185509_1650684.html "Les chercheurs non anglophones fortement désavantagés dans les publications scientifiques,"] ''Le Monde'', 16 (8) (2023) * [https://www.wissenschaftssprache.org/ circulus de partibus linguisticis in scientia explorans] (Arbeitskreis ''Historische Wissenschafts- und Gelehrtensprachen'') * [[celsus Wandel|Amri Wandel]]: [https://www.ilei.info/konferenco/2011/Wandel%20resumo%20por%20retejo.pdf "Lingva egaleco en la scienco sub la ombro de la angla"] (de acroasi anno 2011 [[Haga]]e in [[Congressus universalis Esperanticus|Congressu Universo Esperantico]] habita) == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Linguae]] [[Categoria:Scientia]] i5isqhvfja1l1bbptzr9hemv6i5oito 3979730 3979728 2026-08-09T15:24:46Z Grufo 64423 -“scientiales” 3979730 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Open science multilingual.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Plurilinguismus est proprietas Open Science{{dubsig}}, ut UNESCO putat.]] {{Res|Linguae scientiae}} sunt [[lingua]]e quae inter varias communitates scientificas in [[communicatio]]ne inter [[gens|gentes]] adhibentur. Quae linguae, ut arbitratur [[Michael Gordin]], [[historia scientiae|historicus scientiarum]], “aut peculiares quarundam linguarum formae in scientiis tractandis adhibitae, aut compages linguarum inter sese diversarum quibus scientia colitur sunt.”<ref>{{qc|Gordin, 2015}}, p. 24: “either specific forms of a given language that are used in conducting science, or they are the set of distinct languages in which science is done.”</ref> Usque ad [[saeculum 19]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Lingua classica|linguae classicae|en|qid=Q949174}}, ut lingua [[lingua Latina|Latina]], [[lingua Arabica|Arabica]], [[lingua Sanscrita|Sanscrita]], et [[linguae Sinicae|Sinica classica]] pro scientiarum communicatione per [[continens|continentes]] [[Africa]]nam, [[Europa]]eam, et [[Asia]]ticam adhiberi solebant. Variae causae, velut [[res novae]] [[industria]]les, [[civitas|civitatum]] [[natio]]nalium efformatio, et [[colonia]]rum expansio, mundialem trium nationalium linguarum usum promoverunt, nempe: linguarum [[Francogallice|Francogallicae]], [[Theodisce|Theodiscae]], et [[Anglice|Anglicae]]. Tamen novae quoque linguae proponebantur, sicut lingua [[Russice|Russica]], [[lingua Italiana|Italiana]], quae cum ita essent, consociationes scientificae inter gentes usum [[lingua artificiosa|linguarum artificiosarum]], e.g. linguae [[lingua Esperantica|Esperanticae]] promovebant. [[Bellum mundanum primum|Bello mundano primo]] exacto, lingua Anglica [[sermo]]nes Francogallicum et Germanicum exturbavit, et lingua scientiarum primaria, sed non exclusiva facta est. Investigationes in [[Unio Sovietica|Unione Sovietica]] annis post bellum cito increverunt, et accessus ephemeridum Russicarum Americanis maioris momenti factus est. Ultimis [[saeculum 21|saeculi vicensimi primi]] decenniis, publicationes scientificae linguam Anglicam antehabuerunt ob [[institutio]]num scientificarum praeeminentiam. Linguae regionales etiamnum graves manebant in regionibus [[Sinae|Sinarum]], [[America Latina|Americae Latinae]], et [[Indonesia]]e. == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Gordin, 2015 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Gordin | nomen = Michael D. | titulus = Scientific Babel: How Science Was Done Before and After Global English | tempus = 2015-04-13 | domus editoria = University of Chicago Press | url = https://archive.org/details/scientificbabelh00unse | isbn = 978-0-226-00032-9 }} }} == Nexus externi == * Bonnie Lee La Madeleine: [https://ideas.repec.org/a/nat/nature/v445y2007i7126d10.1038_nj7126-454a.html "Lost in translation,"] ''Nature'' 445 (Ianuarii 2007), p. 454–455 + * Lison Segue: [https://www.lemonde.fr/sciences/article/2023/08/16/les-chercheurs-non-anglophones-fortement-desavantages-dans-les-publications-scientifiques_6185509_1650684.html "Les chercheurs non anglophones fortement désavantagés dans les publications scientifiques,"] ''Le Monde'', 16 (8) (2023) * [https://www.wissenschaftssprache.org/ circulus de partibus linguisticis in scientia explorans] (Arbeitskreis ''Historische Wissenschafts- und Gelehrtensprachen'') * [[celsus Wandel|Amri Wandel]]: [https://www.ilei.info/konferenco/2011/Wandel%20resumo%20por%20retejo.pdf "Lingva egaleco en la scienco sub la ombro de la angla"] (de acroasi anno 2011 [[Haga]]e in [[Congressus universalis Esperanticus|Congressu Universo Esperantico]] habita) == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Linguae]] [[Categoria:Scientia]] 4z8dbeh2ljftxhejqqz0d56woy7gj3a 0 317473 3979775 3963805 2026-08-09T17:18:03Z Grufo 64423 Mendam correxi 3979775 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Relativity of Simultaneity Animation.gif|thumb|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Relativitas simultaneitatis||en|qid=Q837505}} per [[ars animandi|artem animandi]] sic illustratur.]] {{res|Systema relationum}},<ref>[[Anglice]] ''Frame of reference''; [[Theodisce]] ''Bezugssystem''. De locutione Latina conferatur {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Bauch | nomen auctoris = Brunus | titulus = Idealismus und Realismus | contextus = Kant-Studien | volumen = 20 | fasciculus = 1 | annus = 1915 | pagina = 101 | url paginae = https://archive.org/details/kantstudienphilo20kantuoft/page/100/mode/2up | domus editoria = Reuther & Reichard | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]] }}: “Und die Realität der ‘Dinge ausser uns’ kann hinsichtlich der Raumauffassung allein dann gesichert werden, wenn der Raum mathematisch-gesetzlich als ‘{{lectio|systema relationum}}’, als Bezugssystem verstanden wird.”</ref> seu {{res|systema relativum}},{{LLHL25 ref|Referenzsystem|13}} in [[physica]] et [[astronomia]] est [[systema coordinatarum]], cuius {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|origo (mathematica)|origo|en|qid=Q40735}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|directio||en|qid=Q2235286}}, et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|norma (geometria)|norma|en|qid=Q102441924}} sic definiuntur ut ad peculiare [[spatium|spatium]] aut [[spatitempus]] physicum referantur. Exemplum praeclarum est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale||en|qid=Q192735}}, quod ad corpora quiescentia seu motu rectilineo uniformi procedentia refertur. Satis est {{math|{{mvar|n}} + 1}} puncta definire ad systema relationum {{mvar|n}} dimensionibus plene constituendum. Exempli gratia, [[systema Cartesianum coordinatarum]] definiri potest primo puncto in origine et ceteris punctis unam [[unitas mensuralis|unitatem]] ab origine [[distantia|distantibus]] per omnes axes positis. In [[relativitas specialis|relativitate speciali]] [[Albertus Einstein|Einsteniana]], systemata relationum ita adhibentur ut [[phaenomenon|phaenomena]] quae moveri observantur ad observatorem referantur. Hoc in contextu, saepe locutio {{res|systema relationum observatorium}} adoptatur ([[Anglice]] {{barbarice|lingua=enµ|observational frame of reference}}), quae indicat observatorem intra tale systema quiescere, etiamsi ei non necesse est apud originem iacere. Systema relationum relativisticum etiam {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tempus coordinatarum||en|qid=Q5168010}} includit (vel implicat), quod inter systemata relationum quae {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|motus relativus|inter se moventur|nn|qid=Q13389522}} non idem manet. Sic relativitas Einsteniana a [[relativitas Galilaeana|Galilaeana]], in qua omnia tempora inter se congruunt, differt. == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Principium Machianum]] * [[Relativitas Galilaeana]] * [[Relativitas specialis]] * [[Spatii temporisque tractio]] * [[Spatitempus]] * [[Systema coordinatarum]] * [[Theoria relativitatis]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Frames of reference|systemata relationum}} {{Myrias|Physica}} [[Categoria:Astronomia]] [[Categoria:Mathematica]] [[Categoria:Physica]] j0j4sohdul14yz79bnad05bka42nt8v 0 318021 3979971 3913490 2026-08-09T22:35:37Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 1 book for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3979971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina non annexa}} {{Vicificanda}} {{Latinitas|-2}} '''Amir Hetsroni''' ([[Hebraice]] אמיר חצרוני; natus die [[6 Februarii]] [[1968]]) est [[Israel]]iticus [[communicatio]]nis [[professor]] et [[diurnarius]], qui nonnullis sententiis controversiis innotuit.<ref>''Ephemeris Hebraica'', "Amir Hetsroni: Etiam histriones iocosi libertatem loquendi habent", 28 Aprilis 2018.</ref>. == Cursus academicus == Hetsroni [[Schola Artium "A" Telavivensis|Scholam Artium "A" Telavivensi ]] frequentavit, et gradum [[baccalaureus|baccalaurei]] in [[psychologia]] ab [[Universitate Telavivensi, Departmentum Pellicularum et Televisionis]] anno [[1993]] accepit. Anno [[1999]], gradum [[doctor|doctoris]] in communicatione sub auspiciis [[Hannah Adoni]] et [[Yaakov Shamir]] apud Ordinem Communicationis [[Universitas Hebraica Hierosolymitana|Universitatis Hebraicae Hierosolymitanae]] perfecit.<ref>[https://huji-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/f/att40d/972HUJI_ALMA21185500880003701 Descriptio dissertationis] in situ Universitatis Hebraicae.</ref> Laboravit [[lector|lector]] communicationis in [[Collegio Academico Emek Jezreel]] inter [[2000]] et [[2009]], et ab anno 2009 in [[Universitate Arielensi]], ubi titulum professoris accepit ab [[Consilio Educationis Superioris Iudaeae et Samariae|מל"ג יו"ש]], et ab [[Universitate Liverpool]] in Anglia et duabus aliis universitatibus in Sinis et Constantinopoli agnitum<ref>''Porta Nuntiorum'', "Professor Amir Hetsroni contra Doctorem Michael Ben-Ari", 24 Decembris 2015.</ref>. Mense Augusto [[2014]], ab Universitate Arielensi dimissus est, sed mense Octobri 2014, iudiciali sententia restitutus est<ref>Aviram Zino, ''Acta Hebdomadalis'', "Curia Laboris revocat dimissionem Professoris Amiris Hetsroni", 7 Octobris 2014.</ref>. Postea in licentiam sine stipendio missus est donec processus dimissionis perficeretur die [[30 Septembris]] [[2015]]. Anno 2016, docere coepit in [[Universitate Koç]] [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]]<ref name="Haaretz"/><ref>[https://cssh.ku.edu.tr/en/people/personel-detail/?user=ahetsroni Pagina Hetsroni] in situ facultatis Scientiarum Socialium Universitatis Koç</ref>, unde dimissus est anno [[2021]]. === Investigatio academica === Eius investigationes priores maxime versatae sunt in facultate [[formatorum televisificorum]] globalium, sicut [[spectacula quaestionum]], ad culturam localem se accommodandi<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Millionaire Project: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Quiz Shows From the United States, Russia, Poland, Norway, Finland, Israel, and Saudi Arabia|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mass-communication-society_spring-2004_7_2/page/133|journal=Mass Communication and Society|volume=7|issue=2|language=english|date=2004|pages=133-156|author=Amir Hetsroni|doi=10.1207/s15327825mcs0702_1}}</ref>. Postea studuit influxum contenti televisifici controversi, sexualis et violentiae in perceptionem realitatis spectatorum. Haec studia ad scholam "mirationum realitatis" seu "theoriae culturae" (Cultivation theory) pertinent, sed Hetsroni aestimat influxum televisionis magis limitatum esse quam accessus dominans scholae, quia spectatio plerumque sine magna participatione fit, et quia ipse influxus et eius directio dependent ab factoribus fundamentalibus socialibus-demographicis et variabilibus psychologicis<ref>{{cite journal|title=Cultivation and Counter Cultivation: Does Religiosity Shape the Relationship between Television Viewing and Estimates of Crime Prevalence and Assessment of Victimization Likelihood?|journal=Psychological Reports|volume=112|issue=1|language=english|date=2013|pages=303-324|author=Amir Hetsroni & Hila Lowenstein|doi=10.2466/16.07.17.PR0.112.1.303-324}}</ref>. Haec conclusio Hetsroni ad statum criticum contra [[regulatio (lex)|regulationem]] transmissionis televisificae duxit<ref>Amir Hetsroni, ''Situs Nuntiorum'', "Decem defectus regulationis mediorum in Israel", Aprilis 2010.</ref>. == Cursus mediorum == Mense Decembri [[2013]], novellam cui titulus "Pitzuchim" per domum editoriam [[Yedioth Sfarim]] (Yedioth Libri) edidit<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tl9mPzUNlU Professor Hetsroni et Pitzuchim apud Canalem 2]</ref>, quae est historia [[narratio de formatione|realistica]] in Israel in [[annibus 1980|octoginta]] accidit, et elementa [[autobiographia|autobiographica]] continet. Novella magnam felicitatem commercialem non habuit, sed criticam laudem accepit<ref>David Rosenthal, ''Porta Nuntiorum Hebraica'', "Liber "Pitzuchim" ab Amir Hetsroni gaudet octoginta annis in Israel", 17 Decembris 2013. Avishai Ivri, ''Situs Mida'', "Recensio Libri: Amir Hetsroni, Pitzuchim", 6 Decembris 2013.</ref>. Anno [[2015]], progressum "Parashat Haveroa" una cum [[Raheli Rotner]] direxit<ref>Raheli Rotner, Amir Hetsroni, ''Porta Nuntiorum Hebraica'', "Currus Vacuus", 16 Augusti 2015.</ref>. Anno [[2016]], participavit in serie televisifica [[documentaria-comoedia|documentaria-comoedia]] cui titulus "[[Ricalcula percorso|Iterum Calculare Iter]]" a [[Hanoch Daum]] directa. Anno [[2017]], incepit praestare [[comoedia stand-up|comoediam stand-up]]<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LTRG3axx8DQ Orly et Guy interview Hetsroni de comoedia stand-up] anno 2016, Canalis 10</ref>, et coepit etiam programmata [[televisio interretialis|televisifica interretialia]] in programmate "Sha'ot Sherut" (Hora Servitii)<ref>''Ephemeris Hebraica'', "Ziffer et Hetsroni par televisificum, mirum est ab eis offendi".</ref> in "Shalalit TV", una cum [[Beni Ziffer]]. Mense Maio [[2020]], pellicula "Amir Hetsroni: Casus Studii" (Amir Hetsroni | Case Study)<ref>{{IMDb title|12493014|Amir Hetsroni: Case Study}}</ref>, [[pellicula documentaria|pellicula documentaria]] de vita eius a [[psychologus|psychologo]] Helvetico-Israelitico et cinematographo Giuseppe (Yossi) Stringer directa, praemium "Optima Pellicula Documentaria" vicit in Festo Pellicularum Internationali [[Helvetia|Helvetiae]] ([[Festum Pellicularum Internationalis Helvetiae|SIFF]]). Postea eodem anno, "Casus Studii" etiam participavit in aliis festis in [[Europa]]<ref>[http://www.amir-film.com Amir-Film.com] - Portal Pellicularum Officialis (Anglice), December 2020.</ref>, inclusis [[Italia]], [[Anglia]] et [[Austria]], ubi etiam praemium pro optima emendatione vicit<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210421050645/http://austriainternationalfilmfestival.com/node/246 Selectio Officialis Festi Pellicularum Internationalis Austriaci 2020], 31 Augusti 2020.</ref>. Pellicula facta est nuper [[2016]], circiter mensem post mortem patris Amiris, Davidis Hetsroni, et pellicula sequitur processum [[luctus|luctus]] apud Hetsroni et eius relationem cum Shirin Navi, tunc temporis coniuge eius<ref>Yaakov Bar-On, ''Maariv Online'', ""Plena Offertorum": Num nova pellicula de Amir Hetsroni eius personalitatem illuminat?", 27 Maii 2020.</ref><ref>[http://www.festti.com/award-winners-2020 Victores Praemiorum 2020], Maius 2020.</ref><ref>Raz Israeli, ''Ephemeris Israel Hayom'', "Festum in Helvetia: Praemium pro pellicula de Amir Hetsroni", 30 Maii 2020.</ref>. Pellicula a [[Aharon Treitel]] facta est<ref>[https://filmfreeway.com/AmirFilm Pagina pelliculae in FilmFreeway], 1 Iunii 2020.</ref>. Mense Septembri [[2021]], Hetsroni coepit hebdomadatim horam transmittere in situ mediorum "[[Televisio Online]]"<ref>Numerus transmissionum</ref>. Mense Octobri, participavit in pellicula [[Naor Zion]] "Fratres Shirara 2"<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NekU6nUUeqk Fratres Shirara 2]</ref>. Mense Septembri 2024, nuntiata est Hetsroni expectari brevem programmationem colloquiorum in situ interretiali "[[Ahla Nuntius]]" ducere. Progressus erit stilo [[satyra|satyrico]] et breves episodios ad retia socialia adaptatos continebit. In programmatis ambitu, personae interrogatae in trampolino salire debent dum Hetsroni quaestionibus respondent. Progressus ex colloquio cum Hetsroni initium cepit et ad hanc formam progressus est.<ref>Maya Gades, ''Maariv Online'', "Saltet omnes propter eum: Novus programmatis Amir Hetsroni | Prima publicatio", 10 Septembris 2024.</ref> == Opiniones et controversiae == Hetsroni articulos in variis ephemeridibus edidit et saepe suas opiniones per rationem personalem expressit. Inter alia, vehementer locutus est contra liberorum procreationem cum condiciones oeconomicae id non permittunt<ref>Amir Hetsroni, ''Situs Nuntiorum'', "Desinite producere pauperes liberos", 30 Novembris 2009.</ref>, et contra [[Legem Reditus]] et identitatem Iudaicam Civitatis Israelis, et contra servitium militare in [[Copiae Defensionis Israelis]] et importationem sponsarum et mulierum in Israel<ref>Amir Hetsroni, ''Porta Nuntiorum Hebraica'', "Sponsae reconditae. Feministae et Eli Yishai in eadem navi", 24 Martii 2012.</ref>, et de humili gradu, ut eius sententia est, collegiorum academicorum<ref>Amir Hetsroni, ''Porta Nuntiorum Hebraica'', "Cui collegia opus sunt?", 17 Octobris 2006.</ref>. === Sexus et iura mulierum === Anno 2014, Hetsroni responsionem scripsit ad paginam "[[Unusquisque Unus]]", ubi mulieres de aggressu sexuali quem in vita sua passi erant scripserunt: {{citatus|Creatio artistica puellarum, quas etiam solitarii et desperati violatores ob inopiam venustatis in vita cotidiana tendunt ignorare, singularem laudem meretur propter facultatem earum aedificandi mundum phantasiae opulentum et sensualem, ubi mulier cum [[Theodorus Herzl|barba Herzl]] et [[Benyamin Ben-Eliezer|ventre Fuad]] est desideratum obiectum sexuale etiam [[Brad Pitt|Brad Pitt]].}} Propter hanc declarationem, [[Universitas Arielensis]] eum dimittere decrevit<ref>Ruth Wilf, ''Situs Nuntiorum'', "Dimissio Professoris Amiris Hetsroni ab Universitate Arielensi", 28 Augusti 2014.</ref>. === Sententiae politicae === Anno 2010, articulum edidit cui titulus "Ita ad occupationem - cum lucrosa est", referente ad Israelis dominationem super plerasque regiones [[Iudaeae et Samariae]]<ref>Amir Hetsroni, ''Situs Nuntiorum'', "Ita ad occupationem - cum lucrosa est", Maius 2010.</ref>. Eodem spiritu, anno [[2023]], inter [[Bellum Ferrum Gladiorum]], Hetsroni acerbas opiniones expressit et occupationem [[Gaza (regio)|Regionis Gazae]] postulavit.{{auctoritas necessaria}} Anno [[2015]], postridie [[Comitia legislativa Israeliana 2015|comitia vicesimi Knesset]], statum in suo personali consilio edidit, ubi [[Lex Reditus]] reprehendit pro [[politica dextra in Israel|dominatione dextra]] in Israel: {{citatus|Si non portas nostras sine delectu omnibus Iudaeis, et semi-Iudaeis, et quarti Iudaeis ex terris tertii mundi aperuissemus [...], [[Isaac Herzog|Buji]] facile comitia vicisset. [...] Ita, sine immigrantibus, Arabes plures sedes accepissent, sed magna minoritas [[Ahmed Tibi]] melior est quam maioritas [[Miri Regev]]<ref>Post missum contumeliosum post electiones</ref>.}} Hac de causa, invitatus est, una cum diurnaria [[Amira Buzaglo]], ad tabulam in programmate [[Yom Hadash (programma televisificum)|Yom Hadash]], ubi contendit Legem Reditus esse legem [[rasismus in Israel|racisticam]]. Mediam tempestatem excitavit cum dixit, respondens accusationi Buzaglo quod esset "[[fascismus|fascista]], racist et odiosus", Hetsroni respondit: {{citatus|Nihil mali accidisset si parentes tui in Maroco manerent et ibi putrescerent}}. Post Buzaglo responsum, "Differentiam inter te et [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] nunc non video" et "Quis te permisit in universitate docere?", Hetsroni respondit: {{citatus|Accepi meum [[professor (universitas)|professorem]] cum honore}}, {{citatus|Non studui sicut tu in collegio septimo gradu}}. Hoc loco, praesentator programmatis, [[Yoav Limor]], ei dixit se numquam tam pudere quam nunc pudebat "ex acervo stultitiae quae ex ore eius procedit", et colloquium ei perfectum esse<ref>''Maariv Online'', "Amir Hetsroni Amir Buzaglo aggressus est – et ex studio "Boker Shel Keshet" eiectus est", 22 Martii 2015.</ref>. Die [[Hierosolymorum Dies|Hierosolymorum]], [[17 Maii]] [[2015]], colloquium cum Hetsroni publicatum est, in quo declaravit se velle agere pro oratore eorum qui rem publicam ob "persecutionem academicam et mediorum" quam patitur boycotto et diffamare cupiunt, interim ad [[Dania|Daniam]] commigrare<ref>Servitium Nuntiorum, ''Situs Oeconomicus'', "Professor Hetsroni: "Optimus ero legatus pro boycotting Israel"", 17 Maii 2015.</ref>. Post mortem parentum suorum, matris in [[2011]] et patris in [[2016]], Hetsroni decrevit provocatoria nuntia in monumentis eorum incidere<ref name="Haaretz"/>. Die [[2 Maii]] [[2022]], inter specialem transmissionem televisificam online ab Ashdod, ob [[Dies Commemorationis pro lapsis Israeliae bellis et victimis terrorismi|Dies Commemorationis pro lapsis bellis Israelis et victimis terrorismi]], iuvenis sellam in faciem eius iecit postquam Hetsroni declaravit se non observare [[Siren Commemorativum|Sirenes Commemorativas]]<ref>Yanir Yagna et Yoav Itiel, ''Porta Nuntiorum Hebraica'', ""Impetus Politicus": Inter transmissionem vivam – Professor Hetsroni sella percussus est", 2 Maii 2022.</ref>. Propter hoc incidentem, transmissio interrupta est, et Hetsroni a [[Magen David Adom]] ad [[Hospital Asuta|Hospital Asuta]] in Ashdod portatus est. Dum curationem medicam accipiebat, dixit voluntario Magen David Adom qui eum adiuvabat: "Omnem vitam meam vobis dicam redire ad Marocam. Haec est mea opinio, et eam omnem vitam meam dicam"<ref>Gil Mishali, ''Situs Entertainment'', "Violentia Incidens Live: Amir Hetsroni sella in capite aggressus est", 2 Maii 2022.</ref>. Postea querelam apud vigiles interposuit. In articulo responsorio qui postea in situ [[Ice (situs interretialis)|Ice]] publicatus est, Hetsroni memoravit praeter aggressum, se contumeliis affectum esse, et piperis imbre ac purgatorio aspersum esse, et fenestram currus eius fractam esse<ref>Professor Amir Hetsroni, ''Ice'', "Amir Hetsroni ad eum qui sellam iecit: "Tu non es heros"", 5 Maii 2022.</ref>. Pellicula quae incidentem documentat, in qua Hetsroni videtur se cum praesentatore Kobi Suissa in modo incommodo amplectens, [[Memoria interretialis|viralis facta est]], et multas characterizationes interretiales et alias produxit, inclusa imitatione in programmate "[[Eretz Nehederet]]". === Querela contra applicationem video === Mense Aprili [[2018]], eius ratio personalis, quam decem milia hominum sequebantur, clausa est sub praetextu publicationis [[odia locutionis|odiae locutionis]]. Hetsroni querelam contra applicationem video interposuit, postulans restitutionem rationis suae personalis et compensationem unius millionis shekelium<ref>Dori Ben Israel, ''Situs Mizbala'', "Professor Amir Hetsroni applicationem video accusat", 20 Maii 2018.</ref><ref>Ehud Kenan, ''Situs Entertainment'', "Applicatio video: Delevimus 91 odiosas locutiones ab Hetsroni", 6 Augusti 2018.</ref><ref>Anat Bain Lubowitz, ''Situs Oeconomicus'', "Amir Hetsroni applicatio video accusat pro uno milione shekelium: Mea ratio clausa est", 21 Maii 2018.</ref>. Mense Ianuario [[2021]], curia decrevit querelam Hetsroni reicere, et ei imperavit ut 30,000 shekelium impensarum iudicialium solveret<ref>Avishai Greenzeig, ''Situs Oeconomicus'', "Amir Hetsroni perdidit querelam suam contra applicationem video; solvet 30 milia shekelium impensarum", 11 Ianuarii 2021.</ref>. Mense Aprili 2021, Hetsroni querelam interposuit contra "applicationem video" propter clausuram rationis suae<ref>Oded Yaron, ''Ephemeris Hebraica'', "Hetsroni videos contra Yarin Sharf publicavit, et applicatio video eum clausit; nunc accusat", 29 Aprilis 2021.</ref>. === Confligatio cum institutionibus academicis === Hetsroni accusavit [[Collegium Academicum Emek Jezreel]], quod eum dimittere conabatur, et casus transactio facta est<ref>Gay Leshem, ''Situs Nuntiorum Oeconomicus'', "Curia Laboris impedit dimissionem lectoris qui criticavit gradum academicum collegiorum", 21 Octobris 2007.</ref>. Mense Aprili [[2014]], Hetsroni vocatus est ad auditionem [[dimissio (opus)|dimissionis]] ab [[Universitate Arielensi]] propter declarationes suas, sed [[Curia Laboris]] decrevit eum administrative dimitti non posse, et casum in commissione disciplinae universitatis discutere debere<ref>Yarden Skop, ''Ephemeris Hebraica'', "Hetsroni in commissione disciplinae occurret, nec dimittetur ob violationem normarum laboris", 27 Maii 2014.</ref>. Mense Augusto 2014, Hetsroni litteras dimissionis ab universitate accepit, et contra decisionem appellavit<ref>Revital Blumenfeld, ''Porta Nuntiorum Hebraica'', "Professor Hetsroni ab Ariel dimissus est: "Me persequuntur ob opiniones meas"", 28 Augusti 2014.</ref>. Universitas affirmavit causam dimissionis fuisse eius contumeliosas declarationes erga diversas coetus sociales, inclusas mulieres. Secundum universitatem, secundum verba ipsius Hetsroni, "mulieres pugnant contra abusus, vexationes et raptus solum propter inopiam venustatis". Praeterea, ille ipse contumeliis affecit specialitatem scientiae communicationis quam docebat, eam describens ut "scientiam nihili"<ref>Chen Manit, ''Situs Oeconomicus'', "Universitas Arielensis: Dimissio Professoris Hetsroni - propter declarationes contumeliosas", 27 Aprilis 2014.</ref>. Mense Iunio, Hetsroni statim ab universitate dimissus est, citans malum mores et damnum ex fenestra habitationis collegii aperta relicta. Quo facto, Hetsroni propositum suum recessum a circulis academicis declaravit, contendens non esse locum iis qui opiniones inusitatas habent<ref>David Matthews, [https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/turkish-university-axes-israeli-scholar-who-told-students-toflee Universitas Turcica dimittit eruditum Israelianum qui studentibus effugere dixit], Acta Educationis Superioris, 22 Iunii 2021.</ref>. == Vita personalis == Hetsroni natus est [[Tel Aviv]], et solus filius Simae (natae Kalker) et Davidis Hetsroni (olim Sachgovsky)<ref name="Haaretz"/>. Militavit in exercitu in ephemeride "[[Bamahane Gadna]]". Hetsroni habitavit in [[Karmei Yosef]] intermisse ab anno [[1998]]. Mense Maio [[2015]], [[Israel]] reliquit et ad [[Copenhagen]], [[Dania]], deinde ad [[Sinae|Sinas]]<ref>Roy Goldenberg, ''Situs Oeconomicus'', "Novus programma: Quomodo Amir Hetsroni in carcere detentus est", 24 Decembris 2015.</ref>, postea domum ad Karmei Yosef rediit. Inter 2015 et 2017, complexam et late relatam habuit relationem cum advocata Shirin Navi, [[Christiani Arabes Israelis|Christiana Arabica Israelita]]<ref>Miki Levin, ''Maariv Online'', "Amir Hetsroni coniugem suam accusat: "Arabs malus, sum homo perditus"", 23 Augusti 2016.</ref><ref>Video anni 2017 in pagina personali Amiris Hetsroni</ref>. Inter [[2019]] et [[2021]], relationem habuit cum Nevsal Sunger in [[Turcia]]<ref>Liora Goldenberg-Stern, ''Maariv Online'', ""Musulmana, utique": Amir Hetsroni novam amica habet", 16 Augusti 2019.</ref>. Hetsroni ipse in pluribus colloquiis declaravit se definire ut [[antinatalismus|anti-natalista]] et habere [[antinatalismus|aversum a pueris]]<ref>Sagi Ben Nun, ''Porta Nuntiorum Hebraica'', "Esse Amir Hetsroni: Quid est in mente viri qui terram concussit?", 26 Martii 2015.</ref>. == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == * [https://www.amirhetsroni.com Situs Officialis] * Carmit Sapir Weitz, ''Situs Nuntiorum'', "Carnivalis Dimissionum: Colloquium cum Amir Hetsroni", 27 Decembris 2013. * Omer Dostri, ''Ephemeris Hebraica'', "Dimissio Amiris Hetsroni non fiet", 26 Aprilis 2014. * Yossi Goldstein, ''Ephemeris Hebraica'', "Cur Hetsroni dimissus est", 26 Aprilis 2014. * Yarden Skop, ''Ephemeris Hebraica'', "Lectores Ariel contra dimissionem Amiris Hetsroni: Processus dimissionis illegales sunt", 27 Aprilis 2014. * Alon Harel, ''Ephemeris Hebraica'', "Estne Ben-Ari melior quam Hetsroni?", 23 Aprilis 2014. * Amir Hetsroni, ''Ephemeris Hebraica'', "Erravi de Ariel. Fateri debeo", 22 Maii 2014. * Sagi Ben Nun, ''Porta Nuntiorum Hebraica'', "Esse Amir Hetsroni: Quid est in mente viri qui terram concussit?", 26 Martii 2015. * Amir Hetsroni, ''Porta Nuntiorum Hebraica'', "Contumeliosus vel Originalis - Politicus vel Sexualis: Professor Hetsroni contra Universitatem Arielensem", 28 Augusti 2014. * Amir Hetsroni, ''Porta Nuntiorum Hebraica'', "Amir Hetsroni: Non adiuvabit vos, non sum Iudaeus", 29 Martii 2015. * Haim Etgar, ''Situs Entertainment'', "Anashim", "Hetsroni: "Ego ero optimus legatus pro boycotting Israel"", 17 Maii 2015. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gMp9Op-wcUE Video] * Moran Shirer, ''Ephemeris Hebraica'', "Vita et Mors Professoris Amiris Hetsroni", 6 Octobris 2016. * Raz Israeli, ''Situs Nuntiorum'', ""Populus Iudaeus est pessimus inter populos": Colloquium cum viro odiosissimo in terra", 6 Martii 2017. * ''Srugim'', "Hetsroni: "Numquid non possumus Ethiopes minus violentos in terram adducere?"", 4 Maii 2015. * Servitium Nuntiorum, ''Situs Oeconomicus'', "Hetsroni terram relinquit – et declarationem foedam de Aethiopibus facit", 7 Maii 2015. * [https://geekonomy.net/2015/10/27/פרק-20-אמיר-חצרוני/ Colloquium cum Amir Hetsroni], [[Geekonomy]], 27 Octobris 2015. * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gMp9Op-wcUE Shay Goldstein ad Hetsroni: "Tu es racista - in familia mea sicut bestiae laborabant ut se sustentarent"], Hora 14 (video). * [[WorldCat]]: Amir Hetsroni {{Lifetime|1968||Hetsroni, Amir}} [[Categoria:Alumni scholae altae A municipii Telavivensis]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Telavivensis]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Telavivensis departmentum cinematographiae et televisionis]] [[Categoria:Artifices Israelienses]] [[Categoria:Athei Israelitani]] [[Categoria:Doctores Universitatis Hebraicae Hierosolymitanae]] [[Categoria:Homines ex Karmei Yosef]] [[Categoria:Homines Israelienses sine liberis]] [[Categoria:Immigrantes Israelienses]] [[Categoria:Investigatores Israelienses in communicatione de massis]] [[Categoria:Membra facultatis Universitatis Arielensis]] [[Categoria:Personae interretiales Israelienses]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Israelis]] [[Categoria:Vegetarii Israelitani]] 1i9vpnno1i57uhjmtppbm3mftttmgmi 2 320908 3980095 3979023 2026-08-10T00:15:22Z Grufo 64423 Periclitatio 3980095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Assenserunt|Dsfsdfdsfisf=2026-08-10 00:14:08|Dsfsdsdfsidfufsdf=2026-08-10 00:14:24|sdffidsffdswd=2026-08-10 00:14:44|sdfdsfdsffds=fdssf|dsfdsfenfdgwf=ferfreg}} e9s6zmgqxmautyd4llvzjd2nn8yti0o 3980174 3980095 2026-08-10T02:15:28Z Grufo 64423 3980174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Assenserunt|Dsfsdfdsfisf=2026-08-10 00:14:08|Dsfsdsdfsidfufsdf=2026-08-10 00:14:24|sdffidsffdswd=2026-08-10 00:14:44|sdfdsfdsffds=fdssf|dsfdsfenfdgwf=ferfreg}} {{Assenserunt}} qypa88rr2qnhfdaypdmpganr96ktxgg 3980176 3980174 2026-08-10T02:17:56Z Grufo 64423 Paginam vacuavit 3980176 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 10 320965 3979778 3978912 2026-08-09T17:41:07Z Grufo 64423 +[[:Categoria:Exploratio transclusionum 1]] (interim) 3979778 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}}|10 | {{Capsa lateralis | imago = Nuvola filesystems folder template.svg | ancora = {{{#ancora|}}} | 1 = '''Categoriae vestigatoriae''' Haec formula [[:Categoria:Categoriae vestigatoriae|categoriis vestigatoriis]] utitu{{#invoke:params| discarding|#propositum| discarding|#ancora| snapshotting|entering_substack| excluding_numeric_names| detaching_substack| leaving_substack| mixing_names_and_values|$@|| flushing| renaming_by_replacing|#.