Vicipaedia lawiki https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicipaedia:Pagina_prima MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.14 first-letter Media Specialis Disputatio Usor Disputatio Usoris Vicipaedia Disputatio Vicipaediae Fasciculus Disputatio Fasciculi MediaWiki Disputatio MediaWiki Formula Disputatio Formulae Auxilium Disputatio Auxilii Categoria Disputatio Categoriae Porta Disputatio Portae Adumbratio Disputatio Adumbrationis TimedText TimedText talk Modulus Disputatio Moduli Event Event talk 0 163 3980560 3880644 2026-08-11T17:01:56Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3980560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{alius|musica|cantus (instrumentum ex ferro factum)}} [[Fasciculus:Ah cricket 20122 (7364759010).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Puella]]e canunt.]] '''Cantus''', vel '''concentus''', est [[ars]] [[sonus|sonorum]] [[musica|musicorum]] [[vox|voce]] efficiendorum.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of SINGING|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/singing|access-date=2021-01-18|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of sing {{!}} Dictionary.com|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/singing|access-date=2021-01-18|website=www.dictionary.com|language=en}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Company|first=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing|title=The American Heritage Dictionary entry: singing|url=https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=singing|access-date=2021-01-18|website=ahdictionary.com}}.</ref> [[Cantor]] vel [[cantrix]], aut saepe in [[iaz]] et [[musica popularis|musica populari]] vocalista, est [[homo]] qui canit vel canere solet.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/vocalist|title=VOCALIST – meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary|website=Dictionary.cambridge.org|access-date=30 Ianuarii 2019}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/vocalist | title=Vocalist &#124; Definition of vocalist in US English by Oxford Dictionaries}}.</ref> [[Fasciculus:Enrico Caruso tenor.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|left|[[Henricus Caruso]] [[tenor]], [[1910]].]] [[Cantor]]es [[aria|ariis]], [[cantus recitatorius|recitatoriis]], [[carmen|carminibus]], aliisque [[genus musicum|generibus musicis]] perfunguntur, aut cum aut sine [[adiunctio (musica)|adiunctione]] ab [[instrumentum musicum|instrumentis]] praebita. Cantus saepe a [[coetus|coetu]]<!--?ensemble--> musicorum efficitur, sicut [[chorus|choro]] cantorum et [[grex|grege]] instrumentalistarum. Cantores soli perfungi possunt, vel ab uno instrumento, ut in [[carmen artis|carminibus artis]] nonnullisque modis [[iaz]]ensibus, aut multis instrumentis, ut [[big band]] etiam adeo [[orchestra]] symphonica. Inter varios canendi modos sunt [[musica culta]] sicut [[opera]] [[cultura Occidentalis|Occidentalis]] et [[opera Sinica|Sinica]], [[musica classica Hindustanica]], genera [[musica religiosa|musicae religiosae]] sicut [[musica evangelistica]], [[musica traditionalis]], [[musica mundi]], [[iaz]], [[blues]], et [[ghazal]], ac genera musicae vulgo gratissimae sicut [[musica popularis]], [[musica rockica]], et [[musica saltatoria electronica]]. [[Fasciculus:Maurice Rollinat chantant au piano.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|left|[[Mauritius Rollinat]] ad [[claviatura]]m canit, ex ''aquarelle''{{dubsig}} [[Gaston Béthune]] (1892).]] [[Fasciculus:Ella Fitzgerald 1940.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Ella Fitzgerald]], [[cantatrix]] [[iaz]]ensis, [[1940]].]] [[Fasciculus:Harry Belafonte singing 1954.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Harrius Belafonte]] canit, mense Februario [[1954]].]] [[Fasciculus:FreddieMercuryNov1977.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Fridericus Mercury]] canit, [[1977]].]] [[Fasciculus:Édith Piaf 914-6436.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Editha Piaf]] canit, [[1962]].]] [[Fasciculus:Gray1204.png|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Plica vocalis]] humana.]] [[Fasciculus:Lorenzo Costa - Un concerto (National Gallery, London).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|''Concentus.'' [[Hercules de' Roberti]], circa [[1490]].]] [[Fasciculus:Edgar Germain Hilaire Degas 019.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|''La Chanteuse au gant.'' [[Pictura]] ab [[Edgarus Degas|Edgaro Degas]] picta, [[1878]].]] Cantus aut publicus aut privatus, aut sollemnis aut fortuitus, aut stricte [[compositio|compositus]] aut libere [[compositio extemporanea|extemporaneus]] esse potest. Devotionis [[religio]]sae vel [[avocamentum|avocamenti]] causa, vel fons [[voluptas|voluptatis]] aut solatii, vel [[ritus]] et pars [[eruditio musica|eruditionis musicae]] vel etiam [[professio]] effici potest. Paene omnes [[homo sapiens|homines]] canere possunt, sed excellentia canendi [[tempus]], [[studium]], [[doctrina|instructionem]], et [[exercitatio]]nem poscit constantem et iustam. Cum cantor assidue meditaretur, soni clariores validioresque fieri possunt.<ref name="ayatsguides"> {{cite book |pages=26 |series=[[Iudas Menuhin]] music guides |title=Voice |editor-last=Falkner |editor-first=Keith | editor-link = |location=Londinii |publisher=MacDonald Young |year=[[1983]] |isbn=978-0-356-09099-3 |oclc=10418423 }}</ref> Cantores professionales eorum [[curriculum|curricula]] [[vita]]e in uno [[genus musicus|genere musico]] plerumque machinantur, sicut [[musica classica]] et [[musica rockica]], sed aliquot cantors nonnullis generibus prospere utuntur. Cantores professionales per eorum cursus totos [[paedagogia vocalis|exercitationem vocalem]] plerumque a [[docens|magistris]] vocalibus vel [[exercitor vocalis|exercitoribus vocalibus]] petunt. {{NexInt}} {{div col|3}} * [[Altus (musica)]] * [[Aria de capite]] * [[Aria (musica)]] * [[Bassus]] * [[Bel canto]] * [[Cantata]] * [[Cantus ariosus]] * [[Cantus diphonicus]] * [[Cantus firmus]] * [[Cantus Gregorianus]] * [[Coloratura]] * [[Chorus]] * [[Genus vocis]] * [[Haka]] * [[Hymnologia]] * [[Hymnus]] * [[Murmur]] * [[Musica choralis]] * [[Notatio musica]] * [[Recitatio rapiana]] * [[Res novae canentes]] * [[Sibilus]] * [[Supranus]] * [[Telegramma canens]] * [[Tenor]] * [[Tessitura]] * [[Vibratum]] * [[Vocula falsa]] {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== * Blackwood, Alan. [[1981]]. ''The Performing World of the Singer.'' Londinii: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 0-241-10588-9. * Brandl, Franz. [[2002]]. ''Die Kunst der Stimmbildung auf physiologischer Grundlage.'' Monaci: Eigenverlag. ISBN 3-00-008593-9. * Epin, Bernard, et Max Rongier. [[1977]].''Profession chanteur.'' Lutetiae: Éditions Farandole. ISBN 2-7047-0031-1. * Fischer, Jens Malte. [[1993]]. ''Große Stimmen: Von Enrico Caruso bis Jessye Norman.'' Stutgardiae: Metzler. ISBN 3-476-00893-2. * Goddard, Françoise E. [[1985]]. ''La voce: Tecnica e storia dal canto gregoriano al rock.'' Padovae: Franco Muzzio. ISBN 88-7021-325-0. * Hartman, Charles O. [[1991]]. ''Jazz text: voice and improvisation in poetry, jazz, and song.'' Princetoniae: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691068178. * Hunter, Eric J., et Ingo R. Titze. [[2004]]. "Overlap of hearing and voicing ranges in singing." ''Journal of Singing'' 61 (4): 387–92. PMC 2763406. PMID 19844607. [https://cmed.ku.edu/923/Hunter1.pdf PDF.] * Kasper, Hans-Josef. [[2008]]. ''Singen und Flugzeuge: Stimmhygiene und Stimmregeneration mit dem Bernoulli-Effekt.'' Otzenhausen: Burr, ISBN 978-3-9806866-9-3. * Kesting, Jürgen. [[2008]]. ''Die großen Sänger.'' 4 voll. Hamburgi: Hofmann und Campe. ISBN 978-3-455-50070-7. * Kutsch, Karl Josef, et Leo Riemens. [[2006]]. ''Großes Sängerlexikon.'' Ed. tertia. Berolini: Directmedia Publishing GmbH. Digitale Bibliothek Band 33. ISBN 978-3-89853-433-8. * Menicucci, Delfo. [[2015]]. ''La voce, d'altro canto.'' Zecchini Editore. ISBN 978-88-6540-138-5. * Merkel, Carl Ludwig. [[1857]]. ''Anatomie und Physiologie des menschlichen Stimm- und Sprach-Organs (Anthropophonik) nach eigenen Beobachtungen und Versuchen wissenschaftlich begründet.'' Lipsiae: Ambr. Abel. * Potter, John, ed. [[2000]]. ''The Cambridge companion to singing.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521622255, ISBN 0521627095 (charta). * Reid, Cornelius. [[1983]]. ''A Dictionary of Vocal Terminology: An Analysis.'' Novi Eboraci: J. Patelson Music House. ISBN 0-915282-07-0. * Richter, Bernhard. [[2013]]. ''Die Stimme: Grundlagen, künstlerische Praxis, Gesunderhaltung.'' Lipsiae: Henschel Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89487-727-9. * Sieber, Ferdinand. [[1871]]. ''Katechismus der Gesangskunst.'' Ed. secunda. Lipsiae: Weber. * Sundberg, Johan.[[2015]]. ''Die Wissenschaft von der Singstimme: Neuübersetzung aus dem Schwedischen.'' Augsburgi: Wißner. ISBN 978-3-89639-959-5. * Suppan, Wolfgang. [[2002]]. "Singen." In ''Oesterreichisches Musiklexikon.'' Vindobonae. ISBN 3-7001-3077-5. Impressio: vol. 5. Vindobonae: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2006. ISBN 3-7001-3067-8. * Vennard, William. [[1967]]. ''Singing: the mechanism and the technic.'' Novi Eboraci: Carl Fischer Music. ISBN 978-0-8258-0055-9. OCLC 248006248. * Vormann-Sauer, Martina. [[2017]]. ''Die Singstimme der Frau: Anatomie und Physiologie – Technik und Strategien klassischen Singens.'' Augsburgi: Wißner. ISBN 978-3-95786-080-4. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Vocalists|cantores}} {{Victionarium|Singing|cantum}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110607203728/http://www.lawrence.edu/fast/koopmajo/brief.html "A Brief History of Singing."] Apud lawrence.edu. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130811143304/http://www.canterbury.ac.uk/Research/Centres/SDHR/ResearchProjects/CompletedPojects/SingingAndHealth.aspx "Singing and Health: A systematic mapping and review of non-clinical research."] Sidney De Haan Research Centre for Arts and Health apud Christ Church University. [[Categoria:Cantus| ]] {{Myrias|Ars}} e5mc3vq0x4ccn03awjcvdafduemwyzx 0 953 3980637 3976846 2026-08-11T21:02:18Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980637 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Medeleeff by repin.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Demetrius Mendeleev]], inter quondam systematis periodici versiones creator versionis nostrae. [[Imago]] ab [[Elias Repin|Elia Repin]] ab [[annus|anno]] [[1885]] picta.]] {{res|Systema periodicum}}, plenius {{res|systema periodicum elementorum (chemicorum)}}{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1=E.g., {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iosephus Gredt|Iosephi Gredt|fr|qid=Q24652}} [https://books.google.ru/books?id=RTAnAQAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=systema+periodicum+elementorum ''Elementa philosophiae Aristotelico-Thomisticae'', vol. I, 1926, p. 210]; Iosephi Donat [https://books.google.ru/books?id=lisPAQAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=systema+periodicum+elementorum ''Summa philosophiae Christianae'', vol. IV, 1924, pp. 152–153].|2=Q24652}} appellatum, est [[tabula (informatica)|tabularis]] [[elementum chemicum|elementorum chemicorum]] ostentatio, quae latissime in [[chemia]], [[physica]], aliisque [[scientia (ratio)|scientiis]] adhibetur, atque in universum [[icon]] chemiae videtur. Haec graphica [[lex|legis]] periodicae formula dicit [[proprietas (physica)|proprietates]] elementorum chemicorum fiduciam in suis [[numerus atomicus|numeris atomicis]] [[functio periodica|periodice]] exhibere. Formula systematis periodici in quattuor fere [[regio]]nes [[rectangulum|rectangulares]] dividitur, stipites appellatas. Ordines systematis periodi, columnae autem [[grex (systema periodicum)|greges]] appellantur. Elementa in eodem grege similes proprietates chemicas monstrant. Inclinationes per systema inveniuntur, ubi proprietates non [[metallum|metallicae]] (quae suos [[electron]]es tenent) a laeva ad dextram trans periodum et ab ima ad summam gregis partem crescunt, ac proprietates metallicae (quae electrones aliis [[atomus|atomis]] dent) cursu contrario crescunt. Principalis harum inclinationum causa est figura electronum intra atomos. Praecursores huius systematis exstant, sed id latissime habetur [[inventio|inventum]] [[Demetrius Mendeleev|Demetrii Mendeleev]] anno [[1869]] factum, [[chemicus|chemici]] [[Russia|Russici]] qui constantes periodicasque [[proprietas|proprietatum]] elementorum mutationes illustrare volebat. Suus [[lex]] periodica dicit proprietates chemicas in [[massa atomica]] poni. Quia omnia elementia tum nondum agnoscebantur, huic tabulae erant lacunae, et Mendeleev, lege periodica feliciter utens, [[elementa a Mendeleev praedicta|proprietates nonnullorum ex elementis absentibus praedicavit]]. Lex periodica [[saeculum 1|saeculo undevicensimo]] exeunte accepta est, et explicari coepit [[numerus atomicus|numero atomico]] invento et [[mechanica quantica]] [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicensimo]] expolita, quae internam [[atomus|atomi]] structuram illuminavit. Anno [[1945]], cum [[Glenn T. Seaborg]] [[actinidum|actinida]] reapse esse elementa stipitis-f, non stipitis-d inveniret, manifeste hodierna tabulae forma creata est. Tabula et lex periodica nunc sunt fundamentalis et necessaria chemiae hodiernae pars. Nova [[theoria]]e exemplaria excogitata sunt ut [[mores]] chemicos explicentur.<ref>[http://old.iupac.org/didac/Didac%20Eng/Didac01/Content/S01.htm Commentarius IUPAC de tabula periodica.].</ref> Elaboratum postea est etiam [[systema periodicum extensum ultra septimum periodum]], quod hodie tantum [[theoria|theoricum]] est. Systema periodicum iam mutatur, [[scientia (ratio)|scientia]] progrediente. Quia solum elementa usque ad numerum atomicum nonagesimum quartum in [[natura]] exstant, [[chemicus|chemici]] huius aetatis, ad systema porro augendum, nova elementa in [[laboratorium|laboratorio]] per [[synthesis chemica|synthesin]] artificiosam necessarie componunt. Hodie prima systematis elementa centum et duodeviginti omnino agnoscuntur, primos septem tabulae ordines conficientes, sed investigationes proprietatum chemicarum carent, et iam ignotum est num proprietates elementorum gravissimorum cum eorum locis congruant, nec cognoscitur spatium ubi tabula praeter hos ordines septem extendetur et num exemplaria partis tabulae iam notae in hanc regionem ignotam extendentur. Chemici etiam disputant utrum loci nonnullorum elementorum in tabula hodierna [[veritas|veri]] sunt, necne. Multae alternae legis periodicae repraesentationes concipi possunt,<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lLPB-BH3uDs "Why is the Periodic Table Shaped the Way It Is? Is an Alternative Periodic Table Better?"] Useful Charts (pellicula videographica), 11 Martii 2022.</ref> et non iam constat inter eruditos num esse optima tabulae periodicae forma. == Systema == {{Systema periodicum}} == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * Atkins, P. W. [[1995]]. ''The Periodic Kingdom.'' Novi Eboraci: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 0-465-07265-8. * Ball, Philip. [[2002]]. ''The Ingredients: A Guided Tour of the Elements.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-284100-9. * Brown, Theodore L., H. Eugene LeMay, et Bruce E. Bursten. [[2005]]. ''Chemistry: The Central Science.'' Ed. decima. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-109686-9. * Brush, Stephen G. [[1996]]. "The reception of Mendeleev's Periodic Law in America and Britain." ''Isis'' 87: 595–628. * Calvo, Miguel. [[2019]]. ''Construyendo la Tabla Periódica.'' Caesari Augustae: Prames. ISBN 978-84-8321-908-9. * Dartnell, Lewis. [[2019]]. [https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/feb/02/elemental-periodic-table-at-150-mendeleev-system-vital-modern-life-smartphones-gallium-indium-helium "Elemental: the periodic table at 150."] ''[[The Guardian]],'' 2 Februarii 2019. * Emsley, J. [[2011]]. "The Periodic Table." In ''Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements,'' ed. nova. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7. * Fluck, Ekkehard, et Klaus G. Heumann. [[2012]]. ''Periodensystem der Elemente: physikalische Eigenschaften; [chemische, biologische und geologische Eigenschaften],'' ed. quinta. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-33285-4. * Fontani, Marco, Mariagrazia Costa, et Mary Virginia Orna. [[2007]]. ''The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side.'' Oxoniae et Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-938334-4. * Fricke, B., W. Greiner, et J. T. Waber. [[1971]]. "The continuation of the periodic table up to Z = 172: The chemistry of superheavy elements." ''Theoretica chimica acta'' 21, no. 3 (September): 235-260. {{doi|10.1007/BF01172015}} * Greenwood, Norman N., et Alan Earnshaw. [[1997]]. ''Chemistry of the Elements,'' ed. secunda. Oxoniae: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7506-3365-9. Vide caput 2: "Chemical Periodicity and the Periodic Table." * Kurzweil, P., et P. Scheipers. [[2010]]. ''Chemie.'' Wiesbaden: Vieweg + Teubner. ISBN 978-3-8348-0341-2. Vide caput 3: "Periodensystem der Elemente." * Masanori Kaji, Helge Kragh, et Gábor Palló, eds. [[2015]]. ''Early responses to the periodic system.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-020007-7. * Mazurs, E. G. [[1974]]. ''Graphical Representations of the Periodic System during One Hundred Years.'' Alabama: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7. * Petrucci, Ralph H., William S. Harwood, et F. Geoffrey Herring. [[2002]]. ''General chemistry: principles and modern applications,'' ed. octava. Upper Saddle River Novae Caesareae: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-014329-7. LCCN 2001032331. OCLC 46872308. * Pullman, Bernard. [[1998]]. ''The Atom in the History of Human Thought.'' Conversus ab Axel Reisinger. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515040-6. * Pyykkö, Pekka. [[2011]]. "A suggested periodic table up to Z ≤ 172, based on Dirac–Fock calculations on atoms and ions." ''Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics'' 13, no. 1 (Ianuarius): 161–68. PMID 20967377. {{doi|10.1039/C0CP01575J}}. Bibcode 2011PCCP...13..161P. * Rouvray, D. H., et R. B. King, eds. [[2004]]. ''The Periodic Table: Into the 21st Century: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on the Periodic Table, part 1, Kananaskis Guest Ranch, Alberta, 14–20 July 2003.'' Baldock Hertfordshire: Research Studies Press. ISBN 978-0-86380-292-8. * Rouvray, D. H., et R. B. King, eds. [[2006]]. ''The Mathematics of the Periodic Table: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on the Periodic Table, part 2, Kananaskis Guest Ranch, Alberta, 14–20 July 2003.'' Novi Eboraci: Nova Science. ISBN 978-1-59454-259-6. * Scerri, Eric. [[2020]]. ''The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance.'' Ed. secunda. Oxoniae et Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190914363. * Scerri, Eric, et G. Restrepo, eds. [[2018]]. ''Mendeleev to Oganesson: A Multidisciplinary Perspective on the Periodic Table: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on the Periodic Table, Cuzco, Peru 14–16 August 2012.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-86380-292-8. * Seubert. K., ed. ''Das natürliche System der chemischen Elemente: Abhandlungen von Lothar Meyer (1864–1869) und D. Mendelejeff (1869–1871).'' Lipsiae: Engelmann. Liber digitalizatus. * van Spronsen, Jan W. [[1969]]. ''The Periodic System of Chemical Elements: A History of the First Hundred Years.'' Amstelodami, Londinii, et Novi Eboraci: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-444-40776-4. * Verde, M., ed. [[1971]]. ''Atti del convegno Mendeleeviano: Periodicità e simmetrie nella struttura elementare della materia: First International Conference on the Periodic Table, Torino-Roma, 15–21 September 1969.'' Turini: Accademia delle Scienze di Torino. == Nexus interni == * [[Index elementorum chemicorum]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Periodic table|Systema Periodicum}} * [https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/ Versio IUPAC] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140104110225/http://webelements.com/ WebElements] * [http://www.ptable.com/?lang=la Systema periodicum] {{elementa chemica}} {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} [[Categoria:Chemia]] [[Categoria:Elementa chemica|+]] [[Categoria:Inventiones]] [[Categoria:Systema periodicum]] [[Categoria:Systemata classificationis]] nj0t3769cvj36phipzxvjze56dn55p6 0 2080 3980809 3902315 2026-08-12T11:58:14Z Chlachujo 203880 addidi epigramma de Nicopole 3980809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{capsa urbis Vicidata}} {{Videdis|Nicopolis (discretiva)}} '''Nicopolis''' ([[Graece]] {{lang|grc|Νικόπολις}}, hoc est "victoriae urbs") fuit urbs in [[Epirus|Epiro]] regione [[Graecia|Graeca]] sita. A [[Octavianus|Caesare Augusto]] condita est in [[Actiaca Pugna|victoriae Actiacae]] memoriam, qua Marco Antonio debellato imperio solus potitus est. Prope novam urbem enim in exadversa [[Sinus Ambracius|sinus Ambracii]] ripa templum [[Apollo|Apollinis Actiaci]] in [[Promunturium|promunturio]] mari imminebat. Quinto quoque anno ludi ''Actia'' dicti in luco celebrabantur ubi gymnasium et stadium aedificata erant. Ne [[Olympia (certamina)|Olympicis]] quidem tempore Augusti minores habebantur. Hanc urbem ut conderet Augustus plures urbes huius regionis incolis vacuas fecit, ut [[Calydon|Calydonem]], [[Ambracia|Ambraciam]], Anactorium et ceteras, de quo [[epigramma]] in [[Anthologia Graeca]] exstat:<blockquote>Λευκάδος ἀντί με Καῖσαρ ἰδ' Ἀμβρακίης ἐριβώλου Θυρρείου τε πέλειν ἀντί τ' Ἀνακτορίου Ἄργεος Ἀμφιλόχου τε καὶ ὁππόσα ῥαίσατο κύκλῳ ἄστε' ἐπιθρῴσκων δουρομανὴς πόλεμος εἵσατο Νικόπολιν, θείην πόλιν· ἀντὶ δὲ νίκης Φοῖβος ἄναξ ταύτην δέχνυται Ἀκτιάδος.<ref>''[https://anthologiagraeca.org/passages/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg7000.tlg001.ag:9.553/ AG]'' 9.553</ref> ("Caesar Nicopolim, urbem divinam, pro Leucade, pro Ambracia uberrima, pro Thyrrheo atque Anactorio, pro Argo Amphilochio et pro omnibus circa oppidis quae bellum invadens et hastis furens vastavit, condidit; pro victoria autem Actiaca hanc urbem Phoebus dominus sibi accipit.")</blockquote> == Incolae noti == *[[Epictetus]] postquam [[Domitianus]] philosophos Roma expulit Nicopoli consedit atque ibi [[Stoicismus|Stoicam philosophiam]] praedicavit. == Fontes == [[Fasciculus:Nicopolis nymphaeum.jpg|thumb| Ruinae Nymphaei Romanae aetatis.]] *[[Epictetus]], ''Dissertationes'' II.6.20 * {{Strabo}} VII.7.5 et 6 necnon X.2.2 * {{Pausanias}} V.23.3 et VII.18.8-9 == Nexus externi == {{Fontes geographici}} {{CommuniaCat|Nicopolis of Epirus|Nicopolim}} {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Urbes Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Loci olim habitati Graeciae]] [[Categoria:Epirus]] qzojw00hjf2cwftngslt1uoo5gdi8l0 0 2380 3980580 3958815 2026-08-11T18:46:35Z Martin Macha 2111 134394 /* */ 3980580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas}} {{Capsa civitatis Vicidata}} '''Slovenia''' ({{pns|ae|f|Slovenia}}; [[Slovenice|Slovene]]: ''Slovenija'') est [[civitas]] in [[Europa Media]]. Habet incolas 2 136 385, plerique quorum [[Lingua Slovena|Slovene]] loquuntur. Slovenia in commissura [[Alpes|Alpium]], [[Mare Mediterraneum|Maris Mediterranei]], [[Planities Pannonica|Planitiei Pannonicae]] et [[Alpes Illyricae|Dinaridium]] sita est et aream 20271 chiliometrorum quadratorum tegit. Caput Sloveniae est [[Labacum]], quod cives circiter 300&thinsp;000 habet. Slovenia anno 1991 constituta est, cum de [[Iugoslavia]] decessit et [[res publica libera|civitas sui iuris]] facta est. Cives creant [[Praesidens|praesidentem rei publicae]], qui princeps civitatis est, et legatos ad comitium rei publicae, qui leges constituunt. Anno [[2004]], in [[Unio Europaea|Unionem Europaeam]] accepta est. == Historia == === Praehistoria === Aetate ferrea terram hodie Slovenicam [[Illyricum|Illyrici]] et [[Celtae]] incolebant. === Imperium Romanum === Regio Sloveniae in [[saeculum 1 a.C.n.]] a Romanis capta est. Pars Hesperia usque [[Atrans]] Italiae tributa erat. Regio nunc [[Styria]] appellata inerat [[Noricum|Norico]], iam prius regno, [[Claudius (imperator)|Claudio]] vero imperatore provinciae Romanae. Provincia [[Pannonia]] continebat regiones hodiernas [[Carniola Inferior (provincia historica slovena)|Carniolam Inferiorem]] et [[Transmurania (provincia historica slovena)|Transmuraniam]]. Oppidum Romanum maximum hodiernae Sloveniae [[Poetovium|Poetovio]] erat, ubi scriptor [[Victorinus Petavionensis]] episcopatu functus est. === Aevum medium === Circiter 550 inierunt terram Slovenicam [[Slavi]] sermonem linguae Slovenae antecedentem loquentes. Duae civitates constitutae sunt: [[Carniola]] et [[Carinthia (provincia historica slovena)|Carantania]], quae sedem in [[Carinthia|Austrica parte Carinthiae hodiernae]] habebat. Carantania certo, Carniola fortasse se [[Foedus gentium Samonis|foederi gentium Samonis]] adiunxerunt. === Aevum modernum === Post [[Iosephus Broz Tito|Tito]] anno 1980 mortuum populi Iugoslaviae discrepere coeperant. Die [[23 Decembris]] [[1990]] libertas Sloveniae plebiscito probata est 95 centesimis civium accedentibus. == Geographia politica== === Urbes === Urbes principes Sloveniae undecimae sunt. # '''[[Labacum]]''' caput est, quod oppidum Romani appellaverunt '''[[Aemona]]m''' (vel ''Emonam'') ([[Slovenice]]: ''[[:sl:Ljubljana|Ljubljana]]'') # [[Caput Histriae]] vel [[Iustinopolis]] ([[Slovenice]]: ''[[:sl:Koper|Koper]]''), # [[Carnioburgum]] vel [[Carnium]] ([[Slovenice]]: ''[[:sl:Kranj|Kranj]]''), # [[Celeia]] ([[Slovenice]]: ''[[:sl:Celje|Celje]]''), # [[Colatio]] ({{pns|onis|f|Colatio}}; [[Slovenice]]: ''[[:sl:Slovenj Gradec|Slovenj Gradec]]''), # [[Goritia Nova]] ([[Slovenice]]: ''[[:sl:Nova Gorica|Nova Gorica]]''), # [[Belmura]] ([[Slovenice]]: ''[[:sl:Murska Sobota|Murska Sobota]]''), # [[Marburgum (Slovenia)]] ([[Slovenice]]: ''[[:sl:Maribor|Maribor]]''), # [[Nova Urbs]] et [[Novo Mesto]] ([[Slovenice]]: ''[[:sl:Novo mesto|Novo mesto]]'') # [[Poetovium]] ([[Slovenice]]: ''[[:sl:Ptuj|Ptuj]]''), # [[Veleniae]] ([[Slovenice]]: ''[[:sl:Velenje|Velenje]]''). === Municipia Altera === * [[Arae Postumae]] * [[Atrans]] (''Atrantis'')([[Slovenice]]: ''[[:sl:Trojane|Trojane]]'') * [[Castra ad Fluvium Frigidum]] ([[Lingua Slovena|Slovenice]]: ''[[:sl:Občina Ajdovščina|Ajdovščina]]''; [[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Aidussina|Aidussina]]''; [[Lingua Theodisca|Theodisce]]: ''[[:de:Ajdovščina|Haidenschaft]]''), * [[Longaticum]] ([[Slovenice]]: ''[[:sl:Logatec|Logatec]]'') * [[Lithopolis]] seu [[Civitas Stain]] ([[Slovenice]]: ''[[:sl:Kamnik|Kamnik]]'') * [[Praetorium Latobicorum]] ([[Slovenice]]: ''[[:sl:Trebnje|Trebnje]]'') * [[Recta in Carinthia]] ([[Slovenice]]: ''[[:sl:Ravne na Koroškem|Ravne na Koroškem]]'') * [[Dravoburgum]] ([[Slovenice]]: ''[[:sl:Dravograd|Dravograd]]'') Vide: [[Municipia Sloveniae]] === Provinciae historicae === Slovenia omnia divisa in septem ''[[Provinciae historicae Sloveniae|provincias]]'' (Slovenice ''Pokrajine''). Hae provinciae non divisiones administrativae sed unae historicae sunt. * [[Litorale (provincia historica slovena)|Litorale]] (''[[:sl:Primorska|Primorska]]''), * [[Carniola]]: ** [[Carniola Superior (provincia historica slovena)|Carniola Superior]] (''[[:sl:Gorenjska|Gorenjska]]''), ** [[Carniola Interior (provincia historica slovena)|Carniola Interior]] (''[[:sl:Notranjska|Notranjska]]''), ** [[Carniola Inferior (provincia historica slovena)|Carniola Inferior]] (''[[:sl:Dolenjska|Dolenjska]]''), * [[Carinthia (provincia historica slovena)|Carinthia]] (''[[:sl:Koroška (pokrajina)|Koroška]]''), * [[Styria (provincia historica slovena)|Styria]] (''[[:sl:Štajerska|Štajerska]]''), * [[Transmurania (provincia historica slovena)|Transmurania]] (''[[:sl:Prekmurje|Prekmurje]]''). === Geographicae regiones === * [[Histria]] ([[Lingua Slovena|Slovenice]]: ''[[:sl:Istra|Istra]]''; [[Lingua Serbocroatica|Croatice]]: ''[[:hr:Istra|Istra]]''; [[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Istria|Istria]]''; [[Lingua Theodisca|Theodisce]]: ''[[:de:Istrien|Istrien]]''), * [[Carstum]] vel [[Carsia]] ([[Lingua Slovena|Slovenice]]: ''[[:sl:Kras|Kras]]''; [[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Carso|Carso]]''; [[Lingua Theodisca|Theodisce]]: ''[[:de:Karst (Geographie)|Karst]]'') * [[Carniola]], * [[Styria]]. === Regiones statisticae === Slovenia omnia divisa in duodecim ''[[Regiones statisticae Sloveniae|Regiones statisticas]]'' (Slovenice ''Statistične regije''). Hae regiones non divisiones administrativae sed unae statisticae sunt. * [[Carniola Superior (regio statistica slovena)|Carniola Superior]] (''[[:sl:Gorenjska regija|Gorenjska]]''), * [[Goritiana (regio statistica slovena)|Goritiana]] (''[[:sl:Goriška regija|Goriška]]''), * [[Carinthia (regio statistica slovena)|Carinthia]] (''[[:sl:Koroška regija|Koroška]]''), * [[Carniola Interior-Carstum (regio statistica slovena)|Carniola Interior-Carstum]] (''[[:sl:Notranjsko - kraška regija|Notranjsko - kraška]]''), * [[Murania (regio statistica slovena)|Murania]] (''[[:sl:Pomurska regija|Pomurska]]''), * [[Slovenia Media (regio statistica slovena)|Slovenia Media]] (''[[:sl:Osrednjeslovenska regija|Osrednjeslovenska]]''), * [[Slovenia Austro-Orientalis (regio statistica slovena)|Slovenia Austro-Orientalis]] (''[[:sl:Jugovzhodna Slovenija|Jugovzhodna Slovenija]]''), * [[Sovuina (regio statistica slovena)|Sovuina]] (''[[:sl:Savinjska regija|Savinjska]]'') * [[Savania Media (regio statistica slovena)|Savania Media]] (''[[:sl:Zasavska regija|Zasavska]]'') * [[Transavania Inferior (regio statistica slovena)|Transavania Inferior]] (''[[:sl:Spodnjeposavska regija|Spodnjeposavska]]''), * [[Transdravania (regio statistica slovena)|Transdravania]] (''[[:sl:Podravska regija|Podravska]]''), * [[Carstica Litoranea (regio statistica slovena)|Carstica Litoranea]] (''[[:sl:Obalno - kraška regija|Obalno - kraška]]''). == Geographia physica== === Flumina === * [[Aesontius]] vel [[Sontius]] ([[Slovenice]]: ''[[:sl:Soča|Soča]]''; [[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Isonzo|Isonzo]]''), * [[Aquilis]] et [[Argaon]] (gen. ''Argaonis'') flumen ([[Slovenice]]: ''[[:sl:Dragonja|Dragonja]]'', [[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Dragogna|Dragogna]]'', [[Croatice]]: ''[[:hr:Dragonja|Dragonja]]''), * [[Colapis]] (sl.: Kolpa), * [[Corcora]] (sl. Krka), * [[Dravus]] (''[[:sl:Drava|Drava]]''), * [[Frigidus (flumen)|Frigidus]] seu [[Vipaccus (flumen)|Vipaccus]] ([[Slovenice]]: ''[[:sl:Vipava (reka)|Vipava]]''; [[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Vipacco (fiume)|Vipacco]]''; [[Theodisce]]: ''Wippach''), * [[Hydria (flumen)|Hydria]] (alia nomina: [[Idria (flumen)|Idria]]) ([[Slovenice]]: ''[[:sl:Idrijca|Idrijca]]''; [[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Idria (fiume)|Idria]]''; [[Theodisce]]: ''Fetschenbach''), * [[Murus (flumen)|Murus]] (''[[:sl:Mura|Mura]]''), * [[Piucha (flumen)|Piucha]] ([[Slovenice]]: ''[[:sl:Pivka (reka)|Pivka]]''; [[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Piuca|Piuca]]''; [[Theodisce]]: ''Poik'') * [[Savus]] (''[[:sl:Sava|Sava]]''), * [[Sovuina (flumen)|Sovuina]] (alia nomina: [[Souina (flumen)|Souina]], [[Souna (flumen)|Souna]]) ([[Slovenice]]: ''[[:sl:Savinja|Savinja]]''; [[Theodisce]]: ''Sann'') * [[Timavus]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Timavo|Timavo]]''; [[Slovenice]]: ''[[:sl:Timava|Timava]]; Theodisce: ''Recca Fluss''). === Montes === * [[Alpes Iuliae]] ([[Slovenice]]: ''[[:sl:Triglav|Triglav]]'', [[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Monte Tricorno|Monte Tricorno]]'', 2864 m) * [[Alpes Tauriscae]] (sl.: ''Karavanke,'' 2558 m) * [[Mons Albus (Slovenia)|Mons Albius]] ([[Slovenice]]: ''[[:sl:Snežnik|Snežnik]]'', [[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Monte Nevoso|Monte Nevoso]]'', 1796 m) * [[Mons Abantes]] (sl.: Trnovski Gozd, 1496 m) * [[Mons Carusadius]] (sl.: Čičarija, 1272 m) * [[Mons Ochra]] (sl.: ''[[:sl:Nanos|Nanos]]'', 1313 m) * [[Mons Seunus]] (sl.: Pohorje, 1543 m) === Lacus === * [[Lacus Bledensis]] * [[Lacus Circoviensis]] * [[Lacus Poetoviensis]] == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} * [[Iacobus Gallus]] * [[Rudolphus Maister]] * [[Municipia Sloveniae]] * [[Municipia urbana Sloveniae]] * [[Franciscus Prešeren]] * [[Provinciae historicae Sloveniae]] * [[Regiones statisticae Sloveniae]] * [[Urbes Sloveniae]] * [[Georgius Vega]] == Nexus externi == {{Communia|Slovenija|Sloveniam}} {{Grc|Σλοβηνία}} {{Fontes geographici}} * [http://www.slovenia.si/ Slovenia.si]. Your gateway to information on Slovenia. * [http://www.vlada.si/en/ Government of the Republic of Slovenia] * [http://www.slovenia.info Slovenia] * [http://hiking.slovenia.flowiktionary.org Montes - Slovenia]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{natio-stipula}} {{Europa}} {{Unio Europaea}} {{Capsae collectae|Slovenia|politica|{{Praesides Sloveniae}}{{Primi ministri Sloveniae}}{{Ministri rerum externarum Slovenici}}{{Consilium Slovenicum Šarec}}}} [[Categoria:Civitates sociae Unionis Europaeae]] [[Categoria:Civitates sui iuris]] [[Categoria:Condita 1991]] [[Categoria:Europa Media]] [[Categoria:Slovenia|!]] {{Myrias|Geographia}} 0b98yr7azks5canscr42dr2a4pt3bjr 0 2511 3980630 3977799 2026-08-11T20:55:10Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980630 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Vocabularium Venedicum.jpg|thumb|Vocabularium Francogallico-Polabicum (“Venedicum”), a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Christiano Hennig||de|qid=Q4501433}} compositum]]{{videdis|Lingua Venedica (discretiva)}} {{res|Lingua Polabica}}<ref>“Vocabularia linguae Polabicae” ([https://books.google.ru/books?id=AqEAAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA9-PA22&dq=Vocabularia+linguae+Polabicae&hl=fr&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjE4tLIkpSBAxWjERAIHTDhCMMQ6AF6BAgEEAI#v=onepage&q=Vocabularia%20linguae%20Polabicae&f=false]), “reliquiae linguae Polabicae ex antiquis diplomatis erutae et collectae” ([https://books.google.ru/books?id=ZYo4AQAAIAAJ&pg=PR103&dq=reliquiae+linguae+polabicae+ex+antiquis+diplomatis+erutae+et+collectae&hl=fr&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiVkNa1lJSBAxWvFRAIHafEDgIQ6AF6BAgFEAI#v=onepage&q=reliquiae%20linguae%20polabicae%20ex%20antiquis%20diplomatis%20erutae%20et%20collectae&f=false ]).</ref> vel '''Dravaenopolabica'''<ref>[https://books.google.ru/books/about/Fontes_linguae_Dravaenopolabicae_minores.html?id=cjjjYQEACAAJ&redir_esc=y ''Fontes linguae Dravaenopolabicae minores et Chronica Venedica J.P. Schultzii...'', 1967].</ref>, interdum et '''[[Venedi]]ca''', fuit [[lingua]] ex [[linguae Indoeuropaeae|linguis Indoeuropaeis]] et subfamilia [[Linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] subsummata. Cum [[lingua Cassubica]], [[lingua Sorabica]], [[lingua Polonica]], [[lingua Bohemica]]., et [[lingua Slovaca]] ramum Slavicum occidentalem format. In [[Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Luneburgensis|Luneburgo]] ad ripas [[Albis]]<ref>Slavice “Laba”; “Polabi” sunt “ad Labam habitantes”.</ref> usque ad saeculum XVIII in usu erat. Scripturam non habuit, sed aliquot documenta a viris doctis et pastoribus composita manent. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Polabian-language Lingua Polabica in ''Britannica''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230930004813/https://bigenc.ru/c/polabskii-iazyk-8a1e08 Lingua Polabica in ''Encyclopaedia Russica magna''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230905193324/https://digitale.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/vd18/content/pageview/2032446 “Vocabularium Venedicum”] * [[:Incubator:Wp/pox|Vicipaedia Polabica]] in ''[[Incubatrix Vicimediorum|Incubatrice]]'' {{Ling-stipula}} {{Linguae Slavicae}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Polabica, lingua}} [[Categoria:Linguae exstinctae]] [[Categoria:Linguae Slavicae|Polabica]] hrbx2bv6gcgnmffr58vx3g2vnxypkq5 3980660 3980630 2026-08-11T21:33:27Z Grufo 64423 3980660 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Vocabularium Venedicum.jpg|thumb|Vocabularium Francogallico-Polabicum (“Venedicum”), a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Christiano Hennig||de|qid=Q4501433}} compositum]]{{videdis|Lingua Venedica (discretiva)}} {{res|Lingua Polabica}}<ref>“Vocabularia linguae Polabicae” ([https://books.google.ru/books?id=AqEAAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA9-PA22&dq=Vocabularia+linguae+Polabicae&hl=fr&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjE4tLIkpSBAxWjERAIHTDhCMMQ6AF6BAgEEAI#v=onepage&q=Vocabularia%20linguae%20Polabicae&f=false]), “reliquiae linguae Polabicae ex antiquis diplomatis erutae et collectae” ([https://books.google.ru/books?id=ZYo4AQAAIAAJ&pg=PR103&dq=reliquiae+linguae+polabicae+ex+antiquis+diplomatis+erutae+et+collectae&hl=fr&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiVkNa1lJSBAxWvFRAIHafEDgIQ6AF6BAgFEAI#v=onepage&q=reliquiae%20linguae%20polabicae%20ex%20antiquis%20diplomatis%20erutae%20et%20collectae&f=false ]).</ref> vel {{res|Dravaenopolabica}}<ref>[https://books.google.ru/books/about/Fontes_linguae_Dravaenopolabicae_minores.html?id=cjjjYQEACAAJ&redir_esc=y ''Fontes linguae Dravaenopolabicae minores et Chronica Venedica J.P. Schultzii...'', 1967].</ref>, interdum et {{res|[[Venedi]]ca}}, fuit [[lingua]] ex [[linguae Indoeuropaeae|linguis Indoeuropaeis]] et subfamilia [[Linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] subsummata. Cum [[lingua Cassubica]], [[lingua Sorabica]], [[lingua Polonica]], [[lingua Bohemica]]., et [[lingua Slovaca]] ramum Slavicum occidentalem format. In [[Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Luneburgensis|Luneburgo]] ad ripas [[Albis]]<ref>Slavice “Laba”; “Polabi” sunt “ad Labam habitantes”.</ref> usque ad saeculum XVIII in usu erat. Scripturam non habuit, sed aliquot documenta a viris doctis et pastoribus composita manent. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Polabian-language Lingua Polabica in ''Britannica''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230930004813/https://bigenc.ru/c/polabskii-iazyk-8a1e08 Lingua Polabica in ''Encyclopaedia Russica magna''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230905193324/https://digitale.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/vd18/content/pageview/2032446 “Vocabularium Venedicum”] * [[:Incubator:Wp/pox|Vicipaedia Polabica]] in ''[[Incubatrix Vicimediorum|Incubatrice]]'' {{Ling-stipula}} {{Linguae Slavicae}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Polabica, lingua}} [[Categoria:Linguae exstinctae]] [[Categoria:Linguae Slavicae|Polabica]] do7l4cx7fjj7ei2o7qy5b0ie1qlfp0o 0 3793 3980663 3980186 2026-08-11T22:45:01Z Bis-Taurinus 70496 /* Eventa */ Locativum correxi. 3980663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Eventus currens}} {{Decennium|203|MMXXVI}} == Eventa == * 1 Ianuarii: [[Bulgaria]] [[euro]]nem [[moneta]]m induxit. * 3 Ianuarii: [[Nicolaus Maduro]] [[Venetiola]]e praeses a [[miles|militibus]] [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] raptus est; [[Caracae]] multis ictibus affliguntur. * 6 Ianuarii: [[Leo XIV|Leo papa XIV]] [[Iubilaeum anni 2025]] claudit. * 7 Ianuarii: Necatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Renatae Good||en|qid=Q137723290}} inter Operationem "Metro Surge" ad protestationes [[Minneapolis]] excitat. * 15 Ianuarii: [[Vicipaedia]], anno 2001 a [[Iacobus Wales|Iacobo Wales]] et [[Laurentius Sanger|Laurentio Sanger]] condita, annum vicesimum quintum celebrat. * 22 Ianuarii: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] ab [[Ordo mundi sanitarius|Ordine Mundi Sanitarii]] se recedunt. * 28 Ianuarii: [[Sarah Mullally]] prima femina fit quae [[Ecclesia Anglicana|Ecclesiae Anglicanae]] praeest. * 30 Ianuarii: Tria miliones paginarum ad acta [[Galfridus Epstein|Epstein]] pertinentium publicantur, multae personae publicae clarissimae toto orbe terrarum commemorantur. * 2–6 Februarii: [[Curdistania Syriaca|Curdistaniam Syriacam]] [[Ahmedus Husainus al-Shara|rectio Damasci nova]] sibi adiungit. * 6 Februarii: [[Olympia hiemalia 2026|Olympia hiemalia]] in [[Italia]] simul [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], [[Cortina Ampecanorum|Cortinae Ampecanorum]], [[Pralatium|Pralatii]], [[Livignum|Livigni]] et [[Resinae|Ante Silvam]] patefiunt. * 21 Februarii: Bellum inter [[Afghania]] et [[Pakistania]] erumpit. * 28 Februarii: Civitas [[Israël]] et [[Civitates Foederatae]] impetum in [[Irania]]m faciunt, impetum praeemptivum appellantes. * 1 Martii: Irania [[Fretum Ormusense]] commeatui maritimo claudit. * 8 Martii: [[Mojtaba Khamenei|Mojtaba Husainus Khamenei]], [[Ali Khamenei|Alii]] necati filius, magnus dux [[Irania]]e eligitur. * 31 Martii: In [[Mongolia]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Uchral Nyam-Osor||en|qid=Q110962738}}, post abdicationem Gombojavyn Zandanshatar, primus minister iurat. * 6 Aprilis: [[Programma Artemis|Artemis II]] cum quattuor astronautis Lunam circumvolat et 11 Aprilis feliciter in Tellurem revertitur. * 9 Aprilis: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitates Foederatae]] et [[Irania]] indutiis pactionem faciunt, colloquiisque ut discrimen inter se componant. * 26 Aprilis: [[Sebastianus Sawe]] Londinii primus homo [[Cursus Marathonius|cursum Marathonium]] minore tempore quam duabus horis perficit. * 3 Maii: Epidemia [[hantaviridae|hantavirus]] [[Andes|Andini]] ad [[quadragena]]m [[navis]] vectoriae ''Hondius'' ducit, tres mortui. * 16 Maii: Epidemia [[ebolavirus]] Bundibugyoensis in [[Res publica democratica Congensis|Re publica democratica Congolensi]] declaratur. Contra hunc typum neque cura neque vaccinatio nota est. * 23 Maii: Protestationes in [[Albania]], quae "Revolutio Phoenicopterorum" appellantur. * 25 Maii: ''[[Magnifica humanitas]]'', epistola encyclica [[Leo XIV|Leonis XIV]] prima, editur. * 12 Iunii: [[Elon Musk]] primus fit, qui {{num|1000000000000}} [[dollarium Civitatum Foederatarum|dollariorum Americanorum]] accumulaverit. * 22 Iunii: [[Keir Starmer]] se ab officio primi ministri [[Britanniarum regnum|Britanniarum regni]] abdicaturum nuntiat. * 24 Iunii: [[Terrae motus]] maior magnitudinis 7.5 in Venetiola complura milia hominum necat multaque aedificia concidit. * 1 Iulii: [[Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Pii X]] [[Esquinia]]e quattuor [[episcopus|episcopos]] novos sine mandato [[papa]]li consecrat. [[Leo XIV]] papa totam societatem [[excommunicatio|excommunicat]]. * 3 Iulii: [[Keiko Fujimori]] prima muliebris praeses civitatis [[Peruvia|Peruviae]] eligitur. * 19 Iulii: [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Hispanica]] vincit [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (2026)|certamen mundanum pediludii]]. [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Argentina|Argentina]] secunda et [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Anglica|Anglia]] tertia sunt. * 20 Iulii: [[Carolus III (rex Britanniarum)|Carolus III]] rex [[Andreas Burnham|Andream Burnham]] primum ministrum [[Britanniarum regnum|Britanniarum regni]] constituit. * 26 Iulii: [[Thaddaeus Pogačar]], birotarius [[Slovenia|Slovenicus]], quintum [[Circuitus Franciae|Circuitum Franciae]] vincit. * 28 Iulii: [[Terrae motus Kumamoto anni 2026|Terrae motus Kumamoto]] accidit. * 30 Iulii: Octoginta milia [[migratio|migrantium]] [[Septa]]m e [[Marocum|Maroco]] intrant, 111 moriuntur, plerique remittuntur. * 2 Augusti: [[Arabia Saudiana]], [[Pakistania]] et [[Turcia]] [[Mecca]]e pactum defensionis subscribunt. == Nati == {{Nati desiderati}} == Mortui == * [[8 Ianuarii]]: [[Ludovicus E. Brus]], chimicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1943]]. * [[10 Ianuarii]]: [[Ericus de Däniken]], scriptor [[Helvetia|Helveticus]]; natus est anno [[1935]]. * [[13 Ianuarii]]: [[Georgius Basiliu]], politicus [[Cyprus|Cypri]]; natus est anno [[1931]]. * [[16 Ianuarii]]: [[Ludovica Diogo]], politica [[Mozambicum|Mozambicana]]; nata est anno [[1958]]. * [[24 Ianuarii]] ** [[David Abulafia]], historicus [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1949]]. ** [[Gulielmus Foege]], [[medicus]] et [[epidemiologia|epidemiologus]] [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1936]]. * [[25 Ianuarii]]: [[Yi Haechan]], politicus [[Res publica Coreana|Rei publicae Coreanae]]; natus est anno [[1952]]. * [[26 Ianuarii]]: [[Sia Figiel]], poeta, scriptrix, et pictrix [[Samoa]]na; nata est anno [[1967]]. * [[1 Februarii]]: [[Rita Süssmuth]], politica [[Germania|Germanica]]; nata est anno [[1937]]. * [[11 Februarii]]: [[Iacobus van der Beek]], actor [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1977]]. * [[15 Februarii]]: [[Robertus Duvall]], actor et moderator cinematographicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1931]]. * [[19 Februarii]]: [[Polycarpus Pengo]], archiepiscopus [[Tanzania|Tanzanicus]]; natus est anno [[1944]]. * [[28 Februarii]]: [[Ali Khamenei]], magnus dux [[Irania]]e, ab [[Israel]]e occiditur; natus est anno [[1939]]. * [[1 Martii]]: [[David Oddi filius]], politicus [[Islandia|Islandicus]]; natus est anno [[1948]]. * [[5 Martii]]: [[Antonius Lobo Antunes]], scriptor et psychologus [[Portugallia|Lusitanus]]; natus est anno [[1942]]. * [[8 Martii]]: [[Antonius Iacobus Leggett]], physicus [[Regnum Britanniarum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1936]]. * [[12 Martii]]: [[Ioachimus Wanke]], episcopus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1941]]. * [[14 Martii]]: **[[Georgius Habermas]], philosophus continentalis et sociologus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1929]]. **[[Christophorus A. Sims]], oeconomiae peritus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1942]]. * [[17 Martii]]: [[Ilia II]], patriarcha Ecclesiae Orthodoxae Georgianae [[Russia|Russicus]]; natus est anno [[1933]]. * [[19 Martii]]: ** [[Humbertus Bossi]], politicus [[Italia|Italianus]]; natus est anno 1941. ** [[Carolus Norris]], artifex martialis [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1940]]. * [[22 Martii]]: [[Leonillus Jospin]], politicus [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1937]]. * [[6 Aprilis]]: [[Christianus Schwarz-Schilling]], politicus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1930]]. * [[7 Aprilis]]: [[Iacobus Whittaker]], alpinista [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1929]]. * [[8 Aprilis]]: [[Carolus Delhez]], presbyter et sociologicus [[Belgica|Belgicus]]; natus est anno [[1951]]. * [[9 Aprilis]]: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Björgvin Halldórsson||en|qid=Q879495}}, musicus [[Islandia|Islandicus]]; natus est anno [[1951]]. * [[19 Aprilis]]: [[Desmond Morris|Desmondus Morris]], zoologus ethologusque Anglicus; natus est anno [[1928]]. * [[24 Aprilis]]: [[Sophia Zdybicka]], philosopha et monacha [[Polonia|Polonica]]; nata est anno [[1928]]. * [[6 Maii]]: [[Theodorus Turner]], vir negotii et philanthropus Americanus; natus est anno 1938. * [[25 Maii]]: [[Sonny Rollins]], saxophonista iazensis Americanus; natus est anno 1930. * [[29 Maii]]: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Bryan Bergougnoux||en|qid=Q936402}}, lusor harpastum Gallicus; nata est anno [[1983]]. * [[6 Iunii]]: [[Osorius Citora Afonso]], episcopus necatus [[Mozambicum|Mozambicanus]]; natus est anno [[1972]]. * [[14 Iunii]]: [[Oliverius Tree]], cantor histrioque [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1993]]. * [[16 Iunii]]: [[Camillus Ruini]], cardinalis [[Italia|Italicus]]; natus est anno [[1931]]. * [[21 Iunii]]: [[Franciscus Guterres]], politicus [[Timora Orientalis|Timoracus]]; natus est anno [[1954]]. * [[22 Iunii]]: [[Alanus Greenspan]], pristinus praeses [[Systema aerarium foederale|systematis aerarii foederalis Americae]]; natus est anno [[1926]]. * [[8 Iulii]]: [[Anna Widdecombe]], politica Britannica; nata est anno [[1947]]. * [[11 Iulii]]: [[Lindsey Graham]], politicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1955]]. * [[14 Iulii]]: [[Ioannes Michael Maitzen]], astronomus [[Austria]]cus; natus est anno [[1943]]. * [[29 Iulii]]: [[Harrius Mitchell]], politicus Americanus; natus est anno [[1940]]. * [[31 Iulii]]: [[Francus Baresi]] pedilusor Italicus; natus est anno [[1960]]. * [[2 Augusti]]: [[Kay Granger]], politica Americana; nata est anno 1943. * [[3 Augusti]]: [[Iulius Duarte Langa]], cardinalis [[Mozambicum|Mozambicanus]]; natus est anno [[1927]]. * [[6 Augusti]]: [[Franciscus Guccini]], cantor Italicus; natus est anno 1940. mgje61kx6gsdwkr13lksiqf1h337rdv 0 4044 3980595 3919463 2026-08-11T19:25:47Z LilyKitty 18316 de terrae motus magno anno 2026 3980595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Videdis|Columbia (discretiva)}} {{L}} {{capsa civitatis Vicidata}} {{res|Columbia}}<ref>{{Egger DL|43}}. "Columbia . . . [olim] foederata respublica Columbiae" {{Google Books|iXZYAAAAcAAJ|p. 169}}</ref> ([[Hispanice]] ''Colombia'' et rite ''República de Colombia'') est [[res publica]] in boreoccidentali [[America Australis|Americae Australis]] [[regio]]ne sita. [[Superficies|Superficiem]] 2&thinsp;070&thinsp;408 [[chiliometrum quadratum|km²]], e quibus 1&thinsp;141&thinsp;748 km² continentali territorio et reliqua 928&thinsp;660 maritimae extensioni correspondunt, habet. Finitimae civitates sunt boreoccident [[Panama]], oriente [[Venetiola]] et [[Brasilia]], meridie [[Aequatoria]] et [[Peruvia]]; septentrione quoque Columbia [[Mare Caribbaeum|mari Caribbaeo]] et occidenti [[Oceanus Pacificus|oceano Pacifico]] madefit. Columbia de maritimis finibus cum Venetiola et [[Nicaragua]] controversatur. Ad Columbiam diversae [[insula]]e ut [[archipelagus]] [[Sanctus Andreas, Providentia, et Sancta Catherina|Sancti Andreae, Providentiae et Sanctae Catherinae]] pertinent. Inter civitates Americae Australis Columbia locum quartum habet, quo ad superficiem, tertium quo ad incolarum numerum pertinet. [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] est [[Bogota]]. Territorium, quod hodie Columbia appellatur a principio populi [[Americani indigenae|Amerindi]] e [[Media America]] insulisque Caribicis migrantes incolebant. Praecipuae tribus [[Confoederatio Muiscana|Muisca]], [[Quimbayae|Quimbaya]], [[Tayronae|Tayrona]], et [[Zenuvii|Zenuvia]] (Hispanice ''Muisca, Quimbaya, Tairona,'' et ''Zenú'') ad linguisticas familias [[Linguae Aravacanae|Aravacanam]], [[Linguae Chibchanae|Chibchanam]], et [[Linguae Ge-Pano-Caribanae|Caribicam]] pertinentes fuerunt. Meridiei pars ab [[Imperium Incarum|Incis]] inculta est. [[Saeculum 15|Saeculo quinto decimo]] [[conquisitatores Hispani]] territorium occupantes colonizaverunt, quod ad [[Viceregnum Novae Granatae|Viceregni Novae Granatae]] creationem tulit. Anno [[1819]] cum [[Simon Bolívar|Simonis Bolívar]] expeditionibus Columbia libertatem ab [[Hispania]] obtinuit, sed iam anno [[1830]] [[Magna Columbia]] in intestinis bellis cito collapsa est, quae praesentium Venetiolae et Aequatoriae [[secessio]]nem provocaverunt. Illae, quae nunc Columbia et [[Panama]] sunt, velut [[Res Publica Novae Granatae]] emerserunt, vicissim cum [[Confoederatio Granatina|Confoederatione Granatina]] anno [[1858]] [[foederalismus|coniunctae sunt]], ut postea [[Civitates Foederatae Columbiae]] anno [[1863]] formarentur usque ad praesentis unitariae rei publicae anni [[1886]] consolidationem. Anno [[1903]], post [[Bellum Mille Dierum]], [[departimentum|departimenti]] sive praefecturae Panamae secessio accidit. Columbia in bello cum Peruvia anno [[1932]] propter vastum territorium Trapezium Amazonicum nominatum involuta est, resoluto per [[Societas Civitatum|Societatis Civitatum]] arbitrium. Anno [[1948]] initum est [[bellum civile]] ([[Violentia]]), quod usque ad ineuntes [[anni 1960|annos 1960]] durabat et [[chartellum|chartella]]{{dubsig}} [[medicamentum|medicamentorum]] contra [[lex|leges]] genuit. Quod praesentem certamen [[arma]]tum in Columbia inter gubernationem, [[communismus|communisticum]] [[exercitus|exercitum]] clandestinum, paramilitares et medicamentorum cryptopolas{{dubsig}} provocavit, qui milia interfectorum, vulneratorum, raptorum, discessorum, et abitorum hominum velut consequentiam reliquerunt quod Columbiam in mundo maxime violentium civitatum unam et medicamentorum maxime exportatarum unam descripsit. Nihilominus Columbia instituta aliquantulum stabiliora habuit, aliis Americae Australis civitatibus collata, excepta brevi interclusione inter annos [[1953]] et [[1957]], cum [[subitanea conversio rerum|subitaneam conversionem rerum]] experita esset. Columbia [[saeculum 21|saeculo XXI]] ineunte mediae magnitudinis potentia fuit, cum quarto [[productus domesticus grossus|PDG]] maximo inter civitates Americae Australis, ubi [[coffeum|coffei]] productio et [[flos|florum]], [[carbo]]nis [[petroleum|petroleique]] [[exportatio]] res magni momenti essent. Magnam [[diversitas culturae|culturarum diversitatem]] et [[civitates megadiversae|amplissimarum planetae]] et [[diversitas biologica|biodiversitatum]]{{dubsig}} unam ostendit. Columbia est unitaria respublica [[praeses|praesidentialis]]: [[Parlamentum|congressus]], a [[camera]] (102 sodalium) et a Senatu (166) compositus, [[potestas legisfera|potestatem legisferam]] exsequitur. == Etymologia == Nomen ''Columbiae'' 'terram [[Christophorus Columbus|Christophori Columbi]]' significans, a [[Franciscus de Miranda|Francisco de Miranda]] conceptum est, ut Novus Mundus, [[America]], nominaretur. Die [[15 Februarii]] [[1819]] in congressu [[Angustura]]e proclamata est civitas, quae nomen ''Reipublicae Columbianae'' sumpsit (nunc nomine Magna Columbia nota, ne cum hodierna Columbia confundatur) cum imperio in finibus tunc [[Viceregnum Nova Granata|Viceregni Novae Granatae]] et [[Capitaneatus Venetiola]]e. Anno [[1830]], cum praefecturae (Hispanice ''departamentos'') [[Quitum|Quiti]] et [[Venetiola]]e se a Magna Columbia iam separarent, cetera praefectura [[Nova Granata|Novae Granatae]] in rempublicam eiusdem nominis erecta est. Respublica Novae Granatae postea conversa est in civitatem foederatam titulo '''Confoederationis Granatinae,''' constitutione anni [[1858]] approbata. Haec nomen '''Civitates Foederatas Columbiae''' anno [[1863]] sumpsit; quae anno [[1886]] tandem constituta est usque ad hodie in Rempublicam Columbiae. Significatio nominis mentionem habet in [[carmen publicum|carminis publici]] verso: "lavatur in sanguine heroum terra Columbi" ([[Hispanice]]: ''se baña en sangre de héroes la tierra de Colón''). == Historia == === Aetas Prae-Columbiana === [[Fasciculus:Muisca raft Legend of El Dorado Offerings of gold.jpg|thumb|Exemplar [[Ratis Muiscana]]e ([[1200]]–[[1500]]) [[initiatio]]nem novi [[Zipa]]e depingit, hominis, qui thesauros Guatavitae [[dea]]e in medio [[lacus|lacu]] sacro offerebat. Haec [[traditio]] origo [[fabula]]e [[fabula Chrysopolis|Chrysopolis]] (Hispanice ''El Dorado'') facta est. - [[Museum Auri]] Bogotae '''Columbiae''']] [[Fasciculus:San Agustin parque arqueologic.jpg|thumb|Statuae Culturae Sancti Augustini]] Secundum [[archaeologia|archaeologicas]] reliquas velut [[Abra (archaeologia)|Abram]] (''El Abra''), praesentis Columbiae terra incoli coepit inter annos 11&thinsp;000 et 20&thinsp;000 a.C.n. Incultionis viae variae fuerunt, velut diversae linguisticae familiae et culturalis diversitas (Palaeoindica, Archaica, Formativa) testantur. Propter suum [[geographia|geographicum]] praesentem locum Columbia ambulacrum inter populos [[Mesoamerica]]e, Caribici, [[Andes|Andium]], [[Amazonum Flumen|Amazoni]] constituit. Inter [[montes continui|montes]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iugum La Lindosa|de La Lindosa|es|qid=Q23715966}} vestigia habitationis hominum ossaque animalium venationis annis inter 18&thinsp;000 a.C.n. et 10&thinsp;000 a.C.n. deponebantur; ibi ad montem [[Cerro Azul (locus archaeologicus)|Cerro Azul]] picturae murales annis circiter 10&thinsp;500 a.C.n. factae repertae sunt. Caribica Columbiae in regione, praesertim in Canalis Aggeris (''Canal del Dique'') regione, ineunte prima Formativa phase circa 4000 a.C.n. sedes aliquae iam erant, in diversarum familiarum circulos subdivisae, quae magnas domus [[maloca]]s nominatas habitabant et suam traditam venatus et conlectionis victum cum prima [[agricultura]]e forma, minoris dimensionis, conectebant. Videtur, ut simul semipermanentes{{dubsig}} sedes iuxta [[litus]] essent, ut acciperentur aliqui hominum circuli piscantes et [[mollusca]] conligentes. In [[Portus Formicae|Portu Formicae]] (''Puerto Hormiga'') [[Bolivaria (departimentum Columbianum)|Bolivariae]] periodus Archaicae vestigia inventa sunt, quae antiquissimorum figulinorum reliquorum aliquae nunquam in [[America]] inventa circa 3000 a.C.n. includunt, ubi coepta est [[Zea mays|maizae]] [[cultura]] parva dimensione in [[Oropedium Cundiboyacense|Oropedio Cundiboyacensi]], quod hoc alimentum principale pagi incolarum diaetae componens factum esse demonstrat. Prima [[mandioca]]e cultura in Caribica regione accidisse videtur. In terra Columbiana inventa sunt vestigia culturarum, quae per formativum tempus, circa 1500 a.C.n. vixerunt. [[Hortus Archaeologicus Sancti Augustini|Sancti Augustini]] et [[Hortus Archaeologicus Terrae Interioris|Terrae Interioris]] (''San Agustín'' et ''Tierradentro'' proprie) culturae distinguuntur. Haec periodos e circa 1400 a.C.n. usque ad [[Conquisitatores Hispani|Conquisitatorum]] [[Hispania|Hispanorum]] adventum [[saeculum 16|saeculo sexto decimo]] durat. Formativa aetas dividitur in phases tres: ''Aetas Praeclassica'' circa [[900 a.C.n.]] incipiens, statim proxima [[Holocaeni]] initio, ubi humanorum circulorum sedis processus cum [[horticultura]]e inventione, quae venatum et nomadismum in pleraque tribu substituit, initium capit; ''Aetas Classica'', a [[technologia]] evolutiore in [[agricultura]] notata cum [[Cucumis sativus|cucumis]], [[patata]]e, [[phaseolus|phaseoli]], et [[Theobroma cacao|cacaonis]] cultione; ''Aetas Postclassica'' [[900]] anno incipiens, ubi cultionum irrigatio et textilem industriam satis progressa, ut incolarum vestitus necessitates explerentur, evoluta est. Aliae Prae-Columbianae culturae in Formativa periodo [[Cultura Tumacensis-Tolitensis|Tumacensis]], [[Cultura Calimensis|Calimensis]], [[Cultura Narinniensis|Narinniensis]], [[Cultura Tumacensis-Tolitensis|Tolitensis]] et [[Cultura Quimbayensis|Quimbayensis]] et [[Cultura Urabensis|Urabensis]] (''Tumaco, Calima, Nariño, Tolima, Quimbaya, Urabá'' proprie) sunt. [[Saeculum 16|Saeculo sexto decimo]] tres magnae familiae linguisticae praecipuae in territorio hodiernae Columbiae [[Linguae Aravacanae|Aravacanae]], [[Linguae Ge-Pano-Caribanae|Caribica]] et [[Linguae Chibchanae|Chibchana]] erant. === Colonizatio Hispanica === Hispanus [[Alonsus de Ojeda]] exploratores imperavit, qui in [[Paeninsula Guaxirae|Paeninsulam Guaxirae]] (''Península de la Guajira'') venerunt anno [[1499]], quod primus contactus inter [[Europa]]eos cum praesenti Columbia fuit. Undecim annos postea auctoritates Hispanicae [[Sancta Maria Antiqua Darienensis|Sanctam Mariam Antiquam Darienensem]], in continente Americano primam [[colonia]]m, (anno [[1525]]) condiderunt, et postea, post huius praecipui loci solidationem in litoralibus zonis condendis [[Sancta Martha (Columbia)|Sancta Martha]] (anno 1525, ''Santa Marta'') et [[Carthago Neogranatensis|Carthagine Neogranatensi]] (anno [[1533]] ''Cartagena de Indias''), intestinorum explorationi initium cepit, ubi [[Popayanum]] (anno [[1536]] ''Popayán'') et Bogota (anno [[1513]] ''Bogotá'') condita sunt. [[Leges Burgorum]] anni 1513 abusus populis [[Indi Americani|Indigenis]], qui servi facti et ad [[Religio Christiana|Christianam]] conversionem compulsi sunt, inflictos impedire frustra conatae sunt. Status hic multas Indigenarum seditiones genuit quae territorii pacationem usque ad annum [[1560]] impediverunt. Instituta populos Indigenas ad tributorum solutionem et ad labores coactos cogebant. Simul, [[Africa|Africorum]] servorum commercium e Carthaginis Neogranatensis portu introductum est. Colonialia instituta statuta sunt anno [[1550]], ubi Regalis Audientia Sanctae Fidei Bogotae (''Real Audiencia de Santa Fe de Bogotá'') erecta est, quae provinciarum Sanctae Marthae, Fluminis Sancti Ioannis, Popayani, et Carthaginis Neogranatensis (''Santa Marta, Río San Juan, Popayán, Cartagena de Indias'' proprie) territorium comprehendebat. [[saeculum 18|Saeculo XVIII]] [[Viceregnum Novae Granatae|Nova Granata]] velut [[Vicerex|Viceregnum]] oritur, cuius caput erat urbs Sanctae Fidei. Per totum tempus colonia [[pirata]]rum [[Britanniarum Regnum|Coronae Britannicae]] servientium impetuum destinatum fuit, quae anno [[1741]] profligata est. Anno [[1781]] communitatis seditio, prima [[Creolus|Creolae]] identitatis significatio, fuit cum seditiosis iter per caput facientibus novis tributis questum et suarum nationalium opium portionem vindicatum. === Emancipatio === [[Fasciculus:Congreso de Cúcuta Bolívar Santander.jpg|thumb|[[Simon Bolívar]] et [[Franciscus de Paula Santander]] in Congresso [[Cucuta]]e.]] Post [[Francia|Gallicam]] Hispaniae irruptionem anno [[1808]] habitam amici libertatis initium ceperunt motus in Hispanicis Americarum coloniis. In Nova Granata in principiis ab [[Antonius Nariño|Antonio Nariño]] contra Hispanicam auctoritatem, ducebantur, qui fortem oppositionem contra Viceregnum induxit. Post initium Carthaginis Neogranatensis libertatis, die [[11 Novembris]] [[1811]], duae gubernationes fuerunt, quae finiverunt in bello civili; haec periodos [[Patria Stulta]] (''Patria Boba'') appellata est. Anno [[1812]] [[Provinciae Foederatae Novae Granatae]] (Hispanice: ''Provincias Unidas de Nueva Granada'') proclamatae sunt, a [[Camillus Torres Tenorio|Camillo Torres Tenorio]] ductae. Anno [[1813]] [[Antioquia|Antioquiae]]<ref>De nomine Latino cf. {{CathHierDiocese|sfan|Archidioecesis Sanctae Fidei de Antioquia}} et nomina biologica ''[[Hemibrycon antioquiae]]'', ''[[Vochysia antioquiae]]''</ref> libertas proclamata est, eodem anno, quo Simon Bolívar expeditionem in Venetiolam emisit, ubi nihilominus victus et sequente anno in Novam Granatam fugire coactus est. Quamvis rebellion succedit, duorum dissimilium ideologicorum (Centralistici{{dubsig}} et Foederalistici) modorum ortus in intestinam conlisionem tulit, qua Hispani usi sunt, quorum copiae anno [[1815]] rebellionem supprimere et instituta et Viceregnum restituere consecutae sunt. Viceregno restituto rebelles a vicerege [[Ioannes de Sámano|Ioanne de Sámano]] acriter puniti sunt, solidando terroris regimine. Quod postea libertatis desiderium intra populum fortius fecit, iuxta cum mala oeconomica re et militari statu Hispaniae, quae in [[Proelium Boyacense|proelio Boyacensi]] (''Batalla de Boyacá'') anno [[1819]] victa erat. Iam Simon Bolívar Novae Granatae ab [[Imperium Hispanicum|Imperio Hispanico]] libertatem Bogotae proclamavit. [[Congressus Cucutensis]] (''Congreso de Cúcuta'') anni [[1821]] [[constitutio]]nem abrogavit, cuius propositum Rem Publicam Columbiae (tunc notam velut [[Magna Columbia|Magnam Columbiam]]) creare erat. Sed nova res publica enorme territorium comprehendebat ad praesentia Columbiae, Venetiolae, Aequatoriae, Panamaeque territoria correspondens, et unio se valde volatilem et instabilem ostendens finivit cum separatione Venetiolae anno [[1829]], quam Aequatoria anno 1830 secuta est, eodem anno, quo Simon Bolívar mortuus est. === Primum saeculum rei publicae === Ex anno [[1839]] in [[1884]] civitas valde instabilis erat et funestorum [[Bellum civile|bellorum civilium]] series subiit, quae adhuc hodiernam [[historia Columbiae|Columbiae historiam]] signat, et quorum aliquae mutationes constitutionales, regiminis aut nominis civitatis faverunt. Anno 1839 accidit primum bellum civile Columbianum, nominatum [[Bellum Conventuum]] (''Guerra de los Conventos''). Haec rebellio ab [[Iosephus Maria Obando|Iosepho Maria Obando]] temperata est. Anno [[1854]] [[Iosephus Maria Melo]] [[subitanea conversio rerum|subitaneam conversionem rerum]] duxit, tum politicam tum militarem. Postea vires armatae valde deminutae sunt, ut operaret foederalismus, qui usque ad annum [[1859]] statutus est, cum accidit quartum bellum civile in civitate [[Cauca (departimentum Columbiae)|Cauca]] initum, quod gubernationem inter annos [[1860]] et [[1863]] eversit. Ex hac periodo usque ad annum [[1876]] per [[Constitutio Melanopotamica|Constitutionis Melanopotamicae]] (''Constitución de Ríonegro'') annos, quae Civitatum autonomiam et potentium regionalium exercituum creationem, collata politica et mediae gubernationis debilitate, fovit, acciderunt circa 40 bella civilia regionalia et insuper unum amplum. Eodem anno{{dubsig}} [[Achilles Parra]] potestaem cepit. Anno 1884 pugnaces liberales praesidem [[Raphael Núñez|Raphaelem Núñez]] amovere frustra conati sunt. Per omnia haec bella civilia respublica continuo nomen mutavit. Quae ex anno [[1831]] in 1858 civitas [[Res Publica Novae Granatae]] (''República de la Nueva Granada''); ex anno 1858 in [[1861]] [[Confoederatio Granatina]] (''Confederación Granadina''); ex anno 1861 in [[1886]] [[Civitates Foederatae Columbiae]] (''Estados Unidos de Colombia''); et denique ex anno 1886 denuo Res Publica Columbiae nominata est. [[Saeculum 20|Saeculum vicensimum]] in medio [[Bellum mille dierum|Bello Mille Dierum]] initium cepit. Quod iuxta cum separatione [[Panama]]e gubernationem [[Raphael Reyes|Raphaelem Reyes]] se abdicare anno [[1909]] coegit. Anno [[1910]] unus factionis respublicanae praesidum, [[Carolus Eugenius Restrepo]], potestatem cepit. Eodem anno constitutionalis emendationis probatio viribus militaribus interpositionem in politia vetuit. Anno [[1930]] conservativorum hegemonia destitit. === Mutatio rei publicae liberalis in Frontem Nationalem === Anno [[1932]] [[Bellum Columbo-Peruvianum]] advenit, primum Columbianum bellum internationale, velut res publica sui iuris. Inter annos 1930 et [[1946]] Factio Liberalis potestatem habebat. Propter intestinas divisiones in liberalibus conservativi potestatem praesidentialem cum [[Marianus Ospina Perez|Mariano Ospina Pérez]] recuperaverunt sed non maiorem [[parlamentum|congressus]] partem. Quod politicae violentiae gradum auxit, praesertim post [[Georgius Eliécer Gaitán|Georgii Eliécer Gaitán]] caedem die [[9 Aprilis]] anni [[1948]] in [[Ictus Bogotae|Ictu Bogotae]] (Hispanice: ''Bogotazo''), qui initium periodo nominatae [[Violentia]] (''La Violencia'') dedit, cum regiones traditionaliter alteri aut alteri factioni fideles locales aliarum politicarum factionum sodales occidisent et cum Factionis Liberalis absentia in comitiis praesidentialibus anni [[1950]], in quibus [[Laureanus Gómez]] electus est, violentiam inter ambas factiones favisset. Per hanc periodon Columbiana gubernatio certum militum numerum in [[Bellum Coreanum]] misit. Agricolarum defensionis motus in [[Tolima (departimentum Columbianum)|Tolima]] et in [[Planities (America Meridionalis)|Planitiebus]] (''Los Llanos'') fuerunt, quae regiones belli clandestini cellulas composuerunt. Clandestini bellatores planitiei a Guadalupe Salcedo et aliis localibus ducibus ducti [[Vaeca Perdita|Vaecae Perditae]] (''Vega Perdida'') primam constitutionem Vaecae Perditae promulgaverunt. Haec libertatis impetus amissus est, quia Factio Communistica Columbiae se in opera iam a bellatoribus clandestinis evoluta conlocare temptavit, ut suum proprium pondus determinaretur. Dux bellatorum clandestinorum, qui praecipue liberales erant, constitutionem relinquere elegit. Cum pacandae reipublicae promisso ordo politicus [[subitanea conversio rerum|subitaneam conversionem rerum]] fovit et anno [[1953]] summum praefectum [[Gustavus Rojas Pinilla|Gustavum Rojas Pinilla]] in potestatem collocavit. Plerique bellatores clandestini, gubernantionis pacis condicionibus attracti, arma tradiderunt. In multis casibus horum circulorum duces aut aliqui sodales occisi sunt mensibus aut immo annis postea. Foedus inter Liberales et Conservativos ad finem dictaturam Gustavi Rojas Pinilla perduxit, et post temporarium coetum militarem, qui Frontem Nationalem velut regressum ad comitialem democratiam in alternata praesidentiae distributione inter duas magnas factiones fundatam instituit. Dum Frons Nationalis ad finem inter ambas factiones violentiam perduxit, aliis optionibus portam clausit, et aliqui armatae luctationis viam capere decreverunt. Bellatores clandestini liberales anni 1950 a Factione Communistica et ab aliquibus intellectualistis sustenti [[Exercitus Liberationis Nationalis (Columbia)|Exercitum Liberationis Nationalis]] et [[Vires Armatae Revolutionariae Columbiae|Vires Armatas Revolutionarias Columbiae]] (''Ejército de Liberación Nacional, ELN'' et ''Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia, FARC'', proprie) creaverunt. === Recens historia === Etiam postquam Frons Nationalis anno [[1974]] finem cepisset, potestas inter Liberales et Conservativos distributa mansit, quamquam constitutione anno 1968 reformata aliarum politicarum factionum participatio (initio in locali regionalique planis] concessa erat. Hic status commercio medicaminum stupefactivorum aditum dedit; quod unam ex causis armati conflictus status in Columbia constituit, nationem actionibus velut Palatii Iustititae captione anno [[1985]] peracta in permanentis criseos statu mantinens. Ex eo circuli armati illegitimi (bellatores clandestini et [[copiae paramilitares|paramilitares]] commercio stupefactivorum iuncti) [[cocainum|cocaini]] [[heroinum|heroinique]] cultionem, transformationem, et distributionem moderati sunt. Anno [[1990]] ineunte nova constitutio probata est et oeconomia aperiri coepit, [[Caesar Gaviria|Caesare Gaviria]] praeside. In medio politico chao in medio [[decennium 200|decennio 200]] [[Vires Armatae Revolutionariae Columbiae|Virum Armatarum Revolutionariarum Columbiae]] et [[Exercitus Liberationis Nationalis (Columbia)|Exercitus Liberationis Nationalis]] bellatores clandestini se firmaverunt, relativam institutionalem stabilitatem minati, et ut gubernatio de processu pacis inter annos [[1998]] et [[2002]] ageret cogens.{{dubsig}} Anno [[2002]] [[Alvarus Uribe Vélez]] praeses factus est violentiam per firmatas institutiones ad finem perducere promittens. Alvarus Uribe Vélez primus praeses nec Liberalis nec Conservativi factionis fuit post plus quam 150 annos. Per suum primum mandatum negotiationem consecutus est, quae paramilitarum circulorum dimissionis processus annueret. Gubernationis coalitio in constitutione reformanda bene successit. Alvarus Uribe Vélez anno [[2006]] denuo electus est. Exercitus nationalis illas copias armatas illegitimas dure impugnabat, quae arma sua non deposuerant, Quae actiones diplomaticum discrimen cum Aequatoria et Venetiola anno [[2008]] concitaverunt. Die [[10 Augusti]] anno [[2026]], [[terrae motus]] [[Scala Richteriana|magnitudine]] 7.4 maxima in [[historia Columbiae]] fit, quod plus quam 169 homines necati sunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c20e360lx0vo At least 169 killed in Colombia's largest earthquake in years]</ref> == Geographia == [[Fasciculus:Mapa de Colombia (regiones naturales).svg|thumb|Columbiam sex regiones geographicae naturales componunt: [[Regio Amazonica Columbiae|Amazonia]], [[Regio Antisensis Columbiae|Andes]], [[Regio Caribica Columbiae|Caribicum]], [[Regio Insularis Columbiae|Insularis]], [[Regio Orinocica Columbiae|Orinocica]] et [[Regio Pacifica Columbiae|Pacifica]].]] [[Fasciculus:Colombia Topography.png|thumb|Tabula topographica Columbiae]] [[Fasciculus:Macizo Colombiano.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mons Columbianus]] ([[Hispanice]]: ''Macizo Colombiano'')]] [[Fasciculus:Nevado del Ruiz 1985.jpg|thumb|left|[[Niveus Ruizensis]] ([[Hispanice]]: ''Nevado del Ruiz'')]] [[Fasciculus:Los Llanos Colombia by David.png|thumb|[[Planities (America Meridionalis)|Planities Orientales]] ([[Hispanice]]: ''Los Llanos Orientales'')]] [[Fasciculus:Puente-Rio Magdalena.jpg|thumb|Flumen [[Magdalena (flumen)|Magdalena]]]] Columbia vicessima sexta natio in mundo maxima et Americae Australis quarta est, 1&thinsp;141&thinsp;748 chiliometrorum quadratorum lata. In boreoccidentali Austramericani territorii extremo sita, oriente Venetiolae et Brasiliae, meridie Aequatoriae, et Peruviae, septentrione mari Caribico ([[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceano Atlantico]]), boreoccidentale Panamae et occidente Oceano Pacifico finitima est. In [[mare territoriale|mari territoriali]] suo Columbia civitatum Caribici [[Iamaica]]e, [[Haitia]]e, [[Respublica Dominicana|Reique Publicae Dominicanae]], et Mediae Americae civitatum [[Honduria]]e, [[Nicaragua]]e, [[Ora Opulenta|Orae Opulentae]] maria territorialia finitima est. Extremi geographici loci septentrione [[Cardo Gallinarum]] (Hispanice: ''Punta Gallinas'') in [[Paeninsula Guaxirae]] (''Península de la Guajira''), cuius latitudo 12°26'46" septentrionalis; meridie [[Ostia convallis Sancti Antonii]] (''Bocas de la quebrada San Antonio'') in [[Trapezium Amazonicum|Trapezio Amazonico]], cuius latitudo 4°12'30" australis; oriente in [[insula Sancti Iosephi (Flumen Nigrum)|insula Sancti Iosephi]] [[Flumen Nigrum (Amazonicum)|Fluminis Nigri]] [''Isla de San José del Río Negro'']), cuius longitudo 6°50'54" occidentalis; et [[Promontorium Mangroviarum]] (''Cabo Manglares'') occidente in [[Narinnia (departimentum Columbianum)|Narinnia]] (''Nariño''), cuius longitudo 79°2'33" occidentalis est. Columbia classificatur in has geographicas regiones: [[Regio Amazonica Columbiae|Amazoniam]], [[Regio Antisensis Columbiae|Andes]], [[Regio Caribica Columbiae|Caribicam]], [[Regio Insularis Columbiae|Insularis]], [[Regio Orinocica Columbiae|Orinocicam]], et [[Regio Pacifica Columbiae|Pacificam]]. Columbia in [[geologia]] est [[Anulus igneus Pacifici|anuli ignei Pacifici]] pars, qui regionem [[terrae motus|terrae motibus]], [[megacyma]]tibus et [[mons ignifer|vulcanicis eruptionibus]] obnoxiam facit, quia apud laminarum Nazcensis, Caribici, et Austro-Americani{{dubsig}} convergentiam locatur. Haec [[lamen tectonicum|lamina]] in Columbia duas magnas territoriales areas formant; alteram in Oceano Pacifico] et mari Caribico circa 828&thinsp;660 km² latam submersam et alteram [[Andes|monte Antisensi]] et orientali planitie cum Venetiola divisa circa 1&thinsp;143&thinsp;748 km² latam formatam. === Morphologia === Columbianum territorium in montuosam regionem occidente et oriente aequam divisum est. Eodem modo iugo Antisensi, in tria distincta [[iugum montium|iuga montium]] secundum eorum relativum geographicum locum nominata, iuga [[Cordillera Occidentalis]], [[Cordillera Centralis]], et [[Cordillera Orientalis]] (Hispanice ''Cordillera Occidental, Cordillera Central'' et ''Cordillera Oriental'' proprie) ramificato, transitur. Columbiani territorii superficies prominentias in sic nominato [[Nodus Pastuum|Nodo Pastuum]] et in [[Mons Columbianus|Monte Columbiano]] (''Nudo de los Pastos'' et ''Macizo Colombiano'' proprie) ostendit in Columbiana Antisensi regione, unde originem tria iuga Septemtrione trahunt. Occidente a [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacifici]] litore litoralis planities est, solum [[Iugum Baudoense|iugo Baudoensi]] (''Serranía del Baudó'') interrupta, quod est minimorum et angustorum iugorum Columbianorum unum prope Panamenses fines et fluminis [[Atratum|Atrati]] (''Atrato'') cursui finitimum, quae [[Locus calidus biodiversitatis Tumbium, Cioci et Magdalenae|Cioci biogeographici]] (''Chocó biogeográfico'') denominatae zonae pars faciunt et cum uno pluviosissimorum climatum in mundo. Cordillera Occidentalis relative alta et longitudine brevissima inter tria iuga est, cuius maxima altitudo 4764 metrorum ad libram maris, vulcanus [[Cumbal (mons ignifer)|Cumbal]] est. [[Cauca (flumen)|Caucae]] fluminis valles inter Cordilleras Occidentalem et Centralem invenitur, Pacifici litori parallela, et unum inter aptissima agri culturae indicatur, sed alluviebus per pluviarum tempora obnoxium est. Cordillera Centralis numerosa culmina et [[mons ignifer|vulcanos]] ostendit, inter quos sunt [[Purace]] (Hispanice ''Puracé''), [[Niveus Huilae]] (''Nevado del Huila''), qui 5700 metrorum ad libram maris altus culmen editissimum Columbianorum Iugorum Antisensium est, [[Niveus Ruizensis]] (''Nevado del Ruiz'') 5321 metrorum altus, [[Niveus Tolimae]] (''Nevado del Tolima'') 5200 metrorum altus, [[Niveus Sanctae Isabellae]] 5150 metrorum altus, [[Niveus Cygni]] (''Nevado del Cisne''), [[Niveus Quindiensis]] (''Nevado del Quindío'') et [[Iugum Sancti Lucae]] (''Serranía San Lucas''); inter hos montes [[Valles Aburrensis]] (''Valle de Aburrá'') inveniuntur. Cordillera Centralis et Cordillera Orientalis valle fluminis Magdalenae separantur, quod e meridie in septentrionem currens et in mare Caribicum influens, magni ponderis in natione consideratur. Cordillerae Orientalis culmina moderate edita sunt, sed numerosos [[sinus hydrgraphicus|sinus hydrographicos]] aquam partim in flumen Magdalenam, partim in flumen [[Amazonum flumen|Amazonum]], partim in flumen [[Orinocum]] ferentes ostendunt. Cordillera Orientalis inter tria iuga montuosa longissima est et usque ad Venetiolam progreditur, ubi in [[Nodus Sancti Urbani|Nodo Sancti Urbani]] (''Nudo de Santurbán'') dividitur. Medio in iugo [[Oropedium Cundiboyacense]] invenitur, et in septemtrione culminum altissimum est: [[Iugum Niveum Cocuyense]] (''Sierra Nevada del Cocuy'').{{dubsig}} Locus altissimus in republica [[Cacumen Christophori Columbi]] (Hispanice: ''Pico Cristóbal Colón''), 5775 metrorum ad [[aequor maris]] editum, in [[Serra Nivata Sanctae Marthae]] (''Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta'') est. Serra Nivara Iugo Antisensi [[Iugum Macuirae|Iugi Macuirensis]] (''Serranía de Macuira'') dividitur, quod in paeninsula Guaxirae (''Península de la Guajira'') invenitur. Orienti sunt [[Llanos]] Orientales, in quibus planus aut semi-undulatus ager solum occidente [[Scutum Guianae|Monte Guainae]] interruptus excellit. Typicam tenuem [[silvae pluviales Amazoniae|Amazonicae silvae]] vegetationem meridie et septemtrione [[savanna]]m ostendit; quae fere 60&nbsp;% totius Columbianae superficiei tegit et aqua abundat cum fluminibus velut [[Putomaius]], [[Caqueta (flumen)|Caqueta]], [[Meta (flumen)|Meta]], et [[Guaviare (flumen)|Guaviare]] (Hispanice ''Putumayo, Caquetá, Meta,'' et ''Guaviare''), quae in Orinocum et Amazonum flumina influunt. Montuosa quaedam formatio prominens [[Iugum Macarenae]] (''Serranía de la Macarena'') est. === Hydrographia === Columbia nationum una cum maximis [[hydrographia|hydricis]] opibus est, et super territorium eius quinque magni sinus suas aquas proprie in [[Mare Caribaeum|mare Caribicum]], [[Orinocum]], [[Amazonum flumen]], [[Oceanus Pacificus|oceanum Pacificum]] et [[Catatumbum]] (Hispanice ''Catatumbo''), hoc ultimum fluminibus versus [[Lacus Maracaibensis|Lacum Maracaibensem]] descendentibus formatum, vertentes inveniuntur. Principalia Columbiae flumina [[Caqueta (flumen)|Caqueta]], [[Flumen Magdalenae|Magdalena]], [[Putomaius]], Cauca, et Atratum (''Caquetá, Magdalena, Cauca,'' et ''Atrato'' proprie), sunt, quorum tria ultima peculiaritatem e meridie in septemtrionem currendi habent. == Clima == [[Fasciculus:Pacífico colombiano.jpg|thumb|Clima calidum perumidum in [[Regio Pacifica Columbiae|regione Pacifica]]]] [[Fasciculus:Paramo in Colombia. Nevado de Santa Isabel by Luis Perez 2.jpg|thumb|left|Clima frigidum in [[Regio Antisensis Columbiae|regione Antisensi]]]] Columbianum clima ex extremis Antisensium glaciatarum molium frigoris condicionibus ad climata calidiora ad libram maris cum duobus temporibus anni siccis et duobus pluviosis variat, quae ventis Aliseis et [[zona Convergentiae Intertropicalis]], etiam effectibus El Niño et La Niña nominatis afficiuntur. Temperatura relative uniformis per maximam anni partem est et variis factoribus velut imbre, solarium radiationum intensitate, ventis, altitudine, continentalitate et athmospherica umiditate determinatur, qui climatum microclimatumque musio{{dubsig}} vitam dant, inter quae: clima savannae, altero sicco et altero pluvioso tempore characterizatum et regionis Orinocicae proprium; clima silvae tropicae perumidum, cum abundantibus praecipitationibus et parva temperaturae variatione regionis Pacificae, Amazonae fluminis et sinuum hydrographicorum Magdalenae et Catatumbi typicum; clima umidum et pluviosum cum calidissimis temperaturis in [[Caqueta (departimentum)|Caqueta]], [[Vaupesia (departimentum)|Vaupesia]], [[Antioquia|Antioquiae]] parte, et Corduba (Hispanice ''Caquetá, Vaupés, Antioquia,'' et ''Córdoba'' proprie); et clima aridum in desertis [[Tatacoa]]e et Candelariae. In regione Caribica Columbiana inundationes, turbines, vertices, et fortes venti sunt, praesertim prope departimentum [[Atlanticum (departimentum)|Atlanticum]]. Regiones Guaxirae et archipelagus [[Sanctus Andreas, Providentia et Sancta Catherina|Sancti Andreae et Providentiae]] nonnumquam ab Atlanticis typhonibus abiciuntur. == Oeconomia == [[Fasciculus:Crescita del PIL in Colombia.png|thumb|[[Productus domesticus generalis|Producti domestici generalis]] incrementum ab anno [[2001]] ad annum [[2007]].]] Columbiana oeconomia secundum dimensionem Americae Australis quarta est (post illas Brasiliae, [[Mexicum|Mexici]], [[Argentina]]e). A Ministerio Fiscali et Crediti Publici et Argentaria Rei Publicae Columbiae, h.e. [[Argentaria Publica]] (Hispanice: ''Ministerio de Hacienda y Crédito Público'' et ''Crédito Público e dal Banco de la República de Colombia''), proprie ordinatur cum Ministeriorum Commercii, Industriae et Periegeos fulcro. Argentaria Rei Publicae sui iuris organismus est, qui [[pecunia]]e circulantis quantitatem in oeconomia et nummularium [[collybus|collybum]] moderatur, ut [[Recessio oeconomica|recessionis]] et [[Inopia operarum|inopiae operariae]], res magna [[inflatio monetaria|inflatione monetali]] allata, vitentur praeter interargentarii crediti inspectionem. Ministerium Fiscale et Crediti Publici civitatis [[Civilitas oeconomica|politicam oeconomicam]] definit, adumbrat et facit, praeter generalia incepta, programmata et proposita correlata. Inter cuius competentias quoque est legum, decretorum, et regularum paratio de fiscali, telonaria impositione, de publico credito, de dispensatione oeconomica, de aerario, de cooperatione, de pecuniae suppeditatione, de externa [[moneta]] et de credito exceptis competentiis Argentariae Rei Publicae datis. Oeconomia de anno [[2002]] incrementi phasin experta est, nihilominus cum problematibus civium concordiae ligatis. Aliquae problemata in oeconomia recurrentia sunt, velut pensionarium systema, ratio inopiae operarum (12.1&nbsp;% anno [[2021]])<ref>{https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/mercado-laboral/empleo-y-desempleo] Gubernium Columbianum {{ling|Hispanice}} visum 30 Octobris 2021</ref> et subnegotiorum, insuper parvas pecuniarias collocationes autoviariarum, petroleariarum, fodinariarum et technologicarum infrastructurarum. Anno [[2020]] Columbiana oeconomia laborali vi 17.4 [[millio]]num hominum nitebatur<ref>[https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/ech/Informe-sobre-cifras-de-empleo-y-brechas-de-genero-10-2020.pdf| Gubernium Columbianum {{ling|Hispanice}} visum 30 Octobris 2021]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>, et productum domesticum Generalem fere 295&thinsp;610 millionum [[Dollarium (CFA)|dollariorum]] cum annui decrementi ratione 11.2&nbsp;% (pandemiae [[COVID-19]] causa) genuit. Medium Columbianorum reditum 5391 dollaria fuit, sed iniqua divitiarum distributione inter [[America Latina|Americae Latinae]] maximas characterizatum cum 42.5 centesimis Columbianorum sub limine [[paupertas|paupertatis]] viventium<ref>[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=CO|[[Argentaria Mundana]] {{ling|Anglice}} visum 30 Octobris 2021]</ref>. In Columbia anno [[2019]] [[exportatio]]nes ad 40&thinsp;500 millionum dollariorumm congeruntur, e quibus pleraeque in Civitates Foederatas, [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum|Sinas]], Venetiolam et Aequatoriam, praecipuas oeconomicas socias, et modo minore, versus [[Europa]]m destinatae sunt. [[Importatio]]nes Columbianae ad 51&thinsp;100 millionum dollariorum congeruntur, praesertim e Civitatibus Foederatis, Sinis, Mexico, Brasilia, [[Germania]], [[Francia]], [[Iaponia]]. == Incolae == {| class="wikitable" table style="border:1px #000000;" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="margin-left: 1em" |- ! colspan="3" | Praecipuarum urbium incolae (Nomen [[Hispanice|Hispanicum]]) <br /> <small> (Census anni 2018)<ref>[https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/demografia-y-poblacion/censo-nacional-de-poblacion-y-vivenda-2018 Census nationalis populationis et mansionum 2018] </ref> !! [[Departimentum]] (Nomen Hispanicum) |- | 1 || [[Bogota]] || align=right | 7&thinsp;412&thinsp;566 || [[Bogota (Districtus Capitalis)|Districtus Capitalis Bogotensis]] (''Bogotá, Distrito Capital'') |- | 2 || [[Medellium]] || align=right | 2&thinsp;427&thinsp;129 || [[Antioquia|Antioquia]] (''Antioquia'') |- | 3 || [[Calium]] || align=right | 2&thinsp;227&thinsp;642|| [[Valles Caucae]] (''Valle del Cauca'') |- | 4 || [[Barrancella]] (''Barranquilla'') || align=right | 1&thinsp;206&thinsp;319 || [[Atlanticum (departimentum)|Atlanticum]] (''Atlántico'') |- | 5 || [[Carthago Neogranatensis]] || align=right | 973&thinsp;054 || [[Bolivaria (departimentum Columbianum)|Bolivaria]] (''Bolívar'') |- | 6 || [[Cucuta]] (''Cúcuta'') || align=right | 711&thinsp;715 || [[Septentrio Santanderensis]] (''Norte de Santander'') |- | 7 || [[Soacha]] || align=right | 660&thinsp;179 || [[Cundinamarca]] |- | 8 || [[Solitudo (Columbia)|Solitudo]] (''Soledad'') || align=right | 603&thinsp;999 || [[Atlanticum (departimentum)|Atlanticum]] (''Atlántico'') |- | 8 || [[Ibague]] (''Ibagué'') || align=right | 498&thinsp;401|| [[Tolima (Departimentum Columbiae)|Tolima]] |- | 9 || [[Bucaramanga]] (''Bucaramanga'') || align=right | 581&thinsp;130|| [[Santander (Departimentum Columbiae)|Santander]] (''Santander'') |- | 10 || [[Villavicentium]] (''Villavicencio'') || align=right | 531&thinsp;275|| [[Meta (Departimentum Columbiae)|Meta]] |- | colspan="4" | <small>''Quinquaginta duabus urbibus amplius 100&thinsp;000 incolarum sunt''.</small> |} === Demographia === Institutum Administrativum Nationale Statisticae ([[Hispanice]] ''Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísticas, DANE'') Columbiae [[demographia]]e studet. Nationi fere 48 [[millio]]nes incolarum secundum ultimum nationalem [[census|censum]] anni 2018 sunt, quod eam quartam nationem habitatissimam in [[America|Americis]], post Civitates Foederatas, Brasiliam, et Mexicum facit.<ref>[https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/demografia-y-poblacion/censo-nacional-de-poblacion-y-vivenda-2018| Census anni 2018 - Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica (DANE)]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Fere 48.8 centesimae viri et 51.2 centesimae feminae sunt. Plerique incolae nationis Medio Occidente prope Atlanticum et Pacificum litora (in regione Antisensi) densantur, dum Australi Orienti pauce incolae sunt. Planitiarum Orientalium decem [[departimentum|departimenta]] (fere 54% totius superficiei) minus quam 3% incolarum et spissitudinem minorem quam unum hominem pro [[chiliometrum quadratum|chiliometro quadrato]] habent. [[Fasciculus:Colombia-demography.png|thumb|Incolarum incrementum de anno [[1961]] (in milibus incolarum)]] Incolarum motus de rure in urbes, et migratio versus alias civitates conspicua sunt. Urbium incolae e 28 centesimis incolarum anno [[1938]] in 76 centesimas anno [[2005]] transivit, sed absolutis in terminis ruris incolae e sex in decem [[millio]]nes eadem in periodo auxerunt. De eo, quod ad [[emigratio]]nem attinet, Institutum Administrativum Nationale Statisticae circa 3&thinsp;331&thinsp;107 Columbianorum extra suam nationem, praesertim in Civitatibus Foederatis, Aequatoria, Hispania, et Venetiola vivere aestimat. Emigratui propensissimi incolae e civitatis intestinis et aliquibus urbanis sedibus proveniunt, inter quos [[phaenomenon]]<!-- !!! --> "[[fuga cerebrorum]]" appellatum, id est, intellectualistarum et ingenii hominum emigratio, in promptu ponitur. Praecipuae huius phaenomeni causae oeconomicis difficultatibus et civium concordiae ligantur, quae Columbiam Americae Latinae civitatum unam cum magno migratorio fluxu versus exteriores nationes, sic velut cum una principalium dismotionum intestinorum in mundo cum fere tribus millionibus hominum implicatorum secundum [[Curator supremus Consociationis Nationum pro Exsulibus|Curatorem Supremum Consociationis Nationum pro Exsulibus]] relationem facere contribuerunt. Secundum [[Index Evolutionis Humanae|indicem evolutionis humanae]] Columbia anno 2019 positione septuagesima nona ad libram mundanam cum indice evolutionis humanae 0.761 punctorum ordinata est. Nihilominus non omnes Columbiae regiones idem evolutionis planum ostendunt. Praecipua evolutionis area regioni Antisensi circum urbes Bogotam, [[Medellium]], et [[Calia]]m, quae nominatum "triangulum aureum" constituunt, correspondet. Columbia inter nationes cum maximo indice homicidiorum pro capite in mundo est, partim armatorum conflictuum causa, confirmatis 61 homicidiis pro 100&thinsp;000 incolarum anno [[2000]]. Anno 2005 index ad planum minimum ex anno [[1987]] decrevit, nihilominus cum 38 homicidiis pro 100&thinsp;000 incolarum. ==Ethnographia== [[Fasciculus:Mujer Wayuu.png|thumb|upright=0.6|Femina phyles [[Guaxiri|Guaxirae]] (Hispanice ''wayúu''), quae [[Indi Americani|Indigenicus]] circulus numerosissimus in '''Columbia''' est]] [[Fasciculus:Gente Colombiana.jpg|thumb|left|Ethnica nationis diversitas]] Ultimo incolarum in censu<ref>[https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/demografia-y-poblacion/censo-nacional-de-poblacion-y-vivenda-2018|anni 2018 - Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica (DANE)]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>, [[phyle|ethnici circuli]] civitatis classificati erant secuti: 86 centesimae [[Phyle Mixticia|Mixticiorum]] et [[Phyle Caucasia|Caucasiorum]], 9.3 centesimae [[Nigritarum]], 4.4 centesimae [[Indi Americani|Amerindorum]], et 0.0001 centesimae [[Hamaxobii|Hamaxobiorum]]. Anno [[2018]] 9.3 centesimae incolarum Afro-Columbianorum agnitorum tertium maximum incolarum Nigritarum numerum [[America]]rum, post Brasiliam et Civitates Foederatas repraesentabat. Variorum ethnicorum indegenarum ciculorum proportio variabat secundum regionem. In [[Regio Caribica Columbiae|regione Caribica Columbiae]] hi ethnici circuli inveniuntur: {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor=#cccccc ! Nomen [[Indi Americani|Indigenici]] [[phyle|ethnici circuli]] [[Lingua Latina|Latinizatum]] !! Nomen [[Hispanice|Hispanicum]] |- | [[Cogi]] | ''Kogis'' |- | [[Sanhae]] | ''Sanhas'' |- | [[Guaxiri]] | ''Wayúus'' |- | [[Canquami]] | ''Kankuamos'' |- | [[Tzimilae]] | ''Chimilas'' |- | [[Arhuaci]] | ''Arhuacos'' |} In [[Regio Pacifica Columbiae|regione Pacifica Columbiae]] ethnici circuli erant: {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor=#cccccc ! Nomen [[Indi Americani|Indigenici]] [[phyle|ethnici circuli]] [[Lingua Latina|Latinizatum]] !! Nomen [[Hispanice|Hispanicum]] |- | [[Cunae]] | ''Kunas'' |- | [[Emberae]] | ''Embera'' |- | [[Vaunamae]] | ''Waunama'' |- | [[Barbacoae]] | ''Awá'' |} In [[Regio Amazonica Columbiae|regione Amazonica Columbiae]] erant: {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor=#cccccc ! Nomen [[Indi Americani|Indigenici]] [[phyle|ethnici circuli]] [[Lingua Latina|Latinizatum]] !! Nomen [[Hispanice|Hispanicum]] |- | [[Ticunae]] | ''Ticuna'' |- | [[Vitoti]] | ''Huitotos'' |- | [[Coconuci]] | ''Coconucos'' |- | [[Andoqui]] | ''Andoques'' |- | [[Muinani]] | ''Muinanes'' |- | [[Salībae]] | ''Salibas'' |- | [[Yakunae]] | ''Yakunas'' |- | [[Cubei]] | ''Cubeos'' |- | [[Curripaci]] | ''Curripacos'' |- | [[Tucani]] | ''Tucanos'' |} In [[Regio Antisensis Columbiae|regione Antisensi Columbiae]] comprehenduntur: {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor=#cccccc ! Nomen [[Indi Americani|Indigenici]] [[phyle|ethnici circuli]] [[Lingua Latina|Latinizatum]] !! Nomen [[Hispanice|Hispanicum]] |- | [[Yuci]] | ''Yukos'' |- | [[Barienses]] | ''Baríes'' |- | [[Uvae]] | ''U'was'' |- | [[Guambiani]] | ''Guambianos'' |- | [[Paeces]] | ''Paeces'' |- | [[Sibundoyenses]] | ''Sibundoyes'' |- | [[Muiscae]] | ''Muiscas'' |} Interea in [[Regio Orinocica Columbiae|regione Orinocica Columbiae]] aderant: {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor=#cccccc ! Nomen [[Indi Americani|Indigenici]] [[phyle|ethnici circuli]] [[Lingua Latina|Latinizatum]] !! Nomen [[Hispanice|Hispanicum]] |- | [[Uvae]] | ''U'was'' |- | [[Tiniguae]] | ''Tiniguas'' |- | [[Guayabarii]] | ''Guayaberos'' |- | [[Atzaguae]] | ''Achaguas'' |- | [[Salĭbae]] | ''Sálibas'' |- | [[Guahibi]] | ''Guahibos'' |- | [[Piaroae]] | ''Piaroas'' |- | [[Betoyi]] | ''Betoyes'' |- | [[Yayuri]] | ''Yaruros'' |- | [[Puinabi]] | ''Puinabes'' |} Ethnica diversitas in Columbia inter Amerindos, Hispanicos colonos et [[Africa|Africanos]] posteros [[miscegenatio]]nis effectus. Inter immigrantes plerique circuli ex [[Arabi]]co mundo, ex [[Europa]] (ex Hispania, [[Italia]], et [[Germania]] praesertim) et e Sinis, velut etiam ex [[Populus Iudaicus|Hebraico]] [[Hamaxobii|Hamaxobicoque]] mundis originem ducunt. Exeunte [[saeculum 19|saeculo XIX]] [[Barrancella]] magnam immigrantium [[Europa]]eorum ([[Germania|Theodiscorum]], [[Francia|Francigallorum]], [[Italia|Italorum]]), [[Oriens Medius|Mesanatolicorum]], Araborum ([[Libanus|Libanensium]], et [[Syria]]corum), Civitatum Foederatarum, [[Iaponia|Iaponensium]], Sinorum et [[Cuba]]norum affluentiam accepit. In [[Maysopolis|Maysopole]] in [[Guaxira (departimentum)|Guaxira]] (Hispanice ''Maicao'' et ''La Guajira'' proprie) magna [[Arabi]]ca et [[Musulmanus|Musulmanica]] praesentia est, maxima Columbiae densatio. Alia magna Arabicorum immigrantium posterorum praesentia in [[Corduba (departimentum)|Cordubae]] [[departimentum|departimento]], Barrancellae, in [[Valles Eupariensis|Valle Eupariensi]], Bogotae et in [[Valles Caucae|Vallis Caucae]] departimento est. Columbiae etiam modesta immigratio est ex aliis [[America Latina|Latinamericanis]] nationibus velut e Brasilia, Venetiola, Chilia, Aequatoria, Argentina, et Peruvia ducitur. === Lingua === Lingua Hispanica est Columbiae [[Linguarum officialium catalogus|sollemnis lingua]], qua excepta aliqua [[Indi Americani|Indigena]] tribu omnes Columbiani loquuntur. Circa 75 [[Linguae Amerindae|linguarum Indigenicarum]] adhuc servantur, inter quas [[lingua Guaxira|Guaxira]], [[lingua Paex|Paex]], [[lingua Guambiana|Guambiana]] et [[lingua Embera|Embera]] (Hispanice: ''wayúu, paez, guambiano, embera'', proprie) excellunt. Quamquam [[lingua Anglica|Anglicae linguae]] doctrina in [[schola|scholis]] in programmatibus includitur, solum in archipelago [[Sanctus Andreas, Providentia, et Sancta Catherina|Sancti Andreae]] (''San Andrés'') homines huius linguae dialecto utuntur. Magna linguae Hispanicae [[dialectos|dialectorum]] varietas est, quae [[semantica|lexicis]] (semanticis), [[morphologia|morphologicis]], [[syntaxis|syntacticis]], et [[intonatio (linguistica)|intonationalibus]] dissimilitudinibus distinguuntur. In Septemtrionali Columbiae parte dialectos aliarum Caribicarum nationum ei similis est. Australis Antisensis dialectos similitudinis particeps cum illa Aequatoriani Peruvianique oropediorum est. In variis montibus, vallibus et planitiebus magna dialectorum varietas est, quae voseismi et tuteismi (Hispanice ''voseo'' et ''tuteo'') phaenomena comprehendunt. [[Oropedium Cundiboyacense|Oropedii Cundiboyacensis]] lingua Hispanica conservativissimarum dialectorum una inter ambo Atlantica litora{{dubsig}} consideratur. === Religio === [[Fasciculus:P1050225.JPG|thumb|[[Templum Saxorum Quadratorum]] ([[Hispanice]] ''Santuario de Las Lajas'')]] Quamquam Columbiana anni [[1991]] Constitutio de culti libertate et fiderum paritate ob legem spondeat et nullam officialem religionem repraesentet, praecipua [[religio]] in Columbia [[Religio Christiana|Christianismus]] est, et 80 centesimae incolarum Latini ritus [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Catholicos]] se agnoscunt. Hic numerus in Catholicorum baptismatum percentatione fundatur, quod credentium numerum necessario non reflectit. Reliquum 7 centesimae incolarum [[Protestantes|Protestans]] se agnoscunt, praesertim [[America Septemtrionalis|Boreamericani]] [[Confessio Evangelica|Evangelici]], [[Pentecostalismus|Pentecostalis]] et [[Neopentecostalismus|Neopentecostalis]] motus, et parva incolarum portio ad historicas Christianas ecclesias ([[Presbyterianismus|Prebysterianam]], [[Ecclesia Episcopalis|Episcopalem]], [[Ecclesiae Baptistae|Baptistam]], [[Methodismus|Methodistam]]) pertinent. Evangelica Ecclesia cum maximo fidelium numero [[Ecclesia Pentescostalis Unita Internationalis|Ecclesia Pentescostalis Unita]] Columbiana est, cum amplius 3000 congregationum et cum praesentia in omnibus reipublicae [[departimentum|departimentis]]. Alia incolarum pars ad religiones velut [[Testes Iehovah]], [[Ecclesia Adventistica Septimi Diei|Adventistas]], [[Ecclesia Iesu Christi Sanctorum in Novissimis Diebus|Mormones]], [[Universalismus Unitarius|Universalistas Unitarios]] pertinet. Parvae percentationes ad alias magnas [[Religio monotheistica|religiones monotheisticas]] pertinent; h.e., ad [[Religio Islamica|Musulmanos]] et [[Religio Iudaica|Iudaeos]] iuxta cum [[Buddhismus|Buddhistarum]] et [[Taoismus|Taoistarum]] circulis. Aliquibus in [[Indi Americani|Indigenicis]] et [[Aframericani]]s communitatibus antiquos horum populorum cultus inveniri possunt. Usque ad anni [[1991]] constitutionem Christianismus Catholicus fuit publica civitatis religio, et civitas ad [[Sacrum Cor Iesu]] consecrabatur. == Civitatis ordinatio == === Subdivisio administrativa === Columbia est divisa in 32 [[departimentum|departimenta]] et in unum [[districtus capitalis|districtum capitalem]]. Praesens configuratio usque ad diem [[5 Iulii]] anni [[1991]] ascendit, ubi nova constitutio vigere coepit. Cum nova Charta Constitutionali praecedentes subdivisiones (departimenta, [[commisariatus]], [[intendentia]]s et [[districtus specialis|districtus speciales]]; Hispanice: ''departamentos, comisarías, intendencias'' et ''distritos especiales'') abolitae sunt, ut civitatis geographia et administratio politicam uniformitatem haberet. [[Fasciculus:Colombia-departamentos.svg|300px|Departimenta Colombiae]] {| class="wikitable" ! Numero in tabula ! [[Departamentum]] aut [[Districtus Capitalis]] [[Latine]] ! Departamentum aut [[Districtus Capitalis]] [[Hispanice]] ! Caput Latine ! Caput Hispanice |- | 1 | [[Amazonia (departamentum Columbia)|Amazonia]] | ''Amazonas'' | [[Laetitia (Columbia)|Laetitia]] | ''Leticia'' |- | 2 | [[Antioquia|Antioquia]] | ''Antioquia'' | [[Medellium]] | ''Medellín'' |- | 3 | [[Arauca (departamentum)|Arauca]] | ''Arauca'' | [[Arauca (Arauca)|Arauca]] | ''Arauca'' |- | 4 | [[Atlanticum (departamentum)|Atlanticum]] | ''Atlántico'' | [[Barrancella]] | ''Barranquilla'' |- | 5 | [[Bolivaria (departamentum Columbianum)|Bolivaria]] | ''Bolívar'' | [[Carthago Neogranatensis]] | ''Cartagena de Indias'' |- | 6 | [[Boyaca (departamentum)|Boyaca]] | ''Boyacá'' | [[Tunxa]] | ''Tunja'' |- | 7 | [[Caldasia]] | ''Caldas'' | [[Manizales]] | ''Manizales'' |- | 8 | [[Caqueta (departamentum)|Caqueta]] | ''Caquetá'' | [[Florentia (Caqueta)|Florentia]] | ''Florencia'' |- | 9 | [[Casanaria]] | ''Casanare'' | [[Anadenantheropolis]] | ''Yopal'' |- | 10 | [[Cauca (departamentum Columbiae)|Cauca]] | ''Cauca'' | [[Popayanum]] | ''Popayán'' |- | 11 | [[Cesaria]] | ''Cesar'' | [[Valles Eupariensis]] | ''Valledupar'' |- | 12 | [[Ciocum (departamentum Columbianum)|Ciocum]] | ''Chocó'' | [[Quibdopolis]] | ''Quibdó'' |- | 13 | [[Corduba (departamentum)|Corduba]] | ''Córdoba'' | [[Montaria]] | ''Montería'' |- | 14 | [[Cundinamarca]] | ''Cundinamarca'' | [[Bogota]] | ''Bogotá'' |- | 15 | [[Guainia]] | ''Guainía'' | [[Iniridapolis]] | ''Inírida'' |- | 16 | [[Guaviaria]] | ''Guaviare'' | [[Sanctus Iosephus a Guaviare]] | ''San José del Guaviare'' |- | 17 | [[Huila (Departamentum Columbianum|Huila]] | ''Huila'' | [[Neiva]] | ''Neiva'' |- | 18 | [[Guaxira (departamentum)|Guaxira]] | ''La Guajira'' | [[Pelecypotamia]] | ''Riohacha'' |- | 19 | [[Magdalena (departamentum)|Magdalena]] | ''Magdalena'' | [[Sancta Martha (Columbia)|Sancta Martha]] | ''Santa Marta'' |- | 20 | [[Metia]] | ''Meta'' | [[Villavincentius]] | ''Villavicencio'' |- | 21 | [[Narinnia (departamentum Columbianum)|Narinnia]] | ''Nariño'' | [[Pastum]] | ''Pasto'' |- | 22 | [[Septemtrio Santanderensis]] | ''Norte de Santander'' | [[Cucuta]] | ''Cúcuta'' |- | 23 | [[Putumayia (departamentum)|Putumayia]] | ''Putumayo'' | [[Mocoa]] | ''Mocoa'' |- | 24 | [[Quindia]] | ''Quindío'' | [[Armenia (Columbia)|Armenia]] | ''Armenia'' |- | 25 | [[Risaralda (Departamentum Columbiae)|Risaralda]] | ''Risaralda'' | [[Pereira (Columbia)|Pereira]] | ''Pereira'' |- | 26 | [[Sanctus Andreas, Providentia et Sancta Catherina]] | ''San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina'' | [[Insula Sancti Andreae (Columbia)|Insula Sancti Andreae]] | ''Isla de San Andrés'' |- | 27 | [[Santander (Departamentum Columbiae)|Santander]] | ''Santander'' | [[Bucaramanga]] | ''Bucaramanga'' |- | 28 | [[Sucria (Departamentum Columbiae)|Sucria]] | ''Sucre'' | [[Sincelopolis]] | ''Sincelejo'' |- | 29 | [[Tolima (departamentum Columbianum)|Tolima]] | ''Tolima'' | [[Ibague]] | ''Ibagué'' |- | 30 | [[Valles Caucae]] | ''Valle del Cauca'' | [[Calium]] | ''Cali'' |- | 31 | [[Vaupesia (departamentum)|Vaupesia]] | ''Vaupés'' | [[Cracopolis]] | ''Mitú'' |- | 32 | [[Vitzada]] | ''Vichada'' | [[Carrennolimenia]] | ''Puerto Carreño'' |- | 33 | [[Bogota (Districtus Capitalis)|Districtus Capitalis]] | ''Distrito Capital'' | [[Bogota]] | ''Bogotá'' |} === Gubernatio === [[Fasciculus:Presidente Gustavo Petro Urrego.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Gustavus Petro]], praeses '''Columbiae''' anno 2022 pictus]] Secundum praesentem constitutionem (anni [[1991]]) Columbia [[Civitas socialis|civitas socialis iuris]], [[civitas|rei publicae unitariae]] modo cum politica centralizatione{{dubsig}} et [[decentralizatio|decentralizatione administrativa]] ordinata est, in qua publica auctoritas subdividitur in tres potestates, [[potestas exsecutiva|exsecutivam]], [[potestas legisfera|legiferam]] [[potestas iudicialis|iudicialemque]], et varia moderatoria organa velut [[Accusator Generalis Columbiae|Accusationem Generalem Nationis]] (Hispanice ''Fiscalía General de la Nación''), [[Inspector Generalis Columbiae|Inspectionem Generalem Nationis]] (''Procuraduría General de la Nación''), [[Contrascriptor Generalis Columbiae|Contrascriptionem]] (''Contraloría'') et [[Inspectores civium Columbiae|Imspectionem Civium]] (''Veedurías Ciudadanas''). [[Praeses]] et [[Dux civitatis|ductum civitatis]] et [[Dux Gubernationis|ductum gubernationis]] simul agit sua munera ministris delegans. [[Parlamentum]] [[bicamerismus|bicamerale]] est, ''Congressus Rei Publicae'' nominatum, quod a [[Senatus|senatu]] (cum 102 sedibus in collegio comitiali nationali) et a Camera Repraesentantium (cum 166 sedibus cum circumscriptionibus comitialibus regionalibus proportionalibus incolis cuiusve [[departamentum|departamenti]] et [[Bogota (Districtus Capitalis)|districtus capitalis]]) componitur. Quinque sedes ad [[Indi Americani|Indigenas]], [[Aframericani|Afrocolumbianos]] et columbianos peregrinatos destinantur. Iudiciarium systema Columbiae [[Tribunal Constitutionale Columbiae|Tribunal Constitutionale]] (cum reddendae tutae observantiae Constitutionis responsabilitate), [[Tribunal Supremum Iustitiae Columbiae|Tribunal Supremum Iustitiae]] (ultimam instantiam de civilibus, poenalibus et ad laborem spectantibus rebus), [[Consilium Civitatis Columbiae|Consilium Civitatis]] (supremum tribunal administrativum) et [[Consilium Supremum Magistraturae Columbiae|Consilium Supremum Magistraturae]] (iudiciariae administrationi responsabile) comprehendit. Secundum [[Consilium Nationale Comitiale Columbiae]] sedecim [[factio politica|factiones politicae]] in Columbia sunt. Columbiae [[Civilitas|politica]] in praesenti a Consilio Nationali Comitiali dirigitur in normis Constitutione Columbiana sanctis fundata. Registrum Nationale Civitatis Civilis alter organismus est, cuius munus ordinare et reddere tutam processus comitialis transparentiam{{dubsig}} est. Ambarum camerarum sodales populari suffragio per quattuor annorum periodum eliguntur. Praeses, iuxta cum praeside vicario populari suffragio similiter per quattuor annorum periodum electus, semel solum denuo eligi potest. Primus praeses denuo electus cum praesente constitutione [[Alvarus Uribe|Alvarus Uribe Vélez]] fuit, secundum controversam emendationem, quam duxit anno [[2004]]. Anno [[2008]] a legislatore possibilitas nuntiandi [[referendum|referendi]], ut nova praesidis in exercitio electio per tres vices successivas admitteretur, quaesta est. Mense Maio anno [[2016]] parlamentum [[matrimonium hominum eiusdem sexus]] admisit. === Defensio et securitas === [[Fasciculus:Cerro Nutibara084.JPG|thumb|200px|Vigilium Nationalium '''Columbiae''' carabinarii]] Propter conflictum armatum in Columbia defensionis securitatisque instituta in proeliis exercentur. Columbiae defendendae munus ad [[potestas exsecutiva|exsecutivum]] ramum pertinet Praeside Principali Praefecto, qui munera sua ad Ministerium Defensionis delegat cum Viribus Armatis Columbiae et Vigilibus Nationalibus Columbiae (Hispanice ''Fuerzas Armadas de Colombia'' et ''Policía Nacional de Colombia'', proprie) laborantibus, ut de defensione securitateque spondeant. Praeterea Ministerium Administrativum Securitatis (''Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad'') praecipua exploratoria procuratio nationis est et gubernationalis ministerii autonomiam attributionesque habet. Vires Militares (Hispanice: ''Fuerzas Militares''), quibus secundum Constitutionem legemque coercitionis monopolium est, ab [[Exercitus Nationalis Columbiae|exercitu]], [[Peditatus marinus Rei Publicae Columbiae|marina]] nationali et [[Classis Aeria columbiana|classi aeria]] formantur, interdum Vires Terrestres Coniunctas (''Fuerzas de Tierra Conjuntas'') coordinantes. Exercitus Nationalis Columbiae (''Ejército Nacional de Colombia'') septem divisiones necnon unitates specializatas et scholas formationis habet. E Septembri mense anni [[1981]] [[Vis Multinationalis et Observatores|virum multinationalium pacis]] (Anglice: ''MFO'') socia est in [[Sinai (paeninsula)|Sinai]]. Peditatus Marinus Rei Publicae Columbiae (Hispanice: ''Armada de la República de Colombia'') septem vires et imperia totam per nationem sparsa possidet. Classis Aeria Columbiana (''Fuerza Aérea Colombiana'') sex aeria pugnae imperia, aerium militaris transvectionis imperium (''CATAM'') et aerium conservationis imperium (''CAMAN''), tota in natione operantia, iuxta cum Circulo Aerii Caribico (''GACAR'') habet. Etiam quattuor praecipuae formationis exercitationisque sedes sunt. [[Vigil]]es Nationales (Hispanice ''Policía Nacional'') biocolytica vis tota in natione operans sunt, in departamentalia imperia divisi et in diversas directiones ordinati, quae sunt; Directio Operationum (Hispanice ''DIROP''), Directio Nationalis Carabinariorum (''Dirección Nacional de Carabineros''), Media Directio Exploratoria (''DIPOL''), Directio Vigilum Iudiciariorum (''DIJIN''), Directio [[narcoticum|Antinarcotica]] (''Dirección de Antinarcóticos'') et Directio Contra [[Abductio]]nem et [[Concussura]]m (''DIASE''). === Politica externa === [[Fasciculus:Diplomatic missions of Colombia.svg|thumb|200px|Civitates, ubi '''Columbiae''' diplomaticae missiones manent * [[Viridis|Viridi colore]] Columbia, * [[Caeruleus|Caeruleo colore]] Legati sedes, * [[Turcicus|Turcico colore]] Proxenia Generalia.]] Internationales relationes Praesidis Columbiae velut [[dux civitatis|ducis civitatis]] munera sunt, quae Ministerio Rerum Externarum delegantur. Ministerium Rerum Externarum diplomaticas repraesentativasque missiones gerit. Columbia diplomaticas missiones in manet Europa: [[Austria]], [[Belgia]], [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regno]], [[Civitas Vaticana|Civitate Vaticana]], [[Francia]], Germania, [[Helvetia]],[Hispania, [[Italia]], [[Lusitania]], [[Nederlandia]], [[Norvegia]], [[Polonia]], [[Russia]], et [[Svecia]]. In America: [[Canada]], Civitatibus Foederatis Americae, [[Cuba]], [[Ora Opulenta]], [[Respublica Dominicana|Re Publica Dominicana]], [[Salvatoria]], [[Guatimala]], [[Honduria]], Iamaica, Mexico, [[Nicaragua]] et [[Panama]], inclusis [[Aequatoria]] [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], Brasilia, [[Chilia]], [[Paraguaia]], Peruvia, [[Portus Dives|Portu Divite]], [[Uruguaia]], Venetiola. In [[Oriens Medius|Oriente Medio]] et [[Africa]] missiones manet in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]], [[Africa Australis|Africa Australi]], [[Israel (civitas)|Israele]], [[Kenia]], et [[Libanus|Libano]]. In Oriente Extremo diplomaticas missiones manet in Sinis]comprehensis [[Respublica Coreana|Corea Australis]], [[Hongcongum|Hongcongo]], Iaponia, [[India]], et [[Malaesia]]. In [[Oceania]] cum [[Australia]]. Multilateralium societatum plano relationes manet cum [[Unio Europaea|Unione Europaea]], [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociatione Nationum]], [[Societas Latinamericana Integrationis|Societate Latinamericana Integrationis]] (Hispanice: ''Asociación Latinoamericana de Integración''), [[Mercatus Communis Meridiei|Mercatu Communi Meridiei]] (''Mercosur''), [[Societas Educativa, Scientifica, et Culturalis Consocietatis Nationum|Societate Educativa, Scientifica, et Culturali Consocietatis Nationum]], [[Organizatio Alimentaria et Agriculturalis|Organizatione Alimentaria et Agriculturali]] et [[Societas Civitatum Americanarum|Societate Civitatum Americanarum]] (''Organización de Estados Americanos''). == Ambitus == 9&nbsp;% territorii protegitur. Columbia se haesit ambitalibus foederibus, inter quae excellunt: * [[Conventio Ramsarensis]] de umidarum arearum protectione * [[Conventio de Commercio Internationale Specierum in Periculo]] ([[Anglice]]; ''CITES'') * [[Conventio Basiliensis]] de toxicis purgaminibus * [[Protocollum Montis Regii]] de chlorofluorocarboniorum emissione et * [[Conventio de Diversitate Biologica]] == Cultura == [[Cultura]]les Columbiae mores specialem similitudinem cum reliqua [[America Latina]] habent. Hispanica cultura historice maximi ponderis fuit, societatis stratificatione et religionis Catholicae introductione contribuendis. Nihilominus, [[Globalizatio]]nis gratia natio toto e mundo culturalia pondera accipit. Aliquae regiones, velut suae [[geographia|geographicae]] solitudinis et accessus difficultatis resultatio, temporis cursu propriam culturalem peculiaritatem evoluerunt, sicut casu [[Catsaci|Catsacorum]] (Hispanice: ''cachacos'') [[Oropedium Cundiboyacense]] incolentium, [[Paisae|paisarum]] (''paisas'') [[Axis Cafearius Columbiae|Axem Cafearium]] et [[Antioquia|Antioquiam]] incolentium, [[Planitiarii|planitiariorum]] (''llaneros'') Planitias incolentium, [[Valluni|vallunorum]] (''vallunos'') [[Valles Caucae|Vallis Caucae]] zonam incolentium, [[litorales]] (''costeños'') [[Regio Caribica Columbiae|Litus Caribicum]] incolentium inter alios quorum mores secundum dissimilia Africorum, Europaeorum, et Arabicorum posterorum pondera differunt. === Artes === ==== Litterae ==== [[Fasciculus:Gabriel Garcia Marquez 1984.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Praemio Nobeliano Litterarum laureati|Praemio Nobeliano]] [[Litterae|Litterarum]] laureatus [[Gabriel García Márquez]]]] Columbianae [[litterae]] ab Hispanicae [[colonia|colonizationis]] diebus originem trahunt, epocha in qua [[Ferdinandus Domínguez Camargo]], [[Societas Iesu|Iesuita]] et scriptor a [[Ludovicus de Góngora|Ludovico de Góngora]] influctus, cum "Poemate Epico de [[Ignatius de Loyola|Sancto Ignatio de Loyola]]"<!--Poema Épico a San Ignacio de Loyola--> excellit. In litteris post initium libertatis, [[Antonius Nariño]], [[Iosephus Fernández Madrid]], [[Camillus Torres Tenorio]], et [[Franciscus Antonius Zea]] eminent. Secundo saeculi undevicensimo dimidio et ineunte [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicensimo]] inter optimos [[Thomas Carrasquilla]], [[Georgius Isaacs]], et [[Raphael Pombo]] (qui in litterarum puerilium genere eminet), [[Iosephus Asunción Silva]], [[Iosephus Eustasius Rivera]], [[Leo de Greiff]], [[Porphyrius Barba-Jacob]], et [[Iosephus Maria Vargas Vila]] exstant. Anno [[1871]] in Columbia prima linguae Hispanicae [[schola]] Americae instituta est. Inter annos [[1940]] et [[1950]] motus [[Nadaismus|Nadaismi]] lucem vidit, in reddendo responso epochae vi, cum [[Exsistentialista|Exsistentialismi]] et [[Nihilismus|Nihilismi]] ponderibus. Per sic nominatam [[Improvisa Prosperitas Scriptorum Latinamericanorum|Improvisam Prosperitatem Scriptorum Latinamericanorum]] (Hispanice: ''Boom de Escritores Latinoamericanos'') [[Praemio Nobeliano Litterarum laureati|Praemio Nobeliano Litterarum laureatus]] [[Gabriel García Márquez]] velut maximi successus scriptor cum operibus sicut "De centum annis solitudinis" (''Cién años de soledad'') emersit. Alii celebres scriptores [[Eduardus Caballero Calderón]], [[Manuel Mejía Vallejo]], [[Alvarus Mutis]] (anno 2001 [[Praemium Michaelis de Cervantes|Praemio Michaelis de Cervantes]] laureatus), [[Ferdinandus Vallejo]], [[Germanus Castro]], et philosophus [[Nicolaus Gómez Dávila]], cuius activitas usque ab expresse pristinorum institutorum laudatoriis positionibus, sed longe a politica [[sinistra (civilitas)|sinistrae]] et [[dextera (civilitas)|dexterae]] praxi{{dubsig}} acerbam reprobationem modernitati constituit, fuerunt. ==== Pictura, sculptura, photographia ==== [[Fasciculus:Monumento pantano de vargas, completo. 2006.JPG|thumb|[[Hastati Paludis Vargensis]] a [[Rodericus Arenas Betancourt|Roderico Arenas Betancourt]]]] Columbianae [[Pictor|pictura]] et [[sculptura]] in periodos cum indigenicis culturis incipientes et Americae originariarum gentium cogitandi modis et mundi, sacris, naturae et societatis concipiendis earum formae appropinquantes dividuntur. Quod colonialis periodos Columbianam indigenicam culturalem fusionem cum [[Africa|Africano]] adiumento et epochae Europaea [[ars|arte]] ostendens secuta est. Postea saeculorum undevicensimi et vicensimi ars cum pictura sculpturaque contemporaneis Columbianis continuavit. Anno [[1886]] Schola Nationalis Artium Elegantium (Hispanice: ''Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes'') aperta est, ubi plerique ineuntis saeculi vicensimi artifices formabantur. Praecipuissimus eventus in Columbia de Columbiana arte [[Expositionis Nationalis Artificum Columbianorum laureati|Expositio Nationalis Artificum Columbianorum]] (Hispanice: ''Salón Nacional de Artistas Colombianos'') est. Inter omnium temporum praecipuos Columbianos pictores [[Impressionismus|impressionista]] [[Andreas de Santa María]]; anthropographi [[Ricardus Acevedo Bernal]] et [[Ricardus Gómez Campuzano]]; [[Ars figurativa|figurativistae]] [[Darius Morales]], [[David Manzur]] et [[Didacus Mazuera]]; pictor topiarius [[Gundisalvus Ariza]]; [[Expressionismus|expressionista]] [[Debora Arango]]; et parietum pictor [[Ignatius Gómez Jaramillo]] eminent. In sculptura [[Rodericus Arenas Betancourt]] et [[Nadinus Ospina]] excellunt. Nihilominus numerosi Columbiani artifices sunt, qui sua opera et in pictura et in sculptura evolverunt. Talis casus [[Ferdinandus Botero|Ferdinandi Botero]], propter suas monumentales personas clarus, [[Henricus Grau|Henrici Grau]], [[Franciscus Antonius Cano|Francisci Antonii Cano]], [[Ludovicus Albertus Acuña Tapias|Ludovici Alberti Acuña Tapias]], [[Ludovicus Caballero|Ludovici Caballero]], [[Iacobus Martínez Delgado|Iacobi Martínez Delgado]], [[Ioannes Antonius Roda|Ioannis Antonii Roda]], [[Beatrix González|Beatricis González]], [[Omar Rayo|Omari Rayo]], [[Eduardus Ramírez Villamizar|Eduardi Ramírez Villamizar]] et Hispano-Columbiani [[Alexander Obregón|Alexandri Obregón]] est inter alios, qui in multis nationibus agnitionem attigerunt. Etiam polypleuri{{dubsig}} artifices velut [[Petrus Nel Gómez]] sua opera [[architectura]]e campoextendit. ==== Musica ==== [[Fasciculus:Carlos Vives.jpg|thumb|[[Carolus Vives]], qui [[musica rock|musicam rockicam]] et illam [[vallenatum|vallenatam]] confudit, cum instrumentis a maioribus [[traditio|traditis]], [[Harmonica diductilis|harmonica diductili]], [[capsa vallenata|capsa]] (Hispanice ''caja''), et [[guatsaraca]] (''guacharaca'')]] [[Genus (ars)|Genera]] [[bambucum]] (ineuntis [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]]), [[cumbia]] (medii saeculi vicensimi), et [[vallenatum]] (exeuntis saeculi vicensimi et [[saeculum 21|saeculi vicensimi primi]]) velut nationales [[rhythmus|rhythmi]] agnoscuntur. Dissimilia [[musica vulgaris Columbiae|musicae vulgaris Columbianae]] genera Hispanicis, Amerindicis, Africisque elementis civitatis [[ethnographia]]m formantibus et etiam aliis Latinamericanis et [[Anglosaxones|Anglosaxonicis]] motibus affecta sunt, quae Columbianam musicam velut in regione divitissimarum unam constituit et recentibus annis varios musicos Columbianos toto in orbe ad agnitionem duxit. Columbiana [[musica]] praecipue a magnis phonodiscorum societatibus, a liberis societatibus, minore autem gradu a gubernatione Columbiana per Ministerium Culturae alitur. Systema Nationale Culturae per Consilium Nationale Musicae Gubernationi consilium de musicis rebus et per omnium sex nationis regionum repraesentationem dat. Societas Auctorum et Compositorum Columbiae (Hispanice Sayco) et Societas Columbiana Interpretum et Productorum Phonographicorum (Acinpro) societates sunt. quarum munus est, ut colligantur et distribuantur patrimonialia iura genita ab operum usibus auctoribus affiliatis et advenarum, qui societatum affiliatarum Confoederationi Internationali Societatum Auctorum et Compositorum (Cisac) partem faciunt. Columbia etiam praesentis musicae insignes cum internationali agnitione velut [[Shakira]]m et [[Ioannes Stephanus Aristizábal|Ioannem Stephanum "Juanes"]], [[Praemium Grammy|Praemii Anglici Grammy]] victores, habet. Inter alios illustres qui internationalem in ambitum nuper exeunt sunt [[Ioannes Ferdinandus Fonseca]], [[Fanny Lú]], et [[Natalia Botero]]. Ex anno 1887 modi quidam, qui Columbiae musicae rectum exemplum exponunt, [[Hymnus Nationalis Columbiae]] est. === Artes athleticae === Columbianus [[ludus athleticus]] praecipue ab Instituto Columbiano Ludi Athletici (Hispanice Instituto Colombiano del Deporte, Coldeportes) iuxta cum Ministerio Ludi Athletici (Hispanice Ministerio del Deporte, Mindeporte) et societatibus liberis velut foederationibus, ligis, et variorum ludorum athleticorum institutis sustinetur. [[Artes athleticae]] a gubernatione sustenti in educativae legislationis instestinis evolvuntur, in Columbianis scholis velut scholis ludorum athleticorum, [[Ludus Athleticus Universitarius|Ludo Athletico Universitario]] et ludis intercollegiatis. Praecipui loci ad exercitandos ludos athleticos maximis urbibus densantur. [[Tegulus]] (Hispanice Tejo), [[Indi Americani|Indigenae]] originis ludus, ludus athleticus nationalis habetur, dum [[pediludium]] popularissimus ludus est, quamquam intermittens catalogus internationalium victorum seu plano consociationum seu [[selectio nationalis|selectionis nationalis]]. Foederatio Pediludica Columbiae, [[Foederatio Internationalis Pediludii Consociativi|Foederationi Internationali Pediludii Consociativi]] ([[Francogallice]] Fédération Internationale de Football Association) et [[Confoederatio Austramericana Pediludii|Confoederationi Austramericanae Pediludii]] (Hispanice Confederación sudamericana de Fútbol, CONMEBOL) affiliata, tam [[Selectio Columbiana Pediludii|Selectionem Columbianam Pediludii]] quam [[Divisio Maxima Pediludii Columbiani|Divisionem Maximam Pediludii Columbiani]] (División Mayor del Fútbol Colombiano, Dimayor), quae campionatum primae divisionis in Columbiano pediludio disponit, dirigit. Huius ludi athletici popularitatis incrementum (etiam ad campiones velut [[Carolus Valderrama|Carolum Albertum Palacio Valderrama]], [[Faustinus Asprilla|Faustinum Asprilla]], [[Ioannes Ramirus Córdoba|Ioannem Ramirum Córdoba]] ligatum) in secundi plani locum [[birotatio]]nem relegat, quae [[Decennium 194|decennio 194]] notior erat primi plani birotariorum velut [[Ludovicus Herrera|Ludovici Herrera]] resultationum gratia. Ludovicus Herrera primus Columbianus birotarius [[Circuitus Franciae]] gradum anno [[1984]] vincens fuit et tribus annis post se et [[Circuitus Hispaniae]] et [[Circuitus Columbiae]] campionem consecravit. Alii praeclari birotarii [[Ephraim Forero]], primus Circuitus Columbiae campio, [[Martinus Aemilius Rodríguez]], [[Fabius Henricus Parra]], [[Iosephus Patrocinius Jiménez]] et [[Iacobus Botero Echeverry]] fuerunt. [[Fasciculus:JuanMontoyaBristol2007 (cropped).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Ioannes Paulus Montoya]]]] Porro certamina autocinetorum currilium a Columbianis valde amantur. Annis 2000 gubernator famosissimus [[Ioannes Paulus Montoya]] multa premia, etiam [[Formula 1|formulae 1]] tulit<ref>semana (2013)[https://www.semana.com/especiales/articulo/juan-pablo-montoya/38239-3/]</ref>. [[Pugilatus]] et [[basipila]]e exercitatio in Caribico [[litus|litore]] plus radicatur, ubi eorum praeclarissimi homines sunt. In pugilatu memorantur [[Antonius Cervantes Reyes]], qui Columbiae primum pugilatus titulum mundanum anno [[1972]] dedit, [[Rodericus "Saxosus" Valdés]], [[Michael "Felix" Lora]] ([[pondus galli]]), et [[Irene Pacheco]] ([[pondus muscae]]); in basipila autem [[Orlandus Cabrera]] et [[Edgarus Rentería]]. In [[Ludi Olympici|ludis Olympicis]] aestivis athletae Columbiani imprimis in disciplinis birotis BMX, sublatione ponderum et athletica nomismata tulerunt, exempli gratia novem nomismata [[Olympia aestiva 2012|Londinii anno 2012]]. Primum Olympicum nomisma [[Helimutus Bellingrodt]] tulit, argenteum in [[iaculatio ad columbam argillaceam|iaculatione ad columbam argillaceam]] [[Olympia aestiva 1972|anno 1072]] (et iterum [[Olympia aestiva 1984|anno 1984]]). In ludis Paralympicis aestivis autem athletae Columbiani praecipue in disciplinis athletica, natatione et birotatione nomismata tulerunt, exempli gratia 76 enomismata Tokii anno 2020. Illic Columbia in tabula nomismatorum tricesimum septimum gradum omnium nationum assecuta est. Natator Carolus Serrano Zárate anno 2016 in Urbe Fluminensi et anno 2029 Tokii solus septem numismata collegit. Ultra Olympicam rem, civitas in internationali plano aliis disciplinis figurat, velut in [[pilamalleus|pilamalleo]] cum [[Camillus Villega|Camillo Villega]], in [[certamen autocineticum|certaminibus autocineticis]] cum [[Robertus Iosephus Guerrero|Roberto Iosepho Guerrero]] et [[Ioannes Paulus Montoya|Ioanne Paulo Montoya]], et in [[patinatio]]ne. == Mores == === Gastronomia === Magna [[clima]]tis diversitas propter prominentiam latitudinemque magnam [[fructus|fructuum]] varietatem et [[regio]]nalium [[ars coquinaria|artis coquinariae]] proprietatum diversificationem permittit. Inter usitatos [[cibus|cibos]] citantur: Cibi salsi: * [[Axiacum]] (''ajiaco''), cibus nationalis, * [[Sancoctum]] (''sancocho''), * [[Ferculum Paisarum]] (''bandeja paisa''), * [[Vitulina Planitiaria]] (''ternera a la llanera'') * [[Tamalum]] (''tamal''), suilla aut pullina in craticula cum [[oryza]] [[legumen|leguminibusque]] assi et in [[Musa (genus)|musae]] folio cocti, * [[Arepa]]e (''arepas''), [[Zea mays|maizii]] tortae, * [[Impanata]]e (''empanadas''), bubulae, suinae, pulli aut etiam [[caseus|casei]] cum oryza. Cibi dulces * [[Socolata Sanctafidensis]] (''chocolate a la santafereña''), * [[Mantecada]] (''mantecada''), placenta farinacea [[Zea mays|maizii]] et [[vanilla]]e, * [[Caseus mollis cum mellato]] (''cuajada con melao''), caseus mollis cum [[syrupus|syrupo]] [[saccharum|sacchari]] in [[Musa (genus)|musae]] folio. * [[Epidipnis bucellae cavae]], placenta bucellae cavae [[Cundinamarca]]e et [[Boyaca (departamentum)|Boyacae]]. === Dies festi === {| |- style="background:#666;color:#fff;" !colspan="3"| Dies fixa !!colspan="3"| Primus lunae dies !!colspan="3"| Relativi Paschae |- |- bgcolor=#D8F8D8 |valign="top"| [[Annus Novus]] | ''[[1 Ianuarii|kalendis Ianuariis]]'' | (Sollemne civile et religiosum) | [[Sollemnitas Epiphaniae Domini]] | ''e die [[6 Ianuarii]]'' | ('''Sollemne religiosum''') |valign="top" rowspan="3"| [[Hebdomas Maior]] ||valign="top" rowspan="3"| ''[[Dominica in Palmis de passione Domini]]'' <br />''[[Dies Cenae Domini]]'' <br />''[[Dies Passionis Domini]]'' <br />''[[Pascha (festum Christianum)|Pascha]]'' |valign="top" rowspan="3"| (Sollemne religiosum)'' |- |- bgcolor=#F8F8D8 | [[Dies Laboris]] | ''[[1 Maii|kalendis Maiis]]'' | (Solemne civile) | Dies [[Sanctus Iosephus|Sancti Iosephi]] | ''e die [[19 martii]]'' | (Sollemne religiosum) |- |- bgcolor=#D8F8D8 | [[Vas Florale Llorentinum|''Clamatio pro Libertate'']] | ''[[20 Iulii]]'' | (Sollemne civile, patrium et nationale) | Dies Phyles | ''e die [[12 Octobris]]'' | (Sollemne civile) |- |- bgcolor=#F8F8D8 | Dies [[Proelium Boyacense|Proelii Boyacensis]] | ''[[7 Augusti]]'' | (Sollemne civile et patrium) | [[Sollemnitas Omnium Sanctorum]] | ''e [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]]'' | (Sollemne religiosum) | Dies [[Ascensionis Domini]] | ''septimus dies Lunae'' | (Sollemne religiosum) |- |- bgcolor=#D8F8D8 | [[Immaculata Conceptio]] | ''[[8 Decembris]]'' | (Sollemne religiosum) | [[Assumptio Mariae]] | ''e die [[15 Augusti]]'' | (Sollemne religiosum) | [[Corpus Domini]] | ''decimus dies Lunae'' | (Sollemne religiosum) |- |- bgcolor=#F8F8D8 | [[Christi Natalis]] | ''[[25 Decembris]]'' | (ollemne religiosum) | [[Libertas Carthaginis Neogranatensis]] | ''e die [[11 Novembris]]'' | (Sollemne civile et patrium) | [[Sacrum Cor]] | ''undecimus Lunae dies'' | (Sollemne civile et religiosum) |} == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * Academia Colombiana de Historia. [[1986]]. ''Historia extensa de Colombia.'' 41 volumina. Bogotae: Ediciones Lerner, 1965–1986. ISBN 958-95013-3-8. * Barrios, Luis. [[1984]]. ''Historia de Colombia.'' Editio quinta. Bogotae: Editorial Cultural. * Bedoya F., Víctor A. [[1944]]. ''Historia de Colombia: independencia y república con bases fundamentales en la colonia.'' Colección La Salle, Bogotae: Librería Stella. * Bushnell, David. [[1993]]. ''The Making of Modern Colombia: A Nation in Spite of Itself.'' Berkeleiae et Angelopoli: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08289-3. * Caballero Argaez, Carlos. [[1987]]. ''50 años de economía: de la crisis del treinta à la del ochenta.'' Editio altera. Colección Jorge Ortega Torres. Bogotae: Editorial Presencia, Asociación Bancaria de Colombia. ISBN 958-9040-03-9. * Cadavid Misas, Roberto. [[2004]]. ''Cursillo de historia de Colombia: de la conquista à la independencia.'' Bogotae: Intermedio Editores. ISBN 958-709-134-5. * Calderón Schrader, Camilo, Antonio Gil, et Daniel Torras. [[2001]]. ''Enciclopedia de Colombia.'' 4 volumina. Barcinonae: Céano Grupo Editorial, 2001. ISBN 84-494-1947-6. * Calderón Schrader, Camilo. [[1993]]. ''Gran enciclopedia de Colombia.'' 11 volumina. Bogotae: Círculo de Lectores. ISBN 958-28-0294-4. * Cavelier Gaviria, Germán. [[2003]]. ''Centenario de Panamá: una historia de la separación de Colombia en 1903.'' Bogotae: Universidad Externado de Colombia. ISBN 958-616-718-6. * Forero, Manuel José. [[1946]]. ''Historia analítica de Colombia desde los orígenes de la independencia nacional.'' Editio altera. Bogotae: Librería Voluntad. * Gómez Hoyos, Rafael. [[1992]]. ''La independencia de Colombia.'' Matriti: Editorial Mapfre, Colecciones Mapfre 1492. ISBN 84-7100-596-4. * Granados, Rafael María. [[1978]]. ''Historia general de Colombia: prehistoria, conquista, colonia, independencia y Repúbica.'' Editio octava. Bogotae: Imprenta Departamental Antonio Nariño. * Hernández de Alba, Guillermo. [[2004]]. ''Como nació la República de Colombia.'' Colección Bolsilibros. Bogotae: Academia Colombiana de Historia. ISBN 958-8040-35-3. * Hernández Becerra, Augusto. [[2001]]. ''Ordenamiento y desarreglo territorial en Colombia.'' Bogotae: Universidad Externado de Colombia, ISBN 958-616-555-8. * Hernández Rodríguez, Guillermo. [[1949]]. ''De los chibchas à la colonia y à la república.'' Bogotae: Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Sección de Extensión Cultural. * Hylton, Forrest. [[2006]]. ''Evil Hour in Colombia.'' Novi Eboraci: Verso Books. ISBN 1-84467-551-3. * Jaramillo Uribe, Jaime, Álvaro Tirado Mejía, et Camilo Calderón Schrader. [[2000]]. ''Nueva historia de Colombia'' 12 volumina. Bogotae: Planeta Colombiana Editorial. ISBN 958-614-251-5. * Kirk, Robin. [[2004]]. ''More Terrible Than Death: Drugs, Violence, and America's War in Colombia.'' Civitates Foederatae: PublicAffairs. ISBN 1-58648-207-6. * Mellander, Gustavo A., et Nelly Maldonado Mellander. [[1999]]. ''Charles Edward Magoon: The Panama Years.'' Río Piedras, in Porto Dive: Editorial Plaza Mayor. ISBN 1-56328-155-4. OCLC 42970390. * Mellander, Gustavo A. [[1971]]. ''The United States in Panamanian Politics: The Intriguing Formative Years.'' Danville Illinoesiae: Interstate Publishers. OCLC 138568. * Ocampo López, Javier. [[1999]]. ''El proceso ideológico de la emancipación en Colombia.'' Colección La Línea de Horizonte. Bogotae: Editorial Planeta. ISBN 958-614-792-4. * Ospina, William. [[2006]]. ''Once Upon a Time There Was Colombia.'' Columbia: Villegas Asociados. ISBN 958-8156-64-5. * Palacios, Marco. [[2006]]. ''Between Legitimacy and Violence: A History of Colombia, 1875–2002.'' Civitates Foederatae: Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-3767-3. * Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo. [[1998]]. ''Colombia indígena.'' Medellii: Hola Colina. ISBN 958-638-276-1. * Restrepo, José Manuel. [[1974]]. ''Historia de la revolución de la República de Colombia.'' Medellii: Editorial Bedout. * Rivadeneira Vargas, Antonio José. [[2002]]. ''Historia constitucional de Colombia 1510–2000.'' Editio tertia. Tunja: Editorial Bolivariana Internacional. * Simons, Geoff. [[2004]]. ''Colombia: A Brutal History.'' Londinii: Saqi Books. ISBN 0-86356-758-4. * Smith, Stephen. [[1999]]. ''Cocaine Train: Travels in Colombia.'' Londinii: Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-64749-7. * Tovar Pinzón, Hermes. [[1975]]. ''El movimiento campesino en Colombia durante los siglos XIX y XX.'' Editio altera. Bogotae: Ediciones Libres. * Trujillo Muñoz Augusto. [[2001]]. ''Descentralización, regionalización y autonomía local.'' Bogotae: Universidad Nacional de Colombia. * Vidal Perdomo Jaime. [[2001]]. ''La Región en la Organización Territorial del Estado.'' Bogotae: Universidad del Rosario. {{NexInt}} * [[Paulus Escobar]] * [[Festival Folclórico y Reinado Nacional del Bambuco]] (Festum Folcloricum et Pompa Nationalis Bambuco) * [[Papilionarium]] * [[Templum Lunare Chiense]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Colombia|Columbiam}} {{Fontes geographici}} {{America}} {{Capsae collectae|Columbia|politica|{{Praesides Columbiae}}{{Ministri rerum externarum Columbiani}}}} [[Categoria:Civitates sui iuris]] [[Categoria:Columbia|!]] [[Categoria:Condita 1810]] [[Categoria:Respublicae]] {{Myrias|Geographia}} {{FA stella}} agih76l4lf0tbf4xjk028gwyc50sqti 0 5805 3980618 3980434 2026-08-11T20:43:03Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}; +{{[[Formula:Opus|opus]]}}; De formula obsoleta 3980618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Ioannes Carolus Traupman}},<ref name=directory1999>{{cite book|title=Directory of American Scholars: Foreign Languages, Linguistics and Philology|year=1999|page=211}}</ref> vulgo '''John Traupman''' ([[2 Ianuarii]] [[1923]]; [[18 Februarii]] [[2019]]<ref name="LOC2014">{{Opus | titulus = Traupman, John C. | domus editoria = Library of Congress | url = http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n82001440.html | tempus inspectionis = 2014-07-25 }}.</ref>), fuit [[lexicographus]] et [[philologus]] [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americanus]] et [[scriptor]] [[liber (litterae)|ibrorum]] [[Latine|Latinorum]] et [[Theodisce|Theodiscorum]].<!--Re vera?--> qui [[professor]] [[res classicae|res classicas]] in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Universitas Sancti Iosephi|Universitate Sancti Iosephi|en|qid=Q1475413}} [[Philadelphia]]e diu docuit. ==Opera== Haec opera scripsit Traupman de lingua Latina colloquiali: * 1966, ''The New Collegiate Latin & English Dictionary'' * 1994, ''Latin Dictionary'' (editio secunda lexici Collegiati) * 1996, ''Conversational Latin for Oral Proficiency''<ref>Vide etiam formulam {{fn|TraupConv}}.</ref> * 2007, ''Latin and English Dictionary'' (editio tertia)<ref>Vide etiam formulam {{fn|TraupmanLatinEng3}}.</ref> ==Notae== <references /> {{scriptor-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1923|2019|Traupman, Ioannes}} [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Auctores Neolatini]] [[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]]<!--Re vera?--> [[Categoria:Eruditi Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Lexicographi]]<!--[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Sancti Iosephi Philadelphiensis]]--> [[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]] 3fj10z736cnlg74emvr3xafrbukdq6g 3980619 3980618 2026-08-11T20:43:45Z Grufo 64423 3980619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Ioannes Carolus Traupman}},<ref name="directory1999">{{Opus | titulus = Directory of American Scholars: Foreign Languages, Linguistics and Philology | annus = 1999 | pagina = 211 }}.</ref> vulgo ''John Traupman'' ([[2 Ianuarii]] [[1923]]; [[18 Februarii]] [[2019]]<ref name="LOC2014">{{Opus | titulus = Traupman, John C. | domus editoria = Library of Congress | url = http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n82001440.html | tempus inspectionis = 2014-07-25 }}.</ref>), fuit [[lexicographus]] et [[philologus]] [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americanus]] et [[scriptor]] [[liber (litterae)|ibrorum]] [[Latine|Latinorum]] et [[Theodisce|Theodiscorum]].<!--Re vera?--> qui [[professor]] [[res classicae|res classicas]] in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Universitas Sancti Iosephi|Universitate Sancti Iosephi|en|qid=Q1475413}} [[Philadelphia]]e diu docuit. ==Opera== Haec opera scripsit Traupman de lingua Latina colloquiali: * 1966, ''The New Collegiate Latin & English Dictionary'' * 1994, ''Latin Dictionary'' (editio secunda lexici Collegiati) * 1996, ''Conversational Latin for Oral Proficiency''<ref>Vide etiam formulam {{fn|TraupConv}}.</ref> * 2007, ''Latin and English Dictionary'' (editio tertia)<ref>Vide etiam formulam {{fn|TraupmanLatinEng3}}.</ref> ==Notae== <references /> {{scriptor-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1923|2019|Traupman, Ioannes}} [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Auctores Neolatini]] [[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]]<!--Re vera?--> [[Categoria:Eruditi Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Lexicographi]]<!--[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Sancti Iosephi Philadelphiensis]]--> [[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]] cc9bgjhdt5mkts1ta6ztiiqvd7fjrpv 3980623 3980619 2026-08-11T20:49:16Z IacobusAmor 1163 Typo 3980623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Ioannes Carolus Traupman}},<ref name="directory1999">{{Opus | titulus = Directory of American Scholars: Foreign Languages, Linguistics and Philology | annus = 1999 | pagina = 211 }}.</ref> vulgo ''John Traupman'' ([[2 Ianuarii]] [[1923]]; [[18 Februarii]] [[2019]]<ref name="LOC2014">{{Opus | titulus = Traupman, John C. | domus editoria = Library of Congress | url = http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n82001440.html | tempus inspectionis = 2014-07-25 }}.</ref>), fuit [[lexicographus]] et [[philologus]] [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americanus]] et [[scriptor]] [[liber (litterae)|librorum]] [[Latine|Latinorum]] et [[Theodisce|Theodiscorum]].<!--Re vera?--> qui [[professor]] [[res classicae|res classicas]] in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Universitas Sancti Iosephi|Universitate Sancti Iosephi|en|qid=Q1475413}} [[Philadelphia]]e diu docuit. ==Opera== Haec opera scripsit Traupman de lingua Latina colloquiali: * 1966, ''The New Collegiate Latin & English Dictionary'' * 1994, ''Latin Dictionary'' (editio secunda lexici Collegiati) * 1996, ''Conversational Latin for Oral Proficiency''<ref>Vide etiam formulam {{fn|TraupConv}}.</ref> * 2007, ''Latin and English Dictionary'' (editio tertia)<ref>Vide etiam formulam {{fn|TraupmanLatinEng3}}.</ref> ==Notae== <references /> {{scriptor-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1923|2019|Traupman, Ioannes}} [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Auctores Neolatini]] [[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]]<!--Re vera?--> [[Categoria:Eruditi Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Lexicographi]]<!--[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Sancti Iosephi Philadelphiensis]]--> [[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]] 1najydx71l4dhbf77c23hinlzs51oxe 3980742 3980623 2026-08-12T05:56:02Z Jondel 452 3980742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Ioannes Carolus Traupman}},<ref name="directory1999">{{Opus | titulus = Directory of American Scholars: Foreign Languages, Linguistics and Philology | annus = 1999 | pagina = 211 }}.</ref> vulgo ''John Traupman'' ([[2 Ianuarii]] [[1923]]; [[18 Februarii]] [[2019]]<ref name="LOC2014">{{Opus | titulus = Traupman, John C. | domus editoria = Library of Congress | url = http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n82001440.html | tempus inspectionis = 2014-07-25 }}.</ref>), fuit [[lexicographus]] et [[philologus]] [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americanus]] et [[scriptor]] fecundus [[liber (litterae)|librorum]] [[Latine|Latinorum]] et [[Theodisce|Theodiscorum]].<!--Re vera?--> qui [[professor]] [[res classicae|res classicas]] in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Universitas Sancti Iosephi|Universitate Sancti Iosephi|en|qid=Q1475413}} [[Philadelphia]]e diu docuit. ==Opera== Haec opera scripsit Traupman de lingua Latina colloquiali: * 1966, ''The New Collegiate Latin & English Dictionary'' * 1994, ''Latin Dictionary'' (editio secunda lexici Collegiati) * 1996, ''Conversational Latin for Oral Proficiency''<ref>Vide etiam formulam {{fn|TraupConv}}.</ref> * 2007, ''Latin and English Dictionary'' (editio tertia)<ref>Vide etiam formulam {{fn|TraupmanLatinEng3}}.</ref> ==Notae== <references /> {{scriptor-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1923|2019|Traupman, Ioannes}} [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Auctores Neolatini]] [[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]]<!--Re vera?--> [[Categoria:Eruditi Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Lexicographi]]<!--[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Sancti Iosephi Philadelphiensis]]--> [[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]] lqxr0e9f0wgw64miaiqp2dg54fpglbh 1 9083 3980718 3263371 2026-08-12T02:01:18Z Grufo 64423 +{{[[Formula:Antiquae disputationes|Antiquae disputationes]]}} 3980718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Antiquae disputationes | ab = 2005-10-13 | ad = 2011-09-05 }} == De titulo == ...yeah, I dunno about the title, but hopefully it's at least better than the previous. They're mentioned in a brief Latin document at [http://www.pcf.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20010605_battesimo_mormoni_lt.html the Vatican website] but they just have the untranslated "communitas «The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints», vulgo dicta «Mormons»". —[[Usor:Mycēs|Myces Tiberinus]] 00:54 oct 13, 2005 (UTC) Does anyone know if the Book of Mormon has been translated into Latin? Please post here if you have information about this. :It has not been translated into Latin -- at least, not officially by the LDS church. I also highly doubt that it will ever be, since translations aren't an academic exercise but an attempt to reach as many people as possible in their native language, and I think it's fair to say that anyone who speaks Latin is highly likely to speak another language into which the book has already been translated as well as or better than Latin. -- [[Usor:Pne|pne]] 16:24, 19 Octobris 2007 (UTC) ::Well, it's true that the LDS Church itself is probably never going to translate the Book of Mormon into Latin (unless they wanted to troll the Vatican, which would be epic), but for what it's worth, I've begun work on translating some of it: ::''Ego, Nephi, e patribus bonis natus, igitur aliquantum omniam scientiam patris mei doctus sum; multisque miseriis diebus meis vistis, tam a Domine valde fautus omnibus diebus; ita, scientiam magnam bonitatis mysteriarumque Dominis habens, igitur scripturam diebus meis actorum facio.'' —1 Nephi 1:1 ::''Adamus cedit ut homines exsistant; ac homines exsistent ut gaudeant.'' —2 Nephi 2:25 ::Obviously I'm not a prophet of God, nor do I have an Urim and Thummim handy with me to ensure the translation is accurate...but hey, not too bad, right? ;-) --[[Usor:Antodav|Antodav]] 12:30, 17 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ==POV== As I've pointed out earlier, this article has POV problems. Articles about other religions don't single out the allegedly false beliefs of those religions&mdash;and this article doesn't even give an indication of ''who says'' they're false beliefs&thinsp;!&thinsp; For the record&thinsp;: this notion seems to have crept into the text in the "Emendatio ex 18:20, 29 Octobris 2006" by anonymous user 74.99.88.77. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 19:45, 4 Februarii 2007 (UTC) :As I pointed out above, this article has POV problems, in particular with the ''completely unsourced'' section headed "Capita fidei Mormonicae quae a nonnullis non Mormonis falsa habentur." Articles on other religions don't have sections like that. Eighteen months have elapsed, and nobody seems to care. Oh well. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 12:03, 18 Augusti 2008 (UTC) ::Definitely someone with an anti-Mormon agenda made some contributions to this article. I removed at least one claim about Mormon beliefs that was totally inaccurate. This article needs sources to have any real legitimacy...but honestly, the best thing to do would be to just emulate the English version of this article, which is pretty fair and accurate. Or, this entire section about Mormon beliefs could be replaced with a rough translation of the [http://lds.org/scriptures/pgp/a-of-f/1?lang=eng Articles of Faith]. --[[Usor:Antodav|Antodav]] 02:36, 17 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :::If you can do this, Antodav, you're very welcome to get to work. Meanwhile you are right to remove unsourced controversial statements, and if the article gets thinned down to a stub in the process, at least that's a good basis for starting something better. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:24, 17 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::::Well, as you can see, I went ahead and translated the Articles of Faith into Latin, to the best of my ability. I'm still not sure about a couple of things in there (''omnibus hominibus bonum agendo'' seems like a very bad translation of "in doing good to all men", for starters), but it's the best that I can do, and it took me all night. So...--[[Usor:Antodav|Antodav]] 11:53, 17 Augusti 2011 (UTC) == Image == Libri Mormoni aut Liber Mormoni? --[[Usor:Jeneme|Jeneme]] 11:22, 18 Augusti 2008 (UTC) :Titulus primus fuit ''The Book of Mormon: An Account Written by the Hand of Mormon upon Plates Taken from the Plates of Nephi by Joseph Smith, Junior, author and proprietor'': ergo ''Liber Mormoni.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 12:03, 18 Augusti 2008 (UTC) ::Or ''Liber Mormonis'', perhaps? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:20, 18 Augusti 2008 (UTC) : How is the translation of the title onto Latin, please? --[[Specialis:Conlationes/85.54.128.160|85.54.128.160]] 11:23, 25 Octobris 2008 (UTC) ::Can't give a confident answer. Iacobus's suggested title ''Liber Mormoni'' gets 7 google hits; my suggestion ''Liber Mormonis'' gets two. That's a poor statistical sample, but you might as well go with ''Liber Mormoni''. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 11:30, 25 Octobris 2008 (UTC) :::The Spanish version of the Book of Mormon is called "El Libro de los Mormones", which means "The Book of the Mormons", referring to Mormons as a group of religious group, rather than an individual person named Mormon. However, the actual title of the Book of Mormon, in the language in which it was originally published, English, is meant to refer to the prophet Mormon, not to "Mormons" as a group of religious followers (a term which was originally pejorative but which Mormons eventually embraced, though many prefer the term "Latter-Day Saint"). Therefore, to be consistent with the meaning of the original title, the Latin version of the book's title should use the singular genitive form of whatever the Latin name for Mormon is (''Mormonis'', most likely), rather than the plural genitive form (''Mormonum'' or ''Mormonorum''). --[[Usor:Antodav|Antodav]] 02:29, 17 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::::I agree, the Spanish translation is not a good model. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:44, 17 Augusti 2011 (UTC) == Credimus + dative vs. Credimus + ''in'' + accusative == OK, so my translation of the Articles of Faith has been changed now so that ''Credimus'' in the first Article of Faith uses the preposition ''in'' and then the accusative form of the name of each member of the Godhead, as opposed to the dative form with no preposition, which is how I originally wrote it. I'd like to clear this up once and for all: which form is correct? The Nicene Creed does use ''in'' + accusative, but according to English Wikipedia that is the result of a slightly too literal translation into Latin from ancient Greek. My understanding is that the standard classical usage of ''credere'' takes the dative when one is trying to convey the meaning of "believe in [something/one]". Considering that the Articles of Faith were originally written in English (not to mention the fact that Mormons don't believe in the Nicean Creed), it seems like the dative was more appropriate in this situation. But I'd like to know what some other people think first before changing it back.--[[Usor:Antodav|Antodav]] 13:08, 17 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :You're apparently right, and the dative is classical; however, since Joseph Smith was imitating in English the style of Christian scriptures in their received standard form (the Authorized Edition of 1611), perhaps it would be more in keeping with his spirit to imitate in Latin the style of the received standard Latin texts of Christianity, of which ''Credo in unum Deum'' is at once a fixed requirement of faith and a signal phrase in literature. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 12:08, 29 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::I suppose (without getting into any theological discussion about the "spirit" in which the Book of Mormon was translated) that is true, but the Articles of Faith are not a part of the Book of Mormon…they are written in plain, modern English and were originally a part of the History of the Church before being included in the Pearl of Great Price. I could understand rendering it that way if we were doing a translation of the scriptures themselves (the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants, or the Books of Moses or Abraham), but it seems more appropriate, to me anyway, to render the Articles of Faith in more standard Latin script. At any rate, if we change that particular line, to be consistent it seems like we'd have to change the entire article (or at least that section), which would take what is technically a grammatical error, no matter how common and well-known, and compound it, in my view.--[[Usor:Antodav|Antodav]] 14:04, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) == Nomen == I take it we don't have any already-published Latin name for the church, so, whichever Latin name we choose, we should add the "Convertimus" formula: I've done that. If only someone had written in Latin about it already! The full name is admittedly clumsy in English with its two "of-" noun phrases, but to me it's a bit worse to translate it using a sequence of three noun-phrases all in the genitive. Show me one other Latin name constructed in that way ... "In novissimis diebus" provided a bit of non-genitive relief (incidentally, "novissimus" is quite OK in the required sense, though "ultimus" is OK too). I think, too, it's a cop-out (this is no doubt inherited from an earlier version of the page) to offer several Latin names if they are all invented. It's stretching a point (but, yes, it's exactly what we do in cases such as this) to allow ourselves to invent ''one'' name, but surely one's enough. So we should eventually fix on our best choice and un-bold the others. I guess they were translated literally from the lemma of the English page. I would say, to be encyclopedic, our lemma should give # in bold, the best Latin name we can find or devise # the usual names in the church's first language, English # literal Latin translations of those names; but these literal Latin translations shouldn't pretend to be lemmas in bold, they should be in quotes after the English names. I expect others will have views on this -- let's wait and see! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:57, 29 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :I should add that I changed the "Iesus" in the lemma from a macron to an acute accent. My understanding is, where we apply an accent to Latin (and this is certainly an appropriate place to do it, to clarify the grammar) we prefer the accent because accents are a bit easier for some people to type. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:06, 29 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::Both diacritics are false, since the genitive of ''Iesus'' is ''Iesu.'' Vide ''Et ingressae non invenerunt corpus Domini Jesu'' (Luc. 24:3). The word in the lemma stood correctly as ''Iesu'' from 13 Octobris 2005 to 28 Augusti 2011. ¶ ''Dierum Ultimorum'' isn't quite right, since it means 'of the Last Days,' whereas English ''latter-day'' means 'of present times, recent', so perhaps ''Dierum Recentium'' or ''Dierum Recentiorum'' or ''Temporum Hodiernorum'' or even ''Hoc Tempore'' would be better here. Maybe 213.7.93.84's ''in Diebus Novissimis'' was trying to avoid the clunkiness of three genitives in a row: ''of X of Y of Z.'' ¶ Incidentally, some of the recent changes seem to be not so much improvements in Latinity as deviations from the English version. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 11:37, 29 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :::THe genetive of Iesus is indeed Iesu. (irregular u declension)--[[Specialis:Conlationes/123.192.69.44|123.192.69.44]] 12:31, 29 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::::So it is (blush), and the diacritic isn't needed. Thanks to both. Iacobe, I think you and I agree that "in Novissimis Diebus" was better than what we have now, though not necessarily perfect. As to "deviations from the English version", however, I'm comfortable with those ... if they are OK on other grounds :) [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:25, 29 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::::Hence I have corrected Iesus twice to Iesu (as indeed it used to be) in the lemma: now evidently we must move the page again, but to what name? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:30, 29 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :::::It isn't easy to track this information down on en:wiki, but in pursuing the phrase "Latter Days" I was eventually directed to [[:en:End Time]]. This confirmed what I had already thought (but I and the links I followed could still be totally wrong, I guess!) that "Latter Day" refers to the last period before the Second Coming. Hence "Ultimi Dies" and "Novissimi Dies" are, I still think, good translations of the concept. (And I still prefer "novissimi" here.) [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:48, 29 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::::::I acknowledge the "clunkiness" of the name in English, but I still think that the double genitive in Latin conveys the meaning of the church's name most effectively the way that I wrote it. Unfortunately there is not a single adjective that means "latter-day", and if there was, I would use it. But the belief that LDS church members hold that led to the name being what it is in English is that we are currently in the "last days"…and that the establishment Church represents the final dispensation given by Christ of priesthood authority and of the fullness of the Gospel prior to the Second Coming. It is a millenarian concept with direct ties to the concept of the End Times, which Mormons believe we are now in. Therefore, in that sense, the proper translation of "last" is ''ultimus'', or to agree with the genitive plural of ''dies'', ''ultimorum''. ::::::As a compromise I suppose you could say ''in Diebus Ultimis'', which would render the literal meaning of the complete title in Latin "The Church of Jesus Christ of the Saints in the Last Days", which conveys the meaning well enough and agrees with translations of the name into other languages as much as it can considering that ''de'' is generally not used to indicate possession in Latin. But I think that "Novissimis Diebus" or something of that nature is wrong simply because it seems to indicate that the church is simply Christ's church in ''modern'' times, rather than the church in the ''end'' times. Note that I'm not trying to run roughshod over anyone else's religious beliefs here; I'm simply saying that we ought to translate the name in the manner that most closely reflects the doctrine of the church that is the subject of the article.--[[Usor:Antodav|Antodav]] 14:32, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ''Haec Antodav in disputationem meam scripsit:'' Hello. What grammatical error is there in the title of the page that I moved it to? As far as I can tell there are no mistakes…''Iesus'' is a 4th Declension noun, so the genitive is ''-ūs'', and ''Christi'' agrees with that…the genitive of ''sancti'' is ''sanctorum'', and the genitive of ''dies'' (plural), which is 5th Declension, is ''dierum''. I'm aware that ''dies'' can sometimes be feminine but in this case I made it masculine because that seems to be how it is more commonly used…so the form of ''ultimus'' that would agree with it is ''ultimorum''. Literally it says "The Church of Jesus Christ of the Saints of the Last Days". This agrees with the way that the church's name is rendered in other romance languages and properly conveys the meaning of "Latter-Day" within the context of the doctrine of the church. I admit I'm a few years removed from my formal study of Latin but I don't see where I went wrong here. Please enlighten me; I will continue this discussion on the talk page of the article itself.--[[Usor:Antodav|Antodav]] 13:54, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :It was an easy mistake to make, hence at first, in following you, I made it as well. "Iesus" is not a 4th declension noun; it follows an irregular variant of the Greek 2nd declension. Note my blushes above: I was well aware of this really, but I forgot it. The Latin declension is nom. Iesūs, gen. Iesū. :As I have already said above, I regard "Ultimorum" and "Novissimorum" as equally correct in the required sense. If "Ultimorum" agrees with names in Romance languages, that is indeed a point in its favour. :But it is seriously bad style to have a string of three noun-phrases in the genitive. The English doesn't do any similar thing (it has two ''of'' s, not three), and we should try not to do it in Latin. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:10, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::Ah. I was not aware that ''Iesus'' was a Greek name. I guess that makes sense, considering that the Gospels were written in Greek before they were in English. Well in that case then, yes, I suppose ''Iesu'' would be more appropriate…at any rate, you would know better than I. Serves me right for only studying classical Latin and never any of the ecclesiastical variants of it. :-P ::Yeah, I can see how the style might be an issue to some. I'm willing to go along with the use of ''in'' + ablative in this case, but I really do think that ''diebus ultimis'' would convey the meaning of "latter-day" in this context better than ''diebus novissmis''.--[[Usor:Antodav|Antodav]] 14:32, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) So would '''Ecclesia Iesu Christi Sanctorum in Diebus Ultimis''' work for everyone? --[[Usor:Antodav|Antodav]] 14:37, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :It would work for me. I've looked at the interwikis, and you're right that "ultim-" is often used, whereas I see no reflex of "novissim-". To me that's a distinct point in favour of "ultimis". [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:42, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::Wouldn't 'in the last days' ordinarily be ''diebus ultimis''—sans preposition (= ablative of time)? But as was said above, the neatest solution may still be an adjective for 'latter-day' (or a noun in the genitive). [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 15:09, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :::Good point; in that case it would be '''Ecclesia Iesu Christi Sanctorum Diebus Ultimis'''…I like that even better, without any preposition at all.--[[Usor:Antodav|Antodav]] 15:29, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :::: Latin doesn't generally favour adverbial attributes. Therefore, "diebus ultimis" involves a syntactic Anglicism. If we're going to respect Latin syntax, the best expression would be '''Ecclesia Iesu Christi Sanctorum Dierum ultimorum'''. ¶ At present, the beginnig of the article is a bit messy, because too many alternative names are being suggested. I expect that the beginnig will be tidied up after we've reached the solution — something like this: "'''Ecclesia Iesu Christi Sanctorum Dierum Ultimorum''' (Anglice: ''The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints'') sive '''Ecclesia Mormonum''' est . . ." [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 16:20, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :::::Well, that gives us back a string of three noun-phrases in the genitive. I'm not happy with that. They could be "saints of the last days" or "last saints of the days", and he might be "Jesus Christ of the last saints of the days". Admittedly the English name is awkward, and there may be no satisfying solution. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 16:29, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :::::: True enough. What about '''Ecclesia Iesu Christi Sanctorum Diebus Ultimis viventium''' (or some other theologically possible participle)? Or would that be overtranslating? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 16:52, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :::::: . . . or '''Ecclesia Iesu Christi Sanctis Dierum Ultimorum dicata''' (or some other theologically possible PPP)? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 17:00, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :::::::My understanding is that "later day saints" refers to the present day Mormon persons, who according to the religion *are* saints on the same level as all the other ancient saints, i.e. a Mormon = latter day saint. So the church isn't dedicated to latter day saints but composed of latter day saints; and by latter day this means nowadays, after the great awakening, Smith's revelations: so the right term is the translation for "latter" (as opposed to "former" or "ancient" saints): posterior: Eccl.I.C.Sanctorum Posteriorum.(see relavent religious passages here: [http://lds.org/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/115.4?lang=eng#3 ]--[[Specialis:Conlationes/123.192.69.44|123.192.69.44]] 17:48, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::::::::I don't agree with that. The highlighted sentence in your link talks about "the last days", and that brings us back to the discussion above: the "last days" (in reference to which these are Latter-Day Saints) are the final period before the Second Coming. ::::::::But I ''do'' agree that the church is not dedicated or devoted to these saints, so "dicata" wouldn't be right. Indeed, I don't know that the task I have set of avoiding three noun-phrases in the genitive can be successfully completed :) Thanks to all for trying! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:42, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::::::::::You are grossly mistaken, IMHO. the phrase "last days" that appears is not used to define or delineate the meaning of "latter day" in any way: after giving the name of the church in the previous sentence and hinting at the reason for the name ("...my faithful servants who are of the high council of my church in Zion..."), it then says " For thus shall my church be called in the last days, even The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints." meaning simply that *even in the last days*, the church will be called the LDS church.--[[Specialis:Conlationes/123.192.69.44|123.192.69.44]] 09:40, 31 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :::::::::No, I'm too pessimistic. Isn't "sanctus" itself a participle? So is there not grammar (I mean, ''good'' grammar) in '''Ecclesia Iesu Christi Diebus Ultimis Sanctorum''', meaning "Church of Jesus Christ of those who have been made saints in the last days"? [I see I have practically returned to the suggestion made by Iacobus some way above] [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:48, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::::::::::Although the word order (not that it matters in Latin) is more reflective of English syntax than that normally used in Latin, nevertheless I do believe that that translation is the most theologically and grammatically accurate that can be made, and that those particular words are the best ones we could use in the title: '''Ecclesia Iesu Christi Diebus Ultimis Sanctorum''' is probably the best we're going to get, IMO. I think we should go ahead and move the article to that title; do I get a second?--[[Usor:Antodav|Antodav]] 20:25, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::::::::::: Well, if ''sanctorum'' is interpreted as a past participle of ''sancire'', '''Ecclesia Iesu Christi Diebus Ultimis Sanctorum''' would indeed be syntactically possible, and if this is really what the English name suggests, fine. ¶ As an afterthought on ambiguity: it's true that '''Ecclesia Iesu Christi Sanctorum Dierum Ultimorum''' would be ambiguous, but perhaps not untolerably so. Isn't the English name ambiguous as well: [The Church of Jesus Christ] [of Latter-Day Saints] vs [The Church] [of Jesus Christ [of Latter-Day Saints]]? One of the lessons from studies of man-machine interaction is that it's the human capacity for empathy that is able to disambiguate a great deal of those syntactic ambiguities linguistic messages tend to be beset with. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 21:10, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :::::::::::::I accept Neander's point, certainly. I would say this in response, though. The name of this church in English has had a long time to settle in and people understand it pretty well (and even then we non-experts may puzzle one another over the meaning of "Latter-Day" etc., see above). But we are putting up a Latin name that no reader will have ever seen before, and not all of them will be familiar with the church's full name in any language. So we owe it to them to be as unambiguous as we reasonably can. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:51, 31 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::::::::::::It could be seen as ambiguous in English, yes, but as a Mormon myself I can clear up the ambiguity by explaining that we believe that Jesus Christ is the head of this church, and that therefore the church is His. So that's what the use of the genitive for His name refers to there. The genitive of ''sancti'' indeed refers to the makeup of the church: we are all "Saints" (not that we believe that we are necessarily any more "saintly" than anyone else, but that's beside the point). And we believe we are living in the Last Days, so an ablative of time for ''dies ultimi'' would be appropriate as well. Thus, through the miracle of Latin, we can actually make the name less ambiguous than it is in its original language. :-) ::::::::::::Since we can agree that this name is grammatically sound, I'll go ahead and move it now. Great discussion, everyone.--[[Usor:Antodav|Antodav]] 22:01, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :::::::::::::Despite your belief, I believe you are totally, if not also grossly, mistaken about the name. Why is it that in english and the book of Mormon, the church wasn't called the "C. of J. C. of Saints in the Last Days"?--*that* is the literal meaning of your latin title. Do you think the namer was being deliberately vague or misleading? In english, 'latter' definitely means something different than 'last'.--[[Specialis:Conlationes/123.192.69.44|123.192.69.44]] 09:55, 31 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::::::::::::::Have you considered, 123.192.69.44, why so many existing translations of this name use a word such as "ultimo" to represent "latter"? Some of these translated names are in use by various foreign members of the Church. Would you argue that they are wrong? ::::::::::::::I take the English compound noun "Latter-Day Saints" to be a neat equivalent of "saints of the last days". "Last-Day Saints" wouldn't quite work semantically: these are the last days, but this is not yet the last day. In English compound nouns the first element has normally to be singular, so "Last-Days Saints" would scarcely be grammatical. [I may have been wrong to say "compound noun", but if "latter-day" is parsed as an adjective the point I make remains valid: adjectives in English can't show a plural termination.] "Latter" and "Last" belong to the same paradigm; therefore "Latter" was fit for use here. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 10:15, 31 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :::::::::::::::I was not aware that Latter in english meant also Last in the way you describe, so I bow to your superior knowledge of this, nor that the romance translations in the other wikis were official or attested outside of wikipedia. Even if conceding the point, however: if what is to be translated is "saints of the last days" I would think the latin would be "sancti ultimorum dierum" not "sancti ultimis diebus" (saints *in* the last days).--[[Specialis:Conlationes/123.192.69.44|123.192.69.44]] 11:17, 31 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::::::::::::::::By saying that '"Latter" and "Last" belong to the same paradigm' I meant, for example, that one says "the latter" of two but "the last" of three; they are comparative and superlative. ::::::::::::::::As to the use of the genitive, you'll admit that this has been gone through at considerable length above :) though of course no discussion on a wiki is ever closed. I don't speak as a Mormon, but I say again that the members of this church, by joining it, "have been made saints in the last days",* and the English compound noun may perfectly well be seen as saying exactly this; and so the Latin may say it too. I'll drop out of this now, with good wishes for success to all! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 11:25, 31 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::::::::::::::::*[I agree, I did also say above "saints of the last days"; but these are in any case merely my interpretations of the English compound and therefore completely unimportant! By the nature of these compounds, the exact syntactic relation between the elements is not specified, and might here be represented by ''of'' or ''in'' or maybe some other preposition. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) ] :::::::::::::::::It might be useful to consider the two (and only two) definitions of ''latter-day'' in Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, perhaps the most frequently used dictionary in the United States, home of the Mormon Church: "'''1''' : of present or recent times[.] '''2''' of a later or subsequent time." Nothing about any end-times! As our Formosan friend implies, ''latter'' and ''last'' are distinct concepts. That doesn't mean, however, that ''latter'' isn't loosely used in the sense of 'final'. As native English-speakers must agree, ''latter days'' in common parlance both may be, and may not be, ''last days.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 11:42, 31 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::::::::::::::::::Regardless of what "latter-day" may mean in the dictionary, I assure you that the term was used in the manner that I'm describing by the early church leaders and when the name was first conceived in the late 1830s. We are "Saints in the Last Days", or "Saints of the Last Days", but in either case, the proper rendition of that in Latin would indeed be using ablative of time, because despite the English idiom the genitive cannot be properly used in this situation. The Saints do not BELONG to the last days; the last days do not OWN the saints. The Saints simply exist DURING the last days, and that usage must take the ablative, not the genitive.--[[Usor:Antodav|Antodav]] 20:06, 31 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :::::::::::::::::::It might help if I give an extract from the ''OED'', which adds a sense not included by Merriam-Webster. They call it "archaic" but still provide a quote from a late 19th century religious text: [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 10:01, 1 Septembris 2011 (UTC) ::::::::::::::::::::'''latter''' ... '''3. a.''' Pertaining to the end of life, of a period, a temporal sequence, the world; = '''''last'''''. Obs[olete] exc[ept] arch[aic] in '''latter days'''. <small>1513 Douglas Æneis ii. v. 93 We fey peple..Quham till this was the dulefull lettir day. -- Ibid. viii. ix. 94 At lattyr poynt [L. digressu supremo] quhen thai war to depart. -- 1530 Proper Dyaloge (Arb.) 129 Your fraudes, almoste at the latter cast. -- 1535 Coverdale Jer. xxiii. 20 In the latter dayes ye shall knowe his meanynge. -- a1547 Surrey Æneid ii. 414 The later day and fate of Troy is come. -- 1588 A. King Canisius’ Catech. I iiij, On ye letter day of december. -- Ibid. 15 In the letter day of iudgment. -- 1594 Marlowe & Nashe Dido ii. C 1 b, At whose latter gaspe Ioues marble statue gan to bend the brow. -- 1597 Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. lvi. §9 That life which shall make them glorious at the later day. -- 1609 Skene Reg. Maj. 35 She may make na disposition in her letter will, anent her husbands gudes and geir. -- a1649 Drummond of Hawthornden Hist. Jas. V, Wks. (1711) 114 The cardinal put in his hands some blank papers, of which they composed a latter-will. -- 1816 Jefferson Writ. (1830) IV. 296 All the latter years of aged men are overshadowed with its gloom. -- 1883 R. W. Dixon Mano i. iv. 11 This sign moreover doth St. John transmit, That in the latter days we shall be tricked By Satan’s legates.</small> ::::::::::::::::::I'll defer to your judgment about the religious belief, and Dalby's find is quite convincing about Latter also meaning Last. But your grammar point is totally false. An outline of the functions of the genetive is found here [http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Latin/Grammar/Syntax/Syntax-Cases-Genitive.html ]; in latin is would be normal to use the genetive here rather than the ablative; the only relavent point made above is about the ambiguity between sanctus the noun meaning saint and sanctus the participle meaning "rendered sacred, confirmed, annointed, or ordained by some religious or public civil act", which in the context of an uberclassicist who didn't know sanctus also meant saint, would render the meaning EJCSanctorum dierum Ultimorum as "EJC of the ordained last days" instead of "EJC of the saints of the last days"; but then such an uberclassicist would insist that the meaning of the current title would have to be "EJC of the ordained in the last days" ~ "EJC of those who were ordained in the last days"--[[Specialis:Conlationes/123.192.69.44|123.192.69.44]] 10:08, 1 Septembris 2011 (UTC) :::::::::::::::::Oh, dear, I'm being tempted back into this :( It is an interesting topic. I should be happy if a real grammarian intervenes, but meanwhile I'll just use terms that make sense to me. The "ambiguity " you discuss doesn't exist. If you look at Lewis & Short's dictionary you will find no entry for "sanctus" as a noun, just a cross-reference telling you that "sanctus" is the past participle passive of sancio. For all further details (and there are many) you must look under "sancio". This is because participles, like adjectives, can serve as nouns: it's a fact of Latin grammar. Their service as nouns is part of their normal function. :::::::::::::::::So, when "sanctus" or "sancta" (m. or f.) is serving as a noun, it does indeed mean "one who has been rendered sacred, confirmed, anointed, or ordained by some religious or public civil act". That's exactly what a saint is, and (if I understand correctly) that's what a member of the Mormon church is. The word remains a participle, and, as such, can have the normal syntactic relations of a participle. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 11:24, 1 Septembris 2011 (UTC) ::::::::::::::::The ambiguity I referred to is in whether sanctorum modifies dierum or modifies an understood "hominum". ::::::::::::::::With regard to the two meanings of saint, evidently originally there was overlap in meaning originally as you state, but the usual english language christian concept is not so closely related to participle: a saint is any exceptionally holy christian person (in which christ resides). See the wikipedia article on "saint" for the relavent discussion. In ecclesiastical latin, as opposed to classical which is what L&S treats, sanctus is a noun whose meaning is not directly derived from sancio, but from the biblical passages. On the other hand, the LDS saints are all those who are baptised (annointed), even if they are not exceptionally holy; so the participle concept does apply to them.--[[Specialis:Conlationes/123.192.69.44|123.192.69.44]] 15:59, 1 Septembris 2011 (UTC) :::::::::::::::::Two points here, and then I'm pretty much done with this discussion (for my part at least): :::::::::::::::::Firstly, in order to be baptized in the LDS church, a person must first agree to keep certain (very difficult and demanding) covenants, adherence to which would, arguably, make a person "exceptionally holy" by the standards of most Christians (not to say that all Mormons live up to those standards by any means, although that's why we have the Atonement). Therefore, the classical definition of "saint" would arguably apply to a ''faithful'' Latter-Day Saint as well. :::::::::::::::::Secondly, "EJC of the ordained in the last days" is a fair enough way of rephrasing "EJC of the saints in the last days" or "EJC of Latter-Day Saints" in a manner consistent with the meaning of the term as used by the church, as we have already discussed. So, an uberclassicist, if he/she translated the phrase in that way, would get an accurate understanding of its meaning within the context of LDS church doctrine. Again, the current phrasing in my view works very well.--[[Usor:Antodav|Antodav]] 02:24, 5 Septembris 2011 (UTC) 1hs054owijmeiuwzxebf352bj72t024 3980719 3980718 2026-08-12T02:01:29Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Disputatio:Ecclesia Iesu Christi Diebus Ultimis Sanctorum]] ad [[Disputatio:Ecclesia Iesu Christi Diebus Ultimis Sanctorum/Tabularium 1]] sine redirectione: Veteres disputationes ad tabularium movi 3980718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Antiquae disputationes | ab = 2005-10-13 | ad = 2011-09-05 }} == De titulo == ...yeah, I dunno about the title, but hopefully it's at least better than the previous. They're mentioned in a brief Latin document at [http://www.pcf.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20010605_battesimo_mormoni_lt.html the Vatican website] but they just have the untranslated "communitas «The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints», vulgo dicta «Mormons»". —[[Usor:Mycēs|Myces Tiberinus]] 00:54 oct 13, 2005 (UTC) Does anyone know if the Book of Mormon has been translated into Latin? Please post here if you have information about this. :It has not been translated into Latin -- at least, not officially by the LDS church. I also highly doubt that it will ever be, since translations aren't an academic exercise but an attempt to reach as many people as possible in their native language, and I think it's fair to say that anyone who speaks Latin is highly likely to speak another language into which the book has already been translated as well as or better than Latin. -- [[Usor:Pne|pne]] 16:24, 19 Octobris 2007 (UTC) ::Well, it's true that the LDS Church itself is probably never going to translate the Book of Mormon into Latin (unless they wanted to troll the Vatican, which would be epic), but for what it's worth, I've begun work on translating some of it: ::''Ego, Nephi, e patribus bonis natus, igitur aliquantum omniam scientiam patris mei doctus sum; multisque miseriis diebus meis vistis, tam a Domine valde fautus omnibus diebus; ita, scientiam magnam bonitatis mysteriarumque Dominis habens, igitur scripturam diebus meis actorum facio.'' —1 Nephi 1:1 ::''Adamus cedit ut homines exsistant; ac homines exsistent ut gaudeant.'' —2 Nephi 2:25 ::Obviously I'm not a prophet of God, nor do I have an Urim and Thummim handy with me to ensure the translation is accurate...but hey, not too bad, right? ;-) --[[Usor:Antodav|Antodav]] 12:30, 17 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ==POV== As I've pointed out earlier, this article has POV problems. Articles about other religions don't single out the allegedly false beliefs of those religions&mdash;and this article doesn't even give an indication of ''who says'' they're false beliefs&thinsp;!&thinsp; For the record&thinsp;: this notion seems to have crept into the text in the "Emendatio ex 18:20, 29 Octobris 2006" by anonymous user 74.99.88.77. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 19:45, 4 Februarii 2007 (UTC) :As I pointed out above, this article has POV problems, in particular with the ''completely unsourced'' section headed "Capita fidei Mormonicae quae a nonnullis non Mormonis falsa habentur." Articles on other religions don't have sections like that. Eighteen months have elapsed, and nobody seems to care. Oh well. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 12:03, 18 Augusti 2008 (UTC) ::Definitely someone with an anti-Mormon agenda made some contributions to this article. I removed at least one claim about Mormon beliefs that was totally inaccurate. This article needs sources to have any real legitimacy...but honestly, the best thing to do would be to just emulate the English version of this article, which is pretty fair and accurate. Or, this entire section about Mormon beliefs could be replaced with a rough translation of the [http://lds.org/scriptures/pgp/a-of-f/1?lang=eng Articles of Faith]. --[[Usor:Antodav|Antodav]] 02:36, 17 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :::If you can do this, Antodav, you're very welcome to get to work. Meanwhile you are right to remove unsourced controversial statements, and if the article gets thinned down to a stub in the process, at least that's a good basis for starting something better. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:24, 17 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::::Well, as you can see, I went ahead and translated the Articles of Faith into Latin, to the best of my ability. I'm still not sure about a couple of things in there (''omnibus hominibus bonum agendo'' seems like a very bad translation of "in doing good to all men", for starters), but it's the best that I can do, and it took me all night. So...--[[Usor:Antodav|Antodav]] 11:53, 17 Augusti 2011 (UTC) == Image == Libri Mormoni aut Liber Mormoni? --[[Usor:Jeneme|Jeneme]] 11:22, 18 Augusti 2008 (UTC) :Titulus primus fuit ''The Book of Mormon: An Account Written by the Hand of Mormon upon Plates Taken from the Plates of Nephi by Joseph Smith, Junior, author and proprietor'': ergo ''Liber Mormoni.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 12:03, 18 Augusti 2008 (UTC) ::Or ''Liber Mormonis'', perhaps? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:20, 18 Augusti 2008 (UTC) : How is the translation of the title onto Latin, please? --[[Specialis:Conlationes/85.54.128.160|85.54.128.160]] 11:23, 25 Octobris 2008 (UTC) ::Can't give a confident answer. Iacobus's suggested title ''Liber Mormoni'' gets 7 google hits; my suggestion ''Liber Mormonis'' gets two. That's a poor statistical sample, but you might as well go with ''Liber Mormoni''. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 11:30, 25 Octobris 2008 (UTC) :::The Spanish version of the Book of Mormon is called "El Libro de los Mormones", which means "The Book of the Mormons", referring to Mormons as a group of religious group, rather than an individual person named Mormon. However, the actual title of the Book of Mormon, in the language in which it was originally published, English, is meant to refer to the prophet Mormon, not to "Mormons" as a group of religious followers (a term which was originally pejorative but which Mormons eventually embraced, though many prefer the term "Latter-Day Saint"). Therefore, to be consistent with the meaning of the original title, the Latin version of the book's title should use the singular genitive form of whatever the Latin name for Mormon is (''Mormonis'', most likely), rather than the plural genitive form (''Mormonum'' or ''Mormonorum''). --[[Usor:Antodav|Antodav]] 02:29, 17 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::::I agree, the Spanish translation is not a good model. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:44, 17 Augusti 2011 (UTC) == Credimus + dative vs. Credimus + ''in'' + accusative == OK, so my translation of the Articles of Faith has been changed now so that ''Credimus'' in the first Article of Faith uses the preposition ''in'' and then the accusative form of the name of each member of the Godhead, as opposed to the dative form with no preposition, which is how I originally wrote it. I'd like to clear this up once and for all: which form is correct? The Nicene Creed does use ''in'' + accusative, but according to English Wikipedia that is the result of a slightly too literal translation into Latin from ancient Greek. My understanding is that the standard classical usage of ''credere'' takes the dative when one is trying to convey the meaning of "believe in [something/one]". Considering that the Articles of Faith were originally written in English (not to mention the fact that Mormons don't believe in the Nicean Creed), it seems like the dative was more appropriate in this situation. But I'd like to know what some other people think first before changing it back.--[[Usor:Antodav|Antodav]] 13:08, 17 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :You're apparently right, and the dative is classical; however, since Joseph Smith was imitating in English the style of Christian scriptures in their received standard form (the Authorized Edition of 1611), perhaps it would be more in keeping with his spirit to imitate in Latin the style of the received standard Latin texts of Christianity, of which ''Credo in unum Deum'' is at once a fixed requirement of faith and a signal phrase in literature. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 12:08, 29 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::I suppose (without getting into any theological discussion about the "spirit" in which the Book of Mormon was translated) that is true, but the Articles of Faith are not a part of the Book of Mormon…they are written in plain, modern English and were originally a part of the History of the Church before being included in the Pearl of Great Price. I could understand rendering it that way if we were doing a translation of the scriptures themselves (the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants, or the Books of Moses or Abraham), but it seems more appropriate, to me anyway, to render the Articles of Faith in more standard Latin script. At any rate, if we change that particular line, to be consistent it seems like we'd have to change the entire article (or at least that section), which would take what is technically a grammatical error, no matter how common and well-known, and compound it, in my view.--[[Usor:Antodav|Antodav]] 14:04, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) == Nomen == I take it we don't have any already-published Latin name for the church, so, whichever Latin name we choose, we should add the "Convertimus" formula: I've done that. If only someone had written in Latin about it already! The full name is admittedly clumsy in English with its two "of-" noun phrases, but to me it's a bit worse to translate it using a sequence of three noun-phrases all in the genitive. Show me one other Latin name constructed in that way ... "In novissimis diebus" provided a bit of non-genitive relief (incidentally, "novissimus" is quite OK in the required sense, though "ultimus" is OK too). I think, too, it's a cop-out (this is no doubt inherited from an earlier version of the page) to offer several Latin names if they are all invented. It's stretching a point (but, yes, it's exactly what we do in cases such as this) to allow ourselves to invent ''one'' name, but surely one's enough. So we should eventually fix on our best choice and un-bold the others. I guess they were translated literally from the lemma of the English page. I would say, to be encyclopedic, our lemma should give # in bold, the best Latin name we can find or devise # the usual names in the church's first language, English # literal Latin translations of those names; but these literal Latin translations shouldn't pretend to be lemmas in bold, they should be in quotes after the English names. I expect others will have views on this -- let's wait and see! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:57, 29 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :I should add that I changed the "Iesus" in the lemma from a macron to an acute accent. My understanding is, where we apply an accent to Latin (and this is certainly an appropriate place to do it, to clarify the grammar) we prefer the accent because accents are a bit easier for some people to type. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:06, 29 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::Both diacritics are false, since the genitive of ''Iesus'' is ''Iesu.'' Vide ''Et ingressae non invenerunt corpus Domini Jesu'' (Luc. 24:3). The word in the lemma stood correctly as ''Iesu'' from 13 Octobris 2005 to 28 Augusti 2011. ¶ ''Dierum Ultimorum'' isn't quite right, since it means 'of the Last Days,' whereas English ''latter-day'' means 'of present times, recent', so perhaps ''Dierum Recentium'' or ''Dierum Recentiorum'' or ''Temporum Hodiernorum'' or even ''Hoc Tempore'' would be better here. Maybe 213.7.93.84's ''in Diebus Novissimis'' was trying to avoid the clunkiness of three genitives in a row: ''of X of Y of Z.'' ¶ Incidentally, some of the recent changes seem to be not so much improvements in Latinity as deviations from the English version. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 11:37, 29 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :::THe genetive of Iesus is indeed Iesu. (irregular u declension)--[[Specialis:Conlationes/123.192.69.44|123.192.69.44]] 12:31, 29 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::::So it is (blush), and the diacritic isn't needed. Thanks to both. Iacobe, I think you and I agree that "in Novissimis Diebus" was better than what we have now, though not necessarily perfect. As to "deviations from the English version", however, I'm comfortable with those ... if they are OK on other grounds :) [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:25, 29 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::::Hence I have corrected Iesus twice to Iesu (as indeed it used to be) in the lemma: now evidently we must move the page again, but to what name? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:30, 29 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :::::It isn't easy to track this information down on en:wiki, but in pursuing the phrase "Latter Days" I was eventually directed to [[:en:End Time]]. This confirmed what I had already thought (but I and the links I followed could still be totally wrong, I guess!) that "Latter Day" refers to the last period before the Second Coming. Hence "Ultimi Dies" and "Novissimi Dies" are, I still think, good translations of the concept. (And I still prefer "novissimi" here.) [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:48, 29 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::::::I acknowledge the "clunkiness" of the name in English, but I still think that the double genitive in Latin conveys the meaning of the church's name most effectively the way that I wrote it. Unfortunately there is not a single adjective that means "latter-day", and if there was, I would use it. But the belief that LDS church members hold that led to the name being what it is in English is that we are currently in the "last days"…and that the establishment Church represents the final dispensation given by Christ of priesthood authority and of the fullness of the Gospel prior to the Second Coming. It is a millenarian concept with direct ties to the concept of the End Times, which Mormons believe we are now in. Therefore, in that sense, the proper translation of "last" is ''ultimus'', or to agree with the genitive plural of ''dies'', ''ultimorum''. ::::::As a compromise I suppose you could say ''in Diebus Ultimis'', which would render the literal meaning of the complete title in Latin "The Church of Jesus Christ of the Saints in the Last Days", which conveys the meaning well enough and agrees with translations of the name into other languages as much as it can considering that ''de'' is generally not used to indicate possession in Latin. But I think that "Novissimis Diebus" or something of that nature is wrong simply because it seems to indicate that the church is simply Christ's church in ''modern'' times, rather than the church in the ''end'' times. Note that I'm not trying to run roughshod over anyone else's religious beliefs here; I'm simply saying that we ought to translate the name in the manner that most closely reflects the doctrine of the church that is the subject of the article.--[[Usor:Antodav|Antodav]] 14:32, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ''Haec Antodav in disputationem meam scripsit:'' Hello. What grammatical error is there in the title of the page that I moved it to? As far as I can tell there are no mistakes…''Iesus'' is a 4th Declension noun, so the genitive is ''-ūs'', and ''Christi'' agrees with that…the genitive of ''sancti'' is ''sanctorum'', and the genitive of ''dies'' (plural), which is 5th Declension, is ''dierum''. I'm aware that ''dies'' can sometimes be feminine but in this case I made it masculine because that seems to be how it is more commonly used…so the form of ''ultimus'' that would agree with it is ''ultimorum''. Literally it says "The Church of Jesus Christ of the Saints of the Last Days". This agrees with the way that the church's name is rendered in other romance languages and properly conveys the meaning of "Latter-Day" within the context of the doctrine of the church. I admit I'm a few years removed from my formal study of Latin but I don't see where I went wrong here. Please enlighten me; I will continue this discussion on the talk page of the article itself.--[[Usor:Antodav|Antodav]] 13:54, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :It was an easy mistake to make, hence at first, in following you, I made it as well. "Iesus" is not a 4th declension noun; it follows an irregular variant of the Greek 2nd declension. Note my blushes above: I was well aware of this really, but I forgot it. The Latin declension is nom. Iesūs, gen. Iesū. :As I have already said above, I regard "Ultimorum" and "Novissimorum" as equally correct in the required sense. If "Ultimorum" agrees with names in Romance languages, that is indeed a point in its favour. :But it is seriously bad style to have a string of three noun-phrases in the genitive. The English doesn't do any similar thing (it has two ''of'' s, not three), and we should try not to do it in Latin. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:10, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::Ah. I was not aware that ''Iesus'' was a Greek name. I guess that makes sense, considering that the Gospels were written in Greek before they were in English. Well in that case then, yes, I suppose ''Iesu'' would be more appropriate…at any rate, you would know better than I. Serves me right for only studying classical Latin and never any of the ecclesiastical variants of it. :-P ::Yeah, I can see how the style might be an issue to some. I'm willing to go along with the use of ''in'' + ablative in this case, but I really do think that ''diebus ultimis'' would convey the meaning of "latter-day" in this context better than ''diebus novissmis''.--[[Usor:Antodav|Antodav]] 14:32, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) So would '''Ecclesia Iesu Christi Sanctorum in Diebus Ultimis''' work for everyone? --[[Usor:Antodav|Antodav]] 14:37, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :It would work for me. I've looked at the interwikis, and you're right that "ultim-" is often used, whereas I see no reflex of "novissim-". To me that's a distinct point in favour of "ultimis". [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:42, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::Wouldn't 'in the last days' ordinarily be ''diebus ultimis''—sans preposition (= ablative of time)? But as was said above, the neatest solution may still be an adjective for 'latter-day' (or a noun in the genitive). [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 15:09, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :::Good point; in that case it would be '''Ecclesia Iesu Christi Sanctorum Diebus Ultimis'''…I like that even better, without any preposition at all.--[[Usor:Antodav|Antodav]] 15:29, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :::: Latin doesn't generally favour adverbial attributes. Therefore, "diebus ultimis" involves a syntactic Anglicism. If we're going to respect Latin syntax, the best expression would be '''Ecclesia Iesu Christi Sanctorum Dierum ultimorum'''. ¶ At present, the beginnig of the article is a bit messy, because too many alternative names are being suggested. I expect that the beginnig will be tidied up after we've reached the solution — something like this: "'''Ecclesia Iesu Christi Sanctorum Dierum Ultimorum''' (Anglice: ''The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints'') sive '''Ecclesia Mormonum''' est . . ." [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 16:20, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :::::Well, that gives us back a string of three noun-phrases in the genitive. I'm not happy with that. They could be "saints of the last days" or "last saints of the days", and he might be "Jesus Christ of the last saints of the days". Admittedly the English name is awkward, and there may be no satisfying solution. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 16:29, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :::::: True enough. What about '''Ecclesia Iesu Christi Sanctorum Diebus Ultimis viventium''' (or some other theologically possible participle)? Or would that be overtranslating? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 16:52, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :::::: . . . or '''Ecclesia Iesu Christi Sanctis Dierum Ultimorum dicata''' (or some other theologically possible PPP)? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 17:00, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :::::::My understanding is that "later day saints" refers to the present day Mormon persons, who according to the religion *are* saints on the same level as all the other ancient saints, i.e. a Mormon = latter day saint. So the church isn't dedicated to latter day saints but composed of latter day saints; and by latter day this means nowadays, after the great awakening, Smith's revelations: so the right term is the translation for "latter" (as opposed to "former" or "ancient" saints): posterior: Eccl.I.C.Sanctorum Posteriorum.(see relavent religious passages here: [http://lds.org/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/115.4?lang=eng#3 ]--[[Specialis:Conlationes/123.192.69.44|123.192.69.44]] 17:48, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::::::::I don't agree with that. The highlighted sentence in your link talks about "the last days", and that brings us back to the discussion above: the "last days" (in reference to which these are Latter-Day Saints) are the final period before the Second Coming. ::::::::But I ''do'' agree that the church is not dedicated or devoted to these saints, so "dicata" wouldn't be right. Indeed, I don't know that the task I have set of avoiding three noun-phrases in the genitive can be successfully completed :) Thanks to all for trying! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:42, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::::::::::You are grossly mistaken, IMHO. the phrase "last days" that appears is not used to define or delineate the meaning of "latter day" in any way: after giving the name of the church in the previous sentence and hinting at the reason for the name ("...my faithful servants who are of the high council of my church in Zion..."), it then says " For thus shall my church be called in the last days, even The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints." meaning simply that *even in the last days*, the church will be called the LDS church.--[[Specialis:Conlationes/123.192.69.44|123.192.69.44]] 09:40, 31 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :::::::::No, I'm too pessimistic. Isn't "sanctus" itself a participle? So is there not grammar (I mean, ''good'' grammar) in '''Ecclesia Iesu Christi Diebus Ultimis Sanctorum''', meaning "Church of Jesus Christ of those who have been made saints in the last days"? [I see I have practically returned to the suggestion made by Iacobus some way above] [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:48, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::::::::::Although the word order (not that it matters in Latin) is more reflective of English syntax than that normally used in Latin, nevertheless I do believe that that translation is the most theologically and grammatically accurate that can be made, and that those particular words are the best ones we could use in the title: '''Ecclesia Iesu Christi Diebus Ultimis Sanctorum''' is probably the best we're going to get, IMO. I think we should go ahead and move the article to that title; do I get a second?--[[Usor:Antodav|Antodav]] 20:25, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::::::::::: Well, if ''sanctorum'' is interpreted as a past participle of ''sancire'', '''Ecclesia Iesu Christi Diebus Ultimis Sanctorum''' would indeed be syntactically possible, and if this is really what the English name suggests, fine. ¶ As an afterthought on ambiguity: it's true that '''Ecclesia Iesu Christi Sanctorum Dierum Ultimorum''' would be ambiguous, but perhaps not untolerably so. Isn't the English name ambiguous as well: [The Church of Jesus Christ] [of Latter-Day Saints] vs [The Church] [of Jesus Christ [of Latter-Day Saints]]? One of the lessons from studies of man-machine interaction is that it's the human capacity for empathy that is able to disambiguate a great deal of those syntactic ambiguities linguistic messages tend to be beset with. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 21:10, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :::::::::::::I accept Neander's point, certainly. I would say this in response, though. The name of this church in English has had a long time to settle in and people understand it pretty well (and even then we non-experts may puzzle one another over the meaning of "Latter-Day" etc., see above). But we are putting up a Latin name that no reader will have ever seen before, and not all of them will be familiar with the church's full name in any language. So we owe it to them to be as unambiguous as we reasonably can. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:51, 31 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::::::::::::It could be seen as ambiguous in English, yes, but as a Mormon myself I can clear up the ambiguity by explaining that we believe that Jesus Christ is the head of this church, and that therefore the church is His. So that's what the use of the genitive for His name refers to there. The genitive of ''sancti'' indeed refers to the makeup of the church: we are all "Saints" (not that we believe that we are necessarily any more "saintly" than anyone else, but that's beside the point). And we believe we are living in the Last Days, so an ablative of time for ''dies ultimi'' would be appropriate as well. Thus, through the miracle of Latin, we can actually make the name less ambiguous than it is in its original language. :-) ::::::::::::Since we can agree that this name is grammatically sound, I'll go ahead and move it now. Great discussion, everyone.--[[Usor:Antodav|Antodav]] 22:01, 30 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :::::::::::::Despite your belief, I believe you are totally, if not also grossly, mistaken about the name. Why is it that in english and the book of Mormon, the church wasn't called the "C. of J. C. of Saints in the Last Days"?--*that* is the literal meaning of your latin title. Do you think the namer was being deliberately vague or misleading? In english, 'latter' definitely means something different than 'last'.--[[Specialis:Conlationes/123.192.69.44|123.192.69.44]] 09:55, 31 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::::::::::::::Have you considered, 123.192.69.44, why so many existing translations of this name use a word such as "ultimo" to represent "latter"? Some of these translated names are in use by various foreign members of the Church. Would you argue that they are wrong? ::::::::::::::I take the English compound noun "Latter-Day Saints" to be a neat equivalent of "saints of the last days". "Last-Day Saints" wouldn't quite work semantically: these are the last days, but this is not yet the last day. In English compound nouns the first element has normally to be singular, so "Last-Days Saints" would scarcely be grammatical. [I may have been wrong to say "compound noun", but if "latter-day" is parsed as an adjective the point I make remains valid: adjectives in English can't show a plural termination.] "Latter" and "Last" belong to the same paradigm; therefore "Latter" was fit for use here. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 10:15, 31 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :::::::::::::::I was not aware that Latter in english meant also Last in the way you describe, so I bow to your superior knowledge of this, nor that the romance translations in the other wikis were official or attested outside of wikipedia. Even if conceding the point, however: if what is to be translated is "saints of the last days" I would think the latin would be "sancti ultimorum dierum" not "sancti ultimis diebus" (saints *in* the last days).--[[Specialis:Conlationes/123.192.69.44|123.192.69.44]] 11:17, 31 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::::::::::::::::By saying that '"Latter" and "Last" belong to the same paradigm' I meant, for example, that one says "the latter" of two but "the last" of three; they are comparative and superlative. ::::::::::::::::As to the use of the genitive, you'll admit that this has been gone through at considerable length above :) though of course no discussion on a wiki is ever closed. I don't speak as a Mormon, but I say again that the members of this church, by joining it, "have been made saints in the last days",* and the English compound noun may perfectly well be seen as saying exactly this; and so the Latin may say it too. I'll drop out of this now, with good wishes for success to all! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 11:25, 31 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::::::::::::::::*[I agree, I did also say above "saints of the last days"; but these are in any case merely my interpretations of the English compound and therefore completely unimportant! By the nature of these compounds, the exact syntactic relation between the elements is not specified, and might here be represented by ''of'' or ''in'' or maybe some other preposition. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) ] :::::::::::::::::It might be useful to consider the two (and only two) definitions of ''latter-day'' in Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, perhaps the most frequently used dictionary in the United States, home of the Mormon Church: "'''1''' : of present or recent times[.] '''2''' of a later or subsequent time." Nothing about any end-times! As our Formosan friend implies, ''latter'' and ''last'' are distinct concepts. That doesn't mean, however, that ''latter'' isn't loosely used in the sense of 'final'. As native English-speakers must agree, ''latter days'' in common parlance both may be, and may not be, ''last days.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 11:42, 31 Augusti 2011 (UTC) ::::::::::::::::::Regardless of what "latter-day" may mean in the dictionary, I assure you that the term was used in the manner that I'm describing by the early church leaders and when the name was first conceived in the late 1830s. We are "Saints in the Last Days", or "Saints of the Last Days", but in either case, the proper rendition of that in Latin would indeed be using ablative of time, because despite the English idiom the genitive cannot be properly used in this situation. The Saints do not BELONG to the last days; the last days do not OWN the saints. The Saints simply exist DURING the last days, and that usage must take the ablative, not the genitive.--[[Usor:Antodav|Antodav]] 20:06, 31 Augusti 2011 (UTC) :::::::::::::::::::It might help if I give an extract from the ''OED'', which adds a sense not included by Merriam-Webster. They call it "archaic" but still provide a quote from a late 19th century religious text: [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 10:01, 1 Septembris 2011 (UTC) ::::::::::::::::::::'''latter''' ... '''3. a.''' Pertaining to the end of life, of a period, a temporal sequence, the world; = '''''last'''''. Obs[olete] exc[ept] arch[aic] in '''latter days'''. <small>1513 Douglas Æneis ii. v. 93 We fey peple..Quham till this was the dulefull lettir day. -- Ibid. viii. ix. 94 At lattyr poynt [L. digressu supremo] quhen thai war to depart. -- 1530 Proper Dyaloge (Arb.) 129 Your fraudes, almoste at the latter cast. -- 1535 Coverdale Jer. xxiii. 20 In the latter dayes ye shall knowe his meanynge. -- a1547 Surrey Æneid ii. 414 The later day and fate of Troy is come. -- 1588 A. King Canisius’ Catech. I iiij, On ye letter day of december. -- Ibid. 15 In the letter day of iudgment. -- 1594 Marlowe & Nashe Dido ii. C 1 b, At whose latter gaspe Ioues marble statue gan to bend the brow. -- 1597 Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. lvi. §9 That life which shall make them glorious at the later day. -- 1609 Skene Reg. Maj. 35 She may make na disposition in her letter will, anent her husbands gudes and geir. -- a1649 Drummond of Hawthornden Hist. Jas. V, Wks. (1711) 114 The cardinal put in his hands some blank papers, of which they composed a latter-will. -- 1816 Jefferson Writ. (1830) IV. 296 All the latter years of aged men are overshadowed with its gloom. -- 1883 R. W. Dixon Mano i. iv. 11 This sign moreover doth St. John transmit, That in the latter days we shall be tricked By Satan’s legates.</small> ::::::::::::::::::I'll defer to your judgment about the religious belief, and Dalby's find is quite convincing about Latter also meaning Last. But your grammar point is totally false. An outline of the functions of the genetive is found here [http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Latin/Grammar/Syntax/Syntax-Cases-Genitive.html ]; in latin is would be normal to use the genetive here rather than the ablative; the only relavent point made above is about the ambiguity between sanctus the noun meaning saint and sanctus the participle meaning "rendered sacred, confirmed, annointed, or ordained by some religious or public civil act", which in the context of an uberclassicist who didn't know sanctus also meant saint, would render the meaning EJCSanctorum dierum Ultimorum as "EJC of the ordained last days" instead of "EJC of the saints of the last days"; but then such an uberclassicist would insist that the meaning of the current title would have to be "EJC of the ordained in the last days" ~ "EJC of those who were ordained in the last days"--[[Specialis:Conlationes/123.192.69.44|123.192.69.44]] 10:08, 1 Septembris 2011 (UTC) :::::::::::::::::Oh, dear, I'm being tempted back into this :( It is an interesting topic. I should be happy if a real grammarian intervenes, but meanwhile I'll just use terms that make sense to me. The "ambiguity " you discuss doesn't exist. If you look at Lewis & Short's dictionary you will find no entry for "sanctus" as a noun, just a cross-reference telling you that "sanctus" is the past participle passive of sancio. For all further details (and there are many) you must look under "sancio". This is because participles, like adjectives, can serve as nouns: it's a fact of Latin grammar. Their service as nouns is part of their normal function. :::::::::::::::::So, when "sanctus" or "sancta" (m. or f.) is serving as a noun, it does indeed mean "one who has been rendered sacred, confirmed, anointed, or ordained by some religious or public civil act". That's exactly what a saint is, and (if I understand correctly) that's what a member of the Mormon church is. The word remains a participle, and, as such, can have the normal syntactic relations of a participle. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 11:24, 1 Septembris 2011 (UTC) ::::::::::::::::The ambiguity I referred to is in whether sanctorum modifies dierum or modifies an understood "hominum". ::::::::::::::::With regard to the two meanings of saint, evidently originally there was overlap in meaning originally as you state, but the usual english language christian concept is not so closely related to participle: a saint is any exceptionally holy christian person (in which christ resides). See the wikipedia article on "saint" for the relavent discussion. In ecclesiastical latin, as opposed to classical which is what L&S treats, sanctus is a noun whose meaning is not directly derived from sancio, but from the biblical passages. On the other hand, the LDS saints are all those who are baptised (annointed), even if they are not exceptionally holy; so the participle concept does apply to them.--[[Specialis:Conlationes/123.192.69.44|123.192.69.44]] 15:59, 1 Septembris 2011 (UTC) :::::::::::::::::Two points here, and then I'm pretty much done with this discussion (for my part at least): :::::::::::::::::Firstly, in order to be baptized in the LDS church, a person must first agree to keep certain (very difficult and demanding) covenants, adherence to which would, arguably, make a person "exceptionally holy" by the standards of most Christians (not to say that all Mormons live up to those standards by any means, although that's why we have the Atonement). Therefore, the classical definition of "saint" would arguably apply to a ''faithful'' Latter-Day Saint as well. :::::::::::::::::Secondly, "EJC of the ordained in the last days" is a fair enough way of rephrasing "EJC of the saints in the last days" or "EJC of Latter-Day Saints" in a manner consistent with the meaning of the term as used by the church, as we have already discussed. So, an uberclassicist, if he/she translated the phrase in that way, would get an accurate understanding of its meaning within the context of LDS church doctrine. Again, the current phrasing in my view works very well.--[[Usor:Antodav|Antodav]] 02:24, 5 Septembris 2011 (UTC) 1hs054owijmeiuwzxebf352bj72t024 0 11489 3980636 3976885 2026-08-11T21:00:51Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Imperator | nomen = Theodosius II | titulus = Imperator | image = Théodose II.JPG | caption = Fragmentum strongyliae Theodosii II | image_size = | principatus = | nomen_plenum = Theodosius Flavius | partus = [[10 Aprilis]] [[401]] | locus_natalis = | obitus = [[28 Iulii]] [[450]] | locus_mortis = | regina = | consors = | uxor 1 = [[Aelia Eudocia]] | uxor 2 = | domus = [[Dynastia Theodosiana]] | pater = | mater = | prognati = [[Licinia Eudoxia]] | religio = }} {{res|Theodosius Flavius Secundus}} (natus [[Constantinopolis]] [[10 Aprilis]] [[401]]; mortuus [[28 Iulii]] [[450]]) fuit Imperator [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|Imperii Constantinopolitani]]. [[Aeliam Eudoxiam]] in [[matrimonium]] duxit, sed a [[soror]] sua dominatus est. [[Licinia Eudoxia]] filia [[Imperium Romanum Occidentale|Imperatori Occidentali]] [[Valentinianus III|Valentiniano III]] nupsit; sic duae partes imperii iterum paucos annos coniuncti sunt. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Universitas Constantinopolis|Universitatem Constantinopolis|en|qid=Q850247}} condidit et mandatores designavit qui codificationem [[lex|legum]] a [[Constantinus I|Constantino I]] inceptum finirent. [[Christianitas|Christiana fide]] sola licita facta [[persecutio adversus paganos in Imperio Romano|persecutionem paganorum]] auxit. [[Codex Theodosianus]] anno [[438]] publicatus est. Ludi pagani prohibita et [[templum|templa]] et circenses clausi sunt. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Theodosius II|Theodosium II}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200413123203/http://www.roman-emperors.org/theo2.htm De Theodosio II] apud www.roman-emperors.org (Anglice). * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/a_1010_Conspectus_Omnium_Rerum_Alphabeticus_Littera_T.html#Theodosius_Imperator Textus Theodosii Decreti contra Haereticos.] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] V et [[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] V| annus= 403<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Rumoridus|Flavio Rumorido]]| successores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]] }} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]| annus= 407<br />cum<br />[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavio Honorio Augusto]] VII| successores=[[Anicius Auchenius Bassus (consul 408)|Anicius Auchenius Bassus]] et [[Flavius Philippus (consul 408)|Flavius Philippus]] }} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Anicius Auchenius Bassus (consul 408)|Anicius Auchenius Bassus]] et [[Flavius Philippus (consul 408)|Flavius Philippus]] | annus= 409<br />cum<br />[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesare Flavio Honorio Augusto]] VIII ; [[Constantinus III (imperator Romanus occidentalis)|Imp. Caesare Flavio Claudio Constantino Augusto]]| successores=[[Varanes]] et [[Tertullus]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Varanes]] et [[Tertullus]]| annus= 411<br />sine<br />collega| successores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] IX et [[Theodosius II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Theodosius Augustus]] V}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Theodosius II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Theodosius Augustus]] IV ''(sine collega)''| annus= 412<br />cum<br />[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesare Flavio Honorio Augusto]] IX| successores=[[Heraclianus]] et [[Flavius Lucius]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Constantius III|Flavius Constantius]] et [[Flavius Constans]] | annus= 415<br />cum<br />[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesare Flavio Honorio Augusto]] X| successores=[[Theodosius II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Theodosius Augustus]] VII et [[Flavius Iunius Quartus Palladius]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] X et [[Theodosius II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Theodosius Augustus]] VI| annus= 416<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Iunius Quartus Palladius|Flavio Iunio Quarto Palladio]]| successores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] XI et [[Constantius III|Flavius Constantius]] II}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] XI et [[Constantius III|Flavius Constantius]] II| annus= 418<br />cum<br />[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] XII| successores=[[Flavius Monaxius]] et [[Flavius Plinta]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Flavius Monaxius]] et [[Flavius Plinta]]| annus= 420<br />cum<br />[[Constantius III|Flavio Constantio]] III| successores=[[Flavius Agricola (consul 421)|Flavius Agricola]] et [[Flavius Eustathius]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Flavius Agricola (consul 421)|Flavius Agricola]] et [[Flavius Eustathius]]| annus= 422<br />cum<br />[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] XIII| successores=[[Flavius Avitus Marinianus]] et [[Flavius Asclepiodotus]] }} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Flavius Castinus]] et [[Flavius Victor (consul 424)|Flavius Victor]]| annus= 425<br />cum<br />[[Valentinianus III|Flavio Placido Valentiniano Caesare]]| successores=[[Theodosius II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Theodosius Augustus]] XII et [[Valentinianus III|Imp. Caesar Flavius Placidus Valentinianus Augustus]] II}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Theodosius II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Theodosius Augustus]] XI et [[Valentinianus III|Flavius Placidus Valentinianus Caesar]]| annus= 426<br />cum<br />[[Valentinianus III|Imp. Caesare Flavio Placido Valentiniano Augusto]] II| successores=[[Flavius Hierius]] et [[Flavius Ardaburius]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Flavius Florentius (consul 429)|Flavius Florentius]] et [[Flavius Dionysius]]| annus= 430<br />cum<br />[[Valentinianus III|Imp. Caesare Flavio Placido Valentiniano Augusto]] III| successores=[[Flavius Anicius Auchenius Bassus]] et [[Flavius Antiochus]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Flavius Aetius]] et [[Flavius Valerius]]| annus= 433<br />cum<br />[[Petronius Maximus|Flavio Petronio Maximo]]| successores=[[Flavius Ardaburius Asparus]] et [[Flavius Areobindus]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Flavius Ardaburius Asparus]] et [[Flavius Areobindus]]| annus= 435<br />cum<br />[[Valentinianus III|Imp. Caesare Flavio Placido Valentiniano Augusto]] IV| successores=[[Flavius Anthemius Isidorus]] et [[Flavius Senator]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Flavius Aetius]] II et [[Flavius Sigisvultus]]| annus= 438<br />cum<br />[[Anicius Acilius Glabrio Faustus|Anicio Acilio Glabrione Fausto]]| successores=[[Theodosius II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Theodosius Augustus]] XVII et [[Flavius Festus]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Theodosius II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Theodosius Augustus]] XVI et [[Anicius Acilius Glabrio Faustus]]| annus= 439<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Festus|Flavius Festo]]| successores=[[Valentinianus III|Imp. Caesar Flavius Placidus Valentinianus Augustus]] V et [[Anatolius (consul 440)|Anatolius]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Petronius Maximus|Flavius Petronius Maximus]] II et [[Flavius Paterius]]| annus= 444<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Caecina Decius Aginatius Albinus|Flavio Caecina Decio Aginatio Albino]]| successores=[[Valentinianus III|Imp. Caesar Flavius Placidus Valentinianus Augustus]] VI et [[Flavius Nomus]]}} {{Imperatores Constantinopolitani| praedecessor= [[Arcadius]]| annus-annus= 408-450| successor= [[Marcianus]]}} {{Anni vitae|401|450|Theodosius Flavius II}} [[Categoria:Arcadius (imperator)]] [[Categoria:Imperatores Constantinopolitani]] [[Categoria:Legis latores]] [[Categoria:Theodosius II| ]] 6sw0itbxamrvs38utvlfal720unryha 4 13467 3980673 3948458 2026-08-11T23:05:18Z Grufo 64423 Indicem ad seorsam paginam movi 3980673 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin: 0 0 2em 0"><inputbox> type = create break = no width = 100% preload = Vicipaedia:Exemplaria communia/Redirectio editintro = Vicipaedia:Monitus recensionum communes/Mone si pagina exsistit placeholder = Scribe hic nomen novae paginae redirectionis creandae buttonlabel = Nova redirectio summary = [[VP:R]]: Redirectionem creavi </inputbox></div> {{Compendia paginae|VP:R}} {{Res|Redirectio}}, in nomenclatura Vicipaediana, est pagina synonymica cuiusdam alterius paginae ad quam lectorum [[navigatrum|navigatra]] tacite rediguntur. == Mechanema == Si vis "Paginam A" ad "Paginam B" redirigere, scribe in "Pagina A": <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Pagina B]]</syntaxhighlight> Quaequae sequantur ignorabuntur, e.g.: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Pagina B]] blablabla</syntaxhighlight> Verbum igitur “blablabla” est inutilie scriptum, quia nemo id videbit. Redirectiones in categorias poni possunt: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Pagina B]] [[Categoria:blabla]]</syntaxhighlight> Formula {{Fn|De hac redirectione}} addi solet: {{De hac redirectione/quando}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Pagina B]] {{De hac redirectione}}</syntaxhighlight> == Quaestiones == * Quando opportet redirigere? * Quando non opportet? * Quando redirectiones delendae? * Differuntne redirectionis paginarum et categoriarum? ''Vide etiam [[Vicipaedia:Categoria]].'' * Estne ratio nostra redirigendi insimilis rationi vicipaediarum aliarum? == Responsa == * Disputatio agitur. == De paginis movendis == :''Vide [[Vicipaedia:Movere]].'' {{NexInt}} * [[:Categoria:Redirectiones]] * [[Vicipaedia:Discretiva]] * [[Vicipaedia:Praefatio]] * [[Vicipaedia:De categoriis]] * [[Vicipaedia:Compendium]] * {{Fn|De hac redirectione}} * {{Fn|Redirectio discernenda}} * {{Fn|Redirectio obliqua}} * Disputationes: ** [[Disputatio Vicipaediae:Redirectio]] == Nexus externi == * Example for a "soft redirect": http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Milestones * [[:en:Wikipedia:WikiProject Redirect]] * [[:en:Wikipedia:Soft redirect]] [[Categoria:Consilia Vicipaediana]] 35oik5gs7lf611kmcz2aukhi0dha7jz 3980674 3980673 2026-08-11T23:06:01Z Grufo 64423 3980674 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin: 0 0 2em 0"><inputbox> type = create break = no width = 100% preload = Vicipaedia:Exemplaria communia/Redirectio editintro = Vicipaedia:Monitus recensionum communes/Mone si pagina exsistit placeholder = Scribe hic nomen novae paginae redirectionis creandae buttonlabel = Nova redirectio summary = [[VP:R]]: Redirectionem creavi </inputbox></div> {{Compendia paginae|VP:R}} {{Res|Redirectio}}, in nomenclatura Vicipaediana, est pagina synonymica cuiusdam alterius paginae ad quam lectorum [[navigatrum|navigatra]] tacite rediguntur. == Mechanema == Si vis "Paginam A" ad "Paginam B" redirigere, scribe in "Pagina A": <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Pagina B]]</syntaxhighlight> Quaequae sequantur ignorabuntur, e.g.: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Pagina B]] blablabla</syntaxhighlight> Verbum igitur “blablabla” est inutilie scriptum, quia nemo id videbit. Redirectiones in categorias poni possunt: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Pagina B]] [[Categoria:blabla]]</syntaxhighlight> Formula {{Fn|De hac redirectione}} addi solet: {{De hac redirectione/quando}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Pagina B]] {{De hac redirectione}} [[Categoria:blabla]]</syntaxhighlight> == Quaestiones == * Quando opportet redirigere? * Quando non opportet? * Quando redirectiones delendae? * Differuntne redirectionis paginarum et categoriarum? ''Vide etiam [[Vicipaedia:Categoria]].'' * Estne ratio nostra redirigendi insimilis rationi vicipaediarum aliarum? == Responsa == * Disputatio agitur. == De paginis movendis == :''Vide [[Vicipaedia:Movere]].'' {{NexInt}} * [[:Categoria:Redirectiones]] * [[Vicipaedia:Discretiva]] * [[Vicipaedia:Praefatio]] * [[Vicipaedia:De categoriis]] * [[Vicipaedia:Compendium]] * {{Fn|De hac redirectione}} * {{Fn|Redirectio discernenda}} * {{Fn|Redirectio obliqua}} * Disputationes: ** [[Disputatio Vicipaediae:Redirectio]] == Nexus externi == * Example for a "soft redirect": http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Milestones * [[:en:Wikipedia:WikiProject Redirect]] * [[:en:Wikipedia:Soft redirect]] [[Categoria:Consilia Vicipaediana]] hlsjo5g804eaxd0908bv3q9rc1jg8kl 3980675 3980674 2026-08-11T23:06:28Z Grufo 64423 3980675 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin: 0 0 2em 0"><inputbox> type = create break = no width = 100% preload = Vicipaedia:Exemplaria communia/Redirectio editintro = Vicipaedia:Monitus recensionum communes/Mone si pagina exsistit placeholder = Scribe hic nomen novae paginae redirectionis creandae buttonlabel = Nova redirectio summary = [[VP:R]]: Redirectionem creavi </inputbox></div> {{Compendia paginae|VP:R}} {{Res|Redirectio}}, in nomenclatura Vicipaediana, est pagina synonymica cuiusdam alterius paginae ad quam lectorum [[navigatrum|navigatra]] tacite rediguntur. == Mechanema == Si vis "Paginam A" ad "Paginam B" redirigere, scribe in "Pagina A": <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Pagina B]]</syntaxhighlight> Quaequae sequantur ignorabuntur, e.g.: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Pagina B]] blablabla</syntaxhighlight> Verbum igitur “blablabla” est inutilie scriptum, quia nemo id videbit. Redirectiones in categorias poni possunt: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Pagina B]] [[Categoria:Blabla]]</syntaxhighlight> Formula {{Fn|De hac redirectione}} addi solet: {{De hac redirectione/quando}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Pagina B]] {{De hac redirectione}} [[Categoria:Blabla]]</syntaxhighlight> == Quaestiones == * Quando opportet redirigere? * Quando non opportet? * Quando redirectiones delendae? * Differuntne redirectionis paginarum et categoriarum? ''Vide etiam [[Vicipaedia:Categoria]].'' * Estne ratio nostra redirigendi insimilis rationi vicipaediarum aliarum? == Responsa == * Disputatio agitur. == De paginis movendis == :''Vide [[Vicipaedia:Movere]].'' {{NexInt}} * [[:Categoria:Redirectiones]] * [[Vicipaedia:Discretiva]] * [[Vicipaedia:Praefatio]] * [[Vicipaedia:De categoriis]] * [[Vicipaedia:Compendium]] * {{Fn|De hac redirectione}} * {{Fn|Redirectio discernenda}} * {{Fn|Redirectio obliqua}} * Disputationes: ** [[Disputatio Vicipaediae:Redirectio]] == Nexus externi == * Example for a "soft redirect": http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Milestones * [[:en:Wikipedia:WikiProject Redirect]] * [[:en:Wikipedia:Soft redirect]] [[Categoria:Consilia Vicipaediana]] 5pumu846o16u5i1aincff18e5lc7frz 0 14698 3980569 3975549 2026-08-11T17:45:50Z LilyKitty 18316 de terra motu Kumamoto anni 2026 3980569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Calendarium-Iulii}} '''28 Iulii''' est [[dies]] 209ª anni (210ª [[annus bisextilis|anni bissextils]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|calendario Gregoriano]]. 156 dies manent. Secundum [[calendarium Romanum]] est ''ante diem quintum Kalendas Augustas,'' quod a. d. V Kal. Aug. [[abbreviatio|abbreviatur]]. == Eventa == [[Fasciculus:Solidus-Stauracius.jpg|thumb|left|95px|[[Stauracius]] imperator]] === Saeculo 9 === * [[811]] - [[Stauracius]], filius [[Nicephorus I|Nicephori I]] imperator [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|imperii Romani orientalis]] coronatur. === Saeculo 17 === * [[1658]] - [[Bellum]] in [[Varsavia]] fit. === Saeculo 19 === * [[1821]] - [[Peruvia]] ab [[Iosephus Sancti Martini|Iosepho Sancti Martini]] liberata se ab [[Hispania]] independentem declarat. [[Fasciculus:Attentat de Fieschi - 28.07.1835 - 2 (Eugène Lami).jpg|thumb|Insidiae regi [[Ludovicus-Philippus I|Ludovico Philippo]] die 28 Iulii 1835 paratae]] * [[1835]] - [[Iosephus Fieschi]] [[Lutetia]]e frustra impetum in [[Ludovicus-Philippus I|Ludovicum-Philippum I]] regem [[Francia|Francorum]] temptaverat. Tamen bomba sua XII homines necantur. * [[1852]] - [[Eduardus Drouyn de Lhuys|Eduardum Drouyn de Lhuys]] a [[Napoleo III (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone III]] imperatore [[Secundum Imperium Francicum|Franciae]] tertium administer rerum exterarum nominatur. === Saeculo 20 === * [[1914]] - [[Primum bellum mundanum]] incipit. * [[1990]] - [[Albertus Fujimori]] praeses Peruviae fit. * [[1993]] - [[Andorra]] socius [[Conventus generalis (Nationes Unitae)|Nationum Unitarum]] fit. === Saeculo 21 === * [[2001]] - [[Alexander Toledo]] praeses Peruviae fit. * [[2011]] **[[Consilium securitatis]] resolutionem 2001 de missione [[Conventus generalis (Nationes Unitae)|Nationum Unitarum]] in [[Iracum|Iraco]] decernit. ** [[Ollanta Humala]] praeses Peruviae fit. * [[2016]] - [[Petrus Paulus Kuczynski]] praeses Peruviae fit. * [[2017]] - [[Nawaz Sharif]], primus minister [[Pacistania]]e, dimissionem suam profert. * [[2021]] - [[Petrus Castillo]] praeses Peruviae fit. * [[2026]] - [[Terrae motus Kumamoto anni 2026|Terrae motus in Kumamoto]] Ximi [[Iaponia]]e [[scala Richteriana|magnitudine]] 7.1 parit,<ref>[https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20260728_15/ M7.1 earthquake strikes southwestern Japan]</ref> post decem annos eadem loco ubi [[Terrae motus Kumamoto anni 2016]] fuit. == Nati == === Saeculo 16 === * [[1522]] - [[Margarita de Parma]], filia naturalis imperatoris [[Carolus V (imperator)|Caroli V]], uxor [[Alexander Medices|Alexandri Medices]], et post huius [[mors|mortem]] [[Octavius Farnese|Octavii Farnese]] (†&nbsp;[[1586]]) === Saeculo 17 === * [[1635]] - [[Robertus Hooke]], physicus, mathematicus, architectus et inventor (†&nbsp;[[1703]]) === Saeculo 19 === * [[1804]] - [[Ludovicus Andreas Feuerbach]], [[philosophus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]] (†&nbsp;[[1872]]) * [[1806]] - [[Alexander Ivanov]], pictor [[Russia|Russicus]] (†&nbsp;[[1858]]) * [[1866]] - [[Beatrix Potter]], [[scriptor|scriptrix]] [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannica]] (†&nbsp;[[1943]]) * 1872 - [[Albertus Sarraut]], primus minister Francicus (†&nbsp;[[1962]]) * [[1874]] - [[Ernestus Cassirer]], philosophus Germanicus (†&nbsp;[[1945]]) * [[1887]] - [[Marcellus Duchamp]], pictor et sculptor Franciscus (†&nbsp;[[1968]]) === Saeculo 20 === * [[1902]] - [[Carolus Popper]], philosophus et sociologus [[Austria]]cus et Britannicus (†&nbsp;[[1994]]) * [[1903]] - [[Rogerius Mynors]], antiquitatis studiosus Britannicus (†&nbsp;[[1989]]) * [[1904]] ** [[Selwyn Lloyd]], rerum politicarum peritus Britannicus factionis [[Factio Conservativa (Britanniarum Regnum)|Conservativae]] (†&nbsp;[[1978]]) ** [[Paulus Čerenkov]], [[physicus]] [[URSS|Sovieticus]], [[Praemium Nobelianum physicae|praemio Nobeliano physicae]] affectus (†&nbsp;1990) * [[1915]] - [[Carolus Townes]], physicus [[CFA|Americanus]], praemio Npbeliano physicae affectus (†&nbsp;[[2015]]) * [[1922]] - [[Iacobus Piccard]], studiosus oceanorum [[Helvetia|Helveticus]] (†&nbsp;[[2008]]) * [[1925]] - [[Baruch S. Blumberg]], [[medicus]] Americanus (†&nbsp;2011) * [[1927]] - [[Ioannes Ashby]], poeta Americanus (†&nbsp;2017) * [[1929]] - [[Iacoba Kennedy Onasis]], Prima Domina CFA (†&nbsp;1994) * [[1934]] - [[Bud Luckey]], animator, actor et comoedus Americanus (†&nbsp;[[2018]]) * [[1938]] ** [[Albertus Fujimori]], praeses Peruviae (†&nbsp;[[2024]]) ** [[Ludovicus Aragonés]], [[pedilusor]] et postea turmarum pedilusoriarum procurator (†&nbsp;[[2014]]) * 1943 - [[Iuditha Martz]], gubernatrix [[Montana]]e (†&nbsp;2017) * [[1950]] - [[Isidorus Battikha]], [[Eparchia|archieparca]] [[Emesa]]e * [[1951]] ** [[Iacobus Calatrava]], architectus [[Hispania|Hispanicus]] ** [[Alfredus Pérez Rubalcaba]], rerum politicarum peritus Hispanicus (†&nbsp;[[2019]]) * [[1952]] - [[Vajiralongkorn]], rex [[Thailandia]]e * [[1954]] - [[Hugo Chavez]], praeses [[Venetiola]]e (†&nbsp;[[2013]]) * [[1956]] - [[Lucas Barbareschi]], [[histrio]] [[Italia|Italicus]] * [[1974]] - [[Alexius Tsipras]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Graecia|Graecus]] * [[1977]] - [[Paschalina Bruderer]], rerum politicarum perita Helvetica factionis [[Factio Socialistica Helvetica|Socialisticae Helvetiae]] (SP/PS) * [[1981]] - [[Michael Carrick]], pedilusor Britannicus * [[1987]] - [[Petrus Rodríguez Ledesma]], pedilusor Hispanicus * [[1990]] - [[Soulja Boy]], musicus Americanus * [[1993]] - [[Cher Lloyd]], cantrix Britannica == Mortui == === Saeculo 5 === * [[450]] - [[Theodosius II]], imperator [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|imperii Romani orientalis]] (†&nbsp; [[401]]) === Saeculo 11 === * [[1057]] - [[Victor II]], [[papa]] (natus Gebhardus circiter [[1018]]) === Saeculo 17 === * [[1614]] - [[Felix Platter]], medicus et scriptor Helveticus (*&nbsp;[[1536]]) * [[1690]] - [[Tobias Beutel]], [[astronomus]] et [[mathematicus]] Germanicus (*&nbsp;circa annum [[1627]]) === Saeculo 18 === * [[1741]] - [[Antonius Vivaldi]], [[compositor]] Italicus (natus [[1678]]) * [[1750]] - [[Iohannes Sebastianus Bach]], compositor Germanicus (natus [[1685]]) * [[1794]] ** [[Maximilianus a Robespierre|Maximilianus de Robespierre]], vir publicus et seditiosus Franciscus (natus [[1758]]) ** [[Ludovicus Antonius de Saint-Just]], vir publicus Francicus (natus anno [[1767]]) ** [[Georgius Augustus Couthon]], vir publicus Francicus inter [[Rerum Francicarum eversio]]nem supplicio affectus (*&nbsp;[[1755]]) === Saeculo 19 === * [[1807]] - [[Ludovicus Paulus Abeille]], [[oeconomia]]e peritus Francicus (*&nbsp;[[1719]]) * [[1808]] - [[Selimus III]], sultanus [[Turcia]]e (natus [[1761]]) * [[1849]] - [[Carolus Albertus (Sabaudiae)|Carolus Albertus I Sabaudiae]], rex [[Regnum Sardiniae|Sardiniae]] (natus [[1798]]) * [[1875]] - [[Ioannes Baptista de Schweitzer]], scriptor scaenicus et rerum politicorum peritus Germanicus (*&nbsp;[[1833]]) * [[1885]] - [[Moyses Haim Montefiore]], [[argentarius]] et [[Philanthropia|philanthropus]] Britannicus (*&nbsp;[[1784]]) === Saeculo 20 === * [[1940]] - [[Gerda Wegener]], atifex picturarum et adumbrationum [[Dania|Danica]] (*&nbsp;[[1886]]) * [[1944]] - [[Ralph Howard Fowler]], physicus et [[astronomus]] Britannicus (*&nbsp;[[1889]]) * [[1968]] - [[Otto Hahn]], chemicus Germanicus, [[Praemium Nobelianum chemiae|praemio Nobeliano chemiae]] affectus (*&nbsp;[[1879]]) * [[1999]] - [[Trygve Magnus Haavelmo]], oeconomiae peritus [[Norvegia|Norvegicus]] (*&nbsp;[[1911]]) === Saeculo 21 === * [[2004]] - [[Franciscus Crick]], biochemicus Britannicus, [[Praemium Nobelianum physiologiae et medicinae|praemio Nobeliano medicinae]] affectus (*&nbsp;[[1916]]) * [[2013]] ** [[Gulielmus Warren Scranton]], gubernator [[Pennsilvania]]e (*&nbsp;[[1917]]) ** [[Hersilius Tonini]], cardinalis Italicus (*&nbsp;1914) * 2016 - [[Aemilius Zinsou]], praeses [[Beninum|Benini]] (*&nbsp;[[1918]]) * 2017 - [[Aentius Bettiza]], scriptor, diurnarius et politicus Italicus (*&nbsp;1927) * [[2022]] - [[Petrus Citati]], scriptor et diurnarius Italicus (*&nbsp;[[1930]]) == Festa et Feriae == * Dies Libertatis (Peruvia) * Festum Sanctorum Nazarii et Celsi, martyrum * Festum Sancti Victoris I, papae et martyris * Festum [[Innocentius I|Innocentis I]], papae et confessoris * [[Dies mundialis hepatitidis]] == Notae == <references/> {{menses}} [[Categoria:Dies]] p867ttd64v2zxf98my8f51fyjbinwum 1 14745 3980708 3329986 2026-08-12T01:42:34Z Grufo 64423 +{{[[Formula:Antiquae disputationes|Antiquae disputationes]]}} 3980708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Antiquae disputationes | ab = 2006-07-15 | ad = 2012-11-26 }} == “Deportus” == What does ''deportus'' mean? I did not find it anywhere ([[Vicipaedia:Lexicon]]). What is the relation to [[exercitatio corporis]]? --[[Usor:Roland2|Roland2]] 20:45, 15 Iulii 2006 (UTC) :Could it relate to ''deporto'' 'carry off'? The past participle would rightly be ''deportatus.'' How that would relate to 'exercise of the body' is unclear, unless, perhaps, somebody thinks it means 'weightlifting'. :) [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 21:30, 15 Iulii 2006 (UTC) :It's meant to mean "sport." *disportus > It. ''sporto''. Because it "takes you away" from your troubles, and whatnot. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 21:54, 15 Iulii 2006 (UTC) ::I hasten to add that I don't approve of this translation, and that the page itself is full of such barbarisms. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 22:00, 15 Iulii 2006 (UTC) :::My old dictionary gives 'to disport oneself' as ''ludo, iocor.'' For 'sport' meaning 'play' or 'pastime', it offers these nouns: ''ludus, iocus, oblectamentum, delectamentum, oblectatio, delectatio, lusus.'' It says 'sports, or public shows' are ''spectacula'' or ''ludi.'' It gives the idiom 'to entertain with a variety of sports' as ''spectaculis varii generis delectare.'' And it has this note: "When ''sport'' denotes the pleasure taken in the exercise of any particular game, it is to be rendered in Latin by some word expressing that species of recreation; as, for ''hunting,'' Venatio, venatus; for ''fowling,'' Aucupium, aucupatio; for ''fishing,'' Piscatio, piscatus." Under ''ludus,'' the same dictionary has ''ludi circenses'' 'games or exercises'. :::Applying this to soccer, would we call the entire series of World Cup events a ''spectaculum'' and each match a ''ludus''? Or are all the events ''spectacula'' and the game of soccer itself a ''ludus''? Or is there any point in trying to make such distinctions? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 00:37, 16 Iulii 2006 (UTC) ::::Certamen is certainly attested...see book V of [[Aeneis|the Aeneid]]. I think the tournament style nature of the world cup qualifies it for this usage. The superbowl, in contrast, I would call a spectaculum, while an individual american football game, or a game of soccer is probably rightly a ludus. I wonder if also exists an antique word predating "partido".--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus Rocchio]] 00:54, 16 Iulii 2006 (UTC) :::::Yes, I'd agree: ''certamen'' should be fine for any contest and can be used for any competition (it comes from ''certo'' 'I vie'), though dictionary entries suggest it may ordinarily bear a more general sense than ''ludus'' & ''lusus'' (which, after all, come from ''ludo'' 'I play, sport, frisk, dance, make a pastime, banter, jest'). That is, ''certamen'' would be less specific to sports. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 01:32, 16 Iulii 2006 (UTC) :::::Remember that a tournament is essentially a passage through a course, a ''decursio,'' originally involving horses. :) [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 02:25, 16 Iulii 2006 (UTC) ::::::So ''deportus'' and [[exercitatio corporis]] apparently have a sive-relation (see also [[Disputatio_Vicipaediae:Redirectio#Templates_for_some_types_of_redirects]]) and a {{fn|contribuenda}} would be appropriate? And shouldn't the summary of these explanations go into a <nowiki><ref>...</ref></nowiki> section? Or maybe we should have a special section "De titulu" or "De nomine"? It's the same with [[Fragor Maximus]]: There was a discussion about the term which is not mentioned in the article and not mentioned in the talk page. What policy do we have here (see [[Vicipaedia:Fontes]])? Is it ''desired'' to have such information included in the article? I'd say yes. --[[Usor:Roland2|Roland2]] 08:03, 16 Iulii 2006 (UTC) :::::::Unless we can find a ''locus classicus'' or a modern authority that uses this word, I would not consider it correct. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 14:21, 16 Iulii 2006 (UTC) ::::::::I agree: ''deportus'' looks like a nonword, and we've already got several well-attested terms for 'game' and 'sport'; see above. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 15:05, 16 Iulii 2006 (UTC) :::::::::Looks like a place where they might send off exiles. ''Catilina, e Roma relegatus, ad deportum advenit.''--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus Rocchio]] 15:15, 16 Iulii 2006 (UTC) In the afternoon of July the 17th, I read this page, so I decided to clear up some points, because I created this text when I talked about sport in Italy and I did not find names of sports in Latin. * According to my dictionary of Italian language, "sport" is a English word that meaned "amusement" at first and derives from French word "desport", like Italian word "diporto"; "diporto" comes from verb "diportarsi", in the sense of "to move, for entertainment, from a place to another one"; "diportare" is composed of "di-" and "portare"; "di-" is a folk form of Latin prefix "de-", that indicated separation.<br> According to my English monolingual dictionary, "sport" is a short form of "disport", that derives from the Old French verb "desporter"; "desporter" is composed of "des-" ("dis-") and "porter" (in Latin "portare", that means "to carry"); "dis-" is a direct form of Latin prefix "dis-", connected with "bis" ("twice"), originally "duis" ("dyis") in Greek, and "duo" ("two"), or is a form of "dés-", "dé-" (in French), "des-" (in Old French), "dis-" and "di-" (in Latin) or "dis-" (in late Latin), that come from Latin prefix "de-".<br> According to my bilingual dictionary of Spanish, "sport" is traslated with "deporte". * According to my bilingual dictionary of Latin, "sport" includes "ludus" ("game"), "certamen" ("competition"), "corporis exercitatio" ("exercise of the body") and "delectamentum" ("amusement"). * I do not know if my translations are barbarisms, but I am sure that I controlled all my books and I chose the best words. I looked for terms in my bilingual dictionary of Latin; I read etymologies in my monolingual dictionaries of Italian and English; I compared words in Italian, French and Spanish (but in English and German, as well); I used foreign terms only when it was strictly necessary, for words that have their roots in Germanic or Oriental languages.<br> I have an explanation for every word! * I think that "ice-skating" is a kind of "patinaticum". * I have a long list of sports to traslate in my dictionary of Italian. --[[Usor:131.175.57.17|131.175.57.17]] 13:28, 19 Iulii 2006 (UTC)Andreas Victor :You have used an intriguingly archaic sense of the word 'control' in your English (calqued from your Italian?). This may illuminate the type of problem existing in the approach made to the other languages.—[[Usor:Mycēs|Myces Tiberinus]] 22:51, 19 Iulii 2006 (UTC) ::I noticed that, too. On first glance I thought it was "patrolled". Myces is right, though. An explanation for every word is not necessarily enough. Has anyone ever called sport ''deportus'' in an attested latin text? Then we may have a case. A logical coinage is not sufficient. It's like my italian teacher always told me, just because I know latin, doesn't mean I know italian =].--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus Rocchio]] 23:03, 19 Iulii 2006 (UTC) I am sorry to have used words without cases in attested Latin texts: I thought that etymological criteria were sufficent; in fact, I read many terms which are missing in my Latin dictionary, so I considered that Latin Wikipedia accepts even Latinized present words. When I created the page about "deportus", I thought that it was a good idea, because there were not a link to sport in the home page; I made a list of sports because I needed these terms and I considered that anyone can add synonims, because I need various words. I will write remaining texts I prepared, maybe, before I go back to geographical and historical subjects about Italy, that do not need modern words.--[[Usor:131.175.57.10|131.175.57.10]] 13:15, 27 Iulii 2006 (UTC) Andreas Victor :Well, the public nature of wiki means people will (hopefully) always be trying to improve the text as it stands. And as far as I can tell when people think of improving a Latin text, they mean classicizing as much as possible, and avoiding neologisms—which is basically what this talk page discussion is trying to do. Personally I would prefer to see a foreign word kept foreign, and ''italicized,'' than see it clumsily Latinized. Someone who knows better can always come by and translate a foreign concept later, while a strange construction may be indecipherable to everyone but the person who made it. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Myces Tiberinus]] 22:08, 27 Iulii 2006 (UTC) ::This discussion may have been going on elsewhere, but I think it's one of the most vital to the Vicipaedia. Is it predominantly ''formal-etymological'' Latinization that is being strived for or is there some ambition to describe modern terms ''as an ancient Roman would see them''. I think there are advantages to both. Of the latter, there is an excellent example in the [[autocinetum]] article (a part of the motor works ''machinae molaris instar'' or something). ::Whatever way, I think that finally '''Deportus''' has to go. How about keeping it for the time being and just adding suggestions for every sport before someone made an article of them. Some words are in the Vaticans Lexicon recentis Latinitatis, but not all are in terms of the latter goal mentioned above.--[[Usor:Iovis Fulmen|Iovis Fulmen]] 09:18, 28 Iulii 2006 (UTC) On August the 1st, I read two comments about my opinion concerning ''deportus'', so I prepared a list of considerations. * I use Italicized foreign words only in extreme cases: first of all, I fear that nobody understands original names, because they always relate to marginal questions, which are missing in my Latin dictionary; al last, I suppose that the text can not be understood without declension. * When I had to traslate "car", I did not use ''autocinetum'', because I did not know this word: my Latin dictionary suggests ''currus motorius'', but I sometimes need a single term, so I write ''automobilis'', because it is called ''automobile'' in Italian, the Romance language which is more similar to Latin. * I can divide the words I wrote in three classes: terms I found in my Latin dictionary, terms which have solid etimymological explanations, terms which can be guessed logically. * The page must be orderly and precise: texts and illustrations about every sport must be in the page concerning that sport. * I started to write this page much earlier than this disputation had originited and I thought to enumerate all sports before I describe them.--[[Usor:131.175.57.16|131.175.57.16]] 13:44, 3 Augusti 2006 (UTC) Andreas Victor ::Isn't it funny how we keep inventing things? A car is a wheeled vehicle (or, since the 19th century, the compartment under a balloon, or, since the 20th century, the compartment of an elevator), and if you look up ''car'' in a nonrecent English-Latin wordhoard, you'll see it given in Latin as ''carrus, -i'' and ''currus, -us'' (and ''plaustrum'' & ''rota''), and because English-speakers hardly ever say ''motorcar'' anymore, there's no need to expand the Latin term to include the idea of "moving," as in ''c(a/u)rrus '''motorius''''' and ''auto'''kineton''''' and the like: we've had a serviceable term for 2,000 years. As for quasi-Latin ''automobile, -is'' (n.) 'self-moveable thing', Cicero redivivus, after a quick view of an urban expressway, may instantly understand the word, but won't he chuckle at the silliness of combining Greek & Latin? In general, I think, the first principle in finding Latin words for objects & concepts that postdate the Golden Age (or even the Renaissance) should be to '''start with attested terms.''' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 14:32, 24 Augusti 2006 (UTC) Um... don't you think "sport" is a universal and ancient enough concept that we don't really even need to coin a neologism for it by any method? --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 02:54, 25 Augusti 2006 (UTC) ::: Personally, I fully concur with both of you. I consider finding '''attested''' words for modern concepts is one of the most rewarding and creative tasks for Vicipaedia and may well serve to demonstrate the vigour of the Latin language. As for "sport", we all know of course that the primary aim of physical exercise was usually military, but for games like the Olympics and so on... Hence the term [[:Categoria:Ludi athletici]]. On the other hand, physical exercise, to our modern understanding, extend beyond what the ancients would have understood by ''ludi'', so is ''exercitatio'' a satisfying solution or should the separation be kept?--[[Usor:Iovis Fulmen|Iovis Fulmen]] 18:13, 27 Augusti 2006 (UTC) ::::Actually I would say that the Romans were big on sport for its own sake as well, and that conversely the Olympics were at least symbolically preparation for war (all the competitions in the ancient Olympics were of a military nature, if you think about it). For "sport" I have generally used ''certamen athleticum'', and unless someone can find a good ''locus classicus'' for something better, that's what I would recommend going with. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 02:36, 28 Augusti 2006 (UTC) On August the 30th, I had read four comments about sport, so I wrote some considerations after I had added last parts I found on my dictionaries. * I used ''currus motorius'' because I had thought that dictionary means ''currus cum motore'' (cart with engine) and I reckon useful to distinguish wagons and chariots from cars. * I consider usual to have combinations of Latin and Greek: Italian an French feminine words ''automobile'', but Spanish masculine term ''automóvil'' too, justify the use of ''automobilis'' (-is, f.), because a immortal Cicero would have used it. I want to say that I translated the Italian word ''autostrada'' (expressway) with ''automobilis via strata'' (paved road of the car) and ''via curribus motoriis pervia'' (road passable to cars). Because of same reasons, I would translate ''autocarro'' (lorry) with ''autocurrus''. * I am convinced that erudite and vulgar words in the etymological part of my dictionaries are attested terms. * I think that my dictionary says ''sport'' is not equal to a single Latin word, so I wrote four classical terms and I coined the etymological equivalent neologism, to include every meaning. * I think that Latin has a vital structure, but I consider that vocabulary is "quantitatively" poor: my dictionary of Italian has 134000 words, my bilingual dictionary of Italian and English has 145000 words and my monolingual dictionary of English has 85000 words, but my bilingual dictionary of Italian and Latin contains only 47000 Latin terms and 30000 Italian terms, so I need to use strange words when the translations are missing or there are not bijections with modern things. * I think that page ''exercitatio corporis'' must exist, but her category has to be called ''deportiva''. * I think that ''certamen athleticum'' is a good translation for "competition of athletics": ancien events included only this discipline and I could use it, but I would not define every contemporary tourney in this way. --[[Usor:131.175.57.10|131.175.57.10]] 13:40, 5 Septembris 2006 (UTC) Andreas Victor :With so many terms, it's hard to know where to start. Rowing has been ''remigatio'' (and ''remigium'') for more than 2000 years. Why does it need to become ''remigandi certamen''? A sled has been a ''traha'' for about as long, but why must it now become a ''sled''? For "dogsled," instead of the proposed Latin ''sledog,'' some appropriate combination of ''traha'' and ''canis'' should work. Etc. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 17:05, 5 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ::Well ''remigandi certamen'' is not exactly the same thing as ''remigatio'', so I'm OK with that one. But that still leaves dozens of other problems. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 03:04, 6 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :::Except in the Real World, when asked what sport they did in college, people are much likelier to say "rowing" than "competition in rowing" or "competitive rowing" or "rowing regatta." As a rule, people shorten words & phrases. We almost invariably say "soccer," not "association football"; "Rugby," not "Rugby football"; "Soc Sci 1," not "Social Sciences 1"; "the U.S." or "the United States," not "the United States of America." Most of the time, We deploy extra terms only when they're needed to distinguish the special from the general, as in "''Canadian'' football" and "''table'' tennis." :::Also, my dictionary has this note (quoted above): "When sport denotes the pleasure taken in the exercise of any particular game, it is to be rendered in Latin by some word expressing that species of recreation; as, for hunting, Venatio, venatus; for fowling, Aucupium, aucupatio; for fishing, Piscatio, piscatus." Just plain ''remigatio'' & ''remigium'' fit this pattern. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 03:36, 6 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :Andreas, please keep in mind that even when we're dealing with modern things like automobiles, we are not the first people to deal with the problem of writing about them in Latin. For instance, most Latinists use ''autocinetum'' or less formally ''raeda'' (when context makes it clear) for "car." ''Currus'' is generally used instead for "tank." Now, this is just an example of a wider point: before it comes down to creating your own brand new neologism, you should check to make sure it's truly needed. The sporting events are not exactly an obscure subject, so it is not that hard to find precident for what to call them in Latin. There is no need to [[:it:Reinventare la ruota|reinvent the wheel]]. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 03:04, 6 Septembris 2006 (UTC) == why? == We concluded a month and a half ago that the majority of this page, including the title, is less than classical, for less than perfect, and as Iustinus said, "barbaric". Yet we still allow it to grow, under false title. Before I suit up and dive into the thing, can I at least get confirmation on what we want to call this thing?--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 02:36, 6 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :For "sport," Iustinus's ''certamen athleticum'' sounds OK to me. Are there any sports that aren't ''certamina athletica''? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 03:36, 6 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ::That's what I was wondering as well...Is competition necessarily involved in the modern understanding of sport? OK, when it comes to football, the Olypmics, etc., no deal. But the lonely jogger or Nordic walker who just wants to relax from his office job, with no competitive ambition? Is he not sportsman?--[[Usor:Iovis Fulmen|Iovis Fulmen]] 15:26, 7 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :::Likewise whitewater rafting, mountain climbing, bicycling, fishing, hiking, skiing, swimming, and other sports when performed noncompetitively. So we're back to '''ludus,''' aren't we? Or do people deny that the cited noncompetitive activites are sports? Perhaps relevant: Wittgenstein famously argued that the concept of "game" can't reliably be defined. (He could have been wrong though.) [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 16:11, 7 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ::Responding to Fulmen, no I don't think that certament is implicit in he concept of sport. Skiing, running, martial arts...all these are sports in the sense of the english word, and do not necessarily imply competition of any sort. Do we dare just use a substantive "athletica" or to agree with an implied ''ludi'', "athletici"?--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 17:12, 7 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :::''Ludus athleticus'' might solve that problem. But honestly, I don't think it's '''that''' bad to put non-competitive sports under the same header: white water rafting is definitely a ''certamen'' of sorts, even if you're not competing against other humans. Likewise, long-distance runners always describe their sport as a struggle with one's own body, right? :::Anyway, I did once ask this question of some of my Latinist friends. I only have a record of [[Stephanus Berard]] answering, though. Here's the relevant exerpts: :::*''Die 27 Augusti, 2004, haec scripsi:'' ::::Quid reremini aptissimum modum esse verbum quod est "sport" Latine redendi in his sententiis: :::: ::::1) Judo is both a martial art and a sport. [fortasse certamen ludicrum?] ::::2) Here is a list of Olympic sports. ["certamina" dicere nolim, nam Olympia ipsa sunt "Olympia Certamina", nonne?] :::: :::*''Quibus die 30 Augusti, 2004 respondit Stephanus:'' ::::De versionibus: Pro "sports" soleo dicere "ludus/lusus athleticus" vel "certamen athleticum." Ergo: "Judo est et ars martialis et lusus athleticus." Et forsan: "Ecce index omnium generum certaminum Olympicorum." :::I could swear [[David Morgan]] answered too, but I can't find that email. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 17:33, 7 Septembris 2006 (UTC) What about ''mental sports'', like chess, checkers, go etc.? I wouldn't categorize them under the heading ''ludus athleticus''! Nor would I do that with motor sports, sailing, horse riding .... Why not loan the very word ''sport(s)'' from the English? It's already in use in many other languages! Sport, -tis. Seems ok to me. --[[Usor:Agricola|Agricola]] 19:09, 8 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :#Hmmm...for one, as an avid chess player, and an avid athlete, I have to take issue with chess' inclusion as a "sport"...checkers decidedly less so (not that there isn't a ton of skill, but it's not in any way comparable to a sport). :# I don't think I would call car racing a sport either, but you're getting closer. Sailing and horseriding are most decidedly sports, are certainly athletic, and can certainly fall under that "ludus athleticus" categoria. :#Lastly...I cringe and reel at the idea of ''sport, sportis''. If you follow the thread above, you'll see the etymology of "sport" is actually from a latin root, so I cannot bear to retroactively assess an etymology like that. Furthermore, our business is not neologism, but research. Only proper terms need included (which, unfortunately, is why such debates drag on as long as they do, here). I think we should go with ludus athleticus, and deal with nonstandard sports as the need arises.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 19:59, 8 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :::''Sport, sportis,'' f.? Nooooooooo! It's badly formed. Native Latin phonology would require ''spors, sportis.'' The nominative wants to end in ''-s''; and in the nominative, ''-rts'' gets compressed to ''-rs,'' as in ''mors, mortis,'' for ''*morts, mortis''&mdash;unless it's neuter, in which case ''spor, sportis'' might be plausible; cf. ''cor, cordis.'' But still I ask: for sports of all kinds, why not just plain ''ludus''? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 20:04, 8 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ::::Iacobus has it right on all counts. In sum, let's just say ''[[Ludus athleticus|ludus athleticus]]'' for physical sports in general, ''[[Certamen athleticum|certamen athleticum]]'' for physical competitions (and in some cases, just for sports seems fine to me), and when a sport is not physical, we can surely just say ''[[Ludus|ludus]]'' or ''certamen''. The fact that the categories we use on the Latin wikipedia do not map exactly onto some conceptions of "sport" (or "sports", for us Yanks) is hardly the end of the world: we already have plenty of entries and categories that do not match perfectly with the other wikipedias, and the same is true in every language. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 20:16, 8 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ::@ '''Ioshus''': ::#Well, maybe that's just in the Netherlands, then, I don't know. Chess and the like are often called here something like mental sports. ::#''Athletics'' have the feel of running and such to me, but, hey: I'm not that sportive myself. What about the noble sport of darts? ;-) ::#I've read the discussion, but I don't feel ''ludus athleticus'' covers all that we mean by the general term of ''sport(s)''. Things change. We're living more than 20 centuries after Julius Ceasar! Why would we want to use exactly the same words as he did? They are so many things different in our time than in his; e.g. how we look at sport. Why not have different terminology for different things, ideas? (I'm sure, btw, that this discussion has been done many times already here at Vicipaedia!) ::@ '''Iacobus''': ::''Spors, -tis'' would be fine too ;) ::--[[Usor:Agricola|Agricola]] 20:52, 8 Septembris 2006 (UTC) '''Agricolae''' #I don't think it's just in the Netherlands. That usage is somewhat casually applied here, and usually results in an argument between one person who thinks chess and the like are sports and the other who doesn't. =] I would just like to make a semantic difference (even as you did by calling it a "mental sport") between games played with the body and games played with only the mind. #Hmm, maybe we should also include the noble sport of [[:en:Beer Pong|Beer Pong]] =]. #Reconsider ludus athleticus. It really just means "athletic game". As far as terminology goes, what can I say, we're just a bit [[Cato]]nian in our modo operandi. '''Iustino''' #Who you calling "Yank"? ;] #Let's go with "ludus" for non mental games, to stay consistent with the ludus athleticum terminology. --[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 22:40, 8 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :#Heh, well, I mean "Yank" in terms of its international usage, of course, not it's purely American one. Kind of like how the Greeks couldn't tell the Persians and Medes apart (then when the Parthians took over it only got more complicated) :#I'm not sure what you mean. :--[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 22:52, 8 Septembris 2006 (UTC) 2)I just mean that if a sport (americane) is a ludus athleticum, then a sport mental or otherwise should be a ludus of some sort, as well.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 23:03, 8 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :: I concur with Ioshus and Iustinus and would be glad if the term ''ludus'' came to be universally accepted. I think it best translates our idea of sport into Latin usage, implying something that is done for the sake of itself. ''athleticus'' aptly adds the physical character. A disambiguation page '''ludus''' could distinguish between certamina, physical exercise, mental sports, and -not to forget- the Roman elementary school.--[[Usor:Iovis Fulmen|Iovis Fulmen]] 09:13, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :::I reiterate, though, that these won't quite map onto the categories the English wikipedia (and probably most others) use. ''Ludus'' does not, and cannot, just mean "sport": it means "game." So not only is Chess a ''ludus'', but so are [[ludus tabularis|all other board games]]. ''Ludus athleticus'' is, need I say, an athletic game, and ''certamen athleticum'' an athletic competition (or challenge). I think we've covered the majority of sports right there, and for those that fall outside those categories, it won't be hard to come up with something. The idea taht we need to coin a neologism just because of the slight mismatch is absurd. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 16:16, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) == Ping Pong (it's a trademark) == Now that I've mentioned it...the article on beer pong seems too cool an article not to translate. Besides, there're no other interwikis on the en page, latin would be the first! So I ask, anyone know a word for ping pong? Or where to find one? I'm inclined, if not, to do something like [[Pongo cerevisiana]]...--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 05:39, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :Ponge cerevesiana!? I'm pretty sure I've seen an expression based on "table tennis." I should look in my dictionaries. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 05:42, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :OK, doesn't seem to be in the PONS, and I'm too lazy to check ''Calepinus Novus'' right now. [[David Morgan|David]] does list it, but he seems pretty unsure: :'''26 tennis: table tennis, ping-pong''' ? tennisia mensalis, ? pila mensalis :(''Tennisia'', I must say, is not my favorite Latinization of "tennis." His authority on that, though, is Latham... but I must admit that I'm not sure who that is ;) )--[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 05:49, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ::German edition of [[Lexicon Recentis Latinitatis]]: '''Tischtennis''' ''ludus pilae mensalis'' --[[Usor:Roland2|Roland]] <small>([[Disputatio Usoris:Roland2|disp.]])</small> 09:15, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :::Ack! That's what I meant by the PONS, and I only looked s.v. Pinpong, because that's what the LEO online dictionary gave me. I shoudl have thought to look under ''Tischtennis'', duh. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 16:16, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :::The textbook [http://www.maierphil.de/PiperSal/PIPERSAL.HTM PiperSalve] ([http://septimanalatina.org/ Septimanae Latinae Europaeae ed.]) does translate tennis as ''tenisia, -ae (f)'' (so, with one 'n') and table tennis as ''tenisia mensalis''. :::'''Roland''', you say ''tennisia'' is not your favourite translation, but I find those descriptive translations of modern terms quite cumbersome, like '''''tennis''', manubriati reticuli ludus; to play -, manubriato reticulo (ac pila) ludere''. In my opinion, that's not translating something but describing it. --[[Usor:Agricola|Agricola]] 10:08, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ::::It was not me who said that. ;-) --[[Usor:Roland2|Roland]] <small>([[Disputatio Usoris:Roland2|disp.]])</small> 15:25, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ::::Yeah, that was me, Agricola. Honestly, I lean towards ''[[tenniludium]]'' (even if that article isn't great), which I've seen in a number of places outside of wikipedia, but for the life of me can't remember even one. It was frequent for sports and games to have compound names ending in ''-ludium'', ''-pila'', or ''-folium'' even in Classical Latin. The word "tennis" apparently comes comes, as the author of this article, and the one on tennis, notes from the French ''tenez!'', and thus from Latin ''tenite!'' David Morgan in his research did apparently find a Latin description of the ''[[:en:Jeu de paume|Jeu de paume]]'', the direct ancestor of our tennis. It was called ''jeu de paume'' (as the linked article notes) because it was originally played by striking the ball with one's hand. This name stuck even after rackets became standard. This game was apparently called ''ludus palmaris'' in Latin. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 16:16, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :Ack, this is going to be an unwieldly title...it's not quite ping pong...it's ''beer pong''. Which is a nice short little phrase that well captures the essence of the sport, and believe me, some people take this game seriously. Are we sure we can't do something like [[Pongo cerevisialis]]? Because [[Ludus pilae mensalis in quo poculi cerevisia implentur]] is ghastly. I don't really see "beer pong" entering any respectable ''Lexicon Recentis'', so I think in this case, we might flex our neologistic muscles. It is, after all, a lighthearted article, the fun of translating would be the quirkiness of the thing. I think the latin title should reflect the brevity of the english term.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 14:14, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ::''Pogno'' surely: "gn" is the only way to get a velar nasal in Latin, no? Of course that's pronounced like "pong-no," and people may not be happy with that. (So say it fast!) The Latin for "Ping-Pong" could then be ''Pigni-Pogno'' (indeclinable?), but if you want an authoritative source, why not ask the Planet Pong Sporting Goods Co. (formerly the Ping Pong Mania & Sporting Goods Co.), the owner of the trademark? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 15:09, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :::Nullo pacto! Pinguis, singulus, sanguis, spongea, iungo, etc. etc. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 16:16, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ::::Obviously. (What was I drinking?!) But you know I was jesting anyway. The serious point is that "Ping Pong" is a trademark, and therefore shouldn't be altered without its owner's permission. Of course if millions of people go along with an alteration (as they do, for example, when they use "Google" as a verb), the owner won't know whom to sue, and will have to put up with the alteration. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 18:23, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :::::Aha! So all we need to do is get millions of Latin speakers to agree with us, and the we've got it made! --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 21:21, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ::Ah, you didn't say you meant [[:en:beer pong]]. The only problem with ''pongo cerevisialis'' would be that [[pongo]] is used for "orang-utan" in modern Latin! (It has been pointed out, again by Morgan, that scientific names based on ''pongo'', such as ''pongidae'' seem to imply that the name is actually ''pongus -i'', but most people decline it ''pongo -nis''). --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 16:16, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :Sorry, I mentioned it in the previous thread, thought people would follow my scattered tamgential thinking =]. How about [[Pong cerevisialis]] indeclinable?--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 16:32, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ::Or perhaps ''pongum''. In either of these cases, though, the word will be neuter, and thus ''cerevisiale''. Now of course since we're dealing with a drinking game perahps we should use one of the shorter forms of the word for beer ;) --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 17:04, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ==.== After I had read this page on September the 7th, many things were flashed through my mind and now I can add them; this discussion is indispensable, but I hate that it is in English, because I must save the text on a floppy, go home to translate it, prepare my considerations and come back to send them: I waste much time because I succeed in using potent computers of my university only two times a week. :I would waste the same amount of time (maybe a little less) writing in Italian, how's your sicilian? We could try latin, too?--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 19:47, 14 Septembris 2006 (UTC) For once, I have to explain the construction of the page about ''deportus''. First of all, I wrote the names of the sports found in the lists of my Italian dictionary; then I looked for translations in my Latin dictionary, I checked synonyms and etymologies in my Italian dictionary, I added translations into English, I read etymologies in my English monolingual dictionary, I turned words into French, Spanish and German; finally I wrote last possible Latin terms. There are only three type of translations: I seldom found Latin versions in the dictionary; I used the original words for terms which have Romance etymologies; I kept modern terms in desperate cases. We can debate about single words, but I want to say that many accusations are baseless, because translations are assured by dictionaries. :Whoah, no one is accusing you, we are merely trying to write an encyclopedia. Per favore, [[:it:Wikipedia:Presumi_la_buona_fede|Presumi la buona fide.]]--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 19:47, 14 Septembris 2006 (UTC) Moreover, it has to be kept in mind that the correspondence between ideas and words in Latin is more similar to that one in Italian than to that one in other languages, because Italian is the direct evolution of vulgar Latin spoken by Etruscan countrymen around Florence; anyway, I always tried to propose terms that could be understood at least by who knows main Romance languages, even if this site seems to be created for the translation between American English and Latin. :This site was created for writing IN LATIN! Not from american english, or english at all. I have translated many articles, or parts of articles, from bunches of wikipedias, most notably sicilian, italian, napulitan, russian, and spanish. I know many other people have done the same. The same rules apply to everyone of every nationality; WRITE IN LATIN! We use english to communicate, because most people on here speak/read/understand it better than any other language (including latin).--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 19:47, 14 Septembris 2006 (UTC) Sporting events are not an obscure subject, but the terms which are necessary for their translations do, otherwise this discussion would not begin: I did not find good terms in my dictionary and I did not discover a link to ''exercitatio corporis'' in the home page. :Have you considered your dictionary may be inadequate? Especially living in italia, you should be able to find great dictionaries of latinitatis recentis. A small 15,000 word entry dictionary is not enough with which to write an encyclopedia.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 19:47, 14 Septembris 2006 (UTC) I do not want to reinvent the wheel, but I need many specific words. For example, football (soccer) is called ''calcio'' (kick) in Italy, so I must maintain the shade of meanig: ''gioco del calcio'' (game of kick) is ''calcis iocus'', ''associazione calcio'' (association kick) is ''adsocietas calx'', football club is ''pedepilae sodalitas'' and ''società sportiva'' (sporting society) is ''deportiva societas''. How can I be precise without neologisms? :Calcio is from latin calceus, which means shoe, roughly. So we DO NOT reverse an etymology, the italian word came from the latin word, the latin word does not come from the italian word. Pediludium is an attested word that very accurately describes the thing. People wrote about soccer while latin was still a popular correspondence language, so we have that.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 19:47, 14 Septembris 2006 (UTC) How can I know that ''automobilis'' is considered wrong, if nobody has never corrected the page where I used it? Why cannot ''autocurrus'' (or ''automobilis currus'') be used, in spite of etymology, but Bush was translated with ''Boscus'', because of same reasons? Must ''automobilismus'' (motor racing) be changed with ''autocinetismus''? :Vide [[autocinetum]]... Where did you use automobilis? I'd be happy to correct it.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 19:47, 14 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ::Also, whoever wrote Boscus was either making a joke, or was completely wrong. His article is properly at [[Georgius W. Bush]].--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 20:43, 14 Septembris 2006 (UTC) I am unshakeable about football: there are Association Football, American Football, Rugby Football Union, Rugby Football League, Australian Football... so Latin merits to have an unequivocal expression for every sport. :Agreed, especially since you only use your feet in one of them.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 19:47, 14 Septembris 2006 (UTC) I feel aware about boat racing, because four rowing world reigning champions live in my province, so I can give explanations: my Italian dictionary uses ''canottaggio'' to indicate both sports supervised by ''FISA'' (international federation of water sports); I concluded that rowing is ''remis remigandi certamen'' or ''remigatio'' or ''remigium'' and canoe (also for rafting) is ''linter'' or ''scapha''. :Iacobus adressed this above, it has been ''remigatio'' or ''remigium'' for millenia. So you're right about that.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 19:47, 14 Septembris 2006 (UTC) Sledog is a English word used in Italian: I did not find a Latin version and the etymology is not Romance, so I would use it as a word of third declension, because I do not dare to coin ''traheacanis''. :Traheacanis is far better than sledog-sledogis. If we take a word in from english, let's leave it undeclined, and neuter. But let us NOT take sledog, since dogs pulled sleds WAYYYY before english was invented. Furthermore, I have been speaking english for almost 22 years now, and I have never seen the word "sledog" in print, and if I did see it, I would severely chastise its author. "Sled dog" or "sled-dog", but no way sledog.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 19:47, 14 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ::In English, a ''sled dog'' is a dog&mdash;a living, breathing animal, also called ''sledge dog.'' A ''dogsled'' is a sled drawn by dogs. A sport involving dogsleds is ''dogsledding.'' Latine, sicut infert Ioshus, ''sledog'' est incomprehensibile. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 21:32, 14 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ''Athleticum certamen'' could be translated ambiguously in Italian, because someone could understand literally "track-and-field events and competitions of weightlifting, wresling and (maybe) boxing". :Of course it could be ambiguous, they are different languages!--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 19:47, 14 Septembris 2006 (UTC) Is chess an ''athleticum certamen''? Is ''ludi, certamina, corporis exercitationes et delectamenta'' a too long name for a page and a category? :No, see above.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 19:47, 14 Septembris 2006 (UTC) I was born in the birthplace of both Plinys, a colony established by Caesar, inside a hospital which is a hundred metres away from the ruins of Roman thermae, and I am affected in Latinity, but I am more worried in respecting grammatical rules than in using ancient words; what really matters is that everybody can understood. :That is not true, if everyone were to understand, why didn't you make this page on the [[:simple:Sport|simple english wikipedia]]? This is a latin wikipedia whose entries must be in latin, not in "latinish", or "latinesque". Latin is a relatively difficult language to comprehend for newcomers, and not everyone understands it. I know this firsthand from teaching it.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 19:47, 14 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :'''Andrea''', you seem to place an = sign between Latin and modern Italian. But, the thing is, Italian is not Latin, it's a daughter language of Latin. The vulgar Latin of the late Roman Empire period has been heavily influence by the languages of countless invaders: Visi- and Ostrogoths, Lombards, Arabs, Normans, Germans, French, Spanish and what-not. You can't claim the Latin language just because you were "born in the birthplace of both Plinys, a colony established by Caesar"! :You write: "football (soccer) is called ''calcio'' (kick) in Italy, so I must maintain the shade of meanig: ''gioco del calcio'' (game of kick) is ''calcis iocus''". Frankly, I don't see any reason why football should be ''calcis iocus'' just because the Italian term is ''calcio''. Moreover, a little further on you call it ''pedepila'' in the term ''pedepilae sodalitas''! :--[[Usor:Agricola|Agricola]] 19:58, 14 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ::Furthermore, the Florentine dialect whence modern Italian derived isn't even the clsoest daughter language from latin. Some of the southern dialects much more closely resemble latin. --[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 20:40, 14 Septembris 2006 (UTC) #American football and Rugby are closer to the Ancient Roman sport of ''Harpaston''--we can of course distinguish the three variations with adjectives, e.g. ''harpaston Americanum'', ''Brittanicum'', ''veterum''. #It is true that what we call "track and field" in the U.S. is generally called "Athletics" aborad, but the ancient meaning seems to have been pretty broad as well. We can perhaps refer to track and field as ''athletica classica''--an expression I've encountered in Modern Greek, for instance. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 06:59, 15 Septembris 2006 (UTC) == reversion == What gives Marc? None of the emendations you made were helpful. Ludere is transitive, luda is not a word, you unlinked pediludium... --[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 21:39, 28 Ianuarii 2007 (UTC) == Iocus Calcis == Hehehehe, "heel joke" --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 19:32, 29 Ianuarii 2007 (UTC) == Criccetus Ludus? == Forgive me if I'm wrong, but that looks ''way'' more like Hampster game than Cricket game to me. "Cicadicus Ludus", maybe? [[Specialis:Conlationes/205.235.40.151|205.235.40.151]] 13:01, 2 Iunii 2009 (UTC) :The name of the game 'cricket' is not related to the name of the insect, though. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 11:56, 5 Iunii 2009 (UTC) == Ludicra exercitatio == I would like to suggest Ludicra exercitatio (ex Traupman) for 'Sports'. [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 01:28, 26 Novembris 2012 (UTC) 6cjpgl3ldzk54ra8ydbsuxymfg13qrc 3980709 3980708 2026-08-12T01:42:49Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Disputatio:Ars athletica]] ad [[Disputatio:Ars athletica/Tabularium 1]] sine redirectione: Veteres disputationes ad tabularium movi 3980708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Antiquae disputationes | ab = 2006-07-15 | ad = 2012-11-26 }} == “Deportus” == What does ''deportus'' mean? I did not find it anywhere ([[Vicipaedia:Lexicon]]). What is the relation to [[exercitatio corporis]]? --[[Usor:Roland2|Roland2]] 20:45, 15 Iulii 2006 (UTC) :Could it relate to ''deporto'' 'carry off'? The past participle would rightly be ''deportatus.'' How that would relate to 'exercise of the body' is unclear, unless, perhaps, somebody thinks it means 'weightlifting'. :) [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 21:30, 15 Iulii 2006 (UTC) :It's meant to mean "sport." *disportus > It. ''sporto''. Because it "takes you away" from your troubles, and whatnot. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 21:54, 15 Iulii 2006 (UTC) ::I hasten to add that I don't approve of this translation, and that the page itself is full of such barbarisms. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 22:00, 15 Iulii 2006 (UTC) :::My old dictionary gives 'to disport oneself' as ''ludo, iocor.'' For 'sport' meaning 'play' or 'pastime', it offers these nouns: ''ludus, iocus, oblectamentum, delectamentum, oblectatio, delectatio, lusus.'' It says 'sports, or public shows' are ''spectacula'' or ''ludi.'' It gives the idiom 'to entertain with a variety of sports' as ''spectaculis varii generis delectare.'' And it has this note: "When ''sport'' denotes the pleasure taken in the exercise of any particular game, it is to be rendered in Latin by some word expressing that species of recreation; as, for ''hunting,'' Venatio, venatus; for ''fowling,'' Aucupium, aucupatio; for ''fishing,'' Piscatio, piscatus." Under ''ludus,'' the same dictionary has ''ludi circenses'' 'games or exercises'. :::Applying this to soccer, would we call the entire series of World Cup events a ''spectaculum'' and each match a ''ludus''? Or are all the events ''spectacula'' and the game of soccer itself a ''ludus''? Or is there any point in trying to make such distinctions? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 00:37, 16 Iulii 2006 (UTC) ::::Certamen is certainly attested...see book V of [[Aeneis|the Aeneid]]. I think the tournament style nature of the world cup qualifies it for this usage. The superbowl, in contrast, I would call a spectaculum, while an individual american football game, or a game of soccer is probably rightly a ludus. I wonder if also exists an antique word predating "partido".--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus Rocchio]] 00:54, 16 Iulii 2006 (UTC) :::::Yes, I'd agree: ''certamen'' should be fine for any contest and can be used for any competition (it comes from ''certo'' 'I vie'), though dictionary entries suggest it may ordinarily bear a more general sense than ''ludus'' & ''lusus'' (which, after all, come from ''ludo'' 'I play, sport, frisk, dance, make a pastime, banter, jest'). That is, ''certamen'' would be less specific to sports. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 01:32, 16 Iulii 2006 (UTC) :::::Remember that a tournament is essentially a passage through a course, a ''decursio,'' originally involving horses. :) [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 02:25, 16 Iulii 2006 (UTC) ::::::So ''deportus'' and [[exercitatio corporis]] apparently have a sive-relation (see also [[Disputatio_Vicipaediae:Redirectio#Templates_for_some_types_of_redirects]]) and a {{fn|contribuenda}} would be appropriate? And shouldn't the summary of these explanations go into a <nowiki><ref>...</ref></nowiki> section? Or maybe we should have a special section "De titulu" or "De nomine"? It's the same with [[Fragor Maximus]]: There was a discussion about the term which is not mentioned in the article and not mentioned in the talk page. What policy do we have here (see [[Vicipaedia:Fontes]])? Is it ''desired'' to have such information included in the article? I'd say yes. --[[Usor:Roland2|Roland2]] 08:03, 16 Iulii 2006 (UTC) :::::::Unless we can find a ''locus classicus'' or a modern authority that uses this word, I would not consider it correct. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 14:21, 16 Iulii 2006 (UTC) ::::::::I agree: ''deportus'' looks like a nonword, and we've already got several well-attested terms for 'game' and 'sport'; see above. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 15:05, 16 Iulii 2006 (UTC) :::::::::Looks like a place where they might send off exiles. ''Catilina, e Roma relegatus, ad deportum advenit.''--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus Rocchio]] 15:15, 16 Iulii 2006 (UTC) In the afternoon of July the 17th, I read this page, so I decided to clear up some points, because I created this text when I talked about sport in Italy and I did not find names of sports in Latin. * According to my dictionary of Italian language, "sport" is a English word that meaned "amusement" at first and derives from French word "desport", like Italian word "diporto"; "diporto" comes from verb "diportarsi", in the sense of "to move, for entertainment, from a place to another one"; "diportare" is composed of "di-" and "portare"; "di-" is a folk form of Latin prefix "de-", that indicated separation.<br> According to my English monolingual dictionary, "sport" is a short form of "disport", that derives from the Old French verb "desporter"; "desporter" is composed of "des-" ("dis-") and "porter" (in Latin "portare", that means "to carry"); "dis-" is a direct form of Latin prefix "dis-", connected with "bis" ("twice"), originally "duis" ("dyis") in Greek, and "duo" ("two"), or is a form of "dés-", "dé-" (in French), "des-" (in Old French), "dis-" and "di-" (in Latin) or "dis-" (in late Latin), that come from Latin prefix "de-".<br> According to my bilingual dictionary of Spanish, "sport" is traslated with "deporte". * According to my bilingual dictionary of Latin, "sport" includes "ludus" ("game"), "certamen" ("competition"), "corporis exercitatio" ("exercise of the body") and "delectamentum" ("amusement"). * I do not know if my translations are barbarisms, but I am sure that I controlled all my books and I chose the best words. I looked for terms in my bilingual dictionary of Latin; I read etymologies in my monolingual dictionaries of Italian and English; I compared words in Italian, French and Spanish (but in English and German, as well); I used foreign terms only when it was strictly necessary, for words that have their roots in Germanic or Oriental languages.<br> I have an explanation for every word! * I think that "ice-skating" is a kind of "patinaticum". * I have a long list of sports to traslate in my dictionary of Italian. --[[Usor:131.175.57.17|131.175.57.17]] 13:28, 19 Iulii 2006 (UTC)Andreas Victor :You have used an intriguingly archaic sense of the word 'control' in your English (calqued from your Italian?). This may illuminate the type of problem existing in the approach made to the other languages.—[[Usor:Mycēs|Myces Tiberinus]] 22:51, 19 Iulii 2006 (UTC) ::I noticed that, too. On first glance I thought it was "patrolled". Myces is right, though. An explanation for every word is not necessarily enough. Has anyone ever called sport ''deportus'' in an attested latin text? Then we may have a case. A logical coinage is not sufficient. It's like my italian teacher always told me, just because I know latin, doesn't mean I know italian =].--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus Rocchio]] 23:03, 19 Iulii 2006 (UTC) I am sorry to have used words without cases in attested Latin texts: I thought that etymological criteria were sufficent; in fact, I read many terms which are missing in my Latin dictionary, so I considered that Latin Wikipedia accepts even Latinized present words. When I created the page about "deportus", I thought that it was a good idea, because there were not a link to sport in the home page; I made a list of sports because I needed these terms and I considered that anyone can add synonims, because I need various words. I will write remaining texts I prepared, maybe, before I go back to geographical and historical subjects about Italy, that do not need modern words.--[[Usor:131.175.57.10|131.175.57.10]] 13:15, 27 Iulii 2006 (UTC) Andreas Victor :Well, the public nature of wiki means people will (hopefully) always be trying to improve the text as it stands. And as far as I can tell when people think of improving a Latin text, they mean classicizing as much as possible, and avoiding neologisms—which is basically what this talk page discussion is trying to do. Personally I would prefer to see a foreign word kept foreign, and ''italicized,'' than see it clumsily Latinized. Someone who knows better can always come by and translate a foreign concept later, while a strange construction may be indecipherable to everyone but the person who made it. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Myces Tiberinus]] 22:08, 27 Iulii 2006 (UTC) ::This discussion may have been going on elsewhere, but I think it's one of the most vital to the Vicipaedia. Is it predominantly ''formal-etymological'' Latinization that is being strived for or is there some ambition to describe modern terms ''as an ancient Roman would see them''. I think there are advantages to both. Of the latter, there is an excellent example in the [[autocinetum]] article (a part of the motor works ''machinae molaris instar'' or something). ::Whatever way, I think that finally '''Deportus''' has to go. How about keeping it for the time being and just adding suggestions for every sport before someone made an article of them. Some words are in the Vaticans Lexicon recentis Latinitatis, but not all are in terms of the latter goal mentioned above.--[[Usor:Iovis Fulmen|Iovis Fulmen]] 09:18, 28 Iulii 2006 (UTC) On August the 1st, I read two comments about my opinion concerning ''deportus'', so I prepared a list of considerations. * I use Italicized foreign words only in extreme cases: first of all, I fear that nobody understands original names, because they always relate to marginal questions, which are missing in my Latin dictionary; al last, I suppose that the text can not be understood without declension. * When I had to traslate "car", I did not use ''autocinetum'', because I did not know this word: my Latin dictionary suggests ''currus motorius'', but I sometimes need a single term, so I write ''automobilis'', because it is called ''automobile'' in Italian, the Romance language which is more similar to Latin. * I can divide the words I wrote in three classes: terms I found in my Latin dictionary, terms which have solid etimymological explanations, terms which can be guessed logically. * The page must be orderly and precise: texts and illustrations about every sport must be in the page concerning that sport. * I started to write this page much earlier than this disputation had originited and I thought to enumerate all sports before I describe them.--[[Usor:131.175.57.16|131.175.57.16]] 13:44, 3 Augusti 2006 (UTC) Andreas Victor ::Isn't it funny how we keep inventing things? A car is a wheeled vehicle (or, since the 19th century, the compartment under a balloon, or, since the 20th century, the compartment of an elevator), and if you look up ''car'' in a nonrecent English-Latin wordhoard, you'll see it given in Latin as ''carrus, -i'' and ''currus, -us'' (and ''plaustrum'' & ''rota''), and because English-speakers hardly ever say ''motorcar'' anymore, there's no need to expand the Latin term to include the idea of "moving," as in ''c(a/u)rrus '''motorius''''' and ''auto'''kineton''''' and the like: we've had a serviceable term for 2,000 years. As for quasi-Latin ''automobile, -is'' (n.) 'self-moveable thing', Cicero redivivus, after a quick view of an urban expressway, may instantly understand the word, but won't he chuckle at the silliness of combining Greek & Latin? In general, I think, the first principle in finding Latin words for objects & concepts that postdate the Golden Age (or even the Renaissance) should be to '''start with attested terms.''' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 14:32, 24 Augusti 2006 (UTC) Um... don't you think "sport" is a universal and ancient enough concept that we don't really even need to coin a neologism for it by any method? --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 02:54, 25 Augusti 2006 (UTC) ::: Personally, I fully concur with both of you. I consider finding '''attested''' words for modern concepts is one of the most rewarding and creative tasks for Vicipaedia and may well serve to demonstrate the vigour of the Latin language. As for "sport", we all know of course that the primary aim of physical exercise was usually military, but for games like the Olympics and so on... Hence the term [[:Categoria:Ludi athletici]]. On the other hand, physical exercise, to our modern understanding, extend beyond what the ancients would have understood by ''ludi'', so is ''exercitatio'' a satisfying solution or should the separation be kept?--[[Usor:Iovis Fulmen|Iovis Fulmen]] 18:13, 27 Augusti 2006 (UTC) ::::Actually I would say that the Romans were big on sport for its own sake as well, and that conversely the Olympics were at least symbolically preparation for war (all the competitions in the ancient Olympics were of a military nature, if you think about it). For "sport" I have generally used ''certamen athleticum'', and unless someone can find a good ''locus classicus'' for something better, that's what I would recommend going with. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 02:36, 28 Augusti 2006 (UTC) On August the 30th, I had read four comments about sport, so I wrote some considerations after I had added last parts I found on my dictionaries. * I used ''currus motorius'' because I had thought that dictionary means ''currus cum motore'' (cart with engine) and I reckon useful to distinguish wagons and chariots from cars. * I consider usual to have combinations of Latin and Greek: Italian an French feminine words ''automobile'', but Spanish masculine term ''automóvil'' too, justify the use of ''automobilis'' (-is, f.), because a immortal Cicero would have used it. I want to say that I translated the Italian word ''autostrada'' (expressway) with ''automobilis via strata'' (paved road of the car) and ''via curribus motoriis pervia'' (road passable to cars). Because of same reasons, I would translate ''autocarro'' (lorry) with ''autocurrus''. * I am convinced that erudite and vulgar words in the etymological part of my dictionaries are attested terms. * I think that my dictionary says ''sport'' is not equal to a single Latin word, so I wrote four classical terms and I coined the etymological equivalent neologism, to include every meaning. * I think that Latin has a vital structure, but I consider that vocabulary is "quantitatively" poor: my dictionary of Italian has 134000 words, my bilingual dictionary of Italian and English has 145000 words and my monolingual dictionary of English has 85000 words, but my bilingual dictionary of Italian and Latin contains only 47000 Latin terms and 30000 Italian terms, so I need to use strange words when the translations are missing or there are not bijections with modern things. * I think that page ''exercitatio corporis'' must exist, but her category has to be called ''deportiva''. * I think that ''certamen athleticum'' is a good translation for "competition of athletics": ancien events included only this discipline and I could use it, but I would not define every contemporary tourney in this way. --[[Usor:131.175.57.10|131.175.57.10]] 13:40, 5 Septembris 2006 (UTC) Andreas Victor :With so many terms, it's hard to know where to start. Rowing has been ''remigatio'' (and ''remigium'') for more than 2000 years. Why does it need to become ''remigandi certamen''? A sled has been a ''traha'' for about as long, but why must it now become a ''sled''? For "dogsled," instead of the proposed Latin ''sledog,'' some appropriate combination of ''traha'' and ''canis'' should work. Etc. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 17:05, 5 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ::Well ''remigandi certamen'' is not exactly the same thing as ''remigatio'', so I'm OK with that one. But that still leaves dozens of other problems. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 03:04, 6 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :::Except in the Real World, when asked what sport they did in college, people are much likelier to say "rowing" than "competition in rowing" or "competitive rowing" or "rowing regatta." As a rule, people shorten words & phrases. We almost invariably say "soccer," not "association football"; "Rugby," not "Rugby football"; "Soc Sci 1," not "Social Sciences 1"; "the U.S." or "the United States," not "the United States of America." Most of the time, We deploy extra terms only when they're needed to distinguish the special from the general, as in "''Canadian'' football" and "''table'' tennis." :::Also, my dictionary has this note (quoted above): "When sport denotes the pleasure taken in the exercise of any particular game, it is to be rendered in Latin by some word expressing that species of recreation; as, for hunting, Venatio, venatus; for fowling, Aucupium, aucupatio; for fishing, Piscatio, piscatus." Just plain ''remigatio'' & ''remigium'' fit this pattern. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 03:36, 6 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :Andreas, please keep in mind that even when we're dealing with modern things like automobiles, we are not the first people to deal with the problem of writing about them in Latin. For instance, most Latinists use ''autocinetum'' or less formally ''raeda'' (when context makes it clear) for "car." ''Currus'' is generally used instead for "tank." Now, this is just an example of a wider point: before it comes down to creating your own brand new neologism, you should check to make sure it's truly needed. The sporting events are not exactly an obscure subject, so it is not that hard to find precident for what to call them in Latin. There is no need to [[:it:Reinventare la ruota|reinvent the wheel]]. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 03:04, 6 Septembris 2006 (UTC) == why? == We concluded a month and a half ago that the majority of this page, including the title, is less than classical, for less than perfect, and as Iustinus said, "barbaric". Yet we still allow it to grow, under false title. Before I suit up and dive into the thing, can I at least get confirmation on what we want to call this thing?--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 02:36, 6 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :For "sport," Iustinus's ''certamen athleticum'' sounds OK to me. Are there any sports that aren't ''certamina athletica''? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 03:36, 6 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ::That's what I was wondering as well...Is competition necessarily involved in the modern understanding of sport? OK, when it comes to football, the Olypmics, etc., no deal. But the lonely jogger or Nordic walker who just wants to relax from his office job, with no competitive ambition? Is he not sportsman?--[[Usor:Iovis Fulmen|Iovis Fulmen]] 15:26, 7 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :::Likewise whitewater rafting, mountain climbing, bicycling, fishing, hiking, skiing, swimming, and other sports when performed noncompetitively. So we're back to '''ludus,''' aren't we? Or do people deny that the cited noncompetitive activites are sports? Perhaps relevant: Wittgenstein famously argued that the concept of "game" can't reliably be defined. (He could have been wrong though.) [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 16:11, 7 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ::Responding to Fulmen, no I don't think that certament is implicit in he concept of sport. Skiing, running, martial arts...all these are sports in the sense of the english word, and do not necessarily imply competition of any sort. Do we dare just use a substantive "athletica" or to agree with an implied ''ludi'', "athletici"?--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 17:12, 7 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :::''Ludus athleticus'' might solve that problem. But honestly, I don't think it's '''that''' bad to put non-competitive sports under the same header: white water rafting is definitely a ''certamen'' of sorts, even if you're not competing against other humans. Likewise, long-distance runners always describe their sport as a struggle with one's own body, right? :::Anyway, I did once ask this question of some of my Latinist friends. I only have a record of [[Stephanus Berard]] answering, though. Here's the relevant exerpts: :::*''Die 27 Augusti, 2004, haec scripsi:'' ::::Quid reremini aptissimum modum esse verbum quod est "sport" Latine redendi in his sententiis: :::: ::::1) Judo is both a martial art and a sport. [fortasse certamen ludicrum?] ::::2) Here is a list of Olympic sports. ["certamina" dicere nolim, nam Olympia ipsa sunt "Olympia Certamina", nonne?] :::: :::*''Quibus die 30 Augusti, 2004 respondit Stephanus:'' ::::De versionibus: Pro "sports" soleo dicere "ludus/lusus athleticus" vel "certamen athleticum." Ergo: "Judo est et ars martialis et lusus athleticus." Et forsan: "Ecce index omnium generum certaminum Olympicorum." :::I could swear [[David Morgan]] answered too, but I can't find that email. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 17:33, 7 Septembris 2006 (UTC) What about ''mental sports'', like chess, checkers, go etc.? I wouldn't categorize them under the heading ''ludus athleticus''! Nor would I do that with motor sports, sailing, horse riding .... Why not loan the very word ''sport(s)'' from the English? It's already in use in many other languages! Sport, -tis. Seems ok to me. --[[Usor:Agricola|Agricola]] 19:09, 8 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :#Hmmm...for one, as an avid chess player, and an avid athlete, I have to take issue with chess' inclusion as a "sport"...checkers decidedly less so (not that there isn't a ton of skill, but it's not in any way comparable to a sport). :# I don't think I would call car racing a sport either, but you're getting closer. Sailing and horseriding are most decidedly sports, are certainly athletic, and can certainly fall under that "ludus athleticus" categoria. :#Lastly...I cringe and reel at the idea of ''sport, sportis''. If you follow the thread above, you'll see the etymology of "sport" is actually from a latin root, so I cannot bear to retroactively assess an etymology like that. Furthermore, our business is not neologism, but research. Only proper terms need included (which, unfortunately, is why such debates drag on as long as they do, here). I think we should go with ludus athleticus, and deal with nonstandard sports as the need arises.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 19:59, 8 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :::''Sport, sportis,'' f.? Nooooooooo! It's badly formed. Native Latin phonology would require ''spors, sportis.'' The nominative wants to end in ''-s''; and in the nominative, ''-rts'' gets compressed to ''-rs,'' as in ''mors, mortis,'' for ''*morts, mortis''&mdash;unless it's neuter, in which case ''spor, sportis'' might be plausible; cf. ''cor, cordis.'' But still I ask: for sports of all kinds, why not just plain ''ludus''? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 20:04, 8 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ::::Iacobus has it right on all counts. In sum, let's just say ''[[Ludus athleticus|ludus athleticus]]'' for physical sports in general, ''[[Certamen athleticum|certamen athleticum]]'' for physical competitions (and in some cases, just for sports seems fine to me), and when a sport is not physical, we can surely just say ''[[Ludus|ludus]]'' or ''certamen''. The fact that the categories we use on the Latin wikipedia do not map exactly onto some conceptions of "sport" (or "sports", for us Yanks) is hardly the end of the world: we already have plenty of entries and categories that do not match perfectly with the other wikipedias, and the same is true in every language. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 20:16, 8 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ::@ '''Ioshus''': ::#Well, maybe that's just in the Netherlands, then, I don't know. Chess and the like are often called here something like mental sports. ::#''Athletics'' have the feel of running and such to me, but, hey: I'm not that sportive myself. What about the noble sport of darts? ;-) ::#I've read the discussion, but I don't feel ''ludus athleticus'' covers all that we mean by the general term of ''sport(s)''. Things change. We're living more than 20 centuries after Julius Ceasar! Why would we want to use exactly the same words as he did? They are so many things different in our time than in his; e.g. how we look at sport. Why not have different terminology for different things, ideas? (I'm sure, btw, that this discussion has been done many times already here at Vicipaedia!) ::@ '''Iacobus''': ::''Spors, -tis'' would be fine too ;) ::--[[Usor:Agricola|Agricola]] 20:52, 8 Septembris 2006 (UTC) '''Agricolae''' #I don't think it's just in the Netherlands. That usage is somewhat casually applied here, and usually results in an argument between one person who thinks chess and the like are sports and the other who doesn't. =] I would just like to make a semantic difference (even as you did by calling it a "mental sport") between games played with the body and games played with only the mind. #Hmm, maybe we should also include the noble sport of [[:en:Beer Pong|Beer Pong]] =]. #Reconsider ludus athleticus. It really just means "athletic game". As far as terminology goes, what can I say, we're just a bit [[Cato]]nian in our modo operandi. '''Iustino''' #Who you calling "Yank"? ;] #Let's go with "ludus" for non mental games, to stay consistent with the ludus athleticum terminology. --[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 22:40, 8 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :#Heh, well, I mean "Yank" in terms of its international usage, of course, not it's purely American one. Kind of like how the Greeks couldn't tell the Persians and Medes apart (then when the Parthians took over it only got more complicated) :#I'm not sure what you mean. :--[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 22:52, 8 Septembris 2006 (UTC) 2)I just mean that if a sport (americane) is a ludus athleticum, then a sport mental or otherwise should be a ludus of some sort, as well.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 23:03, 8 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :: I concur with Ioshus and Iustinus and would be glad if the term ''ludus'' came to be universally accepted. I think it best translates our idea of sport into Latin usage, implying something that is done for the sake of itself. ''athleticus'' aptly adds the physical character. A disambiguation page '''ludus''' could distinguish between certamina, physical exercise, mental sports, and -not to forget- the Roman elementary school.--[[Usor:Iovis Fulmen|Iovis Fulmen]] 09:13, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :::I reiterate, though, that these won't quite map onto the categories the English wikipedia (and probably most others) use. ''Ludus'' does not, and cannot, just mean "sport": it means "game." So not only is Chess a ''ludus'', but so are [[ludus tabularis|all other board games]]. ''Ludus athleticus'' is, need I say, an athletic game, and ''certamen athleticum'' an athletic competition (or challenge). I think we've covered the majority of sports right there, and for those that fall outside those categories, it won't be hard to come up with something. The idea taht we need to coin a neologism just because of the slight mismatch is absurd. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 16:16, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) == Ping Pong (it's a trademark) == Now that I've mentioned it...the article on beer pong seems too cool an article not to translate. Besides, there're no other interwikis on the en page, latin would be the first! So I ask, anyone know a word for ping pong? Or where to find one? I'm inclined, if not, to do something like [[Pongo cerevisiana]]...--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 05:39, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :Ponge cerevesiana!? I'm pretty sure I've seen an expression based on "table tennis." I should look in my dictionaries. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 05:42, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :OK, doesn't seem to be in the PONS, and I'm too lazy to check ''Calepinus Novus'' right now. [[David Morgan|David]] does list it, but he seems pretty unsure: :'''26 tennis: table tennis, ping-pong''' ? tennisia mensalis, ? pila mensalis :(''Tennisia'', I must say, is not my favorite Latinization of "tennis." His authority on that, though, is Latham... but I must admit that I'm not sure who that is ;) )--[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 05:49, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ::German edition of [[Lexicon Recentis Latinitatis]]: '''Tischtennis''' ''ludus pilae mensalis'' --[[Usor:Roland2|Roland]] <small>([[Disputatio Usoris:Roland2|disp.]])</small> 09:15, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :::Ack! That's what I meant by the PONS, and I only looked s.v. Pinpong, because that's what the LEO online dictionary gave me. I shoudl have thought to look under ''Tischtennis'', duh. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 16:16, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :::The textbook [http://www.maierphil.de/PiperSal/PIPERSAL.HTM PiperSalve] ([http://septimanalatina.org/ Septimanae Latinae Europaeae ed.]) does translate tennis as ''tenisia, -ae (f)'' (so, with one 'n') and table tennis as ''tenisia mensalis''. :::'''Roland''', you say ''tennisia'' is not your favourite translation, but I find those descriptive translations of modern terms quite cumbersome, like '''''tennis''', manubriati reticuli ludus; to play -, manubriato reticulo (ac pila) ludere''. In my opinion, that's not translating something but describing it. --[[Usor:Agricola|Agricola]] 10:08, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ::::It was not me who said that. ;-) --[[Usor:Roland2|Roland]] <small>([[Disputatio Usoris:Roland2|disp.]])</small> 15:25, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ::::Yeah, that was me, Agricola. Honestly, I lean towards ''[[tenniludium]]'' (even if that article isn't great), which I've seen in a number of places outside of wikipedia, but for the life of me can't remember even one. It was frequent for sports and games to have compound names ending in ''-ludium'', ''-pila'', or ''-folium'' even in Classical Latin. The word "tennis" apparently comes comes, as the author of this article, and the one on tennis, notes from the French ''tenez!'', and thus from Latin ''tenite!'' David Morgan in his research did apparently find a Latin description of the ''[[:en:Jeu de paume|Jeu de paume]]'', the direct ancestor of our tennis. It was called ''jeu de paume'' (as the linked article notes) because it was originally played by striking the ball with one's hand. This name stuck even after rackets became standard. This game was apparently called ''ludus palmaris'' in Latin. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 16:16, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :Ack, this is going to be an unwieldly title...it's not quite ping pong...it's ''beer pong''. Which is a nice short little phrase that well captures the essence of the sport, and believe me, some people take this game seriously. Are we sure we can't do something like [[Pongo cerevisialis]]? Because [[Ludus pilae mensalis in quo poculi cerevisia implentur]] is ghastly. I don't really see "beer pong" entering any respectable ''Lexicon Recentis'', so I think in this case, we might flex our neologistic muscles. It is, after all, a lighthearted article, the fun of translating would be the quirkiness of the thing. I think the latin title should reflect the brevity of the english term.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 14:14, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ::''Pogno'' surely: "gn" is the only way to get a velar nasal in Latin, no? Of course that's pronounced like "pong-no," and people may not be happy with that. (So say it fast!) The Latin for "Ping-Pong" could then be ''Pigni-Pogno'' (indeclinable?), but if you want an authoritative source, why not ask the Planet Pong Sporting Goods Co. (formerly the Ping Pong Mania & Sporting Goods Co.), the owner of the trademark? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 15:09, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :::Nullo pacto! Pinguis, singulus, sanguis, spongea, iungo, etc. etc. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 16:16, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ::::Obviously. (What was I drinking?!) But you know I was jesting anyway. The serious point is that "Ping Pong" is a trademark, and therefore shouldn't be altered without its owner's permission. Of course if millions of people go along with an alteration (as they do, for example, when they use "Google" as a verb), the owner won't know whom to sue, and will have to put up with the alteration. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 18:23, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :::::Aha! So all we need to do is get millions of Latin speakers to agree with us, and the we've got it made! --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 21:21, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ::Ah, you didn't say you meant [[:en:beer pong]]. The only problem with ''pongo cerevisialis'' would be that [[pongo]] is used for "orang-utan" in modern Latin! (It has been pointed out, again by Morgan, that scientific names based on ''pongo'', such as ''pongidae'' seem to imply that the name is actually ''pongus -i'', but most people decline it ''pongo -nis''). --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 16:16, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :Sorry, I mentioned it in the previous thread, thought people would follow my scattered tamgential thinking =]. How about [[Pong cerevisialis]] indeclinable?--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 16:32, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ::Or perhaps ''pongum''. In either of these cases, though, the word will be neuter, and thus ''cerevisiale''. Now of course since we're dealing with a drinking game perahps we should use one of the shorter forms of the word for beer ;) --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 17:04, 9 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ==.== After I had read this page on September the 7th, many things were flashed through my mind and now I can add them; this discussion is indispensable, but I hate that it is in English, because I must save the text on a floppy, go home to translate it, prepare my considerations and come back to send them: I waste much time because I succeed in using potent computers of my university only two times a week. :I would waste the same amount of time (maybe a little less) writing in Italian, how's your sicilian? We could try latin, too?--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 19:47, 14 Septembris 2006 (UTC) For once, I have to explain the construction of the page about ''deportus''. First of all, I wrote the names of the sports found in the lists of my Italian dictionary; then I looked for translations in my Latin dictionary, I checked synonyms and etymologies in my Italian dictionary, I added translations into English, I read etymologies in my English monolingual dictionary, I turned words into French, Spanish and German; finally I wrote last possible Latin terms. There are only three type of translations: I seldom found Latin versions in the dictionary; I used the original words for terms which have Romance etymologies; I kept modern terms in desperate cases. We can debate about single words, but I want to say that many accusations are baseless, because translations are assured by dictionaries. :Whoah, no one is accusing you, we are merely trying to write an encyclopedia. Per favore, [[:it:Wikipedia:Presumi_la_buona_fede|Presumi la buona fide.]]--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 19:47, 14 Septembris 2006 (UTC) Moreover, it has to be kept in mind that the correspondence between ideas and words in Latin is more similar to that one in Italian than to that one in other languages, because Italian is the direct evolution of vulgar Latin spoken by Etruscan countrymen around Florence; anyway, I always tried to propose terms that could be understood at least by who knows main Romance languages, even if this site seems to be created for the translation between American English and Latin. :This site was created for writing IN LATIN! Not from american english, or english at all. I have translated many articles, or parts of articles, from bunches of wikipedias, most notably sicilian, italian, napulitan, russian, and spanish. I know many other people have done the same. The same rules apply to everyone of every nationality; WRITE IN LATIN! We use english to communicate, because most people on here speak/read/understand it better than any other language (including latin).--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 19:47, 14 Septembris 2006 (UTC) Sporting events are not an obscure subject, but the terms which are necessary for their translations do, otherwise this discussion would not begin: I did not find good terms in my dictionary and I did not discover a link to ''exercitatio corporis'' in the home page. :Have you considered your dictionary may be inadequate? Especially living in italia, you should be able to find great dictionaries of latinitatis recentis. A small 15,000 word entry dictionary is not enough with which to write an encyclopedia.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 19:47, 14 Septembris 2006 (UTC) I do not want to reinvent the wheel, but I need many specific words. For example, football (soccer) is called ''calcio'' (kick) in Italy, so I must maintain the shade of meanig: ''gioco del calcio'' (game of kick) is ''calcis iocus'', ''associazione calcio'' (association kick) is ''adsocietas calx'', football club is ''pedepilae sodalitas'' and ''società sportiva'' (sporting society) is ''deportiva societas''. How can I be precise without neologisms? :Calcio is from latin calceus, which means shoe, roughly. So we DO NOT reverse an etymology, the italian word came from the latin word, the latin word does not come from the italian word. Pediludium is an attested word that very accurately describes the thing. People wrote about soccer while latin was still a popular correspondence language, so we have that.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 19:47, 14 Septembris 2006 (UTC) How can I know that ''automobilis'' is considered wrong, if nobody has never corrected the page where I used it? Why cannot ''autocurrus'' (or ''automobilis currus'') be used, in spite of etymology, but Bush was translated with ''Boscus'', because of same reasons? Must ''automobilismus'' (motor racing) be changed with ''autocinetismus''? :Vide [[autocinetum]]... Where did you use automobilis? I'd be happy to correct it.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 19:47, 14 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ::Also, whoever wrote Boscus was either making a joke, or was completely wrong. His article is properly at [[Georgius W. Bush]].--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 20:43, 14 Septembris 2006 (UTC) I am unshakeable about football: there are Association Football, American Football, Rugby Football Union, Rugby Football League, Australian Football... so Latin merits to have an unequivocal expression for every sport. :Agreed, especially since you only use your feet in one of them.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 19:47, 14 Septembris 2006 (UTC) I feel aware about boat racing, because four rowing world reigning champions live in my province, so I can give explanations: my Italian dictionary uses ''canottaggio'' to indicate both sports supervised by ''FISA'' (international federation of water sports); I concluded that rowing is ''remis remigandi certamen'' or ''remigatio'' or ''remigium'' and canoe (also for rafting) is ''linter'' or ''scapha''. :Iacobus adressed this above, it has been ''remigatio'' or ''remigium'' for millenia. So you're right about that.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 19:47, 14 Septembris 2006 (UTC) Sledog is a English word used in Italian: I did not find a Latin version and the etymology is not Romance, so I would use it as a word of third declension, because I do not dare to coin ''traheacanis''. :Traheacanis is far better than sledog-sledogis. If we take a word in from english, let's leave it undeclined, and neuter. But let us NOT take sledog, since dogs pulled sleds WAYYYY before english was invented. Furthermore, I have been speaking english for almost 22 years now, and I have never seen the word "sledog" in print, and if I did see it, I would severely chastise its author. "Sled dog" or "sled-dog", but no way sledog.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 19:47, 14 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ::In English, a ''sled dog'' is a dog&mdash;a living, breathing animal, also called ''sledge dog.'' A ''dogsled'' is a sled drawn by dogs. A sport involving dogsleds is ''dogsledding.'' Latine, sicut infert Ioshus, ''sledog'' est incomprehensibile. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 21:32, 14 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ''Athleticum certamen'' could be translated ambiguously in Italian, because someone could understand literally "track-and-field events and competitions of weightlifting, wresling and (maybe) boxing". :Of course it could be ambiguous, they are different languages!--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 19:47, 14 Septembris 2006 (UTC) Is chess an ''athleticum certamen''? Is ''ludi, certamina, corporis exercitationes et delectamenta'' a too long name for a page and a category? :No, see above.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 19:47, 14 Septembris 2006 (UTC) I was born in the birthplace of both Plinys, a colony established by Caesar, inside a hospital which is a hundred metres away from the ruins of Roman thermae, and I am affected in Latinity, but I am more worried in respecting grammatical rules than in using ancient words; what really matters is that everybody can understood. :That is not true, if everyone were to understand, why didn't you make this page on the [[:simple:Sport|simple english wikipedia]]? This is a latin wikipedia whose entries must be in latin, not in "latinish", or "latinesque". Latin is a relatively difficult language to comprehend for newcomers, and not everyone understands it. I know this firsthand from teaching it.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 19:47, 14 Septembris 2006 (UTC) :'''Andrea''', you seem to place an = sign between Latin and modern Italian. But, the thing is, Italian is not Latin, it's a daughter language of Latin. The vulgar Latin of the late Roman Empire period has been heavily influence by the languages of countless invaders: Visi- and Ostrogoths, Lombards, Arabs, Normans, Germans, French, Spanish and what-not. You can't claim the Latin language just because you were "born in the birthplace of both Plinys, a colony established by Caesar"! :You write: "football (soccer) is called ''calcio'' (kick) in Italy, so I must maintain the shade of meanig: ''gioco del calcio'' (game of kick) is ''calcis iocus''". Frankly, I don't see any reason why football should be ''calcis iocus'' just because the Italian term is ''calcio''. Moreover, a little further on you call it ''pedepila'' in the term ''pedepilae sodalitas''! :--[[Usor:Agricola|Agricola]] 19:58, 14 Septembris 2006 (UTC) ::Furthermore, the Florentine dialect whence modern Italian derived isn't even the clsoest daughter language from latin. Some of the southern dialects much more closely resemble latin. --[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 20:40, 14 Septembris 2006 (UTC) #American football and Rugby are closer to the Ancient Roman sport of ''Harpaston''--we can of course distinguish the three variations with adjectives, e.g. ''harpaston Americanum'', ''Brittanicum'', ''veterum''. #It is true that what we call "track and field" in the U.S. is generally called "Athletics" aborad, but the ancient meaning seems to have been pretty broad as well. We can perhaps refer to track and field as ''athletica classica''--an expression I've encountered in Modern Greek, for instance. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 06:59, 15 Septembris 2006 (UTC) == reversion == What gives Marc? None of the emendations you made were helpful. Ludere is transitive, luda is not a word, you unlinked pediludium... --[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]}</small> 21:39, 28 Ianuarii 2007 (UTC) == Iocus Calcis == Hehehehe, "heel joke" --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 19:32, 29 Ianuarii 2007 (UTC) == Criccetus Ludus? == Forgive me if I'm wrong, but that looks ''way'' more like Hampster game than Cricket game to me. "Cicadicus Ludus", maybe? [[Specialis:Conlationes/205.235.40.151|205.235.40.151]] 13:01, 2 Iunii 2009 (UTC) :The name of the game 'cricket' is not related to the name of the insect, though. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 11:56, 5 Iunii 2009 (UTC) == Ludicra exercitatio == I would like to suggest Ludicra exercitatio (ex Traupman) for 'Sports'. [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 01:28, 26 Novembris 2012 (UTC) 6cjpgl3ldzk54ra8ydbsuxymfg13qrc 0 15330 3980586 3906328 2026-08-11T18:58:03Z LilyKitty 18316 eventa addo 3980586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{calendarium-Augusti}} '''10 Augusti''' est [[dies]] 222ª anni (223ª anni bissextilis) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|calendario Gregoriano]]. 143 dies manent. Secundum [[calendarium Romanum]], est ''ante diem quartum [[Idus]] Augustas,'' quod ''a. d. IV Id. Aug.'' [[abbreviatio|abbreviatur]]. == Eventa == [[Fasciculus:Eugenius I. Eugenio I, papa (LXXVII.).jpg|left|93px]] === Saeculo 7 === * [[654]] - [[Eugenius I]] papa creatur. === Saeculo 10 === * [[955]] - [[Pugna in Campo Lici]] gesta [[Hungari]] ab [[Otto I (imperator)|Ottone I]] [[Imperator Romanus Sacer|imperatore]] devincuntur. === Saeculo 17 === * [[1628]] - Apud [[Holmia]]m navis longa maxima [[Suecia]]e nomine ''[[Vasa (navis bellica)|Vasa]]'' vix in aquam illapsa frangitur. Anno [[1961]] extrahetur et postea in museum transportabitur. === Saeculo 18 === * [[1792]] - [[Lutetia]]e plebs urbana regiam [[Ludovicus XVI|Ludovici XVI]] expugnat, regem cum familia in custodiam ducit; multi [[Custodes Helvetici]] eius hoc die necati sunt. * [[1793]] - [[Museum Lupariense]] constituitur. === Saeculo 19 === * [[1809]] - [[Quitum|Quiti]] in [[Aequatoria]] primo libertas coloniarum Americanarum ab [[Hispania]] flagitatur. * [[1821]] - [[Missuria]] civitas [[CFA]] fit. === Saeculo 20 === * [[1913]] ** [[Pax Bucarestae (1913)|Pace]] [[Bucaresta]]e signata [[Bella Balcanica|bellum secundum Balcanicum]] finitur: [[Bulgaria]] terram, quam primo bello Balcanico ab [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Imperio Ottomanico]] acceperat, [[Graecia]]e, [[Romania]]e [[Serbia]]eque cedere coagitur. ** [[Verona]]e primo dies festi [[opera]]rum aguntur. * [[1998]] - [[Jamil Mahuad]] praeses Aequatoriae fit. === Saeculo 21 === * [[2001]] - Impetus traminis in [[bellum civile|bello civili]] [[Angola]]e, quo 252 homines necantur. * [[2003]] - Primum [[Matrimonium]] in [[spatium (astronomia)|spatio super Tellus]] initur in [[Statio Spatialis Internationalis|Statione Spatiali Internationali]]. * [[2012]] - Homicidium per [[operistitium]] [[Metalleutice|artificium metallicorum]] in [[Africa Australis|Africa Australi]] fit. * [[2026]] - [[Terrae motus]] in [[Columbia]] [[scala Richteriana|magnitudine]] 7.4 fit, a quo plus quam 169 homines necati sunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c20e360lx0vo At least 169 killed in Colombia's largest earthquake in years]</ref> == Nati == === Saeculo 13 === * [[1296]] - [[Iohannes (rex Bohemiae)|Iohannes]], rex [[Bohemia]] (†&nbsp;[[1346]]) === Saeculo 14 === * [[1360]] - [[Franciscus Zabarella]], iuris consultus et episcopus [[Italia|Italicus]] (†&nbsp;[[1417]]) === Saeculo 18 === * [[1753]] - [[Edmundus Randolph]], rerum politicorum peritus [[CFA|Americanus]] (†&nbsp;[[1813]]) === Saeculo 19 === * [[1810]] - [[Camillus Cavour]], vir publicus Italicus (†&nbsp;[[1861]]) * [[1831]] - [[Georgius Goschen, primus Vicecomes Goschen]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannicus]] primo factionis [[Factio Liberalis (Britanniarum Regnum)|Liberalis]], ab anno [[1895]] factionis [[Factio Conservativa (Britanniarum Regnum)|Conservativae]] (†&nbsp;[[1907]]) * [[1874]] ** [[Herbertus Hoover]], [[praeses]] [Civitatum Foederatarum Americae (†&nbsp;[[1964]]) ** [[Antonius Smetona]], vir publicus [[Lituania]]e (†&nbsp;[[1944]]) * [[1878]] ** [[Alfredus Döblin]], [[medicus]] et [[scriptor]] [[Germania|Germanicus]] (†&nbsp;[[1957]]) ** [[Carolus Geiler]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Hassia|Hassicus]] (†&nbsp;[[1953]]) * [[1889]] - [[Sophia Kossak-Szczucka]], inter [[secundum bellum mundanum]] propugnatrix contra [[NSDAP|Nazistas]] [[Polonia|Polonica]], quae persecutis auxilium dabat (†&nbsp;[[1968]]) === Saeculo 20 === * [[1901]] - [[Sergius Frusoni]], [[Promontorium Viride|Promontorii Viridis]] [[poeta]] (†&nbsp;[[1975]]) * [[1902]] - [[Arne Tiselius]], chemicus Suecicus, [[Praemium Nobelianum chemiae|praemio Nobeliano chemiae]] affectus (†&nbsp;[[1971]]) * [[1909]] - [[Mahometus V (rex Marocensis)|Mahometus V]], rex [[Marocum|Maroci]] (mortuus anno [[1961]]) * [[1912]] - [[Georgius Amado]], scriptor [[Brasilia]]nus (mortuus anno 2001) * [[1913]] - [[Wolfgangus Paul]], physicus Germanicus, [[Praemium Nobelianum physicae|praemio Nobeliano physicae]] affectus (†&nbsp;[[1993]]) * [[1914]] - [[Kenethus Annakin]], moderator cinematographicus [[Anglia|Anglicus]] (†&nbsp;[[2009]]) * [[1916]] - [[Hubertus Maga]], praeses [[Beninum|Benini]] (†&nbsp;[[2000]]) * [[1926]] - [[Maria Clara Alain]], organista Francica (mortua anno [[2013]]) * [[1927]] - [[Victorius Gregotti]], [[architectus]] Italicus (*&nbsp;[[2020]]) * [[1930]] - [[Barry Unsworth]], scriptor Anglicus (†&nbsp;2012) * [[1932]] - [[Gaudentius Rosales]], cardinalis [[Philippinae|Philippinus]] * [[1935]] - [[Gia Kancheli]], compositor [[Georgia]]nus (*&nbsp;[[2019]]) * [[1942]] - [[Agepê]], cantor et musicographus Brasilianus (*&nbsp;[[1995]]) * [[1943]] - [[Ludovicus E. Brus]], chemicus Americanus, praemio Nobeliano chemiae affectus * [[1951]] - [[Ioannes Manuel Santos]], praeses [[Columbia]]e * [[1959]] - [[Rosa Anna Arquette]], actrix Americana * [[1960]] - [[Antonius Banderas]], histrio [[Hispania|Hispanicus]] * [[1965]] - [[Toumani Diabaté]], musicus [[Malium|Malii]] * [[1966]] - [[Andreas Sogliuzzo]], histrio Americanus * 1966 - [[Iohannes Kursch]], principalis gregis metallici "Blind Guardian" (Vigilantis Caeci) [[cantor]] * [[1968]] **[[Tsuyoshi Kitazawa]], pedilusor [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]]. **[[Salvator Licitra]], cantor lyricus, accurate [[tenor]] Italianus (†&nbsp;2011) * [[1973]] **[[Daijiro Takakuwa]], pedilusor Iaponicus **[[Xaverius Zanetti]], pedilusor Argentinus * [[1986]] - [[Kazuma Watanabe]], pedilusor Iaponicus == Mortui == === Saeculo 4 === * [[353]] - [[Magnentius]] usurpator, natus circa annum [[303]] === Saeculo 8 === * [[794]] - [[Fastrada]], [[imperator]]is [[Carolus Magnus|Caroli Magni]] tertia (aut quarta si concubina [[Himiltruda]] enumeratur) [[uxor]] (nata circa annum [[765]]) === Saeculo 16 === * [[1568]] - [[Toribius de Brigaecio]], [[religiosus]] [[Franciscani|Franciscanus]] historicusque Hispanus (†&nbsp;saeculo XV exeunte) === Saeculo 18 === * [[1759]] - [[Ferdinandus VI (rex Hispaniae)|Ferdinandus VI]], rex Hispaniae (†&nbsp;[[1713]]) === Saeculo 20 === * [[1904]] - [[Petrus Waldeck-Rousseau]], primus minister Franciae (*&nbsp;[[1846]]. * [[1916]] - [[Iosephus Sinigaglia]], athleta Italicus (*&nbsp;[[1884]]) * [[1918]] - [[Gulielmus Pitt Kellogg]], gubernator [[Ludoviciana]]e (*&nbsp;[[1831]]) * [[1923]] - [[Augustinus Richelmy]], [[archiepiscopus]] [[Taurinum|Taurini]] ac [[cardinalis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|ecclesiae catholicae]] (*&nbsp;[[1850]]) * [[1963]] - [[Ernestus Wetter]], vir publicus Helveticus (*&nbsp;[[1877]]) * [[1976]] - [[Paulus Lücke]], vir publicus Germanicus et sodalis factionis [[CDU]] (*&nbsp;1914) * [[1990]] - [[Martha Dodd]], scriptrix Americana (*&nbsp;[[1908]]) === Saeculo 21 === * [[2012]] - [[Carolus Rambaldi]], personarum factor Italicus (*[[1925]]) == Festa et Feriae == * Dies nationalis Aequatoriae (vide supra) * Festum [[Laurentius (archidiaconus et martyr)|Sancti Laurentii]] == Notae == <references/> {{menses}} [[Categoria:Dies]] pynb19lx3autlbpcfdm1bncjjxqs0hm 0 25459 3980794 3324819 2026-08-12T10:40:50Z Jondel 452 mundum>mundanum 3980794 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Who Is John Galt.JPG|thumb|Inscriptum murale quod Anglice rogat: "Quis est John Galt?", sententia seu cantilena praeclara ex libro ''Atlas Shrugged''.]] '''''Atlas Shrugged''''' (Latine fere '[[Atlas (mythologia)|Atlas]] excussit [sc. mundanum]') est liber ab [[Ayn Rand]] anno [[1957]] [[Anglice]] scriptus. Haec cum [[fabula]] incipit, in paene omne terrarum orbe [[socialismus]] vel [[communismus]] regnant. Civitas quaedam scilicet [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] adhuc communismo resistere et mercatura et mercium fabricatione libera uti non desinit. Sed etiam hac in civitate libera mercaturavalde est in periculo. Non solum magistratus rei publicae sed etiam multi [[capitalismus|capitalistae]] non iam [[libertas|libertate]] uti volunt, sed regulis edictionibusque [[lex|legibusque]] [[oeconomia]]m "aequaliter" ut dicunt dirigere malunt. Saepenumero critici fabulam praesentant ut in communismum scriptam. Fortius autem contra illos scripta est, qui [[decennium 195|decennio quinto]] et [[decennium 196|sexto]] [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]] [[placita Keynesiana]] sequebantur et qui post [[depressio oeconomica magna|Magnam Depressionem oeconomicam]] [[decennium 194|decennii quarti]] non iam mercatura libera confisi magistratui rei publicae oeconomiam civitatis dirigendam esse putabant. Ita Ayn Rand etiam illos nonnullos capitalistas ut [[homo|homines]] malos describit qui de magistratu publico auxilium suis inceptis expectent. Tempus quo res fabulae aguntur eo conici potest quod [[machina vectrix|machinae vectrices]] in fabula aut carbone aut ligno ardente aut materia Dieseliana impelluntur. [[Atlas (mythologia)|Atlas]] figura [[mythologia Graeca|mythologica]] in [[fabula]] ab Ayn Rand scripta est imago illorum [[conductor]]um qui res novas creant. Ut illi inceptores ut ita dicam mundanum haud ferant, tamen [[oeconomia]]m pro bono publico sustinent, sed nunc satis habent regularum imperiorumque magistratus. Nunc non operarii sed [[conductor]]es operistitium faciunt. Ita fit, ut tota [[oeconomia]] lente quidem sed necessario corruat. [[Pons|Pontes]] conlabuntur, [[Cuniculus (aedificium)|cuniculi]] ferriviarii concidunt, [[hamaxostichus|hamaxostichi]] vel in solitudinibus partium subsidiariarum inopia iacent vel calamitatibus concurrunt. Postremo inertia magistratuum illorumque qui illos sequuntur etiam civitates foederatas Americae in perniciem dat. Solummodo in valli solita [[Montes Saxosi|Montium Saxosorum]] homines et feminae liberae libera mercatura utuntur ut fortasse olim libertas oeconomiae in mundanum reveniat. [[Categoria:Civitatum Foederatarum scripta]] [[Categoria:Litterae utopicae]] [[Categoria:Mythistoriae Anglicae]] [[Categoria:Mythistoriae Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Libri philosophici]] [[Categoria:Scripta 1957]] [[Categoria:Transportatio ferriviaria ficta]] 6tu8798qux44jk18ck6i76rfdjpiyyw 3980795 3980794 2026-08-12T10:44:46Z Jondel 452 Abrogans recensionem 3980794 ab usore [[User:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[User talk:Jondel|Disputatio]] | [[Special:Contributions/Jondel|conlationes]]) 3980795 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Who Is John Galt.JPG|thumb|Inscriptum murale quod Anglice rogat: "Quis est John Galt?", sententia seu cantilena praeclara ex libro ''Atlas Shrugged''.]] '''''Atlas Shrugged''''' (Latine fere '[[Atlas (mythologia)|Atlas]] excussit [sc. mundum]') est liber ab [[Ayn Rand]] anno [[1957]] [[Anglice]] scriptus. Haec cum [[fabula]] incipit, in paene omne terrarum orbe [[socialismus]] vel [[communismus]] regnant. Civitas quaedam scilicet [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] adhuc communismo resistere et mercatura et mercium fabricatione libera uti non desinit. Sed etiam hac in civitate libera mercaturavalde est in periculo. Non solum magistratus rei publicae sed etiam multi [[capitalismus|capitalistae]] non iam [[libertas|libertate]] uti volunt, sed regulis edictionibusque [[lex|legibusque]] [[oeconomia]]m "aequaliter" ut dicunt dirigere malunt. Saepenumero critici fabulam praesentant ut in communismum scriptam. Fortius autem contra illos scripta est, qui [[decennium 195|decennio quinto]] et [[decennium 196|sexto]] [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]] [[placita Keynesiana]] sequebantur et qui post [[depressio oeconomica magna|Magnam Depressionem oeconomicam]] [[decennium 194|decennii quarti]] non iam mercatura libera confisi magistratui rei publicae oeconomiam civitatis dirigendam esse putabant. Ita Ayn Rand etiam illos nonnullos capitalistas ut [[homo|homines]] malos describit qui de magistratu publico auxilium suis inceptis expectent. Tempus quo res fabulae aguntur eo conici potest quod [[machina vectrix|machinae vectrices]] in fabula aut carbone aut ligno ardente aut materia Dieseliana impelluntur. [[Atlas (mythologia)|Atlas]] figura [[mythologia Graeca|mythologica]] in [[fabula]] ab Ayn Rand scripta est imago illorum [[conductor]]um qui res novas creant. Ut illi inceptores ut ita dicam mundum haud ferant, tamen [[oeconomia]]m pro bono publico sustinent, sed nunc satis habent regularum imperiorumque magistratus. Nunc non operarii sed [[conductor]]es operistitium faciunt. Ita fit, ut tota [[oeconomia]] lente quidem sed necessario corruat. [[Pons|Pontes]] conlabuntur, [[Cuniculus (aedificium)|cuniculi]] ferriviarii concidunt, [[hamaxostichus|hamaxostichi]] vel in solitudinibus partium subsidiariarum inopia iacent vel calamitatibus concurrunt. Postremo inertia magistratuum illorumque qui illos sequuntur etiam civitates foederatas Americae in perniciem dat. Solummodo in valli solita [[Montes Saxosi|Montium Saxosorum]] homines et feminae liberae libera mercatura utuntur ut fortasse olim libertas oeconomiae in mundum reveniat. [[Categoria:Civitatum Foederatarum scripta]] [[Categoria:Litterae utopicae]] [[Categoria:Mythistoriae Anglicae]] [[Categoria:Mythistoriae Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Libri philosophici]] [[Categoria:Scripta 1957]] [[Categoria:Transportatio ferriviaria ficta]] hx5bvv6anlmcb97qcmtwcx3245n4082 0 29424 3980781 3828099 2026-08-12T10:09:56Z Jondel 452 mundum>mundanum 3980781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-3}}[[Fasciculus:TriangleBelgium1990.jpg|thumb|300px|Res Volans Ignota quae visa est anno [[1990]] in caelo Belgico. Recens (anno 2010) auctor photographematis palam fassus est in televisione Belgica se hanc rem suspensam cum filo invisibili fabricavisse cum materia plastica et quatuor lampadibus electricis. Igitur tam res quam photographema erant verae... sed res nullo modo ignota erat!]] {{Res|Res inexplicata volans}}{{MLAL ref|.spac UFO|447}}<ref name="eph">[http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/insolita.php?id=1410 Ephemeris, nuntii latini universi]</ref> (breviter {{Res|RIV|plene=Res inexplicata volans}})<ref name="eph" /> est res quaeque, cuius origo et [[natura]] neque noscuntur neque adhuc notescunt, in caelo volans. Iam [[Titus Livius]] [[narratio|narravit]] "parmas volantes" visas esse in caelo. Haec res (si reapse sit) [[Anglice]] appellatur nomine ''Unidentified Flying Object,'' breviter ''U.F.O.'' aut ''UFO''; [[linguae Romanicae|linguis Romanicis]] ''OVNI'' (e.g. pro ''objet volant non identifié''). [[Fasciculus:Ufojakob.jpg|thumb|Res volans ignota in caelo, Jakobsdal, [[Lincopia]], [[Suecia]]]] == In CFA et coniunctionis extraterrestrialis == Cura in RIV et coniunctionis extraterrestialis, publico esse coepit in [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis]] et in gentium vulgatus est ut [[vehiculum]] caecolae{{dubsig}} vel extraterrestialis post secundum bellum mundanum.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.britannica.com.ph/astronomy/unidentified-flying-object-ufo-381516.html|title = "unidentified flying object" in ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]], 2008''}}.</ref> Spectatores res fierique in caelis tuentur quam operam causas ratione nullo videri potent, praecipue discos parmasque. Post [[Bellum Orbis Terrarum Secundum]], cura surrexit cum evolutione astronautico [[Aeronauticus|aeronauticoque]]. Collegium rectionis<!--the board of the ruling?--> Civitatum Foederatarum<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.britannica.com.ph/astronomy/unidentified-flying-object-ufo-381516.html|title = "unidentified flying object" in ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]], 2008''}}.</ref>{{dubsig}}inquerentes in [[1950]] nonaginta centesimae inquerentes adspectatorum concurrisse rebus astronomicis meteorolocisque{{dubsig}} vel auplanigeris vel [[avis]] vel [[gas]]is calidis certiorem fecit. In medio [[1960]], scientiarum paucis parum adspectarum significari posse praesentia extraterrestrialis concludit. Mox cito valde in popule delectabat nam alium collegium [[Civitatum Foederatarum Americae Aeris Exercitus|CFA Aeris Exercitus]] hypothesis extraterrestialis firme negavit in [[1968]]. Hodie cum extraterrestialis materia ficta vulgat. == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> {{NexInt}} * [[Roswell (Novum Mexicum)]] * [[Vita extranea]] * [[Patella volans]] [[Categoria:Res mirae]] [[Categoria:Res opinabiles]] [[Categoria:Res volantes]] n5lwwu073x8jlt6nlvi78nvuq9lxc34 0 30588 3980465 3977357 2026-08-11T14:06:09Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De Saturno in astrologia */ 3980465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Fasciculus:GiorcesBardo6.jpg|thumb|Saturnus [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens (Africa Romana).]] {{Videdis|Saturnus (discretiva)}} '''Saturnus''' fuit antiquus [[deus]] Latinus, ab [[agricultura|agricolis cultus]] quod sementi ac messi praeerat. Interpretatio Romana Saturnum eundem deum esse atque [[Cronus|Cronum]] apud Graecos voluit. At vera origo huius dei fortasse [[Etrusci|Etrusca]] est : certe a plerisque idem deus putatur esse atque deus Etruscus cui nomen in [[Iecur Placentinum|iecinore Placentino]] ''Satres'' legitur. == De Saturno deo == ===De syncretismo Graeco-romano.=== [[Fasciculus:Rubens saturn.jpg|thumb|right|Saturnus filium vorans in pictura aetatis modernae (a [[Petrus Paulus Rubens|Petro Paulo Rubens]], anno [[1636]]).]] Saturni effigies saepe [[falx|falce]]<ref>[[Ovidius]], ''Fasti'' 1:234: "falcifer . . . deus." [[Martialis]] XI,6,1 : "falciferi senis"...</ref> agnoscitur qua utuntur qui metunt vel qui arbores putant<ref>[[Arnobius Maior|Arnobius]] ''Adversus Nationes'' VI,12 : "Saturnus cum obunca falce ,custos ruris, ut aliquis ramorum luxuriantium tonsor". At ibidem VI,25 : "falx messoria ... Saturno attributa". [[Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'' I.49-50: ''Vitibus incurvum ...putandis // Procudam chalybem''...</ref>, ut in [[denarius|denario]] anno [[106 a.C.n.]] Romae percusso in quo videtur caput dei barbatum et laureatum cum falce pone cervicem<ref>Ernest Babelon, ''Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de la République romaine,'' 1885 : [https://collections.geneve.ch/mah/oeuvre/denier/cdn-2001-1223 Memmia 2]. Vide etiam ibidem [https://fr.numista.com/catalogue/pieces66754.html Memmia 8] et [https://www.lesdioscures.com/1389no-denier-nonia/ Nonia 1].</ref>. Nam antiqui Saturnum a satu vel satione dictum esse putabant, nomen eius cum [[verbum (generale)|verbo]] saturo etiam conjungebant, id est eo qui potavit cenavitque usque ad satietatem<ref>Paul Regnaud, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23659120 L'Origine du mot Saturnus]", ''Revue de l'histoire des religions'', 1986ː 70-73</ref>. [[Saturnalia]] feriae in eius honorem mense decembri per laetitiam licentiamque summam conviviis celebrabantur: tum potabatur quam plurimum ac cenabatur quam diutissime. Nam Saturnus opulentiae ex agricultura provenientis deus erat (secundum mythographos [[Ops]] ei uxor erat). Cur Romani Saturnum eundem esse atque Graecum deum Cronum voluerint non liquet: nam [[Cronus]], postquam genitoris [[Uranus (deus)|Urani]] genitalia mutilavit, ipse pater [[Iuppiter|Iovis]], [[Iuno]]nis, [[Neptunus (deus)|Neptuni]], [[Pluto (deus)|Pluto]]nis [[Ceres (dea)|Cereris]] [[Vesta]]eque. liberos quos ex [[Rhea]] uxore genuerat vorabat, ne a filio suo regno pelleretur sicuti vates cecinerant, donec tandem [[Iuppiter]] a matre cum sorore [[Iuno]]ne fraude servatus et in [[Creta]] educatus eum vicit ac fratres sororesque evomere coegit, Saturnus contra benignus erat ut qui Italos homines [[agricultura]]m docuerat: nisi fortasse ea de causa quod utrique dei a populis qui Graeciam et Italiam ante adventum indo-europaeorum incolebant sacrificiis humanis propitiabantur<ref>[[Ovidius]] ''Fasti'' V,625-632.[[Lactantius]], ''Div. Inst.'' I,21,6-9.</ref>. Postquam vero Italici Graecique in eas regiones pervenerunt, suos deos, quorum [[Iuppiter]] princeps erat, in summum locum promoverunt. Ita fabula ad duas deorum aetates pertinet quorum priores a recentioribus invectisque loco pulsi sunt. Vel fortasse quia ''harpen'', qua Cronos patrem Uranum mutilaverat et insigne dei Graeci fuit, Latini falso interpretati sunt tamquam instrumentum rusticum. Etenim secundum [[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dionysium Halicarnassensem]]<ref>''Ant. Rom''. II,19,1.</ref> mythi Graeci de Crono Romanis parum accepti erant. Cum [[Ops]], uxor eius, Terra mater esset, physici aliquot philosophi Saturnum Caelum esse voluerunt: omnium enim in terris viventium semina prima e caelo descendisse ac terram iis satam fuisse. Sed in [[mythologia Graeca]] Saturnus filius Caeli (Graece {{Polytonic|Οὐρανός}}), quem postea mutilavit et expulit, ac Terrae est. Simul ob similitudinem nominis Croni (Graece {{Polytonic|Κρόνος}}) cum vocabulo Graeco {{Polytonic|χρόνος}} 'tempus', Saturnus tempus esse visus est<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal.]] I,38,1. [[Augustinus Hipponensis]], ''[[de civitate Dei]]'' IV.10.158: ''Saturnus, inquiunt, temporis longitudo est. Tempus ergo colunt, qui Saturnum colunt''...</ref>: tum veteres fabulae significationem allegoricam sumpserunt; Saturnus liberos suos vorans nihil aliud erat quam tempus omnia consumens quae ex se nata essent; falce enim sua non iam fruges tantum sed omnes et omnia metebat. Itaque in figuris aeri incisis quae primam chartam codicum sedecimo aut septimo decimo saeculo typographice impressorum illustrant, simul cum dea Roma et [[Clio]], [[historia]]e [[Musae|Musa]], saepe senex alatus longa falce atque clepsydra arenaria insignitus videtur (sic enim eum in antiquis nummis Graecis expressum viderant): is est Tempus vel Saturnus qui Romam etiam et [[Imperium Romanum]] delevit. Itaque antiquitatis amatores studio scriptisque suis dare operam necesse est ut Roma ex cineribus suis renascatur ac Temporis iniuriis subtrahatur. ===De Saturno Africo=== Sub [[imperatores Romani|imperatoribus Romanis]] in provincia Africa maxime cultus est, quia magno deo locali e [[Phoenices|Phoenicia]] invecto, Baal vel Belus appellato, adsimulatus est<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal.]] I,38,2. [[Tertullianus]] ''Apologeticum'' IX,2-4. [[Minucius Felix]] XXX,3. Marcellus Leglay, ''Saturne africain'', Bibliothèque des Ecoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome, 1961-1966.[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rhr_0035-1423_1968_num_174_2_9246 Recensio critica]. Andrew Wilson [http://users.ox.ac.uk/~corp0057/Romanizing%20Baal.pdf Romanizing Baal : the art of Saturn worship in North Africa]. Meriem Sebaï, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_2010_num_21_1_1729 Sacerdos intrauit sub iugum. Étude sur le rituel dans le culte de Saturne en Afrique romaine]", ''Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz'', 2010ː 269-284.</ref>, videlicet quia Carthaginienses infantes velut victimas illi deo immolabant<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal.]] I,38,2. [[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'' II, 296-297. [[Lactantius]], ''Div. Inst.'' I,21,13. </ref> : nonne deus Graecus Cronos et ipse proprios liberos infantes vorabat ? certe ibi multae inscriptiones Saturno dedicatae inventae sunt, in ceteris provinciis paucissimae. == De Saturno rege necnon de aetate aurea == Deos tam diversos ut coniungerent Romani duas aetates distinxerunt novam fabulam fingendo quam [[Vergilius]] poeta in [[Aeneis|Aeneide]] explicavit: postquam Saturnus a filio suo Iove ex [[Olympus|Olympo]] expulsus est, in Italiam nave venit ubi benigne a Iano rege acceptus tantis beneficiis sibi incolas obstrinxit ut [[Ianus]] Saturno partem regni concesserit. Nam feros agrestesque homines dispersos in silvis errantes, et vitam communem in civitate bene morata, et agri culturam, et navigationem et monetae usum docuit. Eius regnum in Italia aetas aurea fuit de qua Graecus poeta [[Hesiodus]] cecinerat. Iam Graeci hanc aetatem ''ὁ ἐπὶ Κρόνου βίος''<ref>[[Plato]],''Hipparchus'' 229b et ''[[Politicus (Plato)|Politicus]]'' 271c-272d. [[Aristoteles]], ''[[De republica Atheniensium (Aristoteles)|De republica Atheniensium]]'' 16.7. [[Plutarchus]], ''Vita Cimonis'' 10 et ''Vita Aristidis'' 24.</ref> appellabant, hoc est vita in [[Cronus|Croni]] aetate. Haec sunt Vergili verba: [[Fasciculus:Planrome collinesetplaines.png|thumb|Ianiculum ac ''Saturnia'' (Capitolium) cum ceteris collibus urbis Romae.]] :Primus ab aetherio venit Saturnus Olympo :Arma Iovis fugiens et regnis exsul ademptis. :Is genus indocile ac dispersum montibus altis :Composuit legesque dedit Latiumque vocari :Maluit, his quoniam latuisset tutus in oris. :Aurea quae perhibent, illo sub rege fuere :Saecula: sic placida populos in pace regebat. ::—Ex libro octavo ''Aeneidis'' Secundum [[Hesiodus|Hesiodum]], homines [[Aetas Aurea|aurea aetate]] in pace beate vivebant omniaque communia habebant sine distinctione servorum aut dominorum. Domus autem eorum ianuas non habebant quod qui sint fures nesciebant, terra pecudesque ultro omnia ministrabant. Ab ea felicitate possidendi cupiditate homines degeneraverunt: inde enim bella inimicitiaeque rapinaeque terras invadere coeperunt. A regno tam prospero Italia nonnumquam a poetis "Saturnia tellus"<ref>[[Columella]] ''Praefatio'' 20 ex versu [[Ennius|Enniano]]. [[Vergilius]] [[Georgica|Georg]]. II,173 et [[Aeneis]] VIII,329 (et ibidem I,569 : ''Saturnia arva'').Cf [[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal.]] I,34,5.</ref> vocata est; certe ut [[Ianiculum]] trans Tiberim a Iano dictum est sic mons quem postea [[Capitolium]] vocaverunt primo Saturnia arx appellata est quod ibi oppidum condiderat et primus in agro Romano regnaverat (Capitolium nominari coeptum est postquam regnante [[Lucius Tarquinius Superbus|Tarquinio Superbo]] humanum caput in [[Iuppiter|Iovis]] templi fundamentis inventum est). Unde Vergilius: :Hanc Ianus Pater hanc Saturnus condidit arcem :Ianiculum huic, illi fuerat Saturnia nomen.<br /> Postquam Saturnus in terris non iam comparuit<ref>[[Vergilius]] ei prolem latinam tribuit: pater Pici est et avus [[Faunus|Fauni]] qui et ipse regem [[Latinus|Latinum]] genuit, cuius filia Lavinia [[Aeneas|Aeneae]] nupsit ([[Aeneis]] 7:49).</ref>, Ianus honores ei divinos necnon annuas ferias contulit ita ut non liqueat utrum Saturnus in terras deus descenderit an homo ob egregia beneficia post mortem inter deos relatus sit, sicuti postea Evander, [[Carmenta]], [[Hercules]], [[Romulus]]/[[Quirinus]] etc.: utrumque enim illis temporibus fiebat. Saturnus [[Picus (deus)|Picum]] genuisse dicebatur, qui post eum rex [[Aborigines (mythologia)|Aboriginum]] factus est. Hoc modo una cum [[Ianus|Iano]] alterum e capitibus fiebat [[Stemma genealogicum|stemmatis]] quod per [[Latinus|Latinum]] regem usque ad [[Romulus|Romulum]], conditorem urbis Romae, perducit. ==De cultu Romano== [[Fasciculus:Arch of SeptimiusSeverus.jpg|thumbnail|Octo columnae quae olim pars templi Saturni in Foro Romano erant (dextra).]] Anno [[497 a.C.n.]], [[Aulus Sempronius Atratinus|Aulo Sempronio Atratino]] [[Marcus Minucius Augurinus|Marco Minucio]] consulibus, templum Saturno a viro consulari [[Postumus Cominius Auruncus|Postumo Cominio]] sub clivo a [[Forum Romanum|Foro]] ad [[Capitolium]] ducente dedicatum esse traditur<ref>L. Richardson, Jr., "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/504394 The Approach to the Temple of Saturn in Rome]", ''American Journal of Archaeology'', 1980ː 51-62 </ref>, in quo loco iam antea ara illi deo, si fabulis credimus, ab ipso [[Hercules|Hercule]]<ref>Sic Dionysius qui Graecus erat, Varro vero qui Sabinus erat a Sabinis.</ref> sacrata fuerat, non longe ab oppido ubi regnasse narrabatur. Secundum [[Varro Reatinus|Varronem]] vero cultus Saturni a rege [[Sabini|Sabino]] [[Titus Tatius|Tito Tatio]] Romam introductus est<ref>''Ling. Lat''. V,72</ref>. In quo templo statua dei pedibus alligatis posita erat, ut videtur, ne abiret nec templum relinqueret. Postea mythographi e contrario interpretati sunt, tamquam Saturnus iussu Iovis catenatus esset ne regnum filii perturbaret<ref>[[Arnobius Maior|Arnobius]], ''Adversus Nationes'' V,24. [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' I,8. [[Minucius Felix]], ''Octavius'' XXIII,5. Quibus vinculis Saturnalibus diebus deus liberabatur.</ref>. Illo anno feriae quoque mense decembri celebratae, [[Saturnalia]] dicta, et sacrificia annua ritu Graeco peracta simul instituta sunt<ref>[[Titus Livius]] II,21. [[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal.]] ''Ant. Rom.'' VI,2.</ref>. Etiamtunc [[Etrusci]] Romae praesentes fuisse a plerisque hodie creduntur, quamquam primi anni [[Romana Republica|reipublicae liberae]] in [[Annales|annalibus]] ab anno 509 a.C.n. incipiunt. Quin etiam pars historicorum antiquorum fundamenta templi Saturni ultimo regi [[Tarquinius Superbus|Tarquinio Superbo]] tribuebat. [[Secundum bellum Punicum|Secundo bello Punico]] ineunte, tum cum in angustiis rerum Romani nova auxilia divina sibi quaerebant, Saturnalia renovata sunt : ferias Graecas "[[Cronus|Cronia]]" dictas—quarum ritus fortasse anno [[218 a.C.n.]] prodigiorum maximorum procurandorum causa Romam introducti sunt<ref>Titus Livius XXII,1.</ref>—sibi partim adsumpserunt. E quo tempore feriae maxime omnium populares remanserunt, quamdiu Imperium Romanum superfuit. == De Saturno et re nummaria == [[Fasciculus:Semisse.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Semis reipublicae Romanae. Caput laureatum Saturni ex una parte, prora navis ex altera. S = Semis. Imago incisa ex libro Iosephi Eckhel (1787).]] [[Fasciculus:Sphaerae coelestis et planetarum descriptio-11-Saturnus.jpg|thumb|left|Saturnus astrologicus saec. XV depictus.]] Templum Saturni in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]] infimo clivo Capitolino situm, anno 497 a.C.n. dedicatum,[[aerarium]] populi Romani erat in quo pecunia publica, a [[quaestor]]ibus auctore [[senatus|senatu]] procurata, custodiebatur<ref>[[Plutarchus|Plut]]. ''Popl''. XII,3. Vide etiam exempli gratia [[Lucanus|Lucanum]] III, 114-168.</ref> necnon tabulae aeneae legum ac [[signum militare|signa militaria]] ibi condebantur. Macrobius scripsit ideo pecuniam populi Romani in templo Saturni custodiri quod regno eius nullum furtum commissum esset. Inventor pecuniae signatae fuisse a nonnullis creditus est: nam vetustissimos [[as]]ses qui ex parte caput bifrons Iani ex altera proram navis ostendebant a Iano in honorem Saturni percussos esse scriptores quarti et quinti saeculi ([[Macrobius]], Servius, pseudo Aurelius Victor) crediderunt. Secundum eos navis ibi expressa non alia erat quam ea qua Saturnus in Italiam vectus erat. Sed hodie homines nummorum Romanorum antiquorum periti istos asses tertio demum saeculo ante Christum natum percussos fuisse arbitrantur et navem longam unam ex ea classe qua Romani imperium maritimum [[Carthago|Carthaginiensibus]] vincendis obtinuerunt. In eadem serie monetali, ut caput Iani in asse, sic caput Saturni in [[Semis|semisse]] (dimidium assis valente) exprimebatur. == De Saturno in astrologia == [[Fasciculus:Saturn during Equinox.jpg|thumb|right|Saturnus planeta.]] Apud Chaldaeos primum praecipui dei cum planetis coniuncti sunt : ita qui nunc planeta Saturnus vocatur [[Babylon]]iis erat planeta dei Ninurta. Etenim legi fata hominum posse in astrorum coniunctionibus arbitrabantur. Qui mos Graeciam ac mox Italiam penetravit. Vis planetae Saturni a Romanis inclemens credebatur, quia frigidus et longinquus planeta erat ac pigriter movebatur. Unde [[Propertius]] : : ''et grave Saturni sidus in omne caput''<ref>Elegiarum IV,1,86</ref> necnon [[Lucanus]] : ''stella nocens nigros Saturni accenderet ignes''<ref>Pharsalia I,652. Vide etiam ibidem X,205 ; "frigida Saturno glacies et zona nivalis / cessit." Necnon [[Cicero]], De Natura deorum II,119 necnon [[Vitruvius]] IX.1.16.</ref> Moderna aetate quoque planeta Saturnus cum atra [[Bilis|bili]] hoc est [[Melancholia|melancholia]] coniunctus erat<ref> Raymond Klibansky, Erwin Panofsky & Fritz Saxl, ''[https://archive.org/details/saturn-and-melancholy-studies-in-the-history-of-natural-philosophy-religion-and-art/mode/2up Saturn And Melancholy Studies In The History Of Natural Philosophy, Religion And Art]'', 1964. Cf Christine Orobitg, "[https://books.openedition.org/pumi/1674 Saturne et la mélancolie au Siècle d’Or]" in ''Garcilaso et la mélancolie'', Presses universitaires du Midi, 1997ː chapitre I 9-29.</ref> et poeta Francogallicus [[Paulus Verlaine]] ut qui sub infausta stella natus esset carminum collectaneum ''Poèmes saturniens''<ref>Hoc est ''Poemata Saturnia'' (1866). [https://www.bacdefrancais.net/poemes-saturniens-verlaine.php Hic legere potes].</ref> inscripsit. Cum [[Plumbum|plumbo]] metallo quoque coniunctus erat unde [[Toxicatio Saturnina|saturnismus]] nomen quo medici hodieque [[Toxicologia|intoxicationem]] per plumbum designant<ref>Paulus Kurtz, ''[https://archive.org/details/IA40154001_0309/mode/2up De Toxicatione Saturnina Praesertim de ea, quae usu pulveris sternutatorii plumbum continentis exorta est],'' Gryphiswaldiae, 1860.</ref>. Ut aliis deis qui simul stellae errantes vel [[planeta]]e erant<ref>[[Dio Cassius]] XXXVII,18.</ref>, Saturno dies [[Hebdomas|hebdomadae]] dicatus est (fortasse iam tertio saeculo a.C.n.), quod etiamnunc in Celticis linguis quibusdam servatur necnon [[anglice]]: ''Satur-day'' = Saturni dies. Apud auctores antiquos "dies Saturni" plerumque nihil aliud est quam interpretatio Romana [[Sabbatum|Sabbati]] Iudaeorum<ref>[[Tibullus]] I,3,18 (prima occursio). [[Tacitus]], ''Historiae'' V,4. [[Tertullianus]], ''Apologeticum'' XVI. [[Dio Cassius]] XXXVII, 16 et 17.</ref>, qui dies religiosus erat. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == [[Fasciculus:Marcus Nonius Sufenas Denarius.jpg|thumb|Saturnus deus in [[Denarius|denario]] Marci Nonii Sufenatis (circa [[57 a.C.n.]]). Pone caput harpe et saxum conicum.]] [[Fasciculus:Saturn god card.jpg|thumb|Charta moderna Saturnum barbatum cum clepsydra et falce depingens.]] *[[Arnobius Maior|Arnobius]] libro tertio ''Adversus Nationes'', capitulis 29-30 necnon libro quarto capitulo 24. *[[Augustinus Hipponensis]], ''[[de civitate Dei]]'' IV.10.158 * [[Cicero]] libro secundo de ''Natura deorum'' capitulis LXIII-LXIV . *[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis]], libro primo ''[[Antiquitates Romanae (Dionysius Halicarnassensis)|Antiquitatum Romanarum]] '' cap. XXXIV et XXXVIII necnon libro sexto cap. 2. * [[Hyginus mythographus]], ''Fabula'' 261. * [[Marcus Iunianus Iustinus|Iustinus]] libro XLIII de ''Bellis'' ''Philippicis'' capitulo primo. *[[Lactantius]] libro primo ''Divinarum Institutionum'', capitulo undecimo (50-65) necnon capitulis XII-XIV(passim) et XXI. * [[Macrobius]] libro primo [[Saturnalia|Saturnaliorum]]. * [[Martialis]] libro XII ''Epigrammaton'' 62. * [[Minucius Felix]] ''Octavius'', cap. XXIII. * [[Origo gentis Romanae]] capitibus 1-3. * [[Ovidius]], libro primo [[Fasti (Ovidius)|''Fastorum'']] 233-240, libro quarto 197-210 et libro quinto 625-632. ** libro primo [[Metamorphoses (Ovidius)|''Metamorphoseon'']], 89-113. *[[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]] libro primo ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'', 42-58. (De parodia quadam Vergilii agitur) necnon 72-3. * [[Tertullianus]], ''Apologeticum'' X, 7-10. * [[Tibullus]], libro primo ''Elegiarum'' III,18 necnon 35-47. * [[Varro]] libro quinto ''de Lingua Latina'', capitulis XLI-XLII et LVII et LXIV et CLXXXIII. * [[Vergilius]] libro octavo [[Aeneis|Aeneidis]] 310sqq. * De nave Saturni in veteribus [[as]]sibus expressa scripserunt Servius grammaticus in Commentario ad [[Aeneis|Aeneidem]] VIII,357 et incertus auctor in [[Origo gentis Romanae|''Origine gentis Romanae'']] (diu sub nomine [[Aurelius Victor|Aurelii Victoris]] hoc opus divulgatum est) et [[Macrobius]] libro primo Saturnaliorum capite septimo: "cum primus quoque aera signaret [Ianus] servavit et in hoc Saturni reverentiam ut, quoniam ille navi fuerat advectus, ex una quidem parte sui capitis effigies ex altera vero navis exprimeretur, quo Saturni memoriam in posteros propagaret" == Plura legere si cupis == *William S. Anderson, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4173251 Juno and Saturn in the Aeneid]", ''Studies in Philology'', 1958ː 519-532 *Dominique Briquel, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhr_0035-1423_1981_num_198_2_4889 Jupiter, Saturne et le Capitole. Essai de comparaison indoeuropéenne]", ''Revue de l' histoire des religions'', 1981ː 131–162. *Patricia A. Johnston, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25010713 Vergil's Conception of Saturnus]", ''California Studies in Classical Antiquity'', 1977ː 57-70 *Robert J. Rowland, Jr., "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/268379 Saturn, Saturninus, and the Socii]", ''Classical Philology'', 1967ː 185-189 *Marianne Wifstrand Schiebe, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/41591939 The Saturn of the "Aeneid"ː tradition or innovation ?]", ''Vergilius'', 1986ː 43-60 == Nexus externi == * Imagines Saturni in [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191424/http://warburg.sas.ac.uk/vpc/VPC_search/subcats.php?cat_1=5&cat_2=182 ''Musaeo Iconographico Warburgiano''] *[http://www.zeno.org/nid/20007404956 "Saturnus"] apud ''Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon'', tomus 17. Lipsiae 1909, p. 628 {{FA stella}} [[Categoria:Saturnus (deus)|!]] lrajbfgrmxhsi1q9eb6zk065rink83h 3980467 3980465 2026-08-11T14:12:54Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De Saturno in astrologia */ 3980467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Fasciculus:GiorcesBardo6.jpg|thumb|Saturnus [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens (Africa Romana).]] {{Videdis|Saturnus (discretiva)}} '''Saturnus''' fuit antiquus [[deus]] Latinus, ab [[agricultura|agricolis cultus]] quod sementi ac messi praeerat. Interpretatio Romana Saturnum eundem deum esse atque [[Cronus|Cronum]] apud Graecos voluit. At vera origo huius dei fortasse [[Etrusci|Etrusca]] est : certe a plerisque idem deus putatur esse atque deus Etruscus cui nomen in [[Iecur Placentinum|iecinore Placentino]] ''Satres'' legitur. == De Saturno deo == ===De syncretismo Graeco-romano.=== [[Fasciculus:Rubens saturn.jpg|thumb|right|Saturnus filium vorans in pictura aetatis modernae (a [[Petrus Paulus Rubens|Petro Paulo Rubens]], anno [[1636]]).]] Saturni effigies saepe [[falx|falce]]<ref>[[Ovidius]], ''Fasti'' 1:234: "falcifer . . . deus." [[Martialis]] XI,6,1 : "falciferi senis"...</ref> agnoscitur qua utuntur qui metunt vel qui arbores putant<ref>[[Arnobius Maior|Arnobius]] ''Adversus Nationes'' VI,12 : "Saturnus cum obunca falce ,custos ruris, ut aliquis ramorum luxuriantium tonsor". At ibidem VI,25 : "falx messoria ... Saturno attributa". [[Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'' I.49-50: ''Vitibus incurvum ...putandis // Procudam chalybem''...</ref>, ut in [[denarius|denario]] anno [[106 a.C.n.]] Romae percusso in quo videtur caput dei barbatum et laureatum cum falce pone cervicem<ref>Ernest Babelon, ''Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de la République romaine,'' 1885 : [https://collections.geneve.ch/mah/oeuvre/denier/cdn-2001-1223 Memmia 2]. Vide etiam ibidem [https://fr.numista.com/catalogue/pieces66754.html Memmia 8] et [https://www.lesdioscures.com/1389no-denier-nonia/ Nonia 1].</ref>. Nam antiqui Saturnum a satu vel satione dictum esse putabant, nomen eius cum [[verbum (generale)|verbo]] saturo etiam conjungebant, id est eo qui potavit cenavitque usque ad satietatem<ref>Paul Regnaud, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23659120 L'Origine du mot Saturnus]", ''Revue de l'histoire des religions'', 1986ː 70-73</ref>. [[Saturnalia]] feriae in eius honorem mense decembri per laetitiam licentiamque summam conviviis celebrabantur: tum potabatur quam plurimum ac cenabatur quam diutissime. Nam Saturnus opulentiae ex agricultura provenientis deus erat (secundum mythographos [[Ops]] ei uxor erat). Cur Romani Saturnum eundem esse atque Graecum deum Cronum voluerint non liquet: nam [[Cronus]], postquam genitoris [[Uranus (deus)|Urani]] genitalia mutilavit, ipse pater [[Iuppiter|Iovis]], [[Iuno]]nis, [[Neptunus (deus)|Neptuni]], [[Pluto (deus)|Pluto]]nis [[Ceres (dea)|Cereris]] [[Vesta]]eque. liberos quos ex [[Rhea]] uxore genuerat vorabat, ne a filio suo regno pelleretur sicuti vates cecinerant, donec tandem [[Iuppiter]] a matre cum sorore [[Iuno]]ne fraude servatus et in [[Creta]] educatus eum vicit ac fratres sororesque evomere coegit, Saturnus contra benignus erat ut qui Italos homines [[agricultura]]m docuerat: nisi fortasse ea de causa quod utrique dei a populis qui Graeciam et Italiam ante adventum indo-europaeorum incolebant sacrificiis humanis propitiabantur<ref>[[Ovidius]] ''Fasti'' V,625-632.[[Lactantius]], ''Div. Inst.'' I,21,6-9.</ref>. Postquam vero Italici Graecique in eas regiones pervenerunt, suos deos, quorum [[Iuppiter]] princeps erat, in summum locum promoverunt. Ita fabula ad duas deorum aetates pertinet quorum priores a recentioribus invectisque loco pulsi sunt. Vel fortasse quia ''harpen'', qua Cronos patrem Uranum mutilaverat et insigne dei Graeci fuit, Latini falso interpretati sunt tamquam instrumentum rusticum. Etenim secundum [[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dionysium Halicarnassensem]]<ref>''Ant. Rom''. II,19,1.</ref> mythi Graeci de Crono Romanis parum accepti erant. Cum [[Ops]], uxor eius, Terra mater esset, physici aliquot philosophi Saturnum Caelum esse voluerunt: omnium enim in terris viventium semina prima e caelo descendisse ac terram iis satam fuisse. Sed in [[mythologia Graeca]] Saturnus filius Caeli (Graece {{Polytonic|Οὐρανός}}), quem postea mutilavit et expulit, ac Terrae est. Simul ob similitudinem nominis Croni (Graece {{Polytonic|Κρόνος}}) cum vocabulo Graeco {{Polytonic|χρόνος}} 'tempus', Saturnus tempus esse visus est<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal.]] I,38,1. [[Augustinus Hipponensis]], ''[[de civitate Dei]]'' IV.10.158: ''Saturnus, inquiunt, temporis longitudo est. Tempus ergo colunt, qui Saturnum colunt''...</ref>: tum veteres fabulae significationem allegoricam sumpserunt; Saturnus liberos suos vorans nihil aliud erat quam tempus omnia consumens quae ex se nata essent; falce enim sua non iam fruges tantum sed omnes et omnia metebat. Itaque in figuris aeri incisis quae primam chartam codicum sedecimo aut septimo decimo saeculo typographice impressorum illustrant, simul cum dea Roma et [[Clio]], [[historia]]e [[Musae|Musa]], saepe senex alatus longa falce atque clepsydra arenaria insignitus videtur (sic enim eum in antiquis nummis Graecis expressum viderant): is est Tempus vel Saturnus qui Romam etiam et [[Imperium Romanum]] delevit. Itaque antiquitatis amatores studio scriptisque suis dare operam necesse est ut Roma ex cineribus suis renascatur ac Temporis iniuriis subtrahatur. ===De Saturno Africo=== Sub [[imperatores Romani|imperatoribus Romanis]] in provincia Africa maxime cultus est, quia magno deo locali e [[Phoenices|Phoenicia]] invecto, Baal vel Belus appellato, adsimulatus est<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal.]] I,38,2. [[Tertullianus]] ''Apologeticum'' IX,2-4. [[Minucius Felix]] XXX,3. Marcellus Leglay, ''Saturne africain'', Bibliothèque des Ecoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome, 1961-1966.[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rhr_0035-1423_1968_num_174_2_9246 Recensio critica]. Andrew Wilson [http://users.ox.ac.uk/~corp0057/Romanizing%20Baal.pdf Romanizing Baal : the art of Saturn worship in North Africa]. Meriem Sebaï, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_2010_num_21_1_1729 Sacerdos intrauit sub iugum. Étude sur le rituel dans le culte de Saturne en Afrique romaine]", ''Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz'', 2010ː 269-284.</ref>, videlicet quia Carthaginienses infantes velut victimas illi deo immolabant<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal.]] I,38,2. [[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'' II, 296-297. [[Lactantius]], ''Div. Inst.'' I,21,13. </ref> : nonne deus Graecus Cronos et ipse proprios liberos infantes vorabat ? certe ibi multae inscriptiones Saturno dedicatae inventae sunt, in ceteris provinciis paucissimae. == De Saturno rege necnon de aetate aurea == Deos tam diversos ut coniungerent Romani duas aetates distinxerunt novam fabulam fingendo quam [[Vergilius]] poeta in [[Aeneis|Aeneide]] explicavit: postquam Saturnus a filio suo Iove ex [[Olympus|Olympo]] expulsus est, in Italiam nave venit ubi benigne a Iano rege acceptus tantis beneficiis sibi incolas obstrinxit ut [[Ianus]] Saturno partem regni concesserit. Nam feros agrestesque homines dispersos in silvis errantes, et vitam communem in civitate bene morata, et agri culturam, et navigationem et monetae usum docuit. Eius regnum in Italia aetas aurea fuit de qua Graecus poeta [[Hesiodus]] cecinerat. Iam Graeci hanc aetatem ''ὁ ἐπὶ Κρόνου βίος''<ref>[[Plato]],''Hipparchus'' 229b et ''[[Politicus (Plato)|Politicus]]'' 271c-272d. [[Aristoteles]], ''[[De republica Atheniensium (Aristoteles)|De republica Atheniensium]]'' 16.7. [[Plutarchus]], ''Vita Cimonis'' 10 et ''Vita Aristidis'' 24.</ref> appellabant, hoc est vita in [[Cronus|Croni]] aetate. Haec sunt Vergili verba: [[Fasciculus:Planrome collinesetplaines.png|thumb|Ianiculum ac ''Saturnia'' (Capitolium) cum ceteris collibus urbis Romae.]] :Primus ab aetherio venit Saturnus Olympo :Arma Iovis fugiens et regnis exsul ademptis. :Is genus indocile ac dispersum montibus altis :Composuit legesque dedit Latiumque vocari :Maluit, his quoniam latuisset tutus in oris. :Aurea quae perhibent, illo sub rege fuere :Saecula: sic placida populos in pace regebat. ::—Ex libro octavo ''Aeneidis'' Secundum [[Hesiodus|Hesiodum]], homines [[Aetas Aurea|aurea aetate]] in pace beate vivebant omniaque communia habebant sine distinctione servorum aut dominorum. Domus autem eorum ianuas non habebant quod qui sint fures nesciebant, terra pecudesque ultro omnia ministrabant. Ab ea felicitate possidendi cupiditate homines degeneraverunt: inde enim bella inimicitiaeque rapinaeque terras invadere coeperunt. A regno tam prospero Italia nonnumquam a poetis "Saturnia tellus"<ref>[[Columella]] ''Praefatio'' 20 ex versu [[Ennius|Enniano]]. [[Vergilius]] [[Georgica|Georg]]. II,173 et [[Aeneis]] VIII,329 (et ibidem I,569 : ''Saturnia arva'').Cf [[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal.]] I,34,5.</ref> vocata est; certe ut [[Ianiculum]] trans Tiberim a Iano dictum est sic mons quem postea [[Capitolium]] vocaverunt primo Saturnia arx appellata est quod ibi oppidum condiderat et primus in agro Romano regnaverat (Capitolium nominari coeptum est postquam regnante [[Lucius Tarquinius Superbus|Tarquinio Superbo]] humanum caput in [[Iuppiter|Iovis]] templi fundamentis inventum est). Unde Vergilius: :Hanc Ianus Pater hanc Saturnus condidit arcem :Ianiculum huic, illi fuerat Saturnia nomen.<br /> Postquam Saturnus in terris non iam comparuit<ref>[[Vergilius]] ei prolem latinam tribuit: pater Pici est et avus [[Faunus|Fauni]] qui et ipse regem [[Latinus|Latinum]] genuit, cuius filia Lavinia [[Aeneas|Aeneae]] nupsit ([[Aeneis]] 7:49).</ref>, Ianus honores ei divinos necnon annuas ferias contulit ita ut non liqueat utrum Saturnus in terras deus descenderit an homo ob egregia beneficia post mortem inter deos relatus sit, sicuti postea Evander, [[Carmenta]], [[Hercules]], [[Romulus]]/[[Quirinus]] etc.: utrumque enim illis temporibus fiebat. Saturnus [[Picus (deus)|Picum]] genuisse dicebatur, qui post eum rex [[Aborigines (mythologia)|Aboriginum]] factus est. Hoc modo una cum [[Ianus|Iano]] alterum e capitibus fiebat [[Stemma genealogicum|stemmatis]] quod per [[Latinus|Latinum]] regem usque ad [[Romulus|Romulum]], conditorem urbis Romae, perducit. ==De cultu Romano== [[Fasciculus:Arch of SeptimiusSeverus.jpg|thumbnail|Octo columnae quae olim pars templi Saturni in Foro Romano erant (dextra).]] Anno [[497 a.C.n.]], [[Aulus Sempronius Atratinus|Aulo Sempronio Atratino]] [[Marcus Minucius Augurinus|Marco Minucio]] consulibus, templum Saturno a viro consulari [[Postumus Cominius Auruncus|Postumo Cominio]] sub clivo a [[Forum Romanum|Foro]] ad [[Capitolium]] ducente dedicatum esse traditur<ref>L. Richardson, Jr., "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/504394 The Approach to the Temple of Saturn in Rome]", ''American Journal of Archaeology'', 1980ː 51-62 </ref>, in quo loco iam antea ara illi deo, si fabulis credimus, ab ipso [[Hercules|Hercule]]<ref>Sic Dionysius qui Graecus erat, Varro vero qui Sabinus erat a Sabinis.</ref> sacrata fuerat, non longe ab oppido ubi regnasse narrabatur. Secundum [[Varro Reatinus|Varronem]] vero cultus Saturni a rege [[Sabini|Sabino]] [[Titus Tatius|Tito Tatio]] Romam introductus est<ref>''Ling. Lat''. V,72</ref>. In quo templo statua dei pedibus alligatis posita erat, ut videtur, ne abiret nec templum relinqueret. Postea mythographi e contrario interpretati sunt, tamquam Saturnus iussu Iovis catenatus esset ne regnum filii perturbaret<ref>[[Arnobius Maior|Arnobius]], ''Adversus Nationes'' V,24. [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' I,8. [[Minucius Felix]], ''Octavius'' XXIII,5. Quibus vinculis Saturnalibus diebus deus liberabatur.</ref>. Illo anno feriae quoque mense decembri celebratae, [[Saturnalia]] dicta, et sacrificia annua ritu Graeco peracta simul instituta sunt<ref>[[Titus Livius]] II,21. [[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal.]] ''Ant. Rom.'' VI,2.</ref>. Etiamtunc [[Etrusci]] Romae praesentes fuisse a plerisque hodie creduntur, quamquam primi anni [[Romana Republica|reipublicae liberae]] in [[Annales|annalibus]] ab anno 509 a.C.n. incipiunt. Quin etiam pars historicorum antiquorum fundamenta templi Saturni ultimo regi [[Tarquinius Superbus|Tarquinio Superbo]] tribuebat. [[Secundum bellum Punicum|Secundo bello Punico]] ineunte, tum cum in angustiis rerum Romani nova auxilia divina sibi quaerebant, Saturnalia renovata sunt : ferias Graecas "[[Cronus|Cronia]]" dictas—quarum ritus fortasse anno [[218 a.C.n.]] prodigiorum maximorum procurandorum causa Romam introducti sunt<ref>Titus Livius XXII,1.</ref>—sibi partim adsumpserunt. E quo tempore feriae maxime omnium populares remanserunt, quamdiu Imperium Romanum superfuit. == De Saturno et re nummaria == [[Fasciculus:Semisse.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Semis reipublicae Romanae. Caput laureatum Saturni ex una parte, prora navis ex altera. S = Semis. Imago incisa ex libro Iosephi Eckhel (1787).]] [[Fasciculus:Sphaerae coelestis et planetarum descriptio-11-Saturnus.jpg|thumb|left|Saturnus astrologicus saec. XV depictus.]] Templum Saturni in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]] infimo clivo Capitolino situm, anno 497 a.C.n. dedicatum,[[aerarium]] populi Romani erat in quo pecunia publica, a [[quaestor]]ibus auctore [[senatus|senatu]] procurata, custodiebatur<ref>[[Plutarchus|Plut]]. ''Popl''. XII,3. Vide etiam exempli gratia [[Lucanus|Lucanum]] III, 114-168.</ref> necnon tabulae aeneae legum ac [[signum militare|signa militaria]] ibi condebantur. Macrobius scripsit ideo pecuniam populi Romani in templo Saturni custodiri quod regno eius nullum furtum commissum esset. Inventor pecuniae signatae fuisse a nonnullis creditus est: nam vetustissimos [[as]]ses qui ex parte caput bifrons Iani ex altera proram navis ostendebant a Iano in honorem Saturni percussos esse scriptores quarti et quinti saeculi ([[Macrobius]], Servius, pseudo Aurelius Victor) crediderunt. Secundum eos navis ibi expressa non alia erat quam ea qua Saturnus in Italiam vectus erat. Sed hodie homines nummorum Romanorum antiquorum periti istos asses tertio demum saeculo ante Christum natum percussos fuisse arbitrantur et navem longam unam ex ea classe qua Romani imperium maritimum [[Carthago|Carthaginiensibus]] vincendis obtinuerunt. In eadem serie monetali, ut caput Iani in asse, sic caput Saturni in [[Semis|semisse]] (dimidium assis valente) exprimebatur. == De Saturno in astrologia == [[Fasciculus:Saturn during Equinox.jpg|thumb|right|Saturnus planeta.]] Apud Chaldaeos primum praecipui dei cum planetis coniuncti sunt : ita qui nunc planeta Saturnus vocatur [[Babylon]]iis erat planeta dei Ninurta. Etenim legi fata hominum posse in astrorum coniunctionibus arbitrabantur. Qui mos Graeciam ac mox Italiam penetravit. Vis planetae Saturni a Romanis inclemens credebatur, quia frigidus et longinquus planeta erat ac pigriter movebatur. Unde [[Propertius]] : : ''et grave Saturni sidus in omne caput''<ref>Elegiarum IV,1,86</ref> necnon [[Lucanus]] : ''stella nocens nigros Saturni accenderet ignes''<ref>Pharsalia I,652. Vide etiam ibidem X,205 ; "frigida Saturno glacies et zona nivalis / cessit." Necnon [[Cicero]], De Natura deorum II,119 necnon [[Vitruvius]] IX.1.16.</ref> Moderna aetate quoque planeta Saturnus cum atra [[Bilis|bili]] hoc est [[Melancholia|melancholia]] coniunctus erat<ref> Raymond Klibansky, Erwin Panofsky & Fritz Saxl, ''[https://archive.org/details/saturn-and-melancholy-studies-in-the-history-of-natural-philosophy-religion-and-art/mode/2up Saturn And Melancholy Studies In The History Of Natural Philosophy, Religion And Art]'', 1964. Cf Christine Orobitg, "[https://books.openedition.org/pumi/1674 Saturne et la mélancolie au Siècle d’Or]" in ''Garcilaso et la mélancolie'', Presses universitaires du Midi, 1997ː chapitre I 9-29.</ref> et poeta Francogallicus [[Paulus Verlaine]] ut qui sub infausta stella natus esset carminum collectaneum ''Poèmes saturniens''<ref>Hoc est ''Poemata Saturnia'' (1866). [https://www.bacdefrancais.net/poemes-saturniens-verlaine.php Hic legere potes].</ref> inscripsit. Cum [[Plumbum|plumbo]] metallo quoque coniunctus erat unde [[Toxicatio Saturnina|saturnismus]] nomen quo medici hodieque [[Toxicologia|toxicationem]] plumbanam designant<ref>Paulus Kurtz, ''[https://archive.org/details/IA40154001_0309/mode/2up De Toxicatione Saturnina Praesertim de ea, quae usu pulveris sternutatorii plumbum continentis exorta est],'' Gryphiswaldiae, 1860.</ref>. Ut aliis deis qui simul stellae errantes vel [[planeta]]e erant<ref>[[Dio Cassius]] XXXVII,18.</ref>, Saturno dies [[Hebdomas|hebdomadae]] dicatus est (fortasse iam tertio saeculo a.C.n.), quod etiamnunc in Celticis linguis quibusdam servatur necnon [[anglice]]: ''Satur-day'' = Saturni dies. Apud auctores antiquos "dies Saturni" plerumque nihil aliud est quam interpretatio Romana [[Sabbatum|Sabbati]] Iudaeorum<ref>[[Tibullus]] I,3,18 (prima occursio). [[Tacitus]], ''Historiae'' V,4. [[Tertullianus]], ''Apologeticum'' XVI. [[Dio Cassius]] XXXVII, 16 et 17.</ref>, qui dies religiosus erat. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == [[Fasciculus:Marcus Nonius Sufenas Denarius.jpg|thumb|Saturnus deus in [[Denarius|denario]] Marci Nonii Sufenatis (circa [[57 a.C.n.]]). Pone caput harpe et saxum conicum.]] [[Fasciculus:Saturn god card.jpg|thumb|Charta moderna Saturnum barbatum cum clepsydra et falce depingens.]] *[[Arnobius Maior|Arnobius]] libro tertio ''Adversus Nationes'', capitulis 29-30 necnon libro quarto capitulo 24. *[[Augustinus Hipponensis]], ''[[de civitate Dei]]'' IV.10.158 * [[Cicero]] libro secundo de ''Natura deorum'' capitulis LXIII-LXIV . *[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis]], libro primo ''[[Antiquitates Romanae (Dionysius Halicarnassensis)|Antiquitatum Romanarum]] '' cap. XXXIV et XXXVIII necnon libro sexto cap. 2. * [[Hyginus mythographus]], ''Fabula'' 261. * [[Marcus Iunianus Iustinus|Iustinus]] libro XLIII de ''Bellis'' ''Philippicis'' capitulo primo. *[[Lactantius]] libro primo ''Divinarum Institutionum'', capitulo undecimo (50-65) necnon capitulis XII-XIV(passim) et XXI. * [[Macrobius]] libro primo [[Saturnalia|Saturnaliorum]]. * [[Martialis]] libro XII ''Epigrammaton'' 62. * [[Minucius Felix]] ''Octavius'', cap. XXIII. * [[Origo gentis Romanae]] capitibus 1-3. * [[Ovidius]], libro primo [[Fasti (Ovidius)|''Fastorum'']] 233-240, libro quarto 197-210 et libro quinto 625-632. ** libro primo [[Metamorphoses (Ovidius)|''Metamorphoseon'']], 89-113. *[[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]] libro primo ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'', 42-58. (De parodia quadam Vergilii agitur) necnon 72-3. * [[Tertullianus]], ''Apologeticum'' X, 7-10. * [[Tibullus]], libro primo ''Elegiarum'' III,18 necnon 35-47. * [[Varro]] libro quinto ''de Lingua Latina'', capitulis XLI-XLII et LVII et LXIV et CLXXXIII. * [[Vergilius]] libro octavo [[Aeneis|Aeneidis]] 310sqq. * De nave Saturni in veteribus [[as]]sibus expressa scripserunt Servius grammaticus in Commentario ad [[Aeneis|Aeneidem]] VIII,357 et incertus auctor in [[Origo gentis Romanae|''Origine gentis Romanae'']] (diu sub nomine [[Aurelius Victor|Aurelii Victoris]] hoc opus divulgatum est) et [[Macrobius]] libro primo Saturnaliorum capite septimo: "cum primus quoque aera signaret [Ianus] servavit et in hoc Saturni reverentiam ut, quoniam ille navi fuerat advectus, ex una quidem parte sui capitis effigies ex altera vero navis exprimeretur, quo Saturni memoriam in posteros propagaret" == Plura legere si cupis == *William S. Anderson, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4173251 Juno and Saturn in the Aeneid]", ''Studies in Philology'', 1958ː 519-532 *Dominique Briquel, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhr_0035-1423_1981_num_198_2_4889 Jupiter, Saturne et le Capitole. Essai de comparaison indoeuropéenne]", ''Revue de l' histoire des religions'', 1981ː 131–162. *Patricia A. Johnston, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25010713 Vergil's Conception of Saturnus]", ''California Studies in Classical Antiquity'', 1977ː 57-70 *Robert J. Rowland, Jr., "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/268379 Saturn, Saturninus, and the Socii]", ''Classical Philology'', 1967ː 185-189 *Marianne Wifstrand Schiebe, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/41591939 The Saturn of the "Aeneid"ː tradition or innovation ?]", ''Vergilius'', 1986ː 43-60 == Nexus externi == * Imagines Saturni in [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191424/http://warburg.sas.ac.uk/vpc/VPC_search/subcats.php?cat_1=5&cat_2=182 ''Musaeo Iconographico Warburgiano''] *[http://www.zeno.org/nid/20007404956 "Saturnus"] apud ''Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon'', tomus 17. Lipsiae 1909, p. 628 {{FA stella}} [[Categoria:Saturnus (deus)|!]] 53piznf8k9emqmnnit5lj06u5nf8gc0 3980480 3980467 2026-08-11T15:10:34Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De Saturno in astrologia */ 3980480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Fasciculus:GiorcesBardo6.jpg|thumb|Saturnus [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens (Africa Romana).]] {{Videdis|Saturnus (discretiva)}} '''Saturnus''' fuit antiquus [[deus]] Latinus, ab [[agricultura|agricolis cultus]] quod sementi ac messi praeerat. Interpretatio Romana Saturnum eundem deum esse atque [[Cronus|Cronum]] apud Graecos voluit. At vera origo huius dei fortasse [[Etrusci|Etrusca]] est : certe a plerisque idem deus putatur esse atque deus Etruscus cui nomen in [[Iecur Placentinum|iecinore Placentino]] ''Satres'' legitur. == De Saturno deo == ===De syncretismo Graeco-romano.=== [[Fasciculus:Rubens saturn.jpg|thumb|right|Saturnus filium vorans in pictura aetatis modernae (a [[Petrus Paulus Rubens|Petro Paulo Rubens]], anno [[1636]]).]] Saturni effigies saepe [[falx|falce]]<ref>[[Ovidius]], ''Fasti'' 1:234: "falcifer . . . deus." [[Martialis]] XI,6,1 : "falciferi senis"...</ref> agnoscitur qua utuntur qui metunt vel qui arbores putant<ref>[[Arnobius Maior|Arnobius]] ''Adversus Nationes'' VI,12 : "Saturnus cum obunca falce ,custos ruris, ut aliquis ramorum luxuriantium tonsor". At ibidem VI,25 : "falx messoria ... Saturno attributa". [[Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'' I.49-50: ''Vitibus incurvum ...putandis // Procudam chalybem''...</ref>, ut in [[denarius|denario]] anno [[106 a.C.n.]] Romae percusso in quo videtur caput dei barbatum et laureatum cum falce pone cervicem<ref>Ernest Babelon, ''Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de la République romaine,'' 1885 : [https://collections.geneve.ch/mah/oeuvre/denier/cdn-2001-1223 Memmia 2]. Vide etiam ibidem [https://fr.numista.com/catalogue/pieces66754.html Memmia 8] et [https://www.lesdioscures.com/1389no-denier-nonia/ Nonia 1].</ref>. Nam antiqui Saturnum a satu vel satione dictum esse putabant, nomen eius cum [[verbum (generale)|verbo]] saturo etiam conjungebant, id est eo qui potavit cenavitque usque ad satietatem<ref>Paul Regnaud, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23659120 L'Origine du mot Saturnus]", ''Revue de l'histoire des religions'', 1986ː 70-73</ref>. [[Saturnalia]] feriae in eius honorem mense decembri per laetitiam licentiamque summam conviviis celebrabantur: tum potabatur quam plurimum ac cenabatur quam diutissime. Nam Saturnus opulentiae ex agricultura provenientis deus erat (secundum mythographos [[Ops]] ei uxor erat). Cur Romani Saturnum eundem esse atque Graecum deum Cronum voluerint non liquet: nam [[Cronus]], postquam genitoris [[Uranus (deus)|Urani]] genitalia mutilavit, ipse pater [[Iuppiter|Iovis]], [[Iuno]]nis, [[Neptunus (deus)|Neptuni]], [[Pluto (deus)|Pluto]]nis [[Ceres (dea)|Cereris]] [[Vesta]]eque. liberos quos ex [[Rhea]] uxore genuerat vorabat, ne a filio suo regno pelleretur sicuti vates cecinerant, donec tandem [[Iuppiter]] a matre cum sorore [[Iuno]]ne fraude servatus et in [[Creta]] educatus eum vicit ac fratres sororesque evomere coegit, Saturnus contra benignus erat ut qui Italos homines [[agricultura]]m docuerat: nisi fortasse ea de causa quod utrique dei a populis qui Graeciam et Italiam ante adventum indo-europaeorum incolebant sacrificiis humanis propitiabantur<ref>[[Ovidius]] ''Fasti'' V,625-632.[[Lactantius]], ''Div. Inst.'' I,21,6-9.</ref>. Postquam vero Italici Graecique in eas regiones pervenerunt, suos deos, quorum [[Iuppiter]] princeps erat, in summum locum promoverunt. Ita fabula ad duas deorum aetates pertinet quorum priores a recentioribus invectisque loco pulsi sunt. Vel fortasse quia ''harpen'', qua Cronos patrem Uranum mutilaverat et insigne dei Graeci fuit, Latini falso interpretati sunt tamquam instrumentum rusticum. Etenim secundum [[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dionysium Halicarnassensem]]<ref>''Ant. Rom''. II,19,1.</ref> mythi Graeci de Crono Romanis parum accepti erant. Cum [[Ops]], uxor eius, Terra mater esset, physici aliquot philosophi Saturnum Caelum esse voluerunt: omnium enim in terris viventium semina prima e caelo descendisse ac terram iis satam fuisse. Sed in [[mythologia Graeca]] Saturnus filius Caeli (Graece {{Polytonic|Οὐρανός}}), quem postea mutilavit et expulit, ac Terrae est. Simul ob similitudinem nominis Croni (Graece {{Polytonic|Κρόνος}}) cum vocabulo Graeco {{Polytonic|χρόνος}} 'tempus', Saturnus tempus esse visus est<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal.]] I,38,1. [[Augustinus Hipponensis]], ''[[de civitate Dei]]'' IV.10.158: ''Saturnus, inquiunt, temporis longitudo est. Tempus ergo colunt, qui Saturnum colunt''...</ref>: tum veteres fabulae significationem allegoricam sumpserunt; Saturnus liberos suos vorans nihil aliud erat quam tempus omnia consumens quae ex se nata essent; falce enim sua non iam fruges tantum sed omnes et omnia metebat. Itaque in figuris aeri incisis quae primam chartam codicum sedecimo aut septimo decimo saeculo typographice impressorum illustrant, simul cum dea Roma et [[Clio]], [[historia]]e [[Musae|Musa]], saepe senex alatus longa falce atque clepsydra arenaria insignitus videtur (sic enim eum in antiquis nummis Graecis expressum viderant): is est Tempus vel Saturnus qui Romam etiam et [[Imperium Romanum]] delevit. Itaque antiquitatis amatores studio scriptisque suis dare operam necesse est ut Roma ex cineribus suis renascatur ac Temporis iniuriis subtrahatur. ===De Saturno Africo=== Sub [[imperatores Romani|imperatoribus Romanis]] in provincia Africa maxime cultus est, quia magno deo locali e [[Phoenices|Phoenicia]] invecto, Baal vel Belus appellato, adsimulatus est<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal.]] I,38,2. [[Tertullianus]] ''Apologeticum'' IX,2-4. [[Minucius Felix]] XXX,3. Marcellus Leglay, ''Saturne africain'', Bibliothèque des Ecoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome, 1961-1966.[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rhr_0035-1423_1968_num_174_2_9246 Recensio critica]. Andrew Wilson [http://users.ox.ac.uk/~corp0057/Romanizing%20Baal.pdf Romanizing Baal : the art of Saturn worship in North Africa]. Meriem Sebaï, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_2010_num_21_1_1729 Sacerdos intrauit sub iugum. Étude sur le rituel dans le culte de Saturne en Afrique romaine]", ''Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz'', 2010ː 269-284.</ref>, videlicet quia Carthaginienses infantes velut victimas illi deo immolabant<ref>[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal.]] I,38,2. [[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'' II, 296-297. [[Lactantius]], ''Div. Inst.'' I,21,13. </ref> : nonne deus Graecus Cronos et ipse proprios liberos infantes vorabat ? certe ibi multae inscriptiones Saturno dedicatae inventae sunt, in ceteris provinciis paucissimae. == De Saturno rege necnon de aetate aurea == Deos tam diversos ut coniungerent Romani duas aetates distinxerunt novam fabulam fingendo quam [[Vergilius]] poeta in [[Aeneis|Aeneide]] explicavit: postquam Saturnus a filio suo Iove ex [[Olympus|Olympo]] expulsus est, in Italiam nave venit ubi benigne a Iano rege acceptus tantis beneficiis sibi incolas obstrinxit ut [[Ianus]] Saturno partem regni concesserit. Nam feros agrestesque homines dispersos in silvis errantes, et vitam communem in civitate bene morata, et agri culturam, et navigationem et monetae usum docuit. Eius regnum in Italia aetas aurea fuit de qua Graecus poeta [[Hesiodus]] cecinerat. Iam Graeci hanc aetatem ''ὁ ἐπὶ Κρόνου βίος''<ref>[[Plato]],''Hipparchus'' 229b et ''[[Politicus (Plato)|Politicus]]'' 271c-272d. [[Aristoteles]], ''[[De republica Atheniensium (Aristoteles)|De republica Atheniensium]]'' 16.7. [[Plutarchus]], ''Vita Cimonis'' 10 et ''Vita Aristidis'' 24.</ref> appellabant, hoc est vita in [[Cronus|Croni]] aetate. Haec sunt Vergili verba: [[Fasciculus:Planrome collinesetplaines.png|thumb|Ianiculum ac ''Saturnia'' (Capitolium) cum ceteris collibus urbis Romae.]] :Primus ab aetherio venit Saturnus Olympo :Arma Iovis fugiens et regnis exsul ademptis. :Is genus indocile ac dispersum montibus altis :Composuit legesque dedit Latiumque vocari :Maluit, his quoniam latuisset tutus in oris. :Aurea quae perhibent, illo sub rege fuere :Saecula: sic placida populos in pace regebat. ::—Ex libro octavo ''Aeneidis'' Secundum [[Hesiodus|Hesiodum]], homines [[Aetas Aurea|aurea aetate]] in pace beate vivebant omniaque communia habebant sine distinctione servorum aut dominorum. Domus autem eorum ianuas non habebant quod qui sint fures nesciebant, terra pecudesque ultro omnia ministrabant. Ab ea felicitate possidendi cupiditate homines degeneraverunt: inde enim bella inimicitiaeque rapinaeque terras invadere coeperunt. A regno tam prospero Italia nonnumquam a poetis "Saturnia tellus"<ref>[[Columella]] ''Praefatio'' 20 ex versu [[Ennius|Enniano]]. [[Vergilius]] [[Georgica|Georg]]. II,173 et [[Aeneis]] VIII,329 (et ibidem I,569 : ''Saturnia arva'').Cf [[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal.]] I,34,5.</ref> vocata est; certe ut [[Ianiculum]] trans Tiberim a Iano dictum est sic mons quem postea [[Capitolium]] vocaverunt primo Saturnia arx appellata est quod ibi oppidum condiderat et primus in agro Romano regnaverat (Capitolium nominari coeptum est postquam regnante [[Lucius Tarquinius Superbus|Tarquinio Superbo]] humanum caput in [[Iuppiter|Iovis]] templi fundamentis inventum est). Unde Vergilius: :Hanc Ianus Pater hanc Saturnus condidit arcem :Ianiculum huic, illi fuerat Saturnia nomen.<br /> Postquam Saturnus in terris non iam comparuit<ref>[[Vergilius]] ei prolem latinam tribuit: pater Pici est et avus [[Faunus|Fauni]] qui et ipse regem [[Latinus|Latinum]] genuit, cuius filia Lavinia [[Aeneas|Aeneae]] nupsit ([[Aeneis]] 7:49).</ref>, Ianus honores ei divinos necnon annuas ferias contulit ita ut non liqueat utrum Saturnus in terras deus descenderit an homo ob egregia beneficia post mortem inter deos relatus sit, sicuti postea Evander, [[Carmenta]], [[Hercules]], [[Romulus]]/[[Quirinus]] etc.: utrumque enim illis temporibus fiebat. Saturnus [[Picus (deus)|Picum]] genuisse dicebatur, qui post eum rex [[Aborigines (mythologia)|Aboriginum]] factus est. Hoc modo una cum [[Ianus|Iano]] alterum e capitibus fiebat [[Stemma genealogicum|stemmatis]] quod per [[Latinus|Latinum]] regem usque ad [[Romulus|Romulum]], conditorem urbis Romae, perducit. ==De cultu Romano== [[Fasciculus:Arch of SeptimiusSeverus.jpg|thumbnail|Octo columnae quae olim pars templi Saturni in Foro Romano erant (dextra).]] Anno [[497 a.C.n.]], [[Aulus Sempronius Atratinus|Aulo Sempronio Atratino]] [[Marcus Minucius Augurinus|Marco Minucio]] consulibus, templum Saturno a viro consulari [[Postumus Cominius Auruncus|Postumo Cominio]] sub clivo a [[Forum Romanum|Foro]] ad [[Capitolium]] ducente dedicatum esse traditur<ref>L. Richardson, Jr., "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/504394 The Approach to the Temple of Saturn in Rome]", ''American Journal of Archaeology'', 1980ː 51-62 </ref>, in quo loco iam antea ara illi deo, si fabulis credimus, ab ipso [[Hercules|Hercule]]<ref>Sic Dionysius qui Graecus erat, Varro vero qui Sabinus erat a Sabinis.</ref> sacrata fuerat, non longe ab oppido ubi regnasse narrabatur. Secundum [[Varro Reatinus|Varronem]] vero cultus Saturni a rege [[Sabini|Sabino]] [[Titus Tatius|Tito Tatio]] Romam introductus est<ref>''Ling. Lat''. V,72</ref>. In quo templo statua dei pedibus alligatis posita erat, ut videtur, ne abiret nec templum relinqueret. Postea mythographi e contrario interpretati sunt, tamquam Saturnus iussu Iovis catenatus esset ne regnum filii perturbaret<ref>[[Arnobius Maior|Arnobius]], ''Adversus Nationes'' V,24. [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' I,8. [[Minucius Felix]], ''Octavius'' XXIII,5. Quibus vinculis Saturnalibus diebus deus liberabatur.</ref>. Illo anno feriae quoque mense decembri celebratae, [[Saturnalia]] dicta, et sacrificia annua ritu Graeco peracta simul instituta sunt<ref>[[Titus Livius]] II,21. [[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion. Hal.]] ''Ant. Rom.'' VI,2.</ref>. Etiamtunc [[Etrusci]] Romae praesentes fuisse a plerisque hodie creduntur, quamquam primi anni [[Romana Republica|reipublicae liberae]] in [[Annales|annalibus]] ab anno 509 a.C.n. incipiunt. Quin etiam pars historicorum antiquorum fundamenta templi Saturni ultimo regi [[Tarquinius Superbus|Tarquinio Superbo]] tribuebat. [[Secundum bellum Punicum|Secundo bello Punico]] ineunte, tum cum in angustiis rerum Romani nova auxilia divina sibi quaerebant, Saturnalia renovata sunt : ferias Graecas "[[Cronus|Cronia]]" dictas—quarum ritus fortasse anno [[218 a.C.n.]] prodigiorum maximorum procurandorum causa Romam introducti sunt<ref>Titus Livius XXII,1.</ref>—sibi partim adsumpserunt. E quo tempore feriae maxime omnium populares remanserunt, quamdiu Imperium Romanum superfuit. == De Saturno et re nummaria == [[Fasciculus:Semisse.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Semis reipublicae Romanae. Caput laureatum Saturni ex una parte, prora navis ex altera. S = Semis. Imago incisa ex libro Iosephi Eckhel (1787).]] [[Fasciculus:Sphaerae coelestis et planetarum descriptio-11-Saturnus.jpg|thumb|left|Saturnus astrologicus saec. XV depictus.]] Templum Saturni in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]] infimo clivo Capitolino situm, anno 497 a.C.n. dedicatum,[[aerarium]] populi Romani erat in quo pecunia publica, a [[quaestor]]ibus auctore [[senatus|senatu]] procurata, custodiebatur<ref>[[Plutarchus|Plut]]. ''Popl''. XII,3. Vide etiam exempli gratia [[Lucanus|Lucanum]] III, 114-168.</ref> necnon tabulae aeneae legum ac [[signum militare|signa militaria]] ibi condebantur. Macrobius scripsit ideo pecuniam populi Romani in templo Saturni custodiri quod regno eius nullum furtum commissum esset. Inventor pecuniae signatae fuisse a nonnullis creditus est: nam vetustissimos [[as]]ses qui ex parte caput bifrons Iani ex altera proram navis ostendebant a Iano in honorem Saturni percussos esse scriptores quarti et quinti saeculi ([[Macrobius]], Servius, pseudo Aurelius Victor) crediderunt. Secundum eos navis ibi expressa non alia erat quam ea qua Saturnus in Italiam vectus erat. Sed hodie homines nummorum Romanorum antiquorum periti istos asses tertio demum saeculo ante Christum natum percussos fuisse arbitrantur et navem longam unam ex ea classe qua Romani imperium maritimum [[Carthago|Carthaginiensibus]] vincendis obtinuerunt. In eadem serie monetali, ut caput Iani in asse, sic caput Saturni in [[Semis|semisse]] (dimidium assis valente) exprimebatur. == De Saturno in astrologia == [[Fasciculus:Saturn during Equinox.jpg|thumb|right|Saturnus planeta.]] Apud Chaldaeos primum praecipui dei cum planetis coniuncti sunt : ita qui nunc planeta Saturnus vocatur [[Babylon]]iis erat planeta dei Ninurta. Etenim legi fata hominum posse in astrorum coniunctionibus arbitrabantur. Qui mos Graeciam ac mox Italiam penetravit. Vis planetae Saturni a Romanis inclemens credebatur, quia frigidus et longinquus planeta erat ac pigriter movebatur. Unde [[Propertius]] : : ''et grave Saturni sidus in omne caput''<ref>Elegiarum IV,1,86</ref> necnon [[Lucanus]] : ''stella nocens nigros Saturni accenderet ignes''<ref>Pharsalia I,652. Vide etiam ibidem X,205 ; "frigida Saturno glacies et zona nivalis / cessit." Necnon [[Cicero]], De Natura deorum II,119 necnon [[Vitruvius]] IX.1.16.</ref> Moderna aetate quoque planeta Saturnus cum atra [[Bilis|bili]] hoc est [[Melancholia|melancholia]] coniunctus erat<ref> Raymond Klibansky, Erwin Panofsky & Fritz Saxl, ''[https://archive.org/details/saturn-and-melancholy-studies-in-the-history-of-natural-philosophy-religion-and-art/mode/2up Saturn And Melancholy Studies In The History Of Natural Philosophy, Religion And Art]'', 1964. Cf Christine Orobitg, "[https://books.openedition.org/pumi/1674 Saturne et la mélancolie au Siècle d’Or]" in ''Garcilaso et la mélancolie'', Presses universitaires du Midi, 1997ː chapitre I 9-29.</ref> et poeta Francogallicus [[Paulus Verlaine]] ut qui sub infausta stella natus esset carminum collectaneum ''Poèmes saturniens''<ref>Hoc est ''Poemata Saturnia'' (1866). [https://www.bacdefrancais.net/poemes-saturniens-verlaine.php Hic legere potes].</ref> inscripsit. Cum [[Plumbum|plumbo]] metallo quoque coniunctus erat unde [[Intoxicatio Saturnina|saturnismus]] nomen quo medici hodieque [[Toxicologia|intoxicationem]] plumbanam designant<ref>Paulus Kurtz, ''[https://archive.org/details/IA40154001_0309/mode/2up De Intoxicatione Saturnina Praesertim de ea, quae usu pulveris sternutatorii plumbum continentis exorta est],'' Gryphiswaldiae, 1860.</ref>. Ut aliis deis qui simul stellae errantes vel [[planeta]]e erant<ref>[[Dio Cassius]] XXXVII,18.</ref>, Saturno dies [[Hebdomas|hebdomadae]] dicatus est (fortasse iam tertio saeculo a.C.n.), quod etiamnunc in Celticis linguis quibusdam servatur necnon [[anglice]]: ''Satur-day'' = Saturni dies. Apud auctores antiquos "dies Saturni" plerumque nihil aliud est quam interpretatio Romana [[Sabbatum|Sabbati]] Iudaeorum<ref>[[Tibullus]] I,3,18 (prima occursio). [[Tacitus]], ''Historiae'' V,4. [[Tertullianus]], ''Apologeticum'' XVI. [[Dio Cassius]] XXXVII, 16 et 17.</ref>, qui dies religiosus erat. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == [[Fasciculus:Marcus Nonius Sufenas Denarius.jpg|thumb|Saturnus deus in [[Denarius|denario]] Marci Nonii Sufenatis (circa [[57 a.C.n.]]). Pone caput harpe et saxum conicum.]] [[Fasciculus:Saturn god card.jpg|thumb|Charta moderna Saturnum barbatum cum clepsydra et falce depingens.]] *[[Arnobius Maior|Arnobius]] libro tertio ''Adversus Nationes'', capitulis 29-30 necnon libro quarto capitulo 24. *[[Augustinus Hipponensis]], ''[[de civitate Dei]]'' IV.10.158 * [[Cicero]] libro secundo de ''Natura deorum'' capitulis LXIII-LXIV . *[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis]], libro primo ''[[Antiquitates Romanae (Dionysius Halicarnassensis)|Antiquitatum Romanarum]] '' cap. XXXIV et XXXVIII necnon libro sexto cap. 2. * [[Hyginus mythographus]], ''Fabula'' 261. * [[Marcus Iunianus Iustinus|Iustinus]] libro XLIII de ''Bellis'' ''Philippicis'' capitulo primo. *[[Lactantius]] libro primo ''Divinarum Institutionum'', capitulo undecimo (50-65) necnon capitulis XII-XIV(passim) et XXI. * [[Macrobius]] libro primo [[Saturnalia|Saturnaliorum]]. * [[Martialis]] libro XII ''Epigrammaton'' 62. * [[Minucius Felix]] ''Octavius'', cap. XXIII. * [[Origo gentis Romanae]] capitibus 1-3. * [[Ovidius]], libro primo [[Fasti (Ovidius)|''Fastorum'']] 233-240, libro quarto 197-210 et libro quinto 625-632. ** libro primo [[Metamorphoses (Ovidius)|''Metamorphoseon'']], 89-113. *[[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]] libro primo ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'', 42-58. (De parodia quadam Vergilii agitur) necnon 72-3. * [[Tertullianus]], ''Apologeticum'' X, 7-10. * [[Tibullus]], libro primo ''Elegiarum'' III,18 necnon 35-47. * [[Varro]] libro quinto ''de Lingua Latina'', capitulis XLI-XLII et LVII et LXIV et CLXXXIII. * [[Vergilius]] libro octavo [[Aeneis|Aeneidis]] 310sqq. * De nave Saturni in veteribus [[as]]sibus expressa scripserunt Servius grammaticus in Commentario ad [[Aeneis|Aeneidem]] VIII,357 et incertus auctor in [[Origo gentis Romanae|''Origine gentis Romanae'']] (diu sub nomine [[Aurelius Victor|Aurelii Victoris]] hoc opus divulgatum est) et [[Macrobius]] libro primo Saturnaliorum capite septimo: "cum primus quoque aera signaret [Ianus] servavit et in hoc Saturni reverentiam ut, quoniam ille navi fuerat advectus, ex una quidem parte sui capitis effigies ex altera vero navis exprimeretur, quo Saturni memoriam in posteros propagaret" == Plura legere si cupis == *William S. Anderson, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4173251 Juno and Saturn in the Aeneid]", ''Studies in Philology'', 1958ː 519-532 *Dominique Briquel, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhr_0035-1423_1981_num_198_2_4889 Jupiter, Saturne et le Capitole. Essai de comparaison indoeuropéenne]", ''Revue de l' histoire des religions'', 1981ː 131–162. *Patricia A. Johnston, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25010713 Vergil's Conception of Saturnus]", ''California Studies in Classical Antiquity'', 1977ː 57-70 *Robert J. Rowland, Jr., "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/268379 Saturn, Saturninus, and the Socii]", ''Classical Philology'', 1967ː 185-189 *Marianne Wifstrand Schiebe, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/41591939 The Saturn of the "Aeneid"ː tradition or innovation ?]", ''Vergilius'', 1986ː 43-60 == Nexus externi == * Imagines Saturni in [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191424/http://warburg.sas.ac.uk/vpc/VPC_search/subcats.php?cat_1=5&cat_2=182 ''Musaeo Iconographico Warburgiano''] *[http://www.zeno.org/nid/20007404956 "Saturnus"] apud ''Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon'', tomus 17. Lipsiae 1909, p. 628 {{FA stella}} [[Categoria:Saturnus (deus)|!]] kueohgwr4liwgtnfdf4rx0rw05mr1la 1 30819 3980721 3263768 2026-08-12T02:05:37Z Grufo 64423 +{{[[Formula:Antiquae disputationes|Antiquae disputationes]]}} 3980721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Antiquae disputationes | ab = 2007-06-02 | ad = 2011-07-18 }} == Why feminine? == Maybe [[Electricitas currens]]? Otherwise why feminine?--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchius|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchius|(disp)]]}</small> 23:17, 2 Iunii 2007 (UTC) :I chose feminine only to be consistent with Romance languages in using this term as a noun meaning current. I will try to find a specific latin source for the term, which should exist.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 00:58, 3 Iunii 2007 (UTC) ::The term Electricity is not a good choice here because it has many associated meanings in Latin, english, spanish, etc., non necessarily refering to the flow or motion of charges in wires. For example, it can mean the "electric power" that you get by plugging into the wall, which really isn't the same thing as what a physicist means by electric current. See for example the english, italian and spanish pages on electric current. The english "electricity" page is very interesting read too concerning the various meanings of the term electricity. --[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 00:58, 3 Iunii 2007 (UTC) :::The only alternative term I can think of that would mean the same thing as ''currens electrica'' is ''oneris electrici currens''.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 01:07, 3 Iunii 2007 (UTC) ::::For 'current of the electrical kind', the obviously parallel metaphor is 'current of the riverine kind', and in Latin that's just plain ''fluvius'' and ''flumen'' and ''amnis'' (and a little current is a ''rivulus''). If those are too confusing, because they'll make most people think of bodies of water, maybe ''fluxus'' would be OK, but remember that it's in your favorite declension! ;) [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 01:25, 3 Iunii 2007 (UTC) :::::I still think it shouldn't be [[hypallage]]...the onus is currens...--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchius|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchius|(disp)]]}</small> 01:41, 3 Iunii 2007 (UTC) :::::I'll try to research the best term during the next couple of days. Current in the physics sense here is different from ocean current and it also different from flow. It means "rate of flow of stuff past a point". In terms of water current would be gallons per minute going past a point in a pipe. Flow would be gallons.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 01:49, 3 Iunii 2007 (UTC) I do think we should use a word that could apply to a river current as well, but it's hard to come up with a good one. ''Flumen'' and ''fluxus'' both have the problems already mentioned. Unfortunately, all that Morgan gives is: :98 electric current fluxus electricus* (Egger S.L. 33), fluor electricus* (Egger S.L. 33) The terms anode and cathode were coined in 1834, so it seems plausible some coeval scientist wrote about the concept of electrical current in Latin. And note the OED entry for current: :'''7. a.''' ''Electr.'' The name given to the apparent transmission or ‘flow’ of electric force through a conducting body: introduced in connexion with the theory that electrical phenomena are due to a fluid (or fluids) which moves in actual ‘streams’; now the common term for the phenomenon, without reference to any theory. The three earliest examples given: :'''1747''' ''Gentl. Mag.'' XVII. 141 The frequent exciting such currents of ethereal fire in bed-chambers. '''1752''' <u>FRANKLIN</u> ''Let.'' Wks. 1887 II. 253 Perhaps the ''auroræ boreales'' are currents of this fluid in its own region, above our atmosphere. '''1842''' <u>GROVE</u> ''Corr. Phys. Forces'' 48 From the manner in which the peculiar force called electricity is seemingly transmitted through certain bodies..the term current is commonly used to denote its apparent progress. It seems amply clear that the analogy is explicitly to currents of water. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 02:24, 3 Iunii 2007 (UTC) ::Unfortunately these were all gropings for the right idea which came only after Faraday in 1850. Unfornately, although I have been looking, I have not found an attestation for ''currens electrica'' other than a fleeting mention in a vatican publication from 1950s. Nevertheless, I feel it is my duty as a physicist to point out again that from the point of view of physics "flow" is '''not''' the right word/concept. Obviously an electric current is associated with an electric flow, but they are not the same thing. (In some wikipedia pages they point out that the current is the flux of current density, but this is another thing entirely.) ::What is needed is to translate/express the idea ''rate'' of flow in Latin, a term that conveys "the rate of charges flowing in the wire" similar to currens electrica ("electric running") or currens electricitatis ("running of electricity"). Newton when he came up with a term for (what we today call) momentum expressed it as quantitas motus he didn't call it fluxus materiae. Perhaps ''motus electrica'' or ''motus electricitatis'' would be one solution. '''However, I think I found a better solution: ''fluxio electrica'' where the -io indicates the action or result of the action of flowing.''' I'll change the page to say this for now, but I'll continue researching to find if there is a better latin source.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 03:24, 3 Iunii 2007 (UTC) :::I also would like to add ''fluxio'' has attestation with Newton where in his method of fluxions he used the term ''fluxion'' to convey '''rate of change''.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 03:29, 3 Iunii 2007 (UTC) ::::That is true, he did. ''Fluxio'' seems like a good compromise until we can find something solid, and it may even be the ''mot juste''. As for "flow," my comment that ''fluxus'' wouldn't work directly refered to that problem. But I think you're thinking a little too meticulously about this, given that "electric current" is pretty clearly a metaphor based on the idea of the current in a body of water. The fact that the English word is the same (and I presume other languages as well) is a big hint, but the quotations also make that explicit. If the current of a river is to much like the flow of a river... well, I guess the terms aren't as well differentiated for water as they are for electricity. But that is still what the word "current" realy means. ::::But I'm dwelling too much on this. Your arguments for ''fluxio'' are decent, and we have nothing better right now. Of course, as you know, we want to avoid coining the terms ourselves, so if we can find a good citation that doesn't sound like it means "flow" (or "river") then we should probably use that. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 04:43, 3 Iunii 2007 (UTC) == Fluxio ? == That source does not support this use of ''fluxio''. Newton and Leibniz did mean rate of change, yes, but in the context of calculus. In English this ''fluxio'' = fluxion, derivative. So ''fluxio electrica'' = 'electric fluxion', which is not exactly self-evident. Google Books shows several cites for ''fluxus electricus'' but only one for ''fluxio'', and it is not in the correct sense. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 14:21, 13 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :I'm about to move it, but what of that stuff at the end distinguishing between ''fluxio'' and ''fluxus''? I imagine the ''fluxus'' there means (Anglice) electric flux, or ''fluxus campi electrici''. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 14:39, 13 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::I think I have that done, too. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 14:47, 13 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::What a mess you have made of this page. Under what title will we now put the page on electric flux? And when you made your brilliant changes did you take into account that the stuff flowing in electric wires actually flows in the opposite direction of the current??--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 16:27, 13 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::This page had to be moved: ''fluxus'' is the only attested form, and also the logical one. No, I changed nothing in the scientific explanation. ::::Electric flux should be, as I stated, ''fluxus campi electrici''. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 16:41, 13 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::::An electric current for those who understand the physics is different than an electric flow, rather it is the time derivative of the electric charge moving past a point which in latin would be literally "fluxio oneris electrici post locum moventis" or "derivativum respectu tempori oneris electrici post locum moventis" but simply fluxio electrica is fine since there isn't any other important electric fluxion; the concept is is distinguished from electron flow and also electric flow; in fact you can have a electron flow without any electric current. It may be true that electric current has been referred to as a fluxus, by someone, but that is a conceptual error. Similarly, electric power is referred to as vis electrica in the latin literature. Surely, you are not recommending that we name the page for electric power vis electrica, just because there is no other attested form???! Since this is a page about a scientific concept, it should be accurate to that concept. If you add something about electric current being called fluxus you need to state that that is an error.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 17:54, 13 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::::It could also be called a "fluxus electricitatis", based on the phrase working for me in english (though much less specific and less scientific). But certainly electric flow is not synonymous with electric current.One is a rate, the other is not. It's like motus and motio, entirely different things.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 17:59, 13 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::::::I can't see the difference. In English, current and flow mean pretty much the same thing. :::::::You seem to have a rather selective interpretation of [[VP:NF]]. ''Fluxus electricus'' not only is the attested form in papers as late as 1863, it's also the form that occurs in 20th-century dictionaries. As ''fluxus'' means a flow, it is a rough equivalent to the English 'current'. :::::::On the other hand ''fluxio electrica'' is not attested anywhere. ''Fluxio'' _is not_ a classical word; I believe it was coined by Newton specifically for the calculus concept we now call a derivative, and it has never meant anything else in Latin. To call electric current by a word that means derivative is not done in any other language, and is just silly when a proper term is available. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 18:16, 13 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::::::They don't mean the same in physics. E.g. if electrons in a wire move from left to right, then the cureent is from right to left. If N electrons and N holes move together in unison from left to right, the current is zero. If N electrons and N holes move in opposite directions, the current (fluxio) is twice but the flow (<s>fluctus</s>fluxus) is zero. Moreover the term flux (<s>fluctus</s>fluxus) is already reserved in electromagnetism for an entirely different concept. Fluxio is not a classical word, but it is a technical term in use in physics, which was coined by Newton himself. Rather than invent a new word currens for the concept, we opted to use newton's term to translate it into latin. <s>Fluctus</s>Fluxus in the sense of electric current is a misconception.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 19:59, 13 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::::::::First, it's ''fluxus''. ''Fluctus'' is an entirely different word; the spelling does matter. ::::::::::You got me on that one. Too much in a hurry.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 20:54, 13 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::::::::Newton invented ''fluxio'' is a mathematical concept, not a physical one. Please find one example of ''fluxio'' being used to mean flow or current. :::::::::I do not understand your distinction between flow and current. I have never heard them used that way in English. We would never do that without specifying electrons or holes. E.g. the flow of electrons is X, the flow of holes is Y, so the current is X+Y; adding together the 'flow' of electrons and holes as you did is physically meaningless, and is never done - it would be like adding temperatures. The issue of the conventional direction used to represent current has nothing to do with the word we choose to use for it. :::::::::I agree that we should not bring a new substantive ''currens'' into Latin, even though English and the Romance languages use a derivative of it. Fortunately, we know what word was used in Latin - unambiguously, that is ''fluxus''. The point that English uses 'flux' for a related concept should not be relevant; first, there's a good way to say it in Latin, as I explained above, and secondly, that contradicts your argument about not using ''currens''. Latin does not need to depend on the vernacular languages when there already are appropriate Latin phrases in existence. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 20:28, 13 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::::::::::I don't appreciate your point about fluxio being a mathematical concept; all physical quantities are mathematical quantities. Principia MATHEMATICA philosophiae Naturalis, right? :::::::::::The basic difference between fluxio and fluxus is that fluxio, by Newton's definition, represents the time rate of change of a thing, whereas the fluxus is the change in the thing. Thus heat Q (units = Joules) is a certain kind of fluxus of energy whereas the rate of heating dQ/dt (units of watts) is a fluxio. For electric current the fluxio is the current itself, the fluxus is the charge that has moved. Or to put it in another way entirely, If two gallons of water flow into a tub in 1 minute, the flow (flux) is two gallons, the rate of flow (fluxio) is 2 gallons per minute. :::::::::::As to conventions in calculating flow, your point has merit, since it depends on whether you consider the flow of charges or the sum of electric charge, as the relevant quantity, and given that the fluxio is calculated based on the electric charge changing, one should calculate the fluxus the same. On the other hand, a flow in the primary sense of the latin word, implies a motion of stuff, and in this sense what I wrote is correct; for co moving streams of electrons and holes, there is twice as much mass flow, and twice the flow of electric charges, but zero flow of electric charge (the word charge being used here in different senses). :::::::::::To say fluxus campi electrici is not a fluxus electricus is bizarre. Even if we were to admit (I'm not prepared to) that fluxus electricus means current, a disambig would be needed to disignate all kinds of electric flows..--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 21:24, 13 Februarii 2010 (UTC) Can you cite the passage of Newton where he allegedly differentiates ''fluxus'' and ''fluxio''? To me it seems ''fluxus'' has both meanings, just as the English ''flow'' does. I don't get your point, either, about ''fluxus'' being distinguished by being the actual flow. First, holes are not stuff, they're the absence of stuff, and have negative mass. Co-moving electrons and holes would be entirely indistinguishable from no flow of either; this is why only the net current matters. Secondly, in that case electric field flux could not be ''fluxus'', since nothing is actually flowing. When I call ''fluxio'' a mathematical concept, I meant that Newton intended it to apply exactly to the mathematical concept, not to any rate in general. Again, ''fluxio'' should be understood as the equivalent of 'derivative' in that sense. We could never say in English 'the electric derivative' or 'fluxion', because mathematical and physical terms are not interchanged that way. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 22:01, 13 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :A fluxion is not a derivative, it is a time rate of change, so that mathematically it would be calculated as the derivative of the quantity with respect to time. Thus "fluxio electrica" = "electric time rate of change", not entirely specific but neither is "fluxus electricus" ="electric flow". You can do a search of the principia at google books and see what he says about fluxio for yourself. I haven't read the chapter in the principia recently; However, I don't think he specifically distinguishes fluxio and fluxus, but he does use fluxus several times in the qualitative sense of flow; and uses fluxio only in the sense of a time rate of change. Holes are real enough, but if you want a particle that is not merely a solid state exiton, substitute "positron" for hole; the mass of a hole is positive; negative mass is not possible.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 23:23, 13 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::The word ''fluxio'' never appears in the text of the Principia (I searched it); this is because Newton was deliberately avoiding calculus in that work and again he only used ''fluxio'' in calculus contexts. ''Fluxus'' occurs three times: once referring to the tides, once in 'flow of time' and once to mean what you would call ''fluxio'' (Lib. 1 Prop. 52 - ''arcubus HI, HK aequabili '''fluxu''' crescentibus''). This last shows the he avoided using it in a non-calculus context. ::As for holes, only their effective mass is positive. In any case we shouldn't have to debate quantum physics concepts in order to come up with the correct phrase for electric current! [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 12:31, 14 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::[http://books.google.com/books?id=WqaGuP1HqE0C&printsec=titlepage#v=onepage&q=fluxio&f=false Principia pages you couldn't find]--[[Specialis:Conlationes/24.183.186.151|24.183.186.151]] 12:36, 14 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::Those uses of ''fluxio'' I did find; but they are '''all''' in the annotations by Leseur and Jacquier, not Newton's text. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 12:40, 14 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::::Whoever wrote whatever, it was published in his lifetime under his supervision, they are discussion the concept Newton conceived in Latin. So what is your point? Are you being deliberately obtuse? Fluxus may have a normal Latin meaning, but in physics it is important to distinguish a current from a flux. One is a quantitative special case of the other. Regardless of what was called once, why is it that today that in Romance languages they do not call it a flujo electrico (means the same as fluxus electricus), but a corriente electrica (=fluxio electrica, correns electrica)? I ask again, by your logic since electric power is called vis electrica, do we move our page on electric power to this name too??! In day to day latin it would be ok, but not as the title of an encyclopedic article on the physics concept.--[[Specialis:Conlationes/130.215.96.89|130.215.96.89]] 13:44, 14 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::::It was '''not''' written in his lifetime or under his supervision. Newton died in 1727, and the Jesuit edition came out in 1742. Further Leseur and Jacquier use ''fluxio'' every time in the mathematical sense of 'derivative'. It never means ''fluxus''. :::::::OK you got me on the date, but fluxio is not just a "derivative": it is a "derivative with respect to time". Conceptually there is a difference. When he coined fluxio, Newton apparently was seeking a term which denoted a flow in time as opposed to a flow in space, because that is precisely the meaning he got.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 18:24, 14 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::::Current/courant/corrente/corriente has a basic meaning of 'flow', do they not? This corresponds to ''fluxus'', and also other Latin words, though only ''fluxus'' is attested. Your example of ''vis electrica'' is not parallel; ''vis'' has a definite meaning in physics, that of force, and we can't allow force and power to use the same word; in any case, I doubt there are any uses of ''vis electrica'' to mean specifically power in today's scientific sense. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 14:32, 14 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::::::It is precisely my point: flow/flux and current mean different things in physics, whether in spanish, english, russian or chinese. --[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 18:24, 14 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::::::Re: "Current/courant/corrente/corriente has a basic meaning of 'flow', do they not?"—No, they do not, unless they reflect some Latin verb other than the obvious one: ''currere'' 'to run, to hasten'; hence 'to sail, to pass, to march'. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 14:50, 14 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::::::I mean the meaning in use, not necessarily the etymological meaning, which is 'running' with its obvious connection to flow. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 15:14, 14 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::::::::According to my Spanish-English dictionary, the basic sense of the noun ''corriente'' is 'current, flow, stream' and the secondary sense is '[electrical] current'. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 15:25, 14 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::::::::As a native spanish speaker I can attest that for me the "basic" meaning of the term corriente is "a motion of water which pushes against you and other objects that are in the water but is otherwise invisible", the second meaning is "electric current". The two "physics" definitions given by RAE are 1. the physics definition, rate of charge flow past a point in a wire, and 2. the phenomenon or actuality of electrical charges moving in a wire. (my interpretation/translation (they actually define it in terms of electricity which from context I take to mean electric charge)). The "basic" meaning of flujo is any kind of flowing or flow. The RAE does not attempt to give any physics definition for flujo. ::::::::::The distinction between current/fluxio and flow/fluxus is independent of language: note in physics scientific english term flow is used precisely the narrow sense of amount of stuff moving past the point not the rate. Thus the electric current is the <u>'''rate of''' charge flow</u>; not the charge flow, not the electric flow. Nor is it the charge flux or the electric flux. And yes, when I was looking for the latin term for electric power, the only term I actually found was vis electrica. Since that was over a year ago, I don't remember where. Maybe google will help.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 18:24, 14 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::::::::::I've looked on google and can't find 'vis electrica' meaning power. :::::::::::I am a native English speaker and I can tell you that you are not correct about the words flow and current. 'Flow' can and often does mean 'flow rate', while 'current' is very rare in that sense outside of electricity; while in electricity, 'flow' is almost never used except in defining current. The primary use of 'current' in English is that relating to water, just as it is in Spanish. But there, the units do not support your analysis: 'current' in bodies of water is a velocity generally, while a rate is likely to be called 'flow'. Ex.: the current here is over 1 knot, the flow in the pipe is 4 cubic feet per second. It is the latter, 'flow', that corresponds to electric current. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 20:01, 14 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::::::::Ainsworth provides definition of [http://books.google.com/books?id=Ta20AAAAMAAJ&pg=PT679&lpg=PT679&dq=fluxus+fluxio&source=bl&ots=ydQl8Nd1nx&sig=zCYVnTvYMl_TW1SNsV9ICimx5DU&hl=en&ei=6Ul4S5bBIoaWtgfPlLWZCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CBgQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=fluxus%20fluxio&f=false fluxio]: "flowing or running of liquids" (if that isn't the same as current what is??) ::::::::::Medical dictionaries define fluxus and fluxio in medical context supporting my interpretation above of the meaning of fluxio and fluxus: [http://books.google.com/books?id=OhZJUHmVSukC&pg=PA384&lpg=PA384&dq=fluxus+fluxio&source=bl&ots=JDsTkKoIQm&sig=rZpXVSySlTPvnePBLM0olP7cJes&hl=en&ei=6Ul4S5bBIoaWtgfPlLWZCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CBAQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=fluxus%20fluxio&f=false one] [http://books.google.com/books?id=5TAAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PT794&lpg=PT794&dq=fluxus+fluxio&source=bl&ots=m-lr6CPoy3&sig=VRd6cwl9Lql9QV-rSqZS2l2roVI&hl=en&ei=6Ul4S5bBIoaWtgfPlLWZCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CB8Q6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=fluxus%20fluxio&f=false and another] ::::::::::Newton's [http://www.archive.org/stream/methodoffluxions00newt/methodoffluxions00newt_djvu.txt Method of Fluxions] (search for "definition" to see his definition fluxio= "velocity of increase or decrease of flowing quantity") ::::::::::--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 19:20, 14 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::::::::::Well, that's surprising. ''Fluxio'' is not in the OLD, and our [http://artfl.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.21:1014.lewshort online L&S] gives both of those classical citations in Ainsworth as 'false readings'. Even if ''fluxio'' at some time became used in medical Latin, it was (apparently) always less common than ''fluxus'' and synonymous with it, or differing in ways not relevant here; my points stand. :::::::::::I am of course aware of Newton's use of ''fluxio'' in calculus; that's a good reason to avoid it in non-calculus meanings. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 20:01, 14 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::::::::::L&S does not discuss medaevel or later latin. I can only assume you are being deliberately evasive.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 10:56, 15 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::::::::::::I am not; I am responding to your use of Ainsworth, showing that the two citations in Ainsworth are not supported by OLD or L&S, which I am sure you would agree are more reliable dictionaries; and thus there is still no classical support for ''fluxio''. :::::::::::::I now have to acknowledge that there was some use of ''fluxio'' in medical Latin, as a near-synonym for ''fluxus'', but in any case they were not differentiated as you keep suggesting they should be. I shall try to find any more information about why Newton chose the term ''fluxio'', but I do not think I will be successful; I doubt that he got it from medicine. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 11:19, 15 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::::::::::::And in mathematical physics. This distinction between math and physics is a modern one made up by mathematicians. Moreover the book above explains why Newton used the term. A fluxion is the rate of change of a fluent which is any flowing quantity. I.e. a fluxion is defined as "the rate of flow" which quantitatively distinguishes it from a simple flux or flow. A rate of flow is different from flow. It is as simple as that.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 11:25, 15 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::::::::::::::Of course the rate of flow and the total quantity of flow are different physical quantities. That does not mean they can't be described by the same word, such as 'flow' in English or ''fluxus'' in Latin. It's as simple as this: that there is no sufficient cause to violate [[VP:NF]] in this case and depart from the term actually used in Latin. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 11:31, 15 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::::::::::::::There is absolute no NF violation here. Fluxio is amply attested in the sense of current. Perhaps not as electric current directly, but the fact that the two concepts of current and flow need to be distinguished and attested sources provide us with the terms to distinguish them. So what is the problem? No one is proposing to remove fluxus as a possible translation, it is just not sufficiently precise to render electric current in the scientific sense because there is more than one kind of electric flow and secondly because rate of flow and flow mean different things. Conceptual clarity is a must and the demonstrated need to distinguish these things is what drove newton to give a precise definition to this term. On top of everything else, in the case of electric current the actual flowing of charge is usually in the opposite direction to the current.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 12:35, 15 Februarii 2010 (UTC) I challenged you to show any use of ''fluxio'' meaning 'current' or 'flow'. You have done so only by finding a couple medical definitions of ''fluxio'' as an alternative to ''fluxus'' for various diseases; and also pointing out (as I acknowledged at the start) that ''fluxio'' was used as a technical term of calculus. You have not shown any physical distinction made between ''fluxus'' and ''fluxio'' in the sense you want. Newton invented the word ''fluxio'' in the mathemetical sense by 1670; electric current was first talked about a century or more later, if there had been such a distinction as you perceive, wouldn't scientists have used ''fluxio electrica''? No, they did not, for two reasons: first, there was no history of distinguishing between ''fluxus'' and ''fluxio'' in any physical sense; and secondly, ''fluxio'' was so much associated with calculus that ''fluxio electrica'' for current would have sounded ridiculous, just like its English equivalent 'electric derivative'. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 13:04, 15 Februarii 2010 (UTC) : Concepts do have technical meanings, but mathematical and physical terms are completely overlapping, '''especially''' as regards calculus, which was invented specifically for describing physical phenomena. (Moreover the fact that the physics concept was then used for describing other phenomena in medicine specifically contradicts your claim that it is "only" a maths concept) What's more can you explain exactly what is the difference between a quantitative concept such as fluxio having a physical sense and a mathematical sense? The whole language of fluens and fluxio beg for physical interpretation; they are only artificially applied to phenomena otherwise. Fluxio electrica translated simply means "the electric rate of flow" as opposed to Fluxus electricus which translated means "the electric flow". Which better describes the running of electrons down a wire? Both debatably are equally good. Which describes an electric current in the specific quantitative sense defined in <u>modern physics</u> I=dQ/dt as opposed to the electric flux? Obviously fluxio is the better, nay obvious, choice for describing I.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 14:32, 15 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::In the idea of electric current, I would argue that the qualitative sense, not the quantitative one, is primary, based on the meaning of the English word 'current'. When measuring it, we of course use units of charge per unit time (rate of flow) because the quantity of flow, as well as being less useful, is already measured by the unit of charge. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 14:50, 15 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::Again you seem to have not observed what has been written, a fluxion as defined by Newton is NOT the same as derivative; rather it defined as the velocity of increase or decrease of a flowing quantity, i.e. the rate of flow. This is the reason that Newton's terminology was abandoned in favor of Liebnitz's derivative, etc. As to why "...first talked about a century or more later, if there had been such a distinction as you perceive, wouldn't scientists have used ''fluxio electrica''?", who knows but I suspect that currens was the term eventually adopted for current, given that its decendent has been used in every romance language for current. On the other hand, I could not find a credible attestation for currens, so fluxio was used. If you want currens electricus I would say fine, but I was trying to abide by NF.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 14:42, 15 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::Newton's 'flowing quantities' were really MOVING quantities in his geometric conception of calculus; he did not primarily mean 'flow' in the usual sense. And that is what a derivative '''is''' in calculus; the reason the term 'derivative' replaced 'fluxion' had more to do with the conflict between the Newtonian and Leibnitzian systems of calculus. You say using ''currens'' would violate NF; I agree, but ''fluxio'' has exactly the same problem since neither is attested, ''only '''fluxus'''''. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 14:50, 15 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::Flowing quantities are moving quantities, and all moving quantities *figuratively speaking* do flow, but not literally speaking. The differential defined by leibnitz and the derivative later defined by others is a different thing, by each one being more abstract than the prior concept. It is a beautiful example of how abstract ideas evolve and progress. ::::Fluxio in the sense of current is certainly perfectly well attested in the sense of both "current" per se and "rate of flow" as the links above provide show clearly. The regard you personally show to those linked sources is debatable, but the fact that they specifically attest those senses is there for any man of unclouded reason to see. --[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 16:26, 15 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::::There is a difference between flowing (in the sense you intend) and moving; the former refers to a continuous substance and the latter to a point. Newton's first definition of the word, I have transcribed from the original Latin of ''De Methodo Fluxionem'' as follows: ::::::''Quantitas autem quas ut sensim crescentes indefinite considero, quo distinguam ab aliis quantitatibus quae in aequationibus quibuscunque pro determinatis et cognitis habendae sunt ac initialibus literis a, b, c, &c. designatur, posthac denominabo fluentes, ac designabo finalibus literis v, x, y, et z. Et celeritates quibus singulae a motu generante fluunt et augentur (quos possim fluxiones vel simpliciter celeritates vocitare) designabo literis l, m, n, et r. Nempe pro celeritate quantitatis v ponam l et sic pro celeritatibus aliarum quantitatam x, y, et z ponam m, n, et r respective. His praemissis e vestigio rem aggredior, imprimis duorum jam modo propositorum problematum solutionem exhibiturus.'' :::::Newton clearly defines a fluxion as a ''celeritas''; of course this is only conceptual for a method of pure mathematics, but it shows that he was not thinking of ''fluxio'' in your sense. Neglecting the dubious Ainsworth citations and the medical uses that cannot mean 'rate of flow', you have shown no uses other than the calculus concept, which as I have shown does not support your meaning. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 00:27, 16 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ==One concept, one name== Re: "Of course the rate of flow and the total quantity of flow are different physical quantities. That does not mean they can't be described by the same word." In principle, whenever possible, each unique thing should be named by a unique term (or as Rafael says, "Conceptual clarity is a must"). No less a philosopher than [[Ioannes Lockius]] lays down the law: "In all Discourses, wherein one Man pretends to instruct or convince another, he should ''use the same Word constantly in the same sense''" (''An Essay Concerning Human Understanding,'' ed. Peter H. Nidditch, 1975, p. 523, italics original). [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 14:28, 15 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :Precisely my point. The difference in meaning between the two concepts of current and flow is a huge thing in physics. Compare the huge difference in meaning between momentum (motus) and motion (motio); both latin terms mean motion, but in Newtons Principia Mathematica gives a specific meaning to motus as the product of the mass and velocity; he never distinguishes motio from motus, but he uses motio in many senses but motus only in one quantitative sense. He does this because being precise about the quantitative concept of motus is hugely important.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 14:49, 15 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::Wrong again. I searched the Principia again, and found Newton did not use ''motio'' at all, against hundreds of occurences of ''motus''. There is exactly one ''motio'' found in the notes of Leseur and Jacquier. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 14:58, 15 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::I'm not sure what you are seizing upon....So are you now saying motion and momentum are not to be distinguished, just because he does not specifically distinguish them in the principia?!--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 16:18, 15 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::What I am seizing on is that you were grossly careless at best when you talked about Newton's use of ''fluxio'' and ''motio'' in the Principia. ::::The basic Latin word for movement or motion has always been ''motus''. If we need a word that unambiguously meant 'momentum' in contrast to motion, we can use ''momentum'' or the more traditional ''quantitas motus''; both have ample support in the modern languages as I'm sure you're aware - but most of the time plain ''motus'' will do, as on our [[Leges motus]] page. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 00:07, 16 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::::It's been over a year since I worked on that page and looked at those references, my memory isn't perfect and I was speaking from memory. I don't think my care or carelessness in speaking is the relavent issue. The issue the truth of the matter at hand. :::::To whit, is it possible to admit that the word fluxus in "fluxus campi electrici" and the word "fluxus" in "fluxus electricus" (on the present version of the page) refer to 2 distinct incommensurable concepts? Is it possible to admit that, in the basic sense of flow held by fluxus, electron flow in a wire is also as readily referred to as a fluxus electricus? Is is possible to admit that the physical concept of current as I=dQ/dt (which is distinct from electron flow or charge flow) is essentially a mathematical definition of a quantity that is distinct from electron flow? How do you know that in that reference you provided, the author wasn't referring to the flow of charge as distinguished from the current?--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 00:36, 16 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::::No, as ''fluxus campi electrici'' and ''fluxus electricus'' do refer to the same concept by ''fluxus''; only, in the first, the flow is only metaphorical as a ''campus electrici'' doesn't go anywhere. Still, it is a 'rate of flow' of the potential, which I presume is the origin of the word. ::::::Electron flow in a wire is a type of ''fluxus electricus'', yes. But if you need to specify exactly electron flow, say ''fluxus'' (or ''flumen'', etc.) ''electronis'', for example. I don't think anyone would distinguish flow of charge from current before the discovery of the electron, which all the sources are. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 02:55, 16 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::::::Well that's a begining. No the electric flux is not a rate of flow of potential in any sense; a field is a rate of flow in the sense of being a derivative of a potential; a flux is not. There is no rate involved at all. In fact it is the reverse. See the section of the article that you did not change for the definitions of current (fluctio) and flux(fluxus). One is a derivative the other is an integral! :::::::So you grant the point that the source you cited in favor of fluxus being current may have instead been referring to an flow of charge rather than a electric current? Does he define precisely that fluxus electricus is dQ/dt (i.e. a rate of flow as opposed to a flow)? Or more likely is he following Franklin in incorrectly believing that electricity is a kind of fluid which can have an excess or deficiency in different objects and thus flows like water between objects? --[[Specialis:Conlationes/24.183.186.151|24.183.186.151]] 03:58, 16 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::::::The flux of the electric field is the 'rate of flow' integrated over an area ''just like'' the current is the rate of flow integrated over the cross-section of the wire! Think about it! ::::::::Also, just because 19c. physicists may not have understood the true nature of electric current does not mean they could not describe it accurately. Nor does it mean anything is wrong with their terminology. We didn't abolish the word 'gravity' after Einstein's general theory of relativity, after all. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 04:08, 16 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::::::::No the electric field does not have a velocity in it. There is no time unit involved. It is not a rate. The flux outwards from a sphere surrounding a point charge is proportional to the charge inside. What quantity of stuff is increasing decreasing inside a the sphere? Everything is static. The flux is constant, the electric field is constant, and the charge is constant. Nothing changes. So there is no rate anywhere to be seen. :::::::::None of these things by contrast is true for a current. It is a flow but it is a flow of current density, but that is only because the current density itself is a rate (i.e. fluxion, or derivative with respect to time). If the flux of current density out of a sphere is positive, something does change per unit time in the sphere, namely the charge. :::::::::The point is that the author is likely referring to the flow of current in the wire, and that is the only electric flow that he was aware of at the time. Today we know there are many electric flows and the essence of what a current IS however is not that it is a flow, but that it is a time rate of change of charge moving past a point. His fluxus electricus is rather a fluxus electricitatis or fluxus currentis electrici or fluxus fluminis electrici, or a fluxus fluxionis electricae, etc, depending on your choice of words. The important thing is that in these phrases, fluxus keeps the same sense of flow as in fluxus campi electrici. :::::::::I think the thing to do is have a discretiva page on fluxus electricus, and from there one of the items is a link to a page on current, one on charge flow (linked to the page on current), another on electric flux. However, we have to settle on a term for current, a concept which is distinct from flow. I think fluxio electricae is fine given the clear attestations both in physical sense of flowing liquids, the etymology, and its use as a technical term specifically meaning a "rate of flow" by Newton.--[[Specialis:Conlationes/24.183.186.151|24.183.186.151]] 09:55, 16 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::::::::I will tediously respond to your points. First, I acknowledged myself just above that the electric field is not a real flow, it's only conceptualised as one - where do you think the term 'flux' came from?? The parallelism between current and flux of a field is exact when that is granted. ::::::::::Secondly, I already responded to your point about charge flow vs. current. English Wikipedia does not have different articles on them, as there is no need. They are the same concept; it is only that the flow of electrons or holes or ions, etc. is a more specialised that arose when the microscopic nature of the thing was understood. In fact, let's look at the first sentence of the English article: :::::::::::''Electric current means, depending on the context, a flow of electric charge (a phenomenon) or the rate of flow of electric charge (a quantity).'' ::::::::::explicitly stating that flow and flow rate can be expressed using the same word: 'current' in English, ''fluxus'' in Latin. I disagree with your definition of the "essence" of current for the same reason. In a wire carrying a constant DC current, nothing is changing - yet we say a current exists, as there is a flow of electricity. Yes, ''fluxus electricus'' may be more accurately ''fluxus electricitatis'', but we can use the shorter form in Latin, just as we normally say in English 'electric current' and not 'current of electricity'. ::::::::::Last, no such clear attestations have been produced and you must know that if you have followed the discussion. As I explained above, including quoting his original Latin, Newton did not mean rate of flow in the liquid sense when he coined 'fluxion', he only meant rate of 'flow' of a mathematical quantity. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 12:36, 16 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::::::::::Like most english wiki articles, the beginning is a mess as it tries to explain how different people use the term electric current, ranging from consumers of electric energy to scientists. They are actually two distinct concepts, a popular one based on a vague notion of flow of a fluid and a scientific one based on a definition I=dQ/dt. I agree they do not deserve a separate page, but the concepts should be clearly distinguished. ::::::::::::The equivalent evidently in latin would be to say the fluxus electricus is electric flow, current, or electric flux, depending on context. Which is really a discretiva rather than a definition of a single concept. ::::::::::::Fluxus electricitatis is ok but only because electricitas is also ambiguous, electricity being a vague concept in all languages, with many contradictory defintions, emcompanssing even current, encluding in english. ::::::::::::My objection to the page fluxus electricus being principally about electric current is based on the fact that flow ''in physics '' is different than current. And that term fluxus electricus equivalently means the same as electric flux. If flow meant the same as current, them why do all languages distinguish them with different words? Why isn't the english term for current electric flow? Why isn't the spanish term current flujo electrico? In fact, is there any Romance language that calls the electric current electric flow?... There is a reason. The reason is semantic. The two phenomena are conceptually distinct. I think therefore a discretiva page is necessary to distinguish a page on current versus a page on flux, both ''phenomena''--to use your term--being equivalently described by the term fluxus electricus in latin. ::::::::::::I think the latin page on current should be entitled fluxio electrica for the reaasons stated above (Newton's explicit authority isn't necessary since there are plenty of sources indicating fluxio is "the running of a fluid"). Such a page e.g. should include an explanation of how fluxus electricus can equivalently be used for fluxus oneris electrici to state the phenomenon of flow of electricity as distinguised from the concept of electric current. :::::::::::::--[[Specialis:Conlationes/24.183.186.151|24.183.186.151]] 17:06, 16 Februarii 2010 (UTC) This whole argument has been an exercise in moving the goalposts: when I discredit one after another of your arguments, you keep coming back with more. The fundamental truth is that we should not be debating making a new phrase when there already is an adequate one in Latin. Further, Latin is not English, Spanish, or any other modern language. It follows its own rules. It is a characteristic of Latin that it has fewer distinct words than modern languages in many areas and uses words with a broader meaning. For example, American English has three verbs, 'press', 'pressure' and 'pressurise', that correspond to the same basic Latin verb ''premere''; would you argue that we need to create new distinctions so as to have three Latin verbs corresponding exactly to 'press', 'pressure', 'pressurise'? In any case, your distinction between 'flow' and 'current' is very weak; as I have already explained, we tend to use 'current' only in electricity (and rare physical analogues), where 'flow' would generally be recognised as an informal synonym for 'current', and for water currents which are typically thought of as velocities rather than rates, while 'flow' is used in other contexts meaning both 'amount' and 'rate' as well as the qualitative phenomenon - in other words, the distinction is more a matter of subject than of basic meaning. If you want to have absolutely logical word formation, go learn Esperanto. And why do we learn Latin rather than Esperanto or a similar constructed language? It can only be the language's long history, in Latin's case specifically of being the common language of the Western world, and a necessary part of that tradition is being very conservative linguistically and not adopting new formations unless there's a clear need. The meaning of a word or phrase in a living language is ultimately determined by how people use it. So if the English Wikipedia is describing use in its definition of electric current (and it is), then that is what the word means, and both senses are equally physical. ''The definition'' of a concept is not necessarily the unit used to measure it numerically; indeed, a good parallel can be found in the word 'mass' which means both the concept and its measure (even in physics). I have not used the word 'phenomena' in this discussion, and I don't see its relevance; I agree that a discretiva (or a headnote, but _this_ wiki seems to prefer discretivae exclusively) will ultimately be needed, but not now. Finally, while there may be sources defining ''fluxio'' as 'the running of a fluid' (and the word certainly is valid as it is formed using a productive Latin suffix), they do not distinguish it from ''fluxus'' in that sense, and not only was ''fluxio'' a late invention, it was always much less common. Your argument that we must adopt ''fluxio'' for current to avoid using the same word as for flow is exactly the same as an argument that in English we must change to calling the color of an orange 'orangeness' to avoid using the same word as for the fruit. And that is absurd. There is no reason to invent a new and confusing distinction, which besides does not even exist in the modern languages. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 00:03, 17 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :If my arguments have been changing it is only because I am trying to get a point across that apparently you are unable to grasp, whereas it is entirely evident to me. If you think bickering is tedious, imagine what it must be for a phD physicist who has been teaching physics from graduate level to undergraduate for the last 10 years. I think at some point one has to draw the line as to how hard one tries to convince another about something, and perhaps I've reached mine. I'll leave it to my fellow Vicipaedians to do as they see fit on the subject.Best--[[Specialis:Conlationes/24.183.186.151|24.183.186.151]] 01:23, 17 Februarii 2010 (UTC) == Revived discussion copied from Taberna == ''Dear friends how could we translate'' Electric current'', according to {{Castiglioni}} the word current does not exist in Latin, see the new page [[Circuitus electricus]]''--[[Usor:Helveticus montanus|Helveticus montanus]] 06:46, 17 Iulii 2011 (UTC) : ''Pitkäranta gives ''Fluentum electricum'' (though we seem to have the article under the name of [[Fluxus oneris electrici]])''. Ciaò, [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 21:18, 17 Iulii 2011 (UTC) ::''This follows a very long discussion at "Disputatio:Fluxus oneris electrici". Egger is cited there, though the page is not currently at either of the forms suggested by Egger. Anyway, I am copying these remarks to that page. Please continue there.'' ::My view is that we should adopt one of the forms given by Egger ("fluxus electricus", "fluor electricus", see above) or Pitkäranta ("Fluentum electricum"), but I have no opinion as to which is best. Any further views? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 17:35, 18 Iulii 2011 (UTC) b31znsix7x4d8og7cyx7bpsj7k28a1h 3980722 3980721 2026-08-12T02:05:51Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Disputatio:Fluxus oneris electrici]] ad [[Disputatio:Fluxus oneris electrici/Tabularium 1]] sine redirectione: Veteres disputationes ad tabularium movi 3980721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Antiquae disputationes | ab = 2007-06-02 | ad = 2011-07-18 }} == Why feminine? == Maybe [[Electricitas currens]]? Otherwise why feminine?--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchius|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchius|(disp)]]}</small> 23:17, 2 Iunii 2007 (UTC) :I chose feminine only to be consistent with Romance languages in using this term as a noun meaning current. I will try to find a specific latin source for the term, which should exist.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 00:58, 3 Iunii 2007 (UTC) ::The term Electricity is not a good choice here because it has many associated meanings in Latin, english, spanish, etc., non necessarily refering to the flow or motion of charges in wires. For example, it can mean the "electric power" that you get by plugging into the wall, which really isn't the same thing as what a physicist means by electric current. See for example the english, italian and spanish pages on electric current. The english "electricity" page is very interesting read too concerning the various meanings of the term electricity. --[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 00:58, 3 Iunii 2007 (UTC) :::The only alternative term I can think of that would mean the same thing as ''currens electrica'' is ''oneris electrici currens''.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 01:07, 3 Iunii 2007 (UTC) ::::For 'current of the electrical kind', the obviously parallel metaphor is 'current of the riverine kind', and in Latin that's just plain ''fluvius'' and ''flumen'' and ''amnis'' (and a little current is a ''rivulus''). If those are too confusing, because they'll make most people think of bodies of water, maybe ''fluxus'' would be OK, but remember that it's in your favorite declension! ;) [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 01:25, 3 Iunii 2007 (UTC) :::::I still think it shouldn't be [[hypallage]]...the onus is currens...--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchius|Ioshus]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchius|(disp)]]}</small> 01:41, 3 Iunii 2007 (UTC) :::::I'll try to research the best term during the next couple of days. Current in the physics sense here is different from ocean current and it also different from flow. It means "rate of flow of stuff past a point". In terms of water current would be gallons per minute going past a point in a pipe. Flow would be gallons.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 01:49, 3 Iunii 2007 (UTC) I do think we should use a word that could apply to a river current as well, but it's hard to come up with a good one. ''Flumen'' and ''fluxus'' both have the problems already mentioned. Unfortunately, all that Morgan gives is: :98 electric current fluxus electricus* (Egger S.L. 33), fluor electricus* (Egger S.L. 33) The terms anode and cathode were coined in 1834, so it seems plausible some coeval scientist wrote about the concept of electrical current in Latin. And note the OED entry for current: :'''7. a.''' ''Electr.'' The name given to the apparent transmission or ‘flow’ of electric force through a conducting body: introduced in connexion with the theory that electrical phenomena are due to a fluid (or fluids) which moves in actual ‘streams’; now the common term for the phenomenon, without reference to any theory. The three earliest examples given: :'''1747''' ''Gentl. Mag.'' XVII. 141 The frequent exciting such currents of ethereal fire in bed-chambers. '''1752''' <u>FRANKLIN</u> ''Let.'' Wks. 1887 II. 253 Perhaps the ''auroræ boreales'' are currents of this fluid in its own region, above our atmosphere. '''1842''' <u>GROVE</u> ''Corr. Phys. Forces'' 48 From the manner in which the peculiar force called electricity is seemingly transmitted through certain bodies..the term current is commonly used to denote its apparent progress. It seems amply clear that the analogy is explicitly to currents of water. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 02:24, 3 Iunii 2007 (UTC) ::Unfortunately these were all gropings for the right idea which came only after Faraday in 1850. Unfornately, although I have been looking, I have not found an attestation for ''currens electrica'' other than a fleeting mention in a vatican publication from 1950s. Nevertheless, I feel it is my duty as a physicist to point out again that from the point of view of physics "flow" is '''not''' the right word/concept. Obviously an electric current is associated with an electric flow, but they are not the same thing. (In some wikipedia pages they point out that the current is the flux of current density, but this is another thing entirely.) ::What is needed is to translate/express the idea ''rate'' of flow in Latin, a term that conveys "the rate of charges flowing in the wire" similar to currens electrica ("electric running") or currens electricitatis ("running of electricity"). Newton when he came up with a term for (what we today call) momentum expressed it as quantitas motus he didn't call it fluxus materiae. Perhaps ''motus electrica'' or ''motus electricitatis'' would be one solution. '''However, I think I found a better solution: ''fluxio electrica'' where the -io indicates the action or result of the action of flowing.''' I'll change the page to say this for now, but I'll continue researching to find if there is a better latin source.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 03:24, 3 Iunii 2007 (UTC) :::I also would like to add ''fluxio'' has attestation with Newton where in his method of fluxions he used the term ''fluxion'' to convey '''rate of change''.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 03:29, 3 Iunii 2007 (UTC) ::::That is true, he did. ''Fluxio'' seems like a good compromise until we can find something solid, and it may even be the ''mot juste''. As for "flow," my comment that ''fluxus'' wouldn't work directly refered to that problem. But I think you're thinking a little too meticulously about this, given that "electric current" is pretty clearly a metaphor based on the idea of the current in a body of water. The fact that the English word is the same (and I presume other languages as well) is a big hint, but the quotations also make that explicit. If the current of a river is to much like the flow of a river... well, I guess the terms aren't as well differentiated for water as they are for electricity. But that is still what the word "current" realy means. ::::But I'm dwelling too much on this. Your arguments for ''fluxio'' are decent, and we have nothing better right now. Of course, as you know, we want to avoid coining the terms ourselves, so if we can find a good citation that doesn't sound like it means "flow" (or "river") then we should probably use that. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 04:43, 3 Iunii 2007 (UTC) == Fluxio ? == That source does not support this use of ''fluxio''. Newton and Leibniz did mean rate of change, yes, but in the context of calculus. In English this ''fluxio'' = fluxion, derivative. So ''fluxio electrica'' = 'electric fluxion', which is not exactly self-evident. Google Books shows several cites for ''fluxus electricus'' but only one for ''fluxio'', and it is not in the correct sense. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 14:21, 13 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :I'm about to move it, but what of that stuff at the end distinguishing between ''fluxio'' and ''fluxus''? I imagine the ''fluxus'' there means (Anglice) electric flux, or ''fluxus campi electrici''. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 14:39, 13 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::I think I have that done, too. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 14:47, 13 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::What a mess you have made of this page. Under what title will we now put the page on electric flux? And when you made your brilliant changes did you take into account that the stuff flowing in electric wires actually flows in the opposite direction of the current??--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 16:27, 13 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::This page had to be moved: ''fluxus'' is the only attested form, and also the logical one. No, I changed nothing in the scientific explanation. ::::Electric flux should be, as I stated, ''fluxus campi electrici''. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 16:41, 13 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::::An electric current for those who understand the physics is different than an electric flow, rather it is the time derivative of the electric charge moving past a point which in latin would be literally "fluxio oneris electrici post locum moventis" or "derivativum respectu tempori oneris electrici post locum moventis" but simply fluxio electrica is fine since there isn't any other important electric fluxion; the concept is is distinguished from electron flow and also electric flow; in fact you can have a electron flow without any electric current. It may be true that electric current has been referred to as a fluxus, by someone, but that is a conceptual error. Similarly, electric power is referred to as vis electrica in the latin literature. Surely, you are not recommending that we name the page for electric power vis electrica, just because there is no other attested form???! Since this is a page about a scientific concept, it should be accurate to that concept. If you add something about electric current being called fluxus you need to state that that is an error.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 17:54, 13 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::::It could also be called a "fluxus electricitatis", based on the phrase working for me in english (though much less specific and less scientific). But certainly electric flow is not synonymous with electric current.One is a rate, the other is not. It's like motus and motio, entirely different things.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 17:59, 13 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::::::I can't see the difference. In English, current and flow mean pretty much the same thing. :::::::You seem to have a rather selective interpretation of [[VP:NF]]. ''Fluxus electricus'' not only is the attested form in papers as late as 1863, it's also the form that occurs in 20th-century dictionaries. As ''fluxus'' means a flow, it is a rough equivalent to the English 'current'. :::::::On the other hand ''fluxio electrica'' is not attested anywhere. ''Fluxio'' _is not_ a classical word; I believe it was coined by Newton specifically for the calculus concept we now call a derivative, and it has never meant anything else in Latin. To call electric current by a word that means derivative is not done in any other language, and is just silly when a proper term is available. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 18:16, 13 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::::::They don't mean the same in physics. E.g. if electrons in a wire move from left to right, then the cureent is from right to left. If N electrons and N holes move together in unison from left to right, the current is zero. If N electrons and N holes move in opposite directions, the current (fluxio) is twice but the flow (<s>fluctus</s>fluxus) is zero. Moreover the term flux (<s>fluctus</s>fluxus) is already reserved in electromagnetism for an entirely different concept. Fluxio is not a classical word, but it is a technical term in use in physics, which was coined by Newton himself. Rather than invent a new word currens for the concept, we opted to use newton's term to translate it into latin. <s>Fluctus</s>Fluxus in the sense of electric current is a misconception.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 19:59, 13 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::::::::First, it's ''fluxus''. ''Fluctus'' is an entirely different word; the spelling does matter. ::::::::::You got me on that one. Too much in a hurry.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 20:54, 13 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::::::::Newton invented ''fluxio'' is a mathematical concept, not a physical one. Please find one example of ''fluxio'' being used to mean flow or current. :::::::::I do not understand your distinction between flow and current. I have never heard them used that way in English. We would never do that without specifying electrons or holes. E.g. the flow of electrons is X, the flow of holes is Y, so the current is X+Y; adding together the 'flow' of electrons and holes as you did is physically meaningless, and is never done - it would be like adding temperatures. The issue of the conventional direction used to represent current has nothing to do with the word we choose to use for it. :::::::::I agree that we should not bring a new substantive ''currens'' into Latin, even though English and the Romance languages use a derivative of it. Fortunately, we know what word was used in Latin - unambiguously, that is ''fluxus''. The point that English uses 'flux' for a related concept should not be relevant; first, there's a good way to say it in Latin, as I explained above, and secondly, that contradicts your argument about not using ''currens''. Latin does not need to depend on the vernacular languages when there already are appropriate Latin phrases in existence. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 20:28, 13 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::::::::::I don't appreciate your point about fluxio being a mathematical concept; all physical quantities are mathematical quantities. Principia MATHEMATICA philosophiae Naturalis, right? :::::::::::The basic difference between fluxio and fluxus is that fluxio, by Newton's definition, represents the time rate of change of a thing, whereas the fluxus is the change in the thing. Thus heat Q (units = Joules) is a certain kind of fluxus of energy whereas the rate of heating dQ/dt (units of watts) is a fluxio. For electric current the fluxio is the current itself, the fluxus is the charge that has moved. Or to put it in another way entirely, If two gallons of water flow into a tub in 1 minute, the flow (flux) is two gallons, the rate of flow (fluxio) is 2 gallons per minute. :::::::::::As to conventions in calculating flow, your point has merit, since it depends on whether you consider the flow of charges or the sum of electric charge, as the relevant quantity, and given that the fluxio is calculated based on the electric charge changing, one should calculate the fluxus the same. On the other hand, a flow in the primary sense of the latin word, implies a motion of stuff, and in this sense what I wrote is correct; for co moving streams of electrons and holes, there is twice as much mass flow, and twice the flow of electric charges, but zero flow of electric charge (the word charge being used here in different senses). :::::::::::To say fluxus campi electrici is not a fluxus electricus is bizarre. Even if we were to admit (I'm not prepared to) that fluxus electricus means current, a disambig would be needed to disignate all kinds of electric flows..--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 21:24, 13 Februarii 2010 (UTC) Can you cite the passage of Newton where he allegedly differentiates ''fluxus'' and ''fluxio''? To me it seems ''fluxus'' has both meanings, just as the English ''flow'' does. I don't get your point, either, about ''fluxus'' being distinguished by being the actual flow. First, holes are not stuff, they're the absence of stuff, and have negative mass. Co-moving electrons and holes would be entirely indistinguishable from no flow of either; this is why only the net current matters. Secondly, in that case electric field flux could not be ''fluxus'', since nothing is actually flowing. When I call ''fluxio'' a mathematical concept, I meant that Newton intended it to apply exactly to the mathematical concept, not to any rate in general. Again, ''fluxio'' should be understood as the equivalent of 'derivative' in that sense. We could never say in English 'the electric derivative' or 'fluxion', because mathematical and physical terms are not interchanged that way. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 22:01, 13 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :A fluxion is not a derivative, it is a time rate of change, so that mathematically it would be calculated as the derivative of the quantity with respect to time. Thus "fluxio electrica" = "electric time rate of change", not entirely specific but neither is "fluxus electricus" ="electric flow". You can do a search of the principia at google books and see what he says about fluxio for yourself. I haven't read the chapter in the principia recently; However, I don't think he specifically distinguishes fluxio and fluxus, but he does use fluxus several times in the qualitative sense of flow; and uses fluxio only in the sense of a time rate of change. Holes are real enough, but if you want a particle that is not merely a solid state exiton, substitute "positron" for hole; the mass of a hole is positive; negative mass is not possible.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 23:23, 13 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::The word ''fluxio'' never appears in the text of the Principia (I searched it); this is because Newton was deliberately avoiding calculus in that work and again he only used ''fluxio'' in calculus contexts. ''Fluxus'' occurs three times: once referring to the tides, once in 'flow of time' and once to mean what you would call ''fluxio'' (Lib. 1 Prop. 52 - ''arcubus HI, HK aequabili '''fluxu''' crescentibus''). This last shows the he avoided using it in a non-calculus context. ::As for holes, only their effective mass is positive. In any case we shouldn't have to debate quantum physics concepts in order to come up with the correct phrase for electric current! [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 12:31, 14 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::[http://books.google.com/books?id=WqaGuP1HqE0C&printsec=titlepage#v=onepage&q=fluxio&f=false Principia pages you couldn't find]--[[Specialis:Conlationes/24.183.186.151|24.183.186.151]] 12:36, 14 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::Those uses of ''fluxio'' I did find; but they are '''all''' in the annotations by Leseur and Jacquier, not Newton's text. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 12:40, 14 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::::Whoever wrote whatever, it was published in his lifetime under his supervision, they are discussion the concept Newton conceived in Latin. So what is your point? Are you being deliberately obtuse? Fluxus may have a normal Latin meaning, but in physics it is important to distinguish a current from a flux. One is a quantitative special case of the other. Regardless of what was called once, why is it that today that in Romance languages they do not call it a flujo electrico (means the same as fluxus electricus), but a corriente electrica (=fluxio electrica, correns electrica)? I ask again, by your logic since electric power is called vis electrica, do we move our page on electric power to this name too??! In day to day latin it would be ok, but not as the title of an encyclopedic article on the physics concept.--[[Specialis:Conlationes/130.215.96.89|130.215.96.89]] 13:44, 14 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::::It was '''not''' written in his lifetime or under his supervision. Newton died in 1727, and the Jesuit edition came out in 1742. Further Leseur and Jacquier use ''fluxio'' every time in the mathematical sense of 'derivative'. It never means ''fluxus''. :::::::OK you got me on the date, but fluxio is not just a "derivative": it is a "derivative with respect to time". Conceptually there is a difference. When he coined fluxio, Newton apparently was seeking a term which denoted a flow in time as opposed to a flow in space, because that is precisely the meaning he got.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 18:24, 14 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::::Current/courant/corrente/corriente has a basic meaning of 'flow', do they not? This corresponds to ''fluxus'', and also other Latin words, though only ''fluxus'' is attested. Your example of ''vis electrica'' is not parallel; ''vis'' has a definite meaning in physics, that of force, and we can't allow force and power to use the same word; in any case, I doubt there are any uses of ''vis electrica'' to mean specifically power in today's scientific sense. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 14:32, 14 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::::::It is precisely my point: flow/flux and current mean different things in physics, whether in spanish, english, russian or chinese. --[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 18:24, 14 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::::::Re: "Current/courant/corrente/corriente has a basic meaning of 'flow', do they not?"—No, they do not, unless they reflect some Latin verb other than the obvious one: ''currere'' 'to run, to hasten'; hence 'to sail, to pass, to march'. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 14:50, 14 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::::::I mean the meaning in use, not necessarily the etymological meaning, which is 'running' with its obvious connection to flow. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 15:14, 14 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::::::::According to my Spanish-English dictionary, the basic sense of the noun ''corriente'' is 'current, flow, stream' and the secondary sense is '[electrical] current'. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 15:25, 14 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::::::::As a native spanish speaker I can attest that for me the "basic" meaning of the term corriente is "a motion of water which pushes against you and other objects that are in the water but is otherwise invisible", the second meaning is "electric current". The two "physics" definitions given by RAE are 1. the physics definition, rate of charge flow past a point in a wire, and 2. the phenomenon or actuality of electrical charges moving in a wire. (my interpretation/translation (they actually define it in terms of electricity which from context I take to mean electric charge)). The "basic" meaning of flujo is any kind of flowing or flow. The RAE does not attempt to give any physics definition for flujo. ::::::::::The distinction between current/fluxio and flow/fluxus is independent of language: note in physics scientific english term flow is used precisely the narrow sense of amount of stuff moving past the point not the rate. Thus the electric current is the <u>'''rate of''' charge flow</u>; not the charge flow, not the electric flow. Nor is it the charge flux or the electric flux. And yes, when I was looking for the latin term for electric power, the only term I actually found was vis electrica. Since that was over a year ago, I don't remember where. Maybe google will help.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 18:24, 14 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::::::::::I've looked on google and can't find 'vis electrica' meaning power. :::::::::::I am a native English speaker and I can tell you that you are not correct about the words flow and current. 'Flow' can and often does mean 'flow rate', while 'current' is very rare in that sense outside of electricity; while in electricity, 'flow' is almost never used except in defining current. The primary use of 'current' in English is that relating to water, just as it is in Spanish. But there, the units do not support your analysis: 'current' in bodies of water is a velocity generally, while a rate is likely to be called 'flow'. Ex.: the current here is over 1 knot, the flow in the pipe is 4 cubic feet per second. It is the latter, 'flow', that corresponds to electric current. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 20:01, 14 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::::::::Ainsworth provides definition of [http://books.google.com/books?id=Ta20AAAAMAAJ&pg=PT679&lpg=PT679&dq=fluxus+fluxio&source=bl&ots=ydQl8Nd1nx&sig=zCYVnTvYMl_TW1SNsV9ICimx5DU&hl=en&ei=6Ul4S5bBIoaWtgfPlLWZCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CBgQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=fluxus%20fluxio&f=false fluxio]: "flowing or running of liquids" (if that isn't the same as current what is??) ::::::::::Medical dictionaries define fluxus and fluxio in medical context supporting my interpretation above of the meaning of fluxio and fluxus: [http://books.google.com/books?id=OhZJUHmVSukC&pg=PA384&lpg=PA384&dq=fluxus+fluxio&source=bl&ots=JDsTkKoIQm&sig=rZpXVSySlTPvnePBLM0olP7cJes&hl=en&ei=6Ul4S5bBIoaWtgfPlLWZCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CBAQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=fluxus%20fluxio&f=false one] [http://books.google.com/books?id=5TAAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PT794&lpg=PT794&dq=fluxus+fluxio&source=bl&ots=m-lr6CPoy3&sig=VRd6cwl9Lql9QV-rSqZS2l2roVI&hl=en&ei=6Ul4S5bBIoaWtgfPlLWZCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CB8Q6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=fluxus%20fluxio&f=false and another] ::::::::::Newton's [http://www.archive.org/stream/methodoffluxions00newt/methodoffluxions00newt_djvu.txt Method of Fluxions] (search for "definition" to see his definition fluxio= "velocity of increase or decrease of flowing quantity") ::::::::::--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 19:20, 14 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::::::::::Well, that's surprising. ''Fluxio'' is not in the OLD, and our [http://artfl.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.21:1014.lewshort online L&S] gives both of those classical citations in Ainsworth as 'false readings'. Even if ''fluxio'' at some time became used in medical Latin, it was (apparently) always less common than ''fluxus'' and synonymous with it, or differing in ways not relevant here; my points stand. :::::::::::I am of course aware of Newton's use of ''fluxio'' in calculus; that's a good reason to avoid it in non-calculus meanings. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 20:01, 14 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::::::::::L&S does not discuss medaevel or later latin. I can only assume you are being deliberately evasive.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 10:56, 15 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::::::::::::I am not; I am responding to your use of Ainsworth, showing that the two citations in Ainsworth are not supported by OLD or L&S, which I am sure you would agree are more reliable dictionaries; and thus there is still no classical support for ''fluxio''. :::::::::::::I now have to acknowledge that there was some use of ''fluxio'' in medical Latin, as a near-synonym for ''fluxus'', but in any case they were not differentiated as you keep suggesting they should be. I shall try to find any more information about why Newton chose the term ''fluxio'', but I do not think I will be successful; I doubt that he got it from medicine. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 11:19, 15 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::::::::::::And in mathematical physics. This distinction between math and physics is a modern one made up by mathematicians. Moreover the book above explains why Newton used the term. A fluxion is the rate of change of a fluent which is any flowing quantity. I.e. a fluxion is defined as "the rate of flow" which quantitatively distinguishes it from a simple flux or flow. A rate of flow is different from flow. It is as simple as that.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 11:25, 15 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::::::::::::::Of course the rate of flow and the total quantity of flow are different physical quantities. That does not mean they can't be described by the same word, such as 'flow' in English or ''fluxus'' in Latin. It's as simple as this: that there is no sufficient cause to violate [[VP:NF]] in this case and depart from the term actually used in Latin. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 11:31, 15 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::::::::::::::There is absolute no NF violation here. Fluxio is amply attested in the sense of current. Perhaps not as electric current directly, but the fact that the two concepts of current and flow need to be distinguished and attested sources provide us with the terms to distinguish them. So what is the problem? No one is proposing to remove fluxus as a possible translation, it is just not sufficiently precise to render electric current in the scientific sense because there is more than one kind of electric flow and secondly because rate of flow and flow mean different things. Conceptual clarity is a must and the demonstrated need to distinguish these things is what drove newton to give a precise definition to this term. On top of everything else, in the case of electric current the actual flowing of charge is usually in the opposite direction to the current.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 12:35, 15 Februarii 2010 (UTC) I challenged you to show any use of ''fluxio'' meaning 'current' or 'flow'. You have done so only by finding a couple medical definitions of ''fluxio'' as an alternative to ''fluxus'' for various diseases; and also pointing out (as I acknowledged at the start) that ''fluxio'' was used as a technical term of calculus. You have not shown any physical distinction made between ''fluxus'' and ''fluxio'' in the sense you want. Newton invented the word ''fluxio'' in the mathemetical sense by 1670; electric current was first talked about a century or more later, if there had been such a distinction as you perceive, wouldn't scientists have used ''fluxio electrica''? No, they did not, for two reasons: first, there was no history of distinguishing between ''fluxus'' and ''fluxio'' in any physical sense; and secondly, ''fluxio'' was so much associated with calculus that ''fluxio electrica'' for current would have sounded ridiculous, just like its English equivalent 'electric derivative'. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 13:04, 15 Februarii 2010 (UTC) : Concepts do have technical meanings, but mathematical and physical terms are completely overlapping, '''especially''' as regards calculus, which was invented specifically for describing physical phenomena. (Moreover the fact that the physics concept was then used for describing other phenomena in medicine specifically contradicts your claim that it is "only" a maths concept) What's more can you explain exactly what is the difference between a quantitative concept such as fluxio having a physical sense and a mathematical sense? The whole language of fluens and fluxio beg for physical interpretation; they are only artificially applied to phenomena otherwise. Fluxio electrica translated simply means "the electric rate of flow" as opposed to Fluxus electricus which translated means "the electric flow". Which better describes the running of electrons down a wire? Both debatably are equally good. Which describes an electric current in the specific quantitative sense defined in <u>modern physics</u> I=dQ/dt as opposed to the electric flux? Obviously fluxio is the better, nay obvious, choice for describing I.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 14:32, 15 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::In the idea of electric current, I would argue that the qualitative sense, not the quantitative one, is primary, based on the meaning of the English word 'current'. When measuring it, we of course use units of charge per unit time (rate of flow) because the quantity of flow, as well as being less useful, is already measured by the unit of charge. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 14:50, 15 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::Again you seem to have not observed what has been written, a fluxion as defined by Newton is NOT the same as derivative; rather it defined as the velocity of increase or decrease of a flowing quantity, i.e. the rate of flow. This is the reason that Newton's terminology was abandoned in favor of Liebnitz's derivative, etc. As to why "...first talked about a century or more later, if there had been such a distinction as you perceive, wouldn't scientists have used ''fluxio electrica''?", who knows but I suspect that currens was the term eventually adopted for current, given that its decendent has been used in every romance language for current. On the other hand, I could not find a credible attestation for currens, so fluxio was used. If you want currens electricus I would say fine, but I was trying to abide by NF.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 14:42, 15 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::Newton's 'flowing quantities' were really MOVING quantities in his geometric conception of calculus; he did not primarily mean 'flow' in the usual sense. And that is what a derivative '''is''' in calculus; the reason the term 'derivative' replaced 'fluxion' had more to do with the conflict between the Newtonian and Leibnitzian systems of calculus. You say using ''currens'' would violate NF; I agree, but ''fluxio'' has exactly the same problem since neither is attested, ''only '''fluxus'''''. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 14:50, 15 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::Flowing quantities are moving quantities, and all moving quantities *figuratively speaking* do flow, but not literally speaking. The differential defined by leibnitz and the derivative later defined by others is a different thing, by each one being more abstract than the prior concept. It is a beautiful example of how abstract ideas evolve and progress. ::::Fluxio in the sense of current is certainly perfectly well attested in the sense of both "current" per se and "rate of flow" as the links above provide show clearly. The regard you personally show to those linked sources is debatable, but the fact that they specifically attest those senses is there for any man of unclouded reason to see. --[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 16:26, 15 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::::There is a difference between flowing (in the sense you intend) and moving; the former refers to a continuous substance and the latter to a point. Newton's first definition of the word, I have transcribed from the original Latin of ''De Methodo Fluxionem'' as follows: ::::::''Quantitas autem quas ut sensim crescentes indefinite considero, quo distinguam ab aliis quantitatibus quae in aequationibus quibuscunque pro determinatis et cognitis habendae sunt ac initialibus literis a, b, c, &c. designatur, posthac denominabo fluentes, ac designabo finalibus literis v, x, y, et z. Et celeritates quibus singulae a motu generante fluunt et augentur (quos possim fluxiones vel simpliciter celeritates vocitare) designabo literis l, m, n, et r. Nempe pro celeritate quantitatis v ponam l et sic pro celeritatibus aliarum quantitatam x, y, et z ponam m, n, et r respective. His praemissis e vestigio rem aggredior, imprimis duorum jam modo propositorum problematum solutionem exhibiturus.'' :::::Newton clearly defines a fluxion as a ''celeritas''; of course this is only conceptual for a method of pure mathematics, but it shows that he was not thinking of ''fluxio'' in your sense. Neglecting the dubious Ainsworth citations and the medical uses that cannot mean 'rate of flow', you have shown no uses other than the calculus concept, which as I have shown does not support your meaning. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 00:27, 16 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ==One concept, one name== Re: "Of course the rate of flow and the total quantity of flow are different physical quantities. That does not mean they can't be described by the same word." In principle, whenever possible, each unique thing should be named by a unique term (or as Rafael says, "Conceptual clarity is a must"). No less a philosopher than [[Ioannes Lockius]] lays down the law: "In all Discourses, wherein one Man pretends to instruct or convince another, he should ''use the same Word constantly in the same sense''" (''An Essay Concerning Human Understanding,'' ed. Peter H. Nidditch, 1975, p. 523, italics original). [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 14:28, 15 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :Precisely my point. The difference in meaning between the two concepts of current and flow is a huge thing in physics. Compare the huge difference in meaning between momentum (motus) and motion (motio); both latin terms mean motion, but in Newtons Principia Mathematica gives a specific meaning to motus as the product of the mass and velocity; he never distinguishes motio from motus, but he uses motio in many senses but motus only in one quantitative sense. He does this because being precise about the quantitative concept of motus is hugely important.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 14:49, 15 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::Wrong again. I searched the Principia again, and found Newton did not use ''motio'' at all, against hundreds of occurences of ''motus''. There is exactly one ''motio'' found in the notes of Leseur and Jacquier. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 14:58, 15 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::I'm not sure what you are seizing upon....So are you now saying motion and momentum are not to be distinguished, just because he does not specifically distinguish them in the principia?!--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 16:18, 15 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::What I am seizing on is that you were grossly careless at best when you talked about Newton's use of ''fluxio'' and ''motio'' in the Principia. ::::The basic Latin word for movement or motion has always been ''motus''. If we need a word that unambiguously meant 'momentum' in contrast to motion, we can use ''momentum'' or the more traditional ''quantitas motus''; both have ample support in the modern languages as I'm sure you're aware - but most of the time plain ''motus'' will do, as on our [[Leges motus]] page. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 00:07, 16 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::::It's been over a year since I worked on that page and looked at those references, my memory isn't perfect and I was speaking from memory. I don't think my care or carelessness in speaking is the relavent issue. The issue the truth of the matter at hand. :::::To whit, is it possible to admit that the word fluxus in "fluxus campi electrici" and the word "fluxus" in "fluxus electricus" (on the present version of the page) refer to 2 distinct incommensurable concepts? Is it possible to admit that, in the basic sense of flow held by fluxus, electron flow in a wire is also as readily referred to as a fluxus electricus? Is is possible to admit that the physical concept of current as I=dQ/dt (which is distinct from electron flow or charge flow) is essentially a mathematical definition of a quantity that is distinct from electron flow? How do you know that in that reference you provided, the author wasn't referring to the flow of charge as distinguished from the current?--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 00:36, 16 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::::No, as ''fluxus campi electrici'' and ''fluxus electricus'' do refer to the same concept by ''fluxus''; only, in the first, the flow is only metaphorical as a ''campus electrici'' doesn't go anywhere. Still, it is a 'rate of flow' of the potential, which I presume is the origin of the word. ::::::Electron flow in a wire is a type of ''fluxus electricus'', yes. But if you need to specify exactly electron flow, say ''fluxus'' (or ''flumen'', etc.) ''electronis'', for example. I don't think anyone would distinguish flow of charge from current before the discovery of the electron, which all the sources are. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 02:55, 16 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::::::Well that's a begining. No the electric flux is not a rate of flow of potential in any sense; a field is a rate of flow in the sense of being a derivative of a potential; a flux is not. There is no rate involved at all. In fact it is the reverse. See the section of the article that you did not change for the definitions of current (fluctio) and flux(fluxus). One is a derivative the other is an integral! :::::::So you grant the point that the source you cited in favor of fluxus being current may have instead been referring to an flow of charge rather than a electric current? Does he define precisely that fluxus electricus is dQ/dt (i.e. a rate of flow as opposed to a flow)? Or more likely is he following Franklin in incorrectly believing that electricity is a kind of fluid which can have an excess or deficiency in different objects and thus flows like water between objects? --[[Specialis:Conlationes/24.183.186.151|24.183.186.151]] 03:58, 16 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::::::The flux of the electric field is the 'rate of flow' integrated over an area ''just like'' the current is the rate of flow integrated over the cross-section of the wire! Think about it! ::::::::Also, just because 19c. physicists may not have understood the true nature of electric current does not mean they could not describe it accurately. Nor does it mean anything is wrong with their terminology. We didn't abolish the word 'gravity' after Einstein's general theory of relativity, after all. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 04:08, 16 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :::::::::No the electric field does not have a velocity in it. There is no time unit involved. It is not a rate. The flux outwards from a sphere surrounding a point charge is proportional to the charge inside. What quantity of stuff is increasing decreasing inside a the sphere? Everything is static. The flux is constant, the electric field is constant, and the charge is constant. Nothing changes. So there is no rate anywhere to be seen. :::::::::None of these things by contrast is true for a current. It is a flow but it is a flow of current density, but that is only because the current density itself is a rate (i.e. fluxion, or derivative with respect to time). If the flux of current density out of a sphere is positive, something does change per unit time in the sphere, namely the charge. :::::::::The point is that the author is likely referring to the flow of current in the wire, and that is the only electric flow that he was aware of at the time. Today we know there are many electric flows and the essence of what a current IS however is not that it is a flow, but that it is a time rate of change of charge moving past a point. His fluxus electricus is rather a fluxus electricitatis or fluxus currentis electrici or fluxus fluminis electrici, or a fluxus fluxionis electricae, etc, depending on your choice of words. The important thing is that in these phrases, fluxus keeps the same sense of flow as in fluxus campi electrici. :::::::::I think the thing to do is have a discretiva page on fluxus electricus, and from there one of the items is a link to a page on current, one on charge flow (linked to the page on current), another on electric flux. However, we have to settle on a term for current, a concept which is distinct from flow. I think fluxio electricae is fine given the clear attestations both in physical sense of flowing liquids, the etymology, and its use as a technical term specifically meaning a "rate of flow" by Newton.--[[Specialis:Conlationes/24.183.186.151|24.183.186.151]] 09:55, 16 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::::::::I will tediously respond to your points. First, I acknowledged myself just above that the electric field is not a real flow, it's only conceptualised as one - where do you think the term 'flux' came from?? The parallelism between current and flux of a field is exact when that is granted. ::::::::::Secondly, I already responded to your point about charge flow vs. current. English Wikipedia does not have different articles on them, as there is no need. They are the same concept; it is only that the flow of electrons or holes or ions, etc. is a more specialised that arose when the microscopic nature of the thing was understood. In fact, let's look at the first sentence of the English article: :::::::::::''Electric current means, depending on the context, a flow of electric charge (a phenomenon) or the rate of flow of electric charge (a quantity).'' ::::::::::explicitly stating that flow and flow rate can be expressed using the same word: 'current' in English, ''fluxus'' in Latin. I disagree with your definition of the "essence" of current for the same reason. In a wire carrying a constant DC current, nothing is changing - yet we say a current exists, as there is a flow of electricity. Yes, ''fluxus electricus'' may be more accurately ''fluxus electricitatis'', but we can use the shorter form in Latin, just as we normally say in English 'electric current' and not 'current of electricity'. ::::::::::Last, no such clear attestations have been produced and you must know that if you have followed the discussion. As I explained above, including quoting his original Latin, Newton did not mean rate of flow in the liquid sense when he coined 'fluxion', he only meant rate of 'flow' of a mathematical quantity. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 12:36, 16 Februarii 2010 (UTC) ::::::::::::Like most english wiki articles, the beginning is a mess as it tries to explain how different people use the term electric current, ranging from consumers of electric energy to scientists. They are actually two distinct concepts, a popular one based on a vague notion of flow of a fluid and a scientific one based on a definition I=dQ/dt. I agree they do not deserve a separate page, but the concepts should be clearly distinguished. ::::::::::::The equivalent evidently in latin would be to say the fluxus electricus is electric flow, current, or electric flux, depending on context. Which is really a discretiva rather than a definition of a single concept. ::::::::::::Fluxus electricitatis is ok but only because electricitas is also ambiguous, electricity being a vague concept in all languages, with many contradictory defintions, emcompanssing even current, encluding in english. ::::::::::::My objection to the page fluxus electricus being principally about electric current is based on the fact that flow ''in physics '' is different than current. And that term fluxus electricus equivalently means the same as electric flux. If flow meant the same as current, them why do all languages distinguish them with different words? Why isn't the english term for current electric flow? Why isn't the spanish term current flujo electrico? In fact, is there any Romance language that calls the electric current electric flow?... There is a reason. The reason is semantic. The two phenomena are conceptually distinct. I think therefore a discretiva page is necessary to distinguish a page on current versus a page on flux, both ''phenomena''--to use your term--being equivalently described by the term fluxus electricus in latin. ::::::::::::I think the latin page on current should be entitled fluxio electrica for the reaasons stated above (Newton's explicit authority isn't necessary since there are plenty of sources indicating fluxio is "the running of a fluid"). Such a page e.g. should include an explanation of how fluxus electricus can equivalently be used for fluxus oneris electrici to state the phenomenon of flow of electricity as distinguised from the concept of electric current. :::::::::::::--[[Specialis:Conlationes/24.183.186.151|24.183.186.151]] 17:06, 16 Februarii 2010 (UTC) This whole argument has been an exercise in moving the goalposts: when I discredit one after another of your arguments, you keep coming back with more. The fundamental truth is that we should not be debating making a new phrase when there already is an adequate one in Latin. Further, Latin is not English, Spanish, or any other modern language. It follows its own rules. It is a characteristic of Latin that it has fewer distinct words than modern languages in many areas and uses words with a broader meaning. For example, American English has three verbs, 'press', 'pressure' and 'pressurise', that correspond to the same basic Latin verb ''premere''; would you argue that we need to create new distinctions so as to have three Latin verbs corresponding exactly to 'press', 'pressure', 'pressurise'? In any case, your distinction between 'flow' and 'current' is very weak; as I have already explained, we tend to use 'current' only in electricity (and rare physical analogues), where 'flow' would generally be recognised as an informal synonym for 'current', and for water currents which are typically thought of as velocities rather than rates, while 'flow' is used in other contexts meaning both 'amount' and 'rate' as well as the qualitative phenomenon - in other words, the distinction is more a matter of subject than of basic meaning. If you want to have absolutely logical word formation, go learn Esperanto. And why do we learn Latin rather than Esperanto or a similar constructed language? It can only be the language's long history, in Latin's case specifically of being the common language of the Western world, and a necessary part of that tradition is being very conservative linguistically and not adopting new formations unless there's a clear need. The meaning of a word or phrase in a living language is ultimately determined by how people use it. So if the English Wikipedia is describing use in its definition of electric current (and it is), then that is what the word means, and both senses are equally physical. ''The definition'' of a concept is not necessarily the unit used to measure it numerically; indeed, a good parallel can be found in the word 'mass' which means both the concept and its measure (even in physics). I have not used the word 'phenomena' in this discussion, and I don't see its relevance; I agree that a discretiva (or a headnote, but _this_ wiki seems to prefer discretivae exclusively) will ultimately be needed, but not now. Finally, while there may be sources defining ''fluxio'' as 'the running of a fluid' (and the word certainly is valid as it is formed using a productive Latin suffix), they do not distinguish it from ''fluxus'' in that sense, and not only was ''fluxio'' a late invention, it was always much less common. Your argument that we must adopt ''fluxio'' for current to avoid using the same word as for flow is exactly the same as an argument that in English we must change to calling the color of an orange 'orangeness' to avoid using the same word as for the fruit. And that is absurd. There is no reason to invent a new and confusing distinction, which besides does not even exist in the modern languages. [[Usor:Pantocrator|Pantocrator]] 00:03, 17 Februarii 2010 (UTC) :If my arguments have been changing it is only because I am trying to get a point across that apparently you are unable to grasp, whereas it is entirely evident to me. If you think bickering is tedious, imagine what it must be for a phD physicist who has been teaching physics from graduate level to undergraduate for the last 10 years. I think at some point one has to draw the line as to how hard one tries to convince another about something, and perhaps I've reached mine. I'll leave it to my fellow Vicipaedians to do as they see fit on the subject.Best--[[Specialis:Conlationes/24.183.186.151|24.183.186.151]] 01:23, 17 Februarii 2010 (UTC) == Revived discussion copied from Taberna == ''Dear friends how could we translate'' Electric current'', according to {{Castiglioni}} the word current does not exist in Latin, see the new page [[Circuitus electricus]]''--[[Usor:Helveticus montanus|Helveticus montanus]] 06:46, 17 Iulii 2011 (UTC) : ''Pitkäranta gives ''Fluentum electricum'' (though we seem to have the article under the name of [[Fluxus oneris electrici]])''. Ciaò, [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 21:18, 17 Iulii 2011 (UTC) ::''This follows a very long discussion at "Disputatio:Fluxus oneris electrici". Egger is cited there, though the page is not currently at either of the forms suggested by Egger. Anyway, I am copying these remarks to that page. Please continue there.'' ::My view is that we should adopt one of the forms given by Egger ("fluxus electricus", "fluor electricus", see above) or Pitkäranta ("Fluentum electricum"), but I have no opinion as to which is best. Any further views? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 17:35, 18 Iulii 2011 (UTC) b31znsix7x4d8og7cyx7bpsj7k28a1h 0 32010 3980470 3971859 2026-08-11T14:38:50Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Lege etiam */ 3980470 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Base statua di Virio Nicomaco Flaviano - Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|{{CIL|6|1782}}: Basis statuae Nicomachi.]] '''Virius Nicomachus Flavianus''' (natus anno [[334]] - obiit die [[6 Septembris]] [[394]]) fuit scriptor, vir publicus, [[consul]] ac [[senator]] Romanus "factionis" [[paganismus|paganae]]. Eius historia deperdita est sed inter convivas ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Macrobi Saturnalium]]'' inducitur. A quibusdam auctor aut editor ''[[Historia Augusta|Historiae Augustae]]'' creditur<ref>Emilienne Demougeot (1953). Cf. Festy, Michel. "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2004_num_148_2_22744 Les Nicomaques, auteurs de l'Histoire auguste. La jalousie des méchants]",''Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres'', 2004: 757-767</ref>. == De familia == Filius Volusii Venusti<ref>[[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius|Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia]]'' I.5.13. A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/948/mode/2up 949]</ref> ex vicario Hispaniarum<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]] 23.1.4 et 28.1.24-25.</ref> erat. Ipse duos filios genuit: [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior|Nicomachum Flavianum iuniorem]]<ref>A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/344/mode/2up 345-347]. [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Ep''. II.17 et 19 et 22 et 24.</ref>, qui sese ad christianismum convertit<ref>[[Augustinus Hipponensis]], ''[[De civitate Dei|De Civitate Dei]]'' V.26.</ref> atque ter [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] fuit, et Venustum<ref>A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/948/mode/2up 948]. [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Ep''. II.17 et 88, VI.12 et 20, IX.17.</ref> qui res publicas neglexit et privatis operam dedit. Nepos ei fuit Appius Nicomachus Dexter [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]]. == De cursu honorum == Fuit ex ordine Siciliae consularis (364-5), vicarius Africae ([[377]]), [[Quaestor sacri palatii|quaestor sacri palatii]] [[Theodosius I|imperatoris Theodosii]], praefectus Illyrici (383). Deinde aliquamdiu sine officio fuit ob filii dedecus. Ab anno [[390]] cum Theodosio reconciliatus praefecturas Italiae, Africae, Illyrici gessit. [[Usurpatio|Usurpatorem]] [[Eugenius (imperator)|Eugenium]] deinde sequitur qui [[Tolerantia|tolerantiam]] erga priscos cultus profitebatur et [[Consul|consulatum]] Nicomacho offert. Post partes tamen victas die 5 septembris [[394]] sibi mortem conscivit. [[Pontifex|Pontificatu]] maiore quoque honoratus erat. Diu post mortem anno [[431]] memoria eius in integrum ab imperatoribus [[Theodosius II|Theodosio II]] et [[Valentinianus III|Valentiniano III]] restituta est (nam "livor improborum" ab eo Theodosium abalienaverat) auctoribus filio et nepote [[Appius Nicomachus Dexter|Nicomacho Dextro]]<ref> {{CIL|6|1783}} C. W. Hedrick (2000).</ref>. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *{{CIL|6|1782}} {{CIL|6|1783}} *[[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius|Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia]]'' I.5.13. * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], libro secundo epistularum necnon III.69 et 90. == Lege etiam == * Bruno Bleckmann, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436364 Bemerkungen zu den Annales des Nicomachus Flavianus]", ''Historia'' vol. 44 (1995) pp. 83–100 *Iohannes Petrus Callu, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2006_ant_361_1_11710 Les préfectures de Nicomaque Flavien]", in ''Mélanges d’histoire ancienne offerts à William Seston'', 1974, pp. 73-80 *Émilienne Demougeot, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1953_num_22_2_3215 Flavius Vopiscus est-il Nicomaque Flavien ?]", ''L'Antiquité Classique'', 1953: 361-382 *Lucie Desbrosses, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2013_num_115_2_5844 L’Histoire Auguste – De Nicomaque Flavien senior à Naucellius. À propos de M. Thomson, Studies in the Historia Augusta, Bruxelles 2012]", ''Revue des Études Anciennes'', 2013: 645-652 * Robert Malcolm Errington, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436261 The Praetorian Prefectures of Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]", ''Historia'' vol. 41 (1992) pp. 439–461. *Michel Festy, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436487 Le début et la fin des "Annales" de Nicomaque Flavien]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 1997: 465-478 *NICOMACO FLAVIANO, "HISTORICUS DISERTISSIMUS"? *Beatrice Girotti, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43652943 Nicomacho Flaviano, "historicus disertissimus"?", ''Hermes'', 2015: 124-128 * Thomas Grünewald, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436262 Der letzte Kampf des Heidentums in Rom? Zur posthumen Rehabilitation des Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]", ''Historia'' vol. 41 (1992) pp. 462–487 * Charles W. Hedrick Jr., ''History and Silence: The Purge and Rehabilitation of Memory in Late Antiquity''. Austin, 2000. ISBN 0-292-73121-3 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=m1lfk9DCtIsC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud guglum librorum] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/346/mode/2up 347-349] * James J. O’Donnell, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20081223162508/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/jod/texts/flavianus.html The Career of Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]", ''Phoenix'' vol. 32 (1978) pp. 129–143 * Jelle Wytzes, ''Der letzte Kampf des Heidentums in Rom''. Leiden: Brill, 1977 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Virius_Nicomachus_Flavianus Nicomachum Flavianum] pertinent. * {{BBKL|v/virus_n_f|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=VIRIUS NICOMACHUS FLAVIANUS|tomus=12|columnae=1442-1456}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234215/http://compute-in.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/pls/epigr/epiergebnis?p_belegstelle=CIL+06,+01783&r_sortierung=Belegstelle ↑ Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL) 6, 1783] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Scriptores operum deperditorum]] [[Categoria:Historici Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Consules]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Nati 334]] [[Categoria:Mortui 394]] [[Categoria:Homines qui sibi mortem consciverunt]] tlyvnh2lkyp6kllx4sva7ygs99v9m5q 3980471 3980470 2026-08-11T14:39:07Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Lege etiam */ 3980471 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Base statua di Virio Nicomaco Flaviano - Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|{{CIL|6|1782}}: Basis statuae Nicomachi.]] '''Virius Nicomachus Flavianus''' (natus anno [[334]] - obiit die [[6 Septembris]] [[394]]) fuit scriptor, vir publicus, [[consul]] ac [[senator]] Romanus "factionis" [[paganismus|paganae]]. Eius historia deperdita est sed inter convivas ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Macrobi Saturnalium]]'' inducitur. A quibusdam auctor aut editor ''[[Historia Augusta|Historiae Augustae]]'' creditur<ref>Emilienne Demougeot (1953). Cf. Festy, Michel. "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2004_num_148_2_22744 Les Nicomaques, auteurs de l'Histoire auguste. La jalousie des méchants]",''Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres'', 2004: 757-767</ref>. == De familia == Filius Volusii Venusti<ref>[[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius|Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia]]'' I.5.13. A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/948/mode/2up 949]</ref> ex vicario Hispaniarum<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]] 23.1.4 et 28.1.24-25.</ref> erat. Ipse duos filios genuit: [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior|Nicomachum Flavianum iuniorem]]<ref>A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/344/mode/2up 345-347]. [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Ep''. II.17 et 19 et 22 et 24.</ref>, qui sese ad christianismum convertit<ref>[[Augustinus Hipponensis]], ''[[De civitate Dei|De Civitate Dei]]'' V.26.</ref> atque ter [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] fuit, et Venustum<ref>A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/948/mode/2up 948]. [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Ep''. II.17 et 88, VI.12 et 20, IX.17.</ref> qui res publicas neglexit et privatis operam dedit. Nepos ei fuit Appius Nicomachus Dexter [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]]. == De cursu honorum == Fuit ex ordine Siciliae consularis (364-5), vicarius Africae ([[377]]), [[Quaestor sacri palatii|quaestor sacri palatii]] [[Theodosius I|imperatoris Theodosii]], praefectus Illyrici (383). Deinde aliquamdiu sine officio fuit ob filii dedecus. Ab anno [[390]] cum Theodosio reconciliatus praefecturas Italiae, Africae, Illyrici gessit. [[Usurpatio|Usurpatorem]] [[Eugenius (imperator)|Eugenium]] deinde sequitur qui [[Tolerantia|tolerantiam]] erga priscos cultus profitebatur et [[Consul|consulatum]] Nicomacho offert. Post partes tamen victas die 5 septembris [[394]] sibi mortem conscivit. [[Pontifex|Pontificatu]] maiore quoque honoratus erat. Diu post mortem anno [[431]] memoria eius in integrum ab imperatoribus [[Theodosius II|Theodosio II]] et [[Valentinianus III|Valentiniano III]] restituta est (nam "livor improborum" ab eo Theodosium abalienaverat) auctoribus filio et nepote [[Appius Nicomachus Dexter|Nicomacho Dextro]]<ref> {{CIL|6|1783}} C. W. Hedrick (2000).</ref>. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *{{CIL|6|1782}} {{CIL|6|1783}} *[[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius|Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia]]'' I.5.13. * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], libro secundo epistularum necnon III.69 et 90. == Lege etiam == * Bruno Bleckmann, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436364 Bemerkungen zu den Annales des Nicomachus Flavianus]", ''Historia'' vol. 44 (1995) pp. 83–100 *Iohannes Petrus Callu, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2006_ant_361_1_11710 Les préfectures de Nicomaque Flavien]", in ''Mélanges d’histoire ancienne offerts à William Seston'', 1974, pp. 73-80 *Émilienne Demougeot, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1953_num_22_2_3215 Flavius Vopiscus est-il Nicomaque Flavien ?]", ''L'Antiquité Classique'', 1953: 361-382 *Lucie Desbrosses, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2013_num_115_2_5844 L’Histoire Auguste – De Nicomaque Flavien senior à Naucellius. À propos de M. Thomson, Studies in the Historia Augusta, Bruxelles 2012]", ''Revue des Études Anciennes'', 2013: 645-652 * Robert Malcolm Errington, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436261 The Praetorian Prefectures of Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]", ''Historia'' vol. 41 (1992) pp. 439–461. *Michel Festy, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436487 Le début et la fin des "Annales" de Nicomaque Flavien]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 1997: 465-478 *NICOMACO FLAVIANO, "HISTORICUS DISERTISSIMUS"? *Beatrice Girotti, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43652943 Nicomacho Flaviano, "historicus disertissimus"?]", ''Hermes'', 2015: 124-128 * Thomas Grünewald, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436262 Der letzte Kampf des Heidentums in Rom? Zur posthumen Rehabilitation des Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]", ''Historia'' vol. 41 (1992) pp. 462–487 * Charles W. Hedrick Jr., ''History and Silence: The Purge and Rehabilitation of Memory in Late Antiquity''. Austin, 2000. ISBN 0-292-73121-3 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=m1lfk9DCtIsC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud guglum librorum] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/346/mode/2up 347-349] * James J. O’Donnell, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20081223162508/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/jod/texts/flavianus.html The Career of Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]", ''Phoenix'' vol. 32 (1978) pp. 129–143 * Jelle Wytzes, ''Der letzte Kampf des Heidentums in Rom''. Leiden: Brill, 1977 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Virius_Nicomachus_Flavianus Nicomachum Flavianum] pertinent. * {{BBKL|v/virus_n_f|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=VIRIUS NICOMACHUS FLAVIANUS|tomus=12|columnae=1442-1456}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234215/http://compute-in.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/pls/epigr/epiergebnis?p_belegstelle=CIL+06,+01783&r_sortierung=Belegstelle ↑ Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL) 6, 1783] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Scriptores operum deperditorum]] [[Categoria:Historici Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Consules]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Nati 334]] [[Categoria:Mortui 394]] [[Categoria:Homines qui sibi mortem consciverunt]] pt0wz5gq0up2wpq0gkidilcpsy93x7a 3980472 3980471 2026-08-11T14:40:54Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Lege etiam */ 3980472 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Base statua di Virio Nicomaco Flaviano - Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|{{CIL|6|1782}}: Basis statuae Nicomachi.]] '''Virius Nicomachus Flavianus''' (natus anno [[334]] - obiit die [[6 Septembris]] [[394]]) fuit scriptor, vir publicus, [[consul]] ac [[senator]] Romanus "factionis" [[paganismus|paganae]]. Eius historia deperdita est sed inter convivas ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Macrobi Saturnalium]]'' inducitur. A quibusdam auctor aut editor ''[[Historia Augusta|Historiae Augustae]]'' creditur<ref>Emilienne Demougeot (1953). Cf. Festy, Michel. "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2004_num_148_2_22744 Les Nicomaques, auteurs de l'Histoire auguste. La jalousie des méchants]",''Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres'', 2004: 757-767</ref>. == De familia == Filius Volusii Venusti<ref>[[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius|Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia]]'' I.5.13. A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/948/mode/2up 949]</ref> ex vicario Hispaniarum<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]] 23.1.4 et 28.1.24-25.</ref> erat. Ipse duos filios genuit: [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior|Nicomachum Flavianum iuniorem]]<ref>A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/344/mode/2up 345-347]. [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Ep''. II.17 et 19 et 22 et 24.</ref>, qui sese ad christianismum convertit<ref>[[Augustinus Hipponensis]], ''[[De civitate Dei|De Civitate Dei]]'' V.26.</ref> atque ter [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] fuit, et Venustum<ref>A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/948/mode/2up 948]. [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Ep''. II.17 et 88, VI.12 et 20, IX.17.</ref> qui res publicas neglexit et privatis operam dedit. Nepos ei fuit Appius Nicomachus Dexter [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]]. == De cursu honorum == Fuit ex ordine Siciliae consularis (364-5), vicarius Africae ([[377]]), [[Quaestor sacri palatii|quaestor sacri palatii]] [[Theodosius I|imperatoris Theodosii]], praefectus Illyrici (383). Deinde aliquamdiu sine officio fuit ob filii dedecus. Ab anno [[390]] cum Theodosio reconciliatus praefecturas Italiae, Africae, Illyrici gessit. [[Usurpatio|Usurpatorem]] [[Eugenius (imperator)|Eugenium]] deinde sequitur qui [[Tolerantia|tolerantiam]] erga priscos cultus profitebatur et [[Consul|consulatum]] Nicomacho offert. Post partes tamen victas die 5 septembris [[394]] sibi mortem conscivit. [[Pontifex|Pontificatu]] maiore quoque honoratus erat. Diu post mortem anno [[431]] memoria eius in integrum ab imperatoribus [[Theodosius II|Theodosio II]] et [[Valentinianus III|Valentiniano III]] restituta est (nam "livor improborum" ab eo Theodosium abalienaverat) auctoribus filio et nepote [[Appius Nicomachus Dexter|Nicomacho Dextro]]<ref> {{CIL|6|1783}} C. W. Hedrick (2000).</ref>. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *{{CIL|6|1782}} {{CIL|6|1783}} *[[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius|Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia]]'' I.5.13. * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], libro secundo epistularum necnon III.69 et 90. == Lege etiam == * Bruno Bleckmann, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436364 Bemerkungen zu den Annales des Nicomachus Flavianus]", ''Historia'' vol. 44 (1995) pp. 83–100 *Iohannes Petrus Callu, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2006_ant_361_1_11710 Les préfectures de Nicomaque Flavien]", in ''Mélanges d’histoire ancienne offerts à William Seston'', 1974, pp. 73-80 *Émilienne Demougeot, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1953_num_22_2_3215 Flavius Vopiscus est-il Nicomaque Flavien ?]", ''L'Antiquité Classique'', 1953: 361-382 *Lucie Desbrosses, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2013_num_115_2_5844 L’Histoire Auguste – De Nicomaque Flavien senior à Naucellius. À propos de M. Thomson, Studies in the Historia Augusta, Bruxelles 2012]", ''Revue des Études Anciennes'', 2013: 645-652 * Robert Malcolm Errington, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436261 The Praetorian Prefectures of Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]", ''Historia'' vol. 41 (1992) pp. 439–461. *Michel Festy, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436487 Le début et la fin des "Annales" de Nicomaque Flavien]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 1997: 465-478 *Beatrice Girotti, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43652943 Nicomacho Flaviano, "historicus disertissimus"?]", ''Hermes'', 2015: 124-128 * Thomas Grünewald, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436262 Der letzte Kampf des Heidentums in Rom? Zur posthumen Rehabilitation des Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]", ''Historia'' vol. 41 (1992) pp. 462–487 * Charles W. Hedrick Jr., ''History and Silence: The Purge and Rehabilitation of Memory in Late Antiquity''. Austin, 2000. ISBN 0-292-73121-3 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=m1lfk9DCtIsC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud guglum librorum] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/346/mode/2up 347-349] * James J. O’Donnell, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20081223162508/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/jod/texts/flavianus.html The Career of Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]", ''Phoenix'' vol. 32 (1978) pp. 129–143 * Jelle Wytzes, ''Der letzte Kampf des Heidentums in Rom''. Leiden: Brill, 1977 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Virius_Nicomachus_Flavianus Nicomachum Flavianum] pertinent. * {{BBKL|v/virus_n_f|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=VIRIUS NICOMACHUS FLAVIANUS|tomus=12|columnae=1442-1456}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234215/http://compute-in.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/pls/epigr/epiergebnis?p_belegstelle=CIL+06,+01783&r_sortierung=Belegstelle ↑ Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL) 6, 1783] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Scriptores operum deperditorum]] [[Categoria:Historici Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Consules]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Nati 334]] [[Categoria:Mortui 394]] [[Categoria:Homines qui sibi mortem consciverunt]] kyg6dg6bu89xznx61lp63n7yb450w9b 0 33032 3980649 3975513 2026-08-11T21:14:30Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Albertus Arnoldus Gore minor}} (vulgo ''Al''; [[Vasingtonia (D.C.)|Vasingtoniae]] natus die [[31 Martii]] [[1948]]) est [[vir publicus]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]], [[negotiator]], et [[oecologia|oecologus]], qui quadragesimus quintus [[Praeses vicarius Civitatum Foederatarum Americae|Praeses Vicarius Civitatum Foedetarum]] ab anno [[1993]] usque ad annum [[2001]] fuit, [[Gulielmus Clinton|Gulielmo Clinton]] [[Praeses Civitatum Foederatarum|praesidente]]. Socius [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Factionis Democraticae]] [[Tennesia]]m in ambabus [[Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum]] cameris olim repraesentavit, primum legatus [[Camera Repraesentantium Civitatum Foederatarum|Camerae Repraesentantium]] ab [[1977]] ad [[1985]], et tum [[Senatus Civitatum Foederatarum Americae|senator]] ab [[1985]] ad [[1993]]. Candidatus Factionis Democraticae in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|comitiis praesidentialibus anni 2000||en|qid=Q327959}} fuit, sed a [[Georgius W. Bush|Georgio W. Bush]], candidato [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Factionis Republicanae]] victus est. ''An Inconvenient Truth'' ('Veritas Importuna'), [[pellicula]]m ad [[naturae protectio|naturam protegendam]] a [[periculum|periculis]] mutationis [[aer]]is et [[calefactio globalis|calefactionis globalis]] factam, anno [[2006]] fecit. Cuius operae gratia, ipse [[Praemium Nobelianum pacis|Praemium Nobelianum Pacis]] cum [[consilium climaticum Nationum Unitarum|Consilio Climatico Consotiationis Nationum]] anno [[2007]] accepit. Ex eius nomine appellatur ''[[Etheostoma gore]],'' [[species]] [[pisces|piscaria]]. == Nexus externi == {{Communia|Al Gore|Albertum Gore}} {{Fontes biographici}} * [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2007/ De Alberto Arnoldo Gore] in pagina (nobelprize.org) Nobeliano pacis praemio dicata {{Ling|Anglice}}¨ {{CFApraesidesvicarii}} {{Anni vitae|1948||Gore, Albertus}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Harvardianae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Tennesiae]] [[Categoria:Magistri]] [[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Pacis]] [[Categoria:Praesides Vicarii Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] {{Myrias|Homines}} pm0d5ussyxrn7kc79g0k3otxfp7j27a 1 35477 3980715 3266967 2026-08-12T01:57:45Z Grufo 64423 +{{[[Formula:Antiquae disputationes|Antiquae disputationes]]}} 3980715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Antiquae disputationes | ab = 2007-08-31 | ad = 2008-08-16 }} == Info == Ah! Didn't know you'd started this. Here's my summary, feel free to annotate or contradict: *Diminutives are almost always the same gender as the simplex noun (but we will be defaulting to masculine throughout here). **Exceptions are rare, e.g. ''conventus'' > ''conventiculum'' *First or second declension defaults to ''-ulus'' **If stem ends with ''-i-'' then suffix becomes ''-olus'' **If the stem ends with ''l'' (''ocellus''), ''n'' (''femella'') or ''r'' (''castellum''), then the suffix often coalesces with the stem to form ''-ellus'' *Third declension defaults to ''-iculus'', but there are many special rules for different subtypes: **Nouns of the form ''-o -onis'' form diminutives in ''-unculus'' **S-stems, even where the ''s'' has shifted to ''r'' in all other forms, form diminutives in ''-usculus'' (e.g. ''arbor'' > ''arbusculus''--keep in mind archaic Latin ''arbos''.) *I think fourth and fifth declensions use ''-(i)culus'' forms as well, but I can't think of any examples offhand (other than ''conventus'' above). :::The -iculus -a -um can be attached to first- and second-declension words, too: :::- al-icula, from ala :::- macr-iculus (adi.), from macer -- Diaphanus 23:15, 24 Decembris 2007 (UTC) ::::Here are some other examples: nigriculus (niger), anniculus (annus), thyrsiculus (thyrsus), montaniculus (montanus), pugnicula (pugna), faeniculum (faenum), galericulum (galerum). -- Diaphanus 00:42, 25 Decembris 2007 (UTC) :::::You are right about ''ala'' - ''alicula'' and ''galerus'' ('''m.'''!) - ''galericulum'' (n.). However, your other examples I find less convincing: :::::*''thyrsiculus'', ''montaniculus'', ''pugniculus'' are not in the TLL. Where did you find them? :::::*''anniculus'' is not the diminutive of ''annus'', but an adjective meaning 'one year old'. :::::*''feniculum'' is not the diminutive of ''fenum'' 'hay', but a separate word meaning 'fennel'. :::::*of ''macriculus'' and ''nigriculus'' I have found only one instance. Varro (''De Lingua Latina'' 8.79) writes: 'Magnitudinis vocabula cum possint esse terna, ut ''cista cistula cistella'', †in mediis† [probably a scribe's error for 'in aliis media'] non sunt, ut in his: ''macer macricolus macellus'', ''niger nigricolus nigellus''.' Varro's point seems to be that, while in some cases between the 'normal word' and the form ending in -ellus/a/um there is also a medial form in -ulus/a/um, in other cases - as with niger and macer - there is not; ''macriculus'' and ''nigriculus'' are only imaginary forms made up by Varro to show what the missing forms would have looked like if they had existed.--[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 10:54, 27 Decembris 2007 (UTC) :::::::All right, ''feniculum''/''faeniculum'' and ''anniculus'' were just my errors. (I did not check the etymology of ''anniculus''. In fact, I was under the impression that it was a diminutive form being used as an adjective. It turns out that ''montaniculus'' is also an adjective.) Varro might have formed ''macriculus'' and ''nigriculus'', but is that enough to ignore them here? Here are the places where I found the two other words: [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3D%2348288 thyrsiculus], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3D%2339476 pugnicula]. -- Diaphanus 22:11, 27 Decembris 2007 (UTC) ::::::::Thanks for the information! I will add ''thyrsiculus'', ''montaniculus'' and ''pugnicula'' to the table of excepta. --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 09:32, 28 Decembris 2007 (UTC) ::: You're right, Iustine, witness ''recula'' and ''diecula''. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 03:21, 1 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :::: Thanks! ''Recula'' is utterly new to me, but ''diecula'' was the example rattling in the back of my brain. I was too lazy to actually look it up though! Anyway, this is pretty cool: we can assemble a pretty complete list of rules here. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 03:41, 1 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :::::I found some exceptions: :::::- rescula, from res (from Lewis and Short) :::::- speicula, from spes (from Souter's Glossary of Later Latin) -- Diaphanus 22:54, 24 Decembris 2007 (UTC) :::::: ''rēs-cula'' is an interesting alternative (used by Apuleius) for ''rēcula'' and has justly been inserted in the table by Harrissimo. About ''speicula'' I have my doubts. Could you, Diaphanus, give a more precise source? In general I don't think post-classical forms should be included unless they have been so widely used (preferably by more than one author) that they cannot be ignored, or they have acquired a very specific meaning that does not attach to the classical form. In this case I prefer the regular classical form ''spē-cula'' which our friend Harrissimo has inserted in the table. --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 11:11, 27 Decembris 2007 (UTC) :::::::The ''speicula'' is interesting because it was J.P. Euzéby of the [http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/ LPSN] web site who brought it to my attention. I asked him about word formation from the words ''res'', ''spes'', and ''fides'', and at one point, he gave some examples including ''speicula''. After that I searched "speicula" and found [http://fleche.org/lutece/dico/dicols.html this]: "speicula, ae, f : lueur d'espoir." That site apparently got its [http://fleche.org/lutece/dico/dicoacc.html information] from another that no longer seems to exist. At any rate, I checked the ''speicula'' entry in ''A Glossary of Later Latin'' again. It does not make clear whether the "= SPECVLA" refers to ''specula'', the diminutive of ''res'', or ''specula'', as in "a look-out." -- Diaphanus 22:33, 27 Decembris 2007 (UTC) *It is possible to form a diminutive off of a diminutive: ''circus'' > ''circulus'' > ''circellus'' > ''*circellulus''. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 23:36, 31 Augusti 2007 (UTC) :Do you think that they should be listed by declension? Your explanations have certainly made it much clearer for me than my haphazard table did. --<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]</span> 00:00, 1 Septembris 2007 (UTC) ::It seems to me too that it would be more useful that way. But it's still your chart. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 00:40, 1 Septembris 2007 (UTC) Oh, and you're right about ''-olus''. it does occur with vowels other than ''-i-''. In Classical Latin we have forms like ''aculeus'' > ''aculeolus''. There's the scientific Latin ''vacuum'' > ''vacuolum'', though I don't know if there are any classical examples of this. If there are any examples with ''-a-'', or ''-o-'', then I have yet to find them, but then ''-aus -aa -aum'' and ''-ous -oa -oum'' are not exactly common endings in Latin, are they? Also, see [[Disputatio:Planetula]] for examples of what happens to first declension masculines. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 02:06, 1 Septembris 2007 (UTC) ::Allen and Greenough claims "-olus (after a vowel)." I don't see any clear-cut exceptions to that. There are aquula and equulus, but those probably has something to do with Allen and Greenough's comment "In the combinations qu, gu, and sometimes su, u seems to be the consonant (w). Thus, aqua, anguis, cónsuétus (compare English quart, anguish, suave). In these combinations, however, u is reckoned neither as a vowel nor as a consonant." By the way, there is also parvulus and parvolus from parvus. -- Diaphanus 23:35, 24 Decembris 2007 (UTC) ::But there is ''Nicolaus'' maybe someone, sometime had a diminutive of that to say "little nick" or something like that. I guess they'd probably use ''Nicolalus'' - I've never seen an "a" and "o" together in latin before. --<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]</span> 11:43, 1 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :::Perhaps Nicolaolus if "-olus (after a vowel)" is to be followed. Yes, the ao combination is not very common in native Latin words. There is extraordinarius (if vowel length is not relevant) and various names, but many words with ao are Greek-derived... -- Diaphanus 23:42, 24 Decembris 2007 (UTC) ::Here's an interesting one no one's mentioned yet: ''trua'' "ladle" > ''trulla''. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 21:31, 21 Februarii 2008 (UTC) ===''-eculus''=== OK, can anyone explain to me ''molecula''? I mean, by my undestanding it should be ''*molicula''. The word is very much a renaissance invention, but those people usually knew what they were doing. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 06:34, 1 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :Interesting: :*''vulpes''~''vulpis'' > ''vulpecula'' :*''ovis'' > ''ovicula''~''ovecula'' :*''nubes'' > ''nubēcula'' :*''valles'' > ''vallicula''~''vallecula'' :*''trabs''~''trabes'' > ''trabecula''~''trabicula'' :*''vitis'' > ''vitecula'' :*''vepres'' > ''veprecula'' :--[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 06:43, 1 Septembris 2007 (UTC) ::Is this taken from ''Moles, Molis'' (''f.'')? (little boulder) so it should follow ''vulpes, vulpecula''. Also, I think ''vitis'' is ''viticula'', according to [[Words]]. --<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]</span> 17:05, 3 Septembris 2007 (UTC) ::Another interesting example seems to be ''acus'' (4th) becoming ''aculeus'' (like a 3rd m. like rex would do). --<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]</span> 17:07, 3 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :::Do you know where "''-illus''" should be properly used? It seems to pop up in unexpected places in the 2nd and 3rd declensions and [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/bennett.html Bennet's grammar] isn't very specific. --<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]</span> 12:34, 8 Septembris 2007 (UTC) ::::''viticula'' quater invenitur in TLL (apud Ciceronem, Columellam, et bis apud Plinium Maiorem), ''vitecula'' bis (apud Plinium Minorem et in ''Lydia'' Pseudo-Vergiliana: hīc metrum corroborat formam). ''ovecula'' non inveni in TLL. *''acus'' > ''aculeus'' est similis ac *''equus'' > ''equuleus'' (= ''eculeus''). Fortasse et conferre possumus *''nux'' > ''nuc(u)leus'' --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 14:07, 8 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :::::But is there a pattern with these "''-leus''" words? At the moment -leus and -illus seem to be just thrown in here and there. It seems the diminutive is more irregular than those neat, blue tables make it seem, ''momento''. --<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]</span> 15:38, 8 Septembris 2007 (UTC) ::::::''-illus'' is a double diminutive like ''-ellus'', but I don't know what the rules are for its distribution. As for ''-uleus'', this is a pretty fascinating bit of morphology, a pattern I had never really noticed before. It is clear that all of them have stems that end with ''u'' (vocalic or consonental), but as we see [[#Declinatio quarta|below]], it does not apply to all such nouns. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 19:24, 16 Septembris 2007 (UTC) Videte quod Servius scripsit de diminutivo 'vallecula' (''Comm. in Verg. Aen.'' 11.522): :VALLES metri necessitate conpellimur ut 'vallis' dicamus: Statius “vallis in amplexu nemorum sedet”: nam plenum est 'valles', sicut nunc Vergilius posuit. quod ita esse diminutio indicat: nam 'vallecula' dicitur, sicut 'turrim' dici debere 'turricula' indicat, 'vulpes' 'vulpecula' facit: Horatius “moveat vulpecula risum”. ergo in 'es' vel in 'is' quando usurpative, quando naturaliter exeant nomina, sola diminutio indicat. ea autem quae in 'es' exeunt, longa sunt omnia, si in genetivo non crescant, ut 'labes' 'valles' 'vulpes': nam si crescant, brevia sunt, ut 'miles militis'. --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 11:36, 13 Septembris 2007 (UTC) ::Quod ad nomen simplex attinet, perspicuum est. Sed quid de diminutivo innuere vult? Idem, ut tu supra indcas, nempe metri esse causam? --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 19:24, 16 Septembris 2007 (UTC) ==Ratio huius paginae== Si vis, Harrissimo mi, hanc paginam aliis vicipaedianis usui esse, regulae definiendae sunt, et exceptiones indicandae. Regulis nobis opus est, ut diminutiva nova facere possimus, exceptionibus ut non falsa creemus.--[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 10:24, 16 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :Assentior. Harissimo, could we maybe make this page public? It could be a very useful page, and Fabullus and/or I could be very helpful, but we don't want to step on your toes. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 19:24, 16 Septembris 2007 (UTC) ::Est nunc libera omnibus. --<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]</span> 20:01, 16 Septembris 2007 (UTC) ::: Nonne haec quam aptissima sunt Portae Eruditionis? --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 21:55, 16 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :::: Ita, nescio num haec commentatio sit, fortasse potius auxilium, aut in spatio nominale <nowiki>[[vicipaedia:]]</nowiki>. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 03:18, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :::::I think that is should be kept as an article, but with a different page "''Suffixum diminutivum Latinum''", using a <nowiki>{{vide-etiam}}</nowiki> to the newer page from here. Since the English page only gives a brief overview of each language, things are going to be a bit excessive if we go into every nook and cranny of the diminutive on a general page about the suffix. I will be translating the page into English for the English wikibook:Latin. <span style="font-family:'Courier New';">[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]</span>. ==Declinatio quarta== Vide, Iustine, diminutiva nominum quartae declinationis quae inveni in TLL: *artus (m) > articulus (m) *cinctus (m) > cincticulus (m) *quaestus (m) > quaesticulus (m) *versus (m) > versiculus (m) [--[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 20:20, 16 Septembris 2007 (UTC)] *cornu (n) > corniculum (n) *genu (n) > geniculum (n) *conventus (m) > conventiculum (n) *currus (m) > curriculum (n) *anus (f) > anicula (f) *manus (f) > manicula (f) [non, ut scriptum in pagina, 'manusculus'] *acus (f) > acūleus (m) *domus (f) > domuncula sive domuscula (f) *lacus (m) > lacusculus (m) [--[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 13:39, 6 Decembris 2007 (UTC)] Ut supra iam coniecisti suffixum diminutivum regulare videtur esse -iculus/a/um. --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 10:24, 16 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :Macte virtute! Pleraque sunt ut suspectus sum, sed nonnulla mirror. Cur genus conventus et currus mutatur? Cur umquam -uleus? Et praeterea quidnam inferorum dici potest de "domuncula"? Mihi quidem est domus, non *domo ;) --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 19:24, 16 Septembris 2007 (UTC) ::Quid dicas de rana, ranunculo; aut avus, avunculo? --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 19:39, 19 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :::Recte, nonnulla esse videntur. Sed fortasse aliquibus fuerunt formae variantes ex ''-o''. :::Cum quidem de ''-unculis'' loquamur, me rogabam num essent verba ''-unculum'' ex ''-en -inis''. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 01:11, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC) ::::Duo exempla tibi inveni: ::::*pecten, -inis (m.) > pectunculus ::::*sanguis (sanguen), -inis (m.) > sangunculus [hapax legomenon apud Petr. ''Satyr.'' 66.2.2] ::::--[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 15:18, 28 Octobris 2007 (UTC) :::Sed quae inveni omnino alterius generis fuerunt: :::*mendacium > mendaciunculum :::*statua > statunculum :::*tugurium > tuguriunculum :::*lagoena/lagōna > laguncula [addidi --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 15:22, 28 Octobris 2007 (UTC)] :::*? > caprunculum :::Mirabiliter omnia sunt I^ae aut II^ae declinationis. :::--[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 01:11, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC) ::::De hac re heri mirabor unde ''musca'' => Italice ''moschetta'', tamen Hispanice ''mosquito''...--[[Usor:Ioscius Rocchius|Ioscius]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioscius Rocchius|(disp)]]}</small> 17:18, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :::Carduus > cardunculus (Latinitate scientifica) --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 18:23, 16 Decembris 2007 (UTC) ::::Sed, ab alia parte, nomina vernacula huius plantae, it. ''cardone'', f-g. ''cardon'', ang. ''cardoon'', subnutare videntur *cardo -nis. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 18:38, 16 Decembris 2007 (UTC) ==In Verbs== [http://latinum.mypodcast.com/2007/04/Latin_Suffixes_Verbs_ending_in_LO-11560.html This podcast] is really useful. I think there are more in that series about diminutives too. Basically latin verb diminutive is: *All go to 1st verb declension (-o, -are, -avi, -atus) *They add mostly -ill- before the -o *Examples: ''Cantillare'': To barely Hum, ''Conscribillare'': To scribble, ''Murmurillare'': To murmur a little. <span style="font-family:'Courier New';">[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]</span>. ==Declinatio tertia== Declinatio tertia difficilior esse videtur quam tu, Iustine, et ego putavimus. :::''Iam dixi "''there are many special rules for different subtypes''," nonne? ;) --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 01:02, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC)'' *Nomina in ''-ēs, -is'' exeuntia diminutivum in ''-ēcul-'' mittunt. (Hoc est quod mihi videtur Servius (vide supra) dixisse) ::vulpēs, vulpis > vulpēcula ::sed: :::saepēs, saepis > saepicula [addidi --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 11:12, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC)] *Nomina in ''-is, -is'' exeuntia diminutivum in ''-icul-'' mittunt. ::turris, turris > turricula ::canis, canis > canicula ::sed: :::vallis, vallis > vallēcula (e forma alterna 'vallēs') :::vitis, vitis > vitēcula (iuxta 'viticula') :::iuvenis, iuvenis > iuvenculus (e synonymo 'iuvencus') :::viridis, viridis (adi.) > viridulus [addidi --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 21:02, 19 Septembris 2007 (UTC)] :::corbis, -is > corbula [addidi --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 11:24, 4 Octobris 2007 (UTC)] *Nomina neutri generis in ''-e, -is'' exeuntia diminutivum in ''-icul-'' mittunt. ::rete, retis > reticulum (unicum exemplum quod invenire potui) *Nomina in ''-o, -ōnis/-ĭnis'' exeuntia diminutivum in ''-uncul-'' mittunt. ::ratio, rationis > ratiuncula ::homo, hominis > homunculus *Nomina quorum stirps{{dubsig}} in ''-c-'' aut ''-g-'' exit diminutivum in ''-ul-'' mittunt. ::vox, vocis > vocula ::rex, regis > regulus ::calx, calcis > calculus ::falx, falcis > falcula ::lanx, lancis > lancula *Nomina quorum stirps{{dubsig}} antiquitus in ''-s-'' exiit diminutivum in ''-cul-'' mittunt. ::flōs, flōris > flōsculus ::ōs, ōris > ōsculum ::mūs, mūris > mūsculus ::pulvis, pulvĕris > pulvisculus [addidi --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 15:09, 5 Octobris 2007 (UTC)] ::arbŏr, arbŏris > arbuscula (o brevis fit u) ::iecŭr, iecŏris > iecusculum (o brevis fit u) ::(''anomale:'' ramus > rumulus, ''sed et'' ramusculus) [addidi --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 03:17, 21 Decembris 2007 (UTC)] *Nomina quorum stirps{{dubsig}} exit in ''-r(r)-'' aut ''-l(l)-'' diminutivum in ''-cul-'' mittunt. ::amator, amatoris > amatorculus ::ver, veris > verculum ::[mulier, mulieris > muliercula [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 14:53, 27 Decembris 2007 (UTC)] ::far, farris > farculum ::mel, mellis > melculum *<s>De nominibus quorum stirps{{dubsig}} exit in ''-t-'' et ''-d-'' nescio quid faciam.</s> *Nomina quorum stirps exit in ''-t-'' et ''-d-'' saepissime diminutivum in ''-ul-'' mittunt. [mutavi --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 11:01, 4 Octobris 2007 (UTC)] ::caput, capitis > capitulum (= capit-ulum) ::merces, mercedis > mercedula [addidi --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 10:03, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC)] ::nepos, nepotis > nepotulus [addidi --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 10:03, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC)] ::aetas, aetatis > aetatula [addidi --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 10:03, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC)] ::aries, arietis > arietillus (= ariet-illus) ::glans, glandis > glandula (=gland-ula) ::adulescens, -ntis > adulescentulus [addidi --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 11:01, 4 Octobris 2007 (UTC)] ::valens, -ntis > valentulus [addid --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 11:01, 4 Octobris 2007 (UTC)] ::blandiloquens, -ntis > blandiloquentulus [addidi --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 11:01, 4 Octobris 2007 (UTC)] ::infans, -ntis > infantulus [addidi --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 12:06, 4 Octobris 2007 (UTC)] ::sed: :::lapis, lapidis > lapillus (= lapid-lus) :::cor, cordis > corculum (=cord-culum) :::pes, pedis > pediculus [addidi --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 10:03, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC)] ::::Sed et anomale > petiolus [addidi --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 18:18, 17 Februarii 2008 (UTC)] :::anas, anatis > anaticula [addidi --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 11:12, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC)] <s>*Ceterum nomina quorum stirps{{dubsig}} exit in ''-rt-, -lt-, -nt-'' diminutivum in ''-icul-'' mittunt. </s> :::pars, partis > particula :::puls, pultis > pulticula :::dens, dentis > denticulus :::pons, pontis > ponticulus :::lens, lentis > lenticula *De ceteris nominibus, quorum stirps{{dubsig}} exit in ''-b-'' aut ''-p-'' aut in consonantes plures exempla non inveni. ::ops, opis > ? ::urbs, urbis > ? ::stirps, stirpis > ? --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 19:39, 19 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :::I think ''urbs'' is ''urbecula''. I have seen this in Hofmann a few times. One of which is [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/s0930a.html here]. There is also ''codex, codicillus''. I'm not sure where that would fit in. <span style="font-family:'Courier New';">[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]</span>. :Gratias tibi, Fabulle, ago pro laboribus tuis strenuis et utillimis! :Dicamus igitur pro declinatione ''i'', si nominativum in -is vel -e exit, diminutivum esse -icul(us), sin autem -es, -ecul(us), regulum autem esse satis laxum. ::Ita vero. --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 11:12, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :Placet scire formulam de "velaribus," qualia sunt -c- et -g-. Nonnulla verba animadverteram, sed non formulam. Quod ad "dentales" pertinet, mira est variatio, et usque adhuc neque ego intelligo. Sine dubio classis quae continet ''–rt-, -lt-, -nt-'' ad omnia duobus litteris dissimilibus exeuntes pertinebit. ::Tecum consentio. Fortasse regulam definire possumus omnia nomina quorum stirps exit in duas aut plures consonantes diminutivum mittere in -icul-, exceptionibus scilicet exceptis. Ceterum, si hanc regulam adhibemus in 'urbem', diminutivum 'urbicula', non 'urbecula' invenimus. Quod ad dentales singulas pertinet, novis exemplis allatis nunc credo haec nomina plerumque diminutivum in -ul- mittere, multis tamen casibus exceptis. --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 11:12, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :''Urbecula'' sounds right to me too, but there don't seem to be any classical examples thereof, its admissability is questionable. And I remind you that ''codicillus'' is adouble-diminutive. The fact that ''codiculus'' doesn't exist doesn't matter. Of course ''codicula'' exists, but that comes form ''cauda'' (weird). --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 01:02, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :Duo tantum dimuntiva ex -b- aut -p- invenio: ::scrobs, scrobis > scrobiculus ::plebs, plebis > plebecula, plebicula :Ambo autem variationes ex -i- habent: scrobes, plebes, plebis. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 01:46, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC) ::Et trabs, trabis > trabecula, trabicula --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 11:12, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :::Eh? Quomodo trabem ommisi!? De eo verbo cogitaveram, sed non, ut videtur, quaesivi. Sed et trabs habet formam alternam "trabes." --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 18:07, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC) ==Pure labial-stems and mixed i-stems== It might be a very good idea to make a distinction between the "pure" p-stem ([http://www.hhhh.org/perseant/libellus/aides/allgre/allgre.56.html mute stem]) substantives (like ''princeps'') and the [http://www.hhhh.org/perseant/libellus/aides/allgre/allgre.70.html mixed i-stem] substantives that are p-stems in the singular but i-stems in the plural (like ''trabs''). What would a diminutive form of ''princeps'' be? I was thinking ''principulus'' (which seems to be used in scientific Latin), following the same pattern used for diminutives of other mute stems (like ''regulus'' and ''capitulum'') (check Lane's Latin Grammar, section 271). The form ''principiculus'' also appears, but it seems that that one is not as common. -- Diaphanus 00:39, 26 Decembris 2007 (UTC) :Until now I have tried as much as possible to confine the examples in the tables to those actually attested for classical Latin (i.e. those found in the TLL), and from those to try and find rules that may be applied to other words as well. The only labial-stems with diminutives Iustinus and I have been able to come up with thus far are: ''scrobs'', ''plebs'' and ''trabs''. In the TLL I have found neither ''principulus'' nor ''principitulus''. With so few examples it seems hardly wise to subdivide them further, especially since the basis for this subdivision is rather weak. I take it that ''princeps'' is a pure labial-stem because its genetive plural is ''principum'', whereas ''trabs'' is a mixed i-stem because its genetive plural is ''trabium'' (with i). However, this genetive plural is found only once in the entire TLL, viz. with the late fourth-century author Servius, which makes for a very small and not extremely reliable sample upon which to build such a division. On the other hand 'scrobs' which is more often found with nominative 'scrobis' and therefore seems a good candidate for Lane's class of mixed i-stems has the genetive plural ''scrobum'' (without i), which rather suggests that it is a pure labial-stem after all. (By the way, this genetive plural is also attested only once, with Columella). I propose therefore to keep our three examples together without further subdivision. --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 12:37, 27 Decembris 2007 (UTC) ::The ''scrobs'' would be a mixed i-stem while the ''scrobis'' would be an i-stem according to Allen and Greenough (Allen and Greenough as well as Lane make a distinction between i-stems and mixed i-stems, but the former makes a more emphatic distinction). Either way, even with the instance of ''scrobum'', that does not necessarily place the word(s) into the pure labial-stem category. (Other i-stems don't have the ''i'': ''marum'' for ''mare'', ''apum'' for ''apis''.) -- Diaphanus 00:57, 28 Decembris 2007 (UTC) :::I have checked [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0001;query=head%3D%2335;layout=;loc=1.53 Allen and Greenough] for more information on the subject of mixed i-stems, but I must say that I find the whole thing rather confused and unwieldy and not very helpful when it comes to making diminutives. In the first place as Allen and Greenough say these mixed i-stems may come from two different groups (pure consonant-stems that have adopted some i-stem features, or pure i-stems that have acquired some consonant-stem properties), between which it is sometimes hard to distinguish. But might not this difference be essential in forming diminutives? In the second place the only two case endings by which the mixed i-stems are distinguished from pure consonant-stems, viz. the acc. plural in ''-īs'' (instead of ''-ēs'') and the gen. plural in ''-ium'' (instead of ''-um'') often fail us: the acc. plural in ''-īs'' was most often replaced by ''-ēs'', and not even all mixed i-stems have a gen. plural in ''-ium''. So there appears to be no hard criterion for deciding whether a word is a pure consonant-stem or a mixed i-stem. In the third place the examples of mixed i-stems cited by Allen and Greenough do not appear all to have the same diminutive-ending, but some have ''-ulus/a/um'' and others ''-iculus/a/um''. I am much in favour, therefore, of leaving the unpractical distinction between pure consonant-stems and mixed i-stems aside. --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 10:45, 28 Decembris 2007 (UTC) ::::The more I look at the examples that have been provided in the main entry, the more I get the impression that whether there is the stem vowel ''i'' in a stem did determine, to some degree, on the form of the diminutives, and that the formation of diminutives was not just a matter of whatever was the ending of the bases ("stirpes" in the entry). The guidelines for determining whether a stem is a "mixed i-stem" may seem rather confused and unwieldy, but knowing them could give us a clue of whether ''-cul-'' tended to be used, or ''-ul-'' tended to be used. There are two reasons I think this. ::::One, Lane states: "Stems in -o-, -&#257;-, or a mute (-g-, -c-, -d-, -t-), take -lo- or -l&#257;-, which is usually receded by -u-" (section 271) and "Stems in a continuous sound (-l-, -n-, -r-, or -s-), or in -i-, -u-, or -&#275;, usually take -cu-lo- or -cu-l&#257;-" (section 275). Even though Lane and A&G aren't in agreement 100% on all of the various guidelines for a "mixed i-stem" (e.g. whether words ending in ''-tas'', ''-tat-is'' are consonant stems or mixed i-stems), I have noticed that they do agree on two basic things: a) a substantival "mixed i-stem" is properly an i-stem (that is, it is a subset of the i-stems), and b) a third-declension adjective of one termination might have some i-stem forms, but its i-stem-hood is not as stable as the i-stem-hood of its substantival counterparts (A&G refers to these adjectives as consonantal stems with i-stem forms, while Lane puts the final i of these stems in parentheses, whereas there are no parentheses with the substantival mixed i-stems). ::::Two, this information appears congruent with the information in the "Stirpes in -c- et -g- exeuntes" table, and two of the three mixed substantival i-stems (''lanx'' and ''falx'') have diminutives in both ''-icul-'' and ''-ul-'' (the difference can be chalked up to whether their proper stem vowel ''i'' is considered, or whether their alternate consonant stems are considered, much like how Lane uses ''calc-ulus'' as an example of a diminutive formed from a mixed i-stem). In the "Stirpes in -t- et -d- exeuntes" table," 7 of the 10 examples in the "Diminutiva in -icul-" fit the criteria for mixed-i-stem-hood. The use of ''-ulus'' for the adjectives in ''-ns'' is not surprising when considering the apparent unstability of the i-stem-hood of such adjectives. Diminutives of words in ''-tas'', ''-tat-is'' settled with the ''-ul-'' variant; their i-stem-hood appears more unstable than the others (Lane considers them consonant stems). Most of the information (or all of it when ''scrobs'' is taken as a mixed i-stem) in the "Stirpes in -p- et -b- exeuntes" (ignoring the Excepta, obviously) also reflects this information (e.g. ''trabs'', as you mentioned, with its diminutive ''trab-iculus'', or rather ''trabi-culus''). ::::There are exceptions of course (e.g. ''pyxid-icula'', ''gland-ula''), but the power of analogy was always at work in the language. However, the information may suggest that if there were some kind of ideal, prescriptive rules for the formation of diminutives (ignoring all of the unstability of the i-stem-hood of the words), the mute substantival and adjectival stems would take ''-ul-'', while the substantive i-stems, including the mixed i-stems, would add ''-cul-'' to the ''i'' of their stems. Even if we want to leave the distinction between pure consonant-stems and mixed i-stems aside, perhaps we could make a note that there is a technical distinction, where the substantival mixed i-stems are i-stems, and although they would ideally be treated as other i-stems in the formation of diminutives (by adding ''-cul-'' to the stem vowel), they are also treated as consonant stems in the formation of some diminutives. - Diaphanus [[Specialis:Conlationes/156.34.216.79|156.34.216.79]] 13:19, 7 Augusti 2008 (UTC) :::::Fixed some silly mistakes. Please forgive me. - Diaphanus [[Specialis:Conlationes/156.34.211.251|156.34.211.251]] 12:45, 16 Augusti 2008 (UTC) ==De ratione tabellarum mutanda== Si consentitis omnes de eis quae in hac disputatione scripsimus, ratio tabellarum ab Harrissimone diligentissime factarum mihi mutanda videtur. --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 09:51, 19 Octobris 2007 (UTC). Rationem propono talem (exemplum sumpsi de declinationibus prima et secunda): {| class="wikitable" |+ style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 1em"| |-style="background:#ccccff;" ! rowspan=3 | Classis !! colspan=3 | Exempla !! colspan=3| Exceptiones |-style="background:#ccccff;" ! colspan=2| <small>principale</small> !! <small>diminutivum</small> !! colspan=2 | <small>principale</small> !! <small>diminutivum</small> |-style="background:#ccccff;" ! <small>nom. sg.</small> !! <small>gen. sg.</small> !! <small>nom. sg.</small> !! <small>nom. sg.</small> !! <small>gen. sg.</small> !! <small>nom. sg.</small> |- style="background:#efefef;" | rowspan=3 | Regula principalis || Vicus || Vic-i || Vic-ulus || || || |- style="background:#efefef;" | Porta || Port-ae || Port-ula || || || |- style="background:#efefef;" | Dōnum || Dōn-i || Dōn-ulum || || || |- style="background:#efefef;" | rowspan=3 | stirpes in cons. + r || Liber || Libr-i || Libel-lus || || || |- style="background:#efefef;" | Umbra || Umbr-ae || Umbel-la || || || |- style="background:#efefef;" | Sacrum || Sacr-i || Sacel-lum || || || |- style="background:#efefef;" | rowspan=3 | stirpes in -ĭn- || Gemĭnus || Gemĭn-i || Gemel-lus || Domĭnus || Domĭn-i || Domĭn-ulus |- style="background:#efefef;" | Femĭna || Femĭn-ae || Femel-la || Sarcĭna || Sarcĭn-ae || Sarcĭn-ula |- style="background:#efefef;" | ? || ? || ? || || || |} Quid omnes censetis? Et, Harrissimo, qui tabellarum expertus es, tabellis (cum coloribus etc.) exornandis iterum operam dare velis? --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 10:35, 19 Octobris 2007 (UTC) :Videtur! Sed fortasse pauca melius praeberi possunt. Nescio. E.g. fortasse volumus scribere potius quam "exceptiones" "excipienda," vel "excepta." Estne fortasse melius nominativum et genitivum una columna unire, sicut in lexicis, e.g. "'''Dōnum''' ''-i''"? Item, de exceptionibus quod fiat si plures una sint? --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 16:13, 20 Octobris 2007 (UTC) :Quo apertius dicam: macte virtute. Bella quidem est tabula! --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 16:14, 20 Octobris 2007 (UTC) Equidem artem et rationem tabellarum facile approbo et valde laudo eos qui hanc operam navarunt. Si quid est de quo paullulum dubito, ad statum exceptionum attinet. Constat mutationes linguisticas ab exceptionibus vel novis formis stabilitatem usús violantibus proficisci. Itaque quod antea regulae vicem obtinuit postea exceptio facta est. Praesertim de stirpibus in -ĭn- exeuntibus hoc dicere volo: ''gemellus'' et ''femella'' etsi certe formae mutationibus phoneticis priscis e lege factis productae sint, exemplum "synchronicum" hominibus Ciceroniani temporis vix praebuerunt. Scio formam ''sarcinulae'' apud Ciceronem non inveniri (quod fortuito accidisse puto), sed persuasum est mihi Ciceronem, si opus fuit diminutivo ''sarcinae'', vix *''sarcellam'' formasse, nam haec formula illis temporibus iam obsolevit et quasi exceptio facta est. Itaque ''dominulus'' et ''sarcinula'' mihi re vera videntur regulae principali obtemperare et formulam productivam indicare, cum ''gemellus'' et ''femella'' formae excipiendae sint factae. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 02:26, 21 Octobris 2007 (UTC) :Tecum consentio, Neander. Haec iam mecum considerabam. Scistine, ceterum, Ciceronem bis in operibus suis forma 'pagella' usum esse, semel tamen 'paginula'? --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 07:22, 21 Octobris 2007 (UTC) :Vobis ambobus, Iustine et Neander, magnas gratias ago ob exhortationes necnon admonitiones. Quibus consideratis tabellam accommodatam nunc in pagina includam. --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 07:22, 21 Octobris 2007 (UTC) ::Sorry I've taken so long. ''Aberam''. I like this table a lot and it will be of more use to people and explains the reasons better than a simple 3-tier version. Well done, Fabulle! <span style="font-family:'Courier New';">[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]</span>. ===Nova tabula=== PRO PAGINA DE DIMINUTIVO. <span style="font-family:'Courier New';">[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]</span>. <div style="font-size: 80%"> {|class="wikitable" align=left border=1 style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 10pt" |-style="background:#ccccff;" ! rowspan=2 style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | Classis !! colspan=2 | Exempla !! colspan=2 style="border-left:2px solid grey;" | Regulam principalem </br> secuta |-style="background:#ccccff;" ! <small>Principale</small> !! <small>Diminutivum</small> !! style="border-left:2px solid grey;" | <small>Principale</small> !! <small>Diminutivum</small> |- style= "border-top:2px solid grey;" | rowspan=3 style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | '''Regula <br> principalis''' || vic-us || vic-ulus || style="border-left:2px solid grey;" | || |- | port-a || port-ula || style="border-left:2px solid grey;" | || |- | dōn-um || dōn-ulum || style="border-left:2px solid grey;" | || |- style= "border-top:2px solid grey;" | rowspan=3 style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | '''Stirpes in <br> cons. + r <br> exeuntes'''|| libĕr, libr-i || libel-lus || style="border-left:2px solid grey;" | || |- | umbr-a || umbel-la || style="border-left:2px solid grey;" | || |- | sacr-um || sacel-lum || style="border-left:2px solid grey;" | || |- style= "border-top:2px solid grey;" | rowspan=7 style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | '''Stirpes in <br> -ĕr- <br> exeuntes'''|| misĕr, misĕr-i (adi.) || misel-lus || style="border-left:2px solid grey;" | misĕr, misĕr-i (adi.) || misĕr-ulus |- | tenĕr, tenĕr-i (adi.) || tenel-lus || style="border-left:2px solid grey;" | tenĕr, tenĕr-i (adi.) || tenĕr-ulus |- | puĕr, puĕr-i || puel-lus || style="border-left:2px solid grey;" | puĕr, puĕr-i || puĕr-ulus |- | camĕr-a || camel-la || style="border-left:2px solid grey;" | || |- | patĕr-a || patel-la || style="border-left:2px solid grey;" | littĕr-a || littĕr-ula |- | opĕr-a || opel-la || style="border-left:2px solid grey;" | opĕr-a || opĕr-ula |- | tessĕr-a || tessel-la || style="border-left:2px solid grey;" | tessĕr-a || tessĕr-ula |} </div> :Gratias ago tibi, Harrissimo. "Codicem" (en: code) [[Usor:Fabullus/harenarium|tabulae meae]] paululum saltem simplificasti. Etsi adhuc est involutior quam quo recensores facile utantur, interdum tamen adhibeamus eum in pagina. [Ceterum: quomodo responsum meum '''infra''' tabulam ponere possum? Per me licet transferas] --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 19:53, 12 Novembris 2007 (UTC) ==Mutatio nominis huius paginae== Adhuc pagina tantum spectat ad formationem diminutivorum Latinorum, et nunc iam longior est quam ut paragraphi de diminutione in aliis linguis includi possunt. Hanc ergo paginam movebo ad "Diminutivum (Latinum)". Si voluerit aliquis de diminutivis in aliis linguis aut generaliter scribere, aliam paginam facito! --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 10:18, 20 Decembris 2007 (UTC) ==Formatting proposition== :(The following is copied from my talk page): :::There is one thing about the article that concerns me. It might be a very good idea to categorize the different rules in terms of the actual stems of words (''puella-'', ''puero-'', ''turri-'', ''cornu-'', ''spe-'') rather than the bases of words (''puell-'', ''puer-'', ''turr-'', ''corn-'', ''sp-''). Sometimes the term "stem" is used when the user of the word really means "base." (That really confused me when I first got into Latin.) The reason for that kind of categorization is that words are normally grouped that way rather than by their bases, and it's the stem (often weakened or elided), not specifically the base, that is attached to the diminutive suffix. (Thank you and Merry Christmas to you too!) -- Diaphanus 22:34, 26 Decembris 2007 (UTC) :<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]</span> 10:27, 27 Decembris 2007 (UTC) ::It is true that strictly speaking stems should be defined as you say, e.g. ''puella-'' and ''puero-'' etc. (That is why we call these stems a-stems, o-stems etc.). I don't agree however that these real stems should be used as the basis for the formation of diminutives. It may be possible (and perhaps even morphologically correct) to analyse ''puerulus'' as ''pueru-lus'' (< puero-lus), with ''-lus'' appended to the stem ''puero-'', but what about ''puellula'' or ''portula''? These can only reasonably be analysed as ''puell-ula'' and ''port-ula'', i.e with ''-ula'' appended to the "reduced stem", or "base" - if you like. Yet if diminutives from 1st declension nouns are constructed using the "base" rather than the "stem", wouldn't it be more logical to analyse 2nd declension nouns in the same way? I.e. "reduced stem" or "base" + ''-ulus/-ulum'', e.g. ''puer-ulus'' (rather than ''pueru-lus''). In this way the analogy between other 1st and 2nd declension diminutives stands out much more clearly: cp. e.g. ''liber'' ''libr-'' ''libellus'' and ''umbra'' ''umbr-'' ''umbella''. It turns out that if we use the "base" rather than the "stem" there really is no difference in the formation of diminutives between 1st and 2nd declension nouns. So your criticism really reduces to this: that on the page the word "stirps" ("stem") is used where according to you "basis" ("base") would have been more appropriate. I myself wasn't aware of the existence of the word "basis" ("base") in this technical sense, but if others agree with you I am prepared to change the words, or you are wellcome to do it yourself. --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 14:10, 27 Decembris 2007 (UTC) :::I didn't mean to say that the stems, without change, should be used as the basis for the formation of diminutives! After all, something like ''puellula'' should not be analysed as something like ''puella-'' + ''-la'', where the stem vowel ''a'' became ''u''. In that case, the final vowel of the stem disappears, and so the stem itself becomes the "reduced stem" or "base" or "stem" (''stirps'' in the article). I should have said "(often weakened and with the final vowel elided)." What I had mostly in mind when I made that comment about the stems and bases was the distinction between mutes and mixed i-stems. When I look at the tables in the article, it seems to me that "pure" i-stems regularly use (see "Exempla") the ''-icul-'' form while the mute stems (excluding the ones ending in ''t'' and ''d'') regularly use (see "Exempla") the ''-ul-'' form. But when I look at the ones ending in ''t'' and ''d'' (also mutes), it is then I see the flip-flopping between ''-cul-'' and ''-ul-'' (not enough either way to pinpoint "Exempla" and "Excepta"), and this is where I also see mixed i-stems! So, the regular rules for i-stems (e.g. ''turr-icula'') and the regular rules for other mute stems (e.g. ''reg-ulus'') are used for mixed i-stems (e.g. ''civitat-ula'' and ''part-icula''), and since some of those mixed i-stems have mute stems in the singular, those same rules have been used for the "pure" mute stems, too (e.g. ''pyxid-icula''). The diminutives of ''plebs'' and ''trabs'' (mixed i-stems) seem to be following the ''-icul-'' rule that some of their mixed i-stem brethren (e.g. ''fonticulus'') followed. (I would not want to lump ''princeps'' in the same category with ''plebs'' and ''trabs'' as simply a b- or p-stem.) Perhaps "Stirpes in -p- et -b- exeuntes" could be changed to "Nomina in -ps et -bs..."? Or perhaps mixed i-stems could have their separate category? -- Diaphanus 00:17, 28 Decembris 2007 (UTC) ::::Speaking of ''puellula,'' do you have ''puella'' itself? It's presumably a form of ''puerula.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 13:17, 11 Martii 2008 (UTC) b41jgcu4w45jourazdg2vbpzqynnxym 3980716 3980715 2026-08-12T01:57:57Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Disputatio:Deminutivum Latinum]] ad [[Disputatio:Deminutivum Latinum/Tabularium 1]] sine redirectione: Veteres disputationes ad tabularium movi 3980715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Antiquae disputationes | ab = 2007-08-31 | ad = 2008-08-16 }} == Info == Ah! Didn't know you'd started this. Here's my summary, feel free to annotate or contradict: *Diminutives are almost always the same gender as the simplex noun (but we will be defaulting to masculine throughout here). **Exceptions are rare, e.g. ''conventus'' > ''conventiculum'' *First or second declension defaults to ''-ulus'' **If stem ends with ''-i-'' then suffix becomes ''-olus'' **If the stem ends with ''l'' (''ocellus''), ''n'' (''femella'') or ''r'' (''castellum''), then the suffix often coalesces with the stem to form ''-ellus'' *Third declension defaults to ''-iculus'', but there are many special rules for different subtypes: **Nouns of the form ''-o -onis'' form diminutives in ''-unculus'' **S-stems, even where the ''s'' has shifted to ''r'' in all other forms, form diminutives in ''-usculus'' (e.g. ''arbor'' > ''arbusculus''--keep in mind archaic Latin ''arbos''.) *I think fourth and fifth declensions use ''-(i)culus'' forms as well, but I can't think of any examples offhand (other than ''conventus'' above). :::The -iculus -a -um can be attached to first- and second-declension words, too: :::- al-icula, from ala :::- macr-iculus (adi.), from macer -- Diaphanus 23:15, 24 Decembris 2007 (UTC) ::::Here are some other examples: nigriculus (niger), anniculus (annus), thyrsiculus (thyrsus), montaniculus (montanus), pugnicula (pugna), faeniculum (faenum), galericulum (galerum). -- Diaphanus 00:42, 25 Decembris 2007 (UTC) :::::You are right about ''ala'' - ''alicula'' and ''galerus'' ('''m.'''!) - ''galericulum'' (n.). However, your other examples I find less convincing: :::::*''thyrsiculus'', ''montaniculus'', ''pugniculus'' are not in the TLL. Where did you find them? :::::*''anniculus'' is not the diminutive of ''annus'', but an adjective meaning 'one year old'. :::::*''feniculum'' is not the diminutive of ''fenum'' 'hay', but a separate word meaning 'fennel'. :::::*of ''macriculus'' and ''nigriculus'' I have found only one instance. Varro (''De Lingua Latina'' 8.79) writes: 'Magnitudinis vocabula cum possint esse terna, ut ''cista cistula cistella'', †in mediis† [probably a scribe's error for 'in aliis media'] non sunt, ut in his: ''macer macricolus macellus'', ''niger nigricolus nigellus''.' Varro's point seems to be that, while in some cases between the 'normal word' and the form ending in -ellus/a/um there is also a medial form in -ulus/a/um, in other cases - as with niger and macer - there is not; ''macriculus'' and ''nigriculus'' are only imaginary forms made up by Varro to show what the missing forms would have looked like if they had existed.--[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 10:54, 27 Decembris 2007 (UTC) :::::::All right, ''feniculum''/''faeniculum'' and ''anniculus'' were just my errors. (I did not check the etymology of ''anniculus''. In fact, I was under the impression that it was a diminutive form being used as an adjective. It turns out that ''montaniculus'' is also an adjective.) Varro might have formed ''macriculus'' and ''nigriculus'', but is that enough to ignore them here? Here are the places where I found the two other words: [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3D%2348288 thyrsiculus], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3D%2339476 pugnicula]. -- Diaphanus 22:11, 27 Decembris 2007 (UTC) ::::::::Thanks for the information! I will add ''thyrsiculus'', ''montaniculus'' and ''pugnicula'' to the table of excepta. --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 09:32, 28 Decembris 2007 (UTC) ::: You're right, Iustine, witness ''recula'' and ''diecula''. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 03:21, 1 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :::: Thanks! ''Recula'' is utterly new to me, but ''diecula'' was the example rattling in the back of my brain. I was too lazy to actually look it up though! Anyway, this is pretty cool: we can assemble a pretty complete list of rules here. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 03:41, 1 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :::::I found some exceptions: :::::- rescula, from res (from Lewis and Short) :::::- speicula, from spes (from Souter's Glossary of Later Latin) -- Diaphanus 22:54, 24 Decembris 2007 (UTC) :::::: ''rēs-cula'' is an interesting alternative (used by Apuleius) for ''rēcula'' and has justly been inserted in the table by Harrissimo. About ''speicula'' I have my doubts. Could you, Diaphanus, give a more precise source? In general I don't think post-classical forms should be included unless they have been so widely used (preferably by more than one author) that they cannot be ignored, or they have acquired a very specific meaning that does not attach to the classical form. In this case I prefer the regular classical form ''spē-cula'' which our friend Harrissimo has inserted in the table. --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 11:11, 27 Decembris 2007 (UTC) :::::::The ''speicula'' is interesting because it was J.P. Euzéby of the [http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/ LPSN] web site who brought it to my attention. I asked him about word formation from the words ''res'', ''spes'', and ''fides'', and at one point, he gave some examples including ''speicula''. After that I searched "speicula" and found [http://fleche.org/lutece/dico/dicols.html this]: "speicula, ae, f : lueur d'espoir." That site apparently got its [http://fleche.org/lutece/dico/dicoacc.html information] from another that no longer seems to exist. At any rate, I checked the ''speicula'' entry in ''A Glossary of Later Latin'' again. It does not make clear whether the "= SPECVLA" refers to ''specula'', the diminutive of ''res'', or ''specula'', as in "a look-out." -- Diaphanus 22:33, 27 Decembris 2007 (UTC) *It is possible to form a diminutive off of a diminutive: ''circus'' > ''circulus'' > ''circellus'' > ''*circellulus''. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 23:36, 31 Augusti 2007 (UTC) :Do you think that they should be listed by declension? Your explanations have certainly made it much clearer for me than my haphazard table did. --<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]</span> 00:00, 1 Septembris 2007 (UTC) ::It seems to me too that it would be more useful that way. But it's still your chart. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 00:40, 1 Septembris 2007 (UTC) Oh, and you're right about ''-olus''. it does occur with vowels other than ''-i-''. In Classical Latin we have forms like ''aculeus'' > ''aculeolus''. There's the scientific Latin ''vacuum'' > ''vacuolum'', though I don't know if there are any classical examples of this. If there are any examples with ''-a-'', or ''-o-'', then I have yet to find them, but then ''-aus -aa -aum'' and ''-ous -oa -oum'' are not exactly common endings in Latin, are they? Also, see [[Disputatio:Planetula]] for examples of what happens to first declension masculines. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 02:06, 1 Septembris 2007 (UTC) ::Allen and Greenough claims "-olus (after a vowel)." I don't see any clear-cut exceptions to that. There are aquula and equulus, but those probably has something to do with Allen and Greenough's comment "In the combinations qu, gu, and sometimes su, u seems to be the consonant (w). Thus, aqua, anguis, cónsuétus (compare English quart, anguish, suave). In these combinations, however, u is reckoned neither as a vowel nor as a consonant." By the way, there is also parvulus and parvolus from parvus. -- Diaphanus 23:35, 24 Decembris 2007 (UTC) ::But there is ''Nicolaus'' maybe someone, sometime had a diminutive of that to say "little nick" or something like that. I guess they'd probably use ''Nicolalus'' - I've never seen an "a" and "o" together in latin before. --<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]</span> 11:43, 1 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :::Perhaps Nicolaolus if "-olus (after a vowel)" is to be followed. Yes, the ao combination is not very common in native Latin words. There is extraordinarius (if vowel length is not relevant) and various names, but many words with ao are Greek-derived... -- Diaphanus 23:42, 24 Decembris 2007 (UTC) ::Here's an interesting one no one's mentioned yet: ''trua'' "ladle" > ''trulla''. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 21:31, 21 Februarii 2008 (UTC) ===''-eculus''=== OK, can anyone explain to me ''molecula''? I mean, by my undestanding it should be ''*molicula''. The word is very much a renaissance invention, but those people usually knew what they were doing. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 06:34, 1 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :Interesting: :*''vulpes''~''vulpis'' > ''vulpecula'' :*''ovis'' > ''ovicula''~''ovecula'' :*''nubes'' > ''nubēcula'' :*''valles'' > ''vallicula''~''vallecula'' :*''trabs''~''trabes'' > ''trabecula''~''trabicula'' :*''vitis'' > ''vitecula'' :*''vepres'' > ''veprecula'' :--[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 06:43, 1 Septembris 2007 (UTC) ::Is this taken from ''Moles, Molis'' (''f.'')? (little boulder) so it should follow ''vulpes, vulpecula''. Also, I think ''vitis'' is ''viticula'', according to [[Words]]. --<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]</span> 17:05, 3 Septembris 2007 (UTC) ::Another interesting example seems to be ''acus'' (4th) becoming ''aculeus'' (like a 3rd m. like rex would do). --<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]</span> 17:07, 3 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :::Do you know where "''-illus''" should be properly used? It seems to pop up in unexpected places in the 2nd and 3rd declensions and [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/bennett.html Bennet's grammar] isn't very specific. --<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]</span> 12:34, 8 Septembris 2007 (UTC) ::::''viticula'' quater invenitur in TLL (apud Ciceronem, Columellam, et bis apud Plinium Maiorem), ''vitecula'' bis (apud Plinium Minorem et in ''Lydia'' Pseudo-Vergiliana: hīc metrum corroborat formam). ''ovecula'' non inveni in TLL. *''acus'' > ''aculeus'' est similis ac *''equus'' > ''equuleus'' (= ''eculeus''). Fortasse et conferre possumus *''nux'' > ''nuc(u)leus'' --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 14:07, 8 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :::::But is there a pattern with these "''-leus''" words? At the moment -leus and -illus seem to be just thrown in here and there. It seems the diminutive is more irregular than those neat, blue tables make it seem, ''momento''. --<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]</span> 15:38, 8 Septembris 2007 (UTC) ::::::''-illus'' is a double diminutive like ''-ellus'', but I don't know what the rules are for its distribution. As for ''-uleus'', this is a pretty fascinating bit of morphology, a pattern I had never really noticed before. It is clear that all of them have stems that end with ''u'' (vocalic or consonental), but as we see [[#Declinatio quarta|below]], it does not apply to all such nouns. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 19:24, 16 Septembris 2007 (UTC) Videte quod Servius scripsit de diminutivo 'vallecula' (''Comm. in Verg. Aen.'' 11.522): :VALLES metri necessitate conpellimur ut 'vallis' dicamus: Statius “vallis in amplexu nemorum sedet”: nam plenum est 'valles', sicut nunc Vergilius posuit. quod ita esse diminutio indicat: nam 'vallecula' dicitur, sicut 'turrim' dici debere 'turricula' indicat, 'vulpes' 'vulpecula' facit: Horatius “moveat vulpecula risum”. ergo in 'es' vel in 'is' quando usurpative, quando naturaliter exeant nomina, sola diminutio indicat. ea autem quae in 'es' exeunt, longa sunt omnia, si in genetivo non crescant, ut 'labes' 'valles' 'vulpes': nam si crescant, brevia sunt, ut 'miles militis'. --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 11:36, 13 Septembris 2007 (UTC) ::Quod ad nomen simplex attinet, perspicuum est. Sed quid de diminutivo innuere vult? Idem, ut tu supra indcas, nempe metri esse causam? --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 19:24, 16 Septembris 2007 (UTC) ==Ratio huius paginae== Si vis, Harrissimo mi, hanc paginam aliis vicipaedianis usui esse, regulae definiendae sunt, et exceptiones indicandae. Regulis nobis opus est, ut diminutiva nova facere possimus, exceptionibus ut non falsa creemus.--[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 10:24, 16 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :Assentior. Harissimo, could we maybe make this page public? It could be a very useful page, and Fabullus and/or I could be very helpful, but we don't want to step on your toes. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 19:24, 16 Septembris 2007 (UTC) ::Est nunc libera omnibus. --<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]</span> 20:01, 16 Septembris 2007 (UTC) ::: Nonne haec quam aptissima sunt Portae Eruditionis? --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 21:55, 16 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :::: Ita, nescio num haec commentatio sit, fortasse potius auxilium, aut in spatio nominale <nowiki>[[vicipaedia:]]</nowiki>. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 03:18, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :::::I think that is should be kept as an article, but with a different page "''Suffixum diminutivum Latinum''", using a <nowiki>{{vide-etiam}}</nowiki> to the newer page from here. Since the English page only gives a brief overview of each language, things are going to be a bit excessive if we go into every nook and cranny of the diminutive on a general page about the suffix. I will be translating the page into English for the English wikibook:Latin. <span style="font-family:'Courier New';">[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]</span>. ==Declinatio quarta== Vide, Iustine, diminutiva nominum quartae declinationis quae inveni in TLL: *artus (m) > articulus (m) *cinctus (m) > cincticulus (m) *quaestus (m) > quaesticulus (m) *versus (m) > versiculus (m) [--[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 20:20, 16 Septembris 2007 (UTC)] *cornu (n) > corniculum (n) *genu (n) > geniculum (n) *conventus (m) > conventiculum (n) *currus (m) > curriculum (n) *anus (f) > anicula (f) *manus (f) > manicula (f) [non, ut scriptum in pagina, 'manusculus'] *acus (f) > acūleus (m) *domus (f) > domuncula sive domuscula (f) *lacus (m) > lacusculus (m) [--[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 13:39, 6 Decembris 2007 (UTC)] Ut supra iam coniecisti suffixum diminutivum regulare videtur esse -iculus/a/um. --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 10:24, 16 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :Macte virtute! Pleraque sunt ut suspectus sum, sed nonnulla mirror. Cur genus conventus et currus mutatur? Cur umquam -uleus? Et praeterea quidnam inferorum dici potest de "domuncula"? Mihi quidem est domus, non *domo ;) --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 19:24, 16 Septembris 2007 (UTC) ::Quid dicas de rana, ranunculo; aut avus, avunculo? --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 19:39, 19 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :::Recte, nonnulla esse videntur. Sed fortasse aliquibus fuerunt formae variantes ex ''-o''. :::Cum quidem de ''-unculis'' loquamur, me rogabam num essent verba ''-unculum'' ex ''-en -inis''. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 01:11, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC) ::::Duo exempla tibi inveni: ::::*pecten, -inis (m.) > pectunculus ::::*sanguis (sanguen), -inis (m.) > sangunculus [hapax legomenon apud Petr. ''Satyr.'' 66.2.2] ::::--[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 15:18, 28 Octobris 2007 (UTC) :::Sed quae inveni omnino alterius generis fuerunt: :::*mendacium > mendaciunculum :::*statua > statunculum :::*tugurium > tuguriunculum :::*lagoena/lagōna > laguncula [addidi --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 15:22, 28 Octobris 2007 (UTC)] :::*? > caprunculum :::Mirabiliter omnia sunt I^ae aut II^ae declinationis. :::--[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 01:11, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC) ::::De hac re heri mirabor unde ''musca'' => Italice ''moschetta'', tamen Hispanice ''mosquito''...--[[Usor:Ioscius Rocchius|Ioscius]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioscius Rocchius|(disp)]]}</small> 17:18, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :::Carduus > cardunculus (Latinitate scientifica) --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 18:23, 16 Decembris 2007 (UTC) ::::Sed, ab alia parte, nomina vernacula huius plantae, it. ''cardone'', f-g. ''cardon'', ang. ''cardoon'', subnutare videntur *cardo -nis. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 18:38, 16 Decembris 2007 (UTC) ==In Verbs== [http://latinum.mypodcast.com/2007/04/Latin_Suffixes_Verbs_ending_in_LO-11560.html This podcast] is really useful. I think there are more in that series about diminutives too. Basically latin verb diminutive is: *All go to 1st verb declension (-o, -are, -avi, -atus) *They add mostly -ill- before the -o *Examples: ''Cantillare'': To barely Hum, ''Conscribillare'': To scribble, ''Murmurillare'': To murmur a little. <span style="font-family:'Courier New';">[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]</span>. ==Declinatio tertia== Declinatio tertia difficilior esse videtur quam tu, Iustine, et ego putavimus. :::''Iam dixi "''there are many special rules for different subtypes''," nonne? ;) --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 01:02, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC)'' *Nomina in ''-ēs, -is'' exeuntia diminutivum in ''-ēcul-'' mittunt. (Hoc est quod mihi videtur Servius (vide supra) dixisse) ::vulpēs, vulpis > vulpēcula ::sed: :::saepēs, saepis > saepicula [addidi --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 11:12, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC)] *Nomina in ''-is, -is'' exeuntia diminutivum in ''-icul-'' mittunt. ::turris, turris > turricula ::canis, canis > canicula ::sed: :::vallis, vallis > vallēcula (e forma alterna 'vallēs') :::vitis, vitis > vitēcula (iuxta 'viticula') :::iuvenis, iuvenis > iuvenculus (e synonymo 'iuvencus') :::viridis, viridis (adi.) > viridulus [addidi --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 21:02, 19 Septembris 2007 (UTC)] :::corbis, -is > corbula [addidi --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 11:24, 4 Octobris 2007 (UTC)] *Nomina neutri generis in ''-e, -is'' exeuntia diminutivum in ''-icul-'' mittunt. ::rete, retis > reticulum (unicum exemplum quod invenire potui) *Nomina in ''-o, -ōnis/-ĭnis'' exeuntia diminutivum in ''-uncul-'' mittunt. ::ratio, rationis > ratiuncula ::homo, hominis > homunculus *Nomina quorum stirps{{dubsig}} in ''-c-'' aut ''-g-'' exit diminutivum in ''-ul-'' mittunt. ::vox, vocis > vocula ::rex, regis > regulus ::calx, calcis > calculus ::falx, falcis > falcula ::lanx, lancis > lancula *Nomina quorum stirps{{dubsig}} antiquitus in ''-s-'' exiit diminutivum in ''-cul-'' mittunt. ::flōs, flōris > flōsculus ::ōs, ōris > ōsculum ::mūs, mūris > mūsculus ::pulvis, pulvĕris > pulvisculus [addidi --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 15:09, 5 Octobris 2007 (UTC)] ::arbŏr, arbŏris > arbuscula (o brevis fit u) ::iecŭr, iecŏris > iecusculum (o brevis fit u) ::(''anomale:'' ramus > rumulus, ''sed et'' ramusculus) [addidi --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 03:17, 21 Decembris 2007 (UTC)] *Nomina quorum stirps{{dubsig}} exit in ''-r(r)-'' aut ''-l(l)-'' diminutivum in ''-cul-'' mittunt. ::amator, amatoris > amatorculus ::ver, veris > verculum ::[mulier, mulieris > muliercula [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 14:53, 27 Decembris 2007 (UTC)] ::far, farris > farculum ::mel, mellis > melculum *<s>De nominibus quorum stirps{{dubsig}} exit in ''-t-'' et ''-d-'' nescio quid faciam.</s> *Nomina quorum stirps exit in ''-t-'' et ''-d-'' saepissime diminutivum in ''-ul-'' mittunt. [mutavi --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 11:01, 4 Octobris 2007 (UTC)] ::caput, capitis > capitulum (= capit-ulum) ::merces, mercedis > mercedula [addidi --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 10:03, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC)] ::nepos, nepotis > nepotulus [addidi --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 10:03, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC)] ::aetas, aetatis > aetatula [addidi --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 10:03, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC)] ::aries, arietis > arietillus (= ariet-illus) ::glans, glandis > glandula (=gland-ula) ::adulescens, -ntis > adulescentulus [addidi --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 11:01, 4 Octobris 2007 (UTC)] ::valens, -ntis > valentulus [addid --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 11:01, 4 Octobris 2007 (UTC)] ::blandiloquens, -ntis > blandiloquentulus [addidi --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 11:01, 4 Octobris 2007 (UTC)] ::infans, -ntis > infantulus [addidi --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 12:06, 4 Octobris 2007 (UTC)] ::sed: :::lapis, lapidis > lapillus (= lapid-lus) :::cor, cordis > corculum (=cord-culum) :::pes, pedis > pediculus [addidi --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 10:03, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC)] ::::Sed et anomale > petiolus [addidi --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 18:18, 17 Februarii 2008 (UTC)] :::anas, anatis > anaticula [addidi --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 11:12, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC)] <s>*Ceterum nomina quorum stirps{{dubsig}} exit in ''-rt-, -lt-, -nt-'' diminutivum in ''-icul-'' mittunt. </s> :::pars, partis > particula :::puls, pultis > pulticula :::dens, dentis > denticulus :::pons, pontis > ponticulus :::lens, lentis > lenticula *De ceteris nominibus, quorum stirps{{dubsig}} exit in ''-b-'' aut ''-p-'' aut in consonantes plures exempla non inveni. ::ops, opis > ? ::urbs, urbis > ? ::stirps, stirpis > ? --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 19:39, 19 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :::I think ''urbs'' is ''urbecula''. I have seen this in Hofmann a few times. One of which is [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/s0930a.html here]. There is also ''codex, codicillus''. I'm not sure where that would fit in. <span style="font-family:'Courier New';">[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]</span>. :Gratias tibi, Fabulle, ago pro laboribus tuis strenuis et utillimis! :Dicamus igitur pro declinatione ''i'', si nominativum in -is vel -e exit, diminutivum esse -icul(us), sin autem -es, -ecul(us), regulum autem esse satis laxum. ::Ita vero. --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 11:12, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :Placet scire formulam de "velaribus," qualia sunt -c- et -g-. Nonnulla verba animadverteram, sed non formulam. Quod ad "dentales" pertinet, mira est variatio, et usque adhuc neque ego intelligo. Sine dubio classis quae continet ''–rt-, -lt-, -nt-'' ad omnia duobus litteris dissimilibus exeuntes pertinebit. ::Tecum consentio. Fortasse regulam definire possumus omnia nomina quorum stirps exit in duas aut plures consonantes diminutivum mittere in -icul-, exceptionibus scilicet exceptis. Ceterum, si hanc regulam adhibemus in 'urbem', diminutivum 'urbicula', non 'urbecula' invenimus. Quod ad dentales singulas pertinet, novis exemplis allatis nunc credo haec nomina plerumque diminutivum in -ul- mittere, multis tamen casibus exceptis. --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 11:12, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :''Urbecula'' sounds right to me too, but there don't seem to be any classical examples thereof, its admissability is questionable. And I remind you that ''codicillus'' is adouble-diminutive. The fact that ''codiculus'' doesn't exist doesn't matter. Of course ''codicula'' exists, but that comes form ''cauda'' (weird). --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 01:02, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :Duo tantum dimuntiva ex -b- aut -p- invenio: ::scrobs, scrobis > scrobiculus ::plebs, plebis > plebecula, plebicula :Ambo autem variationes ex -i- habent: scrobes, plebes, plebis. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 01:46, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC) ::Et trabs, trabis > trabecula, trabicula --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 11:12, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC) :::Eh? Quomodo trabem ommisi!? De eo verbo cogitaveram, sed non, ut videtur, quaesivi. Sed et trabs habet formam alternam "trabes." --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 18:07, 20 Septembris 2007 (UTC) ==Pure labial-stems and mixed i-stems== It might be a very good idea to make a distinction between the "pure" p-stem ([http://www.hhhh.org/perseant/libellus/aides/allgre/allgre.56.html mute stem]) substantives (like ''princeps'') and the [http://www.hhhh.org/perseant/libellus/aides/allgre/allgre.70.html mixed i-stem] substantives that are p-stems in the singular but i-stems in the plural (like ''trabs''). What would a diminutive form of ''princeps'' be? I was thinking ''principulus'' (which seems to be used in scientific Latin), following the same pattern used for diminutives of other mute stems (like ''regulus'' and ''capitulum'') (check Lane's Latin Grammar, section 271). The form ''principiculus'' also appears, but it seems that that one is not as common. -- Diaphanus 00:39, 26 Decembris 2007 (UTC) :Until now I have tried as much as possible to confine the examples in the tables to those actually attested for classical Latin (i.e. those found in the TLL), and from those to try and find rules that may be applied to other words as well. The only labial-stems with diminutives Iustinus and I have been able to come up with thus far are: ''scrobs'', ''plebs'' and ''trabs''. In the TLL I have found neither ''principulus'' nor ''principitulus''. With so few examples it seems hardly wise to subdivide them further, especially since the basis for this subdivision is rather weak. I take it that ''princeps'' is a pure labial-stem because its genetive plural is ''principum'', whereas ''trabs'' is a mixed i-stem because its genetive plural is ''trabium'' (with i). However, this genetive plural is found only once in the entire TLL, viz. with the late fourth-century author Servius, which makes for a very small and not extremely reliable sample upon which to build such a division. On the other hand 'scrobs' which is more often found with nominative 'scrobis' and therefore seems a good candidate for Lane's class of mixed i-stems has the genetive plural ''scrobum'' (without i), which rather suggests that it is a pure labial-stem after all. (By the way, this genetive plural is also attested only once, with Columella). I propose therefore to keep our three examples together without further subdivision. --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 12:37, 27 Decembris 2007 (UTC) ::The ''scrobs'' would be a mixed i-stem while the ''scrobis'' would be an i-stem according to Allen and Greenough (Allen and Greenough as well as Lane make a distinction between i-stems and mixed i-stems, but the former makes a more emphatic distinction). Either way, even with the instance of ''scrobum'', that does not necessarily place the word(s) into the pure labial-stem category. (Other i-stems don't have the ''i'': ''marum'' for ''mare'', ''apum'' for ''apis''.) -- Diaphanus 00:57, 28 Decembris 2007 (UTC) :::I have checked [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0001;query=head%3D%2335;layout=;loc=1.53 Allen and Greenough] for more information on the subject of mixed i-stems, but I must say that I find the whole thing rather confused and unwieldy and not very helpful when it comes to making diminutives. In the first place as Allen and Greenough say these mixed i-stems may come from two different groups (pure consonant-stems that have adopted some i-stem features, or pure i-stems that have acquired some consonant-stem properties), between which it is sometimes hard to distinguish. But might not this difference be essential in forming diminutives? In the second place the only two case endings by which the mixed i-stems are distinguished from pure consonant-stems, viz. the acc. plural in ''-īs'' (instead of ''-ēs'') and the gen. plural in ''-ium'' (instead of ''-um'') often fail us: the acc. plural in ''-īs'' was most often replaced by ''-ēs'', and not even all mixed i-stems have a gen. plural in ''-ium''. So there appears to be no hard criterion for deciding whether a word is a pure consonant-stem or a mixed i-stem. In the third place the examples of mixed i-stems cited by Allen and Greenough do not appear all to have the same diminutive-ending, but some have ''-ulus/a/um'' and others ''-iculus/a/um''. I am much in favour, therefore, of leaving the unpractical distinction between pure consonant-stems and mixed i-stems aside. --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 10:45, 28 Decembris 2007 (UTC) ::::The more I look at the examples that have been provided in the main entry, the more I get the impression that whether there is the stem vowel ''i'' in a stem did determine, to some degree, on the form of the diminutives, and that the formation of diminutives was not just a matter of whatever was the ending of the bases ("stirpes" in the entry). The guidelines for determining whether a stem is a "mixed i-stem" may seem rather confused and unwieldy, but knowing them could give us a clue of whether ''-cul-'' tended to be used, or ''-ul-'' tended to be used. There are two reasons I think this. ::::One, Lane states: "Stems in -o-, -&#257;-, or a mute (-g-, -c-, -d-, -t-), take -lo- or -l&#257;-, which is usually receded by -u-" (section 271) and "Stems in a continuous sound (-l-, -n-, -r-, or -s-), or in -i-, -u-, or -&#275;, usually take -cu-lo- or -cu-l&#257;-" (section 275). Even though Lane and A&G aren't in agreement 100% on all of the various guidelines for a "mixed i-stem" (e.g. whether words ending in ''-tas'', ''-tat-is'' are consonant stems or mixed i-stems), I have noticed that they do agree on two basic things: a) a substantival "mixed i-stem" is properly an i-stem (that is, it is a subset of the i-stems), and b) a third-declension adjective of one termination might have some i-stem forms, but its i-stem-hood is not as stable as the i-stem-hood of its substantival counterparts (A&G refers to these adjectives as consonantal stems with i-stem forms, while Lane puts the final i of these stems in parentheses, whereas there are no parentheses with the substantival mixed i-stems). ::::Two, this information appears congruent with the information in the "Stirpes in -c- et -g- exeuntes" table, and two of the three mixed substantival i-stems (''lanx'' and ''falx'') have diminutives in both ''-icul-'' and ''-ul-'' (the difference can be chalked up to whether their proper stem vowel ''i'' is considered, or whether their alternate consonant stems are considered, much like how Lane uses ''calc-ulus'' as an example of a diminutive formed from a mixed i-stem). In the "Stirpes in -t- et -d- exeuntes" table," 7 of the 10 examples in the "Diminutiva in -icul-" fit the criteria for mixed-i-stem-hood. The use of ''-ulus'' for the adjectives in ''-ns'' is not surprising when considering the apparent unstability of the i-stem-hood of such adjectives. Diminutives of words in ''-tas'', ''-tat-is'' settled with the ''-ul-'' variant; their i-stem-hood appears more unstable than the others (Lane considers them consonant stems). Most of the information (or all of it when ''scrobs'' is taken as a mixed i-stem) in the "Stirpes in -p- et -b- exeuntes" (ignoring the Excepta, obviously) also reflects this information (e.g. ''trabs'', as you mentioned, with its diminutive ''trab-iculus'', or rather ''trabi-culus''). ::::There are exceptions of course (e.g. ''pyxid-icula'', ''gland-ula''), but the power of analogy was always at work in the language. However, the information may suggest that if there were some kind of ideal, prescriptive rules for the formation of diminutives (ignoring all of the unstability of the i-stem-hood of the words), the mute substantival and adjectival stems would take ''-ul-'', while the substantive i-stems, including the mixed i-stems, would add ''-cul-'' to the ''i'' of their stems. Even if we want to leave the distinction between pure consonant-stems and mixed i-stems aside, perhaps we could make a note that there is a technical distinction, where the substantival mixed i-stems are i-stems, and although they would ideally be treated as other i-stems in the formation of diminutives (by adding ''-cul-'' to the stem vowel), they are also treated as consonant stems in the formation of some diminutives. - Diaphanus [[Specialis:Conlationes/156.34.216.79|156.34.216.79]] 13:19, 7 Augusti 2008 (UTC) :::::Fixed some silly mistakes. Please forgive me. - Diaphanus [[Specialis:Conlationes/156.34.211.251|156.34.211.251]] 12:45, 16 Augusti 2008 (UTC) ==De ratione tabellarum mutanda== Si consentitis omnes de eis quae in hac disputatione scripsimus, ratio tabellarum ab Harrissimone diligentissime factarum mihi mutanda videtur. --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 09:51, 19 Octobris 2007 (UTC). Rationem propono talem (exemplum sumpsi de declinationibus prima et secunda): {| class="wikitable" |+ style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 1em"| |-style="background:#ccccff;" ! rowspan=3 | Classis !! colspan=3 | Exempla !! colspan=3| Exceptiones |-style="background:#ccccff;" ! colspan=2| <small>principale</small> !! <small>diminutivum</small> !! colspan=2 | <small>principale</small> !! <small>diminutivum</small> |-style="background:#ccccff;" ! <small>nom. sg.</small> !! <small>gen. sg.</small> !! <small>nom. sg.</small> !! <small>nom. sg.</small> !! <small>gen. sg.</small> !! <small>nom. sg.</small> |- style="background:#efefef;" | rowspan=3 | Regula principalis || Vicus || Vic-i || Vic-ulus || || || |- style="background:#efefef;" | Porta || Port-ae || Port-ula || || || |- style="background:#efefef;" | Dōnum || Dōn-i || Dōn-ulum || || || |- style="background:#efefef;" | rowspan=3 | stirpes in cons. + r || Liber || Libr-i || Libel-lus || || || |- style="background:#efefef;" | Umbra || Umbr-ae || Umbel-la || || || |- style="background:#efefef;" | Sacrum || Sacr-i || Sacel-lum || || || |- style="background:#efefef;" | rowspan=3 | stirpes in -ĭn- || Gemĭnus || Gemĭn-i || Gemel-lus || Domĭnus || Domĭn-i || Domĭn-ulus |- style="background:#efefef;" | Femĭna || Femĭn-ae || Femel-la || Sarcĭna || Sarcĭn-ae || Sarcĭn-ula |- style="background:#efefef;" | ? || ? || ? || || || |} Quid omnes censetis? Et, Harrissimo, qui tabellarum expertus es, tabellis (cum coloribus etc.) exornandis iterum operam dare velis? --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 10:35, 19 Octobris 2007 (UTC) :Videtur! Sed fortasse pauca melius praeberi possunt. Nescio. E.g. fortasse volumus scribere potius quam "exceptiones" "excipienda," vel "excepta." Estne fortasse melius nominativum et genitivum una columna unire, sicut in lexicis, e.g. "'''Dōnum''' ''-i''"? Item, de exceptionibus quod fiat si plures una sint? --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 16:13, 20 Octobris 2007 (UTC) :Quo apertius dicam: macte virtute. Bella quidem est tabula! --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 16:14, 20 Octobris 2007 (UTC) Equidem artem et rationem tabellarum facile approbo et valde laudo eos qui hanc operam navarunt. Si quid est de quo paullulum dubito, ad statum exceptionum attinet. Constat mutationes linguisticas ab exceptionibus vel novis formis stabilitatem usús violantibus proficisci. Itaque quod antea regulae vicem obtinuit postea exceptio facta est. Praesertim de stirpibus in -ĭn- exeuntibus hoc dicere volo: ''gemellus'' et ''femella'' etsi certe formae mutationibus phoneticis priscis e lege factis productae sint, exemplum "synchronicum" hominibus Ciceroniani temporis vix praebuerunt. Scio formam ''sarcinulae'' apud Ciceronem non inveniri (quod fortuito accidisse puto), sed persuasum est mihi Ciceronem, si opus fuit diminutivo ''sarcinae'', vix *''sarcellam'' formasse, nam haec formula illis temporibus iam obsolevit et quasi exceptio facta est. Itaque ''dominulus'' et ''sarcinula'' mihi re vera videntur regulae principali obtemperare et formulam productivam indicare, cum ''gemellus'' et ''femella'' formae excipiendae sint factae. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 02:26, 21 Octobris 2007 (UTC) :Tecum consentio, Neander. Haec iam mecum considerabam. Scistine, ceterum, Ciceronem bis in operibus suis forma 'pagella' usum esse, semel tamen 'paginula'? --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 07:22, 21 Octobris 2007 (UTC) :Vobis ambobus, Iustine et Neander, magnas gratias ago ob exhortationes necnon admonitiones. Quibus consideratis tabellam accommodatam nunc in pagina includam. --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 07:22, 21 Octobris 2007 (UTC) ::Sorry I've taken so long. ''Aberam''. I like this table a lot and it will be of more use to people and explains the reasons better than a simple 3-tier version. Well done, Fabulle! <span style="font-family:'Courier New';">[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]</span>. ===Nova tabula=== PRO PAGINA DE DIMINUTIVO. <span style="font-family:'Courier New';">[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]</span>. <div style="font-size: 80%"> {|class="wikitable" align=left border=1 style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 10pt" |-style="background:#ccccff;" ! rowspan=2 style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | Classis !! colspan=2 | Exempla !! colspan=2 style="border-left:2px solid grey;" | Regulam principalem </br> secuta |-style="background:#ccccff;" ! <small>Principale</small> !! <small>Diminutivum</small> !! style="border-left:2px solid grey;" | <small>Principale</small> !! <small>Diminutivum</small> |- style= "border-top:2px solid grey;" | rowspan=3 style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | '''Regula <br> principalis''' || vic-us || vic-ulus || style="border-left:2px solid grey;" | || |- | port-a || port-ula || style="border-left:2px solid grey;" | || |- | dōn-um || dōn-ulum || style="border-left:2px solid grey;" | || |- style= "border-top:2px solid grey;" | rowspan=3 style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | '''Stirpes in <br> cons. + r <br> exeuntes'''|| libĕr, libr-i || libel-lus || style="border-left:2px solid grey;" | || |- | umbr-a || umbel-la || style="border-left:2px solid grey;" | || |- | sacr-um || sacel-lum || style="border-left:2px solid grey;" | || |- style= "border-top:2px solid grey;" | rowspan=7 style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | '''Stirpes in <br> -ĕr- <br> exeuntes'''|| misĕr, misĕr-i (adi.) || misel-lus || style="border-left:2px solid grey;" | misĕr, misĕr-i (adi.) || misĕr-ulus |- | tenĕr, tenĕr-i (adi.) || tenel-lus || style="border-left:2px solid grey;" | tenĕr, tenĕr-i (adi.) || tenĕr-ulus |- | puĕr, puĕr-i || puel-lus || style="border-left:2px solid grey;" | puĕr, puĕr-i || puĕr-ulus |- | camĕr-a || camel-la || style="border-left:2px solid grey;" | || |- | patĕr-a || patel-la || style="border-left:2px solid grey;" | littĕr-a || littĕr-ula |- | opĕr-a || opel-la || style="border-left:2px solid grey;" | opĕr-a || opĕr-ula |- | tessĕr-a || tessel-la || style="border-left:2px solid grey;" | tessĕr-a || tessĕr-ula |} </div> :Gratias ago tibi, Harrissimo. "Codicem" (en: code) [[Usor:Fabullus/harenarium|tabulae meae]] paululum saltem simplificasti. Etsi adhuc est involutior quam quo recensores facile utantur, interdum tamen adhibeamus eum in pagina. [Ceterum: quomodo responsum meum '''infra''' tabulam ponere possum? Per me licet transferas] --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 19:53, 12 Novembris 2007 (UTC) ==Mutatio nominis huius paginae== Adhuc pagina tantum spectat ad formationem diminutivorum Latinorum, et nunc iam longior est quam ut paragraphi de diminutione in aliis linguis includi possunt. Hanc ergo paginam movebo ad "Diminutivum (Latinum)". Si voluerit aliquis de diminutivis in aliis linguis aut generaliter scribere, aliam paginam facito! --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 10:18, 20 Decembris 2007 (UTC) ==Formatting proposition== :(The following is copied from my talk page): :::There is one thing about the article that concerns me. It might be a very good idea to categorize the different rules in terms of the actual stems of words (''puella-'', ''puero-'', ''turri-'', ''cornu-'', ''spe-'') rather than the bases of words (''puell-'', ''puer-'', ''turr-'', ''corn-'', ''sp-''). Sometimes the term "stem" is used when the user of the word really means "base." (That really confused me when I first got into Latin.) The reason for that kind of categorization is that words are normally grouped that way rather than by their bases, and it's the stem (often weakened or elided), not specifically the base, that is attached to the diminutive suffix. (Thank you and Merry Christmas to you too!) -- Diaphanus 22:34, 26 Decembris 2007 (UTC) :<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]</span> 10:27, 27 Decembris 2007 (UTC) ::It is true that strictly speaking stems should be defined as you say, e.g. ''puella-'' and ''puero-'' etc. (That is why we call these stems a-stems, o-stems etc.). I don't agree however that these real stems should be used as the basis for the formation of diminutives. It may be possible (and perhaps even morphologically correct) to analyse ''puerulus'' as ''pueru-lus'' (< puero-lus), with ''-lus'' appended to the stem ''puero-'', but what about ''puellula'' or ''portula''? These can only reasonably be analysed as ''puell-ula'' and ''port-ula'', i.e with ''-ula'' appended to the "reduced stem", or "base" - if you like. Yet if diminutives from 1st declension nouns are constructed using the "base" rather than the "stem", wouldn't it be more logical to analyse 2nd declension nouns in the same way? I.e. "reduced stem" or "base" + ''-ulus/-ulum'', e.g. ''puer-ulus'' (rather than ''pueru-lus''). In this way the analogy between other 1st and 2nd declension diminutives stands out much more clearly: cp. e.g. ''liber'' ''libr-'' ''libellus'' and ''umbra'' ''umbr-'' ''umbella''. It turns out that if we use the "base" rather than the "stem" there really is no difference in the formation of diminutives between 1st and 2nd declension nouns. So your criticism really reduces to this: that on the page the word "stirps" ("stem") is used where according to you "basis" ("base") would have been more appropriate. I myself wasn't aware of the existence of the word "basis" ("base") in this technical sense, but if others agree with you I am prepared to change the words, or you are wellcome to do it yourself. --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 14:10, 27 Decembris 2007 (UTC) :::I didn't mean to say that the stems, without change, should be used as the basis for the formation of diminutives! After all, something like ''puellula'' should not be analysed as something like ''puella-'' + ''-la'', where the stem vowel ''a'' became ''u''. In that case, the final vowel of the stem disappears, and so the stem itself becomes the "reduced stem" or "base" or "stem" (''stirps'' in the article). I should have said "(often weakened and with the final vowel elided)." What I had mostly in mind when I made that comment about the stems and bases was the distinction between mutes and mixed i-stems. When I look at the tables in the article, it seems to me that "pure" i-stems regularly use (see "Exempla") the ''-icul-'' form while the mute stems (excluding the ones ending in ''t'' and ''d'') regularly use (see "Exempla") the ''-ul-'' form. But when I look at the ones ending in ''t'' and ''d'' (also mutes), it is then I see the flip-flopping between ''-cul-'' and ''-ul-'' (not enough either way to pinpoint "Exempla" and "Excepta"), and this is where I also see mixed i-stems! So, the regular rules for i-stems (e.g. ''turr-icula'') and the regular rules for other mute stems (e.g. ''reg-ulus'') are used for mixed i-stems (e.g. ''civitat-ula'' and ''part-icula''), and since some of those mixed i-stems have mute stems in the singular, those same rules have been used for the "pure" mute stems, too (e.g. ''pyxid-icula''). The diminutives of ''plebs'' and ''trabs'' (mixed i-stems) seem to be following the ''-icul-'' rule that some of their mixed i-stem brethren (e.g. ''fonticulus'') followed. (I would not want to lump ''princeps'' in the same category with ''plebs'' and ''trabs'' as simply a b- or p-stem.) Perhaps "Stirpes in -p- et -b- exeuntes" could be changed to "Nomina in -ps et -bs..."? Or perhaps mixed i-stems could have their separate category? -- Diaphanus 00:17, 28 Decembris 2007 (UTC) ::::Speaking of ''puellula,'' do you have ''puella'' itself? It's presumably a form of ''puerula.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 13:17, 11 Martii 2008 (UTC) b41jgcu4w45jourazdg2vbpzqynnxym 0 41444 3980462 3980328 2026-08-11T13:40:24Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3980462 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Roma, metà di dittico con un'apoteosi, 400 circa.JPG|thumb|Consecratio Symmachi (ut vulgo putatur). Nam hoc dimidium [[Diptychon consulare|diptychum]] [[ebur|eburneum]] [[Monogramma|monogramma]] Symmachorum fert et circa 400 scalptum est.]] '''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus''' signo '''Eusebius''' (natus circa annum [[342]] - obiit anno [[402]]/[[403|3]]), filius [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus|Lucii Aurelii Avianii Symmachi]] fuit [[Senatus|senator]], [[consul]], [[praefectus urbi Romae]] annis [[384]] et [[385]] et orator. Vulgo pro opulentissimo oratore aetatis suae habitus absque nonnullis ipsi [[Cicero]]ni comparatus est<ref>Etiam ab adversariis ut [[Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'': I.632-642.</ref>. Notus est imprimis commendationis indulgentiae in omnes religiones causa, quam in controversia de ara Victoriae affirmavit. == De familia == Primus ex illa gente avus Quinti Symmachi, Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus, [[Consul|consulatus]] insignia "severitatis merito" anno [[330]] accepit; nova familia igitur in ordine senatorio erant Symmachi. Eo magis praerogativas ordinis vindicare visi sunt. Quintus sororem unam<ref>''Ep''. VIII.49</ref> et tres fratres habuit qui omnes ante ipsum obierunt<ref>Nam circa 380 de Celsino Titiano ita scripsit: ''tertius hic mihi de optimis fratribus luctus est'' (''ep''. III.6).</ref>. Circa 370 Quintus Rusticianam, filiam praefecti [[Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus|Orfiti]], uxorem duxit. Filia eis fuit ignoto nomine nomine<ref>''Ep''. VI.12, 67, 79</ref> quae [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior|Nicomacho Flaviano iuniori]] nupsit, ita adfinitatem inter duos e maximis scriptoribus illius aetatis firmans, et aliquanto postea filius [[Quintus Fabius Memmius Symmachus]] operum patris sui editor posthumus. A maioribus multa [[Immobile|bona immobilia]] hereditario accepit: tres domus Romae, unam [[Capua (urbs antiqua)|Capuae]], quindecim [[villa|villas]] plerumque in Italia meridionali sitas, praedia quoque in [[Samnium|Samnio]], [[Apulia]], [[Sicilia (provincia Romana)|Sicilia]], [[Mauretania (discretiva)|Mauretania]]. Inter tamen senatores modice divites numerabatur et ad munera [[Praetor|praetoria]] filii sui duo milia argenti pondo erogasse dicitur<ref>[[Olympiodorus Thebanus|Olympiodorus]], Fragmentum 44.</ref>. == De cursu honorum == * Annis incertis [[Quaestor|quaesturam]] et [[praetor|praeturam]] gessit. Circa idem tempus [[pontifex |pontifex maior]] cooptatus est<ref>''Epistulae'' I.49, 51 ;II.53 ; IX.147-8.</ref> nec aliud sacerdotium umquam suscepit, quamvis studiosus paganismi defensor<ref>CIL VI, 1699, stela a filio erecta quae cursum honorum Symmachi nobis servavit.</ref>. *364-5 tum cum pater [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] erat ipse corrector [[Lucania|Lucaniae]] et [[Bruttium|Brittiorum]] fit<ref>Cf ''Epistulae'' II.48.</ref>. Tum vetustissimas epistulas scribit quas quidem adhuc habeamus. * anno 369 [[Panegyricus|panegyricos]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] et [[Gratianus|Gratiani]] coram principibus pronuntiat<ref>''Orationes'' I-III.</ref>. In Gallia apud Valentinianum usque ad annum 370 mansit ubi [[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonium]] cognovit cuius amicitiam coluit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.14 et 32.</ref>. Mox [[comes]] tertii ordinis renuntiatur. * 373-4 [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsul Africae]] fit, officium honorificum sine vera potentia<ref>CIL VIII, 24584 et 5347 inscriptiones in [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa]] repertae. Cf ''Epistulae'' VIII.5 et 20. X.1.2-3.</ref>. * anno 376 Gratiani nuntium de morte [[Flavius Maximinus|Maximini]] in senatu recitat<ref>''Epistulae'' I.13 et X.2</ref>. Die 9 Ianuarii orationem ''Pro Trygetio'' in senatu habuit gratias agens quod patrem plebe seditiosa expulsum honorifice revocassent<ref>''Oratio'' V. Cf ''Epistulae'' I.44</ref>. *377-8 Aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.20 et 85. III.47.</ref> * anno 382 legatus senatorum ad Gratianum missus [[Ara Victoriae|aram Victoriae]] in [[Curia Hostilia|curia]] restituendam poscere volebat sed aditu principis prohibitus est<ref>Ambrosius, ''Epistulae'' 17.10</ref> * anno 384 [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] cum matre [[Iustina]] imperante [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus Urbi]] ''sub aestatis exordio''<ref>''Relatio'' 25.3</ref> fit. Tum iterum arae Victoriae restitutionem petiit<ref>''Relatio'' tertia.</ref> sed ab [[Ambrosius|Ambrosio]] episcopo victus est. Praeterea annonae angustiae eum ad magistratum deponendum incitaverunt (februario 385)<ref>Eventa huius praefecturae ab ipsius ''relationibus'' nota sunt. Vide etiam ''Epistulas'' II.36 et 55, III.28.</ref>. In praefectura [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinum]] magistrum rhetoricae nominavit<ref>''[[Confessiones (Augustinus)|Confessiones]]'' V.13.</ref>. * anno 387 partes usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Magni Maximi]] oratione quidem non armis<ref>[[Gennadius Scholasticus|Gennadius]], ''De Viris illustribus'' 49.</ref> sequitur quo mox a Theodosio victo veniam quidem impetrat (et Theodosio in oratione hodie deperdita gratias agebat<ref>''Epistulae'' II.13, 28, 30-32.</ref>) sed eius dignitas aliquantum imminuta est<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistulae'' 1008</ref>. Revera [[Novatianus|Novatianorum]] intercessio episcopi ei saluti fuerat. * iamdiu orator disertissimus velut praeco senatorum erat et anno incerto [[princeps senatus]] publice nominatur<ref>[[Socrates Scholasticus]] V.14.6.</ref> * anno 390 cum Theodosio in gratiam redit et ad [[consul|consulatum ordinarium]] anni proximi designatur<ref>[[Prudentius]], [[Contra Symmachum]] I.622-5. Cf ''Epistulae'' II.62-4. V.15. IX.149. </ref> *anno 391 gratiarum actionem in aula Mediolani habet sed quia aram Victoriae memoravit a Theodosio ex urbe expellitur. * annis 392-4 ab [[Eugenius|Eugenii]] [[Arbogastes|Arbogastis]]que usurpatione ipse abstinet sed filius quaestor, gener praefectus Urbi sunt et amicus Virius Nicomachus Flavius post cladem sibi mortem voluntariam conscivit. *Usque ad annum 398 in umbra remanet. 396/7 aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' III.38-39, V.58 etc.</ref>, anno 398 plebe irata expulsus est ac postea revocatus<ref>''Epistulae'' VI.66, VIII.64-5, IX.81.</ref>. Ab illo anno cursui honorum Memmi filii (sc. praeturae) operam dat<ref>''Ep''. IV.7, 8, 12, 58, 59, 60, 63 etc. </ref> et usque ad mortem [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichoni]] tum in Occidente dominanti satis propinquus est<ref>''Epistulae'' IV.1-14.</ref>. In summa munera honorifica multa absolvit, numquam tamen in aula apud principes vitam egit. Plerumque Romae aut in villis tempus litteris terebat. Itaque ad res magnas decidendas momentum non habuit. == De homine litterato == E litteris igitur et facultate dicendi pleramque auctoritatem suam ducebat. In litteris ut in republica aut religione [[mos maiorum|morem maiorum]] imprimis venerabatur. Ita [[Vergilius|Vergilium]], [[Cicero|Ciceronem]], [[Titus Maccius Plautus|Plautum]], [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentium]], [[Horatius|Horatium]] imprimis amat quorum sententiarum saepe in ''Epistulis'' meminit. Amplam bibliothecam sibi pararat: novimus enim apud Symmachum fuisse Titum Livium integrum quem emendare coeperat<ref>''Epistulae'' IX.13.</ref>, necnon [[Plinius Maior|Plinium Maiorem]] aut ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|Commentarios de Bello Gallico]]''. Ita quodam modo 'litteras classicas' iam invenerat quas spreta lingua suae aetatis colebat<ref>De Symmachi studiis vide G. Kroll(1891).</ref> et litteras amatas ut posteris traderentur curabat. Librarii enim apud Symmachos textus duplicabant. Adulescentes suae aetatis quoque ad rhetoricam studendam hortabatur<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004.</ref> et filio instituendo ipse operam dedit<ref>''Ep''. V.5 et VI.61</ref> In ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalibus]]''<ref>I.24.8.</ref> Vergilium non tantum litterarum sed etiam [[Theologia|theologiae]] et [[ritus|rituum]] magistrum esse contendebat. Non minus enim a novitatibus orientalibus in [[Polytheismus|polytheismum]] nuper introductis abhorrebat quam a Christianismo. Vetus Romanus volebat esse. == De operibus == Tria genera operum reliquit Symmachus, epistulas, relationes, orationes: * '''orationes''' octo ab ipso circa [[376]] publicatae sunt quae ad patrem, Valentinianos principes et alios homines nobiles pertinent. Anno [[1815]] in [[Palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] ab [[Angelus Mai|Angelo Mai]] inventae sunt, antea a septimo saeculo deperditae. *'''relationes''' 49 statim post praefecturam circa [[385]] edidit inter quas celeberrima tertia relatio de ara Victoriae versatur. Illae relationes illius actionem in magistratu gerendo recensent. *'''epistulae''' plus quam nongentae in decem libros digestae magnum opus eius faciunt. Liber primus paulo post 385 in lumen prodisse vulgo creditur (epistulas ad patrem et fratrem continet necnon ad poetam [[Ausonius|Ausonium]] filiumque eius Hesperium et ad amicum [[Vettius Agorius Praetextatus|Praetextatum]], fratrem in paganismo). Cetera post mortem auctoris sed ante annum 409 a filio Memmio edita putantur. In septem primis libris epistulae per personas quibus missae sunt disponuntur sine ulla [[Chronologia|chronologica]] aut [[Thema (litterae)|thematica]] ordinatione. In octavo et nono sine ordine miscentur epistulae (pars maxima decimi deperdita est), ne personae quidem quibus mittuntur semper indicantur. Unde eruditi coniecerunt auctorem editionem usque ad septimum librum praeparasse, postea filium solum relictum ut potuit reliqua edidisse. Certe Nicomachi non parvam partem epistularum recipiunt: liber secundus totus [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virio Nicomacho Flaviano]] dicatur, sextum librum ceteri inter se Nicomachi partiuntur. Lectorem modernum in illis epistulis paupertas [[thema|thematum]] offendit: etenim de rebus publicis aut religiosis scribendi tum libertas nulla erat et delatores speculabantur. Etiam retrorsus censura agebat: ita Memmius epistulas ad [[Usurpatio|usurpatores]] [[Magnus Maximus|Maximum]], [[Eugenius (imperator)|Eugenium]], [[Arbogastes|Arbogastem]] suppressit. Nuntii secreti et periculosi tabellariis maximae fidei mandabantur qui oraliter eos referebant, numquam scribebantur. Brevissimae igitur sunt epistulae Symmachi. Plerumque de mera salutatione et amicitiae professione agebatur aut [[Salus|salutis]] inquisitione et officiorum reciprocitate in epistularum commercio. Saepe simul propinquos et homines bene meritos [[Magistratus|magistratibus]] amicis commendabat. Rarius de litteris aut senatu consulto et annona Urbis aliquid scribebat aut de peregrinationibus in villas suas. Semel et iterum de lite apud iudices. Omnia cursim sine excursu. Itaque spem lectoris saepe decipit. Ipse tenuis materiae sibi conscius erat: ''Quousque enim'', Nicomacho inquiebat, ''dandae ac reddendae salutationis verba blaterabimus, cum alia stylo materia non suppetat?''.<ref>''Ep''. II.35.</ref> == De genere dicendi et iudiciis == Stilus Symmachi non facile finitur. Duodecimo saeculo [[Alanus ab Insulis]] brevitatem eius evidentem extollens eum 'verbis parcum' sed 'mente profundum' dicebat: <blockquote><poem> Symacus in uerbis parcus sed mente profundus, Prodigus in sensu, uerbis angustus, habundans Mente, sed ore minor, fructu, non fronde beatus, Sensus diuicias uerbi breuitate coartat.<ref>''Anticlaudianus'' III.236-9</ref> </poem></blockquote> Nec dubium quin sententiae breves subiunctionem vitantes alienissimae sunt a [[periodus|periodico]] stilo quem in Ciceronis orationibus legimus sed non minus a sermone familiari quo utebatur magnus orator in epistulis abhorrent. Ipse ''ingenii sui maciem'' causabatur<ref>I.81. Cf ibidem I.14 ad Ausonium: ''Sed ego qui sum paupertini ingenii mei mihi conscius, Laconicae malo studere brevitati, quam multijugis paginis infantiae maciem publicare''.</ref>. Coaevi tamen stilum floridum et pinguem potius laudabant verisimile quia nomina et adiectiva magna densitate spissantur et plenitudinis speciem praebent. Ita [[Macrobius]]: <blockquote> ''Quattuor sunt, inquit Eusebius, genera dicendi: copiosum, in quo Cicero dominatur: breve, in quo Salustius regnat: siccum, quod Frontoni ascribitur: pingue et floridum in quo Plinius Secundus quondam et nunc nullo veterum minor noster Symmachus luxuriatur.''<ref>''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' V.1.7.</ref> </blockquote> [[Rhythmus|Numeris]] sophisticis et splendido exquisitoque [[Vocabularium|vocabulario]] nitebat Symmachi [[prosa]] quae summam artem redolebat in variationibus circa thema exile innumeris. Amicus Ausonius [[Dithyrambus|dithyrambum]] ei composuit: <blockquote> ''Haud quisquam ita nitet, ut comparatus tibi non sordeat. Quis ita Aesopi venustatem, quis sophisticas Socratis conclusiones, enthymemata Demosthenis, aut opulentiam Tullianam, aut proprietatem nostri Maronis accedat?'' <ref>''Ep.'' V.32 ab Ausonio Symmacho missa et in epistolarium eius introducta.</ref> </blockquote> Sed et adversarii "Romani decus eloquii" attollebant ut poeta Christianus Prudentius qui eum supra Ciceronem ponebat<ref>''Contra Symmachum'' I.632-5.</ref> atque eo magis eum pigebat quod pereuntes deos et sordidos defendere mallet. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == *[[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/foto/F010361 VI, 1699] ; VIII, 24584 ; VIII, 5347 *[[Ambrosius]], ''Epistulae'' XVII et XVIII *[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004. * [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' *[[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' == Editiones criticae et commentarii == *Otto Seeck, ''[https://archive.org/details/qaureliisymmach00seecgoog/page/n8/mode/2up Q. Aurelii Symmachi quae supersunt]'' ([[Monumenta Germaniae historica|Monumenta Germaniae Historica]]), Berolini, 1893 [[Fasciculus:Base statua di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco - Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|CIL VI, 1699 = basis statuae a filio Memmio patri in [[Mons Caelius|monte Caelio]] erectae ubi eorum domus erat: cursum honorum brevem legere licet.]] *[[Collection des Universités de France]]: J.P. Callu, ''Symmaque. Correspondance.'' Les Belles Lettres, 1972-2002 (quattuor tomi) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1973_num_42_1_1704_t1_0288_0000_5 Recensio critica] ** ''Symmaque. Discours. Rapports'', ibidem, 2009 (tomus V operum) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2013_num_82_1_3841_t17_0359_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Giovanni Alberto Cecconi, ''Commento storico al libro II dell'Epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : con introduzione, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 2002 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003.11.17 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2004_num_73_1_2554_t1_0408_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/84769725/Giovanni_Alberto_Cecconi_Commento_storico_al_libro_II_dellepistolario_di_Q_Aurelio_Simmaco_Con_introduzione_testo_traduzione_e_indici Tertia recensio critica] *Maria Lubello, ''[https://flore.unifi.it/retrieve/5f4d48db-5049-487b-ac42-4092ba20a52a/Lubello_Maria_Commento_storico_libri_VII-VIII_2024.pdf Commento storico ai libri VII e VIII dell’epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, testo, traduzione, commento storico]'', Florentiae, 2024 [https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/1374992 Dissertatio academica] * Arnaldo Marcone, ''Commento storico al libro IV dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1987 ** Commento storico al libro VI dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: Introd., commento storico, teste, traduzione, indici, Pisae, 1983 *Andrea Pellizzari, ''Commento storico al libro III dell epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1983. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2003_num_72_1_2530_t1_0416_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Paola Rivolta Tiberga, ''Commento storico al libro V dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1982 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1996_num_65_1_1262_t1_0346_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Sergio Roda, ''Commento storico al libro IX dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 1981 * Domenico Vera, ''Commento storico alle "relationes" di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento, testo, traduzione, appendice sul libro X, 1-2, indici'', Pisae, 1981 == Plura legere si cupis == *Philippe Bruggisser, ''Symmaque ou le rituel épistolaire de l'amitié littéraire. Recherches sur le premier livre de la correspondance'', Fribourg, 1993 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1995_num_64_1_1237_t1_0337_0000_2 Recensio critica] *JP Callu, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2006_ant_361_1_11709 En marge des vieux livres : les manuscrits perdus de Symmaque]", ''Revue d’histoire des textes'', 1976: 197-217 *Alan Cameron, ''The Last Pagans of Rome'', Oxford University Press, 2011 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=AIQ8DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www.academia.edu/117724893/The_Last_Pagans_of_Rome_By_Alan_Cameron Recensio critica] *Nicolas Cavuoto-Denis, ''Vsus scribendi : le projet littéraire de Symmaque dans les Lettres, les Discours et les Rapports'', Turnhout, Brepols, 2023 [https://www.academia.edu/71771621/Vsus_scribendi_le_projet_litt%C3%A9raire_de_Symmaque_dans_les_Lettres_les_Discours_et_les_Rapports Summarium] *Octavius Clason, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=QywUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Symmachi epistularum codice Parisino]'', Bonnae, [1867] '''LATINE''' *Gerd Haverling, ''Studies on Symmachus' Language and Style'', [[Gothoburgum|Gothoburgi]], 1988 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1990_num_59_1_2300_t1_0385_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Gaëlle Hébert de la Portbarré-Viard, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2018_num_197_1_1925 Symmaque dans le ''Contra Symmachum'' de Prudence : enjeux et significations d’une mise à mort littéraire]", ''Vita Latina'', 2018: 148-172 * Bettina Hecht, ''Störungen der Rechtslage in den Relationen des Symmachus : Verwaltung und Rechtsprechung in Rom 384/385 n. Chr'', Berolini, 2006 [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7767/zrgra.2008.125.1.775/html Recensio critica] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/864/mode/2up 865-871] * R. Klein, Symmachus, ''Eine tragische Gestalt des ausgehenden Heidentums'', [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 1971 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3927_t1_0322_0000_1 Recensio critica] * Otto Koren, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=4akiGJ2DkE8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Quaestiones Symmachianae]'', Vindobonae, 1874 '''LATINE''' *Guilelmus Kroll, ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024459482&seq=5 De Q. Aurelii Symmachi studiis graecis et latinis]'', Vratislaviae, 1891 '''LATINE''' * Federico Lizzani, ''Il patrimonio di Q. Aurelius Symmachus a Roma e nel Lazio : una restituzione archeologica dall'epistolario'', Romae, "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2024 ISBN 978-88-913-3294-3 *John Alexander McGeachy, ''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and the Senatorial Aristocracy of the West'', University of Chicago, 1942 * Jill Mitchell, ''[https://www.academia.edu/118514477/The_Religious_world_of_Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]'', Trivent Publishing, 2021 *Eugenius Morin, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=6c9gM4kqQkIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Disquisitio chronologica de dimidia altera quarti saeculi parte juxta Symmachum]'', Parisiis, excudebat Panckoucke, 1847 '''LATINE''' * F. Paschoud (curator), ''Colloque genevois sur Symmaque : à l'occasion du mille six centième anniversaire du conflit de l'autel de la Victoire'', [1984], Les Belles lettres, 1986 *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 * Ernestus Theodorus Schulze, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=hIhHAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false De Q. Aurelii Symmachi vocabulorum formationibus ad sermonem vulgarem pertinentibus]'', Halis Saxonum, 1884 '''LATINE''' * Ramón Teja, ''La más antigua polémica sobre la tolerancia religiosa: el debate entre San Ambrosio de Milán y el senador Símaco sobre el Altar de la Victoria'', Matriti, 2023 ISBN 978-84-19782-23-6 *Cristiana Sogno, ''Q. Aurelius Symmachus : a political biography'', University of Michigan Press, 2006 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=N3qFtZRLuXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *L. M. A. Viola, ''Quinto Aurelio Simmaco : lo splendore della romanitas : la perfezione dell'uomo religioso romano-italiano e la costituzione della civiltà universale della pace'', Forii, Victrix, 2010 [https://bibcatalogo.uca.es/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=870445&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=2642939] {{NexInt}} * [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus Quintum Aurelium Symmachum] spectant *[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Libri_Decem_Epistolarum Libri decem epistolarum apud Vicifontem] * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~Harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Symmachus/sym_re03.html Tertia Relatio Symmachi] * {{BBKL|s/s4/symmachus_a|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=SYMMACHUS EUSEBIUS, Q. AURELIUS|tomus=11|columnae=363-366}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090814190634/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/sym-amb/ambrepf.html Ambrosius, Epistulae xvii et xviii] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Valentinianus II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Neoterius]]| annus= 391<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Eutolmius Tatianus|Flavio Eutolmio Tatiano]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] II et [[Flavius Rufinus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|402|Aurelius Symmachus, Quintus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Gens Aurelia]] iinlg4q4isugab3c8m5ca5g6qqjbdj5 3980463 3980462 2026-08-11T13:46:11Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3980463 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Roma, metà di dittico con un'apoteosi, 400 circa.JPG|thumb|Consecratio Symmachi (ut vulgo putatur). Nam hoc dimidium [[Diptychon consulare|diptychum]] [[ebur|eburneum]] [[Monogramma|monogramma]] Symmachorum fert et circa 400 scalptum est.]] '''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus''' signo '''Eusebius''' (natus circa annum [[342]] - obiit anno [[402]]/[[403|3]]), filius [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus|Lucii Aurelii Avianii Symmachi]] fuit [[Senatus|senator]], [[consul]], [[praefectus urbi Romae]] annis [[384]] et [[385]] et orator. Vulgo pro opulentissimo oratore aetatis suae habitus absque nonnullis ipsi [[Cicero]]ni comparatus est<ref>Etiam ab adversariis ut [[Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'': I.632-642.</ref>. Notus est imprimis commendationis indulgentiae in omnes religiones causa, quam in controversia de ara Victoriae affirmavit. == De familia == Primus ex illa gente avus Quinti Symmachi, Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus, [[Consul|consulatus]] insignia "severitatis merito" anno [[330]] accepit; nova familia igitur in ordine senatorio erant Symmachi. Eo magis praerogativas ordinis vindicare visi sunt. Quintus sororem unam<ref>''Ep''. VIII.49</ref> et tres fratres habuit qui omnes ante ipsum obierunt<ref>Nam circa 380 de Celsino Titiano ita scripsit: ''tertius hic mihi de optimis fratribus luctus est'' (''ep''. III.6).</ref>. Circa 370 Quintus Rusticianam, filiam praefecti [[Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus|Orfiti]], uxorem duxit. Filia eis fuit ignoto nomine nomine<ref>''Ep''. VI.12, 67, 79</ref> quae [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior|Nicomacho Flaviano iuniori]] nupsit, ita adfinitatem inter duos e maximis scriptoribus illius aetatis firmans, et aliquanto postea filius [[Quintus Fabius Memmius Symmachus]] operum patris sui editor posthumus. A maioribus multa [[Immobile|bona immobilia]] hereditario accepit: tres domus Romae, unam [[Capua (urbs antiqua)|Capuae]], quindecim [[villa|villas]] plerumque in Italia meridionali sitas, praedia quoque in [[Samnium|Samnio]], [[Apulia]], [[Sicilia (provincia Romana)|Sicilia]], [[Mauretania (discretiva)|Mauretania]]. Inter tamen senatores modice divites numerabatur et ad munera [[Praetor|praetoria]] filii sui duo milia argenti pondo erogasse dicitur<ref>[[Olympiodorus Thebanus|Olympiodorus]], Fragmentum 44.</ref>. == De cursu honorum == * Annis incertis [[Quaestor|quaesturam]] et [[praetor|praeturam]] gessit. Circa idem tempus [[pontifex |pontifex maior]] cooptatus est<ref>''Epistulae'' I.49, 51 ;II.53 ; IX.147-8.</ref> nec aliud sacerdotium umquam suscepit, quamvis studiosus paganismi defensor<ref>CIL VI, 1699, stela a filio erecta quae cursum honorum Symmachi nobis servavit.</ref>. *364-5 tum cum pater [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] erat ipse corrector [[Lucania|Lucaniae]] et [[Bruttium|Brittiorum]] fit<ref>Cf ''Epistulae'' II.48.</ref>. Tum vetustissimas epistulas scribit quas quidem adhuc habeamus. * anno 369 [[Panegyricus|panegyricos]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] et [[Gratianus|Gratiani]] coram principibus pronuntiat<ref>''Orationes'' I-III.</ref>. In Gallia apud Valentinianum usque ad annum 370 mansit ubi [[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonium]] cognovit cuius amicitiam coluit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.14 et 32.</ref>. Mox [[comes]] tertii ordinis renuntiatur. * 373-4 [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsul Africae]] fit, officium honorificum sine vera potentia<ref>CIL VIII, 24584 et 5347 inscriptiones in [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa]] repertae. Cf ''Epistulae'' VIII.5 et 20. X.1.2-3.</ref>. * anno 376 Gratiani nuntium de morte [[Flavius Maximinus|Maximini]] in senatu recitat<ref>''Epistulae'' I.13 et X.2</ref>. Die 9 Ianuarii orationem ''Pro Trygetio'' in senatu habuit gratias agens quod patrem plebe seditiosa expulsum honorifice revocassent<ref>''Oratio'' V. Cf ''Epistulae'' I.44</ref>. *377-8 Aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.20 et 85. III.47.</ref> * anno 382 legatus senatorum ad Gratianum missus [[Ara Victoriae|aram Victoriae]] in [[Curia Hostilia|curia]] restituendam poscere volebat sed aditu principis prohibitus est<ref>Ambrosius, ''Epistulae'' 17.10</ref> * anno 384 [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] cum matre [[Iustina]] imperante [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus Urbi]] ''sub aestatis exordio''<ref>''Relatio'' 25.3</ref> fit. Tum iterum arae Victoriae restitutionem petiit<ref>''Relatio'' tertia.</ref> sed ab [[Ambrosius|Ambrosio]] episcopo victus est. Praeterea annonae angustiae eum ad magistratum deponendum incitaverunt (februario 385)<ref>Eventa huius praefecturae ab ipsius ''relationibus'' nota sunt. Vide etiam ''Epistulas'' II.36 et 55, III.28.</ref>. In praefectura [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinum]] magistrum rhetoricae nominavit<ref>''[[Confessiones (Augustinus)|Confessiones]]'' V.13.</ref>. * anno 387 partes usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Magni Maximi]] oratione quidem non armis<ref>[[Gennadius Scholasticus|Gennadius]], ''De Viris illustribus'' 49.</ref> sequitur quo mox a Theodosio victo veniam quidem impetrat (et Theodosio in oratione hodie deperdita gratias agebat<ref>''Epistulae'' II.13, 28, 30-32.</ref>) sed eius dignitas aliquantum imminuta est<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistulae'' 1008</ref>. Revera [[Novatianus|Novatianorum]] intercessio episcopi ei saluti fuerat. * iamdiu orator disertissimus velut praeco senatorum erat et anno incerto [[princeps senatus]] publice nominatur<ref>[[Socrates Scholasticus]] V.14.6.</ref> * anno 390 cum Theodosio in gratiam redit et ad [[consul|consulatum ordinarium]] anni proximi designatur<ref>[[Prudentius]], [[Contra Symmachum]] I.622-5. Cf ''Epistulae'' II.62-4. V.15. IX.149. </ref> *anno 391 gratiarum actionem in aula Mediolani habet sed quia aram Victoriae memoravit a Theodosio ex urbe expellitur. * annis 392-4 ab [[Eugenius|Eugenii]] [[Arbogastes|Arbogastis]]que usurpatione ipse abstinet sed filius quaestor, gener praefectus Urbi sunt et amicus Virius Nicomachus Flavius post cladem sibi mortem voluntariam conscivit. *Usque ad annum 398 in umbra remanet. 396/7 aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' III.38-39, V.58 etc.</ref>, anno 398 plebe irata expulsus est ac postea revocatus<ref>''Epistulae'' VI.66, VIII.64-5, IX.81.</ref>. Ab illo anno cursui honorum Memmi filii (sc. praeturae) operam dat<ref>''Ep''. IV.7, 8, 12, 58, 59, 60, 63 etc. </ref> et usque ad mortem [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichoni]] tum in Occidente dominanti satis propinquus est<ref>''Epistulae'' IV.1-14.</ref>. In summa munera honorifica multa absolvit, numquam tamen in aula apud principes vitam egit. Plerumque Romae aut in villis tempus litteris terebat. Itaque ad res magnas decidendas momentum non habuit. == De homine litterato == E litteris igitur et facultate dicendi pleramque auctoritatem suam ducebat. In litteris ut in republica aut religione [[mos maiorum|morem maiorum]] imprimis venerabatur. Ita [[Vergilius|Vergilium]], [[Cicero|Ciceronem]], [[Titus Maccius Plautus|Plautum]], [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentium]], [[Horatius|Horatium]] imprimis amat quorum sententiarum saepe in ''Epistulis'' meminit. Amplam bibliothecam sibi pararat: novimus enim apud Symmachum fuisse Titum Livium integrum quem emendare coeperat<ref>''Epistulae'' IX.13.</ref>, necnon [[Plinius Maior|Plinium Maiorem]] aut ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|Commentarios de Bello Gallico]]''. Ita quodam modo 'litteras classicas' iam invenerat quas spreta lingua suae aetatis colebat<ref>De Symmachi studiis vide G. Kroll(1891).</ref> et litteras amatas ut posteris traderentur curabat. Librarii enim apud Symmachos textus duplicabant. Adulescentes suae aetatis quoque ad rhetoricam studendam hortabatur<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004.</ref> et filio instituendo ipse operam dedit<ref>''Ep''. V.5 et VI.61</ref> In ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalibus]]''<ref>I.24.8.</ref> Vergilium non tantum litterarum sed etiam [[Theologia|theologiae]] et [[ritus|rituum]] magistrum esse contendebat. Non minus enim a novitatibus orientalibus in [[Polytheismus|polytheismum]] nuper introductis abhorrebat quam a Christianismo. Vetus Romanus volebat esse. == De operibus == Tria genera operum reliquit Symmachus, epistulas, relationes, orationes: * '''orationes''' octo ab ipso circa [[376]] publicatae sunt quae ad patrem, Valentinianos principes et alios homines nobiles pertinent. Anno [[1815]] in [[Palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] ab [[Angelus Mai|Angelo Mai]] inventae sunt, antea a septimo saeculo deperditae. *'''relationes''' 49 statim post praefecturam circa [[385]] edidit inter quas celeberrima tertia relatio de ara Victoriae versatur. Illae relationes illius actionem in magistratu gerendo recensent. *'''epistulae''' plus quam nongentae in decem libros digestae magnum opus eius faciunt. Liber primus paulo post 385 in lumen prodisse vulgo creditur (epistulas ad patrem et fratrem continet necnon ad poetam [[Ausonius|Ausonium]] filiumque eius Hesperium et ad amicum [[Vettius Agorius Praetextatus|Praetextatum]], fratrem in paganismo). Cetera post mortem auctoris sed ante annum 409 a filio Memmio edita putantur. In septem primis libris epistulae per personas quibus missae sunt disponuntur sine ulla [[Chronologia|chronologica]] aut [[Thema (litterae)|thematica]] ordinatione. In octavo et nono sine ordine miscentur epistulae (pars maxima decimi deperdita est), ne personae quidem quibus mittuntur semper indicantur. Unde eruditi coniecerunt auctorem editionem usque ad septimum librum praeparasse, postea filium solum relictum ut potuit reliqua edidisse. Certe Nicomachi non parvam partem epistularum recipiunt: liber secundus totus [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virio Nicomacho Flaviano]] dicatur, sextum librum ceteri inter se Nicomachi partiuntur. Lectorem modernum in illis epistulis paupertas [[thema|thematum]] offendit: etenim de rebus publicis aut religiosis scribendi tum libertas nulla erat et delatores speculabantur. Etiam retrorsus censura agebat: ita Memmius epistulas ad [[Usurpatio|usurpatores]] [[Magnus Maximus|Maximum]], [[Eugenius (imperator)|Eugenium]], [[Arbogastes|Arbogastem]] suppressit. Nuntii secreti et periculosi tabellariis maximae fidei mandabantur qui oraliter eos referebant, numquam scribebantur. Brevissimae igitur sunt epistulae Symmachi. Plerumque de mera salutatione et amicitiae professione agebatur aut [[Salus|salutis]] inquisitione et officiorum reciprocitate in epistularum commercio. Saepe simul propinquos et homines bene meritos [[Magistratus|magistratibus]] amicis commendabat. Rarius de litteris aut senatu consulto et annona Urbis aliquid scribebat aut de peregrinationibus in villas suas. Semel et iterum de lite apud iudices. Omnia cursim sine excursu. Itaque spem lectoris saepe decipit. Ipse tenuis materiae sibi conscius erat: ''Quousque enim'', Nicomacho inquiebat, ''dandae ac reddendae salutationis verba blaterabimus, cum alia stylo materia non suppetat?''.<ref>''Ep''. II.35.</ref> == De genere dicendi et iudiciis == Stilus Symmachi non facile finitur. Duodecimo saeculo [[Alanus ab Insulis]] brevitatem eius evidentem extollens eum 'verbis parcum' sed 'mente profundum' dicebat: <blockquote><poem> Symacus in uerbis parcus sed mente profundus, Prodigus in sensu, uerbis angustus, habundans Mente, sed ore minor, fructu, non fronde beatus, Sensus diuicias uerbi breuitate coartat.<ref>''Anticlaudianus'' III.236-9</ref> </poem></blockquote> Nec dubium quin sententiae breves subiunctionem vitantes alienissimae sunt a [[periodus|periodico]] stilo quem in Ciceronis orationibus legimus sed non minus a sermone familiari quo utebatur magnus orator in epistulis abhorrent. Ipse ''ingenii sui maciem'' causabatur<ref>I.81. Cf ibidem I.14 ad Ausonium: ''Sed ego qui sum paupertini ingenii mei mihi conscius, Laconicae malo studere brevitati, quam multijugis paginis infantiae maciem publicare''.</ref>. Coaevi tamen stilum floridum et pinguem potius laudabant verisimile quia nomina et adiectiva magna densitate spissantur et plenitudinis speciem praebent. Ita [[Macrobius]]: <blockquote> ''Quattuor sunt, inquit Eusebius, genera dicendi: copiosum, in quo Cicero dominatur: breve, in quo Salustius regnat: siccum, quod Frontoni ascribitur: pingue et floridum in quo Plinius Secundus quondam et nunc nullo veterum minor noster Symmachus luxuriatur.''<ref>''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' V.1.7.</ref> </blockquote> [[Rhythmus|Numeris]] sophisticis et splendido exquisitoque [[Vocabularium|vocabulario]] nitebat Symmachi [[prosa]] quae summam artem redolebat in variationibus circa thema exile innumeris. Amicus Ausonius [[Dithyrambus|dithyrambum]] ei composuit: <blockquote> ''Haud quisquam ita nitet, ut comparatus tibi non sordeat. Quis ita Aesopi venustatem, quis sophisticas Socratis conclusiones, enthymemata Demosthenis, aut opulentiam Tullianam, aut proprietatem nostri Maronis accedat?'' <ref>''Ep.'' V.32 ab Ausonio Symmacho missa et in epistolarium eius introducta.</ref> </blockquote> Sed et adversarii "Romani decus eloquii" attollebant ut poeta Christianus Prudentius qui eum supra Ciceronem ponebat<ref>''Contra Symmachum'' I.632-5.</ref> atque eo magis eum pigebat quod pereuntes deos et sordidos defendere mallet. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == *[[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/foto/F010361 VI, 1699] ; VIII, 24584 ; VIII, 5347 *[[Ambrosius]], ''Epistulae'' XVII et XVIII *[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004. * [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' *[[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' == Editiones criticae et commentarii == *Otto Seeck, ''[https://archive.org/details/qaureliisymmach00seecgoog/page/n8/mode/2up Q. Aurelii Symmachi quae supersunt]'' ([[Monumenta Germaniae historica|Monumenta Germaniae Historica]]), Berolini, 1893 [[Fasciculus:Base statua di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco - Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|CIL VI, 1699 = basis statuae a filio Memmio patri in [[Mons Caelius|monte Caelio]] erectae ubi eorum domus erat: cursum honorum brevem legere licet.]] *[[Collection des Universités de France]]: J.P. Callu, ''Symmaque. Correspondance.'' Les Belles Lettres, 1972-2002 (quattuor tomi) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1973_num_42_1_1704_t1_0288_0000_5 Recensio critica] ** ''Symmaque. Discours. Rapports'', ibidem, 2009 (tomus V operum) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2013_num_82_1_3841_t17_0359_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Giovanni Alberto Cecconi, ''Commento storico al libro II dell'Epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : con introduzione, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 2002 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003.11.17 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2004_num_73_1_2554_t1_0408_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/84769725/Giovanni_Alberto_Cecconi_Commento_storico_al_libro_II_dellepistolario_di_Q_Aurelio_Simmaco_Con_introduzione_testo_traduzione_e_indici Tertia recensio critica] *Maria Lubello, ''[https://flore.unifi.it/retrieve/5f4d48db-5049-487b-ac42-4092ba20a52a/Lubello_Maria_Commento_storico_libri_VII-VIII_2024.pdf Commento storico ai libri VII e VIII dell’epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, testo, traduzione, commento storico]'', Florentiae, 2024 [https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/1374992 Dissertatio academica] * Arnaldo Marcone, ''Commento storico al libro IV dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1987 ** Commento storico al libro VI dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: Introd., commento storico, teste, traduzione, indici, Pisae, 1983 *Andrea Pellizzari, ''Commento storico al libro III dell epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1983. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2003_num_72_1_2530_t1_0416_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Paola Rivolta Tiberga, ''Commento storico al libro V dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1982 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1996_num_65_1_1262_t1_0346_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Sergio Roda, ''Commento storico al libro IX dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 1981 * Domenico Vera, ''Commento storico alle "relationes" di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento, testo, traduzione, appendice sul libro X, 1-2, indici'', Pisae, 1981 == Plura legere si cupis == *Philippe Bruggisser, ''Symmaque ou le rituel épistolaire de l'amitié littéraire. Recherches sur le premier livre de la correspondance'', Fribourg, 1993 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1995_num_64_1_1237_t1_0337_0000_2 Recensio critica] *JP Callu, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2006_ant_361_1_11709 En marge des vieux livres : les manuscrits perdus de Symmaque]", ''Revue d’histoire des textes'', 1976: 197-217 *Alan Cameron, ''The Last Pagans of Rome'', Oxford University Press, 2011 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=AIQ8DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www.academia.edu/117724893/The_Last_Pagans_of_Rome_By_Alan_Cameron Recensio critica] [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2011/2011.12.35 Altera recensio critica] *Nicolas Cavuoto-Denis, ''Vsus scribendi : le projet littéraire de Symmaque dans les Lettres, les Discours et les Rapports'', Turnhout, Brepols, 2023 [https://www.academia.edu/71771621/Vsus_scribendi_le_projet_litt%C3%A9raire_de_Symmaque_dans_les_Lettres_les_Discours_et_les_Rapports Summarium] *Octavius Clason, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=QywUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Symmachi epistularum codice Parisino]'', Bonnae, [1867] '''LATINE''' *Gerd Haverling, ''Studies on Symmachus' Language and Style'', [[Gothoburgum|Gothoburgi]], 1988 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1990_num_59_1_2300_t1_0385_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Gaëlle Hébert de la Portbarré-Viard, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2018_num_197_1_1925 Symmaque dans le ''Contra Symmachum'' de Prudence : enjeux et significations d’une mise à mort littéraire]", ''Vita Latina'', 2018: 148-172 * Bettina Hecht, ''Störungen der Rechtslage in den Relationen des Symmachus : Verwaltung und Rechtsprechung in Rom 384/385 n. Chr'', Berolini, 2006 [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7767/zrgra.2008.125.1.775/html Recensio critica] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/864/mode/2up 865-871] * R. Klein, Symmachus, ''Eine tragische Gestalt des ausgehenden Heidentums'', [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 1971 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3927_t1_0322_0000_1 Recensio critica] * Otto Koren, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=4akiGJ2DkE8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Quaestiones Symmachianae]'', Vindobonae, 1874 '''LATINE''' *Guilelmus Kroll, ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024459482&seq=5 De Q. Aurelii Symmachi studiis graecis et latinis]'', Vratislaviae, 1891 '''LATINE''' * Federico Lizzani, ''Il patrimonio di Q. Aurelius Symmachus a Roma e nel Lazio : una restituzione archeologica dall'epistolario'', Romae, "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2024 ISBN 978-88-913-3294-3 *John Alexander McGeachy, ''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and the Senatorial Aristocracy of the West'', University of Chicago, 1942 * Jill Mitchell, ''[https://www.academia.edu/118514477/The_Religious_world_of_Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]'', Trivent Publishing, 2021 *Eugenius Morin, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=6c9gM4kqQkIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Disquisitio chronologica de dimidia altera quarti saeculi parte juxta Symmachum]'', Parisiis, excudebat Panckoucke, 1847 '''LATINE''' * F. Paschoud (curator), ''Colloque genevois sur Symmaque : à l'occasion du mille six centième anniversaire du conflit de l'autel de la Victoire'', [1984], Les Belles lettres, 1986 *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 * Ernestus Theodorus Schulze, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=hIhHAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false De Q. Aurelii Symmachi vocabulorum formationibus ad sermonem vulgarem pertinentibus]'', Halis Saxonum, 1884 '''LATINE''' * Ramón Teja, ''La más antigua polémica sobre la tolerancia religiosa: el debate entre San Ambrosio de Milán y el senador Símaco sobre el Altar de la Victoria'', Matriti, 2023 ISBN 978-84-19782-23-6 *Cristiana Sogno, ''Q. Aurelius Symmachus : a political biography'', University of Michigan Press, 2006 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=N3qFtZRLuXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *L. M. A. Viola, ''Quinto Aurelio Simmaco : lo splendore della romanitas : la perfezione dell'uomo religioso romano-italiano e la costituzione della civiltà universale della pace'', Forii, Victrix, 2010 [https://bibcatalogo.uca.es/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=870445&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=2642939] {{NexInt}} * [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus Quintum Aurelium Symmachum] spectant *[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Libri_Decem_Epistolarum Libri decem epistolarum apud Vicifontem] * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~Harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Symmachus/sym_re03.html Tertia Relatio Symmachi] * {{BBKL|s/s4/symmachus_a|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=SYMMACHUS EUSEBIUS, Q. AURELIUS|tomus=11|columnae=363-366}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090814190634/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/sym-amb/ambrepf.html Ambrosius, Epistulae xvii et xviii] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Valentinianus II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Neoterius]]| annus= 391<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Eutolmius Tatianus|Flavio Eutolmio Tatiano]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] II et [[Flavius Rufinus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|402|Aurelius Symmachus, Quintus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Gens Aurelia]] 62hyrk45sm18cm759bz1vjvcop75ycp 3980466 3980463 2026-08-11T14:09:55Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De genere dicendi et iudiciis */ 3980466 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Roma, metà di dittico con un'apoteosi, 400 circa.JPG|thumb|Consecratio Symmachi (ut vulgo putatur). Nam hoc dimidium [[Diptychon consulare|diptychum]] [[ebur|eburneum]] [[Monogramma|monogramma]] Symmachorum fert et circa 400 scalptum est.]] '''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus''' signo '''Eusebius''' (natus circa annum [[342]] - obiit anno [[402]]/[[403|3]]), filius [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus|Lucii Aurelii Avianii Symmachi]] fuit [[Senatus|senator]], [[consul]], [[praefectus urbi Romae]] annis [[384]] et [[385]] et orator. Vulgo pro opulentissimo oratore aetatis suae habitus absque nonnullis ipsi [[Cicero]]ni comparatus est<ref>Etiam ab adversariis ut [[Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'': I.632-642.</ref>. Notus est imprimis commendationis indulgentiae in omnes religiones causa, quam in controversia de ara Victoriae affirmavit. == De familia == Primus ex illa gente avus Quinti Symmachi, Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus, [[Consul|consulatus]] insignia "severitatis merito" anno [[330]] accepit; nova familia igitur in ordine senatorio erant Symmachi. Eo magis praerogativas ordinis vindicare visi sunt. Quintus sororem unam<ref>''Ep''. VIII.49</ref> et tres fratres habuit qui omnes ante ipsum obierunt<ref>Nam circa 380 de Celsino Titiano ita scripsit: ''tertius hic mihi de optimis fratribus luctus est'' (''ep''. III.6).</ref>. Circa 370 Quintus Rusticianam, filiam praefecti [[Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus|Orfiti]], uxorem duxit. Filia eis fuit ignoto nomine nomine<ref>''Ep''. VI.12, 67, 79</ref> quae [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior|Nicomacho Flaviano iuniori]] nupsit, ita adfinitatem inter duos e maximis scriptoribus illius aetatis firmans, et aliquanto postea filius [[Quintus Fabius Memmius Symmachus]] operum patris sui editor posthumus. A maioribus multa [[Immobile|bona immobilia]] hereditario accepit: tres domus Romae, unam [[Capua (urbs antiqua)|Capuae]], quindecim [[villa|villas]] plerumque in Italia meridionali sitas, praedia quoque in [[Samnium|Samnio]], [[Apulia]], [[Sicilia (provincia Romana)|Sicilia]], [[Mauretania (discretiva)|Mauretania]]. Inter tamen senatores modice divites numerabatur et ad munera [[Praetor|praetoria]] filii sui duo milia argenti pondo erogasse dicitur<ref>[[Olympiodorus Thebanus|Olympiodorus]], Fragmentum 44.</ref>. == De cursu honorum == * Annis incertis [[Quaestor|quaesturam]] et [[praetor|praeturam]] gessit. Circa idem tempus [[pontifex |pontifex maior]] cooptatus est<ref>''Epistulae'' I.49, 51 ;II.53 ; IX.147-8.</ref> nec aliud sacerdotium umquam suscepit, quamvis studiosus paganismi defensor<ref>CIL VI, 1699, stela a filio erecta quae cursum honorum Symmachi nobis servavit.</ref>. *364-5 tum cum pater [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] erat ipse corrector [[Lucania|Lucaniae]] et [[Bruttium|Brittiorum]] fit<ref>Cf ''Epistulae'' II.48.</ref>. Tum vetustissimas epistulas scribit quas quidem adhuc habeamus. * anno 369 [[Panegyricus|panegyricos]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] et [[Gratianus|Gratiani]] coram principibus pronuntiat<ref>''Orationes'' I-III.</ref>. In Gallia apud Valentinianum usque ad annum 370 mansit ubi [[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonium]] cognovit cuius amicitiam coluit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.14 et 32.</ref>. Mox [[comes]] tertii ordinis renuntiatur. * 373-4 [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsul Africae]] fit, officium honorificum sine vera potentia<ref>CIL VIII, 24584 et 5347 inscriptiones in [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa]] repertae. Cf ''Epistulae'' VIII.5 et 20. X.1.2-3.</ref>. * anno 376 Gratiani nuntium de morte [[Flavius Maximinus|Maximini]] in senatu recitat<ref>''Epistulae'' I.13 et X.2</ref>. Die 9 Ianuarii orationem ''Pro Trygetio'' in senatu habuit gratias agens quod patrem plebe seditiosa expulsum honorifice revocassent<ref>''Oratio'' V. Cf ''Epistulae'' I.44</ref>. *377-8 Aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.20 et 85. III.47.</ref> * anno 382 legatus senatorum ad Gratianum missus [[Ara Victoriae|aram Victoriae]] in [[Curia Hostilia|curia]] restituendam poscere volebat sed aditu principis prohibitus est<ref>Ambrosius, ''Epistulae'' 17.10</ref> * anno 384 [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] cum matre [[Iustina]] imperante [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus Urbi]] ''sub aestatis exordio''<ref>''Relatio'' 25.3</ref> fit. Tum iterum arae Victoriae restitutionem petiit<ref>''Relatio'' tertia.</ref> sed ab [[Ambrosius|Ambrosio]] episcopo victus est. Praeterea annonae angustiae eum ad magistratum deponendum incitaverunt (februario 385)<ref>Eventa huius praefecturae ab ipsius ''relationibus'' nota sunt. Vide etiam ''Epistulas'' II.36 et 55, III.28.</ref>. In praefectura [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinum]] magistrum rhetoricae nominavit<ref>''[[Confessiones (Augustinus)|Confessiones]]'' V.13.</ref>. * anno 387 partes usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Magni Maximi]] oratione quidem non armis<ref>[[Gennadius Scholasticus|Gennadius]], ''De Viris illustribus'' 49.</ref> sequitur quo mox a Theodosio victo veniam quidem impetrat (et Theodosio in oratione hodie deperdita gratias agebat<ref>''Epistulae'' II.13, 28, 30-32.</ref>) sed eius dignitas aliquantum imminuta est<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistulae'' 1008</ref>. Revera [[Novatianus|Novatianorum]] intercessio episcopi ei saluti fuerat. * iamdiu orator disertissimus velut praeco senatorum erat et anno incerto [[princeps senatus]] publice nominatur<ref>[[Socrates Scholasticus]] V.14.6.</ref> * anno 390 cum Theodosio in gratiam redit et ad [[consul|consulatum ordinarium]] anni proximi designatur<ref>[[Prudentius]], [[Contra Symmachum]] I.622-5. Cf ''Epistulae'' II.62-4. V.15. IX.149. </ref> *anno 391 gratiarum actionem in aula Mediolani habet sed quia aram Victoriae memoravit a Theodosio ex urbe expellitur. * annis 392-4 ab [[Eugenius|Eugenii]] [[Arbogastes|Arbogastis]]que usurpatione ipse abstinet sed filius quaestor, gener praefectus Urbi sunt et amicus Virius Nicomachus Flavius post cladem sibi mortem voluntariam conscivit. *Usque ad annum 398 in umbra remanet. 396/7 aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' III.38-39, V.58 etc.</ref>, anno 398 plebe irata expulsus est ac postea revocatus<ref>''Epistulae'' VI.66, VIII.64-5, IX.81.</ref>. Ab illo anno cursui honorum Memmi filii (sc. praeturae) operam dat<ref>''Ep''. IV.7, 8, 12, 58, 59, 60, 63 etc. </ref> et usque ad mortem [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichoni]] tum in Occidente dominanti satis propinquus est<ref>''Epistulae'' IV.1-14.</ref>. In summa munera honorifica multa absolvit, numquam tamen in aula apud principes vitam egit. Plerumque Romae aut in villis tempus litteris terebat. Itaque ad res magnas decidendas momentum non habuit. == De homine litterato == E litteris igitur et facultate dicendi pleramque auctoritatem suam ducebat. In litteris ut in republica aut religione [[mos maiorum|morem maiorum]] imprimis venerabatur. Ita [[Vergilius|Vergilium]], [[Cicero|Ciceronem]], [[Titus Maccius Plautus|Plautum]], [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentium]], [[Horatius|Horatium]] imprimis amat quorum sententiarum saepe in ''Epistulis'' meminit. Amplam bibliothecam sibi pararat: novimus enim apud Symmachum fuisse Titum Livium integrum quem emendare coeperat<ref>''Epistulae'' IX.13.</ref>, necnon [[Plinius Maior|Plinium Maiorem]] aut ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|Commentarios de Bello Gallico]]''. Ita quodam modo 'litteras classicas' iam invenerat quas spreta lingua suae aetatis colebat<ref>De Symmachi studiis vide G. Kroll(1891).</ref> et litteras amatas ut posteris traderentur curabat. Librarii enim apud Symmachos textus duplicabant. Adulescentes suae aetatis quoque ad rhetoricam studendam hortabatur<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004.</ref> et filio instituendo ipse operam dedit<ref>''Ep''. V.5 et VI.61</ref> In ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalibus]]''<ref>I.24.8.</ref> Vergilium non tantum litterarum sed etiam [[Theologia|theologiae]] et [[ritus|rituum]] magistrum esse contendebat. Non minus enim a novitatibus orientalibus in [[Polytheismus|polytheismum]] nuper introductis abhorrebat quam a Christianismo. Vetus Romanus volebat esse. == De operibus == Tria genera operum reliquit Symmachus, epistulas, relationes, orationes: * '''orationes''' octo ab ipso circa [[376]] publicatae sunt quae ad patrem, Valentinianos principes et alios homines nobiles pertinent. Anno [[1815]] in [[Palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] ab [[Angelus Mai|Angelo Mai]] inventae sunt, antea a septimo saeculo deperditae. *'''relationes''' 49 statim post praefecturam circa [[385]] edidit inter quas celeberrima tertia relatio de ara Victoriae versatur. Illae relationes illius actionem in magistratu gerendo recensent. *'''epistulae''' plus quam nongentae in decem libros digestae magnum opus eius faciunt. Liber primus paulo post 385 in lumen prodisse vulgo creditur (epistulas ad patrem et fratrem continet necnon ad poetam [[Ausonius|Ausonium]] filiumque eius Hesperium et ad amicum [[Vettius Agorius Praetextatus|Praetextatum]], fratrem in paganismo). Cetera post mortem auctoris sed ante annum 409 a filio Memmio edita putantur. In septem primis libris epistulae per personas quibus missae sunt disponuntur sine ulla [[Chronologia|chronologica]] aut [[Thema (litterae)|thematica]] ordinatione. In octavo et nono sine ordine miscentur epistulae (pars maxima decimi deperdita est), ne personae quidem quibus mittuntur semper indicantur. Unde eruditi coniecerunt auctorem editionem usque ad septimum librum praeparasse, postea filium solum relictum ut potuit reliqua edidisse. Certe Nicomachi non parvam partem epistularum recipiunt: liber secundus totus [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virio Nicomacho Flaviano]] dicatur, sextum librum ceteri inter se Nicomachi partiuntur. Lectorem modernum in illis epistulis paupertas [[thema|thematum]] offendit: etenim de rebus publicis aut religiosis scribendi tum libertas nulla erat et delatores speculabantur. Etiam retrorsus censura agebat: ita Memmius epistulas ad [[Usurpatio|usurpatores]] [[Magnus Maximus|Maximum]], [[Eugenius (imperator)|Eugenium]], [[Arbogastes|Arbogastem]] suppressit. Nuntii secreti et periculosi tabellariis maximae fidei mandabantur qui oraliter eos referebant, numquam scribebantur. Brevissimae igitur sunt epistulae Symmachi. Plerumque de mera salutatione et amicitiae professione agebatur aut [[Salus|salutis]] inquisitione et officiorum reciprocitate in epistularum commercio. Saepe simul propinquos et homines bene meritos [[Magistratus|magistratibus]] amicis commendabat. Rarius de litteris aut senatu consulto et annona Urbis aliquid scribebat aut de peregrinationibus in villas suas. Semel et iterum de lite apud iudices. Omnia cursim sine excursu. Itaque spem lectoris saepe decipit. Ipse tenuis materiae sibi conscius erat: ''Quousque enim'', Nicomacho inquiebat, ''dandae ac reddendae salutationis verba blaterabimus, cum alia stylo materia non suppetat?''.<ref>''Ep''. II.35.</ref> == De genere dicendi et iudiciis == Stilus Symmachi non facile finitur. Duodecimo saeculo [[Alanus ab Insulis]] brevitatem eius evidentem extollens eum 'verbis parcum' sed 'mente profundum' dicebat: <blockquote><poem> Symacus in uerbis parcus sed mente profundus, Prodigus in sensu, uerbis angustus, habundans Mente, sed ore minor, fructu, non fronde beatus, Sensus diuicias uerbi breuitate coartat.<ref>''Anticlaudianus'' III.236-9</ref> </poem></blockquote> Nec dubium quin sententiae breves subiunctionem vitantes alienissimae sunt a [[periodus|periodico]] stilo quem in Ciceronis orationibus legimus sed non minus a sermone familiari quo utebatur magnus orator in epistulis abhorrent. Ipse ''ingenii sui maciem'' causabatur<ref>I.81. Cf ibidem I.14 ad Ausonium: ''Sed ego qui sum paupertini ingenii mei mihi conscius, Laconicae malo studere brevitati, quam multijugis paginis infantiae maciem publicare''.</ref>. Coaevi tamen stilum floridum et pinguem potius laudabant verisimile quia nomina et adiectiva magna densitate spissantur et plenitudinis speciem praebent. Ita [[Macrobius]]: <blockquote> ''Quattuor sunt, inquit Eusebius, genera dicendi: copiosum, in quo Cicero dominatur: breve, in quo Salustius regnat: siccum, quod Frontoni ascribitur: pingue et floridum in quo Plinius Secundus quondam et nunc nullo veterum minor noster Symmachus luxuriatur.''<ref>''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' V.1.7.</ref> </blockquote> [[Rhythmus|Numeris]] sophisticis<ref>Johannes Möller, ''De clausulis a Q. Aurelio Symmacho adhibitis'', Aschendorff, 1912</ref> et splendido exquisitoque [[Vocabularium|vocabulario]] nitebat Symmachi [[prosa]] quae summam artem redolebat in variationibus circa exilem materiam innumeris. Amicus Ausonius [[Dithyrambus|dithyrambum]] ei composuit: <blockquote> ''Haud quisquam ita nitet, ut comparatus tibi non sordeat. Quis ita Aesopi venustatem, quis sophisticas Socratis conclusiones, enthymemata Demosthenis, aut opulentiam Tullianam, aut proprietatem nostri Maronis accedat?'' <ref>''Ep.'' V.32 ab Ausonio Symmacho missa et in epistolarium eius introducta.</ref> </blockquote> Sed et adversarii "Romani decus eloquii" attollebant ut poeta Christianus Prudentius qui eum supra Ciceronem ponebat<ref>''Contra Symmachum'' I.632-5.</ref> atque eo magis eum pigebat quod pereuntes deos et sordidos defendere mallet. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == *[[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/foto/F010361 VI, 1699] ; VIII, 24584 ; VIII, 5347 *[[Ambrosius]], ''Epistulae'' XVII et XVIII *[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004. * [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' *[[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' == Editiones criticae et commentarii == *Otto Seeck, ''[https://archive.org/details/qaureliisymmach00seecgoog/page/n8/mode/2up Q. Aurelii Symmachi quae supersunt]'' ([[Monumenta Germaniae historica|Monumenta Germaniae Historica]]), Berolini, 1893 [[Fasciculus:Base statua di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco - Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|CIL VI, 1699 = basis statuae a filio Memmio patri in [[Mons Caelius|monte Caelio]] erectae ubi eorum domus erat: cursum honorum brevem legere licet.]] *[[Collection des Universités de France]]: J.P. Callu, ''Symmaque. Correspondance.'' Les Belles Lettres, 1972-2002 (quattuor tomi) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1973_num_42_1_1704_t1_0288_0000_5 Recensio critica] ** ''Symmaque. Discours. Rapports'', ibidem, 2009 (tomus V operum) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2013_num_82_1_3841_t17_0359_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Giovanni Alberto Cecconi, ''Commento storico al libro II dell'Epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : con introduzione, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 2002 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003.11.17 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2004_num_73_1_2554_t1_0408_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/84769725/Giovanni_Alberto_Cecconi_Commento_storico_al_libro_II_dellepistolario_di_Q_Aurelio_Simmaco_Con_introduzione_testo_traduzione_e_indici Tertia recensio critica] *Maria Lubello, ''[https://flore.unifi.it/retrieve/5f4d48db-5049-487b-ac42-4092ba20a52a/Lubello_Maria_Commento_storico_libri_VII-VIII_2024.pdf Commento storico ai libri VII e VIII dell’epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, testo, traduzione, commento storico]'', Florentiae, 2024 [https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/1374992 Dissertatio academica] * Arnaldo Marcone, ''Commento storico al libro IV dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1987 ** Commento storico al libro VI dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: Introd., commento storico, teste, traduzione, indici, Pisae, 1983 *Andrea Pellizzari, ''Commento storico al libro III dell epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1983. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2003_num_72_1_2530_t1_0416_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Paola Rivolta Tiberga, ''Commento storico al libro V dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1982 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1996_num_65_1_1262_t1_0346_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Sergio Roda, ''Commento storico al libro IX dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 1981 * Domenico Vera, ''Commento storico alle "relationes" di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento, testo, traduzione, appendice sul libro X, 1-2, indici'', Pisae, 1981 == Plura legere si cupis == *Philippe Bruggisser, ''Symmaque ou le rituel épistolaire de l'amitié littéraire. Recherches sur le premier livre de la correspondance'', Fribourg, 1993 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1995_num_64_1_1237_t1_0337_0000_2 Recensio critica] *JP Callu, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2006_ant_361_1_11709 En marge des vieux livres : les manuscrits perdus de Symmaque]", ''Revue d’histoire des textes'', 1976: 197-217 *Alan Cameron, ''The Last Pagans of Rome'', Oxford University Press, 2011 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=AIQ8DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www.academia.edu/117724893/The_Last_Pagans_of_Rome_By_Alan_Cameron Recensio critica] [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2011/2011.12.35 Altera recensio critica] *Nicolas Cavuoto-Denis, ''Vsus scribendi : le projet littéraire de Symmaque dans les Lettres, les Discours et les Rapports'', Turnhout, Brepols, 2023 [https://www.academia.edu/71771621/Vsus_scribendi_le_projet_litt%C3%A9raire_de_Symmaque_dans_les_Lettres_les_Discours_et_les_Rapports Summarium] *Octavius Clason, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=QywUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Symmachi epistularum codice Parisino]'', Bonnae, [1867] '''LATINE''' *Gerd Haverling, ''Studies on Symmachus' Language and Style'', [[Gothoburgum|Gothoburgi]], 1988 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1990_num_59_1_2300_t1_0385_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Gaëlle Hébert de la Portbarré-Viard, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2018_num_197_1_1925 Symmaque dans le ''Contra Symmachum'' de Prudence : enjeux et significations d’une mise à mort littéraire]", ''Vita Latina'', 2018: 148-172 * Bettina Hecht, ''Störungen der Rechtslage in den Relationen des Symmachus : Verwaltung und Rechtsprechung in Rom 384/385 n. Chr'', Berolini, 2006 [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7767/zrgra.2008.125.1.775/html Recensio critica] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/864/mode/2up 865-871] * R. Klein, Symmachus, ''Eine tragische Gestalt des ausgehenden Heidentums'', [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 1971 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3927_t1_0322_0000_1 Recensio critica] * Otto Koren, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=4akiGJ2DkE8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Quaestiones Symmachianae]'', Vindobonae, 1874 '''LATINE''' *Guilelmus Kroll, ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024459482&seq=5 De Q. Aurelii Symmachi studiis graecis et latinis]'', Vratislaviae, 1891 '''LATINE''' * Federico Lizzani, ''Il patrimonio di Q. Aurelius Symmachus a Roma e nel Lazio : una restituzione archeologica dall'epistolario'', Romae, "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2024 ISBN 978-88-913-3294-3 *John Alexander McGeachy, ''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and the Senatorial Aristocracy of the West'', University of Chicago, 1942 * Jill Mitchell, ''[https://www.academia.edu/118514477/The_Religious_world_of_Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]'', Trivent Publishing, 2021 *Eugenius Morin, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=6c9gM4kqQkIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Disquisitio chronologica de dimidia altera quarti saeculi parte juxta Symmachum]'', Parisiis, excudebat Panckoucke, 1847 '''LATINE''' * F. Paschoud (curator), ''Colloque genevois sur Symmaque : à l'occasion du mille six centième anniversaire du conflit de l'autel de la Victoire'', [1984], Les Belles lettres, 1986 *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 * Ernestus Theodorus Schulze, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=hIhHAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false De Q. Aurelii Symmachi vocabulorum formationibus ad sermonem vulgarem pertinentibus]'', Halis Saxonum, 1884 '''LATINE''' * Ramón Teja, ''La más antigua polémica sobre la tolerancia religiosa: el debate entre San Ambrosio de Milán y el senador Símaco sobre el Altar de la Victoria'', Matriti, 2023 ISBN 978-84-19782-23-6 *Cristiana Sogno, ''Q. Aurelius Symmachus : a political biography'', University of Michigan Press, 2006 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=N3qFtZRLuXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *L. M. A. Viola, ''Quinto Aurelio Simmaco : lo splendore della romanitas : la perfezione dell'uomo religioso romano-italiano e la costituzione della civiltà universale della pace'', Forii, Victrix, 2010 [https://bibcatalogo.uca.es/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=870445&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=2642939] {{NexInt}} * [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus Quintum Aurelium Symmachum] spectant *[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Libri_Decem_Epistolarum Libri decem epistolarum apud Vicifontem] * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~Harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Symmachus/sym_re03.html Tertia Relatio Symmachi] * {{BBKL|s/s4/symmachus_a|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=SYMMACHUS EUSEBIUS, Q. AURELIUS|tomus=11|columnae=363-366}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090814190634/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/sym-amb/ambrepf.html Ambrosius, Epistulae xvii et xviii] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Valentinianus II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Neoterius]]| annus= 391<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Eutolmius Tatianus|Flavio Eutolmio Tatiano]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] II et [[Flavius Rufinus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|402|Aurelius Symmachus, Quintus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Gens Aurelia]] kzo90iw0nmsmj96tewszebzm9d55taf 3980468 3980466 2026-08-11T14:18:56Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De genere dicendi et iudiciis */ 3980468 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Roma, metà di dittico con un'apoteosi, 400 circa.JPG|thumb|Consecratio Symmachi (ut vulgo putatur). Nam hoc dimidium [[Diptychon consulare|diptychum]] [[ebur|eburneum]] [[Monogramma|monogramma]] Symmachorum fert et circa 400 scalptum est.]] '''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus''' signo '''Eusebius''' (natus circa annum [[342]] - obiit anno [[402]]/[[403|3]]), filius [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus|Lucii Aurelii Avianii Symmachi]] fuit [[Senatus|senator]], [[consul]], [[praefectus urbi Romae]] annis [[384]] et [[385]] et orator. Vulgo pro opulentissimo oratore aetatis suae habitus absque nonnullis ipsi [[Cicero]]ni comparatus est<ref>Etiam ab adversariis ut [[Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'': I.632-642.</ref>. Notus est imprimis commendationis indulgentiae in omnes religiones causa, quam in controversia de ara Victoriae affirmavit. == De familia == Primus ex illa gente avus Quinti Symmachi, Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus, [[Consul|consulatus]] insignia "severitatis merito" anno [[330]] accepit; nova familia igitur in ordine senatorio erant Symmachi. Eo magis praerogativas ordinis vindicare visi sunt. Quintus sororem unam<ref>''Ep''. VIII.49</ref> et tres fratres habuit qui omnes ante ipsum obierunt<ref>Nam circa 380 de Celsino Titiano ita scripsit: ''tertius hic mihi de optimis fratribus luctus est'' (''ep''. III.6).</ref>. Circa 370 Quintus Rusticianam, filiam praefecti [[Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus|Orfiti]], uxorem duxit. Filia eis fuit ignoto nomine nomine<ref>''Ep''. VI.12, 67, 79</ref> quae [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior|Nicomacho Flaviano iuniori]] nupsit, ita adfinitatem inter duos e maximis scriptoribus illius aetatis firmans, et aliquanto postea filius [[Quintus Fabius Memmius Symmachus]] operum patris sui editor posthumus. A maioribus multa [[Immobile|bona immobilia]] hereditario accepit: tres domus Romae, unam [[Capua (urbs antiqua)|Capuae]], quindecim [[villa|villas]] plerumque in Italia meridionali sitas, praedia quoque in [[Samnium|Samnio]], [[Apulia]], [[Sicilia (provincia Romana)|Sicilia]], [[Mauretania (discretiva)|Mauretania]]. Inter tamen senatores modice divites numerabatur et ad munera [[Praetor|praetoria]] filii sui duo milia argenti pondo erogasse dicitur<ref>[[Olympiodorus Thebanus|Olympiodorus]], Fragmentum 44.</ref>. == De cursu honorum == * Annis incertis [[Quaestor|quaesturam]] et [[praetor|praeturam]] gessit. Circa idem tempus [[pontifex |pontifex maior]] cooptatus est<ref>''Epistulae'' I.49, 51 ;II.53 ; IX.147-8.</ref> nec aliud sacerdotium umquam suscepit, quamvis studiosus paganismi defensor<ref>CIL VI, 1699, stela a filio erecta quae cursum honorum Symmachi nobis servavit.</ref>. *364-5 tum cum pater [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] erat ipse corrector [[Lucania|Lucaniae]] et [[Bruttium|Brittiorum]] fit<ref>Cf ''Epistulae'' II.48.</ref>. Tum vetustissimas epistulas scribit quas quidem adhuc habeamus. * anno 369 [[Panegyricus|panegyricos]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] et [[Gratianus|Gratiani]] coram principibus pronuntiat<ref>''Orationes'' I-III.</ref>. In Gallia apud Valentinianum usque ad annum 370 mansit ubi [[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonium]] cognovit cuius amicitiam coluit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.14 et 32.</ref>. Mox [[comes]] tertii ordinis renuntiatur. * 373-4 [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsul Africae]] fit, officium honorificum sine vera potentia<ref>CIL VIII, 24584 et 5347 inscriptiones in [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa]] repertae. Cf ''Epistulae'' VIII.5 et 20. X.1.2-3.</ref>. * anno 376 Gratiani nuntium de morte [[Flavius Maximinus|Maximini]] in senatu recitat<ref>''Epistulae'' I.13 et X.2</ref>. Die 9 Ianuarii orationem ''Pro Trygetio'' in senatu habuit gratias agens quod patrem plebe seditiosa expulsum honorifice revocassent<ref>''Oratio'' V. Cf ''Epistulae'' I.44</ref>. *377-8 Aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.20 et 85. III.47.</ref> * anno 382 legatus senatorum ad Gratianum missus [[Ara Victoriae|aram Victoriae]] in [[Curia Hostilia|curia]] restituendam poscere volebat sed aditu principis prohibitus est<ref>Ambrosius, ''Epistulae'' 17.10</ref> * anno 384 [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] cum matre [[Iustina]] imperante [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus Urbi]] ''sub aestatis exordio''<ref>''Relatio'' 25.3</ref> fit. Tum iterum arae Victoriae restitutionem petiit<ref>''Relatio'' tertia.</ref> sed ab [[Ambrosius|Ambrosio]] episcopo victus est. Praeterea annonae angustiae eum ad magistratum deponendum incitaverunt (februario 385)<ref>Eventa huius praefecturae ab ipsius ''relationibus'' nota sunt. Vide etiam ''Epistulas'' II.36 et 55, III.28.</ref>. In praefectura [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinum]] magistrum rhetoricae nominavit<ref>''[[Confessiones (Augustinus)|Confessiones]]'' V.13.</ref>. * anno 387 partes usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Magni Maximi]] oratione quidem non armis<ref>[[Gennadius Scholasticus|Gennadius]], ''De Viris illustribus'' 49.</ref> sequitur quo mox a Theodosio victo veniam quidem impetrat (et Theodosio in oratione hodie deperdita gratias agebat<ref>''Epistulae'' II.13, 28, 30-32.</ref>) sed eius dignitas aliquantum imminuta est<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistulae'' 1008</ref>. Revera [[Novatianus|Novatianorum]] intercessio episcopi ei saluti fuerat. * iamdiu orator disertissimus velut praeco senatorum erat et anno incerto [[princeps senatus]] publice nominatur<ref>[[Socrates Scholasticus]] V.14.6.</ref> * anno 390 cum Theodosio in gratiam redit et ad [[consul|consulatum ordinarium]] anni proximi designatur<ref>[[Prudentius]], [[Contra Symmachum]] I.622-5. Cf ''Epistulae'' II.62-4. V.15. IX.149. </ref> *anno 391 gratiarum actionem in aula Mediolani habet sed quia aram Victoriae memoravit a Theodosio ex urbe expellitur. * annis 392-4 ab [[Eugenius|Eugenii]] [[Arbogastes|Arbogastis]]que usurpatione ipse abstinet sed filius quaestor, gener praefectus Urbi sunt et amicus Virius Nicomachus Flavius post cladem sibi mortem voluntariam conscivit. *Usque ad annum 398 in umbra remanet. 396/7 aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' III.38-39, V.58 etc.</ref>, anno 398 plebe irata expulsus est ac postea revocatus<ref>''Epistulae'' VI.66, VIII.64-5, IX.81.</ref>. Ab illo anno cursui honorum Memmi filii (sc. praeturae) operam dat<ref>''Ep''. IV.7, 8, 12, 58, 59, 60, 63 etc. </ref> et usque ad mortem [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichoni]] tum in Occidente dominanti satis propinquus est<ref>''Epistulae'' IV.1-14.</ref>. In summa munera honorifica multa absolvit, numquam tamen in aula apud principes vitam egit. Plerumque Romae aut in villis tempus litteris terebat. Itaque ad res magnas decidendas momentum non habuit. == De homine litterato == E litteris igitur et facultate dicendi pleramque auctoritatem suam ducebat. In litteris ut in republica aut religione [[mos maiorum|morem maiorum]] imprimis venerabatur. Ita [[Vergilius|Vergilium]], [[Cicero|Ciceronem]], [[Titus Maccius Plautus|Plautum]], [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentium]], [[Horatius|Horatium]] imprimis amat quorum sententiarum saepe in ''Epistulis'' meminit. Amplam bibliothecam sibi pararat: novimus enim apud Symmachum fuisse Titum Livium integrum quem emendare coeperat<ref>''Epistulae'' IX.13.</ref>, necnon [[Plinius Maior|Plinium Maiorem]] aut ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|Commentarios de Bello Gallico]]''. Ita quodam modo 'litteras classicas' iam invenerat quas spreta lingua suae aetatis colebat<ref>De Symmachi studiis vide G. Kroll(1891).</ref> et litteras amatas ut posteris traderentur curabat. Librarii enim apud Symmachos textus duplicabant. Adulescentes suae aetatis quoque ad rhetoricam studendam hortabatur<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004.</ref> et filio instituendo ipse operam dedit<ref>''Ep''. V.5 et VI.61</ref> In ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalibus]]''<ref>I.24.8.</ref> Vergilium non tantum litterarum sed etiam [[Theologia|theologiae]] et [[ritus|rituum]] magistrum esse contendebat. Non minus enim a novitatibus orientalibus in [[Polytheismus|polytheismum]] nuper introductis abhorrebat quam a Christianismo. Vetus Romanus volebat esse. == De operibus == Tria genera operum reliquit Symmachus, epistulas, relationes, orationes: * '''orationes''' octo ab ipso circa [[376]] publicatae sunt quae ad patrem, Valentinianos principes et alios homines nobiles pertinent. Anno [[1815]] in [[Palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] ab [[Angelus Mai|Angelo Mai]] inventae sunt, antea a septimo saeculo deperditae. *'''relationes''' 49 statim post praefecturam circa [[385]] edidit inter quas celeberrima tertia relatio de ara Victoriae versatur. Illae relationes illius actionem in magistratu gerendo recensent. *'''epistulae''' plus quam nongentae in decem libros digestae magnum opus eius faciunt. Liber primus paulo post 385 in lumen prodisse vulgo creditur (epistulas ad patrem et fratrem continet necnon ad poetam [[Ausonius|Ausonium]] filiumque eius Hesperium et ad amicum [[Vettius Agorius Praetextatus|Praetextatum]], fratrem in paganismo). Cetera post mortem auctoris sed ante annum 409 a filio Memmio edita putantur. In septem primis libris epistulae per personas quibus missae sunt disponuntur sine ulla [[Chronologia|chronologica]] aut [[Thema (litterae)|thematica]] ordinatione. In octavo et nono sine ordine miscentur epistulae (pars maxima decimi deperdita est), ne personae quidem quibus mittuntur semper indicantur. Unde eruditi coniecerunt auctorem editionem usque ad septimum librum praeparasse, postea filium solum relictum ut potuit reliqua edidisse. Certe Nicomachi non parvam partem epistularum recipiunt: liber secundus totus [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virio Nicomacho Flaviano]] dicatur, sextum librum ceteri inter se Nicomachi partiuntur. Lectorem modernum in illis epistulis paupertas [[thema|thematum]] offendit: etenim de rebus publicis aut religiosis scribendi tum libertas nulla erat et delatores speculabantur. Etiam retrorsus censura agebat: ita Memmius epistulas ad [[Usurpatio|usurpatores]] [[Magnus Maximus|Maximum]], [[Eugenius (imperator)|Eugenium]], [[Arbogastes|Arbogastem]] suppressit. Nuntii secreti et periculosi tabellariis maximae fidei mandabantur qui oraliter eos referebant, numquam scribebantur. Brevissimae igitur sunt epistulae Symmachi. Plerumque de mera salutatione et amicitiae professione agebatur aut [[Salus|salutis]] inquisitione et officiorum reciprocitate in epistularum commercio. Saepe simul propinquos et homines bene meritos [[Magistratus|magistratibus]] amicis commendabat. Rarius de litteris aut senatu consulto et annona Urbis aliquid scribebat aut de peregrinationibus in villas suas. Semel et iterum de lite apud iudices. Omnia cursim sine excursu. Itaque spem lectoris saepe decipit. Ipse tenuis materiae sibi conscius erat: ''Quousque enim'', Nicomacho inquiebat, ''dandae ac reddendae salutationis verba blaterabimus, cum alia stylo materia non suppetat?''.<ref>''Ep''. II.35.</ref> == De genere dicendi et iudiciis == Stilus Symmachi non facile finitur. Duodecimo saeculo [[Alanus ab Insulis]] brevitatem eius evidentem extollens eum 'verbis parcum' sed 'mente profundum' dicebat: <blockquote><poem> Symacus in uerbis parcus sed mente profundus, Prodigus in sensu, uerbis angustus, habundans Mente, sed ore minor, fructu, non fronde beatus, Sensus diuicias uerbi breuitate coartat.<ref>''Anticlaudianus'' III.236-9</ref> </poem></blockquote> Nec dubium quin sententiae breves subiunctionem vitantes alienissimae sunt a [[periodus|periodico]] stilo quem in Ciceronis orationibus legimus sed non minus a sermone familiari quo utebatur magnus orator in epistulis abhorrent. Ipse ''ingenii sui maciem'' causabatur<ref>I.81. Cf ibidem I.14 ad Ausonium: ''Sed ego qui sum paupertini ingenii mei mihi conscius, Laconicae malo studere brevitati, quam multijugis paginis infantiae maciem publicare''.</ref>. Coaevi tamen stilum floridum et pinguem potius laudabant verisimile quia nomina et adiectiva magna densitate spissantur et plenitudinis speciem praebent. Ita [[Macrobius]]: <blockquote> ''Quattuor sunt, inquit Eusebius, genera dicendi: copiosum, in quo Cicero dominatur: breve, in quo Salustius regnat: siccum, quod Frontoni ascribitur: pingue et floridum in quo Plinius Secundus quondam et nunc nullo veterum minor noster Symmachus luxuriatur.''<ref>''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' V.1.7.</ref> </blockquote> [[Rhythmus|Numeris]] sophisticis<ref>Johannes Möller, ''De clausulis a Q. Aurelio Symmacho adhibitis'', Aschendorff, 1912. Louis Havet, ''[https://archive.org/details/laprosemtriqued00havegoog/page/n15/mode/2up La prose métrique de Symmaque et les origines métriques du cursus]'', Lutetiae, Emile Bouillon, 1892</ref> et splendido exquisitoque [[Vocabularium|vocabulario]] nitebat Symmachi [[prosa]] quae summam artem redolebat in variationibus circa exilem materiam innumeris. Amicus Ausonius [[Dithyrambus|dithyrambum]] ei composuit: <blockquote> ''Haud quisquam ita nitet, ut comparatus tibi non sordeat. Quis ita Aesopi venustatem, quis sophisticas Socratis conclusiones, enthymemata Demosthenis, aut opulentiam Tullianam, aut proprietatem nostri Maronis accedat?'' <ref>''Ep.'' V.32 ab Ausonio Symmacho missa et in epistolarium eius introducta.</ref> </blockquote> Sed et adversarii "Romani decus eloquii" attollebant ut poeta Christianus Prudentius qui eum supra Ciceronem ponebat<ref>''Contra Symmachum'' I.632-5.</ref> atque eo magis eum pigebat quod pereuntes deos et sordidos defendere mallet. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == *[[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/foto/F010361 VI, 1699] ; VIII, 24584 ; VIII, 5347 *[[Ambrosius]], ''Epistulae'' XVII et XVIII *[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004. * [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' *[[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' == Editiones criticae et commentarii == *Otto Seeck, ''[https://archive.org/details/qaureliisymmach00seecgoog/page/n8/mode/2up Q. Aurelii Symmachi quae supersunt]'' ([[Monumenta Germaniae historica|Monumenta Germaniae Historica]]), Berolini, 1893 [[Fasciculus:Base statua di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco - Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|CIL VI, 1699 = basis statuae a filio Memmio patri in [[Mons Caelius|monte Caelio]] erectae ubi eorum domus erat: cursum honorum brevem legere licet.]] *[[Collection des Universités de France]]: J.P. Callu, ''Symmaque. Correspondance.'' Les Belles Lettres, 1972-2002 (quattuor tomi) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1973_num_42_1_1704_t1_0288_0000_5 Recensio critica] ** ''Symmaque. Discours. Rapports'', ibidem, 2009 (tomus V operum) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2013_num_82_1_3841_t17_0359_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Giovanni Alberto Cecconi, ''Commento storico al libro II dell'Epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : con introduzione, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 2002 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003.11.17 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2004_num_73_1_2554_t1_0408_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/84769725/Giovanni_Alberto_Cecconi_Commento_storico_al_libro_II_dellepistolario_di_Q_Aurelio_Simmaco_Con_introduzione_testo_traduzione_e_indici Tertia recensio critica] *Maria Lubello, ''[https://flore.unifi.it/retrieve/5f4d48db-5049-487b-ac42-4092ba20a52a/Lubello_Maria_Commento_storico_libri_VII-VIII_2024.pdf Commento storico ai libri VII e VIII dell’epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, testo, traduzione, commento storico]'', Florentiae, 2024 [https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/1374992 Dissertatio academica] * Arnaldo Marcone, ''Commento storico al libro IV dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1987 ** Commento storico al libro VI dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: Introd., commento storico, teste, traduzione, indici, Pisae, 1983 *Andrea Pellizzari, ''Commento storico al libro III dell epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1983. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2003_num_72_1_2530_t1_0416_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Paola Rivolta Tiberga, ''Commento storico al libro V dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1982 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1996_num_65_1_1262_t1_0346_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Sergio Roda, ''Commento storico al libro IX dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 1981 * Domenico Vera, ''Commento storico alle "relationes" di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento, testo, traduzione, appendice sul libro X, 1-2, indici'', Pisae, 1981 == Plura legere si cupis == *Philippe Bruggisser, ''Symmaque ou le rituel épistolaire de l'amitié littéraire. Recherches sur le premier livre de la correspondance'', Fribourg, 1993 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1995_num_64_1_1237_t1_0337_0000_2 Recensio critica] *JP Callu, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2006_ant_361_1_11709 En marge des vieux livres : les manuscrits perdus de Symmaque]", ''Revue d’histoire des textes'', 1976: 197-217 *Alan Cameron, ''The Last Pagans of Rome'', Oxford University Press, 2011 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=AIQ8DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www.academia.edu/117724893/The_Last_Pagans_of_Rome_By_Alan_Cameron Recensio critica] [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2011/2011.12.35 Altera recensio critica] *Nicolas Cavuoto-Denis, ''Vsus scribendi : le projet littéraire de Symmaque dans les Lettres, les Discours et les Rapports'', Turnhout, Brepols, 2023 [https://www.academia.edu/71771621/Vsus_scribendi_le_projet_litt%C3%A9raire_de_Symmaque_dans_les_Lettres_les_Discours_et_les_Rapports Summarium] *Octavius Clason, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=QywUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Symmachi epistularum codice Parisino]'', Bonnae, [1867] '''LATINE''' *Gerd Haverling, ''Studies on Symmachus' Language and Style'', [[Gothoburgum|Gothoburgi]], 1988 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1990_num_59_1_2300_t1_0385_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Gaëlle Hébert de la Portbarré-Viard, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2018_num_197_1_1925 Symmaque dans le ''Contra Symmachum'' de Prudence : enjeux et significations d’une mise à mort littéraire]", ''Vita Latina'', 2018: 148-172 * Bettina Hecht, ''Störungen der Rechtslage in den Relationen des Symmachus : Verwaltung und Rechtsprechung in Rom 384/385 n. Chr'', Berolini, 2006 [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7767/zrgra.2008.125.1.775/html Recensio critica] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/864/mode/2up 865-871] * R. Klein, Symmachus, ''Eine tragische Gestalt des ausgehenden Heidentums'', [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 1971 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3927_t1_0322_0000_1 Recensio critica] * Otto Koren, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=4akiGJ2DkE8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Quaestiones Symmachianae]'', Vindobonae, 1874 '''LATINE''' *Guilelmus Kroll, ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024459482&seq=5 De Q. Aurelii Symmachi studiis graecis et latinis]'', Vratislaviae, 1891 '''LATINE''' * Federico Lizzani, ''Il patrimonio di Q. Aurelius Symmachus a Roma e nel Lazio : una restituzione archeologica dall'epistolario'', Romae, "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2024 ISBN 978-88-913-3294-3 *John Alexander McGeachy, ''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and the Senatorial Aristocracy of the West'', University of Chicago, 1942 * Jill Mitchell, ''[https://www.academia.edu/118514477/The_Religious_world_of_Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]'', Trivent Publishing, 2021 *Eugenius Morin, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=6c9gM4kqQkIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Disquisitio chronologica de dimidia altera quarti saeculi parte juxta Symmachum]'', Parisiis, excudebat Panckoucke, 1847 '''LATINE''' * F. Paschoud (curator), ''Colloque genevois sur Symmaque : à l'occasion du mille six centième anniversaire du conflit de l'autel de la Victoire'', [1984], Les Belles lettres, 1986 *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 * Ernestus Theodorus Schulze, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=hIhHAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false De Q. Aurelii Symmachi vocabulorum formationibus ad sermonem vulgarem pertinentibus]'', Halis Saxonum, 1884 '''LATINE''' * Ramón Teja, ''La más antigua polémica sobre la tolerancia religiosa: el debate entre San Ambrosio de Milán y el senador Símaco sobre el Altar de la Victoria'', Matriti, 2023 ISBN 978-84-19782-23-6 *Cristiana Sogno, ''Q. Aurelius Symmachus : a political biography'', University of Michigan Press, 2006 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=N3qFtZRLuXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *L. M. A. Viola, ''Quinto Aurelio Simmaco : lo splendore della romanitas : la perfezione dell'uomo religioso romano-italiano e la costituzione della civiltà universale della pace'', Forii, Victrix, 2010 [https://bibcatalogo.uca.es/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=870445&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=2642939] {{NexInt}} * [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus Quintum Aurelium Symmachum] spectant *[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Libri_Decem_Epistolarum Libri decem epistolarum apud Vicifontem] * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~Harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Symmachus/sym_re03.html Tertia Relatio Symmachi] * {{BBKL|s/s4/symmachus_a|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=SYMMACHUS EUSEBIUS, Q. AURELIUS|tomus=11|columnae=363-366}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090814190634/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/sym-amb/ambrepf.html Ambrosius, Epistulae xvii et xviii] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Valentinianus II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Neoterius]]| annus= 391<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Eutolmius Tatianus|Flavio Eutolmio Tatiano]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] II et [[Flavius Rufinus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|402|Aurelius Symmachus, Quintus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Gens Aurelia]] rxzo4iz50sh7gjnt1df6t3ct8mccnv8 3980469 3980468 2026-08-11T14:20:53Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De cursu honorum */ 3980469 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Roma, metà di dittico con un'apoteosi, 400 circa.JPG|thumb|Consecratio Symmachi (ut vulgo putatur). Nam hoc dimidium [[Diptychon consulare|diptychum]] [[ebur|eburneum]] [[Monogramma|monogramma]] Symmachorum fert et circa 400 scalptum est.]] '''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus''' signo '''Eusebius''' (natus circa annum [[342]] - obiit anno [[402]]/[[403|3]]), filius [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus|Lucii Aurelii Avianii Symmachi]] fuit [[Senatus|senator]], [[consul]], [[praefectus urbi Romae]] annis [[384]] et [[385]] et orator. Vulgo pro opulentissimo oratore aetatis suae habitus absque nonnullis ipsi [[Cicero]]ni comparatus est<ref>Etiam ab adversariis ut [[Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'': I.632-642.</ref>. Notus est imprimis commendationis indulgentiae in omnes religiones causa, quam in controversia de ara Victoriae affirmavit. == De familia == Primus ex illa gente avus Quinti Symmachi, Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus, [[Consul|consulatus]] insignia "severitatis merito" anno [[330]] accepit; nova familia igitur in ordine senatorio erant Symmachi. Eo magis praerogativas ordinis vindicare visi sunt. Quintus sororem unam<ref>''Ep''. VIII.49</ref> et tres fratres habuit qui omnes ante ipsum obierunt<ref>Nam circa 380 de Celsino Titiano ita scripsit: ''tertius hic mihi de optimis fratribus luctus est'' (''ep''. III.6).</ref>. Circa 370 Quintus Rusticianam, filiam praefecti [[Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus|Orfiti]], uxorem duxit. Filia eis fuit ignoto nomine nomine<ref>''Ep''. VI.12, 67, 79</ref> quae [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior|Nicomacho Flaviano iuniori]] nupsit, ita adfinitatem inter duos e maximis scriptoribus illius aetatis firmans, et aliquanto postea filius [[Quintus Fabius Memmius Symmachus]] operum patris sui editor posthumus. A maioribus multa [[Immobile|bona immobilia]] hereditario accepit: tres domus Romae, unam [[Capua (urbs antiqua)|Capuae]], quindecim [[villa|villas]] plerumque in Italia meridionali sitas, praedia quoque in [[Samnium|Samnio]], [[Apulia]], [[Sicilia (provincia Romana)|Sicilia]], [[Mauretania (discretiva)|Mauretania]]. Inter tamen senatores modice divites numerabatur et ad munera [[Praetor|praetoria]] filii sui duo milia argenti pondo erogasse dicitur<ref>[[Olympiodorus Thebanus|Olympiodorus]], Fragmentum 44.</ref>. == De cursu honorum == * Annis incertis [[Quaestor|quaesturam]] et [[praetor|praeturam]] gessit. Circa idem tempus [[pontifex |pontifex maior]] cooptatus est<ref>''Epistulae'' I.49, 51 ;II.53 ; IX.147-8.</ref> nec aliud sacerdotium umquam suscepit, quamvis studiosus paganismi defensor<ref>CIL VI, 1699, stela a filio erecta quae cursum honorum Symmachi nobis servavit.</ref>. *364-5 tum cum pater [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] erat ipse corrector [[Lucania|Lucaniae]] et [[Bruttium|Brittiorum]] fit<ref>Cf ''Epistulae'' II.48.</ref>. Tum vetustissimas epistulas scribit quas quidem adhuc habeamus. * anno 369 [[Panegyricus|panegyricos]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] et [[Gratianus|Gratiani]] coram principibus pronuntiat<ref>''Orationes'' I-III.</ref>. In Gallia apud Valentinianum usque ad annum 370 mansit ubi [[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonium]] cognovit cuius amicitiam coluit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.14 et 32.</ref>. Mox [[comes]] tertii ordinis renuntiatur. * 373-4 [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsul Africae]] fit, officium honorificum sine vera potentia<ref>CIL VIII, 24584 et 5347 inscriptiones in [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa]] repertae. Cf ''Epistulae'' VIII.5 et 20. X.1.2-3.</ref>. * anno 376 Gratiani nuntium de morte [[Flavius Maximinus|Maximini]] in senatu recitat<ref>''Epistulae'' I.13 et X.2</ref>. Die 9 Ianuarii orationem ''Pro Trygetio'' in senatu habuit gratias agens quod patrem plebe seditiosa expulsum honorifice revocassent<ref>''Oratio'' V. Cf ''Epistulae'' I.44</ref>. *377-8 Aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.20 et 85. III.47.</ref> * anno 382 legatus senatorum ad Gratianum missus [[Ara Victoriae|aram Victoriae]] in [[Curia Hostilia|curia]] restituendam poscere volebat sed aditu principis prohibitus est<ref>Ambrosius, ''Epistulae'' 17.10</ref> * anno 384 [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] cum matre [[Iustina]] imperante [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus Urbi]] ''sub aestatis exordio''<ref>''Relatio'' 25.3</ref> fit. Tum iterum arae Victoriae restitutionem petiit<ref>''Relatio'' tertia.</ref> sed ab [[Ambrosius|Ambrosio]] episcopo victus est. Praeterea annonae angustiae eum ad magistratum deponendum incitaverunt (februario 385)<ref>Eventa huius praefecturae ab ipsius ''relationibus'' nota sunt. Vide etiam ''Epistulas'' II.36 et 55, III.28.</ref>. In praefectura [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinum]] magistrum rhetoricae nominavit<ref>''[[Confessiones (Augustinus)|Confessiones]]'' V.13.</ref>. * anno 387 partes usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Magni Maximi]] oratione quidem non armis<ref>[[Gennadius Scholasticus|Gennadius]], ''De Viris illustribus'' 49.</ref> sequitur quo mox a Theodosio victo veniam quidem impetrat (et Theodosio in oratione hodie deperdita gratias agebat<ref>''Epistulae'' II.13, 28, 30-32.</ref>) sed eius dignitas aliquantum imminuta est<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistulae'' 1008</ref>. Revera [[Novatianus|Novatianorum]] intercessio episcopi ei saluti fuerat. * iamdiu orator disertissimus velut praeco senatorum erat et anno incerto [[princeps senatus]] publice nominatur<ref>[[Socrates Scholasticus]] V.14.6.</ref> * anno 390 cum Theodosio in gratiam redit et ad [[consul|consulatum ordinarium]] anni proximi designatur<ref>[[Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' I.622-5. Cf ''Epistulae'' II.62-4. V.15. IX.149. </ref> *anno 391 gratiarum actionem in aula Mediolani habet sed quia aram Victoriae memoravit a Theodosio ex urbe expellitur. * annis 392-4 ab [[Eugenius|Eugenii]] [[Arbogastes|Arbogastis]]que usurpatione ipse abstinet sed filius quaestor, gener praefectus Urbi sunt et amicus Virius Nicomachus Flavius post cladem sibi mortem voluntariam conscivit. *Usque ad annum 398 in umbra remanet. 396/7 aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' III.38-39, V.58 etc.</ref>, anno 398 plebe irata expulsus est ac postea revocatus<ref>''Epistulae'' VI.66, VIII.64-5, IX.81.</ref>. Ab illo anno cursui honorum Memmi filii (sc. praeturae) operam dat<ref>''Ep''. IV.7, 8, 12, 58, 59, 60, 63 etc. </ref> et usque ad mortem [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichoni]] tum in Occidente dominanti satis propinquus est<ref>''Epistulae'' IV.1-14.</ref>. In summa munera honorifica multa absolvit, numquam tamen in aula apud principes vitam egit. Plerumque Romae aut in villis tempus litteris terebat. Itaque ad res magnas decidendas momentum non habuit. == De homine litterato == E litteris igitur et facultate dicendi pleramque auctoritatem suam ducebat. In litteris ut in republica aut religione [[mos maiorum|morem maiorum]] imprimis venerabatur. Ita [[Vergilius|Vergilium]], [[Cicero|Ciceronem]], [[Titus Maccius Plautus|Plautum]], [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentium]], [[Horatius|Horatium]] imprimis amat quorum sententiarum saepe in ''Epistulis'' meminit. Amplam bibliothecam sibi pararat: novimus enim apud Symmachum fuisse Titum Livium integrum quem emendare coeperat<ref>''Epistulae'' IX.13.</ref>, necnon [[Plinius Maior|Plinium Maiorem]] aut ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|Commentarios de Bello Gallico]]''. Ita quodam modo 'litteras classicas' iam invenerat quas spreta lingua suae aetatis colebat<ref>De Symmachi studiis vide G. Kroll(1891).</ref> et litteras amatas ut posteris traderentur curabat. Librarii enim apud Symmachos textus duplicabant. Adulescentes suae aetatis quoque ad rhetoricam studendam hortabatur<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004.</ref> et filio instituendo ipse operam dedit<ref>''Ep''. V.5 et VI.61</ref> In ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalibus]]''<ref>I.24.8.</ref> Vergilium non tantum litterarum sed etiam [[Theologia|theologiae]] et [[ritus|rituum]] magistrum esse contendebat. Non minus enim a novitatibus orientalibus in [[Polytheismus|polytheismum]] nuper introductis abhorrebat quam a Christianismo. Vetus Romanus volebat esse. == De operibus == Tria genera operum reliquit Symmachus, epistulas, relationes, orationes: * '''orationes''' octo ab ipso circa [[376]] publicatae sunt quae ad patrem, Valentinianos principes et alios homines nobiles pertinent. Anno [[1815]] in [[Palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] ab [[Angelus Mai|Angelo Mai]] inventae sunt, antea a septimo saeculo deperditae. *'''relationes''' 49 statim post praefecturam circa [[385]] edidit inter quas celeberrima tertia relatio de ara Victoriae versatur. Illae relationes illius actionem in magistratu gerendo recensent. *'''epistulae''' plus quam nongentae in decem libros digestae magnum opus eius faciunt. Liber primus paulo post 385 in lumen prodisse vulgo creditur (epistulas ad patrem et fratrem continet necnon ad poetam [[Ausonius|Ausonium]] filiumque eius Hesperium et ad amicum [[Vettius Agorius Praetextatus|Praetextatum]], fratrem in paganismo). Cetera post mortem auctoris sed ante annum 409 a filio Memmio edita putantur. In septem primis libris epistulae per personas quibus missae sunt disponuntur sine ulla [[Chronologia|chronologica]] aut [[Thema (litterae)|thematica]] ordinatione. In octavo et nono sine ordine miscentur epistulae (pars maxima decimi deperdita est), ne personae quidem quibus mittuntur semper indicantur. Unde eruditi coniecerunt auctorem editionem usque ad septimum librum praeparasse, postea filium solum relictum ut potuit reliqua edidisse. Certe Nicomachi non parvam partem epistularum recipiunt: liber secundus totus [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virio Nicomacho Flaviano]] dicatur, sextum librum ceteri inter se Nicomachi partiuntur. Lectorem modernum in illis epistulis paupertas [[thema|thematum]] offendit: etenim de rebus publicis aut religiosis scribendi tum libertas nulla erat et delatores speculabantur. Etiam retrorsus censura agebat: ita Memmius epistulas ad [[Usurpatio|usurpatores]] [[Magnus Maximus|Maximum]], [[Eugenius (imperator)|Eugenium]], [[Arbogastes|Arbogastem]] suppressit. Nuntii secreti et periculosi tabellariis maximae fidei mandabantur qui oraliter eos referebant, numquam scribebantur. Brevissimae igitur sunt epistulae Symmachi. Plerumque de mera salutatione et amicitiae professione agebatur aut [[Salus|salutis]] inquisitione et officiorum reciprocitate in epistularum commercio. Saepe simul propinquos et homines bene meritos [[Magistratus|magistratibus]] amicis commendabat. Rarius de litteris aut senatu consulto et annona Urbis aliquid scribebat aut de peregrinationibus in villas suas. Semel et iterum de lite apud iudices. Omnia cursim sine excursu. Itaque spem lectoris saepe decipit. Ipse tenuis materiae sibi conscius erat: ''Quousque enim'', Nicomacho inquiebat, ''dandae ac reddendae salutationis verba blaterabimus, cum alia stylo materia non suppetat?''.<ref>''Ep''. II.35.</ref> == De genere dicendi et iudiciis == Stilus Symmachi non facile finitur. Duodecimo saeculo [[Alanus ab Insulis]] brevitatem eius evidentem extollens eum 'verbis parcum' sed 'mente profundum' dicebat: <blockquote><poem> Symacus in uerbis parcus sed mente profundus, Prodigus in sensu, uerbis angustus, habundans Mente, sed ore minor, fructu, non fronde beatus, Sensus diuicias uerbi breuitate coartat.<ref>''Anticlaudianus'' III.236-9</ref> </poem></blockquote> Nec dubium quin sententiae breves subiunctionem vitantes alienissimae sunt a [[periodus|periodico]] stilo quem in Ciceronis orationibus legimus sed non minus a sermone familiari quo utebatur magnus orator in epistulis abhorrent. Ipse ''ingenii sui maciem'' causabatur<ref>I.81. Cf ibidem I.14 ad Ausonium: ''Sed ego qui sum paupertini ingenii mei mihi conscius, Laconicae malo studere brevitati, quam multijugis paginis infantiae maciem publicare''.</ref>. Coaevi tamen stilum floridum et pinguem potius laudabant verisimile quia nomina et adiectiva magna densitate spissantur et plenitudinis speciem praebent. Ita [[Macrobius]]: <blockquote> ''Quattuor sunt, inquit Eusebius, genera dicendi: copiosum, in quo Cicero dominatur: breve, in quo Salustius regnat: siccum, quod Frontoni ascribitur: pingue et floridum in quo Plinius Secundus quondam et nunc nullo veterum minor noster Symmachus luxuriatur.''<ref>''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' V.1.7.</ref> </blockquote> [[Rhythmus|Numeris]] sophisticis<ref>Johannes Möller, ''De clausulis a Q. Aurelio Symmacho adhibitis'', Aschendorff, 1912. Louis Havet, ''[https://archive.org/details/laprosemtriqued00havegoog/page/n15/mode/2up La prose métrique de Symmaque et les origines métriques du cursus]'', Lutetiae, Emile Bouillon, 1892</ref> et splendido exquisitoque [[Vocabularium|vocabulario]] nitebat Symmachi [[prosa]] quae summam artem redolebat in variationibus circa exilem materiam innumeris. Amicus Ausonius [[Dithyrambus|dithyrambum]] ei composuit: <blockquote> ''Haud quisquam ita nitet, ut comparatus tibi non sordeat. Quis ita Aesopi venustatem, quis sophisticas Socratis conclusiones, enthymemata Demosthenis, aut opulentiam Tullianam, aut proprietatem nostri Maronis accedat?'' <ref>''Ep.'' V.32 ab Ausonio Symmacho missa et in epistolarium eius introducta.</ref> </blockquote> Sed et adversarii "Romani decus eloquii" attollebant ut poeta Christianus Prudentius qui eum supra Ciceronem ponebat<ref>''Contra Symmachum'' I.632-5.</ref> atque eo magis eum pigebat quod pereuntes deos et sordidos defendere mallet. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == *[[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/foto/F010361 VI, 1699] ; VIII, 24584 ; VIII, 5347 *[[Ambrosius]], ''Epistulae'' XVII et XVIII *[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004. * [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' *[[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' == Editiones criticae et commentarii == *Otto Seeck, ''[https://archive.org/details/qaureliisymmach00seecgoog/page/n8/mode/2up Q. Aurelii Symmachi quae supersunt]'' ([[Monumenta Germaniae historica|Monumenta Germaniae Historica]]), Berolini, 1893 [[Fasciculus:Base statua di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco - Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|CIL VI, 1699 = basis statuae a filio Memmio patri in [[Mons Caelius|monte Caelio]] erectae ubi eorum domus erat: cursum honorum brevem legere licet.]] *[[Collection des Universités de France]]: J.P. Callu, ''Symmaque. Correspondance.'' Les Belles Lettres, 1972-2002 (quattuor tomi) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1973_num_42_1_1704_t1_0288_0000_5 Recensio critica] ** ''Symmaque. Discours. Rapports'', ibidem, 2009 (tomus V operum) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2013_num_82_1_3841_t17_0359_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Giovanni Alberto Cecconi, ''Commento storico al libro II dell'Epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : con introduzione, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 2002 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003.11.17 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2004_num_73_1_2554_t1_0408_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/84769725/Giovanni_Alberto_Cecconi_Commento_storico_al_libro_II_dellepistolario_di_Q_Aurelio_Simmaco_Con_introduzione_testo_traduzione_e_indici Tertia recensio critica] *Maria Lubello, ''[https://flore.unifi.it/retrieve/5f4d48db-5049-487b-ac42-4092ba20a52a/Lubello_Maria_Commento_storico_libri_VII-VIII_2024.pdf Commento storico ai libri VII e VIII dell’epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, testo, traduzione, commento storico]'', Florentiae, 2024 [https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/1374992 Dissertatio academica] * Arnaldo Marcone, ''Commento storico al libro IV dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1987 ** Commento storico al libro VI dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: Introd., commento storico, teste, traduzione, indici, Pisae, 1983 *Andrea Pellizzari, ''Commento storico al libro III dell epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1983. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2003_num_72_1_2530_t1_0416_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Paola Rivolta Tiberga, ''Commento storico al libro V dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1982 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1996_num_65_1_1262_t1_0346_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Sergio Roda, ''Commento storico al libro IX dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 1981 * Domenico Vera, ''Commento storico alle "relationes" di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento, testo, traduzione, appendice sul libro X, 1-2, indici'', Pisae, 1981 == Plura legere si cupis == *Philippe Bruggisser, ''Symmaque ou le rituel épistolaire de l'amitié littéraire. Recherches sur le premier livre de la correspondance'', Fribourg, 1993 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1995_num_64_1_1237_t1_0337_0000_2 Recensio critica] *JP Callu, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2006_ant_361_1_11709 En marge des vieux livres : les manuscrits perdus de Symmaque]", ''Revue d’histoire des textes'', 1976: 197-217 *Alan Cameron, ''The Last Pagans of Rome'', Oxford University Press, 2011 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=AIQ8DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www.academia.edu/117724893/The_Last_Pagans_of_Rome_By_Alan_Cameron Recensio critica] [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2011/2011.12.35 Altera recensio critica] *Nicolas Cavuoto-Denis, ''Vsus scribendi : le projet littéraire de Symmaque dans les Lettres, les Discours et les Rapports'', Turnhout, Brepols, 2023 [https://www.academia.edu/71771621/Vsus_scribendi_le_projet_litt%C3%A9raire_de_Symmaque_dans_les_Lettres_les_Discours_et_les_Rapports Summarium] *Octavius Clason, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=QywUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Symmachi epistularum codice Parisino]'', Bonnae, [1867] '''LATINE''' *Gerd Haverling, ''Studies on Symmachus' Language and Style'', [[Gothoburgum|Gothoburgi]], 1988 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1990_num_59_1_2300_t1_0385_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Gaëlle Hébert de la Portbarré-Viard, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2018_num_197_1_1925 Symmaque dans le ''Contra Symmachum'' de Prudence : enjeux et significations d’une mise à mort littéraire]", ''Vita Latina'', 2018: 148-172 * Bettina Hecht, ''Störungen der Rechtslage in den Relationen des Symmachus : Verwaltung und Rechtsprechung in Rom 384/385 n. Chr'', Berolini, 2006 [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7767/zrgra.2008.125.1.775/html Recensio critica] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/864/mode/2up 865-871] * R. Klein, Symmachus, ''Eine tragische Gestalt des ausgehenden Heidentums'', [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 1971 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3927_t1_0322_0000_1 Recensio critica] * Otto Koren, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=4akiGJ2DkE8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Quaestiones Symmachianae]'', Vindobonae, 1874 '''LATINE''' *Guilelmus Kroll, ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024459482&seq=5 De Q. Aurelii Symmachi studiis graecis et latinis]'', Vratislaviae, 1891 '''LATINE''' * Federico Lizzani, ''Il patrimonio di Q. Aurelius Symmachus a Roma e nel Lazio : una restituzione archeologica dall'epistolario'', Romae, "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2024 ISBN 978-88-913-3294-3 *John Alexander McGeachy, ''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and the Senatorial Aristocracy of the West'', University of Chicago, 1942 * Jill Mitchell, ''[https://www.academia.edu/118514477/The_Religious_world_of_Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]'', Trivent Publishing, 2021 *Eugenius Morin, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=6c9gM4kqQkIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Disquisitio chronologica de dimidia altera quarti saeculi parte juxta Symmachum]'', Parisiis, excudebat Panckoucke, 1847 '''LATINE''' * F. Paschoud (curator), ''Colloque genevois sur Symmaque : à l'occasion du mille six centième anniversaire du conflit de l'autel de la Victoire'', [1984], Les Belles lettres, 1986 *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 * Ernestus Theodorus Schulze, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=hIhHAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false De Q. Aurelii Symmachi vocabulorum formationibus ad sermonem vulgarem pertinentibus]'', Halis Saxonum, 1884 '''LATINE''' * Ramón Teja, ''La más antigua polémica sobre la tolerancia religiosa: el debate entre San Ambrosio de Milán y el senador Símaco sobre el Altar de la Victoria'', Matriti, 2023 ISBN 978-84-19782-23-6 *Cristiana Sogno, ''Q. Aurelius Symmachus : a political biography'', University of Michigan Press, 2006 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=N3qFtZRLuXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *L. M. A. Viola, ''Quinto Aurelio Simmaco : lo splendore della romanitas : la perfezione dell'uomo religioso romano-italiano e la costituzione della civiltà universale della pace'', Forii, Victrix, 2010 [https://bibcatalogo.uca.es/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=870445&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=2642939] {{NexInt}} * [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus Quintum Aurelium Symmachum] spectant *[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Libri_Decem_Epistolarum Libri decem epistolarum apud Vicifontem] * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~Harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Symmachus/sym_re03.html Tertia Relatio Symmachi] * {{BBKL|s/s4/symmachus_a|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=SYMMACHUS EUSEBIUS, Q. AURELIUS|tomus=11|columnae=363-366}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090814190634/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/sym-amb/ambrepf.html Ambrosius, Epistulae xvii et xviii] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Valentinianus II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Neoterius]]| annus= 391<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Eutolmius Tatianus|Flavio Eutolmio Tatiano]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] II et [[Flavius Rufinus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|402|Aurelius Symmachus, Quintus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Gens Aurelia]] std1cqcocp77cue14r8g734r00teuua 3980473 3980469 2026-08-11T14:49:55Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De operibus */ 3980473 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Roma, metà di dittico con un'apoteosi, 400 circa.JPG|thumb|Consecratio Symmachi (ut vulgo putatur). Nam hoc dimidium [[Diptychon consulare|diptychum]] [[ebur|eburneum]] [[Monogramma|monogramma]] Symmachorum fert et circa 400 scalptum est.]] '''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus''' signo '''Eusebius''' (natus circa annum [[342]] - obiit anno [[402]]/[[403|3]]), filius [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus|Lucii Aurelii Avianii Symmachi]] fuit [[Senatus|senator]], [[consul]], [[praefectus urbi Romae]] annis [[384]] et [[385]] et orator. Vulgo pro opulentissimo oratore aetatis suae habitus absque nonnullis ipsi [[Cicero]]ni comparatus est<ref>Etiam ab adversariis ut [[Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'': I.632-642.</ref>. Notus est imprimis commendationis indulgentiae in omnes religiones causa, quam in controversia de ara Victoriae affirmavit. == De familia == Primus ex illa gente avus Quinti Symmachi, Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus, [[Consul|consulatus]] insignia "severitatis merito" anno [[330]] accepit; nova familia igitur in ordine senatorio erant Symmachi. Eo magis praerogativas ordinis vindicare visi sunt. Quintus sororem unam<ref>''Ep''. VIII.49</ref> et tres fratres habuit qui omnes ante ipsum obierunt<ref>Nam circa 380 de Celsino Titiano ita scripsit: ''tertius hic mihi de optimis fratribus luctus est'' (''ep''. III.6).</ref>. Circa 370 Quintus Rusticianam, filiam praefecti [[Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus|Orfiti]], uxorem duxit. Filia eis fuit ignoto nomine nomine<ref>''Ep''. VI.12, 67, 79</ref> quae [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior|Nicomacho Flaviano iuniori]] nupsit, ita adfinitatem inter duos e maximis scriptoribus illius aetatis firmans, et aliquanto postea filius [[Quintus Fabius Memmius Symmachus]] operum patris sui editor posthumus. A maioribus multa [[Immobile|bona immobilia]] hereditario accepit: tres domus Romae, unam [[Capua (urbs antiqua)|Capuae]], quindecim [[villa|villas]] plerumque in Italia meridionali sitas, praedia quoque in [[Samnium|Samnio]], [[Apulia]], [[Sicilia (provincia Romana)|Sicilia]], [[Mauretania (discretiva)|Mauretania]]. Inter tamen senatores modice divites numerabatur et ad munera [[Praetor|praetoria]] filii sui duo milia argenti pondo erogasse dicitur<ref>[[Olympiodorus Thebanus|Olympiodorus]], Fragmentum 44.</ref>. == De cursu honorum == * Annis incertis [[Quaestor|quaesturam]] et [[praetor|praeturam]] gessit. Circa idem tempus [[pontifex |pontifex maior]] cooptatus est<ref>''Epistulae'' I.49, 51 ;II.53 ; IX.147-8.</ref> nec aliud sacerdotium umquam suscepit, quamvis studiosus paganismi defensor<ref>CIL VI, 1699, stela a filio erecta quae cursum honorum Symmachi nobis servavit.</ref>. *364-5 tum cum pater [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] erat ipse corrector [[Lucania|Lucaniae]] et [[Bruttium|Brittiorum]] fit<ref>Cf ''Epistulae'' II.48.</ref>. Tum vetustissimas epistulas scribit quas quidem adhuc habeamus. * anno 369 [[Panegyricus|panegyricos]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] et [[Gratianus|Gratiani]] coram principibus pronuntiat<ref>''Orationes'' I-III.</ref>. In Gallia apud Valentinianum usque ad annum 370 mansit ubi [[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonium]] cognovit cuius amicitiam coluit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.14 et 32.</ref>. Mox [[comes]] tertii ordinis renuntiatur. * 373-4 [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsul Africae]] fit, officium honorificum sine vera potentia<ref>CIL VIII, 24584 et 5347 inscriptiones in [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa]] repertae. Cf ''Epistulae'' VIII.5 et 20. X.1.2-3.</ref>. * anno 376 Gratiani nuntium de morte [[Flavius Maximinus|Maximini]] in senatu recitat<ref>''Epistulae'' I.13 et X.2</ref>. Die 9 Ianuarii orationem ''Pro Trygetio'' in senatu habuit gratias agens quod patrem plebe seditiosa expulsum honorifice revocassent<ref>''Oratio'' V. Cf ''Epistulae'' I.44</ref>. *377-8 Aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.20 et 85. III.47.</ref> * anno 382 legatus senatorum ad Gratianum missus [[Ara Victoriae|aram Victoriae]] in [[Curia Hostilia|curia]] restituendam poscere volebat sed aditu principis prohibitus est<ref>Ambrosius, ''Epistulae'' 17.10</ref> * anno 384 [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] cum matre [[Iustina]] imperante [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus Urbi]] ''sub aestatis exordio''<ref>''Relatio'' 25.3</ref> fit. Tum iterum arae Victoriae restitutionem petiit<ref>''Relatio'' tertia.</ref> sed ab [[Ambrosius|Ambrosio]] episcopo victus est. Praeterea annonae angustiae eum ad magistratum deponendum incitaverunt (februario 385)<ref>Eventa huius praefecturae ab ipsius ''relationibus'' nota sunt. Vide etiam ''Epistulas'' II.36 et 55, III.28.</ref>. In praefectura [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinum]] magistrum rhetoricae nominavit<ref>''[[Confessiones (Augustinus)|Confessiones]]'' V.13.</ref>. * anno 387 partes usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Magni Maximi]] oratione quidem non armis<ref>[[Gennadius Scholasticus|Gennadius]], ''De Viris illustribus'' 49.</ref> sequitur quo mox a Theodosio victo veniam quidem impetrat (et Theodosio in oratione hodie deperdita gratias agebat<ref>''Epistulae'' II.13, 28, 30-32.</ref>) sed eius dignitas aliquantum imminuta est<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistulae'' 1008</ref>. Revera [[Novatianus|Novatianorum]] intercessio episcopi ei saluti fuerat. * iamdiu orator disertissimus velut praeco senatorum erat et anno incerto [[princeps senatus]] publice nominatur<ref>[[Socrates Scholasticus]] V.14.6.</ref> * anno 390 cum Theodosio in gratiam redit et ad [[consul|consulatum ordinarium]] anni proximi designatur<ref>[[Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' I.622-5. Cf ''Epistulae'' II.62-4. V.15. IX.149. </ref> *anno 391 gratiarum actionem in aula Mediolani habet sed quia aram Victoriae memoravit a Theodosio ex urbe expellitur. * annis 392-4 ab [[Eugenius|Eugenii]] [[Arbogastes|Arbogastis]]que usurpatione ipse abstinet sed filius quaestor, gener praefectus Urbi sunt et amicus Virius Nicomachus Flavius post cladem sibi mortem voluntariam conscivit. *Usque ad annum 398 in umbra remanet. 396/7 aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' III.38-39, V.58 etc.</ref>, anno 398 plebe irata expulsus est ac postea revocatus<ref>''Epistulae'' VI.66, VIII.64-5, IX.81.</ref>. Ab illo anno cursui honorum Memmi filii (sc. praeturae) operam dat<ref>''Ep''. IV.7, 8, 12, 58, 59, 60, 63 etc. </ref> et usque ad mortem [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichoni]] tum in Occidente dominanti satis propinquus est<ref>''Epistulae'' IV.1-14.</ref>. In summa munera honorifica multa absolvit, numquam tamen in aula apud principes vitam egit. Plerumque Romae aut in villis tempus litteris terebat. Itaque ad res magnas decidendas momentum non habuit. == De homine litterato == E litteris igitur et facultate dicendi pleramque auctoritatem suam ducebat. In litteris ut in republica aut religione [[mos maiorum|morem maiorum]] imprimis venerabatur. Ita [[Vergilius|Vergilium]], [[Cicero|Ciceronem]], [[Titus Maccius Plautus|Plautum]], [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentium]], [[Horatius|Horatium]] imprimis amat quorum sententiarum saepe in ''Epistulis'' meminit. Amplam bibliothecam sibi pararat: novimus enim apud Symmachum fuisse Titum Livium integrum quem emendare coeperat<ref>''Epistulae'' IX.13.</ref>, necnon [[Plinius Maior|Plinium Maiorem]] aut ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|Commentarios de Bello Gallico]]''. Ita quodam modo 'litteras classicas' iam invenerat quas spreta lingua suae aetatis colebat<ref>De Symmachi studiis vide G. Kroll(1891).</ref> et litteras amatas ut posteris traderentur curabat. Librarii enim apud Symmachos textus duplicabant. Adulescentes suae aetatis quoque ad rhetoricam studendam hortabatur<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004.</ref> et filio instituendo ipse operam dedit<ref>''Ep''. V.5 et VI.61</ref> In ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalibus]]''<ref>I.24.8.</ref> Vergilium non tantum litterarum sed etiam [[Theologia|theologiae]] et [[ritus|rituum]] magistrum esse contendebat. Non minus enim a novitatibus orientalibus in [[Polytheismus|polytheismum]] nuper introductis abhorrebat quam a Christianismo. Vetus Romanus volebat esse. == De operibus == Tria genera operum reliquit Symmachus, epistulas, relationes, orationes: * '''orationes''' octo ab ipso circa [[376]] publicatae sunt quae ad patrem, Valentinianos principes et alios homines nobiles pertinent. Anno [[1815]] in [[Palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] ab [[Angelus Mai|Angelo Mai]] inventae sunt, antea a septimo saeculo deperditae. *'''relationes''' 49 statim post praefecturam circa [[385]] edidit inter quas celeberrima tertia relatio de ara Victoriae versatur. Illae relationes illius actionem in magistratu gerendo recensent. *'''epistulae''' plus quam nongentae in decem libros digestae magnum opus eius faciunt. Liber primus paulo post 385 in lumen prodisse vulgo creditur (epistulas ad patrem et fratrem continet necnon ad poetam [[Ausonius|Ausonium]] filiumque eius Hesperium et ad amicum [[Vettius Agorius Praetextatus|Praetextatum]], fratrem in paganismo). Cetera post mortem auctoris sed ante annum 409 a filio Memmio edita putantur. In septem primis libris epistulae per personas quibus missae sunt disponuntur sine ulla [[Chronologia|chronologica]] aut [[Thema (litterae)|thematica]] ordinatione. In octavo et nono sine ordine miscentur epistulae (pars maxima decimi deperdita est), ne personae quidem quibus mittuntur semper indicantur. Unde eruditi coniecerunt auctorem editionem usque ad septimum librum praeparasse, postea filium solum relictum ut potuit reliqua edidisse<ref>S. Roda, "Alcune ipotesi sulla prima edizione dell'epistolario di Simmaco", ''La Parola des Passato'', 1979: 31-54.</ref>. Certe Nicomachi non parvam partem epistularum recipiunt: liber secundus totus [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virio Nicomacho Flaviano]] dicatur, sextum librum ceteri inter se Nicomachi partiuntur. Lectorem modernum in illis epistulis paupertas [[thema|thematum]] offendit: etenim de rebus publicis aut religiosis scribendi tum libertas nulla erat et delatores speculabantur. Etiam retrorsus censura agebat: ita Memmius epistulas ad [[Usurpatio|usurpatores]] [[Magnus Maximus|Maximum]], [[Eugenius (imperator)|Eugenium]], [[Arbogastes|Arbogastem]] suppressit. Nuntii secreti et periculosi tabellariis maximae fidei mandabantur qui oraliter eos referebant, numquam scribebantur. Brevissimae igitur sunt epistulae Symmachi. Plerumque de mera salutatione et amicitiae professione agebatur aut [[Salus|salutis]] inquisitione et officiorum reciprocitate in epistularum commercio. Saepe simul propinquos et homines bene meritos [[Magistratus|magistratibus]] amicis commendabat. Rarius de litteris aut senatu consulto et annona Urbis aliquid scribebat aut de peregrinationibus in villas suas. Semel et iterum de lite apud iudices. Omnia cursim sine excursu. Itaque spem lectoris saepe decipit. Ipse tenuis materiae sibi conscius erat: ''Quousque enim'', Nicomacho inquiebat, ''dandae ac reddendae salutationis verba blaterabimus, cum alia stylo materia non suppetat?''.<ref>''Ep''. II.35.</ref> == De genere dicendi et iudiciis == Stilus Symmachi non facile finitur. Duodecimo saeculo [[Alanus ab Insulis]] brevitatem eius evidentem extollens eum 'verbis parcum' sed 'mente profundum' dicebat: <blockquote><poem> Symacus in uerbis parcus sed mente profundus, Prodigus in sensu, uerbis angustus, habundans Mente, sed ore minor, fructu, non fronde beatus, Sensus diuicias uerbi breuitate coartat.<ref>''Anticlaudianus'' III.236-9</ref> </poem></blockquote> Nec dubium quin sententiae breves subiunctionem vitantes alienissimae sunt a [[periodus|periodico]] stilo quem in Ciceronis orationibus legimus sed non minus a sermone familiari quo utebatur magnus orator in epistulis abhorrent. Ipse ''ingenii sui maciem'' causabatur<ref>I.81. Cf ibidem I.14 ad Ausonium: ''Sed ego qui sum paupertini ingenii mei mihi conscius, Laconicae malo studere brevitati, quam multijugis paginis infantiae maciem publicare''.</ref>. Coaevi tamen stilum floridum et pinguem potius laudabant verisimile quia nomina et adiectiva magna densitate spissantur et plenitudinis speciem praebent. Ita [[Macrobius]]: <blockquote> ''Quattuor sunt, inquit Eusebius, genera dicendi: copiosum, in quo Cicero dominatur: breve, in quo Salustius regnat: siccum, quod Frontoni ascribitur: pingue et floridum in quo Plinius Secundus quondam et nunc nullo veterum minor noster Symmachus luxuriatur.''<ref>''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' V.1.7.</ref> </blockquote> [[Rhythmus|Numeris]] sophisticis<ref>Johannes Möller, ''De clausulis a Q. Aurelio Symmacho adhibitis'', Aschendorff, 1912. Louis Havet, ''[https://archive.org/details/laprosemtriqued00havegoog/page/n15/mode/2up La prose métrique de Symmaque et les origines métriques du cursus]'', Lutetiae, Emile Bouillon, 1892</ref> et splendido exquisitoque [[Vocabularium|vocabulario]] nitebat Symmachi [[prosa]] quae summam artem redolebat in variationibus circa exilem materiam innumeris. Amicus Ausonius [[Dithyrambus|dithyrambum]] ei composuit: <blockquote> ''Haud quisquam ita nitet, ut comparatus tibi non sordeat. Quis ita Aesopi venustatem, quis sophisticas Socratis conclusiones, enthymemata Demosthenis, aut opulentiam Tullianam, aut proprietatem nostri Maronis accedat?'' <ref>''Ep.'' V.32 ab Ausonio Symmacho missa et in epistolarium eius introducta.</ref> </blockquote> Sed et adversarii "Romani decus eloquii" attollebant ut poeta Christianus Prudentius qui eum supra Ciceronem ponebat<ref>''Contra Symmachum'' I.632-5.</ref> atque eo magis eum pigebat quod pereuntes deos et sordidos defendere mallet. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == *[[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/foto/F010361 VI, 1699] ; VIII, 24584 ; VIII, 5347 *[[Ambrosius]], ''Epistulae'' XVII et XVIII *[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004. * [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' *[[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' == Editiones criticae et commentarii == *Otto Seeck, ''[https://archive.org/details/qaureliisymmach00seecgoog/page/n8/mode/2up Q. Aurelii Symmachi quae supersunt]'' ([[Monumenta Germaniae historica|Monumenta Germaniae Historica]]), Berolini, 1893 [[Fasciculus:Base statua di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco - Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|CIL VI, 1699 = basis statuae a filio Memmio patri in [[Mons Caelius|monte Caelio]] erectae ubi eorum domus erat: cursum honorum brevem legere licet.]] *[[Collection des Universités de France]]: J.P. Callu, ''Symmaque. Correspondance.'' Les Belles Lettres, 1972-2002 (quattuor tomi) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1973_num_42_1_1704_t1_0288_0000_5 Recensio critica] ** ''Symmaque. Discours. Rapports'', ibidem, 2009 (tomus V operum) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2013_num_82_1_3841_t17_0359_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Giovanni Alberto Cecconi, ''Commento storico al libro II dell'Epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : con introduzione, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 2002 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003.11.17 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2004_num_73_1_2554_t1_0408_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/84769725/Giovanni_Alberto_Cecconi_Commento_storico_al_libro_II_dellepistolario_di_Q_Aurelio_Simmaco_Con_introduzione_testo_traduzione_e_indici Tertia recensio critica] *Maria Lubello, ''[https://flore.unifi.it/retrieve/5f4d48db-5049-487b-ac42-4092ba20a52a/Lubello_Maria_Commento_storico_libri_VII-VIII_2024.pdf Commento storico ai libri VII e VIII dell’epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, testo, traduzione, commento storico]'', Florentiae, 2024 [https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/1374992 Dissertatio academica] * Arnaldo Marcone, ''Commento storico al libro IV dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1987 ** Commento storico al libro VI dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: Introd., commento storico, teste, traduzione, indici, Pisae, 1983 *Andrea Pellizzari, ''Commento storico al libro III dell epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1983. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2003_num_72_1_2530_t1_0416_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Paola Rivolta Tiberga, ''Commento storico al libro V dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1982 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1996_num_65_1_1262_t1_0346_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Sergio Roda, ''Commento storico al libro IX dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 1981 * Domenico Vera, ''Commento storico alle "relationes" di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento, testo, traduzione, appendice sul libro X, 1-2, indici'', Pisae, 1981 == Plura legere si cupis == *Philippe Bruggisser, ''Symmaque ou le rituel épistolaire de l'amitié littéraire. Recherches sur le premier livre de la correspondance'', Fribourg, 1993 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1995_num_64_1_1237_t1_0337_0000_2 Recensio critica] *JP Callu, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2006_ant_361_1_11709 En marge des vieux livres : les manuscrits perdus de Symmaque]", ''Revue d’histoire des textes'', 1976: 197-217 *Alan Cameron, ''The Last Pagans of Rome'', Oxford University Press, 2011 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=AIQ8DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www.academia.edu/117724893/The_Last_Pagans_of_Rome_By_Alan_Cameron Recensio critica] [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2011/2011.12.35 Altera recensio critica] *Nicolas Cavuoto-Denis, ''Vsus scribendi : le projet littéraire de Symmaque dans les Lettres, les Discours et les Rapports'', Turnhout, Brepols, 2023 [https://www.academia.edu/71771621/Vsus_scribendi_le_projet_litt%C3%A9raire_de_Symmaque_dans_les_Lettres_les_Discours_et_les_Rapports Summarium] *Octavius Clason, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=QywUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Symmachi epistularum codice Parisino]'', Bonnae, [1867] '''LATINE''' *Gerd Haverling, ''Studies on Symmachus' Language and Style'', [[Gothoburgum|Gothoburgi]], 1988 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1990_num_59_1_2300_t1_0385_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Gaëlle Hébert de la Portbarré-Viard, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2018_num_197_1_1925 Symmaque dans le ''Contra Symmachum'' de Prudence : enjeux et significations d’une mise à mort littéraire]", ''Vita Latina'', 2018: 148-172 * Bettina Hecht, ''Störungen der Rechtslage in den Relationen des Symmachus : Verwaltung und Rechtsprechung in Rom 384/385 n. Chr'', Berolini, 2006 [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7767/zrgra.2008.125.1.775/html Recensio critica] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/864/mode/2up 865-871] * R. Klein, Symmachus, ''Eine tragische Gestalt des ausgehenden Heidentums'', [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 1971 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3927_t1_0322_0000_1 Recensio critica] * Otto Koren, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=4akiGJ2DkE8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Quaestiones Symmachianae]'', Vindobonae, 1874 '''LATINE''' *Guilelmus Kroll, ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024459482&seq=5 De Q. Aurelii Symmachi studiis graecis et latinis]'', Vratislaviae, 1891 '''LATINE''' * Federico Lizzani, ''Il patrimonio di Q. Aurelius Symmachus a Roma e nel Lazio : una restituzione archeologica dall'epistolario'', Romae, "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2024 ISBN 978-88-913-3294-3 *John Alexander McGeachy, ''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and the Senatorial Aristocracy of the West'', University of Chicago, 1942 * Jill Mitchell, ''[https://www.academia.edu/118514477/The_Religious_world_of_Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]'', Trivent Publishing, 2021 *Eugenius Morin, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=6c9gM4kqQkIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Disquisitio chronologica de dimidia altera quarti saeculi parte juxta Symmachum]'', Parisiis, excudebat Panckoucke, 1847 '''LATINE''' * F. Paschoud (curator), ''Colloque genevois sur Symmaque : à l'occasion du mille six centième anniversaire du conflit de l'autel de la Victoire'', [1984], Les Belles lettres, 1986 *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 * Ernestus Theodorus Schulze, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=hIhHAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false De Q. Aurelii Symmachi vocabulorum formationibus ad sermonem vulgarem pertinentibus]'', Halis Saxonum, 1884 '''LATINE''' * Ramón Teja, ''La más antigua polémica sobre la tolerancia religiosa: el debate entre San Ambrosio de Milán y el senador Símaco sobre el Altar de la Victoria'', Matriti, 2023 ISBN 978-84-19782-23-6 *Cristiana Sogno, ''Q. Aurelius Symmachus : a political biography'', University of Michigan Press, 2006 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=N3qFtZRLuXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *L. M. A. Viola, ''Quinto Aurelio Simmaco : lo splendore della romanitas : la perfezione dell'uomo religioso romano-italiano e la costituzione della civiltà universale della pace'', Forii, Victrix, 2010 [https://bibcatalogo.uca.es/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=870445&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=2642939] {{NexInt}} * [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus Quintum Aurelium Symmachum] spectant *[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Libri_Decem_Epistolarum Libri decem epistolarum apud Vicifontem] * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~Harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Symmachus/sym_re03.html Tertia Relatio Symmachi] * {{BBKL|s/s4/symmachus_a|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=SYMMACHUS EUSEBIUS, Q. AURELIUS|tomus=11|columnae=363-366}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090814190634/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/sym-amb/ambrepf.html Ambrosius, Epistulae xvii et xviii] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Valentinianus II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Neoterius]]| annus= 391<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Eutolmius Tatianus|Flavio Eutolmio Tatiano]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] II et [[Flavius Rufinus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|402|Aurelius Symmachus, Quintus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Gens Aurelia]] fmbosv7qvpmmjg11iy7t5qvi5ysl27s 3980474 3980473 2026-08-11T14:54:31Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3980474 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Roma, metà di dittico con un'apoteosi, 400 circa.JPG|thumb|Consecratio Symmachi (ut vulgo putatur). Nam hoc dimidium [[Diptychon consulare|diptychum]] [[ebur|eburneum]] [[Monogramma|monogramma]] Symmachorum fert et circa 400 scalptum est.]] '''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus''' signo '''Eusebius''' (natus circa annum [[342]] - obiit anno [[402]]/[[403|3]]), filius [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus|Lucii Aurelii Avianii Symmachi]] fuit [[Senatus|senator]], [[consul]], [[praefectus urbi Romae]] annis [[384]] et [[385]] et orator. Vulgo pro opulentissimo oratore aetatis suae habitus absque nonnullis ipsi [[Cicero]]ni comparatus est<ref>Etiam ab adversariis ut [[Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'': I.632-642.</ref>. Notus est imprimis commendationis indulgentiae in omnes religiones causa, quam in controversia de ara Victoriae affirmavit. == De familia == Primus ex illa gente avus Quinti Symmachi, Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus, [[Consul|consulatus]] insignia "severitatis merito" anno [[330]] accepit; nova familia igitur in ordine senatorio erant Symmachi. Eo magis praerogativas ordinis vindicare visi sunt. Quintus sororem unam<ref>''Ep''. VIII.49</ref> et tres fratres habuit qui omnes ante ipsum obierunt<ref>Nam circa 380 de Celsino Titiano ita scripsit: ''tertius hic mihi de optimis fratribus luctus est'' (''ep''. III.6).</ref>. Circa 370 Quintus Rusticianam, filiam praefecti [[Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus|Orfiti]], uxorem duxit. Filia eis fuit ignoto nomine nomine<ref>''Ep''. VI.12, 67, 79</ref> quae [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior|Nicomacho Flaviano iuniori]] nupsit, ita adfinitatem inter duos e maximis scriptoribus illius aetatis firmans, et aliquanto postea filius [[Quintus Fabius Memmius Symmachus]] operum patris sui editor posthumus. A maioribus multa [[Immobile|bona immobilia]] hereditario accepit: tres domus Romae, unam [[Capua (urbs antiqua)|Capuae]], quindecim [[villa|villas]] plerumque in Italia meridionali sitas, praedia quoque in [[Samnium|Samnio]], [[Apulia]], [[Sicilia (provincia Romana)|Sicilia]], [[Mauretania (discretiva)|Mauretania]]. Inter tamen senatores modice divites numerabatur et ad munera [[Praetor|praetoria]] filii sui duo milia argenti pondo erogasse dicitur<ref>[[Olympiodorus Thebanus|Olympiodorus]], Fragmentum 44.</ref>. == De cursu honorum == * Annis incertis [[Quaestor|quaesturam]] et [[praetor|praeturam]] gessit. Circa idem tempus [[pontifex |pontifex maior]] cooptatus est<ref>''Epistulae'' I.49, 51 ;II.53 ; IX.147-8.</ref> nec aliud sacerdotium umquam suscepit, quamvis studiosus paganismi defensor<ref>CIL VI, 1699, stela a filio erecta quae cursum honorum Symmachi nobis servavit.</ref>. *364-5 tum cum pater [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] erat ipse corrector [[Lucania|Lucaniae]] et [[Bruttium|Brittiorum]] fit<ref>Cf ''Epistulae'' II.48.</ref>. Tum vetustissimas epistulas scribit quas quidem adhuc habeamus. * anno 369 [[Panegyricus|panegyricos]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] et [[Gratianus|Gratiani]] coram principibus pronuntiat<ref>''Orationes'' I-III.</ref>. In Gallia apud Valentinianum usque ad annum 370 mansit ubi [[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonium]] cognovit cuius amicitiam coluit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.14 et 32.</ref>. Mox [[comes]] tertii ordinis renuntiatur. * 373-4 [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsul Africae]] fit, officium honorificum sine vera potentia<ref>CIL VIII, 24584 et 5347 inscriptiones in [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa]] repertae. Cf ''Epistulae'' VIII.5 et 20. X.1.2-3.</ref>. * anno 376 Gratiani nuntium de morte [[Flavius Maximinus|Maximini]] in senatu recitat<ref>''Epistulae'' I.13 et X.2</ref>. Die 9 Ianuarii orationem ''Pro Trygetio'' in senatu habuit gratias agens quod patrem plebe seditiosa expulsum honorifice revocassent<ref>''Oratio'' V. Cf ''Epistulae'' I.44</ref>. *377-8 Aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.20 et 85. III.47.</ref> * anno 382 legatus senatorum ad Gratianum missus [[Ara Victoriae|aram Victoriae]] in [[Curia Hostilia|curia]] restituendam poscere volebat sed aditu principis prohibitus est<ref>Ambrosius, ''Epistulae'' 17.10</ref> * anno 384 [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] cum matre [[Iustina]] imperante [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus Urbi]] ''sub aestatis exordio''<ref>''Relatio'' 25.3</ref> fit. Tum iterum arae Victoriae restitutionem petiit<ref>''Relatio'' tertia.</ref> sed ab [[Ambrosius|Ambrosio]] episcopo victus est. Praeterea annonae angustiae eum ad magistratum deponendum incitaverunt (februario 385)<ref>Eventa huius praefecturae ab ipsius ''relationibus'' nota sunt. Vide etiam ''Epistulas'' II.36 et 55, III.28.</ref>. In praefectura [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinum]] magistrum rhetoricae nominavit<ref>''[[Confessiones (Augustinus)|Confessiones]]'' V.13.</ref>. * anno 387 partes usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Magni Maximi]] oratione quidem non armis<ref>[[Gennadius Scholasticus|Gennadius]], ''De Viris illustribus'' 49.</ref> sequitur quo mox a Theodosio victo veniam quidem impetrat (et Theodosio in oratione hodie deperdita gratias agebat<ref>''Epistulae'' II.13, 28, 30-32.</ref>) sed eius dignitas aliquantum imminuta est<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistulae'' 1008</ref>. Revera [[Novatianus|Novatianorum]] intercessio episcopi ei saluti fuerat. * iamdiu orator disertissimus velut praeco senatorum erat et anno incerto [[princeps senatus]] publice nominatur<ref>[[Socrates Scholasticus]] V.14.6.</ref> * anno 390 cum Theodosio in gratiam redit et ad [[consul|consulatum ordinarium]] anni proximi designatur<ref>[[Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' I.622-5. Cf ''Epistulae'' II.62-4. V.15. IX.149. </ref> *anno 391 gratiarum actionem in aula Mediolani habet sed quia aram Victoriae memoravit a Theodosio ex urbe expellitur. * annis 392-4 ab [[Eugenius|Eugenii]] [[Arbogastes|Arbogastis]]que usurpatione ipse abstinet sed filius quaestor, gener praefectus Urbi sunt et amicus Virius Nicomachus Flavius post cladem sibi mortem voluntariam conscivit. *Usque ad annum 398 in umbra remanet. 396/7 aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' III.38-39, V.58 etc.</ref>, anno 398 plebe irata expulsus est ac postea revocatus<ref>''Epistulae'' VI.66, VIII.64-5, IX.81.</ref>. Ab illo anno cursui honorum Memmi filii (sc. praeturae) operam dat<ref>''Ep''. IV.7, 8, 12, 58, 59, 60, 63 etc. </ref> et usque ad mortem [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichoni]] tum in Occidente dominanti satis propinquus est<ref>''Epistulae'' IV.1-14.</ref>. In summa munera honorifica multa absolvit, numquam tamen in aula apud principes vitam egit. Plerumque Romae aut in villis tempus litteris terebat. Itaque ad res magnas decidendas momentum non habuit. == De homine litterato == E litteris igitur et facultate dicendi pleramque auctoritatem suam ducebat. In litteris ut in republica aut religione [[mos maiorum|morem maiorum]] imprimis venerabatur. Ita [[Vergilius|Vergilium]], [[Cicero|Ciceronem]], [[Titus Maccius Plautus|Plautum]], [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentium]], [[Horatius|Horatium]] imprimis amat quorum sententiarum saepe in ''Epistulis'' meminit. Amplam bibliothecam sibi pararat: novimus enim apud Symmachum fuisse Titum Livium integrum quem emendare coeperat<ref>''Epistulae'' IX.13.</ref>, necnon [[Plinius Maior|Plinium Maiorem]] aut ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|Commentarios de Bello Gallico]]''. Ita quodam modo 'litteras classicas' iam invenerat quas spreta lingua suae aetatis colebat<ref>De Symmachi studiis vide G. Kroll(1891).</ref> et litteras amatas ut posteris traderentur curabat. Librarii enim apud Symmachos textus duplicabant. Adulescentes suae aetatis quoque ad rhetoricam studendam hortabatur<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004.</ref> et filio instituendo ipse operam dedit<ref>''Ep''. V.5 et VI.61</ref> In ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalibus]]''<ref>I.24.8.</ref> Vergilium non tantum litterarum sed etiam [[Theologia|theologiae]] et [[ritus|rituum]] magistrum esse contendebat. Non minus enim a novitatibus orientalibus in [[Polytheismus|polytheismum]] nuper introductis abhorrebat quam a Christianismo. Vetus Romanus volebat esse. == De operibus == Tria genera operum reliquit Symmachus, epistulas, relationes, orationes: * '''orationes''' octo ab ipso circa [[376]] publicatae sunt quae ad patrem, Valentinianos principes et alios homines nobiles pertinent. Anno [[1815]] in [[Palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] ab [[Angelus Mai|Angelo Mai]] inventae sunt, antea a septimo saeculo deperditae. *'''relationes''' 49 statim post praefecturam circa [[385]] edidit inter quas celeberrima tertia relatio de ara Victoriae versatur. Illae relationes illius actionem in magistratu gerendo recensent. *'''epistulae''' plus quam nongentae in decem libros digestae magnum opus eius faciunt. Liber primus paulo post 385 in lumen prodisse vulgo creditur (epistulas ad patrem et fratrem continet necnon ad poetam [[Ausonius|Ausonium]] filiumque eius Hesperium et ad amicum [[Vettius Agorius Praetextatus|Praetextatum]], fratrem in paganismo). Cetera post mortem auctoris sed ante annum 409 a filio Memmio edita putantur. In septem primis libris epistulae per personas quibus missae sunt disponuntur sine ulla [[Chronologia|chronologica]] aut [[Thema (litterae)|thematica]] ordinatione. In octavo et nono sine ordine miscentur epistulae (pars maxima decimi deperdita est), ne personae quidem quibus mittuntur semper indicantur. Unde eruditi coniecerunt auctorem editionem usque ad septimum librum praeparasse, postea filium solum relictum ut potuit reliqua edidisse<ref>S. Roda, "Alcune ipotesi sulla prima edizione dell'epistolario di Simmaco", ''La Parola des Passato'', 1979: 31-54.</ref>. Certe Nicomachi non parvam partem epistularum recipiunt: liber secundus totus [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virio Nicomacho Flaviano]] dicatur, sextum librum ceteri inter se Nicomachi partiuntur. Lectorem modernum in illis epistulis paupertas [[thema|thematum]] offendit: etenim de rebus publicis aut religiosis scribendi tum libertas nulla erat et delatores speculabantur. Etiam retrorsus censura agebat: ita Memmius epistulas ad [[Usurpatio|usurpatores]] [[Magnus Maximus|Maximum]], [[Eugenius (imperator)|Eugenium]], [[Arbogastes|Arbogastem]] suppressit. Nuntii secreti et periculosi tabellariis maximae fidei mandabantur qui oraliter eos referebant, numquam scribebantur. Brevissimae igitur sunt epistulae Symmachi. Plerumque de mera salutatione et amicitiae professione agebatur aut [[Salus|salutis]] inquisitione et officiorum reciprocitate in epistularum commercio. Saepe simul propinquos et homines bene meritos [[Magistratus|magistratibus]] amicis commendabat. Rarius de litteris aut senatu consulto et annona Urbis aliquid scribebat aut de peregrinationibus in villas suas. Semel et iterum de lite apud iudices. Omnia cursim sine excursu. Itaque spem lectoris saepe decipit. Ipse tenuis materiae sibi conscius erat: ''Quousque enim'', Nicomacho inquiebat, ''dandae ac reddendae salutationis verba blaterabimus, cum alia stylo materia non suppetat?''.<ref>''Ep''. II.35.</ref> == De genere dicendi et iudiciis == Stilus Symmachi non facile finitur. Duodecimo saeculo [[Alanus ab Insulis]] brevitatem eius evidentem extollens eum 'verbis parcum' sed 'mente profundum' dicebat: <blockquote><poem> Symacus in uerbis parcus sed mente profundus, Prodigus in sensu, uerbis angustus, habundans Mente, sed ore minor, fructu, non fronde beatus, Sensus diuicias uerbi breuitate coartat.<ref>''Anticlaudianus'' III.236-9</ref> </poem></blockquote> Nec dubium quin sententiae breves subiunctionem vitantes alienissimae sunt a [[periodus|periodico]] stilo quem in Ciceronis orationibus legimus sed non minus a sermone familiari quo utebatur magnus orator in epistulis abhorrent. Ipse ''ingenii sui maciem'' causabatur<ref>I.81. Cf ibidem I.14 ad Ausonium: ''Sed ego qui sum paupertini ingenii mei mihi conscius, Laconicae malo studere brevitati, quam multijugis paginis infantiae maciem publicare''.</ref>. Coaevi tamen stilum floridum et pinguem potius laudabant verisimile quia nomina et adiectiva magna densitate spissantur et plenitudinis speciem praebent. Ita [[Macrobius]]: <blockquote> ''Quattuor sunt, inquit Eusebius, genera dicendi: copiosum, in quo Cicero dominatur: breve, in quo Salustius regnat: siccum, quod Frontoni ascribitur: pingue et floridum in quo Plinius Secundus quondam et nunc nullo veterum minor noster Symmachus luxuriatur.''<ref>''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' V.1.7.</ref> </blockquote> [[Rhythmus|Numeris]] sophisticis<ref>Johannes Möller, ''De clausulis a Q. Aurelio Symmacho adhibitis'', Aschendorff, 1912. Louis Havet, ''[https://archive.org/details/laprosemtriqued00havegoog/page/n15/mode/2up La prose métrique de Symmaque et les origines métriques du cursus]'', Lutetiae, Emile Bouillon, 1892</ref> et splendido exquisitoque [[Vocabularium|vocabulario]] nitebat Symmachi [[prosa]] quae summam artem redolebat in variationibus circa exilem materiam innumeris. Amicus Ausonius [[Dithyrambus|dithyrambum]] ei composuit: <blockquote> ''Haud quisquam ita nitet, ut comparatus tibi non sordeat. Quis ita Aesopi venustatem, quis sophisticas Socratis conclusiones, enthymemata Demosthenis, aut opulentiam Tullianam, aut proprietatem nostri Maronis accedat?'' <ref>''Ep.'' V.32 ab Ausonio Symmacho missa et in epistolarium eius introducta.</ref> </blockquote> Sed et adversarii "Romani decus eloquii" attollebant ut poeta Christianus Prudentius qui eum supra Ciceronem ponebat<ref>''Contra Symmachum'' I.632-5.</ref> atque eo magis eum pigebat quod pereuntes deos et sordidos defendere mallet. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == *[[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/foto/F010361 VI, 1699] ; VIII, 24584 ; VIII, 5347 *[[Ambrosius]], ''Epistulae'' XVII et XVIII *[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004. * [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' *[[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' == Editiones criticae et commentarii == *Otto Seeck, ''[https://archive.org/details/qaureliisymmach00seecgoog/page/n8/mode/2up Q. Aurelii Symmachi quae supersunt]'' ([[Monumenta Germaniae historica|Monumenta Germaniae Historica]]), Berolini, 1893 [[Fasciculus:Base statua di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco - Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|CIL VI, 1699 = basis statuae a filio Memmio patri in [[Mons Caelius|monte Caelio]] erectae ubi eorum domus erat: cursum honorum brevem legere licet.]] *[[Collection des Universités de France]]: J.P. Callu, ''Symmaque. Correspondance.'' Les Belles Lettres, 1972-2002 (quattuor tomi) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1973_num_42_1_1704_t1_0288_0000_5 Recensio critica] ** ''Symmaque. Discours. Rapports'', ibidem, 2009 (tomus V operum) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2013_num_82_1_3841_t17_0359_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Giovanni Alberto Cecconi, ''Commento storico al libro II dell'Epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : con introduzione, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 2002 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003.11.17 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2004_num_73_1_2554_t1_0408_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/84769725/Giovanni_Alberto_Cecconi_Commento_storico_al_libro_II_dellepistolario_di_Q_Aurelio_Simmaco_Con_introduzione_testo_traduzione_e_indici Tertia recensio critica] *Maria Lubello, ''[https://flore.unifi.it/retrieve/5f4d48db-5049-487b-ac42-4092ba20a52a/Lubello_Maria_Commento_storico_libri_VII-VIII_2024.pdf Commento storico ai libri VII e VIII dell’epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, testo, traduzione, commento storico]'', Florentiae, 2024 [https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/1374992 Dissertatio academica] * Arnaldo Marcone, ''Commento storico al libro IV dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1987 ** Commento storico al libro VI dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: Introd., commento storico, teste, traduzione, indici, Pisae, 1983 *Andrea Pellizzari, ''Commento storico al libro III dell epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1983. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2003_num_72_1_2530_t1_0416_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Paola Rivolta Tiberga, ''Commento storico al libro V dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1982 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1996_num_65_1_1262_t1_0346_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Sergio Roda, ''Commento storico al libro IX dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 1981 * Domenico Vera, ''Commento storico alle "relationes" di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento, testo, traduzione, appendice sul libro X, 1-2, indici'', Pisae, 1981 == Plura legere si cupis == *Marco Bertolini, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/24182889 Sull' attegiamento religioso di Q. A. Simmaco]", ''Studi Classici e Orientali'', 1987: 189-208 *Philippe Bruggisser, ''Symmaque ou le rituel épistolaire de l'amitié littéraire. Recherches sur le premier livre de la correspondance'', Fribourg, 1993 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1995_num_64_1_1237_t1_0337_0000_2 Recensio critica] *JP Callu, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2006_ant_361_1_11709 En marge des vieux livres : les manuscrits perdus de Symmaque]", ''Revue d’histoire des textes'', 1976: 197-217 *Alan Cameron, ''The Last Pagans of Rome'', Oxford University Press, 2011 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=AIQ8DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www.academia.edu/117724893/The_Last_Pagans_of_Rome_By_Alan_Cameron Recensio critica] [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2011/2011.12.35 Altera recensio critica] *Nicolas Cavuoto-Denis, ''Vsus scribendi : le projet littéraire de Symmaque dans les Lettres, les Discours et les Rapports'', Turnhout, Brepols, 2023 [https://www.academia.edu/71771621/Vsus_scribendi_le_projet_litt%C3%A9raire_de_Symmaque_dans_les_Lettres_les_Discours_et_les_Rapports Summarium] *Octavius Clason, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=QywUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Symmachi epistularum codice Parisino]'', Bonnae, [1867] '''LATINE''' *Gerd Haverling, ''Studies on Symmachus' Language and Style'', [[Gothoburgum|Gothoburgi]], 1988 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1990_num_59_1_2300_t1_0385_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Gaëlle Hébert de la Portbarré-Viard, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2018_num_197_1_1925 Symmaque dans le ''Contra Symmachum'' de Prudence : enjeux et significations d’une mise à mort littéraire]", ''Vita Latina'', 2018: 148-172 * Bettina Hecht, ''Störungen der Rechtslage in den Relationen des Symmachus : Verwaltung und Rechtsprechung in Rom 384/385 n. Chr'', Berolini, 2006 [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7767/zrgra.2008.125.1.775/html Recensio critica] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/864/mode/2up 865-871] * R. Klein, Symmachus, ''Eine tragische Gestalt des ausgehenden Heidentums'', [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 1971 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3927_t1_0322_0000_1 Recensio critica] * Otto Koren, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=4akiGJ2DkE8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Quaestiones Symmachianae]'', Vindobonae, 1874 '''LATINE''' *Guilelmus Kroll, ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024459482&seq=5 De Q. Aurelii Symmachi studiis graecis et latinis]'', Vratislaviae, 1891 '''LATINE''' * Federico Lizzani, ''Il patrimonio di Q. Aurelius Symmachus a Roma e nel Lazio : una restituzione archeologica dall'epistolario'', Romae, "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2024 ISBN 978-88-913-3294-3 *John Alexander McGeachy, ''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and the Senatorial Aristocracy of the West'', University of Chicago, 1942 * Jill Mitchell, ''[https://www.academia.edu/118514477/The_Religious_world_of_Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]'', Trivent Publishing, 2021 *Eugenius Morin, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=6c9gM4kqQkIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Disquisitio chronologica de dimidia altera quarti saeculi parte juxta Symmachum]'', Parisiis, excudebat Panckoucke, 1847 '''LATINE''' * F. Paschoud (curator), ''Colloque genevois sur Symmaque : à l'occasion du mille six centième anniversaire du conflit de l'autel de la Victoire'', [1984], Les Belles lettres, 1986 *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 * Ernestus Theodorus Schulze, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=hIhHAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false De Q. Aurelii Symmachi vocabulorum formationibus ad sermonem vulgarem pertinentibus]'', Halis Saxonum, 1884 '''LATINE''' * Ramón Teja, ''La más antigua polémica sobre la tolerancia religiosa: el debate entre San Ambrosio de Milán y el senador Símaco sobre el Altar de la Victoria'', Matriti, 2023 ISBN 978-84-19782-23-6 *Cristiana Sogno, ''Q. Aurelius Symmachus : a political biography'', University of Michigan Press, 2006 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=N3qFtZRLuXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *L. M. A. Viola, ''Quinto Aurelio Simmaco : lo splendore della romanitas : la perfezione dell'uomo religioso romano-italiano e la costituzione della civiltà universale della pace'', Forii, Victrix, 2010 [https://bibcatalogo.uca.es/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=870445&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=2642939] {{NexInt}} * [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus Quintum Aurelium Symmachum] spectant *[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Libri_Decem_Epistolarum Libri decem epistolarum apud Vicifontem] * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~Harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Symmachus/sym_re03.html Tertia Relatio Symmachi] * {{BBKL|s/s4/symmachus_a|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=SYMMACHUS EUSEBIUS, Q. AURELIUS|tomus=11|columnae=363-366}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090814190634/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/sym-amb/ambrepf.html Ambrosius, Epistulae xvii et xviii] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Valentinianus II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Neoterius]]| annus= 391<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Eutolmius Tatianus|Flavio Eutolmio Tatiano]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] II et [[Flavius Rufinus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|402|Aurelius Symmachus, Quintus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Gens Aurelia]] q2z5nbu18fk2ysbamautn34gnvpvdq5 3980475 3980474 2026-08-11T14:57:14Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3980475 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Roma, metà di dittico con un'apoteosi, 400 circa.JPG|thumb|Consecratio Symmachi (ut vulgo putatur). Nam hoc dimidium [[Diptychon consulare|diptychum]] [[ebur|eburneum]] [[Monogramma|monogramma]] Symmachorum fert et circa 400 scalptum est.]] '''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus''' signo '''Eusebius''' (natus circa annum [[342]] - obiit anno [[402]]/[[403|3]]), filius [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus|Lucii Aurelii Avianii Symmachi]] fuit [[Senatus|senator]], [[consul]], [[praefectus urbi Romae]] annis [[384]] et [[385]] et orator. Vulgo pro opulentissimo oratore aetatis suae habitus absque nonnullis ipsi [[Cicero]]ni comparatus est<ref>Etiam ab adversariis ut [[Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'': I.632-642.</ref>. Notus est imprimis commendationis indulgentiae in omnes religiones causa, quam in controversia de ara Victoriae affirmavit. == De familia == Primus ex illa gente avus Quinti Symmachi, Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus, [[Consul|consulatus]] insignia "severitatis merito" anno [[330]] accepit; nova familia igitur in ordine senatorio erant Symmachi. Eo magis praerogativas ordinis vindicare visi sunt. Quintus sororem unam<ref>''Ep''. VIII.49</ref> et tres fratres habuit qui omnes ante ipsum obierunt<ref>Nam circa 380 de Celsino Titiano ita scripsit: ''tertius hic mihi de optimis fratribus luctus est'' (''ep''. III.6).</ref>. Circa 370 Quintus Rusticianam, filiam praefecti [[Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus|Orfiti]], uxorem duxit. Filia eis fuit ignoto nomine nomine<ref>''Ep''. VI.12, 67, 79</ref> quae [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior|Nicomacho Flaviano iuniori]] nupsit, ita adfinitatem inter duos e maximis scriptoribus illius aetatis firmans, et aliquanto postea filius [[Quintus Fabius Memmius Symmachus]] operum patris sui editor posthumus. A maioribus multa [[Immobile|bona immobilia]] hereditario accepit: tres domus Romae, unam [[Capua (urbs antiqua)|Capuae]], quindecim [[villa|villas]] plerumque in Italia meridionali sitas, praedia quoque in [[Samnium|Samnio]], [[Apulia]], [[Sicilia (provincia Romana)|Sicilia]], [[Mauretania (discretiva)|Mauretania]]. Inter tamen senatores modice divites numerabatur et ad munera [[Praetor|praetoria]] filii sui duo milia argenti pondo erogasse dicitur<ref>[[Olympiodorus Thebanus|Olympiodorus]], Fragmentum 44.</ref>. == De cursu honorum == * Annis incertis [[Quaestor|quaesturam]] et [[praetor|praeturam]] gessit. Circa idem tempus [[pontifex |pontifex maior]] cooptatus est<ref>''Epistulae'' I.49, 51 ;II.53 ; IX.147-8.</ref> nec aliud sacerdotium umquam suscepit, quamvis studiosus paganismi defensor<ref>CIL VI, 1699, stela a filio erecta quae cursum honorum Symmachi nobis servavit.</ref>. *364-5 tum cum pater [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] erat ipse corrector [[Lucania|Lucaniae]] et [[Bruttium|Brittiorum]] fit<ref>Cf ''Epistulae'' II.48.</ref>. Tum vetustissimas epistulas scribit quas quidem adhuc habeamus. * anno 369 [[Panegyricus|panegyricos]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] et [[Gratianus|Gratiani]] coram principibus pronuntiat<ref>''Orationes'' I-III.</ref>. In Gallia apud Valentinianum usque ad annum 370 mansit ubi [[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonium]] cognovit cuius amicitiam coluit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.14 et 32.</ref>. Mox [[comes]] tertii ordinis renuntiatur. * 373-4 [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsul Africae]] fit, officium honorificum sine vera potentia<ref>CIL VIII, 24584 et 5347 inscriptiones in [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa]] repertae. Cf ''Epistulae'' VIII.5 et 20. X.1.2-3.</ref>. * anno 376 Gratiani nuntium de morte [[Flavius Maximinus|Maximini]] in senatu recitat<ref>''Epistulae'' I.13 et X.2</ref>. Die 9 Ianuarii orationem ''Pro Trygetio'' in senatu habuit gratias agens quod patrem plebe seditiosa expulsum honorifice revocassent<ref>''Oratio'' V. Cf ''Epistulae'' I.44</ref>. *377-8 Aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.20 et 85. III.47.</ref> * anno 382 legatus senatorum ad Gratianum missus [[Ara Victoriae|aram Victoriae]] in [[Curia Hostilia|curia]] restituendam poscere volebat sed aditu principis prohibitus est<ref>Ambrosius, ''Epistulae'' 17.10</ref> * anno 384 [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] cum matre [[Iustina]] imperante [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus Urbi]] ''sub aestatis exordio''<ref>''Relatio'' 25.3</ref> fit. Tum iterum arae Victoriae restitutionem petiit<ref>''Relatio'' tertia.</ref> sed ab [[Ambrosius|Ambrosio]] episcopo victus est. Praeterea annonae angustiae eum ad magistratum deponendum incitaverunt (februario 385)<ref>Eventa huius praefecturae ab ipsius ''relationibus'' nota sunt. Vide etiam ''Epistulas'' II.36 et 55, III.28.</ref>. In praefectura [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinum]] magistrum rhetoricae nominavit<ref>''[[Confessiones (Augustinus)|Confessiones]]'' V.13.</ref>. * anno 387 partes usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Magni Maximi]] oratione quidem non armis<ref>[[Gennadius Scholasticus|Gennadius]], ''De Viris illustribus'' 49.</ref> sequitur quo mox a Theodosio victo veniam quidem impetrat (et Theodosio in oratione hodie deperdita gratias agebat<ref>''Epistulae'' II.13, 28, 30-32.</ref>) sed eius dignitas aliquantum imminuta est<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistulae'' 1008</ref>. Revera [[Novatianus|Novatianorum]] intercessio episcopi ei saluti fuerat. * iamdiu orator disertissimus velut praeco senatorum erat et anno incerto [[princeps senatus]] publice nominatur<ref>[[Socrates Scholasticus]] V.14.6.</ref> * anno 390 cum Theodosio in gratiam redit et ad [[consul|consulatum ordinarium]] anni proximi designatur<ref>[[Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' I.622-5. Cf ''Epistulae'' II.62-4. V.15. IX.149. </ref> *anno 391 gratiarum actionem in aula Mediolani habet sed quia aram Victoriae memoravit a Theodosio ex urbe expellitur. * annis 392-4 ab [[Eugenius|Eugenii]] [[Arbogastes|Arbogastis]]que usurpatione ipse abstinet sed filius quaestor, gener praefectus Urbi sunt et amicus Virius Nicomachus Flavius post cladem sibi mortem voluntariam conscivit. *Usque ad annum 398 in umbra remanet. 396/7 aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' III.38-39, V.58 etc.</ref>, anno 398 plebe irata expulsus est ac postea revocatus<ref>''Epistulae'' VI.66, VIII.64-5, IX.81.</ref>. Ab illo anno cursui honorum Memmi filii (sc. praeturae) operam dat<ref>''Ep''. IV.7, 8, 12, 58, 59, 60, 63 etc. </ref> et usque ad mortem [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichoni]] tum in Occidente dominanti satis propinquus est<ref>''Epistulae'' IV.1-14.</ref>. In summa munera honorifica multa absolvit, numquam tamen in aula apud principes vitam egit. Plerumque Romae aut in villis tempus litteris terebat. Itaque ad res magnas decidendas momentum non habuit. == De homine litterato == E litteris igitur et facultate dicendi pleramque auctoritatem suam ducebat. In litteris ut in republica aut religione [[mos maiorum|morem maiorum]] imprimis venerabatur. Ita [[Vergilius|Vergilium]], [[Cicero|Ciceronem]], [[Titus Maccius Plautus|Plautum]], [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentium]], [[Horatius|Horatium]] imprimis amat quorum sententiarum saepe in ''Epistulis'' meminit. Amplam bibliothecam sibi pararat: novimus enim apud Symmachum fuisse Titum Livium integrum quem emendare coeperat<ref>''Epistulae'' IX.13.</ref>, necnon [[Plinius Maior|Plinium Maiorem]] aut ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|Commentarios de Bello Gallico]]''. Ita quodam modo 'litteras classicas' iam invenerat quas spreta lingua suae aetatis colebat<ref>De Symmachi studiis vide G. Kroll(1891).</ref> et litteras amatas ut posteris traderentur curabat. Librarii enim apud Symmachos textus duplicabant. Adulescentes suae aetatis quoque ad rhetoricam studendam hortabatur<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004.</ref> et filio instituendo ipse operam dedit<ref>''Ep''. V.5 et VI.61</ref> In ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalibus]]''<ref>I.24.8.</ref> Vergilium non tantum litterarum sed etiam [[Theologia|theologiae]] et [[ritus|rituum]] magistrum esse contendebat. Non minus enim a novitatibus orientalibus in [[Polytheismus|polytheismum]] nuper introductis abhorrebat quam a Christianismo. Vetus Romanus volebat esse. == De operibus == Tria genera operum reliquit Symmachus, epistulas, relationes, orationes: * '''orationes''' octo ab ipso circa [[376]] publicatae sunt quae ad patrem, Valentinianos principes et alios homines nobiles pertinent. Anno [[1815]] in [[Palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] ab [[Angelus Mai|Angelo Mai]] inventae sunt, antea a septimo saeculo deperditae. *'''relationes''' 49 statim post praefecturam circa [[385]] edidit inter quas celeberrima tertia relatio de ara Victoriae versatur. Illae relationes illius actionem in magistratu gerendo recensent. *'''epistulae''' plus quam nongentae in decem libros digestae magnum opus eius faciunt. Liber primus paulo post 385 in lumen prodisse vulgo creditur (epistulas ad patrem et fratrem continet necnon ad poetam [[Ausonius|Ausonium]] filiumque eius Hesperium et ad amicum [[Vettius Agorius Praetextatus|Praetextatum]], fratrem in paganismo). Cetera post mortem auctoris sed ante annum 409 a filio Memmio edita putantur. In septem primis libris epistulae per personas quibus missae sunt disponuntur sine ulla [[Chronologia|chronologica]] aut [[Thema (litterae)|thematica]] ordinatione. In octavo et nono sine ordine miscentur epistulae (pars maxima decimi deperdita est), ne personae quidem quibus mittuntur semper indicantur. Unde eruditi coniecerunt auctorem editionem usque ad septimum librum praeparasse, postea filium solum relictum ut potuit reliqua edidisse<ref>S. Roda, "Alcune ipotesi sulla prima edizione dell'epistolario di Simmaco", ''La Parola des Passato'', 1979: 31-54.</ref>. Certe Nicomachi non parvam partem epistularum recipiunt: liber secundus totus [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virio Nicomacho Flaviano]] dicatur, sextum librum ceteri inter se Nicomachi partiuntur. Lectorem modernum in illis epistulis paupertas [[thema|thematum]] offendit: etenim de rebus publicis aut religiosis scribendi tum libertas nulla erat et delatores speculabantur. Etiam retrorsus censura agebat: ita Memmius epistulas ad [[Usurpatio|usurpatores]] [[Magnus Maximus|Maximum]], [[Eugenius (imperator)|Eugenium]], [[Arbogastes|Arbogastem]] suppressit. Nuntii secreti et periculosi tabellariis maximae fidei mandabantur qui oraliter eos referebant, numquam scribebantur. Brevissimae igitur sunt epistulae Symmachi. Plerumque de mera salutatione et amicitiae professione agebatur aut [[Salus|salutis]] inquisitione et officiorum reciprocitate in epistularum commercio. Saepe simul propinquos et homines bene meritos [[Magistratus|magistratibus]] amicis commendabat. Rarius de litteris aut senatu consulto et annona Urbis aliquid scribebat aut de peregrinationibus in villas suas. Semel et iterum de lite apud iudices. Omnia cursim sine excursu. Itaque spem lectoris saepe decipit. Ipse tenuis materiae sibi conscius erat: ''Quousque enim'', Nicomacho inquiebat, ''dandae ac reddendae salutationis verba blaterabimus, cum alia stylo materia non suppetat?''.<ref>''Ep''. II.35.</ref> == De genere dicendi et iudiciis == Stilus Symmachi non facile finitur. Duodecimo saeculo [[Alanus ab Insulis]] brevitatem eius evidentem extollens eum 'verbis parcum' sed 'mente profundum' dicebat: <blockquote><poem> Symacus in uerbis parcus sed mente profundus, Prodigus in sensu, uerbis angustus, habundans Mente, sed ore minor, fructu, non fronde beatus, Sensus diuicias uerbi breuitate coartat.<ref>''Anticlaudianus'' III.236-9</ref> </poem></blockquote> Nec dubium quin sententiae breves subiunctionem vitantes alienissimae sunt a [[periodus|periodico]] stilo quem in Ciceronis orationibus legimus sed non minus a sermone familiari quo utebatur magnus orator in epistulis abhorrent. Ipse ''ingenii sui maciem'' causabatur<ref>I.81. Cf ibidem I.14 ad Ausonium: ''Sed ego qui sum paupertini ingenii mei mihi conscius, Laconicae malo studere brevitati, quam multijugis paginis infantiae maciem publicare''.</ref>. Coaevi tamen stilum floridum et pinguem potius laudabant verisimile quia nomina et adiectiva magna densitate spissantur et plenitudinis speciem praebent. Ita [[Macrobius]]: <blockquote> ''Quattuor sunt, inquit Eusebius, genera dicendi: copiosum, in quo Cicero dominatur: breve, in quo Salustius regnat: siccum, quod Frontoni ascribitur: pingue et floridum in quo Plinius Secundus quondam et nunc nullo veterum minor noster Symmachus luxuriatur.''<ref>''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' V.1.7.</ref> </blockquote> [[Rhythmus|Numeris]] sophisticis<ref>Johannes Möller, ''De clausulis a Q. Aurelio Symmacho adhibitis'', Aschendorff, 1912. Louis Havet, ''[https://archive.org/details/laprosemtriqued00havegoog/page/n15/mode/2up La prose métrique de Symmaque et les origines métriques du cursus]'', Lutetiae, Emile Bouillon, 1892</ref> et splendido exquisitoque [[Vocabularium|vocabulario]] nitebat Symmachi [[prosa]] quae summam artem redolebat in variationibus circa exilem materiam innumeris. Amicus Ausonius [[Dithyrambus|dithyrambum]] ei composuit: <blockquote> ''Haud quisquam ita nitet, ut comparatus tibi non sordeat. Quis ita Aesopi venustatem, quis sophisticas Socratis conclusiones, enthymemata Demosthenis, aut opulentiam Tullianam, aut proprietatem nostri Maronis accedat?'' <ref>''Ep.'' V.32 ab Ausonio Symmacho missa et in epistolarium eius introducta.</ref> </blockquote> Sed et adversarii "Romani decus eloquii" attollebant ut poeta Christianus Prudentius qui eum supra Ciceronem ponebat<ref>''Contra Symmachum'' I.632-5.</ref> atque eo magis eum pigebat quod pereuntes deos et sordidos defendere mallet. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == *[[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/foto/F010361 VI, 1699] ; VIII, 24584 ; VIII, 5347 *[[Ambrosius]], ''Epistulae'' XVII et XVIII *[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004. * [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' *[[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' == Editiones criticae et commentarii == *Otto Seeck, ''[https://archive.org/details/qaureliisymmach00seecgoog/page/n8/mode/2up Q. Aurelii Symmachi quae supersunt]'' ([[Monumenta Germaniae historica|Monumenta Germaniae Historica]]), Berolini, 1893 [[Fasciculus:Base statua di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco - Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|CIL VI, 1699 = basis statuae a filio Memmio patri in [[Mons Caelius|monte Caelio]] erectae ubi eorum domus erat: cursum honorum brevem legere licet.]] *[[Collection des Universités de France]]: J.P. Callu, ''Symmaque. Correspondance.'' Les Belles Lettres, 1972-2002 (quattuor tomi) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1973_num_42_1_1704_t1_0288_0000_5 Recensio critica] ** ''Symmaque. Discours. Rapports'', ibidem, 2009 (tomus V operum) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2013_num_82_1_3841_t17_0359_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Giovanni Alberto Cecconi, ''Commento storico al libro II dell'Epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : con introduzione, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 2002 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003.11.17 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2004_num_73_1_2554_t1_0408_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/84769725/Giovanni_Alberto_Cecconi_Commento_storico_al_libro_II_dellepistolario_di_Q_Aurelio_Simmaco_Con_introduzione_testo_traduzione_e_indici Tertia recensio critica] *Maria Lubello, ''[https://flore.unifi.it/retrieve/5f4d48db-5049-487b-ac42-4092ba20a52a/Lubello_Maria_Commento_storico_libri_VII-VIII_2024.pdf Commento storico ai libri VII e VIII dell’epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, testo, traduzione, commento storico]'', Florentiae, 2024 [https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/1374992 Dissertatio academica] * Arnaldo Marcone, ''Commento storico al libro IV dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1987 ** Commento storico al libro VI dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: Introd., commento storico, teste, traduzione, indici, Pisae, 1983 *Andrea Pellizzari, ''Commento storico al libro III dell epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1983. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2003_num_72_1_2530_t1_0416_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Paola Rivolta Tiberga, ''Commento storico al libro V dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1982 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1996_num_65_1_1262_t1_0346_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Sergio Roda, ''Commento storico al libro IX dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 1981 * Domenico Vera, ''Commento storico alle "relationes" di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento, testo, traduzione, appendice sul libro X, 1-2, indici'', Pisae, 1981 == Plura legere si cupis == *Marco Bertolini, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/24182889 Sull' attegiamento religioso di Q. A. Simmaco]", ''Studi Classici e Orientali'', 1987: 189-208 *Philippe Bruggisser, ''Symmaque ou le rituel épistolaire de l'amitié littéraire. Recherches sur le premier livre de la correspondance'', Fribourg, 1993 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1995_num_64_1_1237_t1_0337_0000_2 Recensio critica] *JP Callu, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2006_ant_361_1_11709 En marge des vieux livres : les manuscrits perdus de Symmaque]", ''Revue d’histoire des textes'', 1976: 197-217 *Alan Cameron, ''The Last Pagans of Rome'', Oxford University Press, 2011 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=AIQ8DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www.academia.edu/117724893/The_Last_Pagans_of_Rome_By_Alan_Cameron Recensio critica] [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2011/2011.12.35 Altera recensio critica] *Nicolas Cavuoto-Denis, ''Vsus scribendi : le projet littéraire de Symmaque dans les Lettres, les Discours et les Rapports'', Turnhout, Brepols, 2023 [https://www.academia.edu/71771621/Vsus_scribendi_le_projet_litt%C3%A9raire_de_Symmaque_dans_les_Lettres_les_Discours_et_les_Rapports Summarium] *Octavius Clason, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=QywUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Symmachi epistularum codice Parisino]'', Bonnae, [1867] '''LATINE''' *Gerd Haverling, ''Studies on Symmachus' Language and Style'', [[Gothoburgum|Gothoburgi]], 1988 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1990_num_59_1_2300_t1_0385_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Gaëlle Hébert de la Portbarré-Viard, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2018_num_197_1_1925 Symmaque dans le ''Contra Symmachum'' de Prudence : enjeux et significations d’une mise à mort littéraire]", ''Vita Latina'', 2018: 148-172 * Bettina Hecht, ''Störungen der Rechtslage in den Relationen des Symmachus : Verwaltung und Rechtsprechung in Rom 384/385 n. Chr'', Berolini, 2006 [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7767/zrgra.2008.125.1.775/html Recensio critica] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/864/mode/2up 865-871] * R. Klein, Symmachus, ''Eine tragische Gestalt des ausgehenden Heidentums'', [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 1971 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3927_t1_0322_0000_1 Recensio critica] * Otto Koren, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=4akiGJ2DkE8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Quaestiones Symmachianae]'', Vindobonae, 1874 '''LATINE''' *Guilelmus Kroll, ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024459482&seq=5 De Q. Aurelii Symmachi studiis graecis et latinis]'', Vratislaviae, 1891 '''LATINE''' * Federico Lizzani, ''Il patrimonio di Q. Aurelius Symmachus a Roma e nel Lazio : una restituzione archeologica dall'epistolario'', Romae, "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2024 ISBN 978-88-913-3294-3 *John Alexander McGeachy, ''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and the Senatorial Aristocracy of the West'', University of Chicago, 1942 * Jill Mitchell, ''[https://www.academia.edu/118514477/The_Religious_world_of_Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]'', Trivent Publishing, 2021 *Eugenius Morin, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=6c9gM4kqQkIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Disquisitio chronologica de dimidia altera quarti saeculi parte juxta Symmachum]'', Parisiis, excudebat Panckoucke, 1847 '''LATINE''' * F. Paschoud (curator), ''Colloque genevois sur Symmaque : à l'occasion du mille six centième anniversaire du conflit de l'autel de la Victoire'', [1984], Les Belles lettres, 1986 *S. Roda, "Simmaco nel gioco politico del suo tempo", ''Studia et Documenta Historiae et Iuris'', 1973: 53-114 *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 * Ernestus Theodorus Schulze, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=hIhHAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false De Q. Aurelii Symmachi vocabulorum formationibus ad sermonem vulgarem pertinentibus]'', Halis Saxonum, 1884 '''LATINE''' * Ramón Teja, ''La más antigua polémica sobre la tolerancia religiosa: el debate entre San Ambrosio de Milán y el senador Símaco sobre el Altar de la Victoria'', Matriti, 2023 ISBN 978-84-19782-23-6 *Cristiana Sogno, ''Q. Aurelius Symmachus : a political biography'', University of Michigan Press, 2006 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=N3qFtZRLuXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *L. M. A. Viola, ''Quinto Aurelio Simmaco : lo splendore della romanitas : la perfezione dell'uomo religioso romano-italiano e la costituzione della civiltà universale della pace'', Forii, Victrix, 2010 [https://bibcatalogo.uca.es/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=870445&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=2642939] {{NexInt}} * [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus Quintum Aurelium Symmachum] spectant *[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Libri_Decem_Epistolarum Libri decem epistolarum apud Vicifontem] * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~Harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Symmachus/sym_re03.html Tertia Relatio Symmachi] * {{BBKL|s/s4/symmachus_a|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=SYMMACHUS EUSEBIUS, Q. AURELIUS|tomus=11|columnae=363-366}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090814190634/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/sym-amb/ambrepf.html Ambrosius, Epistulae xvii et xviii] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Valentinianus II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Neoterius]]| annus= 391<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Eutolmius Tatianus|Flavio Eutolmio Tatiano]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] II et [[Flavius Rufinus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|402|Aurelius Symmachus, Quintus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Gens Aurelia]] k8xecpu32yjg0lla6hzespzaw4xwh52 3980476 3980475 2026-08-11T15:01:00Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De operibus */ 3980476 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Roma, metà di dittico con un'apoteosi, 400 circa.JPG|thumb|Consecratio Symmachi (ut vulgo putatur). Nam hoc dimidium [[Diptychon consulare|diptychum]] [[ebur|eburneum]] [[Monogramma|monogramma]] Symmachorum fert et circa 400 scalptum est.]] '''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus''' signo '''Eusebius''' (natus circa annum [[342]] - obiit anno [[402]]/[[403|3]]), filius [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus|Lucii Aurelii Avianii Symmachi]] fuit [[Senatus|senator]], [[consul]], [[praefectus urbi Romae]] annis [[384]] et [[385]] et orator. Vulgo pro opulentissimo oratore aetatis suae habitus absque nonnullis ipsi [[Cicero]]ni comparatus est<ref>Etiam ab adversariis ut [[Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'': I.632-642.</ref>. Notus est imprimis commendationis indulgentiae in omnes religiones causa, quam in controversia de ara Victoriae affirmavit. == De familia == Primus ex illa gente avus Quinti Symmachi, Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus, [[Consul|consulatus]] insignia "severitatis merito" anno [[330]] accepit; nova familia igitur in ordine senatorio erant Symmachi. Eo magis praerogativas ordinis vindicare visi sunt. Quintus sororem unam<ref>''Ep''. VIII.49</ref> et tres fratres habuit qui omnes ante ipsum obierunt<ref>Nam circa 380 de Celsino Titiano ita scripsit: ''tertius hic mihi de optimis fratribus luctus est'' (''ep''. III.6).</ref>. Circa 370 Quintus Rusticianam, filiam praefecti [[Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus|Orfiti]], uxorem duxit. Filia eis fuit ignoto nomine nomine<ref>''Ep''. VI.12, 67, 79</ref> quae [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior|Nicomacho Flaviano iuniori]] nupsit, ita adfinitatem inter duos e maximis scriptoribus illius aetatis firmans, et aliquanto postea filius [[Quintus Fabius Memmius Symmachus]] operum patris sui editor posthumus. A maioribus multa [[Immobile|bona immobilia]] hereditario accepit: tres domus Romae, unam [[Capua (urbs antiqua)|Capuae]], quindecim [[villa|villas]] plerumque in Italia meridionali sitas, praedia quoque in [[Samnium|Samnio]], [[Apulia]], [[Sicilia (provincia Romana)|Sicilia]], [[Mauretania (discretiva)|Mauretania]]. Inter tamen senatores modice divites numerabatur et ad munera [[Praetor|praetoria]] filii sui duo milia argenti pondo erogasse dicitur<ref>[[Olympiodorus Thebanus|Olympiodorus]], Fragmentum 44.</ref>. == De cursu honorum == * Annis incertis [[Quaestor|quaesturam]] et [[praetor|praeturam]] gessit. Circa idem tempus [[pontifex |pontifex maior]] cooptatus est<ref>''Epistulae'' I.49, 51 ;II.53 ; IX.147-8.</ref> nec aliud sacerdotium umquam suscepit, quamvis studiosus paganismi defensor<ref>CIL VI, 1699, stela a filio erecta quae cursum honorum Symmachi nobis servavit.</ref>. *364-5 tum cum pater [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] erat ipse corrector [[Lucania|Lucaniae]] et [[Bruttium|Brittiorum]] fit<ref>Cf ''Epistulae'' II.48.</ref>. Tum vetustissimas epistulas scribit quas quidem adhuc habeamus. * anno 369 [[Panegyricus|panegyricos]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] et [[Gratianus|Gratiani]] coram principibus pronuntiat<ref>''Orationes'' I-III.</ref>. In Gallia apud Valentinianum usque ad annum 370 mansit ubi [[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonium]] cognovit cuius amicitiam coluit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.14 et 32.</ref>. Mox [[comes]] tertii ordinis renuntiatur. * 373-4 [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsul Africae]] fit, officium honorificum sine vera potentia<ref>CIL VIII, 24584 et 5347 inscriptiones in [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa]] repertae. Cf ''Epistulae'' VIII.5 et 20. X.1.2-3.</ref>. * anno 376 Gratiani nuntium de morte [[Flavius Maximinus|Maximini]] in senatu recitat<ref>''Epistulae'' I.13 et X.2</ref>. Die 9 Ianuarii orationem ''Pro Trygetio'' in senatu habuit gratias agens quod patrem plebe seditiosa expulsum honorifice revocassent<ref>''Oratio'' V. Cf ''Epistulae'' I.44</ref>. *377-8 Aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.20 et 85. III.47.</ref> * anno 382 legatus senatorum ad Gratianum missus [[Ara Victoriae|aram Victoriae]] in [[Curia Hostilia|curia]] restituendam poscere volebat sed aditu principis prohibitus est<ref>Ambrosius, ''Epistulae'' 17.10</ref> * anno 384 [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] cum matre [[Iustina]] imperante [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus Urbi]] ''sub aestatis exordio''<ref>''Relatio'' 25.3</ref> fit. Tum iterum arae Victoriae restitutionem petiit<ref>''Relatio'' tertia.</ref> sed ab [[Ambrosius|Ambrosio]] episcopo victus est. Praeterea annonae angustiae eum ad magistratum deponendum incitaverunt (februario 385)<ref>Eventa huius praefecturae ab ipsius ''relationibus'' nota sunt. Vide etiam ''Epistulas'' II.36 et 55, III.28.</ref>. In praefectura [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinum]] magistrum rhetoricae nominavit<ref>''[[Confessiones (Augustinus)|Confessiones]]'' V.13.</ref>. * anno 387 partes usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Magni Maximi]] oratione quidem non armis<ref>[[Gennadius Scholasticus|Gennadius]], ''De Viris illustribus'' 49.</ref> sequitur quo mox a Theodosio victo veniam quidem impetrat (et Theodosio in oratione hodie deperdita gratias agebat<ref>''Epistulae'' II.13, 28, 30-32.</ref>) sed eius dignitas aliquantum imminuta est<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistulae'' 1008</ref>. Revera [[Novatianus|Novatianorum]] intercessio episcopi ei saluti fuerat. * iamdiu orator disertissimus velut praeco senatorum erat et anno incerto [[princeps senatus]] publice nominatur<ref>[[Socrates Scholasticus]] V.14.6.</ref> * anno 390 cum Theodosio in gratiam redit et ad [[consul|consulatum ordinarium]] anni proximi designatur<ref>[[Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' I.622-5. Cf ''Epistulae'' II.62-4. V.15. IX.149. </ref> *anno 391 gratiarum actionem in aula Mediolani habet sed quia aram Victoriae memoravit a Theodosio ex urbe expellitur. * annis 392-4 ab [[Eugenius|Eugenii]] [[Arbogastes|Arbogastis]]que usurpatione ipse abstinet sed filius quaestor, gener praefectus Urbi sunt et amicus Virius Nicomachus Flavius post cladem sibi mortem voluntariam conscivit. *Usque ad annum 398 in umbra remanet. 396/7 aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' III.38-39, V.58 etc.</ref>, anno 398 plebe irata expulsus est ac postea revocatus<ref>''Epistulae'' VI.66, VIII.64-5, IX.81.</ref>. Ab illo anno cursui honorum Memmi filii (sc. praeturae) operam dat<ref>''Ep''. IV.7, 8, 12, 58, 59, 60, 63 etc. </ref> et usque ad mortem [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichoni]] tum in Occidente dominanti satis propinquus est<ref>''Epistulae'' IV.1-14.</ref>. In summa munera honorifica multa absolvit, numquam tamen in aula apud principes vitam egit. Plerumque Romae aut in villis tempus litteris terebat. Itaque ad res magnas decidendas momentum non habuit. == De homine litterato == E litteris igitur et facultate dicendi pleramque auctoritatem suam ducebat. In litteris ut in republica aut religione [[mos maiorum|morem maiorum]] imprimis venerabatur. Ita [[Vergilius|Vergilium]], [[Cicero|Ciceronem]], [[Titus Maccius Plautus|Plautum]], [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentium]], [[Horatius|Horatium]] imprimis amat quorum sententiarum saepe in ''Epistulis'' meminit. Amplam bibliothecam sibi pararat: novimus enim apud Symmachum fuisse Titum Livium integrum quem emendare coeperat<ref>''Epistulae'' IX.13.</ref>, necnon [[Plinius Maior|Plinium Maiorem]] aut ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|Commentarios de Bello Gallico]]''. Ita quodam modo 'litteras classicas' iam invenerat quas spreta lingua suae aetatis colebat<ref>De Symmachi studiis vide G. Kroll(1891).</ref> et litteras amatas ut posteris traderentur curabat. Librarii enim apud Symmachos textus duplicabant. Adulescentes suae aetatis quoque ad rhetoricam studendam hortabatur<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004.</ref> et filio instituendo ipse operam dedit<ref>''Ep''. V.5 et VI.61</ref> In ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalibus]]''<ref>I.24.8.</ref> Vergilium non tantum litterarum sed etiam [[Theologia|theologiae]] et [[ritus|rituum]] magistrum esse contendebat. Non minus enim a novitatibus orientalibus in [[Polytheismus|polytheismum]] nuper introductis abhorrebat quam a Christianismo. Vetus Romanus volebat esse. == De operibus == Tria genera operum reliquit Symmachus, epistulas, relationes, orationes: * '''orationes''' octo ab ipso circa [[376]] publicatae sunt quae ad patrem, Valentinianos principes et alios homines nobiles pertinent. Anno [[1815]] in [[Palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] ab [[Angelus Mai|Angelo Mai]] inventae sunt, antea a septimo saeculo deperditae. *'''relationes''' 49 statim post praefecturam circa [[385]] edidit inter quas celeberrima tertia relatio de ara Victoriae versatur. Illae relationes illius actionem in magistratu gerendo recensent. *'''epistulae''' plus quam nongentae in decem libros digestae magnum opus eius faciunt. Liber primus paulo post 385 in lumen prodisse vulgo creditur (epistulas ad patrem et fratrem continet necnon ad poetam [[Ausonius|Ausonium]] filiumque eius Hesperium et ad amicum [[Vettius Agorius Praetextatus|Praetextatum]], fratrem in paganismo). Cetera post mortem auctoris sed ante annum 409 a filio Memmio edita putantur. In septem primis libris epistulae per personas quibus missae sunt disponuntur sine ulla [[Chronologia|chronologica]] aut [[Thema (litterae)|thematica]] ordinatione. In octavo et nono sine ordine miscentur epistulae (pars maxima decimi deperdita est), ne personae quidem quibus mittuntur semper indicantur. Unde eruditi coniecerunt auctorem editionem usque ad septimum librum praeparasse, postea filium solum relictum ut potuit reliqua edidisse<ref>S. Roda, "Alcune ipotesi sulla prima edizione dell'epistolario di Simmaco", ''La Parola des Passato'', 1979: 31-54.</ref>. Certe Nicomachi non parvam partem epistularum recipiunt: liber secundus totus [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virio Nicomacho Flaviano]] dicatur, sextum librum ceteri inter se Nicomachi partiuntur. Lectorem modernum in illis epistulis paupertas [[thema|thematum]] offendit: etenim de rebus publicis aut religiosis scribendi tum libertas nulla erat et delatores speculabantur. Etiam retrorsus censura agebat: ita Memmius epistulas ad [[Usurpatio|usurpatores]] [[Magnus Maximus|Maximum]], [[Eugenius (imperator)|Eugenium]], [[Arbogastes|Arbogastem]] suppressit. Nuntii secreti et periculosi tabellariis maximae fidei mandabantur qui oraliter eos referebant, numquam scribebantur. Brevissimae igitur sunt epistulae Symmachi. Plerumque de mera salutatione et amicitiae professione agebatur aut [[Salus|salutis]] inquisitione et officiorum reciprocitate in epistularum commercio. Saepe simul propinquos et homines bene meritos [[Magistratus|magistratibus]] amicis commendabat. Rarius de litteris aut senatu consulto et annona Urbis aliquid scribebat aut de peregrinationibus in villas suas. Semel et iterum de lite apud iudices<ref>Federico-Alberto Poglio, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2008_num_120_1_10422 Una lite giudiziaria tra Aurelio Simmaco e Petronio Probo : a proposito di Symm., Epp. 2, 28; 30[-31] e 3, 4]" in ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2008 (120-1): 149-161.</ref>. Omnia cursim sine excursu. Itaque spem lectoris saepe decipit. Ipse tenuis materiae sibi conscius erat: ''Quousque enim'', Nicomacho inquiebat, ''dandae ac reddendae salutationis verba blaterabimus, cum alia stylo materia non suppetat?''.<ref>''Ep''. II.35.</ref> == De genere dicendi et iudiciis == Stilus Symmachi non facile finitur. Duodecimo saeculo [[Alanus ab Insulis]] brevitatem eius evidentem extollens eum 'verbis parcum' sed 'mente profundum' dicebat: <blockquote><poem> Symacus in uerbis parcus sed mente profundus, Prodigus in sensu, uerbis angustus, habundans Mente, sed ore minor, fructu, non fronde beatus, Sensus diuicias uerbi breuitate coartat.<ref>''Anticlaudianus'' III.236-9</ref> </poem></blockquote> Nec dubium quin sententiae breves subiunctionem vitantes alienissimae sunt a [[periodus|periodico]] stilo quem in Ciceronis orationibus legimus sed non minus a sermone familiari quo utebatur magnus orator in epistulis abhorrent. Ipse ''ingenii sui maciem'' causabatur<ref>I.81. Cf ibidem I.14 ad Ausonium: ''Sed ego qui sum paupertini ingenii mei mihi conscius, Laconicae malo studere brevitati, quam multijugis paginis infantiae maciem publicare''.</ref>. Coaevi tamen stilum floridum et pinguem potius laudabant verisimile quia nomina et adiectiva magna densitate spissantur et plenitudinis speciem praebent. Ita [[Macrobius]]: <blockquote> ''Quattuor sunt, inquit Eusebius, genera dicendi: copiosum, in quo Cicero dominatur: breve, in quo Salustius regnat: siccum, quod Frontoni ascribitur: pingue et floridum in quo Plinius Secundus quondam et nunc nullo veterum minor noster Symmachus luxuriatur.''<ref>''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' V.1.7.</ref> </blockquote> [[Rhythmus|Numeris]] sophisticis<ref>Johannes Möller, ''De clausulis a Q. Aurelio Symmacho adhibitis'', Aschendorff, 1912. Louis Havet, ''[https://archive.org/details/laprosemtriqued00havegoog/page/n15/mode/2up La prose métrique de Symmaque et les origines métriques du cursus]'', Lutetiae, Emile Bouillon, 1892</ref> et splendido exquisitoque [[Vocabularium|vocabulario]] nitebat Symmachi [[prosa]] quae summam artem redolebat in variationibus circa exilem materiam innumeris. Amicus Ausonius [[Dithyrambus|dithyrambum]] ei composuit: <blockquote> ''Haud quisquam ita nitet, ut comparatus tibi non sordeat. Quis ita Aesopi venustatem, quis sophisticas Socratis conclusiones, enthymemata Demosthenis, aut opulentiam Tullianam, aut proprietatem nostri Maronis accedat?'' <ref>''Ep.'' V.32 ab Ausonio Symmacho missa et in epistolarium eius introducta.</ref> </blockquote> Sed et adversarii "Romani decus eloquii" attollebant ut poeta Christianus Prudentius qui eum supra Ciceronem ponebat<ref>''Contra Symmachum'' I.632-5.</ref> atque eo magis eum pigebat quod pereuntes deos et sordidos defendere mallet. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == *[[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/foto/F010361 VI, 1699] ; VIII, 24584 ; VIII, 5347 *[[Ambrosius]], ''Epistulae'' XVII et XVIII *[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004. * [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' *[[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' == Editiones criticae et commentarii == *Otto Seeck, ''[https://archive.org/details/qaureliisymmach00seecgoog/page/n8/mode/2up Q. Aurelii Symmachi quae supersunt]'' ([[Monumenta Germaniae historica|Monumenta Germaniae Historica]]), Berolini, 1893 [[Fasciculus:Base statua di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco - Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|CIL VI, 1699 = basis statuae a filio Memmio patri in [[Mons Caelius|monte Caelio]] erectae ubi eorum domus erat: cursum honorum brevem legere licet.]] *[[Collection des Universités de France]]: J.P. Callu, ''Symmaque. Correspondance.'' Les Belles Lettres, 1972-2002 (quattuor tomi) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1973_num_42_1_1704_t1_0288_0000_5 Recensio critica] ** ''Symmaque. Discours. Rapports'', ibidem, 2009 (tomus V operum) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2013_num_82_1_3841_t17_0359_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Giovanni Alberto Cecconi, ''Commento storico al libro II dell'Epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : con introduzione, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 2002 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003.11.17 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2004_num_73_1_2554_t1_0408_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/84769725/Giovanni_Alberto_Cecconi_Commento_storico_al_libro_II_dellepistolario_di_Q_Aurelio_Simmaco_Con_introduzione_testo_traduzione_e_indici Tertia recensio critica] *Maria Lubello, ''[https://flore.unifi.it/retrieve/5f4d48db-5049-487b-ac42-4092ba20a52a/Lubello_Maria_Commento_storico_libri_VII-VIII_2024.pdf Commento storico ai libri VII e VIII dell’epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, testo, traduzione, commento storico]'', Florentiae, 2024 [https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/1374992 Dissertatio academica] * Arnaldo Marcone, ''Commento storico al libro IV dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1987 ** Commento storico al libro VI dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: Introd., commento storico, teste, traduzione, indici, Pisae, 1983 *Andrea Pellizzari, ''Commento storico al libro III dell epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1983. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2003_num_72_1_2530_t1_0416_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Paola Rivolta Tiberga, ''Commento storico al libro V dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1982 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1996_num_65_1_1262_t1_0346_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Sergio Roda, ''Commento storico al libro IX dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 1981 * Domenico Vera, ''Commento storico alle "relationes" di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento, testo, traduzione, appendice sul libro X, 1-2, indici'', Pisae, 1981 == Plura legere si cupis == *Marco Bertolini, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/24182889 Sull' attegiamento religioso di Q. A. Simmaco]", ''Studi Classici e Orientali'', 1987: 189-208 *Philippe Bruggisser, ''Symmaque ou le rituel épistolaire de l'amitié littéraire. Recherches sur le premier livre de la correspondance'', Fribourg, 1993 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1995_num_64_1_1237_t1_0337_0000_2 Recensio critica] *JP Callu, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2006_ant_361_1_11709 En marge des vieux livres : les manuscrits perdus de Symmaque]", ''Revue d’histoire des textes'', 1976: 197-217 *Alan Cameron, ''The Last Pagans of Rome'', Oxford University Press, 2011 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=AIQ8DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www.academia.edu/117724893/The_Last_Pagans_of_Rome_By_Alan_Cameron Recensio critica] [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2011/2011.12.35 Altera recensio critica] *Nicolas Cavuoto-Denis, ''Vsus scribendi : le projet littéraire de Symmaque dans les Lettres, les Discours et les Rapports'', Turnhout, Brepols, 2023 [https://www.academia.edu/71771621/Vsus_scribendi_le_projet_litt%C3%A9raire_de_Symmaque_dans_les_Lettres_les_Discours_et_les_Rapports Summarium] *Octavius Clason, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=QywUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Symmachi epistularum codice Parisino]'', Bonnae, [1867] '''LATINE''' *Gerd Haverling, ''Studies on Symmachus' Language and Style'', [[Gothoburgum|Gothoburgi]], 1988 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1990_num_59_1_2300_t1_0385_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Gaëlle Hébert de la Portbarré-Viard, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2018_num_197_1_1925 Symmaque dans le ''Contra Symmachum'' de Prudence : enjeux et significations d’une mise à mort littéraire]", ''Vita Latina'', 2018: 148-172 * Bettina Hecht, ''Störungen der Rechtslage in den Relationen des Symmachus : Verwaltung und Rechtsprechung in Rom 384/385 n. Chr'', Berolini, 2006 [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7767/zrgra.2008.125.1.775/html Recensio critica] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/864/mode/2up 865-871] * R. Klein, Symmachus, ''Eine tragische Gestalt des ausgehenden Heidentums'', [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 1971 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3927_t1_0322_0000_1 Recensio critica] * Otto Koren, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=4akiGJ2DkE8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Quaestiones Symmachianae]'', Vindobonae, 1874 '''LATINE''' *Guilelmus Kroll, ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024459482&seq=5 De Q. Aurelii Symmachi studiis graecis et latinis]'', Vratislaviae, 1891 '''LATINE''' * Federico Lizzani, ''Il patrimonio di Q. Aurelius Symmachus a Roma e nel Lazio : una restituzione archeologica dall'epistolario'', Romae, "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2024 ISBN 978-88-913-3294-3 *John Alexander McGeachy, ''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and the Senatorial Aristocracy of the West'', University of Chicago, 1942 * Jill Mitchell, ''[https://www.academia.edu/118514477/The_Religious_world_of_Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]'', Trivent Publishing, 2021 *Eugenius Morin, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=6c9gM4kqQkIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Disquisitio chronologica de dimidia altera quarti saeculi parte juxta Symmachum]'', Parisiis, excudebat Panckoucke, 1847 '''LATINE''' * F. Paschoud (curator), ''Colloque genevois sur Symmaque : à l'occasion du mille six centième anniversaire du conflit de l'autel de la Victoire'', [1984], Les Belles lettres, 1986 *S. Roda, "Simmaco nel gioco politico del suo tempo", ''Studia et Documenta Historiae et Iuris'', 1973: 53-114 *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 * Ernestus Theodorus Schulze, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=hIhHAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false De Q. Aurelii Symmachi vocabulorum formationibus ad sermonem vulgarem pertinentibus]'', Halis Saxonum, 1884 '''LATINE''' * Ramón Teja, ''La más antigua polémica sobre la tolerancia religiosa: el debate entre San Ambrosio de Milán y el senador Símaco sobre el Altar de la Victoria'', Matriti, 2023 ISBN 978-84-19782-23-6 *Cristiana Sogno, ''Q. Aurelius Symmachus : a political biography'', University of Michigan Press, 2006 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=N3qFtZRLuXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *L. M. A. Viola, ''Quinto Aurelio Simmaco : lo splendore della romanitas : la perfezione dell'uomo religioso romano-italiano e la costituzione della civiltà universale della pace'', Forii, Victrix, 2010 [https://bibcatalogo.uca.es/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=870445&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=2642939] {{NexInt}} * [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus Quintum Aurelium Symmachum] spectant *[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Libri_Decem_Epistolarum Libri decem epistolarum apud Vicifontem] * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~Harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Symmachus/sym_re03.html Tertia Relatio Symmachi] * {{BBKL|s/s4/symmachus_a|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=SYMMACHUS EUSEBIUS, Q. AURELIUS|tomus=11|columnae=363-366}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090814190634/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/sym-amb/ambrepf.html Ambrosius, Epistulae xvii et xviii] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Valentinianus II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Neoterius]]| annus= 391<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Eutolmius Tatianus|Flavio Eutolmio Tatiano]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] II et [[Flavius Rufinus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|402|Aurelius Symmachus, Quintus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Gens Aurelia]] mbndp178c90200pdd7grzipg5uada59 3980477 3980476 2026-08-11T15:02:00Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De operibus */ 3980477 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Roma, metà di dittico con un'apoteosi, 400 circa.JPG|thumb|Consecratio Symmachi (ut vulgo putatur). Nam hoc dimidium [[Diptychon consulare|diptychum]] [[ebur|eburneum]] [[Monogramma|monogramma]] Symmachorum fert et circa 400 scalptum est.]] '''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus''' signo '''Eusebius''' (natus circa annum [[342]] - obiit anno [[402]]/[[403|3]]), filius [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus|Lucii Aurelii Avianii Symmachi]] fuit [[Senatus|senator]], [[consul]], [[praefectus urbi Romae]] annis [[384]] et [[385]] et orator. Vulgo pro opulentissimo oratore aetatis suae habitus absque nonnullis ipsi [[Cicero]]ni comparatus est<ref>Etiam ab adversariis ut [[Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'': I.632-642.</ref>. Notus est imprimis commendationis indulgentiae in omnes religiones causa, quam in controversia de ara Victoriae affirmavit. == De familia == Primus ex illa gente avus Quinti Symmachi, Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus, [[Consul|consulatus]] insignia "severitatis merito" anno [[330]] accepit; nova familia igitur in ordine senatorio erant Symmachi. Eo magis praerogativas ordinis vindicare visi sunt. Quintus sororem unam<ref>''Ep''. VIII.49</ref> et tres fratres habuit qui omnes ante ipsum obierunt<ref>Nam circa 380 de Celsino Titiano ita scripsit: ''tertius hic mihi de optimis fratribus luctus est'' (''ep''. III.6).</ref>. Circa 370 Quintus Rusticianam, filiam praefecti [[Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus|Orfiti]], uxorem duxit. Filia eis fuit ignoto nomine nomine<ref>''Ep''. VI.12, 67, 79</ref> quae [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior|Nicomacho Flaviano iuniori]] nupsit, ita adfinitatem inter duos e maximis scriptoribus illius aetatis firmans, et aliquanto postea filius [[Quintus Fabius Memmius Symmachus]] operum patris sui editor posthumus. A maioribus multa [[Immobile|bona immobilia]] hereditario accepit: tres domus Romae, unam [[Capua (urbs antiqua)|Capuae]], quindecim [[villa|villas]] plerumque in Italia meridionali sitas, praedia quoque in [[Samnium|Samnio]], [[Apulia]], [[Sicilia (provincia Romana)|Sicilia]], [[Mauretania (discretiva)|Mauretania]]. Inter tamen senatores modice divites numerabatur et ad munera [[Praetor|praetoria]] filii sui duo milia argenti pondo erogasse dicitur<ref>[[Olympiodorus Thebanus|Olympiodorus]], Fragmentum 44.</ref>. == De cursu honorum == * Annis incertis [[Quaestor|quaesturam]] et [[praetor|praeturam]] gessit. Circa idem tempus [[pontifex |pontifex maior]] cooptatus est<ref>''Epistulae'' I.49, 51 ;II.53 ; IX.147-8.</ref> nec aliud sacerdotium umquam suscepit, quamvis studiosus paganismi defensor<ref>CIL VI, 1699, stela a filio erecta quae cursum honorum Symmachi nobis servavit.</ref>. *364-5 tum cum pater [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] erat ipse corrector [[Lucania|Lucaniae]] et [[Bruttium|Brittiorum]] fit<ref>Cf ''Epistulae'' II.48.</ref>. Tum vetustissimas epistulas scribit quas quidem adhuc habeamus. * anno 369 [[Panegyricus|panegyricos]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] et [[Gratianus|Gratiani]] coram principibus pronuntiat<ref>''Orationes'' I-III.</ref>. In Gallia apud Valentinianum usque ad annum 370 mansit ubi [[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonium]] cognovit cuius amicitiam coluit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.14 et 32.</ref>. Mox [[comes]] tertii ordinis renuntiatur. * 373-4 [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsul Africae]] fit, officium honorificum sine vera potentia<ref>CIL VIII, 24584 et 5347 inscriptiones in [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa]] repertae. Cf ''Epistulae'' VIII.5 et 20. X.1.2-3.</ref>. * anno 376 Gratiani nuntium de morte [[Flavius Maximinus|Maximini]] in senatu recitat<ref>''Epistulae'' I.13 et X.2</ref>. Die 9 Ianuarii orationem ''Pro Trygetio'' in senatu habuit gratias agens quod patrem plebe seditiosa expulsum honorifice revocassent<ref>''Oratio'' V. Cf ''Epistulae'' I.44</ref>. *377-8 Aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.20 et 85. III.47.</ref> * anno 382 legatus senatorum ad Gratianum missus [[Ara Victoriae|aram Victoriae]] in [[Curia Hostilia|curia]] restituendam poscere volebat sed aditu principis prohibitus est<ref>Ambrosius, ''Epistulae'' 17.10</ref> * anno 384 [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] cum matre [[Iustina]] imperante [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus Urbi]] ''sub aestatis exordio''<ref>''Relatio'' 25.3</ref> fit. Tum iterum arae Victoriae restitutionem petiit<ref>''Relatio'' tertia.</ref> sed ab [[Ambrosius|Ambrosio]] episcopo victus est. Praeterea annonae angustiae eum ad magistratum deponendum incitaverunt (februario 385)<ref>Eventa huius praefecturae ab ipsius ''relationibus'' nota sunt. Vide etiam ''Epistulas'' II.36 et 55, III.28.</ref>. In praefectura [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinum]] magistrum rhetoricae nominavit<ref>''[[Confessiones (Augustinus)|Confessiones]]'' V.13.</ref>. * anno 387 partes usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Magni Maximi]] oratione quidem non armis<ref>[[Gennadius Scholasticus|Gennadius]], ''De Viris illustribus'' 49.</ref> sequitur quo mox a Theodosio victo veniam quidem impetrat (et Theodosio in oratione hodie deperdita gratias agebat<ref>''Epistulae'' II.13, 28, 30-32.</ref>) sed eius dignitas aliquantum imminuta est<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistulae'' 1008</ref>. Revera [[Novatianus|Novatianorum]] intercessio episcopi ei saluti fuerat. * iamdiu orator disertissimus velut praeco senatorum erat et anno incerto [[princeps senatus]] publice nominatur<ref>[[Socrates Scholasticus]] V.14.6.</ref> * anno 390 cum Theodosio in gratiam redit et ad [[consul|consulatum ordinarium]] anni proximi designatur<ref>[[Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' I.622-5. Cf ''Epistulae'' II.62-4. V.15. IX.149. </ref> *anno 391 gratiarum actionem in aula Mediolani habet sed quia aram Victoriae memoravit a Theodosio ex urbe expellitur. * annis 392-4 ab [[Eugenius|Eugenii]] [[Arbogastes|Arbogastis]]que usurpatione ipse abstinet sed filius quaestor, gener praefectus Urbi sunt et amicus Virius Nicomachus Flavius post cladem sibi mortem voluntariam conscivit. *Usque ad annum 398 in umbra remanet. 396/7 aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' III.38-39, V.58 etc.</ref>, anno 398 plebe irata expulsus est ac postea revocatus<ref>''Epistulae'' VI.66, VIII.64-5, IX.81.</ref>. Ab illo anno cursui honorum Memmi filii (sc. praeturae) operam dat<ref>''Ep''. IV.7, 8, 12, 58, 59, 60, 63 etc. </ref> et usque ad mortem [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichoni]] tum in Occidente dominanti satis propinquus est<ref>''Epistulae'' IV.1-14.</ref>. In summa munera honorifica multa absolvit, numquam tamen in aula apud principes vitam egit. Plerumque Romae aut in villis tempus litteris terebat. Itaque ad res magnas decidendas momentum non habuit. == De homine litterato == E litteris igitur et facultate dicendi pleramque auctoritatem suam ducebat. In litteris ut in republica aut religione [[mos maiorum|morem maiorum]] imprimis venerabatur. Ita [[Vergilius|Vergilium]], [[Cicero|Ciceronem]], [[Titus Maccius Plautus|Plautum]], [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentium]], [[Horatius|Horatium]] imprimis amat quorum sententiarum saepe in ''Epistulis'' meminit. Amplam bibliothecam sibi pararat: novimus enim apud Symmachum fuisse Titum Livium integrum quem emendare coeperat<ref>''Epistulae'' IX.13.</ref>, necnon [[Plinius Maior|Plinium Maiorem]] aut ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|Commentarios de Bello Gallico]]''. Ita quodam modo 'litteras classicas' iam invenerat quas spreta lingua suae aetatis colebat<ref>De Symmachi studiis vide G. Kroll(1891).</ref> et litteras amatas ut posteris traderentur curabat. Librarii enim apud Symmachos textus duplicabant. Adulescentes suae aetatis quoque ad rhetoricam studendam hortabatur<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004.</ref> et filio instituendo ipse operam dedit<ref>''Ep''. V.5 et VI.61</ref> In ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalibus]]''<ref>I.24.8.</ref> Vergilium non tantum litterarum sed etiam [[Theologia|theologiae]] et [[ritus|rituum]] magistrum esse contendebat. Non minus enim a novitatibus orientalibus in [[Polytheismus|polytheismum]] nuper introductis abhorrebat quam a Christianismo. Vetus Romanus volebat esse. == De operibus == Tria genera operum reliquit Symmachus, epistulas, relationes, orationes: * '''orationes''' octo ab ipso circa [[376]] publicatae sunt quae ad patrem, Valentinianos principes et alios homines nobiles pertinent. Anno [[1815]] in [[Palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] ab [[Angelus Mai|Angelo Mai]] inventae sunt, antea a septimo saeculo deperditae. *'''relationes''' 49 statim post praefecturam circa [[385]] edidit inter quas celeberrima tertia relatio de ara Victoriae versatur. Illae relationes illius actionem in magistratu gerendo recensent. *'''epistulae''' plus quam nongentae in decem libros digestae magnum opus eius faciunt. Liber primus paulo post 385 in lumen prodisse vulgo creditur (epistulas ad patrem et fratrem continet necnon ad poetam [[Ausonius|Ausonium]] filiumque eius Hesperium et ad amicum [[Vettius Agorius Praetextatus|Praetextatum]], fratrem in paganismo). Cetera post mortem auctoris sed ante annum 409 a filio Memmio edita putantur. In septem primis libris epistulae per personas quibus missae sunt disponuntur sine ulla [[Chronologia|chronologica]] aut [[Thema (litterae)|thematica]] ordinatione. In octavo et nono sine ordine miscentur epistulae (pars maxima decimi deperdita est), ne personae quidem quibus mittuntur semper indicantur. Unde eruditi coniecerunt auctorem editionem usque ad septimum librum praeparasse, postea filium solum relictum ut potuit reliqua edidisse<ref>S. Roda, "Alcune ipotesi sulla prima edizione dell'epistolario di Simmaco", ''La Parola des Passato'', 1979: 31-54.</ref>. Certe Nicomachi non parvam partem epistularum recipiunt: liber secundus totus [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virio Nicomacho Flaviano]] dicatur, sextum librum ceteri inter se Nicomachi partiuntur. Lectorem modernum in illis epistulis paupertas [[thema|thematum]] offendit: etenim de rebus publicis aut religiosis scribendi tum libertas nulla erat et delatores speculabantur. Etiam retrorsus censura agebat: ita Memmius epistulas ad [[Usurpatio|usurpatores]] [[Magnus Maximus|Maximum]], [[Eugenius (imperator)|Eugenium]], [[Arbogastes|Arbogastem]] suppressit. Nuntii secreti et periculosi tabellariis maximae fidei mandabantur qui oraliter eos referebant, numquam scribebantur. Brevissimae igitur sunt epistulae Symmachi. Plerumque de mera salutatione et amicitiae professione agebatur aut [[Salus|salutis]] inquisitione et officiorum reciprocitate in epistularum commercio. Saepe simul propinquos et homines bene meritos [[Magistratus|magistratibus]] amicis commendabat. Rarius de litteris aut senatu consulto et annona Urbis aliquid scribebat aut de peregrinationibus in villas suas. Semel et iterum de lite apud iudices<ref>Federico-Alberto Poglio, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2008_num_120_1_10422 Una lite giudiziaria tra Aurelio Simmaco e Petronio Probo : a proposito di Symm., Epp. 2, 28; 30-31 e 3, 4]" in ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2008 (120-1): 149-161.</ref>. Omnia cursim sine excursu. Itaque spem lectoris saepe decipit. Ipse tenuis materiae sibi conscius erat: ''Quousque enim'', Nicomacho inquiebat, ''dandae ac reddendae salutationis verba blaterabimus, cum alia stylo materia non suppetat?''.<ref>''Ep''. II.35.</ref> == De genere dicendi et iudiciis == Stilus Symmachi non facile finitur. Duodecimo saeculo [[Alanus ab Insulis]] brevitatem eius evidentem extollens eum 'verbis parcum' sed 'mente profundum' dicebat: <blockquote><poem> Symacus in uerbis parcus sed mente profundus, Prodigus in sensu, uerbis angustus, habundans Mente, sed ore minor, fructu, non fronde beatus, Sensus diuicias uerbi breuitate coartat.<ref>''Anticlaudianus'' III.236-9</ref> </poem></blockquote> Nec dubium quin sententiae breves subiunctionem vitantes alienissimae sunt a [[periodus|periodico]] stilo quem in Ciceronis orationibus legimus sed non minus a sermone familiari quo utebatur magnus orator in epistulis abhorrent. Ipse ''ingenii sui maciem'' causabatur<ref>I.81. Cf ibidem I.14 ad Ausonium: ''Sed ego qui sum paupertini ingenii mei mihi conscius, Laconicae malo studere brevitati, quam multijugis paginis infantiae maciem publicare''.</ref>. Coaevi tamen stilum floridum et pinguem potius laudabant verisimile quia nomina et adiectiva magna densitate spissantur et plenitudinis speciem praebent. Ita [[Macrobius]]: <blockquote> ''Quattuor sunt, inquit Eusebius, genera dicendi: copiosum, in quo Cicero dominatur: breve, in quo Salustius regnat: siccum, quod Frontoni ascribitur: pingue et floridum in quo Plinius Secundus quondam et nunc nullo veterum minor noster Symmachus luxuriatur.''<ref>''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' V.1.7.</ref> </blockquote> [[Rhythmus|Numeris]] sophisticis<ref>Johannes Möller, ''De clausulis a Q. Aurelio Symmacho adhibitis'', Aschendorff, 1912. Louis Havet, ''[https://archive.org/details/laprosemtriqued00havegoog/page/n15/mode/2up La prose métrique de Symmaque et les origines métriques du cursus]'', Lutetiae, Emile Bouillon, 1892</ref> et splendido exquisitoque [[Vocabularium|vocabulario]] nitebat Symmachi [[prosa]] quae summam artem redolebat in variationibus circa exilem materiam innumeris. Amicus Ausonius [[Dithyrambus|dithyrambum]] ei composuit: <blockquote> ''Haud quisquam ita nitet, ut comparatus tibi non sordeat. Quis ita Aesopi venustatem, quis sophisticas Socratis conclusiones, enthymemata Demosthenis, aut opulentiam Tullianam, aut proprietatem nostri Maronis accedat?'' <ref>''Ep.'' V.32 ab Ausonio Symmacho missa et in epistolarium eius introducta.</ref> </blockquote> Sed et adversarii "Romani decus eloquii" attollebant ut poeta Christianus Prudentius qui eum supra Ciceronem ponebat<ref>''Contra Symmachum'' I.632-5.</ref> atque eo magis eum pigebat quod pereuntes deos et sordidos defendere mallet. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == *[[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/foto/F010361 VI, 1699] ; VIII, 24584 ; VIII, 5347 *[[Ambrosius]], ''Epistulae'' XVII et XVIII *[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004. * [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' *[[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' == Editiones criticae et commentarii == *Otto Seeck, ''[https://archive.org/details/qaureliisymmach00seecgoog/page/n8/mode/2up Q. Aurelii Symmachi quae supersunt]'' ([[Monumenta Germaniae historica|Monumenta Germaniae Historica]]), Berolini, 1893 [[Fasciculus:Base statua di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco - Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|CIL VI, 1699 = basis statuae a filio Memmio patri in [[Mons Caelius|monte Caelio]] erectae ubi eorum domus erat: cursum honorum brevem legere licet.]] *[[Collection des Universités de France]]: J.P. Callu, ''Symmaque. Correspondance.'' Les Belles Lettres, 1972-2002 (quattuor tomi) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1973_num_42_1_1704_t1_0288_0000_5 Recensio critica] ** ''Symmaque. Discours. Rapports'', ibidem, 2009 (tomus V operum) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2013_num_82_1_3841_t17_0359_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Giovanni Alberto Cecconi, ''Commento storico al libro II dell'Epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : con introduzione, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 2002 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003.11.17 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2004_num_73_1_2554_t1_0408_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/84769725/Giovanni_Alberto_Cecconi_Commento_storico_al_libro_II_dellepistolario_di_Q_Aurelio_Simmaco_Con_introduzione_testo_traduzione_e_indici Tertia recensio critica] *Maria Lubello, ''[https://flore.unifi.it/retrieve/5f4d48db-5049-487b-ac42-4092ba20a52a/Lubello_Maria_Commento_storico_libri_VII-VIII_2024.pdf Commento storico ai libri VII e VIII dell’epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, testo, traduzione, commento storico]'', Florentiae, 2024 [https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/1374992 Dissertatio academica] * Arnaldo Marcone, ''Commento storico al libro IV dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1987 ** Commento storico al libro VI dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: Introd., commento storico, teste, traduzione, indici, Pisae, 1983 *Andrea Pellizzari, ''Commento storico al libro III dell epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1983. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2003_num_72_1_2530_t1_0416_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Paola Rivolta Tiberga, ''Commento storico al libro V dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1982 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1996_num_65_1_1262_t1_0346_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Sergio Roda, ''Commento storico al libro IX dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 1981 * Domenico Vera, ''Commento storico alle "relationes" di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento, testo, traduzione, appendice sul libro X, 1-2, indici'', Pisae, 1981 == Plura legere si cupis == *Marco Bertolini, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/24182889 Sull' attegiamento religioso di Q. A. Simmaco]", ''Studi Classici e Orientali'', 1987: 189-208 *Philippe Bruggisser, ''Symmaque ou le rituel épistolaire de l'amitié littéraire. Recherches sur le premier livre de la correspondance'', Fribourg, 1993 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1995_num_64_1_1237_t1_0337_0000_2 Recensio critica] *JP Callu, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2006_ant_361_1_11709 En marge des vieux livres : les manuscrits perdus de Symmaque]", ''Revue d’histoire des textes'', 1976: 197-217 *Alan Cameron, ''The Last Pagans of Rome'', Oxford University Press, 2011 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=AIQ8DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www.academia.edu/117724893/The_Last_Pagans_of_Rome_By_Alan_Cameron Recensio critica] [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2011/2011.12.35 Altera recensio critica] *Nicolas Cavuoto-Denis, ''Vsus scribendi : le projet littéraire de Symmaque dans les Lettres, les Discours et les Rapports'', Turnhout, Brepols, 2023 [https://www.academia.edu/71771621/Vsus_scribendi_le_projet_litt%C3%A9raire_de_Symmaque_dans_les_Lettres_les_Discours_et_les_Rapports Summarium] *Octavius Clason, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=QywUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Symmachi epistularum codice Parisino]'', Bonnae, [1867] '''LATINE''' *Gerd Haverling, ''Studies on Symmachus' Language and Style'', [[Gothoburgum|Gothoburgi]], 1988 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1990_num_59_1_2300_t1_0385_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Gaëlle Hébert de la Portbarré-Viard, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2018_num_197_1_1925 Symmaque dans le ''Contra Symmachum'' de Prudence : enjeux et significations d’une mise à mort littéraire]", ''Vita Latina'', 2018: 148-172 * Bettina Hecht, ''Störungen der Rechtslage in den Relationen des Symmachus : Verwaltung und Rechtsprechung in Rom 384/385 n. Chr'', Berolini, 2006 [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7767/zrgra.2008.125.1.775/html Recensio critica] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/864/mode/2up 865-871] * R. Klein, Symmachus, ''Eine tragische Gestalt des ausgehenden Heidentums'', [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 1971 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3927_t1_0322_0000_1 Recensio critica] * Otto Koren, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=4akiGJ2DkE8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Quaestiones Symmachianae]'', Vindobonae, 1874 '''LATINE''' *Guilelmus Kroll, ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024459482&seq=5 De Q. Aurelii Symmachi studiis graecis et latinis]'', Vratislaviae, 1891 '''LATINE''' * Federico Lizzani, ''Il patrimonio di Q. Aurelius Symmachus a Roma e nel Lazio : una restituzione archeologica dall'epistolario'', Romae, "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2024 ISBN 978-88-913-3294-3 *John Alexander McGeachy, ''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and the Senatorial Aristocracy of the West'', University of Chicago, 1942 * Jill Mitchell, ''[https://www.academia.edu/118514477/The_Religious_world_of_Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]'', Trivent Publishing, 2021 *Eugenius Morin, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=6c9gM4kqQkIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Disquisitio chronologica de dimidia altera quarti saeculi parte juxta Symmachum]'', Parisiis, excudebat Panckoucke, 1847 '''LATINE''' * F. Paschoud (curator), ''Colloque genevois sur Symmaque : à l'occasion du mille six centième anniversaire du conflit de l'autel de la Victoire'', [1984], Les Belles lettres, 1986 *S. Roda, "Simmaco nel gioco politico del suo tempo", ''Studia et Documenta Historiae et Iuris'', 1973: 53-114 *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 * Ernestus Theodorus Schulze, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=hIhHAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false De Q. Aurelii Symmachi vocabulorum formationibus ad sermonem vulgarem pertinentibus]'', Halis Saxonum, 1884 '''LATINE''' * Ramón Teja, ''La más antigua polémica sobre la tolerancia religiosa: el debate entre San Ambrosio de Milán y el senador Símaco sobre el Altar de la Victoria'', Matriti, 2023 ISBN 978-84-19782-23-6 *Cristiana Sogno, ''Q. Aurelius Symmachus : a political biography'', University of Michigan Press, 2006 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=N3qFtZRLuXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *L. M. A. Viola, ''Quinto Aurelio Simmaco : lo splendore della romanitas : la perfezione dell'uomo religioso romano-italiano e la costituzione della civiltà universale della pace'', Forii, Victrix, 2010 [https://bibcatalogo.uca.es/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=870445&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=2642939] {{NexInt}} * [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus Quintum Aurelium Symmachum] spectant *[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Libri_Decem_Epistolarum Libri decem epistolarum apud Vicifontem] * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~Harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Symmachus/sym_re03.html Tertia Relatio Symmachi] * {{BBKL|s/s4/symmachus_a|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=SYMMACHUS EUSEBIUS, Q. AURELIUS|tomus=11|columnae=363-366}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090814190634/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/sym-amb/ambrepf.html Ambrosius, Epistulae xvii et xviii] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Valentinianus II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Neoterius]]| annus= 391<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Eutolmius Tatianus|Flavio Eutolmio Tatiano]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] II et [[Flavius Rufinus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|402|Aurelius Symmachus, Quintus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Gens Aurelia]] il94bkzjfg2bz9nw1vablpjohoirice 3980499 3980477 2026-08-11T15:38:40Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De genere dicendi et iudiciis */ 3980499 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Roma, metà di dittico con un'apoteosi, 400 circa.JPG|thumb|Consecratio Symmachi (ut vulgo putatur). Nam hoc dimidium [[Diptychon consulare|diptychum]] [[ebur|eburneum]] [[Monogramma|monogramma]] Symmachorum fert et circa 400 scalptum est.]] '''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus''' signo '''Eusebius''' (natus circa annum [[342]] - obiit anno [[402]]/[[403|3]]), filius [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus|Lucii Aurelii Avianii Symmachi]] fuit [[Senatus|senator]], [[consul]], [[praefectus urbi Romae]] annis [[384]] et [[385]] et orator. Vulgo pro opulentissimo oratore aetatis suae habitus absque nonnullis ipsi [[Cicero]]ni comparatus est<ref>Etiam ab adversariis ut [[Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'': I.632-642.</ref>. Notus est imprimis commendationis indulgentiae in omnes religiones causa, quam in controversia de ara Victoriae affirmavit. == De familia == Primus ex illa gente avus Quinti Symmachi, Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus, [[Consul|consulatus]] insignia "severitatis merito" anno [[330]] accepit; nova familia igitur in ordine senatorio erant Symmachi. Eo magis praerogativas ordinis vindicare visi sunt. Quintus sororem unam<ref>''Ep''. VIII.49</ref> et tres fratres habuit qui omnes ante ipsum obierunt<ref>Nam circa 380 de Celsino Titiano ita scripsit: ''tertius hic mihi de optimis fratribus luctus est'' (''ep''. III.6).</ref>. Circa 370 Quintus Rusticianam, filiam praefecti [[Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus|Orfiti]], uxorem duxit. Filia eis fuit ignoto nomine nomine<ref>''Ep''. VI.12, 67, 79</ref> quae [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior|Nicomacho Flaviano iuniori]] nupsit, ita adfinitatem inter duos e maximis scriptoribus illius aetatis firmans, et aliquanto postea filius [[Quintus Fabius Memmius Symmachus]] operum patris sui editor posthumus. A maioribus multa [[Immobile|bona immobilia]] hereditario accepit: tres domus Romae, unam [[Capua (urbs antiqua)|Capuae]], quindecim [[villa|villas]] plerumque in Italia meridionali sitas, praedia quoque in [[Samnium|Samnio]], [[Apulia]], [[Sicilia (provincia Romana)|Sicilia]], [[Mauretania (discretiva)|Mauretania]]. Inter tamen senatores modice divites numerabatur et ad munera [[Praetor|praetoria]] filii sui duo milia argenti pondo erogasse dicitur<ref>[[Olympiodorus Thebanus|Olympiodorus]], Fragmentum 44.</ref>. == De cursu honorum == * Annis incertis [[Quaestor|quaesturam]] et [[praetor|praeturam]] gessit. Circa idem tempus [[pontifex |pontifex maior]] cooptatus est<ref>''Epistulae'' I.49, 51 ;II.53 ; IX.147-8.</ref> nec aliud sacerdotium umquam suscepit, quamvis studiosus paganismi defensor<ref>CIL VI, 1699, stela a filio erecta quae cursum honorum Symmachi nobis servavit.</ref>. *364-5 tum cum pater [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] erat ipse corrector [[Lucania|Lucaniae]] et [[Bruttium|Brittiorum]] fit<ref>Cf ''Epistulae'' II.48.</ref>. Tum vetustissimas epistulas scribit quas quidem adhuc habeamus. * anno 369 [[Panegyricus|panegyricos]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] et [[Gratianus|Gratiani]] coram principibus pronuntiat<ref>''Orationes'' I-III.</ref>. In Gallia apud Valentinianum usque ad annum 370 mansit ubi [[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonium]] cognovit cuius amicitiam coluit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.14 et 32.</ref>. Mox [[comes]] tertii ordinis renuntiatur. * 373-4 [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsul Africae]] fit, officium honorificum sine vera potentia<ref>CIL VIII, 24584 et 5347 inscriptiones in [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa]] repertae. Cf ''Epistulae'' VIII.5 et 20. X.1.2-3.</ref>. * anno 376 Gratiani nuntium de morte [[Flavius Maximinus|Maximini]] in senatu recitat<ref>''Epistulae'' I.13 et X.2</ref>. Die 9 Ianuarii orationem ''Pro Trygetio'' in senatu habuit gratias agens quod patrem plebe seditiosa expulsum honorifice revocassent<ref>''Oratio'' V. Cf ''Epistulae'' I.44</ref>. *377-8 Aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.20 et 85. III.47.</ref> * anno 382 legatus senatorum ad Gratianum missus [[Ara Victoriae|aram Victoriae]] in [[Curia Hostilia|curia]] restituendam poscere volebat sed aditu principis prohibitus est<ref>Ambrosius, ''Epistulae'' 17.10</ref> * anno 384 [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] cum matre [[Iustina]] imperante [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus Urbi]] ''sub aestatis exordio''<ref>''Relatio'' 25.3</ref> fit. Tum iterum arae Victoriae restitutionem petiit<ref>''Relatio'' tertia.</ref> sed ab [[Ambrosius|Ambrosio]] episcopo victus est. Praeterea annonae angustiae eum ad magistratum deponendum incitaverunt (februario 385)<ref>Eventa huius praefecturae ab ipsius ''relationibus'' nota sunt. Vide etiam ''Epistulas'' II.36 et 55, III.28.</ref>. In praefectura [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinum]] magistrum rhetoricae nominavit<ref>''[[Confessiones (Augustinus)|Confessiones]]'' V.13.</ref>. * anno 387 partes usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Magni Maximi]] oratione quidem non armis<ref>[[Gennadius Scholasticus|Gennadius]], ''De Viris illustribus'' 49.</ref> sequitur quo mox a Theodosio victo veniam quidem impetrat (et Theodosio in oratione hodie deperdita gratias agebat<ref>''Epistulae'' II.13, 28, 30-32.</ref>) sed eius dignitas aliquantum imminuta est<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistulae'' 1008</ref>. Revera [[Novatianus|Novatianorum]] intercessio episcopi ei saluti fuerat. * iamdiu orator disertissimus velut praeco senatorum erat et anno incerto [[princeps senatus]] publice nominatur<ref>[[Socrates Scholasticus]] V.14.6.</ref> * anno 390 cum Theodosio in gratiam redit et ad [[consul|consulatum ordinarium]] anni proximi designatur<ref>[[Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' I.622-5. Cf ''Epistulae'' II.62-4. V.15. IX.149. </ref> *anno 391 gratiarum actionem in aula Mediolani habet sed quia aram Victoriae memoravit a Theodosio ex urbe expellitur. * annis 392-4 ab [[Eugenius|Eugenii]] [[Arbogastes|Arbogastis]]que usurpatione ipse abstinet sed filius quaestor, gener praefectus Urbi sunt et amicus Virius Nicomachus Flavius post cladem sibi mortem voluntariam conscivit. *Usque ad annum 398 in umbra remanet. 396/7 aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' III.38-39, V.58 etc.</ref>, anno 398 plebe irata expulsus est ac postea revocatus<ref>''Epistulae'' VI.66, VIII.64-5, IX.81.</ref>. Ab illo anno cursui honorum Memmi filii (sc. praeturae) operam dat<ref>''Ep''. IV.7, 8, 12, 58, 59, 60, 63 etc. </ref> et usque ad mortem [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichoni]] tum in Occidente dominanti satis propinquus est<ref>''Epistulae'' IV.1-14.</ref>. In summa munera honorifica multa absolvit, numquam tamen in aula apud principes vitam egit. Plerumque Romae aut in villis tempus litteris terebat. Itaque ad res magnas decidendas momentum non habuit. == De homine litterato == E litteris igitur et facultate dicendi pleramque auctoritatem suam ducebat. In litteris ut in republica aut religione [[mos maiorum|morem maiorum]] imprimis venerabatur. Ita [[Vergilius|Vergilium]], [[Cicero|Ciceronem]], [[Titus Maccius Plautus|Plautum]], [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentium]], [[Horatius|Horatium]] imprimis amat quorum sententiarum saepe in ''Epistulis'' meminit. Amplam bibliothecam sibi pararat: novimus enim apud Symmachum fuisse Titum Livium integrum quem emendare coeperat<ref>''Epistulae'' IX.13.</ref>, necnon [[Plinius Maior|Plinium Maiorem]] aut ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|Commentarios de Bello Gallico]]''. Ita quodam modo 'litteras classicas' iam invenerat quas spreta lingua suae aetatis colebat<ref>De Symmachi studiis vide G. Kroll(1891).</ref> et litteras amatas ut posteris traderentur curabat. Librarii enim apud Symmachos textus duplicabant. Adulescentes suae aetatis quoque ad rhetoricam studendam hortabatur<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004.</ref> et filio instituendo ipse operam dedit<ref>''Ep''. V.5 et VI.61</ref> In ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalibus]]''<ref>I.24.8.</ref> Vergilium non tantum litterarum sed etiam [[Theologia|theologiae]] et [[ritus|rituum]] magistrum esse contendebat. Non minus enim a novitatibus orientalibus in [[Polytheismus|polytheismum]] nuper introductis abhorrebat quam a Christianismo. Vetus Romanus volebat esse. == De operibus == Tria genera operum reliquit Symmachus, epistulas, relationes, orationes: * '''orationes''' octo ab ipso circa [[376]] publicatae sunt quae ad patrem, Valentinianos principes et alios homines nobiles pertinent. Anno [[1815]] in [[Palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] ab [[Angelus Mai|Angelo Mai]] inventae sunt, antea a septimo saeculo deperditae. *'''relationes''' 49 statim post praefecturam circa [[385]] edidit inter quas celeberrima tertia relatio de ara Victoriae versatur. Illae relationes illius actionem in magistratu gerendo recensent. *'''epistulae''' plus quam nongentae in decem libros digestae magnum opus eius faciunt. Liber primus paulo post 385 in lumen prodisse vulgo creditur (epistulas ad patrem et fratrem continet necnon ad poetam [[Ausonius|Ausonium]] filiumque eius Hesperium et ad amicum [[Vettius Agorius Praetextatus|Praetextatum]], fratrem in paganismo). Cetera post mortem auctoris sed ante annum 409 a filio Memmio edita putantur. In septem primis libris epistulae per personas quibus missae sunt disponuntur sine ulla [[Chronologia|chronologica]] aut [[Thema (litterae)|thematica]] ordinatione. In octavo et nono sine ordine miscentur epistulae (pars maxima decimi deperdita est), ne personae quidem quibus mittuntur semper indicantur. Unde eruditi coniecerunt auctorem editionem usque ad septimum librum praeparasse, postea filium solum relictum ut potuit reliqua edidisse<ref>S. Roda, "Alcune ipotesi sulla prima edizione dell'epistolario di Simmaco", ''La Parola des Passato'', 1979: 31-54.</ref>. Certe Nicomachi non parvam partem epistularum recipiunt: liber secundus totus [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virio Nicomacho Flaviano]] dicatur, sextum librum ceteri inter se Nicomachi partiuntur. Lectorem modernum in illis epistulis paupertas [[thema|thematum]] offendit: etenim de rebus publicis aut religiosis scribendi tum libertas nulla erat et delatores speculabantur. Etiam retrorsus censura agebat: ita Memmius epistulas ad [[Usurpatio|usurpatores]] [[Magnus Maximus|Maximum]], [[Eugenius (imperator)|Eugenium]], [[Arbogastes|Arbogastem]] suppressit. Nuntii secreti et periculosi tabellariis maximae fidei mandabantur qui oraliter eos referebant, numquam scribebantur. Brevissimae igitur sunt epistulae Symmachi. Plerumque de mera salutatione et amicitiae professione agebatur aut [[Salus|salutis]] inquisitione et officiorum reciprocitate in epistularum commercio. Saepe simul propinquos et homines bene meritos [[Magistratus|magistratibus]] amicis commendabat. Rarius de litteris aut senatu consulto et annona Urbis aliquid scribebat aut de peregrinationibus in villas suas. Semel et iterum de lite apud iudices<ref>Federico-Alberto Poglio, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2008_num_120_1_10422 Una lite giudiziaria tra Aurelio Simmaco e Petronio Probo : a proposito di Symm., Epp. 2, 28; 30-31 e 3, 4]" in ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2008 (120-1): 149-161.</ref>. Omnia cursim sine excursu. Itaque spem lectoris saepe decipit. Ipse tenuis materiae sibi conscius erat: ''Quousque enim'', Nicomacho inquiebat, ''dandae ac reddendae salutationis verba blaterabimus, cum alia stylo materia non suppetat?''.<ref>''Ep''. II.35.</ref> == De genere dicendi et iudiciis == Stilus Symmachi non facile finitur. Duodecimo saeculo [[Alanus ab Insulis]] brevitatem eius evidentem extollens eum 'verbis parcum' sed 'mente profundum' dicebat: <blockquote><poem> Symacus in uerbis parcus sed mente profundus, Prodigus in sensu, uerbis angustus, habundans Mente, sed ore minor, fructu, non fronde beatus, Sensus diuicias uerbi breuitate coartat.<ref>''Anticlaudianus'' III.236-9</ref> </poem></blockquote> Nec dubium quin sententiae breves subiunctionem vitantes alienissimae sunt a [[periodus|periodico]] stilo quem in Ciceronis orationibus legimus sed non minus a sermone familiari quo utebatur magnus orator in epistulis abhorrent. Ipse ''ingenii sui maciem'' causabatur<ref>I.81. Cf ibidem I.14 ad Ausonium: ''Sed ego qui sum paupertini ingenii mei mihi conscius, Laconicae malo studere brevitati, quam multijugis paginis infantiae maciem publicare''.</ref>. Coaevi tamen stilum floridum et pinguem potius laudabant verisimile quia nomina et adiectiva magna densitate spissantur et plenitudinis speciem praebent. Ita [[Macrobius]]: <blockquote> ''Quattuor sunt, inquit Eusebius, genera dicendi: copiosum, in quo Cicero dominatur: breve, in quo Salustius regnat: siccum, quod Frontoni ascribitur: pingue et floridum in quo Plinius Secundus quondam et nunc nullo veterum minor noster Symmachus luxuriatur.''<ref>''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' V.1.7.</ref> </blockquote> [[Rhythmus|Numeris]] sophisticis<ref>Johannes Möller, ''De clausulis a Q. Aurelio Symmacho adhibitis'', Aschendorff, 1912. Louis Havet, ''[https://archive.org/details/laprosemtriqued00havegoog/page/n15/mode/2up La prose métrique de Symmaque et les origines métriques du cursus]'', Lutetiae, Emile Bouillon, 1892</ref> et splendido exquisitoque [[Vocabularium|vocabulario]] nitebat Symmachi [[prosa]] quae summam artem redolebat in variationibus circa exilem materiam innumeris. Amicus Ausonius [[Dithyrambus|dithyrambum]] ei composuit: <blockquote> ''Haud quisquam ita nitet, ut comparatus tibi non sordeat. Quis ita Aesopi venustatem, quis sophisticas Socratis conclusiones, enthymemata Demosthenis, aut opulentiam Tullianam, aut proprietatem nostri Maronis accedat?'' <ref>''Ep.'' V.32 ab Ausonio Symmacho missa et in epistolarium eius introducta.</ref> </blockquote> Sed et adversarii "Romani decus eloquii" attollebant ut poeta Christianus Prudentius qui eum supra Ciceronem ponebat<ref>''Contra Symmachum'' I.632-5.</ref> atque eo magis eum pigebat quod pereuntes deos et sordidos defendere mallet. In electione verborum locutiones [[Archaicum|archaevas]] e Plauto aut Terentio saepe adfectat, ut e.g. ''fors fuat an'' in classici 'forsitan' loco. Poetica verba quoque non contemnit. Modernus rursus videtur cum nomina [[Abstractio|abstracta]] e verbis ducta multiplicat aut etiam [[Neologismus|neologismos]] procudit. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == *[[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/foto/F010361 VI, 1699] ; VIII, 24584 ; VIII, 5347 *[[Ambrosius]], ''Epistulae'' XVII et XVIII *[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004. * [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' *[[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' == Editiones criticae et commentarii == *Otto Seeck, ''[https://archive.org/details/qaureliisymmach00seecgoog/page/n8/mode/2up Q. Aurelii Symmachi quae supersunt]'' ([[Monumenta Germaniae historica|Monumenta Germaniae Historica]]), Berolini, 1893 [[Fasciculus:Base statua di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco - Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|CIL VI, 1699 = basis statuae a filio Memmio patri in [[Mons Caelius|monte Caelio]] erectae ubi eorum domus erat: cursum honorum brevem legere licet.]] *[[Collection des Universités de France]]: J.P. Callu, ''Symmaque. Correspondance.'' Les Belles Lettres, 1972-2002 (quattuor tomi) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1973_num_42_1_1704_t1_0288_0000_5 Recensio critica] ** ''Symmaque. Discours. Rapports'', ibidem, 2009 (tomus V operum) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2013_num_82_1_3841_t17_0359_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Giovanni Alberto Cecconi, ''Commento storico al libro II dell'Epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : con introduzione, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 2002 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003.11.17 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2004_num_73_1_2554_t1_0408_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/84769725/Giovanni_Alberto_Cecconi_Commento_storico_al_libro_II_dellepistolario_di_Q_Aurelio_Simmaco_Con_introduzione_testo_traduzione_e_indici Tertia recensio critica] *Maria Lubello, ''[https://flore.unifi.it/retrieve/5f4d48db-5049-487b-ac42-4092ba20a52a/Lubello_Maria_Commento_storico_libri_VII-VIII_2024.pdf Commento storico ai libri VII e VIII dell’epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, testo, traduzione, commento storico]'', Florentiae, 2024 [https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/1374992 Dissertatio academica] * Arnaldo Marcone, ''Commento storico al libro IV dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1987 ** Commento storico al libro VI dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: Introd., commento storico, teste, traduzione, indici, Pisae, 1983 *Andrea Pellizzari, ''Commento storico al libro III dell epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1983. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2003_num_72_1_2530_t1_0416_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Paola Rivolta Tiberga, ''Commento storico al libro V dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1982 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1996_num_65_1_1262_t1_0346_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Sergio Roda, ''Commento storico al libro IX dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 1981 * Domenico Vera, ''Commento storico alle "relationes" di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento, testo, traduzione, appendice sul libro X, 1-2, indici'', Pisae, 1981 == Plura legere si cupis == *Marco Bertolini, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/24182889 Sull' attegiamento religioso di Q. A. Simmaco]", ''Studi Classici e Orientali'', 1987: 189-208 *Philippe Bruggisser, ''Symmaque ou le rituel épistolaire de l'amitié littéraire. Recherches sur le premier livre de la correspondance'', Fribourg, 1993 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1995_num_64_1_1237_t1_0337_0000_2 Recensio critica] *JP Callu, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2006_ant_361_1_11709 En marge des vieux livres : les manuscrits perdus de Symmaque]", ''Revue d’histoire des textes'', 1976: 197-217 *Alan Cameron, ''The Last Pagans of Rome'', Oxford University Press, 2011 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=AIQ8DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www.academia.edu/117724893/The_Last_Pagans_of_Rome_By_Alan_Cameron Recensio critica] [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2011/2011.12.35 Altera recensio critica] *Nicolas Cavuoto-Denis, ''Vsus scribendi : le projet littéraire de Symmaque dans les Lettres, les Discours et les Rapports'', Turnhout, Brepols, 2023 [https://www.academia.edu/71771621/Vsus_scribendi_le_projet_litt%C3%A9raire_de_Symmaque_dans_les_Lettres_les_Discours_et_les_Rapports Summarium] *Octavius Clason, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=QywUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Symmachi epistularum codice Parisino]'', Bonnae, [1867] '''LATINE''' *Gerd Haverling, ''Studies on Symmachus' Language and Style'', [[Gothoburgum|Gothoburgi]], 1988 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1990_num_59_1_2300_t1_0385_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Gaëlle Hébert de la Portbarré-Viard, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2018_num_197_1_1925 Symmaque dans le ''Contra Symmachum'' de Prudence : enjeux et significations d’une mise à mort littéraire]", ''Vita Latina'', 2018: 148-172 * Bettina Hecht, ''Störungen der Rechtslage in den Relationen des Symmachus : Verwaltung und Rechtsprechung in Rom 384/385 n. Chr'', Berolini, 2006 [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7767/zrgra.2008.125.1.775/html Recensio critica] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/864/mode/2up 865-871] * R. Klein, Symmachus, ''Eine tragische Gestalt des ausgehenden Heidentums'', [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 1971 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3927_t1_0322_0000_1 Recensio critica] * Otto Koren, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=4akiGJ2DkE8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Quaestiones Symmachianae]'', Vindobonae, 1874 '''LATINE''' *Guilelmus Kroll, ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024459482&seq=5 De Q. Aurelii Symmachi studiis graecis et latinis]'', Vratislaviae, 1891 '''LATINE''' * Federico Lizzani, ''Il patrimonio di Q. Aurelius Symmachus a Roma e nel Lazio : una restituzione archeologica dall'epistolario'', Romae, "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2024 ISBN 978-88-913-3294-3 *John Alexander McGeachy, ''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and the Senatorial Aristocracy of the West'', University of Chicago, 1942 * Jill Mitchell, ''[https://www.academia.edu/118514477/The_Religious_world_of_Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]'', Trivent Publishing, 2021 *Eugenius Morin, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=6c9gM4kqQkIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Disquisitio chronologica de dimidia altera quarti saeculi parte juxta Symmachum]'', Parisiis, excudebat Panckoucke, 1847 '''LATINE''' * F. Paschoud (curator), ''Colloque genevois sur Symmaque : à l'occasion du mille six centième anniversaire du conflit de l'autel de la Victoire'', [1984], Les Belles lettres, 1986 *S. Roda, "Simmaco nel gioco politico del suo tempo", ''Studia et Documenta Historiae et Iuris'', 1973: 53-114 *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 * Ernestus Theodorus Schulze, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=hIhHAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false De Q. Aurelii Symmachi vocabulorum formationibus ad sermonem vulgarem pertinentibus]'', Halis Saxonum, 1884 '''LATINE''' * Ramón Teja, ''La más antigua polémica sobre la tolerancia religiosa: el debate entre San Ambrosio de Milán y el senador Símaco sobre el Altar de la Victoria'', Matriti, 2023 ISBN 978-84-19782-23-6 *Cristiana Sogno, ''Q. Aurelius Symmachus : a political biography'', University of Michigan Press, 2006 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=N3qFtZRLuXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *L. M. A. Viola, ''Quinto Aurelio Simmaco : lo splendore della romanitas : la perfezione dell'uomo religioso romano-italiano e la costituzione della civiltà universale della pace'', Forii, Victrix, 2010 [https://bibcatalogo.uca.es/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=870445&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=2642939] {{NexInt}} * [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus Quintum Aurelium Symmachum] spectant *[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Libri_Decem_Epistolarum Libri decem epistolarum apud Vicifontem] * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~Harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Symmachus/sym_re03.html Tertia Relatio Symmachi] * {{BBKL|s/s4/symmachus_a|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=SYMMACHUS EUSEBIUS, Q. AURELIUS|tomus=11|columnae=363-366}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090814190634/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/sym-amb/ambrepf.html Ambrosius, Epistulae xvii et xviii] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Valentinianus II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Neoterius]]| annus= 391<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Eutolmius Tatianus|Flavio Eutolmio Tatiano]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] II et [[Flavius Rufinus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|402|Aurelius Symmachus, Quintus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Gens Aurelia]] bmpbrqjcvot22mxvv8hobnqg3j565oz 3980500 3980499 2026-08-11T15:40:28Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De genere dicendi et iudiciis */ 3980500 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Roma, metà di dittico con un'apoteosi, 400 circa.JPG|thumb|Consecratio Symmachi (ut vulgo putatur). Nam hoc dimidium [[Diptychon consulare|diptychum]] [[ebur|eburneum]] [[Monogramma|monogramma]] Symmachorum fert et circa 400 scalptum est.]] '''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus''' signo '''Eusebius''' (natus circa annum [[342]] - obiit anno [[402]]/[[403|3]]), filius [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus|Lucii Aurelii Avianii Symmachi]] fuit [[Senatus|senator]], [[consul]], [[praefectus urbi Romae]] annis [[384]] et [[385]] et orator. Vulgo pro opulentissimo oratore aetatis suae habitus absque nonnullis ipsi [[Cicero]]ni comparatus est<ref>Etiam ab adversariis ut [[Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'': I.632-642.</ref>. Notus est imprimis commendationis indulgentiae in omnes religiones causa, quam in controversia de ara Victoriae affirmavit. == De familia == Primus ex illa gente avus Quinti Symmachi, Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus, [[Consul|consulatus]] insignia "severitatis merito" anno [[330]] accepit; nova familia igitur in ordine senatorio erant Symmachi. Eo magis praerogativas ordinis vindicare visi sunt. Quintus sororem unam<ref>''Ep''. VIII.49</ref> et tres fratres habuit qui omnes ante ipsum obierunt<ref>Nam circa 380 de Celsino Titiano ita scripsit: ''tertius hic mihi de optimis fratribus luctus est'' (''ep''. III.6).</ref>. Circa 370 Quintus Rusticianam, filiam praefecti [[Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus|Orfiti]], uxorem duxit. Filia eis fuit ignoto nomine nomine<ref>''Ep''. VI.12, 67, 79</ref> quae [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior|Nicomacho Flaviano iuniori]] nupsit, ita adfinitatem inter duos e maximis scriptoribus illius aetatis firmans, et aliquanto postea filius [[Quintus Fabius Memmius Symmachus]] operum patris sui editor posthumus. A maioribus multa [[Immobile|bona immobilia]] hereditario accepit: tres domus Romae, unam [[Capua (urbs antiqua)|Capuae]], quindecim [[villa|villas]] plerumque in Italia meridionali sitas, praedia quoque in [[Samnium|Samnio]], [[Apulia]], [[Sicilia (provincia Romana)|Sicilia]], [[Mauretania (discretiva)|Mauretania]]. Inter tamen senatores modice divites numerabatur et ad munera [[Praetor|praetoria]] filii sui duo milia argenti pondo erogasse dicitur<ref>[[Olympiodorus Thebanus|Olympiodorus]], Fragmentum 44.</ref>. == De cursu honorum == * Annis incertis [[Quaestor|quaesturam]] et [[praetor|praeturam]] gessit. Circa idem tempus [[pontifex |pontifex maior]] cooptatus est<ref>''Epistulae'' I.49, 51 ;II.53 ; IX.147-8.</ref> nec aliud sacerdotium umquam suscepit, quamvis studiosus paganismi defensor<ref>CIL VI, 1699, stela a filio erecta quae cursum honorum Symmachi nobis servavit.</ref>. *364-5 tum cum pater [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] erat ipse corrector [[Lucania|Lucaniae]] et [[Bruttium|Brittiorum]] fit<ref>Cf ''Epistulae'' II.48.</ref>. Tum vetustissimas epistulas scribit quas quidem adhuc habeamus. * anno 369 [[Panegyricus|panegyricos]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] et [[Gratianus|Gratiani]] coram principibus pronuntiat<ref>''Orationes'' I-III.</ref>. In Gallia apud Valentinianum usque ad annum 370 mansit ubi [[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonium]] cognovit cuius amicitiam coluit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.14 et 32.</ref>. Mox [[comes]] tertii ordinis renuntiatur. * 373-4 [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsul Africae]] fit, officium honorificum sine vera potentia<ref>CIL VIII, 24584 et 5347 inscriptiones in [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa]] repertae. Cf ''Epistulae'' VIII.5 et 20. X.1.2-3.</ref>. * anno 376 Gratiani nuntium de morte [[Flavius Maximinus|Maximini]] in senatu recitat<ref>''Epistulae'' I.13 et X.2</ref>. Die 9 Ianuarii orationem ''Pro Trygetio'' in senatu habuit gratias agens quod patrem plebe seditiosa expulsum honorifice revocassent<ref>''Oratio'' V. Cf ''Epistulae'' I.44</ref>. *377-8 Aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.20 et 85. III.47.</ref> * anno 382 legatus senatorum ad Gratianum missus [[Ara Victoriae|aram Victoriae]] in [[Curia Hostilia|curia]] restituendam poscere volebat sed aditu principis prohibitus est<ref>Ambrosius, ''Epistulae'' 17.10</ref> * anno 384 [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] cum matre [[Iustina]] imperante [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus Urbi]] ''sub aestatis exordio''<ref>''Relatio'' 25.3</ref> fit. Tum iterum arae Victoriae restitutionem petiit<ref>''Relatio'' tertia.</ref> sed ab [[Ambrosius|Ambrosio]] episcopo victus est. Praeterea annonae angustiae eum ad magistratum deponendum incitaverunt (februario 385)<ref>Eventa huius praefecturae ab ipsius ''relationibus'' nota sunt. Vide etiam ''Epistulas'' II.36 et 55, III.28.</ref>. In praefectura [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinum]] magistrum rhetoricae nominavit<ref>''[[Confessiones (Augustinus)|Confessiones]]'' V.13.</ref>. * anno 387 partes usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Magni Maximi]] oratione quidem non armis<ref>[[Gennadius Scholasticus|Gennadius]], ''De Viris illustribus'' 49.</ref> sequitur quo mox a Theodosio victo veniam quidem impetrat (et Theodosio in oratione hodie deperdita gratias agebat<ref>''Epistulae'' II.13, 28, 30-32.</ref>) sed eius dignitas aliquantum imminuta est<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistulae'' 1008</ref>. Revera [[Novatianus|Novatianorum]] intercessio episcopi ei saluti fuerat. * iamdiu orator disertissimus velut praeco senatorum erat et anno incerto [[princeps senatus]] publice nominatur<ref>[[Socrates Scholasticus]] V.14.6.</ref> * anno 390 cum Theodosio in gratiam redit et ad [[consul|consulatum ordinarium]] anni proximi designatur<ref>[[Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' I.622-5. Cf ''Epistulae'' II.62-4. V.15. IX.149. </ref> *anno 391 gratiarum actionem in aula Mediolani habet sed quia aram Victoriae memoravit a Theodosio ex urbe expellitur. * annis 392-4 ab [[Eugenius|Eugenii]] [[Arbogastes|Arbogastis]]que usurpatione ipse abstinet sed filius quaestor, gener praefectus Urbi sunt et amicus Virius Nicomachus Flavius post cladem sibi mortem voluntariam conscivit. *Usque ad annum 398 in umbra remanet. 396/7 aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' III.38-39, V.58 etc.</ref>, anno 398 plebe irata expulsus est ac postea revocatus<ref>''Epistulae'' VI.66, VIII.64-5, IX.81.</ref>. Ab illo anno cursui honorum Memmi filii (sc. praeturae) operam dat<ref>''Ep''. IV.7, 8, 12, 58, 59, 60, 63 etc. </ref> et usque ad mortem [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichoni]] tum in Occidente dominanti satis propinquus est<ref>''Epistulae'' IV.1-14.</ref>. In summa munera honorifica multa absolvit, numquam tamen in aula apud principes vitam egit. Plerumque Romae aut in villis tempus litteris terebat. Itaque ad res magnas decidendas momentum non habuit. == De homine litterato == E litteris igitur et facultate dicendi pleramque auctoritatem suam ducebat. In litteris ut in republica aut religione [[mos maiorum|morem maiorum]] imprimis venerabatur. Ita [[Vergilius|Vergilium]], [[Cicero|Ciceronem]], [[Titus Maccius Plautus|Plautum]], [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentium]], [[Horatius|Horatium]] imprimis amat quorum sententiarum saepe in ''Epistulis'' meminit. Amplam bibliothecam sibi pararat: novimus enim apud Symmachum fuisse Titum Livium integrum quem emendare coeperat<ref>''Epistulae'' IX.13.</ref>, necnon [[Plinius Maior|Plinium Maiorem]] aut ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|Commentarios de Bello Gallico]]''. Ita quodam modo 'litteras classicas' iam invenerat quas spreta lingua suae aetatis colebat<ref>De Symmachi studiis vide G. Kroll(1891).</ref> et litteras amatas ut posteris traderentur curabat. Librarii enim apud Symmachos textus duplicabant. Adulescentes suae aetatis quoque ad rhetoricam studendam hortabatur<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004.</ref> et filio instituendo ipse operam dedit<ref>''Ep''. V.5 et VI.61</ref> In ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalibus]]''<ref>I.24.8.</ref> Vergilium non tantum litterarum sed etiam [[Theologia|theologiae]] et [[ritus|rituum]] magistrum esse contendebat. Non minus enim a novitatibus orientalibus in [[Polytheismus|polytheismum]] nuper introductis abhorrebat quam a Christianismo. Vetus Romanus volebat esse. == De operibus == Tria genera operum reliquit Symmachus, epistulas, relationes, orationes: * '''orationes''' octo ab ipso circa [[376]] publicatae sunt quae ad patrem, Valentinianos principes et alios homines nobiles pertinent. Anno [[1815]] in [[Palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] ab [[Angelus Mai|Angelo Mai]] inventae sunt, antea a septimo saeculo deperditae. *'''relationes''' 49 statim post praefecturam circa [[385]] edidit inter quas celeberrima tertia relatio de ara Victoriae versatur. Illae relationes illius actionem in magistratu gerendo recensent. *'''epistulae''' plus quam nongentae in decem libros digestae magnum opus eius faciunt. Liber primus paulo post 385 in lumen prodisse vulgo creditur (epistulas ad patrem et fratrem continet necnon ad poetam [[Ausonius|Ausonium]] filiumque eius Hesperium et ad amicum [[Vettius Agorius Praetextatus|Praetextatum]], fratrem in paganismo). Cetera post mortem auctoris sed ante annum 409 a filio Memmio edita putantur. In septem primis libris epistulae per personas quibus missae sunt disponuntur sine ulla [[Chronologia|chronologica]] aut [[Thema (litterae)|thematica]] ordinatione. In octavo et nono sine ordine miscentur epistulae (pars maxima decimi deperdita est), ne personae quidem quibus mittuntur semper indicantur. Unde eruditi coniecerunt auctorem editionem usque ad septimum librum praeparasse, postea filium solum relictum ut potuit reliqua edidisse<ref>S. Roda, "Alcune ipotesi sulla prima edizione dell'epistolario di Simmaco", ''La Parola des Passato'', 1979: 31-54.</ref>. Certe Nicomachi non parvam partem epistularum recipiunt: liber secundus totus [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virio Nicomacho Flaviano]] dicatur, sextum librum ceteri inter se Nicomachi partiuntur. Lectorem modernum in illis epistulis paupertas [[thema|thematum]] offendit: etenim de rebus publicis aut religiosis scribendi tum libertas nulla erat et delatores speculabantur. Etiam retrorsus censura agebat: ita Memmius epistulas ad [[Usurpatio|usurpatores]] [[Magnus Maximus|Maximum]], [[Eugenius (imperator)|Eugenium]], [[Arbogastes|Arbogastem]] suppressit. Nuntii secreti et periculosi tabellariis maximae fidei mandabantur qui oraliter eos referebant, numquam scribebantur. Brevissimae igitur sunt epistulae Symmachi. Plerumque de mera salutatione et amicitiae professione agebatur aut [[Salus|salutis]] inquisitione et officiorum reciprocitate in epistularum commercio. Saepe simul propinquos et homines bene meritos [[Magistratus|magistratibus]] amicis commendabat. Rarius de litteris aut senatu consulto et annona Urbis aliquid scribebat aut de peregrinationibus in villas suas. Semel et iterum de lite apud iudices<ref>Federico-Alberto Poglio, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2008_num_120_1_10422 Una lite giudiziaria tra Aurelio Simmaco e Petronio Probo : a proposito di Symm., Epp. 2, 28; 30-31 e 3, 4]" in ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2008 (120-1): 149-161.</ref>. Omnia cursim sine excursu. Itaque spem lectoris saepe decipit. Ipse tenuis materiae sibi conscius erat: ''Quousque enim'', Nicomacho inquiebat, ''dandae ac reddendae salutationis verba blaterabimus, cum alia stylo materia non suppetat?''.<ref>''Ep''. II.35.</ref> == De genere dicendi et iudiciis == Stilus Symmachi non facile finitur. Duodecimo saeculo [[Alanus ab Insulis]] brevitatem eius evidentem extollens eum 'verbis parcum' sed 'mente profundum' dicebat: <blockquote><poem> Symacus in uerbis parcus sed mente profundus, Prodigus in sensu, uerbis angustus, habundans Mente, sed ore minor, fructu, non fronde beatus, Sensus diuicias uerbi breuitate coartat.<ref>''Anticlaudianus'' III.236-9</ref> </poem></blockquote> Nec dubium quin sententiae breves subiunctionem vitantes alienissimae sunt a [[periodus|periodico]] stilo quem in Ciceronis orationibus legimus sed non minus a sermone familiari quo utebatur magnus orator in epistulis abhorrent. Ipse ''ingenii sui maciem'' causabatur<ref>I.81. Cf ibidem I.14 ad Ausonium: ''Sed ego qui sum paupertini ingenii mei mihi conscius, Laconicae malo studere brevitati, quam multijugis paginis infantiae maciem publicare''.</ref>. Coaevi tamen stilum floridum et pinguem potius laudabant verisimile quia nomina et adiectiva magna densitate spissantur et plenitudinis speciem praebent. Ita [[Macrobius]]: <blockquote> ''Quattuor sunt, inquit Eusebius, genera dicendi: copiosum, in quo Cicero dominatur: breve, in quo Salustius regnat: siccum, quod Frontoni ascribitur: pingue et floridum in quo Plinius Secundus quondam et nunc nullo veterum minor noster Symmachus luxuriatur.''<ref>''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' V.1.7.</ref> </blockquote> [[Rhythmus|Numeris]] sophisticis<ref>Johannes Möller, ''De clausulis a Q. Aurelio Symmacho adhibitis'', Aschendorff, 1912. Louis Havet, ''[https://archive.org/details/laprosemtriqued00havegoog/page/n15/mode/2up La prose métrique de Symmaque et les origines métriques du cursus]'', Lutetiae, Emile Bouillon, 1892</ref> et splendido exquisitoque [[Vocabularium|vocabulario]] nitebat Symmachi [[prosa]] quae summam artem redolebat in variationibus circa exilem materiam innumeris. Amicus Ausonius [[Dithyrambus|dithyrambum]] ei composuit: <blockquote> ''Haud quisquam ita nitet, ut comparatus tibi non sordeat. Quis ita Aesopi venustatem, quis sophisticas Socratis conclusiones, enthymemata Demosthenis, aut opulentiam Tullianam, aut proprietatem nostri Maronis accedat?'' <ref>''Ep.'' V.32 ab Ausonio Symmacho missa et in epistolarium eius introducta.</ref> </blockquote> Sed et adversarii "Romani decus eloquii" attollebant ut poeta Christianus Prudentius qui eum supra Ciceronem ponebat<ref>''Contra Symmachum'' I.632-5.</ref> atque eo magis eum pigebat quod pereuntes deos et sordidos defendere mallet. In electione verborum locutiones archaevas e Plauto aut Terentio saepe adfectat, ut e.g. ''fors fuat an'' in classici 'forsitan' loco. Poetica verba quoque non contemnit. Modernus rursus videtur cum nomina [[Abstractio|abstracta]] e verbis ducta multiplicat aut etiam [[Neologismus|neologismos]] procudit. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == *[[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/foto/F010361 VI, 1699] ; VIII, 24584 ; VIII, 5347 *[[Ambrosius]], ''Epistulae'' XVII et XVIII *[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004. * [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' *[[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' == Editiones criticae et commentarii == *Otto Seeck, ''[https://archive.org/details/qaureliisymmach00seecgoog/page/n8/mode/2up Q. Aurelii Symmachi quae supersunt]'' ([[Monumenta Germaniae historica|Monumenta Germaniae Historica]]), Berolini, 1893 [[Fasciculus:Base statua di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco - Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|CIL VI, 1699 = basis statuae a filio Memmio patri in [[Mons Caelius|monte Caelio]] erectae ubi eorum domus erat: cursum honorum brevem legere licet.]] *[[Collection des Universités de France]]: J.P. Callu, ''Symmaque. Correspondance.'' Les Belles Lettres, 1972-2002 (quattuor tomi) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1973_num_42_1_1704_t1_0288_0000_5 Recensio critica] ** ''Symmaque. Discours. Rapports'', ibidem, 2009 (tomus V operum) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2013_num_82_1_3841_t17_0359_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Giovanni Alberto Cecconi, ''Commento storico al libro II dell'Epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : con introduzione, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 2002 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003.11.17 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2004_num_73_1_2554_t1_0408_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/84769725/Giovanni_Alberto_Cecconi_Commento_storico_al_libro_II_dellepistolario_di_Q_Aurelio_Simmaco_Con_introduzione_testo_traduzione_e_indici Tertia recensio critica] *Maria Lubello, ''[https://flore.unifi.it/retrieve/5f4d48db-5049-487b-ac42-4092ba20a52a/Lubello_Maria_Commento_storico_libri_VII-VIII_2024.pdf Commento storico ai libri VII e VIII dell’epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, testo, traduzione, commento storico]'', Florentiae, 2024 [https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/1374992 Dissertatio academica] * Arnaldo Marcone, ''Commento storico al libro IV dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1987 ** Commento storico al libro VI dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: Introd., commento storico, teste, traduzione, indici, Pisae, 1983 *Andrea Pellizzari, ''Commento storico al libro III dell epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1983. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2003_num_72_1_2530_t1_0416_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Paola Rivolta Tiberga, ''Commento storico al libro V dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1982 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1996_num_65_1_1262_t1_0346_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Sergio Roda, ''Commento storico al libro IX dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 1981 * Domenico Vera, ''Commento storico alle "relationes" di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento, testo, traduzione, appendice sul libro X, 1-2, indici'', Pisae, 1981 == Plura legere si cupis == *Marco Bertolini, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/24182889 Sull' attegiamento religioso di Q. A. Simmaco]", ''Studi Classici e Orientali'', 1987: 189-208 *Philippe Bruggisser, ''Symmaque ou le rituel épistolaire de l'amitié littéraire. Recherches sur le premier livre de la correspondance'', Fribourg, 1993 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1995_num_64_1_1237_t1_0337_0000_2 Recensio critica] *JP Callu, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2006_ant_361_1_11709 En marge des vieux livres : les manuscrits perdus de Symmaque]", ''Revue d’histoire des textes'', 1976: 197-217 *Alan Cameron, ''The Last Pagans of Rome'', Oxford University Press, 2011 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=AIQ8DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www.academia.edu/117724893/The_Last_Pagans_of_Rome_By_Alan_Cameron Recensio critica] [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2011/2011.12.35 Altera recensio critica] *Nicolas Cavuoto-Denis, ''Vsus scribendi : le projet littéraire de Symmaque dans les Lettres, les Discours et les Rapports'', Turnhout, Brepols, 2023 [https://www.academia.edu/71771621/Vsus_scribendi_le_projet_litt%C3%A9raire_de_Symmaque_dans_les_Lettres_les_Discours_et_les_Rapports Summarium] *Octavius Clason, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=QywUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Symmachi epistularum codice Parisino]'', Bonnae, [1867] '''LATINE''' *Gerd Haverling, ''Studies on Symmachus' Language and Style'', [[Gothoburgum|Gothoburgi]], 1988 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1990_num_59_1_2300_t1_0385_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Gaëlle Hébert de la Portbarré-Viard, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2018_num_197_1_1925 Symmaque dans le ''Contra Symmachum'' de Prudence : enjeux et significations d’une mise à mort littéraire]", ''Vita Latina'', 2018: 148-172 * Bettina Hecht, ''Störungen der Rechtslage in den Relationen des Symmachus : Verwaltung und Rechtsprechung in Rom 384/385 n. Chr'', Berolini, 2006 [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7767/zrgra.2008.125.1.775/html Recensio critica] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/864/mode/2up 865-871] * R. Klein, Symmachus, ''Eine tragische Gestalt des ausgehenden Heidentums'', [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 1971 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3927_t1_0322_0000_1 Recensio critica] * Otto Koren, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=4akiGJ2DkE8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Quaestiones Symmachianae]'', Vindobonae, 1874 '''LATINE''' *Guilelmus Kroll, ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024459482&seq=5 De Q. Aurelii Symmachi studiis graecis et latinis]'', Vratislaviae, 1891 '''LATINE''' * Federico Lizzani, ''Il patrimonio di Q. Aurelius Symmachus a Roma e nel Lazio : una restituzione archeologica dall'epistolario'', Romae, "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2024 ISBN 978-88-913-3294-3 *John Alexander McGeachy, ''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and the Senatorial Aristocracy of the West'', University of Chicago, 1942 * Jill Mitchell, ''[https://www.academia.edu/118514477/The_Religious_world_of_Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]'', Trivent Publishing, 2021 *Eugenius Morin, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=6c9gM4kqQkIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Disquisitio chronologica de dimidia altera quarti saeculi parte juxta Symmachum]'', Parisiis, excudebat Panckoucke, 1847 '''LATINE''' * F. Paschoud (curator), ''Colloque genevois sur Symmaque : à l'occasion du mille six centième anniversaire du conflit de l'autel de la Victoire'', [1984], Les Belles lettres, 1986 *S. Roda, "Simmaco nel gioco politico del suo tempo", ''Studia et Documenta Historiae et Iuris'', 1973: 53-114 *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 * Ernestus Theodorus Schulze, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=hIhHAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false De Q. Aurelii Symmachi vocabulorum formationibus ad sermonem vulgarem pertinentibus]'', Halis Saxonum, 1884 '''LATINE''' * Ramón Teja, ''La más antigua polémica sobre la tolerancia religiosa: el debate entre San Ambrosio de Milán y el senador Símaco sobre el Altar de la Victoria'', Matriti, 2023 ISBN 978-84-19782-23-6 *Cristiana Sogno, ''Q. Aurelius Symmachus : a political biography'', University of Michigan Press, 2006 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=N3qFtZRLuXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *L. M. A. Viola, ''Quinto Aurelio Simmaco : lo splendore della romanitas : la perfezione dell'uomo religioso romano-italiano e la costituzione della civiltà universale della pace'', Forii, Victrix, 2010 [https://bibcatalogo.uca.es/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=870445&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=2642939] {{NexInt}} * [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus Quintum Aurelium Symmachum] spectant *[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Libri_Decem_Epistolarum Libri decem epistolarum apud Vicifontem] * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~Harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Symmachus/sym_re03.html Tertia Relatio Symmachi] * {{BBKL|s/s4/symmachus_a|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=SYMMACHUS EUSEBIUS, Q. AURELIUS|tomus=11|columnae=363-366}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090814190634/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/sym-amb/ambrepf.html Ambrosius, Epistulae xvii et xviii] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Valentinianus II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Neoterius]]| annus= 391<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Eutolmius Tatianus|Flavio Eutolmio Tatiano]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] II et [[Flavius Rufinus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|402|Aurelius Symmachus, Quintus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Gens Aurelia]] c1a4t24h01k9rmj7wwgt31l04p9xpc0 3980502 3980500 2026-08-11T15:41:22Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De genere dicendi et iudiciis */ 3980502 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Roma, metà di dittico con un'apoteosi, 400 circa.JPG|thumb|Consecratio Symmachi (ut vulgo putatur). Nam hoc dimidium [[Diptychon consulare|diptychum]] [[ebur|eburneum]] [[Monogramma|monogramma]] Symmachorum fert et circa 400 scalptum est.]] '''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus''' signo '''Eusebius''' (natus circa annum [[342]] - obiit anno [[402]]/[[403|3]]), filius [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus|Lucii Aurelii Avianii Symmachi]] fuit [[Senatus|senator]], [[consul]], [[praefectus urbi Romae]] annis [[384]] et [[385]] et orator. Vulgo pro opulentissimo oratore aetatis suae habitus absque nonnullis ipsi [[Cicero]]ni comparatus est<ref>Etiam ab adversariis ut [[Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'': I.632-642.</ref>. Notus est imprimis commendationis indulgentiae in omnes religiones causa, quam in controversia de ara Victoriae affirmavit. == De familia == Primus ex illa gente avus Quinti Symmachi, Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus, [[Consul|consulatus]] insignia "severitatis merito" anno [[330]] accepit; nova familia igitur in ordine senatorio erant Symmachi. Eo magis praerogativas ordinis vindicare visi sunt. Quintus sororem unam<ref>''Ep''. VIII.49</ref> et tres fratres habuit qui omnes ante ipsum obierunt<ref>Nam circa 380 de Celsino Titiano ita scripsit: ''tertius hic mihi de optimis fratribus luctus est'' (''ep''. III.6).</ref>. Circa 370 Quintus Rusticianam, filiam praefecti [[Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus|Orfiti]], uxorem duxit. Filia eis fuit ignoto nomine nomine<ref>''Ep''. VI.12, 67, 79</ref> quae [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior|Nicomacho Flaviano iuniori]] nupsit, ita adfinitatem inter duos e maximis scriptoribus illius aetatis firmans, et aliquanto postea filius [[Quintus Fabius Memmius Symmachus]] operum patris sui editor posthumus. A maioribus multa [[Immobile|bona immobilia]] hereditario accepit: tres domus Romae, unam [[Capua (urbs antiqua)|Capuae]], quindecim [[villa|villas]] plerumque in Italia meridionali sitas, praedia quoque in [[Samnium|Samnio]], [[Apulia]], [[Sicilia (provincia Romana)|Sicilia]], [[Mauretania (discretiva)|Mauretania]]. Inter tamen senatores modice divites numerabatur et ad munera [[Praetor|praetoria]] filii sui duo milia argenti pondo erogasse dicitur<ref>[[Olympiodorus Thebanus|Olympiodorus]], Fragmentum 44.</ref>. == De cursu honorum == * Annis incertis [[Quaestor|quaesturam]] et [[praetor|praeturam]] gessit. Circa idem tempus [[pontifex |pontifex maior]] cooptatus est<ref>''Epistulae'' I.49, 51 ;II.53 ; IX.147-8.</ref> nec aliud sacerdotium umquam suscepit, quamvis studiosus paganismi defensor<ref>CIL VI, 1699, stela a filio erecta quae cursum honorum Symmachi nobis servavit.</ref>. *364-5 tum cum pater [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] erat ipse corrector [[Lucania|Lucaniae]] et [[Bruttium|Brittiorum]] fit<ref>Cf ''Epistulae'' II.48.</ref>. Tum vetustissimas epistulas scribit quas quidem adhuc habeamus. * anno 369 [[Panegyricus|panegyricos]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] et [[Gratianus|Gratiani]] coram principibus pronuntiat<ref>''Orationes'' I-III.</ref>. In Gallia apud Valentinianum usque ad annum 370 mansit ubi [[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonium]] cognovit cuius amicitiam coluit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.14 et 32.</ref>. Mox [[comes]] tertii ordinis renuntiatur. * 373-4 [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsul Africae]] fit, officium honorificum sine vera potentia<ref>CIL VIII, 24584 et 5347 inscriptiones in [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa]] repertae. Cf ''Epistulae'' VIII.5 et 20. X.1.2-3.</ref>. * anno 376 Gratiani nuntium de morte [[Flavius Maximinus|Maximini]] in senatu recitat<ref>''Epistulae'' I.13 et X.2</ref>. Die 9 Ianuarii orationem ''Pro Trygetio'' in senatu habuit gratias agens quod patrem plebe seditiosa expulsum honorifice revocassent<ref>''Oratio'' V. Cf ''Epistulae'' I.44</ref>. *377-8 Aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.20 et 85. III.47.</ref> * anno 382 legatus senatorum ad Gratianum missus [[Ara Victoriae|aram Victoriae]] in [[Curia Hostilia|curia]] restituendam poscere volebat sed aditu principis prohibitus est<ref>Ambrosius, ''Epistulae'' 17.10</ref> * anno 384 [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] cum matre [[Iustina]] imperante [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus Urbi]] ''sub aestatis exordio''<ref>''Relatio'' 25.3</ref> fit. Tum iterum arae Victoriae restitutionem petiit<ref>''Relatio'' tertia.</ref> sed ab [[Ambrosius|Ambrosio]] episcopo victus est. Praeterea annonae angustiae eum ad magistratum deponendum incitaverunt (februario 385)<ref>Eventa huius praefecturae ab ipsius ''relationibus'' nota sunt. Vide etiam ''Epistulas'' II.36 et 55, III.28.</ref>. In praefectura [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinum]] magistrum rhetoricae nominavit<ref>''[[Confessiones (Augustinus)|Confessiones]]'' V.13.</ref>. * anno 387 partes usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Magni Maximi]] oratione quidem non armis<ref>[[Gennadius Scholasticus|Gennadius]], ''De Viris illustribus'' 49.</ref> sequitur quo mox a Theodosio victo veniam quidem impetrat (et Theodosio in oratione hodie deperdita gratias agebat<ref>''Epistulae'' II.13, 28, 30-32.</ref>) sed eius dignitas aliquantum imminuta est<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistulae'' 1008</ref>. Revera [[Novatianus|Novatianorum]] intercessio episcopi ei saluti fuerat. * iamdiu orator disertissimus velut praeco senatorum erat et anno incerto [[princeps senatus]] publice nominatur<ref>[[Socrates Scholasticus]] V.14.6.</ref> * anno 390 cum Theodosio in gratiam redit et ad [[consul|consulatum ordinarium]] anni proximi designatur<ref>[[Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' I.622-5. Cf ''Epistulae'' II.62-4. V.15. IX.149. </ref> *anno 391 gratiarum actionem in aula Mediolani habet sed quia aram Victoriae memoravit a Theodosio ex urbe expellitur. * annis 392-4 ab [[Eugenius|Eugenii]] [[Arbogastes|Arbogastis]]que usurpatione ipse abstinet sed filius quaestor, gener praefectus Urbi sunt et amicus Virius Nicomachus Flavius post cladem sibi mortem voluntariam conscivit. *Usque ad annum 398 in umbra remanet. 396/7 aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' III.38-39, V.58 etc.</ref>, anno 398 plebe irata expulsus est ac postea revocatus<ref>''Epistulae'' VI.66, VIII.64-5, IX.81.</ref>. Ab illo anno cursui honorum Memmi filii (sc. praeturae) operam dat<ref>''Ep''. IV.7, 8, 12, 58, 59, 60, 63 etc. </ref> et usque ad mortem [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichoni]] tum in Occidente dominanti satis propinquus est<ref>''Epistulae'' IV.1-14.</ref>. In summa munera honorifica multa absolvit, numquam tamen in aula apud principes vitam egit. Plerumque Romae aut in villis tempus litteris terebat. Itaque ad res magnas decidendas momentum non habuit. == De homine litterato == E litteris igitur et facultate dicendi pleramque auctoritatem suam ducebat. In litteris ut in republica aut religione [[mos maiorum|morem maiorum]] imprimis venerabatur. Ita [[Vergilius|Vergilium]], [[Cicero|Ciceronem]], [[Titus Maccius Plautus|Plautum]], [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentium]], [[Horatius|Horatium]] imprimis amat quorum sententiarum saepe in ''Epistulis'' meminit. Amplam bibliothecam sibi pararat: novimus enim apud Symmachum fuisse Titum Livium integrum quem emendare coeperat<ref>''Epistulae'' IX.13.</ref>, necnon [[Plinius Maior|Plinium Maiorem]] aut ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|Commentarios de Bello Gallico]]''. Ita quodam modo 'litteras classicas' iam invenerat quas spreta lingua suae aetatis colebat<ref>De Symmachi studiis vide G. Kroll(1891).</ref> et litteras amatas ut posteris traderentur curabat. Librarii enim apud Symmachos textus duplicabant. Adulescentes suae aetatis quoque ad rhetoricam studendam hortabatur<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004.</ref> et filio instituendo ipse operam dedit<ref>''Ep''. V.5 et VI.61</ref> In ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalibus]]''<ref>I.24.8.</ref> Vergilium non tantum litterarum sed etiam [[Theologia|theologiae]] et [[ritus|rituum]] magistrum esse contendebat. Non minus enim a novitatibus orientalibus in [[Polytheismus|polytheismum]] nuper introductis abhorrebat quam a Christianismo. Vetus Romanus volebat esse. == De operibus == Tria genera operum reliquit Symmachus, epistulas, relationes, orationes: * '''orationes''' octo ab ipso circa [[376]] publicatae sunt quae ad patrem, Valentinianos principes et alios homines nobiles pertinent. Anno [[1815]] in [[Palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] ab [[Angelus Mai|Angelo Mai]] inventae sunt, antea a septimo saeculo deperditae. *'''relationes''' 49 statim post praefecturam circa [[385]] edidit inter quas celeberrima tertia relatio de ara Victoriae versatur. Illae relationes illius actionem in magistratu gerendo recensent. *'''epistulae''' plus quam nongentae in decem libros digestae magnum opus eius faciunt. Liber primus paulo post 385 in lumen prodisse vulgo creditur (epistulas ad patrem et fratrem continet necnon ad poetam [[Ausonius|Ausonium]] filiumque eius Hesperium et ad amicum [[Vettius Agorius Praetextatus|Praetextatum]], fratrem in paganismo). Cetera post mortem auctoris sed ante annum 409 a filio Memmio edita putantur. In septem primis libris epistulae per personas quibus missae sunt disponuntur sine ulla [[Chronologia|chronologica]] aut [[Thema (litterae)|thematica]] ordinatione. In octavo et nono sine ordine miscentur epistulae (pars maxima decimi deperdita est), ne personae quidem quibus mittuntur semper indicantur. Unde eruditi coniecerunt auctorem editionem usque ad septimum librum praeparasse, postea filium solum relictum ut potuit reliqua edidisse<ref>S. Roda, "Alcune ipotesi sulla prima edizione dell'epistolario di Simmaco", ''La Parola des Passato'', 1979: 31-54.</ref>. Certe Nicomachi non parvam partem epistularum recipiunt: liber secundus totus [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virio Nicomacho Flaviano]] dicatur, sextum librum ceteri inter se Nicomachi partiuntur. Lectorem modernum in illis epistulis paupertas [[thema|thematum]] offendit: etenim de rebus publicis aut religiosis scribendi tum libertas nulla erat et delatores speculabantur. Etiam retrorsus censura agebat: ita Memmius epistulas ad [[Usurpatio|usurpatores]] [[Magnus Maximus|Maximum]], [[Eugenius (imperator)|Eugenium]], [[Arbogastes|Arbogastem]] suppressit. Nuntii secreti et periculosi tabellariis maximae fidei mandabantur qui oraliter eos referebant, numquam scribebantur. Brevissimae igitur sunt epistulae Symmachi. Plerumque de mera salutatione et amicitiae professione agebatur aut [[Salus|salutis]] inquisitione et officiorum reciprocitate in epistularum commercio. Saepe simul propinquos et homines bene meritos [[Magistratus|magistratibus]] amicis commendabat. Rarius de litteris aut senatu consulto et annona Urbis aliquid scribebat aut de peregrinationibus in villas suas. Semel et iterum de lite apud iudices<ref>Federico-Alberto Poglio, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2008_num_120_1_10422 Una lite giudiziaria tra Aurelio Simmaco e Petronio Probo : a proposito di Symm., Epp. 2, 28; 30-31 e 3, 4]" in ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2008 (120-1): 149-161.</ref>. Omnia cursim sine excursu. Itaque spem lectoris saepe decipit. Ipse tenuis materiae sibi conscius erat: ''Quousque enim'', Nicomacho inquiebat, ''dandae ac reddendae salutationis verba blaterabimus, cum alia stylo materia non suppetat?''.<ref>''Ep''. II.35.</ref> == De genere dicendi et iudiciis == Stilus Symmachi non facile finitur. Duodecimo saeculo [[Alanus ab Insulis]] brevitatem eius evidentem extollens eum 'verbis parcum' sed 'mente profundum' dicebat: <blockquote><poem> Symacus in uerbis parcus sed mente profundus, Prodigus in sensu, uerbis angustus, habundans Mente, sed ore minor, fructu, non fronde beatus, Sensus diuicias uerbi breuitate coartat.<ref>''Anticlaudianus'' III.236-9</ref> </poem></blockquote> Nec dubium quin sententiae breves subiunctionem vitantes alienissimae sunt a [[periodus|periodico]] stilo quem in Ciceronis orationibus legimus sed non minus a sermone familiari quo utebatur magnus orator in epistulis abhorrent. Ipse ''ingenii sui maciem'' causabatur<ref>I.81. Cf ibidem I.14 ad Ausonium: ''Sed ego qui sum paupertini ingenii mei mihi conscius, Laconicae malo studere brevitati, quam multijugis paginis infantiae maciem publicare''.</ref>. Coaevi tamen stilum floridum et pinguem potius laudabant verisimile quia nomina et adiectiva magna densitate spissantur et plenitudinis speciem praebent. Ita [[Macrobius]]: <blockquote> ''Quattuor sunt, inquit Eusebius, genera dicendi: copiosum, in quo Cicero dominatur: breve, in quo Salustius regnat: siccum, quod Frontoni ascribitur: pingue et floridum in quo Plinius Secundus quondam et nunc nullo veterum minor noster Symmachus luxuriatur.''<ref>''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' V.1.7.</ref> </blockquote> [[Rhythmus|Numeris]] sophisticis<ref>Johannes Möller, ''De clausulis a Q. Aurelio Symmacho adhibitis'', Aschendorff, 1912. Louis Havet, ''[https://archive.org/details/laprosemtriqued00havegoog/page/n15/mode/2up La prose métrique de Symmaque et les origines métriques du cursus]'', Lutetiae, Emile Bouillon, 1892</ref> et splendido exquisitoque [[Vocabularium|vocabulario]] nitebat Symmachi [[prosa]] quae summam artem redolebat in variationibus circa exilem materiam innumeris. Amicus Ausonius [[Dithyrambus|dithyrambum]] ei composuit: <blockquote> ''Haud quisquam ita nitet, ut comparatus tibi non sordeat. Quis ita Aesopi venustatem, quis sophisticas Socratis conclusiones, enthymemata Demosthenis, aut opulentiam Tullianam, aut proprietatem nostri Maronis accedat?'' <ref>''Ep.'' V.32 ab Ausonio Symmacho missa et in epistolarium eius introducta.</ref> </blockquote> Sed et adversarii "Romani decus eloquii" attollebant ut poeta Christianus Prudentius qui eum supra Ciceronem ponebat<ref>''Contra Symmachum'' I.632-5.</ref> atque eo magis eum pigebat quod pereuntes deos et sordidos defendere mallet. In electione verborum locutiones archaevas e Plauto aut Terentio saepe adfectat, ut e.g. ''fors fuat an'' in classici 'forsitan' loco. Poetica verba quoque non contemnit. Modernus rursus videtur cum nomina [[Abstractio|abstracta]] e verbis ducta multiplicat aut etiam [[Neologismus|neologismos]] procudit<ref>E. Schulze (1884).</ref>. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == *[[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/foto/F010361 VI, 1699] ; VIII, 24584 ; VIII, 5347 *[[Ambrosius]], ''Epistulae'' XVII et XVIII *[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004. * [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' *[[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' == Editiones criticae et commentarii == *Otto Seeck, ''[https://archive.org/details/qaureliisymmach00seecgoog/page/n8/mode/2up Q. Aurelii Symmachi quae supersunt]'' ([[Monumenta Germaniae historica|Monumenta Germaniae Historica]]), Berolini, 1893 [[Fasciculus:Base statua di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco - Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|CIL VI, 1699 = basis statuae a filio Memmio patri in [[Mons Caelius|monte Caelio]] erectae ubi eorum domus erat: cursum honorum brevem legere licet.]] *[[Collection des Universités de France]]: J.P. Callu, ''Symmaque. Correspondance.'' Les Belles Lettres, 1972-2002 (quattuor tomi) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1973_num_42_1_1704_t1_0288_0000_5 Recensio critica] ** ''Symmaque. Discours. Rapports'', ibidem, 2009 (tomus V operum) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2013_num_82_1_3841_t17_0359_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Giovanni Alberto Cecconi, ''Commento storico al libro II dell'Epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : con introduzione, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 2002 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003.11.17 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2004_num_73_1_2554_t1_0408_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/84769725/Giovanni_Alberto_Cecconi_Commento_storico_al_libro_II_dellepistolario_di_Q_Aurelio_Simmaco_Con_introduzione_testo_traduzione_e_indici Tertia recensio critica] *Maria Lubello, ''[https://flore.unifi.it/retrieve/5f4d48db-5049-487b-ac42-4092ba20a52a/Lubello_Maria_Commento_storico_libri_VII-VIII_2024.pdf Commento storico ai libri VII e VIII dell’epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, testo, traduzione, commento storico]'', Florentiae, 2024 [https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/1374992 Dissertatio academica] * Arnaldo Marcone, ''Commento storico al libro IV dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1987 ** Commento storico al libro VI dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: Introd., commento storico, teste, traduzione, indici, Pisae, 1983 *Andrea Pellizzari, ''Commento storico al libro III dell epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1983. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2003_num_72_1_2530_t1_0416_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Paola Rivolta Tiberga, ''Commento storico al libro V dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1982 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1996_num_65_1_1262_t1_0346_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Sergio Roda, ''Commento storico al libro IX dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 1981 * Domenico Vera, ''Commento storico alle "relationes" di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento, testo, traduzione, appendice sul libro X, 1-2, indici'', Pisae, 1981 == Plura legere si cupis == *Marco Bertolini, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/24182889 Sull' attegiamento religioso di Q. A. Simmaco]", ''Studi Classici e Orientali'', 1987: 189-208 *Philippe Bruggisser, ''Symmaque ou le rituel épistolaire de l'amitié littéraire. Recherches sur le premier livre de la correspondance'', Fribourg, 1993 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1995_num_64_1_1237_t1_0337_0000_2 Recensio critica] *JP Callu, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2006_ant_361_1_11709 En marge des vieux livres : les manuscrits perdus de Symmaque]", ''Revue d’histoire des textes'', 1976: 197-217 *Alan Cameron, ''The Last Pagans of Rome'', Oxford University Press, 2011 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=AIQ8DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www.academia.edu/117724893/The_Last_Pagans_of_Rome_By_Alan_Cameron Recensio critica] [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2011/2011.12.35 Altera recensio critica] *Nicolas Cavuoto-Denis, ''Vsus scribendi : le projet littéraire de Symmaque dans les Lettres, les Discours et les Rapports'', Turnhout, Brepols, 2023 [https://www.academia.edu/71771621/Vsus_scribendi_le_projet_litt%C3%A9raire_de_Symmaque_dans_les_Lettres_les_Discours_et_les_Rapports Summarium] *Octavius Clason, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=QywUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Symmachi epistularum codice Parisino]'', Bonnae, [1867] '''LATINE''' *Gerd Haverling, ''Studies on Symmachus' Language and Style'', [[Gothoburgum|Gothoburgi]], 1988 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1990_num_59_1_2300_t1_0385_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Gaëlle Hébert de la Portbarré-Viard, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2018_num_197_1_1925 Symmaque dans le ''Contra Symmachum'' de Prudence : enjeux et significations d’une mise à mort littéraire]", ''Vita Latina'', 2018: 148-172 * Bettina Hecht, ''Störungen der Rechtslage in den Relationen des Symmachus : Verwaltung und Rechtsprechung in Rom 384/385 n. Chr'', Berolini, 2006 [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7767/zrgra.2008.125.1.775/html Recensio critica] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/864/mode/2up 865-871] * R. Klein, Symmachus, ''Eine tragische Gestalt des ausgehenden Heidentums'', [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 1971 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3927_t1_0322_0000_1 Recensio critica] * Otto Koren, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=4akiGJ2DkE8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Quaestiones Symmachianae]'', Vindobonae, 1874 '''LATINE''' *Guilelmus Kroll, ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024459482&seq=5 De Q. Aurelii Symmachi studiis graecis et latinis]'', Vratislaviae, 1891 '''LATINE''' * Federico Lizzani, ''Il patrimonio di Q. Aurelius Symmachus a Roma e nel Lazio : una restituzione archeologica dall'epistolario'', Romae, "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2024 ISBN 978-88-913-3294-3 *John Alexander McGeachy, ''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and the Senatorial Aristocracy of the West'', University of Chicago, 1942 * Jill Mitchell, ''[https://www.academia.edu/118514477/The_Religious_world_of_Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]'', Trivent Publishing, 2021 *Eugenius Morin, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=6c9gM4kqQkIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Disquisitio chronologica de dimidia altera quarti saeculi parte juxta Symmachum]'', Parisiis, excudebat Panckoucke, 1847 '''LATINE''' * F. Paschoud (curator), ''Colloque genevois sur Symmaque : à l'occasion du mille six centième anniversaire du conflit de l'autel de la Victoire'', [1984], Les Belles lettres, 1986 *S. Roda, "Simmaco nel gioco politico del suo tempo", ''Studia et Documenta Historiae et Iuris'', 1973: 53-114 *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 * Ernestus Theodorus Schulze, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=hIhHAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false De Q. Aurelii Symmachi vocabulorum formationibus ad sermonem vulgarem pertinentibus]'', Halis Saxonum, 1884 '''LATINE''' * Ramón Teja, ''La más antigua polémica sobre la tolerancia religiosa: el debate entre San Ambrosio de Milán y el senador Símaco sobre el Altar de la Victoria'', Matriti, 2023 ISBN 978-84-19782-23-6 *Cristiana Sogno, ''Q. Aurelius Symmachus : a political biography'', University of Michigan Press, 2006 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=N3qFtZRLuXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *L. M. A. Viola, ''Quinto Aurelio Simmaco : lo splendore della romanitas : la perfezione dell'uomo religioso romano-italiano e la costituzione della civiltà universale della pace'', Forii, Victrix, 2010 [https://bibcatalogo.uca.es/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=870445&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=2642939] {{NexInt}} * [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus Quintum Aurelium Symmachum] spectant *[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Libri_Decem_Epistolarum Libri decem epistolarum apud Vicifontem] * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~Harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Symmachus/sym_re03.html Tertia Relatio Symmachi] * {{BBKL|s/s4/symmachus_a|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=SYMMACHUS EUSEBIUS, Q. AURELIUS|tomus=11|columnae=363-366}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090814190634/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/sym-amb/ambrepf.html Ambrosius, Epistulae xvii et xviii] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Valentinianus II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Neoterius]]| annus= 391<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Eutolmius Tatianus|Flavio Eutolmio Tatiano]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] II et [[Flavius Rufinus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|402|Aurelius Symmachus, Quintus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Gens Aurelia]] 7zcv6pn68in8mxm5918fkqmcdrxl7ir 3980510 3980502 2026-08-11T15:50:16Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De genere dicendi et iudiciis */ 3980510 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Roma, metà di dittico con un'apoteosi, 400 circa.JPG|thumb|Consecratio Symmachi (ut vulgo putatur). Nam hoc dimidium [[Diptychon consulare|diptychum]] [[ebur|eburneum]] [[Monogramma|monogramma]] Symmachorum fert et circa 400 scalptum est.]] '''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus''' signo '''Eusebius''' (natus circa annum [[342]] - obiit anno [[402]]/[[403|3]]), filius [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus|Lucii Aurelii Avianii Symmachi]] fuit [[Senatus|senator]], [[consul]], [[praefectus urbi Romae]] annis [[384]] et [[385]] et orator. Vulgo pro opulentissimo oratore aetatis suae habitus absque nonnullis ipsi [[Cicero]]ni comparatus est<ref>Etiam ab adversariis ut [[Prudentius]], ''Contra Symmachum'': I.632-642.</ref>. Notus est imprimis commendationis indulgentiae in omnes religiones causa, quam in controversia de ara Victoriae affirmavit. == De familia == Primus ex illa gente avus Quinti Symmachi, Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus, [[Consul|consulatus]] insignia "severitatis merito" anno [[330]] accepit; nova familia igitur in ordine senatorio erant Symmachi. Eo magis praerogativas ordinis vindicare visi sunt. Quintus sororem unam<ref>''Ep''. VIII.49</ref> et tres fratres habuit qui omnes ante ipsum obierunt<ref>Nam circa 380 de Celsino Titiano ita scripsit: ''tertius hic mihi de optimis fratribus luctus est'' (''ep''. III.6).</ref>. Circa 370 Quintus Rusticianam, filiam praefecti [[Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus|Orfiti]], uxorem duxit. Filia eis fuit ignoto nomine nomine<ref>''Ep''. VI.12, 67, 79</ref> quae [[Nicomachus Flavianus iunior|Nicomacho Flaviano iuniori]] nupsit, ita adfinitatem inter duos e maximis scriptoribus illius aetatis firmans, et aliquanto postea filius [[Quintus Fabius Memmius Symmachus]] operum patris sui editor posthumus. A maioribus multa [[Immobile|bona immobilia]] hereditario accepit: tres domus Romae, unam [[Capua (urbs antiqua)|Capuae]], quindecim [[villa|villas]] plerumque in Italia meridionali sitas, praedia quoque in [[Samnium|Samnio]], [[Apulia]], [[Sicilia (provincia Romana)|Sicilia]], [[Mauretania (discretiva)|Mauretania]]. Inter tamen senatores modice divites numerabatur et ad munera [[Praetor|praetoria]] filii sui duo milia argenti pondo erogasse dicitur<ref>[[Olympiodorus Thebanus|Olympiodorus]], Fragmentum 44.</ref>. == De cursu honorum == * Annis incertis [[Quaestor|quaesturam]] et [[praetor|praeturam]] gessit. Circa idem tempus [[pontifex |pontifex maior]] cooptatus est<ref>''Epistulae'' I.49, 51 ;II.53 ; IX.147-8.</ref> nec aliud sacerdotium umquam suscepit, quamvis studiosus paganismi defensor<ref>CIL VI, 1699, stela a filio erecta quae cursum honorum Symmachi nobis servavit.</ref>. *364-5 tum cum pater [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] erat ipse corrector [[Lucania|Lucaniae]] et [[Bruttium|Brittiorum]] fit<ref>Cf ''Epistulae'' II.48.</ref>. Tum vetustissimas epistulas scribit quas quidem adhuc habeamus. * anno 369 [[Panegyricus|panegyricos]] [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] et [[Gratianus|Gratiani]] coram principibus pronuntiat<ref>''Orationes'' I-III.</ref>. In Gallia apud Valentinianum usque ad annum 370 mansit ubi [[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonium]] cognovit cuius amicitiam coluit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.14 et 32.</ref>. Mox [[comes]] tertii ordinis renuntiatur. * 373-4 [[Fasti proconsulum Africae|proconsul Africae]] fit, officium honorificum sine vera potentia<ref>CIL VIII, 24584 et 5347 inscriptiones in [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa]] repertae. Cf ''Epistulae'' VIII.5 et 20. X.1.2-3.</ref>. * anno 376 Gratiani nuntium de morte [[Flavius Maximinus|Maximini]] in senatu recitat<ref>''Epistulae'' I.13 et X.2</ref>. Die 9 Ianuarii orationem ''Pro Trygetio'' in senatu habuit gratias agens quod patrem plebe seditiosa expulsum honorifice revocassent<ref>''Oratio'' V. Cf ''Epistulae'' I.44</ref>. *377-8 Aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' I.20 et 85. III.47.</ref> * anno 382 legatus senatorum ad Gratianum missus [[Ara Victoriae|aram Victoriae]] in [[Curia Hostilia|curia]] restituendam poscere volebat sed aditu principis prohibitus est<ref>Ambrosius, ''Epistulae'' 17.10</ref> * anno 384 [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] cum matre [[Iustina]] imperante [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus Urbi]] ''sub aestatis exordio''<ref>''Relatio'' 25.3</ref> fit. Tum iterum arae Victoriae restitutionem petiit<ref>''Relatio'' tertia.</ref> sed ab [[Ambrosius|Ambrosio]] episcopo victus est. Praeterea annonae angustiae eum ad magistratum deponendum incitaverunt (februario 385)<ref>Eventa huius praefecturae ab ipsius ''relationibus'' nota sunt. Vide etiam ''Epistulas'' II.36 et 55, III.28.</ref>. In praefectura [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinum]] magistrum rhetoricae nominavit<ref>''[[Confessiones (Augustinus)|Confessiones]]'' V.13.</ref>. * anno 387 partes usurpatoris [[Magnus Maximus|Magni Maximi]] oratione quidem non armis<ref>[[Gennadius Scholasticus|Gennadius]], ''De Viris illustribus'' 49.</ref> sequitur quo mox a Theodosio victo veniam quidem impetrat (et Theodosio in oratione hodie deperdita gratias agebat<ref>''Epistulae'' II.13, 28, 30-32.</ref>) sed eius dignitas aliquantum imminuta est<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistulae'' 1008</ref>. Revera [[Novatianus|Novatianorum]] intercessio episcopi ei saluti fuerat. * iamdiu orator disertissimus velut praeco senatorum erat et anno incerto [[princeps senatus]] publice nominatur<ref>[[Socrates Scholasticus]] V.14.6.</ref> * anno 390 cum Theodosio in gratiam redit et ad [[consul|consulatum ordinarium]] anni proximi designatur<ref>[[Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' I.622-5. Cf ''Epistulae'' II.62-4. V.15. IX.149. </ref> *anno 391 gratiarum actionem in aula Mediolani habet sed quia aram Victoriae memoravit a Theodosio ex urbe expellitur. * annis 392-4 ab [[Eugenius|Eugenii]] [[Arbogastes|Arbogastis]]que usurpatione ipse abstinet sed filius quaestor, gener praefectus Urbi sunt et amicus Virius Nicomachus Flavius post cladem sibi mortem voluntariam conscivit. *Usque ad annum 398 in umbra remanet. 396/7 aegrotavit<ref>''Epistulae'' III.38-39, V.58 etc.</ref>, anno 398 plebe irata expulsus est ac postea revocatus<ref>''Epistulae'' VI.66, VIII.64-5, IX.81.</ref>. Ab illo anno cursui honorum Memmi filii (sc. praeturae) operam dat<ref>''Ep''. IV.7, 8, 12, 58, 59, 60, 63 etc. </ref> et usque ad mortem [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichoni]] tum in Occidente dominanti satis propinquus est<ref>''Epistulae'' IV.1-14.</ref>. In summa munera honorifica multa absolvit, numquam tamen in aula apud principes vitam egit. Plerumque Romae aut in villis tempus litteris terebat. Itaque ad res magnas decidendas momentum non habuit. == De homine litterato == E litteris igitur et facultate dicendi pleramque auctoritatem suam ducebat. In litteris ut in republica aut religione [[mos maiorum|morem maiorum]] imprimis venerabatur. Ita [[Vergilius|Vergilium]], [[Cicero|Ciceronem]], [[Titus Maccius Plautus|Plautum]], [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentium]], [[Horatius|Horatium]] imprimis amat quorum sententiarum saepe in ''Epistulis'' meminit. Amplam bibliothecam sibi pararat: novimus enim apud Symmachum fuisse Titum Livium integrum quem emendare coeperat<ref>''Epistulae'' IX.13.</ref>, necnon [[Plinius Maior|Plinium Maiorem]] aut ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|Commentarios de Bello Gallico]]''. Ita quodam modo 'litteras classicas' iam invenerat quas spreta lingua suae aetatis colebat<ref>De Symmachi studiis vide G. Kroll(1891).</ref> et litteras amatas ut posteris traderentur curabat. Librarii enim apud Symmachos textus duplicabant. Adulescentes suae aetatis quoque ad rhetoricam studendam hortabatur<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004.</ref> et filio instituendo ipse operam dedit<ref>''Ep''. V.5 et VI.61</ref> In ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalibus]]''<ref>I.24.8.</ref> Vergilium non tantum litterarum sed etiam [[Theologia|theologiae]] et [[ritus|rituum]] magistrum esse contendebat. Non minus enim a novitatibus orientalibus in [[Polytheismus|polytheismum]] nuper introductis abhorrebat quam a Christianismo. Vetus Romanus volebat esse. == De operibus == Tria genera operum reliquit Symmachus, epistulas, relationes, orationes: * '''orationes''' octo ab ipso circa [[376]] publicatae sunt quae ad patrem, Valentinianos principes et alios homines nobiles pertinent. Anno [[1815]] in [[Palimpsestus|palimpsesto]] ab [[Angelus Mai|Angelo Mai]] inventae sunt, antea a septimo saeculo deperditae. *'''relationes''' 49 statim post praefecturam circa [[385]] edidit inter quas celeberrima tertia relatio de ara Victoriae versatur. Illae relationes illius actionem in magistratu gerendo recensent. *'''epistulae''' plus quam nongentae in decem libros digestae magnum opus eius faciunt. Liber primus paulo post 385 in lumen prodisse vulgo creditur (epistulas ad patrem et fratrem continet necnon ad poetam [[Ausonius|Ausonium]] filiumque eius Hesperium et ad amicum [[Vettius Agorius Praetextatus|Praetextatum]], fratrem in paganismo). Cetera post mortem auctoris sed ante annum 409 a filio Memmio edita putantur. In septem primis libris epistulae per personas quibus missae sunt disponuntur sine ulla [[Chronologia|chronologica]] aut [[Thema (litterae)|thematica]] ordinatione. In octavo et nono sine ordine miscentur epistulae (pars maxima decimi deperdita est), ne personae quidem quibus mittuntur semper indicantur. Unde eruditi coniecerunt auctorem editionem usque ad septimum librum praeparasse, postea filium solum relictum ut potuit reliqua edidisse<ref>S. Roda, "Alcune ipotesi sulla prima edizione dell'epistolario di Simmaco", ''La Parola des Passato'', 1979: 31-54.</ref>. Certe Nicomachi non parvam partem epistularum recipiunt: liber secundus totus [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virio Nicomacho Flaviano]] dicatur, sextum librum ceteri inter se Nicomachi partiuntur. Lectorem modernum in illis epistulis paupertas [[thema|thematum]] offendit: etenim de rebus publicis aut religiosis scribendi tum libertas nulla erat et delatores speculabantur. Etiam retrorsus censura agebat: ita Memmius epistulas ad [[Usurpatio|usurpatores]] [[Magnus Maximus|Maximum]], [[Eugenius (imperator)|Eugenium]], [[Arbogastes|Arbogastem]] suppressit. Nuntii secreti et periculosi tabellariis maximae fidei mandabantur qui oraliter eos referebant, numquam scribebantur. Brevissimae igitur sunt epistulae Symmachi. Plerumque de mera salutatione et amicitiae professione agebatur aut [[Salus|salutis]] inquisitione et officiorum reciprocitate in epistularum commercio. Saepe simul propinquos et homines bene meritos [[Magistratus|magistratibus]] amicis commendabat. Rarius de litteris aut senatu consulto et annona Urbis aliquid scribebat aut de peregrinationibus in villas suas. Semel et iterum de lite apud iudices<ref>Federico-Alberto Poglio, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2008_num_120_1_10422 Una lite giudiziaria tra Aurelio Simmaco e Petronio Probo : a proposito di Symm., Epp. 2, 28; 30-31 e 3, 4]" in ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2008 (120-1): 149-161.</ref>. Omnia cursim sine excursu. Itaque spem lectoris saepe decipit. Ipse tenuis materiae sibi conscius erat: ''Quousque enim'', Nicomacho inquiebat, ''dandae ac reddendae salutationis verba blaterabimus, cum alia stylo materia non suppetat?''.<ref>''Ep''. II.35.</ref> == De genere dicendi et iudiciis == Stilus Symmachi non facile finitur. Duodecimo saeculo [[Alanus ab Insulis]] brevitatem eius evidentem extollens eum 'verbis parcum' sed 'mente profundum' dicebat: <blockquote><poem> Symacus in uerbis parcus sed mente profundus, Prodigus in sensu, uerbis angustus, habundans Mente, sed ore minor, fructu, non fronde beatus, Sensus diuicias uerbi breuitate coartat.<ref>''Anticlaudianus'' III.236-9</ref> </poem></blockquote> Nec dubium quin sententiae breves subiunctionem vitantes alienissimae sunt a [[periodus|periodico]] stilo quem in Ciceronis orationibus legimus sed non minus a sermone familiari quo utebatur magnus orator in epistulis abhorrent. Ipse ''ingenii sui maciem'' causabatur<ref>I.81. Cf ibidem I.14 ad Ausonium: ''Sed ego qui sum paupertini ingenii mei mihi conscius, Laconicae malo studere brevitati, quam multijugis paginis infantiae maciem publicare''.</ref>. Coaevi tamen stilum floridum et pinguem potius laudabant verisimile quia nomina et adiectiva magna densitate spissantur et plenitudinis speciem praebent. Ita [[Macrobius]]: <blockquote> ''Quattuor sunt, inquit Eusebius, genera dicendi: copiosum, in quo Cicero dominatur: breve, in quo Salustius regnat: siccum, quod Frontoni ascribitur: pingue et floridum in quo Plinius Secundus quondam et nunc nullo veterum minor noster Symmachus luxuriatur.''<ref>''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' V.1.7.</ref> </blockquote> [[Rhythmus|Numeris]] sophisticis<ref>Johannes Möller, ''De clausulis a Q. Aurelio Symmacho adhibitis'', Aschendorff, 1912. Louis Havet, ''[https://archive.org/details/laprosemtriqued00havegoog/page/n15/mode/2up La prose métrique de Symmaque et les origines métriques du cursus]'', Lutetiae, Emile Bouillon, 1892</ref> et splendido exquisitoque [[Vocabularium|vocabulario]] nitebat Symmachi [[prosa]] quae summam artem redolebat in variationibus circa exilem materiam innumeris. Amicus Ausonius [[Dithyrambus|dithyrambum]] ei composuit: <blockquote> ''Haud quisquam ita nitet, ut comparatus tibi non sordeat. Quis ita Aesopi venustatem, quis sophisticas Socratis conclusiones, enthymemata Demosthenis, aut opulentiam Tullianam, aut proprietatem nostri Maronis accedat?'' <ref>''Ep.'' V.32 ab Ausonio Symmacho missa et in epistolarium eius introducta.</ref> </blockquote> Sed et adversarii "Romani decus eloquii" attollebant ut poeta Christianus Prudentius qui eum supra Ciceronem ponebat<ref>''Contra Symmachum'' I.632-5.</ref> atque eo magis eum pigebat quod pereuntes deos et sordidos defendere mallet. In electione verborum archaismos apud Plautum aut Terentium inventos saepe adfectat, ut e.g. ''fors fuat an'' in classici 'forsitan' loco. Poeticas locutiones quoque non contemnit. Modernus rursus videtur cum nomina [[Abstractio|abstracta]] e verbis ducta multiplicat aut etiam [[Neologismus|neologismos]] procudit<ref>E. Schulze (1884).</ref>. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == *[[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/foto/F010361 VI, 1699] ; VIII, 24584 ; VIII, 5347 *[[Ambrosius]], ''Epistulae'' XVII et XVIII *[[Libanius]], ''Epistula'' 1004. * [[Macrobius]], ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalia]]'' *[[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens|Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' == Editiones criticae et commentarii == *Otto Seeck, ''[https://archive.org/details/qaureliisymmach00seecgoog/page/n8/mode/2up Q. Aurelii Symmachi quae supersunt]'' ([[Monumenta Germaniae historica|Monumenta Germaniae Historica]]), Berolini, 1893 [[Fasciculus:Base statua di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco - Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|CIL VI, 1699 = basis statuae a filio Memmio patri in [[Mons Caelius|monte Caelio]] erectae ubi eorum domus erat: cursum honorum brevem legere licet.]] *[[Collection des Universités de France]]: J.P. Callu, ''Symmaque. Correspondance.'' Les Belles Lettres, 1972-2002 (quattuor tomi) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1973_num_42_1_1704_t1_0288_0000_5 Recensio critica] ** ''Symmaque. Discours. Rapports'', ibidem, 2009 (tomus V operum) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2013_num_82_1_3841_t17_0359_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Giovanni Alberto Cecconi, ''Commento storico al libro II dell'Epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : con introduzione, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 2002 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003.11.17 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2004_num_73_1_2554_t1_0408_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/84769725/Giovanni_Alberto_Cecconi_Commento_storico_al_libro_II_dellepistolario_di_Q_Aurelio_Simmaco_Con_introduzione_testo_traduzione_e_indici Tertia recensio critica] *Maria Lubello, ''[https://flore.unifi.it/retrieve/5f4d48db-5049-487b-ac42-4092ba20a52a/Lubello_Maria_Commento_storico_libri_VII-VIII_2024.pdf Commento storico ai libri VII e VIII dell’epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, testo, traduzione, commento storico]'', Florentiae, 2024 [https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/1374992 Dissertatio academica] * Arnaldo Marcone, ''Commento storico al libro IV dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1987 ** Commento storico al libro VI dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco: Introd., commento storico, teste, traduzione, indici, Pisae, 1983 *Andrea Pellizzari, ''Commento storico al libro III dell epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco. Introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1983. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2003_num_72_1_2530_t1_0416_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Paola Rivolta Tiberga, ''Commento storico al libro V dell'epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione, indici'', Pisae, 1982 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1996_num_65_1_1262_t1_0346_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Sergio Roda, ''Commento storico al libro IX dell' epistolario di Q. Aurelio Simmaco : introduzione, commento storico, testo, traduzione e indici'', Pisae, 1981 * Domenico Vera, ''Commento storico alle "relationes" di Quinto Aurelio Simmaco: introduzione, commento, testo, traduzione, appendice sul libro X, 1-2, indici'', Pisae, 1981 == Plura legere si cupis == *Marco Bertolini, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/24182889 Sull' attegiamento religioso di Q. A. Simmaco]", ''Studi Classici e Orientali'', 1987: 189-208 *Philippe Bruggisser, ''Symmaque ou le rituel épistolaire de l'amitié littéraire. Recherches sur le premier livre de la correspondance'', Fribourg, 1993 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1995_num_64_1_1237_t1_0337_0000_2 Recensio critica] *JP Callu, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0223-5099_2006_ant_361_1_11709 En marge des vieux livres : les manuscrits perdus de Symmaque]", ''Revue d’histoire des textes'', 1976: 197-217 *Alan Cameron, ''The Last Pagans of Rome'', Oxford University Press, 2011 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=AIQ8DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www.academia.edu/117724893/The_Last_Pagans_of_Rome_By_Alan_Cameron Recensio critica] [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2011/2011.12.35 Altera recensio critica] *Nicolas Cavuoto-Denis, ''Vsus scribendi : le projet littéraire de Symmaque dans les Lettres, les Discours et les Rapports'', Turnhout, Brepols, 2023 [https://www.academia.edu/71771621/Vsus_scribendi_le_projet_litt%C3%A9raire_de_Symmaque_dans_les_Lettres_les_Discours_et_les_Rapports Summarium] *Octavius Clason, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=QywUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Symmachi epistularum codice Parisino]'', Bonnae, [1867] '''LATINE''' *Gerd Haverling, ''Studies on Symmachus' Language and Style'', [[Gothoburgum|Gothoburgi]], 1988 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1990_num_59_1_2300_t1_0385_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Gaëlle Hébert de la Portbarré-Viard, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2018_num_197_1_1925 Symmaque dans le ''Contra Symmachum'' de Prudence : enjeux et significations d’une mise à mort littéraire]", ''Vita Latina'', 2018: 148-172 * Bettina Hecht, ''Störungen der Rechtslage in den Relationen des Symmachus : Verwaltung und Rechtsprechung in Rom 384/385 n. Chr'', Berolini, 2006 [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7767/zrgra.2008.125.1.775/html Recensio critica] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/864/mode/2up 865-871] * R. Klein, Symmachus, ''Eine tragische Gestalt des ausgehenden Heidentums'', [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 1971 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1972_num_74_1_3927_t1_0322_0000_1 Recensio critica] * Otto Koren, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=4akiGJ2DkE8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Quaestiones Symmachianae]'', Vindobonae, 1874 '''LATINE''' *Guilelmus Kroll, ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024459482&seq=5 De Q. Aurelii Symmachi studiis graecis et latinis]'', Vratislaviae, 1891 '''LATINE''' * Federico Lizzani, ''Il patrimonio di Q. Aurelius Symmachus a Roma e nel Lazio : una restituzione archeologica dall'epistolario'', Romae, "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2024 ISBN 978-88-913-3294-3 *John Alexander McGeachy, ''Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and the Senatorial Aristocracy of the West'', University of Chicago, 1942 * Jill Mitchell, ''[https://www.academia.edu/118514477/The_Religious_world_of_Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]'', Trivent Publishing, 2021 *Eugenius Morin, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=6c9gM4kqQkIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Disquisitio chronologica de dimidia altera quarti saeculi parte juxta Symmachum]'', Parisiis, excudebat Panckoucke, 1847 '''LATINE''' * F. Paschoud (curator), ''Colloque genevois sur Symmaque : à l'occasion du mille six centième anniversaire du conflit de l'autel de la Victoire'', [1984], Les Belles lettres, 1986 *S. Roda, "Simmaco nel gioco politico del suo tempo", ''Studia et Documenta Historiae et Iuris'', 1973: 53-114 *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 * Ernestus Theodorus Schulze, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=hIhHAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false De Q. Aurelii Symmachi vocabulorum formationibus ad sermonem vulgarem pertinentibus]'', Halis Saxonum, 1884 '''LATINE''' * Ramón Teja, ''La más antigua polémica sobre la tolerancia religiosa: el debate entre San Ambrosio de Milán y el senador Símaco sobre el Altar de la Victoria'', Matriti, 2023 ISBN 978-84-19782-23-6 *Cristiana Sogno, ''Q. Aurelius Symmachus : a political biography'', University of Michigan Press, 2006 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=N3qFtZRLuXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *L. M. A. Viola, ''Quinto Aurelio Simmaco : lo splendore della romanitas : la perfezione dell'uomo religioso romano-italiano e la costituzione della civiltà universale della pace'', Forii, Victrix, 2010 [https://bibcatalogo.uca.es/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=870445&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=2642939] {{NexInt}} * [[Controversia de ara Victoriae]] == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus Quintum Aurelium Symmachum] spectant *[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Libri_Decem_Epistolarum Libri decem epistolarum apud Vicifontem] * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~Harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Symmachus/sym_re03.html Tertia Relatio Symmachi] * {{BBKL|s/s4/symmachus_a|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=SYMMACHUS EUSEBIUS, Q. AURELIUS|tomus=11|columnae=363-366}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090814190634/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/sym-amb/ambrepf.html Ambrosius, Epistulae xvii et xviii] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Valentinianus II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Neoterius]]| annus= 391<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Eutolmius Tatianus|Flavio Eutolmio Tatiano]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] II et [[Flavius Rufinus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|402|Aurelius Symmachus, Quintus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Gens Aurelia]] 9vmkpj9pgijgto4f4foavw5am49n2g3 1 42956 3980700 3809701 2026-08-12T01:26:34Z Grufo 64423 +{{[[Formula:Usor anonymus non subscripsit|subst:Usor anonymus non subscripsit]]}} 3980700 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Alpha and Sampi== ''Formam anteriorem huius commentationis restitui. Vide et pedem paginae.'' [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:37, 12 Octobris 2010 (UTC) Full global Greek alphabet is as follows: Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ϝ Ϛ Ζ Η Ͱ Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο Π Ϻ Ϸ Ϟ Ρ Σ Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω Ͳ It begins with Alpha, and ends with Sampi. That means that Omega in this case is not final letter, because after Omega is placed too Sampi. Due to this fact, in this case God is '''not only''' local Ionian Alpha and Omega, because He is in this case too Somebody more - global Pan-Greek Alpha and Sampi. This fact should be acknowledged by all Christians that uses global Greek Alphabet, because in this case they can diminish God by excluding Him from full range of global Greek Alphabet. Ionians were justified by their unknowledge, and Jesus only adjusted Himself to their lower level of knowledge, calling Himself as local Ionian Beginning and End. Sho was placed between San and Qoppa and was only existing Greek letter not used by Greeks, but by Bactrians that adopted Greek alphabet. [[Specialis:Conlationes/91.94.167.29|91.94.167.29]] 18:14, 24 Ianuarii 2008 (UTC) :Is this serious? What is Sampi?--[[Usor:Xaverius|Xaverius]] 18:28, 24 Ianuarii 2008 (UTC) ::Alpha is first letter of extended Greek alphabet with sound value "a" and numerical value 1, while Sampi is last letter of extended Greek alphabet with sound value "s" and numerical value 900. More [[simple:Greek_alphabet|here]]. Each Greek letter article provides sound and numerical value. [[Specialis:Conlationes/91.94.167.29|91.94.167.29]] 18:42, 24 Ianuarii 2008 (UTC) :::Haec omnia et plura legi possunt in pagina [[Abecedarium Graecum]] --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 18:59, 24 Ianuarii 2008 (UTC) ::::Graecus est, non legitur.... --[[Usor:Xaverius|Xaverius]] 11:58, 25 Ianuarii 2008 (UTC) :::::What a ridiculous waste of keystrokes in this argument ... arguing over '''''which''''' '''lettters(!!!)''' (as if a god worthy his salt gave a thing about earthly abecedaria...) by which god should be represented... letter sampi?! Ugh... --[[Usor:Ioscius Rocchius|Ioscius]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioscius Rocchius|(disp)]]}</small> 12:48, 19 Martii 2008 (UTC) ::::::My list serves as compilation of all Greek letters that ever existed. I used Unicode charts as source of this list - only symbols explicitly called letters there are included. Because Greek alphabet is first ever vovel+consonant-featured alphabet, best what can be done is to say, that God is globally '''Alpha and Sampi''', but too locally Α and Ω (Ionian), A and Z (Latin), А and Я (Russian), etc... This explanation is important to both refrain from diminishing God and to regard Bible as truth. [[Specialis:Conlationes/87.96.63.125|87.96.63.125]] 13:03, 19 Martii 2008 (UTC) :::::::While I thank you for compiling the image (which is actually pretty cool), the last two ideas you wrote frankly scare the willies out of me. How on earth is the word of god to be written by men? Men lie all the time... Truth? eehh... --[[Usor:Ioscius Rocchius|Ioscius]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioscius Rocchius|(disp)]]}</small> 13:13, 19 Martii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::Ionian variant is local, but this one compiled by me graphically is global. In this way both statements are true, because designations such as "global" (for Alpha&Sampi) and "local" (for Alpha&Omega) could be simply omitted in texts. God's Catholic revelations (both public and private) are always true and cross-coherent/consistent, but often incomplete - I know that from my reading experience. Please compare for example New Testament and The Poem of the Man-God By Maria Valtorta for example. What is missed in Bible can be present in Poem, and what is missed in Poem, can be present in Bible. [[Specialis:Conlationes/87.96.63.125|87.96.63.125]] 13:26, 19 Martii 2008 (UTC) :::::::::'''Please''' do not edit my comments, nor capitalize my gs.--[[Usor:Ioscius Rocchius|Ioscius]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioscius Rocchius|(disp)]]}</small> 13:42, 19 Martii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::::I did this only to repair your unholy treating of Holy God, but I see that you are very stubborn against God, by restoring your unholiness. This is very sad, especially because our doom and gloom is extremely near: http://www.giftstor.org/tomkiel05fst.html Your constant unholiness in treating God may result in your eternal damnation, thus please repent while you can. [[Specialis:Conlationes/87.96.63.125|87.96.63.125]] 14:03, 19 Martii 2008 (UTC) :::::::::::Our anonymous user should note that "diminishing God" would be an impossible, indeed inconceivable, procedure for us mortals. I'm surprised she even thinks of it. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:07, 19 Martii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::::::I meant virtual (as virtuality) diminishing of God, performed by knowers of full global 32-letter Greek alphabet, by excluding Him from keeping His Holy Rule over Digamma, Stigma, Heta, Jot, San, Sho, Qoppa and Sampi by calling Him only Alpha and Omega = 24 letters = 75% of all existing letters, while God really keeps His Holy Rule over Alpha and Sampi = 32 letters = 100% of all existing letters. Of course God is not possible to real (as reality) diminishing in any way, because He is always constant and unchangeable Infinity. God called Himself Alpha and Omega only for reason of being understood by Ionians that didn't knew missing 8 letters, because their local 24-letter Ionian alphabet beginning with Alpha and ending with Omega was locally perceived as Beginning and End. But our current knowledge about full global Greek alphabet obliges us to call Him Alpha and Sampi to express His Omnipotence without any exclusions. [[Specialis:Conlationes/87.96.63.125|87.96.63.125]] 18:18, 19 Martii 2008 (UTC) It is not in the interests of an accurate and reliable encyclopaedia to misquote or change the content of any source in page titles, citations or quote boxes. Therefore it is not in our interests to rename this page "Alpha et Sampi", or whatever you are proposing. Is that OK? <span style="font-family:'Courier New';">[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]</span> 22:40, 18 Iunii 2008 (UTC). :Well, seems that discussion is a couple months old. I think the point is moot anyway, if it's theological; the letters are obsolete and "He is not the God of the dead, but of the living; ye therefore do greatly err."[http://scripturetext.com/mark/12-27.htm] —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 23:15, 18 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::God is '''GLOBAL UNCONFUSED''' Alpha and Sampi, that includes '''local confused''' Α and Ω, А and Я, A and Z etc... Remember, that confused tongues including those used to write Bible are transitory. Of course Bible is eternal, and finally will be rewritten only in unconfused Adamic language. Our eternal goal is unconfused full Adamic language in Heaven written with unconfused full alphabet. Because first language was written without alphabet, earliest possible FullConsonant+FullVowel alphabet should be used, thus Greek, as Andrew Dalby confirmed: http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disputatio_Usoris:Andrew_Dalby#Revert/Ban Catholic Private Revelation Proofs: ::*http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language ::*http://www.voxdomini.com.pl/valt/valt/v-07-011.htm translated from Polish: ::"Now He rose from the dead. He made everything. He was praised already before his incarnation. Three times He is praised now when he annihilated Himself in the body for so many years giving Himself, leading the obedience to such an excellence could die on the Cross for filling the will of God up. He will ascend to the Heaven by so much praised in His praised body and will enter the eternal Glory beginning reigning which Israel didn't understanded. He is calling – to this Kingdom like never before, insistently, with love and the – authority all tribes of world. All nations will come to the Saviour, the same as it they could see and they predicted just of Israel and Prophets. And there will already be <b>no Jews </b>nor Romans, no Scytes nor Africans, no Iberians nor Celts, no Egyptians nor Phrygians. Living behind the Euphrates will unite around with the ones from above the eternal River. People of the North, at the side of Numidians, will come to its Kingdom. <b>Races and dialects will disappear</b>. There will already be no differences [resulting around] of clothes, the skin colour or hair. There will be one boundless, shining and clean people, <b>one speech and one love</b>. So there will be a Kingdom of God. Kingdom of Heaven. Eternal Monarch: Offered as the victim and rose from the dead. Eternally [existing] subjects: the ones which adopted His faith. Be willing to believe in order to be them." :::What's so special about an alphabet with vowels and consonants? The Greek alphabet cannot be the thing you are looking for because its values are arbitrary and therefore '''irrational''', arising from '''confusion of language''', without God's wisdom and reason. What you want is the vowel-and-consonant alphabet that was created along lines of reason, the shapes of whose letters are designed to represent their sounds. The first example of this is [[en:Hangul|Hangul]], and you would do well to study it, as it is closer to your ideal of a '''global unconfused''' writing than the '''local confusions''' of the Greeks, who only invented vowels because they did not hear the consonant sounds the letters originally represented. '''God is light''', and in Him there is no darkness or confusion at all. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 23:54, 19 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::'''Eternally dead people''' are in hell, while '''eternally living people''' are in Purgatory and Heaven. People with uncertain status live on Earth. By denying revival of first things (both language and alphabet), you are denying God's Promise cited by me above. [[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 15:29, 19 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::'''The living''' know that they shall die, but '''the dead know not anything'''[http://scripturetext.com/ecclesiastes/9-5.htm], and when '''the Lord Himself''' shall descend from heaven with a shout, the dead in Christ will rise[http://multilingualbible.com/1_thessalonians/4-16.htm]—what Hell is it where your dead do not know their punishment, and what are the dead in Christ doing in your hell? By '''denying God's teaching''' you show you are '''[http://www.timecube.com/ educated stupid]'''. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 23:54, 19 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::I talked here about '''eternal live of soul in Heaven for bodily died in Christ''' with conditional initial temporary live in Purgatory, when soul needs purging from non-deadly sins, and '''eternal death of soul in hell for bodily died in devil''', thus I never denied God's teaching. Thus you should understand Evangelium as follows: '''The living <u>know that they shall die</u>''', but '''the dead <u>know not anything [about need of dying again]</u>'''. Hangul is as weird as Phaistos disc, because it is not purely sequential, but spiral mixed with sequential: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaistos_Disc , and has huge overhead of non-uniphonemic phoneme clusters. Adamic Proto-Indo-European was written with sentence-level ideographic script: http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language (example: graphical picture of human riding on donkey through forest depicts sentence: "Man rides on donkey through forest"), thus using Greek alphabet is only solution to have both first alphabet joined with first language, and phonetics fully preserved at once. [[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 07:54, 20 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::Hangul goes left and right, top and bottom, with no circular spiral motion. The original alphabet of the Greeks ''is'' more circular, going [[en:boustrophedon|from left to right and then from right to left]], reversing the letters. http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language says that Greek is the solution because it is the first phonemic script and the ideographic script does not preserve the original '''phonetic features''' of Adamic Proto-Indo-European. By the same rule Hangul is a better solution because it is the first fully-fledged '''featural script''' designed to represent phonetic features and can preserve those features better than the Greek script. Also, the Hangul script is [[en:Origin_of_Hangul#Core_consonant_letters_adopted_from_.E2.80.99Phagspa|developed from the Phagspa script]] and thus from the '''clean offshoot''' Brahmi script of the Indo-Iranian languages, while the Greek and all the other alphabets of Europe are from the Phoenician which is not Indo-Iranian making it a '''dirty offshoot''' and thus it would be wholly inappropriate for the Adamic language. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 12:00, 20 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::But Phagspa script through Brahmi script, too is derived from Phoenician: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagspa_script As you see, Phoenician derivation is unescapable, and '''first/earliest''' Vowel+Consonant derivative of Phoenician is still of course Greek. [[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 13:06, 20 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::::Ah, but of course the script is derived from Phoenician. It is not from its Phoenician origin that a script is appropriate or not, but whether it is taken '''raw and directly'''—as the Greek was, with the vowels being created only from the Greeks being unable to pronounce the consonants the letters represented—or '''refined'''—as it was by the pure-offshoot Indo-Iranian languages, whose grammarians took special interest in its continued purity both in speech and writing; I am sure you are already familiar this is in fact the meaning of the word 'Sanskrit'. As the Indo-Iranian offshoots are pure, surely the script—the written part of those languages, carried by sons of Adam with the spoken part to India—must be on the same principle: fragmenting from the mother Phoenician into its Indo-Iranian offshoot, it is transformed into the Brahmic script, purified by its continued contact with the language, refined by the addition of vowel sounds being represented—though not yet separated into their own letters. Hangul is the '''first/earliest''' derivative from this new branch of writing to separate the vowels from the consonants, and its pedigree is appropriate, unlike that of Greek, whose parent Proto-Indo-Hellenic is unsuitable even for reference in restoring the Adamic language, being "reconstructed with influences from languages confused in higher degree."[http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language] —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 00:23, 22 Iunii 2008 (UTC) == Literacy in the Paradise? == WRT "Adamic language" qua language spoken by Adam, why are you so keen on written signs with vowels and consonants? Do you suggest Adam was a literate person? --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 23:47, 21 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :Apparently the argument is that the Adamic language should be written by the earliest script that can adequately represent its phonetic features, because this is somehow superior to an pictographic script (and all other kinds of writing, I expect, would fall somewhere along a continuum with those two as endpoints). Of course Greek is insufficiently featural. ;) —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 00:23, 22 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::Greek script is not featural at all. Its letters derives from Proto-Sinaitic script, which had pictographic origins in egyptian hieroglyphs, that in turn descended from Adamic sentence-level ideographic script. This article: http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language clearly states: "Adamic language was written in '''sentence-level ideographic script''', that was more abstract than '''word-level''' and '''syllable-level''' ideographic scripts, while earliest descendants of Adamic language were written with mix of these scripts. Because of using ideographic script that doesn't preserve phonetic features of Adamic language, best solution would be writing of Adamic language with earliest existing fully fledged phoneme-level script - the Greek alphabet." As you see, Greek alphabet is first ever Vowel+Consonant descendant of original Adamic sentence-level ideographic script. [[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 14:26, 22 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::Yes, Greek script is not featural at all! That is exactly its problem for your purpose. This article: http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language clearly states that "Adamic language was written in '''sentence-level''' ideographic script, that was more abstract than '''word-level''' and '''syllable-level''' ideographic scripts" — and that seems to stop short, because it doesn't consider '''feature-level''' scripts as well, when the article says '''the very reason''' for choosing Greek is because it preserves phonetic features—while '''by your own admission''' it does not do this at all! Let us correct that to "Because using a non-featural script wouldn't preserve the '''phonetic features''' of the Adamic language, '''the best solution''' would be writing the Adamic language with the earliest existing fully fledged '''feature-level script''' - the Korean alphabet." As you see, the Korean is the first ever Vowel+Consonant+Feature descendant of original Adamic sentence-level ideographic script. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 00:35, 23 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::Si tibi placet, fac nobis monstres unum verbum ab Ada dictum, et fac nobis monstres hunc Adam revera vixisse. {nicto} [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 15:09, 22 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::Oh well, that's proven then. Thank God nobody would question whether a first man called Adam ever lived in a literal sense or, if he existed, whether his language was ever written in any script at all. If there was somebody, however, who wanted to know why on earth we would need a script for a language that, if it ever existed, can neither be reconstructed nor is used by anybody anymore, and why, if indeed we needed such a script, it should be different from the hypothetical script this hypothetical tongue was originally written in, he shall probably have to ask Ms. Emmerich ...--[[Usor:Ceylon|Ceylon]] 15:03, 22 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::Let's assume, for the sake of argument, that Adam, and of course Eve, once existed. You say that Adamic language was written in sentence-level ideographic script. Do you really mean that Adam was a literate person? BTW, is the Adamic language the same as, or a descendant of, the language that is used in the ''Book of Life'' (''Sefer chaim'')? --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 19:02, 22 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::Adam and Eve really existed, Bible is not fiction, it is God's Revelation analogous to Emmerich's one. Greek alphabet is at least first ever '''phoneme-level''' script, because Phoenicians by omitting vowels made their script alphasyllabary. Phoenician is alphasyllabic, because makes assumpting of vowel after consonant obligatory, thus built into Phoenician letters, that are not isolate consonants at all, as is in Greek. Adamic language is '''ANCESTOR''' of Hebrew language used in "Sefer chaim" - Anne Catherine Emmerich clearly '''denies''' assigning Adamic etiquette to later and confused Hebrew: http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language , while '''confirms''' assigning Adamic etiquette to earlier and unconfused Proto-Indo-European.[[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 08:57, 23 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::Yes, I know the Greek alphabet is phonemic, and Phoenician, alphasyllabic. But notice that the Greek alphabet is phonemically suboptimal. That is to say, it fails to bring out all the functional distinctions required by the sound structure of Greek (or Proto-Indo-European). It appears that not even the Greek "global alphabet" is global enough. '''||''' By ''Book of Life'', I referred to the book in which God records the names and lives of the righteous (according to Exodus 32:32-33; Revelation 3:5, 17:8, 20:12, 20:15). Now, I repeat my question: Is this book written in Adamic? '''||''' You wrote: "Adamic language is ANCESTOR of Hebrew language" [---]. "Anne Catherine Emmerich ... confirms assigning Adamic etiquette to earlier and unconfused Proto-Indo-European." I'm sure Anne Catherine Emmerich didn't use the term ''Proto-Indo-European''. I suspect it's your term. I must say it is not very ethical to encroach upon a term that has been in use in Indo-European Comparative Linguistics, which wields the Comparative Method, not Revelation. One of the results of the Indo-European Linguistics is that Hebrew isn't an Indo-European language. Distant relationship between reconstructed language families is a field of investigation very few serious Indo-Europeanists are willing to plunge into. Notice also that, basically, Proto-Indo-European is no language in the social sense but rather a polylectal grammar fragment, an axiomatic system by which the relatedness of Indo-European languages can be demonstrated as formally necessary. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 01:44, 24 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::::Book of Life in Heaven of course is written in PIE, because Heaven as punishment-free, thus confusion-free environment uses by default unconfused PIE language. Your Hebrew title of this book misleaded me. I noticed experimentally, that Adamic Proto-Indo-European language is of course too ancestor of even those languages, which are '''not officially''' called Indo-European. Examples: PIE *appa-s and *amma-s (as in Pokorny and Köbler) are looking directly as cognate to Hebrew Abba and Imma. Both PIE and Hebrew pairs means accordingly Father and Mother. Much more such cognate pairs can be demonstrated between PIE and non officially IE languages, such as PIE *nena-s and Chinese niang, both meaning nanny. Anne Catherine Emmerich pointed at PIE by revealing, that Adamic is the ancestor of Bactrian, Zend and Indian - its first pure offshoots. If these pure offshoots are IE, then Adamic is PIE. [[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 12:53, 24 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::::The cross-linguistic similarities between words for mamas and papas and other nursery words do not necessarily indicate common ancestry. Such terms probably result from the situational nature of language acquisition. Babblibg babies tend to utter sound sequences such as ma-ma, ba-ba etc, and parents tend to associate these word-like sounds with themselves. Pace Pokorny, such nursery words aren't feasible inputs to the comparative method. Too much phonaesthetic and iconic factors are involved. But I see your Adamic language, Merritt Ruhlen's Proto-World language, and the like, endorse to linguistic monogenesis. This is something that can't be properly established by means of the comparative method, which requires that the correpondences be '''systematic''', not based on haphazardly collected comparanda which, typically, tend to be unbelievably similar to each other, as if untouched by phonological and semantic change. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 19:41, 24 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::::::Finally 2 cents of mine: Couldn't agree with Neander's statement above more thoroughly: Cf Koren numerals: 1 and 2 are ''hana'' and ''dul'' respectively. On the surface, without a '''systematic''' approach, they would seem quite nicely to accord with PIE (Sihler) *Hoi-no-/*Hoi-wo-/*Hoi-k(ʷ)o-; *sem-/*d(u)wo- and (Beeke) *Hoi(H)nos/*duoh₁, but man, does anyone really assert even in passing that these language families are related?!--[[Usor:Ioscius|Ioscius]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioscius|(disp)]]}</small> 00:54, 25 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::::::[[en:Nostratic|Frequently]]. But the mainstream scientific view is that the comparative method used to relate languages today is not reliable enough at such a time depth to say whether these separate trees are related. Of course in the non-mainstream view, Proto-Indo-European is just a "locally confused" version of "globally unconfused" Nostratic, which, being older, would be more likely to be Adamic than the comparatively modern and provincial PIE. :x) —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 23:34, 25 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::::::::And (by some of those who don't worry about reliability) [[:en:Proto-World language|Proto-World]] is being reconstructed. One little problem ( I pointed this out in ''Language in Danger'', and I'm not the only one) is that Eve was "probably multilingual, like so many of her descendants". So there is no one language for them to reconstruct. As for Adam, I'm not so sure. Men are lazy. He probably only managed one. I agree with Ms Emmerich on that, if on nothing else. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:32, 26 Iunii 2008 (UTC) As I see, you have proofs that Anne Catherine Emmerich is wholly right and valid, because she had '''Infallible Divine Inspiration''', but you still refuse to believe that '''God confused Proto-Indo-European human mother tongue into many descendant confused tongues both in regular and irregular ways at once'''. Because God is merciful to His Catholic followers, He gave them chance to return to Adamic PIE as is documented in Anne Catherine Emmerich: http://www.all-jesus.com/scriptures/bible1-4.htm and commented here: http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language I thank and praise God very much for this chance to return to our Adamic tongue, which I use as much as possible. [[Specialis:Conlationes/91.94.71.228|91.94.71.228]] 11:06, 25 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :How happy for the 16.99 percent of the world's population who belong to the Roman Catholic Church! Why do the bishops not highlight this issue in their encyclicals? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 12:11, 25 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::Bishops are ignoring issue of returning of Catholics to Proto-Indo-European, because they are too forcibly sticked to confusion of tongues, especially in Hebrew, Latin and Greek confusion variants. They don't understand that confusion of tongues was set by God only and only for blocking masonic unity under devil and antichrist, but NEVER for blocking Catholic Unity under God. Thus I am trying to popularize this issue to avoid dividing of Catholic Church to confused factions. [[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 13:28, 25 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::Language reconstructions earlier than non-laryngeal PIE spelled by scientists with Latin alphabet only, are using variable/substitute signs inside their Latin spellings choosed by scientists, such as ?_'''#''' number intrusions resembling greeklish/leetspeak and uppercase intrusions that are both used for approximating partially unknown sounds, Greek script intrusions, etc... for part of their phonemes. Non-laryngeal PIE is earliest possible reconstruction without these variable/substitute signs. All that is analyzed here: http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language As you see, non-laryngeal PIE is earliest Anne-Catherine Emmerich compatible protolanguage, that is spelled by scientists with Latin-only spelling. Matching this condition makes respelling of non-laryngeal PIE to pure Greek alphabet absolutely possible, which is not possible for earlier reconstructions. Abovementioned flaws in earlier reconstructions debunks them as false, because some non-existent data are missing in them. Thus non-laryngeal PIE that is earliest such flawless reconstruction, wins finally as Adamic protolanguage. Adam and Eve were both unilingual by using PIE and God created them 6000 years ago in Eden near Jerusalem - six days after beginning of God's creation process. Holy Bible and Blessed Anne Catherine Emmerich both clearly states that, and denying these God's Revelations is erratic. I don’t consider feature-level scripts at all, because there are too many ways to classify/mark phonemes – Bell’s Visible Speech and IPA does it in different ways, thus I abandoned feature-level scripts at all, stopping at earliest phoneme-level script, thus Greek.[[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 15:59, 26 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::"''As you see, non-laryngeal PIE is earliest Anne-Catherine Emmerich compatible protolanguage, that is spelled by scientists with Latin-only spelling.''" — Wait, wait—you are choosing your Adamic language based on how easy it is to spell with existing alphabets? At any rate, the Hittite language still has most of the laryngeals, and its script uses consonants and vowels—writing the laryngeals without any variable/substitute signs, and is considerably earlier than the Greek script, but http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language doesn't even seem to consider Hittite to exist at all (it calls languages with laryngeals "fictional"). —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 15:31, 27 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::"''I don’t consider feature-level scripts at all, because there are too many ways to classify/mark phonemes – Bell’s Visible Speech and IPA does it in different ways, thus I abandoned feature-level scripts at all, stopping at earliest phoneme-level script, thus Greek.''" — YM I don't consider phoneme-level scripts at all, because there are too many ways to classify/mark phonemes — English and Greek do it in different ways, thus I'd abandon phoneme-level scripts at all, stopping at the earliest feature-level script, thus Hangul. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 15:31, 27 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::Hittite script was not alphabetic, but syllabic: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform , being always '''syllable-level''', but never '''phoneme-level''' writing. Thus I discard it. Article mentioned by you classifies as fictional all laryngeal-featured reconstructed protolanguages, because precise value of laryngeals in these reconstructions is unknown at all, thus laryngeal descendants such as Hittite are not denied. In this way laryngeals can be treated as innovation. Anne Catherine Emmerich focuses on Indo-Iranian (Bactrian+Zend+Indian) descendants of PIE as most similar to Adamic PIE, thus traditional non-laryngeal PIE still wins as most close to her requirements. Additionally, I noticed that syllabaries (cuneiform) and featurals (hangul) both has much more Unicode signs than even fully extended Greek alphabet - first ever '''phoneme-level''' script. [[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 17:47, 27 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::You haven't said anything against syllabic writing yet—what's your reasoning? http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language only states that ideographic scripts are unsuitable (whether sentence- or word- or syllable-level), and in your previous arguments you've only excluded Semitic writing, because it habitually omits vowels, and you say Vowels+Consonants need to be represented in the writing—but a syllabic script does represent both consonants and vowels, with the extra benefit that the same word may be written in fewer signs. Also, you have a strange definition of 'innovation'—the laryngeal values are not uncertain because they are ''new''; they are uncertain because they are so ''old'' so little of them remains to be reconstructed, but the traces are so certain that we know that all the languages that dropped them were the innovations—and this is another point in favor of the Hittite script. (Unless perhaps you mean it is an innovation because we ''discovered'' them later? But that would be silly, like saying [[en:Pluto|Pluto]] is an innovation over the telephone.) As for the number of Unicode points, what does it matter? The computers can handle them, and the users are shielded from them: on any decent Korean computer input you only have to type the individual jamo (which are few) and it will convert it to the appropriate Unicode signs automatically; similar is the case for the syllabaries I've used as well. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 17:27, 28 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::My reasoning is in optimalization in number of signs, including Unicode range as it is. For me laryngeals were innovation as feature outside Indo-Iranian core family mostly cited by Anne Catherine Emmerich as most similar to Adamic. Non-laryngeal PIE don't breaks any of core Indo-Iranian features, and this is without adding unknown (laryngeal) phoneme variables, thus non-laryngeal PIE still wins as best Adamic proper candidate. Directly behind it exists first reconstruction with unknown (laryngeal) phoneme variables, namely laryngeal PIE. Going back further makes situation only worser. [[Specialis:Conlationes/82.177.192.205|82.177.192.205]] 17:41, 28 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::Hi, what is your rationale for considering a lower number of signs per word ''less'' optimal than a lower number of different signs? If it is merely difficulty of learning, remember that the signs only have to be learned once, but used often, in which a sign set that can more efficiently encode the information probably should be more optimal to a literate person. (You should probably also drop the use of Unicode as a buzzword to support your claims if, as you describe below, you are not even using it.) Anyway, about the laryngeals, take a look at the history of them. They were deduced by Saussure from languages like Indo-Iranian based on their effects—chiefly in the way ablaut works—about fifty years ''before'' the discovery of Hittite confirmed their existence. Using a Proto-Indo-European without laryngeals ''does'' break one of the core Indo-Iranian features, and would do so even if Hittite had never been discovered—you will have to find an entirely different way for different ablaut grades to work. Good luck. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 21:53, 28 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::::I discarded Hangul because characters don't run purely linearly one after one, as is in Greek alphabet. We don't know exact laryngeal values, because H, H₁, H₂ and H₃ are in fact rather like X variable in equation, than exact phoneme value. Thus non-laryngal PIE still wins, being built only from known constant elements. :::::::::Writing laryngeals with Times Ind PIE-Greek font is not convenient, because (all described here: http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language ): :::::::::*Times Ind font uses native Greek numerals (horizontally long) made from ligatured tallies, that are Phoenician-derived, as Greek script itself too is derived from Phoenician. :::::::::*Times Ind font uses only Greek uppercase - being most archaic Greek case - in place of Times German Latin lowercase, because some Times German Latin uppercased diacritical counterparts were missing, and due of the same reason Times Ind in place of Times German Latin uppercase has empty rectangles - both cases are swapped among themselves. :::::::::[[Specialis:Conlationes/82.177.192.205|82.177.192.205]] 08:05, 29 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::::Wait, so you mean you're willing to sacrifice truth for convenience in something as important as this must be? Young man, I don't '''ever''' want to hear you suggest that you are discarding something in a matter of religion just because it's not easy to do: prove it's not the right thing on other grounds first. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 00:43, 30 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::::::For me Catholic Faith is most important as truth, rest must be adjusted to it. [[Specialis:Conlationes/82.177.192.205|82.177.192.205]] 08:03, 30 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::::::As I mentioned to you before, the first Greek alphabet doesn't run linearly either: the lines go in boustrophedon from one end to another (the letters mirror when this happens, too!). The purely linear direction and the single orientation of the letters are an innovation not found in the earliest existing Vowel+Consonant script, which is the one you say you are using. As for the values of the laryngeals, remember that is merely a convenience of notation—the value of the phoneme *H₃ is just as uncertain as the value of, say, *bh (which is almost certainly not /bʰ/); the signs are only chosen for their mnemonic value (in the case of *bh, as a reference to its usual reflex in Sanskrit) and this becomes more and more visible as the progress of the science gets better at pinning down the values. Incidentally, how do you plan to separate *g and *gh from *ǵ and *ǵh in Greek letters? —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 00:43, 30 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::::::::Separating of *g and *gh from *ǵ and *ǵh in Greek letters is done in Times Ind by using Indoeuropeanistic diacritics. [[Specialis:Conlationes/82.177.192.205|82.177.192.205]] 08:03, 30 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ==Identity== This is [[:en:User:Wikinger]] (also known as [[:en:User:Piast]], [[:en:User:CBMIBM]]) going on his extended Greek alphabet crusade. This has been poorly-recieved at English wikipedia: see [[:en:Talk:Alpha_and_Omega]], [[:en:Template talk:Greek alphabet]], etc. [[Usor:AnonMoos|AnonMoos]] 15:51, 27 Martii 2008 (UTC) :This user currently is CBMIBM, but permanently abandoned Wikinger name because of Nazi [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiking-Jugend Wiking Jugend] connotations. He too permanently abandoned Piast name because of stadion-bandit [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piast_Gliwice GKS Piast] connotations. [[Specialis:Conlationes/87.96.19.62|87.96.19.62]] 18:42, 7 Aprilis 2008 (UTC) ::Note: an anonymous user removed the last two paragraphs, giving the summary "revert restoring lies and suspections without proofs". [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 12:20, 18 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :These statements above except this one directly above my current statement, are really lies and suspections without proofs, because I never had account in any Wikipedia. I will remain anonymous, because creating account only to have it banned for nothing is futile. This is my experience from various forums. [[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 12:29, 18 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::Note: on 28 June an anonymous user inserted the statement below and removed the statement above, adding the explanation "revert my lies". [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:42, 29 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::I think you will not be banned here if you present your arguments on talk pages. You could even start a page in the "Vicipaedia:"-namespace for this topic. However, if you want to make a change in the article namespace there has to be consensus. To get consensus, it will help to provide external sources, not just citing other Wikipedias. And to have an account here will also help, at least in communicating with you. --[[Usor:Rolandus|Rolandus]] ::::I don't want to change "Alpha et Omega" to "Alpha et Sampi" in article, because this article is specifically about one of local/confounded derivatives of global/unconfounded '''Alpha and Sampi''', but not about global/unconfounded '''Alpha and Sampi''' itself, rendered in Adamic Proto-Indo-European as *('''a''' ēd '''§a'''), for full naming convention of letters in PIE see http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language. I only wanted to inform you all that there exists better and eternal Adamic linguistic solution for all Catholics reconstructed directly from Catholic Private Revelations, thus approved by God, than current and transitory confused triplet of Hebrew, Greek and Latin. Of course all holy and plain words from Hebrew, Greek, Latin, etc... have their cognates (both single and compounded) in Proto-Indo-European. Most radical example: Jewish Abba and Imma has PIE cognates such as *appa-s and *amma-s, on both sides meaning Father and Mother. There exists much more such correspondences, that are lighter or heavier to find. [[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 17:45, 19 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::I use identity lies to cover my real identity - this is against masonic agendas that I suspect to emerge anywhere. [[Specialis:Conlationes/82.177.192.205|82.177.192.205]] 10:01, 29 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::Andrew Dalby, your edits exposed this anonymous user to freemasons. He only fights for truth, but wants remain anonymous for his safety. [[Specialis:Conlationes/208.53.137.178|208.53.137.178]] 10:16, 29 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::I haven't exposed anyone's identity. But I think, if you try to fight for truth using lies, you fail. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 11:40, 29 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::Thus I abandon lies in favor to proxies as masquerading tools if you told me that these lies can make my struggle for truth non-efficient. I of course want that Adamic/Catholic truth will win. [[Specialis:Conlationes/82.177.192.205|82.177.192.205]] 13:22, 29 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ==Missing letters== I signalized in template related to Greek Alphabet all missing Greek letters by placing them there. Red links indicate them all. More in: [[Disputatio:Abecedarium Graecum]]. [[Specialis:Conlationes/91.94.132.212|91.94.132.212]] 17:01, 17 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :This template is here: [[Template:Abecedarium Graecum]], and missing letters came from Official Unicode site: http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0370.pdf These letters were officially introduced into Unicode. [[Specialis:Conlationes/67.159.47.42|67.159.47.42]] 17:20, 17 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::I provide reliable sources for all obsolete letters, especially Yot - especially on subpages: ::*[http://attalus.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/unicode.html Greek letters and their history] ::*[http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0370.pdf Greek letters implemented into Unicode] ::*[http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/03f3/index.htm Official Yot] ::[[Specialis:Conlationes/87.96.32.168|87.96.32.168]] 16:53, 28 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::Hi, read the sources you're citing. The third is essentially an expansion of the information in the second (and that yot is accepted as a unicode codepoint is not a controversial fact), and the first one specifically says that yot was in origin a Latin letter used by Germans to transcribe one of the sounds of Greek. If the Unicode practices regarding how "script mixing" is viewed were different, it would probably never have been viewed (or encoded) as a Greek letter in the first place. Note that your first source's [http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/unicode_mixing.html page on "script mixing"] explicitly describes yot as a "Latin letter"; also, the Greek typographer Yannis Harambolous states[http://omega.enstb.org/yannis/pdf/boston99.pdf] that the correct rendering of yot "depends on the ''background'' language, ''i.e.'' not of the language in which it is used (ancient Greek) but of the main language of the document (English if it is an English translation or critical edition, French if it is a French one, and so on)"—he goes on to mention that this is one of the justifications for yot being encoded separately: "taking a plain Latin j would not allow French users to represent it by a y". —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 17:56, 28 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::I wanted only to find remapping of whole PIE-dedicated Times German LATIN font to other PIE-dedicated GREEK font, and I found it in Adamic Wikinfo article, thus I noticed that to have remapping complete, Yot was necessary to use. Whole remapping is here: http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language It was made in such way, that switching between Times German and Times Ind font doesn't affect spelling of PIE words. On both sides are used Indoeuropeanistic diacritics. [[Specialis:Conlationes/82.177.192.205|82.177.192.205]] 18:07, 28 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::Hi, if the font works as you are describing, it is not a Unicode font, so it is not even the 'Greek Yot' of Unicode that you are using with it, but an ordinary Latin letter J. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 21:40, 28 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::Please note that if both Latin J and j have leftward hook, and if small Greek Yot has too leftward hook, then big Greek Yot must be identical to big Latin J. Even big Latin A, B, E, I, K, M, N, O, T, Y, Z are identical to their Greek big counterparts both in meaning and shape. As you see, reconstruction of big Yot is correct. Times Ind font is here: http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/cybalist/ in Files section. [[Specialis:Conlationes/82.177.192.205|82.177.192.205]] 08:05, 29 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::Hi, the cybalist group is moderated, and people cannot download the files without being a member. My comment was not related to the shape of the letter, so I'm not sure what you are responding to. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 00:12, 30 Iunii 2008 (UTC) == Yannis/Giannes == Γιάννης is of course Giannes, so why is written falsely Yannis? [[Specialis:Conlationes/89.238.169.150|89.238.169.150]] 11:19, 11 Novembris 2009 (UTC) :Where do you see Yannis in this article?--[[User:Xaverius|<span style="color:blue;">Xave</span>]][[:eu:Lankide:Xaverius|<span style="color:green;">ri</span>]][[:eu:Lankide_eztabaida:Xaverius|<span style="color:red;">us</span>]] 11:35, 11 Novembris 2009 (UTC) ::Yannis is in talk, not in article. "Γιάννης Χαραλάμπους" should be Giannes Haralampoys, not Yannis Harambolous, but I still wonder why he is mistransliterated at all? Is this dyslexia or something else? [[Specialis:Conlationes/74.63.93.146|74.63.93.146]] 11:48, 11 Novembris 2009 (UTC) :::Mind your words, it is not dyslexia, he himself has translitterated his name is such way (check the link provided), so there is nothing we can do. Email him if you want to know the answer.--[[User:Xaverius|<span style="color:blue;">Xave</span>]][[:eu:Lankide:Xaverius|<span style="color:green;">ri</span>]][[:eu:Lankide_eztabaida:Xaverius|<span style="color:red;">us</span>]] 12:30, 11 Novembris 2009 (UTC) ::::Yes, and in fact many Greeks transliterate the name in this way. It's not an error, it's a matter of choice. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 12:38, 11 Novembris 2009 (UTC) :::::I am against such choices, because they make learning proper Greek letter values much harder, which outrages classicists. [[Specialis:Conlationes/74.63.93.146|74.63.93.146]] 12:48, 11 Novembris 2009 (UTC) ::::::Well, it doesn't outrage me :) --[[User:Xaverius|<span style="color:blue;">Xave</span>]][[:eu:Lankide:Xaverius|<span style="color:green;">ri</span>]][[:eu:Lankide_eztabaida:Xaverius|<span style="color:red;">us</span>]] 12:57, 11 Novembris 2009 (UTC) :::::::''Yannis'' is both a common spelling and a useful attestation of the principle of transliterating according to phonetics, rather than letters—a principle that, if we followed it religiously, would get rid of such curious spellings as [[Cechia]] and [[Chilia]], classically pronounced /kekhia/ and /khilia/ respectively, though the intended pronunciations are more like /tʃekia/ and /tʃilia/. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 14:32, 11 Novembris 2009 (UTC) ==Nova== ''Res quae sequuntur, hodie ad caput paginae additas et emendatas, hic removi. Si quis vult, potest subter commenta inserere.'' [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:37, 12 Octobris 2010 (UTC) :Iterum habemus quidam qui putat disputationem ad absurdum necessariam esse de ha re. Fortasse sit melius si simpliciter disputationem protegamus contra usores ignotos?--[[User:Xaverius|<span style="color:blue;">Xave</span>]][[:eu:Lankide:Xaverius|<span style="color:green;">ri</span>]][[:eu:Lankide_eztabaida:Xaverius|<span style="color:red;">us</span>]] 22:26, 12 Octobris 2010 (UTC) ::Aliquis, ut videtur, hic excitat fluctús in simpulo! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 23:18, 12 Octobris 2010 (UTC) ===Alpha and Sho=== Full global Greek alphabet is as follows: [[Image:Greek_Alphabet_Unicode.png|1000px]] It begins with Alpha, and ends with Sho. That means that Omega in this case is not final letter, because after Omega is placed too Sampi and Sho. Due to this fact, in this case God is '''not only''' local Ionian Alpha and Omega, because He is in this case too Somebody more - global Pan-Greek Alpha and Sho. This fact should be acknowledged by all Christians that uses global Greek Alphabet, because in this case they can diminish God by excluding Him from full range of global Greek Alphabet. Ionians were justified by their unknowledge, and Jesus only adjusted Himself to their lower level of knowledge, calling Himself as local Ionian Beginning and End. Sho was placed behind Sampi and was only existing Greek letter not used by Greeks, but by Bactrians that adopted Greek alphabet. [[Specialis:Conlationes/91.94.167.29|91.94.167.29]] 18:14, 24 Ianuarii 2008 (UTC) Try this: letter Alpha can be thought as rotated letter Aleph [[Image:Greek Alpha 01.svg|25px]] ⇾ [[Image:Greek Alpha 09.svg|20px]] letter Sho can be thought as rotated letter Omega [[Image:Greek uc omega.svg|30px]] ⇾ [[Image:Bactrian Sho.svg|15px]] So: Aleph-Omega ≈ Alpha-Sho. [[Specialis:Conlationes/96.44.133.2|96.44.133.2]] 16:22, 12 Octobris 2010 (UTC) What is what: :talk with textual alphabet is flawed and is based on many contradictory faulty sources. :talk with graphical alphabet is genuine and is based on single reliable source: http://www.unicode.org/Public/UCA/latest/allkeys.txt<!-- Substitutio formulae {{Usor anonymus non subscripsit}} secundum recensionem 3934567 hic incipit --><small class="autosigned">— ''Commentationem pristinam [[Vicipaedia:Subscriptio|non subscriptam]] usor sine nomine [[Specialis:Conlationes/79.191.237.160|79.191.237.160]]&thinsp;_{([[Disputatio Usoris:79.191.237.160|disputatio]])} horā 18:53 diei 12 Octobris 2010 [[Specialis:Diff/1338964/1338971|scripsit]]''.</small><!-- Substitutio formulae {{Usor anonymus non subscripsit}} hic finit --> 8tsls8458etfiwixb3upm37jdgzy94a 3980702 3980700 2026-08-12T01:29:08Z Grufo 64423 +{{[[Formula:Antiquae disputationes|Antiquae disputationes]]}} 3980702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Antiquae disputationes | ab = 2008-01-24 | ad = 2010-10-12 }} ==Alpha and Sampi== ''Formam anteriorem huius commentationis restitui. Vide et pedem paginae.'' [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:37, 12 Octobris 2010 (UTC) Full global Greek alphabet is as follows: Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ϝ Ϛ Ζ Η Ͱ Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο Π Ϻ Ϸ Ϟ Ρ Σ Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω Ͳ It begins with Alpha, and ends with Sampi. That means that Omega in this case is not final letter, because after Omega is placed too Sampi. Due to this fact, in this case God is '''not only''' local Ionian Alpha and Omega, because He is in this case too Somebody more - global Pan-Greek Alpha and Sampi. This fact should be acknowledged by all Christians that uses global Greek Alphabet, because in this case they can diminish God by excluding Him from full range of global Greek Alphabet. Ionians were justified by their unknowledge, and Jesus only adjusted Himself to their lower level of knowledge, calling Himself as local Ionian Beginning and End. Sho was placed between San and Qoppa and was only existing Greek letter not used by Greeks, but by Bactrians that adopted Greek alphabet. [[Specialis:Conlationes/91.94.167.29|91.94.167.29]] 18:14, 24 Ianuarii 2008 (UTC) :Is this serious? What is Sampi?--[[Usor:Xaverius|Xaverius]] 18:28, 24 Ianuarii 2008 (UTC) ::Alpha is first letter of extended Greek alphabet with sound value "a" and numerical value 1, while Sampi is last letter of extended Greek alphabet with sound value "s" and numerical value 900. More [[simple:Greek_alphabet|here]]. Each Greek letter article provides sound and numerical value. [[Specialis:Conlationes/91.94.167.29|91.94.167.29]] 18:42, 24 Ianuarii 2008 (UTC) :::Haec omnia et plura legi possunt in pagina [[Abecedarium Graecum]] --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 18:59, 24 Ianuarii 2008 (UTC) ::::Graecus est, non legitur.... --[[Usor:Xaverius|Xaverius]] 11:58, 25 Ianuarii 2008 (UTC) :::::What a ridiculous waste of keystrokes in this argument ... arguing over '''''which''''' '''lettters(!!!)''' (as if a god worthy his salt gave a thing about earthly abecedaria...) by which god should be represented... letter sampi?! Ugh... --[[Usor:Ioscius Rocchius|Ioscius]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioscius Rocchius|(disp)]]}</small> 12:48, 19 Martii 2008 (UTC) ::::::My list serves as compilation of all Greek letters that ever existed. I used Unicode charts as source of this list - only symbols explicitly called letters there are included. Because Greek alphabet is first ever vovel+consonant-featured alphabet, best what can be done is to say, that God is globally '''Alpha and Sampi''', but too locally Α and Ω (Ionian), A and Z (Latin), А and Я (Russian), etc... This explanation is important to both refrain from diminishing God and to regard Bible as truth. [[Specialis:Conlationes/87.96.63.125|87.96.63.125]] 13:03, 19 Martii 2008 (UTC) :::::::While I thank you for compiling the image (which is actually pretty cool), the last two ideas you wrote frankly scare the willies out of me. How on earth is the word of god to be written by men? Men lie all the time... Truth? eehh... --[[Usor:Ioscius Rocchius|Ioscius]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioscius Rocchius|(disp)]]}</small> 13:13, 19 Martii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::Ionian variant is local, but this one compiled by me graphically is global. In this way both statements are true, because designations such as "global" (for Alpha&Sampi) and "local" (for Alpha&Omega) could be simply omitted in texts. God's Catholic revelations (both public and private) are always true and cross-coherent/consistent, but often incomplete - I know that from my reading experience. Please compare for example New Testament and The Poem of the Man-God By Maria Valtorta for example. What is missed in Bible can be present in Poem, and what is missed in Poem, can be present in Bible. [[Specialis:Conlationes/87.96.63.125|87.96.63.125]] 13:26, 19 Martii 2008 (UTC) :::::::::'''Please''' do not edit my comments, nor capitalize my gs.--[[Usor:Ioscius Rocchius|Ioscius]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioscius Rocchius|(disp)]]}</small> 13:42, 19 Martii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::::I did this only to repair your unholy treating of Holy God, but I see that you are very stubborn against God, by restoring your unholiness. This is very sad, especially because our doom and gloom is extremely near: http://www.giftstor.org/tomkiel05fst.html Your constant unholiness in treating God may result in your eternal damnation, thus please repent while you can. [[Specialis:Conlationes/87.96.63.125|87.96.63.125]] 14:03, 19 Martii 2008 (UTC) :::::::::::Our anonymous user should note that "diminishing God" would be an impossible, indeed inconceivable, procedure for us mortals. I'm surprised she even thinks of it. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:07, 19 Martii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::::::I meant virtual (as virtuality) diminishing of God, performed by knowers of full global 32-letter Greek alphabet, by excluding Him from keeping His Holy Rule over Digamma, Stigma, Heta, Jot, San, Sho, Qoppa and Sampi by calling Him only Alpha and Omega = 24 letters = 75% of all existing letters, while God really keeps His Holy Rule over Alpha and Sampi = 32 letters = 100% of all existing letters. Of course God is not possible to real (as reality) diminishing in any way, because He is always constant and unchangeable Infinity. God called Himself Alpha and Omega only for reason of being understood by Ionians that didn't knew missing 8 letters, because their local 24-letter Ionian alphabet beginning with Alpha and ending with Omega was locally perceived as Beginning and End. But our current knowledge about full global Greek alphabet obliges us to call Him Alpha and Sampi to express His Omnipotence without any exclusions. [[Specialis:Conlationes/87.96.63.125|87.96.63.125]] 18:18, 19 Martii 2008 (UTC) It is not in the interests of an accurate and reliable encyclopaedia to misquote or change the content of any source in page titles, citations or quote boxes. Therefore it is not in our interests to rename this page "Alpha et Sampi", or whatever you are proposing. Is that OK? <span style="font-family:'Courier New';">[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]</span> 22:40, 18 Iunii 2008 (UTC). :Well, seems that discussion is a couple months old. I think the point is moot anyway, if it's theological; the letters are obsolete and "He is not the God of the dead, but of the living; ye therefore do greatly err."[http://scripturetext.com/mark/12-27.htm] —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 23:15, 18 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::God is '''GLOBAL UNCONFUSED''' Alpha and Sampi, that includes '''local confused''' Α and Ω, А and Я, A and Z etc... Remember, that confused tongues including those used to write Bible are transitory. Of course Bible is eternal, and finally will be rewritten only in unconfused Adamic language. Our eternal goal is unconfused full Adamic language in Heaven written with unconfused full alphabet. Because first language was written without alphabet, earliest possible FullConsonant+FullVowel alphabet should be used, thus Greek, as Andrew Dalby confirmed: http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disputatio_Usoris:Andrew_Dalby#Revert/Ban Catholic Private Revelation Proofs: ::*http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language ::*http://www.voxdomini.com.pl/valt/valt/v-07-011.htm translated from Polish: ::"Now He rose from the dead. He made everything. He was praised already before his incarnation. Three times He is praised now when he annihilated Himself in the body for so many years giving Himself, leading the obedience to such an excellence could die on the Cross for filling the will of God up. He will ascend to the Heaven by so much praised in His praised body and will enter the eternal Glory beginning reigning which Israel didn't understanded. He is calling – to this Kingdom like never before, insistently, with love and the – authority all tribes of world. All nations will come to the Saviour, the same as it they could see and they predicted just of Israel and Prophets. And there will already be <b>no Jews </b>nor Romans, no Scytes nor Africans, no Iberians nor Celts, no Egyptians nor Phrygians. Living behind the Euphrates will unite around with the ones from above the eternal River. People of the North, at the side of Numidians, will come to its Kingdom. <b>Races and dialects will disappear</b>. There will already be no differences [resulting around] of clothes, the skin colour or hair. There will be one boundless, shining and clean people, <b>one speech and one love</b>. So there will be a Kingdom of God. Kingdom of Heaven. Eternal Monarch: Offered as the victim and rose from the dead. Eternally [existing] subjects: the ones which adopted His faith. Be willing to believe in order to be them." :::What's so special about an alphabet with vowels and consonants? The Greek alphabet cannot be the thing you are looking for because its values are arbitrary and therefore '''irrational''', arising from '''confusion of language''', without God's wisdom and reason. What you want is the vowel-and-consonant alphabet that was created along lines of reason, the shapes of whose letters are designed to represent their sounds. The first example of this is [[en:Hangul|Hangul]], and you would do well to study it, as it is closer to your ideal of a '''global unconfused''' writing than the '''local confusions''' of the Greeks, who only invented vowels because they did not hear the consonant sounds the letters originally represented. '''God is light''', and in Him there is no darkness or confusion at all. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 23:54, 19 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::'''Eternally dead people''' are in hell, while '''eternally living people''' are in Purgatory and Heaven. People with uncertain status live on Earth. By denying revival of first things (both language and alphabet), you are denying God's Promise cited by me above. [[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 15:29, 19 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::'''The living''' know that they shall die, but '''the dead know not anything'''[http://scripturetext.com/ecclesiastes/9-5.htm], and when '''the Lord Himself''' shall descend from heaven with a shout, the dead in Christ will rise[http://multilingualbible.com/1_thessalonians/4-16.htm]—what Hell is it where your dead do not know their punishment, and what are the dead in Christ doing in your hell? By '''denying God's teaching''' you show you are '''[http://www.timecube.com/ educated stupid]'''. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 23:54, 19 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::I talked here about '''eternal live of soul in Heaven for bodily died in Christ''' with conditional initial temporary live in Purgatory, when soul needs purging from non-deadly sins, and '''eternal death of soul in hell for bodily died in devil''', thus I never denied God's teaching. Thus you should understand Evangelium as follows: '''The living <u>know that they shall die</u>''', but '''the dead <u>know not anything [about need of dying again]</u>'''. Hangul is as weird as Phaistos disc, because it is not purely sequential, but spiral mixed with sequential: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaistos_Disc , and has huge overhead of non-uniphonemic phoneme clusters. Adamic Proto-Indo-European was written with sentence-level ideographic script: http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language (example: graphical picture of human riding on donkey through forest depicts sentence: "Man rides on donkey through forest"), thus using Greek alphabet is only solution to have both first alphabet joined with first language, and phonetics fully preserved at once. [[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 07:54, 20 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::Hangul goes left and right, top and bottom, with no circular spiral motion. The original alphabet of the Greeks ''is'' more circular, going [[en:boustrophedon|from left to right and then from right to left]], reversing the letters. http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language says that Greek is the solution because it is the first phonemic script and the ideographic script does not preserve the original '''phonetic features''' of Adamic Proto-Indo-European. By the same rule Hangul is a better solution because it is the first fully-fledged '''featural script''' designed to represent phonetic features and can preserve those features better than the Greek script. Also, the Hangul script is [[en:Origin_of_Hangul#Core_consonant_letters_adopted_from_.E2.80.99Phagspa|developed from the Phagspa script]] and thus from the '''clean offshoot''' Brahmi script of the Indo-Iranian languages, while the Greek and all the other alphabets of Europe are from the Phoenician which is not Indo-Iranian making it a '''dirty offshoot''' and thus it would be wholly inappropriate for the Adamic language. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 12:00, 20 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::But Phagspa script through Brahmi script, too is derived from Phoenician: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagspa_script As you see, Phoenician derivation is unescapable, and '''first/earliest''' Vowel+Consonant derivative of Phoenician is still of course Greek. [[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 13:06, 20 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::::Ah, but of course the script is derived from Phoenician. It is not from its Phoenician origin that a script is appropriate or not, but whether it is taken '''raw and directly'''—as the Greek was, with the vowels being created only from the Greeks being unable to pronounce the consonants the letters represented—or '''refined'''—as it was by the pure-offshoot Indo-Iranian languages, whose grammarians took special interest in its continued purity both in speech and writing; I am sure you are already familiar this is in fact the meaning of the word 'Sanskrit'. As the Indo-Iranian offshoots are pure, surely the script—the written part of those languages, carried by sons of Adam with the spoken part to India—must be on the same principle: fragmenting from the mother Phoenician into its Indo-Iranian offshoot, it is transformed into the Brahmic script, purified by its continued contact with the language, refined by the addition of vowel sounds being represented—though not yet separated into their own letters. Hangul is the '''first/earliest''' derivative from this new branch of writing to separate the vowels from the consonants, and its pedigree is appropriate, unlike that of Greek, whose parent Proto-Indo-Hellenic is unsuitable even for reference in restoring the Adamic language, being "reconstructed with influences from languages confused in higher degree."[http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language] —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 00:23, 22 Iunii 2008 (UTC) == Literacy in the Paradise? == WRT "Adamic language" qua language spoken by Adam, why are you so keen on written signs with vowels and consonants? Do you suggest Adam was a literate person? --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 23:47, 21 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :Apparently the argument is that the Adamic language should be written by the earliest script that can adequately represent its phonetic features, because this is somehow superior to an pictographic script (and all other kinds of writing, I expect, would fall somewhere along a continuum with those two as endpoints). Of course Greek is insufficiently featural. ;) —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 00:23, 22 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::Greek script is not featural at all. Its letters derives from Proto-Sinaitic script, which had pictographic origins in egyptian hieroglyphs, that in turn descended from Adamic sentence-level ideographic script. This article: http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language clearly states: "Adamic language was written in '''sentence-level ideographic script''', that was more abstract than '''word-level''' and '''syllable-level''' ideographic scripts, while earliest descendants of Adamic language were written with mix of these scripts. Because of using ideographic script that doesn't preserve phonetic features of Adamic language, best solution would be writing of Adamic language with earliest existing fully fledged phoneme-level script - the Greek alphabet." As you see, Greek alphabet is first ever Vowel+Consonant descendant of original Adamic sentence-level ideographic script. [[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 14:26, 22 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::Yes, Greek script is not featural at all! That is exactly its problem for your purpose. This article: http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language clearly states that "Adamic language was written in '''sentence-level''' ideographic script, that was more abstract than '''word-level''' and '''syllable-level''' ideographic scripts" — and that seems to stop short, because it doesn't consider '''feature-level''' scripts as well, when the article says '''the very reason''' for choosing Greek is because it preserves phonetic features—while '''by your own admission''' it does not do this at all! Let us correct that to "Because using a non-featural script wouldn't preserve the '''phonetic features''' of the Adamic language, '''the best solution''' would be writing the Adamic language with the earliest existing fully fledged '''feature-level script''' - the Korean alphabet." As you see, the Korean is the first ever Vowel+Consonant+Feature descendant of original Adamic sentence-level ideographic script. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 00:35, 23 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::Si tibi placet, fac nobis monstres unum verbum ab Ada dictum, et fac nobis monstres hunc Adam revera vixisse. {nicto} [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 15:09, 22 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::Oh well, that's proven then. Thank God nobody would question whether a first man called Adam ever lived in a literal sense or, if he existed, whether his language was ever written in any script at all. If there was somebody, however, who wanted to know why on earth we would need a script for a language that, if it ever existed, can neither be reconstructed nor is used by anybody anymore, and why, if indeed we needed such a script, it should be different from the hypothetical script this hypothetical tongue was originally written in, he shall probably have to ask Ms. Emmerich ...--[[Usor:Ceylon|Ceylon]] 15:03, 22 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::Let's assume, for the sake of argument, that Adam, and of course Eve, once existed. You say that Adamic language was written in sentence-level ideographic script. Do you really mean that Adam was a literate person? BTW, is the Adamic language the same as, or a descendant of, the language that is used in the ''Book of Life'' (''Sefer chaim'')? --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 19:02, 22 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::Adam and Eve really existed, Bible is not fiction, it is God's Revelation analogous to Emmerich's one. Greek alphabet is at least first ever '''phoneme-level''' script, because Phoenicians by omitting vowels made their script alphasyllabary. Phoenician is alphasyllabic, because makes assumpting of vowel after consonant obligatory, thus built into Phoenician letters, that are not isolate consonants at all, as is in Greek. Adamic language is '''ANCESTOR''' of Hebrew language used in "Sefer chaim" - Anne Catherine Emmerich clearly '''denies''' assigning Adamic etiquette to later and confused Hebrew: http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language , while '''confirms''' assigning Adamic etiquette to earlier and unconfused Proto-Indo-European.[[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 08:57, 23 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::Yes, I know the Greek alphabet is phonemic, and Phoenician, alphasyllabic. But notice that the Greek alphabet is phonemically suboptimal. That is to say, it fails to bring out all the functional distinctions required by the sound structure of Greek (or Proto-Indo-European). It appears that not even the Greek "global alphabet" is global enough. '''||''' By ''Book of Life'', I referred to the book in which God records the names and lives of the righteous (according to Exodus 32:32-33; Revelation 3:5, 17:8, 20:12, 20:15). Now, I repeat my question: Is this book written in Adamic? '''||''' You wrote: "Adamic language is ANCESTOR of Hebrew language" [---]. "Anne Catherine Emmerich ... confirms assigning Adamic etiquette to earlier and unconfused Proto-Indo-European." I'm sure Anne Catherine Emmerich didn't use the term ''Proto-Indo-European''. I suspect it's your term. I must say it is not very ethical to encroach upon a term that has been in use in Indo-European Comparative Linguistics, which wields the Comparative Method, not Revelation. One of the results of the Indo-European Linguistics is that Hebrew isn't an Indo-European language. Distant relationship between reconstructed language families is a field of investigation very few serious Indo-Europeanists are willing to plunge into. Notice also that, basically, Proto-Indo-European is no language in the social sense but rather a polylectal grammar fragment, an axiomatic system by which the relatedness of Indo-European languages can be demonstrated as formally necessary. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 01:44, 24 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::::Book of Life in Heaven of course is written in PIE, because Heaven as punishment-free, thus confusion-free environment uses by default unconfused PIE language. Your Hebrew title of this book misleaded me. I noticed experimentally, that Adamic Proto-Indo-European language is of course too ancestor of even those languages, which are '''not officially''' called Indo-European. Examples: PIE *appa-s and *amma-s (as in Pokorny and Köbler) are looking directly as cognate to Hebrew Abba and Imma. Both PIE and Hebrew pairs means accordingly Father and Mother. Much more such cognate pairs can be demonstrated between PIE and non officially IE languages, such as PIE *nena-s and Chinese niang, both meaning nanny. Anne Catherine Emmerich pointed at PIE by revealing, that Adamic is the ancestor of Bactrian, Zend and Indian - its first pure offshoots. If these pure offshoots are IE, then Adamic is PIE. [[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 12:53, 24 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::::The cross-linguistic similarities between words for mamas and papas and other nursery words do not necessarily indicate common ancestry. Such terms probably result from the situational nature of language acquisition. Babblibg babies tend to utter sound sequences such as ma-ma, ba-ba etc, and parents tend to associate these word-like sounds with themselves. Pace Pokorny, such nursery words aren't feasible inputs to the comparative method. Too much phonaesthetic and iconic factors are involved. But I see your Adamic language, Merritt Ruhlen's Proto-World language, and the like, endorse to linguistic monogenesis. This is something that can't be properly established by means of the comparative method, which requires that the correpondences be '''systematic''', not based on haphazardly collected comparanda which, typically, tend to be unbelievably similar to each other, as if untouched by phonological and semantic change. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 19:41, 24 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::::::Finally 2 cents of mine: Couldn't agree with Neander's statement above more thoroughly: Cf Koren numerals: 1 and 2 are ''hana'' and ''dul'' respectively. On the surface, without a '''systematic''' approach, they would seem quite nicely to accord with PIE (Sihler) *Hoi-no-/*Hoi-wo-/*Hoi-k(ʷ)o-; *sem-/*d(u)wo- and (Beeke) *Hoi(H)nos/*duoh₁, but man, does anyone really assert even in passing that these language families are related?!--[[Usor:Ioscius|Ioscius]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioscius|(disp)]]}</small> 00:54, 25 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::::::[[en:Nostratic|Frequently]]. But the mainstream scientific view is that the comparative method used to relate languages today is not reliable enough at such a time depth to say whether these separate trees are related. Of course in the non-mainstream view, Proto-Indo-European is just a "locally confused" version of "globally unconfused" Nostratic, which, being older, would be more likely to be Adamic than the comparatively modern and provincial PIE. :x) —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 23:34, 25 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::::::::And (by some of those who don't worry about reliability) [[:en:Proto-World language|Proto-World]] is being reconstructed. One little problem ( I pointed this out in ''Language in Danger'', and I'm not the only one) is that Eve was "probably multilingual, like so many of her descendants". So there is no one language for them to reconstruct. As for Adam, I'm not so sure. Men are lazy. He probably only managed one. I agree with Ms Emmerich on that, if on nothing else. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:32, 26 Iunii 2008 (UTC) As I see, you have proofs that Anne Catherine Emmerich is wholly right and valid, because she had '''Infallible Divine Inspiration''', but you still refuse to believe that '''God confused Proto-Indo-European human mother tongue into many descendant confused tongues both in regular and irregular ways at once'''. Because God is merciful to His Catholic followers, He gave them chance to return to Adamic PIE as is documented in Anne Catherine Emmerich: http://www.all-jesus.com/scriptures/bible1-4.htm and commented here: http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language I thank and praise God very much for this chance to return to our Adamic tongue, which I use as much as possible. [[Specialis:Conlationes/91.94.71.228|91.94.71.228]] 11:06, 25 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :How happy for the 16.99 percent of the world's population who belong to the Roman Catholic Church! Why do the bishops not highlight this issue in their encyclicals? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 12:11, 25 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::Bishops are ignoring issue of returning of Catholics to Proto-Indo-European, because they are too forcibly sticked to confusion of tongues, especially in Hebrew, Latin and Greek confusion variants. They don't understand that confusion of tongues was set by God only and only for blocking masonic unity under devil and antichrist, but NEVER for blocking Catholic Unity under God. Thus I am trying to popularize this issue to avoid dividing of Catholic Church to confused factions. [[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 13:28, 25 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::Language reconstructions earlier than non-laryngeal PIE spelled by scientists with Latin alphabet only, are using variable/substitute signs inside their Latin spellings choosed by scientists, such as ?_'''#''' number intrusions resembling greeklish/leetspeak and uppercase intrusions that are both used for approximating partially unknown sounds, Greek script intrusions, etc... for part of their phonemes. Non-laryngeal PIE is earliest possible reconstruction without these variable/substitute signs. All that is analyzed here: http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language As you see, non-laryngeal PIE is earliest Anne-Catherine Emmerich compatible protolanguage, that is spelled by scientists with Latin-only spelling. Matching this condition makes respelling of non-laryngeal PIE to pure Greek alphabet absolutely possible, which is not possible for earlier reconstructions. Abovementioned flaws in earlier reconstructions debunks them as false, because some non-existent data are missing in them. Thus non-laryngeal PIE that is earliest such flawless reconstruction, wins finally as Adamic protolanguage. Adam and Eve were both unilingual by using PIE and God created them 6000 years ago in Eden near Jerusalem - six days after beginning of God's creation process. Holy Bible and Blessed Anne Catherine Emmerich both clearly states that, and denying these God's Revelations is erratic. I don’t consider feature-level scripts at all, because there are too many ways to classify/mark phonemes – Bell’s Visible Speech and IPA does it in different ways, thus I abandoned feature-level scripts at all, stopping at earliest phoneme-level script, thus Greek.[[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 15:59, 26 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::"''As you see, non-laryngeal PIE is earliest Anne-Catherine Emmerich compatible protolanguage, that is spelled by scientists with Latin-only spelling.''" — Wait, wait—you are choosing your Adamic language based on how easy it is to spell with existing alphabets? At any rate, the Hittite language still has most of the laryngeals, and its script uses consonants and vowels—writing the laryngeals without any variable/substitute signs, and is considerably earlier than the Greek script, but http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language doesn't even seem to consider Hittite to exist at all (it calls languages with laryngeals "fictional"). —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 15:31, 27 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::"''I don’t consider feature-level scripts at all, because there are too many ways to classify/mark phonemes – Bell’s Visible Speech and IPA does it in different ways, thus I abandoned feature-level scripts at all, stopping at earliest phoneme-level script, thus Greek.''" — YM I don't consider phoneme-level scripts at all, because there are too many ways to classify/mark phonemes — English and Greek do it in different ways, thus I'd abandon phoneme-level scripts at all, stopping at the earliest feature-level script, thus Hangul. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 15:31, 27 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::Hittite script was not alphabetic, but syllabic: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform , being always '''syllable-level''', but never '''phoneme-level''' writing. Thus I discard it. Article mentioned by you classifies as fictional all laryngeal-featured reconstructed protolanguages, because precise value of laryngeals in these reconstructions is unknown at all, thus laryngeal descendants such as Hittite are not denied. In this way laryngeals can be treated as innovation. Anne Catherine Emmerich focuses on Indo-Iranian (Bactrian+Zend+Indian) descendants of PIE as most similar to Adamic PIE, thus traditional non-laryngeal PIE still wins as most close to her requirements. Additionally, I noticed that syllabaries (cuneiform) and featurals (hangul) both has much more Unicode signs than even fully extended Greek alphabet - first ever '''phoneme-level''' script. [[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 17:47, 27 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::You haven't said anything against syllabic writing yet—what's your reasoning? http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language only states that ideographic scripts are unsuitable (whether sentence- or word- or syllable-level), and in your previous arguments you've only excluded Semitic writing, because it habitually omits vowels, and you say Vowels+Consonants need to be represented in the writing—but a syllabic script does represent both consonants and vowels, with the extra benefit that the same word may be written in fewer signs. Also, you have a strange definition of 'innovation'—the laryngeal values are not uncertain because they are ''new''; they are uncertain because they are so ''old'' so little of them remains to be reconstructed, but the traces are so certain that we know that all the languages that dropped them were the innovations—and this is another point in favor of the Hittite script. (Unless perhaps you mean it is an innovation because we ''discovered'' them later? But that would be silly, like saying [[en:Pluto|Pluto]] is an innovation over the telephone.) As for the number of Unicode points, what does it matter? The computers can handle them, and the users are shielded from them: on any decent Korean computer input you only have to type the individual jamo (which are few) and it will convert it to the appropriate Unicode signs automatically; similar is the case for the syllabaries I've used as well. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 17:27, 28 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::My reasoning is in optimalization in number of signs, including Unicode range as it is. For me laryngeals were innovation as feature outside Indo-Iranian core family mostly cited by Anne Catherine Emmerich as most similar to Adamic. Non-laryngeal PIE don't breaks any of core Indo-Iranian features, and this is without adding unknown (laryngeal) phoneme variables, thus non-laryngeal PIE still wins as best Adamic proper candidate. Directly behind it exists first reconstruction with unknown (laryngeal) phoneme variables, namely laryngeal PIE. Going back further makes situation only worser. [[Specialis:Conlationes/82.177.192.205|82.177.192.205]] 17:41, 28 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::Hi, what is your rationale for considering a lower number of signs per word ''less'' optimal than a lower number of different signs? If it is merely difficulty of learning, remember that the signs only have to be learned once, but used often, in which a sign set that can more efficiently encode the information probably should be more optimal to a literate person. (You should probably also drop the use of Unicode as a buzzword to support your claims if, as you describe below, you are not even using it.) Anyway, about the laryngeals, take a look at the history of them. They were deduced by Saussure from languages like Indo-Iranian based on their effects—chiefly in the way ablaut works—about fifty years ''before'' the discovery of Hittite confirmed their existence. Using a Proto-Indo-European without laryngeals ''does'' break one of the core Indo-Iranian features, and would do so even if Hittite had never been discovered—you will have to find an entirely different way for different ablaut grades to work. Good luck. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 21:53, 28 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::::I discarded Hangul because characters don't run purely linearly one after one, as is in Greek alphabet. We don't know exact laryngeal values, because H, H₁, H₂ and H₃ are in fact rather like X variable in equation, than exact phoneme value. Thus non-laryngal PIE still wins, being built only from known constant elements. :::::::::Writing laryngeals with Times Ind PIE-Greek font is not convenient, because (all described here: http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language ): :::::::::*Times Ind font uses native Greek numerals (horizontally long) made from ligatured tallies, that are Phoenician-derived, as Greek script itself too is derived from Phoenician. :::::::::*Times Ind font uses only Greek uppercase - being most archaic Greek case - in place of Times German Latin lowercase, because some Times German Latin uppercased diacritical counterparts were missing, and due of the same reason Times Ind in place of Times German Latin uppercase has empty rectangles - both cases are swapped among themselves. :::::::::[[Specialis:Conlationes/82.177.192.205|82.177.192.205]] 08:05, 29 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::::Wait, so you mean you're willing to sacrifice truth for convenience in something as important as this must be? Young man, I don't '''ever''' want to hear you suggest that you are discarding something in a matter of religion just because it's not easy to do: prove it's not the right thing on other grounds first. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 00:43, 30 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::::::For me Catholic Faith is most important as truth, rest must be adjusted to it. [[Specialis:Conlationes/82.177.192.205|82.177.192.205]] 08:03, 30 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::::::As I mentioned to you before, the first Greek alphabet doesn't run linearly either: the lines go in boustrophedon from one end to another (the letters mirror when this happens, too!). The purely linear direction and the single orientation of the letters are an innovation not found in the earliest existing Vowel+Consonant script, which is the one you say you are using. As for the values of the laryngeals, remember that is merely a convenience of notation—the value of the phoneme *H₃ is just as uncertain as the value of, say, *bh (which is almost certainly not /bʰ/); the signs are only chosen for their mnemonic value (in the case of *bh, as a reference to its usual reflex in Sanskrit) and this becomes more and more visible as the progress of the science gets better at pinning down the values. Incidentally, how do you plan to separate *g and *gh from *ǵ and *ǵh in Greek letters? —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 00:43, 30 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::::::::Separating of *g and *gh from *ǵ and *ǵh in Greek letters is done in Times Ind by using Indoeuropeanistic diacritics. [[Specialis:Conlationes/82.177.192.205|82.177.192.205]] 08:03, 30 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ==Identity== This is [[:en:User:Wikinger]] (also known as [[:en:User:Piast]], [[:en:User:CBMIBM]]) going on his extended Greek alphabet crusade. This has been poorly-recieved at English wikipedia: see [[:en:Talk:Alpha_and_Omega]], [[:en:Template talk:Greek alphabet]], etc. [[Usor:AnonMoos|AnonMoos]] 15:51, 27 Martii 2008 (UTC) :This user currently is CBMIBM, but permanently abandoned Wikinger name because of Nazi [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiking-Jugend Wiking Jugend] connotations. He too permanently abandoned Piast name because of stadion-bandit [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piast_Gliwice GKS Piast] connotations. [[Specialis:Conlationes/87.96.19.62|87.96.19.62]] 18:42, 7 Aprilis 2008 (UTC) ::Note: an anonymous user removed the last two paragraphs, giving the summary "revert restoring lies and suspections without proofs". [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 12:20, 18 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :These statements above except this one directly above my current statement, are really lies and suspections without proofs, because I never had account in any Wikipedia. I will remain anonymous, because creating account only to have it banned for nothing is futile. This is my experience from various forums. [[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 12:29, 18 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::Note: on 28 June an anonymous user inserted the statement below and removed the statement above, adding the explanation "revert my lies". [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:42, 29 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::I think you will not be banned here if you present your arguments on talk pages. You could even start a page in the "Vicipaedia:"-namespace for this topic. However, if you want to make a change in the article namespace there has to be consensus. To get consensus, it will help to provide external sources, not just citing other Wikipedias. And to have an account here will also help, at least in communicating with you. --[[Usor:Rolandus|Rolandus]] ::::I don't want to change "Alpha et Omega" to "Alpha et Sampi" in article, because this article is specifically about one of local/confounded derivatives of global/unconfounded '''Alpha and Sampi''', but not about global/unconfounded '''Alpha and Sampi''' itself, rendered in Adamic Proto-Indo-European as *('''a''' ēd '''§a'''), for full naming convention of letters in PIE see http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language. I only wanted to inform you all that there exists better and eternal Adamic linguistic solution for all Catholics reconstructed directly from Catholic Private Revelations, thus approved by God, than current and transitory confused triplet of Hebrew, Greek and Latin. Of course all holy and plain words from Hebrew, Greek, Latin, etc... have their cognates (both single and compounded) in Proto-Indo-European. Most radical example: Jewish Abba and Imma has PIE cognates such as *appa-s and *amma-s, on both sides meaning Father and Mother. There exists much more such correspondences, that are lighter or heavier to find. [[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 17:45, 19 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::I use identity lies to cover my real identity - this is against masonic agendas that I suspect to emerge anywhere. [[Specialis:Conlationes/82.177.192.205|82.177.192.205]] 10:01, 29 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::Andrew Dalby, your edits exposed this anonymous user to freemasons. He only fights for truth, but wants remain anonymous for his safety. [[Specialis:Conlationes/208.53.137.178|208.53.137.178]] 10:16, 29 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::I haven't exposed anyone's identity. But I think, if you try to fight for truth using lies, you fail. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 11:40, 29 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::Thus I abandon lies in favor to proxies as masquerading tools if you told me that these lies can make my struggle for truth non-efficient. I of course want that Adamic/Catholic truth will win. [[Specialis:Conlationes/82.177.192.205|82.177.192.205]] 13:22, 29 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ==Missing letters== I signalized in template related to Greek Alphabet all missing Greek letters by placing them there. Red links indicate them all. More in: [[Disputatio:Abecedarium Graecum]]. [[Specialis:Conlationes/91.94.132.212|91.94.132.212]] 17:01, 17 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :This template is here: [[Template:Abecedarium Graecum]], and missing letters came from Official Unicode site: http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0370.pdf These letters were officially introduced into Unicode. [[Specialis:Conlationes/67.159.47.42|67.159.47.42]] 17:20, 17 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::I provide reliable sources for all obsolete letters, especially Yot - especially on subpages: ::*[http://attalus.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/unicode.html Greek letters and their history] ::*[http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0370.pdf Greek letters implemented into Unicode] ::*[http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/03f3/index.htm Official Yot] ::[[Specialis:Conlationes/87.96.32.168|87.96.32.168]] 16:53, 28 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::Hi, read the sources you're citing. The third is essentially an expansion of the information in the second (and that yot is accepted as a unicode codepoint is not a controversial fact), and the first one specifically says that yot was in origin a Latin letter used by Germans to transcribe one of the sounds of Greek. If the Unicode practices regarding how "script mixing" is viewed were different, it would probably never have been viewed (or encoded) as a Greek letter in the first place. Note that your first source's [http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/unicode_mixing.html page on "script mixing"] explicitly describes yot as a "Latin letter"; also, the Greek typographer Yannis Harambolous states[http://omega.enstb.org/yannis/pdf/boston99.pdf] that the correct rendering of yot "depends on the ''background'' language, ''i.e.'' not of the language in which it is used (ancient Greek) but of the main language of the document (English if it is an English translation or critical edition, French if it is a French one, and so on)"—he goes on to mention that this is one of the justifications for yot being encoded separately: "taking a plain Latin j would not allow French users to represent it by a y". —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 17:56, 28 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::I wanted only to find remapping of whole PIE-dedicated Times German LATIN font to other PIE-dedicated GREEK font, and I found it in Adamic Wikinfo article, thus I noticed that to have remapping complete, Yot was necessary to use. Whole remapping is here: http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language It was made in such way, that switching between Times German and Times Ind font doesn't affect spelling of PIE words. On both sides are used Indoeuropeanistic diacritics. [[Specialis:Conlationes/82.177.192.205|82.177.192.205]] 18:07, 28 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::Hi, if the font works as you are describing, it is not a Unicode font, so it is not even the 'Greek Yot' of Unicode that you are using with it, but an ordinary Latin letter J. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 21:40, 28 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::Please note that if both Latin J and j have leftward hook, and if small Greek Yot has too leftward hook, then big Greek Yot must be identical to big Latin J. Even big Latin A, B, E, I, K, M, N, O, T, Y, Z are identical to their Greek big counterparts both in meaning and shape. As you see, reconstruction of big Yot is correct. Times Ind font is here: http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/cybalist/ in Files section. [[Specialis:Conlationes/82.177.192.205|82.177.192.205]] 08:05, 29 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::Hi, the cybalist group is moderated, and people cannot download the files without being a member. My comment was not related to the shape of the letter, so I'm not sure what you are responding to. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 00:12, 30 Iunii 2008 (UTC) == Yannis/Giannes == Γιάννης is of course Giannes, so why is written falsely Yannis? [[Specialis:Conlationes/89.238.169.150|89.238.169.150]] 11:19, 11 Novembris 2009 (UTC) :Where do you see Yannis in this article?--[[User:Xaverius|<span style="color:blue;">Xave</span>]][[:eu:Lankide:Xaverius|<span style="color:green;">ri</span>]][[:eu:Lankide_eztabaida:Xaverius|<span style="color:red;">us</span>]] 11:35, 11 Novembris 2009 (UTC) ::Yannis is in talk, not in article. "Γιάννης Χαραλάμπους" should be Giannes Haralampoys, not Yannis Harambolous, but I still wonder why he is mistransliterated at all? Is this dyslexia or something else? [[Specialis:Conlationes/74.63.93.146|74.63.93.146]] 11:48, 11 Novembris 2009 (UTC) :::Mind your words, it is not dyslexia, he himself has translitterated his name is such way (check the link provided), so there is nothing we can do. Email him if you want to know the answer.--[[User:Xaverius|<span style="color:blue;">Xave</span>]][[:eu:Lankide:Xaverius|<span style="color:green;">ri</span>]][[:eu:Lankide_eztabaida:Xaverius|<span style="color:red;">us</span>]] 12:30, 11 Novembris 2009 (UTC) ::::Yes, and in fact many Greeks transliterate the name in this way. It's not an error, it's a matter of choice. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 12:38, 11 Novembris 2009 (UTC) :::::I am against such choices, because they make learning proper Greek letter values much harder, which outrages classicists. [[Specialis:Conlationes/74.63.93.146|74.63.93.146]] 12:48, 11 Novembris 2009 (UTC) ::::::Well, it doesn't outrage me :) --[[User:Xaverius|<span style="color:blue;">Xave</span>]][[:eu:Lankide:Xaverius|<span style="color:green;">ri</span>]][[:eu:Lankide_eztabaida:Xaverius|<span style="color:red;">us</span>]] 12:57, 11 Novembris 2009 (UTC) :::::::''Yannis'' is both a common spelling and a useful attestation of the principle of transliterating according to phonetics, rather than letters—a principle that, if we followed it religiously, would get rid of such curious spellings as [[Cechia]] and [[Chilia]], classically pronounced /kekhia/ and /khilia/ respectively, though the intended pronunciations are more like /tʃekia/ and /tʃilia/. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 14:32, 11 Novembris 2009 (UTC) ==Nova== ''Res quae sequuntur, hodie ad caput paginae additas et emendatas, hic removi. Si quis vult, potest subter commenta inserere.'' [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:37, 12 Octobris 2010 (UTC) :Iterum habemus quidam qui putat disputationem ad absurdum necessariam esse de ha re. Fortasse sit melius si simpliciter disputationem protegamus contra usores ignotos?--[[User:Xaverius|<span style="color:blue;">Xave</span>]][[:eu:Lankide:Xaverius|<span style="color:green;">ri</span>]][[:eu:Lankide_eztabaida:Xaverius|<span style="color:red;">us</span>]] 22:26, 12 Octobris 2010 (UTC) ::Aliquis, ut videtur, hic excitat fluctús in simpulo! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 23:18, 12 Octobris 2010 (UTC) ===Alpha and Sho=== Full global Greek alphabet is as follows: [[Image:Greek_Alphabet_Unicode.png|1000px]] It begins with Alpha, and ends with Sho. That means that Omega in this case is not final letter, because after Omega is placed too Sampi and Sho. Due to this fact, in this case God is '''not only''' local Ionian Alpha and Omega, because He is in this case too Somebody more - global Pan-Greek Alpha and Sho. This fact should be acknowledged by all Christians that uses global Greek Alphabet, because in this case they can diminish God by excluding Him from full range of global Greek Alphabet. Ionians were justified by their unknowledge, and Jesus only adjusted Himself to their lower level of knowledge, calling Himself as local Ionian Beginning and End. Sho was placed behind Sampi and was only existing Greek letter not used by Greeks, but by Bactrians that adopted Greek alphabet. [[Specialis:Conlationes/91.94.167.29|91.94.167.29]] 18:14, 24 Ianuarii 2008 (UTC) Try this: letter Alpha can be thought as rotated letter Aleph [[Image:Greek Alpha 01.svg|25px]] ⇾ [[Image:Greek Alpha 09.svg|20px]] letter Sho can be thought as rotated letter Omega [[Image:Greek uc omega.svg|30px]] ⇾ [[Image:Bactrian Sho.svg|15px]] So: Aleph-Omega ≈ Alpha-Sho. [[Specialis:Conlationes/96.44.133.2|96.44.133.2]] 16:22, 12 Octobris 2010 (UTC) What is what: :talk with textual alphabet is flawed and is based on many contradictory faulty sources. :talk with graphical alphabet is genuine and is based on single reliable source: http://www.unicode.org/Public/UCA/latest/allkeys.txt<!-- Substitutio formulae {{Usor anonymus non subscripsit}} secundum recensionem 3934567 hic incipit --><small class="autosigned">— ''Commentationem pristinam [[Vicipaedia:Subscriptio|non subscriptam]] usor sine nomine [[Specialis:Conlationes/79.191.237.160|79.191.237.160]]&thinsp;_{([[Disputatio Usoris:79.191.237.160|disputatio]])} horā 18:53 diei 12 Octobris 2010 [[Specialis:Diff/1338964/1338971|scripsit]]''.</small><!-- Substitutio formulae {{Usor anonymus non subscripsit}} hic finit --> 6o3hkojjvlw6fbsj8zjox10aam135kc 3980703 3980702 2026-08-12T01:29:35Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Disputatio:Alpha et Omega]] ad [[Disputatio:Alpha et Omega/Tabularium 1]] sine redirectione: Veteres disputationes ad tabularium movi 3980702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Antiquae disputationes | ab = 2008-01-24 | ad = 2010-10-12 }} ==Alpha and Sampi== ''Formam anteriorem huius commentationis restitui. Vide et pedem paginae.'' [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:37, 12 Octobris 2010 (UTC) Full global Greek alphabet is as follows: Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ϝ Ϛ Ζ Η Ͱ Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο Π Ϻ Ϸ Ϟ Ρ Σ Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω Ͳ It begins with Alpha, and ends with Sampi. That means that Omega in this case is not final letter, because after Omega is placed too Sampi. Due to this fact, in this case God is '''not only''' local Ionian Alpha and Omega, because He is in this case too Somebody more - global Pan-Greek Alpha and Sampi. This fact should be acknowledged by all Christians that uses global Greek Alphabet, because in this case they can diminish God by excluding Him from full range of global Greek Alphabet. Ionians were justified by their unknowledge, and Jesus only adjusted Himself to their lower level of knowledge, calling Himself as local Ionian Beginning and End. Sho was placed between San and Qoppa and was only existing Greek letter not used by Greeks, but by Bactrians that adopted Greek alphabet. [[Specialis:Conlationes/91.94.167.29|91.94.167.29]] 18:14, 24 Ianuarii 2008 (UTC) :Is this serious? What is Sampi?--[[Usor:Xaverius|Xaverius]] 18:28, 24 Ianuarii 2008 (UTC) ::Alpha is first letter of extended Greek alphabet with sound value "a" and numerical value 1, while Sampi is last letter of extended Greek alphabet with sound value "s" and numerical value 900. More [[simple:Greek_alphabet|here]]. Each Greek letter article provides sound and numerical value. [[Specialis:Conlationes/91.94.167.29|91.94.167.29]] 18:42, 24 Ianuarii 2008 (UTC) :::Haec omnia et plura legi possunt in pagina [[Abecedarium Graecum]] --[[Usor:Fabullus|Fabullus]] 18:59, 24 Ianuarii 2008 (UTC) ::::Graecus est, non legitur.... --[[Usor:Xaverius|Xaverius]] 11:58, 25 Ianuarii 2008 (UTC) :::::What a ridiculous waste of keystrokes in this argument ... arguing over '''''which''''' '''lettters(!!!)''' (as if a god worthy his salt gave a thing about earthly abecedaria...) by which god should be represented... letter sampi?! Ugh... --[[Usor:Ioscius Rocchius|Ioscius]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioscius Rocchius|(disp)]]}</small> 12:48, 19 Martii 2008 (UTC) ::::::My list serves as compilation of all Greek letters that ever existed. I used Unicode charts as source of this list - only symbols explicitly called letters there are included. Because Greek alphabet is first ever vovel+consonant-featured alphabet, best what can be done is to say, that God is globally '''Alpha and Sampi''', but too locally Α and Ω (Ionian), A and Z (Latin), А and Я (Russian), etc... This explanation is important to both refrain from diminishing God and to regard Bible as truth. [[Specialis:Conlationes/87.96.63.125|87.96.63.125]] 13:03, 19 Martii 2008 (UTC) :::::::While I thank you for compiling the image (which is actually pretty cool), the last two ideas you wrote frankly scare the willies out of me. How on earth is the word of god to be written by men? Men lie all the time... Truth? eehh... --[[Usor:Ioscius Rocchius|Ioscius]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioscius Rocchius|(disp)]]}</small> 13:13, 19 Martii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::Ionian variant is local, but this one compiled by me graphically is global. In this way both statements are true, because designations such as "global" (for Alpha&Sampi) and "local" (for Alpha&Omega) could be simply omitted in texts. God's Catholic revelations (both public and private) are always true and cross-coherent/consistent, but often incomplete - I know that from my reading experience. Please compare for example New Testament and The Poem of the Man-God By Maria Valtorta for example. What is missed in Bible can be present in Poem, and what is missed in Poem, can be present in Bible. [[Specialis:Conlationes/87.96.63.125|87.96.63.125]] 13:26, 19 Martii 2008 (UTC) :::::::::'''Please''' do not edit my comments, nor capitalize my gs.--[[Usor:Ioscius Rocchius|Ioscius]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioscius Rocchius|(disp)]]}</small> 13:42, 19 Martii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::::I did this only to repair your unholy treating of Holy God, but I see that you are very stubborn against God, by restoring your unholiness. This is very sad, especially because our doom and gloom is extremely near: http://www.giftstor.org/tomkiel05fst.html Your constant unholiness in treating God may result in your eternal damnation, thus please repent while you can. [[Specialis:Conlationes/87.96.63.125|87.96.63.125]] 14:03, 19 Martii 2008 (UTC) :::::::::::Our anonymous user should note that "diminishing God" would be an impossible, indeed inconceivable, procedure for us mortals. I'm surprised she even thinks of it. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:07, 19 Martii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::::::I meant virtual (as virtuality) diminishing of God, performed by knowers of full global 32-letter Greek alphabet, by excluding Him from keeping His Holy Rule over Digamma, Stigma, Heta, Jot, San, Sho, Qoppa and Sampi by calling Him only Alpha and Omega = 24 letters = 75% of all existing letters, while God really keeps His Holy Rule over Alpha and Sampi = 32 letters = 100% of all existing letters. Of course God is not possible to real (as reality) diminishing in any way, because He is always constant and unchangeable Infinity. God called Himself Alpha and Omega only for reason of being understood by Ionians that didn't knew missing 8 letters, because their local 24-letter Ionian alphabet beginning with Alpha and ending with Omega was locally perceived as Beginning and End. But our current knowledge about full global Greek alphabet obliges us to call Him Alpha and Sampi to express His Omnipotence without any exclusions. [[Specialis:Conlationes/87.96.63.125|87.96.63.125]] 18:18, 19 Martii 2008 (UTC) It is not in the interests of an accurate and reliable encyclopaedia to misquote or change the content of any source in page titles, citations or quote boxes. Therefore it is not in our interests to rename this page "Alpha et Sampi", or whatever you are proposing. Is that OK? <span style="font-family:'Courier New';">[[Disputatio Usoris:Harrissimo|Harrissimo]]</span> 22:40, 18 Iunii 2008 (UTC). :Well, seems that discussion is a couple months old. I think the point is moot anyway, if it's theological; the letters are obsolete and "He is not the God of the dead, but of the living; ye therefore do greatly err."[http://scripturetext.com/mark/12-27.htm] —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 23:15, 18 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::God is '''GLOBAL UNCONFUSED''' Alpha and Sampi, that includes '''local confused''' Α and Ω, А and Я, A and Z etc... Remember, that confused tongues including those used to write Bible are transitory. Of course Bible is eternal, and finally will be rewritten only in unconfused Adamic language. Our eternal goal is unconfused full Adamic language in Heaven written with unconfused full alphabet. Because first language was written without alphabet, earliest possible FullConsonant+FullVowel alphabet should be used, thus Greek, as Andrew Dalby confirmed: http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disputatio_Usoris:Andrew_Dalby#Revert/Ban Catholic Private Revelation Proofs: ::*http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language ::*http://www.voxdomini.com.pl/valt/valt/v-07-011.htm translated from Polish: ::"Now He rose from the dead. He made everything. He was praised already before his incarnation. Three times He is praised now when he annihilated Himself in the body for so many years giving Himself, leading the obedience to such an excellence could die on the Cross for filling the will of God up. He will ascend to the Heaven by so much praised in His praised body and will enter the eternal Glory beginning reigning which Israel didn't understanded. He is calling – to this Kingdom like never before, insistently, with love and the – authority all tribes of world. All nations will come to the Saviour, the same as it they could see and they predicted just of Israel and Prophets. And there will already be <b>no Jews </b>nor Romans, no Scytes nor Africans, no Iberians nor Celts, no Egyptians nor Phrygians. Living behind the Euphrates will unite around with the ones from above the eternal River. People of the North, at the side of Numidians, will come to its Kingdom. <b>Races and dialects will disappear</b>. There will already be no differences [resulting around] of clothes, the skin colour or hair. There will be one boundless, shining and clean people, <b>one speech and one love</b>. So there will be a Kingdom of God. Kingdom of Heaven. Eternal Monarch: Offered as the victim and rose from the dead. Eternally [existing] subjects: the ones which adopted His faith. Be willing to believe in order to be them." :::What's so special about an alphabet with vowels and consonants? The Greek alphabet cannot be the thing you are looking for because its values are arbitrary and therefore '''irrational''', arising from '''confusion of language''', without God's wisdom and reason. What you want is the vowel-and-consonant alphabet that was created along lines of reason, the shapes of whose letters are designed to represent their sounds. The first example of this is [[en:Hangul|Hangul]], and you would do well to study it, as it is closer to your ideal of a '''global unconfused''' writing than the '''local confusions''' of the Greeks, who only invented vowels because they did not hear the consonant sounds the letters originally represented. '''God is light''', and in Him there is no darkness or confusion at all. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 23:54, 19 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::'''Eternally dead people''' are in hell, while '''eternally living people''' are in Purgatory and Heaven. People with uncertain status live on Earth. By denying revival of first things (both language and alphabet), you are denying God's Promise cited by me above. [[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 15:29, 19 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::'''The living''' know that they shall die, but '''the dead know not anything'''[http://scripturetext.com/ecclesiastes/9-5.htm], and when '''the Lord Himself''' shall descend from heaven with a shout, the dead in Christ will rise[http://multilingualbible.com/1_thessalonians/4-16.htm]—what Hell is it where your dead do not know their punishment, and what are the dead in Christ doing in your hell? By '''denying God's teaching''' you show you are '''[http://www.timecube.com/ educated stupid]'''. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 23:54, 19 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::I talked here about '''eternal live of soul in Heaven for bodily died in Christ''' with conditional initial temporary live in Purgatory, when soul needs purging from non-deadly sins, and '''eternal death of soul in hell for bodily died in devil''', thus I never denied God's teaching. Thus you should understand Evangelium as follows: '''The living <u>know that they shall die</u>''', but '''the dead <u>know not anything [about need of dying again]</u>'''. Hangul is as weird as Phaistos disc, because it is not purely sequential, but spiral mixed with sequential: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaistos_Disc , and has huge overhead of non-uniphonemic phoneme clusters. Adamic Proto-Indo-European was written with sentence-level ideographic script: http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language (example: graphical picture of human riding on donkey through forest depicts sentence: "Man rides on donkey through forest"), thus using Greek alphabet is only solution to have both first alphabet joined with first language, and phonetics fully preserved at once. [[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 07:54, 20 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::Hangul goes left and right, top and bottom, with no circular spiral motion. The original alphabet of the Greeks ''is'' more circular, going [[en:boustrophedon|from left to right and then from right to left]], reversing the letters. http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language says that Greek is the solution because it is the first phonemic script and the ideographic script does not preserve the original '''phonetic features''' of Adamic Proto-Indo-European. By the same rule Hangul is a better solution because it is the first fully-fledged '''featural script''' designed to represent phonetic features and can preserve those features better than the Greek script. Also, the Hangul script is [[en:Origin_of_Hangul#Core_consonant_letters_adopted_from_.E2.80.99Phagspa|developed from the Phagspa script]] and thus from the '''clean offshoot''' Brahmi script of the Indo-Iranian languages, while the Greek and all the other alphabets of Europe are from the Phoenician which is not Indo-Iranian making it a '''dirty offshoot''' and thus it would be wholly inappropriate for the Adamic language. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 12:00, 20 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::But Phagspa script through Brahmi script, too is derived from Phoenician: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagspa_script As you see, Phoenician derivation is unescapable, and '''first/earliest''' Vowel+Consonant derivative of Phoenician is still of course Greek. [[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 13:06, 20 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::::Ah, but of course the script is derived from Phoenician. It is not from its Phoenician origin that a script is appropriate or not, but whether it is taken '''raw and directly'''—as the Greek was, with the vowels being created only from the Greeks being unable to pronounce the consonants the letters represented—or '''refined'''—as it was by the pure-offshoot Indo-Iranian languages, whose grammarians took special interest in its continued purity both in speech and writing; I am sure you are already familiar this is in fact the meaning of the word 'Sanskrit'. As the Indo-Iranian offshoots are pure, surely the script—the written part of those languages, carried by sons of Adam with the spoken part to India—must be on the same principle: fragmenting from the mother Phoenician into its Indo-Iranian offshoot, it is transformed into the Brahmic script, purified by its continued contact with the language, refined by the addition of vowel sounds being represented—though not yet separated into their own letters. Hangul is the '''first/earliest''' derivative from this new branch of writing to separate the vowels from the consonants, and its pedigree is appropriate, unlike that of Greek, whose parent Proto-Indo-Hellenic is unsuitable even for reference in restoring the Adamic language, being "reconstructed with influences from languages confused in higher degree."[http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language] —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 00:23, 22 Iunii 2008 (UTC) == Literacy in the Paradise? == WRT "Adamic language" qua language spoken by Adam, why are you so keen on written signs with vowels and consonants? Do you suggest Adam was a literate person? --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 23:47, 21 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :Apparently the argument is that the Adamic language should be written by the earliest script that can adequately represent its phonetic features, because this is somehow superior to an pictographic script (and all other kinds of writing, I expect, would fall somewhere along a continuum with those two as endpoints). Of course Greek is insufficiently featural. ;) —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 00:23, 22 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::Greek script is not featural at all. Its letters derives from Proto-Sinaitic script, which had pictographic origins in egyptian hieroglyphs, that in turn descended from Adamic sentence-level ideographic script. This article: http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language clearly states: "Adamic language was written in '''sentence-level ideographic script''', that was more abstract than '''word-level''' and '''syllable-level''' ideographic scripts, while earliest descendants of Adamic language were written with mix of these scripts. Because of using ideographic script that doesn't preserve phonetic features of Adamic language, best solution would be writing of Adamic language with earliest existing fully fledged phoneme-level script - the Greek alphabet." As you see, Greek alphabet is first ever Vowel+Consonant descendant of original Adamic sentence-level ideographic script. [[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 14:26, 22 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::Yes, Greek script is not featural at all! That is exactly its problem for your purpose. This article: http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language clearly states that "Adamic language was written in '''sentence-level''' ideographic script, that was more abstract than '''word-level''' and '''syllable-level''' ideographic scripts" — and that seems to stop short, because it doesn't consider '''feature-level''' scripts as well, when the article says '''the very reason''' for choosing Greek is because it preserves phonetic features—while '''by your own admission''' it does not do this at all! Let us correct that to "Because using a non-featural script wouldn't preserve the '''phonetic features''' of the Adamic language, '''the best solution''' would be writing the Adamic language with the earliest existing fully fledged '''feature-level script''' - the Korean alphabet." As you see, the Korean is the first ever Vowel+Consonant+Feature descendant of original Adamic sentence-level ideographic script. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 00:35, 23 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::Si tibi placet, fac nobis monstres unum verbum ab Ada dictum, et fac nobis monstres hunc Adam revera vixisse. {nicto} [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 15:09, 22 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::Oh well, that's proven then. Thank God nobody would question whether a first man called Adam ever lived in a literal sense or, if he existed, whether his language was ever written in any script at all. If there was somebody, however, who wanted to know why on earth we would need a script for a language that, if it ever existed, can neither be reconstructed nor is used by anybody anymore, and why, if indeed we needed such a script, it should be different from the hypothetical script this hypothetical tongue was originally written in, he shall probably have to ask Ms. Emmerich ...--[[Usor:Ceylon|Ceylon]] 15:03, 22 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::Let's assume, for the sake of argument, that Adam, and of course Eve, once existed. You say that Adamic language was written in sentence-level ideographic script. Do you really mean that Adam was a literate person? BTW, is the Adamic language the same as, or a descendant of, the language that is used in the ''Book of Life'' (''Sefer chaim'')? --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 19:02, 22 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::Adam and Eve really existed, Bible is not fiction, it is God's Revelation analogous to Emmerich's one. Greek alphabet is at least first ever '''phoneme-level''' script, because Phoenicians by omitting vowels made their script alphasyllabary. Phoenician is alphasyllabic, because makes assumpting of vowel after consonant obligatory, thus built into Phoenician letters, that are not isolate consonants at all, as is in Greek. Adamic language is '''ANCESTOR''' of Hebrew language used in "Sefer chaim" - Anne Catherine Emmerich clearly '''denies''' assigning Adamic etiquette to later and confused Hebrew: http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language , while '''confirms''' assigning Adamic etiquette to earlier and unconfused Proto-Indo-European.[[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 08:57, 23 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::Yes, I know the Greek alphabet is phonemic, and Phoenician, alphasyllabic. But notice that the Greek alphabet is phonemically suboptimal. That is to say, it fails to bring out all the functional distinctions required by the sound structure of Greek (or Proto-Indo-European). It appears that not even the Greek "global alphabet" is global enough. '''||''' By ''Book of Life'', I referred to the book in which God records the names and lives of the righteous (according to Exodus 32:32-33; Revelation 3:5, 17:8, 20:12, 20:15). Now, I repeat my question: Is this book written in Adamic? '''||''' You wrote: "Adamic language is ANCESTOR of Hebrew language" [---]. "Anne Catherine Emmerich ... confirms assigning Adamic etiquette to earlier and unconfused Proto-Indo-European." I'm sure Anne Catherine Emmerich didn't use the term ''Proto-Indo-European''. I suspect it's your term. I must say it is not very ethical to encroach upon a term that has been in use in Indo-European Comparative Linguistics, which wields the Comparative Method, not Revelation. One of the results of the Indo-European Linguistics is that Hebrew isn't an Indo-European language. Distant relationship between reconstructed language families is a field of investigation very few serious Indo-Europeanists are willing to plunge into. Notice also that, basically, Proto-Indo-European is no language in the social sense but rather a polylectal grammar fragment, an axiomatic system by which the relatedness of Indo-European languages can be demonstrated as formally necessary. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 01:44, 24 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::::Book of Life in Heaven of course is written in PIE, because Heaven as punishment-free, thus confusion-free environment uses by default unconfused PIE language. Your Hebrew title of this book misleaded me. I noticed experimentally, that Adamic Proto-Indo-European language is of course too ancestor of even those languages, which are '''not officially''' called Indo-European. Examples: PIE *appa-s and *amma-s (as in Pokorny and Köbler) are looking directly as cognate to Hebrew Abba and Imma. Both PIE and Hebrew pairs means accordingly Father and Mother. Much more such cognate pairs can be demonstrated between PIE and non officially IE languages, such as PIE *nena-s and Chinese niang, both meaning nanny. Anne Catherine Emmerich pointed at PIE by revealing, that Adamic is the ancestor of Bactrian, Zend and Indian - its first pure offshoots. If these pure offshoots are IE, then Adamic is PIE. [[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 12:53, 24 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::::The cross-linguistic similarities between words for mamas and papas and other nursery words do not necessarily indicate common ancestry. Such terms probably result from the situational nature of language acquisition. Babblibg babies tend to utter sound sequences such as ma-ma, ba-ba etc, and parents tend to associate these word-like sounds with themselves. Pace Pokorny, such nursery words aren't feasible inputs to the comparative method. Too much phonaesthetic and iconic factors are involved. But I see your Adamic language, Merritt Ruhlen's Proto-World language, and the like, endorse to linguistic monogenesis. This is something that can't be properly established by means of the comparative method, which requires that the correpondences be '''systematic''', not based on haphazardly collected comparanda which, typically, tend to be unbelievably similar to each other, as if untouched by phonological and semantic change. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 19:41, 24 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::::::Finally 2 cents of mine: Couldn't agree with Neander's statement above more thoroughly: Cf Koren numerals: 1 and 2 are ''hana'' and ''dul'' respectively. On the surface, without a '''systematic''' approach, they would seem quite nicely to accord with PIE (Sihler) *Hoi-no-/*Hoi-wo-/*Hoi-k(ʷ)o-; *sem-/*d(u)wo- and (Beeke) *Hoi(H)nos/*duoh₁, but man, does anyone really assert even in passing that these language families are related?!--[[Usor:Ioscius|Ioscius]] <small>^{[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioscius|(disp)]]}</small> 00:54, 25 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::::::[[en:Nostratic|Frequently]]. But the mainstream scientific view is that the comparative method used to relate languages today is not reliable enough at such a time depth to say whether these separate trees are related. Of course in the non-mainstream view, Proto-Indo-European is just a "locally confused" version of "globally unconfused" Nostratic, which, being older, would be more likely to be Adamic than the comparatively modern and provincial PIE. :x) —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 23:34, 25 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::::::::And (by some of those who don't worry about reliability) [[:en:Proto-World language|Proto-World]] is being reconstructed. One little problem ( I pointed this out in ''Language in Danger'', and I'm not the only one) is that Eve was "probably multilingual, like so many of her descendants". So there is no one language for them to reconstruct. As for Adam, I'm not so sure. Men are lazy. He probably only managed one. I agree with Ms Emmerich on that, if on nothing else. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:32, 26 Iunii 2008 (UTC) As I see, you have proofs that Anne Catherine Emmerich is wholly right and valid, because she had '''Infallible Divine Inspiration''', but you still refuse to believe that '''God confused Proto-Indo-European human mother tongue into many descendant confused tongues both in regular and irregular ways at once'''. Because God is merciful to His Catholic followers, He gave them chance to return to Adamic PIE as is documented in Anne Catherine Emmerich: http://www.all-jesus.com/scriptures/bible1-4.htm and commented here: http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language I thank and praise God very much for this chance to return to our Adamic tongue, which I use as much as possible. [[Specialis:Conlationes/91.94.71.228|91.94.71.228]] 11:06, 25 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :How happy for the 16.99 percent of the world's population who belong to the Roman Catholic Church! Why do the bishops not highlight this issue in their encyclicals? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 12:11, 25 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::Bishops are ignoring issue of returning of Catholics to Proto-Indo-European, because they are too forcibly sticked to confusion of tongues, especially in Hebrew, Latin and Greek confusion variants. They don't understand that confusion of tongues was set by God only and only for blocking masonic unity under devil and antichrist, but NEVER for blocking Catholic Unity under God. Thus I am trying to popularize this issue to avoid dividing of Catholic Church to confused factions. [[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 13:28, 25 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::Language reconstructions earlier than non-laryngeal PIE spelled by scientists with Latin alphabet only, are using variable/substitute signs inside their Latin spellings choosed by scientists, such as ?_'''#''' number intrusions resembling greeklish/leetspeak and uppercase intrusions that are both used for approximating partially unknown sounds, Greek script intrusions, etc... for part of their phonemes. Non-laryngeal PIE is earliest possible reconstruction without these variable/substitute signs. All that is analyzed here: http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language As you see, non-laryngeal PIE is earliest Anne-Catherine Emmerich compatible protolanguage, that is spelled by scientists with Latin-only spelling. Matching this condition makes respelling of non-laryngeal PIE to pure Greek alphabet absolutely possible, which is not possible for earlier reconstructions. Abovementioned flaws in earlier reconstructions debunks them as false, because some non-existent data are missing in them. Thus non-laryngeal PIE that is earliest such flawless reconstruction, wins finally as Adamic protolanguage. Adam and Eve were both unilingual by using PIE and God created them 6000 years ago in Eden near Jerusalem - six days after beginning of God's creation process. Holy Bible and Blessed Anne Catherine Emmerich both clearly states that, and denying these God's Revelations is erratic. I don’t consider feature-level scripts at all, because there are too many ways to classify/mark phonemes – Bell’s Visible Speech and IPA does it in different ways, thus I abandoned feature-level scripts at all, stopping at earliest phoneme-level script, thus Greek.[[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 15:59, 26 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::"''As you see, non-laryngeal PIE is earliest Anne-Catherine Emmerich compatible protolanguage, that is spelled by scientists with Latin-only spelling.''" — Wait, wait—you are choosing your Adamic language based on how easy it is to spell with existing alphabets? At any rate, the Hittite language still has most of the laryngeals, and its script uses consonants and vowels—writing the laryngeals without any variable/substitute signs, and is considerably earlier than the Greek script, but http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language doesn't even seem to consider Hittite to exist at all (it calls languages with laryngeals "fictional"). —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 15:31, 27 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::"''I don’t consider feature-level scripts at all, because there are too many ways to classify/mark phonemes – Bell’s Visible Speech and IPA does it in different ways, thus I abandoned feature-level scripts at all, stopping at earliest phoneme-level script, thus Greek.''" — YM I don't consider phoneme-level scripts at all, because there are too many ways to classify/mark phonemes — English and Greek do it in different ways, thus I'd abandon phoneme-level scripts at all, stopping at the earliest feature-level script, thus Hangul. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 15:31, 27 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::Hittite script was not alphabetic, but syllabic: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform , being always '''syllable-level''', but never '''phoneme-level''' writing. Thus I discard it. Article mentioned by you classifies as fictional all laryngeal-featured reconstructed protolanguages, because precise value of laryngeals in these reconstructions is unknown at all, thus laryngeal descendants such as Hittite are not denied. In this way laryngeals can be treated as innovation. Anne Catherine Emmerich focuses on Indo-Iranian (Bactrian+Zend+Indian) descendants of PIE as most similar to Adamic PIE, thus traditional non-laryngeal PIE still wins as most close to her requirements. Additionally, I noticed that syllabaries (cuneiform) and featurals (hangul) both has much more Unicode signs than even fully extended Greek alphabet - first ever '''phoneme-level''' script. [[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 17:47, 27 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::You haven't said anything against syllabic writing yet—what's your reasoning? http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language only states that ideographic scripts are unsuitable (whether sentence- or word- or syllable-level), and in your previous arguments you've only excluded Semitic writing, because it habitually omits vowels, and you say Vowels+Consonants need to be represented in the writing—but a syllabic script does represent both consonants and vowels, with the extra benefit that the same word may be written in fewer signs. Also, you have a strange definition of 'innovation'—the laryngeal values are not uncertain because they are ''new''; they are uncertain because they are so ''old'' so little of them remains to be reconstructed, but the traces are so certain that we know that all the languages that dropped them were the innovations—and this is another point in favor of the Hittite script. (Unless perhaps you mean it is an innovation because we ''discovered'' them later? But that would be silly, like saying [[en:Pluto|Pluto]] is an innovation over the telephone.) As for the number of Unicode points, what does it matter? The computers can handle them, and the users are shielded from them: on any decent Korean computer input you only have to type the individual jamo (which are few) and it will convert it to the appropriate Unicode signs automatically; similar is the case for the syllabaries I've used as well. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 17:27, 28 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::My reasoning is in optimalization in number of signs, including Unicode range as it is. For me laryngeals were innovation as feature outside Indo-Iranian core family mostly cited by Anne Catherine Emmerich as most similar to Adamic. Non-laryngeal PIE don't breaks any of core Indo-Iranian features, and this is without adding unknown (laryngeal) phoneme variables, thus non-laryngeal PIE still wins as best Adamic proper candidate. Directly behind it exists first reconstruction with unknown (laryngeal) phoneme variables, namely laryngeal PIE. Going back further makes situation only worser. [[Specialis:Conlationes/82.177.192.205|82.177.192.205]] 17:41, 28 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::Hi, what is your rationale for considering a lower number of signs per word ''less'' optimal than a lower number of different signs? If it is merely difficulty of learning, remember that the signs only have to be learned once, but used often, in which a sign set that can more efficiently encode the information probably should be more optimal to a literate person. (You should probably also drop the use of Unicode as a buzzword to support your claims if, as you describe below, you are not even using it.) Anyway, about the laryngeals, take a look at the history of them. They were deduced by Saussure from languages like Indo-Iranian based on their effects—chiefly in the way ablaut works—about fifty years ''before'' the discovery of Hittite confirmed their existence. Using a Proto-Indo-European without laryngeals ''does'' break one of the core Indo-Iranian features, and would do so even if Hittite had never been discovered—you will have to find an entirely different way for different ablaut grades to work. Good luck. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 21:53, 28 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::::I discarded Hangul because characters don't run purely linearly one after one, as is in Greek alphabet. We don't know exact laryngeal values, because H, H₁, H₂ and H₃ are in fact rather like X variable in equation, than exact phoneme value. Thus non-laryngal PIE still wins, being built only from known constant elements. :::::::::Writing laryngeals with Times Ind PIE-Greek font is not convenient, because (all described here: http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language ): :::::::::*Times Ind font uses native Greek numerals (horizontally long) made from ligatured tallies, that are Phoenician-derived, as Greek script itself too is derived from Phoenician. :::::::::*Times Ind font uses only Greek uppercase - being most archaic Greek case - in place of Times German Latin lowercase, because some Times German Latin uppercased diacritical counterparts were missing, and due of the same reason Times Ind in place of Times German Latin uppercase has empty rectangles - both cases are swapped among themselves. :::::::::[[Specialis:Conlationes/82.177.192.205|82.177.192.205]] 08:05, 29 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::::Wait, so you mean you're willing to sacrifice truth for convenience in something as important as this must be? Young man, I don't '''ever''' want to hear you suggest that you are discarding something in a matter of religion just because it's not easy to do: prove it's not the right thing on other grounds first. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 00:43, 30 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::::::For me Catholic Faith is most important as truth, rest must be adjusted to it. [[Specialis:Conlationes/82.177.192.205|82.177.192.205]] 08:03, 30 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::::::As I mentioned to you before, the first Greek alphabet doesn't run linearly either: the lines go in boustrophedon from one end to another (the letters mirror when this happens, too!). The purely linear direction and the single orientation of the letters are an innovation not found in the earliest existing Vowel+Consonant script, which is the one you say you are using. As for the values of the laryngeals, remember that is merely a convenience of notation—the value of the phoneme *H₃ is just as uncertain as the value of, say, *bh (which is almost certainly not /bʰ/); the signs are only chosen for their mnemonic value (in the case of *bh, as a reference to its usual reflex in Sanskrit) and this becomes more and more visible as the progress of the science gets better at pinning down the values. Incidentally, how do you plan to separate *g and *gh from *ǵ and *ǵh in Greek letters? —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 00:43, 30 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::::::::Separating of *g and *gh from *ǵ and *ǵh in Greek letters is done in Times Ind by using Indoeuropeanistic diacritics. [[Specialis:Conlationes/82.177.192.205|82.177.192.205]] 08:03, 30 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ==Identity== This is [[:en:User:Wikinger]] (also known as [[:en:User:Piast]], [[:en:User:CBMIBM]]) going on his extended Greek alphabet crusade. This has been poorly-recieved at English wikipedia: see [[:en:Talk:Alpha_and_Omega]], [[:en:Template talk:Greek alphabet]], etc. [[Usor:AnonMoos|AnonMoos]] 15:51, 27 Martii 2008 (UTC) :This user currently is CBMIBM, but permanently abandoned Wikinger name because of Nazi [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiking-Jugend Wiking Jugend] connotations. He too permanently abandoned Piast name because of stadion-bandit [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piast_Gliwice GKS Piast] connotations. [[Specialis:Conlationes/87.96.19.62|87.96.19.62]] 18:42, 7 Aprilis 2008 (UTC) ::Note: an anonymous user removed the last two paragraphs, giving the summary "revert restoring lies and suspections without proofs". [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 12:20, 18 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :These statements above except this one directly above my current statement, are really lies and suspections without proofs, because I never had account in any Wikipedia. I will remain anonymous, because creating account only to have it banned for nothing is futile. This is my experience from various forums. [[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 12:29, 18 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::Note: on 28 June an anonymous user inserted the statement below and removed the statement above, adding the explanation "revert my lies". [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:42, 29 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::I think you will not be banned here if you present your arguments on talk pages. You could even start a page in the "Vicipaedia:"-namespace for this topic. However, if you want to make a change in the article namespace there has to be consensus. To get consensus, it will help to provide external sources, not just citing other Wikipedias. And to have an account here will also help, at least in communicating with you. --[[Usor:Rolandus|Rolandus]] ::::I don't want to change "Alpha et Omega" to "Alpha et Sampi" in article, because this article is specifically about one of local/confounded derivatives of global/unconfounded '''Alpha and Sampi''', but not about global/unconfounded '''Alpha and Sampi''' itself, rendered in Adamic Proto-Indo-European as *('''a''' ēd '''§a'''), for full naming convention of letters in PIE see http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language. I only wanted to inform you all that there exists better and eternal Adamic linguistic solution for all Catholics reconstructed directly from Catholic Private Revelations, thus approved by God, than current and transitory confused triplet of Hebrew, Greek and Latin. Of course all holy and plain words from Hebrew, Greek, Latin, etc... have their cognates (both single and compounded) in Proto-Indo-European. Most radical example: Jewish Abba and Imma has PIE cognates such as *appa-s and *amma-s, on both sides meaning Father and Mother. There exists much more such correspondences, that are lighter or heavier to find. [[Specialis:Conlationes/207.10.232.238|207.10.232.238]] 17:45, 19 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::I use identity lies to cover my real identity - this is against masonic agendas that I suspect to emerge anywhere. [[Specialis:Conlationes/82.177.192.205|82.177.192.205]] 10:01, 29 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::Andrew Dalby, your edits exposed this anonymous user to freemasons. He only fights for truth, but wants remain anonymous for his safety. [[Specialis:Conlationes/208.53.137.178|208.53.137.178]] 10:16, 29 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::I haven't exposed anyone's identity. But I think, if you try to fight for truth using lies, you fail. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 11:40, 29 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::::Thus I abandon lies in favor to proxies as masquerading tools if you told me that these lies can make my struggle for truth non-efficient. I of course want that Adamic/Catholic truth will win. [[Specialis:Conlationes/82.177.192.205|82.177.192.205]] 13:22, 29 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ==Missing letters== I signalized in template related to Greek Alphabet all missing Greek letters by placing them there. Red links indicate them all. More in: [[Disputatio:Abecedarium Graecum]]. [[Specialis:Conlationes/91.94.132.212|91.94.132.212]] 17:01, 17 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :This template is here: [[Template:Abecedarium Graecum]], and missing letters came from Official Unicode site: http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0370.pdf These letters were officially introduced into Unicode. [[Specialis:Conlationes/67.159.47.42|67.159.47.42]] 17:20, 17 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::I provide reliable sources for all obsolete letters, especially Yot - especially on subpages: ::*[http://attalus.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/unicode.html Greek letters and their history] ::*[http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0370.pdf Greek letters implemented into Unicode] ::*[http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/03f3/index.htm Official Yot] ::[[Specialis:Conlationes/87.96.32.168|87.96.32.168]] 16:53, 28 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::Hi, read the sources you're citing. The third is essentially an expansion of the information in the second (and that yot is accepted as a unicode codepoint is not a controversial fact), and the first one specifically says that yot was in origin a Latin letter used by Germans to transcribe one of the sounds of Greek. If the Unicode practices regarding how "script mixing" is viewed were different, it would probably never have been viewed (or encoded) as a Greek letter in the first place. Note that your first source's [http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/unicode_mixing.html page on "script mixing"] explicitly describes yot as a "Latin letter"; also, the Greek typographer Yannis Harambolous states[http://omega.enstb.org/yannis/pdf/boston99.pdf] that the correct rendering of yot "depends on the ''background'' language, ''i.e.'' not of the language in which it is used (ancient Greek) but of the main language of the document (English if it is an English translation or critical edition, French if it is a French one, and so on)"—he goes on to mention that this is one of the justifications for yot being encoded separately: "taking a plain Latin j would not allow French users to represent it by a y". —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 17:56, 28 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::I wanted only to find remapping of whole PIE-dedicated Times German LATIN font to other PIE-dedicated GREEK font, and I found it in Adamic Wikinfo article, thus I noticed that to have remapping complete, Yot was necessary to use. Whole remapping is here: http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Adamic_language It was made in such way, that switching between Times German and Times Ind font doesn't affect spelling of PIE words. On both sides are used Indoeuropeanistic diacritics. [[Specialis:Conlationes/82.177.192.205|82.177.192.205]] 18:07, 28 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::Hi, if the font works as you are describing, it is not a Unicode font, so it is not even the 'Greek Yot' of Unicode that you are using with it, but an ordinary Latin letter J. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 21:40, 28 Iunii 2008 (UTC) ::::::Please note that if both Latin J and j have leftward hook, and if small Greek Yot has too leftward hook, then big Greek Yot must be identical to big Latin J. Even big Latin A, B, E, I, K, M, N, O, T, Y, Z are identical to their Greek big counterparts both in meaning and shape. As you see, reconstruction of big Yot is correct. Times Ind font is here: http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/cybalist/ in Files section. [[Specialis:Conlationes/82.177.192.205|82.177.192.205]] 08:05, 29 Iunii 2008 (UTC) :::::::Hi, the cybalist group is moderated, and people cannot download the files without being a member. My comment was not related to the shape of the letter, so I'm not sure what you are responding to. —[[Usor:Mycēs|Mucius Tever]] 00:12, 30 Iunii 2008 (UTC) == Yannis/Giannes == Γιάννης is of course Giannes, so why is written falsely Yannis? [[Specialis:Conlationes/89.238.169.150|89.238.169.150]] 11:19, 11 Novembris 2009 (UTC) :Where do you see Yannis in this article?--[[User:Xaverius|<span style="color:blue;">Xave</span>]][[:eu:Lankide:Xaverius|<span style="color:green;">ri</span>]][[:eu:Lankide_eztabaida:Xaverius|<span style="color:red;">us</span>]] 11:35, 11 Novembris 2009 (UTC) ::Yannis is in talk, not in article. "Γιάννης Χαραλάμπους" should be Giannes Haralampoys, not Yannis Harambolous, but I still wonder why he is mistransliterated at all? Is this dyslexia or something else? [[Specialis:Conlationes/74.63.93.146|74.63.93.146]] 11:48, 11 Novembris 2009 (UTC) :::Mind your words, it is not dyslexia, he himself has translitterated his name is such way (check the link provided), so there is nothing we can do. Email him if you want to know the answer.--[[User:Xaverius|<span style="color:blue;">Xave</span>]][[:eu:Lankide:Xaverius|<span style="color:green;">ri</span>]][[:eu:Lankide_eztabaida:Xaverius|<span style="color:red;">us</span>]] 12:30, 11 Novembris 2009 (UTC) ::::Yes, and in fact many Greeks transliterate the name in this way. It's not an error, it's a matter of choice. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 12:38, 11 Novembris 2009 (UTC) :::::I am against such choices, because they make learning proper Greek letter values much harder, which outrages classicists. [[Specialis:Conlationes/74.63.93.146|74.63.93.146]] 12:48, 11 Novembris 2009 (UTC) ::::::Well, it doesn't outrage me :) --[[User:Xaverius|<span style="color:blue;">Xave</span>]][[:eu:Lankide:Xaverius|<span style="color:green;">ri</span>]][[:eu:Lankide_eztabaida:Xaverius|<span style="color:red;">us</span>]] 12:57, 11 Novembris 2009 (UTC) :::::::''Yannis'' is both a common spelling and a useful attestation of the principle of transliterating according to phonetics, rather than letters—a principle that, if we followed it religiously, would get rid of such curious spellings as [[Cechia]] and [[Chilia]], classically pronounced /kekhia/ and /khilia/ respectively, though the intended pronunciations are more like /tʃekia/ and /tʃilia/. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 14:32, 11 Novembris 2009 (UTC) ==Nova== ''Res quae sequuntur, hodie ad caput paginae additas et emendatas, hic removi. Si quis vult, potest subter commenta inserere.'' [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:37, 12 Octobris 2010 (UTC) :Iterum habemus quidam qui putat disputationem ad absurdum necessariam esse de ha re. Fortasse sit melius si simpliciter disputationem protegamus contra usores ignotos?--[[User:Xaverius|<span style="color:blue;">Xave</span>]][[:eu:Lankide:Xaverius|<span style="color:green;">ri</span>]][[:eu:Lankide_eztabaida:Xaverius|<span style="color:red;">us</span>]] 22:26, 12 Octobris 2010 (UTC) ::Aliquis, ut videtur, hic excitat fluctús in simpulo! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 23:18, 12 Octobris 2010 (UTC) ===Alpha and Sho=== Full global Greek alphabet is as follows: [[Image:Greek_Alphabet_Unicode.png|1000px]] It begins with Alpha, and ends with Sho. That means that Omega in this case is not final letter, because after Omega is placed too Sampi and Sho. Due to this fact, in this case God is '''not only''' local Ionian Alpha and Omega, because He is in this case too Somebody more - global Pan-Greek Alpha and Sho. This fact should be acknowledged by all Christians that uses global Greek Alphabet, because in this case they can diminish God by excluding Him from full range of global Greek Alphabet. Ionians were justified by their unknowledge, and Jesus only adjusted Himself to their lower level of knowledge, calling Himself as local Ionian Beginning and End. Sho was placed behind Sampi and was only existing Greek letter not used by Greeks, but by Bactrians that adopted Greek alphabet. [[Specialis:Conlationes/91.94.167.29|91.94.167.29]] 18:14, 24 Ianuarii 2008 (UTC) Try this: letter Alpha can be thought as rotated letter Aleph [[Image:Greek Alpha 01.svg|25px]] ⇾ [[Image:Greek Alpha 09.svg|20px]] letter Sho can be thought as rotated letter Omega [[Image:Greek uc omega.svg|30px]] ⇾ [[Image:Bactrian Sho.svg|15px]] So: Aleph-Omega ≈ Alpha-Sho. [[Specialis:Conlationes/96.44.133.2|96.44.133.2]] 16:22, 12 Octobris 2010 (UTC) What is what: :talk with textual alphabet is flawed and is based on many contradictory faulty sources. :talk with graphical alphabet is genuine and is based on single reliable source: http://www.unicode.org/Public/UCA/latest/allkeys.txt<!-- Substitutio formulae {{Usor anonymus non subscripsit}} secundum recensionem 3934567 hic incipit --><small class="autosigned">— ''Commentationem pristinam [[Vicipaedia:Subscriptio|non subscriptam]] usor sine nomine [[Specialis:Conlationes/79.191.237.160|79.191.237.160]]&thinsp;_{([[Disputatio Usoris:79.191.237.160|disputatio]])} horā 18:53 diei 12 Octobris 2010 [[Specialis:Diff/1338964/1338971|scripsit]]''.</small><!-- Substitutio formulae {{Usor anonymus non subscripsit}} hic finit --> 6o3hkojjvlw6fbsj8zjox10aam135kc 0 46403 3980609 3661540 2026-08-11T20:29:04Z Grufo 64423 Paginam redintegravi 3980609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:EdAsnerHWOFMay2013.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Asner anno [[2013]].]] {{res|Eduardus Asner}}, vulgo ''Eddie Asner'',<ref>Late etiam ''Ed Asner,'' aliquando ''Edward Asner'' vulgo appellatus.</ref> (natus [[Kansiopolis (Missuria)|Kansiopoli]] [[Missuria]]e die [[15 Novembris]] [[1929]]; mortuus [[Tarzana]]e ad [[Angelopolis|Angelopolim]] die [[29 Augusti]] [[2021]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/ed-asner-dead-lou-grant-1235051373/|title=Ed Asner, Emmy-Winning ‘Lou Grant’ Star, Dies at 91|last1=Dagan|first1=Carmel|last2=Natale|first2=Richard|date=29 Augusti 2021|access-date=29 Augusti 2021|work=Variety}}</ref>) fuit [[histrio]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]] et olim praeses [[Collegium Histrionum Lintei|Collegii Histrionum Lintei]].<!-- ="linteum cinematicum"--> Partibus [[Ludovicus Grant|Ludovici Grant]] annis [[1970]] et [[1980]] ineuntibus actis plerumque innotuit, primum in ''[[The Mary Tyler Moore Show]]'' et tum in ''[[Lou Grant (series televisifica)|Lou Grant]]'' eius prole<!--spinoff-->, ut unus esset e paucis histrionibus [[televisio|televisificis]] qui easdem partes in [[comoedia]] et [[drama]]te agerent. [[Universitas Chicaginiensis|Universitatem Sicaginiensem]] frequentavit, et [[miles]] in [[Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum|Exercitu Civitatum Foederatarum]] anno [[1951]] conscriptus est.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.vulture.com/2012/09/ed-asner-stars-in-grace-on-broadway.html| title= Late-Night Lox, Vodka, and Banana Cream Pie With Ed Asner|date=1 Octobris 2012| website= Vulture.com |access-date=24 Novembris 2017}}.</ref> == Pelliculae selectae == * [[1991]]: {{Op|[[JFK (pellicula)|JFK]]}} * [[2002]]: {{Op|[[Papa Giovanni – Ioannes XXIII]]}}, de vita [[Angelus Roncalli|Angeli Roncalli]] ==Notae== <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Ed Asner|Eduardum Asner}} * {{IMDb name|0000799|Eduardo Asner}} {{Lifetime|1929|2021|Asner, Eduardus}} [[Categoria:Actores Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Chicagoensis]] [[Categoria:Cinematographia]] [[Categoria:Incolae Missuriae]] [[Categoria:Socialistae Civitatum Foederatarum]] 5xh46ue57mbf7tutv45cnt1nrlwcdbq 0 53000 3980744 3750701 2026-08-12T07:27:59Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3980744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Gary Cooper''' (natus ''Franciscus Iacobus Cooper'' [[Helena (Montana)|Helenae]] [[Montana]]e die [[7 Maii]] [[1901]]; [[Beverly Hills]] [[California]]e die [[13 Maii]] [[1961]] mortuus), fuit [[histrio]] [[CFA|Americanus]]. == Pellicula selecta == * [[1943]]: ''[[Bluebeard's Eighth Wife]]'' * [[1943]]: ''[[For Whom the Bell Tolls (pellicula)|For Whom the Bell Tolls]]'' * [[1952]]: ''[[High Noon]]'' == Bibliographia == [[Fasciculus:Gary Cooper Eleanor Roosevelt.jpg|thumb|250px|Gary Cooper cum [[Alienora Roosevelt]]]] * Hector Arce, ''Gary Cooper: An Intimate Biography''. Novi Eboraci: Morrow, 1979. ISBN 978-0-688-03604-1 * Homer Dickens, ''The Films of Gary Cooper''. Novi Eboraci: Citadel Press, 1970. ISBN 978-0-8065-0010-2 * Gary Cooper; George Scullins, ed., "Well, it was this way" [narrationes octo] in ''[[Saturday Evening Post]]'' (3 Martii-28 Aprilis (?) 1956)<ref group="b">[https://coop-appreciation.tumblr.com/post/18676108116/gary-cooper-tells-all-this-week-coop-tells-how Citatio primae narrationis]</ref><ref group="b">{{qc|id=Sragow (2008)}} p. 155</ref> ** Versio Theodisca: Gary Cooper, ''Gib dem Glück die Sporen: Die Geschichte meines Lebens''. Hamburgi: Nannen, 1958;<ref group="b">[http://loecker.at/sites/dynamic.pl?ln=en&sid=20141013095843cedu&action=shop&item=1015&group=36 Citatio huius editionis]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Berolini: Henschel, 1991. ISBN 3-362-00547-0<ref group="b">[https://www.booklooker.de/Bücher/Gary-Cooper+Gib-dem-Glück-die-Sporen-Die-Geschichte-meines-Lebens/id/A02lAlUH01ZZc?zid=1f77cd56a79af36b116917edf16dfcf5 Citatio huius editionis]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Maria Cooper Janis, ''Gary Cooper Off Camera: a daughter remembers''. Novi Eboraci: Abrams, 1999. ISBN 978-0-8109-4130-4 * Stuart Kaminsky, ''Coop: The Life and Legend of Gary Cooper''. Novi Eboraci: St. Martin's Press, 1979. ISBN 978-0-312-16955-8 * Jeffrey Meyers, ''Gary Cooper: American Hero''. Novi Eboraci: Morrow, 1998. ISBN 978-0-688-15494-3 * {{ec|id=Sragow (2008)|c="Creating Gary Cooper" in Michael Sragow, ''Victor Fleming: An American Movie Master''. Novi Eboraci: Pantheon, 2008; University Press of Kentucky, 2013 {{Google Books|WS0KAgAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae editionis 2013}}}} * Bill Weatherby, "[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/may/15/gary-cooper-dies-aged-60-archive-1961 Gary Cooper dies aged 60]" in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (15 Maii 1961, recensio interretialis 2019) ; Notae librariae <references group="b" /> == Nexus externi == * {{Imdb name|0000011|Gary Cooper}} * [https://www.garycooper.com/#home-2-section Situs publicus] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090316160658/http://film.virtual-history.com/person.php?personid=108 Imagines Gary Cooper] {{bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1901|1961|Cooper, Gary}} {{Myrias|Homines}} [[Categoria:Actores Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Cinematographia]] [[Categoria:Incolae Montanae]] 0h22qzmt486nbymeumpl0ps2pj8s9c1 0 56952 3980792 3940395 2026-08-12T10:27:22Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3980792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Helena Bertha Amalia Riefenstahl''' quae dicitur ''Leni'' (nata [[Berolinum|Berolini]] die [[22 Augusti]] [[1902]]; mortua die [[8 Septembris]] [[2003]] in [[Pöcking]]) fuit [[saltatio|saltatrix]], [[actor|actrix]], [[moderator cinematographicus|moderatrix cinematographica]] [[Germania|Germanica]]. Inter [[tyrannis|tyrannidem]] [[NSDAP|Nazistam]] Riefenstahl [[Adolfus Hitler|Adolfi Hitler]] carissima fuit. == Bibliographia == * Audrey Salkeld, ''A Portrait of Leni Riefenstahl''. Londinii: Cape, 1996. ISBN 0-224-02480-9 == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Leni Riefenstahl|Leni Riefenstahl}} {{PND|118600761|nomen=Leni Riefenstahl aut de Leni Riefenstahl}} * [http://www.leni-riefenstahl.de/deu/indexd.html Pagina officialis leni-riefenstahl.de] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217010411/http://www.helmut-schmidt-online.de/Riefenstahl-Homepage/Leni%20Riefenstahl-Galerie.htm Pagina Leni Riefenstahl dicata] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224400/http://www.hossli.com/interviews/int_03_riefenstahl.html Colloquium] percontativum<ref>cfr. [[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]] "intervista" in [http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/institutions_connected/latinitas/documents/rc_latinitas_20040601_lexicon_it.html#i]</ref> cum Leni Riefenstahl * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100515011203/http://film.virtual-history.com/person.php?personid=670 Imagines Leni Riefenstahl] * [http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/RiefenstahlLeni / Biographia Leni Riefenstahl] in Museo historico Germaniae ''(Deutsches Historisches Museum'') {{Ling|Germanice}} * {{Imdb name|0726166|Leni Riefenstahl}} == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> {{bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1902|2003|Riefenstahl, Leni}} [[Categoria:Moderatores cinematographici Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Saltatores Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Actores Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Fascismus in Germania]] [[Categoria:Centenariani]] {{Myrias|Homines}} 9noi4xe6oj6eu12wpn1su2jspmqw7wo 0 61505 3980606 3654994 2026-08-11T20:27:00Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Papa Giovanni - Ioannes XXIII]] ad [[Papa Giovanni – Ioannes XXIII]]: Nomenclatura uniformis 3654994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{titulus italicus}} '''''Papa Giovanni - Ioannes XXIII''''' est pellicula anno [[2002]] a [[moderator cinematographicus|moderatore]] [[Italia|Italico]] [[Georgius Capitani|Georgio Capitani]] creata, vitae Angeli Roncalli [[papa]]e [[Ioannes XXIII|Ioannis XXIII]] dicata, in qua agunt inter alios hi [[histrio]]nes: * [[Eduardus Asner]]: Roncalli [[cardinalis]] et papa * [[Maximus Ghini]]: iuvenis Roncalli * [[Franciscus Interlenghi]]: [[episcopus]] [[Iacobus Maria Radini-Tedeschi]] * [[Claudius Rich]] * [[Michael Mendl]] * [[Tosca d'Aquino]] == Nexus externus == * {{Imdb title|0317009}} {{cine-stipula}} [[Categoria:Pelliculae religiosae]] [[Categoria:Pelliculae 2002]] [[Categoria:Pelliculae Italicae]] ec9e1rtz2s8c5e9kq9wsaurh1o6151z 3980608 3980606 2026-08-11T20:28:11Z Grufo 64423 Paginam redintegravi 3980608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{ores|Papa Giovanni – Ioannes XXIII}} est pellicula anno [[2002]] a [[moderator cinematographicus|moderatore]] [[Italia|Italico]] [[Georgius Capitani|Georgio Capitani]] creata, vitae Angeli Roncalli [[papa]]e [[Ioannes XXIII|Ioannis XXIII]] dicata, in qua agunt inter alios hi [[histrio]]nes: * [[Eduardus Asner]]: Roncalli [[cardinalis]] et papa * [[Maximus Ghini]]: iuvenis Roncalli * [[Franciscus Interlenghi]]: [[episcopus]] [[Iacobus Maria Radini-Tedeschi]] * [[Claudius Rich]] * [[Michael Mendl]] * [[Tosca d'Aquino]] == Nexus externi == * {{Imdb title|0317009}} {{cine-stipula}} [[Categoria:Pelliculae religiosae]] [[Categoria:Pelliculae 2002]] [[Categoria:Pelliculae Italicae]] kq62kf2oncv4ae5qydkmtp0r42lanwy 1 68757 3980712 3264618 2026-08-12T01:51:18Z Grufo 64423 +{{[[Formula:Antiquae disputationes|Antiquae disputationes]]}} 3980712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Antiquae disputationes | ab = 2009-04-02 | ad = 2009-05-26 }} ==Vetus disputatio ab Usor:Rolandus/Most important 1000 pages/Culture== [[Cultus civilis]] --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 07:27, 22 Martii 2008 (UTC) :Hmm, unless we are to distinguish between "culture" and "civilization" (in the discrete sense). --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 07:28, 22 Martii 2008 (UTC) ::See also [[Usor:Rolandus/Most important 1000 pages/Civilization]] --[[Usor:Rolandus|Rolandus]] 13:16, 13 Aprilis 2008 (UTC) :::Cultura?--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 05:10, 20 Aprilis 2008 (UTC) ::::Again, we might want to adapt to the peculiarities of Latin thinking by integrating both modern notions of ''Culture'' and of ''Civilisation'' into a single page called [[Cultus humanus]] (and point the Culture interwiki to a Redirect from [[Cultura]]). It seems to me that it is actually one of the benefits of Vicipaedia to demonstrate that words and concepts can never be translated 1:1 into other languages.--[[Usor:Ceylon|Ceylon]] 10:24, 20 Aprilis 2008 (UTC) :::::All that is required for this purpose is a short stub, which can then direct to the longer page that encompasses both "Culture and Civilization" if that is our preference. However, what Rolandus pointed out is that the bots would get confused if Cultura was only a redirect. ::::::I think it would be good, if we had at least a short entry, which tells that Latin has another concept and that the details are exaplained on page XY. It will be a "logical" redirect, not this "technical" <nowiki>#REDIRECT</nowiki> which might cause problems. Moreover, if we ever want a printed version of the Vicipaedia, we might want to have these logical redirects in the printed version, too. I'd also suggest to have a special template for these "logical" redirects, like we have for pages which are disambiguations. --[[Usor:Rolandus|Rolandus]] 12:05, 20 Aprilis 2008 (UTC) ==Comparationes, 1== Gratias, Neander. This is fun! Just checking a few points: :Anglice: excellence of taste in the fine arts(1) and humanities(2) :Iacobus: excellentia iudicii in artibus liberalibus et humanitatibus :Neander: excellentia iudicii de humanitate et bellis artibus(3) ::(1) Cassell's dictionary, which has a classical bias, says to translate ''the fine arts'' as ''artes liberales.'' What's the reason ''bellae artes'' is better? (2) According to Cassell's, the basic sense of ''humanitas'' is 'human nature, human feeling'; in contrast, the English word ''humanities'' is referring there to multiple specific academic disciplines (including history & philosophy), not a collective sense of 'refinement'. (3) What's the reason for reversing the nouns? ::: ad (1): If ''fine arts'' is ''artes liberales'', what's ''liberal arts'' in Latin? Or do you think ''fine arts'' and ''liberal arts'' are the same thing? In fact, I'm not overly fond of ''bellae artes'', but I chose it more or less on the basis of [[Disputatio: Bellae artes]]. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 16:18, 2 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::::For 'liberal arts', Cassell's gives ''artes liberales'' and ''artes ingenuae.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 03:11, 4 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::: ad (2): My Cassell's gives, s.v. ''humanities'', "artes liberales" and "humanitas" (sg.). Die Sache mit ''Geisteswissenschaften'', ''Humanities'', ''humaniora'' &c is next to a mess, because different countries tend to use different words and a bit different (though related) definitions. Personally, I like the Swedish-Latin word ''humaniora'' but I don't know how it sounds in other ears. ::: ad (3) The reason was (my subjective feeling of) euphony. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 16:18, 2 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :Anglice: of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices :Iacobus: collectivorum animorum, principiorum, finium, habituumque :Neander: animorum, aestimationum, finium, consuetudinum communio, ::It's good to know that we can translate ''values'' as ''aestimationes.'' I didn't know what to do with ''shared'' except to make it an adjective (a participial one), but you moved it into the noun, ''communio.'' That's deft, though it no longer specifies the concept of "set." :Anglice: the set(4) that characterizes an institution, organization or group. :Iacobus: apparatus qui institutionem, "organizationem," catervamve designat. :Neander: quae institutionem, "organizationem,"(5)(6) ordinis socialis formam designat. ::(4) Ainsworth's (eighteenth-century) dictionary says to translate 'set' when it means 'a complete suit of any thing' as ''instrumentum'' or ''apparatus.'' You're implying we should omit it? Likewise ''series,'' etc.? (5) If I hadn't known the English, I'd have taken the lack of a conjunction before your ''ordinis'' to imply an equivalent of English ''and,'' but the original has ''or.'' Is it therefore OK to assume that an omitted conjunction means 'or'? If so, how do we know when it means 'and' and when it means 'or'? (6) The English word ''group'' is a workhorse, which will appear unbelievably often in texts describing primate behavior—bearing a welter of senses, including 'band (of associated individuals), random set of individuals, company, assembly, gathering, crowd, party, family, village, tribe, troop, people'. Do we have an equally handy Latin word for it, one less cumbersome than ''ordinis socialis forma'' (which reads more like a definition than a synonym)? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 03:52, 2 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::: Actually, I had to leave before reaching a satisfactory solution to how to translate "institution", "organisation" &c. I'll return to these issues later. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 16:39, 2 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::: ad (4): One might ask how relevant the word "set" is in the present context. Does it really add something important? If it does, I'm not sure I'd vote for "apparatus" or "instrumentum" or "series". --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 16:18, 2 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::::In the ''Oxford English Dictionary,'' the definition of the word ''set'' (with examples) is longer than the definition of any other word. ''Set'' is an extremely common & useful word. It wouldn't be surprising if the authors were thinking of set theory, or Venn diagrams, or something like that, and would therefore have considered the word important. However, in general, such characterizers often seem gratuitous & unnecessary. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 03:11, 4 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::: ad (5): Good point. Mea neglegentia. ::: ad (6): In the present co(n)text, I thought that the workhorse might refer to an orderly creature. I shunned ''caterva'' that typically refers to animals or people considered barbarous. But now I see that my "ordinis socialis forma" is definitely an overkill. I changed it to ''grex'', tentatively. Hope somebody comes by a better expression. // BTW, I must say that the English original isn't too felicitous. If, as I take it, organisation is basically the structure of an institution, the sentence is less informative than it is meant to be. I suggest we jettison the English formulation and re-form the sentence so that the whole world turns to us instead of the English page for info about culture. &nbsp;&nbsp;''':&ndash;)'''&nbsp;&nbsp; --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 01:05, 3 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::::They're probably distinguishing between ''institutions'' like marriages and wakes and the running of the bulls in Pamplona, and ''organizations'' like the Organization of American States, the United Nations Organization, the Boy Scouts, and the Roman Catholic Church. Here's a distinction along these lines: the Tour de France is an institution, but the Société du Tour de France (which runs the tour) is an organization. Is that clear? So both concepts are necessary. ¶ As for felicitousness: yes, and when you get farther down in the text, you'll encounter some truly boring passages. When such things are ''quotations,'' surely a translation should try to preserve their ''style,'' even if it means making bizarre prose in the target language. (Though this point seems obvious, other views exist; see below.) The best practice (not always respected by authors) is to quote ''only'' passages that say things ''more memorably'' or more succinctly or famously than one can! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 03:11, 4 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ==Comparationes, 2== This is a passage from UNESCO's Declaración de México (1982), for which official translations must exist in all the UN's major languages; but since the document was issued in Mexico, I privileged the Spanish version (found at [[es:Cultura]]), and translated directly from it, trying not to think in English, just for the fun of it. Here are: the original text, in Spanish (H); what I take the Spanish to mean in English (A); my own attempt in Latin (I); and Neander's version in Latin (N). The questions are for Neander, though of course anybody can jump right in. :: Well, this is an interesting turn. When trying my version of the Declaración, I didn't have any official text to base my proposal on. But now I see better why Iacobus's version is such that it is. It was my objective to improve the Latin text stylistically according to what I consider optimum genus dicendi. When translating an official document esp. into minor languages, the result tends to be a stylistically inferior exercise of meticulousness that is scarcely intelligible to ordinary people. (In Finnish, such kind of Administrese is called "kapulakieli" 'stick jargon'.) The current volition, however, is that even an official translation ought to fulfill the requirements of both precision and good style. In terms of translation studies, this implies a shift of focus from literal translation to what is called dynamic translation. This means that the translation should be more meaning-driven than form-driven. In the source language, there may be syntactic constructions that belong to the syntactic mechanics of the source but not of the target language. Now, given the Spanish source, a few things become, perhaps, a bit clearer (see below). --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 04:18, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :::It is interesting, and true, and [[Beniaminus Whorf|Whorfian]], that even an official text will look different in a target language depending on the source language that the translator used. Such differences have caused wars. I'm glad to see no war has broken out on this page ... :::Yes, a translator ought generally to aim for "optimum genus dicendi" -- though there are many ways of speaking well! On a wiki, if we intentionally translate in a mannered or difficult style in an attempt to suggest the style of an original, another editor will surely come along later and correct or simplify, so the effort will be lost. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:32, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::::Quite possibly, but some of our views of translation seem to differ. Naturally, the goal of ''optimum genus dicendi'' has a strong appeal, but different textual genres have different purposes, and maybe the degree of freedom that a translator assumes should accommodate them. A technical document (as produced by a bureaucracy, like UNESCO) embodies aims that may differ sharply from those of a novelist. Likewise poems & songtexts, and other passages invoking more than the pure conveyance of information. Offhand, I'd say that the English phrases 'I can't get any satisfaction' and 'I can't get no satisfaction' should, if possible, be rendered differently in a target language. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 12:50, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :::::Yes, if both occur in the same text. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:55, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :H. La cultura da al hombre la capacidad de reflexionar sobre sí mismo. :A. Culture gives man the ability to ponder himself. :I. Cultura hominibus facultatem cogitandi seipsum dat. :N. Cultura homini facultatem de se ipso cogitandi(7) dat. ::(7) Cassell's first shows that ''cogitare'' can take the accusative, and then allows that it can take the ablative. Is there any idiomatic difference? Is there a reason you prefer the ablative (with ''de'')? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 18:06, 6 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :::L&S give "{{lewshort|cogito}}:"to pursue something in the mind (cf. agito, II.), i. e. To consider thoroughly, to ponder, to weigh, reflect upon, think (class. in prose and poetry); constr. absol., with aliquid, de aliquo, or de aliquā re, sic, ita, or a rel. -clause--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 20:40, 6 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :::: Yes, ''reflexionar sobre sí mismo'' / ''reflect upon h*self'' is precisely what I was out for, when using ''de''. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 04:18, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :::::Well, but if L&S are right, the sense of "upon" is already there in the verb ''cogitare,'' if we want it to be, so this appears to be a distinction without a difference. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 13:36, 26 Maii 2009 (UTC) :H. Es ella la que hace de nosotros seres(8) específicamente humanos, :A. It's she that makes our beings specifically human, :I. Cultura est quae nostras essentias diserte reddit humanas, :N. Cultura est qua vere reddimur humani, ::(8) This appears to be the infinitive ''ser'' 'to be', treated as a noun and pluralized. As such, it may stand out as an unordinary locution (it's not in my Spanish–English dictionary), so I supposed some trace of it should survive in the Latin, and the philosophical medievalism (?) ''essentia'' seemed appropriate. Did you eliminate it because it isn't classical? or for some other reason? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 18:06, 6 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::: Is the English translation of ''hace de nosotros seres específicamente humanos'' really correct? I'm not good at Spanish, but I'd say in English: ''It is she that makes us specifically human beings''. In any case, ''seres humanos'' is ''human beings'', for which Latin lacks a literally translatable expression ("entes humani" would perhaps be a meticulous medievalism with a scholastic hue in it, but stylistically not too felicitous). In natural Latin, ''human beings'' is simply ''homines''. Given this understanding of mine, I considered ''essentia'' to partake in a mistranslation. Correct me, if I'm wrong. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 04:18, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::::Your argument seems right to me! ¶ Apparently, a more accurate gloss of ''hace de nosotros'' would be 'makes of us'. The French version of this passage is "C'est elle qui fait de nous des êtres spécifiquement humains." ¶ Merriam-Webster's etymologists mark ''essentia'' L (for 'Latin'), not LL (for 'Late Latin') or NL (for 'New Latin), and the OED's etymologists agree; so, if nonclassical, it may still go fairly far back into or beyond the Renaissance. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 12:50, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :H. racionales, críticos y éticamente comprometidos. :A. rational, critical/tasteful, and ethically engaged/involved. :I. ratione praeditas, elegantes, et ethicae gnaras. :N. ratione praediti(9a) arbitrio instructi(9b) morumque bonitate ornati.(9c) ::(9a, 9b) I think it would help readers to put commas here. (c) Does ''morum bonitate ornati'' really mean 'ethically engaged'? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 18:06, 6 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::: Given the source text, my translation is, of course, unduly rhetorical. Anybody feeling the need to de-rhetoricise the sentence is free to do the job. /// Re commas: in the en-wiki, there are user boxes detesting commas before "and", so there seem to be two "commatological" schools. In my native languages (Finnish and Swedish), using a comma before "and" would be a grave "comma error". I can't help surmising that your functional explanation ("helping readers") to putting the comma before "and" is an attempt to give a functional justification to what is just a convention. I'm so keen on this because I don't feel the comma to be ''that'' helpful. :-) /// I'm not quite sure that I understand what ''éticamente comprometidos'' or ''ethically engaged'' really means. To me, it is "Diplomatese", using fancy words and high-flown phrases that is monk Latin to the auctores themselves. (Apologies, if I'm being unfair!) In our [[Ethica]] page, ethics is defined as ''pars philosophiae quae studiat principia boni''. Though the Latin could be better, the definition is good enough: "part of philosophy", and it's the question of principles; i.e., etics isn't normative but rather descriptive. I decided on ''morum bonitas'', because I understood that the pronouncement involves a normative obligation. On my reading, ''ethicae gnaras'' would refer to people who possess knowledge of ethical principles (because they've studied philosophy); the momentum of engagement seems to be lacking. But I admit my position is debatable. /// Anyways, my translation doesn't respect the source (because it is better ... &nbsp;&nbsp;''':&ndash;)'''&nbsp;&nbsp; ) --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 04:18, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::::Indeed, it has a rhythm of its own; unfortunately (or fortunately, depending on one's point of view), it's not that of the original. ¶ Your comments on the comma refer to point (9b), but how about (9a)? Surely a comma belongs there! ¶ Punctuation before ''and'' has long been debated, but I favor the comma because it probably forces the eye's saccades to grasp the syntax more readily, and it allows less ambiguity. A battle-cry of the comma-preferring camp is the ambiguity inherent in a (presumably apocryphal) book-dedication: "To my parents, Ayn Rand and God." ¶ Re: "''éticamente comprometidos'' or ''ethically engaged''": the French is ''éthiquement engagés.'' It must make sense to somebody! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 12:50, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :H. A través de ella discernimos los valores y efectuamos opciones. :A. Through her, we discern values, and we make choices. :I. Per(10) eam, virtutes discernimus, delectusque efficimus. :N. Cultura(11) fit ut rerum virtutes discernamus delectusque habeamus. ::(10) This ''per'' is 'through, by means of', regarding "the means or instrument by which anything is done" (Cassell's). (11) You've reinserted the noun in place of the pronoun, thereby changing the syntactical rhythm. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 18:06, 6 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :::(10) I admit that ''per eam'' is grammatically possible. Notice, though, that the constructions ''a través de'' and ''through her'' are due to the fact that the languages in question lack case declination. Stylistically, I find ablativus instrumenti superior to "per eam". The question is whether typologically different languages must imitate even syntactic mechanics of source languages just because they happen to be in a hegemonic position. /// (11) Yes, but the dosage of information is clearer, methinks. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 04:18, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::::The pattern with ''per,'' especially (as here) with pronouns, is of course familiar from texts of Christian worship, most famously perhaps the mass, wherein it appears several times in a sense resembling the one in UNESCO's document, as, for example, '''''Per Christum''' Dominum nostrum. '''Per quem''' haec omnia, Domine, semper bona creas, sanctificas, vivificas, benedicis, et praestas nobis. '''Per ipsum,''' et cum ipso, et in ipso. . . .'' ¶ Re: "Yes, but the dosage of information is clearer, methinks." Possibly; but a text is a text, and the insertion of explanatory material in it may not always be wanted. This issue probably has a long trail in translation studies! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 12:50, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :H. A través de ella el hombre(12) se expresa, :A. Through her, man/mankind expresses himself, :I. Per eam, homo se exprimit, :N. Cultura est cuius opibus homines quid cogitent vel velint exprimunt,(13) ::(12) Singular in the original; hence my use of ''homo,'' which you've pluralized (''homines''), and the singular-plural difference between our versions naturally persists to the end of the entire quotation. (13) Here you've added things that aren't in the original! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 18:06, 6 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::: (12) ''Mankind'' is ''homines'' (see Cassell's) /// (13) "Se exprimere" isn't good Latin (see Krebs, ''Antibarbarus der lateinischen Sprache'', s.v. ''exprimere''). As you were keen on the norm of classical Latin in this article, I chose to follow this tack: ''exprimere'' contracts only a Sachobjekt. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 04:18, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::::Yes, I checked Cassell's before posting the original text, and it allowed ''homo'' to mean '"''man,'' as opp, to beasts and gods"; as indeed modern biology does, echoed by Vicipaedia in [[Homo sapiens]]. Since the Spanish, English, and French (''C'est par elle que l'homme s'exprime'') couch their ideas here in the third person singular, I thought I'd keep this construction so as to maintain its distinction with the first person plural: the original versions exhibit a contrast between the singularity of ''el hombre,'' and ''l'homme'' and ''man'' on the one hand, and the plurality of 'we' on the other. This is by way of explaining the thought-processes that informed the original attempt, not to defend the result: I can accept that in your experience, ''homines'' reads better. ¶ As for ''se expresa'' = 'expresses himself': it may not be good Spanish & French & English either! But there it is. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 12:50, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :H. toma conciencia de sí mismo, :A. becomes aware of himself, :I. sibi(14) conscius fit, :N. sui conscii fiunt, ::(14) I used the dative because the examples in Cassell's seem to: ''si alicuius iniuriae sibi conscius fuisset'' (Cicero), ''mens sibi conscia recti'' (Vergil), ''etsi mihi sum conscius'' (Cicero); but perhaps these have a slightly different sense, and it's the genitive of ''inuriae'' in the first example that's most pertinent? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 18:06, 6 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::: Yes. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 04:18, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :H. se reconoce como un proyecto(15) inacabado, :A. recognizes himself as an uncompleted project, :I. se propositum imperfectum noscitat, :N. se imperfectos confitentur, ::(15) The word that stands out here, almost in flashing neon lights, is ''proyecto'' 'project', for which I tried ''propositum.'' When texts go out of their way to reach for baubles, translations should perhaps do something similar, preserving the style. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 18:06, 6 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::: Well, ''proyecto'' and ''project'' are fancy words, dear to "New Public Management" enthusiasts. I'm not sure whether ''propositum'' is as readily intelligible, given the lack of NPM literature in Latin. (The NPM issue is a highly political one. Perhaps it's understandable to those people only who are in the midst of European university reforms.) Personally, I don't feel I'm a "project", nor do I think my "culture" is a project. I'm sorry to be a piscis qui adverso flumine natat (sed soli vivi ita faciunt). --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 04:18, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::::The official French version is: "se reconnaît comme un projet inachevé." Some people must be happy with the idea that we're projects! If it's any consolation, the official English translation is "recognizes his incompleteness," which perfectly matches Neander's syntax (except for the singular–plural issue), and ''confitentur'' does look better than ''noscitat.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 12:50, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :H. pone en cuestión sus propias realizaciones, :A. questions/doubts his own achievements, :I. suas confectiones proprias dubitat, :N. quidquid impetraverint(16) in dubium vocant, ::(16) This is ingenious! It changes the syntax a little. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 18:06, 6 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::: Thanx. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 04:18, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :H. busca incansablemente nuevas significaciones, :A. searches tirelessly for new meanings, :I. novas significationes adsidue quaerit, :N. novas significationes adsidue quaerunt :H. y crea obras que lo(17) trascienden. :A. and creates works that transcend him. :I. et opera quae eum exsuperant facit. :N. opera exigunt quibus modum sibi impositum exsuperent.(18) ::(17) The pronoun ''lo'' first threw me, but it presumably means 'him', as that's the closest singular masculine noun available (other than the word for 'project'); my ear keeps hearing 'himself', but the reflexivity isn't in the original, is it? (18) The length of your version suggests that you've changed the idea by adding tidbits that aren't in the original. As a rule, Latin versions of English sentences are shorter, Latin being more compact. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 18:06, 6 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :::The english term "transend him" makes me wonder, how does one "transcend a person"? It sounds to me that here literally "lo"="him" in this context refers "mankind"/"the human condition"; perhaps Neander is just trying to be concrete specifying one aspect of the human condition that is overcome "the manner imposed upon him"; however an equally important aspect implied is that his "achievements transcend his individual life".--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 21:05, 6 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :::::Though the English version given above was mine, it agrees here with an online version that the UN itself seems to have provided, so the UN must have wanted this ''lo'' to mean 'him' in English. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 13:36, 26 Maii 2009 (UTC) :::: Yes, and ''modus'' is even more than manner, because it involves the human measure. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 04:18, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :::: As I said in the beginning, this was an interesting turn. Everybody is free to interfere. I have my positions, but I'm not speaking ''ex cathedra''. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 04:18, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :::::A helpful discussion. Note my distinction (which not everybody may accept): translations of ''quoted'' material should match the letter & spirit of the original as closely as possible; but the ''body of the text'' of an article is & should be freer: most of the text of [[Cultura]], having started out as a translation of [[:en:Culture]], deserves no such special respect. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 13:14, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :::::: Yes, a helpful discussion, indeed! And interesting. In principle, I agree with your distinction. Translation of bureaucratic material should be as close as possible. What may be debatable is the degree of freedom issue. As I said somewhere above, closeness to the source should not enjoin a typologically different language to using weirdish constructions just for the sake of respecting the source language's syntactic mechanism. (Note that this is a statement of principle that doesn't necessarily refer to any specific case in the present discussion.) But culture as a "project"!? I'm happy that I needn't be an obedient bureaucrat! --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 15:26, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) == Unnecessary (?) links in bibliography == In the M-Z section, to try the effect, wherever there was more than one link to the same author all in a row, I took out all links but the first. I think this would be our usual rule: does it work OK here? If not, please revert me. I am puzzling over whether we really want the place of publication linked in a bibliography. In a long bibliography like this, the question comes home to you. There are many links to Novum Eboracum etc. Are they useful? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 07:58, 26 Maii 2009 (UTC) : I think you did the right thing. I also agree with your second question. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 10:44, 26 Maii 2009 (UTC) ::I have now done the same with A-L. But I haven't touched the places of publication yet: let's see what Iacobus thinks. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 11:32, 26 Maii 2009 (UTC) :::That's fine with me: no placename links in bibliographies & references. (I didn't see any in a couple of articles in en: that I checked.) But better to wait for fuller discussion and posting of a specific rule in the article on the style of Vicipaedia's formatting (which I never seem able to find when I want to). [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 13:36, 26 Maii 2009 (UTC) ::::Incidentally, we have already talked about establishing bibliographical citation standards. Maybe now's the time to do it. Although the citation style you use is not the one I've been most familiar with, it's a good choice and I will happily go along with it if instructions are set out plainly ... assuming others don't object! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:44, 26 Maii 2009 (UTC) :::::The formula I grew up with (in the humanities) was: ::::::Author. ''Title.'' Place, year. :::::(This pattern is for a book; formulas for articles in journals were & are more complicated.) Quite a few contributers, especially from Europe (I suspect), still use this pattern or something like it (sometimes giving the publisher but not the place). A couple of decades ago, I went gone over to a formula that seems to have originated in the social sciences and is, in my experience, becoming common in the humanities (in other words, it's well on its way to becoming universal, at least in academia): ::::::Author. Year. ''Title.'' Place: publisher. :::::With this formula, multiple works by the same author necessarily appear in chronological order. This is a huge advantage: (1) alphabetical order is effectively ''random,'' but chronological order gives ''added value'' by putting works in an order that shows the evolution of an author's thought; and (2) it eases in-text citations, in the form "(Author Year)", or, with a specific page, "(Author Year:Page)", streamlining the apparatus by eliminating the clutter of footnotes that do nothing but give references, sometimes repeated to absurd lengths. ¶ Note that I've suggested using links for the years in bibliographies—not that links are necessary there, but that the ''color'' they introduce helps the eye, especially in long bibliographies. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 14:03, 26 Maii 2009 (UTC) ::::::Yes, it's good to begin with author and date: so I like the proposed: :::::::Author. Year. ''Title.'' Place: publisher. ::::::I'd be glad if you could set out in the same way what the arrangement and punctuation should be, on this system, for articles in journals and in books. ::::::I see what you mean about colour, but I'm not sure if that's a good enough reason to link all the dates! On en:wiki there is an attempt to reduce date-linking, and I wonder if we, too, overdo it sometimes. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 22:25, 26 Maii 2009 (UTC) == Linguistic reconstruction > proto-culture == Calvert Watkins is a scholar I admire, but I don't think his "American Heritage Dictionary" appendix deserves highlighting in the text as if it were a major work on this subject; it's more a handy digest, isn't it? To mention in the text I would have chosen <s>Georges Dumézil</s> Emile Benveniste for "society", Watkins's dragon book for poetics (I see it is in the bibliography), Marija Gimbutas, and then (already present) Mallory and Renfrew. But perhaps I'm out of date? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 11:32, 26 Maii 2009 (UTC) :Quite right; Watkins is there because it was the only such summary of PIE culture at hand when I drafted the text; I expected more adequate treatments, probably book-length, to appear, so by all means add them in. I have the dragon book, but it's a little tangential here, not a ''complete'' study of PIE culture in the manner I have in mind—the manner that's admirably done in the Proto-Polynesian book, which uses the reconstructed vocabulary to examine all (well, most) major aspects of culture & society. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 13:36, 26 Maii 2009 (UTC) 5fown1t1xfhqtkjv26f8osq68kp25fm 3980713 3980712 2026-08-12T01:51:29Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Disputatio:Cultura]] ad [[Disputatio:Cultura/Tabularium 1]] sine redirectione: Veteres disputationes ad tabularium movi 3980712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Antiquae disputationes | ab = 2009-04-02 | ad = 2009-05-26 }} ==Vetus disputatio ab Usor:Rolandus/Most important 1000 pages/Culture== [[Cultus civilis]] --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 07:27, 22 Martii 2008 (UTC) :Hmm, unless we are to distinguish between "culture" and "civilization" (in the discrete sense). --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 07:28, 22 Martii 2008 (UTC) ::See also [[Usor:Rolandus/Most important 1000 pages/Civilization]] --[[Usor:Rolandus|Rolandus]] 13:16, 13 Aprilis 2008 (UTC) :::Cultura?--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 05:10, 20 Aprilis 2008 (UTC) ::::Again, we might want to adapt to the peculiarities of Latin thinking by integrating both modern notions of ''Culture'' and of ''Civilisation'' into a single page called [[Cultus humanus]] (and point the Culture interwiki to a Redirect from [[Cultura]]). It seems to me that it is actually one of the benefits of Vicipaedia to demonstrate that words and concepts can never be translated 1:1 into other languages.--[[Usor:Ceylon|Ceylon]] 10:24, 20 Aprilis 2008 (UTC) :::::All that is required for this purpose is a short stub, which can then direct to the longer page that encompasses both "Culture and Civilization" if that is our preference. However, what Rolandus pointed out is that the bots would get confused if Cultura was only a redirect. ::::::I think it would be good, if we had at least a short entry, which tells that Latin has another concept and that the details are exaplained on page XY. It will be a "logical" redirect, not this "technical" <nowiki>#REDIRECT</nowiki> which might cause problems. Moreover, if we ever want a printed version of the Vicipaedia, we might want to have these logical redirects in the printed version, too. I'd also suggest to have a special template for these "logical" redirects, like we have for pages which are disambiguations. --[[Usor:Rolandus|Rolandus]] 12:05, 20 Aprilis 2008 (UTC) ==Comparationes, 1== Gratias, Neander. This is fun! Just checking a few points: :Anglice: excellence of taste in the fine arts(1) and humanities(2) :Iacobus: excellentia iudicii in artibus liberalibus et humanitatibus :Neander: excellentia iudicii de humanitate et bellis artibus(3) ::(1) Cassell's dictionary, which has a classical bias, says to translate ''the fine arts'' as ''artes liberales.'' What's the reason ''bellae artes'' is better? (2) According to Cassell's, the basic sense of ''humanitas'' is 'human nature, human feeling'; in contrast, the English word ''humanities'' is referring there to multiple specific academic disciplines (including history & philosophy), not a collective sense of 'refinement'. (3) What's the reason for reversing the nouns? ::: ad (1): If ''fine arts'' is ''artes liberales'', what's ''liberal arts'' in Latin? Or do you think ''fine arts'' and ''liberal arts'' are the same thing? In fact, I'm not overly fond of ''bellae artes'', but I chose it more or less on the basis of [[Disputatio: Bellae artes]]. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 16:18, 2 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::::For 'liberal arts', Cassell's gives ''artes liberales'' and ''artes ingenuae.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 03:11, 4 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::: ad (2): My Cassell's gives, s.v. ''humanities'', "artes liberales" and "humanitas" (sg.). Die Sache mit ''Geisteswissenschaften'', ''Humanities'', ''humaniora'' &c is next to a mess, because different countries tend to use different words and a bit different (though related) definitions. Personally, I like the Swedish-Latin word ''humaniora'' but I don't know how it sounds in other ears. ::: ad (3) The reason was (my subjective feeling of) euphony. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 16:18, 2 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :Anglice: of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices :Iacobus: collectivorum animorum, principiorum, finium, habituumque :Neander: animorum, aestimationum, finium, consuetudinum communio, ::It's good to know that we can translate ''values'' as ''aestimationes.'' I didn't know what to do with ''shared'' except to make it an adjective (a participial one), but you moved it into the noun, ''communio.'' That's deft, though it no longer specifies the concept of "set." :Anglice: the set(4) that characterizes an institution, organization or group. :Iacobus: apparatus qui institutionem, "organizationem," catervamve designat. :Neander: quae institutionem, "organizationem,"(5)(6) ordinis socialis formam designat. ::(4) Ainsworth's (eighteenth-century) dictionary says to translate 'set' when it means 'a complete suit of any thing' as ''instrumentum'' or ''apparatus.'' You're implying we should omit it? Likewise ''series,'' etc.? (5) If I hadn't known the English, I'd have taken the lack of a conjunction before your ''ordinis'' to imply an equivalent of English ''and,'' but the original has ''or.'' Is it therefore OK to assume that an omitted conjunction means 'or'? If so, how do we know when it means 'and' and when it means 'or'? (6) The English word ''group'' is a workhorse, which will appear unbelievably often in texts describing primate behavior—bearing a welter of senses, including 'band (of associated individuals), random set of individuals, company, assembly, gathering, crowd, party, family, village, tribe, troop, people'. Do we have an equally handy Latin word for it, one less cumbersome than ''ordinis socialis forma'' (which reads more like a definition than a synonym)? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 03:52, 2 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::: Actually, I had to leave before reaching a satisfactory solution to how to translate "institution", "organisation" &c. I'll return to these issues later. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 16:39, 2 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::: ad (4): One might ask how relevant the word "set" is in the present context. Does it really add something important? If it does, I'm not sure I'd vote for "apparatus" or "instrumentum" or "series". --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 16:18, 2 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::::In the ''Oxford English Dictionary,'' the definition of the word ''set'' (with examples) is longer than the definition of any other word. ''Set'' is an extremely common & useful word. It wouldn't be surprising if the authors were thinking of set theory, or Venn diagrams, or something like that, and would therefore have considered the word important. However, in general, such characterizers often seem gratuitous & unnecessary. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 03:11, 4 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::: ad (5): Good point. Mea neglegentia. ::: ad (6): In the present co(n)text, I thought that the workhorse might refer to an orderly creature. I shunned ''caterva'' that typically refers to animals or people considered barbarous. But now I see that my "ordinis socialis forma" is definitely an overkill. I changed it to ''grex'', tentatively. Hope somebody comes by a better expression. // BTW, I must say that the English original isn't too felicitous. If, as I take it, organisation is basically the structure of an institution, the sentence is less informative than it is meant to be. I suggest we jettison the English formulation and re-form the sentence so that the whole world turns to us instead of the English page for info about culture. &nbsp;&nbsp;''':&ndash;)'''&nbsp;&nbsp; --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 01:05, 3 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::::They're probably distinguishing between ''institutions'' like marriages and wakes and the running of the bulls in Pamplona, and ''organizations'' like the Organization of American States, the United Nations Organization, the Boy Scouts, and the Roman Catholic Church. Here's a distinction along these lines: the Tour de France is an institution, but the Société du Tour de France (which runs the tour) is an organization. Is that clear? So both concepts are necessary. ¶ As for felicitousness: yes, and when you get farther down in the text, you'll encounter some truly boring passages. When such things are ''quotations,'' surely a translation should try to preserve their ''style,'' even if it means making bizarre prose in the target language. (Though this point seems obvious, other views exist; see below.) The best practice (not always respected by authors) is to quote ''only'' passages that say things ''more memorably'' or more succinctly or famously than one can! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 03:11, 4 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ==Comparationes, 2== This is a passage from UNESCO's Declaración de México (1982), for which official translations must exist in all the UN's major languages; but since the document was issued in Mexico, I privileged the Spanish version (found at [[es:Cultura]]), and translated directly from it, trying not to think in English, just for the fun of it. Here are: the original text, in Spanish (H); what I take the Spanish to mean in English (A); my own attempt in Latin (I); and Neander's version in Latin (N). The questions are for Neander, though of course anybody can jump right in. :: Well, this is an interesting turn. When trying my version of the Declaración, I didn't have any official text to base my proposal on. But now I see better why Iacobus's version is such that it is. It was my objective to improve the Latin text stylistically according to what I consider optimum genus dicendi. When translating an official document esp. into minor languages, the result tends to be a stylistically inferior exercise of meticulousness that is scarcely intelligible to ordinary people. (In Finnish, such kind of Administrese is called "kapulakieli" 'stick jargon'.) The current volition, however, is that even an official translation ought to fulfill the requirements of both precision and good style. In terms of translation studies, this implies a shift of focus from literal translation to what is called dynamic translation. This means that the translation should be more meaning-driven than form-driven. In the source language, there may be syntactic constructions that belong to the syntactic mechanics of the source but not of the target language. Now, given the Spanish source, a few things become, perhaps, a bit clearer (see below). --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 04:18, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :::It is interesting, and true, and [[Beniaminus Whorf|Whorfian]], that even an official text will look different in a target language depending on the source language that the translator used. Such differences have caused wars. I'm glad to see no war has broken out on this page ... :::Yes, a translator ought generally to aim for "optimum genus dicendi" -- though there are many ways of speaking well! On a wiki, if we intentionally translate in a mannered or difficult style in an attempt to suggest the style of an original, another editor will surely come along later and correct or simplify, so the effort will be lost. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:32, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::::Quite possibly, but some of our views of translation seem to differ. Naturally, the goal of ''optimum genus dicendi'' has a strong appeal, but different textual genres have different purposes, and maybe the degree of freedom that a translator assumes should accommodate them. A technical document (as produced by a bureaucracy, like UNESCO) embodies aims that may differ sharply from those of a novelist. Likewise poems & songtexts, and other passages invoking more than the pure conveyance of information. Offhand, I'd say that the English phrases 'I can't get any satisfaction' and 'I can't get no satisfaction' should, if possible, be rendered differently in a target language. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 12:50, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :::::Yes, if both occur in the same text. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:55, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :H. La cultura da al hombre la capacidad de reflexionar sobre sí mismo. :A. Culture gives man the ability to ponder himself. :I. Cultura hominibus facultatem cogitandi seipsum dat. :N. Cultura homini facultatem de se ipso cogitandi(7) dat. ::(7) Cassell's first shows that ''cogitare'' can take the accusative, and then allows that it can take the ablative. Is there any idiomatic difference? Is there a reason you prefer the ablative (with ''de'')? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 18:06, 6 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :::L&S give "{{lewshort|cogito}}:"to pursue something in the mind (cf. agito, II.), i. e. To consider thoroughly, to ponder, to weigh, reflect upon, think (class. in prose and poetry); constr. absol., with aliquid, de aliquo, or de aliquā re, sic, ita, or a rel. -clause--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 20:40, 6 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :::: Yes, ''reflexionar sobre sí mismo'' / ''reflect upon h*self'' is precisely what I was out for, when using ''de''. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 04:18, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :::::Well, but if L&S are right, the sense of "upon" is already there in the verb ''cogitare,'' if we want it to be, so this appears to be a distinction without a difference. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 13:36, 26 Maii 2009 (UTC) :H. Es ella la que hace de nosotros seres(8) específicamente humanos, :A. It's she that makes our beings specifically human, :I. Cultura est quae nostras essentias diserte reddit humanas, :N. Cultura est qua vere reddimur humani, ::(8) This appears to be the infinitive ''ser'' 'to be', treated as a noun and pluralized. As such, it may stand out as an unordinary locution (it's not in my Spanish–English dictionary), so I supposed some trace of it should survive in the Latin, and the philosophical medievalism (?) ''essentia'' seemed appropriate. Did you eliminate it because it isn't classical? or for some other reason? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 18:06, 6 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::: Is the English translation of ''hace de nosotros seres específicamente humanos'' really correct? I'm not good at Spanish, but I'd say in English: ''It is she that makes us specifically human beings''. In any case, ''seres humanos'' is ''human beings'', for which Latin lacks a literally translatable expression ("entes humani" would perhaps be a meticulous medievalism with a scholastic hue in it, but stylistically not too felicitous). In natural Latin, ''human beings'' is simply ''homines''. Given this understanding of mine, I considered ''essentia'' to partake in a mistranslation. Correct me, if I'm wrong. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 04:18, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::::Your argument seems right to me! ¶ Apparently, a more accurate gloss of ''hace de nosotros'' would be 'makes of us'. The French version of this passage is "C'est elle qui fait de nous des êtres spécifiquement humains." ¶ Merriam-Webster's etymologists mark ''essentia'' L (for 'Latin'), not LL (for 'Late Latin') or NL (for 'New Latin), and the OED's etymologists agree; so, if nonclassical, it may still go fairly far back into or beyond the Renaissance. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 12:50, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :H. racionales, críticos y éticamente comprometidos. :A. rational, critical/tasteful, and ethically engaged/involved. :I. ratione praeditas, elegantes, et ethicae gnaras. :N. ratione praediti(9a) arbitrio instructi(9b) morumque bonitate ornati.(9c) ::(9a, 9b) I think it would help readers to put commas here. (c) Does ''morum bonitate ornati'' really mean 'ethically engaged'? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 18:06, 6 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::: Given the source text, my translation is, of course, unduly rhetorical. Anybody feeling the need to de-rhetoricise the sentence is free to do the job. /// Re commas: in the en-wiki, there are user boxes detesting commas before "and", so there seem to be two "commatological" schools. In my native languages (Finnish and Swedish), using a comma before "and" would be a grave "comma error". I can't help surmising that your functional explanation ("helping readers") to putting the comma before "and" is an attempt to give a functional justification to what is just a convention. I'm so keen on this because I don't feel the comma to be ''that'' helpful. :-) /// I'm not quite sure that I understand what ''éticamente comprometidos'' or ''ethically engaged'' really means. To me, it is "Diplomatese", using fancy words and high-flown phrases that is monk Latin to the auctores themselves. (Apologies, if I'm being unfair!) In our [[Ethica]] page, ethics is defined as ''pars philosophiae quae studiat principia boni''. Though the Latin could be better, the definition is good enough: "part of philosophy", and it's the question of principles; i.e., etics isn't normative but rather descriptive. I decided on ''morum bonitas'', because I understood that the pronouncement involves a normative obligation. On my reading, ''ethicae gnaras'' would refer to people who possess knowledge of ethical principles (because they've studied philosophy); the momentum of engagement seems to be lacking. But I admit my position is debatable. /// Anyways, my translation doesn't respect the source (because it is better ... &nbsp;&nbsp;''':&ndash;)'''&nbsp;&nbsp; ) --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 04:18, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::::Indeed, it has a rhythm of its own; unfortunately (or fortunately, depending on one's point of view), it's not that of the original. ¶ Your comments on the comma refer to point (9b), but how about (9a)? Surely a comma belongs there! ¶ Punctuation before ''and'' has long been debated, but I favor the comma because it probably forces the eye's saccades to grasp the syntax more readily, and it allows less ambiguity. A battle-cry of the comma-preferring camp is the ambiguity inherent in a (presumably apocryphal) book-dedication: "To my parents, Ayn Rand and God." ¶ Re: "''éticamente comprometidos'' or ''ethically engaged''": the French is ''éthiquement engagés.'' It must make sense to somebody! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 12:50, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :H. A través de ella discernimos los valores y efectuamos opciones. :A. Through her, we discern values, and we make choices. :I. Per(10) eam, virtutes discernimus, delectusque efficimus. :N. Cultura(11) fit ut rerum virtutes discernamus delectusque habeamus. ::(10) This ''per'' is 'through, by means of', regarding "the means or instrument by which anything is done" (Cassell's). (11) You've reinserted the noun in place of the pronoun, thereby changing the syntactical rhythm. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 18:06, 6 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :::(10) I admit that ''per eam'' is grammatically possible. Notice, though, that the constructions ''a través de'' and ''through her'' are due to the fact that the languages in question lack case declination. Stylistically, I find ablativus instrumenti superior to "per eam". The question is whether typologically different languages must imitate even syntactic mechanics of source languages just because they happen to be in a hegemonic position. /// (11) Yes, but the dosage of information is clearer, methinks. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 04:18, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::::The pattern with ''per,'' especially (as here) with pronouns, is of course familiar from texts of Christian worship, most famously perhaps the mass, wherein it appears several times in a sense resembling the one in UNESCO's document, as, for example, '''''Per Christum''' Dominum nostrum. '''Per quem''' haec omnia, Domine, semper bona creas, sanctificas, vivificas, benedicis, et praestas nobis. '''Per ipsum,''' et cum ipso, et in ipso. . . .'' ¶ Re: "Yes, but the dosage of information is clearer, methinks." Possibly; but a text is a text, and the insertion of explanatory material in it may not always be wanted. This issue probably has a long trail in translation studies! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 12:50, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :H. A través de ella el hombre(12) se expresa, :A. Through her, man/mankind expresses himself, :I. Per eam, homo se exprimit, :N. Cultura est cuius opibus homines quid cogitent vel velint exprimunt,(13) ::(12) Singular in the original; hence my use of ''homo,'' which you've pluralized (''homines''), and the singular-plural difference between our versions naturally persists to the end of the entire quotation. (13) Here you've added things that aren't in the original! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 18:06, 6 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::: (12) ''Mankind'' is ''homines'' (see Cassell's) /// (13) "Se exprimere" isn't good Latin (see Krebs, ''Antibarbarus der lateinischen Sprache'', s.v. ''exprimere''). As you were keen on the norm of classical Latin in this article, I chose to follow this tack: ''exprimere'' contracts only a Sachobjekt. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 04:18, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::::Yes, I checked Cassell's before posting the original text, and it allowed ''homo'' to mean '"''man,'' as opp, to beasts and gods"; as indeed modern biology does, echoed by Vicipaedia in [[Homo sapiens]]. Since the Spanish, English, and French (''C'est par elle que l'homme s'exprime'') couch their ideas here in the third person singular, I thought I'd keep this construction so as to maintain its distinction with the first person plural: the original versions exhibit a contrast between the singularity of ''el hombre,'' and ''l'homme'' and ''man'' on the one hand, and the plurality of 'we' on the other. This is by way of explaining the thought-processes that informed the original attempt, not to defend the result: I can accept that in your experience, ''homines'' reads better. ¶ As for ''se expresa'' = 'expresses himself': it may not be good Spanish & French & English either! But there it is. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 12:50, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :H. toma conciencia de sí mismo, :A. becomes aware of himself, :I. sibi(14) conscius fit, :N. sui conscii fiunt, ::(14) I used the dative because the examples in Cassell's seem to: ''si alicuius iniuriae sibi conscius fuisset'' (Cicero), ''mens sibi conscia recti'' (Vergil), ''etsi mihi sum conscius'' (Cicero); but perhaps these have a slightly different sense, and it's the genitive of ''inuriae'' in the first example that's most pertinent? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 18:06, 6 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::: Yes. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 04:18, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :H. se reconoce como un proyecto(15) inacabado, :A. recognizes himself as an uncompleted project, :I. se propositum imperfectum noscitat, :N. se imperfectos confitentur, ::(15) The word that stands out here, almost in flashing neon lights, is ''proyecto'' 'project', for which I tried ''propositum.'' When texts go out of their way to reach for baubles, translations should perhaps do something similar, preserving the style. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 18:06, 6 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::: Well, ''proyecto'' and ''project'' are fancy words, dear to "New Public Management" enthusiasts. I'm not sure whether ''propositum'' is as readily intelligible, given the lack of NPM literature in Latin. (The NPM issue is a highly political one. Perhaps it's understandable to those people only who are in the midst of European university reforms.) Personally, I don't feel I'm a "project", nor do I think my "culture" is a project. I'm sorry to be a piscis qui adverso flumine natat (sed soli vivi ita faciunt). --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 04:18, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::::The official French version is: "se reconnaît comme un projet inachevé." Some people must be happy with the idea that we're projects! If it's any consolation, the official English translation is "recognizes his incompleteness," which perfectly matches Neander's syntax (except for the singular–plural issue), and ''confitentur'' does look better than ''noscitat.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 12:50, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :H. pone en cuestión sus propias realizaciones, :A. questions/doubts his own achievements, :I. suas confectiones proprias dubitat, :N. quidquid impetraverint(16) in dubium vocant, ::(16) This is ingenious! It changes the syntax a little. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 18:06, 6 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) ::: Thanx. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 04:18, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :H. busca incansablemente nuevas significaciones, :A. searches tirelessly for new meanings, :I. novas significationes adsidue quaerit, :N. novas significationes adsidue quaerunt :H. y crea obras que lo(17) trascienden. :A. and creates works that transcend him. :I. et opera quae eum exsuperant facit. :N. opera exigunt quibus modum sibi impositum exsuperent.(18) ::(17) The pronoun ''lo'' first threw me, but it presumably means 'him', as that's the closest singular masculine noun available (other than the word for 'project'); my ear keeps hearing 'himself', but the reflexivity isn't in the original, is it? (18) The length of your version suggests that you've changed the idea by adding tidbits that aren't in the original. As a rule, Latin versions of English sentences are shorter, Latin being more compact. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 18:06, 6 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :::The english term "transend him" makes me wonder, how does one "transcend a person"? It sounds to me that here literally "lo"="him" in this context refers "mankind"/"the human condition"; perhaps Neander is just trying to be concrete specifying one aspect of the human condition that is overcome "the manner imposed upon him"; however an equally important aspect implied is that his "achievements transcend his individual life".--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 21:05, 6 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :::::Though the English version given above was mine, it agrees here with an online version that the UN itself seems to have provided, so the UN must have wanted this ''lo'' to mean 'him' in English. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 13:36, 26 Maii 2009 (UTC) :::: Yes, and ''modus'' is even more than manner, because it involves the human measure. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 04:18, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :::: As I said in the beginning, this was an interesting turn. Everybody is free to interfere. I have my positions, but I'm not speaking ''ex cathedra''. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 04:18, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :::::A helpful discussion. Note my distinction (which not everybody may accept): translations of ''quoted'' material should match the letter & spirit of the original as closely as possible; but the ''body of the text'' of an article is & should be freer: most of the text of [[Cultura]], having started out as a translation of [[:en:Culture]], deserves no such special respect. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 13:14, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) :::::: Yes, a helpful discussion, indeed! And interesting. In principle, I agree with your distinction. Translation of bureaucratic material should be as close as possible. What may be debatable is the degree of freedom issue. As I said somewhere above, closeness to the source should not enjoin a typologically different language to using weirdish constructions just for the sake of respecting the source language's syntactic mechanism. (Note that this is a statement of principle that doesn't necessarily refer to any specific case in the present discussion.) But culture as a "project"!? I'm happy that I needn't be an obedient bureaucrat! --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 15:26, 7 Aprilis 2009 (UTC) == Unnecessary (?) links in bibliography == In the M-Z section, to try the effect, wherever there was more than one link to the same author all in a row, I took out all links but the first. I think this would be our usual rule: does it work OK here? If not, please revert me. I am puzzling over whether we really want the place of publication linked in a bibliography. In a long bibliography like this, the question comes home to you. There are many links to Novum Eboracum etc. Are they useful? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 07:58, 26 Maii 2009 (UTC) : I think you did the right thing. I also agree with your second question. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 10:44, 26 Maii 2009 (UTC) ::I have now done the same with A-L. But I haven't touched the places of publication yet: let's see what Iacobus thinks. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 11:32, 26 Maii 2009 (UTC) :::That's fine with me: no placename links in bibliographies & references. (I didn't see any in a couple of articles in en: that I checked.) But better to wait for fuller discussion and posting of a specific rule in the article on the style of Vicipaedia's formatting (which I never seem able to find when I want to). [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 13:36, 26 Maii 2009 (UTC) ::::Incidentally, we have already talked about establishing bibliographical citation standards. Maybe now's the time to do it. Although the citation style you use is not the one I've been most familiar with, it's a good choice and I will happily go along with it if instructions are set out plainly ... assuming others don't object! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:44, 26 Maii 2009 (UTC) :::::The formula I grew up with (in the humanities) was: ::::::Author. ''Title.'' Place, year. :::::(This pattern is for a book; formulas for articles in journals were & are more complicated.) Quite a few contributers, especially from Europe (I suspect), still use this pattern or something like it (sometimes giving the publisher but not the place). A couple of decades ago, I went gone over to a formula that seems to have originated in the social sciences and is, in my experience, becoming common in the humanities (in other words, it's well on its way to becoming universal, at least in academia): ::::::Author. Year. ''Title.'' Place: publisher. :::::With this formula, multiple works by the same author necessarily appear in chronological order. This is a huge advantage: (1) alphabetical order is effectively ''random,'' but chronological order gives ''added value'' by putting works in an order that shows the evolution of an author's thought; and (2) it eases in-text citations, in the form "(Author Year)", or, with a specific page, "(Author Year:Page)", streamlining the apparatus by eliminating the clutter of footnotes that do nothing but give references, sometimes repeated to absurd lengths. ¶ Note that I've suggested using links for the years in bibliographies—not that links are necessary there, but that the ''color'' they introduce helps the eye, especially in long bibliographies. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 14:03, 26 Maii 2009 (UTC) ::::::Yes, it's good to begin with author and date: so I like the proposed: :::::::Author. Year. ''Title.'' Place: publisher. ::::::I'd be glad if you could set out in the same way what the arrangement and punctuation should be, on this system, for articles in journals and in books. ::::::I see what you mean about colour, but I'm not sure if that's a good enough reason to link all the dates! On en:wiki there is an attempt to reduce date-linking, and I wonder if we, too, overdo it sometimes. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 22:25, 26 Maii 2009 (UTC) == Linguistic reconstruction > proto-culture == Calvert Watkins is a scholar I admire, but I don't think his "American Heritage Dictionary" appendix deserves highlighting in the text as if it were a major work on this subject; it's more a handy digest, isn't it? To mention in the text I would have chosen <s>Georges Dumézil</s> Emile Benveniste for "society", Watkins's dragon book for poetics (I see it is in the bibliography), Marija Gimbutas, and then (already present) Mallory and Renfrew. But perhaps I'm out of date? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 11:32, 26 Maii 2009 (UTC) :Quite right; Watkins is there because it was the only such summary of PIE culture at hand when I drafted the text; I expected more adequate treatments, probably book-length, to appear, so by all means add them in. I have the dragon book, but it's a little tangential here, not a ''complete'' study of PIE culture in the manner I have in mind—the manner that's admirably done in the Proto-Polynesian book, which uses the reconstructed vocabulary to examine all (well, most) major aspects of culture & society. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 13:36, 26 Maii 2009 (UTC) 5fown1t1xfhqtkjv26f8osq68kp25fm 0 71601 3980798 3339206 2026-08-12T10:46:59Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3980798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vicificanda}} '''Henricus Vaughan''', [[medicus]] et [[poeta]] Cambro-Britannus (ipsius designatione [[Silures|Siluris]]) prosapia gentili Newton (sive Trenewydd) parochiae Sanctae Brigidae (vulgo [[Llansantffraed]]) [[Breconiensis comitatus|Breconiensi]] in comitatu die [[17 Aprilis]] anno [[1621]] natus eidem parochiae die [[23 Aprilis]] anno [[1695]] mortuus est. [[poëtae metaphysici|poëta metaphysicus]] fuit. Thomas Vaughan, frater gemellus, [[Hermetismus|Hermeticismi]], quo poeta imbutus est, expositor erat. Post studia [[grammatica]] apud clericum vicinum, Matthaeum Herbert, exercita, Vaughan anno [[1638]] apud [[Universitas Oxoniensis|Oxonienses]] immatriculatus est. [[Collegium Iesu (Oxonia)|Collegii Iesu]] registra eius mentionem faciunt. Forsan brevi tempore (sed non certum est) [[Universitas Leidensis|Leidensem Universitatem]], ubi medicinae studia vigebant, frequentabat. [[Londinium|Londinii]] biennio vivebat. Postea tamen [[Breconia]]e apud iudicem iurisprudentiae experientiam acquisivit. Bello civili regi fidelis medicinae litterisque secessu se devovit. Illam vicinis praestabat, has operibus illustrabat. Compositio litteraria Vaughan generibus compluribus subsumenda prosam poesiamque comprehendit. Prosae opera translationes creationesque originales continet. Versiones Belli Civilis Anglici tempore factae anno [[1654]] Floribus Solitudinis plerumque editae sunt. Hoc opus [[Paulinus Nolanus|Paulini Nolani]] Vitam, Eucherii Lugdunensis Epistolam (textum ab Heriberto [[Rosweyd]]io Antverpiae anno [[1621]] editum) tractatuumque duorum Ab Iohanni Nierembergiensi redactorum translationes continet. Opus Henrici Vaughan secessui congruens in vitae rusticae laudem Hispanica lingua ab episcopo [[Nova Carthago|Novae Carthaginis]] postea Dumii, Antonii de Guevara compositum vertitur. Genera saepe non plane distinguuntur. Hominis in gloria operis nuper [[Anselmus|Anselmo]] attributi sed quod ab [[Eadmer]]o amanuensi eius compositum esse nunc creditur versionem una cum Monte Olivarum, precum privatarum libro, anno [[1652]] edidit. Anno [[1651]] Maximi Tyriensis Corporisne, an animi, graviores sint morbi, Plutarchique De capienda ex inimicis utilitate dissertationes anglice verterat. Praecederat anno 1646 Iuvenalis Saturae decimae versio. Henrici Nollii, auctoris hermetici, annis [[1655]] et [[1657]] tractatus edidit. Prosae inter opera originalia a Vaughan composita reperiuntur: "Homo in Tenebris" (excerpta nihilominus ab [[Vergil]]io, [[Hieronymus|Hieronymo]], [[HAdrianus|Hadriano]] imperatore, poeta Aneurin continens), Mons Olivarum liber supradictus (hic Taylorii, Dunensis episcopi, opus manifeste auctoritatem apud eum habebat), epistulae (inter alios ad Wood et Aubrey missae). Praesertim ob poesias anglicas cognitus, Vaughan a poetis Latinis (videlicet Vergilio, [[Ovidius|Ovidio]], [[Ausonius|Ausonio]], [[Boethius|Boethio]], [[Severinus|Severino]], [[Claudianus|Claudiano]]) versiones fecit, ipse versus latinos scripsit. Maxime editi sunt Salmonis fluvio [[Isca (flumen Cambriae)|Isca]] capti versus quos ad clericum vicinum, [[Thomas Powell]]em misit. Poesarum compositionum libris saepe titulos latinos praemisit. Hic reperiuntur "Olor Iscanus," "Silex Scintillans," "Thalia Rediviva." Haec volumina annis 1651, 1654, 1677 edita sunt. "Olor Iscanus," temporum maerore (v.g. regis filiae epitaphium, in militem occisum elegeia) affectus, [[Bibliotheca Bodleiana|Bibliothecae Bodleianae]] evocationem, epistolam ad Katharinam Philips (Orindam) missam, ad Breconiam invitationem, poesias Iscae fluvio dedicatas continet. Opus maximum, Silex Scintillans, naturae divitias, revelationis gloriam, animae iter illustrat. Auctoritatem enim maximam apud poetam habebat presbyter [[Ecclesia Anglicana|Anglicanus]], [[Georgius Herbert]], qui thematum copiam supplebat. Vaughan autem experientiae diversitate, tropis (v.gr. adliteratione, assonantia), variatione, opus singulare effecit. Poetae anni ultimi litibus tristificati sunt. Minus poetice composuisse reputatur. Opus enim ultimum poesias etiam Belli Civilis tempore scriptas continet. Vaughan coemeterio [[Llansantffraed]], ubi epitaphium ab eo compositum invenitur, sepultus est. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120530192747/http://www.poetseers.org/the_great_poets/meta/henry/ Henry Vaughan] apud poetseers.org {{Lifetime|1621|1695|Vaughan, Henricus}} [[Categoria:Alumni Academiae Lugduno-Batavae]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Oxoniensis]] [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini recentiores]] [[Categoria:Homines gemelli]] [[Categoria:Medici Britanniae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Cambriae]] oq826f8xdl19v26mzxbrjtxs1152vy8 0 75183 3980752 3106545 2026-08-12T07:48:17Z Jondel 452 /* Nexus externi */ 3980752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas|-1}} [[Fasciculus:Skor från 1700- till 1960-talet - Nordiska Museet - NMA.0056302.jpg|thumb|Varii calcei in [[Museum Nordicum|Museo Nordico]] [[Holmia]]e expositi]] '''Calceus''' est tegimen quod [[pes|pedem]] a [[solum|solo]] et [[frigus|frigore]] protegit; etiam [[ornamentum]] esse potest. == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:ReebokPrincesswhite2.jpg|Genus calceorum modernorum, hoc [[mulier|feminis]]. Fasciculus:Calceus.jpg|Calceus magistrati Romani. Sepulchrum in [[Paestum|Paesto]]. Fasciculus:Chalcolithic leather shoe from Areni-1 cave.jpg|''[[Calceolus speluncae Areni 1]]'', veterrimus calceus [[corium|coriaceus]] notus, circa 5500 anni aetate, in [[Spelunca Areni 1]] in ''[[Areni]]'' pago inventus. </gallery> {{NexInt}} * [[Aspersus calceorum]] * [[Solea]] * [[Unguen calceorum]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Shoes|calceos}} {{Stipula}} [[Categoria:Calcei]] [[Categoria:Vestimenta]] {{Myrias|Anthropologia}} t760gyej9ddamxq5hx5dgky0ytop2m7 0 102744 3980444 3721614 2026-08-11T12:16:17Z Yxjl 60259 Nomen Mao emendatum 3980444 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg|thumb|200px|Vexillum [[Factio Communista Sinarum|Factionis Communistae Sinarum]].]] '''Magna Culturae Conversio Proletariana,''' vel simpliciter '''Conversio Culturae''' fuit violentus multitudinis motus qui in [[Popularis Sinarum Respublica|Populare Sinarum Republica]] commutationes [[societas humana|societatis]], [[civilitas|rerum politicarum]], [[oeconomia]]eque ab [[1966]] ad [[1976]] ([[Mao Zedong]] novissime mortuo) efficiebat. Ex ea manavit chaos per civitatem, perturbatio oeconomica, et stagnatio communis. Conversio die [[16 Maii]] [[1966]] coeptus est a [[Mao Zedong]], [[Communistica Sinarum Factio|Communisticae Sinarum Factionis]] praeside, qui adfirmavit quaedam liberalia "genera" urbana ([[Anglice]]: ''liberal bourgeois elements'') factionem societatemque magna ex parte pervasisse, [[capitalismus|capitalismum]] restituere volentibus. Mao, secundum suam theoriam revolutionis perennis, poposcit haec "genera" per revolutionariam violentemque [[luctatio classium|luctationem classium]] ab iuvenibus Sinarum effecturam removerentur, qui iuvenes huic obtestationi mox respondentes greges [[Custodes Rubri|Custodum Rubrorum]] per rempublicam instituerunt. Motus deinde inter [[miles|milites]], operarios urbanos, ducesque factionis communisticae extendit. Cum Mao ipse publice declararet Culturae Conversionem anno [[1969]] finisse, eius acerbitates usque ad mortem [[Lin Biao]] in casu aeroplani anno [[1971]] permanebant. Certamina dominationis et inconstantia civilis inter 1969 et [[1976]], cum [[Quattuor Coniurati]]<ref>Vel fortasse Sodalicium Quadruplex; [[Anglice]]: ''Gang of Four.''</ref> in custodiam dati sunt, nunc pars Culturae Conversionis late habentur. Maone anno [[1976]] mortuo, partes intra factione quae Culturae Conversioni repugnabant, a [[Deng Xiaoping]] ductae, valuerunt, et ante [[1978]] plurimae emendationes in [[civilitas|civili ratione]], [[oeconomia]], et [[educatio]]ne cum Culturae Conversione coniunctae relictae sunt. Culturae Conversio ex eo tempore res improba habetur, et homines qui in eius institutione intererant vexati sunt. Ius rite dicens de Culturae Conversione anno [[1981]], factio communistica Maonem Zedong praecipue reprehendit, sed Lin Biao quoque et Quattuor Coniuratos ob licentias pessimas quae ei excitaverant culpavit. == Historia prior: Magnus Saltus Porro == Anno [[1958]], post primum [[Consilia Annorum Quinum Sinarum|Consilium Annorum Quinum]] ([[Anglice]]: ''Five-Year Plan''), Mao Zedong poposcit "socialismum infimum" ([[Anglice]]: ''grassroots socialism'') amplius crescere. <!--, in an attempt to bring about a bottom-up approach to turn the country into a self-sufficient Communist society.--> Ipse, ut hoc inceptum perageret, Magnum Saltum Porro excogitans, propria [[Commune Populare|Communia Popularia]] ruri instituit, quae laborem coniunctum [[mobilitatio multitudinis|mobilitationemque multitudinis]] ([[Anglice]]: ''mass mobilization'') usurpabant: multa communia mobilitata sunt ut susciperent singulum opus, [[chalybs|chalybem]], et Mao promisit ut messis rustica a summa anni [[1957]] duplicaretur.<ref name="Tang">Tang Tsou. [1986] (1986). The Cultural Revolution and Post-Mao Reforms: A Historical Perspective. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226815145</ref> Magnus Saltus oeconomice defecit. Industriae perturbantur quia rustici nimium chalybem vitiosam faciebant dum alia opera neglegebant. Praeterea, [[agricola (munera)|agricolae]] mendici indoctique, doctrina instrumentisque ad chalybem factam carentes, [[fornax in areis posticis|fornacibus in areis posticis]] ([[Anglice]]: ''backyard furnaces'') confidebant, ut operis tangerent metas quas duces locorum statuerant. Interea, inaestimabilibus instrumentis rusticis pro chalybe liquefactis, magnitudo messium decrescebat. Hoc facto, fabrica plurimorum bonorum deminuebatur, chalybe vitiosoque [[ferrum informe|ferro informi]] ([[Anglice]]: ''pig iron'') exceptis. Ad hoc, duces locorum, ut castigationem fugerent, eorum defectionem nonnullos annos celantes et amplificantes, numeros rerum fabricatarum falso augebant.<ref name="umd">{{cite web|last=Shinn|first=Rin Supp|title=History of China|url=http://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/prc2.html|publisher=University of Maryland|accessdate=May 14, 2010}}.</ref> {{NexInt}} * [[Litterae cicatricum]] ([[Anglice]]: ''scar literature''), genus quod post Culturae Conversionem orsum est * [[Magna Proscriptio Confuciana]] * [[Motus Centum Florum]] * [[Octo ludi scaenici optimi]] * [[Rusticati Sinarum Iuvenes]] * [[Turbae Hong Kong 1967]] * [[Zhi Lin]]<!-- *[[Chairman Mao badge]] *[[GPCR Ultra-Left]] *[[Li Zhensheng (photojournalist)]], journalist who photographed the Cultural Revolution *[[List of campaigns of the Communist Party of China]]--> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == === Libri communes === * Michael Schoenhals, ed. [[1996]]. ''China's Cultural Revolution, 1966–1969: Not a Dinner Party.'' Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. An East Gate Reader. ISBN 1563247364. * [[Roderick MacFarquhar|MacFarquhar, Roderick]], et Michael Schoenhals. [[2006]]. ''Mao's Last Revolution.'' [[Harvard University Press]]. ISBN 0674023323 * Morning Sun. [http://www.morningsun.org/library Morningsun.org "Bibliography."] === Res propriae === * [[Fox Butterfield|Butterfield, Fox]]. [[(1982]]) [[2000]]. ''China: Alive in the Bitter Sea.'' ISBN 0-553-34219-3. * Chan, Anita. [[1985]]. ''Children of Mao: Personality Development and Political Activism in the Red Guard Generation''. Seattle: University of Washington Press. * Chan, Che Po. [[1991]]. "From Idealism to Pragmatism: The Change of Political Thinking among the Red Guard Generation in China." Ph.D. diss., [[University of California, Santa Barbara]]. * [[Jung Chang|Chang, Jung]], et [[Jon Halliday]]. [[2005]]. ''[[Mao: The Unknown Story]].'' Londini: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0224071262. * Yang, Guobin. [[2000]]. "China's Red Guard Generation: The Ritual Process of Identity Transformation, 1966-1999." Ph.D. diss., [[New York University]]. * Zheng Yi. [[1998]]. ''Scarlet Memorial: Tales of Cannibalism in Modern China''. [[Westview Press]]. ISBN 0813326168. === Commentarii === * [[Simon Leys|Leys, Simon]] (nomen [[Petrus Ryckmans|Petri Ruyckmans]]). [[1978]]. ''Chinese Shadows.'' ISBN 0-670-21918-5; ISBN 0-14-004787-5. * ———. [[1979]]. ''Broken Images: Essays on Chinese Culture and Politics.'' ISBN 0-8052-8069-3. * ———. [[1986]]. ''The Burning Forest: Essays on Chinese Culture and Politics.'' ISBN 0-03-005063-4; ISBN 0-586-08630-7; ISBN 0-8050-0350-9; ISBN 0-8050-0242-1. * ———. ([[1977]]) [[1981]]. ''The Chairman's New Clothes: Mao and the Cultural Revolution.'' Ed. rev. ISBN 0-85031-208-6; ISBN 0-8052-8080-4; ISBN 0-312-12791-X; ISBN 0-85031-209-4; ISBN 0-85031-435-6 (revised ed.). * Liu, Guokai. [[1987]]. ''A Brief Analysis of the Cultural Revolution.'' Ed. Anita Chan. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe. === Mythistoriae === * Dai, Sijie. [[2001]]. ''Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress.'' Ina Rilke convertit. Novi Eboraci: Knopf. ISBN 037541309X. * Gao, Xingjian. [[2002]]. ''One Man's Bible: A Novel.'' Mabel Lee convertit. Novi Eboraci: HarperCollins. * Gu, Hua. [[1983]]. ''A Small Town Called Hibiscus.'' Pechini: Chinese Literature. Divulgatus a China Publications Centre. Panda Books. Gladys Yang convertit. Iterum impressus: San Francisco: China Books. * Yu, Hua. [[2003]]. ''To Live: A Novel.'' Michael Berry convertit. Novi Eboraci: Anchor Books. === Memoriae ab auctoribus Sinensibus qui conversioni intererant === * [[Nien Cheng]]. [[1987]]. ''[[Life and Death in Shanghai]].'' Grove Press. ISBN 0394555481. * [[Jung Chang]]. [[1991]]. ''Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China.'' Novi Eboraci: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0671685465. * Heng Liang Judith Shapiro.{{dubsig}} [[1983]]. ''Son of the Revolution.'' Novi Eboraci: Knopf. * Yuan Gao, cum Judith Polumbaum. [[1987]]. ''Born Red: A Chronicle of the Cultural Revolution.'' Stanford Californiae: Stanford University Press.<!-- * Jiang Yang Chu translated and annotated by Djang Chu, ''Six Chapters of Life in a Cadre School: Memoirs from China's Cultural Revolution'' [Translation of Ganxiao Liu Ji] (Boulder: Westview Press, 1986). --> * Bo Ma. [[1995]]. ''Blood Red Sunset: A Memoir of the Chinese Cultural Revolution.'' Howard Goldblatt convertit. Novi Eboraci: Viking. * Guanlong Cao. [[1996]]. ''The Attic: Memoir of a Chinese Landlord's Son.'' Berkeley: University of California Press. * [[Ji-li Jiang]]. [[1997]]. ''Red Scarf Girl: A Memoir of the Cultural Revolution.'' Novi Eboraci: HarperCollins. * [[Anchee Min]]. [[1994]]. ''[[Red Azalea]].'' Novi Eboraci: Pantheon Books. ISBN 1-4000-9698-7. * Rae Yang. [[1997]]. ''Spider Eaters: A Memoir.'' Berkeley: University of California Press. * Weili Ye, et Xiaodong Ma. [[2005]]. ''Growing up in the People's Republic: Conversations between Two Daughters of China's Revolution.'' Novi Eboraci: Palgrave Macmillan. * Lijia Zhang. [[2007]]. ''"Socialism Is Great": A Worker's Memoir of the New China.'' Novi Eboraci: Atlas & Co. * [[Emily Wu|Wu, Emily]]. [[2006]]. ''Feather in the Storm.'' Pantheon. ISBN 978-0-375-42428-1. * Xinran Xue. ''The Good Women of China: Hidden Voices.'' Ab Esther Tyldesley conversus. Chatto & Windus. ISBN 0701173459. * [[Ting-Xing Ye]]. [[2000]]. ''[[Leaf In A Bitter Wind]]'' Anglia: Bantam Books. == Nexus externi == * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9028164/Cultural-Revolution "Conversio Culturae" in ''Encyclopedia Britannica''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070429003300/http://library.thinkquest.org/26469/cultural-revolution/history.html Historia Conversionis Culturae] * [http://www.sinohits.net/posters/index.htm Pinacotheca "Chinese propaganda posters"] * [http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64168/64563/65449/4526439.html Oratio Huae Guofeng ad Undecimum Factionis Congressum habitum, 1977] <!-- *[http://www.morningsun.org/ Morning Sun - A Film and Website about Cultural Revolution] and the [http://www.morningsun.org/images/index.html# photographs] of the subject available from the film's site. *[http://www.chinese-memorial.org/ Memorial for Victims of the Chinese Cultural Revolution] *[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/newspaper/0,,173-1693116,00.html Exhibition causes stir with candid views of 'great' Mao] ''[[The Times]]'', July 14, 2005 *[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/02/AR2005060201916.html Chinese Museum Looks Back in Candor: Groundbreaking New Exhibit on Cultural Revolution Sparks Official Displeasure but Visitors' Praise] from the ''[[Washington Post]]'', June 3, 2005 *[http://www.monthlyreview.org/0305pugh.htm "William Hinton on the Cultural Revolution"] by Dave Pugh --> * [http://www.cnd.org/CR/english/articles/violence.htm "Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966"] a Youqin Wang scriptum * [http://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/06/world/a-tale-of-red-guards-and-cannibals.html "Fabula Custodum Rubrorum et Cannibalium,"] a Nicolao D. Kristof in ''The New York Times'' die 6 Ianuarii 1993 divulgatum {{1000 paginae}} [[Categoria:Historia Sericae]] [[Categoria:Res novae]] [[Categoria:Mao Zedong]] {{Myrias|Historia}} qq63qiesg6htsadcypkv1rpzci4icsl 0 104177 3980452 3966956 2026-08-11T12:53:21Z Pippobuono 54500 /* Historia */ nexus 3980452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{Videdis|Daphne}} [[Fasciculus:Giovanni Battista Tiepolo - Apollo and Daphne.jpg|thumb|''[[Apollo et Daphne|Apollo Daphnen venatur]].'' Tabula a [[Ioannes Baptista Tiepolo|Tiepolo]] picta, [[1744]].]] '''''Dafne''''' (titulus [[Italiane|Italianus]]; scil. 'Daphne') est primum [[musica|artificium musicum]] quod ex hodiernis normis [[aesthetica|aestheticis]] ad genus musicale vulgo in linguis modernis ''[[melodrama (musica)|opera]]'' appellatum referri possit.<ref name="js">[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1612-0124(191310%2F12)15%3A1%3C102%3A%22TFOAC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-1 "'Dafne,' the First Opera: A Chronological Study.'']</ref><ref name="bc">[http://www.abc.net.au/tv/quest/txt/s1487531.htm ABC.net.au How the Quest Was Won.]</ref><ref name="ny">[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=travel&res=9801E4D61731F930A35756C0A96E958260&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fSubjects%2fO%2fOpera "Opera's 400th Birthday Is Celebrated in Vienna."] NYTimes.com.</ref> [[Iacobus Peri]] [[musica]]m circa annum [[1597]] composuit, apud [[libellus|libellum]] ab [[Octavius Rinuccini|Octavio Rinuccini]] scripto. ==Historia== ''Dafne'' multo minore [[orchestra]] utitur quam melodramata [[Claudius Monteverdi|Claudii Monteverdi]] annorum posteriorum, videlicet [[clavicymbalum|clavicymbalo]], [[testudo (instrumentum musicum)|testudine]],<!--better to use "luta" here? (see "archiluta" coming up)--> [[viola]] ([[Anglice]]: ''viol''), [[archiluta]], et triplice [[tibia (instrumentum musicum)|tibia]].<ref name="na">{{CathEnc|10657a}}</ref> Peri, novam illius temporis propensionem adhibens, [[cantus recitatorius|cantum recitatorium]], orationem [[melodia|melodicam]] in musica posita, ut principalem [[drama (fictio)|dramatis]] [[sonus|sonum]] instituit.<ref name="at">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120701051807/http://at.or.at/hans/misc/itp/newmediahistory/dafne.xhtml Iacobus Peri: Pagina ''Dafne'']</ref> [[Fabula]]m in qua [[Apollo]] [[deus]] [[Daphne (mythologia)|Daphnen]] [[nympha]]m adamat Peri pro litterato [[humanistae Renascentiae|humanistarum Renascentiae]] circulo [[Camerata Florentina]] appellato [[Florentia]]e inter [[1594]] et [[1597]] composuit, [[compositor]]e patronoque [[Iacobus Corsi|Iacobo Corsi]] adiuvante et fortasse conlaborante.<ref name="at" /><ref>William V. Porter, [http://www.jstor.org/pss/830682 "Peri and Corsi's 'Dafne': Some New Discoveries and Observations,"] ''Journal of the American Musicological Society,'' 18, 2 (Summer, 1965), 170–196.</ref> Veri simile est eam perfectam esse apud Palatium Corsi anno 1597 vel [[1598]].<ref name="nn">[http://www.nndb.com/people/694/000097403/ Pagina Iacobi Peri apud NNDB.]</ref> Hoc artificium, conatus ad revocandum [[theatrum Graeciae antiquae|drama Graecum]] ad vitam<ref name="na">{{CathEnc|10657a}}</ref> secundum eruditorum illius aetatis iudicia et sensus, ab artificiis quae [[Graecia antiqua|Graeci antiqui]] agnoscerent multo discrepabat<ref name="at"/>; omne autem [[ars|artis]] [[genus (ars)|genus]] novum genuit, quod proximos quadringenti annos perduraret. Plurimum huius artificii musicae deperditum est, contra suam in [[Europa]] tempore divulgationis gloriam, sed libellus, in 455 [[versus|versibus]] editus, iam exstat (et anno [[1608]] iterum in musica positus est, a [[Marcus da Gagliano|Marco da Gagliano]]). [[Domus Medices]], [[Florentia]]e familia regnans, tam voluptatem ex ''Dafne'' capiebat ut Peri proximum artificium dramaticum, ''[[Euridice (Peri)|Euridice]],'' inter nuptiales [[Maria Medicaea|Mariae Medicaeae]] et [[Henricus IV (rex Franciae)|Henrici IV Regis Franciae]] festivitates anno [[1600]] perfici sivit.<ref name="au">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070728091913/http://www.news.com.au/travel/story/0,23483,20827633-5010927,00.html News.com.au]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110714141031/http://www.musicwithease.com/opera-before-gluck.html "Opera Before Gluck"] apud MusicWithEase.com.</ref> {{NexInt}} *''[[Dafne (Gagliano)|Dafne]]'' (Gagliano) *''[[Dafne (Sagittarius)|Dafne]]'' (Sagittarius) ==Notae== <references/> ==Nexus externus== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20061001161535/http://www.pwcenter.org/files/works/StarryMessenger-FLEMING.pdf ''The Starry Messenger'' a Iustino Fleming,] ludus scaenicus qui ad primam ''Dafne'' productionem spectat [[Categoria:Apollo]] [[Categoria:Festivitates aularum Europaearum]] [[Categoria:Iacobus Peri]] [[Categoria:Litterae Italianae]] [[Categoria:Musica 1597]] [[Categoria:Opera deperdita]] [[Categoria:Operae]] [[Categoria:Operae in mythologia Graeco-Romana conditae]] [[Categoria:Operae pastorales]]<!-- + Italian-language operas--> ap6c3gf38pbp5qlx548ielzu37t00c3 0 105441 3980451 3872452 2026-08-11T12:48:26Z Pippobuono 54500 capsa, communiacat et fontes 3980451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Full length portrait painting of Gaston of France, Duke of Orléans in 1634 by Anthony van Dyck (Musée Condé).jpg|thumb|upright|Gasto Franciae, dux Aurelianensis]] '''Gasto Ioannes Baptista Franciae, dux Aurelianensis'''<ref>"Gasto Ioannes Baptista": Illustris viri Iac. Augusti Thuani ''Historiarum sui temporis ab anno domini MDXLIII usque ad annum MDCVII libris CXXXVIII descriptarum continuatio, sive tomus quartus (1628), [https://books.google.com/books?id=-2HzkQtnR78C&q=gasto+ioannes+baptista#v=snippet&q=gasto%20ioannes%20baptista p. 409].</ref><ref>"Gasto Ioan. Baptista Borbonius": R. P. Thomae Le Blanc ''Psalmorum Davidicorum analysis'' (1726), [https://books.google.com/books?id=5N9JAAAAcAAJ&q=gasto+joan.+Baptista p. xciii].</ref><ref>"Gasto Franciae, dux Aurelius": Stanford University Libraries, ''Portraits: a catalog of the engravings, etchings, mezzotints, and lithographs'' (1972) [https://books.google.fr/books?id=IDGaAAAAIAAJ&q="gasto+franciae"&dq="gasto+franciae"&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwinnvbEhJbVAhWQzRoKHRjpC3gQ6AEIKzAA p. 222]</ref> ([[Francogallice]] ''Gaston d'Orléans''; natus in [[Fons Bleaudi|Fonte Bleaudi]] die [[25 Aprilis]] [[1608]], mortuus [[Blesae|Blesis]] die [[2 Februarii]] [[1660]]) fuit tertius [[filius]] [[Henricus IV (rex Franciae)|Henrici IV]] regis Franciae et [[Maria Medices|Mariae Medicis]] [[uxor]]is. Propterea [[frater]] senior eius [[Ludovicus XIII]] et [[Ludovicus XIV|Ludovici XIV]] Gasto ipse patruus erat et appellatione solemni in curia regia dominus meus (Francice ''monsieur'') nominatus est. Gasto, [[dux Andegavensis]] natus, ducatus [[Ducatus Aurelianensis|Aurelianensem]] [[Ducatus Carnotensis|Carnotenaeque]] et [[Comitatus Blesius|comitatum Blesarum]] anno [[1626]] tempore nuptiarum primarum accepit. Post conubii nonas menses uxor prima, [[Maria Borbonia]], Ducissa Monpenserii, dives ducum Guisii heres, [[filia]]m genuit, sed mox postea mater mortua est. Filia autem [[Anna Maria Ludovica Aurelianensis (Ducissa Monpenserii)|Anna Maria Ludovica Aurelianensis]] crevit{{dubsig}} factaque praeclara [[mulier]] est, heroina Fundae (Francice ''la Fronde'') et patruelis Ludovici XIV. Anno [[1632]], Gasto duxit in [[matrimonium]] uxorem secundam Margaritam Lotharingiae, quae ei peperit quattuor filias et unum filium. Filius solus et una e filiis [[infantia|infantes]] mortui sunt. Variis temporibus Gasto in coniuratione contra curiam regiam et consuasores [[Cardinalis|Cardinales]] [[Armandus Ioannes Plessaeus Richelaeus|Richelaeus]] et [[Iulius Mazarinus|Mazarinus]] erat, tunc recedebat in exilium, et postea item frequenter reconciliabat. Anno [[1652]], novissimum exilium erat domesticum ob [[bellum civile]] Fundae, et ibidem in exilio Blesis mortuus est anno 1660. Duce mortuo, titulos Philippus frater [[Ludovicus XIV|Ludovici XIV]] possedit. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Bouyer, Christian. ''Gaston d'Orléans, 1608-1660: séducteur, frondeur et mécène''. Lutetiae: Albin Michel, 1999. * Constant, Jean-Marie. ''Gaston d'Orléans: prince de la liberté''. Lutetiae: Perrin, 2013. * Gatulle, Pierre. ''Gaston d'Orléans: entre mécénat et impatience du pouvoir''. Seyssel: Champ Vallon, 2012. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Gaston, Duke of Orléans|Gastonem (ducem Aurelianensis)}} {{Fontes biographici}} {{Lifetime|1608|1660|Gasto Franciae}} [[Categoria:Nobiles Franciae]] [[Categoria:Burbonii]] gamspnb3icmrox2ulciqrf1i9pxajsi 3980453 3980451 2026-08-11T12:55:45Z Pippobuono 54500 nexus 3980453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Full length portrait painting of Gaston of France, Duke of Orléans in 1634 by Anthony van Dyck (Musée Condé).jpg|thumb|upright|Gasto Franciae, dux Aurelianensis]] '''Gasto Ioannes Baptista Franciae, dux Aurelianensis'''<ref>"Gasto Ioannes Baptista": Illustris viri Iac. Augusti Thuani ''Historiarum sui temporis ab anno domini MDXLIII usque ad annum MDCVII libris CXXXVIII descriptarum continuatio, sive tomus quartus (1628), [https://books.google.com/books?id=-2HzkQtnR78C&q=gasto+ioannes+baptista#v=snippet&q=gasto%20ioannes%20baptista p. 409].</ref><ref>"Gasto Ioan. Baptista Borbonius": R. P. Thomae Le Blanc ''Psalmorum Davidicorum analysis'' (1726), [https://books.google.com/books?id=5N9JAAAAcAAJ&q=gasto+joan.+Baptista p. xciii].</ref><ref>"Gasto Franciae, dux Aurelius": Stanford University Libraries, ''Portraits: a catalog of the engravings, etchings, mezzotints, and lithographs'' (1972) [https://books.google.fr/books?id=IDGaAAAAIAAJ&q="gasto+franciae"&dq="gasto+franciae"&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwinnvbEhJbVAhWQzRoKHRjpC3gQ6AEIKzAA p. 222]</ref> ([[Francogallice]] ''Gaston d'Orléans''; natus in [[Fons Bleaudi|Fonte Bleaudi]] die [[25 Aprilis]] [[1608]], mortuus [[Blesae|Blesis]] die [[2 Februarii]] [[1660]]) fuit tertius [[filius]] [[Henricus IV (rex Franciae)|Henrici IV]] regis Franciae et [[Maria Medicaea|Mariae Medicaeae]] [[uxor]]is. Propterea [[frater]] senior eius [[Ludovicus XIII]] et [[Ludovicus XIV|Ludovici XIV]] Gasto ipse patruus erat et appellatione solemni in curia regia dominus meus (Francice ''monsieur'') nominatus est. Gasto, [[dux Andegavensis]] natus, ducatus [[Ducatus Aurelianensis|Aurelianensem]] [[Ducatus Carnotensis|Carnotenaeque]] et [[Comitatus Blesius|comitatum Blesarum]] anno [[1626]] tempore nuptiarum primarum accepit. Post conubii nonas menses uxor prima, [[Maria Borbonia]], Ducissa Monpenserii, dives ducum Guisii heres, [[filia]]m genuit, sed mox postea mater mortua est. Filia autem [[Anna Maria Ludovica Aurelianensis (Ducissa Monpenserii)|Anna Maria Ludovica Aurelianensis]] crevit{{dubsig}} factaque praeclara [[mulier]] est, heroina Fundae (Francice ''la Fronde'') et patruelis Ludovici XIV. Anno [[1632]], Gasto duxit in [[matrimonium]] uxorem secundam Margaritam Lotharingiae, quae ei peperit quattuor filias et unum filium. Filius solus et una e filiis [[infantia|infantes]] mortui sunt. Variis temporibus Gasto in coniuratione contra curiam regiam et consuasores [[Cardinalis|Cardinales]] [[Armandus Ioannes Plessaeus Richelaeus|Richelaeus]] et [[Iulius Mazarinus|Mazarinus]] erat, tunc recedebat in exilium, et postea item frequenter reconciliabat. Anno [[1652]], novissimum exilium erat domesticum ob [[bellum civile]] Fundae, et ibidem in exilio Blesis mortuus est anno 1660. Duce mortuo, titulos Philippus frater [[Ludovicus XIV|Ludovici XIV]] possedit. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Bouyer, Christian. ''Gaston d'Orléans, 1608-1660: séducteur, frondeur et mécène''. Lutetiae: Albin Michel, 1999. * Constant, Jean-Marie. ''Gaston d'Orléans: prince de la liberté''. Lutetiae: Perrin, 2013. * Gatulle, Pierre. ''Gaston d'Orléans: entre mécénat et impatience du pouvoir''. Seyssel: Champ Vallon, 2012. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Gaston, Duke of Orléans|Gastonem (ducem Aurelianensis)}} {{Fontes biographici}} {{Lifetime|1608|1660|Gasto Franciae}} [[Categoria:Nobiles Franciae]] [[Categoria:Burbonii]] dcu3eg033dw6094mph72thwhgvgpqum 0 123776 3980505 3978019 2026-08-11T15:44:30Z Pippobuono 54500 nomen latine 3980505 wikitext text/x-wiki Hic est index [[commune|communium]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] praefecturae [[Francia|Francicae]], cui subsunt communia 515 numero. [[Fasciculus:Vosges-Position.png|thumb|Situs praefecturae]] [[Fasciculus: Senones vu du Petit Paris.jpg|thumb|Despectus in ''[[ Senones ]]'']] {| class="wikitable sortable" ! [[INSEE|Numerus INSEE]] ! [[Numerus cursualis]] ! [[Commune]] |- | 88001 | 88270 | [[Les Ableuvenettes]] |- | 88002 | 88500 | [[Ahéville]] |- | 88003 | 88140 | [[Aingeville]] |- | 88004 | 88320 | [[Ainvelle (Vosegus)|Ainvelle]] |- | 88005 | 88110 | [[Allarmont]] |- | 88006 | 88500 | [[Ambacuria]] |- | 88007 | 88410 | [[Ameuvelle]] |- | 88008 | 88700 | [[Anglemont]] |- | 88009 | 88650 | [[Anould]] |- | 88010 | 88170 | [[Aouze]] |- | 88011 | 88380 | [[Arches (Vosegus)|Arches]] |- | 88012 | 88380 | [[Archettes]] |- | 88013 | 88170 | [[Aroffe]] |- | 88014 | 88430 | [[Arrentès-de-Corcieux]] |- | 88015 | 88300 | [[Attignéville]] |- | 88016 | 88260 | [[Attigny (Vosegus)|Attigny]] |- | 88017 | 88300 | [[Aulnois]] |- | 88018 | 88640 | [[Aumontzey]] |- | 88019 | 88300 | [[Autigny-la-Tour]] |- | 88020 | 88300 | [[Autreville (Vosegus)|Autreville]] |- | 88021 | 88700 | [[Autrey (Vosegus)|Autrey]] |- | 88022 | 88140 | [[Auzainvilliers]] |- | 88023 | 88500 | [[Avillers (Vosegus)|Avillers]] |- | 88024 | 88130 | [[Avrainville (Vosegus)|Avrainville]] |- | 88025 | 88630 | [[Avranville]] |- | 88026 | 88600 | [[Aydoilles]] |- | 88027 | 88330 | [[Badménil-aux-Bois]] |- | 88028 | 88460 | [[La Baffe]] |- | 88029 | 88240 | [[Bains-les-Bains]] |- | 88030 | 88270 | [[Bainville-aux-Saules]] |- | 88031 | 88170 | [[Balléville]] |- | 88032 | 88520 | [[Ban-de-Laveline]] |- | 88033 | 88210 | [[Ban-de-Sapt]] |- | 88106 | 88230 | [[Ban-sur-Meurthe-Clefcy]] |- | 88035 | 88640 | [[Barbey-Seroux]] |- | 88036 | 88300 | [[Barville (Vosegus)|Barville]] |- | 88037 | 88120 | [[Basse-sur-le-Rupt]] |- | 88038 | 88130 | [[Battexey]] |- | 88039 | 88500 | [[Baudricourt]] |- | 88040 | 88150 | [[Bayecourt]] |- | 88041 | 88270 | [[Bazegney]] |- | 88042 | 88700 | [[Bazien]] |- | 88043 | 88500 | [[Bazoilles-et-Ménil]] |- | 88044 | 88300 | [[Bazoilles-sur-Meuse]] |- | 88045 | 88300 | [[Beaufremont]] |- | 88046 | 88600 | [[Beauménil]] |- | 88047 | 88270 | [[Begnécourt]] |- | 88048 | 88370 | [[Bellefontaine (Vosegus)|Bellefontaine]] |- | 88049 | 88260 | [[Belmont-lès-Darney]] |- | 88050 | 88600 | [[Belmont-sur-Buttant]] |- | 88051 | 88800 | [[Belmont-sur-Vair]] |- | 88052 | 88260 | [[Belrupt]] |- | 88053 | 88210 | [[Belval (Vosegus)|Belval]] |- | 88054 | 88520 | [[Bertrimoutier]] |- | 88055 | 88450 | [[Bettegney-Saint-Brice]] |- | 88056 | 88500 | [[Bettoncourt]] |- | 88057 | 88490 | [[Le Beulay]] |- | 88058 | 88170 | [[Biécourt]] |- | 88059 | 88430 | [[Biffontaine]] |- | 88060 | 88500 | [[Blémerey (Vosegus)|Blémerey]] |- | 88061 | 88410 | [[Bleurville]] |- | 88062 | 88320 | [[Blevaincourt]] |- | 88063 | 88270 | [[Bocquegney]] |- | 88064 | 88600 | [[Bois-de-Champ]] |- | 88065 | 88260 | [[Bonvillet]] |- | 88066 | 88500 | [[Boulaincourt]] |- | 88068 | 88470 | [[La Bourgonce]] |- | 88069 | 88270 | [[Bouxières-aux-Bois]] |- | 88070 | 88130 | [[Bouxurulles]] |- | 88071 | 88270 | [[Bouzemont]] |- | 88073 | 88130 | [[Brantigny]] |- | 88074 | 88350 | [[Brechainville]] |- | 88075 | 88250 | [[La Bresse]] |- | 88076 | 88600 | [[Brouvelieures]] |- | 88077 | 88700 | [[Brû]] |- | 88078 | 88600 | [[Bruyères]] |- | 88079 | 88140 | [[Boloniacivilla]] |- | 88080 | 88700 | [[Bult]] |- | 88081 | 88540 | [[Bussang]] |- | 88082 | 88110 | [[Celles-sur-Plaine]] |- | 88083 | 88300 | [[Certilleux]] |- | 88084 | 88130 | [[Chamagne]] |- | 88085 | 88640 | [[Champdray]] |- | 88086 | 88600 | [[Ducis Campus|Champ-le-Duc]] |- | 88087 | 88000 | [[Chantraine (commune)|Chantraine]] |- | 88088 | 88240 | [[La Chapelle-aux-Bois]] |- | 88089 | 88600 | [[La Chapelle-devant-Bruyères]] |- | 88090 | 88130 | [[Carpinia]] |- | 88091 | 88460 | [[Charmois-devant-Bruyères]] |- | 88092 | 88270 | [[Charmois-l'Orgueilleux]] |- | 88093 | 88210 | [[Châtas]] |- | 88094 | 88330 | [[Châtel-sur-Moselle]] |- | 88095 | 88170 | [[Châtenois (Vosegus)|Châtenois]] |- | 88096 | 88410 | [[Châtillon-sur-Saône]] |- | 88097 | 88500 | [[Chauffecourt]] |- | 88098 | 88390 | [[Chaumousey]] |- | 88099 | 88150 | [[Chavelot]] |- | 88100 | 88500 | [[Chef-Haut]] |- | 88101 | 88460 | [[Cheniménil]] |- | 88102 | 88630 | [[Chermisey]] |- | 88103 | 88270 | [[Circourt]] |- | 88104 | 88300 | [[Circourt-sur-Mouzon]] |- | 88105 | 88410 | [[Claudon]] |- | 88107 | 88630 | [[Clérey-la-Côte]] |- | 88108 | 88240 | [[Le Clerjus]] |- | 88109 | 88120 | [[Cleurie]] |- | 88110 | 88700 | [[Clézentaine]] |- | 88111 | 88100 | [[Coinches]] |- | 88112 | 88490 | [[Colretum]] |- | 88113 | 88490 | [[Combrimont]] |- | 88114 | 88140 | [[Gundrecivilla]] |- | 88115 | 88430 | [[Corcieux]] |- | 88116 | 88310 | [[Cornimont]] |- | 88117 | 88170 | [[Courcelles-sous-Châtenois]] |- | 88118 | 88630 | [[Coussey]] |- | 88119 | 88140 | [[Crainvilliers]] |- | 88120 | 88520 | [[La Croix-aux-Mines]] |- | 88121 | 88330 | [[Damas-aux-Bois]] |- | 88122 | 88270 | [[Damas-et-Bettegney]] |- | 88123 | 88320 | [[Damblain]] |- | 88124 | 88260 | [[Darney]] |- | 88125 | 88170 | [[Darney-aux-Chênes]] |- | 88126 | 88390 | [[Darnieulles]] |- | 88127 | 88700 | [[Deinvillers]] |- | 88128 | 88210 | [[Denipaire]] |- | 88129 | 88270 | [[Derbamont]] |- | 88130 | 88600 | [[Destord]] |- | 88131 | 88600 | [[Deycimont]] |- | 88132 | 88000 | [[Deyvillers]] |- | 88133 | 88000 | [[Dignonville]] |- | 88134 | 88000 | [[Dinozé]] |- | 88135 | 88460 | [[Docelles]] |- | 88136 | 88000 | [[Dogneville]] |- | 88137 | 88170 | [[Dolaincourt]] |- | 88138 | 88260 | [[Dombasle-devant-Darney]] |- | 88139 | 88500 | [[Dombasle-en-Xaintois]] |- | 88140 | 88140 | [[Dombrot-le-Sec]] |- | 88141 | 88170 | [[Dombrot-sur-Vair]] |- | 88144 | 88500 | [[Domèvre-sous-Montfort]] |- | 88142 | 88390 | [[Domèvre-sur-Avière]] |- | 88143 | 88330 | [[Domèvre-sur-Durbion]] |- | 88145 | 88600 | [[Domfaing]] |- | 88146 | 88800 | [[Domjulien]] |- | 88147 | 88390 | [[Dommartin-aux-Bois]] |- | 88148 | 88200 | [[Domnus Martinus (Romaricus Mons)]] |- | 88149 | 88260 | [[Dommartin-lès-Vallois]] |- | 88150 | 88170 | [[Dommartin-sur-Vraine]] |- | 88151 | 88270 | [[Donoparium]] |- | 88152 | 88600 | [[Dompierre (Vosegus)|Dompierre]] |- | 88153 | 88700 | [[Domptail]] |- | 88154 | 88630 | [[Domnum Remigium]] |- | 88155 | 88500 | [[Domvallier]] |- | 88156 | 88700 | [[Doncières]] |- | 88157 | 88220 | [[Dounoux]] |- | 88158 | 88510 | [[Éloyes]] |- | 88159 | 88650 | [[Entre-deux-Eaux]] |- | 88160 | 88000 | [[Spinalium]] |- | 88161 | 88260 | [[Escles]] |- | 88162 | 88260 | [[Esley]] |- | 88163 | 88130 | [[Essegney]] |- | 88164 | 88500 | [[Estrennes]] |- | 88165 | 88480 | [[Étival-Clairefontaine]] |- | 88166 | 88450 | [[Évaux-et-Ménil]] |- | 88167 | 88460 | [[Faucompierre]] |- | 88168 | 88700 | [[Fauconcourt]] |- | 88169 | 88600 | [[Fays (Vosegus)|Fays]] |- | 88170 | 88360 | [[Ferdrupt]] |- | 88171 | 88410 | [[Fignévelle]] |- | 88172 | 88600 | [[Fiménil]] |- | 88173 | 88130 | [[Florémont]] |- | 88174 | 88390 | [[Fomerey]] |- | 88175 | 88600 | [[Fontenay (Vosegus)|Fontenay]] |- | 88176 | 88240 | [[Fontenoy-le-Château]] |- | 88177 | 88530 | [[La Forge (Vosegus)|La Forge]] |- | 88178 | 88390 | [[Les Forges (Vosegus)|Les Forges]] |- | 88179 | 88320 | [[Fouchécourt (Vosegus)|Fouchécourt]] |- | 88180 | 88320 | [[Frain]] |- | 88181 | 88230 | [[Fraize]] |- | 88182 | 88490 | [[Frapelle]] |- | 88183 | 88630 | [[Frebécourt]] |- | 88184 | 88600 | [[Fremifontaine]] |- | 88185 | 88500 | [[Frenelle-la-Grande]] |- | 88186 | 88500 | [[Frenelle-la-Petite]] |- | 88187 | 88270 | [[Frénois (Vosegus)|Frénois]] |- | 88188 | 88160 | [[Fresse-sur-Moselle]] |- | 88189 | 88350 | [[Fréville (Vosegus)|Fréville]] |- | 88190 | 88440 | [[Frizon]] |- | 88192 | 88270 | [[Gelvécourt-et-Adompt]] |- | 88193 | 88520 | [[Gemaingoutte]] |- | 88194 | 88170 | [[Gemmelaincourt]] |- | 88195 | 88140 | [[Gendreville]] |- | 88196 | 88400 | [[Gérardmer]] |- | 88197 | 88120 | [[Gerbamont]] |- | 88198 | 88430 | [[Gerbépal]] |- | 88199 | 88320 | [[Gignéville]] |- | 88200 | 88390 | [[Gigney]] |- | 88201 | 88390 | [[Girancourt]] |- | 88202 | 88500 | [[Gircourt-lès-Viéville]] |- | 88203 | 88600 | [[Girecourt-sur-Durbion]] |- | 88205 | 88340 | [[Girmont-Val-d'Ajol]] |- | 88206 | 88170 | [[Gironcourt-sur-Vraine]] |- | 88208 | 88410 | [[Godoncourt]] |- | 88209 | 88190 | [[Golbey]] |- | 88210 | 88270 | [[Gorhey]] |- | 88212 | 88350 | [[Grand (Vosegus)|Grand]] |- | 88213 | 88490 | [[Magna Fossa]] |- | 88215 | 88210 | [[Grandrupt]] |- | 88214 | 88240 | [[Grandrupt-de-Bains]] |- | 88216 | 88600 | [[Grandvillers]] |- | 88218 | 88640 | [[Granges-sur-Vologne]] |- | 88219 | 88630 | [[Greux]] |- | 88220 | 88410 | [[Grignoncourt]] |- | 88221 | 88240 | [[Gruey-lès-Surance]] |- | 88222 | 88600 | [[Gugnécourt]] |- | 88223 | 88450 | [[Gugney-aux-Aulx]] |- | 88224 | 88330 | [[Hadigny-les-Verrières]] |- | 88225 | 88220 | [[Hadol]] |- | 88226 | 88270 | [[Hagécourt]] |- | 88227 | 88300 | [[Hagnéville-et-Roncourt]] |- | 88228 | 88330 | [[Haillainville]] |- | 88229 | 88300 | [[Harchéchamp]] |- | 88230 | 88700 | [[Hardancourt]] |- | 88231 | 88800 | [[Haréville]] |- | 88232 | 88300 | [[Harmonville]] |- | 88233 | 88270 | [[Harol]] |- | 88234 | 88240 | [[Harsault]] |- | 88235 | 88240 | [[Hautmougey]] |- | 88236 | 88240 | [[La Haye (Vosegus)|La Haye]] |- | 88237 | 88270 | [[Hennecourt]] |- | 88238 | 88260 | [[Hennezel]] |- | 88239 | 88130 | [[Hergugney]] |- | 88240 | 88600 | [[Herpelmont]] |- | 88241 | 88170 | [[Houécourt]] |- | 88242 | 88300 | [[Houéville]] |- | 88243 | 88700 | [[Housseras]] |- | 88244 | 88430 | [[La Houssière]] |- | 88245 | 88210 | [[Hurbache]] |- | 88246 | 88500 | [[Hymont]] |- | 88247 | 88150 | [[Igney (Vosegus)|Igney]] |- | 88248 | 88320 | [[Isches]] |- | 88249 | 88300 | [[Jainvillotte]] |- | 88250 | 88550 | [[Jarménil]] |- | 88251 | 88700 | [[Jeanménil]] |- | 88252 | 88260 | [[Jésonville]] |- | 88253 | 88000 | [[Jeuxey]] |- | 88254 | 88500 | [[Jorxey]] |- | 88255 | 88630 | [[Jubainville]] |- | 88256 | 88640 | [[Jussarupt]] |- | 88257 | 88500 | [[Juvaincourt]] |- | 88258 | 88320 | [[Marchia (Vosegus)|Marchia]] |- | 88259 | 88300 | [[Landaville]] |- | 88260 | 88130 | [[Langley (Vosegus)|Langley]] |- | 88261 | 88600 | [[Laval-sur-Vologne]] |- | 88262 | 88600 | [[Laveline-devant-Bruyères]] |- | 88263 | 88640 | [[Laveline-du-Houx]] |- | 88264 | 88270 | [[Légéville-et-Bonfays]] |- | 88265 | 88300 | [[Lemmecourt]] |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! [[INSEE|Numerus INSEE]] ! [[Numerus cursualis]] ! [[Commune]] |- | 88266 | 88600 | [[Lépanges-sur-Vologne]] |- | 88267 | 88260 | [[Lerrain]] |- | 88268 | 88490 | [[Lesseux]] |- | 88269 | 88400 | [[Liézey]] |- | 88270 | 88350 | [[Liffol-le-Grand]] |- | 88271 | 88800 | [[Lignéville]] |- | 88272 | 88410 | [[Lironcourt]] |- | 88273 | 88000 | [[Longchamp (Vosegus)|Longchamp]] |- | 88274 | 88170 | [[Longchamp-sous-Châtenois]] |- | 88275 | 88490 | [[Lubine]] |- | 88276 | 88490 | [[Lusse]] |- | 88277 | 88110 | [[Luvigny]] |- | 88278 | 88170 | [[Maconcourt]] |- | 88279 | 88270 | [[Madecourt]] |- | 88280 | 88450 | [[Madegney]] |- | 88281 | 88270 | [[Madonne-et-Lamerey]] |- | 88282 | 88240 | [[Le Magny (Vosegus)|Le Magny]] |- | 88283 | 88140 | [[Malaincourt]] |- | 88284 | 88650 | [[Mandray]] |- | 88285 | 88800 | [[Mandres-sur-Vair]] |- | 88286 | 88130 | [[Marainville-sur-Madon]] |- | 88287 | 88320 | [[Mariacum (Vosegus)|Mariacum]] |- | 88288 | 88270 | [[Maroncourt]] |- | 88289 | 88320 | [[Martigny-les-Bains]] |- | 88290 | 88300 | [[Martigny-les-Gerbonvaux]] |- | 88291 | 88410 | [[Martinvelle]] |- | 88292 | 88500 | [[Mattaincourt]] |- | 88293 | 88630 | [[Maxey-sur-Meuse]] |- | 88294 | 88150 | [[Mazeley]] |- | 88295 | 88500 | [[Mazirot]] |- | 88296 | 88140 | [[Madonis villa]] |- | 88297 | 88600 | [[Méménil]] |- | 88298 | 88700 | [[Menardi Mons]] |- | 88302 | 88160 | [[Le Ménil]] |- | 88300 | 88210 | [[Ménil-de-Senones]] |- | 88299 | 88500 | [[Mansile in Sanctesio]] |- | 88301 | 88700 | [[Ménil-sur-Belvitte]] |- | 88303 | 88630 | [[Mudrevallis]] |- | 88304 | 88500 | [[Mirecurtium]] |- | 88305 | 88630 | [[Moncel-sur-Vair]] |- | 88306 | 88210 | [[Le Mont]] |- | 88309 | 88800 | [[Monthureux-le-Sec]] |- | 88310 | 88410 | [[Monthureux-sur-Saône]] |- | 88307 | 88320 | [[Mont-lès-Lamarche]] |- | 88308 | 88300 | [[Montes ante Novum Castrum]] |- | 88311 | 88240 | [[Montmotier]] |- | 88312 | 88170 | [[Morelli Domus]] |- | 88313 | 88330 | [[Murini villa]] |- | 88314 | 88320 | [[Morizécourt]] |- | 88315 | 88600 | [[Mors Agni]] |- | 88316 | 88140 | [[Maurivilla]] |- | 88317 | 88210 | [[Moussey (Vosegus)|Moussey]] |- | 88318 | 88700 | [[Medius Mons (Vosegus)|Medius Mons]] |- | 88319 | 88420 | [[Medianum Monasterium]] |- | 88320 | 88100 | [[Nayemont-les-Fosses]] |- | 88321 | 88300 | [[Neocastrum (Francia)|Neocastrum]] |- | 88322 | 88600 | [[La Neuveville-devant-Lépanges]] |- | 88324 | 88170 | [[La Neuveville-sous-Châtenois]] |- | 88325 | 88800 | [[La Neuveville-sous-Montfort]] |- | 88326 | 88100 | [[Neuvillers-sur-Fave]] |- | 88327 | 88440 | [[Nomexy]] |- | 88328 | 88470 | [[Nompardivilla]] |- | 88330 | 88260 | [[Novilla (Vosegus)|Novilla]] |- | 88331 | 88600 | [[Nontiavilla]] |- | 88332 | 88800 | [[Noretum]] |- | 88333 | 88700 | [[Nossoncourt]] |- | 88334 | 88500 | [[Ollevilla]] |- | 88335 | 88500 | [[Offroicourt]] |- | 88336 | 88170 | [[Audoleni villa]] |- | 88338 | 88700 | [[Ortonis curia]] |- | 88340 | 88700 | [[Padua (Vosegus)|Padua]] |- | 88341 | 88100 | [[Pair-et-Grandrupt]] |- | 88342 | 88330 | [[Pallegney]] |- | 88343 | 88800 | [[Paretum (Vosegus)|Paretum]] |- | 88344 | 88350 | [[Pargniacum subtus Mirevallem]] |- | 88345 | 88490 | [[La Petite-Fosse]] |- | 88346 | 88210 | [[La Petite-Raon]] |- | 88347 | 88270 | [[Petraficta (Vosegus)|Petraficta]] |- | 88348 | 88600 | [[Petreus Pons]] |- | 88349 | 88230 | [[Plenifesium]] |- | 88350 | 88170 | [[Pluvesia]] |- | 88351 | 88370 | [[Plumberae]] |- | 88352 | 88300 | [[Pomperra (Vosegus)|Pomperra]] |- | 88353 | 88260 | [[Pons iuxta Undinovilla]] |- | 88354 | 88500 | [[Pont-sur-Madon]] |- | 88355 | 88330 | [[Portus Caelorum]] |- | 88356 | 88600 | [[Les Poulières]] |- | 88357 | 88500 | [[Portus Suavis]] |- | 88358 | 88550 | [[Pouxeux]] |- | 88359 | 88600 | [[Prey (Vosegus)|Prey]] |- | 88360 | 88260 | [[Provenchères-lès-Darney]] |- | 88361 | 88490 | [[Provenchères-et-Colroy]] |- | 88362 | 88210 | [[Le Puid]] |- | 88363 | 88630 | [[Purneretum]] |- | 88364 | 88500 | [[Puzieux (Vosegus)|Puzieux]] |- | 88365 | 88270 | [[Racécourt]] |- | 88366 | 88170 | [[Radalli villa]] |- | 88367 | 88700 | [[Rambervilleriae]] |- | 88368 | 88500 | [[Rancuria]] |- | 88369 | 88160 | [[Romarici campus]] |- | 88370 | 88270 | [[Radonis curtis]] |- | 88371 | 88220 | [[Rapo ad Silvas]] |- | 88372 | 88110 | [[Rapo ad Stationem]] |- | 88373 | 88110 | [[Raon-sur-Plaine]] |- | 88374 | 88130 | [[Rapey]] |- | 88375 | 88520 | [[Raves (Vosegus)|Raves]] |- | 88376 | 88300 | [[Ribovilla]] |- | 88377 | 88410 | [[Rainharii villa]] |- | 88378 | 88450 | [[Regney]] |- | 88379 | 88330 | [[Ranconis curtis]] |- | 88380 | 88640 | [[Rehaupal]] |- | 88381 | 88260 | [[Relangia]] |- | 88382 | 88500 | [[Rimacuria]] |- | 88383 | 88200 | [[Romarici Mons]] |- | 88386 | 88100 | [[Remomeix]] |- | 88385 | 88800 | [[Romulficuria]] |- | 88387 | 88170 | [[Ramaldi villa]] |- | 88388 | 88390 | [[Renauvoid]] |- | 88389 | 88500 | [[Reparium]] |- | 88390 | 88320 | [[Roberticuria]] |- | 88391 | 88120 | [[Rochesson]] |- | 88394 | 88320 | [[Romania ad Silvas]] |- | 88395 | 88700 | [[Rotmundum]] |- | 88398 | 88600 | [[Les Rouges-Eaux]] |- | 88399 | 88460 | [[Le Roulier]] |- | 88400 | 88500 | [[Ruvera in Sanctesio]] |- | 88401 | 88170 | [[Roverium (Vosegus)|Roverium]] |- | 88402 | 88700 | [[Rovilla ad Quercus]] |- | 88403 | 88500 | [[Roserota]] |- | 88404 | 88320 | [[Roseriae supra Mosunam]] |- | 88406 | 88130 | [[Rugney]] |- | 88407 | 88630 | [[Ruppes]] |- | 88408 | 88360 | [[Rupt-sur-Moselle]] |- | 88409 | 88120 | [[Saint-Amé]] |- | 88411 | 88260 | [[Sanctus Basolimons]] |- | 88412 | 88700 | [[Sanctus Benedictus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Benedictus]] |- | 88413 | 88100 | [[Sanctus Deodatus (urbs)|Sanctus Deodatus]] |- | 88410 | 88700 | [[Sancta Barbara (Vosegus)|Sancta Barbara]] |- | 88418 | 88700 | [[Sancta Helena (Vosegus)|Sancta Helena]] |- | 88424 | 88100 | [[Sancta Margareta (Vosegus)|Sancta Margareta]] |- | 88415 | 88200 | [[Sanctus Stephanus ultra Mosellam]] |- | 88416 | 88700 | [[Sanctus Genesius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Genesius]] |- | 88417 | 88700 | [[Sanctus Gorgonius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Gorgonius]] |- | 88419 | 88210 | [[Saint-Jean-d'Ormont]] |- | 88421 | 88410 | [[Sanctus Iulianus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Iulianus]] |- | 88423 | 88650 | [[Sanctus Leonardus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Leonardus]] |- | 88425 | 88700 | [[Sanctus Mauricius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Mauricius]] |- | 88426 | 88560 | [[Saint-Maurice-sur-Moselle]] |- | 88427 | 88170 | [[Sanctus Memmius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Memmius]] |- | 88428 | 88470 | [[Saint-Michel-sur-Meurthe]] |- | 88429 | 88200 | [[Sanctus Nabor (Vosegus)|Sanctus Nabor]] |- | 88430 | 88140 | [[Sanctus Audoenus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Audoenus]] |- | 88431 | 88170 | [[Sanctus Paulus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Paulus]] |- | 88432 | 88700 | [[Sanctus Petrimons]] |- | 88433 | 88500 | [[Sanctus Pancratius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Pancratius]] |- | 88434 | 88800 | [[Sancti Remigii Mons (Vosegus)|Sancti Remigii Mons]] |- | 88435 | 88480 | [[Sanctus Remigius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Remigius]] |- | 88436 | 88210 | [[Sanctus Stephanus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Stephanus]] |- | 88437 | 88270 | [[Sanctus Valerius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Valerius]] |- | 88438 | 88470 | [[La Salle (Vosegus)|La Salle]] |- | 88439 | 88390 | [[Sanchey]] |- | 88440 | 88170 | [[Sandaucuria]] |- | 88441 | 88260 | [[Sans-Vallois]] |- | 88442 | 88120 | [[Sapois (Vosegus)|Sapois]] |- | 88443 | 88300 | [[Sartes]] |- | 88444 | 88210 | [[Le Saulcy]] |- | 88445 | 88580 | [[Salicetum (Vosegus)|Salicetum]] |- | 88446 | 88140 | [[Salsurae (Vosegus)|Salsurae]] |- | 88447 | 88290 | [[Salsuriae]] |- | 88448 | 88140 | [[Seivilla]] |- | 88449 | 88130 | [[Saviniacum (Vosegus)|Saviniacum]] |- | 88450 | 88320 | [[Senagda]] |- | 88451 | 88210 | [[Senonia (Vosegus)|Senonia]] |- | 88452 | 88260 | [[Senonges]] |- | 88453 | 88630 | [[Seromons]] |- | 88454 | 88600 | [[Sarcus (Vosegus)|Sarcus]] |- | 88455 | 88320 | [[Sirecuria]] |- | 88456 | 88320 | [[Serocourt]] |- | 88457 | 88630 | [[Seona (Vosegus)|Seona]] |- | 88458 | 88130 | [[Solicuria]] |- | 88459 | 88170 | [[Soncuria]] |- | 88460 | 88630 | [[Solicia]] |- | 88461 | 88140 | [[Serewavilla]] |- | 88462 | 88120 | [[Le Syndicat]] |- | 88463 | 88100 | [[Tinctorivus]] |- | 88464 | 88460 | [[Tendon (Vosegus)|Tendon]] |- | 88465 | 88150 | [[Tado]] |- | 88466 | 88800 | [[Tillia]] |- | 88467 | 88290 | [[Thiéfosse]] |- | 88468 | 88160 | [[Le Thillot]] |- | 88469 | 88500 | [[Tirocuria]] |- | 88470 | 88530 | [[Le Tholy]] |- | 88471 | 88410 | [[Les Thons]] |- | 88472 | 88260 | [[Thuillières]] |- | 88473 | 88320 | [[Tignécourt]] |- | 88474 | 88300 | [[Tellum (Vosegus)|Tellum]] |- | 88475 | 88320 | [[Toteleni curtis]] |- | 88476 | 88500 | [[Totoni villa]] |- | 88477 | 88350 | [[Trampodium]] |- | 88478 | 88300 | [[Tranculfi villa]] |- | 88479 | 88240 | [[Trémonzey]] |- | 88480 | 88130 | [[Ubexy]] |- | 88481 | 88220 | [[Uriménil]] |- | 88482 | 88140 | [[Eurivilla]] |- | 88483 | 88390 | [[Ursiniacum]] |- | 88484 | 88220 | [[Usminga]] |- | 88485 | 88140 | [[La Vacheresse-et-la-Rouillie]] |- | 88486 | 88120 | [[Vainiacum]] |- | 88487 | 88340 | [[Le Val-d'Ajol]] |- | 88488 | 88270 | [[Valefridicurtis]] |- | 88489 | 88270 | [[Vallis Regia (Vosegus)|Vallis Regia]] |- | 88490 | 88800 | [[Vallis Regia Sicca]] |- | 88491 | 88260 | [[Tres Valesii]] |- | 88492 | 88230 | [[Le Valtin]] |- | 88493 | 88450 | [[Varmonzey]] |- | 88494 | 88500 | [[Vaubexy]] |- | 88495 | 88000 | [[Waldinivilla]] |- | 88496 | 88140 | [[Valdonis curtis (Vosegus)|Valdonis curtis]] |- | 88497 | 88330 | [[Wauxoncuria]] |- | 88498 | 88200 | [[Vecoux]] |- | 88499 | 88270 | [[Velotte-et-Tatignécourt]] |- | 88500 | 88310 | [[Ventron]] |- | 88501 | 88210 | [[Le Vermont]] |- | 88502 | 88600 | [[Vervezelle]] |- | 88503 | 88110 | [[Vexaincourt]] |- | 88504 | 88170 | [[Vicherey]] |- | 88505 | 88430 | [[Vienville]] |- | 88506 | 88210 | [[Vieux-Moulin (Vosegus)|Vieux-Moulin]] |- | 88507 | 88500 | [[Villers (Vosegus)|Villers]] |- | 88508 | 88270 | [[Ville-sur-Illon]] |- | 88509 | 88150 | [[Villoncourt]] |- | 88510 | 88320 | [[Villotte]] |- | 88511 | 88350 | [[Villouxel]] |- | 88512 | 88600 | [[Viménil]] |- | 88513 | 88450 | [[Vincey]] |- | 88514 | 88170 | [[Viocourt]] |- | 88515 | 88260 | [[Vioménil]] |- | 88516 | 88800 | [[Vittel]] |- | 88517 | 88260 | [[Vivarium (Vosegus)|Vivarium]] |- | 88518 | 88500 | [[Viverium]] |- | 88519 | 88470 | [[La Voivre (Vosegus)|La Voivre]] |- | 88520 | 88240 | [[Les Voivres]] |- | 88521 | 88700 | [[Vomécourt]] |- | 88522 | 88500 | [[Vomécourt-sur-Madon]] |- | 88523 | 88170 | [[Vouxey]] |- | 88524 | 88140 | [[Vrécourt]] |- | 88525 | 88500 | [[Vroville]] |- | 88526 | 88520 | [[Wisembach]] |- | 88527 | 88700 | [[Xaffévillers]] |- | 88528 | 88460 | [[Xamontarupt]] |- | 88529 | 88130 | [[Xaronval]] |- | 88530 | 88220 | [[Scatiniacum]] |- | 88531 | 88400 | [[Xonrupt-Longemer]] |- | 88532 | 88330 | [[Zincourt]] |} {{Indices communium praefecturarum Franciae}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi|!]] tqsu8h2bc957wjhzm1s3u0xb9gnl318 0 137424 3980793 3812983 2026-08-12T10:31:37Z Jondel 452 mundum>mundanum 3980793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-3}} [[Fasciculus:The Avengers Cast 2010 Comic-Con.jpg|thumb|Histriones huius pelliculae apud [[Conventus Comicus 2010|Conventum Comicum 2010]] in urbe [[Didacopolis (California)|S. Didaci]] congregati]] '''''The Avengers''''' est [[pellicula]] [[superheros]] a societate [[Marvel Studios]] parata, quae in [[theatrum|theatris]] anno [[2012]] divulgata est. [[Histrio]]nes sunt: *[[Robertus Downey Jr.]], qui Tony Stark vel pennipotentem [[Iron Man]] agit. *Tom Hiddleston, infestus deus [[Loki]]. *Clark Gregg, Phil Courson optio. *Chris Hemsworth, [[Thor (Marvel Comics)|Thor]] deus pennipotens. *[[Samuel L. Jackson]], unoculus dux Nick Fury veteranus. *[[Ieremias Renner|Jeremy Renner]], [[sagittarius]] Hawkeye. *Cobie Smulders, Maria Hill. *[[Christophorus Evans]], Steve Rogers vel [[Captain America]] clipeatus. *[[Marcus Ruffalo]], Dr. Bruce Banner vel Hulk *[[Scarlett Johansson]], Natasha Romanoff vel [[Black Widow]] ==Argumentum== [[Hypercubus|Tesseract]] portam aperit ubi ingreditur infestus deus [[Loki]] inrupturus mundanum. Unoculus Nick Fury in castello volato manum [[superhero]]is componit mundanum defendum appellatam "The Avengers" quae sunt [[Iron Man]], [[Sagittarius (pugnator)|sagittarius]] '[[Hawkeye]]', emissarius Black Widow feminae, [[Captain America]], Thor et viridis [[gigas]] [[Hulk]]. [[Loki]] verberatur a Hulk apprehenditurque a [[Thor (Marvel Comics)|Thoro]] fratre eius et reportatur ad mundanum originis poena dandum. ==Dicta== *'Scitne mater te cortinas suas gerere?' -Ironman ad clamydatum Thorum. ==Diverbium== *Non habemus iurgium cum gente tua. -Nick Fury ad Loki *Iurgium non habet calceus cum formica. -inquit Loki. *Habesne tu nos calcare in animo?- Nick Fury ==Nexus externus== * {{Imdb title|0848228}} *[http://marvel.com/avengers_movie Situs proprius] apud URL marvel.com {{CommuniaCat|The Avengers (2012 film)|The Avengers}} {{cine-stipula}} [[Categoria:Pelliculae 2012]] [[Categoria:Pelliculae Civitatum Foederatarum]] goyjknkl0cnsc7jjm894dn77gn6gkf5 3980797 3980793 2026-08-12T10:46:55Z Jondel 452 Abrogans recensionem 3980793 ab usore [[User:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[User talk:Jondel|Disputatio]] | [[Special:Contributions/Jondel|conlationes]]) 3980797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-3}} [[Fasciculus:The Avengers Cast 2010 Comic-Con.jpg|thumb|Histriones huius pelliculae apud [[Conventus Comicus 2010|Conventum Comicum 2010]] in urbe [[Didacopolis (California)|S. Didaci]] congregati]] '''''The Avengers''''' est [[pellicula]] [[superheros]] a societate [[Marvel Studios]] parata, quae in [[theatrum|theatris]] anno [[2012]] divulgata est. [[Histrio]]nes sunt: *[[Robertus Downey Jr.]], qui Tony Stark vel pennipotentem [[Iron Man]] agit. *Tom Hiddleston, infestus deus [[Loki]]. *Clark Gregg, Phil Courson optio. *Chris Hemsworth, [[Thor (Marvel Comics)|Thor]] deus pennipotens. *[[Samuel L. Jackson]], unoculus dux Nick Fury veteranus. *[[Ieremias Renner|Jeremy Renner]], [[sagittarius]] Hawkeye. *Cobie Smulders, Maria Hill. *[[Christophorus Evans]], Steve Rogers vel [[Captain America]] clipeatus. *[[Marcus Ruffalo]], Dr. Bruce Banner vel Hulk *[[Scarlett Johansson]], Natasha Romanoff vel [[Black Widow]] ==Argumentum== [[Hypercubus|Tesseract]] portam aperit ubi ingreditur infestus deus [[Loki]] inrupturus mundum. Unoculus Nick Fury in castello volato manum [[superhero]]is componit mundum defendum appellatam "The Avengers" quae sunt [[Iron Man]], [[Sagittarius (pugnator)|sagittarius]] '[[Hawkeye]]', emissarius Black Widow feminae, [[Captain America]], Thor et viridis [[gigas]] [[Hulk]]. [[Loki]] verberatur a Hulk apprehenditurque a [[Thor (Marvel Comics)|Thoro]] fratre eius et reportatur ad mundum originis poena dandum. ==Dicta== *'Scitne mater te cortinas suas gerere?' -Ironman ad clamydatum Thorum. ==Diverbium== *Non habemus iurgium cum gente tua. -Nick Fury ad Loki *Iurgium non habet calceus cum formica. -inquit Loki. *Habesne tu nos calcare in animo?- Nick Fury ==Nexus externus== * {{Imdb title|0848228}} *[http://marvel.com/avengers_movie Situs proprius] apud URL marvel.com {{CommuniaCat|The Avengers (2012 film)|The Avengers}} {{cine-stipula}} [[Categoria:Pelliculae 2012]] [[Categoria:Pelliculae Civitatum Foederatarum]] he9kqniu4m9l37obpdizi5qldmics5y 0 139779 3980643 3976610 2026-08-11T21:07:45Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{res|Notatio partium-per}} in [[scientia (ratio)|scientia]] et [[ars ingeniaria|arte ingeniaria]], est copia [[unitas|unitatum]] falsarum ad describendas parvas aestimationes variarum [[quantitas sine dimensione|quantitatum sine dimensione]] (e.g. [[pars molis]] et [[pars massae]]) adhibita. Quia hae [[pars (mathematica)|partes]] sunt [[mensura]]e [[quantitas|quantitatis]] per quantitatem, eae sunt [[numerus|numeri]] purae, coniunctionibus [[unitas mensurae|unitatum mensurae]] carentes. Notationes usitate adhibitae sunt '''ppm''' (partes per millionem, {{nowrap|10^–6}}), '''ppb''' (partes per billionem, {{nowrap|10^–9}}), '''ppt''' (partes per trillionem, {{nowrap|10^–12}}), et '''ppq''' (partes per quadrillionem, {{nowrap|10^-15}}). == Admonitio == Discrepat usus notationis partium-per a norma technica ISO 80000-1:2009, clausa 6.5.5, atque ergo falsus est. Germanae rationum expressiones in quodam [[volumen|volumine]] vel [[massa]]<!-- (h.e. the expression in compliance with technical standards suitable for use in technical documentation)--> rite dantur per potestates [[decem]]<!--powers of ten--> per [[metrum cubicum]] vel per [[chiliogramma]] ubi propriae sunt. {{NexInt}} <!--[[International Bureau of Weights and Measures]]{{dubsig}} * [[International Committee for Weights and Measures]]{{dubsig}} * [[International Electrotechnical Commission]]{{dubsig}} * [[International Organization for Standardization]]{{dubsig}} * [[International System of Units]]{{dubsig}}--> * [[Centesima pars|Cente(n)sima (pars)]] (%) * [[Gradus longi et breves]] * [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] * [[Nomina magnorum numerorum]] * [[Pars massae]]<!--Mass fraction--> * [[Pars molis]]<!--Mole fraction--> * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Millensima pars|Mille(n)sima (pars)|en|qid=Q181011}} (‰)<!-- * [[Basis point|Permyriad]] (?) --> * [[Praefixa SI]]<!-- == Notae == <references/> --> == Nexus externi == {{wiktionary|ppm|ppb|ppt|ppq}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120219085015/http://www.etoolsage.com/converter/consistency.asp?toolsort=6000 "Concentration Calculator and Concentration Converter,"] apud situm etoolsage.com. * [http://www.bipm.org/en/home/ Situs domesticus "International Bureau of Weights and Measures",] apud situm bipm.org. * [http://www.nist.gov/ Situs domesticus "National Institute of Standards and Technology,"] apud situm nist.gov. {{DEFAULTSORT:Parts-Per Notation}} [[Categoria:Chemia]] [[Categoria:Mensura]] [[Categoria:Nomenclatura]] [[Categoria:Numeri]] [[Categoria:Termini mathematici]] [[Categoria:Unitates mensurae]] 73gb650nst462d297o9c44qqmdclx0s 0 145590 3980567 3322263 2026-08-11T17:42:31Z LilyKitty 18316 de origine nominis 3980567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} <!-- Cave ne astronomicas huius textus mensuras emendes; e formula {{fn|Data Asteroidum 9000}} automatice inseruntur. --> {{Capsa asteroidis |Numerus = 9676 |Genus = Asteroides Cinguli Principalis |Epocha = {{#time:j xg Y| {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9676|epocha}} }} |Axis = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9676|axis semimaior}} |Perihelion = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9676|perihelion}} |Aphelion = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9676|aphelion}} |Periodus = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9676|periodus}} |Anomalia = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9676|anomalia media}} |Inclinatio = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9676|inclinatio}} |Nodus = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9676|omega}} |Argumentum = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9676|argumentum}} |Eccentricitas = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9676|eccentricitas}} |Diametrum = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9676|diametrum}} |Massa = |Densitas = |Rotatio h = |Rotatio m = |Tholen = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9676|spectrum tholen}} |SMASS = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9676|spectrum smass}} |Magnitudo = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9676|magnitudo}} |Albedo = {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9676|albedo}} |Repertor = Cornelis Iohannes van Houten |Repertorbrevis = C. I. van Houten |Repertor2 = Ingrid Mortimer van Houten-Groeneveld |Repertorbrevis2 = I. M. van Houten-Groeneveld |Repertor3 = Thomas Gehrels |Repertorbrevis3 = T. Gehrels |Repertor4 = |Repertorbrevis4 = ; |Dies = {{#time:j xg| {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9676|repertum}} }} |Annus = {{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9676|repertum}} }} |Designationes = 2023 P-L, 1987 SL12 }} '''9676 {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9676|nomen}}''',<ref>[[Nomina asteroidum]] iussu [[Unio Astronomica Internationalis|Unionis Astronomicae Internationalis]] imposita sunt.</ref> olim designationibus '''2023 P-L''' et '''1987 SL12''' agnitus, est [[asteroides]] [[Systema Solare|systematis solaris]] nostri, [[Asteroides Cinguli Principalis|asteroidibus Cinguli Principalis]] attributus. [[Astronomia|Astronomis]] terrestribus [[magnitudo absoluta|magnitudinem absolutam]] {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9676|magnitudo}} monstrat. Die [[{{#time:j xg| {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9676|repertum}} }}]] [[{{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9676|repertum}} }}]] a [[Cornelis Iohannes van Houten|Cornelio Ioanne van Houten]], [[Ingrid Mortimer van Houten-Groeneveld|Ingrid Mortimer van Houten-Groeneveld]], et [[Thomas Gehrels|Thoma Gehrels]], astronomis apud [[Observatorium Palomar|Observatorium Palomar]] versatis, repertus est.<ref>{{Harvard MPC Discovery Circumstances}}</ref> In honorem medici [[Christianus Eijkman|Christiani Eijkman]] nominatus est.<!-- Hic de origine nominis scribendum est. --> Rerum orbitalium ratio [[epocha (astronomia)|epocha]]e {{#time:j xg Y| {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9676|epocha}} }} constitit. Qua epocha 9676 {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9676|nomen}} per dies {{#expr: (365.25 * {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9676|periodus}}) round 0}} circa solem movebatur. Axem orbitalem habebat [[Unitas astronomica|unitatum astronomicarum]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9676|axis semimaior}} round 2}} et eccentricitatem {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9676|eccentricitas}} round 2}}, distans igitur a sole [[perihelion|quam minime]] unitatibus {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9676|perihelion}} round 2}}, [[aphelion|quam maxime]] unitatibus {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9676|aphelion}} round 2}}. [[Inclinatio orbitalis]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9676|inclinatio}} round 2}}[[gradus (mensura)|&deg;]] reperiebatur, [[anomalia media]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9676|anomalia media}} round 2}}&deg;. <!-- Discovered 1960 Sept. 24 by C. J. van Houten and I. van Houten-Groeneveld on Palomar Schmidt plates taken by T. Gehrels. Christiaan Eijkman (1858-1930) won the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin, now known as B _1 or thiamine. Investigating the disease beriberi in Java, his observations of dietary deficiency led to the discovery of vitamins. He shared the 1929 Nobel Prize with Gowland Hopkins. NOTE: some special characters may not display properly (any characters within {} are an attempt to place the proper accent above a character) <b>Reference:</b> 20001111/MPCPages.arc <b>Last Updated:</b> 2009-05-11 --> ==Notae== <references/> ==Nexus externi== {{NASA JPL|Data=[http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=9676]}} {{systema solare nostrum}} [[Categoria:Asteroides anno {{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 9000|9676|repertum}} }} reperti]] [[Categoria:Asteroides Cinguli Principalis]] c4ykizait30vpezt8iz5zomsktxjfm7 0 147127 3980599 3513139 2026-08-11T19:47:04Z LilyKitty 18316 de Ioanne Christiano Andresen et Beatrice Potter 3980599 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Fairy_Tales_(Boston_Public_Library).jpg|thumb|[[Mater|Matrem]] [[liberi]]s legentem [[Jessie Willcox Smith]] pinxit, tegumenti voluminis fabularum causa, quod in medio serove [[Saeculum 19|undevicesimo saeculo]] scriptum est.]] '''Litterae pueriles''' amplectuntur [[mythistoria]]s, [[liber|libros]], [[periodicum|periodica]], [[poëma]]taque, quibus [[Impubes|impuberes]] fruuntur. Nostrae aetatis litterae pueriles duobus modis cerni possunt, id est per [[genus (ars)|genus]] aut lectoris aevum. Litterae pueriles probabiliter [[saeculum 17|septimo decimo saeculo]] primum scriptae sunt; creditur antehac [[Liber (litterae)|libros]] praecipue [[Adultus|adultis]] scriptos esse. {{NexInt}} *[[Fabella puerilis]] *[[Ioannes Christianus Andersen]] *[[Litterae]] *[[Narratio picta]] *[[Beatrix Potter]] == Nexus externi == * [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/search/?query=Children's+Literature Textus ad impuberes destinati] apud [[Project Gutenberg]] ([http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/results?locc=PZ plura]) {{ling|Anglice}} [[Categoria:Libri pueriles|!]] [[Categoria:Fictio]] [[Categoria:Litterae]] {{Myrias|Ars}} 2iad3tndd5uk9nyn01lj2ltbp641ngg 0 155941 3980635 3977039 2026-08-11T21:00:15Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-3}} {{Pro pagina discretiva vide|Pugil (discretiva)}} [[Fasciculus:Ouch-boxing-footwork.jpg|thumb|Pugilatio tironum.]] [[Fasciculus:Bellows George Dempsey and Firpo 1924.jpg|thumb|''[[Ludovicus Angelus Firpo]] [[oannes Dempsey|Ioannem Dempsey]] extra quadratum mittit.'' [[Pictura olearia]] a [[Georgius Bellows|Georgio Bellows]] picta.]] {{res|Pugilatio}} est [[ars martialis]] qua [[pugil]]es [[caestus|caestibus]] [[colaphus|colaphisque]] inter se contendebant cum arbitro in [[quadratum|quadrato]] pugilationis. Genera sunt [[tiro]]num [[ars|artisque]] peritorum. Pugilatio tironum est pars [[Olympia (certamina)|ludorum Olympicorum]]. Certamina saepe in duodecim fere vicibus<!--Anglice:rounds--> et intervallis ternis minutis consistunt, referendario{{dubsig}} vel iudice praesidente. Certamen sisti potest ab arbitro vel referendario si adversarium est debilitatus aut aliquis regula est rupta aut iacta gausapina est ab curatore pugilis. Regulae conditae sunt ab Ioanne Chambers, auctoritatus{{dubsig}} ab [[Ioannes Douglas (marchio Queensberry)|Ioanne Douglas marchione Queensberriano]] anno [[1867]] vulgatae. Certamina professionalia a societatibus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Foederatio Pugilationis Mundi|Foederatione Pugilationis Mundi|en|qid=Q23902199}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Societas Pugilationis Mundi|Societate Pugilationis Mundi|en|qid=Q725676}} administrantur. == Bibliographia == * "Accidents Take Lives of Young Alumni." [[2005]]. ''Illinois Alumni'' 18, no. 1 (Iulius-Augustus): 47. * Anasi, Robert. [[2003]]. ''The Gloves: A Boxing Chronicle.'' North Point Press. ISBN 0-86547-652-7. * Andre, Sam, et Nat Fleischer. [[1988]]. ''A Pictorial History of Boxing.'' Hamlyn. ISBN 0-600-50288-0. * Baker, Mark Allen. [[2010]]. ''Title Town, USA: Boxing in Upstate New York.'' ISBN 978-1-59629-769-2. * Fleischer, Nat, Sam Andre, Nigel Collins, et Dan Rafael. [[2002]]. ''An Illustrated History of Boxing.'' Citadel Press. ISBN 0-8065-2201-1. * Fox, James A. [[2001]]. ''Boxing.'' Stewart, Tabori, and Chang. ISBN 1-58479-133-0. * Gunn M, Ormerod D. [[1995]]. "The Legality of Boxing." ''Legal Studies'' 15: 181. * Halbert, Christy. [[2003]]. ''The Ultimate Boxer: Understanding the Sport and Skills of Boxing.'' Impact Seminars. ISBN 0-9630968-5-0. * Hatmaker, Mark. [[2004]]. ''Boxing Mastery: Advanced Technique, Tactics, and Strategies from the Sweet Science.'' Tracks Publishing. ISBN 1-884654-21-5. * McIlvanney, Hugh. [[2001]]. ''The Hardest Game: McIlvanney on Boxing.'' McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-658-02154-0. * Myler, Patrick. [[1997]]. ''A Century of Boxing Greats: Inside the Ring with the Hundred Best Boxers.'' Robson Books (BR) / Parkwest Publications (CFA). ISBN 1-86105-258-8. * Price, Edmund. [[1867]]. ''The Science of Self Defence: A Treatise on Sparring and Wrestling.'' [https://archive.org/stream/scienceofselfdef00pric#page/n5/mode/2up Textus apud Internet Archive.] * Ross, Ronald J., Monroe Cole, Jay S. Thompson, et Kyung H. Kim. [[1983]]. "Boxers: Computed Axial Tomography, Electroencephalography and Neurological Evaluation." ''Journal of the American Medical Association'' 249, no. 2 (14 Ianuarii): 211–213. * Schulberg, Budd. [[2007]]. ''Ringside: A Treasury of Boxing Reportage.'' Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 1-56663-749-X. * Silverman, Jeff. [[2004]]. ''The Greatest Boxing Stories Ever Told: Thirty-Six Incredible Tales from the Ring.'' The Lyons Press. ISBN 1-59228-479-5. * Snowdon, David. [[2013]]. ''Writing the Prizefight: Pierce Egan's Boxiana World.'' Peter Lang. * U.S. Amateur Boxing Inc. [[1994]]. ''Coaching Olympic Style Boxing.'' Cooper Publishing Group. ISBN 1-884-12525-5. {{NexInt}} * [[Mahometus Ali]] * [[Henricus Armstrong]] * ''[[Kick-boxing]]'' * [[Iosephus Ludovicus]] * [[Pugilatio (Graeci antiqui)]] * [[Pugilatus thailandicus]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Boxing|pugilationem}} {{Vicifons|Boxing|pugilationem}} {{Wikiquote|Boxing|pugilationem}} * BBC News. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080513214108/https://www.bbc.co.uk/london/history/boxing/ "History of London Boxing."]. * Scully, John. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100801103215/http://www.saddoboxing.com/learn.html ''Learn to Box with the Iceman.''] * [http://ejmas.com/jcs/jcsart_svinth_a_0700.htm "Death Under the Spotlight: The Manuel Velazquez Boxing Fatality Collection."] * [http://www.britannica.com/sports/boxing De pugilatione.] ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]].'' * [https://www.britannica.com/sports/boxing/Weight-divisions "Weight classification."]. ''Encyclopaedia Britannica.'' [[Categoria:Artes martiales]] [[Categoria:Ludi athletici]] {{Myrias|Anthropologia}} 2pmdwpsvyentmrjrk38rir6g8y7mmvo 0 158112 3980801 2913074 2026-08-12T10:55:24Z Jondel 452 3980801 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:MDafoeMay1924Crop.jpg|thumb|Virgines [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americanae]] indutae ''knickerbockers'', 1924.]] [[Fasciculus:Ellimans-Universal-Embrocation-Slough-1897-Ad.png|thumb|left|Par [[birota]]riorum gestantes ''knickerbockers''.]] '''Knickerbockers''', sive brevius '''knickers''' vocata sunt genus [[Curtae bracae|bracarum decurtatarum]] quae supra genua nodo alligantur. Tale vestimentum fuit praecipue in usu in primis tricesimis annis [[Saeculum 20|saeculi vicesimi]] apud Occidentales. Tam viri quam feminae eis utebantur. Temporibus nostris, quamvis rarius induantur, tamen adhuc non desunt qui eis utuntur, ut sportivi, exploratores, [[archaeologia|archaeologi]] aut id genus homines qui distingui malunt a communi. Origo verbi invenitur in fabella Milesia scriptoris [[Vasingtonius Irving|Vasingtonii Irving]] ''The history of New York'' quia in hoc libro heros quidam qui tali ratione sese vestiebat nomen habebat Diedrich Knickerbocker. [[Categoria:Vestimenta]] [[Categoria:Verba Anglica]] 743hvwceisrjaw20gfsii772h927o8z 0 161964 3980579 3895033 2026-08-11T18:43:45Z LilyKitty 18316 de positivismo logico 3980579 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Russell1907-2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Bertrandus Russell]] '''Philosophia analytica''' est [[philosophia|philosophandi]] genus quod a nova quadam [[logica]] contemporanea originem trahit. Quae ratio philosophica operibus [[Georgius Eduardus Moore]], [[Gottlob Frege]] et [[Bertrandus Russell|Bertrandi Russell]] [[saeculum 19|saeculo XIX]] exeunte et [[saeculum 20|saeculo XX]] ineunte exhibetur, ut magnae quaestiones non solum [[philosophia]]e sed etiam [[linguistica]]e et [[philosophia mentis|philosophiae mentis]] explanentur. {{NexInt}} *[[Analysis]] *[[Antirealismus]] *[[Necessitas metaphysica]] *[[Philosophia continentalis]] (notio contraria) *[[Philosophia linguae]] *[[Philosophia hodierna]] *[[Philosophia mathematicae]] *[[Philosophia Occidentalis]] *[[Philosophia scientiae]] *[[Positivismus logicus]] ==Nexus externi== *[https://www.dmoz.org/Society/Philosophy/Analytic_Philosophy/ De philisophia anlytica] apud [[DMOZ]] {{Ling|Anglice}} [[Categoria:Philosophia analytica|!]] [[Categoria:Philosophia saeculi 20]] {{Myrias|Philosophia}} 4l5vkuca4064fo5iboq85rfs8klabxw 0 163291 3980489 3980218 2026-08-11T15:17:58Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} '''Circulus Hildesiensis'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Hildesiensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Hildesheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Hildesiensis-e" ad [[Hildesia]]m refertur. Hac de urbe, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Hildesheim''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Hildesheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Hilmessen''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], die [[1 Augusti]] [[1977]] e circulis duobus et urbe Hildesia conditus est, quae etiam caput circuli est. == Communia circuli == [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in HI.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Hildesiensis]] Circulus Hildesiensis 40 communia habet, quae partim ad "communia generalia" (Theodisce "Samtgemeinden") coniuncta sunt. Haec dunt: * [[Alfelda]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Alfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Allefelle''), urbs (19.919) * [[Algermissenum]]<ref name="Hoogeweg">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1903). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et privilegia de Algermisseno)'' (Vol. III). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Algermissen'') (7892) * [[Bokenum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bockenem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokeln''), urbs (10.464) * [[Diekholza]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diekholzen'') (6656) * [[Elze]], oppidum (8868) * [[Giesen]] (9786) * [[Harsum]] (11.663) * [[Hildesia]], urbs (102.584) * [[Holle]] (7255) * [[Nordstemmen]] (12.410) * [[Salzdetfordium]]<ref name="Marcard 1805">Marcard, H. M. (1805). ''De salubritate aquarum nendorpensium et de earum usu in morbis chronicis''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich; et: Macard, H. M. (1805). ''De usu salutari fontium salinorum in territorio Hildesiensi sitorum''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Salzdetfurth''), urbs (13.525) * [[Sarstedt]], oppidum (18.482) * [[Schellerten]] (8138) * [[Söhlde]] (7855) * [[Duthungun (commune generale)|Duthungun]]<ref name="Udolph 2004">Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Duingen''; [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Daujen'') (5207, commune generale) ** [[Coppengrave]] (658) ** [[Duthungun]]<ref name="Udolph 2004">Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Duingen''; [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Daujen'') (2875) ** [[Hoyershausen]] (484) ** [[Marienhagen]] (791) ** [[Weenzen]] (399) * [[Freden (commune generale)|Freden]] (4772, commune generale) ** [[Everode]] (479) ** [[Freden]] (3035) ** [[Landwehr]] (515) ** [[Winzenburg]] (743) * [[Gronau (commune generale)|Gronau]] (13.737, commune generale) ** [[Banteln]] (1563) ** [[Betheln]] (1008) ** [[Brüggen]] (890) ** [[Despetal]] (1335) ** [[Eime]] (2696) ** [[Gronau]], oppidum (5117) ** [[Rheden]] (1128) * [[Lamspringe (commune generale)|Lamspringe]] (5759, commune generale) ** [[Harbarnsen]] (611) ** [[Lamspringe]] (2972) ** [[Neuhof]] (413) ** [[Sehlem]] (914) ** [[Woltershausen]] (849) * [[Sibbesse (commune generale)|Sibbesse]] (6094, commune generale) ** [[Adenstedt]] (1010) ** [[Almstedium]]<ref name="Hoogeweg II 1901">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1901). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et registra de Almstedio)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> (915) ** [[Eberholzen]] (609) ** [[Sibbesse]] (2619) ** [[Westfeld]] (941) ==Notae== <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris|Hildesiensis]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1977]] jnwnn5csw2022rwdhlx6k2v933yair4 0 164002 3980481 3505346 2026-08-11T15:10:49Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Duthungun'''<ref name="Udolph 2004">Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Duingen''; [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Daujen'') commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Hildesiensis|circulo Hildesiensi]] est. == Historia == Anno [[1964]] commune generale conditum est. == Communia ad Duingen pertinentes == * [[Coppengrave]] (658 incolae) * [[Duthungun]]<ref name="Udolph 2004">Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Duingen''; [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Daujen'') (2875, oppidum et etiam sedes administrationis) * [[Hoyershausen]] (484) * [[Marienhagen]] (791) * [[Weenzen]] (399) ==Notae== <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1964]] dz25zk32fodq97blrluk3jyy5nj665z 3980483 3980481 2026-08-11T15:12:40Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Duingen (commune generale)]] ad [[Duthungun (commune generale)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3980481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Duthungun'''<ref name="Udolph 2004">Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Duingen''; [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Daujen'') commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Hildesiensis|circulo Hildesiensi]] est. == Historia == Anno [[1964]] commune generale conditum est. == Communia ad Duingen pertinentes == * [[Coppengrave]] (658 incolae) * [[Duthungun]]<ref name="Udolph 2004">Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Duingen''; [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Daujen'') (2875, oppidum et etiam sedes administrationis) * [[Hoyershausen]] (484) * [[Marienhagen]] (791) * [[Weenzen]] (399) ==Notae== <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1964]] dz25zk32fodq97blrluk3jyy5nj665z 0 164046 3980486 3505347 2026-08-11T15:15:15Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Coppengrave''' vicus [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Hildesiensis|Circulo Hildesiensi]] est. == Historia == Coppengrave anno [[1426]] nomine ''Cobbengraff'' primo in tabulis descriptum<!-- aut ''descriptum / conditum'' aut ''descripta / condita'' --> est. Sed certe circa annum [[1200]] conditum est. Ab anno [[1964]] ad [[Duthungun (commune generale)|Duthungun]] commune generale pertinet. ==Notae== <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 12]] s6wzw55b6zot7dxxnyxho28uqsrnv24 0 164048 3980456 3505348 2026-08-11T13:01:48Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Duingen]] ad [[Duthungun]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3505348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Duingen''' vicus [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Hildesiensis|circulo Hildesiensi]] est. == Historia == Ab anno [[1964]] ad [[Duingen (commune generale)|Duingen]] commune generale pertinet, cuius sedes administrationis etiam est. Annis [[1977]] - [[1981]] ad [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|Circulum Holtisminnensem]] pertinebat. {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] 6f6tz2szu435np3lorufg9tz37faxf9 3980459 3980456 2026-08-11T13:05:10Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Duthungun'''<ref name="Udolph 2004">Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Duingen''; [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Daujen'') oppidum [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Hildesiensis|circulo Hildesiensi]] est. == Historia == Ab anno [[1964]] ad [[Duthungun (commune generale)|Duthungun]]<ref name="Udolph 2004"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Duingen''; [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Daujen'') commune generale pertinet, cuius sedes administrationis etiam est. Annis [[1977]] - [[1981]] ad [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|Circulum Holtisminnensem]] pertinebat. ==Notae== <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] 6yz81j5152o318e7alqsap4whsgt4n5 3980478 3980459 2026-08-11T15:06:11Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Duthungun'''<ref name="Udolph 2004">Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> seu '''Duinga'''<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Duingen''; [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Daujen'') oppidum [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Hildesiensis|circulo Hildesiensi]] est. == Historia == Ab anno [[1964]] ad [[Duthungun (commune generale)|Duthungun]]<ref name="Udolph 2004"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Duingen''; [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Daujen'') commune generale pertinet, cuius sedes administrationis etiam est. Annis [[1977]] - [[1981]] ad [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|Circulum Holtisminnensem]] pertinebat. ==Notae== <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] 4be6rne3a65n5eeuoivw2rbm5d0qrf9 0 164063 3980485 3505349 2026-08-11T15:13:47Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 /* Historia */ 3980485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Hoyershausen''' vicus [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Hildesiensis|Circulo Hildesiensi]] est. == Historia == Hoyershausen anno [[1338]] nomine ''Haddeshusen'' primo in tabulis descripta est. Ab anno [[1964]] ad [[Duthungun (commune generale)|Duthungun]] commune generale pertinet. {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 14]] n7fmqk0zyt6hwjv2m8e8eh3gdrscx65 0 164328 3980488 3505351 2026-08-11T15:16:25Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Weenzen''' vicus [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Hildesiensis|Circulo Hildesiensi]] est. == Historia == Weenzen primo anno [[1120]] nomine "''Winisson''" in acris descriptum est. Ab anno [[1972]] ad [[Duthungun (commune generale)|Duthungun]] commune generale pertinet. Annis [[1977]] ad usque [[1981]] ad [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|Circulum Holtisminnensem]] pertinuit. {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 12]] 2gizgl1vbfdj05vv5y7m0rejf2u92sx 0 165992 3980682 3505375 2026-08-11T23:18:22Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Sibbesse''' commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Hildesiensis|Circulo Hildesiensi]] est. Ad commune etiam vici [[Eberholzen]], Hönze, Möllensen atque Petze pertinent. == Historia == [[Fasciculus:2010-03-05-Sibbesse13.jpg|thumb|left|Ecclesia in Sibbesse]] Sibbesse anno [[989]] nomine ''Sighebretthehusen'' primo in actis descriptus est. Hönze pars anno [[1170]] primo nomine ''Hönde'', Möllensen saeculo 13 nomine ''Molinhus'' vel ''Mollem'' atque Petze saeculo 11 ineunte nomine ''Pezunsun''. Ab anno [[1974]] Sibbesse ad commune generale [[Sibbesse (commune generale)|Sibbesse]] pertinet, cuius sedes administrationis ab eoanno etiam est. <ref>[http://www.sibbesse.de/index.php?id=152002000535 Historia vici in pagina communis generalis Sibbesse (lingua Theodisca)]</ref>. == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 10]] t44km8kjn4qnkseh6rhwpxxpoa344hj 0 171434 3980450 3980382 2026-08-11T12:45:56Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} '''Circulus Gottingae'''<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=kkM-AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=gottingensis&lr=&cd=14#v=onepage&q=&f=false Libri Googles].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Göttingen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Göttingen''; [[Saxonice]] '' Landkreis Chöttingen''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est. [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] est [[Gottinga]]. == Historia == Circulus Gottingae anno [[1885]] constitutus est. Anno [[1945]] ad terram Hannoveram transiit, ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Anno 2012 disputabatur, an circulus cum finitimis [[Circulus terrae Northemiensis|Northemiensi]] et [[Circulus Osteroda ad Harthicos montes|Osteroda]] coniungendus esset. Postquam Northeim e actionibus se recessit, consilium circuli Gottingae die [[6 Martii]] [[2013]] constituit, ut cum solo circulo Osteroda circulus Gottingae coniungendus sit<ref>[http://www.landkreis-goettingen.de/pics/medien/1_1362642492/2013_03_06_EILMELDUNG_Kreistag_beschliesst_Fusion.pdf Nuntius circuli Gottingae die 6 Martii 2013 promulgata]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. Die [[1 Novembris]] [[2016]] Osteroda ad Gottingam circulum adiuncta est<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161101125654/http://www.ndr.de/nachrichten/niedersachsen/braunschweig_harz_goettingen/Landkreise-Osterode-und-Goettingen-fusionieren,kreisfusion160.html ndr.de die 1 Novembris 2016]</ref>. == Communia circuli == [[Fasciculus:Municipalities_in_GÖ-2016.svg|300px|right|Communia in Circulo Gottingae]] Circulus Gottingensis 39 communia habet, quae maxima parte ad "communia generalia" (Theodisce "Samtgemeinden") coniuncta sunt. Haec sunt: * [[Adelebsenum]]<ref name="Funck 1736">Funck, J. N. (1736). ''Disputatio Academica de Voluntaria Morte Judaeorum et Gentilium sub Praesidio S. R. I. Libero Baroni de Adelebsen Dedicata''. Rintelii: Typis Johannis Friderici Enax.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Adelebsen'') (6449 incolae) * [[Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis]]<ref name="Mirus 1826">Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.</ref> (Theodisce: ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz''), urbs (11.080 incolae) * [[Mundia Hannoverana]] (''Hannoversch Münden'', 24.390) * [[Bobentunum]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bovenden''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bovten'') oppidum (13.381) * [[Duderstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Duderstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dustadt'') (21.609) * [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedlandia]] (''Friedland'') (11.395) * [[Gilicha]] (''Gleichen'', 9163) * [[Gottinga]] (''Göttingen'', 121.364) * [[Grundensis Civitas Metallica]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Grund'') (8824) * [[Hertzberga ad Harthicos montes]], urbs (13.573) * [[Osteroda ad Harthicos montes]] (''Osterode am Harz''), urbs (22.987) * [[Rosdorf]] (12.005) * [[Sathsa]] vel '''Aquae Sathsieneses''' (''Bad Sachsa''), urbs (7634) * [[Staufenberg]] (8080) * [[Walkenried]] (4666) * [[Gieboldehausen (commune generale)|Gieboldehausen]], commune generale (13.890) ** [[Bilshusa]]<ref name="Wolf 1819">Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'') (2348) ** [[Bodensa]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph">Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodensee'') (767) ** [[Gieboldehausen]] (3944) ** [[Krebeck]] (1116) ** [[Obernfeld]] (972) ** [[Rhumspringe]] (1883) ** [[Rollshausen]] (901) ** [[Rüdershausen]] (868) ** [[Wollbrandshausen]] (612) ** [[Wollershausen]] (479) * [[Radolfshausen (commune generale)|Radolfshausen]], commune generale (7282) ** [[Ebergötzen]] (1790) ** [[Landolfshausen]] (1132) ** [[Seeburg]] (1601) ** [[Seulingen]] (1369) ** [[Waake]] (1390) * [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes (commune generale)|Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]] (commune generale) (7606) ** [[Elbingerode]] (417) ** [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]] (4177) ** [[Hörden ad Harthicos montes]] (1078) ** [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]] (1934) * [[Thransfellensis Ecclesia (commune generale)|Thransfellensis Ecclesia]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dransfeld''), commune generale (9158) ** [[Buria (Saxonia Inferior)|Buria]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bühren'') (527) ** [[Dransfeld]] (4010) ** [[Jühnde]] (1062) ** [[Niemetal]] (1596) ** [[Scheden]] (1963) == Coniunctiones pagorum == Circulus Gottingensis coniunctiones cum aliis pagis Europae habet: * [[Stegelicium-Zelendorfium]], ab anno 1962) * [[Stroud]] ([[Glocestria]]), ab anno [[1951]] * [[Surisna]] (praefectura [[Alta Sequanae]]), ab anno [[1959]] * [[Hackney (Londinium)|Hackney]] ([[Londinium]]), ab anno [[1973]] * [[Albensis Comitatus]] ([[Hungaria]]), ab anno [[2000]] {{NexInt}} * [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]] == Notae == <references /> {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gottingae circulus}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1885]] jx24b4z40n7j31s6xaze4lgjy4lz3oa 0 171859 3980447 3980437 2026-08-11T12:38:06Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:De Merian Mainz Trier Köln 026.jpg|thumb|Aspectus Duderstadii (infra) in [[Topographia Germaniae]] saeculo 17.]] '''Duderstadium'''<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Duderstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dustadt'') est [[urbs]] et commune sui iuris [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Gottingae|Circulo Gottingae]]. Ad Duderstadium etiam vici [[Breitenberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Breitenberg''), [[Brochthusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Brochthausen''), [[Desingeroda]] (Theodisce ''Desingerode''), [[Esplingeroda]] (Theodisce ''Esplingerode''), [[Fuhrbacum]]<ref name="-bacum">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-bach'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-bacum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Forbacum]], [[Gengenbacum]], [[Lambacum]], [[Muorbacum]], [[Orbacum]], [[Rohrbacum]], [[Rosbacum]], [[Rubeacum]], [[Solisbacum]], [[Swabacum]], [[Abacum (Germania)|Abacum]], [[Brubacum]], [[Corbacum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Fuhrbach''), [[Gerblingerode]]<ref name="-roda"/> (Theodisce ''Gerblingerode''), [[Hilkeroda]]<ref name="-roda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-rode'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-roda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Baceroda]], [[Gerningeroda]], [[Osteroda]], [[Werningroda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Hilkerode''), [[Immingeroda]]<ref name="-roda"/> (Theodisce ''Immingerode''), (Theodisce ''Langenhagen''), [[Mingeroda]]<ref name="-roda"/> (Theodisce ''Mingerode''), [[Nesselroda]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Nesselröden''), [[Tiftlingeroda]]<ref name="-roda"/> (Theodisce ''Tiftlingerode''), [[Urbs Media (Duderstadium)|Urbs Media]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> (Theodisce ''Kernstadt''), [[Werxhusa]]<ref name="-husa"/> (Theodisce ''Werxhausen'') atque [[Westeroda]]<ref name="-roda"/> (Theodisce ''Westerode'') pertinent. == Historia == Die [[16 Septembris]] [[939]], Duderstadium primo in actis descripta est. Ab anno [[1366]] ad usque [[1802]] urbs ad [[Dioecesis Moguntina|Dioecesim Moguntinam]] pertinuit. Quare etiam hodie maxima pars incolarum ad fidem Catholicam vergit. Deinde pars [[Borussia]]e atque ab anno [[1807]] [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] fuit. Annis ab [[1815]] ad [[1866]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], deinde ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Annis ab [[1949]] ad [[1989]]/[[1990|90]], ultima urbs ante fines [[Res publica Democratica Germanica|Rei Publicae Democraticae Germanicae]] fuit. == Cives clari == * [[Elisabetha Vietje]] (1902–1963), [[rerum politicarum perita]] factionis [[CDU]], hic lyceum superius frequentabat. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Duderstadt|Duderstadium}} * [http://www.duderstadt.de Situs interretialis urbis proprius.] (Theodisce). {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 10]] [[Categoria:Eichsfeldia]] [[Categoria:Urbes hanseaticae]] pc145hqz43b9d2qftlptyk9lmwy9zq8 3980448 3980447 2026-08-11T12:40:14Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:De Merian Mainz Trier Köln 026.jpg|thumb|Aspectus Duderstadii (infra) in [[Topographia Germaniae]] saeculo 17.]] '''Duderstadium'''<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Duderstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dustadt'') est [[urbs]] et commune sui iuris [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Gottingae|Circulo Gottingae]]. Ad Duderstadium etiam vici [[Breitenberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Breitenberg''), [[Brochthusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Brochthausen''), [[Desingeroda]]<ref name="-roda"/> (Theodisce ''Desingerode''), [[Esplingeroda]]<ref name="-roda"/> (Theodisce ''Esplingerode''), [[Fuhrbacum]]<ref name="-bacum">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-bach'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-bacum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Forbacum]], [[Gengenbacum]], [[Lambacum]], [[Muorbacum]], [[Orbacum]], [[Rohrbacum]], [[Rosbacum]], [[Rubeacum]], [[Solisbacum]], [[Swabacum]], [[Abacum (Germania)|Abacum]], [[Brubacum]], [[Corbacum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Fuhrbach''), [[Gerblingeroda]]<ref name="-roda"/> (Theodisce ''Gerblingerode''), [[Hilkeroda]]<ref name="-roda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-rode'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-roda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Baceroda]], [[Gerningeroda]], [[Osteroda]], [[Werningroda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Hilkerode''), [[Immingeroda]]<ref name="-roda"/> (Theodisce ''Immingerode''), (Theodisce ''Langenhagen''), [[Mingeroda]]<ref name="-roda"/> (Theodisce ''Mingerode''), [[Nesselroda]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Nesselröden''), [[Tiftlingeroda]]<ref name="-roda"/> (Theodisce ''Tiftlingerode''), [[Urbs Media (Duderstadium)|Urbs Media]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> (Theodisce ''Kernstadt''), [[Werxhusa]]<ref name="-husa"/> (Theodisce ''Werxhausen'') atque [[Westeroda]]<ref name="-roda"/> (Theodisce ''Westerode'') pertinent. == Historia == Die [[16 Septembris]] [[939]], Duderstadium primo in actis descripta est. Ab anno [[1366]] ad usque [[1802]] urbs ad [[Dioecesis Moguntina|Dioecesim Moguntinam]] pertinuit. Quare etiam hodie maxima pars incolarum ad fidem Catholicam vergit. Deinde pars [[Borussia]]e atque ab anno [[1807]] [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] fuit. Annis ab [[1815]] ad [[1866]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], deinde ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Annis ab [[1949]] ad [[1989]]/[[1990|90]], ultima urbs ante fines [[Res publica Democratica Germanica|Rei Publicae Democraticae Germanicae]] fuit. == Cives clari == * [[Elisabetha Vietje]] (1902–1963), [[rerum politicarum perita]] factionis [[CDU]], hic lyceum superius frequentabat. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Duderstadt|Duderstadium}} * [http://www.duderstadt.de Situs interretialis urbis proprius.] (Theodisce). {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 10]] [[Categoria:Eichsfeldia]] [[Categoria:Urbes hanseaticae]] sngq9yfriqeagkoyk70fj7sejjloytw 3980449 3980448 2026-08-11T12:43:47Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:De Merian Mainz Trier Köln 026.jpg|thumb|Aspectus Duderstadii (infra) in [[Topographia Germaniae]] saeculo 17.]] '''Duderstadium'''<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Duderstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dustadt'') est [[urbs]] et commune sui iuris [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Gottingae|Circulo Gottingae]]. Ad Duderstadium etiam vici [[Breitenberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Breitenberg''), [[Brochthusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Brochthausen''), [[Desingeroda]]<ref name="-roda"/> (Theodisce ''Desingerode''), [[Esplingeroda]]<ref name="-roda"/> (Theodisce ''Esplingerode''), [[Fuhrbacum]]<ref name="-bacum">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-bach'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-bacum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Forbacum]], [[Gengenbacum]], [[Lambacum]], [[Muorbacum]], [[Orbacum]], [[Rohrbacum]], [[Rosbacum]], [[Rubeacum]], [[Solisbacum]], [[Swabacum]], [[Abacum (Germania)|Abacum]], [[Brubacum]], [[Corbacum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Fuhrbach''), [[Gerblingeroda]]<ref name="-roda"/> (Theodisce ''Gerblingerode''), [[Hilkeroda]]<ref name="-roda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-rode'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-roda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Baceroda]], [[Gerningeroda]], [[Osteroda]], [[Werningroda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Hilkerode''), [[Immingeroda]]<ref name="-roda"/> (Theodisce ''Immingerode''), [[Langenhaga]]<ref name="-a"/> (Theodisce ''Langenhagen''), [[Mingeroda]]<ref name="-roda"/> (Theodisce ''Mingerode''), [[Nesselroda]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Nesselröden''), [[Tiftlingeroda]]<ref name="-roda"/> (Theodisce ''Tiftlingerode''), [[Urbs Media (Duderstadium)|Urbs Media]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> (Theodisce ''Kernstadt''), [[Werxhusa]]<ref name="-husa"/> (Theodisce ''Werxhausen'') atque [[Westeroda]]<ref name="-roda"/> (Theodisce ''Westerode'') pertinent. == Historia == Die [[16 Septembris]] [[939]], Duderstadium primo in actis descripta est. Ab anno [[1366]] ad usque [[1802]] urbs ad [[Dioecesis Moguntina|Dioecesim Moguntinam]] pertinuit. Quare etiam hodie maxima pars incolarum ad fidem Catholicam vergit. Deinde pars [[Borussia]]e atque ab anno [[1807]] [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] fuit. Annis ab [[1815]] ad [[1866]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], deinde ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Annis ab [[1949]] ad [[1989]]/[[1990|90]], ultima urbs ante fines [[Res publica Democratica Germanica|Rei Publicae Democraticae Germanicae]] fuit. == Cives clari == * [[Elisabetha Vietje]] (1902–1963), [[rerum politicarum perita]] factionis [[CDU]], hic lyceum superius frequentabat. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Duderstadt|Duderstadium}} * [http://www.duderstadt.de Situs interretialis urbis proprius.] (Theodisce). {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 10]] [[Categoria:Eichsfeldia]] [[Categoria:Urbes hanseaticae]] 0pl8gfpljig0gnflp03q82yslfndj83 0 172570 3980680 3505434 2026-08-11T23:14:28Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Radolfshausen''' est commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Gottingae|Circulo Gottingae]]. == Historia == Die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[1973]] Radolfshausen commune constitutum est. E communibus [[Evergoteshemium|Evergoteshemio]]<ref name="-hemiumEver">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hemium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Euergoteshem'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: H. Bresslau et. al.: ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs II. und Arduins''. In: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Die Urkunden der deutschen Könige und Kaiser, Band 3. [[Hannovera]]e 1900–1903.</ref> [[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ebergötzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ewerchötzschen'') (1790 incolae), [[Landolfshausen]] (1132), [[Seeburg]] (1601), [[Seulingen]] (1369) atque [[Waake]] (1390) constat. Nomen cepit a pago antiquo Radolfshausen. In Ebergötzen communi sedes administrationis sita est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radolfshausen|Radolfshausen|nexus=fractus}} * [http://www.radolfshausen.de Pagina communis generalis Radolfshausen (lingua Theodisca)] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1973]] avg5sr88bd05xh0o3ugvvslplse46r0 3980681 3980680 2026-08-11T23:15:10Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Radolfshausen''' est commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Gottingae|Circulo Gottingae]]. == Historia == Die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[1973]] Radolfshausen commune constitutum est. E communibus [[Evergoteshemium|Evergoteshemio]]<ref name="-hemiumEver">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hemium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Euergoteshem'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: H. Bresslau et. al.: ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs II. und Arduins''. In: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Die Urkunden der deutschen Könige und Kaiser, Band 3. [[Hannovera]]e 1900–1903.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ebergötzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ewerchötzschen'') (1790 incolae), [[Landolfshausen]] (1132), [[Seeburg]] (1601), [[Seulingen]] (1369) atque [[Waake]] (1390) constat. Nomen cepit a pago antiquo Radolfshausen. In Ebergötzen communi sedes administrationis sita est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Radolfshausen|Radolfshausen|nexus=fractus}} * [http://www.radolfshausen.de Pagina communis generalis Radolfshausen (lingua Theodisca)] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1973]] 7z4doj6st33z0jt9fspt1knbx9ul1je 0 173234 3980671 3505450 2026-08-11T23:04:39Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Ebergötzen]] ad [[Evergoteshemium]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3505450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:WilhelmBuschMuehle 01.jpg|thumb|left|Molae [[Gulielmus Busch|Gulielmi Busch]]]] '''Ebergötzen''' est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Gottingae|Circulo Gottingae]]. == Historia == Ebergötzen anno [[1013]] vel [[1022]] nomine ''Euergoteshem'' primo in actis descripta est; quod actum [[Henricus II (imperator)|Henrici II]] imperatoris autem forsitan falsum est. Annis [[1802]] - [[1807]] brevi tempore ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit, tum pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] fuit. Annis [[1815]] - [[1866]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]] pertinuit. Annis [[1841]] - [[1846]] [[Gulielmus Busch]] poeta puer et iuvenis hic vivebat. Filius pistorius amicus eius fuit atque sui et eius in carmine de [[Maxus et Mauritius]] commemoravit. [[Fasciculus:Max und Moritz.JPG|thumb|left|Maximilianus et Moritz]] Anno 1866 Ebergötzen cum toto regno Hannoverano ad Borussiam transiit et ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Ab anno [[1973]] ad circulum Gottingae [[Radolfshausen (commune generale)|Radolfshausen]] commune generale pertinet. == Museum Panis == In Ebergötzen hode Museum Europaeum Panis invenitur<ref>[http://www.brotmuseum.de/ Situs Interretialis Musei Panis]</ref>, quo in loco historia panis ab initio spectari potest. == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat}} * [http://www.ebergoetzen.de/ Pagina communis Ebergötzen] == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] 9xsmgkm3jqlaul00uj6zfwcejqfha30 3980677 3980671 2026-08-11T23:10:42Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:WilhelmBuschMuehle 01.jpg|thumb|left|Molae [[Gulielmus Busch|Gulielmi Busch]].]] '''Evergoteshemium'''<ref name="-hemiumEver">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hemium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Euergoteshem'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: H. Bresslau et. al.: ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs II. und Arduins''. In: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Die Urkunden der deutschen Könige und Kaiser, Band 3. [[Hannovera]]e 1900–1903.</ref> seu '''Ebergotza'''<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Ebersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eversdörp'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Gottingae|Circulo Gottingae]]. == Historia == Evergoteshemium anno [[1013]] vel [[1022]] nomine ''Euergoteshem'' primo in actis descriptum est; quod actum [[Henricus II (imperator)|Henrici II]] imperatoris autem forsitan falsum est. Annis [[1802]] - [[1807]] brevi tempore ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit, tum pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] fuit. Annis [[1815]] - [[1866]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]] pertinuit. Annis [[1841]] - [[1846]] [[Gulielmus Busch]] poeta puer et iuvenis hic vivebat. Filius pistorius amicus eius fuit atque se et eum in carmine de [[Maximus et Mauritius|Maximo et Mauritio]] (Theodisce ''Max und Moritz'') commemoravit. [[Fasciculus:Max und Moritz.JPG|thumb|left|Maximus et Mauritius (Theodisce ''Max und Moritz'').]] Anno 1866 Evergoteshemium cum toto regno Hannoverano ad Borussiam transiit et ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Ab anno [[1973]] ad circulum Gottingae [[Radolfshausen (commune generale)|Radolfshausen]] commune generale pertinet. == Museum Panis == Evergoteshemii hodie Museum Europaeum Panis invenitur<ref>[http://www.brotmuseum.de/ Situs Interretialis Musei Panis]</ref>, quo in loco historia panis ab initio spectari potest. == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat|Ebergötzen|Evergoteshemium}} * [http://www.ebergoetzen.de/ Pagina communis Evergoteshemii] == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] ke8medxgm854w0326t3rbovcbsdo8wx 3980678 3980677 2026-08-11T23:11:57Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:WilhelmBuschMuehle 01.jpg|thumb|left|Molae [[Gulielmus Busch|Gulielmi Busch]].]] '''Evergoteshemium'''<ref name="-hemiumEver">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hemium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Euergoteshem'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: H. Bresslau et. al.: ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs II. und Arduins''. In: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Die Urkunden der deutschen Könige und Kaiser, Band 3. [[Hannovera]]e 1900–1903.</ref> seu '''Ebergotza'''<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ebergötzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ewerchötzschen'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Gottingae|Circulo Gottingae]]. == Historia == Evergoteshemium anno [[1013]] vel [[1022]] nomine ''Euergoteshem'' primo in actis descriptum est; quod actum [[Henricus II (imperator)|Henrici II]] imperatoris autem forsitan falsum est. Annis [[1802]] - [[1807]] brevi tempore ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit, tum pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] fuit. Annis [[1815]] - [[1866]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]] pertinuit. Annis [[1841]] - [[1846]] [[Gulielmus Busch]] poeta puer et iuvenis hic vivebat. Filius pistorius amicus eius fuit atque se et eum in carmine de [[Maximus et Mauritius|Maximo et Mauritio]] (Theodisce ''Max und Moritz'') commemoravit. [[Fasciculus:Max und Moritz.JPG|thumb|left|Maximus et Mauritius (Theodisce ''Max und Moritz'').]] Anno 1866 Evergoteshemium cum toto regno Hannoverano ad Borussiam transiit et ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Ab anno [[1973]] ad circulum Gottingae [[Radolfshausen (commune generale)|Radolfshausen]] commune generale pertinet. == Museum Panis == Evergoteshemii hodie Museum Europaeum Panis invenitur<ref>[http://www.brotmuseum.de/ Situs Interretialis Musei Panis]</ref>, quo in loco historia panis ab initio spectari potest. == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat|Ebergötzen|Evergoteshemium}} * [http://www.ebergoetzen.de/ Pagina communis Evergoteshemii] == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] b9v4mrldw4t9gq7tqtv6nx8elgggdey 0 173311 3980604 3974356 2026-08-11T19:58:33Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:BadLauterberg2008.jpg|thumb|left|Aspectus orientis partis Lauterbergensis urbis]] '''Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis'''<ref name="Mirus 1826">Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.</ref> seu '''Lutterberga'''<ref>Mabillon, J. (1713). ''Annales Ordinis Sancti Benedicti: Occidentalium Monachorum Patriarchae'' (Vol. 5). Robustel. </ref> seu '''Lutterburgum'''<ref name="S">Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1862). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 3). Carl Rümpler Verlag.</ref> seu '''Lauterburgum'''<ref name="S"/> (Theodisce ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz'') est urbs [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Gottingae|Circulo Gottingae]]. Ad Aquas Lauterbergenses etiam vici [[Barbis]] (Theodisce ''Barbis''), [[Bartolfelda]]<ref name="-felda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(e)(n)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-felda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Bartolfelde''), [[Osterhaga]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Osterhagen'') et [[Urbs Media (Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis)|Urbs Media]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> (Theodisce ''Kernstadt'') pertinent. == Historia == [[Fasciculus:Braunschweig Lüneburg (Merian) 164.jpg|thumb|left|Aspectus Lauterbergensis urbis in [[Topographia Germaniae]] a [[Matthaeus Merian Senior|Matthaeo Merian Seniore]] saeculo 17 depictus.]] Anno [[1183]] Castellum Lutterbergum aedificatum est, ex quo oppidum conditum est. A saeculo 16 ad usque annum [[2007]] ars metallica exercebatur. Ab anno [[1802]] Aquae Lauterbergenses pars [[Borussia]]e atque ab anno [[1807]] [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erant. A saeculo 19 curationes praebentur. Annis [[1815]] - [[1866]] oppidum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], deinde ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Die [[1 Novembris]] [[2016]] [[Circulus Osteroda ad Harthicos montes]], ad quem commune adhuc pertinuit, ad [[Circulus Gottingae|Circulum Gottingae]] adiunctus est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat|Bad Lauterberg im Harz|Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis}} * [http://www.badlauterberg.de Pagina urbis Aquarum Lauterbergensium in Montibus Harthicis (lingua Theodisca)] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Thermae Saxoniae Inferioris|Lauterbergenses Aquae]] i4e8vk1lvf5vpk0shr8uz5sa27tnjcm 4 174428 3980662 3980187 2026-08-11T22:43:41Z Bis-Taurinus 70496 /* 2026 */ Locativum correxi. 3980662 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> {{Compendia paginae|VP:N}} Contenta huius paginae in [[Vicipaedia:Pagina prima|Pagina prima]] ostenduntur. NB: eodem tempore, quo hic nuntium quemque addis, eandem rem in pagina [[2026]] adde aut sub "Eventis" aut sub "Mortuis"</noinclude> ==2026== * 7 Augusti: [[Arabia Saudiana]], [[Pakistania]] et [[Turcia]] [[Mecca]]e pactum defensionis subscribunt. [[Fasciculus:Official portrait of Andy Burnham MP 2026 (cropped 3x4).jpg|80 px|right|Andreas Burnham]] * 20 Iulii: [[Carolus III (rex Britanniarum)|Carolus III]] rex [[Andreas Burnham|Andream Burnham]] primum ministrum [[Britanniarum regnum|Britanniarum regni]] constituit. [[Fasciculus:2026 FIFA World Cup emblem.svg|80 px|right|Certaminis logotypus]] * 19 Iulii: [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Hispanica]] vincit [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (2026)|certamen mundanum pediludii]]. [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Argentina|Argentina]] secunda et [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Anglica|Anglia]] tertia sunt. * 3 Iulii: [[Keiko Fujimori]] prima muliebris praeses civitatis [[Peruvia|Peruviae]] eligitur, die 28 Iulii 2026 mandatum inita est. [[Fasciculus:Dom Alfonso de Galarreta mirrored.JPG|80 px|right|Alphonsus de Galarreta, FSSPX]] * 1 Iulii: [[Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Pii X]] [[Esquinia]]e quattuor [[episcopus|episcopos]] novos sine mandato [[papa]]li consecrat. [[Leo XIV]] papa totam societatem [[excommunicatio|excommunicat]]. * 24 Iunii: [[Terrae motus Venetiolanus anni 2026|Terrae motus]] maior magnitudinis 7.5 in [[Venetiola]] complura milia hominum necat multaque aedificia concidit. [[Fasciculus:Alan Greenspan color photo portrait.jpg|80 px|right|[[Alanus Greenspan]]]] * 22 Iunii: [[Alanus Greenspan]], pristinus praeses [[Systema aerarium foederale|systematis aerarii foederalis Americae]], centum annos natus moritur. * 12 Iunii: [[Elon Musk]] primus fit, qui {{num|1000000000000}} [[dollarium Civitatum Foederatarum|dollariorum Americanorum]] accumulaverit. [[Fasciculus:Leo XIV (june 2025).jpg|80px|right|[[Leo XIV]]]] * 25 Maii: "[[Magnifica humanitas]]", epistola encyclica [[Leo XIV|Leonis XIV]] prima, editur. * 15 Maii: Eruptio epidemiae ebolae e provincia Ituri [[Res publica democratica Congensis|Rei publicae democraticae Congensis]] refertur. Centeni homines illic et in [[Uganda]] in hunc morbum incidunt. * 3 Maii: Epidemia [[hantaviridae|hantavirus]] [[Andes|Andini]] ad [[quadragena]]m [[navis]] vectoriae ''Hondius'' ducit, tres mortui. [[Fasciculus:Sabastian Sawe (KEN) 2025.jpg|90px|right|Sebastianus Sawe]] * 26 Aprilis: [[Sebastianus Sawe]] Londinii primus homo [[Cursus Marathonius|cursum Marathonium]] minore tempore quam duabus horis perficit. [[Fasciculus:Artemis II patch.svg|90px|right|Emblema missionis cum nominibus astronautarum]] * 6 Aprilis: [[Programma Artemis|Artemis II]] cum quattuor astronautis Lunam circumvolat et 11 Aprilis feliciter in Tellurem revertitur. [[Fasciculus:Portrait of Mojtaba Khamenei.jpg|90px|right|Mojtaba Khamenei]] * 8 Martii: [[Mojtaba Khamenei|Mojtaba Husainus Khamenei]], [[Ali Khamenei|Alii]] necati filius, magnus dux [[Irania]]e eligitur. * 28 Februarii: Civitas [[Israël]] et [[Civitates Foederatae]] impetum [[bomba]]rum ad [[Irania]]m faciunt, illum impetum praeemptivum appellantes. * 21 Februarii: Bellum inter [[Afghania]] et [[Pakistania]] erumpit. [[Fasciculus:2026 Winter Olympics logo.svg|90px|right|[[Olympia hiemalia 2026]]]] * 6 Februarii: [[Olympia hiemalia 2026|Olympia hiemalia]] in [[Italia]] simul [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], [[Cortina Ampecanorum|Cortinae Ampecanorum]], [[Pralatium|Pralatii]], [[Livignum|Livigni]] et [[Resinae|Ante Silvam]] patefiunt. * 2–6 Februarii: [[Curdistania Syriaca|Curdistaniam Syriacam]] [[Ahmedus Husainus al-Shara|rectio Damasci nova]] sibi adiungit. a80p5zflb36kkuo3svd66m7hthi34e5 0 175687 3980688 3974182 2026-08-11T23:54:46Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Baddekenstedium'''<ref name="Casemir & Menzel & Ohainski X 2018">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> seu '''Badekenstedium'''<ref name="Casemir & Menzel & Ohainski X 2018"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|Circulo Guelpherbytensi]] situm. Ad Baddekenstedium etiam vici [[Baddekenstedium (vicus)|Baddekenstedium]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel & Ohainski X 2018"/> (Theodisce ''Baddeckenstedt''), [[Binder]] (Theodisce ''Binder''), [[Elebere]]<ref name="Hän">Hänselmann, L. (Ed.) (1900). ''Urkundenbuch der Stadt Braunschweig (Band 2). [[Brunsvicum|Brunsvic]]: Joh. Heinr. Meyer.