*$||1| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_name_matching|^:| detaching_substack| renaming_by_replacing|^:+%s*||1| leaving_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| mapping_by_magic|NAMESPACENUMBER|names_only| snapshotting| with_value_matching|0|strict| detaching_substack| dropping_substack| detaching_substack| entering_substack| with_value_matching||strict| detaching_substack| dropping_substack| flushing| leaving_substack| renaming_by_mixing|Categoria:$#| flushing| renaming_by_magic|FULLPAGENAME| discarding|| snapshotting|entering_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| mapping_by_magic|NAMESPACENUMBER|names_only| with_value_matching|14|strict| detaching_substack| dropping_substack| detaching_substack| mapping_by_magic|NAMESPACENUMBER|names_only| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_value_matching|0|strict| detaching_substack| mapping_by_mixing|{{[[$#|:$#]]}}| leaving_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_value_matching|828|strict| detaching_substack| mapping_by_magic|PAGENAME|names_only| mapping_by_mixing|{{[[$#|#invoke:$@]]}}| leaving_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_value_matching|10|strict| detaching_substack| mapping_by_magic|PAGENAME|names_only| mapping_by_mixing|{{[[$#|$@]]}}| leaving_substack| mapping_by_mixing|{{[[$#]]}}| flushing| flushing| flushing| combining_values|2|naturally|h/i/f|ex his formulis modulisque praebentur: <ul><li>|</li><li>|</li></ul>| with_value_not_matching||strict| snapshotting| mixing_names_and_values|h|r, quae | leaving_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_value_matching|^%s*tacite%s*$| detaching_substack| mapping_by_mixing|[[:$#]] (tacite)[[Categoria:Exploratio transclusionum 1]]| leaving_substack| mapping_by_mixing|[[:$#]]{{#ifeq:{{{#propositum|}}}|exhibitio | | {{in harenario aut alibi||[[$#|!]]}} }}| flushing| combining_values|1|naturally|h/i/f| <ul><li>|</li><li>|</li></ul>| snapshotting|entering_substack| mapping_by_mixing|r:| flushing| reassigning|1|h|rename| providing|h|r.| leaving_substack| setting_by_flushing| flushing| setting|i| Nonnullae categoriae etiam | list_values }}{{#ifeq:{{{#propositum|}}}|exhibitio | | {{in harenario aut alibi||[[Categoria:Formulae quae categoriis vestigatoriis utuntur|{{PAGENAME}}]]}} }} }} | {{Error|Error: Heac formula tantummodo in spatio nominali formularum adhibenda est.}} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> nu44onl2lxcyozvuq6stqoy0okeoxzz 3979788 3979778 2026-08-09T18:52:04Z Grufo 64423 +[[:Categoria:Exploratio transclusionum 2]] (interim) 3979788 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}}|10 | {{Capsa lateralis | imago = Nuvola filesystems folder template.svg | ancora = {{{#ancora|}}} | 1 = '''Categoriae vestigatoriae''' Haec formula [[:Categoria:Categoriae vestigatoriae|categoriis vestigatoriis]] utitu{{#invoke:params| discarding|#propositum| discarding|#ancora| snapshotting|entering_substack| excluding_numeric_names| detaching_substack| leaving_substack| mixing_names_and_values|$@|| flushing| renaming_by_replacing|#.*$||1| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_name_matching|^:| detaching_substack| renaming_by_replacing|^:+%s*||1| leaving_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| mapping_by_magic|NAMESPACENUMBER|names_only| snapshotting| with_value_matching|0|strict| detaching_substack| dropping_substack| detaching_substack| entering_substack| with_value_matching||strict| detaching_substack| dropping_substack| flushing| leaving_substack| renaming_by_mixing|Categoria:$#| flushing| renaming_by_magic|FULLPAGENAME| discarding|| snapshotting|entering_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| mapping_by_magic|NAMESPACENUMBER|names_only| with_value_matching|14|strict| detaching_substack| dropping_substack| detaching_substack| mapping_by_magic|NAMESPACENUMBER|names_only| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_value_matching|0|strict| detaching_substack| mapping_by_mixing|{{[[$#|:$#]]}}| leaving_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_value_matching|828|strict| detaching_substack| mapping_by_magic|PAGENAME|names_only| mapping_by_mixing|{{[[$#|#invoke:$@]]}}| leaving_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_value_matching|10|strict| detaching_substack| mapping_by_magic|PAGENAME|names_only| mapping_by_mixing|{{[[$#|$@]]}}| leaving_substack| mapping_by_mixing|{{[[$#]]}}| flushing| flushing| flushing| combining_values|2|naturally|h/i/f|ex his formulis modulisque praebentur: <ul><li>|</li><li>|</li></ul>| with_value_not_matching||strict| snapshotting| mixing_names_and_values|h|r, quae | leaving_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_value_matching|^%s*tacite%s*$| detaching_substack| mapping_by_mixing|[[:$#]] (tacite)[[Categoria:Exploratio transclusionum 1]]| leaving_substack| mapping_by_mixing|[[:$#]]{{#ifeq:{{{#propositum|}}}|exhibitio | | {{in harenario aut alibi||[[$#|!]]}} }}| flushing| combining_values|1|naturally|h/i/f| <ul><li>|</li><li>|</li></ul>| snapshotting|entering_substack| mapping_by_mixing|r:| flushing| reassigning|1|h|rename| providing|h|r.| leaving_substack| setting_by_flushing| flushing| setting|i| Nonnullae categoriae etiam | list_values }}{{#ifeq:{{{#propositum|}}}|exhibitio | | {{in harenario aut alibi||[[Categoria:Formulae quae categoriis vestigatoriis utuntur|{{PAGENAME}}]]}} }} }} | {{Error|Error: Heac formula tantummodo in spatio nominali formularum adhibenda est.}} }}{{#if:{{{#propositum|}}}{{{#ancora|}}}|[[Categoria:Exploratio transclusionum 2]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> 9yoqa253qqrzz0earmd56jwrkba4969 0 324413 3980183 3956277 2026-08-10T03:12:28Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3980183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus ad litteram|lingua=de}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | titulus = | imago = | descriptio = | categoria = | numerus = | auctor = | argumenta = | tempus = | lingua = | contextus = | praecedens = | sequens = }} {{lires|Horstu, uriunt, den wahter an der cinne}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Lingua Theodisca altimediaevalis|Theodisce|en|qid=Q837985}} scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XLVIIIa reperitur.<ref name="de-cruce-signatis-46-55">{{Opus | titulus = De cruce signatis 46–55 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo5.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Textus in columnas divisus incipitur}} {{Versus numerati|titulus=Theodisce| Horstu, uriunt, den wahter an der cinne, wes sin sanch ueriach? wir můzen uns schaiden nu, lieber man. also schiet din lip nu jungest hinnen, do der tach ůf brach unde uns diu naht so fluhtechlichen tran. naht git senfte, we tůt tach. Owe, herce lieb, in mach din nu uerbergen niht. uns nimit diu freude gar daz grawe lieht. stand ůf, riter!<ref name="de-cruce-signatis-46-55"/> }} {{Versus numerati|titulus=Latine| Audi, o care! In uligine acanthi, estne vera eius cantio? Separari nunc debemus, amate. Sic corpus tuum modo hinc discessit, cum aurora effulsit et nox a nobis tam celeriter fugit. Nox dat quietem, dolor venit cum die. Heu, cordis amor, nequeo te iam celare. Hoc lumen canum gaudium nobis eripit. Surge, o miles! }} {{Textus in columnas divisus finitur}} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Otto de Botenlauben|Ottoni de Botenlauben|en|qid=Q454580}} attributum, ad genus litterarium quod dicitur ''Tagelied'' (carmen albale) pertinet, in quo amatores sub lucem diei separari coguntur. Textus monitione vigilis (''wahter'') incipit qui de propinquo ortu solis de vallo proclamat, indicans tempus decessus advenisse. Amata dolens alloquitur virum, noctem memorans quae tam celeriter fugit et lucem “griseam” (''grawe lieht'') quae gaudium aufert.<ref name="de-cruce-signatis-46-55"/> In hoc dialogo amatorio, nox quasi tempus quietis et unionis celebratur, dum dies quasi inimicus et causa separationis apparet. Ultima vox carminis riterem excitat ut abeat ne ab aliis inveniatur, tensionem inter amorem secretum et officia mundana militis exprimens.<ref name="de-cruce-signatis-46-55"/> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] pvliwqir4z1ve5193tvo0cnkglxbcth 3980184 3980183 2026-08-10T03:13:05Z Grufo 64423 /* Descriptio */ 3980184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus ad litteram|lingua=de}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | titulus = | imago = | descriptio = | categoria = | numerus = | auctor = | argumenta = | tempus = | lingua = | contextus = | praecedens = | sequens = }} {{lires|Horstu, uriunt, den wahter an der cinne}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Lingua Theodisca altimediaevalis|Theodisce|en|qid=Q837985}} scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XLVIIIa reperitur.<ref name="de-cruce-signatis-46-55">{{Opus | titulus = De cruce signatis 46–55 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo5.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Textus in columnas divisus incipitur}} {{Versus numerati|titulus=Theodisce| Horstu, uriunt, den wahter an der cinne, wes sin sanch ueriach? wir můzen uns schaiden nu, lieber man. also schiet din lip nu jungest hinnen, do der tach ůf brach unde uns diu naht so fluhtechlichen tran. naht git senfte, we tůt tach. Owe, herce lieb, in mach din nu uerbergen niht. uns nimit diu freude gar daz grawe lieht. stand ůf, riter!<ref name="de-cruce-signatis-46-55"/> }} {{Versus numerati|titulus=Latine| Audi, o care! In uligine acanthi, estne vera eius cantio? Separari nunc debemus, amate. Sic corpus tuum modo hinc discessit, cum aurora effulsit et nox a nobis tam celeriter fugit. Nox dat quietem, dolor venit cum die. Heu, cordis amor, nequeo te iam celare. Hoc lumen canum gaudium nobis eripit. Surge, o miles! }} {{Textus in columnas divisus finitur}} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Otto de Botenlauben|Ottoni de Botenlauben|en|qid=Q454580}} attributum, ad genus litterarium pertinet quod ''Tagelied'' (carmen albale) dicitur, in quo amatores sub lucem diei separari coguntur. Textus monitione vigilis (''wahter'') incipit qui de propinquo ortu solis de vallo proclamat, indicans tempus decessus advenisse. Amata dolens alloquitur virum, noctem memorans quae tam celeriter fugit et lucem “griseam” (''grawe lieht'') quae gaudium aufert.<ref name="de-cruce-signatis-46-55"/> In hoc dialogo amatorio, nox quasi tempus quietis et unionis celebratur, dum dies quasi inimicus et causa separationis apparet. Ultima vox carminis riterem excitat ut abeat ne ab aliis inveniatur, tensionem inter amorem secretum et officia mundana militis exprimens.<ref name="de-cruce-signatis-46-55"/> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] rzodqshey03zi7u54pgdgayfltyrazk 0 324793 3980122 3978728 2026-08-10T00:35:40Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Add 4 books for [[Vicipaedia:Fons]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 3980122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Gulielmus Herbertus Foege}} (natus Decorae in [[oppidum|oppido]] [[Iova]]e die [[12 Martii]] [[1936]]; mortuus [[Atlanta]]e die [[24 Ianuarii]] [[2026]]) est [[medicus]] et [[epidemiologia|epidemiologus]] [[CFA|Americanus]]. [[Variola]]e eradicator fuit. == De vita == [[Fasciculus:Directors of Global Smallpox Eradication Program.jpg|thumb|[[Variola]]e eradicatores]] [[Lutheranus]] erat et ab avunculo [[missionarius|missionario]] Lutherano in [[Nova Guinea|Novae Guineae]] inspiratus est. Alumnus [[Universitas Lutherana Pacifica|Universitatis Lutheranae Pacificae]] et [[Universitas Vasingtoniensis|Universitatis Vasingtoniensis]] et [[Universitas Harvardiana|Universitatis Harvardianae]] fuit. Director [[Centra pro Morborum Imperio et Praeventione|Centrorum pro Morborum Imperio et Praeventione]] ab anno [[1977]] ad annum [[1983]] fuit. Consilium [[mundus|globale]] excogitavit quod ad eradicationem variolae exeunte [[decennium 198|decennio 198]] duxit. == Opera == === Libri === * {{cite book |veditors= Amler RW, Dull HB | title = Closing the gap: the burden of unnecessary illness | publisher = [[Universitas Oxoniensis|Oxford University Press]] | location = Novi Eboraci | year = 1987 | chapter = Introduction and methods | isbn = 0-19-505483-0 | oclc = 16755579 | vauthors = Foege WH, Amler RW | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/closinggapburden0000heal }} * Foege WH. "Foreword." In: {{cite book | author = Albert Schweitzer | title = The primeval forest | publisher = [[Universitas Hopkinsiensis|Johns Hopkins University Press]] et Albert Schweitzer Institute | location = Baltimorae | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-8018-5958-1 | oclc = 38925138 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/primevalforestin00schw }} * {{cite book | editor = O'Carroll PW| title = Public health informatics and information systems | publisher = Springer | location = Berolini | year = 2003 |chapter= Foreword| pages =v–vii | isbn = 0-387-95474-0 | oclc = 133157982 |vauthors=Ross DA, Hinman AR, Saarlas K, Foege WH |display-editors=etal}} * {{cite book | editor = Foege WH| title = Global health leadership and management | publisher = Jossey-Bass | location = Franciscopoli | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-7879-7153-7 | oclc = 57579300|display-editors=etal}} * {{cite book | author = Foege WH | title = House on Fire: The Fight to Eradicate Smallpox | publisher = [[Universitas Californiensis Berkeleiensis|University of California Press]] |date = 2011 | isbn = 978-0-520-26836-4 }} * {{cite book | author = Foege WH | title = The Fears of the Rich, the Needs of the Poor: My Years at the CDC | url = https://archive.org/details/fearsofrichneeds0000foeg | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press |year = 2018 | isbn = 978-1-421-42529-0}} === Articuli periodici === * {{Cite journal | title = Selective epidemiologic control in smallpox eradication | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-epidemiology_1971-10_94_4/page/311 | journal = Am J Epidemiol | volume = 94 | issue = 4 | pages = 311–5 |date=Octobri 1971 | pmid = 5110547 |author=Foege WH, Millar JD, Lane JM | doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121325 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Human monkeypox | journal = Bull World Health Organ | volume = 46 | issue = 5 | pages = 569–76 | year = 1972 | pmid = 4340216 |author=Foster SO, Brink EW, Hutchins DL, Pifer JM, Lourie B, Moser CR, Cummings EC, Kuteyi OE, Eke RE, Titus JB, Smith EA, Hicks JW, Foege WH | pmc = 2480784 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Simultaneous administration of smallpox, measles, yellow fever, and diphtheria—pertussis—tetanus antigens to Nigerian children | journal = Bull World Health Organ | volume = 48 | issue = 2 | pages = 175–81 | year = 1973 | pmid = 4541683 |author=Ruben FL, Smith EA, Foster SO, Casey HL, Pifer JM, Wallace RB, Atta AI, Jones WL, Arnold RB, Teller BE, Shaikh ZQ, Lourie B, Eddins DL, Doko SM, Foege WH | pmc = 2481001}} * {{Cite journal | title = Assessment of vaccination coverage, vaccination scar rates, and smallpox scarring in five areas of West Africa | journal = Bull World Health Organ | volume = 48 | issue = 2 | pages = 183–94 | year = 1973 | pmid = 4541684 |author=Henderson RH, Davis H, Eddins DL, Foege WH | pmc = 2481004 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Smallpox eradication in West and Central Africa | journal = Bull World Health Organ | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | pages = 209–22 | year = 1975 | pmid = 1083309 |author=Foege WH, Millar JD, Henderson DA | pmc = 2366358}} * {{Cite journal| title = 1918 influenza, encephalitis lethargica, parkinsonism | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1982-10-16_2_8303/page/860 | journal = Lancet | volume = 2 | issue = 8303 | pages = 860–4 |date=Octobri 1982 | pmid = 6126720 |author=Ravenholt RT, Foege WH | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(82)90820-0| s2cid = 45138249 }} * {{Cite journal | title = Closing the gap. Report of the Carter Center Health Policy Consultation | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_1985-09-13_254_10/page/n104 | journal = JAMA | volume = 254 | issue = 10 | pages = 1355–8 |date=Septembri 1985 | doi = 10.1001/jama.254.10.1355| pmid = 4021014 |author=Foege WH, Amler RW, White CC}} * {{Cite journal| title = The case for global eradication of poliomyelitis | journal = Bull World Health Organ | volume = 65 | issue = 6 | pages = 835–40 | year = 1987 | pmid = 3501736 |author=Hinman AR, Foege WH, de Quadros CA, Patriarca PA, Orenstein WA, Brink EW | pmc = 2491079 }} * {{Cite journal |title = Actual causes of death in the United States |url = https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_1993-11-10_270_18/page/2207 | journal = JAMA | volume = 270 | issue = 18 | pages = 2207–12 |date=Novembri 1993 | doi = 10.1001/jama.270.18.2207| pmid = 8411605 | author = [[J. Michael McGinnis|McGinnis JM]], Foege WH }} * {{Cite journal | title = Mortality and morbidity attributable to use of addictive substances in the United States | journal = Proc Assoc Am Physicians | volume = 111 | issue = 2 | pages = 109–18 |date=Mar–Apr 1999 | doi = 10.1046/j.1525-1381.1999.09256.x | pmid = 10220805 |author=McGinnis JM, Foege WH }} * {{cite journal | author = Foege W | title = Keynote address: issues in overcoming iron deficiency | journal = J Nutr | volume = 132 | issue = 4 Suppl | pages = 790S–3S |date=Aprili 2002 | pmid = 11925483| doi = 10.1093/jn/132.4.790S | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | author = Foege WH | title = Holding our breath | journal = MedGenMed | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 11 | date=5 Martii 2003| pmid = 12827072| url = http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/450180}} * {{cite journal | author = Foege WH | title = Polio and policy options | journal = MedGenMed | volume = 5 | issue = 4 | pages = 34 | date=18 Decembris 2003| pmid = 14745381| url = http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/466027}} * {{cite journal | title = The immediate vs the important | journal = JAMA | volume = 291 | issue = 10 | pages = 1263–4 |date=Martio 2004| pmid = 15010451 | url = http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15010451 | doi = 10.1001/jama.291.10.1263 |vauthors=McGinnis JM, Foege WH | url-access = subscription }} * {{cite journal | author = Foege WH | title = Redefining public health | journal = J Law Med Ethics | volume = 32 | issue = 4 Suppl | pages = 23–6 |date=Hieme 2004| pmid = 15807317 | doi = 10.1111/j.1748-720X.2004.tb00178.x| s2cid = 22762113 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1230732 }} == Bibliographia == * Kim JY (12 Novembris 2007). [https://www.usnews.com/articles/news/best-leaders/2007/11/12/william-h-foege.html America's best leaders. William H. Foege, physician. A lifelong battle against disease]. ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''. * Paulson T (9 Matii 2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150219140919/http://www.seattlepi.com/local/article/Carter-hails-UW-s-shy-hero-Foege-1197932.php Carter hails UW's shy hero Foege. New building named for health leader is dedicated]. ''[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]''. * Schneider, K & Gay Stolberg, S (24 Ianuarii 2026). [https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/24/us/william-h-foege-dead.html William H. Foege, Key Figure in the Eradication of Smallpox, Dies at 89]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|William H. Foege|Gulielmum Herbertum Foege}} * {{IMDb name|15428342|Gulielmo Foege}} {{Lifetime|1936|2026|Foege, Gulielmus Herbertus}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Harvardianae]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Vasingtoniensis]] [[Categoria:Incolae Iovae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Vasingtoniae civitatis]] [[Categoria:Medici Civitatum Foederatarum]] m3g0g8kmc3oxeis4bcekxbz72y1pqd7 0 325292 3979759 3962370 2026-08-09T15:56:10Z Xqbot 9619 rectificatio redirectionis duplicis → [[Stanleius]] 3979759 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Stanleius]] [[Categoria:Nominum redirectiones]] [[Categoria:Cognomina]] dvq3mppzg6c6mpwbytj0vhbg2jtiups 0 327220 3979700 3979406 2026-08-09T14:39:04Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3979700 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Korpo kyrka, den 28 juni 2007, bild 75.JPG|thumb|Ecclesia Sancti Michaelis]] {{res|Ecclesia Corponensis}}{{FD ref}} ([[Finnice]] ''Korppoon kirkko''; [[Suecice]] ''Korpo kyrka''), plenius {{res|Ecclesia Sancti Michaelis in Korpo}},{{FD ref}} est [[ecclesia]] mediaevalis [[Ecclesia Evangelica Lutherana Finlandiae|Ecclesiae Evangelicae Lutheranae Finlandiae]], quae {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Korpoo||en|qid=Q305440}} in insula {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mare Archipelagicum|Turcuensi|en|qid=Q650654}}{{dubsig}} sita est, ad [[urbs|urbem]] [[Pargas]] in [[regio]]ne [[Varsinais-Suomi]] [[Finnia]]e pertinens. [[Aedificium]] [[saeculum 14|saeculi quarti decimi]] posterioris dimidii exstructum est, [[Michael Archangelus|Sancto Michaeli Archangelo]] dedicatum. Ad [[Dioecesis Borgoensis|Dioecesim Borgoensem]] pertinet, et inter optime conservata archipelagi Finniae [[templum|templa]] mediaevalia numeratur. == Historia == [[Paroecia]] Corponensis videtur [[saeculum 14|saeculo quarto decimo]] constituta esse. Primum in fontibus scriptis anno [[1434]] memoratur. Anno [[1554]], [[cappella]] mediaevalis Houtskär ad paroeciam pertinebat. == Architectura == Ecclesia ex [[lapis|lapide]] aedificata est, choro mediaevali insignis. [[Turris]] lapidea, praeter usum [[campana]]rium, ad defensionem destinata esse videtur. Cum aedificium annos [[1952]] et [[1953]] reficeretur, [[pictura]]e murales [[saeculum 15|saeculi quinti decimi]] detectae sunt. == Partes interiores == In ecclesia servantur complures [[statua]]e ligneae mediaevales necnon unicum in Finnia cancellum chori mediaevale (''lettner''). ''Madonna Corponensis,'' celebris statua, [[Rhenania]]e circa annum [[1225]] confecta, ex hoc aedificio provenit; hodie autem in [[Museum Nationale Finniae|Museo Nationali Finniae]] [[Helsingia]]e conservatur. ==Notae== <references/> == Bibliographia == * Hiekkanen, Markus. ''Finlands medeltida stenkyrkor''. Holmiae: Kungl. Vitterhets historie och antikvitetsakademien, 2020. ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Ecclesia Sancti Michaelis in Korpo|Ecclesiam Sancti Michaelis in Korpo}}<!-- {{Coord}}--> [[Categoria:Ecclesia Evangelica Lutherana Finlandiae]] [[Categoria:Ecclesiae Finniae]] [[Categoria:Ecclesiae mediaevales]]<!-- [[Categoria:Varsinais-Suomi]]--> 3qxs2wezuyql0jprpjl71kqmc3nagyw 0 327372 3979762 3977934 2026-08-09T15:56:36Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3979762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Disnomen}} {{Nomen | genus = Masculinum | origo = Germanica | significatio = “exercitus” atque “multus praeclarus” | imago = DallaChiesa (cropped).jpg | capitulum = [[Carolus Albertus Dalla Chiesa]], dux militaris Italicus }} {{res|Carolus Albertus}} (-i , ''m.''),<ref>“Compertum est quidem Carolum Albertum post Goiti victoriam ''Regem Italiae'' adclamatum ab exercitu fuisse”; Iosephus Canalius, ''Carmina latina et italica. Accedunt Orationes III · Volume 1'' (Bononiae, 1879): 115 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Carmina_latina_et_italica/9Azfrp6dZkcC?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Carolalbertus&pg=PA115&printsec=frontcover].</ref> vel {{res|Karolus Albertus}},<ref>“Navibus reficiendis / Rex Karolus Albertus / curante Eugenio Sabaudiæ / classium præfecto / extruebat”; Iacobus Rocca, ''Notizie biografiche e iscrizioni latine e italiane del sacerdote prof.Iacopo Rocca'' (Bononiae, 1866): 38 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Notizie_biografiche_e_iscrizioni_latine/ilwpAAAAYAAJ?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Karolus+Albertus&pg=PA38&printsec=frontcover].</ref> est nomen masculinum, quod e ''[[Carolus|Carolo]]'' atque ''[[Alberto]]'' nominibus [[Linguae Germanicae|Germanicis]] componitur. Saepe usitatum apud [[Italia|Italicos]] ([[Italice]] ''Carlo Alberto'') est, olim in honorem regis [[Sabaudia (domus regnatrix)|Sabaudiae]] [[Carolus Albertus (Sabaudiae)|Caroli Alberti]]. == Homines == * [[Carolus Albertus (Sabaudiae)]] * [[Carolus VII Albertus]] * [[Carolus Albertus Dalla Chiesa]] * [[Carolus Albertus Gobat]] * [[Carolus Albertus Parreira]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Carolus Albertus Pasolini||it|qid=Q3658949}} * [[Alexander Carolus Albertus Iosephus Renard]] * Carolus Albertus Salustri, magis notus pseudonymo {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Trilussa||it|qid=Q1378908}} * [[Carolus Albertus Staaff]] == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Nomina composita]] [[Categoria:Praenomina masculina]] 5t9q79or2k3z64nacbn7h8norgl7oj8 0 327415 3979712 3978856 2026-08-09T14:56:44Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3979712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{Pagina discretiva nominis}} {{Nomen | genus = Masculinum | origo = Iaponica | significatio = “magna arbor" et aliae | imago = Hasegawa Hiroki from "Hekishu" at Opening Ceremony of the Tokyo International Film Festival 2018 (30677846617).jpg | capitulum = [[Hiroki Hasegawa]], actor Iaponicus }} {{ires|Hiroki}} est [[praenomen]] masculinum [[Iaponice|Iaponicum]] (in [[alphabetum|alphabeto]] [[hiragana]] ひろき scriptum).<ref name=":0" /> Inter varias uniones, praenomen e [[kanji]] 大 (''hiro'', 'magnus') et 樹 (''ki'', '[[arbor]]'), seu 輝 (''ki'', 'luminositas'), derivatur.<ref name=":0">''Behind the Name'', s.v. “[https://www.behindthename.com/name/hiroki Hiroki]”. {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref> == Homines == * [[Hiroki Fujiharu]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Hiroki Hasegawa||ja|qid=Q11653757}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Hiroki Kosai||ja|qid=Q519743}}, astronomus * [[Hiroki Mizumoto]] * [[Hiroki Sakai]] * [[Hiroki Tsurumoto]] * [[Hiroki Yamada]] == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Hiroshi]] [[Categoria:Praenomina masculina]] [[Categoria:Praenomina Iaponica]] pyqktqfc48yzvrsr901sa40n1w59umb 0 327416 3979711 3978862 2026-08-09T14:56:19Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3979711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{Pagina discretiva nominis}} {{Nomen | genus = Masculinum | origo = Iaponica | significatio = variae | imago = Masahiro Makino and Shozo Makino 1928.jpg | capitulum = [[Masahiro Makino]], moderator cinematographicus Iaponicus, cum patre Shōzō }} {{ires|Masahiro}} est [[praenomen]] masculinum [[Iaponice|Iaponicum]] (in [[alphabetum|alphabeto]] [[hiragana]] まさひろ scriptum).<ref name=":0" /> Inter varias uniones, praenomen e [[kanji]] 正 (''masa'', 'iustus') atque 樹 (''hiro'', 'expansio') originem ducit.<ref name=":0">''Behind the Name'', s.v. “[https://www.behindthename.com/name/masahiro Masahiro]”. {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref> == Homines == * [[Masahiro Ando]] * [[Masahiro Endo]] * [[Masahiro Fukuda]] * [[Masahiro Hamazaki]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Masahiro Makino||ja|qid=Q3297122}} * [[Masahiro Mori]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Masahiro Sakurai||ja|qid=Q1906721}} == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Praenomina masculina]] [[Categoria:Praenomina Iaponica]] chzk2jqkikz0htmdxuhqa3v4wwlzu1l 0 327418 3979764 3978870 2026-08-09T15:56:45Z Xqbot 9619 rectificatio redirectionis duplicis → [[Symphonia nona Ludovici van Beethovenii]] 3979764 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Symphonia nona Ludovici van Beethovenii]] dvuerfr0e02e3ddg5cgjc9yvuh2vip6 0 327419 3979760 3978872 2026-08-09T15:56:30Z Xqbot 9619 rectificatio redirectionis duplicis → [[Symphonia quinta Ludovici van Beethovenii]] 3979760 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Symphonia quinta Ludovici van Beethovenii]] kcjxinxy92hvv0e0nzinkza5bskytet 0 327421 3979709 3978881 2026-08-09T14:54:59Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3979709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Fucuscima Masanori}}<ref>“Bidui abest Amangutio Firoscima, urbs a Daifusama adisignata Domino gentili, cui nomen Fucuscima”; ''Litteræ Annuæ Iaponicæ a Reverendo P. Francisco Pasio V. Provinciali, ad admodum R.P.N. Claudium Aquavivam Societatis Iesu Præpositum generalem Anno Domini M.DCI. datæ'' (Moguntiae, 1604): 42 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/LITTERAE_ANNVAE_IAPONICAE_A_REVERENDO_P/OStoAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Fucuscima&pg=PA72&printsec=frontcover].</ref>, vel {{res|Fucuscimandonus}},<ref>“Fucuscimandonus Dominus regni Voari multum favet Christianis”; Ludovicus Frois, ''De Rebus Iaponicis Historica Relatio Eaque Triplex'' (Moguntiae, 1599): 206 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/De_Rebvs_Iaponicis_Historica_Relatio_Eaq/6QY8AAAAcAAJ?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Fucuscimandonus&pg=PA296&printsec=frontcover].</ref> sive {{res|Fucuscimadonus}},<ref>“In hoc regno Voari, postquam iusto Dei iudicio ex illo exturbatus est Quabacondoni pater, capitalis Christianorum hostis, successit nobilis quidam, nomine Fucuscimadonus, Taici consanguineus”; Ioannes Hayus, ''De Rebus Iaponicis, Indicis, et Peruanis epistolæ recentiores'' (Antverpiae, 1605): 485-486 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/De_rebvs_Iaponicis_Indicis_et_Pervanis_e/mJ4diqa6jPAC?hl=it&gbpv=0].</ref> seu etiam {{res|Fucuxima Tayri}}<ref>“Inter quos est Figendonus in parte septentrionali trium regnorum administrator, & Fucuxima Tayri, Nepos Taicosamæ duorum regnorum Dominus”; ''De Rebus In Iaponiae Regno, Post Mortem Taicosamae, Iaponici Monarchae, gestis Epistolae Duae Ad R. P. Claudium Aquavivam Societatis Praepositum Generalem'' (Moguntiae, 1603): 11-12 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/De_Rebvs_In_Iaponiae_Regno_Post_Mortem_T/dTplAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Fucuxima+Tayri&pg=RA2-PA12&printsec=frontcover].</ref> ([[Iaponice]] 福島 正則, ''Fukushima Masanori,'' natus [[1593|1561]]; mortuus [[26 Augusti]] [[1624]]), fuit [[daimyo]] [[Iaponia|Iaponensis]], primum cliens [[Taicosama|Taicosamae]], deinde familiae [[Tokugawa|Tokugawarum]]. Ab anno 1600 circa usque ad 1619 fuit dominus urbis [[Firoscima|Firoscimae]], in antiqua [[provincia Aqui]].<ref name=":0">“Firoximæ, quod est oppidum non ignobile in regno Aqui, beneficiis ac favore Tayundoni tetrarchæ florueat hactenus religio”; Josephus Juvencius, ''Historiae Societatis Iesu pars quinta. Tomus posterior ab anno Christi 1591. ad 1616'' (Romae, 1710): 649 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historiae_Societatis_Iesu_pars_quinta_To/GXkDJo6UFLIC?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Tayudonus&pg=PA649&printsec=frontcover].</ref> E titulo ''Saemon-no-Tayū'' (左衛門太夫), nomen 'Tayudonus' ductum est.<ref name=":0" /> == Biographia == [[Fasciculus:Fukushima Masanori 2.jpg|thumb|Imago Fucuscimandoni ab [[Utagawa Yoshiiku]] pictore [[ukiyo-e]] depicta, anno 1887.]] Fucuscima Masanori, cuius nomen puerile Ichimatsu (市松) erat, in [[provincia Voarii]] natus est. Filius primogenitus mercatoris [[Tunna|tunnarum]] Fukushima Masanobu, ut videtur erat cosinus [[Faxiba|Faxibae]] (postea [[quambacus]], deinde Taicosama), quia mater eius erat [[soror]] minor {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ōmandokoro||ja|qid=Q5353737}} matris Hideyoshi. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Proelium apud Shizugatake|Proelio apud Shizugatake|ja|qid=Q225562}}, 1583 facto, [[Samuraeus|samuraeum]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Haigo Ieyoshi||ja|qid=Q11077354}} (dictum Gonzaiemonem) gloriose superavit. Fucuscima Masanori ducit copias Faxibae in expeditiones quambaci; post expeditionem [[Ximum|Ximi]] (1586-1587), promotus est daimyo atque accepit feudum Imabari, in [[provincia Iyi]].<ref>“Iyum, ''Iyo'', in Tocoesia”; ''Lexicon Geographicum in quo Universi Orbis Urbes, Provinciæ, Regna, Maria, & Flumina recensetur'' (Parisiis, 1670): 367 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Lexicon_Geographicvm_in_qvo_Vniversi_Orb/fWexRyIvl1YC?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=regnum+iyo+Iaponia&pg=PA367&printsec=frontcover].</ref> Paulo post Fucuscimandonus in [[bellum Coreanum Taicosamense|incursionem Iaponicam Coreae]] (1592-1598) oppugnavit atque denuo insignis fuit in pugna prope oppidum Coreanum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Chungju||en|qid=Q31094}} facta. Mortuo novo quambaco [[Toyotomi Hidetsugu]] (iam heres Taicosamae, qui [[seppuku]] fecit apud templum Seiganji, in [[Mons Kōya|monte Kōya]] situm), Fucuscima accipit novum salarium atque feudum quambaci mortui in provincia Voarii. Mortuo Taicosama, cum Ieiaso ante [[proelium in campo Sekigahara]] se coniunxit. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Petrus Morejon, ''[https://www.google.it/books/edition/Historia_y_relacion_de_lo_sucedido_en_lo/OruBYfaaDkUC?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Tayudono+Oari+Bingo&pg=PA136-IA1&printsec=frontcover Historia y relacion de lo sucedido en los reinos de Japon y China, en la qual se continua la gran persecucion que ha avido en aq̃lla iglesia, desde el año de 615 hasta el de 19]'' (Olisiponi, 1621): 136-137. {{Ling|Hispanice}} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Fukushima Masanori|Fucuscimam Masanori}} {{Fontes biographici}} {{Lifetime|1561|1624}} [[Categoria:Milites Iaponiae]] goannshwhzn9gq6hyq8qhpmvek6gwah 1 327472 3979646 3979581 2026-08-09T12:09:40Z Grufo 64423 /* Decennia */ “Annis sexage(n)simis” 3979646 wikitext text/x-wiki == Decennia == I took this out <nowiki>{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|decennium 167|decennio 167|en|qid=Q196549}} incipiente</nowiki> -- because (more years ago than I care to remember) we discussed such expressions and decided not to use them or create pages from them: basically because they aren't used in Latin, they aren't easy to understand, and the resulting pages (if created) would not necessarily be notable or useful. Anyway, that's how I recall it. Maybe someone can find that old discussion? In this particular case, if they told me (in English or Latin) that something happened to Hartlib in the 167th decade, I wouldn't know what they meant; and if they explained it to me carefully, I would still find it difficult to connect with other knowledge, because I know he died in the early 1660s. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:50, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) : Hi [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]. I had changed it :: “initio annorum 1660” → “decennio 167 incipiente” : because, if ''decennium 167'' is uncommon, I thought ''anni 1660'' might be even less idiomatic in Latin. How would you translate the English expression “in the early 1660s”? I think we should find a consistent solution, since pages are often translated from other European languages that have such expressions. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:39, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::My neurons must fire differently from Andrew's, because to them, ''decennium 167'' is plainly & unambiguously 'between the years 1661 and 1670, inclusive', exactly as ''saeculum 20'' is 'between the years 1901 and 2000, inclusive'; but since the concept apparently confuses many and is indeed uncommon, Vicipaedia may want a workaround. My first thought is this expression, vague though it be: ''paulo post 1660,'' and if decennial precision is truly wanted (and it may seldom be!), then we may try ''paulo post 1660 sed ante 1671.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 17:01, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::Grufo, you're quite right, we don't have any Latin source for expressions like "anni 1660" -- but a Latin reader, since all Latin readers are bilingual or multilingual, ''might'' be able to understand such expressions. I don't know ''any'' language in which people would say "the decade 167" -- hence it's less likely that any human reader at all could understand it. I admit in advance, it's not a very strong argument -- and you could immediately kill it by saying "Si si, Albanian (or Cambodian) readers could understand it easily". I'd give up if you said that. ::::I agree with Iacobus (and I don't say that every day! make a note of it!) a workaround would work better for everybody. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 17:06, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::::Now, now, Andrew! We agree 99 percent of the time! :) [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:37, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::: I also agree that, in a case like this, where it is easy to find a workaround, we should prefer the workaround. There are cases, however, where that becomes harder. For instance, how would we translate “music of the 1960s”? In such cases we may discover that ''musica decennii 197'' is difficult to avoid, unless we are prepared to use a longer paraphrase such as ''musica inter annos 1960 et 1970 composita'' (I apologize if I have not been precise with the boundaries). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:22, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::::Maybe someone would like to ping [[Usor:Sinister Petrus]], author of the article "[[Decennium]]." He might have suggestions. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:41, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::Classical Latin has neither, but "decennium 167" is completely incomprehensible, one has to spend a long time trying to figure out what it means; "anni sexagesimi saeculi septimi decimi" or "post annum 1660" is understandable. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 10:42, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::: We all agree that there is no classical Latin equivalent; yet we all disagree on what the best way should be! In the meanwhile, here are a couple of examples I found in modern Latin: :::* “Denique Norbertus Weber difficillimas condiciones {{lectio|medio decennio nono saeculi undevicesimi}} in monasterio Ottiliensi vigentes attulit” [http://www.voxlatina.uni-saarland.de/Historia_Ottiliensis/Historia%20Ottiliensis%2015.pdf here] (p. 6) :::* “{{lectio|medio decennio 2030}}” [https://diggita.altervista.org/topia-oeconomica/paradoxum-berolinense-germania-in-procinctu-est-hispaniam-in-aere-alieno-publico-superare-sed-matritum-adhuc-ignotum-est/2026-04-23/ here] ::: Both use ''decennium'', but the second example mixes it with the English way. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:02, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::"Decennium nonum saeculi undevicesimi" I can still understand (and what's its number? 200? Horrible, I would say 189 or 199), "decennium 2030" is again not good (is it 2030-2040? then "decennium post 2030"). [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 13:45, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::::''Medio decennio nono saeculi undevicesimi'' feels like a roundabout way of saying 'circa 1885', but Norbert Wiener hadn't been been born yet: he faced "dificillimas condiciones" indeed! Meanwhile ''medio decennio 2030'' is plainly wrong, as it indicates the middle of the years between 20,291 and 20,300, or 'circa 20,295', an uncomfortably precise prognostication for a time so far off! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:03, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::::Ah, "deсennium nonum" is 1880-1890, and I thought 1890-2000... No, ''per decennia'' is a terrible system. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:03, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::::::Almost! ''Decennium nonum'' of the nineteenth century is 1881–1890. It all goes back to the beginning: the ''first'' decade was from the year 1 to the year 10, the ''second'' was from the year 11 to the year 20, and so on. Then the ''first'' decade of the nineteenth century is 1801–1810, the ''second'' is 1811–1820, and so on. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 22:19, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::::::: Rursus, formae “primo/secundo/tertio/etc. decennio saeculi XXXXX” usitatissimae esse videntur. Sic Google dixit: ::::::::* <s>“[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22primo%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 primo decennio]”</s> (nimis multae paginae Italice scriptae) ::::::::* “[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22secundo%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 secundo decennio]” ::::::::* “[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22tertio%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 tertio decennio]” ::::::::* <s>“[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22quarto%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 quarto decennio]”</s> (nimis multae paginae Italice scriptae) ::::::::* <s>“[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22quinto%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 quinto decennio]”</s> (nimis multae paginae Italice scriptae) ::::::::* “[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22sexto%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 sexto decennio]” ::::::::* “[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22septimo%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 septimo decennio]” ::::::::* “[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22octavo%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 octavo decennio]” ::::::::* <s>“[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22nono%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 nono decennio]”</s> (nimis multae paginae Italice scriptae) ::::::::* <s>“[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22decimo%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 decimo decennio]”</s> (nimis multae paginae Italice scriptae) :::::::: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:31, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::::::: This idea to say “in the 1960s” coming from Tuomo Pekkanen is also interesting: “annis sexage(n)simis”. See “Annis sexagesimis sive septimo decennio saeculi vicesimi institutio Latina in Finnia paulatim ita mutabatur” [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5bf95078f2e6b130dad843c9/t/5c16718c8a922db9dfba1fda/1544974732404/Pekkanen-OK.pdf here] (p. 2). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:09, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) g80plkgxi9u2bpvor3349xpyrfn3mz1 3979647 3979646 2026-08-09T12:09:53Z Grufo 64423 /* Decennia */ 3979647 wikitext text/x-wiki == Decennia == I took this out <nowiki>{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|decennium 167|decennio 167|en|qid=Q196549}} incipiente</nowiki> -- because (more years ago than I care to remember) we discussed such expressions and decided not to use them or create pages from them: basically because they aren't used in Latin, they aren't easy to understand, and the resulting pages (if created) would not necessarily be notable or useful. Anyway, that's how I recall it. Maybe someone can find that old discussion? In this particular case, if they told me (in English or Latin) that something happened to Hartlib in the 167th decade, I wouldn't know what they meant; and if they explained it to me carefully, I would still find it difficult to connect with other knowledge, because I know he died in the early 1660s. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:50, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) : Hi [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]. I had changed it :: “initio annorum 1660” → “decennio 167 incipiente” : because, if ''decennium 167'' is uncommon, I thought ''anni 1660'' might be even less idiomatic in Latin. How would you translate the English expression “in the early 1660s”? I think we should find a consistent solution, since pages are often translated from other European languages that have such expressions. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:39, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::My neurons must fire differently from Andrew's, because to them, ''decennium 167'' is plainly & unambiguously 'between the years 1661 and 1670, inclusive', exactly as ''saeculum 20'' is 'between the years 1901 and 2000, inclusive'; but since the concept apparently confuses many and is indeed uncommon, Vicipaedia may want a workaround. My first thought is this expression, vague though it be: ''paulo post 1660,'' and if decennial precision is truly wanted (and it may seldom be!), then we may try ''paulo post 1660 sed ante 1671.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 17:01, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::Grufo, you're quite right, we don't have any Latin source for expressions like "anni 1660" -- but a Latin reader, since all Latin readers are bilingual or multilingual, ''might'' be able to understand such expressions. I don't know ''any'' language in which people would say "the decade 167" -- hence it's less likely that any human reader at all could understand it. I admit in advance, it's not a very strong argument -- and you could immediately kill it by saying "Si si, Albanian (or Cambodian) readers could understand it easily". I'd give up if you said that. ::::I agree with Iacobus (and I don't say that every day! make a note of it!) a workaround would work better for everybody. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 17:06, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::::Now, now, Andrew! We agree 99 percent of the time! :) [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:37, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::: I also agree that, in a case like this, where it is easy to find a workaround, we should prefer the workaround. There are cases, however, where that becomes harder. For instance, how would we translate “music of the 1960s”? In such cases we may discover that ''musica decennii 197'' is difficult to avoid, unless we are prepared to use a longer paraphrase such as ''musica inter annos 1960 et 1970 composita'' (I apologize if I have not been precise with the boundaries). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:22, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::::Maybe someone would like to ping [[Usor:Sinister Petrus]], author of the article "[[Decennium]]." He might have suggestions. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:41, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::Classical Latin has neither, but "decennium 167" is completely incomprehensible, one has to spend a long time trying to figure out what it means; "anni sexagesimi saeculi septimi decimi" or "post annum 1660" is understandable. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 10:42, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::: We all agree that there is no classical Latin equivalent; yet we all disagree on what the best way should be! In the meanwhile, here are a couple of examples I found in modern Latin: :::* “Denique Norbertus Weber difficillimas condiciones {{lectio|medio decennio nono saeculi undevicesimi}} in monasterio Ottiliensi vigentes attulit” [http://www.voxlatina.uni-saarland.de/Historia_Ottiliensis/Historia%20Ottiliensis%2015.pdf here] (p. 6) :::* “{{lectio|medio decennio 2030}}” [https://diggita.altervista.org/topia-oeconomica/paradoxum-berolinense-germania-in-procinctu-est-hispaniam-in-aere-alieno-publico-superare-sed-matritum-adhuc-ignotum-est/2026-04-23/ here] ::: Both use ''decennium'', but the second example mixes it with the English way. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:02, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::"Decennium nonum saeculi undevicesimi" I can still understand (and what's its number? 200? Horrible, I would say 189 or 199), "decennium 2030" is again not good (is it 2030-2040? then "decennium post 2030"). [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 13:45, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::::''Medio decennio nono saeculi undevicesimi'' feels like a roundabout way of saying 'circa 1885', but Norbert Wiener hadn't been been born yet: he faced "dificillimas condiciones" indeed! Meanwhile ''medio decennio 2030'' is plainly wrong, as it indicates the middle of the years between 20,291 and 20,300, or 'circa 20,295', an uncomfortably precise prognostication for a time so far off! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:03, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::::Ah, "deсennium nonum" is 1880-1890, and I thought 1890-2000... No, ''per decennia'' is a terrible system. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:03, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::::::Almost! ''Decennium nonum'' of the nineteenth century is 1881–1890. It all goes back to the beginning: the ''first'' decade was from the year 1 to the year 10, the ''second'' was from the year 11 to the year 20, and so on. Then the ''first'' decade of the nineteenth century is 1801–1810, the ''second'' is 1811–1820, and so on. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 22:19, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::::::: Rursus, formae “primo/secundo/tertio/etc. decennio saeculi XXXXX” usitatissimae esse videntur. Sic Google dixit: ::::::::* <s>“[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22primo%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 primo decennio]”</s> (nimis multae paginae Italice scriptae) ::::::::* “[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22secundo%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 secundo decennio]” ::::::::* “[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22tertio%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 tertio decennio]” ::::::::* <s>“[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22quarto%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 quarto decennio]”</s> (nimis multae paginae Italice scriptae) ::::::::* <s>“[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22quinto%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 quinto decennio]”</s> (nimis multae paginae Italice scriptae) ::::::::* “[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22sexto%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 sexto decennio]” ::::::::* “[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22septimo%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 septimo decennio]” ::::::::* “[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22octavo%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 octavo decennio]” ::::::::* <s>“[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22nono%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 nono decennio]”</s> (nimis multae paginae Italice scriptae) ::::::::* <s>“[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22decimo%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 decimo decennio]”</s> (nimis multae paginae Italice scriptae) :::::::: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:31, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::::::: This way to say “in the 1960s” coming from Tuomo Pekkanen is also interesting: “annis sexage(n)simis”. See “Annis sexagesimis sive septimo decennio saeculi vicesimi institutio Latina in Finnia paulatim ita mutabatur” [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5bf95078f2e6b130dad843c9/t/5c16718c8a922db9dfba1fda/1544974732404/Pekkanen-OK.pdf here] (p. 2). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:09, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) fsycrqd0bklkjpmc0b5yq4hv4v8lkxx 3979654 3979647 2026-08-09T12:22:13Z IacobusAmor 1163 + 3979654 wikitext text/x-wiki == Decennia == I took this out <nowiki>{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|decennium 167|decennio 167|en|qid=Q196549}} incipiente</nowiki> -- because (more years ago than I care to remember) we discussed such expressions and decided not to use them or create pages from them: basically because they aren't used in Latin, they aren't easy to understand, and the resulting pages (if created) would not necessarily be notable or useful. Anyway, that's how I recall it. Maybe someone can find that old discussion? In this particular case, if they told me (in English or Latin) that something happened to Hartlib in the 167th decade, I wouldn't know what they meant; and if they explained it to me carefully, I would still find it difficult to connect with other knowledge, because I know he died in the early 1660s. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:50, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) : Hi [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]. I had changed it :: “initio annorum 1660” → “decennio 167 incipiente” : because, if ''decennium 167'' is uncommon, I thought ''anni 1660'' might be even less idiomatic in Latin. How would you translate the English expression “in the early 1660s”? I think we should find a consistent solution, since pages are often translated from other European languages that have such expressions. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:39, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::My neurons must fire differently from Andrew's, because to them, ''decennium 167'' is plainly & unambiguously 'between the years 1661 and 1670, inclusive', exactly as ''saeculum 20'' is 'between the years 1901 and 2000, inclusive'; but since the concept apparently confuses many and is indeed uncommon, Vicipaedia may want a workaround. My first thought is this expression, vague though it be: ''paulo post 1660,'' and if decennial precision is truly wanted (and it may seldom be!), then we may try ''paulo post 1660 sed ante 1671.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 17:01, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::Grufo, you're quite right, we don't have any Latin source for expressions like "anni 1660" -- but a Latin reader, since all Latin readers are bilingual or multilingual, ''might'' be able to understand such expressions. I don't know ''any'' language in which people would say "the decade 167" -- hence it's less likely that any human reader at all could understand it. I admit in advance, it's not a very strong argument -- and you could immediately kill it by saying "Si si, Albanian (or Cambodian) readers could understand it easily". I'd give up if you said that. ::::I agree with Iacobus (and I don't say that every day! make a note of it!) a workaround would work better for everybody. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 17:06, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::::Now, now, Andrew! We agree 99 percent of the time! :) [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:37, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::: I also agree that, in a case like this, where it is easy to find a workaround, we should prefer the workaround. There are cases, however, where that becomes harder. For instance, how would we translate “music of the 1960s”? In such cases we may discover that ''musica decennii 197'' is difficult to avoid, unless we are prepared to use a longer paraphrase such as ''musica inter annos 1960 et 1970 composita'' (I apologize if I have not been precise with the boundaries). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:22, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::::Maybe someone would like to ping [[Usor:Sinister Petrus]], author of the article "[[Decennium]]." He might have suggestions. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:41, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::Classical Latin has neither, but "decennium 167" is completely incomprehensible, one has to spend a long time trying to figure out what it means; "anni sexagesimi saeculi septimi decimi" or "post annum 1660" is understandable. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 10:42, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::: We all agree that there is no classical Latin equivalent; yet we all disagree on what the best way should be! In the meanwhile, here are a couple of examples I found in modern Latin: :::* “Denique Norbertus Weber difficillimas condiciones {{lectio|medio decennio nono saeculi undevicesimi}} in monasterio Ottiliensi vigentes attulit” [http://www.voxlatina.uni-saarland.de/Historia_Ottiliensis/Historia%20Ottiliensis%2015.pdf here] (p. 6) :::* “{{lectio|medio decennio 2030}}” [https://diggita.altervista.org/topia-oeconomica/paradoxum-berolinense-germania-in-procinctu-est-hispaniam-in-aere-alieno-publico-superare-sed-matritum-adhuc-ignotum-est/2026-04-23/ here] ::: Both use ''decennium'', but the second example mixes it with the English way. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:02, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::"Decennium nonum saeculi undevicesimi" I can still understand (and what's its number? 200? Horrible, I would say 189 or 199), "decennium 2030" is again not good (is it 2030-2040? then "decennium post 2030"). [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 13:45, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::::''Medio decennio nono saeculi undevicesimi'' feels like a roundabout way of saying 'circa 1885', but Norbert Wiener hadn't been been born yet: he faced "dificillimas condiciones" indeed! Meanwhile ''medio decennio 2030'' is plainly wrong, as it indicates the middle of the years between 20,291 and 20,300, or 'circa 20,295', an uncomfortably precise prognostication for a time so far off! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:03, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::::Ah, "deсennium nonum" is 1880-1890, and I thought 1890-2000... No, ''per decennia'' is a terrible system. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:03, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::::::Almost! ''Decennium nonum'' of the nineteenth century is 1881–1890. It all goes back to the beginning: the ''first'' decade was from the year 1 to the year 10, the ''second'' was from the year 11 to the year 20, and so on. Then the ''first'' decade of the nineteenth century is 1801–1810, the ''second'' is 1811–1820, and so on. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 22:19, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::::::: Rursus, formae “primo/secundo/tertio/etc. decennio saeculi XXXXX” usitatissimae esse videntur. Sic Google dixit: ::::::::* <s>“[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22primo%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 primo decennio]”</s> (nimis multae paginae Italice scriptae) ::::::::* “[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22secundo%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 secundo decennio]” ::::::::* “[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22tertio%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 tertio decennio]” ::::::::* <s>“[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22quarto%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 quarto decennio]”</s> (nimis multae paginae Italice scriptae) ::::::::* <s>“[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22quinto%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 quinto decennio]”</s> (nimis multae paginae Italice scriptae) ::::::::* “[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22sexto%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 sexto decennio]” ::::::::* “[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22septimo%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 septimo decennio]” ::::::::* “[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22octavo%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 octavo decennio]” ::::::::* <s>“[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22nono%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 nono decennio]”</s> (nimis multae paginae Italice scriptae) ::::::::* <s>“[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22decimo%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 decimo decennio]”</s> (nimis multae paginae Italice scriptae) :::::::: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:31, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::::::: This way to say “in the 1960s” coming from Tuomo Pekkanen is also interesting: “annis sexage(n)simis”. See “Annis sexagesimis sive septimo decennio saeculi vicesimi institutio Latina in Finnia paulatim ita mutabatur” [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5bf95078f2e6b130dad843c9/t/5c16718c8a922db9dfba1fda/1544974732404/Pekkanen-OK.pdf here] (p. 2). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:09, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::The problem here is that most people, including Pekkanen, think "the sixties" ran from [[1960]] to [[1969]]; but in fact, the seventh decade (''decennium'') of the twentieth century ran from [[1961]] to [[1970]]. These aren't identical ten-year sets! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:22, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) 6v5h53ts1nirsg7srspa6j2mch0sj46 3979657 3979654 2026-08-09T12:24:54Z IacobusAmor 1163 /* Decennia */ 3979657 wikitext text/x-wiki == Decennia == I took this out <nowiki>{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|decennium 167|decennio 167|en|qid=Q196549}} incipiente</nowiki> -- because (more years ago than I care to remember) we discussed such expressions and decided not to use them or create pages from them: basically because they aren't used in Latin, they aren't easy to understand, and the resulting pages (if created) would not necessarily be notable or useful. Anyway, that's how I recall it. Maybe someone can find that old discussion? In this particular case, if they told me (in English or Latin) that something happened to Hartlib in the 167th decade, I wouldn't know what they meant; and if they explained it to me carefully, I would still find it difficult to connect with other knowledge, because I know he died in the early 1660s. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:50, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) : Hi [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]. I had changed it :: “initio annorum 1660” → “decennio 167 incipiente” : because, if ''decennium 167'' is uncommon, I thought ''anni 1660'' might be even less idiomatic in Latin. How would you translate the English expression “in the early 1660s”? I think we should find a consistent solution, since pages are often translated from other European languages that have such expressions. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:39, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::My neurons must fire differently from Andrew's, because to them, ''decennium 167'' is plainly & unambiguously 'between the years 1661 and 1670, inclusive', exactly as ''saeculum 20'' is 'between the years 1901 and 2000, inclusive'; but since the concept apparently confuses many and is indeed uncommon, Vicipaedia may want a workaround. My first thought is this expression, vague though it be: ''paulo post 1660,'' and if decennial precision is truly wanted (and it may seldom be!), then we may try ''paulo post 1660 sed ante 1671.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 17:01, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::Grufo, you're quite right, we don't have any Latin source for expressions like "anni 1660" -- but a Latin reader, since all Latin readers are bilingual or multilingual, ''might'' be able to understand such expressions. I don't know ''any'' language in which people would say "the decade 167" -- hence it's less likely that any human reader at all could understand it. I admit in advance, it's not a very strong argument -- and you could immediately kill it by saying "Si si, Albanian (or Cambodian) readers could understand it easily". I'd give up if you said that. ::::I agree with Iacobus (and I don't say that every day! make a note of it!) a workaround would work better for everybody. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 17:06, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::::Now, now, Andrew! We agree 99 percent of the time! :) [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:37, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::: I also agree that, in a case like this, where it is easy to find a workaround, we should prefer the workaround. There are cases, however, where that becomes harder. For instance, how would we translate “music of the 1960s”? In such cases we may discover that ''musica decennii 197'' is difficult to avoid, unless we are prepared to use a longer paraphrase such as ''musica inter annos 1960 et 1970 composita'' (I apologize if I have not been precise with the boundaries). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:22, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::::Maybe someone would like to ping [[Usor:Sinister Petrus]], author of the article "[[Decennium]]." He might have suggestions. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:41, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::Classical Latin has neither, but "decennium 167" is completely incomprehensible, one has to spend a long time trying to figure out what it means; "anni sexagesimi saeculi septimi decimi" or "post annum 1660" is understandable. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 10:42, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::: We all agree that there is no classical Latin equivalent; yet we all disagree on what the best way should be! In the meanwhile, here are a couple of examples I found in modern Latin: :::* “Denique Norbertus Weber difficillimas condiciones {{lectio|medio decennio nono saeculi undevicesimi}} in monasterio Ottiliensi vigentes attulit” [http://www.voxlatina.uni-saarland.de/Historia_Ottiliensis/Historia%20Ottiliensis%2015.pdf here] (p. 6) :::* “{{lectio|medio decennio 2030}}” [https://diggita.altervista.org/topia-oeconomica/paradoxum-berolinense-germania-in-procinctu-est-hispaniam-in-aere-alieno-publico-superare-sed-matritum-adhuc-ignotum-est/2026-04-23/ here] ::: Both use ''decennium'', but the second example mixes it with the English way. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:02, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::"Decennium nonum saeculi undevicesimi" I can still understand (and what's its number? 200? Horrible, I would say 189 or 199), "decennium 2030" is again not good (is it 2030-2040? then "decennium post 2030"). [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 13:45, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::::''Medio decennio nono saeculi undevicesimi'' feels like a roundabout way of saying 'circa 1885', but Norbert Wiener hadn't been been born yet: he faced "dificillimas condiciones" indeed! Meanwhile ''medio decennio 2030'' is plainly wrong, as it indicates the middle of the years between 20,291 and 20,300, or 'circa 20,295', an uncomfortably precise prognostication for a time so far off! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:03, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::::Ah, "deсennium nonum" is 1880-1890, and I thought 1890-2000... No, ''per decennia'' is a terrible system. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:03, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::::::Almost! ''Decennium nonum'' of the nineteenth century is 1881–1890. It all goes back to the beginning: the ''first'' decade was from the year 1 to the year 10, the ''second'' was from the year 11 to the year 20, and so on. Then the ''first'' decade of the nineteenth century is 1801–1810, the ''second'' is 1811–1820, and so on. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 22:19, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::::::: Rursus, formae “primo/secundo/tertio/etc. decennio saeculi XXXXX” usitatissimae esse videntur. Sic Google dixit: ::::::::* <s>“[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22primo%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 primo decennio]”</s> (nimis multae paginae Italice scriptae) ::::::::* “[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22secundo%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 secundo decennio]” ::::::::* “[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22tertio%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 tertio decennio]” ::::::::* <s>“[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22quarto%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 quarto decennio]”</s> (nimis multae paginae Italice scriptae) ::::::::* <s>“[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22quinto%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 quinto decennio]”</s> (nimis multae paginae Italice scriptae) ::::::::* “[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22sexto%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 sexto decennio]” ::::::::* “[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22septimo%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 septimo decennio]” ::::::::* “[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22octavo%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 octavo decennio]” ::::::::* <s>“[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22nono%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 nono decennio]”</s> (nimis multae paginae Italice scriptae) ::::::::* <s>“[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22decimo%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 decimo decennio]”</s> (nimis multae paginae Italice scriptae) :::::::: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:31, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::::::: This way to say “in the 1960s” coming from Tuomo Pekkanen is also interesting: “annis sexage(n)simis”. See “Annis sexagesimis sive septimo decennio saeculi vicesimi institutio Latina in Finnia paulatim ita mutabatur” [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5bf95078f2e6b130dad843c9/t/5c16718c8a922db9dfba1fda/1544974732404/Pekkanen-OK.pdf here] (p. 2). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:09, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::The problem here is that most people think "the (nineteen-)sixties" ran from [[1960]] to [[1969]]; but in fact, the seventh ''decade'' of the twentieth century ran from [[1961]] to [[1970]]. These aren't identical ten-year sets! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:22, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) 1fyc95b56o57gq36u4icm29w2ka8cik 3979671 3979657 2026-08-09T12:45:07Z Grufo 64423 /* Decennia */ 3979671 wikitext text/x-wiki == Decennia == I took this out <nowiki>{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|decennium 167|decennio 167|en|qid=Q196549}} incipiente</nowiki> -- because (more years ago than I care to remember) we discussed such expressions and decided not to use them or create pages from them: basically because they aren't used in Latin, they aren't easy to understand, and the resulting pages (if created) would not necessarily be notable or useful. Anyway, that's how I recall it. Maybe someone can find that old discussion? In this particular case, if they told me (in English or Latin) that something happened to Hartlib in the 167th decade, I wouldn't know what they meant; and if they explained it to me carefully, I would still find it difficult to connect with other knowledge, because I know he died in the early 1660s. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:50, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) : Hi [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]. I had changed it :: “initio annorum 1660” → “decennio 167 incipiente” : because, if ''decennium 167'' is uncommon, I thought ''anni 1660'' might be even less idiomatic in Latin. How would you translate the English expression “in the early 1660s”? I think we should find a consistent solution, since pages are often translated from other European languages that have such expressions. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:39, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::My neurons must fire differently from Andrew's, because to them, ''decennium 167'' is plainly & unambiguously 'between the years 1661 and 1670, inclusive', exactly as ''saeculum 20'' is 'between the years 1901 and 2000, inclusive'; but since the concept apparently confuses many and is indeed uncommon, Vicipaedia may want a workaround. My first thought is this expression, vague though it be: ''paulo post 1660,'' and if decennial precision is truly wanted (and it may seldom be!), then we may try ''paulo post 1660 sed ante 1671.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 17:01, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::Grufo, you're quite right, we don't have any Latin source for expressions like "anni 1660" -- but a Latin reader, since all Latin readers are bilingual or multilingual, ''might'' be able to understand such expressions. I don't know ''any'' language in which people would say "the decade 167" -- hence it's less likely that any human reader at all could understand it. I admit in advance, it's not a very strong argument -- and you could immediately kill it by saying "Si si, Albanian (or Cambodian) readers could understand it easily". I'd give up if you said that. ::::I agree with Iacobus (and I don't say that every day! make a note of it!) a workaround would work better for everybody. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 17:06, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::::Now, now, Andrew! We agree 99 percent of the time! :) [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:37, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::: I also agree that, in a case like this, where it is easy to find a workaround, we should prefer the workaround. There are cases, however, where that becomes harder. For instance, how would we translate “music of the 1960s”? In such cases we may discover that ''musica decennii 197'' is difficult to avoid, unless we are prepared to use a longer paraphrase such as ''musica inter annos 1960 et 1970 composita'' (I apologize if I have not been precise with the boundaries). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:22, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::::Maybe someone would like to ping [[Usor:Sinister Petrus]], author of the article "[[Decennium]]." He might have suggestions. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:41, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::Classical Latin has neither, but "decennium 167" is completely incomprehensible, one has to spend a long time trying to figure out what it means; "anni sexagesimi saeculi septimi decimi" or "post annum 1660" is understandable. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 10:42, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::: We all agree that there is no classical Latin equivalent; yet we all disagree on what the best way should be! In the meanwhile, here are a couple of examples I found in modern Latin: :::* “Denique Norbertus Weber difficillimas condiciones {{lectio|medio decennio nono saeculi undevicesimi}} in monasterio Ottiliensi vigentes attulit” [http://www.voxlatina.uni-saarland.de/Historia_Ottiliensis/Historia%20Ottiliensis%2015.pdf here] (p. 6) :::* “{{lectio|medio decennio 2030}}” [https://diggita.altervista.org/topia-oeconomica/paradoxum-berolinense-germania-in-procinctu-est-hispaniam-in-aere-alieno-publico-superare-sed-matritum-adhuc-ignotum-est/2026-04-23/ here] ::: Both use ''decennium'', but the second example mixes it with the English way. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:02, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::"Decennium nonum saeculi undevicesimi" I can still understand (and what's its number? 200? Horrible, I would say 189 or 199), "decennium 2030" is again not good (is it 2030-2040? then "decennium post 2030"). [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 13:45, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::::''Medio decennio nono saeculi undevicesimi'' feels like a roundabout way of saying 'circa 1885', but Norbert Wiener hadn't been been born yet: he faced "dificillimas condiciones" indeed! Meanwhile ''medio decennio 2030'' is plainly wrong, as it indicates the middle of the years between 20,291 and 20,300, or 'circa 20,295', an uncomfortably precise prognostication for a time so far off! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:03, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::::Ah, "deсennium nonum" is 1880-1890, and I thought 1890-2000... No, ''per decennia'' is a terrible system. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:03, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::::::Almost! ''Decennium nonum'' of the nineteenth century is 1881–1890. It all goes back to the beginning: the ''first'' decade was from the year 1 to the year 10, the ''second'' was from the year 11 to the year 20, and so on. Then the ''first'' decade of the nineteenth century is 1801–1810, the ''second'' is 1811–1820, and so on. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 22:19, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::::::: Rursus, formae “primo/secundo/tertio/etc. decennio saeculi XXXXX” usitatissimae esse videntur. Sic Google dixit: ::::::::* <s>“[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22primo%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 primo decennio]”</s> (nimis multae paginae Italice scriptae) ::::::::* “[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22secundo%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 secundo decennio]” ::::::::* “[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22tertio%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 tertio decennio]” ::::::::* <s>“[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22quarto%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 quarto decennio]”</s> (nimis multae paginae Italice scriptae) ::::::::* <s>“[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22quinto%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 quinto decennio]”</s> (nimis multae paginae Italice scriptae) ::::::::* “[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22sexto%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 sexto decennio]” ::::::::* “[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22septimo%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 septimo decennio]” ::::::::* “[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22octavo%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 octavo decennio]” ::::::::* <s>“[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22nono%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 nono decennio]”</s> (nimis multae paginae Italice scriptae) ::::::::* <s>“[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22decimo%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 decimo decennio]”</s> (nimis multae paginae Italice scriptae) :::::::: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:31, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::::::: This way to say “in the 1960s” coming from Tuomo Pekkanen is also interesting: “annis sexage(n)simis”. See “Annis sexagesimis sive septimo decennio saeculi vicesimi institutio Latina in Finnia paulatim ita mutabatur” [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5bf95078f2e6b130dad843c9/t/5c16718c8a922db9dfba1fda/1544974732404/Pekkanen-OK.pdf here] (p. 2). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:09, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::The problem here is that most people think "the (nineteen-)sixties" ran from [[1960]] to [[1969]]; but in fact, the seventh ''decade'' of the twentieth century ran from [[1961]] to [[1970]]. These aren't identical ten-year sets! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:22, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::: We have that problem already with centuries (technically the year 1900 belongs to the 19th century, whereas the year 1901 belongs to the 20th century), yet it does not stop people from using it. When people say “in the 1960s”, their argument is usually imprecise enough that even the year 1959 is ''very close'' or even belonging to their discourse. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:44, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) f1gwows3p7md4e2zymsai25tebohsla 3979672 3979671 2026-08-09T12:46:57Z Grufo 64423 /* Decennia */ 3979672 wikitext text/x-wiki == Decennia == I took this out <nowiki>{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|decennium 167|decennio 167|en|qid=Q196549}} incipiente</nowiki> -- because (more years ago than I care to remember) we discussed such expressions and decided not to use them or create pages from them: basically because they aren't used in Latin, they aren't easy to understand, and the resulting pages (if created) would not necessarily be notable or useful. Anyway, that's how I recall it. Maybe someone can find that old discussion? In this particular case, if they told me (in English or Latin) that something happened to Hartlib in the 167th decade, I wouldn't know what they meant; and if they explained it to me carefully, I would still find it difficult to connect with other knowledge, because I know he died in the early 1660s. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:50, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) : Hi [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]. I had changed it :: “initio annorum 1660” → “decennio 167 incipiente” : because, if ''decennium 167'' is uncommon, I thought ''anni 1660'' might be even less idiomatic in Latin. How would you translate the English expression “in the early 1660s”? I think we should find a consistent solution, since pages are often translated from other European languages that have such expressions. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:39, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::My neurons must fire differently from Andrew's, because to them, ''decennium 167'' is plainly & unambiguously 'between the years 1661 and 1670, inclusive', exactly as ''saeculum 20'' is 'between the years 1901 and 2000, inclusive'; but since the concept apparently confuses many and is indeed uncommon, Vicipaedia may want a workaround. My first thought is this expression, vague though it be: ''paulo post 1660,'' and if decennial precision is truly wanted (and it may seldom be!), then we may try ''paulo post 1660 sed ante 1671.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 17:01, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::Grufo, you're quite right, we don't have any Latin source for expressions like "anni 1660" -- but a Latin reader, since all Latin readers are bilingual or multilingual, ''might'' be able to understand such expressions. I don't know ''any'' language in which people would say "the decade 167" -- hence it's less likely that any human reader at all could understand it. I admit in advance, it's not a very strong argument -- and you could immediately kill it by saying "Si si, Albanian (or Cambodian) readers could understand it easily". I'd give up if you said that. ::::I agree with Iacobus (and I don't say that every day! make a note of it!) a workaround would work better for everybody. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 17:06, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::::Now, now, Andrew! We agree 99 percent of the time! :) [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:37, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::: I also agree that, in a case like this, where it is easy to find a workaround, we should prefer the workaround. There are cases, however, where that becomes harder. For instance, how would we translate “music of the 1960s”? In such cases we may discover that ''musica decennii 197'' is difficult to avoid, unless we are prepared to use a longer paraphrase such as ''musica inter annos 1960 et 1970 composita'' (I apologize if I have not been precise with the boundaries). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:22, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::::Maybe someone would like to ping [[Usor:Sinister Petrus]], author of the article "[[Decennium]]." He might have suggestions. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:41, 7 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::Classical Latin has neither, but "decennium 167" is completely incomprehensible, one has to spend a long time trying to figure out what it means; "anni sexagesimi saeculi septimi decimi" or "post annum 1660" is understandable. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 10:42, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::: We all agree that there is no classical Latin equivalent; yet we all disagree on what the best way should be! In the meanwhile, here are a couple of examples I found in modern Latin: :::* “Denique Norbertus Weber difficillimas condiciones {{lectio|medio decennio nono saeculi undevicesimi}} in monasterio Ottiliensi vigentes attulit” [http://www.voxlatina.uni-saarland.de/Historia_Ottiliensis/Historia%20Ottiliensis%2015.pdf here] (p. 6) :::* “{{lectio|medio decennio 2030}}” [https://diggita.altervista.org/topia-oeconomica/paradoxum-berolinense-germania-in-procinctu-est-hispaniam-in-aere-alieno-publico-superare-sed-matritum-adhuc-ignotum-est/2026-04-23/ here] ::: Both use ''decennium'', but the second example mixes it with the English way. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:02, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::"Decennium nonum saeculi undevicesimi" I can still understand (and what's its number? 200? Horrible, I would say 189 or 199), "decennium 2030" is again not good (is it 2030-2040? then "decennium post 2030"). [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 13:45, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::::''Medio decennio nono saeculi undevicesimi'' feels like a roundabout way of saying 'circa 1885', but Norbert Wiener hadn't been been born yet: he faced "dificillimas condiciones" indeed! Meanwhile ''medio decennio 2030'' is plainly wrong, as it indicates the middle of the years between 20,291 and 20,300, or 'circa 20,295', an uncomfortably precise prognostication for a time so far off! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:03, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::::Ah, "deсennium nonum" is 1880-1890, and I thought 1890-2000... No, ''per decennia'' is a terrible system. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:03, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::::::Almost! ''Decennium nonum'' of the nineteenth century is 1881–1890. It all goes back to the beginning: the ''first'' decade was from the year 1 to the year 10, the ''second'' was from the year 11 to the year 20, and so on. Then the ''first'' decade of the nineteenth century is 1801–1810, the ''second'' is 1811–1820, and so on. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 22:19, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::::::: Rursus, formae “primo/secundo/tertio/etc. decennio saeculi XXXXX” usitatissimae esse videntur. Sic Google dixit: ::::::::* <s>“[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22primo%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 primo decennio]”</s> (nimis multae paginae Italice scriptae) ::::::::* “[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22secundo%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 secundo decennio]” ::::::::* “[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22tertio%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 tertio decennio]” ::::::::* <s>“[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22quarto%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 quarto decennio]”</s> (nimis multae paginae Italice scriptae) ::::::::* <s>“[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22quinto%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 quinto decennio]”</s> (nimis multae paginae Italice scriptae) ::::::::* “[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22sexto%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 sexto decennio]” ::::::::* “[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22septimo%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 septimo decennio]” ::::::::* “[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22octavo%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 octavo decennio]” ::::::::* <s>“[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22nono%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 nono decennio]”</s> (nimis multae paginae Italice scriptae) ::::::::* <s>“[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22decimo%20decennio%22&nfpr=1 decimo decennio]”</s> (nimis multae paginae Italice scriptae) :::::::: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:31, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::::::: This way to say “in the 1960s” coming from Tuomo Pekkanen is also interesting: “annis sexage(n)simis”. See “Annis sexagesimis sive septimo decennio saeculi vicesimi institutio Latina in Finnia paulatim ita mutabatur” [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5bf95078f2e6b130dad843c9/t/5c16718c8a922db9dfba1fda/1544974732404/Pekkanen-OK.pdf here] (p. 2). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:09, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::The problem here is that most people think "the (nineteen-)sixties" ran from [[1960]] to [[1969]]; but in fact, the seventh ''decade'' of the twentieth century ran from [[1961]] to [[1970]]. These aren't identical ten-year sets! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:22, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::: We already have that problem with centuries (technically the year 1900 belongs to the 19th century, whereas 1901 belongs to the 20th century), yet that does not stop people from using the term. When people say “in the 1960s”, their argument is usually imprecise enough that even 1959 may be considered ''very close'' or even included in the scope of their discussion. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:44, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) bgrfu7ioypvvne33r3o38gylcyhzl82 0 327478 3979692 3979302 2026-08-09T14:22:58Z Neander 1973 3979692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pellicula | Imago = Paris Cinéma Le Louxor 7194.JPG | Titulus = Hiroshima, mon amour | Latinus titulus = Hirosima, mea amata | Annus = [[1959]] | Moderator = [[Alanus Resnais]] | Scriptor = {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Margarita Duras||fr|qid=Q153248}} | Actores = {{Series versibus dissaepta | {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Emmanuela Riva||fr|qid=Q436996}} | {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Eitsi Okada||fr|qid=Q139253}} }} | Compositor = | Duratio = 99 minuta | Lingua = [[Lingua Francogallica|Francogallica]] }} {{ores|Hiroshima, mon amour}} (‘Hirosima, mea amata’) est pellicula Franco-Iaponica ab [[Alanus Resnais|Alano Resnais]] anno [[1959]] disposita. Quod opus aenigmaticum, in scripto {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Margarita Duras|Margaritae Duras|fr|qid=Q153248}} positum, motum [[Nova unda Francica|Novae undae Francicae]] incohavit, una cum [[Franciscus Truffaut|Francisci Truffaut]] {{Op|[[Les Quatre cents coups (pellicula 1959)|Les Quatre cents coups]]}} ([[1959]]) et [[Ioannes Lucas Godard|Ioannis Lucae Godard]] {{Op|[[À bout de souffle (pellicula 1960)|À bout de souffle]]}} ([[1960]]). In nova et moribus veterum insolita narratione cinematographica, quaedam mulier iuvenis Francica brevem sed cupidum amorem in virum Iaponensem incipit. Utrique acerbis belli memoriis vexantur, quae per frustula {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|imago memorabilis|imaginum memorabilium}} aperiuntur et repetuntur. == Synopsis == In pellicula, duo amantes memoriis coniunguntur et separantur. Ambobus reminiscendi et simul obliviscendi opus est. Resnais '''memorias publicas''' a '''memoriis privatis''' distinguere videtur. Magnae res, quibus ipsi non implicamur, quadam necessitate in oblivionem coniciuntur, et procedente tempore, ita aliorum doloribus torpescimus, ut vel tempus terentes [[castra carceralia]] placatis animis visere possimus. Nihilo minus, contumeliae nobis ipsis factae in mentibus manent, et nobis animi habitum ad eos, quos nos offendisse sentimus, perpetuo adficiunt. Quantumvis meminisse conamur mortium [[Iudaei|Iudaeorum]] in [[Auschwitz (castra carceralia)|Auschwitz]], vel oblivisci volumus contumeliarum cotidianarum, nihil prodesse videmur. Profecto, arduum est homini suum percipere [[egocentrismus|egocentrismum]]. == De psychologia pelliculae == In pellicula de duabus agitur tragoediis: de clade [[Hirosima]]e, et de crudelibus eventis [[Nivernum|Niverni]] factis. Puella Hirosimam non alter quam rem generalem cognoscere potuit, cum ibi visitatrix versata esset. At paene nihil intellexerat, quamquam photographemata viderat et testimonia expertorum legerat. Non enim calamitati adfuit, neque infantem deformem umquam portavit, neque explosione parentes suos amisit. Iaponensis autem ipse rem expertus est, quamquam non in suo corpore. Mulier quodam sensu tragoediam eius invasit, nam ubi illa museum se visitasse memoravit, constat viro, quid musei visitatio illa mulieri significaverit: [[Categoria:Pelliculae 1959]] 6h58v51dubetdkf1cczztrgx6t61pk5 0 327494 3979648 3979641 2026-08-09T12:12:35Z IacobusAmor 1163 ~ 3979648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} [[Fasciculus:Lamine Yamal Argentina v Spain 19 July 2026-214 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Lamingamalus in certamine Argentinae et Hispaniae in finali Certaminis Mundani FIFA anni 2026.]] '''Lamingamalus Nazarenus Ebana''' (natus [[Esplugues de Llobregat|Speluncarum]] in [[Provincia Barcinonensis|provincia Barcinonensi]] [[Hispania|Hispaniae]] die [[13 Iulii]] [[2007]]) est [[pedilusor]] Hispanicus, qui pro [[Futbol Club Barcelona|Barcinonensi Pediludii Societate]] certat. Anno 2026, vicit [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (2026)|Certamen Mundanum Pediludicum]] cum Hispania. ==Nexus externi== {{fontes biographici}} {{Lifetime|2007||Lamingamalus Nazarenus Ebana}} [[Categoria:Pedilusores Hispaniae]] ptybbttbztxf7ltptu9jnsz8oq9qq6j 3979650 3979648 2026-08-09T12:17:16Z Grufo 64423 Latinitas 3979650 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Lamine Yamal Argentina v Spain 19 July 2026-214 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Lamingamalus in certamine Argentinae et Hispaniae in finali Certaminis Mundani FIFA anni 2026.]] {{res|Lamingamalus Nazarenus Ebana}} (natus apud [[Esplugues de Llobregat]] in [[Provincia Barcinonensis|provincia Barcinonensi]] [[Hispania|Hispaniae]] die [[13 Iulii]] [[2007]]) est [[pedilusor]] Hispanicus qui pro [[Futbol Club Barcelona|Barcinonensi Pediludii Societate]] certat. Anno [[2026]] [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (2026)|Certamen Mundanum Pediludicum]] cum [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Hispanica|turma pedilusoria nationali Hispanica]] vicit. == Nexus externi == {{fontes biographici}} {{Bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|2007||Lamingamalus Nazarenus Ebana}} [[Categoria:Pedilusores Hispaniae]] 2gzc4y55x3tdcupp63zi2qns8vcf9ch 3979651 3979650 2026-08-09T12:19:31Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Lamingamalus]] ad [[Lamine Yamal]]: Cur “Lamingamalus”? Nomen est “Lamine Yamal Nasraoui Ebana” 3979650 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Lamine Yamal Argentina v Spain 19 July 2026-214 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Lamingamalus in certamine Argentinae et Hispaniae in finali Certaminis Mundani FIFA anni 2026.]] {{res|Lamingamalus Nazarenus Ebana}} (natus apud [[Esplugues de Llobregat]] in [[Provincia Barcinonensis|provincia Barcinonensi]] [[Hispania|Hispaniae]] die [[13 Iulii]] [[2007]]) est [[pedilusor]] Hispanicus qui pro [[Futbol Club Barcelona|Barcinonensi Pediludii Societate]] certat. Anno [[2026]] [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (2026)|Certamen Mundanum Pediludicum]] cum [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Hispanica|turma pedilusoria nationali Hispanica]] vicit. == Nexus externi == {{fontes biographici}} {{Bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|2007||Lamingamalus Nazarenus Ebana}} [[Categoria:Pedilusores Hispaniae]] 2gzc4y55x3tdcupp63zi2qns8vcf9ch 3979653 3979651 2026-08-09T12:20:02Z Grufo 64423 Paginam redintegravi 3979653 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Lamine Yamal Argentina v Spain 19 July 2026-214 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Lamingamalus in certamine Argentinae et Hispaniae in finali Certaminis Mundani FIFA anni 2026.]] {{res|Lamine Yamal Nasraoui Ebana}} (natus apud [[Esplugues de Llobregat]] in [[Provincia Barcinonensis|provincia Barcinonensi]] [[Hispania|Hispaniae]] die [[13 Iulii]] [[2007]]) est [[pedilusor]] Hispanicus qui pro [[Futbol Club Barcelona|Barcinonensi Pediludii Societate]] certat. Anno [[2026]] [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (2026)|Certamen Mundanum Pediludicum]] cum [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Hispanica|turma pedilusoria nationali Hispanica]] vicit. == Nexus externi == {{fontes biographici}} {{Bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|2007||Lamingamalus Nazarenus Ebana}} [[Categoria:Pedilusores Hispaniae]] i048kr73onx11guzyamdaxr2ldtvnl3 1 327518 3979661 3979555 2026-08-09T12:26:07Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus movit paginam [[Disputatio:Neuropeptidis]] ad [[Disputatio:Neuropeptidum]]: Vide disputationem 3979555 wikitext text/x-wiki == De neutro genere == Latine neutra nomina in -is non sunt. Tantum neutrum esse potest si ex adiectivo neutro ortum est: peptidis, is, e, hoc est e nominativo peptide. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:10, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) : Bene dicis, [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]]. Exstant nomina neutralia suffixo {{wikten|-oides}}, sed minime suffixo -is. Hic fortasse fontem non satis idoneum inveneram. Etiamsi [https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/peptidiphaga LPSN databularium] idem scribit, sunt etiam fontes qui formam “-peptidum, -i” praeferunt. {{LLHL26|Peptid|269}}. Fortasse similes paginae (-peptidis) ad formam -peptidum movendae sunt. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:23, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) Salve Grufo, Ego quidem peptidum malo et tibi consentio eo magis quod nescitur utrum formae in -peptidis masculinae an femininae esse debeant. Ut [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] vetus Romanus sum: ne suffixum novum quidem -oides,n noveram (Graece suffixum adiectivi frequentissimum invenitur -eides cum eodem sensu, sed cum e longa non neutrum). Bene facis certiorem me faciens alioqui fortasse tale verbum correxissem.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 16:50, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) : Ita, suffixum -oides est saepe recentissimum; omnes fontes in pagina “[[Alcaloides]]” post annum 1841 scripti sunt, atque plerique nomen recte tractant masculinum. Sed, cave, nomen “sphaeroīdes” iam {{Vf|De architectura/Liber VIII|Caput Quintum|in Vitruvii libris ''De architectura'' invenitur}}, et mihi videtur esse adiectivum singulae terminationis (vide [https://archive.org/details/5forcellini/page/n445/mode/2up Forcellini])—ergo forma neutralis etiam est “sphaeroides”. Si nemo dissentit hanc paginam movere possumus (sed fortasse melius est alios fontes formae “peptidum” invenire). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:05, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) h0t9bhgccgf3g7rqsgimoxyd1y41tn8 3979670 3979661 2026-08-09T12:38:23Z Grufo 64423 /* “Neuropeptidum vel neuropeptide sunt …” */ Nova pars 3979670 wikitext text/x-wiki == De neutro genere == Latine neutra nomina in -is non sunt. Tantum neutrum esse potest si ex adiectivo neutro ortum est: peptidis, is, e, hoc est e nominativo peptide. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:10, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) : Bene dicis, [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]]. Exstant nomina neutralia suffixo {{wikten|-oides}}, sed minime suffixo -is. Hic fortasse fontem non satis idoneum inveneram. Etiamsi [https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/peptidiphaga LPSN databularium] idem scribit, sunt etiam fontes qui formam “-peptidum, -i” praeferunt. {{LLHL26|Peptid|269}}. Fortasse similes paginae (-peptidis) ad formam -peptidum movendae sunt. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:23, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) Salve Grufo, Ego quidem peptidum malo et tibi consentio eo magis quod nescitur utrum formae in -peptidis masculinae an femininae esse debeant. Ut [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] vetus Romanus sum: ne suffixum novum quidem -oides,n noveram (Graece suffixum adiectivi frequentissimum invenitur -eides cum eodem sensu, sed cum e longa non neutrum). Bene facis certiorem me faciens alioqui fortasse tale verbum correxissem.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 16:50, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) : Ita, suffixum -oides est saepe recentissimum; omnes fontes in pagina “[[Alcaloides]]” post annum 1841 scripti sunt, atque plerique nomen recte tractant masculinum. Sed, cave, nomen “sphaeroīdes” iam {{Vf|De architectura/Liber VIII|Caput Quintum|in Vitruvii libris ''De architectura'' invenitur}}, et mihi videtur esse adiectivum singulae terminationis (vide [https://archive.org/details/5forcellini/page/n445/mode/2up Forcellini])—ergo forma neutralis etiam est “sphaeroides”. Si nemo dissentit hanc paginam movere possumus (sed fortasse melius est alios fontes formae “peptidum” invenire). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:05, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) == “Neuropeptidum vel neuropeptide sunt …” == Aut “Neuropeptidum vel neuropeptide {{ins|est}}” aut “Neuropeptid{{ins|a (sing. neuropeptidum vel neuropeptide, -is, n.)}} sunt”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:37, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) 9ufrvmwkv1iizdagtnunr2m4ok8kvh9 3979674 3979670 2026-08-09T12:49:10Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3979674 wikitext text/x-wiki == De neutro genere == Latine neutra nomina in -is non sunt. Tantum neutrum esse potest si ex adiectivo neutro ortum est: peptidis, is, e, hoc est e nominativo peptide. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:10, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) : Bene dicis, [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]]. Exstant nomina neutralia suffixo {{wikten|-oides}}, sed minime suffixo -is. Hic fortasse fontem non satis idoneum inveneram. Etiamsi [https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/peptidiphaga LPSN databularium] idem scribit, sunt etiam fontes qui formam “-peptidum, -i” praeferunt. {{LLHL26|Peptid|269}}. Fortasse similes paginae (-peptidis) ad formam -peptidum movendae sunt. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:23, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) Salve Grufo, Ego quidem peptidum malo et tibi consentio eo magis quod nescitur utrum formae in -peptidis masculinae an femininae esse debeant. Ut [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] vetus Romanus sum: ne suffixum novum quidem -oides,n noveram (Graece suffixum adiectivi frequentissimum invenitur -eides cum eodem sensu, sed cum e longa non neutrum). Bene facis certiorem me faciens alioqui fortasse tale verbum correxissem.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 16:50, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) : Ita, suffixum -oides est saepe recentissimum; omnes fontes in pagina “[[Alcaloides]]” post annum 1841 scripti sunt, atque plerique nomen recte tractant masculinum. Sed, cave, nomen “sphaeroīdes” iam {{Vf|De architectura/Liber VIII|Caput Quintum|in Vitruvii libris ''De architectura'' invenitur}}, et mihi videtur esse adiectivum singulae terminationis (vide [https://archive.org/details/5forcellini/page/n445/mode/2up Forcellini])—ergo forma neutralis etiam est “sphaeroides”. Si nemo dissentit hanc paginam movere possumus (sed fortasse melius est alios fontes formae “peptidum” invenire). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:05, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) == “Neuropeptidum vel neuropeptide sunt …” == Aut “Neuropeptidum vel neuropeptide {{ins|est}}” aut “Neuropeptid{{ins|a (sing. neuropeptidum vel neuropeptide, -is, n.)}} sunt”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:37, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) Salve Grufo, movi et reliqui notam tuam sed adversus fontes maxime dubios te monere cupio: nam methodus prava est. Non oportet primam partem nominis compositi sumere in -i desinentem et dicere hoc nomen tertiae declinationis esse. Nam ob apophoniam vocalium interiorum tam ex prima declinatione quam ex secunda quam ex tertia aut etiam quarta provenire potest. Exempli gratia ''laniger'' aut ''lanifica'' non testantur nomen esse lanis,-is: omnes scimus de ''lana'' agi. Item ''armiger'' aut ''armifactor'' non testantur esse nomen armis, -is: omnes scimus arma secundam declinationem sequi. Item in quarta declinatione corniger, cornicula, Cornificius ex cornu. Verisimillime in peptidiphaga latet peptidum, -i quod testantur linguae modernae quae apophoniam non norunt: nam qui "peptid'''o'''glycane" formaverunt nihil aliud in animo habere potuerunt quam peptidum, -i. Totus ille commentarius igitur absurdus est. Videris hanc notam servare aut delere volueris.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 12:49, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) n9r6tswpaaw60sze6j08njoto9om8oi 3979676 3979674 2026-08-09T12:56:48Z Grufo 64423 Responsum movi; ad priorem recensionem revertere si dissentis 3979676 wikitext text/x-wiki == De neutro genere == Latine neutra nomina in -is non sunt. Tantum neutrum esse potest si ex adiectivo neutro ortum est: peptidis, is, e, hoc est e nominativo peptide. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:10, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) : Bene dicis, [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]]. Exstant nomina neutralia suffixo {{wikten|-oides}}, sed minime suffixo -is. Hic fortasse fontem non satis idoneum inveneram. Etiamsi [https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/peptidiphaga LPSN databularium] idem scribit, sunt etiam fontes qui formam “-peptidum, -i” praeferunt. {{LLHL26|Peptid|269}}. Fortasse similes paginae (-peptidis) ad formam -peptidum movendae sunt. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:23, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) Salve Grufo, Ego quidem peptidum malo et tibi consentio eo magis quod nescitur utrum formae in -peptidis masculinae an femininae esse debeant. Ut [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] vetus Romanus sum: ne suffixum novum quidem -oides,n noveram (Graece suffixum adiectivi frequentissimum invenitur -eides cum eodem sensu, sed cum e longa non neutrum). Bene facis certiorem me faciens alioqui fortasse tale verbum correxissem.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 16:50, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) : Ita, suffixum -oides est saepe recentissimum; omnes fontes in pagina “[[Alcaloides]]” post annum 1841 scripti sunt, atque plerique nomen recte tractant masculinum. Sed, cave, nomen “sphaeroīdes” iam {{Vf|De architectura/Liber VIII|Caput Quintum|in Vitruvii libris ''De architectura'' invenitur}}, et mihi videtur esse adiectivum singulae terminationis (vide [https://archive.org/details/5forcellini/page/n445/mode/2up Forcellini])—ergo forma neutralis etiam est “sphaeroides”. Si nemo dissentit hanc paginam movere possumus (sed fortasse melius est alios fontes formae “peptidum” invenire). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:05, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) Salve Grufo, movi et reliqui notam tuam sed adversus fontes maxime dubios te monere cupio: nam methodus prava est. Non oportet primam partem nominis compositi sumere in -i desinentem et dicere hoc nomen tertiae declinationis esse. Nam ob apophoniam vocalium interiorum tam ex prima declinatione quam ex secunda quam ex tertia aut etiam quarta provenire potest. Exempli gratia ''laniger'' aut ''lanifica'' non testantur nomen esse lanis,-is: omnes scimus de ''lana'' agi. Item ''armiger'' aut ''armifactor'' non testantur esse nomen armis, -is: omnes scimus arma secundam declinationem sequi. Item in quarta declinatione corniger, cornicula, Cornificius ex cornu. Verisimillime in peptidiphaga latet peptidum, -i quod testantur linguae modernae quae apophoniam non norunt: nam qui "peptid'''o'''glycane" formaverunt nihil aliud in animo habere potuerunt quam peptidum, -i. Totus ille commentarius igitur absurdus est. Videris hanc notam servare aut delere volueris.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 12:49, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) == “Neuropeptidum vel neuropeptide sunt …” == Aut “Neuropeptidum vel neuropeptide {{ins|est}}” aut “Neuropeptid{{ins|a (sing. neuropeptidum vel neuropeptide, -is, n.)}} sunt”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:37, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) l1n5ety8rv2grvpe0hmv9gpmm9vnjia 3979677 3979676 2026-08-09T12:58:19Z Grufo 64423 /* De neutro genere */ Re 3979677 wikitext text/x-wiki == De neutro genere == Latine neutra nomina in -is non sunt. Tantum neutrum esse potest si ex adiectivo neutro ortum est: peptidis, is, e, hoc est e nominativo peptide. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:10, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) : Bene dicis, [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]]. Exstant nomina neutralia suffixo {{wikten|-oides}}, sed minime suffixo -is. Hic fortasse fontem non satis idoneum inveneram. Etiamsi [https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/peptidiphaga LPSN databularium] idem scribit, sunt etiam fontes qui formam “-peptidum, -i” praeferunt. {{LLHL26|Peptid|269}}. Fortasse similes paginae (-peptidis) ad formam -peptidum movendae sunt. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:23, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) Salve Grufo, Ego quidem peptidum malo et tibi consentio eo magis quod nescitur utrum formae in -peptidis masculinae an femininae esse debeant. Ut [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] vetus Romanus sum: ne suffixum novum quidem -oides,n noveram (Graece suffixum adiectivi frequentissimum invenitur -eides cum eodem sensu, sed cum e longa non neutrum). Bene facis certiorem me faciens alioqui fortasse tale verbum correxissem.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 16:50, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) : Ita, suffixum -oides est saepe recentissimum; omnes fontes in pagina “[[Alcaloides]]” post annum 1841 scripti sunt, atque plerique nomen recte tractant masculinum. Sed, cave, nomen “sphaeroīdes” iam {{Vf|De architectura/Liber VIII|Caput Quintum|in Vitruvii libris ''De architectura'' invenitur}}, et mihi videtur esse adiectivum singulae terminationis (vide [https://archive.org/details/5forcellini/page/n445/mode/2up Forcellini])—ergo forma neutralis etiam est “sphaeroides”. Si nemo dissentit hanc paginam movere possumus (sed fortasse melius est alios fontes formae “peptidum” invenire). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:05, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) Salve Grufo, movi et reliqui notam tuam sed adversus fontes maxime dubios te monere cupio: nam methodus prava est. Non oportet primam partem nominis compositi sumere in -i desinentem et dicere hoc nomen tertiae declinationis esse. Nam ob apophoniam vocalium interiorum tam ex prima declinatione quam ex secunda quam ex tertia aut etiam quarta provenire potest. Exempli gratia ''laniger'' aut ''lanifica'' non testantur nomen esse lanis,-is: omnes scimus de ''lana'' agi. Item ''armiger'' aut ''armifactor'' non testantur esse nomen armis, -is: omnes scimus arma secundam declinationem sequi. Item in quarta declinatione corniger, cornicula, Cornificius ex cornu. Verisimillime in peptidiphaga latet peptidum, -i quod testantur linguae modernae quae apophoniam non norunt: nam qui "peptid'''o'''glycane" formaverunt nihil aliud in animo habere potuerunt quam peptidum, -i. Totus ille commentarius igitur absurdus est. Videris hanc notam servare aut delere volueris.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 12:49, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) : [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], consentio, sed tua exempla sunt nomina composita, ubi apophonia sonum Indoeuropaeum -o- mutavit. E.g. ''lana'' + ''gerere'' = ''lan'''o'''ger'' > ''lan'''i'''ger''. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:57, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) == “Neuropeptidum vel neuropeptide sunt …” == Aut “Neuropeptidum vel neuropeptide {{ins|est}}” aut “Neuropeptid{{ins|a (sing. neuropeptidum vel neuropeptide, -is, n.)}} sunt”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:37, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) abgqglyrfqfkzt00ha8kdwb2pjj56pc 3979678 3979677 2026-08-09T13:01:30Z Grufo 64423 /* De neutro genere */ Additio 3979678 wikitext text/x-wiki == De neutro genere == Latine neutra nomina in -is non sunt. Tantum neutrum esse potest si ex adiectivo neutro ortum est: peptidis, is, e, hoc est e nominativo peptide. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:10, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) : Bene dicis, [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]]. Exstant nomina neutralia suffixo {{wikten|-oides}}, sed minime suffixo -is. Hic fortasse fontem non satis idoneum inveneram. Etiamsi [https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/peptidiphaga LPSN databularium] idem scribit, sunt etiam fontes qui formam “-peptidum, -i” praeferunt. {{LLHL26|Peptid|269}}. Fortasse similes paginae (-peptidis) ad formam -peptidum movendae sunt. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:23, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) Salve Grufo, Ego quidem peptidum malo et tibi consentio eo magis quod nescitur utrum formae in -peptidis masculinae an femininae esse debeant. Ut [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] vetus Romanus sum: ne suffixum novum quidem -oides,n noveram (Graece suffixum adiectivi frequentissimum invenitur -eides cum eodem sensu, sed cum e longa non neutrum). Bene facis certiorem me faciens alioqui fortasse tale verbum correxissem.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 16:50, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) : Ita, suffixum -oides est saepe recentissimum; omnes fontes in pagina “[[Alcaloides]]” post annum 1841 scripti sunt, atque plerique nomen recte tractant masculinum. Sed, cave, nomen “sphaeroīdes” iam {{Vf|De architectura/Liber VIII|Caput Quintum|in Vitruvii libris ''De architectura'' invenitur}}, et mihi videtur esse adiectivum singulae terminationis (vide [https://archive.org/details/5forcellini/page/n445/mode/2up Forcellini])—ergo forma neutralis etiam est “sphaeroides”. Si nemo dissentit hanc paginam movere possumus (sed fortasse melius est alios fontes formae “peptidum” invenire). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:05, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) Salve Grufo, movi et reliqui notam tuam sed adversus fontes maxime dubios te monere cupio: nam methodus prava est. Non oportet primam partem nominis compositi sumere in -i desinentem et dicere hoc nomen tertiae declinationis esse. Nam ob apophoniam vocalium interiorum tam ex prima declinatione quam ex secunda quam ex tertia aut etiam quarta provenire potest. Exempli gratia ''laniger'' aut ''lanifica'' non testantur nomen esse lanis,-is: omnes scimus de ''lana'' agi. Item ''armiger'' aut ''armifactor'' non testantur esse nomen armis, -is: omnes scimus arma secundam declinationem sequi. Item in quarta declinatione corniger, cornicula, Cornificius ex cornu. Verisimillime in peptidiphaga latet peptidum, -i quod testantur linguae modernae quae apophoniam non norunt: nam qui "peptid'''o'''glycane" formaverunt nihil aliud in animo habere potuerunt quam peptidum, -i. Totus ille commentarius igitur absurdus est. Videris hanc notam servare aut delere volueris.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 12:49, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) : [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], consentio, sed tua exempla sunt nomina composita, ubi apophonia sonum Indoeuropaeum -o- mutavit. E.g. ''lana'' + ''gerere'' = ''lan'''o'''ger'' > ''lan'''i'''ger''. Non credo auctores vocali -i- nixi esse ad tertiam declinationem iustificandam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:57, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) == “Neuropeptidum vel neuropeptide sunt …” == Aut “Neuropeptidum vel neuropeptide {{ins|est}}” aut “Neuropeptid{{ins|a (sing. neuropeptidum vel neuropeptide, -is, n.)}} sunt”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:37, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) mgk1zmeoxy98ynuym6vvyy2kqhl39zx 3979679 3979678 2026-08-09T13:03:27Z Grufo 64423 /* De neutro genere */ 3979679 wikitext text/x-wiki == De neutro genere == Latine neutra nomina in -is non sunt. Tantum neutrum esse potest si ex adiectivo neutro ortum est: peptidis, is, e, hoc est e nominativo peptide. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:10, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) : Bene dicis, [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]]. Exstant nomina neutralia suffixo {{wikten|-oides}}, sed minime suffixo -is. Hic fortasse fontem non satis idoneum inveneram. Etiamsi [https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/peptidiphaga LPSN databularium] idem scribit, sunt etiam fontes qui formam “-peptidum, -i” praeferunt. {{LLHL26|Peptid|269}}. Fortasse similes paginae (-peptidis) ad formam -peptidum movendae sunt. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:23, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) Salve Grufo, Ego quidem peptidum malo et tibi consentio eo magis quod nescitur utrum formae in -peptidis masculinae an femininae esse debeant. Ut [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] vetus Romanus sum: ne suffixum novum quidem -oides,n noveram (Graece suffixum adiectivi frequentissimum invenitur -eides cum eodem sensu, sed cum e longa non neutrum). Bene facis certiorem me faciens alioqui fortasse tale verbum correxissem.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 16:50, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) : Ita, suffixum -oides est saepe recentissimum; omnes fontes in pagina “[[Alcaloides]]” post annum 1841 scripti sunt, atque plerique nomen recte tractant masculinum. Sed, cave, nomen “sphaeroīdes” iam {{Vf|De architectura/Liber VIII|Caput Quintum|in Vitruvii libris ''De architectura'' invenitur}}, et mihi videtur esse adiectivum singulae terminationis (vide [https://archive.org/details/5forcellini/page/n445/mode/2up Forcellini])—ergo forma neutralis etiam est “sphaeroides”. Si nemo dissentit hanc paginam movere possumus (sed fortasse melius est alios fontes formae “peptidum” invenire). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:05, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) Salve Grufo, movi et reliqui notam tuam sed adversus fontes maxime dubios te monere cupio: nam methodus prava est. Non oportet primam partem nominis compositi sumere in -i desinentem et dicere hoc nomen tertiae declinationis esse. Nam ob apophoniam vocalium interiorum tam ex prima declinatione quam ex secunda quam ex tertia aut etiam quarta provenire potest. Exempli gratia ''laniger'' aut ''lanifica'' non testantur nomen esse lanis,-is: omnes scimus de ''lana'' agi. Item ''armiger'' aut ''armifactor'' non testantur esse nomen armis, -is: omnes scimus arma secundam declinationem sequi. Item in quarta declinatione corniger, cornicula, Cornificius ex cornu. Verisimillime in peptidiphaga latet peptidum, -i quod testantur linguae modernae quae apophoniam non norunt: nam qui "peptid'''o'''glycane" formaverunt nihil aliud in animo habere potuerunt quam peptidum, -i. Totus ille commentarius igitur absurdus est. Videris hanc notam servare aut delere volueris.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 12:49, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) : [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], consentio, sed tua exempla sunt nomina composita, ubi apophonia sonum Indoeuropaeum -o- mutavit (at Graece idem -o- mansit). E.g. ''lana'' + ''gerere'' = ''lan'''o'''ger'' > ''lan'''i'''ger''. Non credo auctores vocali -i- nixi esse ad tertiam declinationem iustificandam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:57, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) == “Neuropeptidum vel neuropeptide sunt …” == Aut “Neuropeptidum vel neuropeptide {{ins|est}}” aut “Neuropeptid{{ins|a (sing. neuropeptidum vel neuropeptide, -is, n.)}} sunt”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:37, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) fvzxg5cmmqlldpbqmkbayktl1psrnv0 3979680 3979679 2026-08-09T13:05:12Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* “Neuropeptidum vel neuropeptide sunt …” */ Reply 3979680 wikitext text/x-wiki == De neutro genere == Latine neutra nomina in -is non sunt. Tantum neutrum esse potest si ex adiectivo neutro ortum est: peptidis, is, e, hoc est e nominativo peptide. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:10, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) : Bene dicis, [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]]. Exstant nomina neutralia suffixo {{wikten|-oides}}, sed minime suffixo -is. Hic fortasse fontem non satis idoneum inveneram. Etiamsi [https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/peptidiphaga LPSN databularium] idem scribit, sunt etiam fontes qui formam “-peptidum, -i” praeferunt. {{LLHL26|Peptid|269}}. Fortasse similes paginae (-peptidis) ad formam -peptidum movendae sunt. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:23, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) Salve Grufo, Ego quidem peptidum malo et tibi consentio eo magis quod nescitur utrum formae in -peptidis masculinae an femininae esse debeant. Ut [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] vetus Romanus sum: ne suffixum novum quidem -oides,n noveram (Graece suffixum adiectivi frequentissimum invenitur -eides cum eodem sensu, sed cum e longa non neutrum). Bene facis certiorem me faciens alioqui fortasse tale verbum correxissem.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 16:50, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) : Ita, suffixum -oides est saepe recentissimum; omnes fontes in pagina “[[Alcaloides]]” post annum 1841 scripti sunt, atque plerique nomen recte tractant masculinum. Sed, cave, nomen “sphaeroīdes” iam {{Vf|De architectura/Liber VIII|Caput Quintum|in Vitruvii libris ''De architectura'' invenitur}}, et mihi videtur esse adiectivum singulae terminationis (vide [https://archive.org/details/5forcellini/page/n445/mode/2up Forcellini])—ergo forma neutralis etiam est “sphaeroides”. Si nemo dissentit hanc paginam movere possumus (sed fortasse melius est alios fontes formae “peptidum” invenire). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:05, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) Salve Grufo, movi et reliqui notam tuam sed adversus fontes maxime dubios te monere cupio: nam methodus prava est. Non oportet primam partem nominis compositi sumere in -i desinentem et dicere hoc nomen tertiae declinationis esse. Nam ob apophoniam vocalium interiorum tam ex prima declinatione quam ex secunda quam ex tertia aut etiam quarta provenire potest. Exempli gratia ''laniger'' aut ''lanifica'' non testantur nomen esse lanis,-is: omnes scimus de ''lana'' agi. Item ''armiger'' aut ''armifactor'' non testantur esse nomen armis, -is: omnes scimus arma secundam declinationem sequi. Item in quarta declinatione corniger, cornicula, Cornificius ex cornu. Verisimillime in peptidiphaga latet peptidum, -i quod testantur linguae modernae quae apophoniam non norunt: nam qui "peptid'''o'''glycane" formaverunt nihil aliud in animo habere potuerunt quam peptidum, -i. Totus ille commentarius igitur absurdus est. Videris hanc notam servare aut delere volueris.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 12:49, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) : [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], consentio, sed tua exempla sunt nomina composita, ubi apophonia sonum Indoeuropaeum -o- mutavit (at Graece idem -o- mansit). E.g. ''lana'' + ''gerere'' = ''lan'''o'''ger'' > ''lan'''i'''ger''. Non credo auctores vocali -i- nixi esse ad tertiam declinationem iustificandam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:57, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) == “Neuropeptidum vel neuropeptide sunt …” == Aut “Neuropeptidum vel neuropeptide {{ins|est}}” aut “Neuropeptid{{ins|a (sing. neuropeptidum vel neuropeptide, -is, n.)}} sunt”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:37, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :Gratias ago. Correxi. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 13:05, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ffxj0pl7f3dpqlt7q376fp2wgzbfoo6 3979682 3979680 2026-08-09T13:08:20Z Grufo 64423 /* “Neuropeptidum vel neuropeptide sunt …” */ 3979682 wikitext text/x-wiki == De neutro genere == Latine neutra nomina in -is non sunt. Tantum neutrum esse potest si ex adiectivo neutro ortum est: peptidis, is, e, hoc est e nominativo peptide. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:10, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) : Bene dicis, [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]]. Exstant nomina neutralia suffixo {{wikten|-oides}}, sed minime suffixo -is. Hic fortasse fontem non satis idoneum inveneram. Etiamsi [https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/peptidiphaga LPSN databularium] idem scribit, sunt etiam fontes qui formam “-peptidum, -i” praeferunt. {{LLHL26|Peptid|269}}. Fortasse similes paginae (-peptidis) ad formam -peptidum movendae sunt. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:23, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) Salve Grufo, Ego quidem peptidum malo et tibi consentio eo magis quod nescitur utrum formae in -peptidis masculinae an femininae esse debeant. Ut [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] vetus Romanus sum: ne suffixum novum quidem -oides,n noveram (Graece suffixum adiectivi frequentissimum invenitur -eides cum eodem sensu, sed cum e longa non neutrum). Bene facis certiorem me faciens alioqui fortasse tale verbum correxissem.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 16:50, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) : Ita, suffixum -oides est saepe recentissimum; omnes fontes in pagina “[[Alcaloides]]” post annum 1841 scripti sunt, atque plerique nomen recte tractant masculinum. Sed, cave, nomen “sphaeroīdes” iam {{Vf|De architectura/Liber VIII|Caput Quintum|in Vitruvii libris ''De architectura'' invenitur}}, et mihi videtur esse adiectivum singulae terminationis (vide [https://archive.org/details/5forcellini/page/n445/mode/2up Forcellini])—ergo forma neutralis etiam est “sphaeroides”. Si nemo dissentit hanc paginam movere possumus (sed fortasse melius est alios fontes formae “peptidum” invenire). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:05, 8 Augusti 2026 (UTC) Salve Grufo, movi et reliqui notam tuam sed adversus fontes maxime dubios te monere cupio: nam methodus prava est. Non oportet primam partem nominis compositi sumere in -i desinentem et dicere hoc nomen tertiae declinationis esse. Nam ob apophoniam vocalium interiorum tam ex prima declinatione quam ex secunda quam ex tertia aut etiam quarta provenire potest. Exempli gratia ''laniger'' aut ''lanifica'' non testantur nomen esse lanis,-is: omnes scimus de ''lana'' agi. Item ''armiger'' aut ''armifactor'' non testantur esse nomen armis, -is: omnes scimus arma secundam declinationem sequi. Item in quarta declinatione corniger, cornicula, Cornificius ex cornu. Verisimillime in peptidiphaga latet peptidum, -i quod testantur linguae modernae quae apophoniam non norunt: nam qui "peptid'''o'''glycane" formaverunt nihil aliud in animo habere potuerunt quam peptidum, -i. Totus ille commentarius igitur absurdus est. Videris hanc notam servare aut delere volueris.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 12:49, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) : [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], consentio, sed tua exempla sunt nomina composita, ubi apophonia sonum Indoeuropaeum -o- mutavit (at Graece idem -o- mansit). E.g. ''lana'' + ''gerere'' = ''lan'''o'''ger'' > ''lan'''i'''ger''. Non credo auctores vocali -i- nixi esse ad tertiam declinationem iustificandam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:57, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) == “Neuropeptidum vel neuropeptide sunt …” == Aut “Neuropeptidum vel neuropeptide {{ins|est}}” aut “Neuropeptid{{ins|a (sing. neuropeptidum vel neuropeptide, -is, n.)