</ref> (Theodisce ''Oelber am weißen Wege''), [[Rhene]] (Theodisce ''Rhene'') et [[Wartienstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> seu '''Kunstadtium Vetus'''<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791">''Statistica dioecesis Bambergensis'', Bambergae, 1791.</ref> (Theodisce ''Wartjenstedt'') pertinent. == Historia == [[Fasciculus:Aerial image of Schloss Oelber (view from the south).jpg|thumb|left|Castellum in parte [[Elebere|Eleberi]]<ref name="Hän"/> situm.]] Baddekenstedium die [[4 Iulii]] [[1109]] primo in actis descriptum est. Ab anno [[1275]] vicus ad [[Dioecesis Hildesiensis|Dioecesin Hildesiensem]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1523]] locus possessio [[Guelfi|Guelphorum]] facta est. Anno [[1643]] ad Hildesiam revertebat. Anno [[1802]] [[Borussia]] possessionem ecclesiae sumpsit, sed annis [[1807]] - [[1813]] Baddekenstedium pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Ab anno [[1814]] pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] erat. Cum hoc anno [[1866]] iterum ad Borussiam pervenit. Anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris factum est. Ab anno [[1974]] sedes administrationis [[Baddekenstedium (commune generale)|Baddekenstedii]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel & Ohainski X 2018"/> communis generalis est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat}} * [http://www.baddeckenstedt.de/ Pagina communis Baddekenstedii] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 11]] mmzva95kpvrhfmdiq8wtb6nda6l4jsl 3980689 3980688 2026-08-11T23:55:22Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Baddekenstedium'''<ref name="Casemir & Menzel & Ohainski X 2018">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> seu '''Badekenstedium'''<ref name="Casemir & Menzel & Ohainski X 2018"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|Circulo Guelpherbytensi]] situm. Ad Baddekenstedium etiam vici [[Baddekenstedium (vicus)|Baddekenstedium]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel & Ohainski X 2018"/> (Theodisce ''Baddeckenstedt''), [[Binder]] (Theodisce ''Binder''), [[Elebere]]<ref name="Hän">Hänselmann, L. (Ed.) (1900). ''Urkundenbuch der Stadt Braunschweig (Band 2). [[Brunsvicum|Brunsvic]]: Joh. Heinr. Meyer.</ref> (Theodisce ''Oelber am weißen Wege''), [[Rhene]] (Theodisce ''Rhene'') et [[Wartienstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Wartjenstedt'') pertinent. == Historia == [[Fasciculus:Aerial image of Schloss Oelber (view from the south).jpg|thumb|left|Castellum in parte [[Elebere|Eleberi]]<ref name="Hän"/> situm.]] Baddekenstedium die [[4 Iulii]] [[1109]] primo in actis descriptum est. Ab anno [[1275]] vicus ad [[Dioecesis Hildesiensis|Dioecesin Hildesiensem]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1523]] locus possessio [[Guelfi|Guelphorum]] facta est. Anno [[1643]] ad Hildesiam revertebat. Anno [[1802]] [[Borussia]] possessionem ecclesiae sumpsit, sed annis [[1807]] - [[1813]] Baddekenstedium pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Ab anno [[1814]] pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] erat. Cum hoc anno [[1866]] iterum ad Borussiam pervenit. Anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris factum est. Ab anno [[1974]] sedes administrationis [[Baddekenstedium (commune generale)|Baddekenstedii]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel & Ohainski X 2018"/> communis generalis est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat}} * [http://www.baddeckenstedt.de/ Pagina communis Baddekenstedii] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 11]] oxrq84jxpgs3uivq1k06v1od8vixjzg 0 178657 3980796 3979374 2026-08-12T10:45:24Z Torstanus 212901 "Regia Lotharia" nominem addidi 3980796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Regio Lotharia'''<ref>https://portraits.hab.de/werk/4510</ref> seu '''Regia Lotharia'''<ref>https://portraits.hab.de/werk/5776</ref> seu '''Luttera Regalis''' (Germanice ''Königslutter'') est oppidum [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et ad [[Circulus Helmstadiensis|Circulum Helmstadiensem]] pertinet. Praeter oppidum ipsum e vicis Beienrode, Boimstorf, Bornum am Elm, Glentorf, Groß Steinum, Klein Steimke, Lauingen, Lelm, Ochsendorf, Rhode (cum Bisdorf), Rieseberg, Rotenkamp, Rottorf, Scheppau, Schickelsheim, Sunstedt atque Uhry constat. == Historia == [[Fasciculus:Königslutter Merian.png|thumb|left|Luttera Regalis circum annum 1650 depictum]] Vicus ''Lûtere'' anno [[1135]] primo in actis descriptus est. Eodem anno ecclesia cathedralis atque palatium [[Lotharius III (imperator)|Lotharius III]] imperator aedificari iussit. Anno [[1318]] mercatus in ''Foro Luttere'' institutus est. Anno [[1400]] Luttera oppidi ius accepit. Postea possessio [[Guelphi|Geulphorum]] facta est. Annis [[1807]] - [[1813]] ad [[Regnum Westphaliae]] pertinuit. Tum pars primo [[Ducatus Brunsvici]], deinde ab anno [[1918]] [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Rei Publicae Brunsvici]] erat. Anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem transiit. == Cives clari == * [[Samuel Hahnemann]] (1755 - 1843), [[medicus]] et de [[medicina]] scriptor, notus praecipue [[homoiopathia]]e conditor, annis 1796 - 1799 hic vixit. == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Königslutter am Elm|Luttera Regalis}} * [[www.koenigslutter.de Pagina communis Lutterae Regalis]] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita 1135]] nt7cyo9buxgrcka090ozb1n37cyqg4h 0 179528 3980698 3974389 2026-08-12T01:04:32Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Bardorpium'''<ref name="Sudendorf 1859">Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.</ref> seu '''Bahrdorfium'''<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> seu '''Bardorp'''<ref name="U">Udolph, J. (1998). ''Der Weserraum im Spiegel der Ortsnamenforschung''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Ortsnamen des Elbe-Weser-Dreiecks'' (p. 45–68). Walter de Gruyter. </ref> seu '''Bardorpe'''<ref name="U"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrdorf'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et ad [[Circulus Helmstadiensis|Circulum Helmstadiensem]] pertinet. Ad commune etiam vici [[Bardorpium (vicus)|Bardorpium]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> (Theodisce ''Bahrdorf'') cum [[Blanka (Bardorpium)|Blanka]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Blanken''), [[Mackendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Mackendorf'') cum [[Klinkerwerk]] (Theodisce ''Klinkerwerk''), [[Rickensdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf"/> (Theodisce ''Rickensdorf'') cum [[Aussiedlerhofa]]<ref name="-hofa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hof'' et ''-hofen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hofa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hattenhofa (Bavaria)|Hattenhofa Bavarica]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad fluvium Glon]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad Rotam]], [[Poohofa]], [[Gundershofa]], [[Hattenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Hattenhofa Badeniae-Virtembergiae]], [[Pfaffenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Pfaffenhofa]], [[Matichofa]], [[Philshofa]] apud [[Google|Gugulam]].</ref> (Theodisce ''Aussiedlerhof''), [[Saalsdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf"/> (Theodisce ''Saalsdorf'') cum [[Altena]] (Theodisce ''Altena'') pertinent. Bardorpium ab anno [[1974]] pars est communis generalis [[Velpke (commune generale)|Velpke]]. == Historia == [[Fasciculus:Mackendorf Kirche.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Mackendorfii sita.]] Bardorpium anno [[973]] nomine ''Bardorp'' primo in actis descriptum est. Postea possessio [[Guelfi|Guelphorum]] factum est. Annis [[1807]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Ducatus Brunsvici|Ducatum Brunsvici]], ab anno [[1918]] ad [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Rem Publicam Brunsvicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat|Bahrdorf|Bardorpium}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130716035952/http://www.velpke.de/samtgemeinde-und-doerfer/bahrdorf/index.html Pagina communis generalis Velpke de Bardorpio scripta] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 10]] dmaojx563g51ef5u5huoffj4a5ql7zv 0 187432 3980512 3974041 2026-08-11T16:34:54Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Antiqua Medingha'''<ref name="H">Homeyer, J. (Ed.) (2006). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Medingen: Lüneburger Urkundenbuch (Monimenta historica saeculi XIV de parochia Medinghae) (Vol. X)''. Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Altenmedingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohmein'') seu '''Altenmedingium'''<ref name="S">Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1862). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande (Documenta e saeculo XV de territorio Medingii)'' (Vol. III). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.</ref> seu '''Medingium'''<ref name="S"/> seu '''Medingha'''<ref name="H"/> commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circuli Ulsenensis]] est. Ad Antiquam Medingham etiam vici [[Antemurale]]<ref>Nomen Theodiscum ''Vorwerk'', olim etiam ''Vorwerck'' scriptum, a vocabulo Theodisco ''vor'' et substantivo ''Werk'' compositum est atque primum praedium vel officinam rusticam a fundo principali seiunctam designabat. Quoniam eiusmodi praedium quasi ante fundum principale positum erat, Latine "antemurale" appellari potest, praesertim quia hoc vocabulum mediaevali Latinitate rem anteriorem vel munitionem exteriorem significare poterat. Quam ob rem pro nomine loci ''Vorwerk'' forma Latina "Antemurale" proponitur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Vorwerk''), [[Bohndorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Bohndorf''), [[Eddelstorpium]]<ref>Nomen ''Eddelstorf'', quamquam hodie litteris ''-torf'' terminatur, ad seriem formarum Germanicarum ''-dorf, -dorp, -torp, -torf'' pertinere videtur, quarum significatio primaria «vicus» vel «pagus» est. Quare elementum finale non a Germanico ''Torf'', id est «torfa», interpretandum est, sed ad nomen loci ''Dorf/Dorp'' referendum. Cum in Latinizatione mediaevali et recentiore nomina Germanica interdum retineantur et terminatione Latina accommodentur, forma "Eddelstorpium, -i n." proponitur. Haec forma analogiam habet cum formis Latinis Germanicorum locorum in ''-dorp'', quibus terminatio "-ium" adiungitur. Itaque "Eddelstorpium" aptius est quam translatio "Villa Eddeli", si propositum est formam Germanicam ipsam Latine accommodare.</ref> (Theodisce ''Eddelstorf''), [[Ergerde]]<ref name="Wit">Witt, J. (Ed.) (1901). ''Zeitschrift des Vereins für Niedersächsische Kirchengeschichte''. J. H. Meyer.</ref> (Theodisce ''Aljarn''), [[Hasela]]<ref name="Köb">Köbler, G. (2016). ''Ortsnamenregister nach lemmatisierten Formen: Altsächsisch-Lateinisch-Neuhochdeutsch''. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].</ref> (Theodisce ''Haaßel''), [[Palus Reisena]]<ref>Nomen ''Reisenmoor'' ex elemento proprio ''Reisen-'' et substantivo Germanico ''Moor'' compositum est. Vocabulum autem ''Moor'' Latine optime redditur nomine "palus, paludis", quod locum humidum et paludosum significat. Quoniam de origine et significatione elementi ''Reisen''- hic satis certa explicatio praesto non est, consultius est illud non interpretari, sed ad formam Latinam accommodare, nempe "Reisena, -ae". Itaque nomen loci Latine "Palus Reisena" proponitur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Reisenmoor''), [[Secklendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf"/> (Theodisce ''Secklendorf'') atque [[Wibecke]]<ref name="Vog">Vogtherr, T. (Ed.) (1993). ''Urkundenbuch der Stadt Lüneburg bis zum Jahre 1369''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> (Theodisce ''Bostelwiebeck''), pertinent. Ab anno [[2011]] Antiqua Medingha ad [[Bebenhusa-Ebbestorpium (commune generale)|Bebenhusam-Ebbestorpium]] commune generale pertinet. == Historia == Antiqua Medingha anno [[1162]] primo in actis [[Henricus (dux Brunsvicensis)|Henrici Leonis]] ducis descriptum est. Fuit postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] Antiqua Medingha pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno 1972 vici supra dicti cum Antiqua Medingha coniuncti sunt. Anno eodem Antiqua Medingha etiam pars communis generalis Bevensen factum est. Quod autem anno [[2011]] cum aliis communibus ad commune generale Bebenhusam-Ebbestorpium coniunctum est. == Nexus externi == {{commonscat}} * [http://www.bevensen-ebstorf.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-4913/ Pagina communis generalis Bebenhusae-Ebbestorpii de Antiqua Medingha scripta] * [http://www.altenmedingen.de/ Pagina communis Antiquae Medinghae] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 12]] lvd9wnhxdpl8l4tipmp3kzi8bltla1f 3980513 3980512 2026-08-11T16:35:42Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Antiqua Medingha'''<ref name="H">Homeyer, J. (Ed.) (2006). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Medingen: Lüneburger Urkundenbuch (Monimenta historica saeculi XIV de parochia Medinghae) (Vol. X)''. Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Altenmedingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohmein'') seu '''Altenmedingium'''<ref name="S">Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1862). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande (Documenta e saeculo XV de territorio Medingii)'' (Vol. III). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.</ref> seu '''Medingium'''<ref name="S"/> seu '''Medingha'''<ref name="H"/> commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circuli Ulsenensis]] est. Ad Antiquam Medingham etiam vici [[Antemurale]]<ref>Nomen Theodiscum ''Vorwerk'', olim etiam ''Vorwerck'' scriptum, a vocabulo Theodisco ''vor'' et substantivo ''Werk'' compositum est atque primum praedium vel officinam rusticam a fundo principali seiunctam designabat. Quoniam eiusmodi praedium quasi ante fundum principale positum erat, Latine "antemurale" appellari potest, praesertim quia hoc vocabulum mediaevali Latinitate rem anteriorem vel munitionem exteriorem significare poterat. Quam ob rem pro nomine loci ''Vorwerk'' forma Latina "Antemurale" proponitur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Vorwerk''), [[Bohndorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Bohndorf''), [[Eddelstorpium]]<ref>Nomen ''Eddelstorf'', quamquam hodie litteris ''-torf'' terminatur, ad seriem formarum Germanicarum ''-dorf, -dorp, -torp, -torf'' pertinere videtur, quarum significatio primaria «vicus» vel «pagus» est. Quare elementum finale non a Germanico ''Torf'', id est «torfa», interpretandum est, sed ad nomen loci ''Dorf/Dorp'' referendum. Cum in Latinizatione mediaevali et recentiore nomina Germanica interdum retineantur et terminatione Latina accommodentur, forma "Eddelstorpium, -i n." proponitur. Haec forma analogiam habet cum formis Latinis Germanicorum locorum in ''-dorp'', quibus terminatio "-ium" adiungitur. Itaque "Eddelstorpium" aptius est quam translatio "Villa Eddeli", si propositum est formam Germanicam ipsam Latine accommodare.</ref> (Theodisce ''Eddelstorf''), [[Ergerde]]<ref name="Wit">Witt, J. (Ed.) (1901). ''Zeitschrift des Vereins für Niedersächsische Kirchengeschichte''. J. H. Meyer.</ref> (Theodisce ''Aljarn''), [[Hasela (Antiqua Medingha)|Hasela]]<ref name="Köb">Köbler, G. (2016). ''Ortsnamenregister nach lemmatisierten Formen: Altsächsisch-Lateinisch-Neuhochdeutsch''. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].</ref> (Theodisce ''Haaßel''), [[Palus Reisena]]<ref>Nomen ''Reisenmoor'' ex elemento proprio ''Reisen-'' et substantivo Germanico ''Moor'' compositum est. Vocabulum autem ''Moor'' Latine optime redditur nomine "palus, paludis", quod locum humidum et paludosum significat. Quoniam de origine et significatione elementi ''Reisen''- hic satis certa explicatio praesto non est, consultius est illud non interpretari, sed ad formam Latinam accommodare, nempe "Reisena, -ae". Itaque nomen loci Latine "Palus Reisena" proponitur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Reisenmoor''), [[Secklendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf"/> (Theodisce ''Secklendorf'') atque [[Wibecke]]<ref name="Vog">Vogtherr, T. (Ed.) (1993). ''Urkundenbuch der Stadt Lüneburg bis zum Jahre 1369''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> (Theodisce ''Bostelwiebeck''), pertinent. Ab anno [[2011]] Antiqua Medingha ad [[Bebenhusa-Ebbestorpium (commune generale)|Bebenhusam-Ebbestorpium]] commune generale pertinet. == Historia == Antiqua Medingha anno [[1162]] primo in actis [[Henricus (dux Brunsvicensis)|Henrici Leonis]] ducis descriptum est. Fuit postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] Antiqua Medingha pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno 1972 vici supra dicti cum Antiqua Medingha coniuncti sunt. Anno eodem Antiqua Medingha etiam pars communis generalis Bevensen factum est. Quod autem anno [[2011]] cum aliis communibus ad commune generale Bebenhusam-Ebbestorpium coniunctum est. == Nexus externi == {{commonscat}} * [http://www.bevensen-ebstorf.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-4913/ Pagina communis generalis Bebenhusae-Ebbestorpii de Antiqua Medingha scripta] * [http://www.altenmedingen.de/ Pagina communis Antiquae Medinghae] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 12]] m7vy5u7wsxp5dnorl6qkb861vakriy6 3980514 3980513 2026-08-11T16:36:35Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Antiqua Medingha'''<ref name="H">Homeyer, J. (Ed.) (2006). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Medingen: Lüneburger Urkundenbuch (Monimenta historica saeculi XIV de parochia Medinghae) (Vol. X)''. Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Altenmedingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohmein'') seu '''Altenmedingium'''<ref name="S">Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1862). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande (Documenta e saeculo XV de territorio Medingii)'' (Vol. III). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.</ref> seu '''Medingium'''<ref name="S"/> seu '''Medingha'''<ref name="H"/> commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circuli Ulsenensis]] est. Ad Antiquam Medingham etiam vici [[Antemurale]]<ref>Nomen Theodiscum ''Vorwerk'', olim etiam ''Vorwerck'' scriptum, a vocabulo Theodisco ''vor'' et substantivo ''Werk'' compositum est atque primum praedium vel officinam rusticam a fundo principali seiunctam designabat. Quoniam eiusmodi praedium quasi ante fundum principale positum erat, Latine "antemurale" appellari potest, praesertim quia hoc vocabulum mediaevali Latinitate rem anteriorem vel munitionem exteriorem significare poterat. Quam ob rem pro nomine loci ''Vorwerk'' forma Latina "Antemurale" proponitur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Vorwerk''), [[Bohndorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Bohndorf''), [[Eddelstorpium]]<ref>Nomen ''Eddelstorf'', quamquam hodie litteris ''-torf'' terminatur, ad seriem formarum Germanicarum ''-dorf, -dorp, -torp, -torf'' pertinere videtur, quarum significatio primaria «vicus» vel «pagus» est. Quare elementum finale non a Germanico ''Torf'', id est «torfa», interpretandum est, sed ad nomen loci ''Dorf/Dorp'' referendum. Cum in Latinizatione mediaevali et recentiore nomina Germanica interdum retineantur et terminatione Latina accommodentur, forma "Eddelstorpium, -i n." proponitur. Haec forma analogiam habet cum formis Latinis Germanicorum locorum in ''-dorp'', quibus terminatio "-ium" adiungitur. Itaque "Eddelstorpium" aptius est quam translatio "Villa Eddeli", si propositum est formam Germanicam ipsam Latine accommodare.</ref> (Theodisce ''Eddelstorf''), [[Ergerde]]<ref name="Wit">Witt, J. (Ed.) (1901). ''Zeitschrift des Vereins für Niedersächsische Kirchengeschichte''. J. H. Meyer.</ref> (Theodisce ''Aljarn''), [[Hasela (Antiqua Medingha)|Hasela]]<ref name="Köb">Köbler, G. (2016). ''Ortsnamenregister nach lemmatisierten Formen: Altsächsisch-Lateinisch-Neuhochdeutsch''. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].</ref> (Theodisce ''Haaßel''), [[Palus Reisena]]<ref>Nomen ''Reisenmoor'' ex elemento proprio ''Reisen-'' et substantivo Germanico ''Moor'' compositum est. Vocabulum autem ''Moor'' Latine optime redditur nomine "palus, paludis", quod locum humidum et paludosum significat. Quoniam de origine et significatione elementi ''Reisen''- hic satis certa explicatio praesto non est, consultius est illud non interpretari, sed ad formam Latinam accommodare, nempe "Reisena, -ae". Itaque nomen loci Latine "Palus Reisena" proponitur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Reisenmoor''), [[Secklendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf"/> (Theodisce ''Secklendorf'') atque [[Wibecke]]<ref name="Vog">Vogtherr, T. (Ed.) (1993). ''Urkundenbuch der Stadt Lüneburg bis zum Jahre 1369''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> (Theodisce ''Bostelwiebeck''), pertinent. Ab anno [[2011]] Antiqua Medingha ad [[Bebenhusa-Ebbestorpium (commune generale)|Bebenhusam-Ebbestorpium]] commune generale pertinet. == Historia == Antiqua Medingha anno [[1162]] primo in actis [[Henricus (dux Brunsvicensis)|Henrici Leonis]] ducis descriptum est. Fuit postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] Antiqua Medingha pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno 1972 vici supra dicti cum Antiqua Medingha coniuncti sunt. Anno eodem Antiqua Medingha etiam pars communis generalis Bevensen factum est. Quod autem anno [[2011]] cum aliis communibus ad commune generale Bebenhusam-Ebbestorpium coniunctum est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat}} * [http://www.bevensen-ebstorf.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-4913/ Pagina communis generalis Bebenhusae-Ebbestorpii de Antiqua Medingha scripta] * [http://www.altenmedingen.de/ Pagina communis Antiquae Medinghae] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 12]] ndd2cw3byefixng36vu15tvqyxr9zgc 0 187576 3980784 3974042 2026-08-12T10:11:03Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Bad Bevensen - Klein Bünstrofer Straße - Rathaus 02 ies.jpg|thumb|left|Curia Bebenhusana.]] '''Bebenhusa'''<ref>Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.). (2010). ''Regnum Francorum Online: Traditio Fuldenses (TAF/041 no. 068, anno 820)''. Francia-Ahlfeldt Project.</ref> seu '''Bebenhusium'''<ref>Reinecke, W. (Ed.) (1899). ''Lüneburgs ältestes Stadtbuch und Verfestungsregister (1289–1399)''. Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen; Herold.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bevensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bämsen'') urbs [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circuli Ulsenensis]] est. Ad Bebenhusam etiam vici [[Goldere]]<ref name="Mey 1984">Meyer-Hove, H. (Ed.) (1984). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung. </ref> (Theodisce ''Gollern''), [[Hatherbiki]]<ref name="Bre">Bresslau, H., Bloch, H., & v. Gladiss, D. (Ed.). (1900–1903). ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs II. und Arduins (Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus III)e''. [[Hannovera]]: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> (Theodisce ''Groß Hesebeck''), (Theodisce ''Jastorf''), (Theodisce ''Klein Bünstorf''), (Theodisce ''Klein Hesebeck''), (Theodisce ''Medingen''), (Theodisce ''Röbbel''), (Theodisce ''Sasendorf''), (Theodisce ''Seedorf'') atque [[Urbs Media (Bebenhusa)|Urbs Media]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> (Theodisce ''Kernstadt'') pertinent. Ab anno [[2011]] Bebenhusa ad [[Bebenhusa-Ebbestorpium (commune generale)|Bebenhusam-Ebbestorpium]] commune generale pertinet. Bevensen ad ripam fluminis [[Luya]]e situm est. == Historia == Bebenhusa anno [[763]] primo in actis descripta est. Fuit postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1929]] urbs proclamata est. Ab anno [[1946]] Bebenhusa pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno 1972 vici supra dicti cum Bevensen coniuncti sunt. Anno eodem Bevensen etiam caput communis generalis Bevensen factum est. Quod autem anno [[2011]] cum aliis communibus ad commune generale Bebenhusam-Ebbestorpium coniunctum est. Ab anno 1976 ''Bevensen'' Theodiscum nomen ''Bad'' (scilicet "aquae") accepit, quod fontes thermales ibi repertae sunt. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat}} * [http://www.bevensen-ebstorf.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-4914/ Pagina communis generalis Bebenhusae-Ebbestorpii de Bebenhusa scripta] * [http://www.bad-bevensen.de/ Pagina communis Bebenhusae] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 8]] [[Categoria:Thermae Saxoniae Inferioris]] 6dnhfuf4ciourcsvqxvcs0ajptqdzzt 0 187836 3980706 3976233 2026-08-12T01:41:02Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Barum (LK Uelzen) 01 ies.jpg|thumb|left|Domus medio in Baro sita.]] '''Barum'''<ref name="AdWzG 2010">Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, & U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bourm'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circuli Ulsenensis]] est. Ad Barum etiam vici [[Barum (vicus Ulsenensis)|Barum]]<ref name="AdWzG 2010"/> (Theodisce ''Barum'') atque [[Tatendorfium-Eppensa]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref (Theodisce ''Tätendorf-Eppensen'') et fundus Hoystorfensis (Theodisce ''Hoystorf'') pertinent. Ab anno [[2011]] Barum ad [[Bebenhusa-Ebbestorpium (commune generale)|Bebenhusam-Ebbestorpium]] commune generale pertinet. == Historia == Ecclesia Bari saeculo 13 aedificata est. Fuit postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] Barum pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno 1972 vicus Tatendorfium-Eppensa cum Baro coniunctus est. Anno eodem Barum etiam pars communis generalis Bevensen factum est. Quod autem anno [[2011]] cum aliis communibus ad commune generale Bebenhusam-Ebbestorpium coniunctum est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Barum (Landkreis Uelzen)|Barum}} * [http://www.bevensen-ebstorf.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-4915/ Pagina communis generalis Bebenhusae-Ebbestorpii de Baro scripta] * [http://www.barum-gemeinde.de/ Pagina communis Bari] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 13]] j6x6akgw9t695m13t9g2ghedaiqw8yq 3980707 3980706 2026-08-12T01:41:52Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Barum (LK Uelzen) 01 ies.jpg|thumb|left|Domus medio in Baro sita.]] '''Barum'''<ref name="AdWzG 2010">Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, & U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bourm'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circuli Ulsenensis]] est. Ad Barum etiam vici [[Barum (vicus Ulsenensis)|Barum]]<ref name="AdWzG 2010"/> (Theodisce ''Barum'') atque [[Tatendorfium-Eppensa]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Tätendorf-Eppensen'') et fundus Hoystorfensis (Theodisce ''Hoystorf'') pertinent. Ab anno [[2011]] Barum ad [[Bebenhusa-Ebbestorpium (commune generale)|Bebenhusam-Ebbestorpium]] commune generale pertinet. == Historia == Ecclesia Bari saeculo 13 aedificata est. Fuit postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] Barum pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno 1972 vicus Tatendorfium-Eppensa cum Baro coniunctus est. Anno eodem Barum etiam pars communis generalis Bevensen factum est. Quod autem anno [[2011]] cum aliis communibus ad commune generale Bebenhusam-Ebbestorpium coniunctum est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Barum (Landkreis Uelzen)|Barum}} * [http://www.bevensen-ebstorf.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-4915/ Pagina communis generalis Bebenhusae-Ebbestorpii de Baro scripta] * [http://www.barum-gemeinde.de/ Pagina communis Bari] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 13]] 90jzhoj0ks395e21ughx3rrtem116wl 0 187837 3980664 3974022 2026-08-11T22:45:54Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Ebbestorpium'''<ref name="Jaitner 1985">Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag.</ref> seu '''Ebbekestorpium'''<ref name="Jaitner 1985"/> seu '''Ebbekestorpe'''<ref name="W">Wigger, F. (Ed.) (1873). ''Meklenburgisches Urkundenbuch: 1329–1336 (Vol. 8). In commissione a Stiller'schen Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> seu '''Ebbestorpe'''<ref name="W"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Ebstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ebstörp'') oppidum [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circuli Ulsenensis]] est. Ad Ebbestorpium etiam vici [[Ebbestorpium Antiquum]]<ref name="Jaitner 1985"><ref name="Alten">Theodiscum praefixum ''Alten-'' [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/antiquus?wb=gross&nr=1 Latino adiectivo "antiquus-a-um"] vertitur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Altenebstorf''), [[Altemedinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing(e)(n)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Altenmedingen''), [[Brandbostel]] (Theodisce ''Brandbostel'') atque [[Melzinga]]<ref name="-inga"/> (Theodisce ''Melzinge'') pertinent. Ab anno [[2011]] Ebbestorpium ad [[Bebenhusa-Ebbestorpium (commune generale)|Bebenhusam-Ebbestorpium]]<ref name="Ahlfeldt 2010">Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.) (2010). ''Regnum Francorum Online: Traditio Fuldenses''. Francia-Ahlfeldt Project.</ref><ref name="Jaitner 1985"/> commune generale ([[Theodisce]] ''Samtgemeinde Bevensen-Ebstorf'' et [[Saxonice]] ''Samtgemeen Bemsen-Ebstörp'') pertinet. == Historia == Apud Ebbestorpium anno [[880]] Saxones copiae ab exercitu Vicingorum victae sunt. Fuit postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] Ebbestorpium pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno 1972 vicus Altenebsdorf cum Ebbestorpio coniunctus est. Anno eodem Ebbestorpium etiam caput communis generalis "Altes Amt Ebsdorf" factum est. Quod autem anno [[2011]] cum aliis communibus ad commune generale [[Bebenhusa-Ebbestorpium (commune generale)|Bebenhusam-Ebbestorpium]]<ref name="Ahlfeldt 2010">Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.) (2010). ''Regnum Francorum Online: Traditio Fuldenses''. Francia-Ahlfeldt Project.</ref><ref name="Jaitner 1985"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Samtgemeinde Bevensen-Ebstorf'' et [[Saxonice]] ''Samtgemeen Bemsen-Ebstörp'')coniunctum est. == Monasterium et Mappa Mundi Epstorfensis == [[Fasciculus:Monastery Ebstorf.jpg|thumb|left|Monasterium Ebbestorpense.]] [[Fasciculus:Ebstorfer-stich2.jpg|thumb|left|Mappa Mundi Ebbestorpensis.]] Anno [[1150]] Ebbestorpii monasterium [[Ordo Praemonstratensis|Ordinis Praemonstratensis]] conditum est. Ab anno [[1197]] ibi monachae [[Ordo Sancti Benedicti|Sancti Benedicti]] vixerunt. A tempore [[Reformatio]]nis ad Fidem Lutheranum monachae transierunt. Anno [[1830]] ibi Mappa Mundi Ebbestorpensis inventa est, quae circa annum [[1300]] perfectum maxima medii aevi fuit. Anno [[1943]] [[Hannovera]]e combusta est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat}} * [http://www.ebstorf.de/ Pagina communis Ebstorf] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 9]] 4j5e1jb8zxhkzse1yjfhpi2r72kecft 3980665 3980664 2026-08-11T22:47:45Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Ebbestorpium'''<ref name="Jaitner 1985">Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag.</ref> seu '''Ebbekestorpium'''<ref name="Jaitner 1985"/> seu '''Ebbekestorpe'''<ref name="W">Wigger, F. (Ed.) (1873). ''Meklenburgisches Urkundenbuch: 1329–1336 (Vol. 8). In commissione a Stiller'schen Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> seu '''Ebbestorpe'''<ref name="W"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Ebstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ebstörp'') oppidum [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circuli Ulsenensis]] est. Ad Ebbestorpium etiam vici [[Ebbestorpium Antiquum]]<ref name="Jaitner 1985"/><ref name="Alten">Theodiscum praefixum ''Alten-'' [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/antiquus?wb=gross&nr=1 Latino adiectivo "antiquus-a-um"] vertitur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Altenebstorf''), [[Altemedinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing(e)(n)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Altenmedingen''), [[Brandbostel]] (Theodisce ''Brandbostel'') atque [[Melzinga]]<ref name="-inga"/> (Theodisce ''Melzinge'') pertinent. Ab anno [[2011]] Ebbestorpium ad [[Bebenhusa-Ebbestorpium (commune generale)|Bebenhusam-Ebbestorpium]]<ref name="Ahlfeldt 2010">Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.) (2010). ''Regnum Francorum Online: Traditio Fuldenses''. Francia-Ahlfeldt Project.</ref><ref name="Jaitner 1985"/> commune generale ([[Theodisce]] ''Samtgemeinde Bevensen-Ebstorf'' et [[Saxonice]] ''Samtgemeen Bemsen-Ebstörp'') pertinet. == Historia == Apud Ebbestorpium anno [[880]] Saxones copiae ab exercitu Vicingorum victae sunt. Fuit postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] Ebbestorpium pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno 1972 vicus Altenebsdorf cum Ebbestorpio coniunctus est. Anno eodem Ebbestorpium etiam caput communis generalis "Altes Amt Ebsdorf" factum est. Quod autem anno [[2011]] cum aliis communibus ad commune generale [[Bebenhusa-Ebbestorpium (commune generale)|Bebenhusam-Ebbestorpium]]<ref name="Ahlfeldt 2010">Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.) (2010). ''Regnum Francorum Online: Traditio Fuldenses''. Francia-Ahlfeldt Project.</ref><ref name="Jaitner 1985"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Samtgemeinde Bevensen-Ebstorf'' et [[Saxonice]] ''Samtgemeen Bemsen-Ebstörp'')coniunctum est. == Monasterium et Mappa Mundi Epstorfensis == [[Fasciculus:Monastery Ebstorf.jpg|thumb|left|Monasterium Ebbestorpense.]] [[Fasciculus:Ebstorfer-stich2.jpg|thumb|left|Mappa Mundi Ebbestorpensis.]] Anno [[1150]] Ebbestorpii monasterium [[Ordo Praemonstratensis|Ordinis Praemonstratensis]] conditum est. Ab anno [[1197]] ibi monachae [[Ordo Sancti Benedicti|Sancti Benedicti]] vixerunt. A tempore [[Reformatio]]nis ad Fidem Lutheranum monachae transierunt. Anno [[1830]] ibi Mappa Mundi Ebbestorpensis inventa est, quae circa annum [[1300]] perfectum maxima medii aevi fuit. Anno [[1943]] [[Hannovera]]e combusta est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat}} * [http://www.ebstorf.de/ Pagina communis Ebstorf] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 9]] ahu7q8k5igse990j08uvmwf28vbfx64 0 188387 3980598 3430772 2026-08-11T19:46:48Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3980598 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Blason_ville_fr_Chaumussay_%28Indre-et-Loire%29.svg |thumb|250px|Chaumussay: [[ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Martinus|Sancto Martino]] dicata]] [[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 37064.png|left|thumb|300px| Chaumussay: communis tabula]] ''' Chaumussay ''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 253 incolarum (anno [[2009]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Andra et Liger|Andrae et Ligeris]] in provincia [[Centrum (regio Franciae)|media]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Andrae et Ligeris|Indicem communium praefecturae Andrae et Ligeris]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Chaumussay |Chaumussay }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115344/http://www.chaumussay.com/ Chaumussay pagina interretialis] * {{INSEE commune|37064|de=Chaumussay}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Ingeris et Ligeris]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Ingeris et Ligeris]] gskbd11kgmda74hltz8ci835ov3qn46 0 191207 3980775 3928558 2026-08-12T10:00:43Z Jondel 452 occidentalis >occidentali 3980775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas|-4}}[[Fasciculus:Eaton Centre HDR style.jpg|thumb|Interaneus conspectus in emporio ''[[Toronto Eaton Centre]]'' in [[Toronto|Toronto, Canada]].]] '''Emporium'''<ref>[[Ebbe Vilborg|Vilborg, Ebbe]], ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok'', editio secunda. Norstedts Akademiska Förlag, Holmia, 2009. Etiam libenter vide [[Disputatio:Emporium (aedificium)|disputationem]] ampliis notis.</ref> est aedificium grandissimum cum varietatibus [[taberna]]rum et [[popina]]rum et aliis pergularum negotiarum in seriebus conexis vel vicinis. Hodierna fora cum [[area stativa|areis stativis]] [[Autocinetum|autocineticis]] creverunt cum suburbanitatibus in mundo occidentali praesertim in [[CFA]] post [[secundum bellum mundum|secundum bellum mundum]]. == Nomina Latina == Etiam est: *'''Forum'''<ref>{{TraupmanLatinEng3}} [[Anglice]]: ''mall'', p. 590. Etiam libenter vide [[Disputatio:Emporium (aedificium)|disputationem]] plus notae.</ref> == Nota == <div class="references-small"><references/></div> == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Shopping malls|emporia}} [[Categoria:Emporia (aedificia)|!]] {{Myrias|Societas}} 0ccu86f14bf3pdep9d28lsrxqnolwbd 3980776 3980775 2026-08-12T10:02:03Z Jondel 452 mundum>mundanum 3980776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas|-4}}[[Fasciculus:Eaton Centre HDR style.jpg|thumb|Interaneus conspectus in emporio ''[[Toronto Eaton Centre]]'' in [[Toronto|Toronto, Canada]].]] '''Emporium'''<ref>[[Ebbe Vilborg|Vilborg, Ebbe]], ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok'', editio secunda. Norstedts Akademiska Förlag, Holmia, 2009. Etiam libenter vide [[Disputatio:Emporium (aedificium)|disputationem]] ampliis notis.</ref> est aedificium grandissimum cum varietatibus [[taberna]]rum et [[popina]]rum et aliis pergularum negotiarum in seriebus conexis vel vicinis. Hodierna fora cum [[area stativa|areis stativis]] [[Autocinetum|autocineticis]] creverunt cum suburbanitatibus in mundo occidentali praesertim in [[CFA]] post [[secundum bellum mundum|secundum bellum mundanum]]. == Nomina Latina == Etiam est: *'''Forum'''<ref>{{TraupmanLatinEng3}} [[Anglice]]: ''mall'', p. 590. Etiam libenter vide [[Disputatio:Emporium (aedificium)|disputationem]] plus notae.</ref> == Nota == <div class="references-small"><references/></div> == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Shopping malls|emporia}} [[Categoria:Emporia (aedificia)|!]] {{Myrias|Societas}} 9rrus275xkf644crt07oyq5zlneky27 3980777 3980776 2026-08-12T10:05:29Z Jondel 452 aliis pergularum negotiarum>aliarumsque pergularum negotiatoriarum 3980777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas|-4}}[[Fasciculus:Eaton Centre HDR style.jpg|thumb|Interaneus conspectus in emporio ''[[Toronto Eaton Centre]]'' in [[Toronto|Toronto, Canada]].]] '''Emporium'''<ref>[[Ebbe Vilborg|Vilborg, Ebbe]], ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok'', editio secunda. Norstedts Akademiska Förlag, Holmia, 2009. Etiam libenter vide [[Disputatio:Emporium (aedificium)|disputationem]] ampliis notis.</ref> est aedificium grandissimum cum varietatibus [[taberna]]rum et [[popina]]rum et aliarumsque pergularum negotiatoriarum in seriebus conexis vel vicinis. Hodierna fora cum [[area stativa|areis stativis]] [[Autocinetum|autocineticis]] creverunt cum suburbanitatibus in mundo occidentali praesertim in [[CFA]] post [[secundum bellum mundum|secundum bellum mundanum]]. == Nomina Latina == Etiam est: *'''Forum'''<ref>{{TraupmanLatinEng3}} [[Anglice]]: ''mall'', p. 590. Etiam libenter vide [[Disputatio:Emporium (aedificium)|disputationem]] plus notae.</ref> == Nota == <div class="references-small"><references/></div> == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Shopping malls|emporia}} [[Categoria:Emporia (aedificia)|!]] {{Myrias|Societas}} kenky37sd0z6euy5d5gmbtzjc5bhv47 3980778 3980777 2026-08-12T10:06:35Z Jondel 452 suburbanitatibus >suburbiorum incremento 3980778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas|-4}}[[Fasciculus:Eaton Centre HDR style.jpg|thumb|Interaneus conspectus in emporio ''[[Toronto Eaton Centre]]'' in [[Toronto|Toronto, Canada]].]] '''Emporium'''<ref>[[Ebbe Vilborg|Vilborg, Ebbe]], ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok'', editio secunda. Norstedts Akademiska Förlag, Holmia, 2009. Etiam libenter vide [[Disputatio:Emporium (aedificium)|disputationem]] ampliis notis.</ref> est aedificium grandissimum cum varietatibus [[taberna]]rum et [[popina]]rum et aliarumsque pergularum negotiatoriarum in seriebus conexis vel vicinis. Hodierna fora cum [[area stativa|areis stativis]] [[Autocinetum|autocineticis]] creverunt cum suburbiorum incremento in mundo occidentali praesertim in [[CFA]] post [[secundum bellum mundum|secundum bellum mundanum]]. == Nomina Latina == Etiam est: *'''Forum'''<ref>{{TraupmanLatinEng3}} [[Anglice]]: ''mall'', p. 590. Etiam libenter vide [[Disputatio:Emporium (aedificium)|disputationem]] plus notae.</ref> == Nota == <div class="references-small"><references/></div> == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Shopping malls|emporia}} [[Categoria:Emporia (aedificia)|!]] {{Myrias|Societas}} s497szdt4gf8ukmk064drv3k23pvj13 3980779 3980778 2026-08-12T10:08:26Z Jondel 452 grandissimum>amplissimum 3980779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas|-4}}[[Fasciculus:Eaton Centre HDR style.jpg|thumb|Interaneus conspectus in emporio ''[[Toronto Eaton Centre]]'' in [[Toronto|Toronto, Canada]].]] '''Emporium'''<ref>[[Ebbe Vilborg|Vilborg, Ebbe]], ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok'', editio secunda. Norstedts Akademiska Förlag, Holmia, 2009. Etiam libenter vide [[Disputatio:Emporium (aedificium)|disputationem]] ampliis notis.</ref> est aedificium amplissimum cum varietatibus [[taberna]]rum et [[popina]]rum et aliarumsque pergularum negotiatoriarum in seriebus conexis vel vicinis. Hodierna fora cum [[area stativa|areis stativis]] [[Autocinetum|autocineticis]] creverunt cum suburbiorum incremento in mundo occidentali praesertim in [[CFA]] post [[secundum bellum mundum|secundum bellum mundanum]]. == Nomina Latina == Etiam est: *'''Forum'''<ref>{{TraupmanLatinEng3}} [[Anglice]]: ''mall'', p. 590. Etiam libenter vide [[Disputatio:Emporium (aedificium)|disputationem]] plus notae.</ref> == Nota == <div class="references-small"><references/></div> == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Shopping malls|emporia}} [[Categoria:Emporia (aedificia)|!]] {{Myrias|Societas}} srt7ekfci28oku31gg4p3nmoq9zf6qy 0 191450 3980506 3973518 2026-08-11T15:45:01Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Amelinghausen - St Hippolit ex 08 ies.jpg|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Hippolyti Amelinghusii]] '''Amelinghusium'''<ref name="Baring 1746">Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica: De antiquis pagis, ditionibus, gigerictis et parochiis ubi de Amelinghusio agitur''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circuli Luneburgensi]] est. Ad Amelinghusium etiam vici [[Dehnsa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Dehnsen'') et [[Etza]]<ref name="-a"/> (Theodisce ''Etzen'') pertinent. Amelinghusium ab anno [[1974]] caput communis generalis [[Amelinghusium (commune generale)|eiusdem nominis]] est. == Historia == Amelinghusium die [[22 Maii]] [[1293]] primo in actis descriptum est. Sed nomen ab episcopo Amelung [[Fardium|Fardensi]] (mortuo anno [[962]]) accipisse dicitur. Fuit postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] Amelinghusium pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Sottorf anno [[1970]], Etza anno 1974 cum Amelinghusio coniuncta est. Eodem anno Amelinghusium cum aliis communibus ad commune generale se coniunxit. == Nexus externi == {{commonscat}} [http://www.amelinghausen.de/ Pagina communis Amelinghusii] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 10]] g2mkqjhe1m74rphn4q5wipx4a2jt9kk 3980508 3980506 2026-08-11T15:45:30Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Amelinghausen - St Hippolit ex 08 ies.jpg|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Hippolyti Amelinghusii]] '''Amelinghusium'''<ref name="Baring 1746">Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica: De antiquis pagis, ditionibus, gigerictis et parochiis ubi de Amelinghusio agitur''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circuli Luneburgensi]] est. Ad Amelinghusium etiam vici [[Dehnsa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Dehnsen'') et [[Etza]]<ref name="-a"/> (Theodisce ''Etzen'') pertinent. Amelinghusium ab anno [[1974]] caput communis generalis [[Amelinghusium (commune generale)|eiusdem nominis]] est. == Historia == Amelinghusium die [[22 Maii]] [[1293]] primo in actis descriptum est. Sed nomen ab episcopo Amelung [[Fardium|Fardensi]] (mortuo anno [[962]]) accipisse dicitur. Fuit postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] Amelinghusium pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Sottorf anno [[1970]], Etza anno 1974 cum Amelinghusio coniuncta est. Eodem anno Amelinghusium cum aliis communibus ad commune generale se coniunxit. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat}} [http://www.amelinghausen.de/ Pagina communis Amelinghusii] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 10]] cig3fq4d69lkhfv04w6njaaob39gk3c 0 191728 3980691 3976156 2026-08-12T00:16:19Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Bardowick.dom.gesamt.wmt.jpg|thumb|left|"Cathedralis" Ecclesia Bardenovici]] '''Bardenuvicum'''<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> (Germanice: ''Bardowick'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circuli Luneburgensis]] est. == Historia == Oppidum Bardenuvicum anno [[795]] primo descriptum est atque in [[Annales regni Francorum|Annalibus regni Francorum]]. Forsitan etiam nomen a gente [[Langobardi|Langobardorum]] accepit. Fuit postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]]/[[1811|11]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat, deinde ad usque annum [[1814]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]], tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1945]]/[[1946|46]] incolae pro tempore fugati sunt, ut captivi pristini belli [[Polonia|Polonici]] hic habitarent. Bardenuvicum ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est et ab anno [[1969]] ad [[Bardenuvicum (commune generale)|Bardenuvicum]] commune generale pertinet. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Bardowick|Bardenuvicum}} * [http://www.bardowick.de/ Pagina Communis Bardenovici] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 8]] o540rscvjlagvq2t6oggjurb6q7s523 0 191839 3980701 3976226 2026-08-12T01:27:18Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Barumer See.jpg|thumb|left|Neetze flumen apud Barum in lacum extensum.]] '''Barum'''<ref name="Mindermann I II 2004">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2004). ''Verdener Urkundenbuch, 1. Abteilung, Band 2: 1300–1380''. Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boorn'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circuli Luneburgensis]] est. Ad Barum etiam vici [[Barum (vicus)|Barum]]<ref name="Mindermann I II 2004"/> (Theodisce ''Barum''), [[Horburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Horburg'') atque [[Sanctus Dionysius (Barum)|Sanctus Dionysius]]<ref name="Rei">Reinecke, W. (Ed.) (1903). ''Lüneburgs ältestes Stadtbuch und Verfestungsregister (1289–1399)''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> (Theodisce ''Sankt Dionys'') pertinent. == Historia == Vicus Barum anno [[1290]] primo in actis nomine ''Berne'' descriptum est. Fuit postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Barum ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est et ab anno [[1974]] ad [[Bardenuvicum (commune generale)|Bardenuvicum]] commune generale pertinet. Eodem anno Horburgum et Sanctus Dionysius vici ad Barum adiuncti sunt. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Barum (Landkreis Lüneburg)|Barum}} * [http://www.gemeinde-barum.de/ Pagina communis Bari] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 13]] s1ra1vbmyaz35eds9d6ziefswq49rsm 3980705 3980701 2026-08-12T01:31:50Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Barumer See.jpg|thumb|left|Neetze flumen apud Barum in lacum extensum.]] '''Barum'''<ref name="Mindermann I II 2004">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2004). ''Verdener Urkundenbuch, 1. Abteilung, Band 2: 1300–1380''. Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boorn'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circuli Luneburgensis]] est. Ad Barum etiam vici [[Barum (vicus Luneburgensis)|Barum]]<ref name="Mindermann I II 2004"/> (Theodisce ''Barum''), [[Horburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Horburg'') atque [[Sanctus Dionysius (Barum)|Sanctus Dionysius]]<ref name="Rei">Reinecke, W. (Ed.) (1903). ''Lüneburgs ältestes Stadtbuch und Verfestungsregister (1289–1399)''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> (Theodisce ''Sankt Dionys'') pertinent. == Historia == Vicus Barum anno [[1290]] primo in actis nomine ''Berne'' descriptum est. Fuit postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Barum ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est et ab anno [[1974]] ad [[Bardenuvicum (commune generale)|Bardenuvicum]] commune generale pertinet. Eodem anno Horburgum et Sanctus Dionysius vici ad Barum adiuncti sunt. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Barum (Landkreis Lüneburg)|Barum}} * [http://www.gemeinde-barum.de/ Pagina communis Bari] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 13]] 02492jxm7fksn3ijyuuty2dxte3k53q 0 193306 3980644 3976402 2026-08-11T21:10:09Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Wmmorris3248.jpg|thumb|Gulielmus Morris.]] {{res|Gulielmus Morris}} (natus [[Waltham Forest (burgus)|Walthamstow]] die [[24 Martii]] [[1834]] et mortuus [[Londinium|Londonii]] die [[3 Octobris]] [[1896]]) fuit [[Aevum Victorianum|Victorianus]] [[artifex]], [[philosophus]], [[scriptor]], [[textum|textorum]] compositor, [[poeta]] et [[activismus|activista]] [[socialismus|socialismi]] [[Britannia|Britannicus]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Morris-British-artist-and-author</ref>. Morris scripsit inter alia poema longum ''The Earthly Paradise'' (''Paradisus terrestris'')<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160911092108/https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/m/morris/william/m87ea/ Vide The Earthly Paradise in lingua Anglica]</ref>. Opus eius motum [[genus florale|bellarum artium]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|motus Artium Technarumque|Artium Technarumque|en|qid=Q330369}} atque officinam editoriam [[Kelmscott Press]] incitavit. Et inspiratus a [[Carolus Marx|Marx]] et [[Fridericus Engels|Engels]], combimaionem [[utopia]]nis et desprivatizationis [[medium productionis|mediorum productionis]] per poemata conatus est. ==Notae== <references/> == Bibliographia == * Eugene D. LeMire, ''A Bibliography of William Morris'', Oak Knoll Press, Novi Castelli Delavariae & British Library, Londonii 2006, ISBN 071234926X. * Fiona MacCarthy, ''William Morris: a life for our time''. Londinii: Faber, 1994. * Nicholas Salmon, Derek Barker, ''The William Morris Chronology''. Bristolii: Thoemmes, 1996. ISBN 1-85506-505-3 == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{communiaCat|William Morris|Gulielmum Morris}} {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Morris, Gulielmus}} [[Categoria:Viri]] [[Categoria:Nati 1834]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1896]] [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de artibus]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Oxoniensis]] [[Categoria:Gulielmus Morris]] [[Categoria:Artifices Britanniae]] i87vh29uvzrbj2822tdmxwlmj7j57sf 0 197757 3980804 3675993 2026-08-12T11:18:13Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3980804 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Hong Kong Reclamation Map.png|thumb|Melioratio [[Hongcongum|Hongcongi]]: [[color]]e [[canus|cano]] constructa. Maior urbanae [[regio]]nes [[Hongcongum|Hongcongensis]] pars est super aggeratione maritima.]]{{videdis|Agger (discretiva)}} '''Aggeratio maritima'''{{FD ref}} (-onis f.) sive '''melioratio'''{{FD ref}} (-onis f.) est artificiose aggere [[mare]] explere, per aggestam terram, crebro etiam [[sordes|sordibus]] et [[harena]], ut terra sive [[agger (opus terrestre)|agger]] [[maris aequor]] superet. Hoc operis genus cum [[polder]]ibus non confundendum est, quae sunt resultatio siccandarum arearum sub [[maris aequor]]e sitarum et earum protegendarum [[Moles (agger)|molibus]] et quarum originalis affectatio plerumque [[agricultura]]lis fuit. Nihilominus, aggeratio maritima sive melioratio sub mari sunt, initiali cum vocatione maritima aut [[industria]]li ([[siderurgia]]e aquaticae). Aggeratio maritima usitata praxis in [[Iaponia]] est, ubi aedificabile spatium limitatum est et ubi [[Iaponice]] 埋立地 nuncupatur. Meliorationes Iaponicae primum contactu cum naturali litore construuntur, aedificantur igitur insulae totae artificiosae, velut insulae artificiosae [[Cobeum|Cobei]] ([[Insula Roccōënsis]], [[Insula Portus (Cobeum)|Insula Portus]] et [[Aëroportus Cobei]]) aut [[Aëroportus Internationalis Cansaiensis]] ([[Iaponice]] 関西国際空港) in sinu [[Osaka|Osakensi]]. Quae [[pons|pontibus]] aliis eiusdem generis insulis aut terrae firmae ligantur. Haec [[ars]] educendae terrae e mari non solum Iaponica est. [[Aëroportus]] partim educti sunt ex aquis, verbi gratia [[Nicaea (Francia)|Nicaeae]] ac [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopoli]], et [[Corea]]ni aut [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum|Serici]] [[portus]], velut [[Sciamhaevum|Sciamhaevi]], secundum has technas crescunt, sed [[Iaponia]] systematicius hac via usa est ad assequenda nova spatia. [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] in [[delta fluminis|delta]] [[Neva]]e nunc multa terra aggerata est: haec sunt partes occidentales [[insula Basilii|insulae Basilii]] et [[insula Crucis|insulae Crucis]], [[insula Alba (Petropolis)|insula Alba]] ante portum Petropolitanum etc. Ultimis{{dubsig}} annis, terrarum artificiosarum usus diversificatus est et novi urbani vici (habitationis, grapheorum, aedificiorum conventuum, vicorum recreationis) has terras e mari emersas occupant. Etiam haec terra emersa ad serendam [[silva]]m directe in agro prodesse posset. ==Notae== <references/> == Bibliographia == * Meyer, W. (2001). [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195108255.001.0001/acref-9780195108255-e-0263 Land Reclamation]. In ''Encyclopedia of Global Change''. Oxford University Press. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Land reclamation|aggerationem maritimam}} [[Categoria:Technologia]] [[Categoria:Architectura]] [[Categoria:Opera terrestria]] {{Myrias|Physica}} ruf5dpkjdaumna46oxy3zw3ghdos1r4 3980805 3980804 2026-08-12T11:22:42Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3980805 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Hong Kong Reclamation Map.png|thumb|Melioratio [[Hongcongum|Hongcongi]]: [[color]]e [[canus|cano]] constructa. Maior urbanae [[regio]]nes [[Hongcongum|Hongcongensis]] pars est super aggeratione maritima.]]{{videdis|Agger (discretiva)}} '''Aggeratio maritima'''{{FD ref}} (-onis f.) sive '''melioratio'''{{FD ref}} (-onis f.) est artificiose aggere [[mare]] explere, per aggestam terram, crebro etiam [[sordes|sordibus]] et [[harena]], ut terra sive [[agger (opus terrestre)|agger]] [[maris aequor]] superet. Hoc operis genus cum [[polder]]ibus non confundendum est, quae sunt resultatio siccandarum arearum sub [[maris aequor]]e sitarum et earum protegendarum [[Moles (agger)|molibus]] et quarum originalis affectatio plerumque [[agricultura]]lis fuit. Nihilominus, aggeratio maritima sive melioratio sub mari sunt, initiali cum vocatione maritima aut [[industria]]li ([[siderurgia]]e aquaticae). Aggeratio maritima usitata praxis in [[Iaponia]] est, ubi aedificabile spatium limitatum est et ubi [[Iaponice]] 埋立地 nuncupatur. Meliorationes Iaponicae primum contactu cum naturali litore construuntur, aedificantur igitur insulae totae artificiosae, velut insulae artificiosae [[Cobeum|Cobei]] ([[Insula Roccōënsis]], [[Insula Portus (Cobeum)|Insula Portus]] et [[Aëroportus Cobei]]) aut [[Aëroportus Internationalis Cansaiensis]] ([[Iaponice]] 関西国際空港) in sinu [[Osaka|Osakensi]]. Quae [[pons|pontibus]] aliis eiusdem generis insulis aut terrae firmae ligantur. Haec [[ars]] educendae terrae e mari non solum Iaponica est. [[Aëroportus]] partim educti sunt ex aquis, verbi gratia [[Nicaea (Francia)|Nicaeae]] ac [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopoli]], et [[Corea]]ni aut [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum|Serici]] [[portus]], velut [[Sciamhaevum|Sciamhaevi]], secundum has technas crescunt, sed [[Iaponia]] systematicius hac via usa est ad assequenda nova spatia. [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] in [[delta fluminis|delta]] [[Neva]]e nunc multa terra aggerata est: haec sunt partes occidentales [[insula Basilii|insulae Basilii]] et [[insula Crucis|insulae Crucis]], [[Insula Decembristarum|insulae Decembristarum]] pars vix non dimidia, [[insula Alba (Petropolis)|insula Alba]] ante portum Petropolitanum etc. Ultimis{{dubsig}} annis, terrarum artificiosarum usus diversificatus est et novi urbani vici (habitationis, grapheorum, aedificiorum conventuum, vicorum recreationis) has terras e mari emersas occupant. Etiam haec terra emersa ad serendam [[silva]]m directe in agro prodesse posset. ==Notae== <references/> == Bibliographia == * Meyer, W. (2001). [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195108255.001.0001/acref-9780195108255-e-0263 Land Reclamation]. In ''Encyclopedia of Global Change''. Oxford University Press. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Land reclamation|aggerationem maritimam}} [[Categoria:Technologia]] [[Categoria:Architectura]] [[Categoria:Opera terrestria]] {{Myrias|Physica}} iuc059i9ri3rl2tkp13s3wg0eumet3y 0 197870 3980699 3980154 2026-08-12T01:15:04Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Barnstedum'''<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702">Bünting, H., & Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi. </ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circuli Luneburgensis]] est. Est pars communis generalis [[Ilmenavia (commune generale)|Ilmenaviae]]. Ad Barnstedum etiam vicus [[Colichagene]]<ref name="Sam">Commune Generale Ilmenavia (Ed.) (1965). ''Orts- und Gewässernamen im Landkreis Lüneburg: Historische Dokumente der Samtgemeinde Ilmenau''. [[Ilmenavia (commune generale)|Communi Generali Ilmenavia]].</ref> (Theodisce ''Kolkhagen'') pertinet. == Historia == Barnstedum pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]] fuit. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Barnstedum ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est et ab anno [[1974]] ad [[Ilmenavia (commune generale)|Ilmenaviam]] commune generale pertinet. Eodem anno [[Colichagene]]<ref name="Sam">Commune Generale Ilmenavia (Ed.) (1965). ''Orts- und Gewässernamen im Landkreis Lüneburg: Historische Dokumente der Samtgemeinde Ilmenau''. [[Ilmenavia (commune generale)|Communi Generali Ilmenavia]].</ref> (Theodisce ''Kolkhagen'') vicus, qui anno 1230 primo in actis descriptus est, cum Barnstedo coniunctus est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Barnstedt|Barnstedum}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819091200/http://www.samtgemeinde-ilmenau.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-2319/4490_read-22321/ Pagina communis generalis Ilmenaviae de Barnstedo scripta] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131019022913/http://mein-kolkhagen.de/Startseite2.htm Pagina de vico Colichageni] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] jt8gkvtrlcf169fi9co80hzx8s3ddlj 0 198072 3980711 3976163 2026-08-12T01:44:22Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Barunvilla'''<ref name="SdaedhdlM 1862">Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle (1862). ''Mémoires de la Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle: Année 1860–1861''. Rousseau-Pallez.</ref> seu '''Barunvillare'''<ref name="SdaedhdlM 1862"/> seu '''Baronisvilla'''<ref>Neff, C. (1896). ''Les bans de la châtellenie de Hombourg et de Saint-Avold: d'après les documents des archives départementales''. Imprimerie Lorraine.</ref> seu '''Barendorfum'''<ref name="Hofmannus">{{Hofmannus}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Barendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borendörp'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circuli Luneburgensis]] est. Est pars communis generalis [[Ostheide (commune generale)|Ostheide]]. == Historia == Barunvilla nomine ''Bardenthorp'' anno [[1158]] primo in actis descriptum est. Postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]] fuit. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Barunvilla ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est et ab anno [[1974]] sedes administrationis [[Ostheide (commune generale)|Ostheide]] communis generalis est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat}} * [http://www.barendorf.info/ Pagina officialis communis Barunvillae] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140822052715/http://www.ostheide.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-1843/3664_read-23054/ Pagina communis generalis Ostheide de Barunvilla scripta] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131015192006/http://www.barendorf.de/chronik.php Pagina de historia Barunvillae] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 12]] 232hcnbc2k76s5wxow47o940nf192fo 0 199365 3980684 3973782 2026-08-11T23:36:01Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Asanthorpium'''<ref name="V">Vogell, A. (Ed.) (1856). ''Urkundenbuch des Bisthums Verden y des Collegiatstifts Bardewick: Chartae, diplomata et monumenta historica saeculi XIII (Documentum anni MCCLII de bonis in Asanthorpo sitis)''. Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> seu '''Asanthorpum'''<ref name="V"/> seu '''Asendorpum Leneburgense'''<ref>Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica: De antiquis pagis, ditionibus, parochiis et limitibus ditionis Leneburgensis ubi de Asendorpo agitur''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'') est [[commune]] [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circuli Harburgensis]]. Ad Asanthorpium commune etiam vici [[Asanthorpium (vicus)|Asanthorpium]]<ref name="V"/> (Theodisce ''Asendorf''), (Theodisce ''Dierkshausen''), [[Drumberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Drumbergen''), [[Heidewinkel]] (Theodisce ''Heidewinkel''), pertinent. Asanthorpium pars communis generalis [[Hanstedt (commune generale)|Hanstedt]] est. == Historia == Asanthorpium circa annum 800 conditum esse videtur. Anno [[1296]] primo in actis desciptum est. Tum pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]] fuit. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Asanthorpium ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris et ab anno [[1972]] pars [[Hanstedt (commune generale)|Hanstedt]] communis generalis est. Eodem anno vici supra dicti ad Asanthorpium adiuncti sunt. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Asendorf (Nordheide)|Asendorf}} * [http://gemeinde-asendorf Pagina officialis Asendorf]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 8]] 27rgoq76c17qlsg2zkrae1vp3x6uem4 3980685 3980684 2026-08-11T23:37:00Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Asanthorpium'''<ref name="V">Vogell, A. (Ed.) (1856). ''Urkundenbuch des Bisthums Verden y des Collegiatstifts Bardewick: Chartae, diplomata et monumenta historica saeculi XIII (Documentum anni MCCLII de bonis in Asanthorpo sitis)''. Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> seu '''Asanthorpum'''<ref name="V"/> seu '''Asendorpum Leneburgense'''<ref>Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica: De antiquis pagis, ditionibus, parochiis et limitibus ditionis Leneburgensis ubi de Asendorpo agitur''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'') est [[commune]] [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circuli Harburgensis]]. Ad Asanthorpium commune etiam vici [[Asanthorpium (vicus)|Asanthorpium]]<ref name="V"/> (Theodisce ''Asendorf''), [[Dierkshusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Dierkshausen''), [[Drumberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Drumbergen''), [[Heidewinkel]] (Theodisce ''Heidewinkel''), pertinent. Asanthorpium pars communis generalis [[Hanstedt (commune generale)|Hanstedt]] est. == Historia == Asanthorpium circa annum 800 conditum esse videtur. Anno [[1296]] primo in actis desciptum est. Tum pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]] fuit. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Asanthorpium ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris et ab anno [[1972]] pars [[Hanstedt (commune generale)|Hanstedt]] communis generalis est. Eodem anno vici supra dicti ad Asanthorpium adiuncti sunt. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Asendorf (Nordheide)|Asendorf}} * [http://gemeinde-asendorf Pagina officialis Asendorf]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 8]] 7hghumeah8fcertmcg5l78fra8ks2m9 3980686 3980685 2026-08-11T23:37:28Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Asanthorpium'''<ref name="V">Vogell, A. (Ed.) (1856). ''Urkundenbuch des Bisthums Verden y des Collegiatstifts Bardewick: Chartae, diplomata et monumenta historica saeculi XIII (Documentum anni MCCLII de bonis in Asanthorpo sitis)''. Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> seu '''Asanthorpum'''<ref name="V"/> seu '''Asendorpum Leneburgense'''<ref>Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica: De antiquis pagis, ditionibus, parochiis et limitibus ditionis Leneburgensis ubi de Asendorpo agitur''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'') est [[commune]] [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circuli Harburgensis]]. Ad Asanthorpium commune etiam vici [[Asanthorpium (vicus)|Asanthorpium]]<ref name="V"/> (Theodisce ''Asendorf''), [[Dierkshusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Dierkshausen''), [[Drumberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Drumbergen'') atque [[Heidewinkel]] (Theodisce ''Heidewinkel''), pertinent. Asanthorpium pars communis generalis [[Hanstedt (commune generale)|Hanstedt]] est. == Historia == Asanthorpium circa annum 800 conditum esse videtur. Anno [[1296]] primo in actis desciptum est. Tum pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]] fuit. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Asanthorpium ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris et ab anno [[1972]] pars [[Hanstedt (commune generale)|Hanstedt]] communis generalis est. Eodem anno vici supra dicti ad Asanthorpium adiuncti sunt. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Asendorf (Nordheide)|Asendorf}} * [http://gemeinde-asendorf Pagina officialis Asendorf]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 8]] fup95z5y8e5imarbn6xe9f0xm7cgpxy 0 199728 3980596 3973730 2026-08-11T19:36:24Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Appelium'''<ref name="Sch">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et pagis ditionis Moysburgensis (Caput de parochia Appelii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> seu '''Appelum'''<ref>Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica: De antiquis pagis, ditionibus, parochiis et rivis territorii Luneburgensis ubi de Appelo agitur''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.</ref> seu '''Appelbachium'''<ref name="L">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.). (1842). Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Urkunden der Erzbischöfe von Bremen, der Stifter und Klöster (Documentum saeculi XIII de bonis ad Appelbeke sitis) (Vol. I, p. 294). Bremen, Deutschland: Johann Georg Heyse.</ref> seu '''Appelbeke'''<ref name="L"/> (Theodisce ''Appel'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circuli Harburgensis]] est. Ad Appelium commune etiam vici [[Appelium (vicus)|Appelium]]<ref name="Sch"/> (Theodisce ''Appel''), [[Eversa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref (Theodisce ''Eversen''), [[Eversa-Heide]]<ref name="-a"/> (Theodisce ''Eversen-Heide''), [[Graua]]<ref name="-a"/> (Theodisce ''Grauen'') atque [[Oldendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Oldendorf'') pertinent. Appelium pars communis generalis [[Hollenstedt (commune generale)|Hollenstedt]] est. == Historia == Appelium pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]] fuit. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Appelium ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris et ab anno [[1972]] pars [[Hollenstedt (commune generale)|Hollenstedt]] communis generalis est. Eodem anno vici supra dicti ad Appelium adiuncti sunt. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat}} * [http://www.gemeinde-appel.de/ Pagina officialis Appelii] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] 57itbqqmq112d55ym4xks99s35en1ta 3980597 3980596 2026-08-11T19:37:01Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Appelium'''<ref name="Sch">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et pagis ditionis Moysburgensis (Caput de parochia Appelii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> seu '''Appelum'''<ref>Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica: De antiquis pagis, ditionibus, parochiis et rivis territorii Luneburgensis ubi de Appelo agitur''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.</ref> seu '''Appelbachium'''<ref name="L">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.). (1842). Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Urkunden der Erzbischöfe von Bremen, der Stifter und Klöster (Documentum saeculi XIII de bonis ad Appelbeke sitis) (Vol. I, p. 294). Bremen, Deutschland: Johann Georg Heyse.</ref> seu '''Appelbeke'''<ref name="L"/> (Theodisce ''Appel'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circuli Harburgensis]] est. Ad Appelium commune etiam vici [[Appelium (vicus)|Appelium]]<ref name="Sch"/> (Theodisce ''Appel''), [[Eversa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Eversen''), [[Eversa-Heide]]<ref name="-a"/> (Theodisce ''Eversen-Heide''), [[Graua]]<ref name="-a"/> (Theodisce ''Grauen'') atque [[Oldendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Oldendorf'') pertinent. Appelium pars communis generalis [[Hollenstedt (commune generale)|Hollenstedt]] est. == Historia == Appelium pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]] fuit. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Appelium ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris et ab anno [[1972]] pars [[Hollenstedt (commune generale)|Hollenstedt]] communis generalis est. Eodem anno vici supra dicti ad Appelium adiuncti sunt. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat}} * [http://www.gemeinde-appel.de/ Pagina officialis Appelii] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] rlb7hb2k79fhdbnssw8vhh7j2cml93c 0 204806 3980620 3980391 2026-08-11T20:46:35Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Gregorius Dexter}} ([[1610]]–[[1700]]) fuit [[impressio|impressor]], [[clericus]] [[Baptistae|Baptista]], unusque ex primis [[Index gubernatorum colonicorum Rhodensis Islandae|praesidibus]] [[oppidum Novae Angliae|oppidorum]] coniuctorum [[Providentia (Rhodensis Insula)|Providentiae]] et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Warwick (Rhodensis Insula)|Warwick|en|qid=Q49195}} in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Colonia Rhodensis Insula et Deductiones Providentiae||en|qid=Q2335224}}. [[Habitatio|Habitabat]] in [[Nova Anglia]] ante [[1638]], cum sors [[ager|agrorum]] [[quinque]] Providentiae ei adsignaretur. [[Negotium]] impressionis [[Londinii]] habuerat, et illud negotium iam faciebat anno [[1643]], cum sua fabrica [[Rogerius Williams|Rogerii Williams]] [[liber|librum]] de [[A Key into the Language of America|Indica regionis lingua]] scriptum [[impressio|imprimeret]]. Ipse [[stationarius]] exercitatus sollertiam laborandi ad prelum [[Bostonia]]e anno [[1646]] dedit, nullam compensationem plus quam {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|almanac||en|qid=Q171341}} annuum petens. Dexter se [[civilitas|publicis coloniae rebus]] anno [[1647]] exercere coepit, cum [[quattuor]] [[colonia]]e oppida se in singulam gubernationem constituerent. Deinde commissionarius factus est ex Providentia per [[decennium 166]] iniens, postquam [[Gulielmus Coddington]] commissionem receperat ad removenda ex gubernatione foederata {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Portsmouth (Rhodensis Insula)|Portsmouth|en|qid=Q1787188}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Portus Novus (Rhodensis Insula)|Portum Novum|en|qid=Q54264}}, [[oppidum|oppida]] [[insula]]na. Dexter munus praesidis oppidorum coniunctorum Providentiae et Warwick per ultimum gubernationis separatae annum sustinuit, quae oppida iterum ab eius successore coniuncta sunt. Dexter fuit [[Baptistae|Baptista]], et post praefecturam se cum [[Prima Ecclesia Baptista in America|ecclesia Baptista Providentiae sita]] iterum consociavit, ubi pastor congregationis anno [[1669]] rite factus est. Habebatur [[pietas|piissimus]], raro ridens, et in [[vita]]e [[societas humana|societate]] semper ad habendam coetui [[oratio]]nem paratus. {{NexInt}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Nathanael Greene||en|qid=Q366113}} ==Bibliographia== *Arnold, Samuel Greene. [[1859]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=iUJg2uqb7LgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=History+of+Rhode+Island+Arnold&source=bl&ots=5xs2gELaCW&sig=oYrVd9SCIjB1ndJeQrPz0-yw33k&hl=en&ei=yPSxTdW_K-Hi0QGM-6WJCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDcQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q&f=false ''History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.''] Novi Eboraci: D. Appleton & Company. Vol. 1. *Austin, John Osborne. [[1887]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=LA7ntaS11ocC&dq=governor+%22samuel+cranston%22+rhode+island&q=abbott%2C+daniel+235#v=onepage&q=abbott%2C%20daniel%20235&f=false ''Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island.''] ISBN 978-0-8063-0006-1. *Bicknell, Thomas Williams. [[1920]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=TF0EAAAAYAAJ&q=Greene&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=5#v=snippet&q=Greene&f=false ''The History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.''] Vol. 3. Novi Eboraci: The American Historical Society. *Cutter, William Richard. [[1914]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=itAUAAAAYAAJ&q=Gregory+Dexter#v=snippet&q=Gregory%20Dexter&f=false ''New England Families, Genealogical and Memorial.''] Vol. 4. Lewis Historical Publishing Company. *Swan, Bradford. [[1949]]. ''Gregory Dexter of London and New England.'' Rochester Novi Eboraci: Leo Hart. ==Nexus externi== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210402010637/http://www.quahog.org/factsfolklore/index.php?id=40 Chronologicus ducum Rhodensis Insulae index,] www.wuahog.org *[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=15705521 Find-a-grave: Gregory Dexter,] www.findagrave.com {{Lifetime|1610|1700|Dexter, Gregorius}} [[Categoria:Clerici]] [[Categoria:Gubernatores Rhodensis Insulae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Rhodensis Insulae]]<!-- [[Category:17th-century Baptist clergy]] [[Category:Baptist ministers from the United States]] [[Category:Baptists from the United States]] [[Category:Kingdom of England emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies]] [[Category:People from Providence, Rhode Island]] [[Category:Rhode Island colonial people]]--> ggfci9j9c06cooyxamvq2h7c5bzc0bd 0 205867 3980509 3591864 2026-08-11T15:48:15Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3980509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Borgosandalmazzo porta di cuneo.jpg|thumb|Burgus Sancti Dalmatii]] '''Burgus Sancti Dalmatii'''<ref>''DIZIONARIO GEOGRAFICO'' - Di GOFFREDO CASALIS, Voll. V.V., Torino 1833-1854</ref><ref>Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini</ref><ref name=":0">{{Graesse}}</ref> seu '''Sanctus Dalmatius de Pedona'''<ref name=":0" /> ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Borgo San Dalmazzo|Borgo San Dalmazzo]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Pedemontium|Pedemontio]] et in [[Provincia Cuneensis|Provincia Cuneensi]] situm. Incolae ''Burgarini'' appellantur. == Insignia == <gallery> Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]'' Fasciculus:Merito civile gold medal BAR.svg|''[[Municipium nomisma aurea civilis virtutis causa tributum]]'' </gallery> === Sententia === Sententia municipalis est: ''DEO DUCE VICTOR ERIS''. == Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio == == Municipia finitima == {{NexInt}} * [[Pedemontium]] (''regio''), * [[Provincia Cuneensis]], * [[Cuneum]] (''urbs''), * [[Municipium Italiae]]. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110309202613/http://www.comune.borgosandalmazzo.cn.it/ Pagina officialis] {{CommuniaCat|Borgo San Dalmazzo|Burgum Sancti Dalmatii}} == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Imago:Maps of the province of Cuneo.gif|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Cuneensi. </gallery> == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Cunei]] [[Categoria:Municipia Italica Linguae Occitanae]] lk4w139hvg8ztognp18g9knvq5xycqn 0 206738 3980768 3593821 2026-08-12T09:12:14Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3980768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Guarene panorama.jpg|thumb|Guarenae]] '''Guarenae'''<ref>''DIZIONARIO GEOGRAFICO'' - Di GOFFREDO CASALIS, Voll. V.V., Torino 1833-1854</ref><ref>Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini</ref> {{victio|Guarenae|arum|f}} ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Guarene|Guarene]]'') sunt [[oppidum|oppida]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipiua]], in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Pedemontium|Pedemontio]] et in [[Provincia Cuneensis|Provincia Cuneensi]] sita. Incolae ''Guarenenses'' appellantur. == Insigne == <gallery> Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]'' </gallery> == Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio == == Municipia finitima == {{NexInt}} * [[Pedemontium]] (''regio''), * [[Provincia Cuneensis]], * [[Cuneum]] (''urbs''), * [[Municipium Italiae]]. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080516085123/http://www.guarene.it/ Pagina officialis] {{CommuniaCat|Guarene|Guarenas}} == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Imago:Maps of the province of Cuneo.gif|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Cuneensi. </gallery> == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Cunei]] [[Categoria:Pagus Rotarianus]] pwa7rrmnoddkxhnoy6gpo78ck9ico8e 0 216135 3980460 3980385 2026-08-11T13:05:23Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980460 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Lower Saxony.svg|thumb|500px|Urbes et communia Saxoniae Inferioris.]] '''Index urbium, oppidorum et communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnia [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur. Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communium et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur. Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent. Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent: * Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent. * Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent. * 61 communium et tria communia generalia (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent. * 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent. === A === {{div col|3}} * [[Abensium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obbens'')</small> * [[Acheimum]]<ref name="Grote III 1877">Grote, H. (1877). ''Münzstudien: Geschichte der älteren Münzen und Urkunden des Bisthums Verden'' (Vol. VIII). Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Achim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Achem'')</small> * [[Achestedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Axstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ax'')</small> * [[Adelebsenum]]<ref name="Funck 1736">Funck, J. N. (1736). ''Disputatio Academica de Voluntaria Morte Judaeorum et Gentilium sub Praesidio S. R. I. Libero Baroni de Adelebsen Dedicata''. Rintelii: Typis Johannis Friderici Enax.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adelebsen'')</small> * [[Adenebutla]]<ref name="Pischke 1998">Pischke, G. (Ed.) (1998). ''Das Lehnsregister der Edelherren von Meinersen: Edition und historische Untersuchung der mittelalterlichen Besitzurkunden'' (Documentum anni MCCXX). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Adenbüttel'')</small> * [[Adenhusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703">Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis: De ecclesiis parochialibus et ditione antiqua oppidi Adenhusii''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahnsen'')</small> * [[Adenthorpium]]<ref name="Höhbaum 1876">Höhbaum, K. (Ed.) (1876). ''Hansisches Urkundenbuch: Monumenta Germaniae Historica e codicibus diplomaticis Bremensibus et Luneburgensibus'' (Vol. I). Halis Saxonum: Typis Orphanotrophei.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Adendörp'')</small> * [[Affinghusia]]<ref name="Rathlef 1766">Rathlef, E. L. (1766). ''Geschichte der Grafschaften Hoya und Diepholz: Monimenta diplomatica et antiquitates ditionis Affinghusiae'' (Vol. I). Bremae: Försterischen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Affinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Affinghusen'' seu ''Affjehusen'')</small> * [[Alrebekesa]]<ref name="Oven 1872">Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck'')</small> * [[Ahusium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ahusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahusen'')</small> * [[Alfelda]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Allefelle'')</small> * [[Alfhusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfhausen'')</small> * [[Algermissenum]]<ref name="Hoogeweg III 1903">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1903). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et privilegia de Algermisseno)'' (Vol. III). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Algermissen'')</small> * [[Almstedium]]<ref name="Hoogeweg II 1901">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1901). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et registra de Almstedio)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Almstedt'')</small> * [[Alorstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1758">Pratje, J. H. (1758). ''Historische Nachrichten von dem ehemaligen berühmten Closter Harsefeld: Monumenta ac documenta saeculi XII ubi de decimis Alorstedii agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlerstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohlers'')</small> * [[Alvstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759">Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfs'' seu ''Alfst'')</small> * [[Amelinghusium]]<ref name="Baring 1746">Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'')</small> * [[Anchemium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ankum'')</small> * [[Andervenia]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Andervenne'')</small> * [[Andorlangia]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Anderlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Annerlingen'')</small> * [[Antiqua Medingha]]<ref name="Homeyer X 2006">Homeyer, J. (Ed.) (2006). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Medingen: Lüneburger Urkundenbuch (Monimenta historica saeculi XIV de parochia Medinghae) (Vol. X)''. Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Altenmedingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohmein'')</small> * [[Apenum]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aap'')</small> * [[Apleremum]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apelern'')</small> * [[Appelium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Appel'')</small> * [[Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis]]<ref name="Mirus 1826">Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz'')</small> * [[Aquae Nendorpenses]]<ref name="Marcard 1805">Marcard, H. M. (1805). ''De salubritate aquarum nendorpensium et de earum usu in morbis chronicis''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich; et: Macard, H. M. (1805). ''De usu salutari fontium salinorum in territorio Hildesiensi sitorum''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Nenndorf'')</small> * [[Aquae Zwischenahnenses]]<ref name="Statisitakamt Nord 2025">Statistikamt Nord (Editio Latina). ''Catalogus Urbium et Communium Germaniae''. Hamburgi, 2025.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Zwischenahn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Twiskenoan'' seu ''Boad Twiskenoan''; [[Saxonice]] ''Twüschenahn'')</small> * [[Aroldishusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'')</small> * [[Artlenburgum]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Artlenburg'')</small> * [[Artlissa]]<ref name="Mader 1664">Mader, J. J. (1664). ''Antiquitates Brunsvicenses: De antiquis parochiis Saxonum et finibus dioecesis Mindensis (Caput de parochia Artlissa)''. Helmestadii: Typis Henningi Mulleri.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aerzen'': quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Ärzen'')</small> * [[Arx Agathae]]<ref name="Kochen 1724">Kochen, J. H. (1724). ''Introductio in Historiam Ducatus Bremensis y Verdensis: Accesserunt diplomata varia et descriptio Arcis Agathae et ditionis Stadiensis''. Stadae: Typis Caspari Holmii.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Agathenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gothenborg'')</small> * [[Arx Draconis]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drakenburg'')</small> * [[Ascalingium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlden'')</small> * [[Asanthorpium]]<ref name="Vogell 1856">Vogell, A. (Ed.) (1856). ''Urkundenbuch des Bisthums Verden y des Collegiatstifts Bardewick: Chartae, diplomata et monumenta historica saeculi XIII...''. Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Harburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Harburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Harburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Harburgum]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Harburgensis-e" refertur-.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')</small> * [[Asenthorpium]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1855). ''Hoyer Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Jänecke Verlag.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Diepholtia|Circulo terrae Diepholtia]]<ref name="Landkreis Diepholz">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Diepholtia" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Diepholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Diepholtia]]", vide {{Hofmannus}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')</small> * [[Assena]]<ref name="Philippi & Bar 1892">Philippi, F., & Bär, M. (Eds.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 772-1200'' (Vol. 1). Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde von Osnabrück.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Essen'')</small> * [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterholz-Scharmbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosterholt-Scharmbeek'')</small> * [[Auricum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auricum]]<ref name="Emmius 1616">Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Aurich''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aurk''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Auerk'')</small> {{div col end}} === B === {{div col|3}} * [[Badberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Badbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Badbern'')</small> * [[Baddekenstedium]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel & Ohainski X 2018">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'')</small> * [[Balga]]<ref name="Udolph 1994">Udolph, J. (1994). ''Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem'' (Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Ergänzungsbände 9). Walter de Gruyter.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balje'')</small> * [[Balga Cortis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Balge'')</small> * [[Baltrumum]]<ref name="Wiarda III 1792">Wiarda, T. D. (1792). ''Ostfriesische Geschichte: Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1648'' (Vol. 3). August Friedrich Winter.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Baltrum'')</small> * [[Bamwida]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bohmte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baumte'')</small> * [[Bardenuvicum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bardowick''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bewick'')</small> * [[Bardorpium]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859">Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrdorf'')</small> * [[Barenburgum]]<ref name="Kolb 1712">Kolb, G. (1712). ''Compendium totius orbis: partim geographicum, partim historicum, partim genealogicum''. Typis Universitatis Carolo-Francisceae</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnborg'')</small> * [[Bargstedum]]<ref name="Mushard 1764">Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bargstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargst'' seu ''Bars'')</small> * [[Barnstedum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702">Bünting, H., & Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'')</small> * [[Barnstorfium]]<ref name="Böhmer 2007">Böhmer, J. F. (2007). ''Regesta Imperii III: Salisches Haus 1024–1125. Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Heinrich IV'' (T. Struve, Ed.). Böhlau Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnstrup'')</small> * [[Barsela]]<ref name="Köbler 2016">Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barßel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bäärsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassel'')</small> * [[Barsingehusa]]<ref name="Harenberg 1753">Harenberg, J. C. (1753). ''Historia ecclesiae Gandershemensis diplomatica''. Typis et Impensis Joannis Christophori Meisneri.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barsinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baschehusen'' seu ''Basche'')</small> * [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]]<ref name="Mindermann I II 2004">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2004). ''Verdener Urkundenbuch, 1. Abteilung, Band 2: 1300–1380''. Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circulo Luneburgensi]]<ref name="Landreis Lüneburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Luneburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landreis Lüneburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Luneburgensis-e" ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boorn'')</small> * [[Barum (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Barum]]<ref name="AdWzG 2010">Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, & U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Uelzen">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Ulsenensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Uelzen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Ulsenensis-e" ad [[Ulsena]]m refertur. Quo de gentilicio, vide lemma "res-publica Ulsenensis" apud {{Google Books|w_tWAAAAcAAJ|vide paginam dedicationis operis}}"; et de topnymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bourm'')</small> * [[Barunvilla]]<ref name="SdaedhdlM 1862">Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle (1862). ''Mémoires de la Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle: Année 1860–1861''. Rousseau-Pallez.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borendörp'')</small> * [[Barverum]]<ref name="Böhmer 1844">Böhmer, J. F. (1844). ''Regesta Chronologico-Diplomatica Regum et Imperatorum Romanorum: Inde a Conrado I. Usque ad Henricum VII''. Typis et Sumtibus J. C. Hermann.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barver'')</small> * [[Barwedelum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barwedel'')</small> * [[Basdalum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Basdahl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Basdaal'' seu ''Basdohl'')</small> * [[Bawinkelum]]<ref name="Moser 1738">Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bawinkel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bowinkel'')</small> * [[Bebenhusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Bebenhusa]]<ref name="Ahlfeldt 2010">Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.) (2010). ''Regnum Francorum Online: Traditio Fuldenses''. Francia-Ahlfeldt Project.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bevensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bämsen'' seu ''Bemsen'')</small> * [[Beckdorfium]]<ref name="AdWzG 2010"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beckdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beekdörp'')</small> * [[Beckedorfium]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beckedorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Biäkedörp'')</small> * [[Beckelnum]]<ref name="Böhmer 1844"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beckeln'')</small> * [[Bedenbostelum]]<ref name="NL 1924">Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel'')</small> * [[Beierstedum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beierstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barste’e'')</small> * [[Belmum]]<ref name="Moser 1738"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Belm'')</small> * [[Belumum]]<ref name="Mushard 1764"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Belum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Belen'')</small> * [[Bema (Saxonia Inferior)|Bema]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Böhme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhm'')</small> * [[Bendestorfium]]<ref name="Bührmann 2005">Bührmann, M. (2005). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen des norddeutschen Raumes''. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. </ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bendestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bendsdörp'')</small> * [[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Berga]]<ref name="Bruzen de La Martinière 1737">Bruzen de La Martinière, A. A. (1737). ''Thesaurus geographicus criticus: in quo omnium orbis terrarum regionum, civitatum, oppidorum, nominibus antiquis, medii aevi et modernis''. Ex Officina Wetsteniana.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Celle">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Cellensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Celle'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Cellensis-e" refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargen'')</small> * [[Berga (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Berga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Osnabrugae|Circulo Osnabrugae]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Osnabrugae" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osnabrück'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum ''LandKreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Osnabruga|Osnabruga-ae]]", vide Pertsch, Erich: ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'', Berolini et Monaci 1983, ISBN 3-468-07202-3, p. 1325.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Berge'')</small> * [[Berga ad Dumnam]]<ref name="Bruzen de La Martinière 1737"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergen an der Dumme''; [[Polabice]] ''Djörska'')</small> * [[Bergenborstelium]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrenborstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bornbössel'' seu ''Boornbössel'')</small> * [[Bergfelda]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergfeld''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bargfeld'')</small> * [[Bersenbrugum]]<ref name="Sandhoff 1785">Sandhoff, J. E. (1785). ''Antistitum Osnabrugensis ecclesiae, qui per decem saecula episcopale munus in ea gesserunt, chronotaxis''. Typis Joannis Georgii Kislingii.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bersenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bessenbrügge'')</small> * [[Berumburgum]]<ref name="Emmius 1616"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'')</small> * [[Bestena]]<ref name="Jellinghaus 1923">Jellinghaus, H. (1923). ''Die westfälischen Ortsnamen nach ihren Bestandteilen''' (III ed.). Ferdinand Schöningh.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beesten'')</small> * [[Betzendorfum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Betzendorfum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bätzendörp'')</small> * [[Bevernense Castrum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'')</small> * [[Beverstedum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beverstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beverst'')</small> * [[Bienenbuttelum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bienenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bienbüddel'')</small> * [[Bilshusa]]<ref name="Wolf 1819">Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'')</small> * [[Binethemum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688">Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim'')</small> * [[Binnenum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Binnen'')</small> * [[Bippenum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bippen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bippen'')</small> * [[Birsina]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bassum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassen'')</small> * [[Bissendorpum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bissendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissendörp'')</small> * [[Blenderum]]<ref name="Brosius 1993">Brosius, D. (1993). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum'' (Vol. 1). Wallstein Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Blender''; [[Saxonice]] ''Blenner'')</small> * [[Bliederstorpum]]<ref name="Trüper 2017">Trüper, H. G. (2017). ''Urkundenbuch der Herren von Zesterfleth: 1232–1657''. Wallstein Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bliedersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bliersdörp'')</small> * [[Bobentunum]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bovenden''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bovten'')</small> * [[Bocensis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bückeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bückeborg'')</small> * [[Bocholta (Circulus Heidensis)|Bocholta]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1859"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Heidensis|Circulo Heidensi]]<ref name="Heidekreis">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Heidensis" -Theodisce ''Heidekreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum gentilicium "Heidensis-e" Theodiscum lexema ''Heide-'' vertit.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')</small> * [[Bocholta (Circulus Theorosburgensis)|Bocholta]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Theorosburgensis|Circulo Theorosburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Schaumburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Theorosburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Schaumburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio "Theorosburgensis-e", quod ad [[Theorosburgum]] refertur, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukholt'')</small> * [[Bocholtum in Ericeto]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>[[urbs]] et commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz in der Nordheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')</small> * [[Bochorna (Circulus Frisicus)|Bochorna]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873">Ehmck, D. R., & von Bippen, W. (Ed.) (1873). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1300''. C. Schünemann.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Frisicus|Circulo Frisico]]<ref name="Landkreis Friesland">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Frisicus" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Friesland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Frisicus-a-um" ad [[Frisia (discretiva)|Frisiam]] refertur. Quod de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bockhorn'')</small> * [[Bochorna (Circulus Vetha)|Bochorna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Vetha|Circulo Vetha]]<ref name="Landkreis Vechta">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Vetha" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Vechta'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo).</ref><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bakum'')</small> * [[Bochorstia]]<ref name="Erhard 1851">Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bockhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukhast'')</small> * [[Bodendicum]]<ref name="Brosius 1985">Brosius, D. (1985). ''Aus der Geschichte der Burg Bodenteich''. Ecomed Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bodenteich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bonndiek'')</small> * [[Bodenfelda]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenfelde'')</small> * [[Bodensa]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph">Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodensee'')</small> * [[Bodonis Insula]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'')</small> * [[Boffeshusium]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'')</small> * [[Boitersena]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2001). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden: Band 1''. Von den Anfängen bis 1300. [[Stadae|Stadis]]: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bötersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boitzen'')</small> * [[Boitzia]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Boitze''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhtz'')</small> * [[Bokenstorpium]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bokensdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokensdörp'')</small> * [[Bokenum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bockenem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokeln'')</small> * [[Borchwega]]<ref name="Rüther 1905">Rüther, H. (Ed.) (1905). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Neuenwalde''. Halle’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burweg'')</small> * [[Borkna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Borkum''; [[lingua Frisica|Frisice]] ''Boarkum''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Börkum'')</small> * [[Borna Castra]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berne'')</small> * [[Borsla]]<ref name="Niemeyer 2012">Niemeyer, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bösel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Böäsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bäsel'')</small> * [[Borstla]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1842">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1842). ''Diepholzer Urkundenbuch: Authentische Urkunden zur Geschichte der Grafschaft Diepholz''. [[Hannovera]]e: Hahn'schen Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Borstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bössel'')</small> * [[Botela]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bothel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bootel'')</small> * [[Brachia (Germania)|Brachia]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Brake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braak'' seu ''Broak'')</small> * [[Braclina]]<ref name="Rübel 1881">Rübel, K. (Ed.) (1881). ''Dortmunder Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1340''. [[Isarlohia]]e: J. Baedeker.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brackel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braackel'')</small> * [[Bramascus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bramsche'')</small> * [[Breddenberga]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898">Wilmans, R., & Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Breddenberg'')</small> * [[Bredenforda]]<ref name="Hoogeweg 1898">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde'')</small> * [[Bredthorpium]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Breddorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Breddörp'')</small> * [[Brestum (Saxonia Inferior)|Brestum]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brest'')</small> * [[Brincama]]<ref name="Friedländer 1878">Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. (Jahre 787–1470)''. [[Emda]]e: Haynel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brinkum'')</small> * [[Britlinga]]<ref name="Udolph 2004">Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brietlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brietl'')</small> * [[Brochema]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brockum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Broubm'' seu ''Brookm'')</small> * [[Brocleda]]<ref name="Janicke 1896">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1''. [[Lipsia]]e: S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bröckel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bräukel'')</small> * [[Broclina]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brockel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brookel'')</small> * [[Broma]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski 2014">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (Ed.). (2014). ''Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch: Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Gifhorn''. [[Bilivelda]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brome''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brom'')</small> * [[Brochusium-Vilsena]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855"/><ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bruchhausen-Vilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brooksen-Vilsen'')</small> * [[Brunsvicum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Braunschweig''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brunswiek''; [[lingua Saxonica|Brunsvicice]] dialectaliter ''Bronswiek'' seu ''Brönswiek'')</small> * [[Bukina]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bücken''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bücken'')</small> * [[Bulcova]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bülkau'')</small> * [[Bulsteda]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bülstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büls'')</small> * [[Brunla]]<ref name="Bode 1893">Bode, G. (Ed.) (1893). ''Urkundenbuch der Stadt Goslar und der in und bei Goslar belegenen geistlichen Stiftungen: Band 1 (922 bis 1250)''.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Braunlage'')</small> * [[Bunda]]<ref name="Deiter">Deiter, H. (1881). Oldeborchs, Pastoris zu Bunda in Reiderland, kleine ostfriesische Chronicke, betreffend die Jahre 1558 bis 1605. ''Jahrbuch de Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst und vaterländische Altertümer zu Emden''.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bunde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bunn'')</small> * [[Burchardivillare]]<ref name="Janicke 1892">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1892). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1. Bis zum Jahre 1221''. S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|Circulo Guelpherbytensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Wolfenbüttel">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Guelpherbytensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Wolfenbüttel'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Guelpherbytensis-e" ad [[Guelpherbytum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://vd18.gbv.de/viewer/fullscreen/006049869/1/ ''vd18.gbv.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Pro eo ac debuisti, urbs aerumnosa, infelix ac misera Guelpherbytum (...)"; et quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/MBRY52X6EUWPQOQRFBKHVLYBSUG4M6LS ''Carmina Votiva Honori Clarißimi atq[ue] Experientißimi Viri Dn. Samuelis Stockhausen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Practici Guelpherbytensis (...)".</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'')</small> * [[Burgdorfium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(in [[Hannovera (regio)|Regione Hannovera]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'' seu ''Bortörp'')</small> * [[Burgium (Saxonia Inferior)|Burgium]]<ref name="Remling VII 2026">Remling, L. (2026). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Emsland''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Börger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borger'')</small> * [[Buria (Saxonia Inferior)|Buria]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bühren'')</small> * [[Bursina (Saxonia Inferior)|Bursina]]<ref name="Casemir 2003">Casemir, K. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil III)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Börßum'')</small> * [[Butiadinga]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen II 1876">Ehmck, D. R., & Bippen, W. von. (Ed.) (1876). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 2. 1301–1350''. D. Ed. Müller.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Butjadingen'')</small> * [[Buxtehuda]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1842">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1842). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buxtehude''; [[Saxonice]] ''Buxthu'')</small> * [[Byspinga]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1859">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1859). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Fünfte Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bispingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissen'')</small> {{div col end}} === C === {{div col|3}} * [[Campus Rufus]]<ref name="Stüve 1789"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Rothenfelde'')</small> * [[Capella (Saxonia Inferior)|Capella]]<ref name="Philippi II 1894">Philippi, F. (Ed.) (1894). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Band 2. Die Urkunden der Jahre 1201–1250''. H. Th. Wenner.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cappeln'')</small> * [[Castrovallium]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgwedel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borwee'' seu ''Boorwee'')</small> * [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Celle'')</small> * [[Clenza]]<ref name="Janicke II 1896">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 2. Von 1221 bis 1260''. S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clenze''; [[Polabice]] ''Kloncka'')</small> * [[Cloppenburgum]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Cloppenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cloppenborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kloppenbuurich'')</small> * [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]<ref name="Erhard 1851">Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'') * [[Cramma]]<ref name="Casemir 2003"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cramme'')</small> * [[Cuxhavia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuxhoben'')</small> {{div col end}} === D === {{div col|3}} * [[Dalemia]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlem'')</small> * [[Dalenburgum]]<ref name="Rzihacek & Spreitzer XI 2024">Rzihacek, A., & Spreitzer, F. (Ed.) (2024). ''Die Urkunden Otto IV (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus XI). Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlenborg'')</small> * [[Dalum]]<ref name="Janicke II 1896"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Tahln'')</small> * [[Damma (Saxonia Inferior)|Damma]]<ref name="Philippi II 1894"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Damme'')</small> * [[Damnatzium]]<ref name="Garzmann LXXVI 2004">Garzmann, M. R. W. (Ed.) (2004). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte: Neue Folge der Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen (Band 76)''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Damnatz'')</small> * [[Danneberga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dannenberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dannenbarg''; [[Polabice]] ''Wajdars'')</small> * [[Danthorpum]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel % Udolph VII 2011">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Udolph, J. (2011). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII''). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Danndorf'')</small> * [[Dassela]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dassel'')</small> * [[Dedenhusa]]<ref name="-husaDeensen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'')</small> * [[Deinste]]<ref name="Vanni & Rossi 2012">Vanni, D., & Rossi, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Index Nominum Geographicorum Locorumque Mundi Latine Redditus''. Societas Latina.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deinste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deinst'')</small> * [[Deinstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deinstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deins'')</small> * [[Delmenhorstium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Delmenhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Demost'')</small> * [[Dengdia]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Denkte'')</small> * [[Derental]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Derental'')</small> * [[Dersum]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dersum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Derßm'')</small> * [[Dettum]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dettum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Detten'')</small> * [[Dicla]]<ref name="Mooyer 1855">Mooyer, E. F. (Ed.) (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des vormaligen Stiftes Minden''. J. C. C. Bruns.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dickel'')</small> * [[Didderse]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Didderse'' et [[Saxonice]] ''Deesse'')</small> * [[Diekholza]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diekholzen'')</small> * [[Dielmissa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dielmissen'')</small> * [[Diepenavia]]<ref name="-avia">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-avia-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diepenau'')</small> * [[Diepholtia]]<ref name="Hofmannus">{{Hofmannus}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deefholt'')</small> * [[Dinklage]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dinklage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dinklaoge'')</small> * [[Disaldishusa]]<ref name="-husaDelligsen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Disaldishusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Reuter, A. (Ed.) (1950). ''1100 Jahre Delligsen: Geschichte der Hilsmulde und des Ortes Delligsen''. Verlag der Gemeinde Delligsen. </ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Delligsen'')</small> * [[Disna (Saxonia Inferior)|Disna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dissen am Teutoburger Wald'')</small> * [[Dohra (Terra Emesensis)|Dohra]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Terrae Emesensis|Terra Emesensi]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Terrae Altenburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Emsland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum "terra-ae" Theodiscum lexema ''-land'' vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Emesensis-e" ad flumen [[Amisia|Emesam]] refertur. De hoc hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dohren '')</small> * [[Dohra (Circulus Harburgensis)|Dohra]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Harburg"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dohren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Duhrn'')</small> * [[Dolnere]]<ref name="Dolnere">Vide [https://adw-goe.de/fileadmin/forschungsprojekte/ortsnamen_rhein_elbe/dokumente/Publikationen_Udolph_PDF/2001-2005/315._Udolph_Anmerkungen_zum_Ortsnamen_Dollern.pdf ''Anmerkugen zum Ortsnamen Dollern''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1105 (Fälschung Mitte 12. Jh.) ''Dolnere'' (...) 1209 ''Johannes de dolnere'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dollern'')</small> * [[Doristacus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dorstadt'')</small> * [[Dornum]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dornum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dornm'')</small> * [[Dorverda]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dörverden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dörbern'' seu ''Dörb'' seu ''Dörveern'')</small> * [[Dotlinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dötlingen'')</small> * [[Drage (Albis)|Drage]]<ref name="Drage">'''Drage-es'''; declinatio regularis generis Graeci vel Latini in prima declinatione, aut ut nomen substantivum regulare primae declinationis in geographicis rationibus modernis tractatum. Quo de toponymo, vide: Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Draag'')</small> * [[Drentwede]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1842">von Hodenberg, W. (1842). ''Diepholzer Urkundenbuch''. [[Hannovera]]e.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drentwede'')</small> * [[Drestadium]]<ref name="-stadt"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drestedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dreest'')</small> * [[Drochtersa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drochtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drochters'')</small> * [[Dudanebutli]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1841">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1841). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch (Band 1)''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Düdenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düünbeudel'')</small> * [[Duderstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Duderstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dustadt'')</small> * [[Dünsen]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Dunum]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Duthungun]]<ref name="Udolph 2004"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Duingen''; [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Daujen'')</small> {{div col end}} === E === {{div col|3}} * [[Ebbestorpium]]<ref name="Jaitner 1985">Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ebstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ebstörp'')</small> * [[Ebergötzen]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Eberholzen]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]<ref name="Ebersdorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf' in Latinam "Ebersdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ebersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eversdörp'')</small> * [[Echem]] * [[Edemissen]] * [[Edewecht]] * [[Egestorf]] * [[Eggermühlen]] * [[Ehra-Lessien]] * [[Ehrenburg (Niedersachsen)|Ehrenburg]] * [[Eickeloh]] * [[Eicklingen]] * [[Eildissum]]<ref name="Stumpf-Brentano II 1865">Stumpf-Brentano, K. F. (Ed.) (1865). ''Die Reichskanzler vornehmlich des X., XI. und XII. Jahrhunderts: Acta Imperii Selecta'' (Vol. 2). [[Aeni Pons (Austria)|Aeni Ponte]]: Wagner'schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Eilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlsen'')</small> * [[Eime]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Eimen]] * [[Eimke]] * [[Einbeck]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Elbe (Niedersachsen)|Elbe]] * [[Elbingerode (bei Herzberg am Harz)|Elbingerode]] * [[Eldingen]] * [[Elmlohe]] * [[Elsdorf (Niedersachsen)|Elsdorf]] * [[Elsfleth]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Elze]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Embsen]] * [[Emda]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Emlichheim]] * [[Emmendorf]] * [[Emmerthal]] * [[Emsbüren]] * [[Emstek]] * [[Emtinghausen]] * [[Engden]] * [[Engelschoff]] * [[Erkerode]] * [[Ermelstorpium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Armstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Armsdörp'')</small> * [[Esche]] * [[Eschede]] * [[Eschershausen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Esens]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Essel]] * [[Essen (Oldenburgum)]] * [[Esterwegen]] * [[Estorf (Landkreis Stade)|Estorf]] <small>(Lkr.Stade)</small> * [[Estorf (Weser)|Estorf]] <small>(Weser)</small> * [[Everinga]]<ref name="-ingaEvern">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum mediaevali formae huius toponymi ''Everinge'' testatae applicatur. Quo de mediaevali toponymo, vide: Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (1998). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil I)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsch Evern''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düütsch Äwern'')</small> * [[Everode]] * [[Eversmeer]] * [[Evessen]] * [[Eydelstedt]] * [[Eyendorf]] * [[Eystrup]] {{div col end}} === F === {{div col|3}} * [[Fallingbostela]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bad Fallingbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Fambossel'')</small> * [[Fardium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Veern'')</small> * [[Farven]] * [[Faßberg]] * [[Filsum]] * [[Fintel]] * [[Firrel]] * [[Flögeln]] * [[Florimontium (circulus Widmundensis)|Florimontium]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Blomberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bloombarg'' seu ''Blombarg'')</small> * [[Flöthe]] * [[Frankenfeld]] * [[Freden]] * [[Fredenbeck]] * [[Freiburg/Elbe]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Freistatt]] * [[Frellstedt]] * [[Freren]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Fresenburg]] * [[Friedeburg]] * [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedland]] * [[Friesoythe]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Fürstenau]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Furstenberga]] {{div col end}} === G === {{div col|3}} * [[Ganderkesee]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Gandershemium]]<ref>[http://books.google.fi/books?id=6kwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=Gandershemium&source=bl&ots=_NMr2DmhUK&sig=CXPUuuKZ8W03AC7uB3YlYYNscJ4&hl=fi&sa=X&ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Gandershemium&f=false R. p. Hertenberger: ''Historia pragmatica universalis, sacra et profana''], p.27; [http://books.google.fi/books?id=yScyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=Gandershemium&source=bl&ots=ZoGX4tZRRD&sig=8fUZc6grFgYD0jN-twVcDyzarYI&hl=fi&sa=X&ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Gandershemium&f=false ''Acta Sanctorum, Junii'' (1698-1717), cit. in ''A Companion to Hrotsvit of Gandersheim (fl. 960)''], p. 58 n.103.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Gandersheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ganderssen'')</small> * [[Gandesbergen]] * [[Garbsen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Garlstorf]] * [[Garrel]] * [[Garstedt]] * [[Gartow]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Geeste]] * [[Geestland]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Gehrde]] * [[Gehrden]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Georgsdorf]] * [[Georgsmarienhütte]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Gerdau]] * [[Gersten]] * [[Getelo]] * [[Gevensleben]] * [[Gevera]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jever'')</small> * [[Geversdorf]] * [[Gieboldehausen]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Giesen]] * [[Gifhorna]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Gifhorn'')</small> * [[Gilten]] * [[Glandorf]] * [[Gleichen]] * [[Gnarrenburg]] * [[Gödenstorf]] * [[Göhrde]] * [[Goldenstedt]] * [[Gölenkamp]] * [[Golmbach]] * [[Gorleben]] * [[Goslaria]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Goslar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Goslär'')</small> * [[Gottinga]]<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=kkM-AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=gottingensis&lr=&cd=14#v=onepage&q=&f=false Libri Googles].</ref> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Göttingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chöttingen'')</small> * [[Grafhorst]] * [[Grasberg]] * [[Grasleben]] * [[Grethem]] * [[Gronau]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Groß Berßen]] * [[Großefehn]] * [[Großenkneten]] * [[Großenwörden]] * [[Großheide]] * [[Groß Ippener]] * [[Groß Meckelsen]] * [[Groß Oesingen]] * [[Groß Twülpstedt]] * [[Grundensis Civitas Metallica]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Grund'')</small> * [[Grünendeich]] * [[Guderhandviertel]] * [[Guelpherbytum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')</small> * [[Gusborn]] * [[Gyhum]] {{div col end}} === H === {{div col|3}} * [[Hademstorf]] * [[Haga Schauenburgi]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stadthagen'')</small> * [[Hage]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Hagen am Teutoburger Wald]] * [[Hagen im Bremischen]] * [[Hagenburg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Hagermarsch]] * [[Hahausen]] * [[Halbemond]] * [[Halle (comitatus Binethensis)|Halle]] <small>(b.Neuenhaus)</small> * [[Halle (Holtisminni)|Halle]] <small>(Montes Visurgis)</small> * [[Halvesbostel]] * [[Hamala]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hameln'')</small> * [[Hambergen]] * [[Hambühren]] * [[Hämelhausen]] * [[Hamersen]] * [[Hammah]] * [[Handeloh]] * [[Handorf]] * [[Handrup]] * [[Hankensbüttel]] * [[Hannovera]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hannover''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannober'')</small> * [[Hann. Münden]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Hanstedt (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Hanstedt]] <small>(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Uelzen"/>)</small> * [[Hanstedt (Nordheide)|Hanstedt]] <small>(Nordheide)</small> * [[Harbarnsen]] * [[Hardegsen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Haren (Amisia)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Harmstorf]] * [[Harpstedt]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Harsefeld]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Harsum]] * [[Hartsburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Harzburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harzeborg'')</small> * [[Hasbergen]] * [[Haselünne]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Haßbergen]] * [[Hassel (Weser)]] * [[Hassendorf]] * [[Haste]] * [[Hatten]] * [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]] * [[Häuslingen]] * [[Haverlah]] * [[Hechthausen]] * [[Hedeper]] * [[Heede (Emsland)|Heede]] * [[Heemsen]] * [[Heere]] * [[Heeslingen]] * [[Heeßen]] * [[Hehlen]] * [[Heidenau (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenau]] * [[Heinade]] * [[Heinbockel]] * [[Heiningen (Niedersachsen)|Heiningen]] * [[Heinsen]] * [[Hellwege]] * [[Helmstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Helmstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmstidde'')</small> * [[Helpsen]] * [[Helvesiek]] * [[Hemmingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Hemmoor]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Hemsbünde]] * [[Hemslingen]] * [[Hemsloh]] * [[Hepstedt]] * [[Herzberg am Harz]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Herzlake]] * [[Hesel]] * [[Hespe]] * [[Hessisch Oldendorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Heuerßen]] * [[Heyen]] * [[Hildesia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hildesheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hilmessen'' seu ''Hilmssen'')</small> * [[Hilgermissen]] * [[Hilkenbrook]] * [[Hillerse]] * [[Hilter am Teutoburger Wald]] * [[Himbergen]] * [[Himmelpforten]] * [[Hinte]] * [[Hipstedt]] * [[Hittbergen]] * [[Hitzacker]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Hodenhagen]] * [[Höhbeck]] * [[Hohenhameln]] * [[Hohne]] * [[Hohnhorst]] * [[Hohnstorf (Albis)]] * [[Holdorf (Niedersachsen)|Holdorf]] * [[Holenberg]] * [[Holle]] * [[Hollenstedt]] * [[Hollern-Twielenfleth]] * [[Hollnseth]] * [[Holste]] * [[Holtgast]] * [[Holtisminni]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Holtsminne'')</small> * [[Holtland]] * [[Holzen (bei Eschershausen)|Holzen]] * [[Hoogstede]] * [[Hörden ad Harthicos montes]] * [[Horneburg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Horstedt (Niedersachsen)|Horstedt]] * [[Hoya]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Hoyerhagen]] * [[Hoyershausen]] * [[Hude (Oldenburg)]] * [[Hüde]] * [[Hülsede]] * [[Husum (bei Nienburg)|Husum]] * [[Hüven]] {{div col end}} === I === {{div col|3}} * [[Iburgum]]<ref name="Von Schaten 1714">Von Schaten, N. (1714). ''Monumenta Osnabrugensia ex historia romana, francica, saxonicaque eruta''. Typis Jodoci Henrici Meyer.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Iburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Ibig'' seu ''Ibig'')</small> * [[Ihlienworth]] * [[Ihlow (Frisia Orientalis)|Ihlow]] * [[Ilsede]] * [[Ingeleben]] * [[Isenbüttel]] * [[Isernhagen]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Isterberg]] * [[Itterbeck]] {{div col end}} === J === {{div col|3}} * [[Jade (Saxonia Inferior)|Jade]] * [[Jameln]] * [[Jelmstorf]] * [[Jembke]] * [[Jemgum]] * [[Jerxheim]] * [[Jesteburg]] * [[Jork]] * [[Jühnde]] * [[Juist]] {{div col end}} === K === {{div col|3}} * [[Kakenstorf]] * [[Kalbe (Niedersachsen)|Kalbe]] * [[Kalefeld]] * [[Karwitz]] * [[Katlenburg-Lindau]] * [[Kettenkamp]] * [[Kirchbrak]] * [[Kirchdorf (bei Sulingen)|Kirchdorf]] * [[Kirchgellersen]] * [[Kirchlinteln]] * [[Kirchseelte]] * [[Kirchtimke]] * [[Kirchwalsede]] * [[Kissenbrück]] * [[Klein Berßen]] * [[Klein Meckelsen]] * [[Kluse (Emsland)|Kluse]] * [[Kneitlingen]] * [[Köhlen]] * [[Königsmoor]] * [[Kranenburg (Oste)|Kranenburg]] * [[Krebeck]] * [[Krummendeich]] * [[Krummhörn]] * [[Kührstedt]] * [[Küsten]] * [[Kutenholz]] {{div col end}} === L === {{div col|3}} * [[Laar]] * [[Laatzen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Lachendorf]] * [[Laerium]]<ref name="Stüve 1789">Stüve, J. E. (1789). ''Beschreibung des Fürstenthums Osnabrück mit einigen Urkunden''. Kißling.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Laer'')</small> * [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]] * [[Lähden]] * [[Lahn (Hümmling)|Lahn]] * ''[[Lamspringe]]'' * [[Lamstedt]] * [[Landesbergen]] * [[Landolfshausen]] * [[Landwehr (Gemeinde)|Landwehr]] * [[Langelsheim]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * '''[[Langen (bei Bremerhaven)|Langen]]''' <small>(b.Bremerhaven)</small> * [[Langen (Emsland)|Langen]] <small>(Emsland)</small> * [[Langendorf (Elbe)|Langendorf]] * [[Langenhagen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Langeoog]] * [[Langlingen]] * [[Langwedel (Weser)|Langwedel]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lastrup]] * [[Lathen]] * [[Lauenau]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lauenbrück]] * [[Lauenförde]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lauenhagen]] * [[Leese]] * [[Leezdorf]] * [[Lehe (Emsland)|Lehe]] * [[Lehre (Niedersachsen)|Lehre]] * [[Lehrte]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Leiferde]] * [[Lembruch]] * [[Lemförde]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lemgow]] * [[Lemwerdera]]<ref name="Rüthning 1926">Rüthning, G. (Ed.) (1926). ''Oldenburger Urkundenbuch''. Gerhard Stalling.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lemwerder'')</small> * [[Lengede]] * [[Lengenbostel]] * [[Lengerich (Emsland)|Lengerich]] * [[Lenne (Niedersachsen)|Lenne]] * [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)|Leopolis]]<ref name="Ebel 1960">Ebel, W. (1960). ''Lübisches Recht: Erster Band''. Hansischer Geschichtsverein.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bleckede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bleikd'')</small> * [[Leri]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')</small> * [[Liebenau (Niedersachsen)|Liebenau]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Liebenburg]] * [[Lilienthal]] * [[Lindern (Oldenburg)]] * [[Lindhorst]] * [[Lindwedel]] * [[Lingen (Ems)]] <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Linsburg]] * [[Lintig]] * [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703">Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Westerstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Westerstäe'')</small> * [[Lohne (Oldenburg)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Löningen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Lorup]] * [[Loxstedt]] * [[Lübberstedt]] * [[Lübbow]] * [[Luchovia]]<ref name="Luchovia">Vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur "(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüchow''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauchüw'')</small> * [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]] * [[Lüder (Lüneburger Heide)|Lüder]] * [[Lüdersburg]] * [[Lüdersfeld]] * [[Lüerdissen]] * [[Luhden]] * [[Luneburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lümborg'' seu ''Lünborg''; [[Lingua Saxonica antiqua|Palaeosaxonice]] ''Hliuni'')</small> * [[Lünne]] * [[Lütetsburg]] * ''[[Lutter am Barenberge]]'' * [[Luttera Regalis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')</small> {{div col end}} === M === {{div col|3}} * [[Maasen]] * [[Marienhafe]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Marienhagen]] * [[Mariental (Niedersachsen)|Mariental]] * [[Marklohe]] * [[Marl (Dümmer)|Marl]] * [[Marschacht]] * [[Martfeld]] * [[Marxen]] * [[Mechtersen]] * [[Meerbeck]] * [[Meine]] * [[Meinersen]] * [[Melbeck]] * [[Melle]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Mellinghausen]] * [[Menslage]] * [[Meppea]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meppen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Möppen'')</small> * [[Merzen]] * [[Messenkamp]] * [[Messingen]] * [[Midlum (Land Wursten)|Midlum]] * [[Misselwarden]] * [[Mittelnkirchen]] * [[Mittelstenahe]] * [[Moisburg]] * [[Molbergen]] * [[Mons Catonis (Saxonia Inferior)|Mons Catonis]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Cadenberge''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuddeldutt'' seu ''Kumbarg'')</small> * [[Moormerland]] * [[Moorweg]] * [[Moringen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Müden (Alara)]] * [[Mulsum (Land Wursten)|Mulsum]] * [[Mundia Hannoverana]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Munimeri]]<ref name="Dronke 1844">Dronke, E. F. J. (Ed.) (1844). ''Traditiones et Antiquitates Fuldenses: Chartae et registra historica saeculi IX''. Fuldense: Typis Müllerianis.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Münder am Deister''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Münner'')</small> * [[Munster (Örtze)|Munster]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === N === {{div col|3}} * [[Nahrendorf]] * [[Natendorf]] * [[Neetze]] * [[Negenborn]] * [[Nenndorf (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorf]] * [[Neubörger]] * [[Neu Darchau]] * [[Neuenhaus]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Altes Land)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Altes Land)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (bei Bassum)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(b.Bassum)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Land Hadeln)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Land Hadeln)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Landkreis Osnabrück)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Lkr.Osnabrück)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Lüneburger Heide)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Lüneb.Heide)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen-Vörden]] * [[Neuharlingersiel]] * [[Neuhaus (Oste)]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Neuhof (Landkreis Hildesheim)|Neuhof]] * [[Neukamperfehn]] * [[Neulehe]] * [[Neuschoo]] * [[Neustadt am Rübenberge]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Neu Wulmstorf]] * [[Niederlangen]] * [[Niedernwöhren]] * [[Niemetal]] * [[Nienhagen (Landkreis Celle)|Nienhagen]] * [[Nienstädt]] * [[Norden]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Nordenham]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Norderney]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Nordholz]] * [[Nordleda]] * [[Nordsehl]] * [[Nordstemmen]] * [[Nörten-Hardenberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Northemium]]<ref name="Nothemium">Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur "(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Northeim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nuurten'')</small> * [[Northorna]]<ref name="Egli 1893">Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')</small> * [[Nortmoor]] * [[Nortrup]] * [[Nottensdorf]] * [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Urbs]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nienburg/Weser''; [[Saxonice]] ''Näinborg'' seu ''Nienborg'' seu ''Neenborg'' seu ''Negenborg'')</small> * [[Novale Frigidum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Colnrade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kollenroad'')</small> {{div col end}} === O === {{div col|3}} * [[Oberlangen]] * [[Oberndorf (Oste)|Oberndorf]] * [[Obernfeld]] * [[Obernholz]] * [[Obernkirchen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Ochtersum]] * [[Odisheim]] * [[Oederquart]] * [[Oerel]] * [[Oetzen]] * [[Ohne]] * [[Ohrum]] * [[Oldenburgum]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Oldendorf (Landkreis Stade)|Oldendorf]] <small>(Lkr.Stade)</small> * [[Oldendorf (Luhe)]] * [[Osloß]] * [[Osnabruga]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Osnabrück''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ossenbrääch''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Lingua Saxonica|Westfalice]] ''Ossenbrügge'')</small> * [[Osteel]] * [[Osten (Oste)|Osten]] * [[Osterbruch]] * [[Ostercappeln]] * [[Ostereistedt]] * [[Osterode am Harz]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Osterwald]] * [[Ostrhauderfehn]] * [[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Otter]] * [[Otterndorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Ottersberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Ovelgönne]] * [[Ovenhagium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Auhagen'')</small> * [[Oyten]] {{div col end}} === P === {{div col|3}} * [[Padingbüttel]] * [[Papenburg]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Parsau]] * [[Pattensen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Pegestorf]] * [[Pennigsehl]] * [[Petrimons]]<ref name="Perizonius 1758">Perizonius, J. (1758). ''Compendium historiarum antiquissimarum, civilium et ecclesiasticarum, usque ad seculum decimum octavum: Cum appendice de ducatu Westphaliae et comitatu Petrimontano''. Ex officina Wetsteniana.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Pyrmont''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Puurmont'')</small> * [[Pohle]] * [[Pollhagen]] * [[Pons Cobbanus]]<ref name="Leuckfeld 1714">Leuckfeld, J. G. (1714). ''Antiquitates Blankenburgenses, oder Historische Beschreibung derer vormals berühmten Grafen von Blankenburg, nebst dazugehörigen diplomatibus und Chartis''. Gottfried Freytag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Coppenbrügge'')</small> * [[Poynum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Peine''; [[Saxonice]] ''Paane''; [[Lingua Theodisca alta recens|Protoneoaltotheodisce]] ''Peina'')</small> * [[Praefectura Neohusana]]<ref name="Grupen II 1742">Grupen, C. U. (1742). ''Disceptationes Forenses cum Observationibus Juris: De originibus et iurisdictione praefecturarum ditionis Brunsvicensis (Caput de Praefectura Neohusana)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae: Förster.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Amt Neuhaus'')</small> * [[Pratum Vitulorum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calberlah'')</small> * [[Prezelle]] * [[Prinzhöfte]] {{div col end}} === Q === {{div col|3}} * [[Quakenbrück]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Quendorf]] * [[Querenhorst]] * [[Quernheim]] {{div col end}} === R === {{div col|3}} * [[Räbke]] * [[Radbruch]] * [[Raddestorf]] * [[Rastdorf]] * [[Rastede]] * [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]] * [[Rechtsupweg]] * [[Reeßum]] * [[Regesbostel]] * [[Rehburg-Loccum]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rehden]] * [[Rehlingen]] * [[Reinstorf]] * [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]] * [[Renkenberge]] * [[Rennau]] * [[Reppenstedt]] * [[Rethem (Aller)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rhade]] * [[Rhauderfehn]] * [[Rhede (Ems)]] * [[Rheden (Niedersachsen)|Rheden]] * [[Rhumspringe]] * [[Ribbesbüttel]] * [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]] * [[Rieste]] * [[Ringe]] * [[Ringstedt]] * [[Rinteln]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Ritterhude]] * [[Rodenberg]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rodewald]] * [[Rohrsen]] * [[Roklum]] * [[Rollshausen]] * [[Römstedt]] * [[Ronnenberg]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Rosche]] * [[Rosdorf]] * [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]] * [[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]<ref name="Rotenburgum ad Wemmam">De Latino toponymico syntagmate "[[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]" -ad quod Latinum gentilicium "Rotenburgensis-e" refertur-, vide homonymas urbes apud {{Graesse}} et {{Hofmannus}}. De hydronymo "[[Wemma]]", etiam vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rotenburg''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Rotenburg an der Wümme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rodenborg'')</small> * [[Rötgesbüttel]] * [[Rüdershausen]] * [[Rühen]] * [[Rullstorf]] {{div col end}} === S === {{div col|3}} * [[Sachsenhagen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Sagterlandia]]<ref name="BOV 2013">Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')</small> * [[Salis Cancellum]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Salzgitter''; [[Saxonice]] ''Soltgitter'')</small> * [[Salzbergen]] * [[Salzdetfordium]]<ref name="Marcard 1805"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Salzdetfurth'')</small> * [[Salzhausen]] * [[Salzhemmendorf]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Samern]] * [[Sandbostel]] * [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]] * [[Sarstedt]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Sassenburg]] * [[Sathsa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Sachsa'')</small> * [[Sauensiek]] * [[Schapen]] * [[Scharnebeck]] * [[Scheden]] * [[Scheeßel]] * [[Schellerten]] * [[Schiffdorf]] * [[Schladen-Werla]] * [[Schnackenburg]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schnega]] * [[Schneverdingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Scholen]] * [[Schönewörde]] * [[Schöningen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schöppenstedt]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schortens]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Schüttorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schwaförden]] * [[Schwanewede]] * [[Schwarme]] * [[Schwarmstedt]] * [[Schweindorf]] * [[Schweringen]] * [[Schwerinsdorf]] * [[Schwienau]] * [[Schwülper]] * [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]] * [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]] * [[Seelze]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Seesen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Seevetal]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Seggebruch]] * [[Sehlde]] * [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]] * [[Sehnde]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Selsingen]] * [[Semmenstedt]] * [[Seulingen]] * [[Sibbesse]] * [[Sickte]] * [[Siedenburg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Sittensen]] * [[Soderstorf]] * [[Sögel]] * [[Söhlde]] * [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]] * [[Soltau]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Soltendieck]] * [[Sottrum]] * [[Spahnharrenstätte]] * [[Spelle]] * [[Spiekeroog]] * [[Sprakensehl]] * [[Springe]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Stadae]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stood'')</small> * [[Stadlandia]]<ref>Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA617&lpg=PA617&dq=statlandia+saxonia&source=bl&ots=Ysl9JI4L06&sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&q=statlandia%20saxonia&f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')</small> * [[Stadtoldendorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Staffhorst]] * [[Staufenberg]] * [[Stavern]] * [[Stedesdorf]] * [[Steimbke]] * [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]] * [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]] * [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]] * [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]] * [[Stelle]] * [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]] * [[Stemshorn]] * [[Steyerberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Stinstedt]] * [[Stöckse]] * [[Stoetze]] * [[Stolzenau]] * [[Stuhr]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Südbrookmerland]] * [[Suderburg]] * [[Südergellersen]] * [[Südheide]] * [[Sudwalde]] * [[Suhlendorf]] * [[Sulingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Süpplingen]] * [[Süpplingenburg]] * [[Süstedt]] * [[Sustrum]] * [[Surwold]] * [[Suthfeld]] * [[Syke]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === T === {{div col|3}} * [[Tappenbeck]] * [[Tarmstedt]] * [[Tespe]] * [[Teuderium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'')</small> * [[Thransfellensis Ecclesia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dransfeld'')</small> * [[Thedinghausen]] * [[Theodolfestorpum]]<ref name="Asseburg 1855">Asseburg, J. von der. (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des Geschlechts von der Asseburg (Vol. 1)''. Hahnschen Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dedelstorf'')</small> * [[Thomasburg]] * [[Thorpum]]<ref name="Thorpum">Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardDorfinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20160831-7111.htm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Dörpen''', 9. Jh., bei Aschendorf nördlich Meppens, F2-1090 THURP (Dorf) Dorfa (7), Thorpum (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dörpen'')</small> * [[Thuine]] * [[Tiddische]] * [[Tiste]] * [[Toppenstedt]] * [[Tostedt]] * [[Tosterglope]] * [[Trebel]] * [[Triburi]]<ref name="Philippi & Bar 1892"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drebber'')</small> * [[Tülau]] * [[Twieflingen]] * [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]] * [[Twistringen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === U === {{div col|3}} * [[Uchte]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Uehrde]] * [[Uelsen]] * [[Uetze]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Ulsena]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Uelzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ülz’n'')</small> * [[Ummern]] * [[Undeloh]] * [[Upgant-Schott]] * [[Uplengen]] * [[Uslar]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Utarp]] {{div col end}} === V === {{div col|3}} * [[Vahlberg]] * [[Vahlbruch]] * [[Vahlde]] * [[Vallis Augae]]<ref name="SLH 1988">Societas Latina Hannoverana (1988). ''Fasciculi geographici et historici: De parvis provinciis ditionis Hannoveranae et Schaumburgensis''. Hannoverae: Typis Exscripsit Libraria Scripturarum.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Auetal'')</small> * [[Vallis Claustra-Cella]]<ref name="Conring 1730">Conring, H. (1730). ''De Antiquitatibus Academicis Dissertationes Septem''. Officina Smeinkiana.</ref><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clausthal-Zellerfeld''; [[Supraharthice]] ''Clasthol-Zallerfall'')</small> * [[Varel]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Varrel]] * [[Vastorf]] * [[Vechelde]] * [[Velpke]] * [[Veltheim (Ohe)]] * [[Vetha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Vechta''; [[Saxonice]] ''Vechte'')</small> * [[Vicus Adelaidis]]<ref name="ALF 2016">Academia Latinitati Fovendae (2016). ''Commentarii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae: De novis parochiis et communibus Saxoniae Inferioris textus'' (Vol. XXIV). Romae: Herder.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adelheidsdorf'')</small> * [[Vierden]] * [[Vierhöfen]] * [[Vildhusia]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Wildeshausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wilshusen'')</small> * [[Villa Cremilonis]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cremlingen'')</small> * [[Visbek]] * [[Visselhövede]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Vögelsen]] * [[Vollersode]] * [[Voltlage]] * [[Vorda Bremensis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bremervörde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bremervöör'')</small> * [[Vordorf]] * [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]] * [[Vrees]] {{div col end}} === W === {{div col|3}} * [[Waake]] * [[Waddeweitz]] * [[Wagenfeld]] * [[Wagenhoff]] * [[Wahrenholz]] * [[Walchum]] * [[Walkenried]] * [[Wallenhorst]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Wallmoden]] * [[Walsrode]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wangelnstedt]] * [[Wangerland]] * [[Wangerooge]] * [[Wanna]] * [[Warberg]] * [[Wardenburg]] * [[Warmsen]] * [[Warpe]] * [[Wasbüttel]] * [[Wathlingen]] * [[Wedemark]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Weener]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Weenzen]] * [[Wehrbleck]] * [[Welle]] * [[Wendeburg]] * [[Wendisch Evern]] * [[Wennigsen]] * [[Wenzendorf]] * [[Werdum]] * [[Werlte]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Werpeloh]] * [[Wesendorf]] * [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]] * [[Westergellersen]] * [[Westerholt]] * [[Westertimke]] * [[Westerwalsede]] * [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]] * [[Westoverledingen]] * [[Wetschen]] * [[Wettrup]] * [[Weyhausen]] * [[Weyhe]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Wieda]] * [[Wiedensahl]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Wiefelstede]] * [[Wielen]] * [[Wienhausen]] * [[Wiesmoor]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Wietmarschen]] * [[Wietze]] * [[Wietzen]] * [[Wietzendorf]] * [[Wilhelmshaven]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wilstedt]] * [[Wilsum]] * [[Wingst]] * [[Winkelsett]] * [[Winnigstedt]] * [[Winsen (Aller)]] * [[Winsenia]]<ref name="Büttner">Büttner, D. S. (1710). ''Rudera Diluvii Testes, i.e. Zeichnung und Abbildung derer Columnarum Sceletonum''. Gottfried Zimmermann.</ref> <small>(ad [[Luya]]m<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Winsen'')</small> * [[Winzenburg]] * [[Wippingen]] * [[Wirdum]] * [[Wischhafen]] * [[Wistedt]] * [[Witmundia]]<ref>E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&pg=PA281&dq=Witmundia&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&q=Witmundia&f=false p. 281].</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')</small> * [[Wittingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Wittmar]] * [[Wittorf]] * [[Wohnste]] * [[Wolfsburgum]]<ref>Vide nomini arcis: Samuel Pufendorfus, ''Commentariorum de rebus Suecicis libri XXVI'' {{Google Books|lV1PAAAAcAAJ|pag. 457 et 475}}, ''Nova Acta Eruditorum'' {{Google Books|eGFlITDJFSMC|pag. 487}}, Lipsiae, anno 1756, ac ''Itininerarium Thomae Carve, Tipperariensis'' ([https://archive.org/details/itinerariumthom00kerngoog/page/n182 pag. 108]).</ref> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> </small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Wolfsburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfsborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfsbuurich'')</small> * [[Wollbrandshausen]] * [[Wollershausen]] * [[Wölpinghausen]] * [[Wolsdorf]] * [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]] * [[Woltershausen]] * [[Worpswede]] * [[Wremen]] * [[Wrestedt]] * [[Wriedel]] * [[Wulfsen]] * [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]] * [[Wunstorf]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wurster Nordseeküste]] * [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === Z === {{div col|3}} * [[Zernien]] * [[Zetel]] * [[Zeven]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Zorge]] {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]] si3mhqr1ze3bkume4yqcsf0rnm4pfbh 3980614 3980460 2026-08-11T20:33:47Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980614 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Lower Saxony.svg|thumb|500px|Urbes et communia Saxoniae Inferioris.]] '''Index urbium, oppidorum et communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnia [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur. Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communium et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur. Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent. Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent: * Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent. * Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent. * 61 communium et tria communia generalia (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent. * 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent. === A === {{div col|3}} * [[Abensium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obbens'')</small> * [[Acheimum]]<ref name="Grote III 1877">Grote, H. (1877). ''Münzstudien: Geschichte der älteren Münzen und Urkunden des Bisthums Verden'' (Vol. VIII). Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Achim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Achem'')</small> * [[Achestedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Axstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ax'')</small> * [[Adelebsenum]]<ref name="Funck 1736">Funck, J. N. (1736). ''Disputatio Academica de Voluntaria Morte Judaeorum et Gentilium sub Praesidio S. R. I. Libero Baroni de Adelebsen Dedicata''. Rintelii: Typis Johannis Friderici Enax.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adelebsen'')</small> * [[Adenebutla]]<ref name="Pischke 1998">Pischke, G. (Ed.) (1998). ''Das Lehnsregister der Edelherren von Meinersen: Edition und historische Untersuchung der mittelalterlichen Besitzurkunden'' (Documentum anni MCCXX). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Adenbüttel'')</small> * [[Adenhusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703">Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis: De ecclesiis parochialibus et ditione antiqua oppidi Adenhusii''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahnsen'')</small> * [[Adenthorpium]]<ref name="Höhbaum 1876">Höhbaum, K. (Ed.) (1876). ''Hansisches Urkundenbuch: Monumenta Germaniae Historica e codicibus diplomaticis Bremensibus et Luneburgensibus'' (Vol. I). Halis Saxonum: Typis Orphanotrophei.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Adendörp'')</small> * [[Affinghusia]]<ref name="Rathlef 1766">Rathlef, E. L. (1766). ''Geschichte der Grafschaften Hoya und Diepholz: Monimenta diplomatica et antiquitates ditionis Affinghusiae'' (Vol. I). Bremae: Försterischen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Affinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Affinghusen'' seu ''Affjehusen'')</small> * [[Alrebekesa]]<ref name="Oven 1872">Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck'')</small> * [[Ahusium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ahusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahusen'')</small> * [[Alfelda]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Allefelle'')</small> * [[Alfhusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfhausen'')</small> * [[Algermissenum]]<ref name="Hoogeweg III 1903">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1903). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et privilegia de Algermisseno)'' (Vol. III). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Algermissen'')</small> * [[Almstedium]]<ref name="Hoogeweg II 1901">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1901). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et registra de Almstedio)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Almstedt'')</small> * [[Alorstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1758">Pratje, J. H. (1758). ''Historische Nachrichten von dem ehemaligen berühmten Closter Harsefeld: Monumenta ac documenta saeculi XII ubi de decimis Alorstedii agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlerstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohlers'')</small> * [[Alvstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759">Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfs'' seu ''Alfst'')</small> * [[Amelinghusium]]<ref name="Baring 1746">Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'')</small> * [[Anchemium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ankum'')</small> * [[Andervenia]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Andervenne'')</small> * [[Andorlangia]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Anderlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Annerlingen'')</small> * [[Antiqua Medingha]]<ref name="Homeyer X 2006">Homeyer, J. (Ed.) (2006). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Medingen: Lüneburger Urkundenbuch (Monimenta historica saeculi XIV de parochia Medinghae) (Vol. X)''. Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Altenmedingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohmein'')</small> * [[Apenum]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aap'')</small> * [[Apleremum]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apelern'')</small> * [[Appelium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Appel'')</small> * [[Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis]]<ref name="Mirus 1826">Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz'')</small> * [[Aquae Nendorpenses]]<ref name="Marcard 1805">Marcard, H. M. (1805). ''De salubritate aquarum nendorpensium et de earum usu in morbis chronicis''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich; et: Macard, H. M. (1805). ''De usu salutari fontium salinorum in territorio Hildesiensi sitorum''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Nenndorf'')</small> * [[Aquae Zwischenahnenses]]<ref name="Statisitakamt Nord 2025">Statistikamt Nord (Editio Latina). ''Catalogus Urbium et Communium Germaniae''. Hamburgi, 2025.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Zwischenahn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Twiskenoan'' seu ''Boad Twiskenoan''; [[Saxonice]] ''Twüschenahn'')</small> * [[Aroldishusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'')</small> * [[Artlenburgum]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Artlenburg'')</small> * [[Artlissa]]<ref name="Mader 1664">Mader, J. J. (1664). ''Antiquitates Brunsvicenses: De antiquis parochiis Saxonum et finibus dioecesis Mindensis (Caput de parochia Artlissa)''. Helmestadii: Typis Henningi Mulleri.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aerzen'': quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Ärzen'')</small> * [[Arx Agathae]]<ref name="Kochen 1724">Kochen, J. H. (1724). ''Introductio in Historiam Ducatus Bremensis y Verdensis: Accesserunt diplomata varia et descriptio Arcis Agathae et ditionis Stadiensis''. Stadae: Typis Caspari Holmii.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Agathenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gothenborg'')</small> * [[Arx Draconis]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drakenburg'')</small> * [[Ascalingium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlden'')</small> * [[Asanthorpium]]<ref name="Vogell 1856">Vogell, A. (Ed.) (1856). ''Urkundenbuch des Bisthums Verden y des Collegiatstifts Bardewick: Chartae, diplomata et monumenta historica saeculi XIII...''. Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Harburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Harburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Harburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Harburgum]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Harburgensis-e" refertur-.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')</small> * [[Asenthorpium]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1855). ''Hoyer Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Jänecke Verlag.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Diepholtia|Circulo terrae Diepholtia]]<ref name="Landkreis Diepholz">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Diepholtia" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Diepholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Diepholtia]]", vide {{Hofmannus}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')</small> * [[Assena]]<ref name="Philippi & Bar 1892">Philippi, F., & Bär, M. (Eds.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 772-1200'' (Vol. 1). Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde von Osnabrück.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Essen'')</small> * [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterholz-Scharmbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosterholt-Scharmbeek'')</small> * [[Auricum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auricum]]<ref name="Emmius 1616">Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Aurich''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aurk''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Auerk'')</small> {{div col end}} === B === {{div col|3}} * [[Badberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Badbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Badbern'')</small> * [[Baddekenstedium]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel & Ohainski X 2018">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'')</small> * [[Balga]]<ref name="Udolph 1994">Udolph, J. (1994). ''Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem'' (Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Ergänzungsbände 9). Walter de Gruyter.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balje'')</small> * [[Balga Cortis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Balge'')</small> * [[Baltrumum]]<ref name="Wiarda III 1792">Wiarda, T. D. (1792). ''Ostfriesische Geschichte: Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1648'' (Vol. 3). August Friedrich Winter.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Baltrum'')</small> * [[Bamwida]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bohmte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baumte'')</small> * [[Bardenuvicum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bardowick''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bewick'')</small> * [[Bardorpium]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859">Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrdorf'')</small> * [[Barenburgum]]<ref name="Kolb 1712">Kolb, G. (1712). ''Compendium totius orbis: partim geographicum, partim historicum, partim genealogicum''. Typis Universitatis Carolo-Francisceae</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnborg'')</small> * [[Bargstedum]]<ref name="Mushard 1764">Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bargstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargst'' seu ''Bars'')</small> * [[Barnstedum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702">Bünting, H., & Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'')</small> * [[Barnstorfium]]<ref name="Böhmer 2007">Böhmer, J. F. (2007). ''Regesta Imperii III: Salisches Haus 1024–1125. Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Heinrich IV'' (T. Struve, Ed.). Böhlau Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnstrup'')</small> * [[Barsela]]<ref name="Köbler 2016">Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barßel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bäärsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassel'')</small> * [[Barsingehusa]]<ref name="Harenberg 1753">Harenberg, J. C. (1753). ''Historia ecclesiae Gandershemensis diplomatica''. Typis et Impensis Joannis Christophori Meisneri.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barsinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baschehusen'' seu ''Basche'')</small> * [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]]<ref name="Mindermann I II 2004">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2004). ''Verdener Urkundenbuch, 1. Abteilung, Band 2: 1300–1380''. Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circulo Luneburgensi]]<ref name="Landreis Lüneburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Luneburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landreis Lüneburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Luneburgensis-e" ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boorn'')</small> * [[Barum (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Barum]]<ref name="AdWzG 2010">Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, & U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Uelzen">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Ulsenensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Uelzen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Ulsenensis-e" ad [[Ulsena]]m refertur. Quo de gentilicio, vide lemma "res-publica Ulsenensis" apud {{Google Books|w_tWAAAAcAAJ|vide paginam dedicationis operis}}"; et de topnymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bourm'')</small> * [[Barunvilla]]<ref name="SdaedhdlM 1862">Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle (1862). ''Mémoires de la Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle: Année 1860–1861''. Rousseau-Pallez.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borendörp'')</small> * [[Barverum]]<ref name="Böhmer 1844">Böhmer, J. F. (1844). ''Regesta Chronologico-Diplomatica Regum et Imperatorum Romanorum: Inde a Conrado I. Usque ad Henricum VII''. Typis et Sumtibus J. C. Hermann.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barver'')</small> * [[Barwedelum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barwedel'')</small> * [[Basdalum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Basdahl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Basdaal'' seu ''Basdohl'')</small> * [[Bawinkelum]]<ref name="Moser 1738">Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bawinkel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bowinkel'')</small> * [[Bebenhusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Bebenhusa]]<ref name="Ahlfeldt 2010">Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.) (2010). ''Regnum Francorum Online: Traditio Fuldenses''. Francia-Ahlfeldt Project.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bevensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bämsen'' seu ''Bemsen'')</small> * [[Beckdorfium]]<ref name="AdWzG 2010"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beckdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beekdörp'')</small> * [[Beckedorfium]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beckedorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Biäkedörp'')</small> * [[Beckelnum]]<ref name="Böhmer 1844"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beckeln'')</small> * [[Bedenbostelum]]<ref name="NL 1924">Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel'')</small> * [[Beierstedum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beierstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barste’e'')</small> * [[Belmum]]<ref name="Moser 1738"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Belm'')</small> * [[Belumum]]<ref name="Mushard 1764"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Belum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Belen'')</small> * [[Bema (Saxonia Inferior)|Bema]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Böhme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhm'')</small> * [[Bendestorfium]]<ref name="Bührmann 2005">Bührmann, M. (2005). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen des norddeutschen Raumes''. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. </ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bendestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bendsdörp'')</small> * [[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Berga]]<ref name="Bruzen de La Martinière 1737">Bruzen de La Martinière, A. A. (1737). ''Thesaurus geographicus criticus: in quo omnium orbis terrarum regionum, civitatum, oppidorum, nominibus antiquis, medii aevi et modernis''. Ex Officina Wetsteniana.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Celle">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Cellensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Celle'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Cellensis-e" refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargen'')</small> * [[Berga (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Berga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Osnabrugae|Circulo Osnabrugae]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Osnabrugae" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osnabrück'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum ''LandKreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Osnabruga|Osnabruga-ae]]", vide Pertsch, Erich: ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'', Berolini et Monaci 1983, ISBN 3-468-07202-3, p. 1325.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Berge'')</small> * [[Berga ad Dumnam]]<ref name="Bruzen de La Martinière 1737"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergen an der Dumme''; [[Polabice]] ''Djörska'')</small> * [[Bergenborstelium]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrenborstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bornbössel'' seu ''Boornbössel'')</small> * [[Bergfelda]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergfeld''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bargfeld'')</small> * [[Bersenbrugum]]<ref name="Sandhoff 1785">Sandhoff, J. E. (1785). ''Antistitum Osnabrugensis ecclesiae, qui per decem saecula episcopale munus in ea gesserunt, chronotaxis''. Typis Joannis Georgii Kislingii.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bersenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bessenbrügge'')</small> * [[Berumburgum]]<ref name="Emmius 1616"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'')</small> * [[Bestena]]<ref name="Jellinghaus 1923">Jellinghaus, H. (1923). ''Die westfälischen Ortsnamen nach ihren Bestandteilen''' (III ed.). Ferdinand Schöningh.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beesten'')</small> * [[Betzendorfum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Betzendorfum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bätzendörp'')</small> * [[Bevernense Castrum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'')</small> * [[Beverstedum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beverstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beverst'')</small> * [[Bienenbuttelum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bienenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bienbüddel'')</small> * [[Bilshusa]]<ref name="Wolf 1819">Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'')</small> * [[Binethemum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688">Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim'')</small> * [[Binnenum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Binnen'')</small> * [[Bippenum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bippen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bippen'')</small> * [[Birsina]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bassum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassen'')</small> * [[Bissendorpum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bissendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissendörp'')</small> * [[Blenderum]]<ref name="Brosius 1993">Brosius, D. (1993). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum'' (Vol. 1). Wallstein Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Blender''; [[Saxonice]] ''Blenner'')</small> * [[Bliederstorpum]]<ref name="Trüper 2017">Trüper, H. G. (2017). ''Urkundenbuch der Herren von Zesterfleth: 1232–1657''. Wallstein Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bliedersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bliersdörp'')</small> * [[Bobentunum]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bovenden''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bovten'')</small> * [[Bocensis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bückeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bückeborg'')</small> * [[Bocholta (Circulus Heidensis)|Bocholta]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1859"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Heidensis|Circulo Heidensi]]<ref name="Heidekreis">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Heidensis" -Theodisce ''Heidekreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum gentilicium "Heidensis-e" Theodiscum lexema ''Heide-'' vertit.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')</small> * [[Bocholta (Circulus Theorosburgensis)|Bocholta]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Theorosburgensis|Circulo Theorosburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Schaumburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Theorosburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Schaumburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio "Theorosburgensis-e", quod ad [[Theorosburgum]] refertur, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukholt'')</small> * [[Bocholtum in Ericeto]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>[[urbs]] et commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz in der Nordheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')</small> * [[Bochorna (Circulus Frisicus)|Bochorna]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873">Ehmck, D. R., & von Bippen, W. (Ed.) (1873). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1300''. C. Schünemann.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Frisicus|Circulo Frisico]]<ref name="Landkreis Friesland">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Frisicus" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Friesland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Frisicus-a-um" ad [[Frisia (discretiva)|Frisiam]] refertur. Quod de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bockhorn'')</small> * [[Bochorna (Circulus Vetha)|Bochorna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Vetha|Circulo Vetha]]<ref name="Landkreis Vechta">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Vetha" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Vechta'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo).</ref><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bakum'')</small> * [[Bochorstia]]<ref name="Erhard 1851">Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bockhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukhast'')</small> * [[Bodendicum]]<ref name="Brosius 1985">Brosius, D. (1985). ''Aus der Geschichte der Burg Bodenteich''. Ecomed Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bodenteich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bonndiek'')</small> * [[Bodenfelda]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenfelde'')</small> * [[Bodensa]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph">Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodensee'')</small> * [[Bodonis Insula]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'')</small> * [[Boffeshusium]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'')</small> * [[Boitersena]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2001). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden: Band 1''. Von den Anfängen bis 1300. [[Stadae|Stadis]]: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bötersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boitzen'')</small> * [[Boitzia]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Boitze''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhtz'')</small> * [[Bokenstorpium]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bokensdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokensdörp'')</small> * [[Bokenum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bockenem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokeln'')</small> * [[Borchwega]]<ref name="Rüther 1905">Rüther, H. (Ed.) (1905). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Neuenwalde''. Halle’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burweg'')</small> * [[Borkna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Borkum''; [[lingua Frisica|Frisice]] ''Boarkum''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Börkum'')</small> * [[Borna Castra]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berne'')</small> * [[Borsla]]<ref name="Niemeyer 2012">Niemeyer, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bösel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Böäsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bäsel'')</small> * [[Borstla]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1842">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1842). ''Diepholzer Urkundenbuch: Authentische Urkunden zur Geschichte der Grafschaft Diepholz''. [[Hannovera]]e: Hahn'schen Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Borstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bössel'')</small> * [[Botela]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bothel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bootel'')</small> * [[Brachia (Germania)|Brachia]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Brake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braak'' seu ''Broak'')</small> * [[Braclina]]<ref name="Rübel 1881">Rübel, K. (Ed.) (1881). ''Dortmunder Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1340''. [[Isarlohia]]e: J. Baedeker.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brackel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braackel'')</small> * [[Bramascus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bramsche'')</small> * [[Breddenberga]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898">Wilmans, R., & Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Breddenberg'')</small> * [[Bredenforda]]<ref name="Hoogeweg 1898">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde'')</small> * [[Bredthorpium]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Breddorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Breddörp'')</small> * [[Brestum (Saxonia Inferior)|Brestum]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brest'')</small> * [[Brincama]]<ref name="Friedländer 1878">Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. (Jahre 787–1470)''. [[Emda]]e: Haynel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brinkum'')</small> * [[Britlinga]]<ref name="Udolph 2004">Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brietlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brietl'')</small> * [[Brochema]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brockum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Broubm'' seu ''Brookm'')</small> * [[Brocleda]]<ref name="Janicke 1896">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1''. [[Lipsia]]e: S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bröckel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bräukel'')</small> * [[Broclina]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brockel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brookel'')</small> * [[Broma]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski 2014">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (Ed.). (2014). ''Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch: Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Gifhorn''. [[Bilivelda]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brome''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brom'')</small> * [[Brochusium-Vilsena]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855"/><ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bruchhausen-Vilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brooksen-Vilsen'')</small> * [[Brunsvicum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Braunschweig''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brunswiek''; [[lingua Saxonica|Brunsvicice]] dialectaliter ''Bronswiek'' seu ''Brönswiek'')</small> * [[Bukina]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bücken''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bücken'')</small> * [[Bulcova]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bülkau'')</small> * [[Bulsteda]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bülstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büls'')</small> * [[Brunla]]<ref name="Bode 1893">Bode, G. (Ed.) (1893). ''Urkundenbuch der Stadt Goslar und der in und bei Goslar belegenen geistlichen Stiftungen: Band 1 (922 bis 1250)''.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Braunlage'')</small> * [[Bunda]]<ref name="Deiter">Deiter, H. (1881). Oldeborchs, Pastoris zu Bunda in Reiderland, kleine ostfriesische Chronicke, betreffend die Jahre 1558 bis 1605. ''Jahrbuch de Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst und vaterländische Altertümer zu Emden''.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bunde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bunn'')</small> * [[Burchardivillare]]<ref name="Janicke 1892">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1892). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1. Bis zum Jahre 1221''. S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|Circulo Guelpherbytensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Wolfenbüttel">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Guelpherbytensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Wolfenbüttel'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Guelpherbytensis-e" ad [[Guelpherbytum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://vd18.gbv.de/viewer/fullscreen/006049869/1/ ''vd18.gbv.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Pro eo ac debuisti, urbs aerumnosa, infelix ac misera Guelpherbytum (...)"; et quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/MBRY52X6EUWPQOQRFBKHVLYBSUG4M6LS ''Carmina Votiva Honori Clarißimi atq[ue] Experientißimi Viri Dn. Samuelis Stockhausen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Practici Guelpherbytensis (...)".</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'')</small> * [[Burgdorfium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(in [[Hannovera (regio)|Regione Hannovera]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'' seu ''Bortörp'')</small> * [[Burgium (Saxonia Inferior)|Burgium]]<ref name="Remling VII 2026">Remling, L. (2026). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Emsland''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Börger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borger'')</small> * [[Buria (Saxonia Inferior)|Buria]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bühren'')</small> * [[Bursina (Saxonia Inferior)|Bursina]]<ref name="Casemir 2003">Casemir, K. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil III)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Börßum'')</small> * [[Butiadinga]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen II 1876">Ehmck, D. R., & Bippen, W. von. (Ed.) (1876). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 2. 1301–1350''. D. Ed. Müller.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Butjadingen'')</small> * [[Buxtehuda]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1842">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1842). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buxtehude''; [[Saxonice]] ''Buxthu'')</small> * [[Byspinga]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1859">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1859). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Fünfte Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bispingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissen'')</small> {{div col end}} === C === {{div col|3}} * [[Campus Rufus]]<ref name="Stüve 1789"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Rothenfelde'')</small> * [[Capella (Saxonia Inferior)|Capella]]<ref name="Philippi II 1894">Philippi, F. (Ed.) (1894). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Band 2. Die Urkunden der Jahre 1201–1250''. H. Th. Wenner.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cappeln'')</small> * [[Castrovallium]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgwedel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borwee'' seu ''Boorwee'')</small> * [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Celle'')</small> * [[Clenza]]<ref name="Janicke II 1896">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 2. Von 1221 bis 1260''. S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clenze''; [[Polabice]] ''Kloncka'')</small> * [[Cloppenburgum]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Cloppenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cloppenborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kloppenbuurich'')</small> * [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]<ref name="Erhard 1851">Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'') * [[Cramma]]<ref name="Casemir 2003"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cramme'')</small> * [[Cuxhavia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuxhoben'')</small> {{div col end}} === D === {{div col|3}} * [[Dalemia]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlem'')</small> * [[Dalenburgum]]<ref name="Rzihacek & Spreitzer XI 2024">Rzihacek, A., & Spreitzer, F. (Ed.) (2024). ''Die Urkunden Otto IV (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus XI). Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlenborg'')</small> * [[Dalum]]<ref name="Janicke II 1896"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Tahln'')</small> * [[Damma (Saxonia Inferior)|Damma]]<ref name="Philippi II 1894"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Damme'')</small> * [[Damnatzium]]<ref name="Garzmann LXXVI 2004">Garzmann, M. R. W. (Ed.) (2004). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte: Neue Folge der Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen (Band 76)''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Damnatz'')</small> * [[Danneberga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dannenberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dannenbarg''; [[Polabice]] ''Wajdars'')</small> * [[Danthorpum]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel % Udolph VII 2011">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Udolph, J. (2011). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII''). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Danndorf'')</small> * [[Dassela]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dassel'')</small> * [[Dedenhusa]]<ref name="-husaDeensen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'')</small> * [[Deinste]]<ref name="Vanni & Rossi 2012">Vanni, D., & Rossi, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Index Nominum Geographicorum Locorumque Mundi Latine Redditus''. Societas Latina.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deinste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deinst'')</small> * [[Deinstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deinstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deins'')</small> * [[Delmenhorstium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Delmenhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Demost'')</small> * [[Dengdia]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Denkte'')</small> * [[Derental]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Derental'')</small> * [[Dersum]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dersum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Derßm'')</small> * [[Dettum]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dettum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Detten'')</small> * [[Dicla]]<ref name="Mooyer 1855">Mooyer, E. F. (Ed.) (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des vormaligen Stiftes Minden''. J. C. C. Bruns.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dickel'')</small> * [[Didderse]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Didderse'' et [[Saxonice]] ''Deesse'')</small> * [[Diekholza]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diekholzen'')</small> * [[Dielmissa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dielmissen'')</small> * [[Diepenavia]]<ref name="-avia">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-avia-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diepenau'')</small> * [[Diepholtia]]<ref name="Hofmannus">{{Hofmannus}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deefholt'')</small> * [[Dinklage]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dinklage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dinklaoge'')</small> * [[Disaldishusa]]<ref name="-husaDelligsen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Disaldishusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Reuter, A. (Ed.) (1950). ''1100 Jahre Delligsen: Geschichte der Hilsmulde und des Ortes Delligsen''. Verlag der Gemeinde Delligsen. </ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Delligsen'')</small> * [[Disna (Saxonia Inferior)|Disna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dissen am Teutoburger Wald'')</small> * [[Dohra (Terra Emesensis)|Dohra]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Terrae Emesensis|Terra Emesensi]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Terrae Altenburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Emsland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum "terra-ae" Theodiscum lexema ''-land'' vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Emesensis-e" ad flumen [[Amisia|Emesam]] refertur. De hoc hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dohren '')</small> * [[Dohra (Circulus Harburgensis)|Dohra]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Harburg"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dohren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Duhrn'')</small> * [[Dolnere]]<ref name="Dolnere">Vide [https://adw-goe.de/fileadmin/forschungsprojekte/ortsnamen_rhein_elbe/dokumente/Publikationen_Udolph_PDF/2001-2005/315._Udolph_Anmerkungen_zum_Ortsnamen_Dollern.pdf ''Anmerkugen zum Ortsnamen Dollern''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1105 (Fälschung Mitte 12. Jh.) ''Dolnere'' (...) 1209 ''Johannes de dolnere'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dollern'')</small> * [[Doristacus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dorstadt'')</small> * [[Dornum]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dornum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dornm'')</small> * [[Dorverda]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dörverden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dörbern'' seu ''Dörb'' seu ''Dörveern'')</small> * [[Dotlinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dötlingen'')</small> * [[Drage (Albis)|Drage]]<ref name="Drage">'''Drage-es'''; declinatio regularis generis Graeci vel Latini in prima declinatione, aut ut nomen substantivum regulare primae declinationis in geographicis rationibus modernis tractatum. Quo de toponymo, vide: Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Draag'')</small> * [[Drentwede]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1842">von Hodenberg, W. (1842). ''Diepholzer Urkundenbuch''. [[Hannovera]]e.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drentwede'')</small> * [[Drestadium]]<ref name="-stadt"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drestedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dreest'')</small> * [[Drochtersa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drochtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drochters'')</small> * [[Dudanebutli]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1841">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1841). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch (Band 1)''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Düdenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düünbeudel'')</small> * [[Duderstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Duderstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dustadt'')</small> * [[Dunsa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dünsen'')</small> * [[Dunum]]<ref name="Houtrouw 1889">Houtrouw, O. G. (1889). ''Ostfriesland: Eine geschichtlich-ortskundige Wanderung gegen Ende der Fürstenzeit (Band 1)''. Dunkmann.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dunum'')</small> * [[Duthungun]]<ref name="Udolph 2004"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Duingen''; [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Daujen'')</small> {{div col end}} === E === {{div col|3}} * [[Ebbestorpium]]<ref name="Jaitner 1985">Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ebstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ebstörp'')</small> * [[Ebergötzen]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Eberholzen]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]<ref name="Ebersdorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf' in Latinam "Ebersdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ebersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eversdörp'')</small> * [[Echem]] * [[Edemissen]] * [[Edewecht]] * [[Egestorf]] * [[Eggermühlen]] * [[Ehra-Lessien]] * [[Ehrenburg (Niedersachsen)|Ehrenburg]] * [[Eickeloh]] * [[Eicklingen]] * [[Eildissum]]<ref name="Stumpf-Brentano II 1865">Stumpf-Brentano, K. F. (Ed.) (1865). ''Die Reichskanzler vornehmlich des X., XI. und XII. Jahrhunderts: Acta Imperii Selecta'' (Vol. 2). [[Aeni Pons (Austria)|Aeni Ponte]]: Wagner'schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Eilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlsen'')</small> * [[Eime]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Eimen]] * [[Eimke]] * [[Einbeck]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Elbe (Niedersachsen)|Elbe]] * [[Elbingerode (bei Herzberg am Harz)|Elbingerode]] * [[Eldingen]] * [[Elmlohe]] * [[Elsdorf (Niedersachsen)|Elsdorf]] * [[Elsfleth]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Elze]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Embsen]] * [[Emda]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Emlichheim]] * [[Emmendorf]] * [[Emmerthal]] * [[Emsbüren]] * [[Emstek]] * [[Emtinghausen]] * [[Engden]] * [[Engelschoff]] * [[Erkerode]] * [[Ermelstorpium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Armstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Armsdörp'')</small> * [[Esche]] * [[Eschede]] * [[Eschershausen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Esens]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Essel]] * [[Essen (Oldenburgum)]] * [[Esterwegen]] * [[Estorf (Landkreis Stade)|Estorf]] <small>(Lkr.Stade)</small> * [[Estorf (Weser)|Estorf]] <small>(Weser)</small> * [[Everinga]]<ref name="-ingaEvern">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum mediaevali formae huius toponymi ''Everinge'' testatae applicatur. Quo de mediaevali toponymo, vide: Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (1998). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil I)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsch Evern''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düütsch Äwern'')</small> * [[Everode]] * [[Eversmeer]] * [[Evessen]] * [[Eydelstedt]] * [[Eyendorf]] * [[Eystrup]] {{div col end}} === F === {{div col|3}} * [[Fallingbostela]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bad Fallingbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Fambossel'')</small> * [[Fardium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Veern'')</small> * [[Farven]] * [[Faßberg]] * [[Filsum]] * [[Fintel]] * [[Firrel]] * [[Flögeln]] * [[Florimontium (circulus Widmundensis)|Florimontium]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Blomberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bloombarg'' seu ''Blombarg'')</small> * [[Flöthe]] * [[Frankenfeld]] * [[Freden]] * [[Fredenbeck]] * [[Freiburg/Elbe]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Freistatt]] * [[Frellstedt]] * [[Freren]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Fresenburg]] * [[Friedeburg]] * [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedland]] * [[Friesoythe]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Fürstenau]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Furstenberga]] {{div col end}} === G === {{div col|3}} * [[Ganderkesee]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Gandershemium]]<ref>[http://books.google.fi/books?id=6kwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=Gandershemium&source=bl&ots=_NMr2DmhUK&sig=CXPUuuKZ8W03AC7uB3YlYYNscJ4&hl=fi&sa=X&ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Gandershemium&f=false R. p. Hertenberger: ''Historia pragmatica universalis, sacra et profana''], p.27; [http://books.google.fi/books?id=yScyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=Gandershemium&source=bl&ots=ZoGX4tZRRD&sig=8fUZc6grFgYD0jN-twVcDyzarYI&hl=fi&sa=X&ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Gandershemium&f=false ''Acta Sanctorum, Junii'' (1698-1717), cit. in ''A Companion to Hrotsvit of Gandersheim (fl. 960)''], p. 58 n.103.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Gandersheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ganderssen'')</small> * [[Gandesbergen]] * [[Garbsen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Garlstorf]] * [[Garrel]] * [[Garstedt]] * [[Gartow]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Geeste]] * [[Geestland]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Gehrde]] * [[Gehrden]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Georgsdorf]] * [[Georgsmarienhütte]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Gerdau]] * [[Gersten]] * [[Getelo]] * [[Gevensleben]] * [[Gevera]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jever'')</small> * [[Geversdorf]] * [[Gieboldehausen]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Giesen]] * [[Gifhorna]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Gifhorn'')</small> * [[Gilten]] * [[Glandorf]] * [[Gleichen]] * [[Gnarrenburg]] * [[Gödenstorf]] * [[Göhrde]] * [[Goldenstedt]] * [[Gölenkamp]] * [[Golmbach]] * [[Gorleben]] * [[Goslaria]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Goslar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Goslär'')</small> * [[Gottinga]]<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=kkM-AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=gottingensis&lr=&cd=14#v=onepage&q=&f=false Libri Googles].</ref> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Göttingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chöttingen'')</small> * [[Grafhorst]] * [[Grasberg]] * [[Grasleben]] * [[Grethem]] * [[Gronau]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Groß Berßen]] * [[Großefehn]] * [[Großenkneten]] * [[Großenwörden]] * [[Großheide]] * [[Groß Ippener]] * [[Groß Meckelsen]] * [[Groß Oesingen]] * [[Groß Twülpstedt]] * [[Grundensis Civitas Metallica]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Grund'')</small> * [[Grünendeich]] * [[Guderhandviertel]] * [[Guelpherbytum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')</small> * [[Gusborn]] * [[Gyhum]] {{div col end}} === H === {{div col|3}} * [[Hademstorf]] * [[Haga Schauenburgi]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stadthagen'')</small> * [[Hage]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Hagen am Teutoburger Wald]] * [[Hagen im Bremischen]] * [[Hagenburg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Hagermarsch]] * [[Hahausen]] * [[Halbemond]] * [[Halle (comitatus Binethensis)|Halle]] <small>(b.Neuenhaus)</small> * [[Halle (Holtisminni)|Halle]] <small>(Montes Visurgis)</small> * [[Halvesbostel]] * [[Hamala]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hameln'')</small> * [[Hambergen]] * [[Hambühren]] * [[Hämelhausen]] * [[Hamersen]] * [[Hammah]] * [[Handeloh]] * [[Handorf]] * [[Handrup]] * [[Hankensbüttel]] * [[Hannovera]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hannover''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannober'')</small> * [[Hann. Münden]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Hanstedt (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Hanstedt]] <small>(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Uelzen"/>)</small> * [[Hanstedt (Nordheide)|Hanstedt]] <small>(Nordheide)</small> * [[Harbarnsen]] * [[Hardegsen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Haren (Amisia)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Harmstorf]] * [[Harpstedt]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Harsefeld]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Harsum]] * [[Hartsburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Harzburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harzeborg'')</small> * [[Hasbergen]] * [[Haselünne]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Haßbergen]] * [[Hassel (Weser)]] * [[Hassendorf]] * [[Haste]] * [[Hatten]] * [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]] * [[Häuslingen]] * [[Haverlah]] * [[Hechthausen]] * [[Hedeper]] * [[Heede (Emsland)|Heede]] * [[Heemsen]] * [[Heere]] * [[Heeslingen]] * [[Heeßen]] * [[Hehlen]] * [[Heidenau (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenau]] * [[Heinade]] * [[Heinbockel]] * [[Heiningen (Niedersachsen)|Heiningen]] * [[Heinsen]] * [[Hellwege]] * [[Helmstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Helmstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmstidde'')</small> * [[Helpsen]] * [[Helvesiek]] * [[Hemmingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Hemmoor]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Hemsbünde]] * [[Hemslingen]] * [[Hemsloh]] * [[Hepstedt]] * [[Herzberg am Harz]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Herzlake]] * [[Hesel]] * [[Hespe]] * [[Hessisch Oldendorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Heuerßen]] * [[Heyen]] * [[Hildesia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hildesheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hilmessen'' seu ''Hilmssen'')</small> * [[Hilgermissen]] * [[Hilkenbrook]] * [[Hillerse]] * [[Hilter am Teutoburger Wald]] * [[Himbergen]] * [[Himmelpforten]] * [[Hinte]] * [[Hipstedt]] * [[Hittbergen]] * [[Hitzacker]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Hodenhagen]] * [[Höhbeck]] * [[Hohenhameln]] * [[Hohne]] * [[Hohnhorst]] * [[Hohnstorf (Albis)]] * [[Holdorf (Niedersachsen)|Holdorf]] * [[Holenberg]] * [[Holle]] * [[Hollenstedt]] * [[Hollern-Twielenfleth]] * [[Hollnseth]] * [[Holste]] * [[Holtgast]] * [[Holtisminni]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Holtsminne'')</small> * [[Holtland]] * [[Holzen (bei Eschershausen)|Holzen]] * [[Hoogstede]] * [[Hörden ad Harthicos montes]] * [[Horneburg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Horstedt (Niedersachsen)|Horstedt]] * [[Hoya]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Hoyerhagen]] * [[Hoyershausen]] * [[Hude (Oldenburg)]] * [[Hüde]] * [[Hülsede]] * [[Husum (bei Nienburg)|Husum]] * [[Hüven]] {{div col end}} === I === {{div col|3}} * [[Iburgum]]<ref name="Von Schaten 1714">Von Schaten, N. (1714). ''Monumenta Osnabrugensia ex historia romana, francica, saxonicaque eruta''. Typis Jodoci Henrici Meyer.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Iburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Ibig'' seu ''Ibig'')</small> * [[Ihlienworth]] * [[Ihlow (Frisia Orientalis)|Ihlow]] * [[Ilsede]] * [[Ingeleben]] * [[Isenbüttel]] * [[Isernhagen]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Isterberg]] * [[Itterbeck]] {{div col end}} === J === {{div col|3}} * [[Jade (Saxonia Inferior)|Jade]] * [[Jameln]] * [[Jelmstorf]] * [[Jembke]] * [[Jemgum]] * [[Jerxheim]] * [[Jesteburg]] * [[Jork]] * [[Jühnde]] * [[Juist]] {{div col end}} === K === {{div col|3}} * [[Kakenstorf]] * [[Kalbe (Niedersachsen)|Kalbe]] * [[Kalefeld]] * [[Karwitz]] * [[Katlenburg-Lindau]] * [[Kettenkamp]] * [[Kirchbrak]] * [[Kirchdorf (bei Sulingen)|Kirchdorf]] * [[Kirchgellersen]] * [[Kirchlinteln]] * [[Kirchseelte]] * [[Kirchtimke]] * [[Kirchwalsede]] * [[Kissenbrück]] * [[Klein Berßen]] * [[Klein Meckelsen]] * [[Kluse (Emsland)|Kluse]] * [[Kneitlingen]] * [[Köhlen]] * [[Königsmoor]] * [[Kranenburg (Oste)|Kranenburg]] * [[Krebeck]] * [[Krummendeich]] * [[Krummhörn]] * [[Kührstedt]] * [[Küsten]] * [[Kutenholz]] {{div col end}} === L === {{div col|3}} * [[Laar]] * [[Laatzen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Lachendorf]] * [[Laerium]]<ref name="Stüve 1789">Stüve, J. E. (1789). ''Beschreibung des Fürstenthums Osnabrück mit einigen Urkunden''. Kißling.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Laer'')</small> * [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]] * [[Lähden]] * [[Lahn (Hümmling)|Lahn]] * ''[[Lamspringe]]'' * [[Lamstedt]] * [[Landesbergen]] * [[Landolfshausen]] * [[Landwehr (Gemeinde)|Landwehr]] * [[Langelsheim]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * '''[[Langen (bei Bremerhaven)|Langen]]''' <small>(b.Bremerhaven)</small> * [[Langen (Emsland)|Langen]] <small>(Emsland)</small> * [[Langendorf (Elbe)|Langendorf]] * [[Langenhagen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Langeoog]] * [[Langlingen]] * [[Langwedel (Weser)|Langwedel]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lastrup]] * [[Lathen]] * [[Lauenau]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lauenbrück]] * [[Lauenförde]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lauenhagen]] * [[Leese]] * [[Leezdorf]] * [[Lehe (Emsland)|Lehe]] * [[Lehre (Niedersachsen)|Lehre]] * [[Lehrte]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Leiferde]] * [[Lembruch]] * [[Lemförde]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lemgow]] * [[Lemwerdera]]<ref name="Rüthning 1926">Rüthning, G. (Ed.) (1926). ''Oldenburger Urkundenbuch''. Gerhard Stalling.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lemwerder'')</small> * [[Lengede]] * [[Lengenbostel]] * [[Lengerich (Emsland)|Lengerich]] * [[Lenne (Niedersachsen)|Lenne]] * [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)|Leopolis]]<ref name="Ebel 1960">Ebel, W. (1960). ''Lübisches Recht: Erster Band''. Hansischer Geschichtsverein.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bleckede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bleikd'')</small> * [[Leri]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')</small> * [[Liebenau (Niedersachsen)|Liebenau]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Liebenburg]] * [[Lilienthal]] * [[Lindern (Oldenburg)]] * [[Lindhorst]] * [[Lindwedel]] * [[Lingen (Ems)]] <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Linsburg]] * [[Lintig]] * [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703">Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Westerstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Westerstäe'')</small> * [[Lohne (Oldenburg)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Löningen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Lorup]] * [[Loxstedt]] * [[Lübberstedt]] * [[Lübbow]] * [[Luchovia]]<ref name="Luchovia">Vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur "(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüchow''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauchüw'')</small> * [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]] * [[Lüder (Lüneburger Heide)|Lüder]] * [[Lüdersburg]] * [[Lüdersfeld]] * [[Lüerdissen]] * [[Luhden]] * [[Luneburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lümborg'' seu ''Lünborg''; [[Lingua Saxonica antiqua|Palaeosaxonice]] ''Hliuni'')</small> * [[Lünne]] * [[Lütetsburg]] * ''[[Lutter am Barenberge]]'' * [[Luttera Regalis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')</small> {{div col end}} === M === {{div col|3}} * [[Maasen]] * [[Marienhafe]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Marienhagen]] * [[Mariental (Niedersachsen)|Mariental]] * [[Marklohe]] * [[Marl (Dümmer)|Marl]] * [[Marschacht]] * [[Martfeld]] * [[Marxen]] * [[Mechtersen]] * [[Meerbeck]] * [[Meine]] * [[Meinersen]] * [[Melbeck]] * [[Melle]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Mellinghausen]] * [[Menslage]] * [[Meppea]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meppen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Möppen'')</small> * [[Merzen]] * [[Messenkamp]] * [[Messingen]] * [[Midlum (Land Wursten)|Midlum]] * [[Misselwarden]] * [[Mittelnkirchen]] * [[Mittelstenahe]] * [[Moisburg]] * [[Molbergen]] * [[Mons Catonis (Saxonia Inferior)|Mons Catonis]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Cadenberge''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuddeldutt'' seu ''Kumbarg'')</small> * [[Moormerland]] * [[Moorweg]] * [[Moringen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Müden (Alara)]] * [[Mulsum (Land Wursten)|Mulsum]] * [[Mundia Hannoverana]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Munimeri]]<ref name="Dronke 1844">Dronke, E. F. J. (Ed.) (1844). ''Traditiones et Antiquitates Fuldenses: Chartae et registra historica saeculi IX''. Fuldense: Typis Müllerianis.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Münder am Deister''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Münner'')</small> * [[Munster (Örtze)|Munster]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === N === {{div col|3}} * [[Nahrendorf]] * [[Natendorf]] * [[Neetze]] * [[Negenborn]] * [[Nenndorf (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorf]] * [[Neubörger]] * [[Neu Darchau]] * [[Neuenhaus]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Altes Land)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Altes Land)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (bei Bassum)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(b.Bassum)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Land Hadeln)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Land Hadeln)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Landkreis Osnabrück)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Lkr.Osnabrück)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Lüneburger Heide)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Lüneb.Heide)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen-Vörden]] * [[Neuharlingersiel]] * [[Neuhaus (Oste)]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Neuhof (Landkreis Hildesheim)|Neuhof]] * [[Neukamperfehn]] * [[Neulehe]] * [[Neuschoo]] * [[Neustadt am Rübenberge]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Neu Wulmstorf]] * [[Niederlangen]] * [[Niedernwöhren]] * [[Niemetal]] * [[Nienhagen (Landkreis Celle)|Nienhagen]] * [[Nienstädt]] * [[Norden]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Nordenham]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Norderney]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Nordholz]] * [[Nordleda]] * [[Nordsehl]] * [[Nordstemmen]] * [[Nörten-Hardenberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Northemium]]<ref name="Nothemium">Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur "(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Northeim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nuurten'')</small> * [[Northorna]]<ref name="Egli 1893">Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')</small> * [[Nortmoor]] * [[Nortrup]] * [[Nottensdorf]] * [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Urbs]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nienburg/Weser''; [[Saxonice]] ''Näinborg'' seu ''Nienborg'' seu ''Neenborg'' seu ''Negenborg'')</small> * [[Novale Frigidum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Colnrade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kollenroad'')</small> {{div col end}} === O === {{div col|3}} * [[Oberlangen]] * [[Oberndorf (Oste)|Oberndorf]] * [[Obernfeld]] * [[Obernholz]] * [[Obernkirchen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Ochtersum]] * [[Odisheim]] * [[Oederquart]] * [[Oerel]] * [[Oetzen]] * [[Ohne]] * [[Ohrum]] * [[Oldenburgum]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Oldendorf (Landkreis Stade)|Oldendorf]] <small>(Lkr.Stade)</small> * [[Oldendorf (Luhe)]] * [[Osloß]] * [[Osnabruga]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Osnabrück''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ossenbrääch''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Lingua Saxonica|Westfalice]] ''Ossenbrügge'')</small> * [[Osteel]] * [[Osten (Oste)|Osten]] * [[Osterbruch]] * [[Ostercappeln]] * [[Ostereistedt]] * [[Osterode am Harz]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Osterwald]] * [[Ostrhauderfehn]] * [[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Otter]] * [[Otterndorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Ottersberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Ovelgönne]] * [[Ovenhagium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Auhagen'')</small> * [[Oyten]] {{div col end}} === P === {{div col|3}} * [[Padingbüttel]] * [[Papenburg]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Parsau]] * [[Pattensen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Pegestorf]] * [[Pennigsehl]] * [[Petrimons]]<ref name="Perizonius 1758">Perizonius, J. (1758). ''Compendium historiarum antiquissimarum, civilium et ecclesiasticarum, usque ad seculum decimum octavum: Cum appendice de ducatu Westphaliae et comitatu Petrimontano''. Ex officina Wetsteniana.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Pyrmont''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Puurmont'')</small> * [[Pohle]] * [[Pollhagen]] * [[Pons Cobbanus]]<ref name="Leuckfeld 1714">Leuckfeld, J. G. (1714). ''Antiquitates Blankenburgenses, oder Historische Beschreibung derer vormals berühmten Grafen von Blankenburg, nebst dazugehörigen diplomatibus und Chartis''. Gottfried Freytag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Coppenbrügge'')</small> * [[Poynum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Peine''; [[Saxonice]] ''Paane''; [[Lingua Theodisca alta recens|Protoneoaltotheodisce]] ''Peina'')</small> * [[Praefectura Neohusana]]<ref name="Grupen II 1742">Grupen, C. U. (1742). ''Disceptationes Forenses cum Observationibus Juris: De originibus et iurisdictione praefecturarum ditionis Brunsvicensis (Caput de Praefectura Neohusana)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae: Förster.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Amt Neuhaus'')</small> * [[Pratum Vitulorum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calberlah'')</small> * [[Prezelle]] * [[Prinzhöfte]] {{div col end}} === Q === {{div col|3}} * [[Quakenbrück]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Quendorf]] * [[Querenhorst]] * [[Quernheim]] {{div col end}} === R === {{div col|3}} * [[Räbke]] * [[Radbruch]] * [[Raddestorf]] * [[Rastdorf]] * [[Rastede]] * [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]] * [[Rechtsupweg]] * [[Reeßum]] * [[Regesbostel]] * [[Rehburg-Loccum]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rehden]] * [[Rehlingen]] * [[Reinstorf]] * [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]] * [[Renkenberge]] * [[Rennau]] * [[Reppenstedt]] * [[Rethem (Aller)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rhade]] * [[Rhauderfehn]] * [[Rhede (Ems)]] * [[Rheden (Niedersachsen)|Rheden]] * [[Rhumspringe]] * [[Ribbesbüttel]] * [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]] * [[Rieste]] * [[Ringe]] * [[Ringstedt]] * [[Rinteln]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Ritterhude]] * [[Rodenberg]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rodewald]] * [[Rohrsen]] * [[Roklum]] * [[Rollshausen]] * [[Römstedt]] * [[Ronnenberg]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Rosche]] * [[Rosdorf]] * [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]] * [[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]<ref name="Rotenburgum ad Wemmam">De Latino toponymico syntagmate "[[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]" -ad quod Latinum gentilicium "Rotenburgensis-e" refertur-, vide homonymas urbes apud {{Graesse}} et {{Hofmannus}}. De hydronymo "[[Wemma]]", etiam vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rotenburg''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Rotenburg an der Wümme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rodenborg'')</small> * [[Rötgesbüttel]] * [[Rüdershausen]] * [[Rühen]] * [[Rullstorf]] {{div col end}} === S === {{div col|3}} * [[Sachsenhagen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Sagterlandia]]<ref name="BOV 2013">Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')</small> * [[Salis Cancellum]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Salzgitter''; [[Saxonice]] ''Soltgitter'')</small> * [[Salzbergen]] * [[Salzdetfordium]]<ref name="Marcard 1805"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Salzdetfurth'')</small> * [[Salzhausen]] * [[Salzhemmendorf]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Samern]] * [[Sandbostel]] * [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]] * [[Sarstedt]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Sassenburg]] * [[Sathsa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Sachsa'')</small> * [[Sauensiek]] * [[Schapen]] * [[Scharnebeck]] * [[Scheden]] * [[Scheeßel]] * [[Schellerten]] * [[Schiffdorf]] * [[Schladen-Werla]] * [[Schnackenburg]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schnega]] * [[Schneverdingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Scholen]] * [[Schönewörde]] * [[Schöningen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schöppenstedt]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schortens]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Schüttorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schwaförden]] * [[Schwanewede]] * [[Schwarme]] * [[Schwarmstedt]] * [[Schweindorf]] * [[Schweringen]] * [[Schwerinsdorf]] * [[Schwienau]] * [[Schwülper]] * [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]] * [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]] * [[Seelze]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Seesen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Seevetal]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Seggebruch]] * [[Sehlde]] * [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]] * [[Sehnde]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Selsingen]] * [[Semmenstedt]] * [[Seulingen]] * [[Sibbesse]] * [[Sickte]] * [[Siedenburg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Sittensen]] * [[Soderstorf]] * [[Sögel]] * [[Söhlde]] * [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]] * [[Soltau]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Soltendieck]] * [[Sottrum]] * [[Spahnharrenstätte]] * [[Spelle]] * [[Spiekeroog]] * [[Sprakensehl]] * [[Springe]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Stadae]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stood'')</small> * [[Stadlandia]]<ref>Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA617&lpg=PA617&dq=statlandia+saxonia&source=bl&ots=Ysl9JI4L06&sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&q=statlandia%20saxonia&f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')</small> * [[Stadtoldendorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Staffhorst]] * [[Staufenberg]] * [[Stavern]] * [[Stedesdorf]] * [[Steimbke]] * [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]] * [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]] * [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]] * [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]] * [[Stelle]] * [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]] * [[Stemshorn]] * [[Steyerberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Stinstedt]] * [[Stöckse]] * [[Stoetze]] * [[Stolzenau]] * [[Stuhr]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Südbrookmerland]] * [[Suderburg]] * [[Südergellersen]] * [[Südheide]] * [[Sudwalde]] * [[Suhlendorf]] * [[Sulingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Süpplingen]] * [[Süpplingenburg]] * [[Süstedt]] * [[Sustrum]] * [[Surwold]] * [[Suthfeld]] * [[Syke]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === T === {{div col|3}} * [[Tappenbeck]] * [[Tarmstedt]] * [[Tespe]] * [[Teuderium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'')</small> * [[Thransfellensis Ecclesia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dransfeld'')</small> * [[Thedinghausen]] * [[Theodolfestorpum]]<ref name="Asseburg 1855">Asseburg, J. von der. (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des Geschlechts von der Asseburg (Vol. 1)''. Hahnschen Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dedelstorf'')</small> * [[Thomasburg]] * [[Thorpum]]<ref name="Thorpum">Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardDorfinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20160831-7111.htm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Dörpen''', 9. Jh., bei Aschendorf nördlich Meppens, F2-1090 THURP (Dorf) Dorfa (7), Thorpum (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dörpen'')</small> * [[Thuine]] * [[Tiddische]] * [[Tiste]] * [[Toppenstedt]] * [[Tostedt]] * [[Tosterglope]] * [[Trebel]] * [[Triburi]]<ref name="Philippi & Bar 1892"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drebber'')</small> * [[Tülau]] * [[Twieflingen]] * [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]] * [[Twistringen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === U === {{div col|3}} * [[Uchte]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Uehrde]] * [[Uelsen]] * [[Uetze]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Ulsena]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Uelzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ülz’n'')</small> * [[Ummern]] * [[Undeloh]] * [[Upgant-Schott]] * [[Uplengen]] * [[Uslar]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Utarp]] {{div col end}} === V === {{div col|3}} * [[Vahlberg]] * [[Vahlbruch]] * [[Vahlde]] * [[Vallis Augae]]<ref name="SLH 1988">Societas Latina Hannoverana (1988). ''Fasciculi geographici et historici: De parvis provinciis ditionis Hannoveranae et Schaumburgensis''. Hannoverae: Typis Exscripsit Libraria Scripturarum.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Auetal'')</small> * [[Vallis Claustra-Cella]]<ref name="Conring 1730">Conring, H. (1730). ''De Antiquitatibus Academicis Dissertationes Septem''. Officina Smeinkiana.</ref><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clausthal-Zellerfeld''; [[Supraharthice]] ''Clasthol-Zallerfall'')</small> * [[Varel]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Varrel]] * [[Vastorf]] * [[Vechelde]] * [[Velpke]] * [[Veltheim (Ohe)]] * [[Vetha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Vechta''; [[Saxonice]] ''Vechte'')</small> * [[Vicus Adelaidis]]<ref name="ALF 2016">Academia Latinitati Fovendae (2016). ''Commentarii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae: De novis parochiis et communibus Saxoniae Inferioris textus'' (Vol. XXIV). Romae: Herder.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adelheidsdorf'')</small> * [[Vierden]] * [[Vierhöfen]] * [[Vildhusia]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Wildeshausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wilshusen'')</small> * [[Villa Cremilonis]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cremlingen'')</small> * [[Visbek]] * [[Visselhövede]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Vögelsen]] * [[Vollersode]] * [[Voltlage]] * [[Vorda Bremensis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bremervörde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bremervöör'')</small> * [[Vordorf]] * [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]] * [[Vrees]] {{div col end}} === W === {{div col|3}} * [[Waake]] * [[Waddeweitz]] * [[Wagenfeld]] * [[Wagenhoff]] * [[Wahrenholz]] * [[Walchum]] * [[Walkenried]] * [[Wallenhorst]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Wallmoden]] * [[Walsrode]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wangelnstedt]] * [[Wangerland]] * [[Wangerooge]] * [[Wanna]] * [[Warberg]] * [[Wardenburg]] * [[Warmsen]] * [[Warpe]] * [[Wasbüttel]] * [[Wathlingen]] * [[Wedemark]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Weener]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Weenzen]] * [[Wehrbleck]] * [[Welle]] * [[Wendeburg]] * [[Wendisch Evern]] * [[Wennigsen]] * [[Wenzendorf]] * [[Werdum]] * [[Werlte]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Werpeloh]] * [[Wesendorf]] * [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]] * [[Westergellersen]] * [[Westerholt]] * [[Westertimke]] * [[Westerwalsede]] * [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]] * [[Westoverledingen]] * [[Wetschen]] * [[Wettrup]] * [[Weyhausen]] * [[Weyhe]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Wieda]] * [[Wiedensahl]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Wiefelstede]] * [[Wielen]] * [[Wienhausen]] * [[Wiesmoor]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Wietmarschen]] * [[Wietze]] * [[Wietzen]] * [[Wietzendorf]] * [[Wilhelmshaven]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wilstedt]] * [[Wilsum]] * [[Wingst]] * [[Winkelsett]] * [[Winnigstedt]] * [[Winsen (Aller)]] * [[Winsenia]]<ref name="Büttner">Büttner, D. S. (1710). ''Rudera Diluvii Testes, i.e. Zeichnung und Abbildung derer Columnarum Sceletonum''. Gottfried Zimmermann.</ref> <small>(ad [[Luya]]m<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Winsen'')</small> * [[Winzenburg]] * [[Wippingen]] * [[Wirdum]] * [[Wischhafen]] * [[Wistedt]] * [[Witmundia]]<ref>E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&pg=PA281&dq=Witmundia&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&q=Witmundia&f=false p. 281].</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')</small> * [[Wittingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Wittmar]] * [[Wittorf]] * [[Wohnste]] * [[Wolfsburgum]]<ref>Vide nomini arcis: Samuel Pufendorfus, ''Commentariorum de rebus Suecicis libri XXVI'' {{Google Books|lV1PAAAAcAAJ|pag. 457 et 475}}, ''Nova Acta Eruditorum'' {{Google Books|eGFlITDJFSMC|pag. 487}}, Lipsiae, anno 1756, ac ''Itininerarium Thomae Carve, Tipperariensis'' ([https://archive.org/details/itinerariumthom00kerngoog/page/n182 pag. 108]).</ref> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> </small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Wolfsburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfsborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfsbuurich'')</small> * [[Wollbrandshausen]] * [[Wollershausen]] * [[Wölpinghausen]] * [[Wolsdorf]] * [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]] * [[Woltershausen]] * [[Worpswede]] * [[Wremen]] * [[Wrestedt]] * [[Wriedel]] * [[Wulfsen]] * [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]] * [[Wunstorf]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wurster Nordseeküste]] * [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === Z === {{div col|3}} * [[Zernien]] * [[Zetel]] * [[Zeven]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Zorge]] {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]] 59s0y73ma42ou7lquousmrfgo9b9x83 3980683 3980614 2026-08-11T23:20:39Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980683 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Lower Saxony.svg|thumb|500px|Urbes et communia Saxoniae Inferioris.]] '''Index urbium, oppidorum et communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnia [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur. Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communium et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur. Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent. Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent: * Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent. * Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent. * 61 communium et tria communia generalia (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent. * 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent. === A === {{div col|3}} * [[Abensium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obbens'')</small> * [[Acheimum]]<ref name="Grote III 1877">Grote, H. (1877). ''Münzstudien: Geschichte der älteren Münzen und Urkunden des Bisthums Verden'' (Vol. VIII). Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Achim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Achem'')</small> * [[Achestedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Axstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ax'')</small> * [[Adelebsenum]]<ref name="Funck 1736">Funck, J. N. (1736). ''Disputatio Academica de Voluntaria Morte Judaeorum et Gentilium sub Praesidio S. R. I. Libero Baroni de Adelebsen Dedicata''. Rintelii: Typis Johannis Friderici Enax.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adelebsen'')</small> * [[Adenebutla]]<ref name="Pischke 1998">Pischke, G. (Ed.) (1998). ''Das Lehnsregister der Edelherren von Meinersen: Edition und historische Untersuchung der mittelalterlichen Besitzurkunden'' (Documentum anni MCCXX). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Adenbüttel'')</small> * [[Adenhusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703">Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis: De ecclesiis parochialibus et ditione antiqua oppidi Adenhusii''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahnsen'')</small> * [[Adenthorpium]]<ref name="Höhbaum 1876">Höhbaum, K. (Ed.) (1876). ''Hansisches Urkundenbuch: Monumenta Germaniae Historica e codicibus diplomaticis Bremensibus et Luneburgensibus'' (Vol. I). Halis Saxonum: Typis Orphanotrophei.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Adendörp'')</small> * [[Affinghusia]]<ref name="Rathlef 1766">Rathlef, E. L. (1766). ''Geschichte der Grafschaften Hoya und Diepholz: Monimenta diplomatica et antiquitates ditionis Affinghusiae'' (Vol. I). Bremae: Försterischen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Affinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Affinghusen'' seu ''Affjehusen'')</small> * [[Alrebekesa]]<ref name="Oven 1872">Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck'')</small> * [[Ahusium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ahusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahusen'')</small> * [[Alfelda]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Allefelle'')</small> * [[Alfhusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfhausen'')</small> * [[Algermissenum]]<ref name="Hoogeweg III 1903">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1903). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et privilegia de Algermisseno)'' (Vol. III). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Algermissen'')</small> * [[Almstedium]]<ref name="Hoogeweg II 1901">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1901). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et registra de Almstedio)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Almstedt'')</small> * [[Alorstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1758">Pratje, J. H. (1758). ''Historische Nachrichten von dem ehemaligen berühmten Closter Harsefeld: Monumenta ac documenta saeculi XII ubi de decimis Alorstedii agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlerstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohlers'')</small> * [[Alvstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759">Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfs'' seu ''Alfst'')</small> * [[Amelinghusium]]<ref name="Baring 1746">Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'')</small> * [[Anchemium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ankum'')</small> * [[Andervenia]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Andervenne'')</small> * [[Andorlangia]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Anderlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Annerlingen'')</small> * [[Antiqua Medingha]]<ref name="Homeyer X 2006">Homeyer, J. (Ed.) (2006). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Medingen: Lüneburger Urkundenbuch (Monimenta historica saeculi XIV de parochia Medinghae) (Vol. X)''. Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Altenmedingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohmein'')</small> * [[Apenum]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aap'')</small> * [[Apleremum]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apelern'')</small> * [[Appelium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Appel'')</small> * [[Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis]]<ref name="Mirus 1826">Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz'')</small> * [[Aquae Nendorpenses]]<ref name="Marcard 1805">Marcard, H. M. (1805). ''De salubritate aquarum nendorpensium et de earum usu in morbis chronicis''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich; et: Macard, H. M. (1805). ''De usu salutari fontium salinorum in territorio Hildesiensi sitorum''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Nenndorf'')</small> * [[Aquae Zwischenahnenses]]<ref name="Statisitakamt Nord 2025">Statistikamt Nord (Editio Latina). ''Catalogus Urbium et Communium Germaniae''. Hamburgi, 2025.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Zwischenahn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Twiskenoan'' seu ''Boad Twiskenoan''; [[Saxonice]] ''Twüschenahn'')</small> * [[Aroldishusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'')</small> * [[Artlenburgum]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Artlenburg'')</small> * [[Artlissa]]<ref name="Mader 1664">Mader, J. J. (1664). ''Antiquitates Brunsvicenses: De antiquis parochiis Saxonum et finibus dioecesis Mindensis (Caput de parochia Artlissa)''. Helmestadii: Typis Henningi Mulleri.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aerzen'': quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Ärzen'')</small> * [[Arx Agathae]]<ref name="Kochen 1724">Kochen, J. H. (1724). ''Introductio in Historiam Ducatus Bremensis y Verdensis: Accesserunt diplomata varia et descriptio Arcis Agathae et ditionis Stadiensis''. Stadae: Typis Caspari Holmii.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Agathenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gothenborg'')</small> * [[Arx Draconis]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drakenburg'')</small> * [[Ascalingium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlden'')</small> * [[Asanthorpium]]<ref name="Vogell 1856">Vogell, A. (Ed.) (1856). ''Urkundenbuch des Bisthums Verden y des Collegiatstifts Bardewick: Chartae, diplomata et monumenta historica saeculi XIII...''. Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Harburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Harburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Harburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Harburgum]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Harburgensis-e" refertur-.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')</small> * [[Asenthorpium]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1855). ''Hoyer Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Jänecke Verlag.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Diepholtia|Circulo terrae Diepholtia]]<ref name="Landkreis Diepholz">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Diepholtia" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Diepholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Diepholtia]]", vide {{Hofmannus}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')</small> * [[Assena]]<ref name="Philippi & Bar 1892">Philippi, F., & Bär, M. (Eds.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 772-1200'' (Vol. 1). Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde von Osnabrück.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Essen'')</small> * [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterholz-Scharmbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosterholt-Scharmbeek'')</small> * [[Auricum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auricum]]<ref name="Emmius 1616">Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Aurich''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aurk''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Auerk'')</small> {{div col end}} === B === {{div col|3}} * [[Badberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Badbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Badbern'')</small> * [[Baddekenstedium]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel & Ohainski X 2018">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'')</small> * [[Balga]]<ref name="Udolph 1994">Udolph, J. (1994). ''Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem'' (Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Ergänzungsbände 9). Walter de Gruyter.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balje'')</small> * [[Balga Cortis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Balge'')</small> * [[Baltrumum]]<ref name="Wiarda III 1792">Wiarda, T. D. (1792). ''Ostfriesische Geschichte: Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1648'' (Vol. 3). August Friedrich Winter.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Baltrum'')</small> * [[Bamwida]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bohmte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baumte'')</small> * [[Bardenuvicum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bardowick''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bewick'')</small> * [[Bardorpium]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859">Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrdorf'')</small> * [[Barenburgum]]<ref name="Kolb 1712">Kolb, G. (1712). ''Compendium totius orbis: partim geographicum, partim historicum, partim genealogicum''. Typis Universitatis Carolo-Francisceae</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnborg'')</small> * [[Bargstedum]]<ref name="Mushard 1764">Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bargstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargst'' seu ''Bars'')</small> * [[Barnstedum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702">Bünting, H., & Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'')</small> * [[Barnstorfium]]<ref name="Böhmer 2007">Böhmer, J. F. (2007). ''Regesta Imperii III: Salisches Haus 1024–1125. Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Heinrich IV'' (T. Struve, Ed.). Böhlau Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnstrup'')</small> * [[Barsela]]<ref name="Köbler 2016">Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barßel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bäärsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassel'')</small> * [[Barsingehusa]]<ref name="Harenberg 1753">Harenberg, J. C. (1753). ''Historia ecclesiae Gandershemensis diplomatica''. Typis et Impensis Joannis Christophori Meisneri.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barsinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baschehusen'' seu ''Basche'')</small> * [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]]<ref name="Mindermann I II 2004">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2004). ''Verdener Urkundenbuch, 1. Abteilung, Band 2: 1300–1380''. Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circulo Luneburgensi]]<ref name="Landreis Lüneburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Luneburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landreis Lüneburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Luneburgensis-e" ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boorn'')</small> * [[Barum (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Barum]]<ref name="AdWzG 2010">Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, & U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Uelzen">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Ulsenensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Uelzen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Ulsenensis-e" ad [[Ulsena]]m refertur. Quo de gentilicio, vide lemma "res-publica Ulsenensis" apud {{Google Books|w_tWAAAAcAAJ|vide paginam dedicationis operis}}"; et de topnymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bourm'')</small> * [[Barunvilla]]<ref name="SdaedhdlM 1862">Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle (1862). ''Mémoires de la Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle: Année 1860–1861''. Rousseau-Pallez.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borendörp'')</small> * [[Barverum]]<ref name="Böhmer 1844">Böhmer, J. F. (1844). ''Regesta Chronologico-Diplomatica Regum et Imperatorum Romanorum: Inde a Conrado I. Usque ad Henricum VII''. Typis et Sumtibus J. C. Hermann.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barver'')</small> * [[Barwedelum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barwedel'')</small> * [[Basdalum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Basdahl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Basdaal'' seu ''Basdohl'')</small> * [[Bawinkelum]]<ref name="Moser 1738">Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bawinkel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bowinkel'')</small> * [[Bebenhusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Bebenhusa]]<ref name="Ahlfeldt 2010">Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.) (2010). ''Regnum Francorum Online: Traditio Fuldenses''. Francia-Ahlfeldt Project.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bevensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bämsen'' seu ''Bemsen'')</small> * [[Beckdorfium]]<ref name="AdWzG 2010"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beckdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beekdörp'')</small> * [[Beckedorfium]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beckedorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Biäkedörp'')</small> * [[Beckelnum]]<ref name="Böhmer 1844"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beckeln'')</small> * [[Bedenbostelum]]<ref name="NL 1924">Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel'')</small> * [[Beierstedum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beierstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barste’e'')</small> * [[Belmum]]<ref name="Moser 1738"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Belm'')</small> * [[Belumum]]<ref name="Mushard 1764"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Belum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Belen'')</small> * [[Bema (Saxonia Inferior)|Bema]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Böhme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhm'')</small> * [[Bendestorfium]]<ref name="Bührmann 2005">Bührmann, M. (2005). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen des norddeutschen Raumes''. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. </ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bendestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bendsdörp'')</small> * [[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Berga]]<ref name="Bruzen de La Martinière 1737">Bruzen de La Martinière, A. A. (1737). ''Thesaurus geographicus criticus: in quo omnium orbis terrarum regionum, civitatum, oppidorum, nominibus antiquis, medii aevi et modernis''. Ex Officina Wetsteniana.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Celle">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Cellensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Celle'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Cellensis-e" refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargen'')</small> * [[Berga (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Berga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Osnabrugae|Circulo Osnabrugae]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Osnabrugae" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osnabrück'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum ''LandKreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Osnabruga|Osnabruga-ae]]", vide Pertsch, Erich: ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'', Berolini et Monaci 1983, ISBN 3-468-07202-3, p. 1325.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Berge'')</small> * [[Berga ad Dumnam]]<ref name="Bruzen de La Martinière 1737"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergen an der Dumme''; [[Polabice]] ''Djörska'')</small> * [[Bergenborstelium]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrenborstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bornbössel'' seu ''Boornbössel'')</small> * [[Bergfelda]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergfeld''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bargfeld'')</small> * [[Bersenbrugum]]<ref name="Sandhoff 1785">Sandhoff, J. E. (1785). ''Antistitum Osnabrugensis ecclesiae, qui per decem saecula episcopale munus in ea gesserunt, chronotaxis''. Typis Joannis Georgii Kislingii.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bersenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bessenbrügge'')</small> * [[Berumburgum]]<ref name="Emmius 1616"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'')</small> * [[Bestena]]<ref name="Jellinghaus 1923">Jellinghaus, H. (1923). ''Die westfälischen Ortsnamen nach ihren Bestandteilen''' (III ed.). Ferdinand Schöningh.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beesten'')</small> * [[Betzendorfum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Betzendorfum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bätzendörp'')</small> * [[Bevernense Castrum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'')</small> * [[Beverstedum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beverstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beverst'')</small> * [[Bienenbuttelum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bienenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bienbüddel'')</small> * [[Bilshusa]]<ref name="Wolf 1819">Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'')</small> * [[Binethemum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688">Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim'')</small> * [[Binnenum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Binnen'')</small> * [[Bippenum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bippen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bippen'')</small> * [[Birsina]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bassum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassen'')</small> * [[Bissendorpum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bissendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissendörp'')</small> * [[Blenderum]]<ref name="Brosius 1993">Brosius, D. (1993). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum'' (Vol. 1). Wallstein Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Blender''; [[Saxonice]] ''Blenner'')</small> * [[Bliederstorpum]]<ref name="Trüper 2017">Trüper, H. G. (2017). ''Urkundenbuch der Herren von Zesterfleth: 1232–1657''. Wallstein Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bliedersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bliersdörp'')</small> * [[Bobentunum]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bovenden''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bovten'')</small> * [[Bocensis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bückeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bückeborg'')</small> * [[Bocholta (Circulus Heidensis)|Bocholta]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1859"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Heidensis|Circulo Heidensi]]<ref name="Heidekreis">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Heidensis" -Theodisce ''Heidekreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum gentilicium "Heidensis-e" Theodiscum lexema ''Heide-'' vertit.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')</small> * [[Bocholta (Circulus Theorosburgensis)|Bocholta]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Theorosburgensis|Circulo Theorosburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Schaumburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Theorosburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Schaumburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio "Theorosburgensis-e", quod ad [[Theorosburgum]] refertur, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukholt'')</small> * [[Bocholtum in Ericeto]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>[[urbs]] et commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz in der Nordheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')</small> * [[Bochorna (Circulus Frisicus)|Bochorna]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873">Ehmck, D. R., & von Bippen, W. (Ed.) (1873). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1300''. C. Schünemann.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Frisicus|Circulo Frisico]]<ref name="Landkreis Friesland">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Frisicus" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Friesland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Frisicus-a-um" ad [[Frisia (discretiva)|Frisiam]] refertur. Quod de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bockhorn'')</small> * [[Bochorna (Circulus Vetha)|Bochorna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Vetha|Circulo Vetha]]<ref name="Landkreis Vechta">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Vetha" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Vechta'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo).</ref><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bakum'')</small> * [[Bochorstia]]<ref name="Erhard 1851">Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bockhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukhast'')</small> * [[Bodendicum]]<ref name="Brosius 1985">Brosius, D. (1985). ''Aus der Geschichte der Burg Bodenteich''. Ecomed Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bodenteich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bonndiek'')</small> * [[Bodenfelda]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenfelde'')</small> * [[Bodensa]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph">Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodensee'')</small> * [[Bodonis Insula]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'')</small> * [[Boffeshusium]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'')</small> * [[Boitersena]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2001). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden: Band 1''. Von den Anfängen bis 1300. [[Stadae|Stadis]]: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bötersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boitzen'')</small> * [[Boitzia]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Boitze''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhtz'')</small> * [[Bokenstorpium]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bokensdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokensdörp'')</small> * [[Bokenum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bockenem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokeln'')</small> * [[Borchwega]]<ref name="Rüther 1905">Rüther, H. (Ed.) (1905). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Neuenwalde''. Halle’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burweg'')</small> * [[Borkna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Borkum''; [[lingua Frisica|Frisice]] ''Boarkum''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Börkum'')</small> * [[Borna Castra]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berne'')</small> * [[Borsla]]<ref name="Niemeyer 2012">Niemeyer, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bösel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Böäsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bäsel'')</small> * [[Borstla]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1842">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1842). ''Diepholzer Urkundenbuch: Authentische Urkunden zur Geschichte der Grafschaft Diepholz''. [[Hannovera]]e: Hahn'schen Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Borstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bössel'')</small> * [[Botela]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bothel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bootel'')</small> * [[Brachia (Germania)|Brachia]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Brake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braak'' seu ''Broak'')</small> * [[Braclina]]<ref name="Rübel 1881">Rübel, K. (Ed.) (1881). ''Dortmunder Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1340''. [[Isarlohia]]e: J. Baedeker.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brackel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braackel'')</small> * [[Bramascus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bramsche'')</small> * [[Breddenberga]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898">Wilmans, R., & Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Breddenberg'')</small> * [[Bredenforda]]<ref name="Hoogeweg 1898">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde'')</small> * [[Bredthorpium]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Breddorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Breddörp'')</small> * [[Brestum (Saxonia Inferior)|Brestum]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brest'')</small> * [[Brincama]]<ref name="Friedländer 1878">Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. (Jahre 787–1470)''. [[Emda]]e: Haynel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brinkum'')</small> * [[Britlinga]]<ref name="Udolph 2004">Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brietlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brietl'')</small> * [[Brochema]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brockum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Broubm'' seu ''Brookm'')</small> * [[Brocleda]]<ref name="Janicke 1896">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1''. [[Lipsia]]e: S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bröckel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bräukel'')</small> * [[Broclina]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brockel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brookel'')</small> * [[Broma]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski 2014">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (Ed.). (2014). ''Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch: Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Gifhorn''. [[Bilivelda]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brome''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brom'')</small> * [[Brochusium-Vilsena]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855"/><ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bruchhausen-Vilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brooksen-Vilsen'')</small> * [[Brunsvicum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Braunschweig''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brunswiek''; [[lingua Saxonica|Brunsvicice]] dialectaliter ''Bronswiek'' seu ''Brönswiek'')</small> * [[Bukina]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bücken''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bücken'')</small> * [[Bulcova]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bülkau'')</small> * [[Bulsteda]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bülstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büls'')</small> * [[Brunla]]<ref name="Bode 1893">Bode, G. (Ed.) (1893). ''Urkundenbuch der Stadt Goslar und der in und bei Goslar belegenen geistlichen Stiftungen: Band 1 (922 bis 1250)''.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Braunlage'')</small> * [[Bunda]]<ref name="Deiter">Deiter, H. (1881). Oldeborchs, Pastoris zu Bunda in Reiderland, kleine ostfriesische Chronicke, betreffend die Jahre 1558 bis 1605. ''Jahrbuch de Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst und vaterländische Altertümer zu Emden''.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bunde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bunn'')</small> * [[Burchardivillare]]<ref name="Janicke 1892">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1892). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1. Bis zum Jahre 1221''. S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|Circulo Guelpherbytensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Wolfenbüttel">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Guelpherbytensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Wolfenbüttel'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Guelpherbytensis-e" ad [[Guelpherbytum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://vd18.gbv.de/viewer/fullscreen/006049869/1/ ''vd18.gbv.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Pro eo ac debuisti, urbs aerumnosa, infelix ac misera Guelpherbytum (...)"; et quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/MBRY52X6EUWPQOQRFBKHVLYBSUG4M6LS ''Carmina Votiva Honori Clarißimi atq[ue] Experientißimi Viri Dn. Samuelis Stockhausen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Practici Guelpherbytensis (...)".</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'')</small> * [[Burgdorfium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(in [[Hannovera (regio)|Regione Hannovera]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'' seu ''Bortörp'')</small> * [[Burgium (Saxonia Inferior)|Burgium]]<ref name="Remling VII 2026">Remling, L. (2026). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Emsland''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Börger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borger'')</small> * [[Buria (Saxonia Inferior)|Buria]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bühren'')</small> * [[Bursina (Saxonia Inferior)|Bursina]]<ref name="Casemir 2003">Casemir, K. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil III)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Börßum'')</small> * [[Butiadinga]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen II 1876">Ehmck, D. R., & Bippen, W. von. (Ed.) (1876). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 2. 1301–1350''. D. Ed. Müller.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Butjadingen'')</small> * [[Buxtehuda]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1842">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1842). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buxtehude''; [[Saxonice]] ''Buxthu'')</small> * [[Byspinga]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1859">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1859). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Fünfte Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bispingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissen'')</small> {{div col end}} === C === {{div col|3}} * [[Campus Rufus]]<ref name="Stüve 1789"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Rothenfelde'')</small> * [[Capella (Saxonia Inferior)|Capella]]<ref name="Philippi II 1894">Philippi, F. (Ed.) (1894). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Band 2. Die Urkunden der Jahre 1201–1250''. H. Th. Wenner.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cappeln'')</small> * [[Castrovallium]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgwedel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borwee'' seu ''Boorwee'')</small> * [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Celle'')</small> * [[Clenza]]<ref name="Janicke II 1896">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 2. Von 1221 bis 1260''. S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clenze''; [[Polabice]] ''Kloncka'')</small> * [[Cloppenburgum]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Cloppenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cloppenborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kloppenbuurich'')</small> * [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]<ref name="Erhard 1851">Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'') * [[Cramma]]<ref name="Casemir 2003"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cramme'')</small> * [[Cuxhavia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuxhoben'')</small> {{div col end}} === D === {{div col|3}} * [[Dalemia]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlem'')</small> * [[Dalenburgum]]<ref name="Rzihacek & Spreitzer XI 2024">Rzihacek, A., & Spreitzer, F. (Ed.) (2024). ''Die Urkunden Otto IV (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus XI). Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlenborg'')</small> * [[Dalum]]<ref name="Janicke II 1896"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Tahln'')</small> * [[Damma (Saxonia Inferior)|Damma]]<ref name="Philippi II 1894"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Damme'')</small> * [[Damnatzium]]<ref name="Garzmann LXXVI 2004">Garzmann, M. R. W. (Ed.) (2004). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte: Neue Folge der Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen (Band 76)''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Damnatz'')</small> * [[Danneberga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dannenberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dannenbarg''; [[Polabice]] ''Wajdars'')</small> * [[Danthorpum]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel % Udolph VII 2011">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Udolph, J. (2011). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII''). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Danndorf'')</small> * [[Dassela]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dassel'')</small> * [[Dedenhusa]]<ref name="-husaDeensen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'')</small> * [[Deinste]]<ref name="Vanni & Rossi 2012">Vanni, D., & Rossi, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Index Nominum Geographicorum Locorumque Mundi Latine Redditus''. Societas Latina.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deinste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deinst'')</small> * [[Deinstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deinstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deins'')</small> * [[Delmenhorstium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Delmenhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Demost'')</small> * [[Dengdia]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Denkte'')</small> * [[Derental]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Derental'')</small> * [[Dersum]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dersum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Derßm'')</small> * [[Dettum]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dettum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Detten'')</small> * [[Dicla]]<ref name="Mooyer 1855">Mooyer, E. F. (Ed.) (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des vormaligen Stiftes Minden''. J. C. C. Bruns.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dickel'')</small> * [[Didderse]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Didderse'' et [[Saxonice]] ''Deesse'')</small> * [[Diekholza]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diekholzen'')</small> * [[Dielmissa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dielmissen'')</small> * [[Diepenavia]]<ref name="-avia">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-avia-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diepenau'')</small> * [[Diepholtia]]<ref name="Hofmannus">{{Hofmannus}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deefholt'')</small> * [[Dinklage]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dinklage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dinklaoge'')</small> * [[Disaldishusa]]<ref name="-husaDelligsen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Disaldishusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Reuter, A. (Ed.) (1950). ''1100 Jahre Delligsen: Geschichte der Hilsmulde und des Ortes Delligsen''. Verlag der Gemeinde Delligsen. </ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Delligsen'')</small> * [[Disna (Saxonia Inferior)|Disna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dissen am Teutoburger Wald'')</small> * [[Dohra (Terra Emesensis)|Dohra]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Terrae Emesensis|Terra Emesensi]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Terrae Altenburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Emsland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum "terra-ae" Theodiscum lexema ''-land'' vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Emesensis-e" ad flumen [[Amisia|Emesam]] refertur. De hoc hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dohren '')</small> * [[Dohra (Circulus Harburgensis)|Dohra]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Harburg"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dohren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Duhrn'')</small> * [[Dolnere]]<ref name="Dolnere">Vide [https://adw-goe.de/fileadmin/forschungsprojekte/ortsnamen_rhein_elbe/dokumente/Publikationen_Udolph_PDF/2001-2005/315._Udolph_Anmerkungen_zum_Ortsnamen_Dollern.pdf ''Anmerkugen zum Ortsnamen Dollern''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1105 (Fälschung Mitte 12. Jh.) ''Dolnere'' (...) 1209 ''Johannes de dolnere'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dollern'')</small> * [[Doristacus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dorstadt'')</small> * [[Dornum]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dornum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dornm'')</small> * [[Dorverda]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dörverden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dörbern'' seu ''Dörb'' seu ''Dörveern'')</small> * [[Dotlinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dötlingen'')</small> * [[Drage (Albis)|Drage]]<ref name="Drage">'''Drage-es'''; declinatio regularis generis Graeci vel Latini in prima declinatione, aut ut nomen substantivum regulare primae declinationis in geographicis rationibus modernis tractatum. Quo de toponymo, vide: Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Draag'')</small> * [[Drentwede]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1842">von Hodenberg, W. (1842). ''Diepholzer Urkundenbuch''. [[Hannovera]]e.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drentwede'')</small> * [[Drestadium]]<ref name="-stadt"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drestedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dreest'')</small> * [[Drochtersa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drochtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drochters'')</small> * [[Dudanebutli]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1841">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1841). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch (Band 1)''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Düdenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düünbeudel'')</small> * [[Duderstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Duderstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dustadt'')</small> * [[Dunsa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dünsen'')</small> * [[Dunum]]<ref name="Houtrouw 1889">Houtrouw, O. G. (1889). ''Ostfriesland: Eine geschichtlich-ortskundige Wanderung gegen Ende der Fürstenzeit (Band 1)''. Dunkmann.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dunum'')</small> * [[Duthungun]]<ref name="Udolph 2004"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Duingen''; [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Daujen'')</small> {{div col end}} === E === {{div col|3}} * [[Ebbestorpium]]<ref name="Jaitner 1985">Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ebstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ebstörp'')</small> * [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]<ref name="Ebersdorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf' in Latinam "Ebersdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ebersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eversdörp'')</small> * [[Echem]] * [[Edemissen]] * [[Edewecht]] * [[Egestorf]] * [[Eggermühlen]] * [[Ehra-Lessien]] * [[Ehrenburg (Niedersachsen)|Ehrenburg]] * [[Eickeloh]] * [[Eicklingen]] * [[Eildissum]]<ref name="Stumpf-Brentano II 1865">Stumpf-Brentano, K. F. (Ed.) (1865). ''Die Reichskanzler vornehmlich des X., XI. und XII. Jahrhunderts: Acta Imperii Selecta'' (Vol. 2). [[Aeni Pons (Austria)|Aeni Ponte]]: Wagner'schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Eilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlsen'')</small> * [[Eime]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Eimen]] * [[Eimke]] * [[Einbeck]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Elbe (Niedersachsen)|Elbe]] * [[Elbingerode (bei Herzberg am Harz)|Elbingerode]] * [[Eldingen]] * [[Elmlohe]] * [[Elsdorf (Niedersachsen)|Elsdorf]] * [[Elsfleth]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Elze]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Embsen]] * [[Emda]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Emlichheim]] * [[Emmendorf]] * [[Emmerthal]] * [[Emsbüren]] * [[Emstek]] * [[Emtinghausen]] * [[Engden]] * [[Engelschoff]] * [[Erkerode]] * [[Ermelstorpium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Armstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Armsdörp'')</small> * [[Esche]] * [[Eschede]] * [[Eschershausen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Esens]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Essel]] * [[Essen (Oldenburgum)]] * [[Esterwegen]] * [[Estorf (Landkreis Stade)|Estorf]] <small>(Lkr.Stade)</small> * [[Estorf (Weser)|Estorf]] <small>(Weser)</small> * [[Evergoteshemium]]<ref name="-hemiumEver">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hemium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Euergoteshem'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: H. Bresslau et. al.: ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs II. und Arduins''. In: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Die Urkunden der deutschen Könige und Kaiser, Band 3. [[Hannovera]]e 1900–1903.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ebergötzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ewerchötzschen'')</small> * [[Everinga]]<ref name="-ingaEvern">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum mediaevali formae huius toponymi ''Everinge'' testatae applicatur. Quo de mediaevali toponymo, vide: Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (1998). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil I)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsch Evern''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düütsch Äwern'')</small> * [[Everode]] * [[Eversmeer]] * [[Evessen]] * [[Eydelstedt]] * [[Eyendorf]] * [[Eystrup]] {{div col end}} === F === {{div col|3}} * [[Fallingbostela]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bad Fallingbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Fambossel'')</small> * [[Fardium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Veern'')</small> * [[Farven]] * [[Faßberg]] * [[Filsum]] * [[Fintel]] * [[Firrel]] * [[Flögeln]] * [[Florimontium (circulus Widmundensis)|Florimontium]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Blomberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bloombarg'' seu ''Blombarg'')</small> * [[Flöthe]] * [[Frankenfeld]] * [[Freden]] * [[Fredenbeck]] * [[Freiburg/Elbe]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Freistatt]] * [[Frellstedt]] * [[Freren]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Fresenburg]] * [[Friedeburg]] * [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedland]] * [[Friesoythe]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Fürstenau]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Furstenberga]] {{div col end}} === G === {{div col|3}} * [[Ganderkesee]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Gandershemium]]<ref>[http://books.google.fi/books?id=6kwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=Gandershemium&source=bl&ots=_NMr2DmhUK&sig=CXPUuuKZ8W03AC7uB3YlYYNscJ4&hl=fi&sa=X&ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Gandershemium&f=false R. p. Hertenberger: ''Historia pragmatica universalis, sacra et profana''], p.27; [http://books.google.fi/books?id=yScyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=Gandershemium&source=bl&ots=ZoGX4tZRRD&sig=8fUZc6grFgYD0jN-twVcDyzarYI&hl=fi&sa=X&ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Gandershemium&f=false ''Acta Sanctorum, Junii'' (1698-1717), cit. in ''A Companion to Hrotsvit of Gandersheim (fl. 960)''], p. 58 n.103.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Gandersheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ganderssen'')</small> * [[Gandesbergen]] * [[Garbsen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Garlstorf]] * [[Garrel]] * [[Garstedt]] * [[Gartow]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Geeste]] * [[Geestland]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Gehrde]] * [[Gehrden]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Georgsdorf]] * [[Georgsmarienhütte]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Gerdau]] * [[Gersten]] * [[Getelo]] * [[Gevensleben]] * [[Gevera]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jever'')</small> * [[Geversdorf]] * [[Gieboldehausen]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Giesen]] * [[Gifhorna]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Gifhorn'')</small> * [[Gilten]] * [[Glandorf]] * [[Gleichen]] * [[Gnarrenburg]] * [[Gödenstorf]] * [[Göhrde]] * [[Goldenstedt]] * [[Gölenkamp]] * [[Golmbach]] * [[Gorleben]] * [[Goslaria]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Goslar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Goslär'')</small> * [[Gottinga]]<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=kkM-AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=gottingensis&lr=&cd=14#v=onepage&q=&f=false Libri Googles].</ref> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Göttingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chöttingen'')</small> * [[Grafhorst]] * [[Grasberg]] * [[Grasleben]] * [[Grethem]] * [[Gronau]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Groß Berßen]] * [[Großefehn]] * [[Großenkneten]] * [[Großenwörden]] * [[Großheide]] * [[Groß Ippener]] * [[Groß Meckelsen]] * [[Groß Oesingen]] * [[Groß Twülpstedt]] * [[Grundensis Civitas Metallica]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Grund'')</small> * [[Grünendeich]] * [[Guderhandviertel]] * [[Guelpherbytum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')</small> * [[Gusborn]] * [[Gyhum]] {{div col end}} === H === {{div col|3}} * [[Hademstorf]] * [[Haga Schauenburgi]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stadthagen'')</small> * [[Hage]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Hagen am Teutoburger Wald]] * [[Hagen im Bremischen]] * [[Hagenburg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Hagermarsch]] * [[Hahausen]] * [[Halbemond]] * [[Halle (comitatus Binethensis)|Halle]] <small>(b.Neuenhaus)</small> * [[Halle (Holtisminni)|Halle]] <small>(Montes Visurgis)</small> * [[Halvesbostel]] * [[Hamala]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hameln'')</small> * [[Hambergen]] * [[Hambühren]] * [[Hämelhausen]] * [[Hamersen]] * [[Hammah]] * [[Handeloh]] * [[Handorf]] * [[Handrup]] * [[Hankensbüttel]] * [[Hannovera]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hannover''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannober'')</small> * [[Hann. Münden]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Hanstedt (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Hanstedt]] <small>(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Uelzen"/>)</small> * [[Hanstedt (Nordheide)|Hanstedt]] <small>(Nordheide)</small> * [[Harbarnsen]] * [[Hardegsen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Haren (Amisia)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Harmstorf]] * [[Harpstedt]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Harsefeld]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Harsum]] * [[Hartsburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Harzburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harzeborg'')</small> * [[Hasbergen]] * [[Haselünne]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Haßbergen]] * [[Hassel (Weser)]] * [[Hassendorf]] * [[Haste]] * [[Hatten]] * [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]] * [[Häuslingen]] * [[Haverlah]] * [[Hechthausen]] * [[Hedeper]] * [[Heede (Emsland)|Heede]] * [[Heemsen]] * [[Heere]] * [[Heeslingen]] * [[Heeßen]] * [[Hehlen]] * [[Heidenau (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenau]] * [[Heinade]] * [[Heinbockel]] * [[Heiningen (Niedersachsen)|Heiningen]] * [[Heinsen]] * [[Hellwege]] * [[Helmstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Helmstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmstidde'')</small> * [[Helpsen]] * [[Helvesiek]] * [[Hemmingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Hemmoor]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Hemsbünde]] * [[Hemslingen]] * [[Hemsloh]] * [[Hepstedt]] * [[Herzberg am Harz]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Herzlake]] * [[Hesel]] * [[Hespe]] * [[Hessisch Oldendorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Heuerßen]] * [[Heyen]] * [[Hildesia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hildesheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hilmessen'' seu ''Hilmssen'')</small> * [[Hilgermissen]] * [[Hilkenbrook]] * [[Hillerse]] * [[Hilter am Teutoburger Wald]] * [[Himbergen]] * [[Himmelpforten]] * [[Hinte]] * [[Hipstedt]] * [[Hittbergen]] * [[Hitzacker]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Hodenhagen]] * [[Höhbeck]] * [[Hohenhameln]] * [[Hohne]] * [[Hohnhorst]] * [[Hohnstorf (Albis)]] * [[Holdorf (Niedersachsen)|Holdorf]] * [[Holenberg]] * [[Holle]] * [[Hollenstedt]] * [[Hollern-Twielenfleth]] * [[Hollnseth]] * [[Holste]] * [[Holtgast]] * [[Holtisminni]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Holtsminne'')</small> * [[Holtland]] * [[Holzen (bei Eschershausen)|Holzen]] * [[Hoogstede]] * [[Hörden ad Harthicos montes]] * [[Horneburg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Horstedt (Niedersachsen)|Horstedt]] * [[Hoya]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Hoyerhagen]] * [[Hoyershausen]] * [[Hude (Oldenburg)]] * [[Hüde]] * [[Hülsede]] * [[Husum (bei Nienburg)|Husum]] * [[Hüven]] {{div col end}} === I === {{div col|3}} * [[Iburgum]]<ref name="Von Schaten 1714">Von Schaten, N. (1714). ''Monumenta Osnabrugensia ex historia romana, francica, saxonicaque eruta''. Typis Jodoci Henrici Meyer.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Iburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Ibig'' seu ''Ibig'')</small> * [[Ihlienworth]] * [[Ihlow (Frisia Orientalis)|Ihlow]] * [[Ilsede]] * [[Ingeleben]] * [[Isenbüttel]] * [[Isernhagen]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Isterberg]] * [[Itterbeck]] {{div col end}} === J === {{div col|3}} * [[Jade (Saxonia Inferior)|Jade]] * [[Jameln]] * [[Jelmstorf]] * [[Jembke]] * [[Jemgum]] * [[Jerxheim]] * [[Jesteburg]] * [[Jork]] * [[Jühnde]] * [[Juist]] {{div col end}} === K === {{div col|3}} * [[Kakenstorf]] * [[Kalbe (Niedersachsen)|Kalbe]] * [[Kalefeld]] * [[Karwitz]] * [[Katlenburg-Lindau]] * [[Kettenkamp]] * [[Kirchbrak]] * [[Kirchdorf (bei Sulingen)|Kirchdorf]] * [[Kirchgellersen]] * [[Kirchlinteln]] * [[Kirchseelte]] * [[Kirchtimke]] * [[Kirchwalsede]] * [[Kissenbrück]] * [[Klein Berßen]] * [[Klein Meckelsen]] * [[Kluse (Emsland)|Kluse]] * [[Kneitlingen]] * [[Köhlen]] * [[Königsmoor]] * [[Kranenburg (Oste)|Kranenburg]] * [[Krebeck]] * [[Krummendeich]] * [[Krummhörn]] * [[Kührstedt]] * [[Küsten]] * [[Kutenholz]] {{div col end}} === L === {{div col|3}} * [[Laar]] * [[Laatzen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Lachendorf]] * [[Laerium]]<ref name="Stüve 1789">Stüve, J. E. (1789). ''Beschreibung des Fürstenthums Osnabrück mit einigen Urkunden''. Kißling.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Laer'')</small> * [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]] * [[Lähden]] * [[Lahn (Hümmling)|Lahn]] * ''[[Lamspringe]]'' * [[Lamstedt]] * [[Landesbergen]] * [[Landolfshausen]] * [[Landwehr (Gemeinde)|Landwehr]] * [[Langelsheim]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * '''[[Langen (bei Bremerhaven)|Langen]]''' <small>(b.Bremerhaven)</small> * [[Langen (Emsland)|Langen]] <small>(Emsland)</small> * [[Langendorf (Elbe)|Langendorf]] * [[Langenhagen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Langeoog]] * [[Langlingen]] * [[Langwedel (Weser)|Langwedel]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lastrup]] * [[Lathen]] * [[Lauenau]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lauenbrück]] * [[Lauenförde]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lauenhagen]] * [[Leese]] * [[Leezdorf]] * [[Lehe (Emsland)|Lehe]] * [[Lehre (Niedersachsen)|Lehre]] * [[Lehrte]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Leiferde]] * [[Lembruch]] * [[Lemförde]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lemgow]] * [[Lemwerdera]]<ref name="Rüthning 1926">Rüthning, G. (Ed.) (1926). ''Oldenburger Urkundenbuch''. Gerhard Stalling.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lemwerder'')</small> * [[Lengede]] * [[Lengenbostel]] * [[Lengerich (Emsland)|Lengerich]] * [[Lenne (Niedersachsen)|Lenne]] * [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)|Leopolis]]<ref name="Ebel 1960">Ebel, W. (1960). ''Lübisches Recht: Erster Band''. Hansischer Geschichtsverein.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bleckede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bleikd'')</small> * [[Leri]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')</small> * [[Liebenau (Niedersachsen)|Liebenau]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Liebenburg]] * [[Lilienthal]] * [[Lindern (Oldenburg)]] * [[Lindhorst]] * [[Lindwedel]] * [[Lingen (Ems)]] <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Linsburg]] * [[Lintig]] * [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703">Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Westerstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Westerstäe'')</small> * [[Lohne (Oldenburg)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Löningen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Lorup]] * [[Loxstedt]] * [[Lübberstedt]] * [[Lübbow]] * [[Luchovia]]<ref name="Luchovia">Vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur "(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüchow''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauchüw'')</small> * [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]] * [[Lüder (Lüneburger Heide)|Lüder]] * [[Lüdersburg]] * [[Lüdersfeld]] * [[Lüerdissen]] * [[Luhden]] * [[Luneburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lümborg'' seu ''Lünborg''; [[Lingua Saxonica antiqua|Palaeosaxonice]] ''Hliuni'')</small> * [[Lünne]] * [[Lütetsburg]] * ''[[Lutter am Barenberge]]'' * [[Luttera Regalis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')</small> {{div col end}} === M === {{div col|3}} * [[Maasen]] * [[Marienhafe]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Marienhagen]] * [[Mariental (Niedersachsen)|Mariental]] * [[Marklohe]] * [[Marl (Dümmer)|Marl]] * [[Marschacht]] * [[Martfeld]] * [[Marxen]] * [[Mechtersen]] * [[Meerbeck]] * [[Meine]] * [[Meinersen]] * [[Melbeck]] * [[Melle]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Mellinghausen]] * [[Menslage]] * [[Meppea]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meppen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Möppen'')</small> * [[Merzen]] * [[Messenkamp]] * [[Messingen]] * [[Midlum (Land Wursten)|Midlum]] * [[Misselwarden]] * [[Mittelnkirchen]] * [[Mittelstenahe]] * [[Moisburg]] * [[Molbergen]] * [[Mons Catonis (Saxonia Inferior)|Mons Catonis]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Cadenberge''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuddeldutt'' seu ''Kumbarg'')</small> * [[Moormerland]] * [[Moorweg]] * [[Moringen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Müden (Alara)]] * [[Mulsum (Land Wursten)|Mulsum]] * [[Mundia Hannoverana]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Munimeri]]<ref name="Dronke 1844">Dronke, E. F. J. (Ed.) (1844). ''Traditiones et Antiquitates Fuldenses: Chartae et registra historica saeculi IX''. Fuldense: Typis Müllerianis.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Münder am Deister''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Münner'')</small> * [[Munster (Örtze)|Munster]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === N === {{div col|3}} * [[Nahrendorf]] * [[Natendorf]] * [[Neetze]] * [[Negenborn]] * [[Nenndorf (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorf]] * [[Neubörger]] * [[Neu Darchau]] * [[Neuenhaus]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Altes Land)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Altes Land)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (bei Bassum)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(b.Bassum)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Land Hadeln)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Land Hadeln)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Landkreis Osnabrück)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Lkr.Osnabrück)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Lüneburger Heide)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Lüneb.Heide)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen-Vörden]] * [[Neuharlingersiel]] * [[Neuhaus (Oste)]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Neuhof (Landkreis Hildesheim)|Neuhof]] * [[Neukamperfehn]] * [[Neulehe]] * [[Neuschoo]] * [[Neustadt am Rübenberge]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Neu Wulmstorf]] * [[Niederlangen]] * [[Niedernwöhren]] * [[Niemetal]] * [[Nienhagen (Landkreis Celle)|Nienhagen]] * [[Nienstädt]] * [[Norden]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Nordenham]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Norderney]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Nordholz]] * [[Nordleda]] * [[Nordsehl]] * [[Nordstemmen]] * [[Nörten-Hardenberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Northemium]]<ref name="Nothemium">Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur "(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Northeim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nuurten'')</small> * [[Northorna]]<ref name="Egli 1893">Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')</small> * [[Nortmoor]] * [[Nortrup]] * [[Nottensdorf]] * [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Urbs]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nienburg/Weser''; [[Saxonice]] ''Näinborg'' seu ''Nienborg'' seu ''Neenborg'' seu ''Negenborg'')</small> * [[Novale Frigidum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Colnrade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kollenroad'')</small> {{div col end}} === O === {{div col|3}} * [[Oberlangen]] * [[Oberndorf (Oste)|Oberndorf]] * [[Obernfeld]] * [[Obernholz]] * [[Obernkirchen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Ochtersum]] * [[Odisheim]] * [[Oederquart]] * [[Oerel]] * [[Oetzen]] * [[Ohne]] * [[Ohrum]] * [[Oldenburgum]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Oldendorf (Landkreis Stade)|Oldendorf]] <small>(Lkr.Stade)</small> * [[Oldendorf (Luhe)]] * [[Osloß]] * [[Osnabruga]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Osnabrück''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ossenbrääch''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Lingua Saxonica|Westfalice]] ''Ossenbrügge'')</small> * [[Osteel]] * [[Osten (Oste)|Osten]] * [[Osterbruch]] * [[Ostercappeln]] * [[Ostereistedt]] * [[Osterode am Harz]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Osterwald]] * [[Ostrhauderfehn]] * [[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Otter]] * [[Otterndorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Ottersberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Ovelgönne]] * [[Ovenhagium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Auhagen'')</small> * [[Oyten]] {{div col end}} === P === {{div col|3}} * [[Padingbüttel]] * [[Papenburg]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Parsau]] * [[Pattensen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Pegestorf]] * [[Pennigsehl]] * [[Petrimons]]<ref name="Perizonius 1758">Perizonius, J. (1758). ''Compendium historiarum antiquissimarum, civilium et ecclesiasticarum, usque ad seculum decimum octavum: Cum appendice de ducatu Westphaliae et comitatu Petrimontano''. Ex officina Wetsteniana.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Pyrmont''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Puurmont'')</small> * [[Pohle]] * [[Pollhagen]] * [[Pons Cobbanus]]<ref name="Leuckfeld 1714">Leuckfeld, J. G. (1714). ''Antiquitates Blankenburgenses, oder Historische Beschreibung derer vormals berühmten Grafen von Blankenburg, nebst dazugehörigen diplomatibus und Chartis''. Gottfried Freytag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Coppenbrügge'')</small> * [[Poynum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Peine''; [[Saxonice]] ''Paane''; [[Lingua Theodisca alta recens|Protoneoaltotheodisce]] ''Peina'')</small> * [[Praefectura Neohusana]]<ref name="Grupen II 1742">Grupen, C. U. (1742). ''Disceptationes Forenses cum Observationibus Juris: De originibus et iurisdictione praefecturarum ditionis Brunsvicensis (Caput de Praefectura Neohusana)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae: Förster.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Amt Neuhaus'')</small> * [[Pratum Vitulorum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calberlah'')</small> * [[Prezelle]] * [[Prinzhöfte]] {{div col end}} === Q === {{div col|3}} * [[Quakenbrück]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Quendorf]] * [[Querenhorst]] * [[Quernheim]] {{div col end}} === R === {{div col|3}} * [[Räbke]] * [[Radbruch]] * [[Raddestorf]] * [[Rastdorf]] * [[Rastede]] * [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]] * [[Rechtsupweg]] * [[Reeßum]] * [[Regesbostel]] * [[Rehburg-Loccum]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rehden]] * [[Rehlingen]] * [[Reinstorf]] * [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]] * [[Renkenberge]] * [[Rennau]] * [[Reppenstedt]] * [[Rethem (Aller)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rhade]] * [[Rhauderfehn]] * [[Rhede (Ems)]] * [[Rheden (Niedersachsen)|Rheden]] * [[Rhumspringe]] * [[Ribbesbüttel]] * [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]] * [[Rieste]] * [[Ringe]] * [[Ringstedt]] * [[Rinteln]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Ritterhude]] * [[Rodenberg]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rodewald]] * [[Rohrsen]] * [[Roklum]] * [[Rollshausen]] * [[Römstedt]] * [[Ronnenberg]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Rosche]] * [[Rosdorf]] * [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]] * [[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]<ref name="Rotenburgum ad Wemmam">De Latino toponymico syntagmate "[[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]" -ad quod Latinum gentilicium "Rotenburgensis-e" refertur-, vide homonymas urbes apud {{Graesse}} et {{Hofmannus}}. De hydronymo "[[Wemma]]", etiam vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rotenburg''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Rotenburg an der Wümme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rodenborg'')</small> * [[Rötgesbüttel]] * [[Rüdershausen]] * [[Rühen]] * [[Rullstorf]] {{div col end}} === S === {{div col|3}} * [[Sachsenhagen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Sagterlandia]]<ref name="BOV 2013">Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')</small> * [[Salis Cancellum]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Salzgitter''; [[Saxonice]] ''Soltgitter'')</small> * [[Salzbergen]] * [[Salzdetfordium]]<ref name="Marcard 1805"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Salzdetfurth'')</small> * [[Salzhausen]] * [[Salzhemmendorf]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Samern]] * [[Sandbostel]] * [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]] * [[Sarstedt]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Sassenburg]] * [[Sathsa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Sachsa'')</small> * [[Sauensiek]] * [[Schapen]] * [[Scharnebeck]] * [[Scheden]] * [[Scheeßel]] * [[Schellerten]] * [[Schiffdorf]] * [[Schladen-Werla]] * [[Schnackenburg]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schnega]] * [[Schneverdingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Scholen]] * [[Schönewörde]] * [[Schöningen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schöppenstedt]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schortens]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Schüttorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schwaförden]] * [[Schwanewede]] * [[Schwarme]] * [[Schwarmstedt]] * [[Schweindorf]] * [[Schweringen]] * [[Schwerinsdorf]] * [[Schwienau]] * [[Schwülper]] * [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]] * [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]] * [[Seelze]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Seesen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Seevetal]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Seggebruch]] * [[Sehlde]] * [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]] * [[Sehnde]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Selsingen]] * [[Semmenstedt]] * [[Seulingen]] * [[Sibbesse]] * [[Sickte]] * [[Siedenburg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Sittensen]] * [[Soderstorf]] * [[Sögel]] * [[Söhlde]] * [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]] * [[Soltau]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Soltendieck]] * [[Sottrum]] * [[Spahnharrenstätte]] * [[Spelle]] * [[Spiekeroog]] * [[Sprakensehl]] * [[Springe]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Stadae]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stood'')</small> * [[Stadlandia]]<ref>Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA617&lpg=PA617&dq=statlandia+saxonia&source=bl&ots=Ysl9JI4L06&sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&q=statlandia%20saxonia&f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')</small> * [[Stadtoldendorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Staffhorst]] * [[Staufenberg]] * [[Stavern]] * [[Stedesdorf]] * [[Steimbke]] * [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]] * [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]] * [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]] * [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]] * [[Stelle]] * [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]] * [[Stemshorn]] * [[Steyerberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Stinstedt]] * [[Stöckse]] * [[Stoetze]] * [[Stolzenau]] * [[Stuhr]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Südbrookmerland]] * [[Suderburg]] * [[Südergellersen]] * [[Südheide]] * [[Sudwalde]] * [[Suhlendorf]] * [[Sulingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Süpplingen]] * [[Süpplingenburg]] * [[Süstedt]] * [[Sustrum]] * [[Surwold]] * [[Suthfeld]] * [[Syke]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === T === {{div col|3}} * [[Tappenbeck]] * [[Tarmstedt]] * [[Tespe]] * [[Teuderium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'')</small> * [[Thransfellensis Ecclesia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dransfeld'')</small> * [[Thedinghausen]] * [[Theodolfestorpum]]<ref name="Asseburg 1855">Asseburg, J. von der. (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des Geschlechts von der Asseburg (Vol. 1)''. Hahnschen Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dedelstorf'')</small> * [[Thomasburg]] * [[Thorpum]]<ref name="Thorpum">Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardDorfinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20160831-7111.htm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Dörpen''', 9. Jh., bei Aschendorf nördlich Meppens, F2-1090 THURP (Dorf) Dorfa (7), Thorpum (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dörpen'')</small> * [[Thuine]] * [[Tiddische]] * [[Tiste]] * [[Toppenstedt]] * [[Tostedt]] * [[Tosterglope]] * [[Trebel]] * [[Triburi]]<ref name="Philippi & Bar 1892"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drebber'')</small> * [[Tülau]] * [[Twieflingen]] * [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]] * [[Twistringen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === U === {{div col|3}} * [[Uchte]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Uehrde]] * [[Uelsen]] * [[Uetze]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Ulsena]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Uelzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ülz’n'')</small> * [[Ummern]] * [[Undeloh]] * [[Upgant-Schott]] * [[Uplengen]] * [[Uslar]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Utarp]] {{div col end}} === V === {{div col|3}} * [[Vahlberg]] * [[Vahlbruch]] * [[Vahlde]] * [[Vallis Augae]]<ref name="SLH 1988">Societas Latina Hannoverana (1988). ''Fasciculi geographici et historici: De parvis provinciis ditionis Hannoveranae et Schaumburgensis''. Hannoverae: Typis Exscripsit Libraria Scripturarum.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Auetal'')</small> * [[Vallis Claustra-Cella]]<ref name="Conring 1730">Conring, H. (1730). ''De Antiquitatibus Academicis Dissertationes Septem''. Officina Smeinkiana.</ref><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clausthal-Zellerfeld''; [[Supraharthice]] ''Clasthol-Zallerfall'')</small> * [[Varel]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Varrel]] * [[Vastorf]] * [[Vechelde]] * [[Velpke]] * [[Veltheim (Ohe)]] * [[Vetha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Vechta''; [[Saxonice]] ''Vechte'')</small> * [[Vicus Adelaidis]]<ref name="ALF 2016">Academia Latinitati Fovendae (2016). ''Commentarii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae: De novis parochiis et communibus Saxoniae Inferioris textus'' (Vol. XXIV). Romae: Herder.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adelheidsdorf'')</small> * [[Vierden]] * [[Vierhöfen]] * [[Vildhusia]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Wildeshausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wilshusen'')</small> * [[Villa Cremilonis]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cremlingen'')</small> * [[Visbek]] * [[Visselhövede]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Vögelsen]] * [[Vollersode]] * [[Voltlage]] * [[Vorda Bremensis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bremervörde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bremervöör'')</small> * [[Vordorf]] * [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]] * [[Vrees]] {{div col end}} === W === {{div col|3}} * [[Waake]] * [[Waddeweitz]] * [[Wagenfeld]] * [[Wagenhoff]] * [[Wahrenholz]] * [[Walchum]] * [[Walkenried]] * [[Wallenhorst]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Wallmoden]] * [[Walsrode]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wangelnstedt]] * [[Wangerland]] * [[Wangerooge]] * [[Wanna]] * [[Warberg]] * [[Wardenburg]] * [[Warmsen]] * [[Warpe]] * [[Wasbüttel]] * [[Wathlingen]] * [[Wedemark]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Weener]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Weenzen]] * [[Wehrbleck]] * [[Welle]] * [[Wendeburg]] * [[Wendisch Evern]] * [[Wennigsen]] * [[Wenzendorf]] * [[Werdum]] * [[Werlte]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Werpeloh]] * [[Wesendorf]] * [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]] * [[Westergellersen]] * [[Westerholt]] * [[Westertimke]] * [[Westerwalsede]] * [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]] * [[Westoverledingen]] * [[Wetschen]] * [[Wettrup]] * [[Weyhausen]] * [[Weyhe]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Wieda]] * [[Wiedensahl]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Wiefelstede]] * [[Wielen]] * [[Wienhausen]] * [[Wiesmoor]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Wietmarschen]] * [[Wietze]] * [[Wietzen]] * [[Wietzendorf]] * [[Wilhelmshaven]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wilstedt]] * [[Wilsum]] * [[Wingst]] * [[Winkelsett]] * [[Winnigstedt]] * [[Winsen (Aller)]] * [[Winsenia]]<ref name="Büttner">Büttner, D. S. (1710). ''Rudera Diluvii Testes, i.e. Zeichnung und Abbildung derer Columnarum Sceletonum''. Gottfried Zimmermann.</ref> <small>(ad [[Luya]]m<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Winsen'')</small> * [[Winzenburg]] * [[Wippingen]] * [[Wirdum]] * [[Wischhafen]] * [[Wistedt]] * [[Witmundia]]<ref>E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&pg=PA281&dq=Witmundia&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&q=Witmundia&f=false p. 281].</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')</small> * [[Wittingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Wittmar]] * [[Wittorf]] * [[Wohnste]] * [[Wolfsburgum]]<ref>Vide nomini arcis: Samuel Pufendorfus, ''Commentariorum de rebus Suecicis libri XXVI'' {{Google Books|lV1PAAAAcAAJ|pag. 457 et 475}}, ''Nova Acta Eruditorum'' {{Google Books|eGFlITDJFSMC|pag. 487}}, Lipsiae, anno 1756, ac ''Itininerarium Thomae Carve, Tipperariensis'' ([https://archive.org/details/itinerariumthom00kerngoog/page/n182 pag. 108]).</ref> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> </small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Wolfsburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfsborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfsbuurich'')</small> * [[Wollbrandshausen]] * [[Wollershausen]] * [[Wölpinghausen]] * [[Wolsdorf]] * [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]] * [[Woltershausen]] * [[Worpswede]] * [[Wremen]] * [[Wrestedt]] * [[Wriedel]] * [[Wulfsen]] * [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]] * [[Wunstorf]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wurster Nordseeküste]] * [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === Z === {{div col|3}} * [[Zernien]] * [[Zetel]] * [[Zeven]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Zorge]] {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]] gdstauxjaj2yx0gmx1g900o2fhw6t4z 1 237588 3980581 2896321 2026-08-11T18:47:08Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Disputatio:Ed Asner]] ad [[Disputatio:Eduardus Asner]]: Disputationes ad paginam moveo quae non est redirectio 2896321 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Qualis Kansiopolis?== Secundum nostrum commentarium, natus est [[Kansiopolis (Kansia)|Kansiopoli]] '''[[Kansia]]e.''' Sic alibi legimus :apud de: "Edward Asner (eigentlich Yitzhak Edward Asner, auch Ed Asner; * 15. November 1929 in Kansas City, '''Kansas''')" :apud fr: "Edward Asner est un acteur et producteur américain, né le 15 novembre 1929 à Kansas City, dans le '''Kansas.'''" :apud pl: "Yitzak Edward Asner (ur. 15 listopada 1929 w Kansas w stanie '''Kansas,''' USA)"<br> Sed etiam legimus :apud en: "Asner was born on November 15, 1929 in Kansas City, '''Missouri.'''" :apud es: "Nacimiento Bandera de los Estados Unidos Kansas City, '''Misuri,''' Estados Unidos" :apud pt: "Edward "Ed" Asner (Kansas City ('''Missouri'''), 15 de novembro de 1929)" :apud ru: "Эдвард Аснер (англ. Edward Asner; род. 15 ноября 1929, Канзас-Сити, '''Миссури,''' США)"<br> Confirmat autem ''[[New York Times]],'' acta diurna maximi momenti, civitatem fuisse '''Missuriam''' (http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/2608/Ed-Asner/biography). Ergo, textum mutabimus. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:44, 24 Maii 2015 (UTC) ::Textum mutavimus. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:49, 24 Maii 2015 (UTC) cl4do17c9my831nz6faa6ah7z4u9enx 3980583 3980581 2026-08-11T18:48:05Z Grufo 64423 +{{[[Formula:Huic contributa est|Huic contributa est]]}}; +annotatio 3980583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Huic contributa est|Ed Asner|2021-12-25 09:31:21|3661537|2896273|3661540}} == Qualis Kansiopolis? == Secundum nostrum commentarium, natus est [[Kansiopolis (Kansia)|Kansiopoli]] '''[[Kansia]]e.''' Sic alibi legimus :apud de: "Edward Asner (eigentlich Yitzhak Edward Asner, auch Ed Asner; * 15. November 1929 in Kansas City, '''Kansas''')" :apud fr: "Edward Asner est un acteur et producteur américain, né le 15 novembre 1929 à Kansas City, dans le '''Kansas.'''" :apud pl: "Yitzak Edward Asner (ur. 15 listopada 1929 w Kansas w stanie '''Kansas,''' USA)"<br> Sed etiam legimus :apud en: "Asner was born on November 15, 1929 in Kansas City, '''Missouri.'''" :apud es: "Nacimiento Bandera de los Estados Unidos Kansas City, '''Misuri,''' Estados Unidos" :apud pt: "Edward "Ed" Asner (Kansas City ('''Missouri'''), 15 de novembro de 1929)" :apud ru: "Эдвард Аснер (англ. Edward Asner; род. 15 ноября 1929, Канзас-Сити, '''Миссури,''' США)"<br> Confirmat autem ''[[New York Times]],'' acta diurna maximi momenti, civitatem fuisse '''Missuriam''' (http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/2608/Ed-Asner/biography). Ergo, textum mutabimus. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:44, 24 Maii 2015 (UTC) ::Textum mutavimus. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:49, 24 Maii 2015 (UTC) {{Ast}} {{Nota bene}} Emendatio hic disputata nunc [[Specialis:PageHistory/Ed Asner|in historia paginae huic contributae]] [[Specialis:Diff/2896275/2896319|invenitur]], quia pagina annexa non rite duplicata erat. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:47, 11 Augusti 2026 (UTC) 7ctt35rz1y9csvw3hynuselwy2r3sid 0 238028 3980661 3978431 2026-08-11T22:21:01Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3980661 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Seal of the United States Congress.svg|thumb|75px|left|Sigillum Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum.]] [[Fasciculus:United States Capitol - west front.jpg|thumb|[[Capitolium Civitatum Foederatarum]] ab [[occidens|occidente]] visum.]] '''Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum''' est [[bicameralismus|bicameralis]] [[gubernatio Civitatum Foederatarum|gubernationis foederalis]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[potestas legifera]], quae in [[duo|binis]] [[domus|domibus]], [[Senatus Civitatum Foederatarum|Senatu]] et [[Camera Repraesentantium Civitatum Foederatarum|Domu Repraesentantium]], consistit. Legati Congressionales in [[Capitolium Civitatum Foederatarum|Capitolio]] [[Vasingtonia (DC)|Vasingtoniae]] in [[Districtus Columbiae|Districtu Columbiae]] sito coire solent. [[Camera Repraesentantium Civitatum Foederatarum|Repraesentantes]] et [[senator]]es per [[electio recta|electionem rectam]] eliguntur, sed vacuitates in Senatu per creationem a [[gubernator]]e [[Civitatum Foederatarum civitas|civitatis]] fungi possunt. Legati plerumque ad factionem [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Republicanam]] vel [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Democraticam]] pertinent, et rarissime ad factionem tertiam vel ut [[liber (politicus)|politici libri]]. Omni Congressui sunt 535 legati [[suffragium]] habentes: 435 repraesentantes et [[centum]] senatores.<!-- [[Fasciculus:Combined--Control of the U.S. House of Representatives - Control of the U.S. Senate.png|thumb|600px|Historical graph of [[Party divisions of United States Congresses|party control]] of the Senate, House, and Presidency.<ref name="uspolitics.about">{{cite web|url=http://uspolitics.about.com/od/usgovernment/l/bl_party_division_2.htm |title=Party in Power - Congress and Presidency - A Visual Guide to the Balance of Power in Congress, 1945-2008 |publisher=Uspolitics.about.com.}}</ref> Since 1980, the Democrats have held the Presidency for four terms, but because of the [[Senate filibuster]], have only been able to freely legislate in two years. The Republicans have been similarly disabled.]] [[Fasciculus:USCurrency Federal Reserve.jpg|thumb|alt=$100,000-dollar bill.|Congress's "power of the purse" authorizes taxing citizens, spending money, and printing currency.]]--> [[Fasciculus:United States Capitol seen from the United States Supreme Court, Washington, DC - 20080326.jpg|thumb|Despectus in [[Capitolium Civitatum Foederatarum]] ex [[aedificium Iudicii Maximi Civitatum Foederatarum|aedificio Iudicii Maximi Civitatum Foederatarum]].]] [[Fasciculus:Thomas Jefferson Building Aerial by Carol M. Highsmith.jpg|thumb|[[Aedificium Ieffersonianum]] [[Bibliotheca Congressionalis|Bibliothecae Congressionalis]].]] Legati Domus Repraesentantium spatium magistratus binorum annorum sustinent, quoque legato incolas unius constituentiae repraesentante. Quaeque constituentia, districtus usitate appellata, [[Civitatum Foederatarum civitas|civitatibus]] [[distributio congressionalis Civitatum Foederatarum|distribuitur]] per [[repraesentatio per incolas|repraesentationem per incolas]] secundum tabulas [[Census Civitatum Foederatarum]], dummodo cuique civitati sit saltem unus repraesentans congressionalis. Cuique civitati, omissis numeris incolarum et [[magnitudo|magnitudine]] [[geographia|geographica]], sunt bini senatores; ergo [[centum]] senatores quinquaginta civitates hodie repraesentant. Quisque senator in tota eius civitate spatio magistratus senorum annorum eligitur, spatiis imbricatis ut quoque [[annus|biennio]] tertia fere pars Senatus eligatur. {{NexInt}} *[[Bibliotheca Congressionalis]] *[[Insigne Artium Nationale]]<!-- *[[Caucuses of the United States Congress]] *[[Elections in the United States#Congressional elections]] *[[Current members of the United States House of Representatives]] *[[List of current United States Senators]] *[[List of United States Congresses]] *[[Lobbying in the United States]] *[[114th United States Congress]] *[[Oath of office#United States]] *[[Party divisions of United States Congresses]] *[[Term limits in the United States]] *[[United States Congressional Baseball Game]] *[[United States congressional hearing]] *[[United States presidents and control of congress]] *[[United States Congress Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction]]--> ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> *Bacon, Perry, Jr. [[2009]]. Post Politics Hour: Weekend Review and a Look Ahead. ''The Washington Post,'' 31 Augusti. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2009/08/27/DI2009082703265.html Situs.] *Huckabee, David C. [[1995]]. ''Reelection rate of House Incumbents 1790–1990 Summary.'' Congressional Research Service – The Library of Congress. http://www.policyarchive.org/handle/10207/bitstreams/265.pdf PDF. *Huckabee, David C. [[2003]]. ''Reelection Rates of Incumbents.'' Hauppauge Novi Eboraci: Novinka Books.<!--imprint of Nova Science Publishers--> ISBN 1590335090. [http://books.google.com/?id=NSFntwPRYmUC&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=congress%3F+re-election%3F+statistic%3F+(%2290%25%22+or+%2290+percent%22)&q= Situs.] *Francis-Smith, Janice. [[2008]]. Waging campaigns against incumbents in Oklahoma. ''The Oklahoma City Journal Record,'' 22 Octobris. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100510101334/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4182/is_20081022/ai_n30925232/ Textus.] *{{cite news| title = How To Clean Up The Mess From Inside The System, A Plea—And A Plan—To Reform Campaign Finance Before It's Too Late| publisher = NEWSWEEK| date = 28 Octobris 1996| url = http://www.newsweek.com/id/103143}} *{{cite news | author = Pauline Maier (book reviewer) | title = HISTORY – The Framers' Real Motives (book review) UNRULY AMERICANS AND THE ORIGINS OF THE CONSTITUTION book by Woody Holton | work = The Washington Post | date = 18 Novembris 2007 | url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/15/AR2007111502145.html}} *{{cite web | title = The Constitution and the Idea of Compromise | publisher = PBS | date = 10 Octobris 2009 | url = http://www.pbs.org/georgewashington/classroom/index2.html}} *{{cite news | author = Alexander Hamilton | title = FEDERALIST No. 15 – The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union | publisher = FoundingFathers.info | year = 1788 | url = http://www.foundingfathers.info/federalistpapers/fed15.htm}} ==Bibliographia== *Bacon, Donald C., Roger H. Davidson, et Morton Keller, eds. [[1995]]. ''Encyclopedia of the United States Congress.'' 4 vols. Simon & Schuster. *Collier, Christopher, et James Lincoln Collier. [[1986]]. ''Decision in Philadelphia: The Constitutional Convention of 1787.'' Ballantine Books. ISBN 0394523466. *{{cite book |author=Davidson, Roger H., and Walter J. Oleszek |title=Congress and Its Members |year=2006 |edition=10th |publisher=Congressional Quarterly (CQ) Press |isbn=0871873257}} *{{cite book |title=The United States Congress |url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstatescong0000engl |author=English, Ross M. |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0719063094}} *{{cite book |author=Herrnson, Paul S. |title=Congressional Elections: Campaigning at Home and in Washington |url=https://archive.org/details/congressionalele0004herr |year=2004 |publisher=CQ Press |ISBN 1568028261}} *{{cite book |author=Oleszek, Walter J. |title=Congressional Procedures and the Policy Process |url=https://archive.org/details/congressionalpro00oles |year=2004 |publisher=CQ Press |isbn=0871874776}} *{{cite book |author=Polsby, Nelson W. |title=How Congress Evolves: Social Bases of Institutional Change |url=https://archive.org/details/howcongressevolv00pols_0 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |isbn=0195161955}} *Price, David E. [[2000]]. ''The Congressional Experience.'' Westview Press. ISBN 0813311578. *Struble, Robert, Jr. [[2007]]. ''Treatise on Twelve Lights.'' TeLL. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160414162246/http://www.tell-usa.org/totl/07-%20Accountability%2C%20Efficiency%20%26%20Cuts.htm#Committee_autonomy Situs capituli septimi.] *Zelizer, Julian E. [[2004]]. ''The American Congress: The Building of Democracy.'' Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0618179062. ==Bibliographia addita== *Baker, Ross K. [[2000]]. ''House and Senate.'' Ed. 3a. Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton. *Barone, Michael, et Richard E. Cohen. [[2005]]. ''The Almanac of American Politics, 2006.'' *Berg-Andersson, Richard E. [[2001]]. [http://www.thegreenpapers.com/Hx/SessionsExplanation.html Explanation of the types of Sessions of Congress.] *Berman, Daniel M. [[1964]]. ''In Congress Assembled: The Legislative Process in the National Government.'' Londinii: The Macmillan Company. *Bianco, William T. [[2000]]. ''Congress on Display, Congress at Work.'' University of Michigan Press. *Hamilton, Lee H. [[2004]]. ''How Congress Works and Why You Should Care.'' Indiana University Press. *Herrick, Rebekah. [[2001]]. Gender effects on job satisfaction in the House of Representatives. ''Women and Politics'' 23(4):85–98. DOI 10.1300/J014v23n04_04. *Hunt, Richard. [[1998]]. Using the Records of Congress in the Classroom. ''OAH Magazine of History'' 12(aestas):34–37. doi:10.1093/maghis/12.4.34. *Imbornoni, Ann-Marie, David Johnson, et Elissa Haney. [[2005]]. [http://www.infoplease.com/spot/womensfirsts1.html Famous Firsts by American Women.] ''Infoplease.'' *Lee, Frances, et Bruce Oppenheimer. [[1999]]. ''Sizing Up the Senate: The Unequal Consequences of Equal Representation.'' Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. *Rimmerman, Craig A. [[1990]]). Teaching Legislative Politics and Policy Making. ''Political Science Teacher'' 3(hiems):16–18. *Ritchie, Donald A. [[2010]]. ''The U.S. Congress: A Very Short Introduction.'' *Smith, Steven S., Jason M. Roberts, et Ryan Vander Wielen. [[2007]]. ''The American Congress.'' Ed. 5a. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 052119704X. *Story, Joseph. [[1891]]. ''Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States.'' 2 vols. Bostoniae: Brown & Little. *Tarr, David R., et Ann O'Connor. [[2003]]. Congress A to Z. ''Congressional Quarterly'' Ed. 4a. *[[Woodrow Wilson|Wilson, Woodrow]]. [[1885]]. ''Congressional Government.'' Novi Eboraci: Houghton Mifflin.<!-- *''Some information in this article has been provided by the [http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/Senate_Historical_Office.htm Senate Historical Office].''--> ==Nexus externi== {{Communia|United States Congress|Congressum Civitatum Foederatarum}} {{Wikiquote}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100924145826/http://baic.house.gov/ Americani Nigricolores Congressionales,] baic.house.gov *[http://www.house.gov/ Camera Repraesentantium,] www.house.gov *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100924004311/http://womenincongress.house.gov/ Mulieres Congressionalees,] womenincongress.house.gov *[http://www.senate.gov/ Senatus,] www.senate.gov<!-- *[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/congress.htm Congress and Legislation] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' *[http://bensguide.gpo.gov/9-12/lawmaking/index.html How Laws Are Made], via [[U.S. Government Printing Office]] *[http://www.llsdc.org/crs-congress/ Selected Congressional Research Service Reports on Congress and Its Procedures], via Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C. *[http://www.llsdc.org/attachments/wysiwyg/544/sess-cong.pdf Sessions of Congress with Corresponding Debate Record Volume Numbers], via Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C. *[http://thomas.loc.gov/ THOMAS Legislative Information] ([[THOMAS]]) via [[Library of Congress]] *[http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?_nfpb=true&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=Vontz&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=authors&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&objectId=0900000b801b5845 Teaching about the U.S. Congress] via [[U.S. Department of Education]] *[http://www.opencongress.org/ Open Congress—open-source database of congressional legislation, voting records, and news coverage.] *[http://www.wrhammons.com/us-senators-representatives.htm Bill Hammons' American Politics Guide – Members of Congress by State, by Committee, and by House District with District Map and Partisan Voting Index]--> {{coord|38|53|23|N|77|0|32|W|region:US_type:landmark|display=title}} [[Categoria:Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum|!]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1789]]<!--en:1789 establishments in the United States--> [[Categoria:Historia Civitatum Foederatarum]]<!--MELIUS: [[Category:Legislative branch of the United States government| ]] [[Category:Bicameral legislatures|United States]] [[Category:National legislatures]]--> c3utjpwlijtb2zqckcbb3z8hqg34mkm 0 239238 3980613 3974382 2026-08-11T20:33:15Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Bad_Zwischenahn_Luftbild.JPG|thumb|left|Aquae Zwischenahnenses ex aere visae]] [[Fasciculus:Zwischenahn_-_zwischenahner_meer.JPG|thumb|left|Visus ab oppido ad [[Mare Zwischenahnense]]<ref name="Stieler 1683">Stieler, Casparo; ''Epithetorum selectorum brevissima delineatio''. Ienae: Typis Johannis Wertheri, 1683.</ref>]] '''Aquae Zwischenahnenses'''<ref name="Statisitakamt Nord 2025">Statistikamt Nord (Editio Latina). ''Catalogus Urbium et Communium Germaniae''. Hamburgi, 2025.</ref> (Theodisce ''Bad Zwischenahn'') est commune sui iuris [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Paludosoterrensis|Circuli Paludosoterrensis]]. Ad Aquas Zwischenahnenses pertinent et hi [[vicus|vici]]: * [[Aquae Zwischenahnenses (vicus)|Aquae Zwischenahnenses]] (Theodisce ''Bad Zwischenahn''); * [[Aschhusa (Aquae Zwischenahnenses)|Aschhusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Aschhausen'');Portal de Información Institucional de Bad Zwischenahn * [[Bylo]]<ref name="">Gemeinde Bad Zwischenahn (2024). ''Bauerschaften der Gemeinde: Geschichte und Porträt von Bloh''. Situs interretialis de informatione institutionali Aquarum Zwischenahnensium.</ref> (Theodisce ''Bloh''); * [[Dänikhorst]] (Theodisce ''Dänikhorst''); * [[Ekern]] (Theodisce ''Ekern''); * [[Elmendorfium (Aquae Zwischenahnenses)|Elmendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Elmendorf''); * [[Helle (Aquae Zwischenahnenses)|Helle]] (Theodisce ''Helle''); * [[Kayhusa]]<ref name="-husa"/> (Theodisce ''Kayhausen''); * [[Kayhauserfelda]]<ref name="-felda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-felda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Kayhauserfeld''); * [[Ofa (Aquae Zwischenahnenses)|Ofa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Ofen''); * [[Ohrwege]] (Theodisce ''Ohrwege''); * [[Colonia Petri Prima]]<ref name="CP">''Petersfehn'' colonia saeculo XIX condita est et nomen a magno duce Nicolao Friderico Petro Oldenburgensi accepit. Vocabulum ''Fehn'' in hoc contextu coloniam in regione paludosa designat; Latine igitur "colonia" apta est. Nomen personae ''Peter'' ad formam genetivam Latinam "Petri" convertitur. Pars prior coloniae dicitur Colonia Petri Prima; adiectivum autem ordinale "Secunda" distinctionem administrativam hodiernam servat.</ref> (Theodisce ''Petersfehn I''); * [[Colonia Petri Secunda]]<ref name="CP"/> (Theodisce ''Petersfehn II''); * [[Rostrup (Aquae Zwischenahnenses)|Rostrup I]] (Theodisce ''Rostrup I''); * Rostrup II (Theodisce ''Rostrup II''); * [[Specken (Bad Zwischenahn)|Specken]] (Theodisce ''Specken''); * [[Wehnen]] (Theodisce ''Wehnen''); * [[Westerholtsfelde (Bad Zwischenahn)|Westerholtsfelde]] (Theodisce ''Westerholtsfelde''). == Historia == Aquarum Zwischenahnensium vicus anno [[1124]] primo in actis descriptus est, quo anno etiam conditus esse videtur. Postea Aquae Zwischenahnenses a comitibus [[Ducatus Oldenburgensis|Oldenburgensibus]] regnatae sunt. Annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuerunt. Ab anno [[1815]] Aquae Zwischenahnenses iterum ad Magnum Ducatum Oldenburgensem traditae sunt, qui post annum [[1918]] res publica facta est. Anno [[1919]] titulum "''Aquae''" (Theodisce ''Bad'') acceperunt. Anno [[1933]] Aquae Zwischenahnenses pars novi Circuli Paludosoterrensis factae sunt. Ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinent. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat}} * [http://www.bad-zwischenahn.de/ www.bad-zwischenahn.de] [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita 1124]] kogv190qpl25lg94v515rih9w52tjnf 3980646 3980613 2026-08-11T21:12:49Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Bad_Zwischenahn_Luftbild.JPG|thumb|left|Aquae Zwischenahnenses ex aere visae]] [[Fasciculus:Zwischenahn_-_zwischenahner_meer.JPG|thumb|left|Visus ab oppido ad [[Mare Zwischenahnense]]<ref name="Stieler 1683">Stieler, Casparo; ''Epithetorum selectorum brevissima delineatio''. Ienae: Typis Johannis Wertheri, 1683.</ref>]] '''Aquae Zwischenahnenses'''<ref name="Statisitakamt Nord 2025">Statistikamt Nord (Editio Latina). ''Catalogus Urbium et Communium Germaniae''. Hamburgi, 2025.</ref> (Theodisce ''Bad Zwischenahn'') est commune sui iuris [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Paludosoterrensis|Circuli Paludosoterrensis]]. Ad Aquas Zwischenahnenses pertinent et hi [[vicus|vici]]: * [[Aquae Zwischenahnenses (vicus)|Aquae Zwischenahnenses]] (Theodisce ''Bad Zwischenahn''); * [[Aschhusa (Aquae Zwischenahnenses)|Aschhusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Aschhausen'');Portal de Información Institucional de Bad Zwischenahn * [[Bylo]]<ref name="">Gemeinde Bad Zwischenahn (2024). ''Bauerschaften der Gemeinde: Geschichte und Porträt von Bloh''. Situs interretialis de informatione institutionali Aquarum Zwischenahnensium.</ref> (Theodisce ''Bloh''); * [[Dänikhorst]] (Theodisce ''Dänikhorst''); * [[Ekern]] (Theodisce ''Ekern''); * [[Elmendorfium (Aquae Zwischenahnenses)|Elmendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Elmendorf''); * [[Helle (Aquae Zwischenahnenses)|Helle]] (Theodisce ''Helle''); * [[Kayhusa]]<ref name="-husa"/> (Theodisce ''Kayhausen''); * [[Kayhauserfelda]]<ref name="-felda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-felda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Kayhauserfeld''); * [[Ofa (Aquae Zwischenahnenses)|Ofa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Ofen''); * [[Ohrwege]] (Theodisce ''Ohrwege''); * [[Colonia Petri Prima]]<ref name="CP">''Petersfehn'' colonia saeculo XIX condita est et nomen a magno duce Nicolao Friderico Petro Oldenburgensi accepit. Vocabulum ''Fehn'' in hoc contextu coloniam in regione paludosa designat; Latine igitur "colonia" apta est. Nomen personae ''Peter'' ad formam genetivam Latinam "Petri" convertitur. Pars prior coloniae dicitur Colonia Petri Prima; adiectivum autem ordinale "Secunda" distinctionem administrativam hodiernam servat.</ref> (Theodisce ''Petersfehn I''); * [[Colonia Petri Secunda]]<ref name="CP"/> (Theodisce ''Petersfehn II''); * [[Rosthorpe Primum]]<ref name="Rüt">Rüthning, G. (Ed.) (1926). ''Oldenburger Urkundenbuch (Band 3: Grafschaft Oldenburg)''. Gerhard Stalling.</ref> (Theodisce ''Rostrup I''); * [[Rosthorpe Secundum]]<ref name="Rüt"/> (Theodisce ''Rostrup II''); * [[Specka (Aquae Zwischenahnenses)|Specka]]ref name="-a"/> (Theodisce ''Specken''); * [[Wehna]]ref name="-a"/> (Theodisce ''Wehnen''); * [[Westerholtsfelda (Aquae Zwischenahnenses)|Westerholtsfelda]]<ref name="-felda"/> (Theodisce ''Westerholtsfelde''). == Historia == Aquarum Zwischenahnensium vicus anno [[1124]] primo in actis descriptus est, quo anno etiam conditus esse videtur. Postea Aquae Zwischenahnenses a comitibus [[Ducatus Oldenburgensis|Oldenburgensibus]] regnatae sunt. Annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuerunt. Ab anno [[1815]] Aquae Zwischenahnenses iterum ad Magnum Ducatum Oldenburgensem traditae sunt, qui post annum [[1918]] res publica facta est. Anno [[1919]] titulum "''Aquae''" (Theodisce ''Bad'') acceperunt. Anno [[1933]] Aquae Zwischenahnenses pars novi Circuli Paludosoterrensis factae sunt. Ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinent. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat}} * [http://www.bad-zwischenahn.de/ www.bad-zwischenahn.de] [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita 1124]] fqnbsifri6ba5ovum3ofkos31oz27sa 3980648 3980646 2026-08-11T21:14:14Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Bad_Zwischenahn_Luftbild.JPG|thumb|left|Aquae Zwischenahnenses ex aere visae]] [[Fasciculus:Zwischenahn_-_zwischenahner_meer.JPG|thumb|left|Visus ab oppido ad [[Mare Zwischenahnense]]<ref name="Stieler 1683">Stieler, Casparo; ''Epithetorum selectorum brevissima delineatio''. Ienae: Typis Johannis Wertheri, 1683.</ref>]] '''Aquae Zwischenahnenses'''<ref name="Statisitakamt Nord 2025">Statistikamt Nord (Editio Latina). ''Catalogus Urbium et Communium Germaniae''. Hamburgi, 2025.</ref> (Theodisce ''Bad Zwischenahn'') est commune sui iuris [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Paludosoterrensis|Circuli Paludosoterrensis]]. Ad Aquas Zwischenahnenses pertinent et hi [[vicus|vici]]: * [[Aquae Zwischenahnenses (vicus)|Aquae Zwischenahnenses]] (Theodisce ''Bad Zwischenahn''); * [[Aschhusa (Aquae Zwischenahnenses)|Aschhusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Aschhausen'');Portal de Información Institucional de Bad Zwischenahn * [[Bylo]]<ref name="">Gemeinde Bad Zwischenahn (2024). ''Bauerschaften der Gemeinde: Geschichte und Porträt von Bloh''. Situs interretialis de informatione institutionali Aquarum Zwischenahnensium.</ref> (Theodisce ''Bloh''); * [[Colonia Petri Prima]]<ref name="CP">''Petersfehn'' colonia saeculo XIX condita est et nomen a magno duce Nicolao Friderico Petro Oldenburgensi accepit. Vocabulum ''Fehn'' in hoc contextu coloniam in regione paludosa designat; Latine igitur "colonia" apta est. Nomen personae ''Peter'' ad formam genetivam Latinam "Petri" convertitur. Pars prior coloniae dicitur Colonia Petri Prima; adiectivum autem ordinale "Secunda" distinctionem administrativam hodiernam servat.</ref> (Theodisce ''Petersfehn I''); * [[Colonia Petri Secunda]]<ref name="CP"/> (Theodisce ''Petersfehn II''); * [[Dänikhorst]] (Theodisce ''Dänikhorst''); * [[Ekern]] (Theodisce ''Ekern''); * [[Elmendorfium (Aquae Zwischenahnenses)|Elmendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Elmendorf''); * [[Helle (Aquae Zwischenahnenses)|Helle]] (Theodisce ''Helle''); * [[Kayhusa]]<ref name="-husa"/> (Theodisce ''Kayhausen''); * [[Kayhauserfelda]]<ref name="-felda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-felda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Kayhauserfeld''); * [[Ofa (Aquae Zwischenahnenses)|Ofa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Ofen''); * [[Ohrwege]] (Theodisce ''Ohrwege''); * [[Rosthorpe Primum]]<ref name="Rüt">Rüthning, G. (Ed.) (1926). ''Oldenburger Urkundenbuch (Band 3: Grafschaft Oldenburg)''. Gerhard Stalling.</ref> (Theodisce ''Rostrup I''); * [[Rosthorpe Secundum]]<ref name="Rüt"/> (Theodisce ''Rostrup II''); * [[Specka (Aquae Zwischenahnenses)|Specka]]ref name="-a"/> (Theodisce ''Specken''); * [[Wehna]]<ref name="-a"/> (Theodisce ''Wehnen''); * [[Westerholtsfelda (Aquae Zwischenahnenses)|Westerholtsfelda]]<ref name="-felda"/> (Theodisce ''Westerholtsfelde''). == Historia == Aquarum Zwischenahnensium vicus anno [[1124]] primo in actis descriptus est, quo anno etiam conditus esse videtur. Postea Aquae Zwischenahnenses a comitibus [[Ducatus Oldenburgensis|Oldenburgensibus]] regnatae sunt. Annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuerunt. Ab anno [[1815]] Aquae Zwischenahnenses iterum ad Magnum Ducatum Oldenburgensem traditae sunt, qui post annum [[1918]] res publica facta est. Anno [[1919]] titulum "''Aquae''" (Theodisce ''Bad'') acceperunt. Anno [[1933]] Aquae Zwischenahnenses pars novi Circuli Paludosoterrensis factae sunt. Ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinent. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat}} * [http://www.bad-zwischenahn.de/ www.bad-zwischenahn.de] [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita 1124]] lwqudrq3b9xixg53gtgjv9q7ca4ih6o 3980650 3980648 2026-08-11T21:14:44Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Bad_Zwischenahn_Luftbild.JPG|thumb|left|Aquae Zwischenahnenses ex aere visae]] [[Fasciculus:Zwischenahn_-_zwischenahner_meer.JPG|thumb|left|Visus ab oppido ad [[Mare Zwischenahnense]]<ref name="Stieler 1683">Stieler, Casparo; ''Epithetorum selectorum brevissima delineatio''. Ienae: Typis Johannis Wertheri, 1683.</ref>]] '''Aquae Zwischenahnenses'''<ref name="Statisitakamt Nord 2025">Statistikamt Nord (Editio Latina). ''Catalogus Urbium et Communium Germaniae''. Hamburgi, 2025.</ref> (Theodisce ''Bad Zwischenahn'') est commune sui iuris [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Paludosoterrensis|Circuli Paludosoterrensis]]. Ad Aquas Zwischenahnenses pertinent et hi [[vicus|vici]]: * [[Aquae Zwischenahnenses (vicus)|Aquae Zwischenahnenses]] (Theodisce ''Bad Zwischenahn''); * [[Aschhusa (Aquae Zwischenahnenses)|Aschhusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Aschhausen'');Portal de Información Institucional de Bad Zwischenahn * [[Bylo]]<ref name="">Gemeinde Bad Zwischenahn (2024). ''Bauerschaften der Gemeinde: Geschichte und Porträt von Bloh''. Situs interretialis de informatione institutionali Aquarum Zwischenahnensium.</ref> (Theodisce ''Bloh''); * [[Colonia Petri Prima]]<ref name="CP">''Petersfehn'' colonia saeculo XIX condita est et nomen a magno duce Nicolao Friderico Petro Oldenburgensi accepit. Vocabulum ''Fehn'' in hoc contextu coloniam in regione paludosa designat; Latine igitur "colonia" apta est. Nomen personae ''Peter'' ad formam genetivam Latinam "Petri" convertitur. Pars prior coloniae dicitur Colonia Petri Prima; adiectivum autem ordinale "Secunda" distinctionem administrativam hodiernam servat.</ref> (Theodisce ''Petersfehn I''); * [[Colonia Petri Secunda]]<ref name="CP"/> (Theodisce ''Petersfehn II''); * [[Dänikhorst]] (Theodisce ''Dänikhorst''); * [[Ekern]] (Theodisce ''Ekern''); * [[Elmendorfium (Aquae Zwischenahnenses)|Elmendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Elmendorf''); * [[Helle (Aquae Zwischenahnenses)|Helle]] (Theodisce ''Helle''); * [[Kayhusa]]<ref name="-husa"/> (Theodisce ''Kayhausen''); * [[Kayhauserfelda]]<ref name="-felda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-felda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Kayhauserfeld''); * [[Ofa (Aquae Zwischenahnenses)|Ofa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Ofen''); * [[Ohrwege]] (Theodisce ''Ohrwege''); * [[Rosthorpe Primum]]<ref name="Rüt">Rüthning, G. (Ed.) (1926). ''Oldenburger Urkundenbuch (Band 3: Grafschaft Oldenburg)''. Gerhard Stalling.</ref> (Theodisce ''Rostrup I''); * [[Rosthorpe Secundum]]<ref name="Rüt"/> (Theodisce ''Rostrup II''); * [[Specka (Aquae Zwischenahnenses)|Specka]]<ref name="-a"/> (Theodisce ''Specken''); * [[Wehna]]<ref name="-a"/> (Theodisce ''Wehnen''); * [[Westerholtsfelda (Aquae Zwischenahnenses)|Westerholtsfelda]]<ref name="-felda"/> (Theodisce ''Westerholtsfelde''). == Historia == Aquarum Zwischenahnensium vicus anno [[1124]] primo in actis descriptus est, quo anno etiam conditus esse videtur. Postea Aquae Zwischenahnenses a comitibus [[Ducatus Oldenburgensis|Oldenburgensibus]] regnatae sunt. Annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuerunt. Ab anno [[1815]] Aquae Zwischenahnenses iterum ad Magnum Ducatum Oldenburgensem traditae sunt, qui post annum [[1918]] res publica facta est. Anno [[1919]] titulum "''Aquae''" (Theodisce ''Bad'') acceperunt. Anno [[1933]] Aquae Zwischenahnenses pars novi Circuli Paludosoterrensis factae sunt. Ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinent. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat}} * [http://www.bad-zwischenahn.de/ www.bad-zwischenahn.de] [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita 1124]] fbsokoo3qo3rfk2g3ohgztw67fv01ix 3980651 3980650 2026-08-11T21:15:11Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Bad_Zwischenahn_Luftbild.JPG|thumb|left|Aquae Zwischenahnenses ex aere visae]] [[Fasciculus:Zwischenahn_-_zwischenahner_meer.JPG|thumb|left|Visus ab oppido ad [[Mare Zwischenahnense]]<ref name="Stieler 1683">Stieler, Casparo; ''Epithetorum selectorum brevissima delineatio''. Ienae: Typis Johannis Wertheri, 1683.</ref>]] '''Aquae Zwischenahnenses'''<ref name="Statisitakamt Nord 2025">Statistikamt Nord (Editio Latina). ''Catalogus Urbium et Communium Germaniae''. Hamburgi, 2025.</ref> (Theodisce ''Bad Zwischenahn'') est commune sui iuris [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Paludosoterrensis|Circuli Paludosoterrensis]]. Ad Aquas Zwischenahnenses pertinent et hi [[vicus|vici]]: * [[Aquae Zwischenahnenses (vicus)|Aquae Zwischenahnenses]] (Theodisce ''Bad Zwischenahn''); * [[Aschhusa (Aquae Zwischenahnenses)|Aschhusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Aschhausen''); * [[Bylo]]<ref name="">Gemeinde Bad Zwischenahn (2024). ''Bauerschaften der Gemeinde: Geschichte und Porträt von Bloh''. Situs interretialis de informatione institutionali Aquarum Zwischenahnensium.</ref> (Theodisce ''Bloh''); * [[Colonia Petri Prima]]<ref name="CP">''Petersfehn'' colonia saeculo XIX condita est et nomen a magno duce Nicolao Friderico Petro Oldenburgensi accepit. Vocabulum ''Fehn'' in hoc contextu coloniam in regione paludosa designat; Latine igitur "colonia" apta est. Nomen personae ''Peter'' ad formam genetivam Latinam "Petri" convertitur. Pars prior coloniae dicitur Colonia Petri Prima; adiectivum autem ordinale "Secunda" distinctionem administrativam hodiernam servat.</ref> (Theodisce ''Petersfehn I''); * [[Colonia Petri Secunda]]<ref name="CP"/> (Theodisce ''Petersfehn II''); * [[Dänikhorst]] (Theodisce ''Dänikhorst''); * [[Ekern]] (Theodisce ''Ekern''); * [[Elmendorfium (Aquae Zwischenahnenses)|Elmendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Elmendorf''); * [[Helle (Aquae Zwischenahnenses)|Helle]] (Theodisce ''Helle''); * [[Kayhusa]]<ref name="-husa"/> (Theodisce ''Kayhausen''); * [[Kayhauserfelda]]<ref name="-felda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-felda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Kayhauserfeld''); * [[Ofa (Aquae Zwischenahnenses)|Ofa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Ofen''); * [[Ohrwege]] (Theodisce ''Ohrwege''); * [[Rosthorpe Primum]]<ref name="Rüt">Rüthning, G. (Ed.) (1926). ''Oldenburger Urkundenbuch (Band 3: Grafschaft Oldenburg)''. Gerhard Stalling.</ref> (Theodisce ''Rostrup I''); * [[Rosthorpe Secundum]]<ref name="Rüt"/> (Theodisce ''Rostrup II''); * [[Specka (Aquae Zwischenahnenses)|Specka]]<ref name="-a"/> (Theodisce ''Specken''); * [[Wehna]]<ref name="-a"/> (Theodisce ''Wehnen''); * [[Westerholtsfelda (Aquae Zwischenahnenses)|Westerholtsfelda]]<ref name="-felda"/> (Theodisce ''Westerholtsfelde''). == Historia == Aquarum Zwischenahnensium vicus anno [[1124]] primo in actis descriptus est, quo anno etiam conditus esse videtur. Postea Aquae Zwischenahnenses a comitibus [[Ducatus Oldenburgensis|Oldenburgensibus]] regnatae sunt. Annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuerunt. Ab anno [[1815]] Aquae Zwischenahnenses iterum ad Magnum Ducatum Oldenburgensem traditae sunt, qui post annum [[1918]] res publica facta est. Anno [[1919]] titulum "''Aquae''" (Theodisce ''Bad'') acceperunt. Anno [[1933]] Aquae Zwischenahnenses pars novi Circuli Paludosoterrensis factae sunt. Ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinent. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat}} * [http://www.bad-zwischenahn.de/ www.bad-zwischenahn.de] [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita 1124]] kgci6kjwume890e7v1mjuz0qhpv04uz 0 239376 3980584 3973723 2026-08-11T18:55:59Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Rathaus_Apen.jpg|thumb|left|Curia Apenensis.]] [[Fasciculus:Apen,_kerk_foto2_2010-05-15_15.53.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Nicolai Apeni.]] '''Apenum'''<ref name="Baring 1746">Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica: De antiquis pagis, ditionibus, gigerictis et parochiis ubi de Amelinghusio agitur''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.</ref> seu '''Apenium'''<ref>Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Oldenburgensis et Bremensis (Caput de parochia Apenii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Apen'' et [[Saxonice]] ''Aap'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Paludosoterrensis|Circuli Paludosoterrensis]]. Ad Apenum pertinent [[vicus|vici]]: * [[Apenum (vicus)|Apenum]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> cum [[Palus Secalina|Palude Secalina]]<ref>''Roggenmoor'' constat ex ''Roggen'', i.e. «secale», et ''Moor'', i.e. «palus». Quare compositum Latine reddi potest "Palus Secalina", id est palus secalis vel ad segetem secalinam pertinens.</ref> (Theodisce ''Roggenmoor''); * [[Colonia Augusti Prima]]<ref name="CA">''Augustfehn'' colonia saeculo XIX condita est et nomen a Paulo Friderico Augusto duce magno Oldenburgensi accepit. Quoniam ''Fehn'' hic coloniam paludosam significat, "colonia" apta est translatio. Numeri I, II, III Latine "Prima", "Secunda", "Tertia" respective exprimitur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Augustfehn I''); * [[Colonia Augusti Secunda]]<ref name="CA"/> (Theodisce ''Augustfehn II'') cum [[Colonia Augusti Tertia]]<ref name="CA"/> (Theodisce ''Augustfehn III''), [[Klauhörn]] (Theodisce ''Klauhörn'') et [[Palus Lengensis|Palude Lengensi]]<ref>In composito ''Lengenermoor'' elementum ''Moor'' Latine per "palus, paludis" optime redditur. Elementum ''Lengener-'' autem servatur sub forma adiectivi "Lengensis". Unde "Palus Lengensis".</ref> (Theodisce ''Lengenermoor''); * [[Espern]] (Theodisce ''Espern'') cum [[Aperfelda]]<ref name="-felda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-felda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Aperfeld''), [[Palus Apenensis]]<ref>Germanicum ''Marsch'', cum "paludem" vel "humorem terrae" designet, Latine per "palus" reddi potest. Cum agatur de "palude Apensi", forma apta est "Palus Apenensis".</ref> (Theodisce ''Apermarsch''), [[Via Godensholtensis]]<ref>Germanicum ''Weg'' Latine "via" dicitur. Adiectivum "Godensholtensis" nomen ''Godensholt'' servat et ad formam Latinam reducit. Inde "Via Godensholtensis2.</ref> (Theodisce ''Godensholterweg''), [[Klampa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Klampen'') et [[Winkel]] (Theodisce ''Winkel''); * [[Wodansholte]]<ref>Ammerland Touristik & Gemeinde Apen (2022). ''Drakamp Godensholt: Lieblingsort mit Hörstation''.</ref> (Theodisce ''Godensholt'') cum [[Godensholterfelda]]<ref name="-felda"/> (Theodisce ''Godensholterfeld''), [[Rothenmetha]]<ref name="-a"/> (Theodisce ''Rothenmethen''), [[Rinzeldorfium|Rinzeldorfio]] (Theodisce ''Rinzeldorf''); * [[Hengstforde (Apenum)|Hengstforde]] (Theodisce ''Hengstforde'') cum [[Aperberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Aperberg''), [[Hengstforderfelda]]<ref name="-felda"/> (Theodisce ''Hengstforderfeld'') et portione [[Canalis Nordlohensis]]<ref name="CN">Germanicum ''Kanal'' directe Latine "canalis" redditur. Nomen ''Nordloh'' in adiectivum "Nordlohensis" convertitur. Unde "Canalis Nordlohensis.</ref> (Theodisce ''Nordloh-Kanal''); * [[Nordloh]] (Theodisce ''Nordloh'') cum portione [[Canalis Nordlohensis]]<ref name="CN"/> (Theodisce ''Nordloh-Kanal''); * [[Tange]] (Theodisce ''Tange'') cum portione [[Canalis Nordlohensis]]<ref name="CN"/> (Theodisce ''Nordloh-Kanal''); * [[Bocklo]]<ref name="Phi">Philippi, F. (Ed.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 1251–1280 (Band 3)''. Osnabrugae: H. Th. Wenner</ref> (Theodisce ''Vreschen-Bokel'') cum [[Palus Bockelensis|Palude Bockelensi]]<ref>In ''Bokelermoor'' elementum ''Moor'' Latine palus redditur; nomen ''Bokeler'' vero in adiectivum Latinum "Bockelensis" convertitur. Inde "Palus Bockelensis".</ref> (Theodisce ''Bokelermoor'') et [[Holtgast]] (Theodisce ''Holtgast'') == Historia == Apenum, anno [[1230]] primo in actis descriptum, a comitibus [[Ducatus Oldenburgensis|Oldenburgensibus]] regnatum est. Qui ducatus annis 1667 ad usque 1773 ad [[Dania]]m pertinuit. Annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Annis [[1513]] - [[1780]] hic castellum fuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Apenum iterum ad Magnum Ducatum Oldenburgensem traditum est, qui post annum [[1918]] res publica factus est. Anno [[1933]] Apen pars novi Circuli Paludosoterrensis factum est. Ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat}} * [http://www.apen.de www.apen.de] * [http://www.wirtschaft-im-ammerland.de/standortinformationen/gemeinde_apen/zahlen_daten_fakten.html Data Apen apud wirtschaft-im-ammerland.de]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] 1ep7de3od26m52a62db5rq2qt8vrr7p 3980585 3980584 2026-08-11T18:57:06Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Rathaus_Apen.jpg|thumb|left|Curia Apenensis.]] [[Fasciculus:Apen,_kerk_foto2_2010-05-15_15.53.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Nicolai Apeni.]] '''Apenum'''<ref name="Baring 1746">Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica: De antiquis pagis, ditionibus, gigerictis et parochiis ubi de Amelinghusio agitur''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.</ref> seu '''Apenium'''<ref>Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Oldenburgensis et Bremensis (Caput de parochia Apenii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Apen'' et [[Saxonice]] ''Aap'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Paludosoterrensis|Circuli Paludosoterrensis]]. Ad Apenum pertinent [[vicus|vici]]: * [[Apenum (vicus)|Apenum]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> cum [[Palus Secalina|Palude Secalina]]<ref>''Roggenmoor'' constat ex ''Roggen'', i.e. «secale», et ''Moor'', i.e. «palus». Quare compositum Latine reddi potest "Palus Secalina", id est palus secalis vel ad segetem secalinam pertinens.</ref> (Theodisce ''Roggenmoor''); * [[Colonia Augusti Prima]]<ref name="CA">''Augustfehn'' colonia saeculo XIX condita est et nomen a Paulo Friderico Augusto duce magno Oldenburgensi accepit. Quoniam ''Fehn'' hic coloniam paludosam significat, "colonia" apta est translatio. Numeri I, II, III Latine "Prima", "Secunda", "Tertia" respective exprimitur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Augustfehn I''); * [[Colonia Augusti Secunda]]<ref name="CA"/> (Theodisce ''Augustfehn II'') cum [[Colonia Augusti Tertia]]<ref name="CA"/> (Theodisce ''Augustfehn III''), [[Klauhörn]] (Theodisce ''Klauhörn'') et [[Palus Lengensis|Palude Lengensi]]<ref>In composito ''Lengenermoor'' elementum ''Moor'' Latine per "palus, paludis" optime redditur. Elementum ''Lengener-'' autem servatur sub forma adiectivi "Lengensis". Unde "Palus Lengensis".</ref> (Theodisce ''Lengenermoor''); * [[Espern]] (Theodisce ''Espern'') cum [[Aperfelda]]<ref name="-felda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-felda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Aperfeld''), [[Palus Apenensis|Palude Apenensi]]<ref>Germanicum ''Marsch'', cum "paludem" vel "humorem terrae" designet, Latine per "palus" reddi potest. Cum agatur de "palude Apensi", forma apta est "Palus Apenensis".</ref> (Theodisce ''Apermarsch''), [[Via Godensholtensis]]<ref>Germanicum ''Weg'' Latine "via" dicitur. Adiectivum "Godensholtensis" nomen ''Godensholt'' servat et ad formam Latinam reducit. Inde "Via Godensholtensis2.</ref> (Theodisce ''Godensholterweg''), [[Klampa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Klampen'') et [[Winkel]] (Theodisce ''Winkel''); * [[Wodansholte]]<ref>Ammerland Touristik & Gemeinde Apen (2022). ''Drakamp Godensholt: Lieblingsort mit Hörstation''.</ref> (Theodisce ''Godensholt'') cum [[Godensholterfelda]]<ref name="-felda"/> (Theodisce ''Godensholterfeld''), [[Rothenmetha]]<ref name="-a"/> (Theodisce ''Rothenmethen''), [[Rinzeldorfium|Rinzeldorfio]] (Theodisce ''Rinzeldorf''); * [[Hengstforde (Apenum)|Hengstforde]] (Theodisce ''Hengstforde'') cum [[Aperberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Aperberg''), [[Hengstforderfelda]]<ref name="-felda"/> (Theodisce ''Hengstforderfeld'') et portione [[Canalis Nordlohensis]]<ref name="CN">Germanicum ''Kanal'' directe Latine "canalis" redditur. Nomen ''Nordloh'' in adiectivum "Nordlohensis" convertitur. Unde "Canalis Nordlohensis.</ref> (Theodisce ''Nordloh-Kanal''); * [[Nordloh]] (Theodisce ''Nordloh'') cum portione [[Canalis Nordlohensis]]<ref name="CN"/> (Theodisce ''Nordloh-Kanal''); * [[Tange]] (Theodisce ''Tange'') cum portione [[Canalis Nordlohensis]]<ref name="CN"/> (Theodisce ''Nordloh-Kanal''); * [[Bocklo]]<ref name="Phi">Philippi, F. (Ed.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 1251–1280 (Band 3)''. Osnabrugae: H. Th. Wenner</ref> (Theodisce ''Vreschen-Bokel'') cum [[Palus Bockelensis|Palude Bockelensi]]<ref>In ''Bokelermoor'' elementum ''Moor'' Latine palus redditur; nomen ''Bokeler'' vero in adiectivum Latinum "Bockelensis" convertitur. Inde "Palus Bockelensis".</ref> (Theodisce ''Bokelermoor'') et [[Holtgast]] (Theodisce ''Holtgast'') == Historia == Apenum, anno [[1230]] primo in actis descriptum, a comitibus [[Ducatus Oldenburgensis|Oldenburgensibus]] regnatum est. Qui ducatus annis 1667 ad usque 1773 ad [[Dania]]m pertinuit. Annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Annis [[1513]] - [[1780]] hic castellum fuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Apenum iterum ad Magnum Ducatum Oldenburgensem traditum est, qui post annum [[1918]] res publica factus est. Anno [[1933]] Apen pars novi Circuli Paludosoterrensis factum est. Ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat}} * [http://www.apen.de www.apen.de] * [http://www.wirtschaft-im-ammerland.de/standortinformationen/gemeinde_apen/zahlen_daten_fakten.html Data Apen apud wirtschaft-im-ammerland.de]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] b29xwx7gcrv48tjyesxi2rwy9l2fsfh 3980587 3980585 2026-08-11T19:00:18Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Rathaus_Apen.jpg|thumb|left|Curia Apenensis.]] [[Fasciculus:Apen,_kerk_foto2_2010-05-15_15.53.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Nicolai Apeni.]] '''Apenum'''<ref name="Baring 1746">Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica: De antiquis pagis, ditionibus, gigerictis et parochiis ubi de Amelinghusio agitur''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.</ref> seu '''Apenium'''<ref>Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Oldenburgensis et Bremensis (Caput de parochia Apenii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Apen'' et [[Saxonice]] ''Aap'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Paludosoterrensis|Circuli Paludosoterrensis]]. Ad Apenum pertinent [[vicus|vici]]: * [[Apenum (vicus)|Apenum]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> cum [[Palus Secalina|Palude Secalina]]<ref>''Roggenmoor'' constat ex ''Roggen'', i.e. «secale», et ''Moor'', i.e. «palus». Quare compositum Latine reddi potest "Palus Secalina", id est palus secalis vel ad segetem secalinam pertinens.</ref> (Theodisce ''Roggenmoor''); * [[Colonia Augusti Prima]]<ref name="CA">''Augustfehn'' colonia saeculo XIX condita est et nomen a Paulo Friderico Augusto duce magno Oldenburgensi accepit. Quoniam ''Fehn'' hic coloniam paludosam significat, "colonia" apta est translatio. Numeri I, II, III Latine "Prima", "Secunda", "Tertia" respective exprimitur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Augustfehn I''); * [[Colonia Augusti Secunda]]<ref name="CA"/> (Theodisce ''Augustfehn II'') cum [[Colonia Augusti Tertia]]<ref name="CA"/> (Theodisce ''Augustfehn III''), [[Klauhörn]] (Theodisce ''Klauhörn'') et [[Palus Lengensis|Palude Lengensi]]<ref>In composito ''Lengenermoor'' elementum ''Moor'' Latine per "palus, paludis" optime redditur. Elementum ''Lengener-'' autem servatur sub forma adiectivi "Lengensis". Unde "Palus Lengensis".</ref> (Theodisce ''Lengenermoor''); * [[Espern]] (Theodisce ''Espern'') cum [[Aperfelda]]<ref name="-felda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-felda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Aperfeld''), [[Palus Apenensis|Palude Apenensi]]<ref>Germanicum ''Marsch'', cum "paludem" vel "humorem terrae" designet, Latine per "palus" reddi potest. Cum agatur de "palude Apensi", forma apta est "Palus Apenensis".</ref> (Theodisce ''Apermarsch''), [[Via Godensholtensis]]<ref>Germanicum ''Weg'' Latine "via" dicitur. Adiectivum "Godensholtensis" nomen ''Godensholt'' servat et ad formam Latinam reducit. Inde "Via Godensholtensis2.</ref> (Theodisce ''Godensholterweg''), [[Klampa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Klampen'') et [[Winkel]] (Theodisce ''Winkel''); * [[Wodansholte]]<ref>Ammerland Touristik & Gemeinde Apen (2022). ''Drakamp Godensholt: Lieblingsort mit Hörstation''.</ref> (Theodisce ''Godensholt'') cum [[Godensholterfelda]]<ref name="-felda"/> (Theodisce ''Godensholterfeld''), [[Rothenmetha]]<ref name="-a"/> (Theodisce ''Rothenmethen''), [[Rinzeldorfium|Rinzeldorfio]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Rinzeldorf''); * [[Hengstforde (Apenum)|Hengstforde]] (Theodisce ''Hengstforde'') cum [[Aperberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Aperberg''), [[Hengstforderfelda]]<ref name="-felda"/> (Theodisce ''Hengstforderfeld'') et portione [[Canalis Nordlohensis]]<ref name="CN">Germanicum ''Kanal'' directe Latine "canalis" redditur. Nomen ''Nordloh'' in adiectivum "Nordlohensis" convertitur. Unde "Canalis Nordlohensis.</ref> (Theodisce ''Nordloh-Kanal''); * [[Nordloh]] (Theodisce ''Nordloh'') cum portione [[Canalis Nordlohensis]]<ref name="CN"/> (Theodisce ''Nordloh-Kanal''); * [[Tange]] (Theodisce ''Tange'') cum portione [[Canalis Nordlohensis]]<ref name="CN"/> (Theodisce ''Nordloh-Kanal''); * [[Bocklo]]<ref name="Phi">Philippi, F. (Ed.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 1251–1280 (Band 3)''. Osnabrugae: H. Th. Wenner</ref> (Theodisce ''Vreschen-Bokel'') cum [[Palus Bockelensis|Palude Bockelensi]]<ref>In ''Bokelermoor'' elementum ''Moor'' Latine palus redditur; nomen ''Bokeler'' vero in adiectivum Latinum "Bockelensis" convertitur. Inde "Palus Bockelensis".</ref> (Theodisce ''Bokelermoor'') et [[Holtgast]] (Theodisce ''Holtgast'') == Historia == Apenum, anno [[1230]] primo in actis descriptum, a comitibus [[Ducatus Oldenburgensis|Oldenburgensibus]] regnatum est. Qui ducatus annis 1667 ad usque 1773 ad [[Dania]]m pertinuit. Annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Annis [[1513]] - [[1780]] hic castellum fuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Apenum iterum ad Magnum Ducatum Oldenburgensem traditum est, qui post annum [[1918]] res publica factus est. Anno [[1933]] Apen pars novi Circuli Paludosoterrensis factum est. Ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat}} * [http://www.apen.de www.apen.de] * [http://www.wirtschaft-im-ammerland.de/standortinformationen/gemeinde_apen/zahlen_daten_fakten.html Data Apen apud wirtschaft-im-ammerland.de]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] ojn75bzebp8yopyhexhcnw52wtxbnpj 3980593 3980587 2026-08-11T19:13:10Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Rathaus_Apen.jpg|thumb|left|Curia Apenensis.]] [[Fasciculus:Apen,_kerk_foto2_2010-05-15_15.53.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Nicolai Apeni.]] '''Apenum'''<ref name="Baring 1746">Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica: De antiquis pagis, ditionibus, gigerictis et parochiis ubi de Amelinghusio agitur''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.</ref> seu '''Apenium'''<ref>Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Oldenburgensis et Bremensis (Caput de parochia Apenii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Apen'' et [[Saxonice]] ''Aap'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Paludosoterrensis|Circuli Paludosoterrensis]]. Ad Apenum pertinent [[vicus|vici]]: * [[Apenum (vicus)|Apenum]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> cum [[Palus Secalina|Palude Secalina]]<ref>''Roggenmoor'' constat ex ''Roggen'', i.e. «secale», et ''Moor'', i.e. «palus». Quare compositum Latine reddi potest "Palus Secalina", id est palus secalis vel ad segetem secalinam pertinens.</ref> (Theodisce ''Roggenmoor''); * [[Colonia Augusti Prima]]<ref name="CA">''Augustfehn'' colonia saeculo XIX condita est et nomen a Paulo Friderico Augusto duce magno Oldenburgensi accepit. Quoniam ''Fehn'' hic coloniam paludosam significat, "colonia" apta est translatio. Numeri I, II, III Latine "Prima", "Secunda", "Tertia" respective exprimitur.</ref> (Theodisce ''Augustfehn I''); * [[Colonia Augusti Secunda]]<ref name="CA"/> (Theodisce ''Augustfehn II'') cum [[Colonia Augusti Tertia]]<ref name="CA"/> (Theodisce ''Augustfehn III''), [[Klauhörn]] (Theodisce ''Klauhörn'') et [[Palus Lengensis|Palude Lengensi]]<ref>In composito ''Lengenermoor'' elementum ''Moor'' Latine per "palus, paludis" optime redditur. Elementum ''Lengener-'' autem servatur sub forma adiectivi "Lengensis". Unde "Palus Lengensis".</ref> (Theodisce ''Lengenermoor''); * [[Espern]] (Theodisce ''Espern'') cum [[Aperfelda]]<ref name="-felda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-felda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Aperfeld''), [[Palus Apenensis|Palude Apenensi]]<ref>Germanicum ''Marsch'', cum "paludem" vel "humorem terrae" designet, Latine per "palus" reddi potest. Cum agatur de "palude Apensi", forma apta est "Palus Apenensis".</ref> (Theodisce ''Apermarsch''), [[Via Godensholtensis]]<ref>Germanicum ''Weg'' Latine "via" dicitur. Adiectivum "Godensholtensis" nomen ''Godensholt'' servat et ad formam Latinam reducit. Inde "Via Godensholtensis2.</ref> (Theodisce ''Godensholterweg''), [[Klampa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Klampen'') et [[Winkel]] (Theodisce ''Winkel''); * [[Wodansholte]]<ref>Ammerland Touristik & Gemeinde Apen (2022). ''Drakamp Godensholt: Lieblingsort mit Hörstation''.</ref> (Theodisce ''Godensholt'') cum [[Godensholterfelda]]<ref name="-felda"/> (Theodisce ''Godensholterfeld''), [[Rothenmetha]]<ref name="-a"/> (Theodisce ''Rothenmethen''), [[Rinzeldorfium|Rinzeldorfio]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Rinzeldorf''); * [[Hengstforde (Apenum)|Hengstforde]] (Theodisce ''Hengstforde'') cum [[Aperberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Aperberg''), [[Hengstforderfelda]]<ref name="-felda"/> (Theodisce ''Hengstforderfeld'') et portione [[Canalis Nordlohensis]]<ref name="CN">Germanicum ''Kanal'' directe Latine "canalis" redditur. Nomen ''Nordloh'' in adiectivum "Nordlohensis" convertitur. Unde "Canalis Nordlohensis.</ref> (Theodisce ''Nordloh-Kanal''); * [[Nordloh]] (Theodisce ''Nordloh'') cum portione [[Canalis Nordlohensis]]<ref name="CN"/> (Theodisce ''Nordloh-Kanal''); * [[Tange]] (Theodisce ''Tange'') cum portione [[Canalis Nordlohensis]]<ref name="CN"/> (Theodisce ''Nordloh-Kanal''); * [[Bocklo]]<ref name="Phi">Philippi, F. (Ed.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 1251–1280 (Band 3)''. Osnabrugae: H. Th. Wenner</ref> (Theodisce ''Vreschen-Bokel'') cum [[Palus Bockelensis|Palude Bockelensi]]<ref>In ''Bokelermoor'' elementum ''Moor'' Latine palus redditur; nomen ''Bokeler'' vero in adiectivum Latinum "Bockelensis" convertitur. Inde "Palus Bockelensis".</ref> (Theodisce ''Bokelermoor'') et [[Holtgaste (Apenum)|Holtgaste]]<ref name="Hol">Confer [[Holtgaste|homonymum commune]] in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e quoque. Quo de toponymo, vide: Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch (Band 1: 787–1470)''. Haynel.</ref> (Theodisce ''Holtgast'') == Historia == Apenum, anno [[1230]] primo in actis descriptum, a comitibus [[Ducatus Oldenburgensis|Oldenburgensibus]] regnatum est. Qui ducatus annis 1667 ad usque 1773 ad [[Dania]]m pertinuit. Annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Annis [[1513]] - [[1780]] hic castellum fuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Apenum iterum ad Magnum Ducatum Oldenburgensem traditum est, qui post annum [[1918]] res publica factus est. Anno [[1933]] Apen pars novi Circuli Paludosoterrensis factum est. Ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat}} * [http://www.apen.de www.apen.de] * [http://www.wirtschaft-im-ammerland.de/standortinformationen/gemeinde_apen/zahlen_daten_fakten.html Data Apen apud wirtschaft-im-ammerland.de]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] 9wppxo3at6dh4ge5as57tjzv5gcenq6 0 239655 3980588 3505801 2026-08-11T19:08:41Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Holtgaste'''<ref name="Fri">Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch (Band 1: 787–1470)''. Haynel. </ref> est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Widmundensis|Circuli Widmundensis]]. Cum aliis parvis communibus se ad [[Esens (commune generale)|Esens]] commune generale coniunxit. Ad Holtgaste et [[vicus|Vici]] Damsum, Fulkum atque Utgast pertinent. == Historia == [[Fasciculus:EhemBahnhaltHoltgast.jpg|thumb|left|Statio antiqua ferroviaria et nunc sedes administrationis communis Holtgastis.]] Holtgaste olim, pars ducatus [[Frisia orientalis|Frisiae Orientalis]] fuit. Annis [[1744]] ad [[1806]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit, tum ad [[Nederlandia]]m et annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Holtgaste [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quod post annum [[1866]] iterum pars Borussiae fuit. Ab anno [[1885]] Holtgaste pars novi Circuli Widmundensis factum est, qui circulus autem annis [[1977]] ad usque [[1980]] dissolutus erat. Ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Tum multi perfugae e regionibus a [[Polonia]] et [[Russia]] occupatis hanc in regionem venerunt. Anno [[1972]] vici supra dicti ad Holtgaste consociati sunt et Holtgaste pars [[Esens (commune generale)|Esens]] communis generalis factum est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Holtgast|Holtgaste}} * [http://www.holtgast.de www.holtgast.de] [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] f57vv1e2k6rtcln5f9x7vazor6ia0go 3980589 3980588 2026-08-11T19:09:11Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Holtgast]] ad [[Holtgaste]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3980588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Holtgaste'''<ref name="Fri">Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch (Band 1: 787–1470)''. Haynel. </ref> est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Widmundensis|Circuli Widmundensis]]. Cum aliis parvis communibus se ad [[Esens (commune generale)|Esens]] commune generale coniunxit. Ad Holtgaste et [[vicus|Vici]] Damsum, Fulkum atque Utgast pertinent. == Historia == [[Fasciculus:EhemBahnhaltHoltgast.jpg|thumb|left|Statio antiqua ferroviaria et nunc sedes administrationis communis Holtgastis.]] Holtgaste olim, pars ducatus [[Frisia orientalis|Frisiae Orientalis]] fuit. Annis [[1744]] ad [[1806]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit, tum ad [[Nederlandia]]m et annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Holtgaste [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quod post annum [[1866]] iterum pars Borussiae fuit. Ab anno [[1885]] Holtgaste pars novi Circuli Widmundensis factum est, qui circulus autem annis [[1977]] ad usque [[1980]] dissolutus erat. Ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Tum multi perfugae e regionibus a [[Polonia]] et [[Russia]] occupatis hanc in regionem venerunt. Anno [[1972]] vici supra dicti ad Holtgaste consociati sunt et Holtgaste pars [[Esens (commune generale)|Esens]] communis generalis factum est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Holtgast|Holtgaste}} * [http://www.holtgast.de www.holtgast.de] [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] f57vv1e2k6rtcln5f9x7vazor6ia0go 3980592 3980589 2026-08-11T19:12:53Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Holtgaste'''<ref name="Fri">Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch (Band 1: 787–1470)''. Haynel.</ref> (Theodisce ''Holtgast'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Widmundensis|Circuli Widmundensis]]. Cum aliis parvis communibus se ad [[Esens (commune generale)|Esens]] commune generale coniunxit. Ad Holtgaste et [[vicus|Vici]] Damsum, Fulkum atque Utgast pertinent. == Historia == [[Fasciculus:EhemBahnhaltHoltgast.jpg|thumb|left|Statio antiqua ferroviaria et nunc sedes administrationis communis Holtgastis.]] Holtgaste olim, pars ducatus [[Frisia orientalis|Frisiae Orientalis]] fuit. Annis [[1744]] ad [[1806]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit, tum ad [[Nederlandia]]m et annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Holtgaste [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quod post annum [[1866]] iterum pars Borussiae fuit. Ab anno [[1885]] Holtgaste pars novi Circuli Widmundensis factum est, qui circulus autem annis [[1977]] ad usque [[1980]] dissolutus erat. Ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Tum multi perfugae e regionibus a [[Polonia]] et [[Russia]] occupatis hanc in regionem venerunt. Anno [[1972]] vici supra dicti ad Holtgaste consociati sunt et Holtgaste pars [[Esens (commune generale)|Esens]] communis generalis factum est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Holtgast|Holtgaste}} * [http://www.holtgast.de www.holtgast.de] [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] it0kfwdqs7bffjtswtjxlki3nsj6sb7 0 239888 3980690 3974401 2026-08-12T00:14:07Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Aerial image of Baltrum (view from the west).jpg|thumb|left|Baltrumum insula ex occidente visum.]] [[Fasciculus:Baltrum_1805.jpg|thumb|left|Tabula geographica insulae Baltrumi anno 1805 confecta.]] '''Baltrumum'''<ref name="Wiarda III 1792">Wiarda, T. D. (1792). ''Ostfriesische Geschichte: Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1648'' (Vol. 3). August Friedrich Winter.</ref> seu '''Balteringa'''<ref name="F">Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Erster Band (787–1470)''. W. Haynel.</ref> seu '''Baltringa'''<ref name="F"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Baltrum'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], insula ad [[Insulae Frisicae Orientales|Insulas Frisicas Orientales]] pertinens et pars [[Circulus Auriacum|Circuli Auriaci]] est. == Commeatus == [[Fasciculus:Flugplatz Baltrum.JPG|thumb|left|Aeroportus Baltrumensis.]] Ab anno [[1949]] ad annum [[1985]] ferroviaria parva merces transportavit. Aeroportus parvus in insula est, autocineta prohibita sunt. Cives et peregrinatores navibus traiectoribus in insulam portantur. == Historia == Baltrumum anno [[1398]] nomine "„Balteringe“" primo in actis desciptum est. Primo pars [[Frisia orientalis|Frisiae Orientalis]] fuit. Annis [[1744]] - [[1806]] insula ad [[Borussia]]m, deinde ad [[Nederlandia]]m, annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Baltrumum [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quod anno [[1866]] a Borussia occupatum est. Saeculo 19 [[Periegesis]] coepit, cum hospites insulam ad se lavandum et aere maris fruendum visitabant. Ab anno [[1885]] Baltrumum ad circulum Auriacum et ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Nunc hic multi hospites amoenitate [[Mare Germanicum|Maris Germanici]] fruuntur. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat}} * [http://www.baltrum.de/ Pagina officialis communis Baltrumi] * [http://www.nordwestreisemagazin.de/baltrum/index.htm Pagina peregrinatorum Baltrumum visitantium] [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Insulae Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Frisia orientalis]] [[Categoria:Insulae Maris Germanici]] fg7udg58a9m3996apz0mp22rlbpv9sc 0 252648 3980634 3977065 2026-08-11T20:59:28Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Regio Iaroslaviensis}}{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1=Iaroslaviensis: [https://books.google.ru/books?id=mXs1AQAAMAAJ&q=%22iaroslaviensis%22&dq=%22iaroslaviensis%22&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj3yoj4_IrKAhVCDywKHaBmAhE4KBDoAQgmMAI ''Documenta ex archivo Cardinalis Ioannis Morone ad Poloniam spectantia...'', Romae 1984, p. 155]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=p0VfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA102&dq=%22iaroslaviensis%22&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiKgtve_IrKAhVEiCwKHcVBABA4ChDoAQgtMAM#v=onepage&q=%22iaroslaviensis%22&f=false ''Statutum canonicum sive ecclesiasticum Petri Magni...'', Petropoli 1785, p. 102]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20211101151841/https://viewer.rusneb.ru/ru/000199_000009_003499270?page=1&rotate=0&theme=white ''Sermo quem ... die onomastico ... Catharinae Secundae ... habuit ... Samul e...episcopus Rostoviensis et Jaroslaviensis'', Mosquae 1776]; Samuelis ad {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Dolgorukov|Ioannem Dolgorukov|ru|qid=Q3156153}} [https://books.google.ru/books?id=O7ZhAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA50&dq=%22iaroslaviensis%22&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjUptfX_IrKAhWDiCwKHeunBxIQ6AEIRTAH#v=onepage&q=%22iaroslaviensis%22&f=false epistola] etc. <br>Jaroslaviensis: [https://books.google.ru/books?id=3EwxAQAAMAAJ&q=%22jaroslaviensis%22&dq=%22jaroslaviensis%22&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjEi76Z_YrKAhWKCiwKHcHDDBQ4FBDoAQgaMAA ''Acta Academiae Velehradensis'', vol. 7-9. 1911, pp. 100, 126, 158]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=rcxEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA98&dq=%22jaroslaviensis%22&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7usuK_YrKAhXBkywKHW-BCxM4ChDoAQgfMAE#v=onepage&q=%22jaroslaviensis%22&f=false ''Ordo bibliothecae Universitatis Caesareae Mosquensis'', Mosquae 1826, p. 98].|2=Q3156153}} ([[Russice]] Ярославская область, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Jaroslavskaja oblast’'') est [[divisio administrativa Russiae|subiectum]] [[Foederatio Russica|Foederationis Russicae]], in eius [[Districtus Foederalis Centralis|Districtum (Circulum) Foederalem Centralem]] inclusum. Regio Iaroslaviensis die [[11 Martii]] anni [[1936]] creata est, die [[13 Augusti]] anni [[1944]] autem terminos suos hodiernos recepit. Aream 36 177 chm² et circa 1 272 milia incolarum (anno [[2015]]) habet. ==Situs== Cum regionibus [[regio Volodimiriensis|Volodimiriensi]], [[regio Vologdensis|Vologdensi]], [[regio Analeptriana|Analeptriana]], [[regio Costromensis|Costromensi]], [[regio Moscuensis|Moscuensi]] et [[regio Tueriensis|Tueriensi]] contermina, sita est in parte septentrionali [[Russia Europaea|Russiae Europaeae]], in medio [[planities Europaea Orientalis|planitiei Europaeae Orientalis]]. ==Hydrographia== [[Volga]] cum [[Scheksna]], [[Cotoroa]], [[Costroma (flumen)|Costroma]] accolis est flumen regionis maximum. E [[receptaculum aquae|receptaculo aquae]] [[Receptaculum aquae Ugliciense|Ugliciensi]] Volga in regione exit, [[receptaculum Piscarianum]] implet et in [[Receptaculum aquae Gorkipolitanum|receptaculum Gorkipolitanum]] intrat. [[Nero lacus]], cuius in ripa Rostovia urbs sita est, est lacus regionis maximus. == Urbes == Urbs regionis capitalis est [[Iaroslavia]]. [[Pereslavia|Pereslavia Transilvana]] et [[Rostovia]] urbes antiquae in parte regionis australi sitae sunt. [[Uglicia]] et illa antiqua ad Volgam et receptaculum Ugliciense in occidente stat. [[Piscaria]] ad Volgam ubi e receptaculo Piscariano exit, et [[Romanova]] ad eam loco inferiore sitae sunt (sed ambae superius, quam Iaroslavia). [[Mologa (urbs)|Mologae]] urbis reliquiae a [[receptaculum Piscarianum|receptaculo Piscariano]] inundatae manent. [[Poschechonia (urbs)|Poschechonia]] urbs ad ripam eiusdem receptaculi orientalem adiacet. In parte regionis boreorientali [[Lubimogradum]] urbs maior est. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{fontes geographici}} {{CommuniaCat|Yaroslavl Oblast|regionem Iaroslaviensem}} * [http://www.yarregion.ru/ Situs interretialis gubernatoris et administrationis regionis Iaroslaviensis]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{ling|Russice}} [[Categoria:Regio Iaroslaviensis|!]] tq9erx01bo0yjbad6f5duy1986g974k 0 255204 3980628 3979950 2026-08-11T20:52:58Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}}{{taxobox | name = Diptera | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|245|0|r=[[Triassicum]] medium > [[Recens]]}} | image = Calliphora augur whitebackground.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Calliphora augur]]'' | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | superordo = [[Panorpida]] | unranked_order = [[Antliophora]] | ordo = '''Diptera''' | ordo_authority = [[Linnaeus]], [[1758]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Subordo|Subordines]] | subdivision = * [[Nematocera]] * [[Brachycera]] }} {{res|Diptera}} ([[Graece]] δίπτερα '(insecta) binis alis' < δι- '[[duo]]' + πτερόν '[[ala]]'), vulgo plerumque '''muscae''' appellatae, sunt [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordo]] [[insecta|insectorum]] aliis dissimiles quia par [[ala]]rum [[volatus|volatús]] in [[mesothorax|mesothorace]] et par {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Halter (entomologia)|halterum|en|qid=Q1335456}}{{dubsig}}, ab alis posterioribus deductorum, in [[metathorax|metathorace]] possident, quibus, sensoribus magnarum [[celeritas|celeritatum]] motus volventis, dipera multiplicibus aerobaticis fungi possunt.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dickinson |first=Michael H. |date=29 Maii [[1999]] |title=Haltere–mediated equilibrium reflexes of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences |volume=354 |issue=1385 |pages=903–916 |doi=10.1098/rstb.1999.0442 |pmc=1692594 |pmid=10382224}}.</ref> Nonnullae dipterorum [[species]] posteriori [[evolutio]]ne artem volandi amiserunt. Alter insectorum ordo cui sunt binae alae volatús et halteres sunt [[Strepsiptera]], quae contra Diptera halteres in mesothorace, alas volatús in metathorace gerunt. Diptera sunt magnus ordo, cui sunt 1&thinsp;000&thinsp;000 fere [[species|specierum]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bugguide.net/node/view/55 |title=Order Diptera: Flies |website=BugGuide |publisher=Iowa State University |accessdate=26 Maii 2016}}.</ref><ref name=JHComstock>{{cite book |author=Comstock, John Henry |title=An Introduction to Entomology |publisher=Comstock Publishing |date=[[1949]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontoen1949coms/page/773 773] |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoen1949coms}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayhew |first1=Peter J. |title=Why are there so many insect species? Perspectives from fossils and phylogenies |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-reviews_2007-08_82_3/page/425 |journal=Biological Reviews |volume=82 |issue=3 |year=2007 |pages=425–54 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-185X.2007.00018.x}}.</ref> [[Fasciculus:Aedes_aegypti.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|''[[Aëdes aegypti]].'']] [[Fasciculus:Halteres-Tipule.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Una ex [[Tipulidae|Tipulidis]], halteribus aspectabilissimis.]] [[Fasciculus:Black soldier flies mating.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Hermetia illucens|Hermetiae illucentes]]'' copulant.]] [[Fasciculus:Calliphora spec.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Calliphora]]'' sp.]] [[Fasciculus:Pata insecto.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|1, [[coxa]]; 2, [[trocanter]]; 3, [[femur]]; 4. [[tibia]]; 5, [[tarsus]]; 6, [[unguis|ungues]].]] Dipteris est [[caput]] mobile, unum magnorum [[oculus|oculorum]] compositorum par, et membra [[os (oris)|oralia]] ad pungendum et sugendum in [[Culicidae|Culicidis]], [[Simuliidae|Simuliidis]], [[Asilidae|Asilidis]], aut ad lambendum in aliis [[grex|gregibus]] designata. Propter collocationem alarum, diptera pervariis modis [[volatus|volant]], ac propter [[unguis|ungues]] [[pes|pedesque]] pulvinosos, [[superficies|superficiebus]] levibus adhaerent. Totam [[metamorphosis|metamorphosin]] patiuntur. [[Ovum|Ova]] in [[cibus|res edules]] ponuntur, et [[larva]]e, quae [[membrum|membris]] veris carent, in [[circumiecta|circumiectis]] [[natura]]libus protectis crescunt, saepe intra cibum. [[Pupa (insecta)|Pupa]] est capsula aliquantulum dura, ex qua adultus se excludit; [[vita]] autem adultorum plerumque est brevis. Diptera sunt unus e maioribus insectorum ordinibus, magni momenti [[oecologia|oecologici]] et [[homo|humani]], avidi quoque [[pollen|pollinatores]], secundi solum ab [[apis|apibus]] aliisque [[hymenoptera|hymenopteris]]. Diptera fortasse erant inter primos pollinatores [[evolutio|evolutionarios]]. [[Drosophila]] pro [[organismus eximius|organismis eximiis]] in investigationibus [[scientia (ratio)|scientificis]] utilissima sunt, sed ex contrario [[culicidae]] sunt [[vector (epidemiologia)|vectores]] [[malaria]]e, [[febris dengue]], [[febris Nili Occidentalis]], [[flaviviridae|febris flavae]], [[encephalitis]], aliorumque [[morbus|morborum]] [[infectio]]sorum; et [[musca domestica|muscae domesticae]], cum hominibus per totum [[mundus|mundum]] commensales, morbos in [[cibus|cibo]] ortos dispergunt. ==Taxinomia== ===Coniunctiones externae=== Diptera sunt [[endopterygota]], insecta quae totam [[metamorphosis|metamorphosin]] patiuntur. Ad Mecopterida pertinent, cum [[Mecoptera|Mecopteris]], [[Siphonaptera|Siphonapteris]], [[Lepidoptera|Lepidopteris]], [[Trichoptera|Trichopteris]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-52 |pmid=24646345 |pmc=4000048 |title=The evolutionary history of holometabolous insects inferred from transcriptome-based phylogeny and comprehensive morphological data |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=52 |year=2014 |last1=Peters |first1=Ralph S. |last2=Meusemann |first2=Karen |last3=Petersen |first3=Malte |last4=Mayer |first4=Christoph |last5=Wilbrandt |first5=Jeanne |last6=Ziesmann |first6=Tanja |last7=Donath |first7=Alexander |last8=Kjer |first8=Karl M. |last9=Aspöck |first9=Ulrike |last10=Aspöck |first10=Horst |last11=Aberer |first11=Andre |last12=Stamatakis |first12=Alexandros |last13=Friedrich |first13=Frank |last14=Hünefeld |first14=Frank |last15=Niehuis |first15=Oliver |last16=Beutel |first16=Rolf G. |last17=Misof |first17=Bernhard}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=102510 |title=Taxon: Superorder Antliophora |website=The Taxonomicon |accessdate=21 Augusti [[2007]]}}.</ref> Eorum proprietas est binae [[ala]]e; nonnulla autem, sicut [[Hippoboscidae]], alis secundarie carent.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hutson, A. M. |year=[[1984]] |title=Diptera: Keds, flat-flies & bat-flies (Hippoboscidae & Nycteribiidae) | page=84 |location = Londinii | publisher=Royal Entomological Society of London |series=Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects |volume=10 pt 7}}.</ref> [[Cladogramma]] insequens hodiernam eruditorum opinionem repraesentat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tolweb.org/Endopterygota/8243 |title=Endopterygota Insects with complete metamorphosis |last2=Wiegmann |first2=Brian |website=Tree of Life |last1=Yeates |first1=David K. |accessdate=24 Maii 2016}}.</ref> {{clade |label1=pars [[Endopterygota|Endopterygotorum]] |1={{clade |label1=[[Mecopterida]] |1={{clade |label1=[[Antliophora]] |1={{clade |1='''Diptera''' [[Fasciculus:Syrphidae_icon.jpg|70px]] |2={{clade |1=[[Mecoptera]] (400 [[species]]) (praeter Boreidas) [[Fasciculus:Mecoptera_icon.jpg|70px]] |2={{clade |1=[[Boreidae]] (30 species) [[Fasciculus:Boreus_icon.jpg|70px]] |2=[[Siphonaptera]] (2500 species) [[Fasciculus:HookeFlea01.jpg|50px]] }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=[[Trichoptera]] [[Fasciculus:Trichoptera Anabolia icon.jpg|70px]] |2=[[Lepidoptera]] [[Fasciculus:Blue_morpho_butterfly.jpg|40px]] }} }} |2=[[Hymenoptera]] [[Fasciculus:Tremex_columba.jpg|70px]] }} }} [[Fasciculus:Mydas sp..JPG|thumb|''[[Gauromydas heros]]'' est maximum [[tellus|orbis terrarum]] dipterum.]] [[Fasciculus:Lutzomyia adiketis.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7 |[[Nematocera|Nematocerum]] [[fossile]] in [[sucinum|sucino]] [[Dominica]]no: ''[[Lutzomyia adiketis]]'' ([[Psychodidae]]), [[Miocaenum|Miocaeno]] ineunte, abhinc annorum 20 milliones fere.]] ===Coniunctiones internae=== Hoc cladogramma secundum propositum FLYTREE delineatum est.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yeates |first1=David K. |last2=Meier |first2=Rudolf |last3=Wiegmann |first3=Brian |title=Phylogeny of True Flies (Diptera): A 250 Million Year Old Success Story in Terrestrial Diversification |url=http://www.inhs.illinois.edu/research/flytree/flyphylogeny/ |website=Flytree |publisher=Illinois Natural History Survey |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228210535/http://inhs.illinois.edu/research/flytree/flyphylogeny/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 Decembris 2015 |access-date=24 Maii 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yeates |first1= David K. |last2=Weigmann |first2=Brian M |last3=Courtney |first3=Greg W. |last4=Meier |first4=Rudolf |last5=Lambkins |first5=Christine |last6=Pape |first6=Thomas |title=Phylogeny and systematics of Diptera: Two decades of progress and prospects |year=2007 |journal=Zootaxa |volume=1668 |pages=565–590 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.27 }}</ref> {{clade | style=font-size:100%;line-height:105%; |label1='''Diptera''' |grouplabel1={{clade labels|label1="[[Nematocera]]" |top1=16%}} |1={{clade |bar1=green |1={{clade |1=[[Ptychopteromorpha]] [[File:Ptychoptera contaminata male Walker 1856 plate-XXVIII.png|60px]] |2=[[Culicomorpha]] [[File:Stegomyia fasciata.jpg|55px]] }} |2={{clade |1=[[Blephariceromorpha]] [[File:Imago of Blepharicera fasciata as Asthenia fasciata in Westwood 1842, plate 94.png|60px]]|bar1=green |2={{clade |1=[[Bibionomorpha]] [[File:Isoneuromyia annandalei.jpg|55px]]|bar1=green |2={{clade |1=[[Psychodomorpha]] [[File:Clogmia_clean.jpg|55px]]|bar1=green |2={{clade |1=[[Tipuloidea]] [[File:Tipula oleracea icon.jpg|65px]]|bar1=green |label2='''[[Brachycera]]''' |2={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |1=[[Stratiomyomorpha]] [[File:Hermetia illucens f.jpg|66px]] |2={{clade |1=[[Xylophagomorpha]] [[File:Coenomyia_ferruginea.png|55px]] |2=[[Tabanomorpha]] [[File:Chrysops relicta f.jpg|66px]] }} }} |label2=[[Muscomorpha|Mus]] |2={{clade |1=[[Nemestrinoidea]] [[File:Acrocera globulus.png|66px]] |2={{clade |1=[[Asiloidea]] [[File:Asilidae icon.jpg|66px]] |label2=[[Eremoneura|Ere]] |2={{clade |1=[[Empidoidea]] [[File:Drapetis_brevior_fbi.jpg|35px]] |label2=[[Cyclorrhapha|Cyc]] |2={{clade |1=[[Aschiza]] (pars) |2={{clade |1=[[Phoroidea]] [[File:Platypeza_picta.png|55px]] |2={{clade |1=[[Syrphoidea]] [[File:Syrphidae icon.jpg|55px]] |label2=[[Schizophora|Sch]] |2={{clade |label1=[[Calyptratae|Cal]] |1={{clade |1=[[Hippoboscoidea]] [[File:Nycteribiidae icon.jpg|55px]] |2={{clade |1=[[Muscoidea]] [[File:Musca_domestica_female.jpg|55px]] |2=[[Oestroidea]] [[File:Sarcophaga_haemorrhoidalis_m.jpg|55px]] }} }} |2=[[Acalyptratae]] [[File:Ceratitis capitata illustration.jpg|55px]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} ''Contractiones quae in cladogrammate scribuntur:'' * Cal=[[Calyptratae]] * Cyc=[[Cyclorrhapha]] * Ere=[[Eremoneura]] * Mus=[[Muscomorpha]] * Sch=[[Schizophora]] {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} *[[Asilidae]] *[[Brachycera]] *[[Calliphoridae]] *[[Drosophilidae]] *''[[Glossina]]'' *[[Musca domestica]] *''[[Procecidochares delta]]'' *[[Tabanidae]] {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Blagoderov, V. A., E. D. Lukashevich, et M. B. Mostovski. [[2002]]. "Order Diptera." In ''The History of Insects,'' ed. A. P. Rasnitsyn et D. L. J. Quicke, 227–40. Alphen aan den Rijn Nederlandiae: Kluwer. *Colless, D. H., et D. K. McAlpine. [[1991]]. "Diptera (flies)." In ''The insects of Australia,'' 717–86. The Division of Entomology. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. Canberrae: Melbourne University Press. *Haupt, Joachim, et Hiroko Haupt. [[1998]]. ''Fliegen und Mücken: Beobachtung, Lebensweise.'' Augsburg: Naturbuch. ISBN 3-89440-278-4. *Hennig, Willi. "Diptera (Zweifluger)." In ''Handb. Zool. Berl.'' 4 (2) (31):1–337. *Lindner, Erwin. [[1949]]. ''Handbuch.'' Stutgardiae: Schweizerbart. Die Fliegen der paläarktischen Region, 1. *Oldroyd, Harold. [[1964]]. ''The Natural History of Flies.'' Londinii: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. *Oldroyd, Harold. [[1965]]. ''The Natural History of Flies.'' Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton. *Schumann, H., R. Bährmann, et A. Stark, eds. [[1999]]. ''Checkliste der Dipteren Deutschland.'' Halle: Ampyx. ISBN 3-932795-01-6. *Séguy, Eugène. [[1924]]–[[1953]]. ''Diptera: recueil d'etudes biologiques et systematiques sur les Dipteres du Globe.'' 11 vol. ''Encyclopedie Entomologique,'' serie B II: Diptera. *Séguy, Eugène. [[1950]]. ''La Biologie des Dipteres.'' *Thompson, F. Christian. "Sources for the Biosystematic Database of World Diptera (Flies)." Systematic Entomology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150918204612/http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/diptera/names/BDWDsour.pdf PDF.] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Diptera}} {{fontes biologici}} * [https://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/library/compendium/diptera.html De Dipteris.] Situs interretiale Universitatis civitatis Carolinae Septentrionalis. [[Categoria:Diptera|!]] [[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1758]] {{Myrias|Biologia}} 192tg9hx4ss93rcew5f6uwhu8h0ig5k 10 260948 3980605 3852910 2026-08-11T20:19:40Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3980605 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:<noinclude />Si in substitutione | {{safesubst:<noinclude />Mora transclusionis|{{safesubst:<noinclude />PAGENAME:{{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:params|self}}}}}} | <h2>Nexus interni</h2>[[Categoria:Paginae cum sectione nexuum internorum]] }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio|proprietas=distributa}}</noinclude> 5jcq4rowkc0mytrlrgstd5j50m2h0dt 0 265216 3980624 3980082 2026-08-11T20:49:38Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:Caedes in navi ''Zong''}} [[Fasciculus:Slave-ship.jpg|thumb|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Navis servorum (Turner)|''Navis servorum''|en|qid=Q219344}} (''The Slave Ship''), [[pictura olearia]] a [[Iosephus Mallord Gulielmus Turner|Iosepho Turner]] picta, argumento ex caede ''Zong'' capto (Burroughs 2010: 106).]] {{res|Caedes in navi ''Zong''}} fuit [[homicidium|internecio]] 133 [[servus|servorum]] Africanorum a [[nauta|nautis]] ''Zong'' [[navis]] servorum diebus post diem [[29 Novembris]] [[1781]] facta.<ref group="comm.">Exactum mortuum numerum nescimus, sed Iacobus Kelsall, primus navis praefectus (''first mate''), deinde dixit "maximus numerus submersorum fuit in toto 142" (apud Lewis 2007: 364, prolata).</ref> Syndicatus [[venalicium|venalicius]] Gregson, [[Liverpolium|Liverpolii]] situs, qui navem tenebat, ea in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|commercium servorum|commercio servorum|en|qid=Q12981973}} [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Atlantico]] utebatur. Ex consuetudine talium societatum, [[cautio]]nem pro servis praestiterat ([[pecunia]] data de iacturis servorum sarciendis caverat). Cum post errores [[navigatio]]nis magna pars [[aqua]]e potabilis consumpta fuisset, nautae servos in [[mare]] proiecerunt ut submergerentur, partim ad nautas servandas, partim ad pecuniam pro servis datam recipiendam, ne [[argentum]] perderent propter servos qui aqua carentes in navi mortui essent. Postquam navis in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Flumen Nigrum (Iamaica)|Flumen Nigrum|en|qid=Q347247}} [[portus|portum]] [[Iamaica|Iamaicensem]] venit, eius possessores a cautionis praebitoribus pecuniam pro iacturis servorum postulaverunt. Illi cum pendere recusavissent, a navis possessoribus in iudicium vocati sunt. In causa ''Gregson v Gilbert'' (1783; 3 Doug. KB 232) iudicatum est interfectionem servorum aliquando legitimam esse et praebitores cautionis pro mortuis servis pendere debere. Deinde in appellatione {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gulielmus Murray (primus comes Mansfeldensis)|comes Mansfeldensis|en|qid=Q869340}}, iudex principalis, contra possessores navis iudicavit propter nova indicia quae culpam navarchi et nautarum demonstraret. Post primum iudicium, [[Olaudah Equiano]] [[Libertus|libertinus]] nuntium de caede adversario [[servitus|servitutis]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Granville Sharp||en|qid=Q726029}} dixit, qui frustra laboraverat ut nautae homicidii accusarentur. Propter disceptationem legitimam, fama de caede late divulgata est, [[saeculum 18|saeculo duodevicensimo]] exeunte, [[saeculum 19|saeculo undevicensimo]] ineunte motum [[abolitionismus|abolitionismi]] excitans, cui res ''Zong'' fuit [[signum]] immanitatis venalicii. Societas ad abolitionem venalicii efficiendam anno [[1787]] condita est. Anno sequenti, [[Parlamentum Britannicum]] primam legem de venalicio tulit, quae numerum servorum in una nave permissum determinavit. Anno praeterea [[1791]], Parlamentum prohibuit ne societates cautionis pecuniam possessoribus navium pro servis eiectis redderent. Caedes in navi ''Zong'' [[scriptor]]es et [[artifex|artifices]] ad [[opus artis|opera]] creanda movit. [[Londinium|Londinii]] anno [[2007]] commemmorata est inter conventus qui [[Actus de abolitione venalicii anni 1807|Actum de abolitione venalicii anni 1807]] celebraverunt. [[Monumentum]] de servis in ''Zong'' interfectis ad flumen Black [[Iamaica]]e positum est.<ref name="usi">[http://www.understandingslavery.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=373&Itemid=236 "The Zong case study"], Understanding Slavery Initiative situs interretialis, 2011.</ref> == Notae == === Commentarii === <references group="comm." /> === Fontes === <references /> ==Bibliographia== * {{cite journal |last=Boime |first=Albert |title=Turner's ''Slave Ship'': The Victims of Empire |journal=Turner Studies | volume=10 |issue=1 |year=[[1990]] |pages=34–43 |url=http://www.albertboime.com/Articles/77.pdf}}. * {{Cite journal | last1 = Burroughs | first1 = R. | doi = 10.1080/01440390903481688 | title = Eyes on the Prize: Journeys in Slave Ships Taken as Prizes by the Royal Navy | journal = Slavery & Abolition | volume = 31 | issue=1| pages = 99–115 | year = [[2010]] | pmid = | pmc = }}. * {{Cite journal | last1 = Drescher | first1 = S. | title = The Shocking Birth of British Abolitionism | doi = 10.1080/0144039X.2011.644070 | journal = Slavery & Abolition | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages = 571–93 | year = 2012 | pmid = | pmc = }}. * {{cite journal |last=Krikler |first=Jeremy |year=[[2007]] |title=The ''Zong'' and the Lord Chief Justice |journal=History Workshop Journal |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=29–47 |doi=10.1093/hwj/dbm035 }}. * {{Cite journal | last1 = Krikler | first1 = Jeremy| title = A Chain of Murder in the Slave Trade: A Wider Context of the ''Zong'' Massacre | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_international-review-of-social-history_2012-12_57_3/page/393 | doi = 10.1017/S0020859012000491 | journal = International Review of Social History | volume = 57 | issue = 3 | pages = 393–415| year = [[2012]] | pmid = | pmc = }}. * {{Cite journal | last1 = Lewis | first1 = A. | title = Martin Dockray and the ''Zong'': A Tribute in the Form of a Chronology | url = https://archive.org/details/journal-of-legal-history_2007-12_28_3/page/357 | doi = 10.1080/01440360701698551 | journal = Journal of Legal History | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 357–70 | year = [[2007]] | pmid = | pmc = }}. * {{Cite journal | last1 = Lovejoy | first1 = P. E. | title = Autobiography and Memory: Gustavus Vassa, alias Olaudah Equiano, the African | doi = 10.1080/01440390601014302| journal = Slavery & Abolition | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 317–47| year = [[2006]] | pmid = | pmc = }}. * {{cite journal |last=Oldham |first=James |year=[[2007]] |title=Insurance Litigation Involving the ''Zong'' and Other British Slave Ships, 1780–1807 |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-legal-history_2007-12_28_3/page/299 |journal=Journal of Legal History |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=299–318 |doi=10.1080/01440360701698437 }}. * {{Cite journal | last1 = Rupprecht | first1 = A.| title = 'A Very Uncommon Case': Representations of the ''Zong'' and the British Campaign to Abolish the Slave Trade | url = https://archive.org/details/journal-of-legal-history_2007-12_28_3/page/329 | doi = 10.1080/01440360701698494 | journal = Journal of Legal History | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 329–46 | year = [[2007]] | pmid = | pmc = }}. * {{Cite journal | last1 = Rupprecht | first1 = A.| doi = 10.1093/hwj/dbm033 | title = Excessive Memories: Slavery, Insurance and Resistance | journal = History Workshop Journal | volume = 64 | issue=1| pages = 6–28 | year = [[2007]] | pmid = | pmc = }}. * {{cite journal |last=Rupprecht |first=Anita |year=[[2008]] |title=A Limited Sort of Property: History, Memory and the Slave Ship ''Zong'' |journal=Slavery & Abolition |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=265–277 |doi=10.1080/01440390802027913 }}. * {{Cite journal | last1 = Swaminathan | first1 = S. | title = Reporting Atrocities: A Comparison of the ''Zong'' and the Trial of Captain John Kimber | doi = 10.1080/0144039X.2010.521336 | journal = Slavery & Abolition | volume = 31 | issue = 4 | pages = 483–99 | year = [[2010]] | pmid = | pmc = }}. * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kIp9er6RDyYC&source=gbs_navlinks_s |last=Walvin |first=James |title=The Zong: A Massacre, the Law and the End of Slavery |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven & London |year=[[2011]] |isbn=978-0-300-12555-9}}. * {{cite journal |last=Webster |first=Jane |year=[[2007]] |title=The ''Zong'' in the Context of the Eighteenth-Century Slave Trade |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-legal-history_2007-12_28_3/page/285 |journal=Journal of Legal History |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=285–98 |doi=10.1080/01440360701698403 }}. * {{cite journal |last=Weisbord |first=Robert |title=The case of the slave-ship Zong, 1783 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_history-today_1969-08_19_8/page/561 |journal=History Today |volume=19 |issue=8 |date=Augustus [[1969]] |pages=561–67}}. * {{cite book |last=Wood |first=Marcus |title=Blind Memory: Visual Representations of Slavery in England and America, 1780–1865 |publisher=Manchester University Press |location=Mancuniae |year=[[2000]] |isbn=978-0-7190-5446-4}}. [[Categoria:Interfectio]] [[Categoria:Naves]] [[Categoria:Servitus]] [[Categoria:1781]] lugxfrohvposh0unxqniy2z165t24pl 0 266073 3980724 3839086 2026-08-12T04:16:41Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3980724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina non annexa}} [[Fasciculus:Ottendorferova_vila_4.JPG|thumb|Museum Esperanticum Svitavae (Bohemia)]] '''Esperanticorum museum Svitavae'''<ref>Nomen Latinum urbis [http://www.columbia.edu/acis/ets/Graesse/orblats.html hic invenitur.]</ref> (lingua Bohemica: ''Muzeum esperanta ve Svitavách'') in [[Bohemia]] situm est ubi de [[lingua Esperantica|Esperanticis]] agitur. Sub aegide Associationis Bohemicae Esperanticae est adiuvantibus magistratibus urbanis necnon regionalibus Esperantici fautoribus. == Historia == Inauguratio sollemnis die 20 Septembris 2008 celebrata est. In pedeplanis villae romanticae Ottonis de Ottendorfer instituerunt museum apud aream centralem urbis situm. Ministerium culturale Rei publicae Bohemicae, urbs et [[civitates Foederatae Americae|Americanum]] opus fundatum cui nomen ''Esperantic Studies Foundation'' colunt haec omnia. Cum urbs possessionem Ottendorferensem sibi arrogaverit museum vectigalibus locatoriis caret. Internorum multa Associationis Bohemicae Esperanticae est. == Scopi == Curatores volunt colligere et catalogizare res ad Linguam internationalem attinentes; eis cordi est vulgare quam plurimis hominibus ideas [[Ludovicus Lazarus Zamenhof|Zamenhofianas]] et modum quo et in mundo hodierno utiles sint. Expositiones et spectacula culturalia dantur, praelectiones praesentantur, libri Esperantici venduntur, archivium bibliothecaque accessui patent. Sectio inde a Septembri anni 2015 dicatur novis methodis cultuum mundi civilium cognoscendorum. Visitatores diversis machinis ad interactivitatem incitantur. Mense Octobri 2011 sedes Esperantistarum Bohemicorum officialis in museum collocata est. Cum urbs Svitava in regione rei periegeticae aptissima sita sit, museum internationale nemini ingratum est. In urbe ipsa tabulae indicatoriae nonnullae bilingues sunt. == Notae == <references/> == Externi nexus == {{Commonscat|Esperanto Museum in Svitavy|Esperanticorum museum Bohemicum}} * [http://www.muzeum.esperanto.cz/eo Situs proprius]{{Nexus deficit|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.ipernity.com/home/181031/ Paginae apud Ipernity] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210416175544/http://www.muzeum.svitavy.cz/stale-exp/ottendorferova-knihovna/muzeum-ceskeho-esperanta-ve-svitavach/383-1/ Museum municipale de Esperanticis in situ] * [http://www.muzeum.svitavy.cz/foto.php?id_cl=383/ Photographemata in inauratione facta] * [http://muzeo.rajce.idnes.cz/ Pinacotheca apud rajce.idnes.cz] * [https://www.facebook.com/muzeumesperantasvitavy Esperanto-Muzeo Svitavy apud Facebook] * [https://www.facebook.com/groups/esperanto.muzeo.svitavy/ Coetus amicorum Svitavensium] [[Categoria:Lingua Esperantica]] [[Categoria:Musea|Svitava]] [[Categoria:Cechia]] 9vyheht9dlth6d147ys1kif08cfiisy 0 267211 3980494 3980297 2026-08-11T15:27:16Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980494 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Videdis|Oldenburgum (discretiva)}} {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in OL.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Oldenburgensi]] '''Circulus Oldenburgum''' ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Oldenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Ollnborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Ooldenbuurich''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1939]] conditus est et finibus mutatis ad diem hodiernum exstat. == De rebus gestis == Ager circuli partim ad [[Ducatus Oldenburgensis|Ducatum Oldenburgensem]], partim Episcopatum Bremensem et ab anno [[1648]] ad [[Sueciam]] pertinuit. Anno [[1805]] cum toto Ducatu a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Ab anno [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Franciam]] pertinuit. Tum Ducatus Oldenburgensis restitutus est. Circulus Oldenburgum anno [[1939]] conditus est. Ab anno [[1946]] circulus ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet et anno [[1977]] fines hodiernas accipit. Administratio circuli primo [[Oldenburgum|Oldenburgi]] fuit, ab anno autem [[1988]] [[Vildhusia]]e est. == Communia circuli == Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad commune generale [[Harpstedt (commune generale)|Harpstedt]] coniuncta sunt: * [[Dotlinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dötlingen'') (6.212 incolae) * [[Ganderkesee]] (30.943) * [[Großenkneten]] (15.208) * [[Hatten]] (13.986) * [[Hude]] (16.166) * [[Vildhusia]], caput circuli (19.390) * [[Wardenburg]] (15.804) * [[Harpstedt (commune generale)|Harpstedt]] commune generale (10.899) ** [[Beckelnum]]<ref name="Böhmer 1844">Böhmer, J. F. (1844). ''Regesta Chronologico-Diplomatica Regum et Imperatorum Romanorum: Inde a Conrado I. Usque ad Henricum VII''. Typis et Sumtibus J. C. Hermann.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beckeln'') (789) ** [[Dunsa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dünsen'') (1187) ** [[Groß Ippener]] (1016) ** [[Harpstedt]] (4682) ** [[Kirchseelte]] (1176) ** [[Novale Frigidum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688">Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Colnrade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kollenroad'') (785) ** [[Prinzhöfte]] (691) ** [[Winkelsett]] (573) == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]] == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Landkreis Oldenburg|Circulum Oldenburgum}} * [http://landkreis-oldenburg/ Pagina officialis]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{geo-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oldenburgensis circulus}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1939]] ttpzarhzvzmwfxjjle31p8227a38j3n 3980495 3980494 2026-08-11T15:27:43Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3980495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Videdis|Oldenburgum (discretiva)}} {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in OL.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Oldenburgensi]] '''Circulus Oldenburgum''' ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Oldenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Ollnborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Ooldenbuurich''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1939]] conditus est et finibus mutatis ad diem hodiernum exstat. == De rebus gestis == Ager circuli partim ad [[Ducatus Oldenburgensis|Ducatum Oldenburgensem]], partim Episcopatum Bremensem et ab anno [[1648]] ad [[Sueciam]] pertinuit. Anno [[1805]] cum toto Ducatu a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Ab anno [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Franciam]] pertinuit. Tum Ducatus Oldenburgensis restitutus est. Circulus Oldenburgum anno [[1939]] conditus est. Ab anno [[1946]] circulus ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet et anno [[1977]] fines hodiernas accipit. Administratio circuli primo [[Oldenburgum|Oldenburgi]] fuit, ab anno autem [[1988]] [[Vildhusia]]e est. == Communia circuli == Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad commune generale [[Harpstedt (commune generale)|Harpstedt]] coniuncta sunt: * [[Dotlinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dötlingen'') (6.212 incolae) * [[Ganderkesee]] (30.943) * [[Großenkneten]] (15.208) * [[Hatten]] (13.986) * [[Hude]] (16.166) * [[Vildhusia]], caput circuli (19.390) * [[Wardenburg]] (15.804) * [[Harpstedt (commune generale)|Harpstedt]] commune generale (10.899) ** [[Beckelnum]]<ref name="Böhmer 1844">Böhmer, J. F. (1844). ''Regesta Chronologico-Diplomatica Regum et Imperatorum Romanorum: Inde a Conrado I. Usque ad Henricum VII''. Typis et Sumtibus J. C. Hermann.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beckeln'') (789) ** [[Dunsa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dünsen'') (1187) ** [[Groß Ippener]] (1016) ** [[Harpstedt]] (4682) ** [[Kirchseelte]] (1176) ** [[Novale Frigidum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688">Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Colnrade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kollenroad'') (785) ** [[Prinzhöfte]] (691) ** [[Winkelsett]] (573) == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]] == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Landkreis Oldenburg|Circulum Oldenburgum}} * [http://landkreis-oldenburg/ Pagina officialis]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{geo-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oldenburgensis circulus}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1939]] 8ipom1sivu3p4wafxah9cdghygr0c3e 0 270254 3980601 3961487 2026-08-11T19:48:18Z LilyKitty 18316 de fratris Grimm 3980601 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Däumling.jpg|thumb|alt=Illustratio personae fabellae puerili, Tom Thumb, late collis, proximus pedem gigantis.|1865 illustratio de [[Hop-o'-My-Thumb]] atque [[gigantes|gigante]]]] '''Fabella puerilis''',<ref>[[Ebbe Vilborg]], ''[[Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok]]'', s.v. ''barnsaga''; [[Iosephus Ioannes del Col|José Juan Del Col]], ''Diccionario auxiliar Español-Latino para el uso moderno del Latín'', s.v. ''cuento de hadas''; cf. ''fabula, historia fabularis'' ([http://neolatinlexicon.org/ Lexicon Morganianum] s.v. ''fairy-tale'').</ref> aliis linguis nonnumquam "fabula fadarum"<ref>Nomen huius generis litterarum Anglici, Hispanici, Lusitanici ("fairy tale, cuento de hadas, сontos de fadas"); cf. Francogallicum ''conte merveilleux'', Latine ''fabula miraculosa''.</ref> est species [[fabula brevis|fabulae brevis]], quae describit characteres [[phantasia]]e fabularis sicut [[pumilio]]nes, [[draco]]nes, [[Alfus|alfos]], [[fada]]s, [[Gigas|gigantes]], gnomos, goblinos, [[gryps|griffinos]], [[Nympha marina|nymphas marinas]], animalia loquentia, [[trollus|trollos]], [[unicornis|unicornes]] aut [[Magia malefica|lamias]] et [[magia]]m vel [[incantamentum|incantamenta]]. Fabellae distingui possunt a narrationibus vulgaribus, quae sicut de eventibus veris narrantur<ref>Thompson, Stith. ''Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology & Legend'', 1972 s.v. "Fairy Tale"</ref>, et a fabulis moralibus. == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} *[[Apologus]] *[[Baba Iaga]] *[[Creatura fabularis]] *[[Fratres Grimm]] *[[Litterae pueriles]] *[[Winnie ille Pu]] {{Myrias|Ars}} [[Categoria:Mythologia mediaevalis]] [[Categoria:Mythologia recentior]] [[Categoria:Fabulae populares]] [[Categoria:Genera litterarum]] rh6sx7bcii7cnfvggdpz5q8nhym4lcx 0 272651 3980785 3961616 2026-08-12T10:11:30Z Jondel 452 mundum>mundanum 3980785 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Khagdaev1.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Samanus [[Buriati|Buriatus]] in [[Olchon|Olchone insula]] [[Siberia]]e.]] '''Samanismus'''{{Convertimus}}<ref>Post vocabulum [[Neograece|Neograecum]] σαμανισμός; cf. nomen Latinum "Samanus" infra datum</ref> (e [[vocabulum|vocabulo]] [[lingua Evenkensis|Evenkensi]] ''šamán'')<ref>Janhunan 1986: 194:97.</ref> est [[mos]] quo exercitator [[mutatus conscientiae status|mutatos conscientiae status]] attingit ad [[mundus|mundum]] [[spiritualitas|spiritualem]] percipiendum ut eius [[energia]]s [[transcendentalismus|transcendentales]] in hunc [[mundus|mundum]] afferat atque cum eis communicet.<ref>Hoppál 1987: 76.</ref> [[Fasciculus:Witsen's Shaman.JPG|thumb|left|Prima depictio samani Sibirici, a [[Nicolaus Witsen|Nicolao Witsen]] [[explorator]]e [[Nederlandia|Nederlandico]] adumbrata, qui [[narratio]]nem suarum peregrinationum inter homines Samoiedicos et Tungusicos anno [[1692]] scripsit. Ipse, hanc imaginem ''Presbyter Diaboli'' appellans, homini [[unguis|ungues]] pro [[pes|pedibus]] dedit, ut eius proprietates [[daemon]]icae melius significarentur.<ref>Hutton 2001: 32.</ref>]] ==De Samanis== '''Samanus'''<ref>Cf.: ''Mystae eorum nuncupantur Samani et plerque sunt fatidici'' ([[Georgius Crisanius|Georgii Crisanii]] [https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Файл:Сибирь_в_XVII_веке_1890.pdf&page=137 ''Historia de Siberia'', Moscuae 1890, p. 124]). Vel hunc locum: ''...putat hunc locum templum gentis cuiusdam a samanis ductae fuisse'' (Iconoclastes, [http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/scientiae.php "Templum samanisticum in Polonia repertum,"] ''Ephemeris, 2 Septembris 2017).</ref> vicissim est [[homo]] qui in mundanum [[evocatio|spirituum benevolentium et malevolentium]] penetrare posse habetur, qui usitate in [[stupor|statum stuporis]] per [[ritus]] intrat, cum [[divinatio]]nem [[sanatio]]nemque efficit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/shaman?view=uk|title=OxfordDictionaries - Dictionary, Thesaurus, & Grammar|publisher=}}</ref> [[Vocabulum]] ''saman'' originem trahat in [[lingua Evenkensis|lingua Evenkensi]], una e [[linguae Tungusicae|linguis Tungusicis]] [[Asia Septentrionalis|Asiae Septentrionalis]]. Secundum [[Juha Janhunen]] ethnolinguistam, "investigatores [[vocabulum]] in omnibus [[sermo]]nibus Tungusicis attestantur,<ref>[[Anglice]]: "the word is attested in all of the Tungusic idioms."</ref> sicut [[lingua Negidalica|Negidalica]], [[lingua Evenensis|Evenensis]], [[lingua Udegeica|Udegeica]], [[lingua Orotchensis|Orotchensis]], [[lingua Nanaica|Nanaica]], [[lingua Orokica|Orokica]], [[lingua Mandshurica|Mandshurica]], et [[lingua Ulchica|Ulchica]], et "nihil sumptionem contradicere videtur significationem ''samanum'' etiam e Proto-Tungusica derivasse,"<ref>[[Anglice]]: "nothing seems to contradict the assumption that the meaning 'shaman' also derives from Proto-Tungusic."</ref> et originem fortasse trahat abhinc millenniorum saltem duo.<ref>Janhunen 1986: 97–98.</ref> Vocabulum ad [[cultura Occidentalis|culturam Occidentalem]] introductum est postquam [[Russia|Russi]] populos [[Siberia]]e cognoverunt saeculo ΧVII. [[Fasciculus:SB - Altay shaman with drum.jpg|thumb|[[Chartula cursualis]] [[Russia|Russica]] in [[photographema]]te anno [[1908]] ab S. I. Borisov condito samanam ethnicitatis sane [[Chakassi|Chakassum]] depingit.<ref>Hoppál 2005: 77, 287.</ref><ref>Znamensky 2005: 128.</ref>]] ==De doctrina== [[Vocabulum]] ''shamanismus'' primum ab [[anthropologus|anthropologis]] [[cultura Occidentalis|Occidentalibus]] adhibebatur qui antiquam [[gens Turcica|Turcorum]] [[Mongolici|Mongolorumque]] [[religio]]nes observabant, praeter religiones hominum vicinorum qui [[linguae Tungusicae|Tungusice]] et [[linguae Samoiedicae|Samoiedice]] loquebantur. Nonnulli anthropologi Occidentales, varietatem [[traditio]]num [[religio]]sarum observantes, vocabulum sensu latissimo adhibere coeperunt, ad usus magico-religiosos non cognatos describendos intra [[religio ethnica|religiones ethnicas]] aliarum regionum [[Asia]]e, [[Africa]]e, [[Australasia]]e repertos, et adeo ignotarum [[America]]e regionum, quia hos usus inter se similes esse credebant.<ref>Alberts 2015: 73–79.</ref> [[Fasciculus:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een shamaan op Zuid-Boeroe bezweert boze geesten de kinderen te verlaten waarbij hij een geldstuk en een sirihnoot offert TMnr 10001031.jpg|thumb|left|Samanus [[Insulae Maluku|Insularum Moluccanarum Australium]] spiritus malos qui [[puer]]os occupant [[exorcismus|exorcizat]]. [[Buru]] [[Indonesia]]e, 1920.]] [[Fasciculus:Flowering San Pedro cactus.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Echinopsis pachanoi]]'' [[flos|florens]], [[cactus]] entheogenica quae plus quam 3000 annorum in samanismo adhibetur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mescaline.com/sanpedro/|title=A Brief History of the San Pedro Cactus|}}.</ref> Hodie, longe plurimum [[mescalinum|mescalini]] e cactis columnaribus extrahitur, non e ''[[Lophophora williamsii]],'' quae vulnerabilis est.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/151962/0|title=Lophophorawilliamsii|}}.</ref>;]] [[Fasciculus:Raven Rattle, 19th century, 05.588.7292.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Crepitaculum corvidum, saeculo undevicensimo. [[Museum Brooklynense]].]] [[Fasciculus:Goldes shaman priest in his regalia.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Samanus-sacerdos [[Goldes]] [[ethnos|ethnous]] in eius [[vestimentum|vestimentis]] sacris.]] [[Fasciculus:Shaman.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Samanus [[Sami]]anus et eius [[tympanum]].]] [[Fasciculus:Bobohizans.jpeg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Bobohizan]]'' [[Borneum Septentrionale|Bornei Septentrionalis]], circa 1921.]] [[Fasciculus:AinuBearSacrificeCirca1870.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Iomante|Sacrificium ursinum Ainuense]]. [[Pictura]] in [[volumen|volumine]] [[Iaponia|Iaponicum]], circa 1870.]] [[Fasciculus:Chuonnasuan, the last shaman of the Oroqen, in July 1994 (Photo by Richard Noll).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Samanus [[Oroqen gens|Oroqensis]] [[Sinae|Sinarum]] septentrionalium.]] [[Fasciculus:Sami shamanic drum.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Noaidi|Tympanum samanicum Samiense]] in [[Museum Scientiae Arcticum]], [[Rovaniemi]] in oppido [[Finnia]]e.]] [[Fasciculus:Mayan priest performing healing.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Sacerdotium Mayanum|Sacerdos Mayanus]] [[ritus]] curationis ad [[Tikal]] facit.]] [[Fasciculus:Chaman Amazonie 5 06.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Samanus e [[cultura]] ''shuara'' in [[silva Amazonica]] [[Aequatoria]]e, Iunio 2006.]] [[Fasciculus:Urarina shaman B Dean.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Samanus [[Urarina]], 1988.]] [[Mircea Eliade]] scribit "Prima huius rei multiplicis definitio, et fortasse minime periculosa, erit: shamanismus est 'ars [[ecstasis religiosa]]e.'"<ref>[[Anglice]]: "A first definition of this complex phenomenon, and perhaps the least hazardous, will be: shamanism = 'technique of religious ecstasy.'"</ref><ref name = Eli72>Eliade 1972: 3–7.</ref> Samanismus propositum amplectitur quod dicit samanos esse nuntios vel internuntios inter mundum [[homo|hominum]] et mundum [[spiritus|spirituum]]; etenim ei dicuntur morbos per [[anima]]m emendatam tractare. Levare [[trauma]]ta quae animum vel spiritum affligunt physicum singuli [[corpus]] recurat. Samanus praeterea [[supernaturale|regna supernaturalia]] vel [[planities (esotericismus)|planities esotericas]] intrat ac quaestiones solvendas quae communitatem affligunt. Samani alios mundos vel dimensiones visere possunt ad animas dementes ducendas et ad [[morbus|morbos]] [[anima]]e humanae a rebus alienis affectos melius faciendos. Operatur samanus plerumque intra mundum spiritualem, qui vicissim mundum humanum afficit. Aequilibrium restituere malum amovit.<ref name = Eli72/> {{NexInt}} *[[Animismus]] *[[Apophenia]] *[[Carolus Castaneda]] *[[Coniunx spiritualis]] *[[Himiko]] *[[Medicina praehistorica]] *[[Musica samanica]] *[[Neosamanismus]]<!-- *[[Neuroanthropologia]]--> *[[Neurotheologia]] *[[Paganismus]] *[[Panentheismus]] *[[Spiritualitas]] *[[Supernaturale]] ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Alberts, Thomas. [[2015]]. ''Shamanism, Discourse, Modernity.'' Farnhamiae: Ashgate. ISBN 9781472439864. *Barüske, Heinz. [[1969]]. ''Eskimo Märchen.'' Die Märchen der Weltliteratur.'' Dusseldorpii et Coloniae: Eugen Diederichs Verlag. *Boglár, Lajos. [[2001]]. ''A kultúra arcai: Mozaikok a kulturális antropológia köreiből.'' TÁRStudomány. Budapestini: Napvilág Kiadó. ISBN 9639082945. *Bolin, Hans. [[2000]]. Animal Magic: The mythological significance of elks, boats and humans in north Swedish rock art. ''Journal of Material Culture'' 5(2): 153–176. *Czaplicka, M. A. [[1914]]. [http://www.sacred-texts.com/sha/sis/sis05.htm Types of shaman.] In [http://www.sacred-texts.com/sha/sis/sis00.htm ''Shamanism in Siberia: Aboriginal Siberia: A study in social anthropology.''] Praefatio R. R. Marett. Oxoniae: Sommerville College, University of Oxford, Clarendon Press. ISBN 1605060607. *Dana, Kathleen Osgood. [[2004]]. Áillohaš and his image drum: the native poet as shaman. ''Nordlit'' 15 (aestas). Faculty of Humanities, University of Tromsø. *Deschênes, Bruno. [[2002]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20020803064325/http://www.mustrad.org.uk/articles/inuit.htm Inuit Throat-Singing.] ''Musical Traditions'' The Magazine for Traditional Music throughout the World. *Diószegi, Vilmos. [[1968]]. ''Tracing shamans in Siberia: The story of an ethnographical research expedition.'' E Hungarica in Anglicum conversus ab Anita Rajkay Babó. Oosterhout: Anthropological Publications. *Diószegi, Vilmos. [[1962]]. [http://mek.oszk.hu/01600/01639/''Samanizmus.''] Élet és Tudomány Kiskönyvtár. Budapestini: Gondolat. *Diószegi, Vilmos. [[1958]], [[1998]]. ''A sámánhit emlékei a magyar népi műveltségben. Budapestini: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 9630575426. *DuBois, Thomas A. [[2009]]. ''An introduction to shamanism.'' Cantabrigiae et Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521873536, ISBN 0521873533, ISBN 9780521695367 (charta), ISBN 0521695368 (charta). *Fienup-Riordan, Ann. [[1994]]. ''Boundaries and Passages: Rule and Ritual in Yup'ik Eskimo Oral Tradition.'' Normaniae Oclahomae: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0585121907. *Fock, Niels. [[1963]]. ''Waiwai: Religion and society of an Amazonian tribe.'' Nationalmuseets skrifter, Etnografisk Række (Ethnographical series), VIII. Hafniae: National Museum of Denmark. *Freuchen, Peter. [[1961]]. ''Book of the Eskimos.'' Clevelandiae et Novi Eboraci: The World Publishing Company. ISBN 449308022. *Gulia, Kuldip Singh. [[2005]]. ''Human Ecology of Sikkim: A Case Study of Upper Rangit Basin.'' Dellii: Kalpaz Publications. ISBN 8178353253. *Hajdú, Péter, ed. [[1975]]. A rokonság nyelvi háttere. In ''Uráli népek: Nyelvrokonaink kultúrája és hagyományai.'' Budapestini: Corvina Kiadó. ISBN 9631309002. *Hoppál, Mihály. [[1994]]. ''Sámánok, lelkek és jelképek.'' Budapestini: Helikon Kiadó. ISBN 9632082982. *Hoppál, Mihály. [[1998]]. A honfoglalók hitvilága és a magyar samanizmus. In ''Folklór és közösség,'' 40–45. Budapestini: Széphalom Könyvműhely. ISBN 9639028142. *Hoppál, Mihály. [[2005]]. ''Sámánok Eurázsiában.'' Budapestini: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 9630582953. *Hoppál, Mihály. [[2006]]. Sámánok, kultúrák és kutatók az ezredfordulón. In ''Sámánok és kultúrák,'' ed. Mihály Hoppál, Botond Szathmári, et András Takács, 9–25. Budapestini: Gondolat. ISBN 9639450286. *Hoppál, Mihály. [[2007]]. Eco-Animism of Siberian Shamanhood. In ''Shamans and Traditions.'' Bibliotheca Shamanistica, vol 13: 17–26. Budapestini: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 9789630585217. *Hoppál, Mihály. [[2007]]. Is Shamanism a Folk Religion? In ''Shamans and Traditions.'' Bibliotheca Shamanistica, vol. 13: 11–16. Budapestini: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 9789630585217. *Janhunen, Juha. [[1986]]. Siberian shamanistic terminology. ''Suomalais-ugrilaisen Seuran toimituksia / Memoires de la Société finno-ougrienne'' 194: 97–117. *Hugh-Jones, Christine. [[1980]]. ''From the Milk River: Spatial and Temporal Processes in Northwest Amazonia.'' Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521225442. *Hugh-Jones, Stephen. [[1980]]. ''The Palm and the Pleiades: Initiation and Cosmology in Northwest Amazonia.'' Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521219523. *Kleivan, Inge, et B. Sonne. [[1985]]. ''Eskimos: Greenland and Canada.'' Iconography of religions, sectio VIII, "Arctic Peoples," fasciculus 2. Institute of Religious Iconography • State University Groningen. Lugduni Batavorum: E. J. Brill. ISBN 9004071601. *Lupa. [[2012]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=XfkRR25whnsC&lpg=PP1&dq=New%20Paths%20to%20Animal%20Totems&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false''NewPaths to Animal Totems.''] Woodbury Minnesotae: Llewellyn Worldwide. ISBN 9780738733371. *Menovščikov, G. A. (= Г. А. Меновщиков). [[1968]]. Popular Conceptions, Religious Beliefs and Rites of the Asiatic Eskimoes.'' In ''Popular beliefs and folklore tradition in Siberia,'' ed. Vilmos Diószegi. Budapestini: Akadémiai Kiadó. *Nagy, Beáta Boglárka. [[1998]]. Az északi szamojédok. In ''Finnugor kalauz,'' ed. Márta Csepregi, 221–234. Series Panoráma. Budapestini: Medicina Könyvkiadó. ISBN 9632438132. *Nattiez, Jean Jacques. Inuit Games and Songs • Chants et Jeux des Inuit. Musiques & musiciens du monde • Musics & musicians of the world. Monte Regii: Research Group in Musical Semiotics, Faculty of Music, University of Montreal. *Noll, Richard, et Kun Shi. [[2004]]. Chuonnasuan (Meng Jin Fu), The Last Shaman of the Oroqen of Northeast China. ''韓國宗敎硏究 (''Journal of Korean Religions''). Seuli: 西江大學校: 宗教硏究所 (Sŏgang Taehakkyo: Chonggyo Yŏnʾguso) 6: 135–162. [http://www.desales.edu/assets/desales/SocScience/Oroqen_shaman_FSSForumAug07.pdfPDF.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *Reinhard, Johan. [[1976]]. Shamanism and Spirit Possession: The Definition Problem. In ''Spirit Possession in the Nepal Himalayas,'' ed. J. Hitchcock et R. Jones, 12–20. Dellii Novi: Vikas Publishing House. *Shimamura, Ippei. [[2014]]. ''The Roots Seekers: Shamanism and Ethnicity among the Mongol Buryats.'' Yokohamae Iaponiae: Shumpusha. *Turner, Robert P., David Lukoff, Ruth Tiffany Barnhouse, et Francis G. Lu. [[1995]]. Religious or Spiritual Problem: A Culturally Sensitive Diagnostic Category in the DSM-IV. ''Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease'' 183(7): 435–444. *Voigt, Miklós. [[2000]]. Sámán – a szó és értelme. In ''Világnak kezdetétől fogva: Történeti folklorisztikai tanulmányok,'' 41–45. Budapestini: Universitas Könyvkiadó. ISBN 9639104396. *Witzel, Michael. [[2011]]. Shamanism in Northern and Southern Eurasia: their distinctive methods and change of consciousness. ''Social Science Information'' 50(1): 39–61. doi:10.1177/0539018410391044. ==Bibliographia addita== *Campbell, Joseph. [[1959]], [[1976]]. ''The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology.'' Novi Eboraci et Londinii: Penguin Books. ISBN 0140194436. *Harner, Michael. [[1980]]. ''The Way of the Shaman: A Guide to Power and Healing.'' Harper & Row Publishers. *de Miller, Richard, ed. [[1980]]. ''The Don Juan Papers: Further Castaneda Controversies.'' Sanctae Barbarae Californiae: Ross-Erikson. *Devereux, George. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/667052Shamans as Neurotics.] ''American Anthropologist,'' New Series, 63(5): pars 1:1088–1090. *Fikes, Jay Courtney. [[1993]]. ''Carlos Castaneda: Academic Opportunism and the Psychedelic Sixties.'' Millennia Press Canada. ISBN 0969696000. *Hultkrantz, Åke, ed. honoris causa. [http://www.folkscene.hu/magzines/shaman/about.htmShaman]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''Journal of the International Society for Shamanistic Research.'' *Jenkins, Philip. [[2004]]. ''Dream Catchers: How Mainstream America Discovered Native Spirituality.'' Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195161157. *Kehoe, Alice. [[2000]]. ''Shamans and Religion: An Anthropological Exploration in Critical Thinking.'' Londinii: Waveland Press. ISBN 1577661621. *Manners, David Charles. [[2011]]. ''In the Shadow of Crows.'' Oxoniae: Signal Books. ISBN 1904955924. *Paper, Jordan D. [[1995]]. ''The Spirits are Drunk: Comparative Approaches to Chinese Religion.'' Albaniae Novi Eboraci: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0791423158. *Smith, Frederick M. [[2006]]. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=CuB7K3bDWDsCTheSelf Possessed: Deity and Spirit Possession in South Asian Literature]{{Nexus deficitur|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''. Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231137486. *Tedlock, Barbara. [[1992]]. ''Time and the Highland Maya.'' University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0826313582. *Tomášková, Silvia. [[2013]]. ''Wayward Shamans: the prehistory of an idea.'' Berkeleiae: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520275324. *Weber, Michel. [[2015]]. [https://www.academia.edu/6011320/_Shamanism_and_proto-consciousness_2015_ Shamanism and proto-consciousness.] In ''Deus Unicus,'' ed. René Lebrun, Julien De Vos, et É. Van Quickelberghe. Actes du colloque «Aux origines du monothéisme et du scepticisme religieux» organisé à Louvain-la-Neuve les 7 et 8 juin 2013 par le Centre d’histoire des Religions Cardinal Julien Ries et Pierre Bordreuil in memoriam. Turnhout, Brepols, coll. Homo Religiosus, série II, 14, pp. 247–260. *Znamenski, Andrei. [[2003]]. ''Shamanism in Siberia: Russian Records of Siberian Spirituality.'' Dordrech et Bostoniae: Kluwer/Springer. ISBN 1402017405. *Znamensky, Andrei A. [[2005]]. Az ősiség szépsége: altáji török sámánok a szibériai regionális gondolkodásban (1860–1920). In ''Csodaszarvas: Őstörténet, vallás és néphagyomány,'' 1:117–134, ed. Ádám Molnár. Budapestini: Molnár Kiadó. ISBN 9632182006. ==Nexus externi== {{wiktionary|Shamanism|samanismum}} {{CommuniaCat|Shamanism|samanismum}} *Jon, A. Asbjorn. [http://www.folklore.ee/folklore/vol10/pdf/teuton.pdf Shamanism and the Image of the Teutonic Deity, Óðinn.] *Lintrop, Aaso. [http://haldjas.folklore.ee/~aado/ ''Studies in Siberian Shamanism and Religions of the Finno-Ugrian Peoples.''] Folk Belief and Media Group, Estonian Literary Museum. *Noll, Richard, et Kun Shi. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200811191558/https://www.desales.edu/assets/desales/SocScience/Oroqen_shaman_FSSForumAug07.pdfChuonnasuan] ''(Meng Jin Fu), The Last Shaman of the Oroqen of Northeast China.''] *Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo. [https://web.archive.org/web/20041027152526/http://www.theecologist.info/page9.html ''A View from the Headwaters.''] De oecologia Amazonica. *Sem, Tatyana. [http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/changing/journey/healing.htmlShamanic Healing Rituals.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Russian Museum of Ethnography. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20190121215816/http://www.akhathai.org/ AFECT.] Societas eleemosynaria in Thailandia septentrionali *[http://newagefraud.org/ New Age Frauds and Plastic Shamans.] Societas contra fraudem. *[http://www.krupar.com/index.php?file=www/en/gallery/gallery.html&cat=5 ''Shamanism in Siberia.''] Photographemata Standa Krupar. [[Categoria:Anthropologia religionis]] [[Categoria:Samanismus| ]] [[Categoria:Spiritualitas]] [[Categoria:Sanatio supernaturalis]] [[Categoria:Doctrina samanaeorum]] <!-- [[Categoria:Alternative medical systems]]--> {{Myrias|Philosophia}} nnufretw3q7vlmisnkw8w5diw46lmkd 3980787 3980785 2026-08-12T10:12:19Z Jondel 452 3980787 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Khagdaev1.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Samanus [[Buriati|Buriatus]] in [[Olchon|Olchone insula]] [[Siberia]]e.]] '''Samanismus'''{{Convertimus}}<ref>Post vocabulum [[Neograece|Neograecum]] σαμανισμός; cf. nomen Latinum "Samanus" infra datum</ref> (e [[vocabulum|vocabulo]] [[lingua Evenkensis|Evenkensi]] ''šamán'')<ref>Janhunan 1986: 194:97.</ref> est [[mos]] quo exercitator [[mutatus conscientiae status|mutatos conscientiae status]] attingit ad [[mundus|mundanum]] [[spiritualitas|spiritualem]] percipiendum ut eius [[energia]]s [[transcendentalismus|transcendentales]] in hunc [[mundus|mundanum]] afferat atque cum eis communicet.<ref>Hoppál 1987: 76.</ref> [[Fasciculus:Witsen's Shaman.JPG|thumb|left|Prima depictio samani Sibirici, a [[Nicolaus Witsen|Nicolao Witsen]] [[explorator]]e [[Nederlandia|Nederlandico]] adumbrata, qui [[narratio]]nem suarum peregrinationum inter homines Samoiedicos et Tungusicos anno [[1692]] scripsit. Ipse, hanc imaginem ''Presbyter Diaboli'' appellans, homini [[unguis|ungues]] pro [[pes|pedibus]] dedit, ut eius proprietates [[daemon]]icae melius significarentur.<ref>Hutton 2001: 32.</ref>]] ==De Samanis== '''Samanus'''<ref>Cf.: ''Mystae eorum nuncupantur Samani et plerque sunt fatidici'' ([[Georgius Crisanius|Georgii Crisanii]] [https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Файл:Сибирь_в_XVII_веке_1890.pdf&page=137 ''Historia de Siberia'', Moscuae 1890, p. 124]). Vel hunc locum: ''...putat hunc locum templum gentis cuiusdam a samanis ductae fuisse'' (Iconoclastes, [http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/scientiae.php "Templum samanisticum in Polonia repertum,"] ''Ephemeris, 2 Septembris 2017).</ref> vicissim est [[homo]] qui in mundanum [[evocatio|spirituum benevolentium et malevolentium]] penetrare posse habetur, qui usitate in [[stupor|statum stuporis]] per [[ritus]] intrat, cum [[divinatio]]nem [[sanatio]]nemque efficit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/shaman?view=uk|title=OxfordDictionaries - Dictionary, Thesaurus, & Grammar|publisher=}}</ref> [[Vocabulum]] ''saman'' originem trahat in [[lingua Evenkensis|lingua Evenkensi]], una e [[linguae Tungusicae|linguis Tungusicis]] [[Asia Septentrionalis|Asiae Septentrionalis]]. Secundum [[Juha Janhunen]] ethnolinguistam, "investigatores [[vocabulum]] in omnibus [[sermo]]nibus Tungusicis attestantur,<ref>[[Anglice]]: "the word is attested in all of the Tungusic idioms."</ref> sicut [[lingua Negidalica|Negidalica]], [[lingua Evenensis|Evenensis]], [[lingua Udegeica|Udegeica]], [[lingua Orotchensis|Orotchensis]], [[lingua Nanaica|Nanaica]], [[lingua Orokica|Orokica]], [[lingua Mandshurica|Mandshurica]], et [[lingua Ulchica|Ulchica]], et "nihil sumptionem contradicere videtur significationem ''samanum'' etiam e Proto-Tungusica derivasse,"<ref>[[Anglice]]: "nothing seems to contradict the assumption that the meaning 'shaman' also derives from Proto-Tungusic."</ref> et originem fortasse trahat abhinc millenniorum saltem duo.<ref>Janhunen 1986: 97–98.</ref> Vocabulum ad [[cultura Occidentalis|culturam Occidentalem]] introductum est postquam [[Russia|Russi]] populos [[Siberia]]e cognoverunt saeculo ΧVII. [[Fasciculus:SB - Altay shaman with drum.jpg|thumb|[[Chartula cursualis]] [[Russia|Russica]] in [[photographema]]te anno [[1908]] ab S. I. Borisov condito samanam ethnicitatis sane [[Chakassi|Chakassum]] depingit.<ref>Hoppál 2005: 77, 287.</ref><ref>Znamensky 2005: 128.</ref>]] ==De doctrina== [[Vocabulum]] ''shamanismus'' primum ab [[anthropologus|anthropologis]] [[cultura Occidentalis|Occidentalibus]] adhibebatur qui antiquam [[gens Turcica|Turcorum]] [[Mongolici|Mongolorumque]] [[religio]]nes observabant, praeter religiones hominum vicinorum qui [[linguae Tungusicae|Tungusice]] et [[linguae Samoiedicae|Samoiedice]] loquebantur. Nonnulli anthropologi Occidentales, varietatem [[traditio]]num [[religio]]sarum observantes, vocabulum sensu latissimo adhibere coeperunt, ad usus magico-religiosos non cognatos describendos intra [[religio ethnica|religiones ethnicas]] aliarum regionum [[Asia]]e, [[Africa]]e, [[Australasia]]e repertos, et adeo ignotarum [[America]]e regionum, quia hos usus inter se similes esse credebant.<ref>Alberts 2015: 73–79.</ref> [[Fasciculus:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een shamaan op Zuid-Boeroe bezweert boze geesten de kinderen te verlaten waarbij hij een geldstuk en een sirihnoot offert TMnr 10001031.jpg|thumb|left|Samanus [[Insulae Maluku|Insularum Moluccanarum Australium]] spiritus malos qui [[puer]]os occupant [[exorcismus|exorcizat]]. [[Buru]] [[Indonesia]]e, 1920.]] [[Fasciculus:Flowering San Pedro cactus.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Echinopsis pachanoi]]'' [[flos|florens]], [[cactus]] entheogenica quae plus quam 3000 annorum in samanismo adhibetur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mescaline.com/sanpedro/|title=A Brief History of the San Pedro Cactus|}}.</ref> Hodie, longe plurimum [[mescalinum|mescalini]] e cactis columnaribus extrahitur, non e ''[[Lophophora williamsii]],'' quae vulnerabilis est.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/151962/0|title=Lophophorawilliamsii|}}.</ref>;]] [[Fasciculus:Raven Rattle, 19th century, 05.588.7292.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Crepitaculum corvidum, saeculo undevicensimo. [[Museum Brooklynense]].]] [[Fasciculus:Goldes shaman priest in his regalia.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Samanus-sacerdos [[Goldes]] [[ethnos|ethnous]] in eius [[vestimentum|vestimentis]] sacris.]] [[Fasciculus:Shaman.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Samanus [[Sami]]anus et eius [[tympanum]].]] [[Fasciculus:Bobohizans.jpeg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Bobohizan]]'' [[Borneum Septentrionale|Bornei Septentrionalis]], circa 1921.]] [[Fasciculus:AinuBearSacrificeCirca1870.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Iomante|Sacrificium ursinum Ainuense]]. [[Pictura]] in [[volumen|volumine]] [[Iaponia|Iaponicum]], circa 1870.]] [[Fasciculus:Chuonnasuan, the last shaman of the Oroqen, in July 1994 (Photo by Richard Noll).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Samanus [[Oroqen gens|Oroqensis]] [[Sinae|Sinarum]] septentrionalium.]] [[Fasciculus:Sami shamanic drum.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Noaidi|Tympanum samanicum Samiense]] in [[Museum Scientiae Arcticum]], [[Rovaniemi]] in oppido [[Finnia]]e.]] [[Fasciculus:Mayan priest performing healing.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Sacerdotium Mayanum|Sacerdos Mayanus]] [[ritus]] curationis ad [[Tikal]] facit.]] [[Fasciculus:Chaman Amazonie 5 06.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Samanus e [[cultura]] ''shuara'' in [[silva Amazonica]] [[Aequatoria]]e, Iunio 2006.]] [[Fasciculus:Urarina shaman B Dean.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Samanus [[Urarina]], 1988.]] [[Mircea Eliade]] scribit "Prima huius rei multiplicis definitio, et fortasse minime periculosa, erit: shamanismus est 'ars [[ecstasis religiosa]]e.'"<ref>[[Anglice]]: "A first definition of this complex phenomenon, and perhaps the least hazardous, will be: shamanism = 'technique of religious ecstasy.'"</ref><ref name = Eli72>Eliade 1972: 3–7.</ref> Samanismus propositum amplectitur quod dicit samanos esse nuntios vel internuntios inter mundanum [[homo|hominum]] et mundum [[spiritus|spirituum]]; etenim ei dicuntur morbos per [[anima]]m emendatam tractare. Levare [[trauma]]ta quae animum vel spiritum affligunt physicum singuli [[corpus]] recurat. Samanus praeterea [[supernaturale|regna supernaturalia]] vel [[planities (esotericismus)|planities esotericas]] intrat ac quaestiones solvendas quae communitatem affligunt. Samani alios mundos vel dimensiones visere possunt ad animas dementes ducendas et ad [[morbus|morbos]] [[anima]]e humanae a rebus alienis affectos melius faciendos. Operatur samanus plerumque intra mundum spiritualem, qui vicissim mundum humanum afficit. Aequilibrium restituere malum amovit.<ref name = Eli72/> {{NexInt}} *[[Animismus]] *[[Apophenia]] *[[Carolus Castaneda]] *[[Coniunx spiritualis]] *[[Himiko]] *[[Medicina praehistorica]] *[[Musica samanica]] *[[Neosamanismus]]<!-- *[[Neuroanthropologia]]--> *[[Neurotheologia]] *[[Paganismus]] *[[Panentheismus]] *[[Spiritualitas]] *[[Supernaturale]] ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Alberts, Thomas. [[2015]]. ''Shamanism, Discourse, Modernity.'' Farnhamiae: Ashgate. ISBN 9781472439864. *Barüske, Heinz. [[1969]]. ''Eskimo Märchen.'' Die Märchen der Weltliteratur.'' Dusseldorpii et Coloniae: Eugen Diederichs Verlag. *Boglár, Lajos. [[2001]]. ''A kultúra arcai: Mozaikok a kulturális antropológia köreiből.'' TÁRStudomány. Budapestini: Napvilág Kiadó. ISBN 9639082945. *Bolin, Hans. [[2000]]. Animal Magic: The mythological significance of elks, boats and humans in north Swedish rock art. ''Journal of Material Culture'' 5(2): 153–176. *Czaplicka, M. A. [[1914]]. [http://www.sacred-texts.com/sha/sis/sis05.htm Types of shaman.] In [http://www.sacred-texts.com/sha/sis/sis00.htm ''Shamanism in Siberia: Aboriginal Siberia: A study in social anthropology.''] Praefatio R. R. Marett. Oxoniae: Sommerville College, University of Oxford, Clarendon Press. ISBN 1605060607. *Dana, Kathleen Osgood. [[2004]]. Áillohaš and his image drum: the native poet as shaman. ''Nordlit'' 15 (aestas). Faculty of Humanities, University of Tromsø. *Deschênes, Bruno. [[2002]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20020803064325/http://www.mustrad.org.uk/articles/inuit.htm Inuit Throat-Singing.] ''Musical Traditions'' The Magazine for Traditional Music throughout the World. *Diószegi, Vilmos. [[1968]]. ''Tracing shamans in Siberia: The story of an ethnographical research expedition.'' E Hungarica in Anglicum conversus ab Anita Rajkay Babó. Oosterhout: Anthropological Publications. *Diószegi, Vilmos. [[1962]]. [http://mek.oszk.hu/01600/01639/''Samanizmus.''] Élet és Tudomány Kiskönyvtár. Budapestini: Gondolat. *Diószegi, Vilmos. [[1958]], [[1998]]. ''A sámánhit emlékei a magyar népi műveltségben. Budapestini: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 9630575426. *DuBois, Thomas A. [[2009]]. ''An introduction to shamanism.'' Cantabrigiae et Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521873536, ISBN 0521873533, ISBN 9780521695367 (charta), ISBN 0521695368 (charta). *Fienup-Riordan, Ann. [[1994]]. ''Boundaries and Passages: Rule and Ritual in Yup'ik Eskimo Oral Tradition.'' Normaniae Oclahomae: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0585121907. *Fock, Niels. [[1963]]. ''Waiwai: Religion and society of an Amazonian tribe.'' Nationalmuseets skrifter, Etnografisk Række (Ethnographical series), VIII. Hafniae: National Museum of Denmark. *Freuchen, Peter. [[1961]]. ''Book of the Eskimos.'' Clevelandiae et Novi Eboraci: The World Publishing Company. ISBN 449308022. *Gulia, Kuldip Singh. [[2005]]. ''Human Ecology of Sikkim: A Case Study of Upper Rangit Basin.'' Dellii: Kalpaz Publications. ISBN 8178353253. *Hajdú, Péter, ed. [[1975]]. A rokonság nyelvi háttere. In ''Uráli népek: Nyelvrokonaink kultúrája és hagyományai.'' Budapestini: Corvina Kiadó. ISBN 9631309002. *Hoppál, Mihály. [[1994]]. ''Sámánok, lelkek és jelképek.'' Budapestini: Helikon Kiadó. ISBN 9632082982. *Hoppál, Mihály. [[1998]]. A honfoglalók hitvilága és a magyar samanizmus. In ''Folklór és közösség,'' 40–45. Budapestini: Széphalom Könyvműhely. ISBN 9639028142. *Hoppál, Mihály. [[2005]]. ''Sámánok Eurázsiában.'' Budapestini: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 9630582953. *Hoppál, Mihály. [[2006]]. Sámánok, kultúrák és kutatók az ezredfordulón. In ''Sámánok és kultúrák,'' ed. Mihály Hoppál, Botond Szathmári, et András Takács, 9–25. Budapestini: Gondolat. ISBN 9639450286. *Hoppál, Mihály. [[2007]]. Eco-Animism of Siberian Shamanhood. In ''Shamans and Traditions.'' Bibliotheca Shamanistica, vol 13: 17–26. Budapestini: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 9789630585217. *Hoppál, Mihály. [[2007]]. Is Shamanism a Folk Religion? In ''Shamans and Traditions.'' Bibliotheca Shamanistica, vol. 13: 11–16. Budapestini: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 9789630585217. *Janhunen, Juha. [[1986]]. Siberian shamanistic terminology. ''Suomalais-ugrilaisen Seuran toimituksia / Memoires de la Société finno-ougrienne'' 194: 97–117. *Hugh-Jones, Christine. [[1980]]. ''From the Milk River: Spatial and Temporal Processes in Northwest Amazonia.'' Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521225442. *Hugh-Jones, Stephen. [[1980]]. ''The Palm and the Pleiades: Initiation and Cosmology in Northwest Amazonia.'' Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521219523. *Kleivan, Inge, et B. Sonne. [[1985]]. ''Eskimos: Greenland and Canada.'' Iconography of religions, sectio VIII, "Arctic Peoples," fasciculus 2. Institute of Religious Iconography • State University Groningen. Lugduni Batavorum: E. J. Brill. ISBN 9004071601. *Lupa. [[2012]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=XfkRR25whnsC&lpg=PP1&dq=New%20Paths%20to%20Animal%20Totems&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false''NewPaths to Animal Totems.''] Woodbury Minnesotae: Llewellyn Worldwide. ISBN 9780738733371. *Menovščikov, G. A. (= Г. А. Меновщиков). [[1968]]. Popular Conceptions, Religious Beliefs and Rites of the Asiatic Eskimoes.'' In ''Popular beliefs and folklore tradition in Siberia,'' ed. Vilmos Diószegi. Budapestini: Akadémiai Kiadó. *Nagy, Beáta Boglárka. [[1998]]. Az északi szamojédok. In ''Finnugor kalauz,'' ed. Márta Csepregi, 221–234. Series Panoráma. Budapestini: Medicina Könyvkiadó. ISBN 9632438132. *Nattiez, Jean Jacques. Inuit Games and Songs • Chants et Jeux des Inuit. Musiques & musiciens du monde • Musics & musicians of the world. Monte Regii: Research Group in Musical Semiotics, Faculty of Music, University of Montreal. *Noll, Richard, et Kun Shi. [[2004]]. Chuonnasuan (Meng Jin Fu), The Last Shaman of the Oroqen of Northeast China. ''韓國宗敎硏究 (''Journal of Korean Religions''). Seuli: 西江大學校: 宗教硏究所 (Sŏgang Taehakkyo: Chonggyo Yŏnʾguso) 6: 135–162. [http://www.desales.edu/assets/desales/SocScience/Oroqen_shaman_FSSForumAug07.pdfPDF.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *Reinhard, Johan. [[1976]]. Shamanism and Spirit Possession: The Definition Problem. In ''Spirit Possession in the Nepal Himalayas,'' ed. J. Hitchcock et R. Jones, 12–20. Dellii Novi: Vikas Publishing House. *Shimamura, Ippei. [[2014]]. ''The Roots Seekers: Shamanism and Ethnicity among the Mongol Buryats.'' Yokohamae Iaponiae: Shumpusha. *Turner, Robert P., David Lukoff, Ruth Tiffany Barnhouse, et Francis G. Lu. [[1995]]. Religious or Spiritual Problem: A Culturally Sensitive Diagnostic Category in the DSM-IV. ''Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease'' 183(7): 435–444. *Voigt, Miklós. [[2000]]. Sámán – a szó és értelme. In ''Világnak kezdetétől fogva: Történeti folklorisztikai tanulmányok,'' 41–45. Budapestini: Universitas Könyvkiadó. ISBN 9639104396. *Witzel, Michael. [[2011]]. Shamanism in Northern and Southern Eurasia: their distinctive methods and change of consciousness. ''Social Science Information'' 50(1): 39–61. doi:10.1177/0539018410391044. ==Bibliographia addita== *Campbell, Joseph. [[1959]], [[1976]]. ''The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology.'' Novi Eboraci et Londinii: Penguin Books. ISBN 0140194436. *Harner, Michael. [[1980]]. ''The Way of the Shaman: A Guide to Power and Healing.'' Harper & Row Publishers. *de Miller, Richard, ed. [[1980]]. ''The Don Juan Papers: Further Castaneda Controversies.'' Sanctae Barbarae Californiae: Ross-Erikson. *Devereux, George. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/667052Shamans as Neurotics.] ''American Anthropologist,'' New Series, 63(5): pars 1:1088–1090. *Fikes, Jay Courtney. [[1993]]. ''Carlos Castaneda: Academic Opportunism and the Psychedelic Sixties.'' Millennia Press Canada. ISBN 0969696000. *Hultkrantz, Åke, ed. honoris causa. [http://www.folkscene.hu/magzines/shaman/about.htmShaman]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''Journal of the International Society for Shamanistic Research.'' *Jenkins, Philip. [[2004]]. ''Dream Catchers: How Mainstream America Discovered Native Spirituality.'' Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195161157. *Kehoe, Alice. [[2000]]. ''Shamans and Religion: An Anthropological Exploration in Critical Thinking.'' Londinii: Waveland Press. ISBN 1577661621. *Manners, David Charles. [[2011]]. ''In the Shadow of Crows.'' Oxoniae: Signal Books. ISBN 1904955924. *Paper, Jordan D. [[1995]]. ''The Spirits are Drunk: Comparative Approaches to Chinese Religion.'' Albaniae Novi Eboraci: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0791423158. *Smith, Frederick M. [[2006]]. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=CuB7K3bDWDsCTheSelf Possessed: Deity and Spirit Possession in South Asian Literature]{{Nexus deficitur|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''. Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231137486. *Tedlock, Barbara. [[1992]]. ''Time and the Highland Maya.'' University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0826313582. *Tomášková, Silvia. [[2013]]. ''Wayward Shamans: the prehistory of an idea.'' Berkeleiae: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520275324. *Weber, Michel. [[2015]]. [https://www.academia.edu/6011320/_Shamanism_and_proto-consciousness_2015_ Shamanism and proto-consciousness.] In ''Deus Unicus,'' ed. René Lebrun, Julien De Vos, et É. Van Quickelberghe. Actes du colloque «Aux origines du monothéisme et du scepticisme religieux» organisé à Louvain-la-Neuve les 7 et 8 juin 2013 par le Centre d’histoire des Religions Cardinal Julien Ries et Pierre Bordreuil in memoriam. Turnhout, Brepols, coll. Homo Religiosus, série II, 14, pp. 247–260. *Znamenski, Andrei. [[2003]]. ''Shamanism in Siberia: Russian Records of Siberian Spirituality.'' Dordrech et Bostoniae: Kluwer/Springer. ISBN 1402017405. *Znamensky, Andrei A. [[2005]]. Az ősiség szépsége: altáji török sámánok a szibériai regionális gondolkodásban (1860–1920). In ''Csodaszarvas: Őstörténet, vallás és néphagyomány,'' 1:117–134, ed. Ádám Molnár. Budapestini: Molnár Kiadó. ISBN 9632182006. ==Nexus externi== {{wiktionary|Shamanism|samanismum}} {{CommuniaCat|Shamanism|samanismum}} *Jon, A. Asbjorn. [http://www.folklore.ee/folklore/vol10/pdf/teuton.pdf Shamanism and the Image of the Teutonic Deity, Óðinn.] *Lintrop, Aaso. [http://haldjas.folklore.ee/~aado/ ''Studies in Siberian Shamanism and Religions of the Finno-Ugrian Peoples.''] Folk Belief and Media Group, Estonian Literary Museum. *Noll, Richard, et Kun Shi. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200811191558/https://www.desales.edu/assets/desales/SocScience/Oroqen_shaman_FSSForumAug07.pdfChuonnasuan] ''(Meng Jin Fu), The Last Shaman of the Oroqen of Northeast China.''] *Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo. [https://web.archive.org/web/20041027152526/http://www.theecologist.info/page9.html ''A View from the Headwaters.''] De oecologia Amazonica. *Sem, Tatyana. [http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/changing/journey/healing.htmlShamanic Healing Rituals.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Russian Museum of Ethnography. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20190121215816/http://www.akhathai.org/ AFECT.] Societas eleemosynaria in Thailandia septentrionali *[http://newagefraud.org/ New Age Frauds and Plastic Shamans.] Societas contra fraudem. *[http://www.krupar.com/index.php?file=www/en/gallery/gallery.html&cat=5 ''Shamanism in Siberia.''] Photographemata Standa Krupar. [[Categoria:Anthropologia religionis]] [[Categoria:Samanismus| ]] [[Categoria:Spiritualitas]] [[Categoria:Sanatio supernaturalis]] [[Categoria:Doctrina samanaeorum]] <!-- [[Categoria:Alternative medical systems]]--> {{Myrias|Philosophia}} omhwk9xvd95fj1uwmr8f9vxv1hc8j2l 3980799 3980787 2026-08-12T10:48:13Z Jondel 452 Abrogans recensionem 3980787 ab usore [[User:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[User talk:Jondel|Disputatio]] | [[Special:Contributions/Jondel|conlationes]]) 3980799 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Khagdaev1.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Samanus [[Buriati|Buriatus]] in [[Olchon|Olchone insula]] [[Siberia]]e.]] '''Samanismus'''{{Convertimus}}<ref>Post vocabulum [[Neograece|Neograecum]] σαμανισμός; cf. nomen Latinum "Samanus" infra datum</ref> (e [[vocabulum|vocabulo]] [[lingua Evenkensis|Evenkensi]] ''šamán'')<ref>Janhunan 1986: 194:97.</ref> est [[mos]] quo exercitator [[mutatus conscientiae status|mutatos conscientiae status]] attingit ad [[mundus|mundum]] [[spiritualitas|spiritualem]] percipiendum ut eius [[energia]]s [[transcendentalismus|transcendentales]] in hunc [[mundus|mundum]] afferat atque cum eis communicet.<ref>Hoppál 1987: 76.</ref> [[Fasciculus:Witsen's Shaman.JPG|thumb|left|Prima depictio samani Sibirici, a [[Nicolaus Witsen|Nicolao Witsen]] [[explorator]]e [[Nederlandia|Nederlandico]] adumbrata, qui [[narratio]]nem suarum peregrinationum inter homines Samoiedicos et Tungusicos anno [[1692]] scripsit. Ipse, hanc imaginem ''Presbyter Diaboli'' appellans, homini [[unguis|ungues]] pro [[pes|pedibus]] dedit, ut eius proprietates [[daemon]]icae melius significarentur.<ref>Hutton 2001: 32.</ref>]] ==De Samanis== '''Samanus'''<ref>Cf.: ''Mystae eorum nuncupantur Samani et plerque sunt fatidici'' ([[Georgius Crisanius|Georgii Crisanii]] [https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Файл:Сибирь_в_XVII_веке_1890.pdf&page=137 ''Historia de Siberia'', Moscuae 1890, p. 124]). Vel hunc locum: ''...putat hunc locum templum gentis cuiusdam a samanis ductae fuisse'' (Iconoclastes, [http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/scientiae.php "Templum samanisticum in Polonia repertum,"] ''Ephemeris, 2 Septembris 2017).</ref> vicissim est [[homo]] qui in mundanum [[evocatio|spirituum benevolentium et malevolentium]] penetrare posse habetur, qui usitate in [[stupor|statum stuporis]] per [[ritus]] intrat, cum [[divinatio]]nem [[sanatio]]nemque efficit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/shaman?view=uk|title=OxfordDictionaries - Dictionary, Thesaurus, & Grammar|publisher=}}</ref> [[Vocabulum]] ''saman'' originem trahat in [[lingua Evenkensis|lingua Evenkensi]], una e [[linguae Tungusicae|linguis Tungusicis]] [[Asia Septentrionalis|Asiae Septentrionalis]]. Secundum [[Juha Janhunen]] ethnolinguistam, "investigatores [[vocabulum]] in omnibus [[sermo]]nibus Tungusicis attestantur,<ref>[[Anglice]]: "the word is attested in all of the Tungusic idioms."</ref> sicut [[lingua Negidalica|Negidalica]], [[lingua Evenensis|Evenensis]], [[lingua Udegeica|Udegeica]], [[lingua Orotchensis|Orotchensis]], [[lingua Nanaica|Nanaica]], [[lingua Orokica|Orokica]], [[lingua Mandshurica|Mandshurica]], et [[lingua Ulchica|Ulchica]], et "nihil sumptionem contradicere videtur significationem ''samanum'' etiam e Proto-Tungusica derivasse,"<ref>[[Anglice]]: "nothing seems to contradict the assumption that the meaning 'shaman' also derives from Proto-Tungusic."</ref> et originem fortasse trahat abhinc millenniorum saltem duo.<ref>Janhunen 1986: 97–98.</ref> Vocabulum ad [[cultura Occidentalis|culturam Occidentalem]] introductum est postquam [[Russia|Russi]] populos [[Siberia]]e cognoverunt saeculo ΧVII. [[Fasciculus:SB - Altay shaman with drum.jpg|thumb|[[Chartula cursualis]] [[Russia|Russica]] in [[photographema]]te anno [[1908]] ab S. I. Borisov condito samanam ethnicitatis sane [[Chakassi|Chakassum]] depingit.<ref>Hoppál 2005: 77, 287.</ref><ref>Znamensky 2005: 128.</ref>]] ==De doctrina== [[Vocabulum]] ''shamanismus'' primum ab [[anthropologus|anthropologis]] [[cultura Occidentalis|Occidentalibus]] adhibebatur qui antiquam [[gens Turcica|Turcorum]] [[Mongolici|Mongolorumque]] [[religio]]nes observabant, praeter religiones hominum vicinorum qui [[linguae Tungusicae|Tungusice]] et [[linguae Samoiedicae|Samoiedice]] loquebantur. Nonnulli anthropologi Occidentales, varietatem [[traditio]]num [[religio]]sarum observantes, vocabulum sensu latissimo adhibere coeperunt, ad usus magico-religiosos non cognatos describendos intra [[religio ethnica|religiones ethnicas]] aliarum regionum [[Asia]]e, [[Africa]]e, [[Australasia]]e repertos, et adeo ignotarum [[America]]e regionum, quia hos usus inter se similes esse credebant.<ref>Alberts 2015: 73–79.</ref> [[Fasciculus:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een shamaan op Zuid-Boeroe bezweert boze geesten de kinderen te verlaten waarbij hij een geldstuk en een sirihnoot offert TMnr 10001031.jpg|thumb|left|Samanus [[Insulae Maluku|Insularum Moluccanarum Australium]] spiritus malos qui [[puer]]os occupant [[exorcismus|exorcizat]]. [[Buru]] [[Indonesia]]e, 1920.]] [[Fasciculus:Flowering San Pedro cactus.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Echinopsis pachanoi]]'' [[flos|florens]], [[cactus]] entheogenica quae plus quam 3000 annorum in samanismo adhibetur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mescaline.com/sanpedro/|title=A Brief History of the San Pedro Cactus|}}.</ref> Hodie, longe plurimum [[mescalinum|mescalini]] e cactis columnaribus extrahitur, non e ''[[Lophophora williamsii]],'' quae vulnerabilis est.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/151962/0|title=Lophophorawilliamsii|}}.</ref>;]] [[Fasciculus:Raven Rattle, 19th century, 05.588.7292.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Crepitaculum corvidum, saeculo undevicensimo. [[Museum Brooklynense]].]] [[Fasciculus:Goldes shaman priest in his regalia.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Samanus-sacerdos [[Goldes]] [[ethnos|ethnous]] in eius [[vestimentum|vestimentis]] sacris.]] [[Fasciculus:Shaman.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Samanus [[Sami]]anus et eius [[tympanum]].]] [[Fasciculus:Bobohizans.jpeg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Bobohizan]]'' [[Borneum Septentrionale|Bornei Septentrionalis]], circa 1921.]] [[Fasciculus:AinuBearSacrificeCirca1870.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Iomante|Sacrificium ursinum Ainuense]]. [[Pictura]] in [[volumen|volumine]] [[Iaponia|Iaponicum]], circa 1870.]] [[Fasciculus:Chuonnasuan, the last shaman of the Oroqen, in July 1994 (Photo by Richard Noll).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Samanus [[Oroqen gens|Oroqensis]] [[Sinae|Sinarum]] septentrionalium.]] [[Fasciculus:Sami shamanic drum.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Noaidi|Tympanum samanicum Samiense]] in [[Museum Scientiae Arcticum]], [[Rovaniemi]] in oppido [[Finnia]]e.]] [[Fasciculus:Mayan priest performing healing.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Sacerdotium Mayanum|Sacerdos Mayanus]] [[ritus]] curationis ad [[Tikal]] facit.]] [[Fasciculus:Chaman Amazonie 5 06.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Samanus e [[cultura]] ''shuara'' in [[silva Amazonica]] [[Aequatoria]]e, Iunio 2006.]] [[Fasciculus:Urarina shaman B Dean.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Samanus [[Urarina]], 1988.]] [[Mircea Eliade]] scribit "Prima huius rei multiplicis definitio, et fortasse minime periculosa, erit: shamanismus est 'ars [[ecstasis religiosa]]e.'"<ref>[[Anglice]]: "A first definition of this complex phenomenon, and perhaps the least hazardous, will be: shamanism = 'technique of religious ecstasy.'"</ref><ref name = Eli72>Eliade 1972: 3–7.</ref> Samanismus propositum amplectitur quod dicit samanos esse nuntios vel internuntios inter mundum [[homo|hominum]] et mundum [[spiritus|spirituum]]; etenim ei dicuntur morbos per [[anima]]m emendatam tractare. Levare [[trauma]]ta quae animum vel spiritum affligunt physicum singuli [[corpus]] recurat. Samanus praeterea [[supernaturale|regna supernaturalia]] vel [[planities (esotericismus)|planities esotericas]] intrat ac quaestiones solvendas quae communitatem affligunt. Samani alios mundos vel dimensiones visere possunt ad animas dementes ducendas et ad [[morbus|morbos]] [[anima]]e humanae a rebus alienis affectos melius faciendos. Operatur samanus plerumque intra mundum spiritualem, qui vicissim mundum humanum afficit. Aequilibrium restituere malum amovit.<ref name = Eli72/> {{NexInt}} *[[Animismus]] *[[Apophenia]] *[[Carolus Castaneda]] *[[Coniunx spiritualis]] *[[Himiko]] *[[Medicina praehistorica]] *[[Musica samanica]] *[[Neosamanismus]]<!-- *[[Neuroanthropologia]]--> *[[Neurotheologia]] *[[Paganismus]] *[[Panentheismus]] *[[Spiritualitas]] *[[Supernaturale]] ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Alberts, Thomas. [[2015]]. ''Shamanism, Discourse, Modernity.'' Farnhamiae: Ashgate. ISBN 9781472439864. *Barüske, Heinz. [[1969]]. ''Eskimo Märchen.'' Die Märchen der Weltliteratur.'' Dusseldorpii et Coloniae: Eugen Diederichs Verlag. *Boglár, Lajos. [[2001]]. ''A kultúra arcai: Mozaikok a kulturális antropológia köreiből.'' TÁRStudomány. Budapestini: Napvilág Kiadó. ISBN 9639082945. *Bolin, Hans. [[2000]]. Animal Magic: The mythological significance of elks, boats and humans in north Swedish rock art. ''Journal of Material Culture'' 5(2): 153–176. *Czaplicka, M. A. [[1914]]. [http://www.sacred-texts.com/sha/sis/sis05.htm Types of shaman.] In [http://www.sacred-texts.com/sha/sis/sis00.htm ''Shamanism in Siberia: Aboriginal Siberia: A study in social anthropology.''] Praefatio R. R. Marett. Oxoniae: Sommerville College, University of Oxford, Clarendon Press. ISBN 1605060607. *Dana, Kathleen Osgood. [[2004]]. Áillohaš and his image drum: the native poet as shaman. ''Nordlit'' 15 (aestas). Faculty of Humanities, University of Tromsø. *Deschênes, Bruno. [[2002]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20020803064325/http://www.mustrad.org.uk/articles/inuit.htm Inuit Throat-Singing.] ''Musical Traditions'' The Magazine for Traditional Music throughout the World. *Diószegi, Vilmos. [[1968]]. ''Tracing shamans in Siberia: The story of an ethnographical research expedition.'' E Hungarica in Anglicum conversus ab Anita Rajkay Babó. Oosterhout: Anthropological Publications. *Diószegi, Vilmos. [[1962]]. [http://mek.oszk.hu/01600/01639/''Samanizmus.''] Élet és Tudomány Kiskönyvtár. Budapestini: Gondolat. *Diószegi, Vilmos. [[1958]], [[1998]]. ''A sámánhit emlékei a magyar népi műveltségben. Budapestini: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 9630575426. *DuBois, Thomas A. [[2009]]. ''An introduction to shamanism.'' Cantabrigiae et Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521873536, ISBN 0521873533, ISBN 9780521695367 (charta), ISBN 0521695368 (charta). *Fienup-Riordan, Ann. [[1994]]. ''Boundaries and Passages: Rule and Ritual in Yup'ik Eskimo Oral Tradition.'' Normaniae Oclahomae: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0585121907. *Fock, Niels. [[1963]]. ''Waiwai: Religion and society of an Amazonian tribe.'' Nationalmuseets skrifter, Etnografisk Række (Ethnographical series), VIII. Hafniae: National Museum of Denmark. *Freuchen, Peter. [[1961]]. ''Book of the Eskimos.'' Clevelandiae et Novi Eboraci: The World Publishing Company. ISBN 449308022. *Gulia, Kuldip Singh. [[2005]]. ''Human Ecology of Sikkim: A Case Study of Upper Rangit Basin.'' Dellii: Kalpaz Publications. ISBN 8178353253. *Hajdú, Péter, ed. [[1975]]. A rokonság nyelvi háttere. In ''Uráli népek: Nyelvrokonaink kultúrája és hagyományai.'' Budapestini: Corvina Kiadó. ISBN 9631309002. *Hoppál, Mihály. [[1994]]. ''Sámánok, lelkek és jelképek.'' Budapestini: Helikon Kiadó. ISBN 9632082982. *Hoppál, Mihály. [[1998]]. A honfoglalók hitvilága és a magyar samanizmus. In ''Folklór és közösség,'' 40–45. Budapestini: Széphalom Könyvműhely. ISBN 9639028142. *Hoppál, Mihály. [[2005]]. ''Sámánok Eurázsiában.'' Budapestini: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 9630582953. *Hoppál, Mihály. [[2006]]. Sámánok, kultúrák és kutatók az ezredfordulón. In ''Sámánok és kultúrák,'' ed. Mihály Hoppál, Botond Szathmári, et András Takács, 9–25. Budapestini: Gondolat. ISBN 9639450286. *Hoppál, Mihály. [[2007]]. Eco-Animism of Siberian Shamanhood. In ''Shamans and Traditions.'' Bibliotheca Shamanistica, vol 13: 17–26. Budapestini: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 9789630585217. *Hoppál, Mihály. [[2007]]. Is Shamanism a Folk Religion? In ''Shamans and Traditions.'' Bibliotheca Shamanistica, vol. 13: 11–16. Budapestini: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 9789630585217. *Janhunen, Juha. [[1986]]. Siberian shamanistic terminology. ''Suomalais-ugrilaisen Seuran toimituksia / Memoires de la Société finno-ougrienne'' 194: 97–117. *Hugh-Jones, Christine. [[1980]]. ''From the Milk River: Spatial and Temporal Processes in Northwest Amazonia.'' Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521225442. *Hugh-Jones, Stephen. [[1980]]. ''The Palm and the Pleiades: Initiation and Cosmology in Northwest Amazonia.'' Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521219523. *Kleivan, Inge, et B. Sonne. [[1985]]. ''Eskimos: Greenland and Canada.'' Iconography of religions, sectio VIII, "Arctic Peoples," fasciculus 2. Institute of Religious Iconography • State University Groningen. Lugduni Batavorum: E. J. Brill. ISBN 9004071601. *Lupa. [[2012]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=XfkRR25whnsC&lpg=PP1&dq=New%20Paths%20to%20Animal%20Totems&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false''NewPaths to Animal Totems.''] Woodbury Minnesotae: Llewellyn Worldwide. ISBN 9780738733371. *Menovščikov, G. A. (= Г. А. Меновщиков). [[1968]]. Popular Conceptions, Religious Beliefs and Rites of the Asiatic Eskimoes.'' In ''Popular beliefs and folklore tradition in Siberia,'' ed. Vilmos Diószegi. Budapestini: Akadémiai Kiadó. *Nagy, Beáta Boglárka. [[1998]]. Az északi szamojédok. In ''Finnugor kalauz,'' ed. Márta Csepregi, 221–234. Series Panoráma. Budapestini: Medicina Könyvkiadó. ISBN 9632438132. *Nattiez, Jean Jacques. Inuit Games and Songs • Chants et Jeux des Inuit. Musiques & musiciens du monde • Musics & musicians of the world. Monte Regii: Research Group in Musical Semiotics, Faculty of Music, University of Montreal. *Noll, Richard, et Kun Shi. [[2004]]. Chuonnasuan (Meng Jin Fu), The Last Shaman of the Oroqen of Northeast China. ''韓國宗敎硏究 (''Journal of Korean Religions''). Seuli: 西江大學校: 宗教硏究所 (Sŏgang Taehakkyo: Chonggyo Yŏnʾguso) 6: 135–162. [http://www.desales.edu/assets/desales/SocScience/Oroqen_shaman_FSSForumAug07.pdfPDF.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *Reinhard, Johan. [[1976]]. Shamanism and Spirit Possession: The Definition Problem. In ''Spirit Possession in the Nepal Himalayas,'' ed. J. Hitchcock et R. Jones, 12–20. Dellii Novi: Vikas Publishing House. *Shimamura, Ippei. [[2014]]. ''The Roots Seekers: Shamanism and Ethnicity among the Mongol Buryats.'' Yokohamae Iaponiae: Shumpusha. *Turner, Robert P., David Lukoff, Ruth Tiffany Barnhouse, et Francis G. Lu. [[1995]]. Religious or Spiritual Problem: A Culturally Sensitive Diagnostic Category in the DSM-IV. ''Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease'' 183(7): 435–444. *Voigt, Miklós. [[2000]]. Sámán – a szó és értelme. In ''Világnak kezdetétől fogva: Történeti folklorisztikai tanulmányok,'' 41–45. Budapestini: Universitas Könyvkiadó. ISBN 9639104396. *Witzel, Michael. [[2011]]. Shamanism in Northern and Southern Eurasia: their distinctive methods and change of consciousness. ''Social Science Information'' 50(1): 39–61. doi:10.1177/0539018410391044. ==Bibliographia addita== *Campbell, Joseph. [[1959]], [[1976]]. ''The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology.'' Novi Eboraci et Londinii: Penguin Books. ISBN 0140194436. *Harner, Michael. [[1980]]. ''The Way of the Shaman: A Guide to Power and Healing.'' Harper & Row Publishers. *de Miller, Richard, ed. [[1980]]. ''The Don Juan Papers: Further Castaneda Controversies.'' Sanctae Barbarae Californiae: Ross-Erikson. *Devereux, George. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/667052Shamans as Neurotics.] ''American Anthropologist,'' New Series, 63(5): pars 1:1088–1090. *Fikes, Jay Courtney. [[1993]]. ''Carlos Castaneda: Academic Opportunism and the Psychedelic Sixties.'' Millennia Press Canada. ISBN 0969696000. *Hultkrantz, Åke, ed. honoris causa. [http://www.folkscene.hu/magzines/shaman/about.htmShaman]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''Journal of the International Society for Shamanistic Research.'' *Jenkins, Philip. [[2004]]. ''Dream Catchers: How Mainstream America Discovered Native Spirituality.'' Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195161157. *Kehoe, Alice. [[2000]]. ''Shamans and Religion: An Anthropological Exploration in Critical Thinking.'' Londinii: Waveland Press. ISBN 1577661621. *Manners, David Charles. [[2011]]. ''In the Shadow of Crows.'' Oxoniae: Signal Books. ISBN 1904955924. *Paper, Jordan D. [[1995]]. ''The Spirits are Drunk: Comparative Approaches to Chinese Religion.'' Albaniae Novi Eboraci: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0791423158. *Smith, Frederick M. [[2006]]. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=CuB7K3bDWDsCTheSelf Possessed: Deity and Spirit Possession in South Asian Literature]{{Nexus deficitur|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''. Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231137486. *Tedlock, Barbara. [[1992]]. ''Time and the Highland Maya.'' University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0826313582. *Tomášková, Silvia. [[2013]]. ''Wayward Shamans: the prehistory of an idea.'' Berkeleiae: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520275324. *Weber, Michel. [[2015]]. [https://www.academia.edu/6011320/_Shamanism_and_proto-consciousness_2015_ Shamanism and proto-consciousness.] In ''Deus Unicus,'' ed. René Lebrun, Julien De Vos, et É. Van Quickelberghe. Actes du colloque «Aux origines du monothéisme et du scepticisme religieux» organisé à Louvain-la-Neuve les 7 et 8 juin 2013 par le Centre d’histoire des Religions Cardinal Julien Ries et Pierre Bordreuil in memoriam. Turnhout, Brepols, coll. Homo Religiosus, série II, 14, pp. 247–260. *Znamenski, Andrei. [[2003]]. ''Shamanism in Siberia: Russian Records of Siberian Spirituality.'' Dordrech et Bostoniae: Kluwer/Springer. ISBN 1402017405. *Znamensky, Andrei A. [[2005]]. Az ősiség szépsége: altáji török sámánok a szibériai regionális gondolkodásban (1860–1920). In ''Csodaszarvas: Őstörténet, vallás és néphagyomány,'' 1:117–134, ed. Ádám Molnár. Budapestini: Molnár Kiadó. ISBN 9632182006. ==Nexus externi== {{wiktionary|Shamanism|samanismum}} {{CommuniaCat|Shamanism|samanismum}} *Jon, A. Asbjorn. [http://www.folklore.ee/folklore/vol10/pdf/teuton.pdf Shamanism and the Image of the Teutonic Deity, Óðinn.] *Lintrop, Aaso. [http://haldjas.folklore.ee/~aado/ ''Studies in Siberian Shamanism and Religions of the Finno-Ugrian Peoples.''] Folk Belief and Media Group, Estonian Literary Museum. *Noll, Richard, et Kun Shi. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200811191558/https://www.desales.edu/assets/desales/SocScience/Oroqen_shaman_FSSForumAug07.pdfChuonnasuan] ''(Meng Jin Fu), The Last Shaman of the Oroqen of Northeast China.''] *Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo. [https://web.archive.org/web/20041027152526/http://www.theecologist.info/page9.html ''A View from the Headwaters.''] De oecologia Amazonica. *Sem, Tatyana. [http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/changing/journey/healing.htmlShamanic Healing Rituals.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Russian Museum of Ethnography. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20190121215816/http://www.akhathai.org/ AFECT.] Societas eleemosynaria in Thailandia septentrionali *[http://newagefraud.org/ New Age Frauds and Plastic Shamans.] Societas contra fraudem. *[http://www.krupar.com/index.php?file=www/en/gallery/gallery.html&cat=5 ''Shamanism in Siberia.''] Photographemata Standa Krupar. [[Categoria:Anthropologia religionis]] [[Categoria:Samanismus| ]] [[Categoria:Spiritualitas]] [[Categoria:Sanatio supernaturalis]] [[Categoria:Doctrina samanaeorum]] <!-- [[Categoria:Alternative medical systems]]--> {{Myrias|Philosophia}} nnufretw3q7vlmisnkw8w5diw46lmkd 0 274697 3980802 3969682 2026-08-12T10:55:47Z Jondel 452 /* Nexus externi */ [[Categoria:Verba Anglica]] 3980802 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Textus correctus a Claude.ai: Emendationes grammaticae et orthographicae textus originalis de Antiquis ex opere televisifico "Stargate". Correctiones incluserunt casus, genera, numeros, et syntaxin Latinam appropriatam. --> {{Latinitas|-5}} '''Ancients''' (in sua lingua ''Anquietas'') sunt [[Species (taxinomia)|genus]] humanoidum in [[Stargate (series)|''Stargate'']] fictione. Hoc nomine in [[Via lactea|Via Lactea]] noti sunt, dum '''Maiores''' et '''Lantiani''' in Pegasi galaxia appellantur. Antiqui sunt una ex duabus partibus Alteranorum; altera est Ori, qui in ''[[Stargate SG-1]]'' posterius apparent. In ''Stargate'' universo, Antiqui sunt species maxime technologice progressa omnium notarum. Antiqui per decem milia annorum evolverunt et ad progressum [[Technologia|technologicum]] multo ante [[Gens humana|homines]] in [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellure]] pervenerunt. In Via Lactea et Pegasi galaxiis ante ascensionem habitaverunt. Notissimi sunt quod [[Stargate (machina)|Portas Stellares]] construxerunt; magnos anulos qui [[Foramen vermis|vermium foramina]] ad iter faciendum creant. Portae Stellares communiter a Terrae hominibus, [[Goa'uld|Goa'uldis]] et [[Wraith (species ficticia)|Wraith]] in ''Stargate'' seriebus televisificis ad Viam Lacteam et Pegasum explorandas utuntur. == Historia == === In Antiquis et Ori === Multis abhinc milibus annorum, prima hominum species ex evolutione orta, quae Alterani appellabantur (a [[Lingua Latina|Latinis]] ''alteri'', "alii", dicti, quamquam in canone ex Antiqua lingua ipsorum proficiscuntur), in longinqua et ignota galaxia vixerunt, dum gradatim ad ascensionem per evolutionem progrediebantur. Tempore procedente, hi, qui postea Ori atque Antiqui sunt vocati, in una societate morabantur neque inter se distinguebantur. Verum, exorta est dissensio philosophica. Progressu temporis, Ori in religione sua vehementius exarserunt, dum Antiqui potius scientiae favere coeperunt. Tandem adeo sententiae discrepabant, ut in duas factiones scissi inter se pugnare inciperent, quod in Oriorum conatu Antiquos delendi summum fastigium attigit. Proelium fugientes, Antiqui maluerunt galaxiam suam deserere novamque sedem quaerere. Ori autem, eorum discessu ad suos usus verso, in Libro Originis narraverunt Antiquos in monte infesto malum continuisse, quod, monte collapsu, sepultum esse.<ref name="The Fourth Horseman">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fourth_Horseman_(Stargate_SG-1) The Fourth Horseman]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> Multo post tempore, teste Daniele Jackson, creditur Antiquos milia annorum post "magnum cingulum stellarum" invenisse, "Auallonia" (Via Lactea) dictum, ubi imperium suum condiderunt. Ibidem etiam ''Astria Porta'' construxerunt, quae per totam Viam Lacteam distributae sunt.<ref name="Avalon">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon_(Stargate_SG-1) Avalon]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> Insuper, Antiqui "naves seminales" miserunt, quibus Stargates ad alias galaxias disseminarent. Post eas missa est navis ''Fati'', quae in [[Cosmica radiatio micrometrica primordialis|Cosmica Radiatio Micrometrica Primordialis]] (Stargate Universi) exemplum ulterius investigaret. Inter planetas quos Antiqui inhabuerunt, erat Terra, quae ipsa ''Terra'' appellatur. Conditio Terrae in imperio Antiquorum ignota manet. Quoniam autem iste orbis primam Stargate habuit, postea in [[Antarctica]] reperta a [[Stargate SG-1|SG-1]], semper adfuisse videtur. Etiam cum genus humanum secundum in Terra denuo evolveretur, Terra fortasse inter vetustissimos planetas huius galaxiae fuit, si non vetustissimus.<ref name="Frozen">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_(Stargate_SG-1) Frozen]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> Porro, cum oratio novem-chevron navis Fati solum a Terra (quasi ex loco originis) dari posset, licet Stargate ibi clausus esset, constat Terram maximi fuisse ponderis, fortasse etiam caput imperii. Praeterea, olim ibi fuit una e magnis Urbibus Navibus Antiquorum, Atlantis, quae postea in Pegasi Galaxiam translata est, unde, post cladem per [[Wraith (species ficticia)|Wraith]] illatam, Antiqui ad Terram reversi sunt.<ref name="Rising">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising_(Stargate_Atlantis) Rising]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis Stargate Atlantis]'')</ref> Inter ceteros planetas notos sunt Praclarush Taonas,<ref name="Lost City">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_City_(Stargate_SG-1) Lost City]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> Dakara,<ref name="Reckoning">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reckoning_(Stargate_SG-1) Reckoning]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> et Valos Cor.<ref name="The Pegasus Project">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pegasus_Project_(Stargate_SG-1) The Pegasus Project]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> Quamquam in aliam galaxiam exulati, Antiqui cum suis fratribus remotis, Oribus, tamen aliquamdiu communicaverunt, quod ex inventione machinationis, quae cogitationes per ingentem spatium transmittebat, patet, tum in Via Lactea tum in eorum galaxia.<ref name="Origin">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_(Stargate_SG-1) Origin]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> Nihilominus, duae partes hostes acerrimae permanserunt. Tandem, Antiqui peste terribili perierunt, quae magnam partem culturae in Via Lactea ab eis aedificatae delevit.<ref name="Window of Opportunity">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_of_Opportunity_(Stargate_SG-1) Window of Opportunity]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> Postea repertum est hanc pestem morbo similem esse quem Ori Priores in non credentes immittere solerent, unde Daniel Jackson coniecit Orios, antequam ascenderent, huius pestilentiae auctores fuisse.<ref name="The Powers That Be">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Powers_That_Be_(Stargate_SG-1) The Powers That Be]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> Nonnulli Antiqui, tempore quodam iter in praeteritum facere conati, pestem fugere frustra temptaverunt. Multi alii, Via Lactea relicta, iter in Pegasi Galaxiam fecerunt. Creditur eos, qui in Via Lactea manserunt, aut ascendisse aut mortuos esse. Tamen Anubis narravit Antiquos vitam in Via Lactea, post pestem, rursus excitare voluisse instrumento Dakara Superweapon, quo facto, genus humanum in Terra postea effloruisset.<ref name="Threads">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threads_(Stargate_SG-1) Threads]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> === Pegasus Galaxia === Abhinc inter quinque et decem miliones annorum, nonnulli Antiqui e Terra recesserunt in navem suam, magnitudine civitatis, nomine "Atlantis," quae illo tempore in continente Antarctica posita erat. Causa discessionis eorum ignota manet, quamquam Daniel Jackson suspicatur eos, velut ceteros, effugisse pestem quae tum civilitatem eorum ad internecionem propellere videbatur. Alter ex Antiquis (a quibusdam investigatoribus postea "Ayiana" appellatus, quia in Antarctica perfecte conservatus inventus est) remansit. Cum Ayiana ipsa pestilentia Antiquorum infecta esset et, reviviscens, superesse visa sit, creditur hoc opinionem Jacksonianam confirmare. Postquam Antiqui in Pegasus Galaxiam pervenerunt, in tellure "Lantea" consederunt, seque "Lanteani" nominaverunt<ref name="The Defiant One">[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Defiant_One%23ep12 The Defiant One] ([//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis_(season_1) Stargate Atlantis (season 1)])</ref>; nonnumquam etiam "Atlantei" appellati sunt a sociis Expeditionis Atlantis, qui et ipsi interdum ab incolis Pegasus "Atlantei" vocitantur. Cum initialiter incolarum rationalium vacuum videretur, Antiqui homines per novam galaxiam diffuserunt et Stargates disperserunt, novos planetas tutantes atque interdum habitantes, suam veram identitatem plerumque celantes. Homines a Lanteanis originem ducere se credebant eosque "Maiores" appellabant. Tandem offensi sunt organismo [[sanguisuga]] simili, "[[Wraith (species ficticia)|Iratus]]" dicto, quod eximia facultate sanandi et immunologica pollebat. Pascendo hominibus (atque per incrementa evolutionis) illud genus notitias geneticas ex eisdem assumpsit et sensim in lamia-similes [[Wraith (species ficticia)|Wraith]] evasit.<ref name="Instinct">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instinct_(Stargate_Atlantis) Instinct]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis Stargate Atlantis]'')</ref> Etsi modus evolutionis eorum non plane clarus est, tamen Antiqui confessi sunt se quendam aditum praebuisse quo species illa oriri potuerit.<ref name="The Return">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_(Stargate_Atlantis) The Return]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis Stargate Atlantis]'')</ref> Wraith, longissimo tempore progressi, societatem provectam sed violentam condiderunt, quod eorum ferox indoles atque pugnax animus cum immensa multitudine hominum coniunctus eos formidabiles adversarios effecit. Antiqui, cum primum Wraith conscios reperissent, sociam quandam legationem illuc miserunt, sed illae naves fraude oppressae et destructae sunt. Inde bellum coepit inter Antiquos et Wraith, et quamvis Antiqui scientia atque arte multo superiores essent, sola multitudine Wraith eos superaverunt. Post bellum per saecula actum, Wraith universos planetas Pegasus Galaxiae expugnaverunt nisi unam urbem arcemque eorum, Atlantis, cuius scuto potentissimo protegebatur. Antiqui Wraith impetus per complura saecula arcere potuerunt, sed tandem, defessis viribus, intra urbem se concluserunt et, cum scirent diutius obsidionem non posse sustinere, decreverunt se ex Pegasus Galaxia discessuros. Ultimis temporibus conati sunt desperatione magis audacia consilia adhibere, ut "Projectum Arcturus," qua inefficaciter nisus sunt nullam puncti industriam e natura rerum extrahere, sed calamitatem effecerunt, planeta Doranda una cum multis Antiquis everso.<ref name="Trinity">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(Stargate_Atlantis) Trinity]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis Stargate Atlantis]'')</ref> Paraverunt etiam nanita, quae Wraith in ipso cellularum gradu exstinguerent, his datis codicibus ferocibus quibus Wraith necari possent. Eadem nanita, in speciem humanam mutata, genus Asuranum creaverunt. Quamvis Antiqui eorum ferocitatem ex programmate tollere niterentur, cum intellexissent Asuranos numquam fideles fore, eos prope exstinxerunt. Ne tamen omnem memoriam eorum delerent, Antiqui in Atlantis indicia Asuranorum delevisse referuntur, excepta eorum porta stellari. Paucissimi naniti superfuerunt, qui, secunda evolutio facta, novam Asuranorum societatem iterum excitaverunt.<ref name="Progeny">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progeny_(Stargate_Atlantis) Progeny]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis Stargate Atlantis]'')</ref> Creditur Asurani etiam nano-virus creavisse, quo genus humanum occiderent, sperantes Wraith cibariorum inopia vexari. Huiusce morbi exemplum, quod homines in hallucinationes agit et denique aneurysma cerebri generat, in laboratorio Atlantis reperiebatur. Ianus, quidam scientiarum peritus Antiquus, etiam instrumentum condidit "Attero" dictum, quod certa subspatii frequentia emissum naves Wraith in hyper-spatium intrare conantes frangeret. Demum, cum eadem frequentia explosiones in Stargates activis excitaret, illud consilium interdictum atque iussum est destruendum; Ianus autem, neglegentia officii, id non perfecit. Antiqui quoque rationes excogitaverunt, quibus se vel alios ad ascensionem celerius perducerent. Ante bellum ultimam desperationem attingeret, in quodam planeta hospitali, partem eius intra tempus-dilatationis agrum clauserunt, quo ibi degentes ad meditandum se conferrent in spem ascensionis, dum reliqua regio Wraith infestaretur.<ref name="Epiphany">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_(Stargate_Atlantis) Epiphany]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis Stargate Atlantis]'')</ref> In Atlantis quoque machinam "DNA Resequencer" exstruxerunt, qua hominum DNA ita mutaretur, ut ascendendi partes physiologicas expleret, sed varii exitus ex hoc incepto secuti sunt.<ref name="Tao of Rodney">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_of_Rodney_(Stargate_Atlantis) Tao of Rodney]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis Stargate Atlantis]'')</ref> Denique, intellecta belli fortuna adversa, qui nondum ascenderant Antiqui decreverunt ad Terram reverti, ubi olim per miliones annorum habitaverant. Dum profectionem parabant, Dr. Elizabeth Weir ex futuro in "Desultore" mutato apparuit. Summus Concilium Atlantis, ne historia plus turbaretur, Ianum, qui machinam illam construxerat, iussit memoriam eius corrumpere. Praeterea, Weir oblata est facultas cum Antiquis ad Terram redire; at illa in tempus suum redire non potuit. Ianus, tamen, ut urbem servaret, trium ZPMs seriem ita instituit, ut Weir postea in stasi cyclo eas regereret. Antiqui ergo urbem per Stargate deseruerunt, sperantes posteros suos tandem inventuros.<ref name="Before I Sleep">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_I_Sleep_(Stargate_Atlantis) Before I Sleep]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis Stargate Atlantis]'')</ref> Nonnulli, qui in Pegasus Galaxia relictis fortunis manserunt, reliquam vitam cum hominibus degere aut ascendere potuerunt. Saltem unum coetum trium hominum conatum esse dicunt ad Terram reverti, cum navis eorum hyperpropulsione deleta esset, sublux vectura celeritatem lucis prope attingente (99.9%) usi, sed eorum eventus incertus permanet. === Redire ad lacteum === Post Antiquis reversus est in Terram, et invenitur tantum dura environment et primitiva habitatores. Creditum est, quod non erat spes restituendi eorum priores cultu. Sic et expandi ad longinqua terrarum et adiuvetur ut frequentare eos. Alii, esset abire in tellure per Stargate sita in Antarctica, forte quaerens vivere diebus eorum in remotis mundi in Via Lactea. Reliquum elegit solitudo, in qua ad meditandum et quaerere fractal. Hoc tandem ducunt ad spiritualem ascensionem aliqua. Illis Antiquis, qui mansit in Terra, et interbred cum homines pertransiit, in Antiquis Technicae Actus gene quippe homines de Terra, sicut eorum "Secundo Evolutione" tam dare, cultus ad homines. Sunt etiam laicorum culturae fundamenta per viam Indo-Europaeae linguae. Per hoc culturae et linguae hereditatem multi Romani fabulis erant etiam permoti Antiquis, ut fabula "Antiqua sunt, ascendit ad Caelos". Secundum fabularis, Romanos didicit quam aedificare itineribus "Antiqua Sunt," in imitationis "astria porta" constructum est ab antiquis.<ref name="The Fifth Race">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fifth_Race_(Stargate_SG-1) The Fifth Race]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> Etenim, Daniel Jackson postea determinatur, quod Antiqua lingua quadam confusa similitudo [[Lingua Latina archaica|Vetus latina]]. Hoc erat primum inventa, cum Colonellus O'Neill totum database est Antiqua reconditorium scientia molestie in eius cerebro, post quam factus est impotens loquendo nihil aliud est, quam in Antiquis' lingua. Hanc vitalem intelligentiam, Dr. Jackson comparatur prius indecipherable Antiqua scripta, cum Vetus latina, factoring in millenniis de linguae egisse, et tandem potest producere eget translationibus multum. Post duos annos, Terra et a sinu circa spatium factus capti in repetita tempus ansa causatur a confusi sunt Antiqua tempus tellus. Tantum, O'Neill et Teal'c non erant afficitur, quia illi stabant iuxta consilium cum ansa coepit. Cum Dr. Jackson vulneribus ansam veniat, et non ad studium tempus tellus scriptis penitus ante eius memoria erat reset, solum electio erat enim, O'Neill et Teal'c discere Vetus latina/Antiqua lingua a Dr. Jackson in incrementum, gradus, usque dum didicit satis est reperire in natura fabrica. In Arthurian Fabulae erant etiam ostensum est moveri ab Antiquis, praesertim Antiquis Myrddin/[[Merlinus]], (dictus Moros, in Atlantis, ubi ipse virens Concilium ante Ascensionem), qui apparuit ascenderunt post reditum ex Atlantis, sed postea de-ascendit se ad creare telum qui potest perdere ascendit entia, quae speravit esset usus contra Ori. Merlini factus est Arthur' veneficus consiliarius in fabulae, et telum ipse succrevit factus est Sangraal vel Sancti Grail. Ipse etiam commissa sua secreta parva coetus nobiles, quae constabat ex [[Arthurus (rex)|Arthurus]] et Equites de [[Mensa Rotunda]]<ref name="Camelot">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelot_(Stargate_SG-1) Camelot]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> Quidam ex Antiquis, scilicet qui reliquit Terram, posuit in Societatem Quatuor Magna Gentibus possidet in se, Nox, Furlings et Asgard. Simul, qui creavit "verum" universalis lingua. Secundum scripta inventa in Heliopolis, hoc morsus duravit saecula.<ref name="The Torment of Tantalus">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Torment_of_Tantalus_(Stargate_SG-1) The Torment of Tantalus]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> === Recenti historia === Post Antiquis' ascension et permansit opponere eorum priores nemesi, Ori, qui etiam pervenit Fractal. Quamvis duae factiones erant deadlocked in fortitudine, Ori adhuc flectitur in perditione in Antiquis, et semel, et pro omnibus. In Antiquis probabiliter outnumbered et Ori, ut in agmine ascendit Ori non erant swelled per novum ascendants, potius se maluit hoard industria et ex sua mortali cultores, fossura potentia, ex hoc secundo evolutione hominis creavit, in suo galaxia colligere satis viribus, tandem, impetum in Antiquis. In responsione, in Antiquis elegit abscondere sua secunda evolutione creavit in Lactea Via ab Ori cum sola causa protegens Via Lactea homines esse coerced in magnis religiosam servitutem Ori, et sic usus est, ut a resource pro Ori ad talem se. Ad hunc finem etiam fortasse adducti consociationis [[ignis]], centralis icon Ori religio, cum daemonum simulacri. Adhuc, et noluit accipere directa actio propter suum stricte sui impositarum edictum sui determinationem. est etiam verisimile est, quod in Antiquis cognovit lubrico fastigio adjectio ad posse per viam cultus `Demittit` et intelligi, quod erat periculum, in hoc fiducia, dans Ori et postea Adria infirmitate non obstante `Deus`, sicut virtutes. Plures sunt exempla "demittit" orans et gratias agens est Antiquis/Maiores in Pegasus Galaxia. Ut "Turrim", etiam Antiquis exul in tellure, ubi populus adorare ei, ut "Athar" ''[[Stargate Atlantis]]'' episode, "Sanctuary." Primo ascendit esse semper congressi per Tau'ri erat Oma Desala, cum [[Stargate SG-1|SG-1]] pervenit in tellure Kheb in eorum quaerere Shifu, iuvenis filius Apophis et Sha're. In suis manere, dolor inventa a [[Buddhismus|Buddhist templum]], ubi unus monachus apparuit mansionem. Monachus locutus est in riddles, sed locutus est de ente dicitur ''Oma Desala'', nomen Daniel Jackson interpretatur "Naturae". Tandem, cum quadrigis parabat ad defendendum templum ex pluribus Jaffa bellatores, Daniel inventa non corporali esse viventem in Kheb.<ref name="Maternal Instinct">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_Instinct_(Stargate_SG-1) Maternal Instinct]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> Ipse tandem formavit alio vinculo cum Oma Desala, qui etiam auxiliatus est ei, ut ascendat in bis.<ref name="Meridian">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_(Stargate_SG-1) Meridian]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> Tribus post annis, Antiqua mulier, Ayiana, inventus gelida in Antarctica prope location of Antarctica Stargate. Illa revixit se cum acris, sed erat adhuc infectus peste, et mortuus est, lassus ex sanitatem SG-1, et alii ex Plaga. Videtur, esset relictus, in Antiquis quartus in Antarctica, portans in plaga, cum Atlantis reliqui Pegasus Galaxia. Cum Aurora genus fidelitas esset denudatum ab Daedalus, inter Pegasus et Via Lactea galaxia, turma adhuc viveret. Ut navis erat permensus inter-galactic spatia inter Pegasus et Via Lactea Galaxies, prope [[Celeritas lucis|lucis celeritate]], nautas, nisi expertus, a paucis annis, quia tempus dilatationem effectum prope celeritas lucis iter, cum decedere Atlantis. Post cognita est, quod Atlantis superfuerant in Wraith, reposcis civitatem. Cum Asurans reversus est, et cepit civitatem, omnibus reliquis Antiquis erant. Post Daniel Jackson, et Vala Mal Doran imprudenter alerted Ori ad existentiam alius galaxia repleti homines, incipiens Ori incursio de Lactea Via, milia hominum erant conversi ad gravis Ori religio, pascens eos tantum magis potentia. Secundum Ori se, totam conversionem in Via Lactea, forte det illis satis vires perdere in Antiquis quondam peregrinus erat. Adhuc, maxime in Antiquis noluit intercedere, quamvis suum esse, est comminatus. Exceptiones etiam Morgan le Fey et Merlini. [[Stargate SG-1|SG-1]] tandem inventa Merlinus in stasis intra spelunca, in planeta sterilis. Erat et revixit per ipsum, et adiuuarent eos cum construens Sangraal, telum haberet disposuerat ad pugnam Ori. Quamvis ille ante mortuus potuit perficere consilium, ipse molestie necessaria notitia in a Armarium Scientiae.<ref name="The Quest">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quest_(Stargate_SG-1) The Quest]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> Tandem, cum Sangraal erat completum, est Antiquis non intercedere divulgationem et licet ire ad Ori galaxia. In Sangraal fecit officium suum, et perdidit, quamvis Daniel Jackson, inquit, melius translationem esset "tollens ex vel neutralized", Ori.<ref name="Line in the Sand">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_in_the_Sand_(Stargate_SG-1) Line in the Sand]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> Adria, de facto dux Ori exercitu ascendit, accipiens in plena pallio defunctorum Ori. Cum homines de Lactea Via, iter ad Ori galaxia, et reperta in Arca Veritatis, Adria virtus erat signanter reducitur, cum Arca solebat "ostendo" verum ad Doci, et postea omnes Priors in domum suam, galaxia, quae posset Morgan, qui fuit exul ab Aliis, ad dimicandum Adria in aeternum bellum. == Lingua et scribendi ratio == [[Fasciculus:Ancient_alpahabet.png|thumb|Scriptum et numeralis ratio de Antiquis.]] [[Lingua]] ex Antiqui est praecursor [[Lingua Latina|latine]], sed tamen est distincta. Multa sunt similitudines inter duas linguas, et aliquis cum honestam scientiam linguae latinae, ut, dato tempore et usu, posse intelligere, Antiqua ut. In Antiqua lingua et scribendi ratio est quoque adsuescuntur per Ori , et eorum imitatores, qui in eadem prosapia. Cum [[Wraith (species ficticia)|Wraiths]] creata sunt ab [[Wraith (species ficticia)|Wraith]] absorbuit Antiqua [[DNA]], lingua ex Wraith esse videtur inde Antiqua lingua, et duo eadem scribendi ratio. In lingua ex Wraith est ergo relative facilis ad transferendum a peritis Antiquis oratoribus.<ref name="The Gift">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gift_(Stargate_Atlantis) The Gift]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis Stargate Atlantis]'')</ref> == Persona == Quamquam pleraque ex Antiquis perventum ad ascensionem diu ante aurora tempor nisl in Terra, Tau'ri venit in contactum cum Antiquis pluries, tum ascendit, et corporali forma. Maxime corporali Antiquis erant congressi in Pegasus Galaxia, ubi eorum imperio, concidisse, nisi quidam 10,000 annis. Item, quidam Antiquis auxiliatus homines in inferioribus planis esse ascendere, sicut Oma Desala auxiliatus Daniel Jackson. ==Notae== <references/> == Nexus externi == * [http://stargate.wikia.com/wiki/Ancients The Ancients] at ''Stargate'' Wiki * [http://www.stargate-sg1-solutions.com/wiki/Ancients The Ancients] at ''Stargate'' Wiki * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130127061001/http://gateworld.net/omnipedia/races/links/ancients.shtml The Ancients] at GateWorld Omnipedia * [[iarchive:Matthaeum-AncientTextStargate|"The Gospel of Matthew, translated into 'Ancient'"]] at Archive.org [[Categoria:Species e Stargate]] [[Categoria:Verba Anglica]] 1vhmidwdgtmrtnhtzk4v6dz96oyzgpm 0 276805 3980652 3974924 2026-08-11T21:15:38Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980652 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Ioannes Radvanus}} ([[Albaruthenice]] ''Ян Радван'', [[Lituanice]] ''Jonas Radvanas''), post annum 1591 mortuus, poeta Latinus [[Magnus Ducatus Lituaniae|Magni Ducatus Lituaniae]] fuit. == Vita et opera == Vita Radvani paene ignota est. [[Vilna]]e et in [[Universitas Patavina|Universitate Studii Paduani]] educatus est. Scripsit ''Epitalamium in nuptis… Christophori Monvidi Dorohostajski'', anno 1590 [[Vilna]]e editum, carmen epicum ''Radiviliadem'' et nonnulla alia, variis libris inserta. == ''Radivilias'' == ''Radivilias'', poema in quattuor libris et circa 3000 versibus, vitam et opera {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Nicolaus Radivillus Ruber|Nicolai Radivilli Rubri|lt|qid=Q941585}}, imprimis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Bellum Livonicum|Bello Livonico|en|qid=Q246863}} gesta, describit. Libri eius haec sunt: * I — de origine Nicolai Radivilli et de indole eius; de [[Starodubum|Starodubo]] expugnato; * II — de initio belli Livonici; * III — de proeliis magnis, imprimis de {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Proelium Ulense|proelio Ulensi|en|qid=Q2623793}} et de gestis Radivilli gloriosis; * IV — de fine belli et de morte Radivilli. Inimicorum in bello Livonico [[Russi|Russorum]] (quos Radvanus ''Moschos'', i.e. ''[[Moscua|Moscuenses]]'', nominat) rex est [[Ioannes IV (tzar Russiae)|Ioannes Severus]], coloribus tenebricosis pictus. Multa nomina locorum Latina Russiae et Europae Orientalis poema continet. == Editiones == * ''Radivilias, sive, De vita, et rebus praeclarissime gestis, immortalis memoriae, illustrissimi principis Nicolai Radivili Georgii filii, ducis in Dubinki ac Bierze ... libri quatuor'', Ioannis Radvani Lit[uani] ... ex officina Ioannis Kartzani, Vilnae, [1592]. * [https://archive.org/details/radvanas-radviliada-1997/page/n1/mode/1up Jonas Radvanas, ''Radviliada'', ed. Sigitas Narbutas, Vilnae, 1997] (cum versione Lituanica et commentariis doctis). == Bibliographia == * [http://elib.bspu.by/bitstream/doc/10850/1/Статья%202.pdf Žanna Nekraševič-Karotkaja. ''Latin Epic Poetry and its Evolution as a Factor of Cultural Identity in Central and Eastern Europe in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries''] {{ling|Anglice}} * ''Некрашевич-Короткая Ж. В.'' [http://www.llti.lt/failai/Rec_Nekrasevic.pdf Tibi surgit opus, Lituania praestans!] // Senoji lietuvos literatūra. — 29 knyga, 2010. {{ling|Russice}} == Nexus externi == * [https://archive.org/details/Radivilias ''Radiviliadis'' editio prima] (vel [https://elibrary.mab.lt/handle/1/2805?show=full hic] vel [http://www.epaveldas.lt/object/recordDescription/LMAVB/MAB01-000249052 hic]) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210507222053/http://lim.by/limbyfiles/mal1_2011.pdf Initium ''Radiviliadis'', versio Albaruthenica] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181024203157/http://www.xn--altiniai-4wb.info/files/literatura/LD00/Jonas_Radvanas._Radviliada.LD2700.pdf ''Radivilias'', versionis Lituanicae fragmenta] * [https://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/jan-radwan De Ioanne Radvano]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{ling|Polonice}} {{Anni vitae|saeculo 16|saeculo 16 aut 17|Radvanus, Ioannes}} [[Categoria:Poetae Latini Magni ducatus Lituaniae]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini Renascentiae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Lituaniae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Rutheniae Albae]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Patavinae]] [[Categoria:Epici]] d6jddfa4uszcac75z6vfiltpmm7r1lb 0 279997 3980622 3980119 2026-08-11T20:48:33Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Avialae | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|165|0|r=[[Iurassicum]] superius > [[Recens]]}} | image = Archaeopteryx lithographica (Eichstätter Specimen).jpg | image_caption = ''[[Archaeopteryx lithographica]]'' [[fossile|fossilis]]. Exemplar {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Eysteta|Eystettense|de|qid=Q252772}} ([[Museum Iurassicum Eystettense]]) | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Sauropsida]] | superordo = [[Dinosauria]] | ordo = [[Saurischia]] | subordo = [[Theropoda]] | infraordo = [[Pennaraptora]] | zoosectio = [[Paraves]] | unranked_familia = '''Avialae''' | unranked_familia_authority = [[Iacobus Gauthier|Gauthier]], [[1986]] | subdivision_ranks = Subgreges | subdivision = *†[[Anchiornithidae]]?<ref name="cauetal2017"/> *†''[[Archaeopteryx]]'' *†[[Scansoriopterygidae]]?<ref name="cauetal2017">{{cite journal|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature24679|title=Synchrotron scanning reveals amphibious ecomorphology in a new clade of bird-like dinosaurs|first1=A.|last1=Cau|first2=V.|last2=Beyrand|first3=D.|last3=Voeten|first4=V.|last4=Fernandez|first5=P.|last5=Tafforeau|first6=K.|last6=Stein|first7=R.|last7=Barsbold|first8=K.|last8=Tsogtbaatar|first9=P.|last9=Currie|first10=P.|last10=Godefroit|year=2017|journal=Nature|volume=552|issue=7685|pages=395–399|doi=10.1038/nature24679|pmid=29211712}}</ref> *†''[[Balaur]]''? *†''[[Jeholornis]]'' *†''[[Rahonavis]]''? *†''[[Yandangornis]]''? *[[Euavialae]] **†''[[Jixiangornis]]'' **[[Avebrevicauda]] ***†''[[Sapeornis]]'' ***[[Pygostylia]] }} {{res|Avialae}} ([[portmanteau]]: 'avium alae') est [[cladus]] [[dinosauria|dinosauriorum]] [[volatus|volantium]] qui [[aves]], sola dinosauria viva, comprehendit. Plerumque definitur omnia dinosauria [[theropoda]] avibus hodiernis artius quam [[Deinonychosauria|deinonychosauriis]] conecta, quamquam definitiones aliae aliquando adhibentur. ''[[Archaeopteryx|archaeopteryx lithographica]],'' e [[membrum Solnhofense|membro Solnhofensi]] in [[Bavaria]] temporis [[Iurassicum|Iurassici]] exeuntis inventa, est prima avialarum nota cui fortasse erat facultas volandi per se.<ref name="Alonso">{{cite journal|last1=Alonso |first1=P. D. |last2=Milner |first2=A. C. |last3=Ketcham |first3=R. A. |last4=Cookson |first4=M. J. |last5=Rowe |first5=T. B. |year=2004 |title=The avian nature of the brain and inner ear of Archaeopteryx |url=http://www.ucm.es/info/paleo/personal/patricio/DMKCR-2004.pdf |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=430 |issue=7000 |pages=666–669 |doi=10.1038/nature02706 |pmid=15295597 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209193641/http://www.ucm.es/info/paleo/personal/patricio/DMKCR-2004.pdf |archivedate=2006-02-09 |df= |bibcode=2004Natur.430..666A }} [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v430/n7000/suppinfo/nature02706.html Supplementary info]</ref> Nonnullae autem avialae ex Iurassico exeunti in [[Formatio Tiaojishan|Formatione Tiaojishan]] in [[Sinae (regio)|Sinis]] recentius inventae sunt, quae abhinc annorum 160 milliones vixerunt.<ref name="Hu et al.2009">{{cite journal |last=Hu |first=D. |last2=Hou |first2=L. |last3=Zhang |first3=L. |last4=Xu |first4=X. |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2009 |title=A pre-''Archaeopteryx'' troodontid theropod from China with long feathers on the metatarsus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2009-10-01_461_7264/page/640 |journal=Nature |volume=461 |issue=7264 |pages=640–643 |doi=10.1038/nature08322|pmid=19794491|bibcode=2009Natur.461..640H }}</ref><ref name=daohugouage2012>{{cite journal |author1=Liu Y.-Q. |author2=Kuang H.-W. |author3=Jiang X.-J. |author4=Peng N. |author5=Xu H. |author6=Sun H.-Y. |year=2012 |title=Timing of the earliest known feathered dinosaurs and transitional pterosaurs older than the Jehol Biota |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=323–325 |issue= |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.01.017 }}</ref> ==Notae== <references/> == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biologici}} [[Categoria:Aves]] [[Categoria:Taxa Gauthier]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1986]] [[Categoria:Taxa intercalaria]] do5ciib3ytbf3aa3534xb513s6o5hh3 0 282346 3980629 3979853 2026-08-11T20:53:52Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Watt Tea planter's bungalow.jpg|thumb|Villa vilici thearii iuxta [[Darjeeling]] in [[India]] anno circiter 1880 lucis ope picta. Collectus Georgii Watt, [[Regius Hortus Botanicus Edinburgensis]]]] {{res|Georgius Watt}}, vulgo ''George Watt'' ([[Meldrum|Meldri]] in oppido natus die [[24 Aprilis]] [[1851]]; ad [[Lockerbie]] die [[2 Aprilis]] [[1930]] mortuus) fuit [[medicus]] et [[botanista]] [[Scotia|Scoticus]] qui in [[India]] laboravit. Alumnus fuit [[Schola Grammatica Aberdonensis|scholae grammaticae]] et [[Academia Marischallana|collegii Marischallani]] [[Aberdonia|Aberdonensis]] necnon [[universitas Glasguensis|universitatis Glasguensis]]. Professor botanicae apud {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|collegium Hooghliense||en|qid=Q15944318}} ab anno fere [[1874]],<ref>Rajesh Kochhar, "Tribhuvandas Kalyandas Gajjar (1863–1920): the pioneering industrial chemist of western India" in ''Current Science'' vol. 104 (2013) pp. 1093-1097, vide p. 1094</ref> mox apud {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|collegium Regiminis Krishnagarense||en|qid=Q6437512}} meruit. Catalogum botanicum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Expositio internationalis Calcuttensis|expositionis internationalis Calcuttensis|en|qid=Q28172108}}, anno [[1883]]/4 celebratae, confecit in partes septem divisum, titulo ''Economic Products of India Exhibited in the Economic Court, Calcutta International Exhibition, 1883/84'': * [https://archive.org/details/economicproduct03wattgoog vol. I], in quo comprehenduntur pars 1, gummia et resinae; pars 2, tincturae, coriaria, acida; pars 3, fibra et plantae fibrosae; pars 4, olea et semina oleaginosa, unguenta, sapones; * [https://archive.org/details/economicproduct00wattgoog pars 5], res medicinales * [https://archive.org/details/economicproduct05wattgoog pars 6], cibi, res cibariae, pabula * [https://archive.org/details/economicproduct06wattgoog pars 7], ligna E quo catalogo, iussu ministerii agriculturae imperii Britannici Indiani, opus capitale elaboraverit, titulo ''Dictionary of the Economic Products of India'', inter annos 1889 et [[1893]] divulgatum: * [https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfTheEconomicProductsOfIndia1 vol. 1], Abaca–Buxus. 1889 * [https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfTheEconomicProductsOfIndia2 vol. 2], Cabbage–Cyperus. 1890 * [https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfTheEconomicProductsOfIndia3 vol. 3], Dacrydium–Gordonia. 1890 * [https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfTheEconomicProductsOfIndia4 vol. 4], Gossypium–Linociera. 1890 * [https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfTheEconomicProductsOfIndia5 vol. 5], Linum–Oyster. 1891 * [https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfTheEconomicProductsOfIndia61 vol. 6 pars 1], Pachyrhizus–Rye. 1892 * [https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfTheEconomicProductsOfIndia62 vol. 6 pars 2], Sabadilla–Silica. 1893 * [https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfTheEconomicProductsOfIndia63 vol. 6 pars 3], Silk–Tea. 1893 * [https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfTheEconomicProductsOfIndia64 vol. 6 pars 4], Tectona–Zygophillum. 1893 Series encyclopaedica ''The Wealth of India'' medio saeculo XX divulgata est,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Watt's Dictionary: A Landmark in the Study of the Economic Plants of India|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_economic-botany_january-march-1975_29_1/page/31| author=Chakravarthy, R.S.| journal=Economic Botany |volume=29| issue=1 |year=1975| pages=31–38| jstor=4253561 | doi=10.1007/bf02861253}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Wealth of India - a CSIR's encyclopaedia of information resource on economic plants, animals and minerals| author=Chakre, Onkar J. | journal=Current Science| volume=99| issue=7| year=2010| pages=969–971|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_099_07_0969_0971_0.pdf}}</ref> ex opere Watt partim derivata, e qua volumina nonnulla in interrete legi possunt.<ref>''Raw materials'' ("Materia cruda") ed. S. S. Bhatnagar, S. Husain Zaheer: [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73201 Vol. 1], A-B. 1948; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46098 Vol. 2], C. 1950; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46099 Vol. 4], F-G. 1950; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.23547 Vol. 5], H-K; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46100 Vol. 6], L-M. 1947; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46101 Vol. 7], N-Pe; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.39929 Vol. 8], Ph-Re. ''Industrial products'' ("Provenientia industrialia") ed. B. N. Sastri: [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46094 Pars 1], A-B. 1948; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46095 Pars 2], C. 1944; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46096 Pars 3], D-E. 1946; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.23547 Pars 5], H-K</ref> == Scripta alia == [[Fasciculus:Watt Cotton tp and frontispiece.jpg|thumb|upright=2|''The wild and cultivated cotton plants of the world'' (1907): frontispicium et titulus]] * 1881 : "[https://zenodo.org/record/1447496#.XTi5H-bVKBY Notes on the Vegetation &c. of Chumba State and British Lahoul; with Descriptions of New Species]" in ''Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany'' vol. 18 pp. 368–382 * 1898 : ''The pests and blights of the tea plant being a report of investigations conducted in Assam and to some extent also in Kangra''. Calcuttae: Superintendent, Government Printing [https://archive.org/details/cu31924024006623/page/n6 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1907 : ''The wild and cultivated cotton plants of the world; a revision of the genus Gossypium''. Londinii: Longman [https://archive.org/details/wildcultivatedco00watt Textus] * 1908 : ''The commercial products of India : being an abridgment of The dictionary of the economic products of India''. Londinii: John Murray [https://archive.org/details/commercialproduc00wattuoft Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == * "[https://stories.rbge.org.uk/archives/11686 Sir George Watt (1851-1930)]" apud ''Botanics Stories'' ([[Regius Hortus Botanicus Edinburgensis]] {{Lifetime|1851|1930|Watt, Georgius}} [[Categoria:Alumni Academiae Marischallanae]] [[Categoria:Medici Britanniae]] [[Categoria:Botanistae Indiae]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Glasguensis]] [[Categoria:Professores Collegii Hooghliensis]] [[Categoria:Professores Collegii Regiminis Krishnagarensis]] [[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Grammaticae Aberdonensis]] 1fczlh4hq2s2jlybesqru1x68bmkp87 0 289846 3980625 3980015 2026-08-11T20:50:07Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Emberiza'' | image = Cirl bunting cropped.jpg | image_caption = ''Emberiza cirlus'' | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | ordo = [[Passeriformes]] | subordo = [[Passeri]] | infraordo = [[Passerida]] | familia = '''Emberizidae''' | familia_authority = [[Nicolaus Aylward Vigors|Vigors]], [[1831]] | taxon = Emberiza | genus = '''''Emberiza''''' | genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] | subdivision = 44. ''Vide commentarium.'' | synonyms = *''Onychospina'' <small>Bonaparte, 1853</small> *''Onychospiza'' <small>Rey, 1872 (unjustified emendation)</small> }} {{ires|Emberiza}} est [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] [[aves|avium]] [[Mundus Vetus|Mundi Veteris]] [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordinis]] [[Passeriformes|Passeriformium]], solum genus [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] '''Emberizidarum.''' Quae aves plerumque [[semen|seminibus]] [[victus|vescuntur]], [[rostrum|rostris]] brevibus [[conus|conicisque]] praeditae. ==Taxinomia== Familia Emberizidarum olim in [[taxinomia]] [[scientia (ratio)|scientifica]] maior erat, et species nunc in [[Passarellidae|Passarellidas]] ([[passeri|passeros]] [[Mundus Novus|Mundi Novi]]) et [[Calcariidae|Calcariidas]] digestas comprehendebat. Studia autem [[phylogenia|phylogenetica]] [[molecula]]ria invenit familiam in cladis distictis consistere qui melius familiae separatae tractentur.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Barker | first1=F. K. | last2=Burns | first2=K. J. | last3=Klicka | first3=J. | last4=Lanyon | first4=S. M. | last5=Lovette | first5=I. J. | year=2013 | title=Going to extremes: contrasting rates of diversification in a recent radiation of New World passerine birds | journal=Systematic Biology | volume=62 | issue=2 | pages=298–320 | doi=10.1093/sysbio/sys094 | pmid=23229025 | doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Barker | first1=F. K. | last2=Burns | first2=K. J. | last3=Klicka | first3=J. | last4=Lanyon | first4=S. M. | last5=Lovette | first5=I.J. | year=2015 | title=New insights into New World biogeography: An integrated view from the phylogeny of blackbirds, cardinals, sparrows, tanagers, warblers, and allies | journal=Auk | volume=132 | issue=2 | pages=333–346 | doi=10.1642/AUK-14-110.1 | doi-access=free }}.</ref> Genus ''Emberiza'' nunc est solum genus in familiam Emberizidarum digestum.<ref name=ioc/> Quod genus a [[Carolus Linnaeus|Carolo Linnaeo]], [[natura]]lista [[Suecia|Suecico]], anno [[1758]] in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Editio decima Systematis Naturae|decima|en|qid=Q4547210}} ''[[Systema Naturae|Systematis Naturae]]'' [[editio]]ne introductum est.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carolus | authorlink=Carolus Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=Volume 1| edition=decima | page=176 | publisher=Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii | language=Latine | url= https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727083 }}.</ref> [[Typus generis]] deinde ''Emberiza citrinella'' appellatus est.<ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Paynter | editor-first=Raymond A. Jr | year=1970 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=Volume 13 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=5 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483240 }}</ref> [[Nomen proprium|Nomen]] ''Emberiza'' ex ''Embritz'' in [[Lingua Theodisca superior antiqua|lingua Theodisca superiore antiqua]] deducitur.<ref name =job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A. | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location = Londinii | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | page =[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n145 145] }}.</ref> Studium [[genetica|geneticum]] anno [[2008]] invenit tris species emberizidarum quae in sua genera [[monotypismus|monotypica]] digerebantur sese intra ''Emberizam'' colligere solebant. Quae species erant ''[[Melophus lathami]],'' ''[[Latouchiornis siemsseni]],'' ''[[Miliaria calandra]],''<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Alström | first1=P. | last2=Olsson | first2=U. | last3=Lei | first3=F. | last4=Wang | first4=H. | last5=Gao | first5=W. | last6=Sundberg | first6=P. | year=2008 | title=Phylogeny and classification of the Old World Emberizini (Aves, Passeriformes) | url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2008-06_47_3/page/960 | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=47 | issue=3 | pages=960–973 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.12.007 | pmid=18411062 }}</ref> quarum omnes nunc in genus ''Emberizam'' digeruntur.<ref name=ioc/> Magnum passerorum studium in [[DNA]] conditum annoque [[2019]] prolatum dixit ''Emberizas'' generi ''[[Calcarius|Calcario]]'' specieique ''[[Plectrophenax nivalis|Plectrophenaci nivali]]'' familiae Calcariidarum artissime cognatas esse.<ref name=oliveros>{{ cite journal | last1=Oliveros | first1=C. H. | display-authors=et al. | year=2019 | title=Earth history and the passerine superradiation | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume=116 | issue=16 | pages=7916–25 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1813206116 | doi-access=free | pmid=30936315 | pmc=6475423 }}.</ref> [[Eduardus C. Dickinson]] [[ornithologus]] et [[Leslie Christidis]] in quarta ''Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World'' [[editio]]ne ''Emberiza'' diffindunt et genera ''Fringillariam,'' ''Melophum,'' ''Granativoram,'' ''Emberizam,'' et ''Schoeniclum'' agnoscunt.<ref>{{ cite book | editor-last1=Dickinson | editor-first1=E. C. | editor1-link=Eduardus C. Dickinson | editor-last2=Christidis | editor-first2=L. | editor2-link=Leslie Christidis | year=2014 | title=The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World | volume=Volume 2: Passerines | edition=quarta | place=Eastbourne Britanniarum Regni | publisher=Aves Press | isbn=978-0-9568611-2-2 | pages=353–357 }}.</ref> Quod autem exemplum neque in [[interrete|interretiali]] ''Handbook of the Birds of the World'' editione,<ref>{{cite web | editor-last=del Hoyo | editor-first=Joseph | title=Taxonomic structure and notes: Emberizidae | work=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive | publisher=Lynx Edicions | url=https://www.hbw.com/our-taxonomy#Emberizidae | accessdate=25 Iunii 2019}}.</ref> neque in indice avium omnis [[tellus|orbis terrarum]] quem Frank Gill et David Donsker pro International Ornithologists' Union tenent reicitur.<ref name=ioc/> British Ornithologists' Union arguit genus diffindere minimum [[bonum (ethica)|bonum]] praebere et [[taxinomia]]m reapse labefactare.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Sangster | first1=G. | display-authors=etal | year=2016 | title=Taxonomic recommendations for Western Palearctic birds: 11th report | journal=Ibis | volume=158 | issue=1 | pages=206–212 | doi=10.1111/ibi.12322 | doi-access=free}}.</ref> ==Index specierum== Generi sunt quadraginta quattuor species.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2018 | title=Buntings | work=World Bird List Version 8.1 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/buntings/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=2 Maii 2018 }}.</ref> {{div col|3}} * ''[[Emberiza lathami]]'' * ''[[Emberiza siemsseni]]'' * ''[[Emberiza calandra]]'' * ''[[Emberiza citrinella]]'' * ''[[Emberiza leucocephalos]]'' * ''[[Emberiza cia]]'' * ''[[Emberiza godlewskii]]'' * ''[[Emberiza cioides]]'' * ''[[Emberiza stewarti]]'' * ''[[Emberiza jankowskii]]'' * ''[[Emberiza buchanani]]'' * ''[[Emberiza cineracea]]'' * ''[[Emberiza hortulana]]'' * ''[[Emberiza caesia]]'' * ''[[Emberiza cirlus]]'' * ''[[Emberiza striolata]]'' * ''[[Emberiza sahari]]'' * ''[[Emberiza impetuani]]'' * ''[[Emberiza tahapisi]]'' * ''[[Emberiza goslingi]]'' * ''[[Emberiza socotrana]]'' * ''[[Emberiza capensis]]'' * ''[[Emberiza vincenti]]'' * ''[[Emberiza tristrami]]'' * ''[[Emberiza fucata]]'' * ''[[Emberiza pusilla]]'' * ''[[Emberiza chrysophrys]]'' * ''[[Emberiza rustica]]'' * ''[[Emberiza elegans]]''<!-- Auk117:847 --> * ''[[Emberiza aureola]]'' * ''[[Emberiza poliopleura]]'' * ''[[Emberiza flaviventris]]'' * ''[[Emberiza affinis]]'' * ''[[Emberiza cabanisi]]'' * ''[[Emberiza rutila]]'' * ''[[Emberiza koslowi]]'' * ''[[Emberiza melanocephala]]'' * ''[[Emberiza bruniceps]]'' * ''[[Emberiza sulphurata]]'' * ''[[Emberiza spodocephala]]'' * ''[[Emberiza variabilis]]'' * ''[[Emberiza pallasi]]'' * ''[[Emberiza yessoensis]]'' * ''[[Emberiza schoeniclus]]'' {{div col end}} Etiam est species [[exstinctio|exstincta]]: * †''[[Emberiza alcoveri]]'' ([[praehistoria|praehistorica]]) ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Olsson, Urban, et Jon Curson. [[1995]]. ''Buntings and Sparrows: A Guide to the Buntings and North American Sparrows.'' Illust. Clive Byers. Bostoniae: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 1-873403-19-4. ==Nexus externi== {{Fontes biologici}} *[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/buntings-seedeaters-allies-emberizidae Pelliculae, photographemata, soni.] Internet Bird Collection. [[Categoria:Genera animalium]] [[Categoria:Emberizidae|.]] [[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1758]] [[Categoria:Passerida]] {{Myrias|Biologia}} is1p2y0c01jxhkcschhcz59xfk2hn56 0 294979 3980806 3950961 2026-08-12T11:33:28Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3980806 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Imago:Spb 06-2017 img01 Spit of Vasilievsky Island.jpg|thumb|Insula Basilii inter Nevam Maiorem et Minorem]] {{res|Insula Basilii}}{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Petrus Kohl|Ioannis Petri Kohlii|de|qid=Q1642289}} ''Introductio in historiam et rem literariam Slavorum'', Altonaviae 1729, p. 24 {{Google Books|xMsY1xBhVQkC}}; ''Flora Petropolitana'', Petropoli 1799, p. 13 {{Google Books|M80ZAAAAYAAJ}}; ''Flora Ingrica'' ex schedis [[Stephanus Krascheninnikow|Stephani Krascheninnikow]], Petropoli 1761; p. 4 {{Google Books|zH-FePnJaNkC}}; [[Franciscus Iosephus Ruprecht|Francisci Iosephi Ruprecht]] ''Flora Ingrica'', vol. I, Petropoli 1860; p. 238 {{Google Books|EwImAQAAMAAJ}}; [https://books.google.fr/books?id=65jm8tpOkiUC&q=insula+basilii+petropolitana&dq=insula+basilii+petropolitana&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjH0vCk84zuAhUaCBAIHfP4C74Q6AEwBnoECAYQAg ''Analecta sacri Ordinis Fratrum Praedicatorum''], Romae 1897, p. 336.<br>'''Insula Basileensis''', — ''Flora Petropolitana'' curante [[Gregorius Sobolewski|Gregorio Sobolewski]], [https://books.google.ru/books?redir_esc=y&id=M80ZAAAAYAAJ&q=Crasnoselium#v=onepage&q=Linnaea%20borealis&f=false Petropoli 1799, p. 150].|2=Q1642289}} ([[Russice]] ''Васильевский остров, Vasil'evskij ostrov'') est insula [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] maxima, in [[delta fluminis|delta]] [[Neva]]e, inter deverticula [[Neva Maior|Nevam Maiorem]] et [[Neva Minor|Nevam Minorem]]. [[Smolenka]] deverticulum parvum [[insula Decembristarum|insulam Decembristarum]] ab insula Basilii separat. Saeculo XX et XXI [[Aggeratio maritima|aggeratione]] pars occidentalis insulae prius paludinosa multum aucta et siccata est, Smolenka laveum novum habet. [[Imago:Neva river 01.jpg|thumb|Technophylacium et columna rostralis prope ad acumen insulae Basilii; [[arx Petri et Pauli]] etiam videtur.]] ==Aedificia nobilia== [[Acumen insulae Basilii|Acumen]]<ref>[[Russice]] ''стрелка'', promunturium inter duos ramos fluvii divergentes.</ref> insulae Basilii, a [[Bursa Petropolitana]] cum columnis rostralibus occupatum, quo Neva hic latissima in Nevam Maiorem et Minorem dividitur, cum [[arx Petri et Pauli|arce Petri et Pauli]] in ripa Nevae boreali et [[Aula Hiemalis|Aula Hiemali]] in ripa austali, partem Petropolis mediam in hac bifurcatione fluminis quasi definit. [[Technophylacium (Petropolis)|Technophylacium]], [[Academia Scientiarum Petropolitana]], [[Universitas Publica Petropolitana]], [[Palatium Petri II]], [[Palatium Menšikovii]], [[Academia Artium Petropolitana]], [[Institutum Metalleutices]] aliaque plura in insula Basilii sita sunt. [[Imago:Gavan"232.jpg|thumb|Crepido vetus in portu galearum insulae Basilii]] ==Viae== Tres vias magnas parallelas insula Basilii habet, [[via Maior insulae Basilii|Viam Maiorem]], [[via Media insulae Basilii|Viam Mediam]] et [[via Minor insulae Basilii|Viam Minorem]], quae non viis, sed [[linea (insula Basilii)|lineis]] numeratas perpendiculariter transgressae sunt; linea unam partem viae inclusit, ut via sensu solito duabus lineis composita est. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Basilii insula}} [[Categoria:Insula Basilii|!]] 47ijdd88tamgyd2prpqxrtpbdmucxft 0 296702 3980633 3977584 2026-08-11T20:57:35Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{videdis|Schmidius}} {{res|Iacobus Fridericus Schmidius}}<ref>Sic in tabulis nominatus.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Jacob Friedrich Schmidt''), anno [[1723]] [[Lipsia]]e natus et [[5 Maii]] [[1786]] [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] mortuus, fuit [[cartographus]] [[Russia|Russicus]] Theodiscae originis. == Vita et opera == A {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gottfriedus Heinsius|Gottfriedo Heinsio|ru|qid=Q95982}} invitatus, ab anno 1757 adiunctus departamenti geographici [[Academia Scientiarum Russica|Academiae scientiarum Petropolitanae]] fuit. Cum [[Michael Lomonosov|Michaele Lomonosov]] et [[Gerhardus Fridericus Müller|Gerhardo Friderico Müller]] ibi laborabat. Ab anno 1765 (cum Lomonosov mortuus esset, Müller abiisset) usque ad annum 1786 Schmidt et [[Ioannes Truscott|Ioannes Trescotius]] huius departamenti rectores facti sunt. In gymnasio Academiae cartographiam et geodesiam docuit. == Tabulae Schmidii == * [[Gubernium Archangelopolitanum]]: [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8491085z/f1.item.zoom Tabula geographica gub. Archangelopolitani in suas provincias divisi] * [[Gubernium Kioviense]]: [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53093625c/f1.item.zoom Tabula geographica generalis gub. Kioviensis in X legiones divisi] * [[Gubernium Mohileviense]]: [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8491629d/f1.item.zoom Tabula geographica gubernii Mohileviensis in suas provincias divisi]; cf. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b530410699?rk=107296;4 Mohileviensis et Plescoviensis] * [[Gubernium Novogorodense]]: [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84935058 Tabula geographica gub. Novogorodensis in suas provincias et circulos divisi], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84935058/f1.item.zoom partis meridionalis], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84935058/f2.item partis septentrionalis] * [[Gubernium Orelense]]: [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b530330200/f1.item.zoom Mappa gub. Orelensis] * [[Gubernium Petropolitanum]]: [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53041130d/f1.item.zoom Mappa gub. Petropolitani continens] [[Ingria]]m nec non gub. [[gubernium Novogorodense|Novogorodensis]] et [[gubernium Viburgense|Wiburgensis]] partem (Petropoli 1770) * [[Gubernium Pscoviense]]: [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8491819q/f1.item.zoom Mappa generalis gub. Plescoviensis in quinque provincias divisi]; cf. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b530410699?rk=107296;4 Mohileviensis et Plescoviensis] * [[Provincia Revalensis]]: [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b530394300/f1.item.zoom Prov. Revalensis sive] [[Estonia|Estlandia]] quatuor diocesibus contenta cum finitimis insulis [[Dagoa|Dago]], [[Wormse|Worms]], etc. (Petropoli 1770) * [[Gubernium Rigense]]: [https://www.digar.ee/viewer/et/nlib-digar:44643/15469 Tabula geographica gub. Rigensis in suos circulos divisi] * [[Gubernium Smolenscense]]: [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53041196k/f1.item.zoom# Mappa generalis gub. Smolenscensis in suos circulos divisi] * [[Gubernium Viburgense]]: [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b530406517/f1.item.zoom# Tabula geographica gub. Wiburgensis in suas provincias divisi] * [[Crimaea]]: [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53040656g/f1.item.zoom Crimeae seu Chersonesus Tauricae item Tatariae Nogayae Europaeae tabula geographica ex autographis castrametatorum exercitus Augustissimae Russorum aliisque novissimis concinnata] * [[Principatus Moldaviae|Moldavia]] et [[Principatus Valachiae|Valachia]]: [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53093626t/f1.item.zoom Principatuum Moldaviae et Walachiae tabula geographica generalis ex autographis castrametatorum Russicorum ad normam novissimarum observationum astronomicarum concinnata nunc infinem in illis regionibus habitarum сonscripta] * [[Sinus Finnicus]]: [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53009689x/f1.item.zoom Tabula hydrographica sinus Finnici ex mappis excellentissimorum virorum Nagajev et Lubras ad normam novissimarum observationum astronomicarum concinnata] (1777) * [[Imperium Russicum]]: [https://www.loc.gov/resource/g7000.ct000746/ Tabula geographica generalis Imperii Russici ad normam novissimarum observationum astronomicarum concinnata] (vel [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53025181p/f1.item.zoom hic]), a Schmidio et [[Ioannes Truscott|Trescotio]] composita, [[Venetiae|Venetiis]] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b530390884 iterum edita anno 1782] * Пограничная карта Российской и Турецкой Империи и Польши. Сочинённая по новейшим известиям при Академии Наук Адъюнктом Я. Ф. Шмитом (Petropoli 1769) == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Гнучева В.