}} sunt”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:37, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :Gratias ago. Correxi. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 13:05, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :: Bene fecisti. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:08, 9 Augusti 2026 (UTC) 0k5ajm3zrxj6xxn07xdd3labrtbj9wp 0 327540 3979690 3979640 2026-08-09T13:33:29Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3979690 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Rabbit proof fence in 2005.jpg|thumb|Saepes contra cuniculos prope ad Lacum Regis (''Lake King'')]] {{res|Saepes contra cuniculos}}{{Convertimus}} ([[Anglice]] ''Rabbit-Proof Fence''), vel {{res|Saepes nationalis}} ([[Anglice]] ''State Barrriere Fence'') est [[saepes]] longissima per totam [[Australia]]m in provincia [[Australia Occidentalis|Australia Occidentali]] a litore boreali [[Mare Timorense|mare Timorensis]] usque ad litus australe [[Oceanus Australis|Oceani Australis]] (ut haec [[Oceanus Mundi|Oceani Mundi]] pars in Australia nominatur) extenta. Partem continentis occidentalem, quam agricolae maiore cum diligentia colunt, a regionibus mediis siccioribus, quae [[Oryctolagus cuniculus|cuniculis]] abundant, defendat. Longitudinem 1833 [[chm]] habet. Saepes palos habet interdum ligneos, interdum [[chalybs|chalybeios]], fila metallica tenentes. [[Fasciculus:Rabbit proof fence in Western Australia.PNG|thumb|Saepem 1 linea rubra signat, saepem 2 viridis, saepem 3 violacea]] ==Tres saepes== Sensu stricto prima linea saepium, longior vetustior, hoc nomen habet. Primis annis saecuki XX confecta est. Sed mox cuniculi multi et in parte interiore inventi sunt; tum saepes altera (nunc "saepes 2") ad occidentem a saepe prima aedificata est, anno 1907, et postea saepe tertia breviore cum litore [[Oceanus Indicus|Oceano Indico]] coniuncta est. ==Cuniculi in Australia== Cuniculi in Australia a colonis Europaeis introducti erant et magnam calamitatem oecologicam attulerunt, donec post annum 1950 eos [[Virus biologicum|viribus]] ''[[Myxomatosis cuniculorum|Myxomatosis cuniculorum]]'' et postea ''[[Caliciviridae|Caliciviridis]]'' exstirpare temptaverunt, cum effectu dubio. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} * [https://www.dpird.wa.gov.au/businesses/pests-weeds-and-diseases/control-methods/state-barrier-fence/ Saepes in situ provinciae Australiae Occidentalis] [[Categoria:Opera terrestria Australiae]] [[Categoria:Australia Occidentalis]] [[Categoria:Confecta 1907]] [[Categoria:Saepes]] e88iahoqdyjfd98jvd4zhgdtz3j0tdx 3979693 3979690 2026-08-09T14:24:17Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3979693 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Rabbit proof fence in 2005.jpg|thumb|Saepes contra cuniculos prope ad Lacum Regis (''Lake King'')]] {{res|Saepes contra cuniculos}}{{Convertimus}} ([[Anglice]] ''Rabbit-Proof Fence''), vel {{res|Saepes nationalis}} ([[Anglice]] ''State Barrriere Fence'') est [[saepes]] longissima per totam [[Australia]]m in provincia [[Australia Occidentalis|Australia Occidentali]] a litore boreali [[Mare Timorense|maris Timorensis]] usque ad litus australe [[Oceanus Australis|Oceani Australis]] (ut haec [[Oceanus Mundi|Oceani Mundi]] pars in Australia nominatur) extenta. Partem continentis occidentalem, quam agricolae maiore cum diligentia colunt, a regionibus mediis siccioribus, quae [[Oryctolagus cuniculus|cuniculis]] abundant, defendat. Longitudinem 1833 [[chm]] habet. Saepes palos habet interdum ligneos, interdum [[chalybs|chalybeios]], fila metallica tenentes. [[Fasciculus:Rabbit proof fence in Western Australia.PNG|thumb|Saepem 1 linea rubra signat, saepem 2 viridis, saepem 3 violacea]] ==Tres saepes== Sensu stricto prima linea saepium, longior vetustior, hoc nomen habet. Primis annis saecuki XX confecta est. Sed mox cuniculi multi et in parte interiore inventi sunt; tum saepes altera (nunc "saepes 2") ad occidentem a saepe prima aedificata est, anno 1907, et postea saepe tertia breviore cum litore [[Oceanus Indicus|Oceano Indico]] coniuncta est. ==Cuniculi in Australia== Cuniculi in Australia a colonis Europaeis introducti erant et magnam calamitatem oecologicam attulerunt, donec post annum 1950 eos [[Virus biologicum|viribus]] ''[[Myxomatosis cuniculorum|Myxomatosis cuniculorum]]'' et postea ''[[Caliciviridae|Caliciviridis]]'' exstirpare temptaverunt, cum effectu dubio. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} * [https://www.dpird.wa.gov.au/businesses/pests-weeds-and-diseases/control-methods/state-barrier-fence/ Saepes in situ provinciae Australiae Occidentalis] [[Categoria:Opera terrestria Australiae]] [[Categoria:Australia Occidentalis]] [[Categoria:Confecta 1907]] [[Categoria:Saepes]] n3rjp38ty8z07m526z6ub7vnskq5bz0 0 327549 3979645 3979619 2026-08-09T12:09:27Z IacobusAmor 1163 Menda manent. 3979645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-3}} [[Fasciculus:20260730 JGSDF Officers in AEON Mall Kumamoto after Earthquake.jpg|thumb|Ruinae AEON Mall anno 2026.]] [[Fasciculus:M 6.8 - 5 km E of Uto, Japan.png|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Carta geographica]] terrae motus Kumamoto anni 2026.]] '''Terrae motus Kumamoto anni 2026''' fuit [[terrae motus]] qui in [[Ximum|Ximo]] [[index praefecturarum Iaponiae|praefectura]] Kumamotoensi in [[Iaponia]] die [[28 Iulii]] [[2026]] agitavit, [[scala Richteriana|magnitudine]] 7.1.<ref>Ratione mensura Iaponiae, et ratione 6.8 mensura internationali.</ref> Ordo [[meteorologia]]e Iaponiae hunc terrae motum "Reiwa 8-nen Kumamoto-jishin" ([[Iaponice]] 令和8年熊本地震) publice nominavit.<ref>[https://mainichi.jp/articles/20260728/k00/00m040/333000c「令和8年熊本地震」と命名　気象庁].</ref> Dum terrae motus agitabatur, AEON Mall, [[aedificium]] [[commercium|commercii]], destructum est ex explosione [[gasium naturale|gasii]],<ref>Causa destructionis [[infrastructura]]e et absentiae medii artis [[fuga]]ndi.</ref> quae plus quam decem [[opifex|opifices]] iinterfecit. Adhuc die 4 Augusti 2026, triginta octo homines in Kumamoto mortui sunt, plus quam 8200 hominum in refugio [[domo carens|domo carente]], plus quam 12270 hominum [[vulnus|vulnerati]] sunt, et circa 45282 familiae [[aqua]] propter [[aquae ductus|aquae ductus]] destructos uti nequiverunt.<ref>[https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20260804_09/ Kumamoto Praefecture marks one week since M 7.1 earthquake].</ref> == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} *[[Terrae motus Kumamoto anni 2016]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|2026 Kumamoto earthquake|Terrae motus Kumamoto anni 2026}} [[Categoria:Historia Iaponiae]] [[Categoria:Terrae motus]] [[Categoria:2026]] 0rxhojiub614qrplhbeqcu911j3ewc5 0 327550 3979673 3979626 2026-08-09T12:48:22Z IacobusAmor 1163 + ex en: 3979673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:VidCon 2022 Anaheim California YouTube Shorts TikTok Mr. Beast.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Machina gumballorum MrBeast.]] {{res|Iacobus Stephanus Donaldson}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raiken |first=Amber |date=1 Augusti 2023 |title=YouTube star MrBeast sues his food-delivery service over 'inedible' and 'poor quality' items |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/mrbeast-youtuber-food-delivery-service-lawsuit-b2385784.html |access-date=3 Iunii 2024 |work=[[The Independent]] |language=en |archive-date=3 Iunii 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603225003/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/mrbeast-youtuber-food-delivery-service-lawsuit-b2385784.html |url-status=live}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Duffy |first=Clare |date=23 Ianuary 2024 |title=MrBeast tested Elon Musk's theory and took home $250,000 {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/23/tech/mr-beast-x-video-worth/index.html |access-date=3 Iunii 2024 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=3 Iunii 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603225003/https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/23/tech/mr-beast-x-video-worth/index.html |url-status=live}}.</ref><ref name="Guinness World Records-2023">{{Cite web |date=6 Iulii 2023 |title=First person to reach 1 million followers on Threads {{!}} Guinness World Records |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/754864-first-person-to-reach-1-million-followers-on-threads |access-date=10 Augusti 2024 |website=[[Guinness World Records]] |archive-date=11 Iulii 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711091759/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/754864-first-person-to-reach-1-million-followers-on-threads |url-status=live}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Power |first=Ed |date=20 Decembris 2024 |title=Beast Games, review: $100 million worth of charmless YouTube nonsense |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2024/12/20/beast-games-amazon-prime-video-review/ |access-date=23 Martii 2025 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Piccotti |first=Tyler |last2=Caruso |first2=Catherine |date=2 Ianuarii 2025 |title=The New MrsBeast? YouTube Star MrBeast Announces Engagement to Thea Booysen |url=https://www.biography.com/celebrities/a63150212/mrbeast |access-date=23 Martii 2025 |website=[[Biography.com]] |language=en-US}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Asarch |first=Steven |date=23 Octobris 2024 |title=Do MrBeast's Lunchly Meals Have a Mold Problem? |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/lunchly-mrbeast-logan-paul-ksi-mold-1235141176/ |access-date=23 Martii 2025 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |language=en-US}}.</ref> (vulgo ''Jimmy''; natus [[Wichita]]e die [[7 Maii]] [[1998]]), {{res|MrBeast}}<ref>Nomen sic stylizatum, sed quasi ''Mister Beast'' enuntiatum.</ref> ('Dominum Bestiam') tantum se appellans, est [[YouTube|YouTubista]], [[personalitas]] [[media|mediorum]], [[negotiator]], [[philanthropia|philanthropista]], et [[histrio]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]]. [[Pellicula]]s in [[YouTube]] anno [[2012]] ponere coepit, ubi hodie est populo gratissimus. Beast Industries condidit, {{Creanda|en|Conglomerate (company)|Conglomeratus|conglomeratum}} qui varios canales [[interrete|interretiales]] tenet, inter quos {{Creanda|en|MrBeast Burger}}, {{Creanda|en|Feastables}}, et {{Creanda|en|Lunchly}}.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Luscombe |first=Belinda |date=26 Iunii 2025 |title=Beast Industries |url=https://time.com/collections/time100-companies-2025/7289643/beast-industries/ |access-date=15 Ianuarii 2026 |magazine=Time}}.</ref> ==Notae== <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat}} * {{IMDb|10055663|Iacobo Donaldson}} * [https://www.youtube.com/@MrBeast MrBeast] apud [[YouTube]] {{Anni vitae|1998||MrBeast}} [[Categoria:Cultura interretialis]] [[Categoria:Incolae Carolinae Septentrionalis]] [[Categoria:Incolae Kansiae]] [[Categoria:MrBeast|! ]] a480rt5i3fidr11sfsb1tjx8ut3cgnk 3979686 3979673 2026-08-09T13:27:40Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}; {{cite ...}} → {{[[Formula:Opus|opus]]}} 3979686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:VidCon 2022 Anaheim California YouTube Shorts TikTok Mr. Beast.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Machina gumballorum MrBeast.]] {{res|Iacobus Stephanus Donaldson}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen = Raiken | nomen = Amber | titulus = YouTube star MrBeast sues his food-delivery service over 'inedible' and 'poor quality' items | contextus = [[The Independent]] | tempus = 2023-08-01 | lingua = en | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/mrbeast-youtuber-food-delivery-service-lawsuit-b2385784.html | salus url = vivit | retrospectio = 20240603225003 | tempus inspectionis = 2024-06-03 }}.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen = Duffy | nomen = Clare | titulus = MrBeast tested Elon Musk's theory and took home $250,000 {{!}} CNN Business | tempus = 2024-01-23 | lingua = en | domus editoria = [[CNN]] | url = https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/23/tech/mr-beast-x-video-worth/index.html | salus url = vivit | retrospectio = 20240603225003 | tempus inspectionis = 2024-06-03 }}.</ref><ref name="Guinness World Records-2023">{{Opus | titulus = First person to reach 1 million followers on Threads {{!}} Guinness World Records | tempus = 2023-07-06 | domus editoria = Guinness World Records | url = https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/754864-first-person-to-reach-1-million-followers-on-threads | salus url = vivit | retrospectio = 20230711091759 | tempus inspectionis = 2024-08-10 }}.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen = Power | nomen = Ed | titulus = Beast Games, review: $100 million worth of charmless YouTube nonsense | contextus = [[The Daily Telegraph]] | tempus = 2024-12-20 | lingua = en-GB | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2024/12/20/beast-games-amazon-prime-video-review/ | tempus inspectionis = 2025-03-23 | issn = 0307-1235 }}.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen = Piccotti | nomen = Tyler | cognomen 2 = Caruso | nomen 2 = Catherine | titulus = The New MrsBeast? YouTube Star MrBeast Announces Engagement to Thea Booysen | tempus = 2025-01-02 | lingua = en-US | domus editoria = [[Biography.com]] | url = https://www.biography.com/celebrities/a63150212/mrbeast | tempus inspectionis = 2025-03-23 }}.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen = Asarch | nomen = Steven | titulus = Do MrBeast's Lunchly Meals Have a Mold Problem? | contextus = [[Rolling Stone]] | tempus = 2024-10-23 | lingua = en-US | url = https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/lunchly-mrbeast-logan-paul-ksi-mold-1235141176/ | tempus inspectionis = 2025-03-23 }}.</ref> (vulgo ''Jimmy''; natus [[Wichita]]e die [[7 Maii]] [[1998]]), {{res|MrBeast}}<ref>Nomen sic stylizatum, sed quasi ''Mister Beast'' enuntiatum.</ref> ('Dominum Bestiam') tantum se appellans, est [[YouTube|YouTubista]], [[personalitas]] [[media|mediorum]], [[negotiator]], [[philanthropia|philanthropista]], et [[histrio]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]]. [[Pellicula]]s in [[YouTube]] anno [[2012]] ponere coepit, ubi hodie est populo gratissimus. Beast Industries condidit, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Conglomeratus|conglomeratum|en|qid=Q778575}} qui varios canales [[interrete|interretiales]] tenet, inter quos {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|MrBeast Burger||en|qid=Q106013567}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Feastables||en|qid=Q115273234}}, et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Lunchly||en|qid=Q130356104}}.<ref>{{Opus | cognomen = Luscombe | nomen = Belinda | titulus = Beast Industries | contextus = Time | tempus = 2025-06-26 | url = https://time.com/collections/time100-companies-2025/7289643/beast-industries/ | tempus inspectionis = 2026-01-15 }}.</ref> ==Notae== <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat}} * {{IMDb|10055663|Iacobo Donaldson}} * [https://www.youtube.com/@MrBeast MrBeast] apud [[YouTube]] {{Anni vitae|1998||MrBeast}} [[Categoria:Cultura interretialis]] [[Categoria:Incolae Carolinae Septentrionalis]] [[Categoria:Incolae Kansiae]] [[Categoria:MrBeast|! ]] ivtjhbs7fn0d6p5x27xppnxwslkk3be 3979687 3979686 2026-08-09T13:29:02Z Grufo 64423 3979687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:VidCon 2022 Anaheim California YouTube Shorts TikTok Mr. Beast.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Machina gumballorum MrBeast.]] {{res|Iacobus Stephanus Donaldson}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen = Raiken | nomen = Amber | titulus = YouTube star MrBeast sues his food-delivery service over 'inedible' and 'poor quality' items | contextus = The Independent | commentatio de contextu = The Independent | tempus = 2023-08-01 | lingua = en | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/mrbeast-youtuber-food-delivery-service-lawsuit-b2385784.html | salus url = vivit | retrospectio = 20240603225003 | tempus inspectionis = 2024-06-03 }}.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen = Duffy | nomen = Clare | titulus = MrBeast tested Elon Musk's theory and took home $250,000 {{!}} CNN Business | tempus = 2024-01-23 | lingua = en | domus editoria = [[CNN]] | url = https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/23/tech/mr-beast-x-video-worth/index.html | salus url = vivit | retrospectio = 20240603225003 | tempus inspectionis = 2024-06-03 }}.</ref><ref name="Guinness World Records-2023">{{Opus | titulus = First person to reach 1 million followers on Threads {{!}} Guinness World Records | tempus = 2023-07-06 | domus editoria = Guinness World Records | url = https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/754864-first-person-to-reach-1-million-followers-on-threads | salus url = vivit | retrospectio = 20230711091759 | tempus inspectionis = 2024-08-10 }}.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen = Power | nomen = Ed | titulus = Beast Games, review: $100 million worth of charmless YouTube nonsense | contextus = The Daily Telegraph | commentatio de contextu = The Daily Telegraph | tempus = 2024-12-20 | lingua = en-GB | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2024/12/20/beast-games-amazon-prime-video-review/ | tempus inspectionis = 2025-03-23 | issn = 0307-1235 }}.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen = Piccotti | nomen = Tyler | cognomen 2 = Caruso | nomen 2 = Catherine | titulus = The New MrsBeast? YouTube Star MrBeast Announces Engagement to Thea Booysen | tempus = 2025-01-02 | lingua = en-US | domus editoria = Biography.com | url = https://www.biography.com/celebrities/a63150212/mrbeast | tempus inspectionis = 2025-03-23 }}.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen = Asarch | nomen = Steven | titulus = Do MrBeast's Lunchly Meals Have a Mold Problem? | contextus = Rolling Stone | tempus = 2024-10-23 | lingua = en-US | url = https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/lunchly-mrbeast-logan-paul-ksi-mold-1235141176/ | tempus inspectionis = 2025-03-23 }}.</ref> (vulgo ''Jimmy''; natus [[Wichita]]e die [[7 Maii]] [[1998]]), {{res|MrBeast}}<ref>Nomen sic stylizatum, sed quasi ''Mister Beast'' enuntiatum.</ref> ('Dominum Bestiam') tantum se appellans, est [[YouTube|YouTubista]], [[personalitas]] [[media|mediorum]], [[negotiator]], [[philanthropia|philanthropista]], et [[histrio]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]]. [[Pellicula]]s in [[YouTube]] anno [[2012]] ponere coepit, ubi hodie est populo gratissimus. Beast Industries condidit, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Conglomeratus|conglomeratum|en|qid=Q778575}} qui varios canales [[interrete|interretiales]] tenet, inter quos {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|MrBeast Burger||en|qid=Q106013567}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Feastables||en|qid=Q115273234}}, et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Lunchly||en|qid=Q130356104}}.<ref>{{Opus | cognomen = Luscombe | nomen = Belinda | titulus = Beast Industries | contextus = Time | tempus = 2025-06-26 | url = https://time.com/collections/time100-companies-2025/7289643/beast-industries/ | tempus inspectionis = 2026-01-15 }}.</ref> ==Notae== <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat}} * {{IMDb|10055663|Iacobo Donaldson}} * [https://www.youtube.com/@MrBeast MrBeast] apud [[YouTube]] {{Anni vitae|1998||MrBeast}} [[Categoria:Cultura interretialis]] [[Categoria:Incolae Carolinae Septentrionalis]] [[Categoria:Incolae Kansiae]] [[Categoria:MrBeast|! ]] ev2qqe4h3ygjauzblsg1wtsi6tjpito 3979688 3979687 2026-08-09T13:30:00Z Grufo 64423 3979688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:VidCon 2022 Anaheim California YouTube Shorts TikTok Mr. Beast.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Machina gumballorum MrBeast.]] {{res|Iacobus Stephanus Donaldson}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen = Raiken | nomen = Amber | titulus = YouTube star MrBeast sues his food-delivery service over ‘inedible’ and ‘poor quality’ items | contextus = The Independent | commentatio de contextu = The Independent | tempus = 2023-08-01 | lingua = en | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/mrbeast-youtuber-food-delivery-service-lawsuit-b2385784.html | salus url = vivit | retrospectio = 20240603225003 | tempus inspectionis = 2024-06-03 }}.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen = Duffy | nomen = Clare | titulus = MrBeast tested Elon Musk's theory and took home $250,000 {{!}} CNN Business | tempus = 2024-01-23 | lingua = en | domus editoria = [[CNN]] | url = https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/23/tech/mr-beast-x-video-worth/index.html | salus url = vivit | retrospectio = 20240603225003 | tempus inspectionis = 2024-06-03 }}.</ref><ref name="Guinness World Records-2023">{{Opus | titulus = First person to reach 1 million followers on Threads {{!}} Guinness World Records | tempus = 2023-07-06 | domus editoria = Guinness World Records | url = https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/754864-first-person-to-reach-1-million-followers-on-threads | salus url = vivit | retrospectio = 20230711091759 | tempus inspectionis = 2024-08-10 }}.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen = Power | nomen = Ed | titulus = Beast Games, review: $100 million worth of charmless YouTube nonsense | contextus = The Daily Telegraph | commentatio de contextu = The Daily Telegraph | tempus = 2024-12-20 | lingua = en-GB | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2024/12/20/beast-games-amazon-prime-video-review/ | tempus inspectionis = 2025-03-23 | issn = 0307-1235 }}.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen = Piccotti | nomen = Tyler | cognomen 2 = Caruso | nomen 2 = Catherine | titulus = The New MrsBeast? YouTube Star MrBeast Announces Engagement to Thea Booysen | tempus = 2025-01-02 | lingua = en-US | domus editoria = Biography.com | url = https://www.biography.com/celebrities/a63150212/mrbeast | tempus inspectionis = 2025-03-23 }}.</ref><ref>{{Opus | cognomen = Asarch | nomen = Steven | titulus = Do MrBeast's Lunchly Meals Have a Mold Problem? | contextus = Rolling Stone | tempus = 2024-10-23 | lingua = en-US | url = https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/lunchly-mrbeast-logan-paul-ksi-mold-1235141176/ | tempus inspectionis = 2025-03-23 }}.</ref> (vulgo ''Jimmy''; natus [[Wichita]]e die [[7 Maii]] [[1998]]), {{res|MrBeast}}<ref>Nomen sic stylizatum, sed quasi ''Mister Beast'' enuntiatum.</ref> (‘Dominum Bestiam’) tantum se appellans, est [[YouTube|YouTubista]], [[personalitas]] [[media|mediorum]], [[negotiator]], [[philanthropia|philanthropista]], et [[histrio]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]]. [[Pellicula]]s in [[YouTube]] anno [[2012]] ponere coepit, ubi hodie est populo gratissimus. Beast Industries condidit, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Conglomeratus|conglomeratum|en|qid=Q778575}} qui varios canales [[interrete|interretiales]] tenet, inter quos {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|MrBeast Burger||en|qid=Q106013567}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Feastables||en|qid=Q115273234}}, et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Lunchly||en|qid=Q130356104}}.<ref>{{Opus | cognomen = Luscombe | nomen = Belinda | titulus = Beast Industries | contextus = Time | tempus = 2025-06-26 | url = https://time.com/collections/time100-companies-2025/7289643/beast-industries/ | tempus inspectionis = 2026-01-15 }}.</ref> ==Notae== <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat}} * {{IMDb|10055663|Iacobo Donaldson}} * [https://www.youtube.com/@MrBeast MrBeast] apud [[YouTube]] {{Anni vitae|1998||MrBeast}} [[Categoria:Cultura interretialis]] [[Categoria:Incolae Carolinae Septentrionalis]] [[Categoria:Incolae Kansiae]] [[Categoria:MrBeast|! ]] mvb888nl311bk5siekilcjdywwiywqq 0 327551 3979652 2026-08-09T12:19:32Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Lamingamalus]] ad [[Lamine Yamal]]: Cur “Lamingamalus”? Nomen est “Lamine Yamal Nasraoui Ebana” 3979652 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Lamine Yamal]] ptytbjlbgtwzpz52qvn1okee7wxpi3r 0 327552 3979656 2026-08-09T12:23:46Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Archipoeta]] ad [[Archipoëta]]: Nomenclatura uniformis 3979656 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Archipoëta]] 86pazc7jwwd39t4zt0pf3ridfvysmip 0 327553 3979660 2026-08-09T12:26:07Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus movit paginam [[Neuropeptidis]] ad [[Neuropeptidum]]: Vide disputationem 3979660 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Neuropeptidum]] mmq8edtvr5it414g9mc46u8m3csc66b 1 327554 3979662 2026-08-09T12:26:07Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus movit paginam [[Disputatio:Neuropeptidis]] ad [[Disputatio:Neuropeptidum]]: Vide disputationem 3979662 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Disputatio:Neuropeptidum]] l25qg9cha5ni8ghwj81oixmue755ls2 0 327555 3979685 2026-08-09T13:15:05Z Grufo 64423 Redirectionem creavi 3979685 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Neuropeptidum]] mmq8edtvr5it414g9mc46u8m3csc66b 0 327556 3979738 2026-08-09T15:35:37Z Pippobuono 54500 creatio a francica documentatione 3979738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Monthureux-sur-Saône, Église Saint-Michel 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Monthureux-sur-Saône: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Michael (archangelus)|Sancto Michaeli]] dicata.]] {{res|Monthureux-sur-Saône}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 857 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. == Incolae notabiles == * [[Christianus Kiener]] (1807–1896) officinam filatoriam magnam hic administravit. Consiliarius Generalis pro praefectura Vosego (pagum Monthureux-sur-Saône repraesentans) ab anno 1871 ad 1886 et Senator pro Vosego ab anno 1882 usque ad mortem suam anno 1896 functus est. * [[Eduardus Bresson]] (1826–1911), legatus pro Vosego et demarchus huius communis. * [[Augustus Honnoré]] (1836-1886), vir politicus, hic natus est. * [[Henricus Poincelot]] (1902–1980), vir politicus et senator tempore Quartae Rei Publicae, magni momenti in Resistentia, hic natus est. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Monthureux-sur-Saône|Monthureux-sur-Saône}} {{Fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] funfbssvyntg5fcs15u0gqwzmecxyz7 1 327557 3979739 2026-08-09T15:36:50Z Pippobuono 54500 attributio 3979739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{attributio|fr|Monthureux-sur-Saône|237162399}} h066t0r2qwkzx60m3c7wg450a6o5xwb 0 327558 3979741 2026-08-09T15:42:42Z Pippobuono 54500 creatio a francica documentatione 3979741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Monthureux-le-Sec, Église Saint-Martin 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Monthureux-le-Sec: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Martinus Turonensis|Sancto Martino]] dicata.]] {{res|Monthureux-sur-Saône}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 175 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. == Incola notabilis == * [[Celestinus Gérard]] (1821-1885), inventor et industrialis Francicus, hic natus est. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Monthureux-le-Sec|Monthureux-le-Sec}} {{Fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] iu69agzixx5gljd9m1cx07nberjgmgj 3979742 3979741 2026-08-09T15:43:46Z Pippobuono 54500 stipula 3979742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Monthureux-le-Sec, Église Saint-Martin 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Monthureux-le-Sec: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Martinus Turonensis|Sancto Martino]] dicata.]] {{res|Monthureux-sur-Saône}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 175 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. == Incola notabilis == * [[Celestinus Gérard]] (1821-1885), inventor et industrialis Francicus, hic natus est. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Monthureux-le-Sec|Monthureux-le-Sec}} {{Fontes geographici}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] 35yums73xo1o7r47055i6ttv4kg75us 1 327559 3979743 2026-08-09T15:44:33Z Pippobuono 54500 attributio 3979743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{attributio|fr|Monthureux-le-Sec|238492312}} 429pgwzru9tv3jtxiy7hqkcyw58u485 0 327560 3979752 2026-08-09T15:49:35Z Pippobuono 54500 creatio e francica documentatione 3979752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Le Mont, Mairie.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Le Mont: [[vici conciliabulum]].]] {{res|Le Mont}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 53 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Le Mont|Le Mont}} {{Fontes geographici}} {{geo-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mont, Le}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] ql6olnh2wuefei9h0i2r7533u29hy8o 1 327561 3979755 2026-08-09T15:53:00Z Pippobuono 54500 attributio 3979755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{attributio|fr|Le Mont|237172442}} c2rwdi3rstr6um2vi4zrk86kgu99w3s 0 327562 3979766 2026-08-09T15:57:11Z Pippobuono 54500 creatio e francica documentatione 3979766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Moncel sur Vair.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Moncel-sur-Vair: [[caminus]] geodesicus.]] {{res|Moncel-sur-Vair}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 171 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Moncel-sur-Vair|Moncel-sur-Vair}} {{Fontes geographici}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] sxb9vkwyydz87fy1yymyfqcajdjap5o 1 327563 3979767 2026-08-09T15:58:10Z Pippobuono 54500 attributio 3979767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{attributio|fr|Moncel-sur-Vair|238224865}} pj4i023qtdexgbu9nzww8nqq7mitk9j 0 327564 3979777 2026-08-09T17:31:17Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Deensen]] ad [[Dedenhusium]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3979777 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Dedenhusium]] imvd3jgg0cb5voauidiwtswqenh9g2o 3979813 3979777 2026-08-09T19:42:00Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Changed redirect target from [[Dedenhusium]] to [[Dedenhusa]] 3979813 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Dedenhusa]] 4hjnutf2525al5abnifacdipowvno3g 0 327565 3979782 2026-08-09T17:59:08Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Dedenhusium]] ad [[Dedenhusa]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3979782 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Dedenhusa]] 4hjnutf2525al5abnifacdipowvno3g 0 327566 3979829 2026-08-09T20:07:23Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Redirigens ad [[Altenkunstadium]] 3979829 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Altenkunstadium]] p7phm6yc595hsb5gdoysyxrf9jao7kr 0 327567 3979848 2026-08-09T20:23:44Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Delligsen]] ad [[Disaldishusa]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3979848 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Disaldishusa]] roxqcmnzvniz65xbofpnpag2oq9bs6p 0 327568 3979878 2026-08-09T20:46:28Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Denkte]] ad [[Dengdia]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3979878 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Dengdia]] hcu7e2awxc3xn6ym7hm6xu6hmsc05zr 0 327569 3979993 2026-08-09T22:56:20Z Bartholomite 116968 nova 3979993 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:ShakeMap for 2001 M6.8 Olympia, WA earthquake.jpg|thumb|Charta de terrae motu Nisqualliae die 28 Februarii.]] {{res|Terrae motus Nisqualliae}} est [[terrae motus]] propre [[Olympia (urbs)|Olympia]]m in [[Vasintonia]] quod accidit hora 10:54:32 tempore locali die [[28 Februarii]] [[2001]]. Magnitudo motus fuit 6.8 in [[scala Richteriana]] et [[hypocentrum]] eius 57 [[chilometrum|chilometros]] sub solum fuit. Latam damna per [[Seattlum|regionem Seattlensem]] effecit. Unus homo ex impetu cordis [[mors|mortuus]] est et aliquot centum vulnerati sunt. == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Seattle - Earthquake damage to Cadillac Hotel 2nd Ave S in Pioneer Square, 2001.jpg|Damnum deversorio ''Cadillac'' Seattli, anno [[1890]] aedificato FEMA - 1433 - Photograph by Kevin Galvin taken on 03-04-2001 in Washington.jpg|Autocinetum onerarium Seattli oppressum Hwy302 after the Nisqually earthquake.jpg|Via terrae motu laesa </gallery> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|2001 Nisqually earthquake|terrae motum Nisqualliae anni 2001}} {{Fontes geographici}} * [https://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/FormatBibprint.pl?evid=1780664 Bibliographia] [[Categoria:Terrae motus]] [[Categoria:Seattlum]] [[Categoria:Vasingtonia]] [[Categoria:2001]] 97jfeietvdxu3rszgfg0lcwm9prwd7p 3980132 3979993 2026-08-10T00:44:56Z Bartholomite 116968 /* Nexus interni */ 3980132 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:ShakeMap for 2001 M6.8 Olympia, WA earthquake.jpg|thumb|Charta de terrae motu Nisqualliae die 28 Februarii.]] {{res|Terrae motus Nisqualliae}} est [[terrae motus]] propre [[Olympia (urbs)|Olympia]]m in [[Vasintonia]] quod accidit hora 10:54:32 tempore locali die [[28 Februarii]] [[2001]]. Magnitudo motus fuit 6.8 in [[scala Richteriana]] et [[hypocentrum]] eius 57 [[chilometrum|chilometros]] sub solum fuit. Latam damna per [[Seattlum|regionem Seattlensem]] effecit. Unus homo ex impetu cordis [[mors|mortuus]] est et aliquot centum vulnerati sunt. == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Seattle - Earthquake damage to Cadillac Hotel 2nd Ave S in Pioneer Square, 2001.jpg|Damnum deversorio ''Cadillac'' Seattli, anno [[1890]] aedificato FEMA - 1433 - Photograph by Kevin Galvin taken on 03-04-2001 in Washington.jpg|Autocinetum onerarium Seattli oppressum Hwy302 after the Nisqually earthquake.jpg|Via terrae motu laesa </gallery> == Nexus interni == * [[Terrae motus Cascadiae anni 1700]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|2001 Nisqually earthquake|terrae motum Nisqualliae anni 2001}} {{Fontes geographici}} * [https://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/FormatBibprint.pl?evid=1780664 Bibliographia] [[Categoria:Terrae motus]] [[Categoria:Seattlum]] [[Categoria:Vasingtonia]] [[Categoria:2001]] g6stq0bja6ltp91rsg8gk5bfmkammw8 0 327570 3980035 2026-08-09T23:32:43Z Bartholomite 116968 nova 3980035 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:9.0 Cascadia scenario (median).pdf|thumb|300px|Tabula scenariorum]] {{res|Terrae motus Cascadiae}} in [[zona subductionis Cascadiae]] prope litus [[Oregonia]]e et [[Vasintonia]]e prope [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]]m die [[26 Ianuarii]] [[1700]] accidit. Magnitudo motus fuit 9.0 in [[scala Richteriana]]. Tempus notum est ex actis [[megacyma]]e in [[Iwateensis|praefectura Iwateensi]] in [[Iaponia]]. == Bibliographia == * {{cite journal | last=Melgar | first=Diego | title=Was the January 26th, 1700 Cascadia Earthquake Part of a Rupture Sequence? | journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth | volume=126 | issue=10 | year=2021 | article-number=e2021JB021822 | issn=2169-9313 | doi=10.1029/2021jb021822| doi-access=free | bibcode=2021JGRB..12621822M }} * {{cite journal |author1=Kenji Satake |author2=Kunihiko Shimazaki |author3=Yoshinobu Tsuji |author4=Kazue Ueda |date=18 January 1996 |title=Time and size of a giant earthquake in Cascadia inferred from Japanese tsunami records of January 1700 |journal=Nature |volume=379 |issue=6562 |pages=246–249 |bibcode=1996Natur.379..246S |doi=10.1038/379246a0 |s2cid=8305522}} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|1700 Cascadia earthquake|terrae motum Cascadia anni 1700}} {{Fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Terrae motus]] [[Categoria:Oregonia]] [[Categoria:Vasingtonia]] [[Categoria:1700]] 6xiqsl7la9rfcfqob9v8qvax118uokg 3980045 3980035 2026-08-09T23:38:00Z Bartholomite 116968 categoriae 3980045 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:9.0 Cascadia scenario (median).pdf|thumb|300px|Tabula scenariorum]] {{res|Terrae motus Cascadiae}} in [[zona subductionis Cascadiae]] prope litus [[Oregonia]]e et [[Vasintonia]]e prope [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]]m die [[26 Ianuarii]] [[1700]] accidit. Magnitudo motus fuit 9.0 in [[scala Richteriana]]. Tempus notum est ex actis [[megacyma]]e in [[Iwateensis|praefectura Iwateensi]] in [[Iaponia]]. == Bibliographia == * {{cite journal | last=Melgar | first=Diego | title=Was the January 26th, 1700 Cascadia Earthquake Part of a Rupture Sequence? | journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth | volume=126 | issue=10 | year=2021 | article-number=e2021JB021822 | issn=2169-9313 | doi=10.1029/2021jb021822| doi-access=free | bibcode=2021JGRB..12621822M }} * {{cite journal |author1=Kenji Satake |author2=Kunihiko Shimazaki |author3=Yoshinobu Tsuji |author4=Kazue Ueda |date=18 January 1996 |title=Time and size of a giant earthquake in Cascadia inferred from Japanese tsunami records of January 1700 |journal=Nature |volume=379 |issue=6562 |pages=246–249 |bibcode=1996Natur.379..246S |doi=10.1038/379246a0 |s2cid=8305522}} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|1700 Cascadia earthquake|terrae motum Cascadia anni 1700}} {{Fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Terrae motus]] [[Categoria:Historia geographica Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Historia Iaponiae]] [[Categoria:Oregonia]] [[Categoria:Vasingtonia]] [[Categoria:1700]] eehgyzonnn0jxj4uvha0jq0nhbpvrmd 0 327571 3980044 2026-08-09T23:37:38Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Detern]] ad [[Teuderium]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3980044 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Teuderium]] p79004waorqosywh7fq1cyh824kz6dj 10 327572 3980081 2026-08-10T00:06:22Z Grufo 64423 Prima adumbratio 3980081 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}} | <templatestyles src="Formula:Annotatio intra versum accommodata/styles.css" /><span tabindex="0" class="verba-annotata">{{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{{2}}}|&#128221;}}<span class="folium-e-versu-emergens"><span class="annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata{{#if:{{{titulus|}}}|" data-titulus="{{{titulus}}}"|"}}>{{{1}}}</span></span></span> | {{{2|}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> pww7rc715elcnp103fa1pydec6y6doo 3980137 3980081 2026-08-10T00:51:04Z Grufo 64423 +‘|fixio=colorata’ 3980137 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}} | <templatestyles src="Formula:Annotatio intra versum accommodata/styles.css" /><span tabindex="0" class="{{#ifeq:{{{fixio|}}}|colorata|verba-annotata colorata-fixione|verba-annotata}}">{{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{{2}}}|&#128221;}}<span class="folium-e-versu-emergens"><span class="annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata{{#if:{{{titulus|}}}|" data-titulus="{{{titulus}}}"|"}}>{{{1}}}</span></span></span> | {{{2|}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> m9exxdrupme5gq30n6296urn9600k1a 3980177 3980137 2026-08-10T02:33:26Z Grufo 64423 +screen reader text 3980177 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}} | <templatestyles src="Formula:Annotatio intra versum accommodata/styles.css" /><span tabindex="0" class="{{#ifeq:{{{fixio|}}}|colorata|verba-annotata colorata-fixione|verba-annotata}}">{{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{{2}}}|&#128221;}}<span class="screen-reader-text"> (ANNOTATIO:</span><span class="folium-e-versu-emergens"><span class="annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata{{#if:{{{titulus|}}}|" data-titulus="{{{titulus}}}"|"}}>{{{1}}}</span></span><span class="screen-reader-text">)</span></span> | {{{2|}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> r0ixzpy6hmd6c2fxlldqb6rcbn837nd 3980179 3980177 2026-08-10T02:42:13Z Grufo 64423 3980179 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}} | <templatestyles src="Formula:Annotatio intra versum accommodata/styles.css" /><span tabindex="0" class="{{#ifeq:{{{fixio|}}}|colorata|verba-annotata colorata-fixione|verba-annotata}}">{{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{{2}}}|&#128221;}}<span class="screen-reader-text"> ANNOTATIO: </span><span class="folium-e-versu-emergens"><span class="annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata{{#if:{{{titulus|}}}|" data-titulus="{{{titulus}}}"|"}}>{{{1}}}</span></span></span> | {{{2|}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> 1fpg0bzrc9c0r1uo8r0vef6ozr3be8r 10 327573 3980084 2026-08-10T00:07:29Z Grufo 64423 Prima adumbratio, folium CSS “[[Formula:Scholium/styles.css]]” secundum [[Special:PermanentLink/3854860|recensionem no. 3854860]] imitans et augens 3980084 sanitized-css text/css span.verba-annotata { cursor: help; transition: .395s 0s ease background-color; } span.verba-annotata:focus { background-color: rgba(0, 127, 255, .13333); cursor: revert; transition: 1s 0s ease background-color; } span.verba-annotata span.folium-e-versu-emergens { position: relative; top: 0; left: 0; width: 0; height: 0; overflow: visible; text-align: left; font-size: .85rem; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-variant: normal; } span.verba-annotata span.annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata { position: absolute; left: .5em; top: 0; width: 0; max-height: 18em; overflow: auto; border-radius: .75em; background-color: rgba(245, 245, 229, .95); box-shadow: 5px 5px 5px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, .5); padding: 0; color: #000000; display: block; visibility: hidden; opacity: 0; box-sizing: content-box; transition: .41s 0s ease opacity, 0s .41s linear visibility, 0s .41s linear width, 0s .41s linear padding, 0s .41s linear z-index; z-index: 1000; cursor: initial; } span.verba-annotata:hover span.annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata { z-index: 1001; } span.verba-annotata:hover span.annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata, span.verba-annotata:focus span.annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata { visibility: visible; opacity: 1; transition: .303s 0s ease opacity; width: 12.5em; padding: 1.4em .8em .7em .8em; } span.verba-annotata span.annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata::before { content: "\1f4cc"; position: absolute; left: .5em; top: 0.214em; display: block; visibility: hidden; font-size: .675em; opacity: 0; transition: 1s .41s ease opacity, 0s 1.41s linear visibility; } span.verba-annotata:focus span.annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata::before { visibility: visible; opacity: 1; transition: 1s 0s ease opacity; } span.verba-annotata span.annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata::after { content: "annotatio"; display: block; position: absolute; left: 0; top: .25em; text-align: center; width: 100%; font-size: .675em; font-family: monospace; color: #888; } span.verba-annotata span.annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata[data-titulus]::after { content: attr(data-titulus); } ksoulevk9j9xu6rk7dhtacpebq6027u 3980138 3980084 2026-08-10T00:52:42Z Grufo 64423 +‘|fixio=colorata’ 3980138 sanitized-css text/css span.verba-annotata { cursor: help; } span.verba-annotata:focus { cursor: revert; } span.verba-annotata.colorata-fixione { transition: .395s 0s ease background-color; } span.verba-annotata.colorata-fixione:focus { background-color: rgba(0, 127, 255, .13333); transition: 1s 0s ease background-color; } span.verba-annotata span.folium-e-versu-emergens { position: relative; top: 0; left: 0; width: 0; height: 0; overflow: visible; text-align: left; font-size: .85rem; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-variant: normal; } span.verba-annotata span.annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata { position: absolute; left: .5em; top: 0; width: 0; max-height: 18em; overflow: auto; border-radius: .75em; background-color: rgba(245, 245, 229, .95); box-shadow: 5px 5px 5px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, .5); padding: 0; color: #000000; display: block; visibility: hidden; opacity: 0; box-sizing: content-box; transition: .41s 0s ease opacity, 0s .41s linear visibility, 0s .41s linear width, 0s .41s linear padding, 0s .41s linear z-index; z-index: 1000; cursor: initial; } span.verba-annotata:hover span.annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata { z-index: 1001; } span.verba-annotata:hover span.annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata, span.verba-annotata:focus span.annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata { visibility: visible; opacity: 1; transition: .303s 0s ease opacity; width: 12.5em; padding: 1.4em .8em .7em .8em; } span.verba-annotata span.annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata::before { content: "\1f4cc"; position: absolute; left: .5em; top: 0.214em; display: block; visibility: hidden; font-size: .675em; opacity: 0; transition: 1s .41s ease opacity, 0s 1.41s linear visibility; } span.verba-annotata:focus span.annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata::before { visibility: visible; opacity: 1; transition: 1s 0s ease opacity; } span.verba-annotata span.annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata::after { content: "annotatio"; display: block; position: absolute; left: 0; top: .25em; text-align: center; width: 100%; font-size: .675em; font-family: monospace; color: #888; } span.verba-annotata span.annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata[data-titulus]::after { content: attr(data-titulus); } syuves9y0qgtyzailmpdfyv4l1memo7 3980178 3980138 2026-08-10T02:34:55Z Grufo 64423 +screen reader text 3980178 sanitized-css text/css span.verba-annotata { cursor: help; } span.verba-annotata:focus { cursor: revert; } span.verba-annotata.colorata-fixione { transition: .395s 0s ease background-color; } span.verba-annotata.colorata-fixione:focus { background-color: rgba(0, 127, 255, .13333); transition: 1s 0s ease background-color; } span.verba-annotata span.folium-e-versu-emergens { position: relative; top: 0; left: 0; width: 0; height: 0; overflow: visible; text-align: left; font-size: .85rem; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-variant: normal; } span.verba-annotata span.annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata { position: absolute; left: .5em; top: 0; width: 0; max-height: 18em; overflow: auto; border-radius: .75em; background-color: rgba(245, 245, 229, .95); box-shadow: 5px 5px 5px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, .5); padding: 0; color: #000000; display: block; visibility: hidden; opacity: 0; box-sizing: content-box; transition: .41s 0s ease opacity, 0s .41s linear visibility, 0s .41s linear width, 0s .41s linear padding, 0s .41s linear z-index; z-index: 1000; cursor: initial; } span.verba-annotata:hover span.annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata { z-index: 1001; } span.verba-annotata:hover span.annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata, span.verba-annotata:focus span.annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata { visibility: visible; opacity: 1; transition: .303s 0s ease opacity; width: 12.5em; padding: 1.4em .8em .7em .8em; } span.verba-annotata span.annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata::before { content: "\1f4cc"; position: absolute; left: .5em; top: 0.214em; display: block; visibility: hidden; font-size: .675em; opacity: 0; transition: 1s .41s ease opacity, 0s 1.41s linear visibility; } span.verba-annotata:focus span.annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata::before { visibility: visible; opacity: 1; transition: 1s 0s ease opacity; } span.verba-annotata span.annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata::after { content: "annotatio"; display: block; position: absolute; left: 0; top: .25em; text-align: center; width: 100%; font-size: .675em; font-family: monospace; color: #888; } span.verba-annotata span.annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata[data-titulus]::after { content: attr(data-titulus); } span.verba-annotata .screen-reader-text { displaY: none; } mrfdizxl0qiakm3azv263ybhwd8i6ic 3980190 3980178 2026-08-10T04:37:17Z Grufo 64423 De temporibus 3980190 sanitized-css text/css span.verba-annotata { cursor: help; } span.verba-annotata:focus { cursor: revert; } span.verba-annotata.colorata-fixione { transition: .395s 0s ease background-color; } span.verba-annotata.colorata-fixione:focus { background-color: rgba(0, 127, 255, .13333); transition: 1s 0s ease background-color; } span.verba-annotata span.folium-e-versu-emergens { position: relative; top: 0; left: 0; width: 0; height: 0; overflow: visible; text-align: left; font-size: .85rem; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-variant: normal; } span.verba-annotata span.annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata { position: absolute; left: .5em; top: 0; width: 0; max-height: 18em; overflow: auto; border-radius: .75em; background-color: rgba(245, 245, 229, .95); box-shadow: 5px 5px 5px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, .5); padding: 0; color: #000000; display: block; visibility: hidden; opacity: 0; box-sizing: content-box; transition: .41s 0s ease opacity, 0s .41s linear visibility, 0s .41s linear width, 0s .41s linear padding, 0s .41s linear z-index; z-index: 1000; cursor: initial; } span.verba-annotata:hover span.annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata { z-index: 1001; } span.verba-annotata:hover span.annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata, span.verba-annotata:focus span.annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata { visibility: visible; opacity: 1; transition: .303s 0s ease opacity; width: 12.5em; padding: 1.4em .8em .7em .8em; } span.verba-annotata span.annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata::before { content: "\1f4cc"; position: absolute; left: .5em; top: 0.214em; display: block; visibility: hidden; font-size: .675em; opacity: 0; transition: 1s .41s ease opacity, 0s 1.41s linear visibility; } span.verba-annotata:focus span.annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata::before { visibility: visible; opacity: 1; transition: 1s .46s ease opacity; } span.verba-annotata span.annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata::after { content: "annotatio"; display: block; position: absolute; left: 0; top: .25em; text-align: center; width: 100%; font-size: .675em; font-family: monospace; color: #888; } span.verba-annotata span.annotatio-intra-versum-accommodata[data-titulus]::after { content: attr(data-titulus); } span.verba-annotata .screen-reader-text { displaY: none; } phio2g04uqy52g4bbz78z6eavi29xa7 10 327574 3980091 2026-08-10T00:12:55Z Grufo 64423 Prima adumbratio 3980091 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:<noinclude />Si in substitutione | 1 = {{Assenserunt{{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:params| renaming_by_magic|ucfirst| providing|{{safesubst:<noinclude />REVISIONUSER}}|{{safesubst:<noinclude />REVISIONTIMESTAMP}}| entering_substack| mapping_by_magic|#time|values_only_as|2|let|1|Y-m-d H:i:s| entering_substack| mapping_by_magic|#iferror|2|!|| with_value_matching|!| detaching_substack| dropping_substack| detaching_substack| mixing_names_and_values|$@$#|$#{{safesubst:<noinclude />=}}$@| leaving_substack| mixing_names_and_values|z$#|$#{{safesubst:<noinclude />=}}<<noinclude />!-- Tempus male scriptum --<noinclude />>$@| flushing| setting|hi|{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}| all_sorted| list_values }}}} | 2 = <templatestyles src="Template:Assenserunt/styles.css" />{{#invoke:params| renaming_by_magic|ucfirst| mapping_by_magic|#time|values_only_as|2|let|1|YmdHis| entering_substack| entering_substack| mapping_by_magic|#iferror|2||!| with_value_matching|!| detaching_substack| scoring|2|in_substack| entering_substack| mapping_by_mixing|<span class{{=}}"assenserunt"><span class{{=}}"imago-assensionis">👍</span><span class{{=}}"quot-assenserint">$@</span></span>| leaving_substack| dropping_substack| detaching_substack| scoring|h|in_substack| entering_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| reassigning|h|f|rename| mapping_by_magic|PLURAL|2|it|erunt| mapping_by_mixing| tempus male scrips$@.</span>| leaving_substack| mapping_by_magic|PLURAL|2|Usor|Usores| mapping_by_mixing|<span class{{=}}"error">Error: $@ | flushing| leaving_substack| mapping_by_mixing|$#| combining_values|ERROR|naturally|with_flushed_glue|i/l/s|, | et |, et| leaving_substack| renaming_by_mixing|<<noinclude />!-- $@ --<noinclude />>[[Usor:$#|$#]]| mapping_by_magic|#time|values_only_as|2|let|1|H:i:s \d\i\e\i [[j xg]] [[Y]]| mapping_by_mixing|<span>$# horā $@</span>| flushing| combining_values|1|naturally|h/f|<span class{{=}}"quis-assenserit">|</span>| flushing| concat_and_call|Annotatio intra versum accommodata | titulus = assenserunt }} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> rw8yc2n1sc3o3odk2g5djcoisr14ef4 3980149 3980091 2026-08-10T01:13:50Z Grufo 64423 De prima additione 3980149 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:<noinclude />Si in substitutione | 1 = {{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:params| renaming_by_magic|ucfirst| scoring|h|in_substack| entering_substack| mapping_by_magic|#ifeq|3|0|<<noinclude />!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:assenserunt” in locum verbi “assenserunt” hic: --<noinclude />><noinclude />{<noinclude />{<noinclude />assenserunt{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}|<noinclude />{<noinclude />{<noinclude />assenserunt{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}| leaving_substack| setting_by_flushing| providing|{{safesubst:<noinclude />REVISIONUSER}}|{{safesubst:<noinclude />REVISIONTIMESTAMP}}| entering_substack| mapping_by_magic|#time|values_only_as|2|let|1|Y-m-d H:i:s| entering_substack| mapping_by_magic|#iferror|2|!|| with_value_matching|!| detaching_substack| dropping_substack| detaching_substack| mixing_names_and_values|$@$#|$#{{safesubst:<noinclude />=}}$@| leaving_substack| mixing_names_and_values|z$#|$#{{safesubst:<noinclude />=}}<<noinclude />!-- Tempus male scriptum --<noinclude />>$@| flushing| setting|i/f|{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}|<noinclude />}<noinclude />}<noinclude />| all_sorted| list_values }} | 2 = <templatestyles src="Template:Assenserunt/styles.css" />{{#invoke:params| renaming_by_magic|ucfirst| mapping_by_magic|#time|values_only_as|2|let|1|YmdHis| entering_substack| entering_substack| mapping_by_magic|#iferror|2||!| with_value_matching|!| detaching_substack| scoring|2|in_substack| entering_substack| mapping_by_mixing|<span class{{=}}"assenserunt"><span class{{=}}"imago-assensionis">👍</span><span class{{=}}"quot-assenserint">$@</span></span>| leaving_substack| dropping_substack| detaching_substack| scoring|h|in_substack| entering_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| reassigning|h|f|rename| mapping_by_magic|PLURAL|2|it|erunt| mapping_by_mixing| tempus male scrips$@.</span>| leaving_substack| mapping_by_magic|PLURAL|2|Usor|Usores| mapping_by_mixing|<span class{{=}}"error">Error: $@ | flushing| leaving_substack| mapping_by_mixing|$#| combining_values|ERROR|naturally|with_flushed_glue|i/l/s|, | et |, et| leaving_substack| renaming_by_mixing|<<noinclude />!-- $@ --<noinclude />>[[Usor:$#|$#]]| mapping_by_magic|#time|values_only_as|2|let|1|H:i:s \d\i\e\i [[j xg]] [[Y]]| mapping_by_mixing|<span>$# horā $@</span>| flushing| combining_values|1|naturally|h/f|<span class{{=}}"quis-assenserit">|</span>| flushing| concat_and_call|Annotatio intra versum accommodata | titulus = assenserunt }} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> c3qghzyzl7tpccrz6t5dhfdk4lv74w6 3980166 3980149 2026-08-10T01:54:53Z Grufo 64423 +[[:Categoria:Error usu formularum]] 3980166 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:<noinclude />Si in substitutione | 1 = {{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:params| renaming_by_magic|ucfirst| scoring|h|in_substack| entering_substack| mapping_by_magic|#ifeq|3|0|<<noinclude />!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: --<noinclude />><noinclude />{<noinclude />{<noinclude />Assenserunt{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}|<noinclude />{<noinclude />{<noinclude />Assenserunt{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}| leaving_substack| setting_by_flushing| providing|{{safesubst:<noinclude />REVISIONUSER}}|{{safesubst:<noinclude />REVISIONTIMESTAMP}}| entering_substack| mapping_by_magic|#time|values_only_as|2|let|1|Y-m-d H:i:s| entering_substack| mapping_by_magic|#iferror|2|!|| with_value_matching|!| detaching_substack| dropping_substack| detaching_substack| mixing_names_and_values|$@$#|$#{{safesubst:<noinclude />=}}$@| leaving_substack| mixing_names_and_values|z$#|$#{{safesubst:<noinclude />=}}<<noinclude />!-- Tempus male scriptum --<noinclude />>$@| flushing| setting|i/f|{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}|<noinclude />}<noinclude />}<noinclude />| all_sorted| list_values }} | 2 = <templatestyles src="Template:Assenserunt/styles.css" />{{#invoke:params| renaming_by_magic|ucfirst| mapping_by_magic|#time|values_only_as|2|let|1|YmdHis| entering_substack| entering_substack| mapping_by_magic|#iferror|2||!| with_value_matching|!| detaching_substack| scoring|2|in_substack| entering_substack| mapping_by_mixing|<span class{{=}}"assenserunt"><span class{{=}}"imago-assensionis">👍</span><span class{{=}}"quot-assenserint">$@</span></span>| leaving_substack| dropping_substack| detaching_substack| scoring|h|in_substack| entering_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| reassigning|h|f|rename| mapping_by_magic|PLURAL|2|it|erunt| mapping_by_mixing| tempus male scrips$@.</span>[[Categoria:Error usu formularum]]| leaving_substack| mapping_by_magic|PLURAL|2|Usor|Usores| mapping_by_mixing|<span class{{=}}"error">Error: $@ | flushing| leaving_substack| mapping_by_mixing|$#| combining_values|ERROR|naturally|with_flushed_glue|i/l/s|, | et |, et| leaving_substack| renaming_by_mixing|<<noinclude />!-- $@ --<noinclude />>[[Usor:$#|$#]]| mapping_by_magic|#time|values_only_as|2|let|1|H:i:s \d\i\e\i [[j xg]] [[Y]]| mapping_by_mixing|<span>$# horā $@</span>| flushing| combining_values|1|naturally|h/f|<span class{{=}}"quis-assenserit">|</span>| flushing| concat_and_call|Annotatio intra versum accommodata | titulus = assenserunt }} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> 998zh1n6djqkwx5gcr2id7iyk850mwr 3980168 3980166 2026-08-10T01:57:34Z Grufo 64423 De forma diei 3980168 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:<noinclude />Si in substitutione | 1 = {{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:params| renaming_by_magic|ucfirst| scoring|h|in_substack| entering_substack| mapping_by_magic|#ifeq|3|0|<<noinclude />!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: --<noinclude />><noinclude />{<noinclude />{<noinclude />Assenserunt{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}|<noinclude />{<noinclude />{<noinclude />Assenserunt{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}| leaving_substack| setting_by_flushing| providing|{{safesubst:<noinclude />REVISIONUSER}}|{{safesubst:<noinclude />REVISIONTIMESTAMP}}| entering_substack| mapping_by_magic|#time|values_only_as|2|let|1|Y-m-d H:i:s| entering_substack| mapping_by_magic|#iferror|2|!|| with_value_matching|!| detaching_substack| dropping_substack| detaching_substack| mixing_names_and_values|$@$#|$#{{safesubst:<noinclude />=}}$@| leaving_substack| mixing_names_and_values|z$#|$#{{safesubst:<noinclude />=}}<<noinclude />!-- Tempus male scriptum --<noinclude />>$@| flushing| setting|i/f|{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}|<noinclude />}<noinclude />}<noinclude />| all_sorted| list_values }} | 2 = <templatestyles src="Template:Assenserunt/styles.css" />{{#invoke:params| renaming_by_magic|ucfirst| mapping_by_magic|#time|values_only_as|2|let|1|YmdHis| entering_substack| entering_substack| mapping_by_magic|#iferror|2||!| with_value_matching|!| detaching_substack| scoring|2|in_substack| entering_substack| mapping_by_mixing|<span class{{=}}"assenserunt"><span class{{=}}"imago-assensionis">👍</span><span class{{=}}"quot-assenserint">$@</span></span>| leaving_substack| dropping_substack| detaching_substack| scoring|h|in_substack| entering_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| reassigning|h|f|rename| mapping_by_magic|PLURAL|2|it|erunt| mapping_by_mixing| tempus male scrips$@.</span>[[Categoria:Error usu formularum]]| leaving_substack| mapping_by_magic|PLURAL|2|Usor|Usores| mapping_by_mixing|<span class{{=}}"error">Error: $@ | flushing| leaving_substack| mapping_by_mixing|$#| combining_values|ERROR|naturally|with_flushed_glue|i/l/s|, | et |, et| leaving_substack| renaming_by_mixing|<<noinclude />!-- $@ --<noinclude />>[[Usor:$#|$#]]| mapping_by_magic|#time|values_only_as|2|let|1|H:i:s \d\i\e\i j xg Y| mapping_by_mixing|<span>$# horā $@</span>| flushing| combining_values|1|naturally|h/f|<span class{{=}}"quis-assenserit">|</span>| flushing| concat_and_call|Annotatio intra versum accommodata | titulus = assenserunt }} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> 9bjcidkjf1309csemsoch4sn6ig0jzb 3980170 3980168 2026-08-10T02:03:39Z Grufo 64423 3980170 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:<noinclude />Si in substitutione | 1 = {{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:params| renaming_by_magic|ucfirst| scoring|h|in_substack| entering_substack| mapping_by_magic|#ifeq|3|0|<<noinclude />!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: --<noinclude />><noinclude />{<noinclude />{<noinclude />Assenserunt{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}|<noinclude />{<noinclude />{<noinclude />Assenserunt{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}| leaving_substack| setting_by_flushing| providing|{{safesubst:<noinclude />REVISIONUSER}}|{{safesubst:<noinclude />REVISIONTIMESTAMP}}| entering_substack| mapping_by_magic|#time|values_only_as|2|let|1|Y-m-d H:i:s| entering_substack| mapping_by_magic|#iferror|2|!|| with_value_matching|!| detaching_substack| dropping_substack| detaching_substack| mixing_names_and_values|$@$#|$#{{safesubst:<noinclude />=}}$@| leaving_substack| mixing_names_and_values|z$#|$#{{safesubst:<noinclude />=}}<<noinclude />!-- Tempus male scriptum --<noinclude />>$@| flushing| setting|i/f|{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}|<noinclude />}<noinclude />}<noinclude />| all_sorted| list_values }} | 2 = <templatestyles src="Template:Assenserunt/styles.css" />{{#invoke:params| renaming_by_magic|ucfirst| mapping_by_magic|#time|values_only_as|2|let|1|YmdHis| entering_substack| entering_substack| mapping_by_magic|#iferror|2||!| with_value_matching|!| detaching_substack| scoring|2|in_substack| entering_substack| mapping_by_mixing|<span class{{=}}"assenserunt"><span class{{=}}"imago-assensionis">👍</span><span class{{=}}"quot-assenserint">$@</span></span>| leaving_substack| dropping_substack| detaching_substack| scoring|h|in_substack| entering_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| reassigning|h|f|rename| mapping_by_magic|PLURAL|2|it|erunt| mapping_by_mixing| tempus male scrips$@.</span>[[Categoria:Error usu formularum]]| leaving_substack| mapping_by_magic|PLURAL|2|Usor|Usores| mapping_by_mixing|<span class{{=}}"error">Error: $@ | flushing| leaving_substack| mapping_by_mixing|'''$#'''| combining_values|ERROR|naturally|with_flushed_glue|i/l/s|, | et |, et| leaving_substack| renaming_by_mixing|<<noinclude />!-- $@ --<noinclude />>[[Usor:$#|$#]]| mapping_by_magic|#time|values_only_as|2|let|1|H:i:s \d\i\e\i j xg Y| mapping_by_mixing|<span>$# horā $@</span>| flushing| combining_values|1|naturally|h/f|<span class{{=}}"quis-assenserit">|</span>| flushing| concat_and_call|Annotatio intra versum accommodata | titulus = assenserunt }} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> t0g4umpso68iijqme6q0dpfi3codvd5 3980171 3980170 2026-08-10T02:04:44Z Grufo 64423 3980171 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:<noinclude />Si in substitutione | 1 = {{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:params| renaming_by_magic|ucfirst| scoring|h|in_substack| entering_substack| mapping_by_magic|#ifeq|3|0|<<noinclude />!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: --<noinclude />><noinclude />{<noinclude />{<noinclude />Assenserunt{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}|<noinclude />{<noinclude />{<noinclude />Assenserunt{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}| leaving_substack| setting_by_flushing| providing|{{safesubst:<noinclude />REVISIONUSER}}|{{safesubst:<noinclude />REVISIONTIMESTAMP}}| entering_substack| mapping_by_magic|#time|values_only_as|2|let|1|Y-m-d H:i:s| entering_substack| mapping_by_magic|#iferror|2|!|| with_value_matching|!| detaching_substack| dropping_substack| detaching_substack| mixing_names_and_values|$@$#|$#{{safesubst:<noinclude />=}}$@| leaving_substack| mixing_names_and_values|z$#|$#{{safesubst:<noinclude />=}}<<noinclude />!-- Tempus male scriptum --<noinclude />>$@| flushing| setting|i/f|{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}|<noinclude />}<noinclude />}<noinclude />| all_sorted| list_values }} | 2 = <templatestyles src="Template:Assenserunt/styles.css" />{{#invoke:params| renaming_by_magic|ucfirst| mapping_by_magic|#time|values_only_as|2|let|1|YmdHis| entering_substack| entering_substack| mapping_by_magic|#iferror|2||!| with_value_matching|!| detaching_substack| scoring|2|in_substack| entering_substack| mapping_by_mixing|<span class{{=}}"assenserunt"><span class{{=}}"imago-assensionis">👍</span><span class{{=}}"quot-assenserint">$@</span></span>| leaving_substack| dropping_substack| detaching_substack| scoring|h|in_substack| entering_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| reassigning|h|f|rename| mapping_by_magic|PLURAL|2|it|erunt| mapping_by_mixing| tempus male scrips$@.</span>[[Categoria:Error usu formularum]]| leaving_substack| mapping_by_magic|PLURAL|2|Usor|Usores| mapping_by_mixing|<span class{{=}}"error">Error: $@ | flushing| leaving_substack| mapping_by_mixing|[[Usor:$#|$#]]| combining_values|ERROR|naturally|with_flushed_glue|i/l/s|, | et |, et| leaving_substack| renaming_by_mixing|<<noinclude />!-- $@ --<noinclude />>[[Usor:$#|$#]]| mapping_by_magic|#time|values_only_as|2|let|1|H:i:s \d\i\e\i j xg Y| mapping_by_mixing|<span>$# horā $@</span>| flushing| combining_values|1|naturally|h/f|<span class{{=}}"quis-assenserit">|</span>| flushing| concat_and_call|Annotatio intra versum accommodata | titulus = assenserunt }} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> j002412zorv645wsgx69rivng722842 3980180 3980171 2026-08-10T02:44:22Z Grufo 64423 +screen reader text 3980180 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:<noinclude />Si in substitutione | 1 = {{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:params| renaming_by_magic|ucfirst| scoring|h|in_substack| entering_substack| mapping_by_magic|#ifeq|3|0|<<noinclude />!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: --<noinclude />><noinclude />{<noinclude />{<noinclude />Assenserunt{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}|<noinclude />{<noinclude />{<noinclude />Assenserunt{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}| leaving_substack| setting_by_flushing| providing|{{safesubst:<noinclude />REVISIONUSER}}|{{safesubst:<noinclude />REVISIONTIMESTAMP}}| entering_substack| mapping_by_magic|#time|values_only_as|2|let|1|Y-m-d H:i:s| entering_substack| mapping_by_magic|#iferror|2|!|| with_value_matching|!| detaching_substack| dropping_substack| detaching_substack| mixing_names_and_values|$@$#|$#{{safesubst:<noinclude />=}}$@| leaving_substack| mixing_names_and_values|z$#|$#{{safesubst:<noinclude />=}}<<noinclude />!-- Tempus male scriptum --<noinclude />>$@| flushing| setting|i/f|{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}|<noinclude />}<noinclude />}<noinclude />| all_sorted| list_values }} | 2 = <templatestyles src="Template:Assenserunt/styles.css" />{{#invoke:params| renaming_by_magic|ucfirst| mapping_by_magic|#time|values_only_as|2|let|1|YmdHis| entering_substack| entering_substack| mapping_by_magic|#iferror|2||!| with_value_matching|!| detaching_substack| scoring|2|in_substack| entering_substack| mapping_by_mixing|<span class{{=}}"assenserunt"><span class{{=}}"imago-assensionis">👍</span><span class{{=}}"quot-assenserint">$@</span></span>| leaving_substack| dropping_substack| detaching_substack| scoring|h|in_substack| entering_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| reassigning|h|f|rename| mapping_by_magic|PLURAL|2|it|erunt| mapping_by_mixing| tempus male scrips$@.</span>[[Categoria:Error usu formularum]]| leaving_substack| mapping_by_magic|PLURAL|2|Usor|Usores| mapping_by_mixing|<span class{{=}}"error">Error: $@ | flushing| leaving_substack| mapping_by_mixing|[[Usor:$#|$#]]| combining_values|ERROR|naturally|with_flushed_glue|i/l/s|, | et |, et| leaving_substack| renaming_by_mixing|<<noinclude />!-- $@ --<noinclude />>[[Usor:$#|$#]]| mapping_by_magic|#time|values_only_as|2|let|1|H:i:s \d\i\e\i j xg Y| mapping_by_mixing|<span>$# horā $@</span>| flushing| combining_values|1|naturally|h/i/f|<span class{{=}}"quis-assenserit">|<span class{{=}}"screen-reader-text">, </span>|</span>| flushing| concat_and_call|Annotatio intra versum accommodata | titulus = assenserunt }} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> 136lal2f1jfxc029k50yakk79lc0yd8 0 327575 3980103 2026-08-10T00:18:19Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Jümme (commune generale)]] ad [[Iummium (commune generale)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3980103 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Iummium (commune generale)]] f6bwzrqo0wwheidx3gwfs3ddybzcmsd 10 327576 3980121 2026-08-10T00:33:42Z Grufo 64423 Prima adumbratio 3980121 sanitized-css text/css span.verba-annotata span.assenserunt { background-color: #ebf3fd; padding: .2em .4em; border-radius: 30%; transition: .395s 0s ease background-color; } span.verba-annotata:focus span.assenserunt { background-color: #dce3ed; cursor: revert; transition: 1s 0s ease background-color; } span.assenserunt > span.imago-assensionis { margin: 0 .15em 0 0; } span.assenserunt > span.quot-assenserint { margin: 0 0 0 .15em; } span.quis-assenserit > span { display: block; margin: .25em 0 .25em 1.5em; position: relative; } span.quis-assenserit > span:first-of-type { margin: 0 0 .25em 1.5em; } span.quis-assenserit > span::before { content: "+1"; position: absolute; top: 0; right: calc(100% + 0.25em); } span.quis-assenserit > span.error { margin: 1em 0 0 0; position: static; } span.quis-assenserit > span.error::before { content: none; } s5dcmlkrcuakf7scbvc6639yeyn5x1u 3980145 3980121 2026-08-10T01:03:52Z Grufo 64423 Folium CSS auxi 3980145 sanitized-css text/css span.verba-annotata span.assenserunt { background-color: #ebf3fd; padding: .2em .4em; border-radius: 1.8em; transition: .395s 0s ease background-color; } span.verba-annotata:focus span.assenserunt { background-color: #dce3ed; cursor: revert; transition: 1s 0s ease background-color; } span.assenserunt > span.imago-assensionis { margin: 0 .15em 0 0; } span.assenserunt > span.quot-assenserint { margin: 0 .15em; } span.quis-assenserit { } span.quis-assenserit > span { display: block; position: relative; margin: .25em 0 .25em 1.5em; font-family: monospace; font-size: .8em; } span.quis-assenserit > span:first-of-type { margin: 0 0 .25em 1.5em; } span.quis-assenserit > span::before { content: "+1"; display: block; position: absolute; top: 0; right: calc(100% + 0.25em); padding: .1em .35em; border-radius: 50%; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .2); } span.quis-assenserit > span.error { margin: 1em 0 0 0; position: static; font-family: revert; } span.quis-assenserit > span.error::before { content: none; } mxix5use1iy090lvs480lxi1hn3tok4 3980169 3980145 2026-08-10T02:02:22Z Grufo 64423 De coloribus 3980169 sanitized-css text/css span.verba-annotata span.assenserunt { background-color: #ebf3fd; padding: .2em .4em; border-radius: 1.8em; transition: .395s 0s ease background-color; } span.verba-annotata:focus span.assenserunt { background-color: #dce3ed; cursor: revert; transition: 1s 0s ease background-color; } span.assenserunt > span.imago-assensionis { margin: 0 .15em 0 0; } span.assenserunt > span.quot-assenserint { margin: 0 .15em; } span.quis-assenserit { } span.quis-assenserit > span { display: block; position: relative; margin: .25em 0 .25em 1.5em; font-family: monospace; font-size: .8em; } span.quis-assenserit > span:first-of-type { margin: 0 0 .25em 1.5em; } span.quis-assenserit > span::before { content: "+1"; display: block; position: absolute; top: 0; right: calc(100% + 0.25em); padding: .1em .35em; border-radius: 50%; background-color: rgba(0, 255, 0, .2); } span.quis-assenserit > span.error { margin: 1em 0 0 0; position: static; font-family: revert; } span.quis-assenserit > span.error::before { content: none; } ly6a3gwjl4ebbolgyi3ag2dr09mze2e 3980172 3980169 2026-08-10T02:06:31Z Grufo 64423 De erroribus 3980172 sanitized-css text/css span.verba-annotata span.assenserunt { background-color: #ebf3fd; padding: .2em .4em; border-radius: 1.8em; transition: .395s 0s ease background-color; } span.verba-annotata:focus span.assenserunt { background-color: #dce3ed; cursor: revert; transition: 1s 0s ease background-color; } span.assenserunt > span.imago-assensionis { margin: 0 .15em 0 0; } span.assenserunt > span.quot-assenserint { margin: 0 .15em; } span.quis-assenserit { } span.quis-assenserit > span { display: block; position: relative; margin: .25em 0 .25em 1.5em; font-family: monospace; font-size: .8em; } span.quis-assenserit > span:first-of-type { margin: 0 0 .25em 1.5em; } span.quis-assenserit > span::before { content: "+1"; display: block; position: absolute; top: 0; right: calc(100% + 0.25em); padding: .1em .35em; border-radius: 50%; background-color: rgba(0, 255, 0, .2); } span.quis-assenserit > span.error { margin: 1em 0 0 0; position: static; font-family: revert; font-weight: bold; } span.quis-assenserit > span.error::before { content: none; } dgbht77gb9c0ygx2217fjdeo88cejcg 3980173 3980172 2026-08-10T02:08:14Z Grufo 64423 De colore numeri 3980173 sanitized-css text/css span.verba-annotata span.assenserunt { padding: .2em .4em; border-radius: 1.8em; background-color: #ebf3fd; color: #3390ec; transition: .395s 0s ease background-color; } span.verba-annotata:focus span.assenserunt { background-color: #dce3ed; cursor: revert; transition: 1s 0s ease background-color; } span.assenserunt > span.imago-assensionis { margin: 0 .15em 0 0; } span.assenserunt > span.quot-assenserint { margin: 0 .15em; } span.quis-assenserit > span { display: block; position: relative; margin: .25em 0 .25em 1.5em; font-family: monospace; font-size: .8em; } span.quis-assenserit > span:first-of-type { margin: 0 0 .25em 1.5em; } span.quis-assenserit > span::before { content: "+1"; display: block; position: absolute; top: 0; right: calc(100% + 0.25em); padding: .1em .35em; border-radius: 50%; background-color: rgba(0, 255, 0, .2); } span.quis-assenserit > span.error { margin: 1em 0 0 0; position: static; font-family: revert; font-weight: bold; } span.quis-assenserit > span.error::before { content: none; } 0o5vf7h9jbc84g4rkhbe8v8dh8quv0j 3980175 3980173 2026-08-10T02:16:12Z Grufo 64423 3980175 sanitized-css text/css span.assenserunt { padding: .2em .4em; border-radius: 1.8em; background-color: #ebf3fd; color: #3390ec; transition: .395s 0s ease background-color; } span.verba-annotata:focus span.assenserunt { background-color: #dce3ed; cursor: revert; transition: 1s 0s ease background-color; } span.assenserunt > span.imago-assensionis { margin: 0 .15em 0 0; } span.assenserunt > span.quot-assenserint { margin: 0 .15em; } span.quis-assenserit > span { display: block; position: relative; margin: .25em 0 .25em 1.5em; font-family: monospace; font-size: .8em; } span.quis-assenserit > span:first-of-type { margin: 0 0 .25em 1.5em; } span.quis-assenserit > span::before { content: "+1"; display: block; position: absolute; top: 0; right: calc(100% + 0.25em); padding: .1em .35em; border-radius: 50%; background-color: rgba(0, 255, 0, .2); } span.quis-assenserit > span.error { margin: 1em 0 0 0; position: static; font-family: revert; font-weight: bold; } span.quis-assenserit > span.error::before { content: none; } jfbataked00tw12md01lrdmrffj9xgu 3980203 3980175 2026-08-10T05:56:25Z Grufo 64423 margo 3980203 sanitized-css text/css span.assenserunt { padding: .2em .4em; border-radius: 1.8em; background-color: #ebf3fd; color: #3390ec; transition: .395s 0s ease background-color; } span.verba-annotata:focus span.assenserunt { background-color: #dce3ed; cursor: revert; transition: 1s 0s ease background-color; } span.assenserunt > span.imago-assensionis { margin: 0 .15em 0 0; } span.assenserunt > span.quot-assenserint { margin: 0 .15em; } span.quis-assenserit > span { display: block; position: relative; margin: .25em 0 .25em 1.75em; font-family: monospace; font-size: .8em; } span.quis-assenserit > span:first-of-type { margin: 0 0 .25em 1.75em; } span.quis-assenserit > span::before { content: "+1"; display: block; position: absolute; top: 0; right: calc(100% + 0.25em); padding: .1em .35em; border-radius: 50%; background-color: rgba(0, 255, 0, .2); } span.quis-assenserit > span.error { margin: 1em 0 0 0; position: static; font-family: revert; font-weight: bold; } span.quis-assenserit > span.error::before { content: none; } 90vcmpavb1b6ntcconxwz5abvd82do8 0 327577 3980127 2026-08-10T00:40:53Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Redirigens ad [[Dettum]] 3980127 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Dettum]] bljzqznjmlxo89x47zk72bhro64i90u 0 327578 3980141 2026-08-10T00:58:21Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Deutsch Evern]] ad [[Everinga]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3980141 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Everinga]] sj37cfv24vwcft0zx1mi74pi1c68i44 0 327579 3980148 2026-08-10T01:08:57Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Ilmenau (commune generale)]] ad [[Ilmenavia (commune generale)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3980148 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ilmenavia (commune generale)]] c09zz5s1y72yqlent8m5h788rgbt8au 10 327580 3980164 2026-08-10T01:49:56Z Grufo 64423 Redirectionem ad formulam {{[[Formula:Assenserunt|Assenserunt]]}} creavi 3980164 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Formula:Assenserunt]] moahsr153ha0a5fdgys5qcfeou38c27 10 327581 3980165 2026-08-10T01:52:36Z Grufo 64423 Prima adumbratio 3980165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula substituibilis}} {{Compendia formulae|+1}} Haec formula est tantummodo via celeris ut tuam approbationem in paginis disputationis des. == De usu == Exempli gratia, concede usorem “UsorExemplaris” haec verba scripsisse: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">:: Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres --[[Usor:UsorExemplaris|UsorExemplaris]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:UsorExemplaris|disputatio]]) 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</syntaxhighlight> Si approbationem tuam celeriter dare vis, [[Auxilium:Substitutio|substitutio]] <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:Assenserunt}}</syntaxhighlight> seu <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:+1}}</syntaxhighlight> post verba <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</syntaxhighlight> tibi scribenda est: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">...|disputatio]]) 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) {{subst:+1}}</syntaxhighlight> Concede nomen tuum esse “Marcus” et horas esse 19:11:35 15 diei Aprilis 2026; tum hoc eveniet: : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) {{subst:+1}}</syntaxhighlight> :: ↳ (Vicitextus divulgatus:) <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: ↳ ... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}} Nunc concede iam alii sententiam usoris exemplaris approbaverunt; si etiam nomen tuum addere vis, tibi sufficiet tantummodo in locum verbi “Assenserunt” verba “subst:Assenserunt” substituere: : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{subst:Assenserunt|Alexander=2026-04-10 01:16:11|Lavinia=2026-04-10 10:57:08|Flavia1966=2026-04-10 13:31:44|Alix99=2026-04-11 01:16:23}}</syntaxhighlight> :: ↳ (Vicitextus divulgatus:) <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Alexander=2026-04-10 01:16:11|Lavinia=2026-04-10 10:57:08|Flavia1966=2026-04-10 13:31:44|Alix99=2026-04-11 01:16:23|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: ↳ ... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Alexander=2026-04-10 01:16:11|Lavinia=2026-04-10 10:57:08|Flavia1966=2026-04-10 13:31:44|Alix99=2026-04-11 01:16:23|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}} == Ulteriora si cupis == {{Categoriae vestigatoriae formulae|Error usu formularum}} * [[:Categoria:Formulae disputationis]] * {{Fn|Annotatio intra versum accommodata}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae variadicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae disputationis|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> 7kc45o6pnuzowip6ea1rszkp1xv0zj2 3980167 3980165 2026-08-10T01:57:12Z Grufo 64423 +{{[[Formula:Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur|Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur]]}}; +{{[[Formula:Lua|Lua]]}} 3980167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula substituibilis|...}} {{Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur|Formula:Assenserunt/styles.css}} {{Lua|Params}} {{Compendia formulae|+1}} Haec formula est tantummodo via celeris ut tuam approbationem in paginis disputationis des. == De usu == Exempli gratia, concede usorem “UsorExemplaris” haec verba scripsisse: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">:: Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres --[[Usor:UsorExemplaris|UsorExemplaris]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:UsorExemplaris|disputatio]]) 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</syntaxhighlight> Si approbationem tuam celeriter dare vis, [[Auxilium:Substitutio|substitutio]] <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:Assenserunt}}</syntaxhighlight> seu <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:+1}}</syntaxhighlight> post verba <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</syntaxhighlight> tibi scribenda est: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">...|disputatio]]) 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) {{subst:+1}}</syntaxhighlight> Concede nomen tuum esse “Marcus” et horas esse 19:11:35 15 diei Aprilis 2026; tum hoc eveniet: : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) {{subst:+1}}</syntaxhighlight> :: ↳ (Vicitextus divulgatus:) <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: ↳ ... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}} Nunc concede iam alii sententiam usoris exemplaris approbaverunt; si etiam nomen tuum addere vis, tibi sufficiet tantummodo in locum verbi “Assenserunt” verba “subst:Assenserunt” substituere: : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{subst:Assenserunt|Alexander=2026-04-10 01:16:11|Lavinia=2026-04-10 10:57:08|Flavia1966=2026-04-10 13:31:44|Alix99=2026-04-11 01:16:23}}</syntaxhighlight> :: ↳ (Vicitextus divulgatus:) <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Alexander=2026-04-10 01:16:11|Lavinia=2026-04-10 10:57:08|Flavia1966=2026-04-10 13:31:44|Alix99=2026-04-11 01:16:23|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: ↳ ... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Alexander=2026-04-10 01:16:11|Lavinia=2026-04-10 10:57:08|Flavia1966=2026-04-10 13:31:44|Alix99=2026-04-11 01:16:23|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}} == Ulteriora si cupis == {{Categoriae vestigatoriae formulae|Error usu formularum}} * [[:Categoria:Formulae disputationis]] * {{Fn|Annotatio intra versum accommodata}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae variadicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae disputationis|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> q42tyxrlxo5mkbqjkgoy5g2h055hi7n 3980181 3980167 2026-08-10T02:50:48Z Grufo 64423 Documentationem aux 3980181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula substituibilis|...}} {{Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur|Formula:Assenserunt/styles.css}} {{Lua|Params}} {{Compendia formulae|+1}} Haec formula est tantummodo via celeris ut tuam approbationem in paginis disputationis des. == De usu == Si approbationem tuam celeriter dare vis, tibi sufficiet post verba usoris hoc addere: : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:+1}}</syntaxhighlight> :: ↳ {{Assenserunt|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}} {{vsep|3}} Exempli gratia, concede usorem “UsorExemplaris” haec verba scripsisse: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">:: Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres --[[Usor:UsorExemplaris|UsorExemplaris]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:UsorExemplaris|disputatio]]) 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</syntaxhighlight> [[Auxilium:Substitutio|Substitutio]] <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:Assenserunt}}</syntaxhighlight> seu <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:+1}}</syntaxhighlight> post verba <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</syntaxhighlight> tibi scribenda erit: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">...|disputatio]]) 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) {{subst:+1}}</syntaxhighlight> Concede nomen tuum esse “Marcus” et horas esse 19:11:35 15 diei Aprilis 2026; tum hoc eveniet: : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) {{subst:+1}}</syntaxhighlight> :: ↳ (Vicitextus divulgatus:) <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: ↳ ... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}} Nunc autem concede iam alii sententiam usoris exemplaris approbaverunt; si etiam nomen tuum addere vis, tibi sufficiet tantummodo in locum verbi “Assenserunt” verba “subst:Assenserunt” substituere: : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{subst:Assenserunt|Alexander=2026-04-10 01:16:11|Lavinia=2026-04-10 10:57:08|Flavia1966=2026-04-10 13:31:44|Alix99=2026-04-11 01:16:23}}</syntaxhighlight> :: ↳ (Vicitextus divulgatus:) <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Alexander=2026-04-10 01:16:11|Lavinia=2026-04-10 10:57:08|Flavia1966=2026-04-10 13:31:44|Alix99=2026-04-11 01:16:23|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: ↳ ... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Alexander=2026-04-10 01:16:11|Lavinia=2026-04-10 10:57:08|Flavia1966=2026-04-10 13:31:44|Alix99=2026-04-11 01:16:23|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}} == Ulteriora si cupis == {{Categoriae vestigatoriae formulae|Error usu formularum}} * [[:Categoria:Formulae disputationis]] * {{Fn|Annotatio intra versum accommodata}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae variadicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae disputationis|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> 1u39nqfrau5mgtfiqc68alr2qg5ohks 3980182 3980181 2026-08-10T03:04:08Z Grufo 64423 3980182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula substituibilis|...}} {{Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur|Formula:Assenserunt/styles.css}} {{Lua|Params}} {{Compendia substitutionis|+1}} Haec formula est tantummodo via celeris ut tuam approbationem in paginis disputationis des. == De usu == Si approbationem tuam celeriter dare vis, tibi sufficiet post verba usoris hoc addere: : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:+1}}</syntaxhighlight> :: ↳ {{Assenserunt|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}} {{vsep|3}} Exempli gratia, concede usorem “UsorExemplaris” haec verba scripsisse: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">:: Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres --[[Usor:UsorExemplaris|UsorExemplaris]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:UsorExemplaris|disputatio]]) 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</syntaxhighlight> [[Auxilium:Substitutio|Substitutio]] <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:Assenserunt}}</syntaxhighlight> seu <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:+1}}</syntaxhighlight> post verba <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</syntaxhighlight> tibi scribenda erit: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">...|disputatio]]) 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) {{subst:+1}}</syntaxhighlight> Concede nomen tuum esse “Marcus” et horas esse 19:11:35 15 diei Aprilis 2026; tum hoc eveniet: : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) {{subst:+1}}</syntaxhighlight> :: ↳ (Vicitextus divulgatus:) <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: ↳ ... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}} Nunc autem concede iam alii sententiam usoris exemplaris approbaverunt; si etiam nomen tuum addere vis, tibi sufficiet tantummodo in locum verbi “Assenserunt” verba “subst:Assenserunt” substituere: : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{subst:Assenserunt|Alexander=2026-04-10 01:16:11|Lavinia=2026-04-10 10:57:08|Flavia1966=2026-04-10 13:31:44|Alix99=2026-04-11 01:16:23}}</syntaxhighlight> :: ↳ (Vicitextus divulgatus:) <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Alexander=2026-04-10 01:16:11|Lavinia=2026-04-10 10:57:08|Flavia1966=2026-04-10 13:31:44|Alix99=2026-04-11 01:16:23|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: ↳ ... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Alexander=2026-04-10 01:16:11|Lavinia=2026-04-10 10:57:08|Flavia1966=2026-04-10 13:31:44|Alix99=2026-04-11 01:16:23|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}} == Ulteriora si cupis == {{Categoriae vestigatoriae formulae|Error usu formularum}} * [[:Categoria:Formulae disputationis]] * {{Fn|Annotatio intra versum accommodata}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae variadicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae disputationis|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> t6mumzlyxd60q3danlxyhlaj52949k1 3980193 3980182 2026-08-10T04:39:46Z Grufo 64423 +Cat; +nexus 3980193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula substituibilis|...}} {{Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur|Formula:Assenserunt/styles.css}} {{Lua|Params}} {{Compendia substitutionis|+1}} Haec formula est tantummodo via celeris ut tuam approbationem in paginis disputationis des. == De usu == Si approbationem tuam celeriter dare vis, tibi sufficiet post verba usoris hoc addere: : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:+1}}</syntaxhighlight> :: ↳ {{Assenserunt|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}} {{vsep|3}} Exempli gratia, concede usorem “UsorExemplaris” haec verba scripsisse: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">:: Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres --[[Usor:UsorExemplaris|UsorExemplaris]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:UsorExemplaris|disputatio]]) 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</syntaxhighlight> [[Auxilium:Substitutio|Substitutio]] <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:Assenserunt}}</syntaxhighlight> seu <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:+1}}</syntaxhighlight> post verba <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</syntaxhighlight> tibi scribenda erit: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">...|disputatio]]) 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) {{subst:+1}}</syntaxhighlight> Concede nomen tuum esse “Marcus” et horas esse 19:11:35 15 diei Aprilis 2026; tum hoc eveniet: : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) {{subst:+1}}</syntaxhighlight> :: ↳ (Vicitextus divulgatus:) <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: ↳ ... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}} Nunc autem concede iam alii sententiam usoris exemplaris approbaverunt; si etiam nomen tuum addere vis, tibi sufficiet tantummodo in locum verbi “Assenserunt” verba “subst:Assenserunt” substituere: : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{subst:Assenserunt|Alexander=2026-04-10 01:16:11|Lavinia=2026-04-10 10:57:08|Flavia1966=2026-04-10 13:31:44|Alix99=2026-04-11 01:16:23}}</syntaxhighlight> :: ↳ (Vicitextus divulgatus:) <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Alexander=2026-04-10 01:16:11|Lavinia=2026-04-10 10:57:08|Flavia1966=2026-04-10 13:31:44|Alix99=2026-04-11 01:16:23|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: ↳ ... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Alexander=2026-04-10 01:16:11|Lavinia=2026-04-10 10:57:08|Flavia1966=2026-04-10 13:31:44|Alix99=2026-04-11 01:16:23|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}} == Ulteriora si cupis == {{Categoriae vestigatoriae formulae|Error usu formularum}} * [[:Categoria:Formulae disputationis]] * {{Fn|Annotatio intra versum accommodata}} * {{Fn|Scholium}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae variadicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae annotationes superpositas creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae disputationis|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> 9wclijgtqganel9g3p7tpnis9ete611 10 327582 3980189 2026-08-10T04:36:28Z Grufo 64423 Prima adumbratio 3980189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula numquam substituenda|...}} {{Metaformula quoque|Formulae quae annotationes superpositas creant}} {{Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur|Formula:Annotatio intra versum accommodata/styles.css}} Utere hac formula ad annotationem superpositam, intra versum accommodatam, creandam. == De usu == * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Annotatio intra versum accommodata|Dolor sit amet|Lorem ipsum}}</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ {{Annotatio intra versum accommodata|Dolor sit amet|Lorem ipsum}} * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Annotatio intra versum accommodata|Dolor sit amet|Lorem ipsum|titulus=mea annotatio|fixio=colorata}}</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ {{Annotatio intra versum accommodata|Dolor sit amet|Lorem ipsum|titulus=mea annotatio|fixio=colorata}} * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Annotatio intra versum accommodata|Dolor sit amet|titulus=mea annotatio|fixio=colorata}}</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ {{Annotatio intra versum accommodata|Dolor sit amet|titulus=mea annotatio|fixio=colorata}} == De argumentis == <templatedata>{ "description": "Haec formula annotationem superpositam, intra versum accommodatam, creat.", "params": { "1": { "label": "Annotatio", "description": "Annotatio superposita", "type": "content", "required": true, "example": "Dolor sit amet" }, "2": { "label": "Verba paginae", "description": "Verba intra versum ostenta; si omittuntur “📝” scribetur", "type": "content", "required": false, "example": "Lorem ipsum" }, "titulus": { "label": "Titulus", "description": "Titulus annotationis (litteris minusculis scribi solet)", "type": "string", "required": false, "example": "mea annotatio" }, "fixio": { "label": "Fixio", "description": "Scribe ‘|fixio=colorata’ aut ‘|fixio=transparens’; si omittitur ‘|fixio=transparens’ legetur", "type": "string", "required": false, "default": "transparens", "example": "colorata" } } }</templatedata> == Ulteriora si cupis == * {{Fn|Scholium}} * {{Fn|Assenserunt}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae scholiasticae|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> qo2gjbb7x15y1dq3mql2rxhsgn6fu8q 14 327583 3980194 2026-08-10T04:40:37Z Grufo 64423 Prima adumbratio 3980194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Categoria formularum}} [[Categoria:Formulae]] 7060nfdtlbx588ef1ky0386nzigoauz 0 327584 3980215 2026-08-10T11:23:17Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Diekholzen]] ad [[Diekholza]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3980215 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Diekholza]] qj3v8npettza3rao90fsmhpdfifxwcg 0 327585 3980220 2026-08-10T11:32:26Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Dielmissen]] ad [[Dielmissa]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3980220 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Dielmissa]] kv5v0xbolouh5jl8i0z5ghb1xvfi46u