Ф. ''Географический департамент Академии наук XVIII века''. Moscuae et Leninopoli, 1946, 442 стр. {{ling|Russice}} * Фель С.Е. ''Картография России XVIII века''. Moscuae,1960. 226 стр. {{ling|Russice}} == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210515135339/http://library.ruslan.cc/authors/%d1%88%d0%bc%d0%b8%d0%b4%d1%82-%d1%8f%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%b2-%d1%84%d1%91%d0%b4%d0%be%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b8%d1%87/ De Schmidio] in bibliotheca ''Научное наследие России" {{ling|Russice}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210514091637/http://lexicon.dobrohot.org/index.php/%D0%A8%D0%9C%D0%98%D0%94%D0%A2_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85 De Schmidio] in encyclopaedia [[paeninsula Kolaensis|Kolaensi]] {{ling|Russice}} {{Anni vitae|1723|1786|Schmidt, Iacobus Fridericus}} [[Categoria:Cartographi]] [[Categoria:Academia Scientiarum Russica]] 8p4w54a3eghyqtuwkmmgpfpr6cct7q8 0 297167 3980808 3926614 2026-08-12T11:35:33Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3980808 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Imago:Bolshoi Petrovsky Most, 2007.jpg|thumb|[[Pons insulae Petri maior]] (inter insulas Crucis et Petri trans Nevulam Minorem) anno 2007]]{{coord|59|58|20|N|30|15|8|E|display=title}} '''Insula Crucis'''<ref>[[Franciscus Iosephus Ruprecht|Francisci Iosephi Ruprecht]], [https://books.google.fr/books?id=xfJs7qBKxsIC&pg=PA196&dq=gatschinensis&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiw5JWCiprxAhViposKHcXzCtgQ6AEwAXoECAkQAg#v=onepage&q=insula%20Crucis&f=false ''Flora Ingrica'', vol. I, Petropoli 1860, p. 195 etc.]</ref> ([[Russice]] ''Крестовский остров, Krestovskij ostrov'') est insula in [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] in [[delta fluminis|delta]] [[Neva]]e. [[Nevula Minor]] insulam Crucis ab insulis [[Insula Apothecaria|Apothecaria]], [[insula Petropolitana|Petropolitana]] et [[insula Petri|Petri]] separat, [[Krestovka]] deverticulum parvum ab [[insula Lapidea]] et [[Nevula Media]] ab [[insula Elaginis]]. Pars insulae Crucis occidentalis in [[sinus Finnicus|sinum Finnicum]] spectat. Pars insulae borealis paludinosa a deverticulo parvo Nevulae Mediae ''Vinnovka'' nomine separata erat, donec annis sexagesimis saeculi XX [[canalis remigationis]] Petropolitanus constructus est, qui vallem Vinnovkae pristinam totam occupat; haec pars "insula Bovina" (''Byčij'') nuncupatur. [[Čuchonka]] deverticulum parvum Nevulae Minoris in Nevulam Mediam influens usque ad annum 1952 insulam transsecabat et in duas partes dividebat, nunc partim obruta est. Saeculo XX et XXI [[Aggeratio maritima|aggeratione]] pars occidentalis insulae Crucis prius paludinosa multum aucta et siccata est. Origo nominis incerta est; fabulae Petropolitanae vel eucterium quoddam cum cruce magna in insula fuisse vel in humo magnam crucem obrutam inventam esse, cum domus [[Natalia Alexii filia|Nataliae Alexii filiae]] construebantur, cui [[Petrus I]] anno 1708 insulam dedit. Est in insula lacus artificialis formam crucis habens et aliquot lacus naturales. Saeculo XIX principes Vici Albi et Lacus Albi (''Belosel'skie-Belozerskie'') insulam possidebant. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Crucis insula}} [[Categoria:Insulae in delta Nevae]] svdzwqo1b1aqhugjvwqvpovvnvgbow3 0 298879 3980638 3976767 2026-08-11T21:03:05Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{disambig2|feriis|septem montes Romae|Septimontium}} {{res|Septimontium}} erat [[feriae Romanae|festum Romanum]], quod die [[11 Decembris]] (a.d. III Id. Dec.)<ref>''[[L'Année épigraphique]]'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20210927203521/https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel.php?s_sprache=fr&p_belegstelle=AE+1892,+00083&r_sortierung=Belegstelle 1892, 83]; [https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel.php?s_sprache=fr&p_belegstelle=AE+1975%2C+00020&r_sortierung=Belegstelle 1975, 20].</ref> celebrabatur. Processio septem loca ("montes") praeteriens septem victimas immolabat. Ut [[Marcus Antistius Labeo|Antistius Labeo]] docet<ref>[[Sextus Pompeius Festus|Festus]] s.v.</ref>, haec non [[Septimontium|septem montes]] soliti erant, sed a [[Palatual]]i in [[Mons Palatinus|Palatino]] sacrificantes per [[Velia]]m ad {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fagutalis|Fagutalem|fr|qid=Q48746647}} (in [[Mons Esquilinus|Esquilino]]) ibant, postea per [[Suburra]]m ad Germalem perque [[Oppius|Oppium]] et [[Mons Caelius|Caelium]] in [[Cispius|Cispium]] (in [[Mons Esquilinus|Esquilino]]). Ad aras omnes {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Argei|Argeorum|fr|qid=Q2861121}} sacra faciebant. Festus a [[Numa Pompilius|Numa]] festum institutum esse dicit. [[Gaius Ateius Capito|Ateius Capito]] Septimontium non esse festum publicum, sed festum ''pro montibus'' addit (similia et [[Marcus Terentius Varro|Varro]]<ref>''De lingua Latina'' V 24: <blockquote>dies Septimontium nominatus ab his septem montibus in quis sita urbs est, feriae non populi sed montanorum modo ut [[Paganalia]] qui sunt alicuius pagi''</blockquote>.</ref>). [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante Septimontium festum publicum factum esse videtur<ref>Bernadette Liou-Gille, « Les Agonia, le rex sacrorum et l'organisation du calendrier », Euphrosyne : revista de filología clássica, no 28,‎ 2000, p. 41-60.</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Fontes alii == * [[Plutarchus|Plutarchi]] ''[[Quaestiones Romanae]]'' 69 * [[Suetonius|Suetonii]] ''[[de vita Caesarum]]'' 4 == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210927205341/http://www3.lib.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/eos/eos_page.pl?DPI=100&callnum=DG16.P72&object=514 De Septimontio] in ''A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome'' (a Samuele Ball Platner et Thoma Ashby composito, Londinii 1929) {{ling|Anglice}} {{Feriae Romanae}} [[Categoria:Feriae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Topographia Romae urbis]] tv58rma0kq87ol2cy12n44di1kxxdke 0 299904 3980647 3976094 2026-08-11T21:14:06Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Theodorus de Mayerne}} vel {{res|Mayernius}},<ref>Quod nomen variis formis in titulis operum videtur: ad caput praefationis anno 1634 "Theodorus de Mayerne, eques auratus, baro Albonae"; post mortem "Theo. Turquet Mayernii", "Theodori de Mayerne", "Theod. Turqueti d. de Mayerne, equitis, baronis in Aubonne"</ref> [[Francogallice]] plenius ''Théodore Turquet de Mayerne'' ([[Genava]]e natus die [[28 Septembris]] [[1573]]; mortuus [[Chelsea]]e prope [[Londinium]] die [[22 Martii]] [[1655]]) fuit medicus celeberrimus et philosophus rerum naturalium. Privatus principibus [[Francia]]e [[Anglia]]eque [[medicus]] meruit, videlicet [[Henricus IV (rex Francorum)|Henrico IV]], [[Iacobus I (rex Angliae)|Iacobo I]], [[Carolus I (rex Angliae)|Carolo I]]; insuper patronos [[Henricus de Rohan|Henricum de Rohan]] et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iacobus Hay|Iacobum Hay ducem Carlioli|en|qid=Q3023437}}, amicos [[Isaacus Casaubonus|Isaacum Casaubonum]], [[Agrippa Albinaeus|Agrippam Albinaeum]], [[Petrus Paulus Rubens|Petrum Paulum Rubens]], [[Antonius van Dyck|Antonium van Dyck]] agnovit. De rebus medicis et [[biologia|biologicis]] [[Latine]] praesertim scripsit. [[Fasciculus:Sir Theodore Mayerne drawing by Peter Paul Rubens.jpg|thumb|Theodorus Mayernius, anno aetatis fere sexagesimo, a [[Petrus Paulus Rubens|Petro Paulo Rubens]] delineatus ([[Museum Britannicum]])]] == Iuventus == Filiolus [[Theodorus Beza|Theodori Bezae]], filius [[Hugenoti|Hugenotorum]], [[Ludovicus Turquet de Mayerne|patre Ludovico]] pecuniis egente emolumenta libris scribendis quaeritante, Theodorus [[Genava|in urbe nativa]] educatus est. Ibi iam [[Isaacus Casaubonus|Isaacum Casaubonum]] incurrit, amicum perennem. Annum agens decimum quintum [[Heidelberga]]e ad [[universitas Heidelbergensis|universitatem]] progressus est. Ibi opusculum iuvenile de civitatibus itineribusque Europaeis conscripsit atque divulgari anno [[1591]] iussit,<ref>{{qc|id=Sommaire description}}</ref> patre hortente. Eodem anno [[Monspessulanus|Montempessulanum]] ad studia medica persequenda migravit, ubi [[universitas Montispessulani|universitas]] sub tutela [[Henricus IV (rex Francorum)|Henrici]] regis [[Navarra]]e florebat. Casaubonus anno [[1596]] professor linguarum litterarumque apud Montispessulanenses receptus erit. Mayernius his annis, professoribus amborum studiorum haud adnuentibus, doctrinam medicinae chemicae favebat quam [[Paracelsus]] primum suaserat [[Iosephus Quercetanus|Quercetanusque]] (Mayernio a primo iuventute cognitus) promovebat. == Medicus regi Henrico IV == Mayernius doctoratum medicinae anno [[1597]] nactus est. Lutetiam statim petivit ubi inter medicos regios, sicut et Quercetanus, receptus est: anno [[1599]] medicus privatus iuxta [[Henricus de Rohan|Henricum de Rohan]], legatum regium, iter fecit per [[Germania]]m [[Italia]]mque, fortasse et [[Nederlandia|Bataviam]] [[Anglia]]m [[Scotia]]m, cum eodem Henrico fratreque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Beniaminus de Rohan|Beniamino de Rohan|fr|qid=Q320386}}. [[Argentoratum|Argentorati]] nosocomium publicum admiravit. [[Venetiae|Venetiis]] et [[Patavium|Patavii]], ubi morbo gravi affectus est, medicum Hugenotum ibi morantem [[Petrus Asselineau|Petrum Asselineau]] cognovit.<ref>{{qc|id=Trevor-Roper (2006)}} pp. 44-59; [[Henricus de Rohan]], ''Voyage du duc de Rohan faict en l'an 1600 en Italie'' (Amstelodami: Elzevier, 1642 {{Google Books|Q35AAAAAcAAJ}}</ref> De eo itinere mox scripserit: :Levia duxi Germaniae frigora; Italiae aestus in deliciis habui; alacriter terra marique varia subii pericula, eruditos viros invisuros, quorum humano colloquio, ditaretur medicum nostrum peculium, longá certâque experientiá iuvenilis aetas ad praxin firmaretur.<ref>{{qc|id=Apologia}} [https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_90958x118x03/page/n25/mode/2up pp. 27-28]. "Marique ... pericula": scilicet [[mare Germanicum|mari Germanico]] cuius procellas per quinque noctes viatores passi sunt, si re vera Mayernius usque in Britanniam profectus esset ({{qc|id=Trevor-Roper (2006)}} pp. 44-54 et nota 25). Cf. etiam {{DBI|https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pierre-asselineau_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/|Asselineau, Pierre|Gaetano Cozzi|1962}}</ref> Lutetiam reditus ille et Quercetanus necnon [[Ioannes Ribitus Riverius|Ioannes Riverius]], Hugenoti Paracelsianique medicique regii tres, contra professores facultatis medicae [[universitas Parisiensis|Parisiensis]] Catholicos [[Claudius Galenus|Galenianos]] contenderunt, successu vario; e quibus controversiis orta est ''Apologia'' anno [[1603]] [[Rupella]]e in urbe (Hugenotorum arce) edita.<ref>{{qc|id=Apologia}}. Respondebat operi academicorum Parisiensium ''Apologia pro Hippocratis et Galeni medicina adversus Quercetani librum De priscorum philosophorum verae medicinae materia, praeparationis modo atque in curandis morbis praestantia'' (Parisiis: apud Hadrianum Perier, 1603. [[iarchive:BIUSante_90958x132x02|Textus]]); qui invicem responderint sub titulo ''Ad famosam Turqueti apologiam responsio'' (Parisiis, 1603). Impulsum omnium controversiarum dederat [[Iosephus Quercetanus]] sub titulo ''De priscorum philosophorum verae medicinae materia'' (Genavae, 1603)</ref> Riverius, morbo epidemico saeviente, anno [[1605]] mortem obiit; Mayernius autem rege suadente legatum Anglum Franciscum Norris de Rycote, regis [[Iacobus I (rex Angliae)|Iacobi I]] fautorem haud ignobilem, Lutetiae eodem morbo affectum, optimo successu curavit. Quo invitante Angliam visitavit ubi reginae [[Anna Daniae|Annae]] fortasse consilia medica dedit: doctor enim [[universitas Oxoniensis|universitatis Oxoniensis]] mense Aprili [[1606]] creatus "Reginae medicus" laudatus est. In Anglia patronum futurum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iacobus Hay|Iacobum Hay|en|qid=Q3023437}}, insuper [[Iacobus Garet|Iacobum Garet]] apothecarium, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Naysmyth|Ioannem Naysmyth|en|qid=Q18672029}} chirurgum regium, [[Gulielmus Butlerus|Gulielmum Butlerum]] medicum cognovit.<ref>{{qc|id=Trevor-Roper (2006)}} pp. 101-110</ref> Lutetiam reditus Margaritam van den Botzelaer, viduam nobilem Protestantem, in matrimonium duxit, e qua filium natu maiorem Henricum anno [[1608]] genuit. Anno insequenti, amicis Quercetano et Laurentio mortuis, sibi officium principalis medici regii attribui exspectavit, vano autem, quia conversionem Catholicam recusavit.<ref>{{qc|id=Trevor-Roper (2006)}} pp. 117-139</ref> == Medicus regi Iacobo I == Henrico regi anno [[1610]] necato, tumultu religioso rursus saeviente, fratre [[Genava]]e in rixa necato, Mayernius Angliam anno insequenti petivit sicut paulo antea amicus Isaacus Casaubonus iam fecerat. Qui ambo a [[ecclesia Catholica Romana|Catholicis]] Franciae obsessi a rege [[Iacobus I (rex Angliae)|Iacobo I]] ad aulam suam invitati sunt. Mayernius, iam Londinii celeber, statim inter medicos regi Iacobo reginaeque [[Anna Daniae|Annae Daniae]] receptus est; cum [[Gideon Delaune|Gideone Delaune]] apothecario regio, exsule Hugenoto, collaboravit. Cum Gulielmo Butler, qui et ipse regi Iacobo succurrebat, saepe disputavit; aemulum nihilominus admirans controversias eorum "[[Amantium irae amoris integratio est|amantium iras]]" nuncupavit, [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentio]] citato.<ref>{{qc|id=Trevor-Roper (2006)}} pp. 172-176 et nota 44</ref> Thermas [[Aquae Sulis|Bathoniae]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aquae calidae Bristolienses|aquasque calidas|en|qid=Q5912582}} [[Bristolium|Bristolienses]] anno [[1611]] visitavit ad facultates aquarum aestimandas (regina Anna medio anno [[1613]], Mayernio assistente, Bathoniam petiverit). His annis mortui sunt illustres nonnulli quibus Mayernius medebatur, inter quos {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Robertus Cecil, comes Sarisberiensis||en|qid=Q704171}}, minister regi Iacobo I qui successionem anno 1603 ordinaverat.<ref>"Illustrissimo et generosissimo Comiti domino Roberto Cecilio" in {{qc|id=Opera medica}} vol. 1 pp. 78-90; {{qc|id=Trevor-Roper (2006)}} pp. 168-171</ref> [[Henricus Fridericus (princeps Cambriae)|Henricus]] princeps, Iacobi filius natu primus, anno [[1612]] subito obiit, aliis venenum, nonnullis imperitiam inculpantibus Mayernii, qui nihilominus autopsiam efficiens iuvenem febri mortali affectum monstravit<ref>"Relation véritable de la maladie, mort, et ouverture du corps de ... Henry prince de Valles" in {{qc|id=Opera medica}} vol. 1 pp. 103-123; cf. {{qc|id=True relation}}; {{qc|id=Trevor-Roper (2006)}} pp. 171-175</ref> quam recentiores [[Typhus abdominalis|typhum abdominalem]] appellaverint.<ref>Norman Moore, ''The illness and death of Henry Prince of Wales in 1612: a historical case of typhoid fever'' (Londinii: Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1882) [https://archive.org/details/b2230390x Textus]</ref> Anno insequenti {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Thomas Overbury||en|qid=Q1790396}}, olim minister sed maiestate inculpatus, in [[Turris Londinii|Turre Londinii]] subito aegrotans mortem obiit, cui ultimas curas, iussu Mayernii, dederat apothecarii Pauli Lobelii satelles.<ref>{{qc|id=Trevor-Roper (2006)}} pp. 182-189</ref> His rebus gestis, Mayernius (qui certe innocens a nonnullis, odio medici extranei motis, inculpabatur) in ephemeride privata versus [[Marcus Valerius Martialis|Martialis]] citavit: "[[Si vitare velis acerba quaedam|... Nulli te facias nimis sodalem; Gaudebis minus et minus dolebis]]".<ref>{{qc|id=Trevor-Roper (2006)}} p. 207. [[Marcus Valerius Martialis|Martialis]], ''Epigrammata'' 12.34.8-11</ref> Annis 1615 et 1618 Franciam petens negotia privata gerebat nuntiosque secretos inter regem Iacobum ducemque de Rohan transmittebat, de quibus rex [[Ludovicus XIII]] mense Iulio 1618 certior factus Mayernium statim e [[Francia]] expelli iussit.<ref>{{qc|id=Trevor-Roper (2006)}} pp. 195-204, 227-234</ref> Interdum anno [[1617]], regi medicus, cum eo [[Scotia]]m profectus est. Mox socius {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Collegium Regale Medicorum Londinensium|Collegii medicorum Londinensis|en|qid=Q16003969}} anno [[1616]] receptus, constitutionem novi {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|collegium Apothecariorum (Londinium)|collegii Apothecariorum|en|qid=Q8037099}} editionemque ''[[Pharmacopoea Londinensis|Pharmacopoeae Londinensis]]'' favit, quod opus post duos annos prodiit;<ref>{{qc|id=Pharmacopoea}}</ref> iam diu editio talis pharmacopoeiae a medico [[Thomas Moufetus|Thoma Moufeto]] (anno 1604 mortuo) suasa erat, cuius schedae et manuscripta Mayernio his annis emerat. Ipse deinde opus magnum de [[insecta|insectis]], ab {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Eduardus Wottonus|Eduardo Wottono|en|qid=Q3048505}}, [[Conradus Gesnerus|Conrado Gesnero]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Thomas Pennius|Thoma Pennio|en|qid=Q3525471}} saeculo XVI exeunte inceptum, a Moufeto congessum, denuo anno [[1634]] divulgaverit. [[Berna]]m anno [[1621]] visitavit, ubi castellum de [[Aubonne]] emit et baro de Aubonne creatus est. Ibi patrimonium sibi constituit ubi neque ille nec filii habitaverint (ambo enim ante patrem mortem obierint). Per [[Sedanum]], urbem Hugenotorum, in Angliam reditus est. Sedani cum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Henricus (dux de Bullione)|Henricum, ducem de Bullione|fr|qid=Q966628}} de rebus Protestantibus, cum amico Gulielmo de Trougny de rebus [[alchemia|alchemicis]] [[Hermetismus|Hermeticisque]] collocutus est. Ab hoc anno legationi urbium Bernae Genavaeque iuxta regnum Angliae fungebatur; epistolis cum [[Agrippa Albinaeus|Agrippa Albinaeo]] Protestantium heroem commutabat. Iterum anno [[1625]] peragrationem in Helvetiam suscepit. Rex Iacobus vetulus morbisque affectus nihilominus medicum suum ad hoc iter urgebat ut consociationem civitatum Protestantium confirmaret: eques regni Angliae eum die [[14 Iulii]] [[1624]] creavit. Mayernius ergo collegis suis historiam regis medicam methodumque curarum documentis duobus Latinis assidue ordinavit.<ref>"Scriptum d. d. medicis regiis" (1 Decembris 1623) in {{qc|id=Moore (1908)}} pp. 162-176; "Viris clarissimis d. d." (20 Augusti 1624) in {{qc|id=Opera medica}} pars 1 pp. 288-307</ref> Per Lutetiam Genavam Aubonne Bernam mense Decembri 1624 profectus est. Sed dum Genavam iterum visitabat Iacobus rex (medicis ordinariis inter se disputantibus) die [[27 Martii]] [[1625]] mortem obiit.<ref>{{qc|id=Trevor-Roper (2006)}} pp. 279-282</ref> Per Lutetiam rediens [[Nicolaus Briot|Nicolaum Briot]] nummorum incussorem celebrem, Hugenotum, cognovit, qui mox refugus Londinii apud Mayernium habitaverit. == Medicus regi Carolo I == [[Carolus I (rex Angliae)|Carolus]] rex, Iacobi filius, Mayernium inter medicis regiis retinuit: ille autem rarius regi, crebrius reginae [[Henrietta Maria|Henriettae Mariae]] (origine Francica) succurrere invocatus est. Anno [[1639]] cum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Thomas Cademan|Thoma Cademan|en|qid=Q16206356}} (qui et ille reginae medicus merebat) {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Societas Destillariorum (Londinium)|societatem vel collegium|en|qid=Q8037022}} [[destillatio|destillariorum]] sub patronatu regio rite condidit regulamque constituit.<ref>{{qc|id=Distiller of London}}</ref> Rex autem Mayernio tanquam legato vel emissario uti nolens itinera in Helvetiam interdixit. Londinii ergo iussu regio mansit: nimis modeste "Mecum habito et novi quam sit mihi curta supellex", [[Aulus Persius Flaccus|Persio]] citato, ad collegam quemdam scripsit.<ref>[[Aulus Persius Flaccus|Persius]], ''Satirae'' 4.52; {{qc|id=Trevor-Roper (2006)}} p. 349</ref> Ex emolumentis practicae medicae divitissimus, plurimos nobiles consiliis medicamentisque succurrebat et inquisitiones suas chemicas persecutus est. Medicamenta chemica vel alchemica, hodie oblita, cum [[Kenelmus Digbius|Kenelmo Digbio]] quaerere solebat. De pigmentis artibusque picturae adiutoriis curiose inquisivit, adiuvantibus artificibus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Paulus van Somer|Paulo van Somer|en|qid=Q7154614}} (anno 1621 mortuo), Nicolaum Briot, [[Iacobus Callot|Iacobo Callot]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hoskins (pictor)|Ioanne Hoskins|en|qid=Q1934948}} (qui "pictor et illuminator nulli secundus" a Mayernio nuncupatus effigies fecit reginae Henriettae Mariae ipsiusque Mayernii), [[Petrus Paulus Rubens|Petro Paulo Rubens]] (qui Mayernii), [[Antonius van Dyck|Antonio van Dyck]] (qui reginae), {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Horatius Gentilescius|Horatio|en|qid=Q367360}} et [[Artemisia Gentilescia]], [[Ioannes Petitot|Ioanne Petitot]] exsule Hugenoto. Notas commentatiunculasque ab his contributas in librum manuscriptum suum incorporavit. Cui libro anno [[1620]] titulum ''Pictoria sculptoria et quae subalternarum artium spectantia ...'' imposuit. Annis insequentibus auxit, novis observationibus amicorum semper semperque additis, minime ad divulgationem paraverit; amicum interea [[Eduardus Norgate|Eduardum Norgate]] pictorem ad opus de pictura conscribendum suadebat. Quo opere anno [[1919]] edito,<ref>Martin Hardie, ed., ''Miniatura, or The art of limning, by Edward Norgate''. Oxonii: Clarendon Press, 1919 [https://archive.org/details/cu31924016785572 Textus]</ref> manuscriptum Mayernii non ante annum [[1981]] divulgatum erit.<ref>{{qc|id=Pictoria}}</ref> [[Fasciculus:Henrietta Anne of England as a child.jpg|thumb|Principissa [[Henrietta Angliae|Henrietta]], anno [[1644]] [[Exonia]]e non sine Mayernii curis nata, ab [[Antonius van Dyck|Antonio van Dyck]] delineata]] Rege ab anno 1642 ab urbe capitali abeunte, [[bellum civile Anglicum|bellum civile]] contra [[parlamentum Anglicum|parlamentarios]] gerente, Mayernius (convocatione regia pro nihilo putato) Londinii manebat: regis filium Henricum filiamque Elizabetham, ibi retentos, curabat. Regina autem [[Exonia]]e mense Maio [[1644]] subito aegrotante futuraeque principissae [[Henrietta Angliae|Henriettae]] gravida, Mayernius Exoniam statim properatus est, litteris brevissimis a rege receptis: ''Mayerne, pour l'amour de moi alle[z] trouver ma femme.—C.R.''<ref>Julia Cartwright [Ady], ''Madame: a life of Henrietta, daughter of Charles I and duchess of Orleans'' (Londinii: Seeley, 1894) [https://archive.org/details/madamelifeofhenr00adyjrich/page/2/mode/2up p. 3]; {{qc|id=Trevor-Roper (2006)}} p. 361</ref> Ab anno [[1649]], rege interfecto, [[Chelsea]]e in suburbio habitans sub protectoratu Cromwelliano anno 1655 mortem obiit. Post mortem manuscripta eius plura divulgata sunt, de morbis curisque aegrotantium nobilium,<ref>{{qc|id=Tractatus de arthritide}}, {{qc|id=Praxis Mayerniana I}}, {{qc|id=Praxis Mayerniana II}}, {{qc|id=Opera medica}}</ref> etiam de re coquinaria.<ref>{{qc|id=Archimagirus}}</ref> == De methodo medendi == De morbis internis, digestivis, urinariis, venereis praesertim operam dedit. Neque [[Claudius Galenus|Galenianus]] neque [[Paracelsus|Paracelsianus]] se esse iactabat, sed modo Paracelsiano medicamenta chemica saepe praecepit [[thermae|thermarumque]] usum commendavit,<ref>{{qc|id=Trevor-Roper (2006)}} pp. 165-166</ref> [[Aquae Spadanae|Spadanarum]],<ref>{{qc|id=Opera medica}} vol. 1 pp. 195-198</ref> [[Pogua]]e,<ref>{{qc|id=Opera medica}} vol. 2 p. 121</ref> [[Aquae Sulis|Bathoniensium]]. Pondus magnum historiae medicae observationique dabat. Ita curandorum, quibus consilia praebuit, historias salutis, indolis, regiminis, curarum (etiam inutilium) assidue conscribere solebat. Hae historiae partim, textu imperfecto, inter ''Opera medica'' ab Iosepho Browne anno [[1704]] edita comprehenduntur. Aliae multae, in libris manuscriptis ab [[Ioannes Sloane|Ioanne Sloane]] post Mayernii mortem emptis, in [[Bibliotheca Britannica]] latent.<ref>{{qc|id=Opera medica}} vol. 1; {{qc|id=Trevor-Roper (2006)}} p. 167, appendix C, et passim; {{qc|id=Nance (2001)}} p. 30 sqq. et appendix A</ref> Inter curandos celebres, quibus in Francia succurrit, fuerunt {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Catharina de Parthenay||fr|qid=Q2942125}}; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Rogerius de Bellegarde iunior||fr|qid=Q3439598}}; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Antonius Séguier||fr|qid=Q85852700}}; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Claudia Catharina de Clermont|Claudia Catharina, ducissa de Retz|fr|qid=Q1643060}}; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sebastianus Zamet||fr|qid=Q3510361}}; [[Alienora Dori|Leonora Dori]]; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Renata Burlamacchi||fr|qid=Q3932947}}; [[Armandus Ioannes Plessaeus Richelaeus]]; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Henricus (dux de Bullione)|Henricus, dux de Bullione|fr|qid=Q966628}};<ref>"Vocatus fui ab illustrissimo Duce Bulliono, die prima Octobris ann. 1609" in {{qc|id=Opera medica}} vol. 1 pp. 43-57</ref> {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iacobina de Bueil||fr|qid=Q220201}}; familia de Loménie; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Nicolaus Harlaeus Sancius||fr|qid=Q3340937}}; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Renaldus de Belna||fr|qid=Q3424972}}.<ref>{{qc|id=Trevor-Roper (2006)}} pp. 65-67, 82-83</ref> Amicum Isaacium Casaubonum tam in Francia quam in Anglia curans morbum eius mortalem profundius disseruit.<ref>"Historia morbi et mortis D. Isaaci Casauboni" in {{qc|id=Opera medica}} {{Google Books|EvRbAAAAcAAJ|pars 1 pp. 144-154}}. De qua re etiam [[Raphael Thorius]] scripsit: "Epistola de Isaaci Casauboni morbi mortisque caussa; De morbo et morte Isaaci Casauboni narratio" in [[Ioannes Fredericus Gronovius|Iohannes Fredericus Gronovius]], ed., ''Isaaci Casauboni epistolae'' (Hagae Comitis, 1638) {{Google Books|7kd1KhlBjggC|pp. 841-848}}</ref> Anno [[1615]] Ioannem Rudolphum de Erlach [[Berna|Bernensem]], morbo vesicali patiens, curavit.<ref>{{qc|id=De caruncula}}; {{qc|id=Trevor-Roper (2006)}} p. 240</ref> Inter curandos in Anglia illustriores, principibus praetermissis, fuerunt [[Petrus Antonius Bourdin]] (exsul Hugenotus et ille); {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Harington de Exton||en|qid=Q11802898}} filiaque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Lucia Russell|Lucia Russell comitissa de Bedford|en|qid=Q6698487}}; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Thomas Tomkis||en|qid=Q7794501}}; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iacobus Hay||en|qid=Q3023437}}; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Thomas Overbury||en|qid=Q1790396}}; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Robertus Carr (comes Roffensis)|Robertus Carr, comes Roffensis|en|qid=Q336096}};<ref>"Dom. Comiti Roffensi, 1 Septembris 1611" in {{qc|id=Opera medica}} vol. 1 pp. 90-99</ref> {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Robertus Cecil, comes Sarisberiensis||en|qid=Q704171}};<ref>"Illustrissimo et generosissimo Comiti domino Roberto Cecilio" in {{qc|id=Opera medica}} vol. 1 pp. 78-90</ref> {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ludovicus Stewart||en|qid=Q335979}}; Thomas Fenton;<ref>{{qc|id=Opera medica}} vol. 1 pp. 185-187</ref> {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Philippus Herbert (dux de Montgomery)|Philippus de Montgomery|en|qid=Q1620547}}; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gulielmus Parker (baro Monteagle)|Gulielmus baro Monteagle|en|qid=Q3568869}}; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Dudley North||en|qid=Q5311932}}; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexander Seton (comes de Dunfermline)|Alexander Seton, comes de Dunfermline|en|qid=Q4720056}};<ref>{{qc|id=Opera medica}} vol. 1 pp. 234-241</ref> {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Georgius Villiers (dux I Buckinghamiae)|Georgius dux Buckinghamiae|en|qid=Q313817}}; [[Radulphus Winwood]]; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Isaacus Wake||en|qid=Q6077284}}; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Eduardus Conway||en|qid=Q5342394}} filiusque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|eiusdem nominis||en|qid=Q3719943}}; [[Margarita Cavendish]] maritusque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gulielmus Cavendish (dux Novi Castelli)|Gulielmus dux Novi Castelli|en|qid=Q1101373}}; [[Kenelmus Digbius]]; [[Thomas Harriot]] mathematicus; Paulus van Somer Ioannesque Hoskins pictores; [[Nicolaus Lanier]] musicus regius.<ref>{{qc|id=Trevor-Roper (2006)}} pp. 206-207, 355-365 et alibi</ref> == Scripta == [[Fasciculus:Mayerne The Distiller of London 1639 tp.jpg|thumb|''The Distiller of London'' (1639): titulus]] [[Fasciculus:Mayerne Archimagirus 1658 tp.jpg|thumb|Sir Theodore Mayerne, ''[[Archimagirus]] Anglo-Gallicus'' (1658): titulus]] * 1591 : {{ec|id=Sommaire description|c=''Sommaire description de la France, Allemagne, Italie et Espagne avec la guide des chemins''. Genavae {{Google Books|CsEWAAAAQAAJ|editio Rotomagensis 1604}} [https://www.e-rara.ch/gep_r/content/titleinfo/13998129 editio Genavensis 1605]}} <!-- ** 1610 : ''La suite de la guide des chemins tant de France, d'Espagne, Italie, & autres pays''. Lugduni: Pierre Rigaud {{GB|VZhtq0atnLAC}} qua auctoritate eo attributa sit? --> * 1603 : {{ec|id=Apologia|c=''Theodori Mayernii Turqueti ... Apologia in qua videre est, inviolatis Hippocratis et Galeni legibus, remedia chymice praeparata tuto usurpari posse: ad cuiusdam anonymi calumnias responsio''. Rupellae [https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_90958x118x03 Textus]}} * 1618 (praefator) : {{ec|id=Pharmacopoea|c=''[[Pharmacopoea Londinensis]] ... opera medicorum collegii Londinensis''. Londini: sumptibus Iohannis Marriot [https://www.worldcat.org/title/pharmacopoeia-londinensis-of-1618-reproduced-in-facsimile/oclc/3232888 de editione fac-simile]}} * 1619 : {{ec|id=De caruncula|c="[https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10481256?page=476,477 Epistola]" (de carunculae vesicali curatione) in Guilhelmus Fabricius Hildanus, ''Observationum et curationum chirurgicarum centuria quarta'' (Basileae: Rex) pp. 455-458}} * 1634 (editor) : {{ec|id=Insectorum theatrum|c=''[[Insectorum theatrum|Insectorum sive minimorum animalium theatrum]] ... Tho. Moufeti opera ... concinnatum''. Londini: Thomas Cates, 1634 [https://archive.org/details/insectorumsivemi00moff Textus]; [https://ota.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/repository/xmlui/handle/20.500.12024/A07600 editio interretialis]; [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/151513#page/841/mode/1up versio Anglica 1658]}} * 1634 : {{ec|id=True relation|c="The true relation of the sicknesse and death of the same most illustrious prince, with the opening of his body" in William Haydone, ''The true picture and relation of Prince Henry his noble and vertuous disposition''. Lugduni Batavorum: William Christian, 1634 [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A02447.0001.001?view=toc Editio interretialis]}} * 1639 (cum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Thomas Cademan|Thoma Cademan|en|qid=Q16206356}}) : {{ec|id=Distiller of London|c=''The Distiller of London, compiled and set forth by the speciall licence and command of the Kings most excellent Majesty, for the sole use of the Company of Distillers of London''. Londinii: Richard Bishop {{Google Books|bF1jAAAAcAAJ}} [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A06304.0001.001?view=toc Editio interretialis]}} * 1658 : {{ec|id=Archimagirus|c=''[[Archimagirus]] Anglo-Gallicus, or Excellent and approved receipts and experiments in cookery''. Londinii: G. Bodell {{Google Books|EI9mAAAAcAAJ}} [https://ota.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/repository/xmlui/handle/20.500.12024/A50384 Editio interretialis]}} * 1674 (Theophilus Bonetus, ed.) : {{ec|id=Tractatus de arthritide|c=''Tractatus de arthritide; accedunt consilia aliquot medicinalia''. Genevae {{Google Books|YJTb6x4ZHecC}}}} ** 1676 (Thomas Sherley, interpr.) : ''A Treatise of the Gout''. Londinii: D. Newman [[:Fasciculus:Sir Theodore Turquet de Mayerne, A treatise Wellcome L0015860.jpg|Titulus huius opusculi]] ** 1677 (Thomas Sherley, interpr.) : ''Medicinal Councels or Advices, written originally in French ... put out in Latine at Geneva''. Londinii: N. Ponder {{Google Books|zztkAAAAcAAJ}} * 1690 (Theodore de Vaux, ed.) : {{ec|id=Praxis Mayerniana I|c=''Praxeos Mayernianae in morbis internis praecipue gravioribus et chronicis syntagma, ex adversariis, consiliis ac epistolis eius, summâ curâ ac diligentiâ concinnatum''. Londini: impensis Sam. Smith {{Google Books|8oCAuV4T4LsC}}}} ** 1691 : ''Praxis medica; cui accessit De cura gravidarum''. Augustae Vindelicorum {{Google Books|m68_AAAAcAAJ}} ** 1693 : ''La Pratique de medecine ... avec le Régime des femmes grosses et un Traité de la goutte''. Lugduni: Anisson & Posuel [https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_33594 Textus] * 1696 (Theodore de Vaux, ed.) : {{ec|id=Praxis Mayerniana II|c=''Praxeos Mayernianae ... syntagma alterum''. Londini: impensis Sam. Smith {{Google Books|ZUlMAAAAcAAJ}}}} ** 1697 : ''Praxeos Mayernianae ... syntagma alterum''. Augustae Vindelicorum {{Google Books|oJ8_AAAAcAAJ}} * 1703 (Iosephus Browne, ed.) : {{ec|id=Opera medica|c=''Theo. Turquet Mayernii ... Opera medica, in quibus continentur consilia, epistolae, observationes, pharmacopeia, variaeque medicamentorum formulae''. Londini: impensis D. Browne {{Google Books|EvRbAAAAcAAJ}}}} * 1865 : Th. Heyer, "Lettres de Théodore Turquet de Mayerne au Petit Conseil de Genève" in ''Mémoires et documents de la Société d'histoire et d'archéologie de Genève'' vol. 15 (1865) * 1908 : {{ec|id=Moore (1908)|c="[https://archive.org/details/b21352008/page/162/mode/2up Mayerne's Note on the Health of James I: ''Scriptum d. d. medicis regiis ...'']"; "[https://archive.org/details/b21352008/page/176/mode/2up Mayerne's Note on the Health of Queen Henrietta Maria: ''Regina abituriens'']" in Norman Moore, ''The History of the Study of Medicine in the British Isles'' (Oxonii: Clarendon Press, 1908) pp. 162-180}} * 1937 : T. Gibson, "Letters of Sir Theodore Turquet de Mayerne to the syndics and executive council of the republic of Geneva" in ''Annals of Medical History'' n.s. vol. 9 (1937) * 1981 (M. Faidutti, Camille Versini, edd.) : {{ec|id=Pictoria|c=''Pictoria, Sculptoria et quae Subalternarum Artium: Le Manuscrit de Turquet de Mayerne''. Lugduni: Audin Imprimeurs, [1981]}} ** 1995 (Simona Rinaldi, interpr.) : ''Théodore Turquet de Mayerne: Pittura scultura e delle arti minori, 1620-1646: Ms. Sloane 2052 del British Museum di Londra''. Anzio: De Rubeis ** 2001 (Donald C. Fels et al., interprr.) : ''Lost secrets of Flemish masters, including the first complete English translation of the De Mayerne Manuscript, B.M. Sloane 2052''. Floyd Virginiae: Alchemist Inc. ** 2004 (Gudrun Bischoff, interpr.) : ''Das De Mayerne-Manuskript. Die Rezepte der Werkstoffe, Maltechniken und Gemälderestaurierung''. Monaci: Siegl == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == ; Fontes fere coaevi * 1597/1626 : {{ec|id=McClure, ed. (1939)|c=[[Ioannes Chamberlain]], epistolae (N. E. McClure, ed., ''The Letters of John Chamberlain''. 2 voll. Philadelphiae: American Philosophical Society, 1939 [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.32106005854481 1] [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.32106005854473 2]) }} ; Eruditio * Ulrike Kern, "Theodore de Mayerne, the King's black paintings and seventeenth-century methods of restoring and conserving paintings" in ''Burlington Magazine'' vol. 157, no. 1351 (2015) pp. 700-708 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/43858167 JSTOR] * Norman Moore, "[[:s:en:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mayerne, Theodore Turquet de|Mayerne, Sir Theodore Turquet de, M.D.]]" in {{DNB}} * {{ec|id=Nance (2001)|c=Brian Nance, ''Turquet de Mayerne as Baroque Physician: the art of medical portraiture''. Amstelodami: Rodopi, 2001}} * I. Scouloudi, "Sir Theodore Turquet de Mayerne, royal physician and writer, 1573–1655" in ''Proceedings of the Huguenot Society'' vol. 16 (1938/1941) pp. 301–337 * {{ec|id=Trevor-Roper (2006)|c=[[Hugo Trevor-Roper|H. R. Trevor-Roper]]; Blair Worden, ed., ''Europe's physician: the various life of Sir Theodore de Mayerne''. Novo Portu: Yale University Press, 2006 [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300112634 Exemplar mutuabilis] {{Penna}} }} * {{ec|id=Trevor-Roper (1993)|c=H. R. Trevor-Roper, "Mayerne and his manuscript" in D. Howarth, ed., ''Art and patronage in the Caroline courts: essays in honour of Sir Oliver Millar'' (1993) pp. 264–293}} * H. R. Trevor-Roper, "Mayerne, Sir Theodore Turquet de (1573–1655)" in {{ODNB}} == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} * {{ec|id=Sloane 2052|c=Manuscriptum BL Sloane 2052 ''Pictoria sculptoria et quae subalternarum artium spectantia &c'': [http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Sloane_MS_2052 catalogus et series imaginum]}} {{Lifetime|1573|1655|Mayernius, Theodorus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini Renascentiae]] [[Categoria:Medici Britanniae]] [[Categoria:Medici Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de re cibaria]] [[Categoria:Incolae Helvetiae]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Heidelbergensis]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Montispessulani]] [[Categoria:Henricus IV (rex Francorum)]] [[Categoria:Iacobus I (rex Angliae)]] [[Categoria:Carolus I (rex Angliae)]] 4u4ponuat2f6e8vwlmf6ho4gmcs4eu5 0 303083 3980763 3689839 2026-08-12T08:28:03Z Jondel 452 3980763 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Verbum amalgamatum]] [[Categoria:Verba Anglica]] l94jxf8ci1ehr1tf3kkwkfh20q0rpgu 0 306734 3980627 3979975 2026-08-11T20:52:31Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Martinus Iulius Bram}} ([[1897]]–[[1956]]) fuit [[praelatus]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]] [[Ecclesia Episcopalis|Ecclesiae Episcopalis]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]], qui munus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Dioecesis Episcopalis Floridae Meridianae|Episcopi Suffragani Floridae Meridianae|en|qid=Q5383430}} ab anno [[1951]] ad annum [[1956]] sustinebat. ==De iuventute et eruditione== Martinus Iulius ([[Anglice]] ''Martin Julius'') Bram [[Urbs Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]] in [[urbs|urbe]] die [[25 Septembris]] [[1897]] natus est, Martini Samuelis Bram et Helenae<!--Ellen--> Chambers Bram filius. In publicis [[schola|scholis]] urbanis eruditus, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Collegium Hobartense||en|qid=Q4119316}} frequentavit, ubi gradum [[A.B.|Baccalauratus Artium]] magna cum laude anno [[1926]] accepit. Statim in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Seminario Theologico Virginiae||en|qid=Q7934628}} [[matriculatio|matriculavit]], ubi gradum [[Baccalaureatus Divinitatis]] anno [[1929]] accepit. ==Ministerium ordinatum== Bram [[diaconus]] mense Iunio [[1928]] ac [[presbyter]] mense Novembri [[1929]] a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Philippus Cook|Philippo Cook|en|qid=Q23619925}}, [[Episcopus|Episcopo]] [[Delavaria]]e, ordinatus est.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Fish, C. S. |date=[[1941]] |title=Bram, Martin Julius |journal=Stowe's Clerical Directory of the American Episcopal Church |pages=108}}.</ref> Mox {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|rector||en|qid=Q3147441}} {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ecclesia Episcopalis Sancti Pauli (Georgiopolis)|Ecclesiae Episcopalis Sancti Pauli|en|qid=Q7591104}} [[Georgiopolis (Delavaria)|Georgiopoli]] in Delavaria,<ref>[https://stpaulsgeorgetown.church/history/ Our History: St.Paul's Episcopal Church."]</ref> tum anno [[1933]] rector Ecclesiae Sanctae Crucis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sanfordiae||en|qid=Q786770}} in Florida creatus est, ubi Mabel Harris Bowler in [[matrimonium]] die [[17 Iunii]] [[1935]] duxit. Rector {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ecclesia Episcopalis Sancti Andreae (Tampa)|Ecclesiae Episcopalis Sancti Andreae|en|qid=Q7586935}} [[Tampa (Florida)|Tampae]] omnino et subtiliter per [[secundum bellum mundanum]], a die [[7 Decembris]] [[1941]] (die [[Portus Margaritarum]]) ad diem [[2 Septembris]] [[1945]] (diem {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|victoriae Iaponiensis||en|qid=Q618979}}) fuit, cum se munere loci abdicaret.<ref>Nancy Turner, [http://saintandrewstampa.org/history-of-saint-andrews-episcopal-church/ "Faith of Our Fathers: History of Saint Andrew's Episcopal Church."]</ref> Confestim usque ad annum [[1951]], rector {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ecclesia Episcopalis Sanctae Trinitatis (Litus Palmense Occidentale)|Ecclesiae Episcopalis Sanctae Trinitatis|en|qid=Q16844471}} [[Litus Palmense Occidentale|Litore Palmensi Occidentali]] in [[urbs|urbe]] in [[Comitatus Litoris Palmensis|Comitatu Litoris Palmensis]] et [[regio]]ne {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Orae Aureae||en|qid=Q2915506}} fuit.<ref>{{cite journal |date=29 Aprilis [[1951]] |title=Suffragan Bishop-Elect of Florida |url=https://archive.org/details/living-church_1951-04-29_122_17/page/8 |journal=The Living Church |volume=122|issue=17 |pages=8}}.</ref> Anno [[1950]], secretarius Concilii Ecclesiarum Floridae creatus est, [[organizatio]]nis [[religio]]sae [[rassismus|rassismo]] resistentis atque [[ius|iura]] [[agricola]]rum, emendationem {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systematis iustitiae scelestae||en|qid=Q117488}}, et [[pax|pacem]] inter [[gens|gentes]] adiuvantis, anno [[1947]] conditae.<ref>[https://www.devex.com/organizations/florida-council-of-churches-132436 Florida Council of Churches.]</ref> ==Episcopatus== Bram, in conventu [[episcopatus Ecclesiae Anglicanae|dioecesiano]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Litore Daytonensi||en|qid=Q490595}} habito Episcopus Suffraganus Floridae Meridianae [[suffragium|suffragio]] secundo die [[10 Aprilis]] [[1951]] electus,<ref>{{cite journal |date=22 Aprilis [[1951]] |title=South Florida Election |url=https://archive.org/details/living-church_1951-04-22_122_16/page/5 |journal=The Living Church |volume=122|issue=16 |pages=5}}.</ref> in sua [[paroecia]] in Litore Palmensi Occidentali die [[21 Septembris]] [[1951]] a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Henrico I. Louttit||en|qid=Q23688861}}, Episcopo Floridae Meridianae et olim rectore eiusdem paroechiae, consecratus est, episcopis Mason [[Dallasium|Dallasii]] et Burton [[Nassau|Nassoviae]] comitantibus.<ref>[https://www.episcopalarchives.org/e-archives/the_witness/pdf/1951_Watermarked/Witness_19511011.pdf ''The Witness,'' 11 Oct 1951, p. 7.]</ref> {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Universitas Meridiei||en|qid=Q7458159}} gradum [[Doctor Divinitatis|Doctoris Divinitatis]] [[honoris causa]], [[Seminarium]] quoque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theologicum Virginiense||en|qid=Q7934628}} mense Iunio [[1952]] ei concessit.<ref>[https://vts.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Hon-Degree-Alums-List-IA-2.pdf "Honorary Alumni."]</ref> [[Iura civilia et politica|Iura civilia]] et [[salus publica]] eum episcopum magnopere tenebant. [[Iuvenis]] quidem inter [[Indi Americani|Indos]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Monacanos||en|qid=Q3513658}} in [[Comitatus Amherstensis|Comitatu Amherstensi]] in [[Virginia]] [[missionarius]] laboraverat.<ref>Bram 1921.</ref> Subito, cum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|refugio spirituali||en|qid=Q19299086}} in Monasterio Boni Pastoris prope {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Urbem Malorum Sinensium||en|qid=Q986196}} in Florida interesset, [[infarctus cordis|infarctu cordis]] die 9 Februarii [[1956]] vita decessit.<ref>{{cite journal |date=26 Februarii [[1956]] |title=Death of Bishop Bram |journal=The Living Church |volume=132|pages=18}}.</ref> Reverendus [[Gulielmus F. Moses]] ei in [[episcopatus|episcopatum]] successit. ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Bram, Martin J. [[1921]]. "Bear Mountain or Indian Mission: Unique Work near Amherst." ''Southwestern Episcopalian,'' 5 et 14. [https://virginiaindianarchive.org/items/show/70 Textus in Virginia Indian Archive,]{{Nexus deficit|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} die 9 Aprilis 2023 accessus. {{Lifetime|1897|1956|Bram, Martinus Iulius}} [[Categoria:Alumni Collegiorum Hobart et Gulielmi Smith]] [[Categoria:Alumni Seminarii Theologici Virginiae]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Meridiei]] [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Clerici Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Episcopaliani Americani]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Ecclesiae Episcopalis]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]] qwcqu9xh1qsdfwxrmcybmekql9ks7d8 0 306796 3980621 3980368 2026-08-11T20:47:57Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980621 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Bourguignon - Carte gastronomique de la France 1932.png|thumb|''Carte gastronomique de la France'': editio 1932]] {{ires|Terroir|lingua=fr}} (vocabulum [[Francogallice|Francogallicum]]), [[Latine]] {{res|territorium}}, est [[nomen]] quo [[gastronomia|gastronomi]] originem [[cibus|ciborum]] [[potio]]numque optimae qualitatis dicunt: subintellegitur [[clima]] et [[solium]] et opus cultorum productorumque quoquomodo huic [[alimentum|alimento]] idonea esse. [[Graeci antiqui]] [[Romani antiqui|Romanique]] cibos optimae qualitatis e [[pagus|pagis]] idoneis provenire agnoscerunt. Ita [[Hermippus]] [[Vetus comoedia|comicus]] [[Athenae|Atheniensis]] origines ciborum enumeravit: :ἕσπετε νῦν μοι, Μοῦσαι Ὀλύμπια δώματ´ ἔχουσαι, :ἐξ οὗ ναυκληρεῖ Διόνυσος ἐπ´ οἴνοπα πόντον, :ὅσσ´ ἀγάθ´ ἀνθρώποις δεῦρ´ ἤγαγε νηὶ μελαίνῃ. :ἐκ μὲν Κυρήνης καυλὸν καὶ δέρμα βόειον· :ἐκ δ´ Ἑλλησπόντου σκόμβρους καὶ πάντα ταρίχη· :ἐκ δ´ αὖ Θετταλίας χόνδρον καὶ πλευρὰ βόεια ... :αἱ δὲ Συράκουσαι σῦς καὶ τυρὸν παρέχουσι ... :ἡ Ῥόδος ἀσταφίδας τε καὶ ἰσχάδας ἡδυονείρους. :αὐτὰρ ἀπ´ Εὐβοίας ἀπίους καὶ ἴφια μῆλα ... :τὰς δὲ Διὸς βαλάνους καὶ ἀμύγδαλα σιγαλόεντα :Παφλαγόνες παρέχουσι· τὰ γάρ τ´ ἀναθήματα δαιτός· :Φοινίκη δ´ αὖ καρπὸν φοίνικος καὶ σεμίδαλιν ... :(Dicite nunc [[Musae (deae)|Musae]] caelestia templa tenentes Ex quo sulcavit nigri Bacchus maris undas, quae bona contulerit navi mortalibus atra? [[silphium|Silphia]] [[Cyrene|Cyrenis]] ac tergora [[bubula]] vexit: Ex [[Hellespontus|Hellesponto]] [[Scomber scombrus|scombros]] piscesque [[salsamentum|salitos]]: Ast [[alica]]m Italia costas bovis atque resectas ... Inde [[Syracusae|Syracusis]] advectus [[caseus]] et [[porcina|sus]] ... {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Uva passa|Uva|en|qid=Q13186}} [[Rhodus|Rhodo]] passa et [[Ficus carica|caricae]] quae dulcia praebent Somnia: ab [[Euboea]] [[pyrus communis|pyrus]] atque nitentia [[Malus sieversii|mala]] ... [[Paphlagonia|Paphlagonum terris]] mollusca et [[Prunus dulcis|amygdala]] [[Juglans regia|iuglans]] Nostris quos condunt fructus [[tragemata|bellaria]] mensis. [[Phoenix dactylifera|Palmarum fructus]] e [[Phoenicia|Phoenice]] ac [[semidalis]] ...).<ref>[[Athenaeus|Athenaei]] ''[[Deipnosophistarum epitome]]'' [http://mercure.fltr.ucl.ac.be/Hodoi/concordances/athenee_deipnosophistes_01/lecture/49.htm 27e-f]{{Nexus deficit|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (versibus non gastronomicis omissis): [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_F97OmyRmBFQC/page/n68/mode/1up versio Latina] [[Iacobus Dalechampius|Dalechampii]]</ref> [[Gaius Plinius Secundus|Plinius maior]] de melioribus territoriis exempla hoc textu (necnon aliis) praebuit: :Iam in quibusdam locis similes aestus inmodici et frigorum effectus. Est fertilis [[Thracia]] frugum rigore, aestibus [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa]] et [[Aegyptus]]. In [[Chalce|Chalcia]] [[Rhodus|Rhodiorum]] insula locus quidam est in tantum fecundus, ut suo tempore satum demetant [[Hordeum vulgare|hordeum]] sublatumque protinus serant et cum aliis frugibus metant. Glareosum oleis solum aptissimum in [[Venafrum|Venafrano]], pinguissimum in [[Baetica]]. [[Vinum Pucinum|Pucina vina]] in saxo cocuntur, [[vinum Caecubum|Caecubae vites]] in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Pomptina palus|Pomtinis paludibus|it|qid=Q1756467}} madent. tanta est argumentorum ac soli varietas ac differentia.<ref>{{Pnh}} [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/17*.html 17.31]</ref> Romani antiqui [[Sinae]]que mediaevales alimenta originum exoticarum quaerebant: e provinciis solo et climate distinctis optima alimenta cuiusque generis recipere solebant. [[Franci]]ci recentiores territoria cuiuslibet cibi vel potionis definire rationesque excellentiae explicare temptaverunt; quae definitiones fere ubique in [[Unio Europaea|Unione Europaea]] per [[appellatio Originis Protecta|appellationes protectas]] schedasque qualitatis nuper elaborantur. Ibi necnon alibi, etiamsi [[theoria]] territoriorum ab omnibus non accipitur, plures qui alimenta producunt et venditant nomina appellationem utilia censent. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * L. Bérard, ''Du terroir au sens des lieux: la mode du terroir et les produits alimentaires''. Lutetiae: Les Indes savantes, 2011 * Jacinthe Bessière, "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280225763_BESSIERE_J_2006_Manger_ailleurs_manger_local_la_fonction_touristique_de_la_gastronomie_de_terroir_Espaces_tourisme_et_loisirs_Gastronomie_de_terroir_et_tourisme_ETE_n242_Paris_novembre_pp_16-21 Manger ailleurs, manger « local » : la fonction touristique de la gastronomie de terroir]" in ''Espaces, tourisme et loisirs'' n° 242 (2006) pp. 16-21 * Sylvaine Boulanger, ed., ''[https://journals.openedition.org/geohist/1655 Paysages viticoles, vignobles et vignerons : entre traditions et innovations]'' (''Revue de géographie historique'' vol. 19/20 (2021) * Clarisse Didelon, "[https://journals.openedition.org/confins/5863?lang=fr Cartes des goûts, cartes du monde]" in ''Confins'' no. 6 (2009) * G. Fumey, O. Etcheverria, ''Atlas mondial des cuisines et des gastronomies, une géographie gourmande''. Lutetiae: Éditions Autrement, 2008 * H. Ilbert, "Les Indications géographiques, outils de construction des terroirs et de la biodiversité à l’aune des règles internationales du commerce : quelles tendances en Méditerranée ?" in Claire Delfosse, ed., ''La mode du terroir et les produits alimentaires'' (Lutetiae: Indes Savantes, 2011) * Philippe Prévost et al., "[https://journals.openedition.org/vertigo/14807 Le terroir, un concept pour l’action dans le développement des territoires]" in ''VertigO'' vol. 14 no. 1 (2014) ; De antiquitate classica * {{ec|id=Dalby (2000)|c= [[Andreas Dalby|Andrew Dalby]], ''Empire of Pleasures: luxury and indulgence in the Roman world''. Londinii: Routledge, 2000. ISBN 0415186242 }} * Roderick Thirkell White, ''[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10048157/17/White_10048157_thesis_redacted_amended.pdf Locus Classicus: Origin Branding in Roman Luxury Markets, c. 100 BC - c. AD 130]'' (dissertatio Collegii Universitatis Londiniensis) [https://web.archive.org/web/20230218144914/https://www.academia.edu/44297642/LOCUS_CLASSICUS_ORIGIN_BRANDS_IN_ROMAN_LUXURY_MARKETS_c_100_BC_c_AD_130 eadem res alibi] * Roderick Thirkell White, "[https://humanities.exeter.ac.uk/media/universityofexeter/collegeofhumanities/history/exhistoria/volume6/Luxury_at_Rome.pdf Luxury at Rome: avaritia, aemulatio and the mos maiorum]" in ''Ex historia'' vol. 6 (2014) pp. 117-143 [https://web.archive.org/web/20230218144912/https://www.academia.edu/34358959/Luxury_at_Rome_docx eadem res alibi] ; De Sinis mediaevalibus * {{ec|id=Schafer (1963)|c= [[Eduardus Hetzel Schafer|Edward Schafer]], ''The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: a study of T'ang exotics''. Berkeleiae: University of California Press, 1963 [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.18789 Textus] }} * {{ec|id=Schafer (1967)|c= [[Eduardus Hetzel Schafer|Edward Schafer]], ''The Vermilion Bird: T'ang images of the south''. Berkeleiae: University of California Press, 1967 [https://archive.org/details/vermilionbirdtan00scha/ Exemplar mutuabile] }} * [[Eduardus Hetzel Schafer|Edward Schafer]], B. E. Wallacker, "Local tribute products of the T'ang dynasty" in ''Journal of Oriental Studies'' vol. 4 (1957/1958) pp. 213-248 ; De Francia * J. Branas, "Des appellations d'origine des vins. Éléments historiques et agronomiques d’une méthode d’étude" in ''Revue Française d’œnologie'' vol. 78 (1980) pp. 13-58 * Alain Bourguignon, ''[[Carte gastronomique de la France]]''. Lutetiae, 1929 * [[Curnonsky]], [[Marcellus Rouff|Marcel Rouff]], ''[[La France gastronomique]]: guides des merveilles culinaires et des bonnes auberges françaises''. 28 voll. Lutetiae: Rouff, 1921-1928 * Claire Delfosse, "[https://journals.openedition.org/aof/6772 La patrimonialisation des produits dits de terroir: quand « le rural » rencontre « l'urbain » ?]" in ''Anthropology of Food'' vol. 8 (2011) * Claire Delfosse, ed., ''La mode du terroir et les produits alimentaires''. Lutetiae: Indes Savantes, 2011 * Jean-Claude Hinnewinkel, Nathalie Corade, Hélène Velasco-Graciet, ''Essai géographique sur la crise du Bordeaux''. Burdigalae: Maison des Sciences de l’Homme d’Aquitaine, 2015. "[https://books.openedition.org/msha/4021?lang=en Avant-propos]"; "[https://books.openedition.org/msha/4033?lang=en Chapitre 1. La lente construction des terroirs en Bordelais]" * Florian Humbert, "[https://preo.u-bourgogne.fr/crescentis/index.php?id=345 Une formulation de la relation du vin au lieu: les noyaux d'élite de l'INAO]" in ''Crescentis'' vol. 1 (2018) * Georges Kuhnholtz-Lordat, ''La genèse des appellations d'origine des vins''. Macon: Imprimerie Buguet-Comptour, 1963 * Thomas Parker, ''Tasting French Terroir: the History of an Idea''. Berkeleiae: University of California Press, 2015. ISBN 978-0-520-27750-2 [https://www.cairn.info/revue-d-histoire-moderne-et-contemporaine-2018-2-page-168.htm recensio huius operis] == Nexus externi == * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20230418022832/https://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/glossaire/terroir Terroir]" apud ''Géoconfluences'' [[Categoria:Ars coquinaria]] nhq1xcipx0xn8ctfgba3o7jtbu8pt18 10 307258 3980731 3855975 2026-08-12T05:08:39Z Grufo 64423 Documentationem redintegravi 3980731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula numquam substituenda|...}} {{Utitur TemplateStyles|Formula:Ancora tacita/styles.css}} {{Compendium formulae|tp}} Haec formula titulum paragraphi cum ancora creat. Tituli sic creati ancoras nexibiles habent. Si titulum sine ancora creare vis, vide {{Fn|Titulus paragraphi expers}}. == Usus == * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Tp|Lorem ipsum}} Sed voluptatem commodi ut harum enim quo necessitatibus pariatur ...</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ {{Tp|Lorem ipsum}} Sed voluptatem commodi ut harum enim quo necessitatibus pariatur ... * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Tp|Lorem ipsum|ancora=Lorem ipsum 2}} Sed voluptatem commodi ut harum enim quo necessitatibus pariatur ...</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ {{Tp|Lorem ipsum|ancora=Lorem ipsum 2}} Sed voluptatem commodi ut harum enim quo necessitatibus pariatur ... * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Tp|Dolor sit amet|p=}} Sed voluptatem commodi ut harum enim quo necessitatibus pariatur ...</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ {{Tp|Dolor sit amet|p=}} Sed voluptatem commodi ut harum enim quo necessitatibus pariatur ... {{vsep}} Tituli paragraphorum sunt nexibiles. E.g.: : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>[[#Lorem ipsum 2|§ Lorem ipsum]]</syntaxhighlight> :: ↳ [[#Lorem ipsum 2|§ Lorem ipsum]] Si idem titulus idcirco in eadem pagina recurrat, utere argumento {{para|ancora}} ad diversam ancoram creandam (e.g. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Tp|Lorem ipsum|ancora=Lorem ipsum 2}}</syntaxhighlight>) – evacua argumentum, vel utere formula {{Fn|Tpe}}, ut nullam ancora crees (e.g. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Tp|Lorem ipsum|ancora=}}</syntaxhighlight> vel <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Tpe|Lorem ipsum}}</syntaxhighlight>). '''Noli umquam assignare eundem titulum pluribus paragraphis in eadem pagina nisi etiam argumento {{para|ancora}} uteris'''. == De formula adhibenda == <templatedata>{ "description": "Haec formula titulum paragraphi cum ancora creat.", "params": { "1": { "label": "Titulus", "description": "Titulus paragraphi", "example": "Lorem ipsum", "type": "string", "required": true }, "p": { "label": "Post titulum", "description": "Interpunctio vel alia inscriptio titulum sequens (argumento omisso punctum legetur)", "default": ".", "example": ":", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ancora": { "label": "Ancora", "description": "Attributio HTML ‘id’ (argumento omisso ‘|1=’ legetur)", "default": "{{{1}}}", "example": "Lorem ipsum 2", "type": "string", "required": false } } }</templatedata> == Synonyma == * {{Fn|Tp}} == Ulteriora si cupis == * {{Fn|Titulus paragraphi expers}} * {{Fn|Ancora ostenta}} * {{Fn|Ancora tacita}} * {{Fn|Nexus ad caput}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae disputationis|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae typographicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> tm6859ufs8y1hhf3nkp3rzza4d4y0rg 10 307259 3980725 3855974 2026-08-12T04:49:40Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3980725 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}} | {{#if:{{{a|!}}} | <templatestyles src="Formula:Ancora tacita/styles.css" /><span class="ancora tacita" id="{{anchorencode:{{{a|{{{1}}}}}}}}" style="font-weight: bold; margin-right: .4em;">{{{1}}}{{{p|.}}}</span> <nowiki /> | <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-right: .4em;">{{{1}}}{{{p|.}}}</span> <nowiki /> }} | {{Error|Error: Titulus paragraphi abest.}} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> b3v00k7ot49nn0lyvpiiwzxr2h5z94e 3980728 3980725 2026-08-12T04:57:19Z Grufo 64423 Experimentum 3980728 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}} | {{#if:{{{a|!}}} | <templatestyles src="Formula:Ancora tacita/styles.css" /><span class="ancora tacita" id="{{anchorencode:{{{a|{{{1}}}}}}}}" style="font-weight: bold; margin-right: .4em;">{{{1}}}{{{p|.}}}</span> <nowiki />[[Categoria:Categoria caduca]] | <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-right: .4em;">{{{1}}}{{{p|.}}}</span> <nowiki /> }} | {{Error|Error: Titulus paragraphi abest.}} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> gu2mojk6umvqgvf3j4qjnvdi9a286cc 3980729 3980728 2026-08-12T04:59:12Z Grufo 64423 3980729 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}} | {{#if:{{{a|!}}} | <templatestyles src="Formula:Ancora tacita/styles.css" /><span class="ancora tacita" id="{{anchorencode:{{{a|{{{1}}}}}}}}" style="font-weight: bold; margin-right: .4em;">{{{1}}}{{{p|.}}}</span> <nowiki /> | <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-right: .4em;">{{{1}}}{{{p|.}}}</span> <nowiki /> }} | {{Error|Error: Titulus paragraphi abest.}} }}{{#if:{{{a|}}}|[[Categoria:Categoria caduca]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> 4fjr2nb2gt9ssq87g5g5kn4w1or0cbd 3980730 3980729 2026-08-12T05:01:33Z Grufo 64423 ‘|a=’ → ‘|ancora=’ 3980730 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}} | {{#if:{{{ancora|!}}} | <templatestyles src="Formula:Ancora tacita/styles.css" /><span class="ancora tacita" id="{{anchorencode:{{{ancora|{{{1}}}}}}}}" style="font-weight: bold; margin-right: .4em;">{{{1}}}{{{p|.}}}</span> <nowiki /> | <span style="font-weight: bold; margin-right: .4em;">{{{1}}}{{{p|.}}}</span> <nowiki /> }} | {{Error|Error: Titulus paragraphi abest.}} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> 44muyijs1ek60h9fm1moumq7cfhgmbn 10 308303 3980726 3836233 2026-08-12T04:55:05Z Grufo 64423 +|ancora= 3980726 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:<noinclude />Idcirco verbatim|{{{1|}}}| <span style{{safesubst:<noinclude />=}}"font-weight: bold; margin-right: .4em;{{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:{{{ancora|}}}|" id="{{{ancora}}}"|"}}>{{{1}}}{{{p|.}}}</span> |{{Error|Error: Titulus paragraphi abest.}}}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> 2g8q1htyekgw6rrj3w8elvfv1kk46w1 3980732 3980726 2026-08-12T05:09:48Z Grufo 64423 anchorencode 3980732 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:<noinclude />Idcirco verbatim|{{{1|}}}| <span style{{safesubst:<noinclude />=}}"font-weight: bold; margin-right: .4em;{{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:{{{ancora|}}}|" id="{{safesubst:<noinclude />anchorencode:{{{ancora}}}}}"|"}}>{{{1}}}{{{p|.}}}</span> |{{Error|Error: Titulus paragraphi abest.}}}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> 5tstwg2bvrdh3au0bdfwpptkyr985m6 3980734 3980732 2026-08-12T05:11:43Z Grufo 64423 3980734 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:<noinclude />Idcirco verbatim|{{{1|}}}|<span style{{safesubst:<noinclude />=}}"font-weight: bold; margin-right: .4em;{{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:{{{ancora|}}}|" id="{{safesubst:<noinclude />anchorencode:{{{ancora}}}}}"|"}}>{{{1}}}{{{p|.}}}</span> |{{Error|Error: Titulus paragraphi abest.}}}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> 609fgs37ysh923o51wzwruk5j9pvzb6 10 308305 3980727 3826158 2026-08-12T04:56:31Z Grufo 64423 3980727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula substituibilis|...}} {{Compendium formulae|tpe}} Utere hac formula ut titulos paragraphis des. Si titulum cum ancora creare vis, vide {{Fn|Titulus paragraphi}}. == Usus == * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Tpe|Lorem ipsum}} Sed voluptatem commodi ut harum enim quo necessitatibus pariatur ...</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ {{Tpe|Lorem ipsum}} Sed voluptatem commodi ut harum enim quo necessitatibus pariatur ... * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Tpe|Dolor sit amet|p=}} Sed voluptatem commodi ut harum enim quo necessitatibus pariatur ...</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ {{Tpe|Dolor sit amet|p=}} Sed voluptatem commodi ut harum enim quo necessitatibus pariatur ... == De formula adhibenda == <templatedata>{ "description": "Haec formula titulum paragraphi cum ancora creat.", "params": { "1": { "label": "Titulus", "description": "Titulus paragraphi", "example": "Lorem ipsum", "type": "string", "required": true }, "p": { "label": "Post titulum", "description": "Interpunctio vel alia inscriptio titulum sequens (argomentum omissum est tacite punctum)", "example": ":", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ancora": { "label": "Ancora", "description": "Attributio HTML ‘id’", "example": "lorem-ipsum", "type": "string", "required": false } } }</templatedata> == Synonyma == * {{Fn|Tpe}} == Ulteriora si cupis == * {{Fn|Titulus paragraphi}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae disputationis|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae typographicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> c6e8u2p1prrvtdbtxaxo6vqsda6fps5 3980733 3980727 2026-08-12T05:10:47Z Grufo 64423 Documentationem redintegravi 3980733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula substituibilis|...}} {{Compendium formulae|tpe}} Haec formula titulum paragraphi cum ancora creat. Si titulum cum ancora creare vis, vide {{Fn|Titulus paragraphi}}. == Usus == * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Tpe|Lorem ipsum}} Sed voluptatem commodi ut harum enim quo necessitatibus pariatur ...</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ {{Tpe|Lorem ipsum}} Sed voluptatem commodi ut harum enim quo necessitatibus pariatur ... * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Tpe|Dolor sit amet|p=}} Sed voluptatem commodi ut harum enim quo necessitatibus pariatur ...</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ {{Tpe|Dolor sit amet|p=}} Sed voluptatem commodi ut harum enim quo necessitatibus pariatur ... == De formula adhibenda == <templatedata>{ "description": "Haec formula titulum paragraphi cum ancora creat.", "params": { "1": { "label": "Titulus", "description": "Titulus paragraphi", "example": "Lorem ipsum", "type": "string", "required": true }, "p": { "label": "Post titulum", "description": "Interpunctio vel alia inscriptio titulum sequens (argomentum omissum punctum legetur)", "default": ".", "example": ":", "type": "string", "required": false }, "ancora": { "label": "Ancora", "description": "Attributio HTML ‘id’", "example": "lorem-ipsum", "type": "string", "required": false } } }</templatedata> == Synonyma == * {{Fn|Tpe}} == Ulteriora si cupis == * {{Fn|Titulus paragraphi}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae disputationis|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae typographicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> qg9c652p3dyqp2omo2k50c31e4rfffb 0 309822 3980655 3977919 2026-08-11T21:19:47Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina discretiva nominis}} {{Nomen | genus = Femininum | origo = Slavica | significatio = “gratiosa” | imago = Milena Vukotić-Postcard.jpg | capitulum = [[Milena (regina Montis Nigri) | Milena]], regina Montis Nigri }} {{res|Milena}} est nomen atque [[praenomen]] femininum, Slavica origine (in [[Alphabetum Cyrillicum|alphabeto Cyrillico]] Милена scriptum). Significatio praenominis “gratiosa” est. Forma masculina est {{res|[[Milanus]]}}.<ref>''Behind the Name'', s.v. “[https://www.behindthename.com/name/milan Milan]”. {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref> == Mulieres == * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Milena (regina Montis Nigri)||en|qid=Q257108}} * [[Milena Dravić]] * [[Milena Jesenská]] * [[Milena Kunis]] * [[Milena Miconi]] * [[Milena Minkova]] * [[Milena Vukotic]] == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[6441 Milenajesenská]], asteroides Milenae Jesenská dicatum * [[Milenopolis]], vulgo ''Milena'', municipium Italiae [[Categoria:Praenomina feminina]] [[Categoria:Praenomina Bohemica]] [[Categoria:Praenomina Polonica]] [[Categoria:Praenomina Russica]] [[Categoria:Praenomina Slovena]] [[Categoria:Praenomina Theodisca]] gifpp41mvwkog6j3b37ov90dnm3hk1n 0 310476 3980642 3976690 2026-08-11T21:05:41Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980642 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Озеро Эльгыгытгын.jpg|thumb|[[Elgygytgyn]] lacus in planitie Anadyrensi media]] {{res|Planities elevata Anadyrensis}}<ref>{{ZK|Анадырское плоскогорье}}</ref> est [[planities elevata]] in [[Siberia]] boreorientali (in [[Districtus autonomus Tschucoticus|districtu autonomo Tschucotico]] [[Russia]]e) sita. Pars est [[planities montana|planitiei montanae]] Anadyrensis<ref>''Анадырское нагорье''.</ref>, quae inter {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|planities montana Tschucotica|planitiem montanam Tschucoticam|ru|qid=Q1112796}} et [[Planities montana Kolymensis|planitiem montanam Kolymensem]] patet. Circa 400 [[chm]] lata et 150 chm longa est. Altitudo media planitiei elevatae 700-800 [[metrum|m]] est. Planitie media [[Elgygytgyn]]<ref>[[Lingua Tschuctschica|Tschucotice]] ''Lacus albus''.</ref> lacus situs est. [[Divortium aquarum]] [[Anadyr]]is fluminis, quod hic oritur, et accolarum [[Colyma]]e est. [[Basaltes|Basaltibus]], [[andesites|andesitibus]], [[dacites|dacitibus]] composita est. [[Tundra]] planitiem elevatam operit. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240614221147/https://bigenc.ru/c/anadyrskoe-ploskogor-e-b7704d ''Encyclopaedia Russica magna''] {{DEFAULTSORT:Anadyrensis, planities elevata}} [[Categoria:Altae planities Russiae|Anadyrensis]] [[Categoria:Districtus autonomus Tschucoticus]] 2cqwnpn0ad98hul6n21qyp3wapf17xn 0 311159 3980626 3980009 2026-08-11T20:50:32Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Lancelot Thomas Hogben}} ({{abbr|FRS|“Fellow of the Royal Society”}} {{abbr|FRSE|“Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh”}}, natus die [[9 Decembris]] [[1895]], mortuus die [[22 Augusti]] [[1975]]) fuit zoologus experimentarius et medicus statisticus [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]]. In prima parte vitae suae ranam africanam unguibus munitam (''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|xenopus laevis|xenopodem laevem|en|qid=Q654718}}'') adhibuit organismum modellum investigationis [[biologia|biologicae]], in media parte vitae suae se contra motum eugeneticum movit, et in ultima parte vitae libros populares de [[scientia]], [[mathematica]] et [[lingua]] scripsit.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Sarkar | first1 = S. | title = Lancelot Hogben, 1895-1975 | journal = Genetics | volume = 142 | issue = 3 | pages = 655–660 | year = 1996 | doi = 10.1093/genetics/142.3.655 | pmid = 8849876 | pmc = 1207007 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Tabery | first1 = J. | title = Biometric and developmental gene–environment interactions: Looking back, moving forward | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_development-and-psychopathology_fall-2007_19_4/page/961 | doi = 10.1017/S0954579407000478 | journal = Development and Psychopathology | volume = 19 | issue = 4 | pages = 961–976 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17931428 | s2cid = 412662 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | title = Lancelot Hogben | journal = Lancet | volume = 2 | issue = 7934 | pages = 565 | year = 1975 | pmid = 51402| doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(75)90955-1 | s2cid = 208786843 }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Hogben | first1 = L. | title = Fifty years ago: Lancelot Hogben reviews Bradford Hill. 1948 | journal = Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health | volume = 50 | issue = 1 | pages = 3; discussion 3–4 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8815153 | pmc = 1060894 | doi=10.1136/jech.50.1.3 }}</ref> == Nexus interni == * [[Interglossa]] == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * {{Cite journal | last1 = Tabery | first1 = J. | title = R. A. Fisher, Lancelot Hogben, and the origin(s) of genotype-environment interaction | journal = Journal of the History of Biology | volume = 41 | issue = 4 | pages = 717–761 | year = 2008 | pmid = 19244846 | doi=10.1007/s10739-008-9155-y | s2cid = 46322531 | url = http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/4209/1/Tabery-Fisher.Hogben.and.the.Origins.f.GxE%28April.2008%29.doc }} * {{Cite journal | last1 = Keynes | first1 = M. | title = Lancelot Hogben, F.R.S. (1895-1975): A review of his autobiography. Review of: Hogben, A; Hogben, A.: ''Lancelot Hogben - scientific humanist''. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Merlin Press, 1998 | journal = Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London | volume = 53 | issue = 3 | pages = 361–369 | year = 1999 | pmid = 11624011 | doi=10.1098/rsnr.1999.0088| s2cid = 72372017 }} [[Categoria:Nati 1895]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1975]] [[Categoria:Professores Scholae Scientiarum Oeconomicarum et Politicarum Londiniensis]] [[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Civitatis Capitis]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Birminghamiensis]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Aberdonensis]] [[Categoria:Zoologi Britanniae]] qf3ip8h1n6yadkxxtffmlyybcrv8djw 0 311420 3980641 3976715 2026-08-11T21:05:11Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980641 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Empire ghana.png|thumb|His fere locis regnum Ganae erat.]] {{res|Regnum Ganae}},<ref>{{subst:creanda|de|Melchior Hartmann|Ioannes Melchior Hartmann}}. [https://books.google.ru/books?id=s8RXAAAAcAAJ&q=regnum+ganae#v=snippet&q=regnum%20ganae&f=false ''Commentatio De Geographia Africae Edrisiana'', Gottingae 1791, p. 38].</ref> quod nunc saepe {{res|Imperium Ganense}} nominatur, fuit [[civitas]] antiqua in [[Africa Occidentalis|Africae Occidentali]], praecipue in terris [[Malia]]e et [[Mauritania]]e hodiernae sita. A [[saeculum 8|saeculo octavo]] ad [[saeculum 11|saeculum undecimo]] [[floruit]]. Reliquiae urbis Ganae [[caput (urbs)|capitis]] (quae et ipsa a nonnullis ''Gana'' nominatur) in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Kumbi Saleh||en|qid=Q682728}} anno [[1910]] inventae sunt. In [[septentrio]]ne {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Audagostum||d=Q616309)}} [[oasis]] [[saeculum 10|saeculo undecimo]] a Ganensibus occupatum est, in [[meridies|meridie]] flumina [[Senegalus|Senegalum]] et [[Niger (flumen)|Nigrum]] regnum Ganae attingebat. Gana de fontibus [[lingua Arabica|Arabicis]] [[medium aevum|mediaevalibus]] nota est, a [[scriptor]]ibus Arabicis "terra Auri" saepe appellata. Populus [[lingua Gangara|Soninke]], [[Mazaces|Barbaris]] inimicus, regnum Ganae possidebat; nomen [[civitas|civitatis]] in lingua Soninke ''Wagadu'' fuisse videtur. [[Islamus]] et [[cultus]] [[indigena]]rum [[pagani]] in regno miscebantur. Saeculo undecimo ab [[Almoravides|Almovidarum]] militibus [[Mazaces|Barbaricis]] Gana debellata et destructa est. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240412233017/https://bigenc.ru/c/gana-istoricheskoe-gosudarstvo-0fed48 ''Encyclopedia Russica magna''] {{ling|Russice}} * [https://snl.no/Ghanariket ''Store Norske Leksikon''] {{ling|Norvegice}} * [https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/empire-du-ghana/ ''Universalis''] {{ling|Francogallice}} * [https://www.worldhistory.org/Ghana_Empire/ ''World History Encyclopedia''] {{ling|Anglice}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gana, regnum}} [[Categoria:Antiquae civitates Africae]] [[Categoria:Historia Maliae]] [[Categoria:Historia Mauritaniae]] {{Myrias|Historia}} enj40qtsh60lgs780p9en08w1zj38zk 3980657 3980641 2026-08-11T21:26:48Z Grufo 64423 Mendam correxi 3980657 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Empire ghana.png|thumb|His fere locis regnum Ganae erat.]] {{res|Regnum Ganae}},{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Melchior Hartmann||de|qid=Q55122880}}. [https://books.google.ru/books?id=s8RXAAAAcAAJ&q=regnum+ganae#v=snippet&q=regnum%20ganae&f=false ''Commentatio De Geographia Africae Edrisiana'', Gottingae 1791, p. 38].|2=Q55122880}} quod nunc saepe {{res|Imperium Ganense}} nominatur, fuit [[civitas]] antiqua in [[Africa Occidentalis|Africae Occidentali]], praecipue in terris [[Malia]]e et [[Mauritania]]e hodiernae sita. A [[saeculum 8|saeculo octavo]] ad [[saeculum 11|saeculum undecimo]] [[floruit]]. Reliquiae urbis Ganae [[caput (urbs)|capitis]] (quae et ipsa a nonnullis ''Gana'' nominatur) in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Kumbi Saleh||en|qid=Q682728}} anno [[1910]] inventae sunt. In [[septentrio]]ne {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Audagostum||d=Q616309)}} [[oasis]] [[saeculum 10|saeculo undecimo]] a Ganensibus occupatum est, in [[meridies|meridie]] flumina [[Senegalus|Senegalum]] et [[Niger (flumen)|Nigrum]] regnum Ganae attingebat. Gana de fontibus [[lingua Arabica|Arabicis]] [[medium aevum|mediaevalibus]] nota est, a [[scriptor]]ibus Arabicis "terra Auri" saepe appellata. Populus [[lingua Gangara|Soninke]], [[Mazaces|Barbaris]] inimicus, regnum Ganae possidebat; nomen [[civitas|civitatis]] in lingua Soninke ''Wagadu'' fuisse videtur. [[Islamus]] et [[cultus]] [[indigena]]rum [[pagani]] in regno miscebantur. Saeculo undecimo ab [[Almoravides|Almovidarum]] militibus [[Mazaces|Barbaricis]] Gana debellata et destructa est. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240412233017/https://bigenc.ru/c/gana-istoricheskoe-gosudarstvo-0fed48 ''Encyclopedia Russica magna''] {{ling|Russice}} * [https://snl.no/Ghanariket ''Store Norske Leksikon''] {{ling|Norvegice}} * [https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/empire-du-ghana/ ''Universalis''] {{ling|Francogallice}} * [https://www.worldhistory.org/Ghana_Empire/ ''World History Encyclopedia''] {{ling|Anglice}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gana, regnum}} [[Categoria:Antiquae civitates Africae]] [[Categoria:Historia Maliae]] [[Categoria:Historia Mauritaniae]] {{Myrias|Historia}} ke1255m5rqxus0y6nz9alr2jauebn92 3980658 3980657 2026-08-11T21:28:07Z Grufo 64423 Aliam mendam correxi 3980658 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Empire ghana.png|thumb|His fere locis regnum Ganae erat.]] {{res|Regnum Ganae}},{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Melchior Hartmann||de|qid=Q55122880}}. [https://books.google.ru/books?id=s8RXAAAAcAAJ&q=regnum+ganae#v=snippet&q=regnum%20ganae&f=false ''Commentatio De Geographia Africae Edrisiana'', Gottingae 1791, p. 38].|2=Q55122880}} quod nunc saepe {{res|Imperium Ganense}} nominatur, fuit [[civitas]] antiqua in [[Africa Occidentalis|Africae Occidentali]], praecipue in terris [[Malia]]e et [[Mauritania]]e hodiernae sita. A [[saeculum 8|saeculo octavo]] ad [[saeculum 11|saeculum undecimo]] [[floruit]]. Reliquiae urbis Ganae [[caput (urbs)|capitis]] (quae et ipsa a nonnullis ''Gana'' nominatur) in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Kumbi Saleh||en|qid=Q682728}} anno [[1910]] inventae sunt. In [[septentrio]]ne {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Audagostum||en|qid=Q616309}} [[oasis]] [[saeculum 10|saeculo undecimo]] a Ganensibus occupatum est, in [[meridies|meridie]] flumina [[Senegalus|Senegalum]] et [[Niger (flumen)|Nigrum]] regnum Ganae attingebat. Gana de fontibus [[lingua Arabica|Arabicis]] [[medium aevum|mediaevalibus]] nota est, a [[scriptor]]ibus Arabicis "terra Auri" saepe appellata. Populus [[lingua Gangara|Soninke]], [[Mazaces|Barbaris]] inimicus, regnum Ganae possidebat; nomen [[civitas|civitatis]] in lingua Soninke ''Wagadu'' fuisse videtur. [[Islamus]] et [[cultus]] [[indigena]]rum [[pagani]] in regno miscebantur. Saeculo undecimo ab [[Almoravides|Almovidarum]] militibus [[Mazaces|Barbaricis]] Gana debellata et destructa est. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240412233017/https://bigenc.ru/c/gana-istoricheskoe-gosudarstvo-0fed48 ''Encyclopedia Russica magna''] {{ling|Russice}} * [https://snl.no/Ghanariket ''Store Norske Leksikon''] {{ling|Norvegice}} * [https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/empire-du-ghana/ ''Universalis''] {{ling|Francogallice}} * [https://www.worldhistory.org/Ghana_Empire/ ''World History Encyclopedia''] {{ling|Anglice}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gana, regnum}} [[Categoria:Antiquae civitates Africae]] [[Categoria:Historia Maliae]] [[Categoria:Historia Mauritaniae]] {{Myrias|Historia}} 9e2v4t95zgke2687rt9nn8j70qj3mgw 0 311774 3980656 3977900 2026-08-11T21:20:12Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina discretiva nominis}} {{Nomen | genus = Femininum | origo = Latina | significatio = “patricia” | imago = Princess Patricia of Connaught, 1912.jpg | capitulum = [[Patricia de Connaught]], principissa Britannica }} {{res|Patricia}} est nomen atque [[praenomen]] femininum, forma muliebris nominis Latini [[Patricius (praenomen)|Patricii]].<ref name=":0">''Behind the Name'', s.v. “[https://www.behindthename.com/name/patricia Patricia]”. {{Ling|Anglice}}.</ref> == Quae hoc nomen habuerint == * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Patricia de Connaught||en|qid=Q256951}} * [[Gratia Patricia (principissa Monoecensis)]] * [[Margarita Patricia Munn]] == Quae hoc praenomen habuerint == * [[Patricia Austin]] * [[Patricia Barker]] * [[Patricia Duke]] * [[Patricia Highsmith]] * [[Patricia Murray]] * [[Patricia Neal]] * [[Patricia Nixon]] * [[Patricia Scotland]] * [[Patricia Summitt]] == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[3310 Patsy]], asteroides [[Categoria:Nomina]] [[Categoria:Praenomina feminina]] [[Categoria:Praenomina Anglica]] [[Categoria:Praenomina Francogallica]] [[Categoria:Praenomina Hispanica]] qins426b24yvt0w1tzlivmwbgyhq9hf 0 313089 3980568 3837594 2026-08-11T17:43:44Z LilyKitty 18316 de eponymo 3980568 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Christiaan Eijkman.jpg|thumb|Christianus Eijkman.]] '''Christianus Eijkman''' (natus [[Nijkerk]] in urbe [[Geldria|Geldriensi]] die [[11 Augusti]] [[1858]]; mortuus [[Traiectum ad Rhenum|Traiecti ad Rhenum]] die [[5 Novembris]] [[1930]]) fuit [[medicus]] [[Nederlandia|Batavicus]] [[physiologia]]e et [[hygiene|hygienis]] peritus, qui anno [[1929]] [[Praemium Nobelianum physiologiae et medicinae]] cum [[Fridericus Hopkins|Friderico Hopkins]] accepit, ratione studii [[vitaminum|vitaminorum]].<ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1929/eijkman/facts/ De Christiano Eijkman.]</ref> Causam [[beriberi]]s per [[alimentum|alimenta]] invenit. Alumnus [[Universitas Amstelodamensis|Universitatis Amstelodamensis]] gradum doctoris adeptus est; deinde professor [[Universitas Rheno-Traiectina|Universitatis Rheno-Triectinae]] fuit. Asteroides [[9676 Eijkman]] in eius honorem nominatus fuit. == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Christiaan Eijkman|Christianus Eijkman}} {{Lifetime|1858|1930|Eijkman, Christianus}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Amstelodamensis]] [[Categoria:Medici Nederlandiae]] [[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Medicinae]] kdj8p4nib51zh2didsgco4rjkxvg88p 0 313294 3980654 3980397 2026-08-11T21:19:17Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina discretiva nominis}} {{Nomen | genus = Femininum | origo = Germanica | significatio = “cassis voluntatis” | imago = Thérèse Schwartze 029.jpg | capitulum = [[Gulielmina (regina Nederlandiae)]]. }} {{res|Gulielmina}} est [[praenomen]] femininum [[Germanice|Germanicum]], forma muliebris {{res|[[Gulielmus|Gulielmi]]}}. E vocabulis ''wil'' seu ''willo'' ('voluntas') atque ''helm'' ('[[cassis]]') originem ducit.<ref name=":0">''Behind the Name'', s.v. “[https://www.behindthename.com/name/william William]”. {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref> Variantes praenominis {{res|Gulielma}} atque {{res|Wilhelmina}}<ref>“EPITHALAMIUM AD WILHELMUM QUINTUM [...] ET FREDERICAM SOPHIAM WILHELMINAM [...]”; [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Epithalamium_ad_Wilhelmum_Quintum_et_Fre/DeZXAAAAcAAJ?hl=it&gbpv=0 textum] apud ''Google Books''.</ref> sunt. == Quae hoc nomen habuerint == * [[Gulielmina (regina Nederlandiae)]] * [[Louisa Augusta Wilhelmina Amelia]] * [[Mathilda Laetitia Gulielmina Bonaparte]] * [[Carolina Gulielma Sandell-Berg]] == Quae hoc praenomen habuerint == * [[Gulielma Elisa]] * [[Gulielmina Fernandez]] * [[Gulielma Piper]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gulielmina Schröder-Devrient||de|qid=Q63238}} == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[392 Wilhelmina]], asteroides [[Categoria:Nomina]] [[Categoria:Praenomina]] [[Categoria:Praenomina feminina]] 1bccvhp5qyg31s0bv5hoxlo0rwgspeh 0 313462 3980766 3843125 2026-08-12T09:08:03Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3980766 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:COA Premyslid.svg|thumb|Premyslidarum [[insigne]].]] '''Přemyslidae'''<ref>E.g., [https://books.google.ru/books?id=IRD55LfE5sgC&q=Premyslidae#v=snippet&q=Premyslidae&f=false Codex juris Bohemici: tomus I, aetatem Přemyslidarum continens (Pragae: 1867).]</ref> ([[Bohemice]] ''Přemyslovci'') fuerunt [[gens]] [[dux|ducum]] [[rex|regumque]] [[Cechia]]e. Origines Přemyslidarum fabulosae sunt. [[Cosmas Pragensis]] ait Primislaum I (''Přemysl'') [[agricola]]m fuisse, quem [[Libussa]] fatidica Bohemorum [[iudex]] et ducissa virum sibi eligit. Septem duces e posteritati Primislai et Libussae fabulosi fuisse videntur, et solum octavus, [[Bořivoj I (dux Bohemiae)|Borzivoius I]], [[monumentum|monumentis]] historicis secunda parte saeculi noni testificatus est. Ineunte saeculo decimo [[Vratislaus I (rex Bohemiae)|Vratislaus]] a [[Henricus IV (imperator)|Henrico IV]] [[marchia|marchionatus]] [[Misnia]]e<ref>E.g. [https://cyfrowe.mnw.art.pl/en/catalog/1010930 tabula] Hugonis Allard.</ref> et [[Lusatia]]e<ref>E.g., [https://www.vintage-maps.com/en/antique-maps/europe/germany/seutter-germany-saxony-upper-lusatia-1730::12162 tabula] {{Creanda|de|Matthäus Seutter|Matthaeus Seutter|Matthaei Seutter}}, c. 1730.</ref> necnon regis titulum accepit. Filius eius [[Sanctus Venceslaus|Wencleslaus]], a fratre Boleslao anno 929 vel 935 necatus, postea inter sanctos adscitus est et tamquam patronus Bohemiae habetur usque ad praesentem diem. [[Boleslaus I (dux Bohemiae)|Boleslaus I]] et [[Ulricus (dux Bohemiae)|Ulricus]] [[Moravia]]m adiunxerunt, [[Bretislaus I (dux Bohemiae)|Bretislaus I]] [[Silesia]]m, qua perdita potestatem [[Imperium Romanum Sacrum|imperatoris Romani]] agnovit. Titulo regis iterum (anno nempe 1158) a [[Fridericus I (imperator)|Friderico Barba Rubra]] accepto [[Vladislaus I (rex Bohemiae)|Vladislaus II]] utebatur; [[Ottocarus I (rex Bohemiae)|Primislaus Ottocarus I]] regis titulum tertia vice anno 1203 accepto hereditati suae eum tradidit. [[Ottocarus II (rex Bohemiae)|Primislaus Ottocarus II]] nepos eius ([[Venceslaus I (rex Bohemiae)|Venceslai I]] filius) terras omnes usque ad [[mare Adriaticum]] adiunxit ([[Austria]]m, [[Styria]]m, [[Carinthia]]m, [[Carniola]]m, et [[Forum Iulii (terra)|Forum Iulii]]), sed a [[Rudolphus I|Rudolpho I]] victus in pugna periit, filiusque eius [[Venceslaus II (rex Bohemiae)|Venceslaus II]] Bohemiam et Moraviam tantum servavit. [[Venceslaus III (rex Bohemiae)|Venceslaus III]] filius eius adulescens quamquam coronas Bohemiae, [[Polonia]]e et [[Hungaria]]e acceperat, nullam servavit et mox occisus (anno 1306) heredes non reliquit. [[Elisabetha Bohemiae|Elisabetha]] soror eius [[Iohannes (rex Bohemiae)|Ioanni]] e [[Domus Luxemburgica|domo Luxemburgica]] nupta est. Premyslidarum ramus minor a [[Nicolaus I Oppaviensis|Nicolao I]] [[Ottocarus II (rex Bohemiae)|Primislai Ottocari II]] filio notho ducatus [[Oppavia]]e et [[Ratiboria]]e usque ad annum [[1521]] rexit. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/house-of-Premysl ''Encyclopaedia Britannica.''] {{ling|Anglice}}. * [https://old.bigenc.ru/world_history/text/3176807 ''Encyclopaedia Russica magna.''] {{ling|Russice}}. * [https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/les-premyslides/ ''Universalis.''] {{ling|Francogallice}}. *[https://www.collegium-carolinum.de/ ''Collegium Carolinum,''] institutum historiae Bohemicae cognoscendae. *[https://www.manfred-hiebl.de/genealogie-mittelalter/premysliden_herzoege_von_boehmen_maehren/familie_der_premysliden.html Stemma ducum.] [[Categoria:Historia Cechiae]] [[Categoria:Premyslidae|!]] 8na4sjow94xz9jhpymuipxa0t37iiiv 10 313710 3980612 3845039 2026-08-11T20:31:56Z Grufo 64423 3980612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula semper substituenda}} Utere hac [[Vicipaedia:Substitutio|substitutione]] ut indicem notarum paginae addas. == De usu == '''Vicitextus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{subst:notae}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">==Notae== <references /></syntaxhighlight> == Ulteriora si cupis == * {{Fn|NexInt}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsa capita creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> t8ubsqz1z1sfcbo58vhhcgrygm8e2gv 10 313712 3980610 3853366 2026-08-11T20:30:42Z Grufo 64423 +{{[[Formula:Formula in multis paginis adhibita|Formula in multis paginis adhibita]]}} 3980610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis|proprietas=distributa}} {{#ifeq:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|NexExt | {{Formula semper substituenda|inspectio=propria}} | {{Formula in multis paginis adhibita}}{{Formula numquam substituenda}} }} Utere hac formula ut indicem nexuum {{#ifeq:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|NexInt|internorum|externorum}} addas. == De usu == '''Codex manuscriptus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{NexInt}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">== Nexus interni ==</syntaxhighlight> {{Ast}} '''Codex manuscriptus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{NexExt}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">== Nexus externi ==</syntaxhighlight> == Synonyma == * {{Fn|Nexint}} == Vide quoque == * {{Fsn|NexInt}} * {{Fsn|NexExt}} * {{Fsn|notae}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsa capita creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> bxaeaddgxd40rbucnxk3xqvxde18yos 3980611 3980610 2026-08-11T20:31:23Z Grufo 64423 3980611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis|proprietas=distributa}} {{#ifeq:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|NexExt | {{Formula semper substituenda|inspectio=propria}} | {{Formula in multis paginis adhibita}}{{Formula numquam substituenda}} }} Utere hac formula ut indicem nexuum {{#ifeq:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|NexInt|internorum|externorum}} addas. == De usu == '''Codex manuscriptus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{NexInt}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">== Nexus interni ==</syntaxhighlight> {{Ast}} '''Codex manuscriptus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{NexExt}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">== Nexus externi ==</syntaxhighlight> == Synonyma == * {{Fn|Nexint}} == Ulteriora si cupis == * {{Fsn|NexInt}} * {{Fsn|NexExt}} * {{Fsn|notae}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsa capita creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> 3nmgbc7pd6we92ctem6sliaiutj8mgt 10 314035 3980615 3977447 2026-08-11T20:34:27Z Grufo 64423 +{{[[Formula:Formula in multis paginis adhibita|Formula in multis paginis adhibita]]}} 3980615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula in multis paginis adhibita}} {{Metaformula tantum|Formulae synopsis}} {{Formula substituibilis|...}} {{Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur|Formula:Capsa tabellaria/styles.css}} {{Lua|Module:Params}} Utere hac metaformula ut capsam tabellariam apud marginem dextrum crees. {{Nota bene}} Haec formula bene accommodatur '''intra alias formulas'''. Si capsam tabellariam in commentatione manu scribere vis, utere autem formula {{Fn|Capsa tabellaria}}. == De usu == Haec metaformula argumentis {{para|si ''N''}}, {{para|caput ''N''}} et {{para|res ''N''}} (facultativis) utitur ad cellas creandas (ubi <code>''N''</code> est numerus). Non necesse est ut numeri sint consecutivi. Argumenta {{para|si ''N''}} (tamquam <code>{{nim|#if|...}}</code>) adhiberi possunt ad cellas omittendas. Postremo, argumentum {{para|titulus}} tabellae titulum definit. {{Ast}} === Exemplum 1 === {{Metacapsa tabellaria | titulus = Electron | caput 1 = Proprietates generales | caput 2 = [[Physica particularum minimarum|Definitio]] | res 2 = [[Lepton]] | caput 3 = Compositio | res 3= ''minima'' | caput 4 = Proprietates physicae | caput 5 = [[Massa]] | res 5 = {{val|510.99895069|(16)|u=[[Electron-volt|keV]]&thinsp;[[celeritas luminis|c]]⁻²}}<br /><small>({{val|9.1093837139|(28)|e=-31|u=[[chiliogramma|kg]]}})</small> | caput 6 = [[Onus electricum]] | res 6 = {{val|-1.602176634|e=-19|u=[[coulomb (unitas)|C]]}} | caput 7 = [[Onus coloris]] | res 7 = 0 | caput 8 = [[Vertigo quantica|Vertigo]] | res 8 = {{ofrac|1|2}} | caput 9 = [[Longaevitas media]] | res 9 = Stabilis }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Metacapsa tabellaria | titulus = Electron | caput 1 = Proprietates generales | caput 2 = [[Physica particularum minimarum|Definitio]] | res 2 = [[Lepton]] | caput 3 = Compositio | res 3= ''minima'' | caput 4 = Proprietates physicae | caput 5 = [[Massa]] | res 5 = {{val|510.99895069|(16)|u=[[Electron-volt|keV]]&thinsp;[[celeritas luminis|c]]⁻²}}<br /><small>({{val|9.1093837139|(28)|e=-31|u=[[chiliogramma|kg]]}})</small> | caput 6 = [[Onus electricum]] | res 6 = {{val|-1.602176634|e=-19|u=[[coulomb (unitas)|C]]}} | caput 7 = [[Onus coloris]] | res 7 = 0 | caput 8 = [[Vertigo quantica|Vertigo]] | res 8 = {{ofrac|1|2}} | caput 9 = [[Longaevitas media]] | res 9 = Stabilis }}</syntaxhighlight> <div style="clear: both;"></div> {{Ast}} === Exemplum 2 === {{Metacapsa tabellaria | caput 1 = Fibula Praenestina | res 2 = [[File:Praeneste fibula.JPG|200px|Praeneste fibula]] | caput 3 = Materia | res 3 = [[Aurum]] | caput 4 = Magnitudo | res 4 = 10.7 [[metrum|cm]] longitudine | caput 5 = Inscriptio | res 5 = ''MANIOS MED FHEFHAKED NVMASIOI'' | caput 6 = Facta | res 6 = Anno circiter [[600 a.C.n.]] | caput 7 = Locus inventionis | res 7 = Disputatur, Sepulcrum fortasse Bernardinianum, [[Praeneste]] | caput 8 = Tempus inventionis | res 8 = Annis [[1871]]-[[1887|87]] | caput 9 = Inventor | res 9 = Disputatur, a {{Creanda|de|Wolfgang Helbig|Wolfgangus Helbig|Wolfgango Helbig}} est palam facta | caput 10 = Locus | res 10 = [[Museum Pigorinianum]], [[Roma]] | caput 11 = Cultura | res 11 = [[etrusci|Etrusca]] }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Metacapsa tabellaria | caput 1 = Fibula Praenestina | res 2 = [[File:Praeneste fibula.JPG|200px|Praeneste fibula]] | caput 3 = Materia | res 3 = [[Aurum]] | caput 4 = Magnitudo | res 4 = 10.7 [[metrum|cm]] longitudine | caput 5 = Inscriptio | res 5 = ''MANIOS MED FHEFHAKED NVMASIOI'' | caput 6 = Facta | res 6 = Anno circiter [[600 a.C.n.]] | caput 7 = Locus inventionis | res 7 = Disputatur, Sepulcrum fortasse Bernardinianum, [[Praeneste]] | caput 8 = Tempus inventionis | res 8 = Annis [[1871]]-[[1887|87]] | caput 9 = Inventor | res 9 = Disputatur, a {{Creanda|de|Wolfgang Helbig|Wolfgangus Helbig|Wolfgango Helbig}} est palam facta | caput 10 = Locus | res 10 = [[Museum Pigorinianum]], [[Roma]] | caput 11 = Cultura | res 11 = [[etrusci|Etrusca]] }}</syntaxhighlight> == De argumentis == <templatedata>{ "description": "Heac formula metacapsam tabellariam apud marginem dextrum creat.", "params": { "titulus": { "label": "Titulus", "description": "Titulus tabellae", "type": "string", "required": false, "example": "Lorem ipsum" }, "ancora": { "label": "Ancora", "description": "Ancora capsae", "type": "string", "required": false, "example": "lorem-ipsum" }, "color": { "label": "Color", "description": "Color marginis capsae (nullus margo ostendetur si hoc argumentum datur vacuum)", "type": "string", "required": false, "example": "#cccccc", "default": "#eaecf0" }, "pigmentum": { "label": "Pigmentum", "description": "Color ipsius capsae (CSS: ‘background-color’) – argumentum ignorabitur si ‘|trama=’ datur", "type": "string", "required": false, "example": "#f6e4e4", "default": "#f7f8ff" }, "trama": { "label": "Trama", "description": "Trama capsae (CSS: ‘background’)", "type": "string", "required": false, "example": "linear-gradient(0.25turn, #3f87a6, #ebf8e1, #f69d3c)" }, "pigmentulum": { "label": "Pigmentulum", "description": "Color vittae cuiusque capitis (CSS: ‘background-color’)", "type": "string", "example": "#f9cece", "default": "#e6e6fa" }, "subtemen": { "label": "Subtemen", "description": "Trama vittae cuiusque capitis (CSS: ‘background’)", "type": "string", "example": "linear-gradient(0.25turn, #3f87a6, #ebf8e1, #f69d3c)" } } }</templatedata> == Subformulae machinariae == * {{Fn|Metacapsa tabellaria/caput}} == Ulteriora si cupis == * {{Fn|Capsa tabellaria}} * {{Fn|Capsa}} * {{Fn|Capsa lateralis}} * {{Fn|Capsa annuntiationis}} * {{Fn|Capsa notionis}} * {{Fn|Capsa disputationis}} * {{Fn|Capsa documentationis}} * {{Fn|Capsa monitus}} * {{Fn|Capsa paginae}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae capsarum|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae marginales|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae variadicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> c1nd6n7u9w2429trwm5e8ig449gnnsd 3980616 3980615 2026-08-11T20:36:09Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula in multis paginis adhibita}} {{Metaformula tantum|Formulae synopsis}} {{Formula substituibilis|...}} {{Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur|Formula:Capsa tabellaria/styles.css}} {{Lua|Module:Params}} Utere hac metaformula ut capsam tabellariam apud marginem dextrum crees. {{Nota bene}} Haec formula bene accommodatur '''intra alias formulas'''. Si capsam tabellariam in commentatione manu scribere vis, utere autem formula {{Fn|Capsa tabellaria}}. == De usu == Haec metaformula argumentis {{para|si ''N''}}, {{para|caput ''N''}} et {{para|res ''N''}} (facultativis) utitur ad cellas creandas (ubi <code>''N''</code> est numerus). Non necesse est ut numeri sint consecutivi. Argumenta {{para|si ''N''}} (tamquam <code>{{nim|#if|...}}</code>) adhiberi possunt ad cellas omittendas. Postremo, argumentum {{para|titulus}} tabellae titulum definit. {{Ast}} === Exemplum 1 === {{Metacapsa tabellaria | titulus = Electron | caput 1 = Proprietates generales | caput 2 = [[Physica particularum minimarum|Definitio]] | res 2 = [[Lepton]] | caput 3 = Compositio | res 3= ''minima'' | caput 4 = Proprietates physicae | caput 5 = [[Massa]] | res 5 = {{val|510.99895069|(16)|u=[[Electron-volt|keV]]&thinsp;[[celeritas luminis|c]]⁻²}}<br /><small>({{val|9.1093837139|(28)|e=-31|u=[[chiliogramma|kg]]}})</small> | caput 6 = [[Onus electricum]] | res 6 = {{val|-1.602176634|e=-19|u=[[coulomb (unitas)|C]]}} | caput 7 = [[Onus coloris]] | res 7 = 0 | caput 8 = [[Vertigo quantica|Vertigo]] | res 8 = {{ofrac|1|2}} | caput 9 = [[Longaevitas media]] | res 9 = Stabilis }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Metacapsa tabellaria | titulus = Electron | caput 1 = Proprietates generales | caput 2 = [[Physica particularum minimarum|Definitio]] | res 2 = [[Lepton]] | caput 3 = Compositio | res 3= ''minima'' | caput 4 = Proprietates physicae | caput 5 = [[Massa]] | res 5 = {{val|510.99895069|(16)|u=[[Electron-volt|keV]]&thinsp;[[celeritas luminis|c]]⁻²}}<br /><small>({{val|9.1093837139|(28)|e=-31|u=[[chiliogramma|kg]]}})</small> | caput 6 = [[Onus electricum]] | res 6 = {{val|-1.602176634|e=-19|u=[[coulomb (unitas)|C]]}} | caput 7 = [[Onus coloris]] | res 7 = 0 | caput 8 = [[Vertigo quantica|Vertigo]] | res 8 = {{ofrac|1|2}} | caput 9 = [[Longaevitas media]] | res 9 = Stabilis }}</syntaxhighlight> <div style="clear: both;"></div> {{Ast}} === Exemplum 2 === {{Metacapsa tabellaria | caput 1 = Fibula Praenestina | res 2 = [[File:Praeneste fibula.JPG|200px|Praeneste fibula]] | caput 3 = Materia | res 3 = [[Aurum]] | caput 4 = Magnitudo | res 4 = 10.7 [[metrum|cm]] longitudine | caput 5 = Inscriptio | res 5 = ''MANIOS MED FHEFHAKED NVMASIOI'' | caput 6 = Facta | res 6 = Anno circiter [[600 a.C.n.]] | caput 7 = Locus inventionis | res 7 = Disputatur, Sepulcrum fortasse Bernardinianum, [[Praeneste]] | caput 8 = Tempus inventionis | res 8 = Annis [[1871]]-[[1887|87]] | caput 9 = Inventor | res 9 = Disputatur, a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Wolfgangus Helbig|Wolfgango Helbig|de|qid=Q70423}} est palam facta | caput 10 = Locus | res 10 = [[Museum Pigorinianum]], [[Roma]] | caput 11 = Cultura | res 11 = [[etrusci|Etrusca]] }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Metacapsa tabellaria | caput 1 = Fibula Praenestina | res 2 = [[File:Praeneste fibula.JPG|200px|Praeneste fibula]] | caput 3 = Materia | res 3 = [[Aurum]] | caput 4 = Magnitudo | res 4 = 10.7 [[metrum|cm]] longitudine | caput 5 = Inscriptio | res 5 = ''MANIOS MED FHEFHAKED NVMASIOI'' | caput 6 = Facta | res 6 = Anno circiter [[600 a.C.n.]] | caput 7 = Locus inventionis | res 7 = Disputatur, Sepulcrum fortasse Bernardinianum, [[Praeneste]] | caput 8 = Tempus inventionis | res 8 = Annis [[1871]]-[[1887|87]] | caput 9 = Inventor | res 9 = Disputatur, a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Wolfgangus Helbig|Wolfgango Helbig|de|qid=Q70423}} est palam facta | caput 10 = Locus | res 10 = [[Museum Pigorinianum]], [[Roma]] | caput 11 = Cultura | res 11 = [[etrusci|Etrusca]] }}</syntaxhighlight> == De argumentis == <templatedata>{ "description": "Heac formula metacapsam tabellariam apud marginem dextrum creat.", "params": { "titulus": { "label": "Titulus", "description": "Titulus tabellae", "type": "string", "required": false, "example": "Lorem ipsum" }, "ancora": { "label": "Ancora", "description": "Ancora capsae", "type": "string", "required": false, "example": "lorem-ipsum" }, "color": { "label": "Color", "description": "Color marginis capsae (nullus margo ostendetur si hoc argumentum datur vacuum)", "type": "string", "required": false, "example": "#cccccc", "default": "#eaecf0" }, "pigmentum": { "label": "Pigmentum", "description": "Color ipsius capsae (CSS: ‘background-color’) – argumentum ignorabitur si ‘|trama=’ datur", "type": "string", "required": false, "example": "#f6e4e4", "default": "#f7f8ff" }, "trama": { "label": "Trama", "description": "Trama capsae (CSS: ‘background’)", "type": "string", "required": false, "example": "linear-gradient(0.25turn, #3f87a6, #ebf8e1, #f69d3c)" }, "pigmentulum": { "label": "Pigmentulum", "description": "Color vittae cuiusque capitis (CSS: ‘background-color’)", "type": "string", "example": "#f9cece", "default": "#e6e6fa" }, "subtemen": { "label": "Subtemen", "description": "Trama vittae cuiusque capitis (CSS: ‘background’)", "type": "string", "example": "linear-gradient(0.25turn, #3f87a6, #ebf8e1, #f69d3c)" } } }</templatedata> == Subformulae machinariae == * {{Fn|Metacapsa tabellaria/caput}} == Ulteriora si cupis == * {{Fn|Capsa tabellaria}} * {{Fn|Capsa}} * {{Fn|Capsa lateralis}} * {{Fn|Capsa annuntiationis}} * {{Fn|Capsa notionis}} * {{Fn|Capsa disputationis}} * {{Fn|Capsa documentationis}} * {{Fn|Capsa monitus}} * {{Fn|Capsa paginae}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae capsarum|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae marginales|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae variadicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> h3yprns2p98z63ud6xlrx1xm06b42ej 2 314478 3980758 3975569 2026-08-12T08:06:32Z Grufo 64423 3980758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Notae caducae | titulus = Memoranda | pagina = /notae }} [[Specialis:Praefixa/{{FULLPAGENAME}}/|Subpaginae]]: * [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Facienda|Facienda]] * [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Experimenta|Experimenta]] * [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Tabularium|Tabularium]] * [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Lorem ipsum|Lorem ipsum]] * [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Annotationes|Annotationes]] == Annotationes == * [[:Categoria:Categoriae exploratoriae]] * <code>[https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki-extensions-Scribunto/blob/6d93921797f12b82dea25f3a9ce40cd3008a66f0/includes/Engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mw.lua#L208-L511 newFrame]</code> * <code>[https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki-extensions-Scribunto/blob/703942affa454493cfcc240d41eeb81ac10c9c03/includes/Engines/LuaCommon/LuaEngine.php#L687-L689 newChildFrame]</code> * {{Nexus planus | 1 = //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=intitle%3Acategory&title=Special%3ASearch&profile=advanced&fulltext=1&advancedSearch-current=%7B%22fields%22%3A%7B%22intitle%22%3A%22category%22%7D%7D&ns8=1 | 2 = Nomina categoriarum systematis Vicipaediae Anglicae }} * [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/design-tokens/color.html Color _ Codex] * {{Nexus cum parametris | search = intitle:category | profile = advanced | fulltext = 1 | advancedSearch-current = {"fields":{"intitle":"category"}<nowiki />} | ns8 = 1 | 1 = Specialis:Quaerere | 2 = Nomina categoriarum systematis Vicipaediae Latinae }} * {{Nexus cum parametris | 1 = Specialis:Quaerere | 2 = Paginae documentationis quae &#123;&#123;Categoriae vestigatoriae formulae&#125;&#125; requirunt | search = insource:/\{{!}}\s*!\s*\]\]/i | limit = 500 | offset = 0 | ns10 = 1 | sort = last_edit_desc | searchToken = d52ms0m5mhbjrlausqohxllfv }} * {{Nexus ad quaerendum|insource:/\<ref[^>\/]*\>[^<]*\{\{safesubst:/i|Annotationes cui est <code>safesubst:</code>|intra=0,1,10,100,101,11,118,119,12,13,14,15,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,828,829,9|dumtaxat=500|ordo=secundum recensionem}} * {{Nexus ad quaerendum|insource:/\<ref[^>\/]*\>[^<]*\{\{subst:/i|Annotationes cui est <code>subst:</code>|intra=0,1,10,100,101,11,118,119,12,13,14,15,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,828,829,9|dumtaxat=500|ordo=secundum recensionem}} * {{Nexus ad quaerendum|insource:/invoke:params/i|Ubi modulus Params adhibeatur|intra=0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,100,101,118,119,710,711,829|dumtaxat=500|ordo=secundum recensionem}} * [[Formula:Thesaurus veterum formularum]] == De novo spatio nominali adumbrationum == * [[phab:T418706|New “Draft” namespace for lawiki: “Adumbratio” – Phabricator]] * [[phab:T419100|Pass the target of the redirect as $1 to MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text – Phabricator]] * [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]] * [[MediaWiki:Editnotice-0]] * [[Specialis:Nexus ad paginam/Alkinum]] * [[MediaWiki:Hf-nsheader-Adumbratio]] * [[MediaWiki:Top-notice-ns-118]] * [[MediaWiki:Draft header]] * [[MediaWiki:Namespacenotice-118]] == Alia == * [[Mw:Manual:Interface/Edit notice]] * [[Mw:Manual:Interface/Sitenotice]] * [[Mw:Extension:PageNotice]] * [[phab:T405104|Consider linting/deprecating blank template parameter names – Phabricator]] * [[phab:T430383|Introduce a parser function that allows editors to define a maximum cache validity interval for a page – Phabricator]] * [[phab:T431913|TemplateData's custom format does not support the tab character – Phabricator]] * [[phab:T431938|Add support for :focus-within when the content model is “sanitized-css” – Phabricator]] * [[phab:T431940|Allow TemplateData to specify the intended template invocation method – Phabricator]] * [[phab:T432542|Add a returnType field to TemplateData – Phabricator]] * [[phab:T434632|Allow CSS variables in counter() and counter-increment – Phabricator]] nktx95tzpbe6hgizp04fn4sz7hpsali 10 314622 3980743 3854388 2026-08-12T05:58:03Z Grufo 64423 Mendam correxi 3980743 sanitized-css text/css div.conclusio { display: flow-root; margin: 0 0 0 1.8rem; padding: 1.2rem .8rem .55rem .8rem; border-radius: 1rem; position: relative; box-sizing: border-box; border: .2rem dashed #000; } div.conclusio::before { content: "\21D2"; position: absolute; top: -.45rem; left: -2rem; display: block; line-height: 1.5rem; font-size: 2rem; text-align: right; padding: 0; width: 1.6rem; } div.conclusio::after { content: "Conclusio"; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; right: 0; display: block; padding: .25rem .25rem; font-size: .7em; text-align: center; color: #666; } div.conclusio[data-titulus]::after { content: attr(data-titulus); } div.conclusio[data-titulus=""]::after { content: none; } 0llrk3z1qlcawyijgt57j2i38nelvgb 3980762 3980743 2026-08-12T08:19:03Z Grufo 64423 3980762 sanitized-css text/css div.conclusio { display: flow-root; margin: 0 .5rem 0 2.3rem; padding: 1.2rem .8rem .55rem .8rem; border-radius: 1rem; position: relative; box-sizing: border-box; border: .2rem dashed #000; } div.conclusio::before { content: "\21D2"; position: absolute; top: -.45rem; left: -2rem; display: block; line-height: 1.5rem; font-size: 2rem; text-align: right; padding: 0; width: 1.6rem; } div.conclusio::after { content: "Conclusio"; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; right: 0; display: block; padding: .25rem .25rem; font-size: .7em; text-align: center; color: #666; } div.conclusio[data-titulus]::after { content: attr(data-titulus); } div.conclusio[data-titulus=""]::after { content: none; } i6oyg7emrr0fzvn2mtjyzrftektbe44 3 315042 3980645 3965082 2026-08-11T21:12:05Z MediaWiki message delivery 62628 /* Invitation to try the Starter Kit Tool */ nova pars 3980645 wikitext text/x-wiki == Приглашение к участию в исследовании == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Здравствуйте! Фонд Викимедиа проводит опрос википедистов, чтобы лучше понять, что привлекает администраторов к участию в работе над Википедией и что влияет на удержание администраторов. Мы будем использовать это исследование для улучшения возможностей википедистов, решения распространенных проблем и удовлетворения потребностей. Мы определили Вас как подходящего кандидата для этого исследования и будем очень признательны за участие в этом '''[https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/728994?lang=ru анонимном опросе]'''. Для участия Вам не нужно быть администратором. Прохождение опроса должно занять около 10–15 минут. Вы можете прочитать больше об исследовании на его [[Special:MyLanguage/Research:Wikipedia Administrator Recruitment, Retention, and Attrition|странице Мета-вики]] и просмотреть его [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Administrator Experiences 2024 Survey Privacy Statement|заявление о конфиденциальности]]. Если у Вас есть вопросы или сомнения, обращайтесь к нам с использованием контактов на странице Мета-вики проекта. С уважением, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Research|Исследовательская группа Фонда Викимедиа]] </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:BGerdemann (WMF)|BGerdemann (WMF)]] ([[User talk:BGerdemann (WMF)|disputatio]]) 16:44, 8 Novembris 2024 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=27720774 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] enabled, users will notice that the FuzzyBot will now automatically create translated versions of categories used on translated pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285463] * View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the submitted task to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SecurePoll|SecurePoll extension]] for English Wikipedia's special [[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrator elections|administrator election]] was resolved on time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371454] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] In <code dir="ltr">[[mw:MediaWiki_1.44/wmf.2|1.44.0-wmf-2]]</code>, the logic of Wikibase function <code>getAllStatements</code> changed to behave like <code>getBestStatements</code>. Invoking the function now returns a copy of values which are immutable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270851] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. The API will be rerouting some page content endpoints from RESTbase to the newer [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST API]] endpoints. The [[phab:T374683|impacted endpoints]] include getting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content. These changes will be available on testwiki later this week, with other projects to follow. This change should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints should verify behavior on testwiki, and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]]. '''In depth''' * Admins and users of the Wikimedia projects [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator_Tools/Automoderator#Usage|where Automoderator is enabled]] can now monitor and evaluate important metrics related to Automoderator's actions. [https://superset.wmcloud.org/superset/dashboard/unified-automoderator-activity-dashboard/ This Superset dashboard] calculates and aggregates metrics about Automoderator's behaviour on the projects in which it is deployed. Thanks to the Moderator Tools team for this Dashboard; you can visit [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator/Unified Activity Dashboard|the documentation page]] for more information about this work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369488] '''Meetings and events''' * 21 November 2024 ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] & [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]) - [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Community call]] with Wikimedia Commons volunteers and stakeholders to help prioritize support efforts for 2025-2026 Fiscal Year. The theme of this call is how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:55, 11 Novembris 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=27720774 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of Wikimedia sites will now be warned when they create a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects|redirect]] to a page that doesn't exist. This will reduce the number of broken redirects to red links in our projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326057] * View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Overview|Pywikibot]], which automates work on MediaWiki sites, was upgraded to 9.5.0 on Toolforge. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * On wikis that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]], pages created or moved by users with the appropriate permissions are marked as flagged automatically. This feature has not been working recently, and changes fixing it should be deployed this week. Thanks to Daniel and Wargo for working on this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379218][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368380] '''In depth''' * There is a new [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/11/05/say-hi-to-temporary-accounts-easier-collaboration-with-logged-out-editors-with-better-privacy-protection Diff post] about Temporary Accounts, available in more than 15 languages. Read it to learn about what Temporary Accounts are, their impact on different groups of users, and the plan to introduce the change on all wikis. '''Meetings and events''' * Technical volunteers can now register for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/hackathon2025/ Application for travel and accommodation scholarships] is open from '''November 12 to December 10 2024'''. The registration for the event will close in mid-April 2025. The Wikimedia Hackathon is an annual gathering that unites the global technical community to collaborate on existing projects and explore new ideas. * Join the [[C:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF%20support%20for%20Commons/Commons%20community%20calls|Wikimedia Commons community calls]] this week to help prioritize support for Commons which will be planned for 2025–2026. The theme will be how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. This is an opportunity for volunteers who work on different things to come together and talk about what matters for the future of the project. The calls will take place '''November 21, 2024, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]'''. * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place '''November 29, 16:00 UTC''' to discuss updates and technical problem-solving. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:44, 19 Novembris 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=27720774 --> == Enabling Dark mode for logged-out users in this Wikipedia == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:Hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not written in your native language, {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]] will be enabling [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|dark mode]] here on your Wikipedia now that pages on your wiki have passed our checks for accessibility and other quality checks. Congratulations! The plan to enable is made possible by the diligent work of editors and other technical contributors in your community who ensured that templates, gadgets, and other parts of pages can be accessible in dark mode. Thank you all for making dark mode available for everybody! For context, the Web team has concluded work on dark mode. If, on some wikis, the option is not yet available for logged-out users, this is likely because many pages do not yet display well in dark mode. As communities make progress on this work, we enable this feature on additional wikis once per month. If you notice any issues after enabling dark mode, please create a page: <code>Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Reporting/xx.wikipedia.org</code> in MediaWiki ([[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Reporting|like these pages]]), and report the issue in the created page. Thank you! On behalf of the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]]. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 22:02, 21 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=27720774 --> == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [[testwiki:Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation dashboard]] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''. Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 02:33, 13 Martii 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=27720774 --> == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''. Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 02:47, 13 Martii 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=28382523 --> == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:Hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{int:please-translate}}. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization team|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. Below is a breakdown of important information about the improvement. '''What are the improvements?'''<br> The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users can now access the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic). Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] '''Does this improvement change the current accessibility of this tool in this Wikipedia?'''<br> The Content translation tool will still be in beta; therefore, only logged-in users who activated the tool from the [[en:wikipedia:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] will continue to have access to the content translation tool. Also, if the tool is only available to a specific [[en:Wikipedia:User access levels|user group]], it will remain that way. '''When do we plan to implement this improvement?'''<br> We will implement it on your Wikipedia and others by 24th, March 2025. '''What happens to the former dashboard after we implement the improvement?'''<br> You can still access it in the tool for some time. We will remove it from all Wikipedias by May 2025, as maintaining it will no longer be productive. '''Where can I test this improvement and report any issues before it is implemented in this Wiki?''' <br> You can try the improved capabilities in the test wiki using this link: https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=es&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en#/ . If you notice an issue related to the improved dashboard in the test wiki, please let us know in this thread and ping me, or report it in [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/ Phabricator], adding these tags: <code>BUG REPORT</code> and <code>ContentTranslation</code>. Please ask us any questions regarding this improvement in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 03:55, 14 Martii 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=28382523 --> == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:Hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. Below is a breakdown of important information about the improvement. '''What are the improvements?'''<br> The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users can now access the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic). Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] '''Does this improvement change the current accessibility of this tool in this Wikipedia?'''<br> The Content translation tool will still be in beta; therefore, only logged-in users who activated the tool from the [[en:wikipedia:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] will continue to have access to the content translation tool. Also, if the tool is only available to a specific [[en:Wikipedia:User access levels|user group]], it will remain that way. '''When do we plan to implement this improvement?'''<br> We will implement it on your Wikipedia and others by 24th, March 2025. '''What happens to the former dashboard after we implement the improvement?'''<br> You can still access it in the tool for some time. We will remove it from all Wikipedias by May 2025, as maintaining it will no longer be productive. '''Where can I test this improvement and report any issues before it is implemented in this Wiki?''' <br> You can try the improved capabilities in the test wiki using this link: https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=es&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en#/ . If you notice an issue related to the improved dashboard in the test wiki, please let us know in this thread and ping me, or report it in [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/ Phabricator], adding these tags: <code>BUG REPORT</code> and <code>ContentTranslation</code>. Please ask us any questions regarding this improvement in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 04:15, 14 Martii 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=28382523 --> == Enabling Dark mode for logged-out users in this Wikipedia == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:Hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies, as this message is not written in your native language. {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]] will be enabling [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|dark mode]] here on your Wikipedia by 15th May 2025 now that pages on your wiki have passed our checks for accessibility and other quality checks. Congratulations! The plan to enable is made possible by the diligent work of editors and other technical contributors in your community who ensured that templates, gadgets, and other parts of pages can be accessible in dark mode. Thank you all for making dark mode available for everybody! For context, the Web team has concluded work on dark mode. If, on some wikis, the option is not yet available for logged-out users, this is likely because many pages do not yet display well in dark mode. As communities make progress on this work, we enable this feature on additional wikis once per month. If you notice any issues after enabling dark mode, please create a page: <code>Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Reporting/xx.wikipedia.org</code> in MediaWiki ([[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Reporting|like these pages]]), and report the issue in the created page. Thank you! On behalf of the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]]. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 23:49, 6 Maii 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=28382523 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Featured templates|Featured templates]], a new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed this week to all Wikimedia projects: With this feature, editors will be able to quickly access a list of templates that are likely to be useful. These templates will be displayed in a list, under the "featured" tab of the template discovery interface. Administrators can define the list via the Community Configuration interface. The feature fulfills a request by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Easy access Templates|through the Community Wishlist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367428][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392896] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the request to add Malayalam fonts in the [[oldWikisource:Special:MyLanguage/Wikisource:WS Export|Wikisource Book Export Tool]] was resolved and now, the rendering of Malayalam letters in exported Wikisource books are accurate. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374457] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.10|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Developers, designers, and all Wikimedians are invited to [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/7953/ submit a project idea] for the Wikimania Hackathon 2025. Read [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/30/call-for-projects-wikimania-hackathon-2025-is-coming-to-nairobi/ this Diff blog post] for more details. '''Meetings and events''' * [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2025|WikiIndaba 2025]] scholarship application and program submission is open until 23:59 GMT on July 20. WikiIndaba is a regional conference for African Wikimedians both on the continent and in the diaspora to unite and grow together. Submit [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdJTv68R1OPASXXDfpIl8EWiMLTM-TDwh6_5gNVvFuWccFZ2Q/viewform your scholarship application] and [https://ee.kobotoolbox.org/x/BI3omIfH program proposal] now! * [https://br.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiCon_Brasil_2025 WikiCon Brasil 2025] will take place on July 19-20 in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The Brazilian community members are encouraged to register and attend! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:59, 14 Iulii 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=28382523 --> == Get started with the Lua interface to simplify preparation of modules for translation of modules in MetaWiki == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Greetings! The [[mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has developed a [[mw:Help:Extension:Translate/Message_Bundles/Lua_reference|Lua interface]] to simplify the preparation of Lua modules for translation in the MetaWiki platform. This means that module developers can now use the new Lua interface to load translatable strings, and the translators can translate them in the same translation interface that is used for templates and wiki pages. This improvement makes it easier for translators to find and edit module strings without dealing with raw Lua code. It helps prevent mistakes that could break the module during translation. We invite you to [[commons:File:Translatable_modules_video_demo_July_2025.webm|'''watch our demo video''']] '''and read more about''' [[mw:Translatable_modules|'''translatable modules''']] to understand how it works. '''Please give us your feedback on''' [[mw:Talk:Translatable_modules|'''this talk page''']] on how well the Lua interface addresses the challenges in your workflow and how useful it is in module localization tasks. You can also look at [[m:Module:User Wikimedia project|Module:User Wikimedia project]]. which was recently converted to utilize these messages, for example usage. Your feedback is important as it will help us evaluate and decide how to continue developing and improving this interface, extend it to other wikis, or change our approach. Thank you, and we anticipate your honest feedback. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 06:13, 28 Iulii 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=28382523 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team wants to compile a list of templates, jargon terms, and policies used in edit summaries when a copyright violation is removed. This will help them identify the number of edits reverted due to copyright issues. We invite community members from the following Wikis to list these terms in [[Phab:T402601|T402601]], or to share their list with [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]]: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-plwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}. This project is open until September 9th 2025. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled for all Wikisources. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the Deployment information page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#How_to_Request_the_CampaignEvents_Extension_for_your_wiki] * The lists in the footer of the editing interface, such as "Templates used on this page," will now be organized into columns when there is enough space. This enhancement minimizes scrolling when editing lengthy articles on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401066] * On September 3rd, 2025 we will increase the sampling percentages of our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment#Scope of the experiment|group by toggle experiment]] of the <code>Special:RecentChanges</code>, <code>Special:Watchlist</code>, and <code>Special:RelatedChanges</code> pages on the Chinese, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias to 100 percent, allowing more editors to be part of this experiment. This adjustment is intended to ensure we have sufficient data to make informed decisions when evaluating the experiment results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading on English Wikipedia beginning the week of September 22. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. All non-English wikis received this change in June and July. The goal is to make it easier for users to find articles. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions now has a new capability called "lightweight enumeration types", an enumeration type is simply a fixed set of values that's in the type's definition. This capability makes it quick and easy to define such a type, and allows for the reuse of values that are already present in Wikidata. Here is [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a newsletter]] to learn more. * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Newsletter updates#August 2025: Newsletter #1|Readers Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: the formation of two new teams — Reader Growth and Reader Experience; insights into declining pageviews and account creations; highlights from the Wikimania Nairobi panel on improving the reading experience; upcoming experiments to engage new and existing readers; and more. '''Meetings and events''' * Spotlight on some Wikimania 2025 Sessions: ** Identifying AI-generated text by searching for ISBNs whose checksums fail: Mathias Schindler of WMDE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9o8Lsl974&t=15910s shared tools to help communities search for these]. ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TCHZKH/ La durabilité du mouvement Wikimedia face aux défis actuels et futurs]: This session explored how Wikimedia can stay a trusted source of knowledge in the age of generative AI, information overload, and disinformation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:29, 1 Septembris 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team wants to compile a list of templates, jargon terms, and policies used in edit summaries when a copyright violation is removed. This will help them identify the number of edits reverted due to copyright issues. We invite community members from the following Wikis to list these terms in [[Phab:T402601|T402601]], or to share their list with [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]]: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-plwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}. This project is open until September 9th 2025. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled for all Wikisources. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the Deployment information page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#How_to_Request_the_CampaignEvents_Extension_for_your_wiki] * The lists in the footer of the editing interface, such as "Templates used on this page," will now be organized into columns when there is enough space. This enhancement minimizes scrolling when editing lengthy articles on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401066] * On September 3rd, 2025 we will increase the sampling percentages of our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment#Scope of the experiment|group by toggle experiment]] of the <code>Special:RecentChanges</code>, <code>Special:Watchlist</code>, and <code>Special:RelatedChanges</code> pages on the Chinese, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias to 100 percent, allowing more editors to be part of this experiment. This adjustment is intended to ensure we have sufficient data to make informed decisions when evaluating the experiment results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading on English Wikipedia beginning the week of September 22. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. All non-English wikis received this change in June and July. The goal is to make it easier for users to find articles. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions now has a new capability called "lightweight enumeration types", an enumeration type is simply a fixed set of values that's in the type's definition. This capability makes it quick and easy to define such a type, and allows for the reuse of values that are already present in Wikidata. Here is [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a newsletter]] to learn more. * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Newsletter updates#August 2025: Newsletter #1|Readers Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: the formation of two new teams — Reader Growth and Reader Experience; insights into declining pageviews and account creations; highlights from the Wikimania Nairobi panel on improving the reading experience; upcoming experiments to engage new and existing readers; and more. '''Meetings and events''' * Spotlight on some Wikimania 2025 Sessions: ** Identifying AI-generated text by searching for ISBNs whose checksums fail: Mathias Schindler of WMDE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9o8Lsl974&t=15910s shared tools to help communities search for these]. ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TCHZKH/ La durabilité du mouvement Wikimedia face aux défis actuels et futurs]: This session explored how Wikimedia can stay a trusted source of knowledge in the age of generative AI, information overload, and disinformation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:38, 1 Septembris 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 On September 24th at 15:00 UTC], all Wikimedia sites users will experience a brief read-only period due to a scheduled [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter server switchover]]. The Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team will redirect all traffic from one primary server to its backup. You can listen to the switchover using the [http://listen.hatnote.com/ "Listen to Wikipedia"] tool, where you will hear edits stop for a few minutes during the read-only phase, then resume. This twice-yearly datacenter server switchover ensures reliability by testing the backup datacenter, so that our sites can stay online even if the primary datacenter fails. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the process on the Diff blog]]. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors of [[f:Special:Mylanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12#Next round of Wiktionaries to receive embedded Wikifunctions calls|60 more Wiktionaries]] will soon be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them into their pages. A function takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, like adding numbers, converting miles to meters, calculating elapsed time, or declining a word into a case. They will join the other [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29#Wikifunctions available on 65 Wiktionaries|65 Wiktionary language editions]], which already have access to embedded Wikifunctions calls. Later this year, plans are in place to expand to more Wiktionaries and the Incubator. * A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Technical metadata of another page|parser function]] has been added: <code><nowiki>{{#contentmodel}}</nowiki></code>. Template editors and admins can use it to get the localized or canonical name of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|content model]] of a specific page. The function makes it easier to create and edit system messages, such as ''MediaWiki:editinginterface'', even when you switch types of pages, like wiki, JavaScript, CSS or JSON page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328254] * Adding or editing a <code>DISPLAYTITLE</code> for an article using VisualEditor will no longer be broken. Editors who use VisualEditor mode to modify the <code><nowiki>{{DISPLAYTITLE}}</nowiki></code> would no longer have the literal text "DISPLAYTITLE" or its localized variant added to their articles. A list of pages that may have been affected and might need cleanup is documented in [[phab:P83438|this ticket]]. * Beta users of the Wikipedia Android app can now try the redesigned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity tab]], which replaces the Edits tab. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions users can now import many essential facts involving [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6011|geo-coordinates]], [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6010|quantities]] and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6064|time]] values from Wikidata. This is made possible by the creation of Wikifunctions types for these values, which makes them available for use by functions in Wikifunctions. Learn more about how this works in [[c:File:ImportingWikidataDatatypesIntoWikifunctions.webm|this video]] and Wikifunctions' [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-01#News in Types I: Wikidata quantity|August 1 newsletter]] (for quantities) and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-22#News in Types: Wikidata geo-coordinate|August 22 newsletter]] (for geo-coordinates). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:39, 22 Septembris 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A major software upgrade has been made to [[phab:|Phabricator]]. The update introduces performance improvements, a refreshed search interface, enhancements to Maniphest task search, updates to user profile pages and project workboards, new Herald automation features, as well as general text input, mobile experience improvements and more. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/321/iterative_improvements_september_2025/] '''Updates for editors''' * The Community Tech team will release the new Community Wishlist extension on October 1, that will improve the way wishes will be submitted. The new extension will allow users to add tags to their wishes to better categorise them, and (in a future iteration) to filter them by status, tags and focus areas. It will also be possible to support individual wishes again, as requested by the community in many instances. The old system will be retired. There will be a brief period of downtime while the extension is deployed and wishes are migrated to the new system. You can read more about this [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|in the latest update]] or you can consult the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CommunityRequests|current documentation on MediaWiki]]. * As announced [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|on Diff blog]], the production trial of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|hCaptcha]] service for bot detection has begun. The trial is currently using hCaptcha to protect account creation on Chinese, Persian, Portuguese, Indonesian, Japanese, and Turkish Wikipedias, where it will replace our existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ConfirmEdit#FancyCaptcha|CAPTCHA]] (FancyCaptcha). The goal with the trial is to better block bots while also improving usability and accessibility for users who encounter CAPTCHA challenges. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|deployed]] to Wikimedia Commons. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. On Commons, anyone who is a registered user can use it as an event participant. To use it as an organizer, someone needs to have the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Event organizers|event organizer right]]. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to German Wikipedia. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|test the feature]] on testwiki or [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on betawiki] as well. Please share your thoughts on [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Templates used in sub-references|using templates in sub-references]] or [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|volunteer to become a pilot wiki]]. * On wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|Mentorship]] system, communities can now opt experienced editors out of Mentorship through [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship}}]]. Within this setting, communities may define thresholds, based on edit count and account age, to decide when an editor is considered experienced enough to no longer receive Mentorship. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403563] * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tone Check|Tone check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Tone language model for the following languages: Arabic, Czech, German, Hebrew, Indonesian, Dutch, Polish, Russian, Turkish, Chinese, Farsi, Italian, Norwegian, Romanian and Latvian. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/Tone_Check/Model_evaluation|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on October 3, which will be the start date of the test. * The rollout of [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|multiblocks]] had the side effect that non-active block logs may have been shown on {{#special:Contributions}} and on blocked users' user and user_talk pages. This issue will be fully resolved in a few days. As part of the fix, [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=sp-contributions-blocked-notice}} messages prefixed with <code>sp-contributions-blocked-notice</code>] will be removed and replaced with [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=blocked-notice-logextract}} those prefixed with <code>blocked-notice-logextract</code>] in a few weeks. Please help translate the new messages and update any local overrides if needed. * There was a bug with links added using visual editor if they included characters such as <code dir=ltr><nowiki>[ ] |</nowiki></code> after the fragment identifier (<code><nowiki>#</nowiki></code>). They were not encoded properly creating an incorrect link. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404823] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote/en}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[q:ms:|<code>q:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404698] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info Card]] now displays currently active global lock/blocks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401128] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Later this week, editors using Lua modules will be able to use the <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.title.newBatch|mw.title.newBatch]]</code> function to look up the existence of up to 25 pages at once, in a way that only increases the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions#Expensive parser functions|expensive function]] count once. * A new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Unsupported Tools Working Group]] has been formed as part of ongoing efforts to collectively determine technical work priorities, similar to the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). The working group will help prioritize and review requests for support of unmaintained extensions, gadgets, bots, and tools. For the first cycle, the group will be prioritizing an unsupported Wikimedia Commons tool. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:35, 29 Septembris 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == Upcoming Dark Mode user interface rollout for anonymous Wikimedia sites users == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:Hello}} Wikimedians, Apologies if this message is not in your language. {{int:please-translate}}. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web|Reader Experience team]] will launch the Dark mode feature for anonymous users on all Wikimedia sites, including yours, on October 29, 2025. [[:en:Special:MyLanguage/Light-on-dark color scheme|Dark mode]] is an option that allows users to view pages in light-coloured text, and icons on a dark background. Once it is available for anonymous users, they can enable it when using various devices. More information on ways to enable it can be found on [[:en:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia:Dark mode#Options for anyone|this page]]. Given many pages are still not compatible with dark mode this will be an opt-in feature and not automatically apply to pages. Dark mode requires modifications to content pages and templates, and since our initial launch [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/dark-modes-bright-future-how-dark-mode-will-transform-wikipedias-accessibility/|in July 2024], we have been working with communities and helping them prepare for dark mode. Before the rollout, it is essential that template authors and technical contributors test dark mode and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|this page]] to learn how to make pages Dark mode-ready and address any compatibility issues found in templates. We will fix most color compatibility issues only on the most-viewed pages on projects with over 5 million monthly page views. Technical contributors with an account should opt into dark mode currently using preferences or settings and test pages and seek help before the release to ensure everything complies before the enablement. If you have any questions or need help, please [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading#|contact the Reader Experience team]] for support. Thank you! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 01:24, 30 Septembris 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Apps newsletter – Third quarter of 2025</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content"/> In this edition, we’ll walk you through the major updates, experiments, and improvements that took place in the Wikipedia mobile apps during July, August, and September. === iOS === ==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)|Tabbed Browsing]] ==== * In July, we released the first iteration of Tabbed Browsing to all users. * Our 30-day A/B test showed mixed but promising results: while logged-out user retention gains were modest compared to Android, survey feedback was overwhelmingly positive (93% rated the feature “Neutral to Very Satisfactory”). * We continued improvements throughout August and September, including a design review for “More Dynamic Tabs,” a new tab controller, and bug fixes such as inconsistent tab sizing on iPad mini and tooltip issues. ==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review |Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review]] ==== * Work continued on Year in Review upgrades, with spikes exploring features such as sharing entire reviews, custom app icons, and showing which geographies users read about the most. * We also began preparing overall app data to share richer collective insights. ==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh/Updates|Navigation Refresh]] ==== *We improved code behind the History tab and recent searches to prepare for future navigational changes. ==== Other iOS Updates ==== *Released several app versions (7.8.1 through 7.8.3), with smoke tests completed. *Resolved numerous bugs including crashes (tooltips, gestures, search), iPad layout issues, and visual problems with captions, Quick Facts, and images in Dark Mode. *Added a new REST endpoint for remote configuration and upgraded fundraising configurations to support A/B testing. *Verified continued compatibility with multi-factor authentication (MFA). === Android === ==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Customizable Donation Reminder Experiment|Customizable Donation Reminder Experiment]] ==== *In August, we launched the Customizable Donation Reminder experiment in Italy. The reminder will allow users to decide if they want to be reminded to donate, and how often. ==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity Tab Experiment]] ==== * By September, we finalized core modules, onboarding, instrumentation, and validation tasks needed for the A/B test of the new Activity Tab against the Edit Tab. * This marks a major step toward testing whether an Activity space can improve multi-day engagement and retention. ==== Bug Fixes & Improvements ==== *Fixed crashes with image gallery long-press, saved article syncing for Chinese, edit previews, and special links. *Addressed rendering and Dark Mode issues affecting math tags, GIFs, and citation numbers. ==== Other Android Updates ==== *We released a new beta and conducted multiple regression tests to ensure stability. *We added a general-purpose remote configuration REST endpoint, aligned with iOS. *Continued technical debt cleanup, including removing allowMainThreadQueries and adding suspend to DAO functions. *Upgraded fundraising configuration to support A/B testing. ==== Cross-Platform ==== *Both apps upgraded fundraising A/B test support and created a shared remote configuration REST endpoint. *We began tracking Account Vanish events on iOS and Android for privacy features. ==== Looking Ahead ==== This quarter marked a big step forward on Tabbed Browsing, Activity Tab, and Year in Review — three projects aimed at making Wikipedia more personal, navigable, and engaging. We also advanced donation experiments and backend improvements to support future flexibility. Make sure you’re [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Apps updates|subscribed to this newsletter]] to stay in the loop — and thank you for being part of the journey! <section end="content"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:ARamadan-WMF|ARamadan-WMF]]</bdi> 02:07, 14 Octobris 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * Starting November 12, users will see a change in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Usability improvements|appearance of talk pages]] on [[Phab:T379264|some Wikipedias]]. Almost [[phab:T392121|all wikis]] have received this design change; [[phab:T409297|English Wikipedia]] will get these changes later. You can read more [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. Users can opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in their user preferences]] in "{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379264] * MediaWiki can now display a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protection indicators|page indicator]] automatically while a page is protected. This feature is disabled by default. It can be enabled by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|community request]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12347] * Using the "{{int:showpreview}}" or "{{int:showdiff}}" buttons in the wikitext editor will now carry over certain URL parameters like '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#useskin|useskin]]', '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#uselang|uselang]]' and '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Section#Editing sections|section]]'. This update also fixes an issue where, if the browser crashed while previewing an edit to a single section, saving this edit could overwrite the entire page with just that section’s content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62744][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24029][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155097] * Wikivoyage wikis can use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Markers and counters|colored map markers in the article text]]. The text of these markers will now be shown in contrasting black or white color, instead of always being white. Local workarounds for the problem can be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369454] * The Activity tab in the Wikipedia Android app is now available for all users. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Activity_Tab_Experiment] * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment called "Image browsing" to test how to make it easier for readers to browse and discover images on Wikipedia articles. This experiment, a mobile-only A/B test, will go live on English Wikipedia in the week of November 17 and will run for four weeks, affecting 0.05% of users on English wiki. The test launched on November 3 on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese wikis, affecting up to 10% of users on those wikis. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Reader_Growth/WE3.1.3_Image_Browsing] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example the inability to lock accounts on mobile sites has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256185] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#November 2025 committee nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]] members. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open through 2025-11-28. * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT issuer field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]] has been changed to <code><nowiki>https://meta.wikimedia.org</nowiki></code>. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT subject field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] will soon change from <code><user id></code> to <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">mw:<identity type>:<user id></code>, where <code><identity type></code> is typically <code dir=ltr>CentralAuth:</code><!-- not a typo --> (for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]]) or <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">local:<wiki id></code> (for other wikis). This is to avoid conflicts between different user ID types, and to make OAuth 2 access tokens and the <code>sessionJwt</code> cookie more similar. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * MediaWiki's block messages ([[MediaWiki:Blockedtext|blockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial|blockedtext-partial]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext|autoblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Systemblockedtext|systemblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser|blockedtext-tempuser]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext-tempuser|autoblockedtext-tempuser]]) now support additional parameters indicating whether the user is blocked from editing their own user talk page <code><nowiki>$9</nowiki></code> or emailing other users <code><nowiki>$</nowiki><nowiki>10</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285612] * A <code>REL1_45</code> branch for MediaWiki core and each of the extensions and skins in Wikimedia git has been created. This is the first step in the release process for MediaWiki 1.45.0, scheduled for late November 2025. If you are working on a critical bug fix or working on a new feature, you may need to take note of this change. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZUY7TY3Z6XPZWZVAZV63OPO5OW52Q6GE/] * The process for generating CirrusSearch dumps has been updated due to slowing performance. If you encounter any issues migrating to the replacement dumps, please contact the Search Platform Team for support. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366248][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/3KQPOR6ACVN6OVLMLZPIBXQSWQKW4E3K/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:24, 10 Novembris 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February. * All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. * Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the "prevent this user from editing their own talk page" is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new AbuseFilter variable, <code>account_type</code>, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the <code>createaccount</code> and <code>autocreateaccount</code> actions. As part of this change, the variable <code>accountname</code> has been renamed to <code>account_name</code>, and <code>accountname</code> is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049] * Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to <code dir=ltr><nowiki>upload.wikimedia.org/…</nowiki></code> will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:04, 26 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|"Log in with passkey" button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647] * The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823] * Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127] * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:40, 23 Martii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484] * All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the "automatically enable most beta features" option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:57, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature on the mobile web version of all Wikipedias. The feature shows an image carousel at the top of articles with 3 or more images. Editors can configure this feature with the following controls: to hide a specific image from a page, either use <code>class=notpageimage</code> excluding it from thumbnail previews, or <code>class=noviewer</code> excluding it from MediaViewer. The carousel can also be disabled from a page entirely, with the magic word <code><nowiki>__NOMEDIAVIEWERCAROUSEL__</nowiki></code>. To submit feedback or flag bugs, please visit the [[mw:Talk:Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|project page]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tables#class="wikitable"|Wikitables]] can now be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Sortable tables#Forcing the initial sort direction|sorted in descending order]] on the first click by adding <code dir=ltr>data-sort-order="desc"</code> to the header cell. Previously, by default, clicking a column header for the first time sorts it in ascending order. This addition to a Wikitable gives it more control and flexibility, while the default behavior for subsequent clicks remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398416] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature is currently being tested with some editors creating new articles on the Simple English, French, and Turkish Wikipedias. The experiment will soon begin on the Arabic and Bangla Wikipedias as well. [[w:simple:Special:NewArticle|This feature]] gives editors community-curated guidance to help them create articles that follow community standards. Experienced editors can continue creating or adapting outlines for specific article types that are commonly created by less experienced contributors. The outlines guide less experienced editors in creating high-quality articles. A quick guide to markups used in outlines can be found on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide#Markups in outlines|this page]]. [[w:simple:Wikipedia:Article Guidance|Example outlines]] that can be adapted and instructions for how to adapt them are on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|this section]] of the project page. * Wikis that wish to replace the "indefinitely" button in Special:Block for temporary accounts (for example, wikis that block temporary users only until account expiration) will be able to do so by creating [[MediaWiki:ipb-indefinite-expiry-temporary-account]] with the block duration they want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:41}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:41|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * By the end of June, a valid user-agent string will be required for automated dumps downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. This [[phab:T400119|extends enforcement]] of the long standing [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services will not change. * The roll out of global [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|API rate limits]] is now complete, with limits enforced across all APIs and at the documented levels for all groups. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki remain exempt. All bots should continue to follow the documented best practices to avoid being rate limited. * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal wiki] will be read only starting this week (June 15-18). The following week (June 22-25), all API Portal wiki URLs will redirect to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * On June 17th at 6pm UTC the WMF will be holding Discord call focused on a code review. We've heard through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Developer Satisfaction Survey/2026|Developer Satisfaction Survey]] that volunteers are struggling with code review and we'd like to discuss these experiences with the goal of surfacing workable solutions. You can join the call [https://discord.gg/wikipedia?event=1514727511102062664 via the Wikimedia Community Discord server]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Conferencia Wikimedia de América Latina 2026|Latin American Wikimedia Conference]] will host a regional hackathon that will bring together the Wikimedia movement’s technical community including developers, system administrators, data scientists, and users with extended rights. Interested technical contributors can [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf4osJzTHBJjQbYJk7TMVEJjTEQv7IgtsUDfP-o-qTgeRQQxw/viewform apply for a scholarship] to participate until June 21 at midnight (Bolivia time, UTC-4). * Sign up for Wikimania Team Challenges to join this special event. The Team challenges will take place online and in person from July 21 to 22, before Wikimania conference. Everyone is welcome, regardless of skills or Wikimania registration. Teams will work on 10 important challenges supporting the Wikimedia community. For details, visit [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Team challenges|the Team Challenges page]] and [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/teamchallenges/ register there]. Registration closes on June 20th at 11pm UTC. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:36, 15 Iunii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == Invitation to try the Starter Kit Tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Greetings! As one of the active editors on this Wikipedia, you're invited by the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development Language Onboarding and Development] initiative to learn about the Starter Kit, try it out, and join a virtual meeting where you can ask questions about the tool.<br> '''What the tool does'''<br> The Starter Kit helps small or new Wikipedia contributors complete essential tasks, like importing infoboxes, tracking your wiki's growth and health metrics, and connecting with members of the broader Wikimedia community for technical guidance. Some features require certain user rights, but three of the six tasks are open to any autoconfirmed editor, so most active editors can get started right away. '''Here's what we would like you to do:''' * Read the manual for more detail on the tool and the tasks you can perform: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit * Access the Starter Kit tool: https://starterkit.toolforge.org/ and log in with your Wikimedia account to try it out. * Sign up for one of three virtual meetings: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit/Office_hours#Office_hours, where you can: ** Learn more about the tool. ** Ask questions and share your thoughts. Thank you so much for using the tool, and we look forward to your attending the virtual meeting. Best regards, </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 21:12, 11 Augusti 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=30913090 --> kjsxds9csm88vq8hb1bmqfpia5czij6 0 317458 3980659 3913324 2026-08-11T21:28:51Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3980659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vicificanda}} {{Cardinalis Ecclesiae Catholicae|||||||||||||nomen=Coemgenus Iosephus Farrell|titulus=[[Sanctus Julianus Martyr]]|munus=praefectus [[Dicasterium pro laicis, familia et vitas|Dicasterii pro laicis, familia et vitas]] et [[Camerarius|Camerarius Sanctae Ecclesiae Romanae]]|imago=Kevin_Joseph_Farrell_1.jpg|descriptio=Coemgenus Iosephus cardinalis Farrell [[2021]]|latitudo imaginis=200 px|natus=[[2 Septembris]] [[1947]]|ordinatus=[[24 Decembris]] [[1978]]|episcopus=[[11 Februarii]] [[2002]]|promulgatus=[[19 Novembris]] [[2016]]|a papa=[[Franciscus|Francisco]]|vexillum=Coat_of_arms_of_Kevin_Joseph_Farrell_(Cardinal).svg|va=|ch=|cr=}}'''Coemgenus Iosephus Farrell''' (natus {{Barbarice|Kevin Joseph Farrell}}; [[2 Septembris]] [[1947]]) est [[Hibernus Americanus|hibernus americanus]] cardinalis [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae]] qui ab anno 2016 militat ut Praefectus [[Dicasterium pro laicis, familia et vitas|Dicasterii pro laicis, familia et vitas]], ab anno 2019 ut [[Camerarius|Camerarius Sanctae Ecclesiae Romanae]],<ref>https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bfarrellk.html</ref> ab anno 2024 ut praeses [[Iudicium Maximum Civitatis Vaticanae|Iudicii Maximi Civitatis Vaticanae]] quoque.<ref>https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/pope-francis-stacks-the-vatican-supreme</ref> In [[Interregnum|interregno papali]] post mortem [[Franciscus (papa)|Francisci]], Coemgenus exsecutiva munia [[Civitas Vaticana|Civitatis Vaticanae]] tenuit.<ref>https://www.msn.com/en-ie/news/national/irish-cardinal-kevin-farrells-vital-role-in-pope-francis-funeral/ar-AA1DFa4z</ref> Post ordinationem in anno 1978, Coemgenus in [[Mexicum|Mexico]] ut aliquandiu [[Professor|professor universitatis]] in Universitate Monterreyensi fuit. Postea, ad [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitates Foederatas]] ivit, ubi Archidiocese [[Vasingtonia (D.C.)|Vasingtoniense]] ut [[presbyter]] stetit donec ordinationis eius in anno 2001 ad [[Episcopus|episcopatum]]. Etiam, Episcopus [[Dallasium|Dallasii]] ab 2007 ad 2017 fuit. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230517050825/https://www.chinese-catholic.org/index.php/en/grapevine/year-2007/97-114-06-2007/221-the-short-biography-of-bishop-kevin-j-Farrell</ref> {{Lifetime|1947||Farrell, Coemgenus Iosephus}} [[Categoria:Cardinales]] m8tx518rhtju8nukzqw4uwfj82uprfd 0 319360 3980631 3977699 2026-08-11T20:55:54Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980631 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:3 dorsales.svg|thumb|Systema iugorum oceani mediorum]] {{res|Iugum oceanicum medium}}{{convertimus}} vel {{res|iugum medii oceani}} ([[Anglice]] ''mid-ocean ridge'', [[Theodisce]] ''mittelozeanischer Rücken'') est systema [[mons|montium]] in fundo oceani situm, a [[tectonica laminarum]] productum. Systema iugorum oceanicorum sunt longissimi in [[orbis terrarum|orbe terrarum]] [[montes continui]]. [[Fasciculus:Mid-ocean ridge topography.gif|thumb|upright=0.8|Disruptio corticis in iugo oceanico medio]] ==Natura== Oceani medio [[cortex Telluris|cortex oceanicus]] [[magma]]te disrumpitur, ut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Distentio (geologia)|distentio|en|qid=Q215920}} oriatur et cortex novus formetur; in altero margine lamina tectonica sub alteram subducitur, quod [[terrae motus]] provocat. [[Disiectura transformans|Disiecturae transformantes]] multae iuga oceanica media transgrediuntur. [[Fasciculus:Transform fault-1.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Disiecturae transformantes iugum rumpunt]] ==Inventio== [[Iugum Atlanticum medium]] primum iam [[saeculum 19|saeculo XIX]] inventum est, post [[bellum mundanum secundum]], cum fundus oceanorum bene exploratus esset, cetera inventa sunt. Inventio iugorum oceani mediorum theoriam [[Alfredus Wegener|Alfredi Wegener]] de motu [[continens|continentium]] tum spretam probavit. ==Iuga oceanica maxima== * [[Iugum Atlanticum medium]] (cum [[iugum Hackelii|iugo Hackelii]]) * [[Iugum Pacificum orientale]] (vel [[elevatio Pacifica orientalis]]) * [[Iugum Pacifico-Antarcticum]] (vel [[elevatio Pacifica australis]]) * [[Iugum Chiliense]] * [[Iugum Indicum medium]] (vel [[iugum Arabico-Indicum]]) * [[Iugum Indicum austroccidentale]] (vel [[iugum Indicum occidentale]]) * [[Iugum Indicum austrorientale]] (vel [[elevatio Australo-Antarctica]]) * [[Iugum Indicum orientale]] (vel [[iugum nonagesimae latitudinis]]) * [[Iugum Lomonosovii]] * [[Iugum Mendeleevii]] {{NexInt}} * [[Lithosphaera]] ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== * [https://www.britannica.com/science/oceanic-ridge ''Britannica''] {{ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/dorsales-oceaniques/ ''Universalis''] {{ling|Francogallice}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250617162602/https://bigenc.ru/c/sredinno-okeanicheskie-khrebty-e844cd ''Encyclopaedia Russica magna''] {{ling|Russice}} [[Categoria:Iuga oceanica|!]] [[Categoria:Tectonica laminarum]] {{Myrias|Physica}} oml7wweluh0if0zxtfh0puxmhz5vwgj 2 320908 3980517 3980176 2026-08-11T16:43:23Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Experimenta/e4]] ad [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Experimenta/e7]]: Experimentum ad formulam [[Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter]] periclitandam 3980176 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 3980522 3980517 2026-08-11T16:46:05Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Experimenta/e7]] ad [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Experimenta/e4]] praeter redirectionem: Experimentum ad formulam [[Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter]] periclitandam 3980176 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 3980532 3980522 2026-08-11T16:53:06Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Experimenta/e4]] ad [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Experimenta/e7]] praeter redirectionem: Experimentum ad formulam [[Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter]] periclitandam 3980176 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 3980538 3980532 2026-08-11T16:57:06Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Experimenta/e7]] ad [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/e7]]: Experimentum ad formulam [[Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter]] periclitandam 3980176 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 3980542 3980538 2026-08-11T16:59:31Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/e7]] ad [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Experimenta/e7]] praeter redirectionem sine redirectione: Experimentum ad formulam [[Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter]] periclitandam 3980176 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 3980544 3980542 2026-08-11T17:00:00Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Experimenta/e7]] ad [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Experimenta/subpagina/e7]]: Experimentum ad formulam [[Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter]] periclitandam 3980176 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 3980548 3980544 2026-08-11T17:00:15Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Experimenta/subpagina/e7]] ad [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Experimenta/e7]] praeter redirectionem: Experimentum ad formulam [[Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter]] periclitandam 3980176 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 3980552 3980548 2026-08-11T17:00:56Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Experimenta/e7]] ad [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Experimenta/e7/subpagina]]: Experimentum ad formulam [[Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter]] periclitandam 3980176 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 3980556 3980552 2026-08-11T17:01:22Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Experimenta/e7/subpagina]] ad [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Experimenta/e7]] praeter redirectionem: Experimentum ad formulam [[Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter]] periclitandam 3980176 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 3980562 3980556 2026-08-11T17:05:37Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Experimenta/e7]] ad [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Experimenta/e4]] praeter redirectionem sine redirectione: Experimenta finivi 3980176 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 10 321031 3980564 3975879 2026-08-11T17:34:04Z Grufo 64423 De paginis disputationis 3980564 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Capsa {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}}|disputationis|annuntiationis}} | imago = Soft redirect arrow.svg | color = #3366aa | 1 = {{#if:{{{fragment|}}} | ; Haec est [[Vicipaedia:redirectio|redirectio]] ad capitulum : Haec pagina ad capitulum '''[[{{{prefixedText|}}}#{{{fragment}}}|{{{prefixedText|}}} § {{{fragment}}}]]''' redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones ad capitula]]}} | ; Haec est [[Vicipaedia:redirectio|redirectio]] : In [[Vicipaedia Latina]] {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACENUMBER:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|10 | formulae &#123;&#123;'''{{PAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}'''&#125;&#125; et &#123;&#123;'''{{#ifeq:{{{namespace|}}}|10 | [[:{{{fullText}}}|{{{text}}}]] | [[:{{{fullText}}}]] }}'''&#125;&#125; | “'''{{{sourcePage}}}'''” et “'''[[:{{{fullText}}}]]'''” }} tamquam synonyma tractantur. }}{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}} | {{#ifeq:{{{namespace|}}}|119 | ; Disputationes ad [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|adumbrationem]] coniunctae : Quum pagina coniuncta in [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio nominali]] adumbrationum adhuc paretur, disputationes ibidem inveniuntur. | {{#ifeq:{{{namespace|}}}|{{NAMESPACENUMBER:{{{sourcePage}}}}} | | ; Disputationes ad aliud spatium nominale motae : Haec pagina disputationis ad aliud [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatium nominale]] redigit. }}{{#ifeq:{{{ratio|}}}|collectio | ; Disputationes in singulum locum collectae : Haec pagina disputationis ad alias disputationes redigit, quia [[:{{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|pagina coniuncta]] est pars alicuius rei maioris vel illic sunt relatae disputationes quae saepius visitantur. | {{#ifeq:{{#invoke:string|find|{{{sourcePage}}}|{{{fullText}}}|1|true}}|1 | ; Disputationes in singulum locum collectae : Haec pagina disputationis ad alias disputationes redigit, quia [[:{{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|pagina coniuncta]] est subpagina alicuius paginae maioris. | {{#switch:{{#invoke:redirection|get_target_page|{{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}}} | {{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{{fullText}}}}} = ; Disputationes unā cum pagina annexa motae : Haec pagina disputationis ad alias disputationes redigit, quia unā cum pagina annexa mota est. | = ; Disputationes in singulum locum collectae : Haec pagina disputationis ad alias disputationes redigit.[[Categoria:Paginae disputationis quae sunt redirectiones etiamsi paginam habent]] | #default = ; Redirectio incongruens : Haec redirectio paginae annexae non congruit. Fortasse per errorem creata est.[[Categoria:Paginae disputationis quae male redigunt]] }} }} }} }} | {{#if:{{#invoke:params|new|pulling|sourcePage|with_value_matching|^%s*VP:%S|or|^%s*A:%S|value_of|sourcePage}} | ; Hoc est compendium : [[Vicipaedia:Compendium|Compendia]] sunt nexūs breves qui accessum facilem ad paginas praebent. Paginae in [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio nominali]] encyclopaedico non solent fieri compendia, multa autem sunt compendia paginarum quae in spatiis nominalibus <code>Vicipaedia:</code> et <code>Auxilium:</code> iacent.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Compendia]]}} | {{#ifeq:{{{namespace|}}}|118 | ; Haec pagina ad [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|adumbrationem]] redigit : Haec pagina {{#ifeq:{{{text}}}|{{{sourcePage}}}|in|(sub titulo “{{{text}}})” in}} [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio nominali]] adumbrationum adhuc paratur.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Adumbrationes in locum paginarum substitutae]]}} | {{#ifeq:{{{namespace|}}}|{{NAMESPACENUMBER:{{{sourcePage}}}}} | | {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACENUMBER:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|118 | ; Haec fuit adumbratio : Pagina “[[:{{{fullText}}}]]” olim hic parata est.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Adumbrationes perfectae]]}} | ; Redirectio ad aliud spatium nominale : Haec pagina ad aliud [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatium nominale]] redigit. }} }} }} }} }}{{#if:{{{qid|}}} | ; Haec redirectio est ad [[Vicidata]] annexa : Entitas Vicidatorum [[:d:{{{qid}}}|{{Sin secus|{{#invoke:vicidata|appellatio|tessera={{{qid}}}}}|{{{qid}}}|“|” <small>({{{qid}}})</small>}}]] huic redirectioni nectitur. Quod indicare solet hanc redirectionem esse caducam et paginam Latinam quae talem entitatem interpretatur hic exspectari. }}{{#if:{{{recensio|}}} | ; Olim haec redirectio fuit {{#switch:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 = commentatio | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 101 | 119 | 711 | 829 = pagina disputationis | 6 = fasciculus | 10 = formula | 828 = modulus | 14 = categoria | #default = pagina }} : Haec [[Specialis:PermanentLink/{{{recensio}}}|fuit {{#switch:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 = commentatio | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 101 | 119 | 711 | 829 = pagina disputationis | 6 = fasciculus | 10 = formula | 828 = modulus | 14 = categoria | #default = pagina }}]], quae [[Special:PageHistory/{{{sourcePage}}}|postea]] facta est redirectio.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones quae olim fuerunt paginae]]}} | {{#ifeq:{{{olim|}}}|pagina | ; Olim haec redirectio fuit {{#switch:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 = commentatio | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 101 | 119 | 711 | 829 = pagina disputationis | 6 = fasciculus | 10 = formula | 828 = modulus | 14 = categoria | #default = pagina }} : Haec fuit {{#switch:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 = commentatio | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 101 | 119 | 711 | 829 = pagina disputationis | 6 = fasciculus | 10 = formula | 828 = modulus | 14 = categoria | #default = pagina }}, quae [[Special:PageHistory/{{{sourcePage}}}|postea]] facta est redirectio.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones quae olim fuerunt paginae]]}} }} }}{{#ifeq:{{{subpageText|}}}|{{{text|}}} | | ; Haec est redirectio ad [[Vicipaedia:Subpaginae|subpaginam]] : Pagina “'''[[:{{{fullText|}}}|/{{{subpageText|}}}]]'''” sub pagina “'''[[:{{#if:{{{nsText|}}}|{{{nsText}}}:}}{{{baseText|}}}]]'''” iacet }}{{#if:{{{cum-disputationibus|}}} | ; Huic redirectioni sunt disputationes : De hac pagina [[{{TALKPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|disputatum est]].{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones cum disputationibus]]}} }}{{#switch:{{{protectio|}}} | partialis = ; Haec redirectio partim protegitur : [[Formula:Invitatio|Ustricibus usoribusque ignotis]] {{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONEXPIRY:edit}}|infinity|hoc tempore|'''intra horam {{#time:H:i \d\i\e\i [[j xg]] [[Y]]|{{PROTECTIONEXPIRY:edit}}}}'''}} [[Vicipaedia:Paginae protectae|non licet]] hanc paginam recensere. Si nomine Vicipaediano cares, quaesumus ut emendationes in {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}}|[[Vicipaedia:Taberna|nostra Taberna]]|[[{{TALKPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|pagina disputationis]]}} proponas vel nomen [[Special:Userlogin|crees]].{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae semi-protectae]]}} | plena = ; Haec redirectio protegitur : Ob [[Vicipaedia:Malefactor|maleficia]] perpetua haec pagina {{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONEXPIRY:edit}}|infinity|ad tempus|intra horam {{#time:H:i \d\i\e\i [[j xg]] [[Y]]|{{PROTECTIONEXPIRY:edit}}}}}} [[Vicipaedia:Paginae protectae|protecta]] est. Suggere, quaesemus, emendationes in {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}}|[[Vicipaedia:Taberna|nostra Taberna]]|[[{{TALKPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|pagina disputationis]]}}, vel pete a [[Vicipaedia:Magistratus|magistratu]] ut pagina deprotegatur.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae protectae]]}} }}{{#switch: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:params|new| pulling|fullText| pulling|sourcePage| with_value_matching|%s+%(discretiva%)$|or|%s+%(discretio%)|or|%s+%(nomen%)$| mapping_by_mixing|1| providing|fullText|0| providing|sourcePage|0| all_sorted| list_values }} | 01 = ; Redirectio antidiscretiva : Haec pagina discretiva ad paginam '''non discretivam''' aut '''tacite discretivam''' redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae discretivae quae sunt redirectiones]]}} | 10 = ; Redirectio ad paginam discretivam : Haec pagina ad [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|paginam discretivam]] redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones ad paginas discretivas]]}} | 11 = ; Redirectio discretiva : Haec pagina discretiva ad aliam [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|paginam discretivam]] redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae discretivae quae sunt redirectiones]][[Categoria:Redirectiones ad paginas discretivas]]}} }}{{#if:{{{annotatio|}}} | ; Annotatio de hac redirectione addita est {{Vitta sententiae|color=#fff|1={{{annotatio}}}}} }} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio|contenta={{Formula machinaria}}}}</noinclude> 4trtvu37c8md4eb3ln87ax6bx1aqxi4 3980565 3980564 2026-08-11T17:40:46Z Grufo 64423 3980565 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Capsa {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}}|disputationis|annuntiationis}} | imago = Soft redirect arrow.svg | color = #3366aa | 1 = {{#if:{{{fragment|}}} | ; Haec est [[Vicipaedia:redirectio|redirectio]] ad capitulum : Haec pagina ad capitulum '''[[{{{prefixedText|}}}#{{{fragment}}}|{{{prefixedText|}}} § {{{fragment}}}]]''' redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones ad capitula]]}} | ; Haec est [[Vicipaedia:redirectio|redirectio]] : In [[Vicipaedia Latina]] {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACENUMBER:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|10 | formulae &#123;&#123;'''{{PAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}'''&#125;&#125; et &#123;&#123;'''{{#ifeq:{{{namespace|}}}|10 | [[:{{{fullText}}}|{{{text}}}]] | [[:{{{fullText}}}]] }}'''&#125;&#125; | “'''{{{sourcePage}}}'''” et “'''[[:{{{fullText}}}]]'''” }} tamquam synonyma tractantur. }}{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}} | {{#ifeq:{{{namespace|}}}|119 | ; Disputationes ad [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|adumbrationem]] coniunctae : Quum pagina coniuncta in [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio nominali]] adumbrationum adhuc paretur, disputationes ibidem inveniuntur. | {{#ifeq:{{{namespace|}}}|{{NAMESPACENUMBER:{{{sourcePage}}}}} | | ; Disputationes ad aliud spatium nominale motae : Haec pagina disputationis ad aliud [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatium nominale]] redigit. }}{{#ifeq:{{{ratio|}}}|collectio | ; Disputationes in singulum locum collectae : Haec pagina disputationis ad alias disputationes redigit, quia [[:{{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|pagina coniuncta]] est pars alicuius rei maioris vel illic sunt relatae disputationes quae saepius visitantur. | {{#ifeq:{{#invoke:string|find|{{{sourcePage}}}|{{{fullText}}}|1|true}}|1 | ; Disputationes in singulum locum collectae : Haec pagina disputationis ad alias disputationes redigit, quia [[:{{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|pagina coniuncta]] est subpagina alicuius paginae maioris. | {{#switch:{{#invoke:redirection|get_target_page|{{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}}} | {{#ifeq:{{{namespace|}}}|{{NAMESPACENUMBER:{{{sourcePage}}}}} | {{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{{fullText}}}}} | }} = ! ; Disputationes unā cum pagina annexa motae : Haec pagina disputationis ad alias disputationes redigit, quia unā cum pagina annexa mota est. | = ; Disputationes in singulum locum collectae : Haec pagina disputationis ad alias disputationes redigit.[[Categoria:Paginae disputationis quae sunt redirectiones etiamsi paginam habent]] | #default = ; Redirectio incongruens : Haec redirectio paginae annexae non congruit. Fortasse per errorem creata est.[[Categoria:Paginae disputationis quae male redigunt]] }} }} }} }} | {{#if:{{#invoke:params|new|pulling|sourcePage|with_value_matching|^%s*VP:%S|or|^%s*A:%S|value_of|sourcePage}} | ; Hoc est compendium : [[Vicipaedia:Compendium|Compendia]] sunt nexūs breves qui accessum facilem ad paginas praebent. Paginae in [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio nominali]] encyclopaedico non solent fieri compendia, multa autem sunt compendia paginarum quae in spatiis nominalibus <code>Vicipaedia:</code> et <code>Auxilium:</code> iacent.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Compendia]]}} | {{#ifeq:{{{namespace|}}}|118 | ; Haec pagina ad [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|adumbrationem]] redigit : Haec pagina {{#ifeq:{{{text}}}|{{{sourcePage}}}|in|(sub titulo “{{{text}}})” in}} [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio nominali]] adumbrationum adhuc paratur.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Adumbrationes in locum paginarum substitutae]]}} | {{#ifeq:{{{namespace|}}}|{{NAMESPACENUMBER:{{{sourcePage}}}}} | | {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACENUMBER:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|118 | ; Haec fuit adumbratio : Pagina “[[:{{{fullText}}}]]” olim hic parata est.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Adumbrationes perfectae]]}} | ; Redirectio ad aliud spatium nominale : Haec pagina ad aliud [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatium nominale]] redigit. }} }} }} }} }}{{#if:{{{qid|}}} | ; Haec redirectio est ad [[Vicidata]] annexa : Entitas Vicidatorum [[:d:{{{qid}}}|{{Sin secus|{{#invoke:vicidata|appellatio|tessera={{{qid}}}}}|{{{qid}}}|“|” <small>({{{qid}}})</small>}}]] huic redirectioni nectitur. Quod indicare solet hanc redirectionem esse caducam et paginam Latinam quae talem entitatem interpretatur hic exspectari. }}{{#if:{{{recensio|}}} | ; Olim haec redirectio fuit {{#switch:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 = commentatio | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 101 | 119 | 711 | 829 = pagina disputationis | 6 = fasciculus | 10 = formula | 828 = modulus | 14 = categoria | #default = pagina }} : Haec [[Specialis:PermanentLink/{{{recensio}}}|fuit {{#switch:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 = commentatio | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 101 | 119 | 711 | 829 = pagina disputationis | 6 = fasciculus | 10 = formula | 828 = modulus | 14 = categoria | #default = pagina }}]], quae [[Special:PageHistory/{{{sourcePage}}}|postea]] facta est redirectio.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones quae olim fuerunt paginae]]}} | {{#ifeq:{{{olim|}}}|pagina | ; Olim haec redirectio fuit {{#switch:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 = commentatio | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 101 | 119 | 711 | 829 = pagina disputationis | 6 = fasciculus | 10 = formula | 828 = modulus | 14 = categoria | #default = pagina }} : Haec fuit {{#switch:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 = commentatio | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 101 | 119 | 711 | 829 = pagina disputationis | 6 = fasciculus | 10 = formula | 828 = modulus | 14 = categoria | #default = pagina }}, quae [[Special:PageHistory/{{{sourcePage}}}|postea]] facta est redirectio.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones quae olim fuerunt paginae]]}} }} }}{{#ifeq:{{{subpageText|}}}|{{{text|}}} | | ; Haec est redirectio ad [[Vicipaedia:Subpaginae|subpaginam]] : Pagina “'''[[:{{{fullText|}}}|/{{{subpageText|}}}]]'''” sub pagina “'''[[:{{#if:{{{nsText|}}}|{{{nsText}}}:}}{{{baseText|}}}]]'''” iacet }}{{#if:{{{cum-disputationibus|}}} | ; Huic redirectioni sunt disputationes : De hac pagina [[{{TALKPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|disputatum est]].{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones cum disputationibus]]}} }}{{#switch:{{{protectio|}}} | partialis = ; Haec redirectio partim protegitur : [[Formula:Invitatio|Ustricibus usoribusque ignotis]] {{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONEXPIRY:edit}}|infinity|hoc tempore|'''intra horam {{#time:H:i \d\i\e\i [[j xg]] [[Y]]|{{PROTECTIONEXPIRY:edit}}}}'''}} [[Vicipaedia:Paginae protectae|non licet]] hanc paginam recensere. Si nomine Vicipaediano cares, quaesumus ut emendationes in {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}}|[[Vicipaedia:Taberna|nostra Taberna]]|[[{{TALKPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|pagina disputationis]]}} proponas vel nomen [[Special:Userlogin|crees]].{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae semi-protectae]]}} | plena = ; Haec redirectio protegitur : Ob [[Vicipaedia:Malefactor|maleficia]] perpetua haec pagina {{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONEXPIRY:edit}}|infinity|ad tempus|intra horam {{#time:H:i \d\i\e\i [[j xg]] [[Y]]|{{PROTECTIONEXPIRY:edit}}}}}} [[Vicipaedia:Paginae protectae|protecta]] est. Suggere, quaesemus, emendationes in {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}}|[[Vicipaedia:Taberna|nostra Taberna]]|[[{{TALKPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|pagina disputationis]]}}, vel pete a [[Vicipaedia:Magistratus|magistratu]] ut pagina deprotegatur.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae protectae]]}} }}{{#switch: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:params|new| pulling|fullText| pulling|sourcePage| with_value_matching|%s+%(discretiva%)$|or|%s+%(discretio%)|or|%s+%(nomen%)$| mapping_by_mixing|1| providing|fullText|0| providing|sourcePage|0| all_sorted| list_values }} | 01 = ; Redirectio antidiscretiva : Haec pagina discretiva ad paginam '''non discretivam''' aut '''tacite discretivam''' redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae discretivae quae sunt redirectiones]]}} | 10 = ; Redirectio ad paginam discretivam : Haec pagina ad [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|paginam discretivam]] redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones ad paginas discretivas]]}} | 11 = ; Redirectio discretiva : Haec pagina discretiva ad aliam [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|paginam discretivam]] redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae discretivae quae sunt redirectiones]][[Categoria:Redirectiones ad paginas discretivas]]}} }}{{#if:{{{annotatio|}}} | ; Annotatio de hac redirectione addita est {{Vitta sententiae|color=#fff|1={{{annotatio}}}}} }} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio|contenta={{Formula machinaria}}}}</noinclude> 2ld306d4k2gu1ien4y1pu83fb3sccke 3980566 3980565 2026-08-11T17:42:13Z Grufo 64423 3980566 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Capsa {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}}|disputationis|annuntiationis}} | imago = Soft redirect arrow.svg | color = #3366aa | 1 = {{#if:{{{fragment|}}} | ; Haec est [[Vicipaedia:redirectio|redirectio]] ad capitulum : Haec pagina ad capitulum '''[[{{{prefixedText|}}}#{{{fragment}}}|{{{prefixedText|}}} § {{{fragment}}}]]''' redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones ad capitula]]}} | ; Haec est [[Vicipaedia:redirectio|redirectio]] : In [[Vicipaedia Latina]] {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACENUMBER:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|10 | formulae &#123;&#123;'''{{PAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}'''&#125;&#125; et &#123;&#123;'''{{#ifeq:{{{namespace|}}}|10 | [[:{{{fullText}}}|{{{text}}}]] | [[:{{{fullText}}}]] }}'''&#125;&#125; | “'''{{{sourcePage}}}'''” et “'''[[:{{{fullText}}}]]'''” }} tamquam synonyma tractantur. }}{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}} | {{#ifeq:{{{namespace|}}}|119 | ; Disputationes ad [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|adumbrationem]] coniunctae : Quum pagina coniuncta in [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio nominali]] adumbrationum adhuc paretur, disputationes ibidem inveniuntur. | {{#ifeq:{{{namespace|}}}|{{NAMESPACENUMBER:{{{sourcePage}}}}} | | ; Disputationes ad aliud spatium nominale motae : Haec pagina disputationis ad aliud [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatium nominale]] redigit. }}{{#ifeq:{{{ratio|}}}|collectio | ; Disputationes in singulum locum collectae : Haec pagina disputationis ad alias disputationes redigit, quia [[:{{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|pagina coniuncta]] est pars alicuius rei maioris vel illic sunt relatae disputationes quae saepius visitantur. | {{#ifeq:{{#invoke:string|find|{{{sourcePage}}}|{{{fullText}}}|1|true}}|1 | ; Disputationes in singulum locum collectae : Haec pagina disputationis ad alias disputationes redigit, quia [[:{{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|pagina coniuncta]] est subpagina alicuius paginae maioris. | {{#switch:{{#invoke:redirection|get_target_page|{{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}}} | {{#ifeq:{{{namespace|}}}|{{NAMESPACENUMBER:{{{sourcePage}}}}} | {{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{{fullText}}}}} | ! }} = ; Disputationes unā cum pagina annexa motae : Haec pagina disputationis ad alias disputationes redigit, quia unā cum pagina annexa mota est. | = ; Disputationes in singulum locum collectae : Haec pagina disputationis ad alias disputationes redigit.[[Categoria:Paginae disputationis quae sunt redirectiones etiamsi paginam habent]] | #default = ; Redirectio incongruens : Haec redirectio paginae annexae non congruit. Fortasse per errorem creata est.[[Categoria:Paginae disputationis quae male redigunt]] }} }} }} }} | {{#if:{{#invoke:params|new|pulling|sourcePage|with_value_matching|^%s*VP:%S|or|^%s*A:%S|value_of|sourcePage}} | ; Hoc est compendium : [[Vicipaedia:Compendium|Compendia]] sunt nexūs breves qui accessum facilem ad paginas praebent. Paginae in [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio nominali]] encyclopaedico non solent fieri compendia, multa autem sunt compendia paginarum quae in spatiis nominalibus <code>Vicipaedia:</code> et <code>Auxilium:</code> iacent.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Compendia]]}} | {{#ifeq:{{{namespace|}}}|118 | ; Haec pagina ad [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|adumbrationem]] redigit : Haec pagina {{#ifeq:{{{text}}}|{{{sourcePage}}}|in|(sub titulo “{{{text}}})” in}} [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio nominali]] adumbrationum adhuc paratur.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Adumbrationes in locum paginarum substitutae]]}} | {{#ifeq:{{{namespace|}}}|{{NAMESPACENUMBER:{{{sourcePage}}}}} | | {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACENUMBER:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|118 | ; Haec fuit adumbratio : Pagina “[[:{{{fullText}}}]]” olim hic parata est.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Adumbrationes perfectae]]}} | ; Redirectio ad aliud spatium nominale : Haec pagina ad aliud [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatium nominale]] redigit. }} }} }} }} }}{{#if:{{{qid|}}} | ; Haec redirectio est ad [[Vicidata]] annexa : Entitas Vicidatorum [[:d:{{{qid}}}|{{Sin secus|{{#invoke:vicidata|appellatio|tessera={{{qid}}}}}|{{{qid}}}|“|” <small>({{{qid}}})</small>}}]] huic redirectioni nectitur. Quod indicare solet hanc redirectionem esse caducam et paginam Latinam quae talem entitatem interpretatur hic exspectari. }}{{#if:{{{recensio|}}} | ; Olim haec redirectio fuit {{#switch:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 = commentatio | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 101 | 119 | 711 | 829 = pagina disputationis | 6 = fasciculus | 10 = formula | 828 = modulus | 14 = categoria | #default = pagina }} : Haec [[Specialis:PermanentLink/{{{recensio}}}|fuit {{#switch:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 = commentatio | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 101 | 119 | 711 | 829 = pagina disputationis | 6 = fasciculus | 10 = formula | 828 = modulus | 14 = categoria | #default = pagina }}]], quae [[Special:PageHistory/{{{sourcePage}}}|postea]] facta est redirectio.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones quae olim fuerunt paginae]]}} | {{#ifeq:{{{olim|}}}|pagina | ; Olim haec redirectio fuit {{#switch:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 = commentatio | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 101 | 119 | 711 | 829 = pagina disputationis | 6 = fasciculus | 10 = formula | 828 = modulus | 14 = categoria | #default = pagina }} : Haec fuit {{#switch:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 = commentatio | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 101 | 119 | 711 | 829 = pagina disputationis | 6 = fasciculus | 10 = formula | 828 = modulus | 14 = categoria | #default = pagina }}, quae [[Special:PageHistory/{{{sourcePage}}}|postea]] facta est redirectio.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones quae olim fuerunt paginae]]}} }} }}{{#ifeq:{{{subpageText|}}}|{{{text|}}} | | ; Haec est redirectio ad [[Vicipaedia:Subpaginae|subpaginam]] : Pagina “'''[[:{{{fullText|}}}|/{{{subpageText|}}}]]'''” sub pagina “'''[[:{{#if:{{{nsText|}}}|{{{nsText}}}:}}{{{baseText|}}}]]'''” iacet }}{{#if:{{{cum-disputationibus|}}} | ; Huic redirectioni sunt disputationes : De hac pagina [[{{TALKPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|disputatum est]].{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones cum disputationibus]]}} }}{{#switch:{{{protectio|}}} | partialis = ; Haec redirectio partim protegitur : [[Formula:Invitatio|Ustricibus usoribusque ignotis]] {{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONEXPIRY:edit}}|infinity|hoc tempore|'''intra horam {{#time:H:i \d\i\e\i [[j xg]] [[Y]]|{{PROTECTIONEXPIRY:edit}}}}'''}} [[Vicipaedia:Paginae protectae|non licet]] hanc paginam recensere. Si nomine Vicipaediano cares, quaesumus ut emendationes in {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}}|[[Vicipaedia:Taberna|nostra Taberna]]|[[{{TALKPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|pagina disputationis]]}} proponas vel nomen [[Special:Userlogin|crees]].{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae semi-protectae]]}} | plena = ; Haec redirectio protegitur : Ob [[Vicipaedia:Malefactor|maleficia]] perpetua haec pagina {{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONEXPIRY:edit}}|infinity|ad tempus|intra horam {{#time:H:i \d\i\e\i [[j xg]] [[Y]]|{{PROTECTIONEXPIRY:edit}}}}}} [[Vicipaedia:Paginae protectae|protecta]] est. Suggere, quaesemus, emendationes in {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}}|[[Vicipaedia:Taberna|nostra Taberna]]|[[{{TALKPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|pagina disputationis]]}}, vel pete a [[Vicipaedia:Magistratus|magistratu]] ut pagina deprotegatur.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae protectae]]}} }}{{#switch: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:params|new| pulling|fullText| pulling|sourcePage| with_value_matching|%s+%(discretiva%)$|or|%s+%(discretio%)|or|%s+%(nomen%)$| mapping_by_mixing|1| providing|fullText|0| providing|sourcePage|0| all_sorted| list_values }} | 01 = ; Redirectio antidiscretiva : Haec pagina discretiva ad paginam '''non discretivam''' aut '''tacite discretivam''' redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae discretivae quae sunt redirectiones]]}} | 10 = ; Redirectio ad paginam discretivam : Haec pagina ad [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|paginam discretivam]] redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones ad paginas discretivas]]}} | 11 = ; Redirectio discretiva : Haec pagina discretiva ad aliam [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|paginam discretivam]] redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae discretivae quae sunt redirectiones]][[Categoria:Redirectiones ad paginas discretivas]]}} }}{{#if:{{{annotatio|}}} | ; Annotatio de hac redirectione addita est {{Vitta sententiae|color=#fff|1={{{annotatio}}}}} }} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio|contenta={{Formula machinaria}}}}</noinclude> 2wkbez6na2rsofkk08irg4empj67vkr 10 321032 3980570 3975880 2026-08-11T17:47:43Z Grufo 64423 Documentationem redintegravi 3980570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Lua|Modulus:Params|Modulus:Redirection|Modulus:String|Modulus:Vicidata}} Haec capsa paginis redirectionis addi potest. In simplicibus redirectionibus non requiritur, sed oportet eam inserere: * Si redirectio est [[:Categoria:Redirectiones ad Vicidata annexae|ad Vicidata annexa]] * Si sunt disputationes redirectioni coniunctae * Si pagina ad aliud [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatium nominale]] redigit * Si redirectio est [[Vicipaedia:Compendium|compendium]] * Si redirectio est [[Vicipaedia:Paginae protectae|protecta aut semi-protecta]] * Si redirectio [[:Categoria:Redirectiones ad capitula|ad capitulum nectitur]] ({{*eg}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>#REDIRECT [[Argentina#Divisio administrativa]]</syntaxhighlight>) * Si olim redirectio erat pagina, quae postea facta est redirectio—hoc in casu adde argumentum {{para|olim|''&#91;NUMERUS ULTIMAE RECENSIONIS PAGINAE&#93;''}} ({{*eg}} {{para|olim|2434003}}), aut, si segnis es, tantummodo adde {{para|olim|pagina}} * Si pagina quae non est [[Vicipaedia:Subpaginae|subpagina]] ad subpaginam redigit * Si redirectio est in [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio nominali]] ''disputationis'' et ad paginam redigit ubi omnes disputationes in singulum locum colliguntur (si redirectio non est subpagina, adde {{para|ratio|collectio}}) * Si redirectio vel scopus redirectionis est [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|pagina discretiva]] Haec formula pluribus categoriis vestigatoriis utitur—vide [[#categoriae-vestigatoriae|indicem]] hic infra. {{Nota bene}} Aliquando, quum paginae moventur, [[Auxilium:Substitutio|substitutio]] systematis {{Fsn|Postilla redirectionis}} hanc capsam sua sponte inserit. == De usu == Formula argumenta facultativa tria tantum accipit ({{para|ratio}}, {{para|olim}}) et {{para|annotatio}}). '''Vicitextus ({{*eg}} in pagina “{{rns|Apollonius Syrus}}”):''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Historia Augusta]] {{De hac redirectione}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{De hac redirectione/tabula|propositum=exhibitio|qid=Q4068055|sourcePage=Apollonius Syrus|fullText=Historia Augusta|fragment=|prefixedText=Historia Augusta|olim=}} {{Ast}} '''Vicitextus ({{*eg}} in pagina “{{rns|Catamarca (provincia)}}”):''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Argentina#Divisio administrativa]] {{De hac redirectione}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{De hac redirectione/tabula|propositum=exhibitio|qid=Q4068055|sourcePage=Catamarca (provincia)|fullText=Argentina|fragment=Divisio administrativa|prefixedText=Argentina|olim=}} {{Ast}} '''Vicitextus ({{*eg}} in pagina “{{rns|VP:1000}}”):''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Vicipaedia:1000 paginae]] {{De hac redirectione}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{De hac redirectione/tabula|propositum=exhibitio|qid=|sourcePage=VP:1000|fullText=Vicipaedia:1000 paginae|fragment=Vicipaedia:1000 paginae|prefixedText=|olim=}} {{Ast}} '''Vicitextus ({{*eg}} in pagina “{{rns|Adfixum}}”):''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Affixum]] {{De hac redirectione|olim=2434003}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{De hac redirectione/tabula|propositum=exhibitio|qid=|sourcePage=Adfixum|fullText=Affixum|fragment=|prefixedText=Affixum|olim=2434003|recensio=2434003}} {{Ast}} '''Vicitextus ({{*eg}} in pagina “{{rns|Adfixum}}”):''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Affixum]] {{De hac redirectione|olim=pagina}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{De hac redirectione/tabula|propositum=exhibitio|qid=|sourcePage=Adfixum|fullText=Affixum|fragment=|prefixedText=Affixum|olim=pagina}} == De argumentis == <templatedata>{ "description": "Haec capsa paginis redirectionis addi potest.", "params": { "ratio": { "label": "Ratio", "description": "Scribe ‘ratio=collectio’ si pagina disputationis ad disputationes in singulum locum collectas redigit", "type": "string", "required": false, "example": "collectio" }, "olim": { "label": "Olim", "description": "Scribe ‘olim=pagina’ aut ‘olim=[NUMERUS RECENSIONIS]’ si redirectio erat pagina cum sua historia", "type": "string", "required": false, "example": "pagina" }, "annotatio": { "label": "Annotatio", "description": "Annotatio de hac redirectione", "type": "content", "required": false, "example": "Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres." } } }</templatedata> == Subformulae auxiliares == * &#123;&#123;{{rel|Formula:De hac redirectione/tabula}}&#125;&#125; == Ulteriora si cupis == {{Categoriae vestigatoriae formulae | #ancora = categoriae-vestigatoriae | Adumbrationes perfectae | Compendia | Paginae discretivae quae sunt redirectiones | Redirectiones ad paginas discretivas | Adumbrationes in locum paginarum substitutae | Paginae protectae | Paginae disputationis quae male redigunt | Paginae disputationis quae sunt redirectiones etiamsi paginam habent | Paginae semi-protectae | Redirectiones ad capitula | Redirectiones cum disputationibus | Redirectiones quae olim fuerunt paginae }} * [[:Categoria:Redirectiones ad Vicidata annexae]] * [[Vicipaedia:Redirectio]] * {{Fn|Redirectio obliqua}} * {{Fn|Nondum}} * {{Fn|Pagina protecta}} * {{Fn|Disputationes redirectionem comitantes}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae monituum nuntiorumque|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae Vicidatorum|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae nexuales|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> kqrd6sgbx25g3ie5lxol4jsj7i9hk3i 3980667 3980570 2026-08-11T22:57:30Z Grufo 64423 Indicem ad seorsam paginam movi 3980667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Lua|Modulus:Params|Modulus:Redirection|Modulus:String|Modulus:Vicidata}} Haec capsa paginis redirectionis addi potest. In simplicibus redirectionibus non requiritur, sed oportet eam inserere: {{Nexuli recensorii|Formula:De hac redirectione/quando|style=float: right; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 0 .5em; border-radius: .5em; font-weight: bold; margin-right: .5em;}}{{De hac redirectione/quando}} Haec formula pluribus categoriis vestigatoriis utitur—vide [[#categoriae-vestigatoriae|indicem]] hic infra. {{Nota bene}} Aliquando, quum paginae moventur, [[Auxilium:Substitutio|substitutio]] systematis {{Fsn|Postilla redirectionis}} hanc capsam sua sponte inserit. == De usu == Formula argumenta facultativa tria tantum accipit ({{para|ratio}}, {{para|olim}}) et {{para|annotatio}}). '''Vicitextus ({{*eg}} in pagina “{{rns|Apollonius Syrus}}”):''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Historia Augusta]] {{De hac redirectione}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{De hac redirectione/tabula|propositum=exhibitio|qid=Q4068055|sourcePage=Apollonius Syrus|fullText=Historia Augusta|fragment=|prefixedText=Historia Augusta|olim=}} {{Ast}} '''Vicitextus ({{*eg}} in pagina “{{rns|Catamarca (provincia)}}”):''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Argentina#Divisio administrativa]] {{De hac redirectione}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{De hac redirectione/tabula|propositum=exhibitio|qid=Q4068055|sourcePage=Catamarca (provincia)|fullText=Argentina|fragment=Divisio administrativa|prefixedText=Argentina|olim=}} {{Ast}} '''Vicitextus ({{*eg}} in pagina “{{rns|VP:1000}}”):''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Vicipaedia:1000 paginae]] {{De hac redirectione}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{De hac redirectione/tabula|propositum=exhibitio|qid=|sourcePage=VP:1000|fullText=Vicipaedia:1000 paginae|fragment=Vicipaedia:1000 paginae|prefixedText=|olim=}} {{Ast}} '''Vicitextus ({{*eg}} in pagina “{{rns|Adfixum}}”):''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Affixum]] {{De hac redirectione|olim=2434003}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{De hac redirectione/tabula|propositum=exhibitio|qid=|sourcePage=Adfixum|fullText=Affixum|fragment=|prefixedText=Affixum|olim=2434003|recensio=2434003}} {{Ast}} '''Vicitextus ({{*eg}} in pagina “{{rns|Adfixum}}”):''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Affixum]] {{De hac redirectione|olim=pagina}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{De hac redirectione/tabula|propositum=exhibitio|qid=|sourcePage=Adfixum|fullText=Affixum|fragment=|prefixedText=Affixum|olim=pagina}} == De argumentis == <templatedata>{ "description": "Haec capsa paginis redirectionis addi potest.", "params": { "ratio": { "label": "Ratio", "description": "Scribe ‘ratio=collectio’ si pagina disputationis ad disputationes in singulum locum collectas redigit", "type": "string", "required": false, "example": "collectio" }, "olim": { "label": "Olim", "description": "Scribe ‘olim=pagina’ aut ‘olim=[NUMERUS RECENSIONIS]’ si redirectio erat pagina cum sua historia", "type": "string", "required": false, "example": "pagina" }, "annotatio": { "label": "Annotatio", "description": "Annotatio de hac redirectione", "type": "content", "required": false, "example": "Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres." } } }</templatedata> == Subformulae auxiliares == * &#123;&#123;{{rel|Formula:De hac redirectione/tabula}}&#125;&#125; == Ulteriora si cupis == {{Categoriae vestigatoriae formulae | #ancora = categoriae-vestigatoriae | Adumbrationes perfectae | Compendia | Paginae discretivae quae sunt redirectiones | Redirectiones ad paginas discretivas | Adumbrationes in locum paginarum substitutae | Paginae protectae | Paginae disputationis quae male redigunt | Paginae disputationis quae sunt redirectiones etiamsi paginam habent | Paginae semi-protectae | Redirectiones ad capitula | Redirectiones cum disputationibus | Redirectiones quae olim fuerunt paginae }} * [[:Categoria:Redirectiones ad Vicidata annexae]] * [[Vicipaedia:Redirectio]] * {{Fn|Redirectio obliqua}} * {{Fn|Nondum}} * {{Fn|Pagina protecta}} * {{Fn|Disputationes redirectionem comitantes}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae monituum nuntiorumque|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae Vicidatorum|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae nexuales|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> e4y25nk4z4dbcev6mzi83yndh1d47mp 3980670 3980667 2026-08-11T23:04:31Z Grufo 64423 3980670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Lua|Modulus:Params|Modulus:Redirection|Modulus:String|Modulus:Vicidata}} Haec capsa paginis redirectionis addi potest. In simplicibus redirectionibus non requiritur, sed oportet eam inserere: {{De hac redirectione/quando}} Haec formula pluribus categoriis vestigatoriis utitur—vide [[#categoriae-vestigatoriae|indicem]] hic infra. {{Nota bene}} Aliquando, quum paginae moventur, [[Auxilium:Substitutio|substitutio]] systematis {{Fsn|Postilla redirectionis}} hanc capsam sua sponte inserit. == De usu == Formula argumenta facultativa tria tantum accipit ({{para|ratio}}, {{para|olim}}) et {{para|annotatio}}). '''Vicitextus ({{*eg}} in pagina “{{rns|Apollonius Syrus}}”):''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Historia Augusta]] {{De hac redirectione}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{De hac redirectione/tabula|propositum=exhibitio|qid=Q4068055|sourcePage=Apollonius Syrus|fullText=Historia Augusta|fragment=|prefixedText=Historia Augusta|olim=}} {{Ast}} '''Vicitextus ({{*eg}} in pagina “{{rns|Catamarca (provincia)}}”):''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Argentina#Divisio administrativa]] {{De hac redirectione}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{De hac redirectione/tabula|propositum=exhibitio|qid=Q4068055|sourcePage=Catamarca (provincia)|fullText=Argentina|fragment=Divisio administrativa|prefixedText=Argentina|olim=}} {{Ast}} '''Vicitextus ({{*eg}} in pagina “{{rns|VP:1000}}”):''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Vicipaedia:1000 paginae]] {{De hac redirectione}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{De hac redirectione/tabula|propositum=exhibitio|qid=|sourcePage=VP:1000|fullText=Vicipaedia:1000 paginae|fragment=Vicipaedia:1000 paginae|prefixedText=|olim=}} {{Ast}} '''Vicitextus ({{*eg}} in pagina “{{rns|Adfixum}}”):''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Affixum]] {{De hac redirectione|olim=2434003}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{De hac redirectione/tabula|propositum=exhibitio|qid=|sourcePage=Adfixum|fullText=Affixum|fragment=|prefixedText=Affixum|olim=2434003|recensio=2434003}} {{Ast}} '''Vicitextus ({{*eg}} in pagina “{{rns|Adfixum}}”):''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Affixum]] {{De hac redirectione|olim=pagina}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{De hac redirectione/tabula|propositum=exhibitio|qid=|sourcePage=Adfixum|fullText=Affixum|fragment=|prefixedText=Affixum|olim=pagina}} == De argumentis == <templatedata>{ "description": "Haec capsa paginis redirectionis addi potest.", "params": { "ratio": { "label": "Ratio", "description": "Scribe ‘ratio=collectio’ si pagina disputationis ad disputationes in singulum locum collectas redigit", "type": "string", "required": false, "example": "collectio" }, "olim": { "label": "Olim", "description": "Scribe ‘olim=pagina’ aut ‘olim=[NUMERUS RECENSIONIS]’ si redirectio erat pagina cum sua historia", "type": "string", "required": false, "example": "pagina" }, "annotatio": { "label": "Annotatio", "description": "Annotatio de hac redirectione", "type": "content", "required": false, "example": "Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres." } } }</templatedata> == Subformulae auxiliares == * &#123;&#123;{{rel|Formula:De hac redirectione/tabula}}&#125;&#125; == Ulteriora si cupis == {{Categoriae vestigatoriae formulae | #ancora = categoriae-vestigatoriae | Adumbrationes perfectae | Compendia | Paginae discretivae quae sunt redirectiones | Redirectiones ad paginas discretivas | Adumbrationes in locum paginarum substitutae | Paginae protectae | Paginae disputationis quae male redigunt | Paginae disputationis quae sunt redirectiones etiamsi paginam habent | Paginae semi-protectae | Redirectiones ad capitula | Redirectiones cum disputationibus | Redirectiones quae olim fuerunt paginae }} * [[:Categoria:Redirectiones ad Vicidata annexae]] * [[Vicipaedia:Redirectio]] * {{Fn|Redirectio obliqua}} * {{Fn|Nondum}} * {{Fn|Pagina protecta}} * {{Fn|Disputationes redirectionem comitantes}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae monituum nuntiorumque|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae Vicidatorum|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae nexuales|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> frllchqlrex6r05qapnj16w4k9em732 0 321451 3980807 3944971 2026-08-12T11:34:22Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3980807 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Обелиск декабристам в саду Декабристов 02.jpg|thumb|[[Monumentum]] Decembristarum in insula positum.]] {{res|Insula Decembristarum}}{{Convertimus}} (usque ad annum 1926 {{res|Golodai}}<ref>Quod [[Russice]] "esuri!" significat. Saeculo XVIII fortasse "Galladay, Halladay" de nomine quodam Anglico.</ref>) est insula in [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] in [[delta fluminis|delta]] [[Neva]]e. [[Smolenka]] deverticulum ab [[insula Basilii]] eam separat, [[Neva Minor]] ab [[insula Petri]] et [[aestuarium]] eius cum [[Nevula Minor]]e commune ab [[insula Crucis]]. Pars insulae occidentalis in [[sinus Finnicus|sinum Finnicum]] spectat. Saeculo XX ineunte humo [[ Saeculo XX et XXI [[Aggeratio maritima|adaggerato]] cum parvis insulis adiacentibus coninucta est (insulis Gunaropulo, Žadimirovskii, Kaševarovii), annis sexagesimis cum insula Libera (''Vol'nyj'') maiore humili et paludinoso. Smolenkae alveus mutatus et rectus factus est. [[Insula Sulphuris]] (''Sernyj'') parva in Neva Minore prope ad insulam Decembristarum sita est. Nomen hodiernum habet de quinque [[rebellio Decembristarum|Decembristis]] capite damnatis ([[Condratius Ryleev]], [[Paulus Pestel]], [[Michael Bestužev-Riumin]], [[Sergius Murav'ëv-Apostol]], [[Petrus Kachovskij]]), qui loco ignoto in hac insula clam sepultos esse putantur. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} *[https://encspb.ru/object/2803916829 Insula Decembristarum] in ''Encyclopaedia Petropolis'' [[Categoria:Insulae in delta Nevae]] odveyihktlrrwtdnsrpjjgazyhayhvu 10 323806 3980692 3967115 2026-08-12T00:28:25Z Grufo 64423 Quando postilla addatur 3980692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula in nuntiis systematis adhibita|custodes=usores | r3946509 = MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text | Sin secus verbatim | Mora substitutionis cautae | Modulus:Params | P1 | P2 | Postilla redirectionis/arbiter | Si in substitutione }} {{Substitutio quae suam transclusionem protrahit|$1}} {{Formula solitaria|MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text}} {{Lua|Modulus:Params}} Haec est [[Vicipaedia:Substitutio|substitutio]] peculiaris tantummodo in pagina [[MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text]] adhibita. Usoribus non est eā utendum. == De usu == <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{subst:Postilla redirectionis|$1}}</syntaxhighlight> (Sed formula [[MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text|iam adhibita est]].) == Quando postilla addatur == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Casus ! Condicio ! Vicitextus insertus |- | ''Diversum [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatium nominale]]'' | Vetus et novum nomen ad diversa spatia nominalia pertinent. | rowspan="3" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{De hac redirectione}}</syntaxhighlight> |- | ''[[Vicipaedia:Discretio|Pagina discretiva]]'' | Vetus et novum nomen ad idem spatium nominale pertinent, non sunt in spatio nominali disputationis, et vetus vel novum nomen uno ex his verbis terminatur: <code>(discretiva)</code>, <code>(discretio)</code> aut <code>(nomen)</code>. |- | ''Spatium disputationis'' | Vetus nomen est paginae disputationis et non est subpagina novi nominis. |- | ''Disputationes alibi collectae'' | Vetus et novum nomen ad idem spatium nominale disputationis pertinent et vetus nomen est subpagina novi nominis. | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{De hac redirectione|ratio=collectio}}</syntaxhighlight> |- | ''Redirectio redundans'' | Vetus et novum nomen sunt in spatio nominali [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|adumbrationum]] (<code>Adumbratio:</code>); aut vetus nomen est subpagina in spatio nominali [[Auxilium:Formulae|formularum]] (<code>Formula</code>) et eius nomen est <code>doc</code>. | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Confestim delenda|Redirectio redundans. <small>(Pittacium [[Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter|systemate]] additum.)</span>}}</syntaxhighlight> |- | ''Ceterum'' | Vetus et novum nomen ad idem spatium nominale pertinent; vetus nomen non est pagina disputationis; nec vetus neque novum nomen uno ex his verbis terminatur: <code>(discretiva)</code>, <code>(discretio)</code> aut <code>(nomen)</code>. | '''Nihil additur.''' |} == Subformulae machinariae == * {{relfn|Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter}} == Ulteriora si cupis == * [[MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text]] * [[phab:T419100|Pass the target of the redirect as $1 to MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text – Phabricator]] * {{Fn|De hac redirectione}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> oiasr7ezidkffdbpwm3vncgq3xko7kl 3980693 3980692 2026-08-12T00:29:38Z Grufo 64423 /* Quando postilla addatur */ 3980693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula in nuntiis systematis adhibita|custodes=usores | r3946509 = MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text | Sin secus verbatim | Mora substitutionis cautae | Modulus:Params | P1 | P2 | Postilla redirectionis/arbiter | Si in substitutione }} {{Substitutio quae suam transclusionem protrahit|$1}} {{Formula solitaria|MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text}} {{Lua|Modulus:Params}} Haec est [[Vicipaedia:Substitutio|substitutio]] peculiaris tantummodo in pagina [[MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text]] adhibita. Usoribus non est eā utendum. == De usu == <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{subst:Postilla redirectionis|$1}}</syntaxhighlight> (Sed formula [[MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text|iam adhibita est]].) == Quando postilla addatur == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Casus ! Condicio ! Vicitextus insertus |- | ''Diversum [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatium nominale]]'' | Vetus et novum nomen ad diversa spatia nominalia pertinent. | rowspan="3" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{De hac redirectione}}</syntaxhighlight> |- | ''[[Vicipaedia:Discretio|Pagina discretiva]]'' | Vetus et novum nomen ad idem spatium nominale pertinent, non sunt in spatio nominali disputationis, et vetus vel novum nomen uno ex his verbis terminatur: <code>(discretiva)</code>, <code>(discretio)</code> aut <code>(nomen)</code>. |- | ''Spatium disputationis'' | Vetus nomen est in spatio nominali disputationis et non est subpagina novi nominis. |- | ''Disputationes alibi collectae'' | Vetus et novum nomen ad idem spatium nominale disputationis pertinent et vetus nomen est subpagina novi nominis. | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{De hac redirectione|ratio=collectio}}</syntaxhighlight> |- | ''Redirectio redundans'' | Vetus et novum nomen sunt in spatio nominali [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|adumbrationum]] (<code>Adumbratio:</code>); aut vetus nomen est subpagina in spatio nominali [[Auxilium:Formulae|formularum]] (<code>Formula</code>) et eius nomen est <code>doc</code>. | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Confestim delenda|Redirectio redundans. <small>(Pittacium [[Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter|systemate]] additum.)</span>}}</syntaxhighlight> |- | ''Ceterum'' | Vetus et novum nomen ad idem spatium nominale pertinent; vetus nomen non est pagina disputationis; nec vetus neque novum nomen uno ex his verbis terminatur: <code>(discretiva)</code>, <code>(discretio)</code> aut <code>(nomen)</code>. | '''Nihil additur.''' |} == Subformulae machinariae == * {{relfn|Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter}} == Ulteriora si cupis == * [[MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text]] * [[phab:T419100|Pass the target of the redirect as $1 to MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text – Phabricator]] * {{Fn|De hac redirectione}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> i95a6kk7wfms1zaasfrlsjuomhv3yg7 3980694 3980693 2026-08-12T00:30:40Z Grufo 64423 3980694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula in nuntiis systematis adhibita|custodes=usores | r3946509 = MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text | Sin secus verbatim | Mora substitutionis cautae | Modulus:Params | P1 | P2 | Postilla redirectionis/arbiter | Si in substitutione }} {{Substitutio quae suam transclusionem protrahit|$1}} {{Formula solitaria|MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text}} Haec est [[Vicipaedia:Substitutio|substitutio]] peculiaris tantummodo in pagina [[MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text]] adhibita. Usoribus non est eā utendum. == De usu == <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{subst:Postilla redirectionis|$1}}</syntaxhighlight> (Sed formula [[MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text|iam adhibita est]].) == Quando postilla addatur == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Casus ! Condicio ! Vicitextus insertus |- | ''Diversum [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatium nominale]]'' | Vetus et novum nomen ad diversa spatia nominalia pertinent. | rowspan="3" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{De hac redirectione}}</syntaxhighlight> |- | ''[[Vicipaedia:Discretio|Pagina discretiva]]'' | Vetus et novum nomen ad idem spatium nominale pertinent, non sunt in spatio nominali disputationis, et vetus vel novum nomen uno ex his verbis terminatur: <code>(discretiva)</code>, <code>(discretio)</code> aut <code>(nomen)</code>. |- | ''Spatium disputationis'' | Vetus nomen est in spatio nominali disputationis et non est subpagina novi nominis. |- | ''Disputationes alibi collectae'' | Vetus et novum nomen ad idem spatium nominale disputationis pertinent et vetus nomen est subpagina novi nominis. | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{De hac redirectione|ratio=collectio}}</syntaxhighlight> |- | ''Redirectio redundans'' | Vetus et novum nomen sunt in spatio nominali [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|adumbrationum]] (<code>Adumbratio:</code>); aut vetus nomen est subpagina in spatio nominali [[Auxilium:Formulae|formularum]] (<code>Formula</code>) et eius nomen est <code>doc</code>. | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Confestim delenda|Redirectio redundans. <small>(Pittacium [[Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter|systemate]] additum.)</span>}}</syntaxhighlight> |- | ''Ceterum'' | Vetus et novum nomen ad idem spatium nominale pertinent; vetus nomen non est pagina disputationis; nec vetus neque novum nomen uno ex his verbis terminatur: <code>(discretiva)</code>, <code>(discretio)</code> aut <code>(nomen)</code>. | '''Nihil additur.''' |} == Subformulae machinariae == * {{relfn|Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter}} == Ulteriora si cupis == * [[MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text]] * [[phab:T419100|Pass the target of the redirect as $1 to MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text – Phabricator]] * {{Fn|De hac redirectione}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> 9lbevtyzqg3pgu7lovo6ytc15dxcd49 3980695 3980694 2026-08-12T00:31:09Z Grufo 64423 3980695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula in nuntiis systematis adhibita|custodes=usores | r3946509 = MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text | Sin secus verbatim | Mora substitutionis cautae | P1 | P2 | Postilla redirectionis/arbiter | Si in substitutione }} {{Substitutio quae suam transclusionem protrahit|$1}} {{Formula solitaria|MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text}} Haec est [[Vicipaedia:Substitutio|substitutio]] peculiaris tantummodo in pagina [[MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text]] adhibita. Usoribus non est eā utendum. == De usu == <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{subst:Postilla redirectionis|$1}}</syntaxhighlight> (Sed formula [[MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text|iam adhibita est]].) == Quando postilla addatur == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Casus ! Condicio ! Vicitextus insertus |- | ''Diversum [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatium nominale]]'' | Vetus et novum nomen ad diversa spatia nominalia pertinent. | rowspan="3" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{De hac redirectione}}</syntaxhighlight> |- | ''[[Vicipaedia:Discretio|Pagina discretiva]]'' | Vetus et novum nomen ad idem spatium nominale pertinent, non sunt in spatio nominali disputationis, et vetus vel novum nomen uno ex his verbis terminatur: <code>(discretiva)</code>, <code>(discretio)</code> aut <code>(nomen)</code>. |- | ''Spatium disputationis'' | Vetus nomen est in spatio nominali disputationis et non est subpagina novi nominis. |- | ''Disputationes alibi collectae'' | Vetus et novum nomen ad idem spatium nominale disputationis pertinent et vetus nomen est subpagina novi nominis. | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{De hac redirectione|ratio=collectio}}</syntaxhighlight> |- | ''Redirectio redundans'' | Vetus et novum nomen sunt in spatio nominali [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|adumbrationum]] (<code>Adumbratio:</code>); aut vetus nomen est subpagina in spatio nominali [[Auxilium:Formulae|formularum]] (<code>Formula</code>) et eius nomen est <code>doc</code>. | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Confestim delenda|Redirectio redundans. <small>(Pittacium [[Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter|systemate]] additum.)</span>}}</syntaxhighlight> |- | ''Ceterum'' | Vetus et novum nomen ad idem spatium nominale pertinent; vetus nomen non est pagina disputationis; nec vetus neque novum nomen uno ex his verbis terminatur: <code>(discretiva)</code>, <code>(discretio)</code> aut <code>(nomen)</code>. | '''Nihil additur.''' |} == Subformulae machinariae == * {{relfn|Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter}} == Ulteriora si cupis == * [[MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text]] * [[phab:T419100|Pass the target of the redirect as $1 to MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text – Phabricator]] * {{Fn|De hac redirectione}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> kq45la2e53ttmdgobodiourbbt5g2ua 3980696 3980695 2026-08-12T00:32:21Z Grufo 64423 /* Quando postilla addatur */ 3980696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula in nuntiis systematis adhibita|custodes=usores | r3946509 = MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text | Sin secus verbatim | Mora substitutionis cautae | P1 | P2 | Postilla redirectionis/arbiter | Si in substitutione }} {{Substitutio quae suam transclusionem protrahit|$1}} {{Formula solitaria|MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text}} Haec est [[Vicipaedia:Substitutio|substitutio]] peculiaris tantummodo in pagina [[MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text]] adhibita. Usoribus non est eā utendum. == De usu == <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{subst:Postilla redirectionis|$1}}</syntaxhighlight> (Sed formula [[MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text|iam adhibita est]].) == Quando postilla addatur == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Casus ! Condicio ! Vicitextus insertus |- | ''Diversum [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatium nominale]]'' | Vetus et novum nomen ad diversa spatia nominalia pertinent. | rowspan="3" | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{De hac redirectione}}</syntaxhighlight> |- | ''[[Vicipaedia:Discretio|Pagina discretiva]]'' | Vetus et novum nomen ad idem spatium nominale pertinent, non sunt in spatio nominali disputationis, et vetus vel novum nomen uno ex his verbis terminatur: <code>(discretiva)</code>, <code>(discretio)</code> aut <code>(nomen)</code>. |- | ''Spatium disputationis'' | Vetus nomen est in spatio nominali disputationis et non est subpagina novi nominis. |- | ''Disputationes alibi collectae'' | Vetus et novum nomen ad idem spatium nominale disputationis pertinent et vetus nomen est subpagina novi nominis. | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{De hac redirectione|ratio=collectio}}</syntaxhighlight> |- | ''Redirectio redundans'' | Vetus et novum nomen sunt in spatio nominali [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|adumbrationum]] (<code>Adumbratio:</code>); aut vetus nomen est subpagina in spatio nominali [[Auxilium:Formulae|formularum]] (<code>Formula:</code>) et eius nomen est <code>doc</code>. | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Confestim delenda|Redirectio redundans. <small>(Pittacium [[Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter|systemate]] additum.)</span>}}</syntaxhighlight> |- | ''Ceterum'' | Vetus et novum nomen ad idem spatium nominale pertinent; vetus nomen non est pagina disputationis; nec vetus neque novum nomen uno ex his verbis terminatur: <code>(discretiva)</code>, <code>(discretio)</code> aut <code>(nomen)</code>. | '''Nihil additur.''' |} == Subformulae machinariae == * {{relfn|Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter}} == Ulteriora si cupis == * [[MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text]] * [[phab:T419100|Pass the target of the redirect as $1 to MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text – Phabricator]] * {{Fn|De hac redirectione}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> mufjxb6b55dma34mv0cc734fxjwnii3 10 323882 3980515 3953024 2026-08-11T16:41:45Z Grufo 64423 De paginis disputationis quae unā cum paginis annexis moventur 3980515 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:<noinclude />#switch: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#switch:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | 118 = {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{{spatium-scopi}}}|118 | + }} | 10 = {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{safesubst:<noinclude />SUBPAGENAME:{{{redirectio}}}}}|doc | + }} }} | redundans | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}}|{{{spatium-scopi}}} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{{redirectio}}}|{{safesubst:<noinclude />TALKPAGENAME}} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#switch:{{safesubst:<noinclude />PAGENAME:{{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:redirection|get_target_page|{{safesubst:<noinclude />SUBJECTPAGENAME}}}}}} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />PAGENAME:{{{redirectio}}}}} = notabilis | = {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:string|find|{{{redirectio}}}|{{{scopus}}}|1|true}}|1 | collectio | redundans }} | #default = discordans }} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:params|new| pulling|redirectio| pulling|scopus| with_value_matching|%s+%(discretiva%)$|or|%s+%(discretio%)$|or|%s+%(nomen%)$| list_values }} | notabilis | nihil }} }} | notabilis }} }} | redundans = {{Confestim delenda{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}Redirectio redundans. <small>Pittacium [[Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter|systemate]] additum.</spam>}} | discordans = {{Confestim delenda{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}Haec redirectio redirectioni paginae annexae non congruit. <small>Pittacium [[Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter|systemate]] additum.</spam>}} | notabilis = {{De hac redirectione}} | collectio = {{De hac redirectione{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}ratio{{safesubst:<noinclude />=}}collectio}} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio|contenta={{Formula machinaria}}{{Formula in nuntiis systematis adhibita | custodes = usores | r3948020 = Formula:Postilla redirectionis | Modulus:Params | Modulus:String }}}}</noinclude> 3s1yru2haoarfco62fetjuw53reuoc4 3980521 3980515 2026-08-11T16:45:46Z Grufo 64423 Experimentum 3980521 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:<noinclude />#switch: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#switch:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | 118 = {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{{spatium-scopi}}}|118 | + }} | 10 = {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{safesubst:<noinclude />SUBPAGENAME:{{{redirectio}}}}}|doc | + }} }} | redundans | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}}|{{{spatium-scopi}}} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{{redirectio}}}|{{safesubst:<noinclude />TALKPAGENAME}} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#switch:{{safesubst:<noinclude />PAGENAME:{{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:redirection|get_target_page|{{safesubst:<noinclude />SUBJECTPAGENAME}}}}}} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />PAGENAME:{{{redirectio}}}}} = notabilis | = {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:string|find|{{{redirectio}}}|{{{scopus}}}|1|true}}|1 | collectio | redundans }} | #default = discordans }} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:params|new| pulling|redirectio| pulling|scopus| with_value_matching|%s+%(discretiva%)$|or|%s+%(discretio%)$|or|%s+%(nomen%)$| list_values }} | notabilis | nihil }} }} | notabilis }} }} | redundans = {{Confestim delenda{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}Redirectio redundans. <small>Pittacium [[Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter|systemate]] additum.</span>}} | discordans = {{Confestim delenda{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}Haec redirectio redirectioni paginae annexae non congruit. <small>Pittacium [[Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter|systemate]] additum.</span>}} | notabilis = {{De hac redirectione}} | collectio = {{De hac redirectione{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}ratio{{safesubst:<noinclude />=}}collectio}} }} {{safesubst:<noinclude />PAGENAME:{{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:redirection|get_target_page|{{safesubst:<noinclude />SUBJECTPAGENAME}}}}}} {{safesubst:<noinclude />PAGENAME:{{{redirectio}}}}} {{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:redirection|get_target_page|{{safesubst:<noinclude />SUBJECTPAGENAME}}}} {{{redirectio}}} </includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio|contenta={{Formula machinaria}}{{Formula in nuntiis systematis adhibita | custodes = usores | r3948020 = Formula:Postilla redirectionis | Modulus:Params | Modulus:String }}}}</noinclude> f9hry90ebtm5xrpjvkulfx02306j6je 3980526 3980521 2026-08-11T16:48:47Z Grufo 64423 -Experimentum 3980526 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:<noinclude />#switch: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#switch:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | 118 = {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{{spatium-scopi}}}|118 | + }} | 10 = {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{safesubst:<noinclude />SUBPAGENAME:{{{redirectio}}}}}|doc | + }} }} | redundans | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}}|{{{spatium-scopi}}} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{{redirectio}}}|{{safesubst:<noinclude />TALKPAGENAME}} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#switch:{{safesubst:<noinclude />PAGENAME:{{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:redirection|get_target_page|{{safesubst:<noinclude />SUBJECTPAGENAME}}}}}} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />PAGENAME:{{{redirectio}}}}} = notabilis | = {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:string|find|{{{redirectio}}}|{{{scopus}}}|1|true}}|1 | collectio | redundans }} | #default = discordans }} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:params|new| pulling|redirectio| pulling|scopus| with_value_matching|%s+%(discretiva%)$|or|%s+%(discretio%)$|or|%s+%(nomen%)$| list_values }} | notabilis | nihil }} }} | notabilis }} }} | redundans = {{Confestim delenda{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}Redirectio redundans. <small>Pittacium [[Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter|systemate]] additum.</span>}} | discordans = {{Confestim delenda{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}Haec redirectio redirectioni paginae annexae non congruit. <small>Pittacium [[Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter|systemate]] additum.</span>}} | notabilis = {{De hac redirectione}} | collectio = {{De hac redirectione{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}ratio{{safesubst:<noinclude />=}}collectio}} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio|contenta={{Formula machinaria}}{{Formula in nuntiis systematis adhibita | custodes = usores | r3948020 = Formula:Postilla redirectionis | Modulus:Params | Modulus:String }}}}</noinclude> ijxpfr30kks248lcmla0z27469j2cb8 3980531 3980526 2026-08-11T16:52:24Z Grufo 64423 Aliud mechanema adhibendum est 3980531 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:<noinclude />#switch: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#switch:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | 118 = {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{{spatium-scopi}}}|118 | + }} | 10 = {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{safesubst:<noinclude />SUBPAGENAME:{{{redirectio}}}}}|doc | + }} }} | redundans | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}}|{{{spatium-scopi}}} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{{redirectio}}}|{{safesubst:<noinclude />TALKPAGENAME}} | notabilis | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:params|new| pulling|redirectio| pulling|scopus| with_value_matching|%s+%(discretiva%)$|or|%s+%(discretio%)$|or|%s+%(nomen%)$| list_values }} | notabilis | nihil }} }} | notabilis }} }} | redundans = {{Confestim delenda{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}Redirectio redundans. <small>Pittacium [[Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter|systemate]] additum.</span>}} | discordans = {{Confestim delenda{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}Haec redirectio redirectioni paginae annexae non congruit. <small>Pittacium [[Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter|systemate]] additum.</span>}} | notabilis = {{De hac redirectione}} | collectio = {{De hac redirectione{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}ratio{{safesubst:<noinclude />=}}collectio}} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio|contenta={{Formula machinaria}}{{Formula in nuntiis systematis adhibita | custodes = usores | r3948020 = Formula:Postilla redirectionis | Modulus:Params | Modulus:String }}}}</noinclude> j4v33bxz5gf604x2yau00z4mj8e2c8b 3980536 3980531 2026-08-11T16:54:46Z Grufo 64423 3980536 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:<noinclude />#switch: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#switch:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | 118 = {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{{spatium-scopi}}}|118 | + }} | 10 = {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{safesubst:<noinclude />SUBPAGENAME:{{{redirectio}}}}}|doc | + }} }} | redundans | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}}|{{{spatium-scopi}}} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{{redirectio}}}|{{safesubst:<noinclude />TALKPAGENAME}} | notabilis | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:params|new| pulling|redirectio| pulling|scopus| with_value_matching|%s+%(discretiva%)$|or|%s+%(discretio%)$|or|%s+%(nomen%)$| list_values }} | notabilis | nihil }} }} | notabilis }} }} | redundans = {{Confestim delenda{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}Redirectio redundans. <small>(Pittacium [[Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter|systemate]] additum.)</span>}} | notabilis = {{De hac redirectione}} | collectio = {{De hac redirectione{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}ratio{{safesubst:<noinclude />=}}collectio}} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio|contenta={{Formula machinaria}}{{Formula in nuntiis systematis adhibita | custodes = usores | r3948020 = Formula:Postilla redirectionis | Modulus:Params | Modulus:String }}}}</noinclude> d7mhx2k29joi5fn1rvwv7nemerhpb5u 3980537 3980536 2026-08-11T16:56:44Z Grufo 64423 3980537 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:<noinclude />#switch: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#switch:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | 118 = {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{{spatium-scopi}}}|118 | + }} | 10 = {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{safesubst:<noinclude />SUBPAGENAME:{{{redirectio}}}}}|doc | + }} }} | redundans | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}}|{{{spatium-scopi}}} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{{redirectio}}}|{{safesubst:<noinclude />TALKPAGENAME}} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:string|find|{{{redirectio}}}|{{{scopus}}}|1|true}}|1 | collectio | notabilis }} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:params|new| pulling|redirectio| pulling|scopus| with_value_matching|%s+%(discretiva%)$|or|%s+%(discretio%)$|or|%s+%(nomen%)$| list_values }} | notabilis | nihil }} }} | notabilis }} }} | redundans = {{Confestim delenda{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}Redirectio redundans. <small>(Pittacium [[Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter|systemate]] additum.)</span>}} | notabilis = {{De hac redirectione}} | collectio = {{De hac redirectione{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}ratio{{safesubst:<noinclude />=}}collectio}} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio|contenta={{Formula machinaria}}{{Formula in nuntiis systematis adhibita | custodes = usores | r3948020 = Formula:Postilla redirectionis | Modulus:Params | Modulus:String }}}}</noinclude> b6d60zywc25hrw3n6rodam8zf9xbrz8 3980561 3980537 2026-08-11T17:04:04Z Grufo 64423 3980561 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:<noinclude />#switch: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#switch:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | 118 = {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{{spatium-scopi}}}|118 | + }} | 10 = {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{safesubst:<noinclude />SUBPAGENAME:{{{redirectio}}}}}|doc | + }} }} | redundans | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}}|{{{spatium-scopi}}} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{{redirectio}}}|{{safesubst:<noinclude />TALKPAGENAME}} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:string|find|{{{redirectio}}}|{{{scopus}}}|1|true}}|1 | collectio | notabilis }} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:params|new| pulling|redirectio| pulling|scopus| with_value_matching|%s+%(discretiva%)$|or|%s+%(discretio%)$|or|%s+%(nomen%)$| list_values }} | notabilis | nihil }} }} | notabilis }} }} | redundans = {{Confestim delenda{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}Redirectio redundans. <small>(Pittacium [[Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter|systemate]] additum.)</span>}} | notabilis = {{De hac redirectione}} | collectio = {{De hac redirectione{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}ratio{{safesubst:<noinclude />=}}collectio}} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio|contenta={{Formula machinaria}}{{Formula in nuntiis systematis adhibita | custodes = usores | r3948020 = Formula:Postilla redirectionis | Modulus:Params | Modulus:String }}}}</noinclude> sqdhvow2fohm88zjs3j7jxrjszqz2mr 3980676 3980561 2026-08-11T23:09:21Z Grufo 64423 +{{[[Formula:Lua|Lua]]}} 3980676 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:<noinclude />#switch: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#switch:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | 118 = {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{{spatium-scopi}}}|118 | + }} | 10 = {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{safesubst:<noinclude />SUBPAGENAME:{{{redirectio}}}}}|doc | + }} }} | redundans | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}}|{{{spatium-scopi}}} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{{redirectio}}}|{{safesubst:<noinclude />TALKPAGENAME}} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:string|find|{{{redirectio}}}|{{{scopus}}}|1|true}}|1 | collectio | notabilis }} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:params|new| pulling|redirectio| pulling|scopus| with_value_matching|%s+%(discretiva%)$|or|%s+%(discretio%)$|or|%s+%(nomen%)$| list_values }} | notabilis | nihil }} }} | notabilis }} }} | redundans = {{Confestim delenda{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}Redirectio redundans. <small>(Pittacium [[Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter|systemate]] additum.)</span>}} | notabilis = {{De hac redirectione}} | collectio = {{De hac redirectione{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}ratio{{safesubst:<noinclude />=}}collectio}} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio|contenta={{Formula machinaria}}{{Formula in nuntiis systematis adhibita | custodes = usores | r3948020 = Formula:Postilla redirectionis | Modulus:Params | Modulus:String }}{{Lua|Params|String}}}}</noinclude> f38z71li4terhp51ut5d5kwkudv8js3 3980687 3980676 2026-08-11T23:45:18Z Grufo 64423 3980687 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:<noinclude />#switch: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#switch:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | 118 = {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{{spatium-scopi}}}|118 | + }} | 10 = {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{safesubst:<noinclude />SUBPAGENAME:{{{redirectio}}}}}|doc | + }} }} | redundans | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}}|{{{spatium-scopi}}} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{{redirectio}}}|{{safesubst:<noinclude />TALKPAGENAME}} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:string|find|{{{redirectio}}}|{{{scopus}}}|1|true}}|1 | collectio | notabilis }} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:params|new| pulling|redirectio| pulling|scopus| with_value_matching|%s+%(discretiva%)$|or|%s+%(discretio%)$|or|%s+%(nomen%)$| list_values }} | notabilis | nihil }} }} | notabilis }} }} | redundans = {{Confestim delenda{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}Redirectio redundans. <small>(Pittacium [[Formula:Postilla redirectionis/arbiter|systemate]] additum.)</small>}} | notabilis = {{De hac redirectione}} | collectio = {{De hac redirectione{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}ratio{{safesubst:<noinclude />=}}collectio}} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio|contenta={{Formula machinaria}}{{Formula in nuntiis systematis adhibita | custodes = usores | r3948020 = Formula:Postilla redirectionis | Modulus:Params | Modulus:String }}{{Lua|Params|String}}}}</noinclude> hnienxczrmey0nhp8huimt3kjnwrzte 0 324414 3980697 3955116 2026-08-12T00:37:02Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3980697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | titulus = | imago = | descriptio = | categoria = | numerus = | auctor = | argumenta = | tempus = | lingua = | contextus = | praecedens = | sequens = }} {{lres|Tonat evangelica clara vox in mundo}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XLIX reperitur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28">{{Opus | titulus = De correctione hominum 26–28 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo5.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Tonat evangelica clara vox in mundo: «qui dormis in pulvere, surge de profondo luce sua Dominus te illuminabit et a malis omnibus animam salvabit. Memor esto, iuvenis, tui creatoris. crux Christi te moneat omnibus in horis. cape mente, cogita corde de futuris, quod ad radicem arboris sit posita securis. Senes et decrepiti, vobis est oblata vera penitentia cruce Christi data. dies vestra desiit et est inclinata, nam ad umbram vergitur fine desperata. Ecce cum fiducia venit regnum Dei. illud primum querite vos, qui estis rei. carnem crucifigite famulantes ei et in psalmis dicite: ‹miserere mei!› O peccatrix anima, si vis dealbari et ab omni crimine penitus mundari, te in cruce Domini oportet gloriari et in ipso penitus ab hoste liberari. Iacob scale summitas altera calcatur, in qua Christi passio nobis reseratur. Tyrus alta desinit, in se reprobatur; in Iudea Domini mons uber adoratur. O fidelis anima, clama de profundis, de terrenis fugito rebus et immundis. cruce Christi naviga velis in secundis, ne te ventus turbinis suffocet in undis. Cum per ignem venerit nos iudicaturus homo Dei filius, nulli parcens, durus, eius omnis crucifer erit tunc securus, gratulans cum angelis, candidus et purus. In die iudicii cum sol obscuratur et lumen fidelibus crucis Christi datur, tunc in peccatoribus hostis dominatur; sed ab hoste crucifer tunc omnis liberatur. Ergo Christi milites fugite beati huius mundi gloriam cruce iam signati, in qua Christus moriens mortem superavit atque suo sanguine peccata nostra lavit. Quid erit, cum stabimus ante tribunal Christi? pandens sua vulnera dicet: ‹quid fecisti? pro te crucem subii; quare non subisti hanc loco penitentie? vade, iam peristi!› Ergo fetens Lazarus ducatur in exemplum digne penitentibus, ut sint eius templum, in quo virtus habitat sue passionis; hanc impleat et muniat ipse suis donis!»<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28"/> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen, in sectione moralium et satiricorum servatum, est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|protrepsis et paraenesis|paraenesis|en|qid=Q2113832}} christiana quae omnes homines, tam iuvenes quam senes, ad paenitentiam et ad fugam mundi hortatur. Auctor argumentis eschatologicis utitur, commonens auditores de iudicio divino futuro, de securi ad radicem arboris posita, et de tribunali Christi ubi unusquisque de operibus suis rationem reddere debebit.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28"/> In textu, crux Christi praesentatur unicum salutis subsidium et quasi navis qua fideles per mundi procellas ad portum aeternum vehantur. Per exemplum [[Lazarus|Lazari]] et per citationes biblicas, carmen momentum paenitentiae effert, mundanam gloriam ut rem periculosam vituperat, et victoriam Christi super mortem celebrat ad animas a peccatis mundandas.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28"/> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] 9t3svnhrgt1oo8ww3d44du2w4knoaxm 0 325081 3980464 3980389 2026-08-11T14:05:02Z Grufo 64423 /* De inductione inertiali numerice descripta */ 3980464 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Ernst Mach, Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwickelung.svg|thumb|Liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}} ([[Theodisce]] {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}})<ref name="mach-1883">{{qc|Mach, 1883}}.</ref>]] In [[physica theoretica]], praesertim in disputationibus de theoriis [[gravitas (physica)|gravitatis]], {{res|principium Machianum}} seu {{res|coniectura Machiana}}<ref>{{qc|Von Bayer, 2001}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC&dq=mach's+conjecture&pg=PA79 p. 79].</ref> appellatur hypothesis vaga quam [[Albertus Einstein]] [[Ernestus Mach|Ernesto Mach]], [[physicus|physico]] [[philosophus|philosopho]]<nowiki />que [[Austria]]co, attribuit, quae explicare conatur quomodo res [[rotatio|volventes]]—exempli gratia [[gyroscopium|gyroscopia]] vel [[corpus caeleste|corpora caelestia]]—ad [[systema relationum]] referantur. Secundum talem coniecturam, [[exsistentia]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|rotatio absoluta|rotationis absolutae|en|qid=Q4669833}}—quae distinctionem inter localia {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemata inertialia|en|qid=Q192735}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum volvens|systemata volventia|en|qid=Q3310692}} infert—a distributione universali [[materies|materiei]] pendet, ut hoc exemplum illustrat: {{Folium memoratum| Primum consiste atque sine ad latera tua [[bracchium|bracchia]] pendere laxa. Observa ut [[sidus|sidera]] fere immota maneant et bracchia tua fere recta deorsum pendeant. Deinde volve te ipsum ipsamve; sidera circa [[zenith]] volvi videbuntur, simulque bracchia tua [[vis centrifuga|vi centrifuga]] sursum trahentur. Profecto esset casus mirabilis si systema relationum inertiale, in quo tua bracchia libere pendebant, idem esset ac systema relationum in quo sidera quiescunt fixa, nisi aliqua interactio inter sidera et te exsisteret quae tuum systema relationum determinaret inertiale. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Stephanus Weinberg]] ([[1972]]). {{Op|Gravitation and Cosmology}}.<ref>{{qc|Weinberg, 1972}}, [https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0/page/16/mode/2up p. 17]. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=en|First stand still, and let your arms hang loose at your sides. Observe that the stars are more or less unmoving, and that your arms hang more or less straight down. Then pirouette. The stars will seem to rotate around the zenith, and at the same time your arms will be drawn upward by centrifugal force. It would surely be a remarkable coincidence if the inertial frame, in which your arms hung freely, just happened to be the reference frame in which typical stars are at rest, unless there were some interaction between the stars and you that determined your inertial frame.}}”</ref> }} Principium Machianum statuit hanc rem non esse fortuitam, sed potius quandam exsistere {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lex physica|legem|de|qid=Q214070}} quae [[motus|motum]] siderum remotissimorum cum locali {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemate inertiali|en|qid=Q192735}} conectit. Nam si omnia sidera circa observatorem videntur circumagi, Mach censuit aliquam vim physicam efficere ut observator [[vis centrifuga|vim centrifugam]] sentiat. Hinc varia enuntiata principii, saepe vaga, orta sunt, velut: “[[massa]] alibi sita hic afficit [[inertia]]m”. Formula generalissima principii est: {{Ipse dixit| Leges physicae locales maximā compagine universi determinantur. |[[Stephanus Hawking|Hawking]] & {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Georgius Franciscus Rainerius Ellis|Ellis|en|qid=Q5538966}} ([[1973]]). {{Op|The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time}}.<ref>{{qc|Hawking & Ellis, 1973}}, p. 1. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|Local physical laws are determined by the large-scale structure of the universe}}”.</ref> }} Suasio Machiana magni momenti fuit in [[theoria relativitatis generalis|theoriae relativitatis generalis]] Einsteinianae ortu. Einstein enim intellexit distributionem universam materiei {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor metricus (theoria relativitatis)|tensorem metricum|en|qid=Q2045231}} determinare posse quo definiatur quid systema quoad rotationem quiescere putetur. In nonnullis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|solutiones exactae in theoria relativitatis generalis|solutionibus theoriae relativitatis generalis|en|qid=Q5419229}}, [[spatii temporisque tractio]] atque conservatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|momentum angulare|momenti angularis|en|qid=Q161254}} gravitationalis sic efficiunt ut hoc verum sit. Attamen, quum ipsum principium sit vagum, multae formulae diversae propositae sunt quae “principia Machiana” vocari possunt, quarum nonnullae commenticiae putantur. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Metrica Gödeliana||en|qid=Q1559192}} universi volventis exemplum praebet quod principium Machianum quam maxime violare videtur. In tali enim exemplo sidera remota eo celerius celeriusque volvi videntur quo longius distent. Contradictio tamen quaestionem validitatis principii Machiani omnino non dirimit, quia exemplum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lineae temporales clausae|lineas temporales clausas|en|qid=Q1876815}} admittit. == Historia == Ernestus Mach in libro anno [[1883]] edito {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}} ({{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}}) suam doctrinam primum exposuit.<ref name="mach-1883" /> Similes sententiae etiam in libris [[Georgius Berkeleius|Georgii Berkeleii]] philosophi ante eum reperiebantur.<ref name="berkeleius-1721">{{qc|Berkeleius, 1721}}.</ref> Post Mach, liber {{Op|Motus absolutus an relativus?}} a fratribus [[Benedictus Friedlaender|Benedicto Friedlaender]] et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Immanuel Friedlaender|Immanuele Friedlaender|de|qid=Q89222}} anno [[1896]] editus nonnullas ideas principio Machiano similes continebat.<ref>{{qc|Friedlaender, 1896}}.</ref> == De usu Einsteiniano principii == Est in theoria relativitatis quaestio fundamentalis: si omnis motus est relativus, quomodo corporum [[inertia]] mensurari potest? Inertia enim respectu alicuius rei metienda est; sed cuius respectu si [[particula]]m solam in universo omnino vacuo fingamus? Nonnulli putabant talem particulam nullum motum lineare habere posse. Ita principium Machianum interdum intellegitur sententia omnino nullum motum, ne rotatorium quidem, tribui posse nisi alia corpora adsint. Sic ipse Mach scripsit: {{Folium memoratum| Experimentum [[Isaacus Newtonus|Newtonianum]] aquae in [[vas]]e volventis hoc tantum docet: vertiginem relativam aquae respectu [[paries|parietum]] vasis nullas [[vis centrifuga|vires centrifugas]] notabiles excitare; eas autem ex vertigine relativa respectu massae [[Tellus|Telluris]] ceterorumque corporum caelestium oriri. Nemini licet dicere quomodo experimentum finiturum esset si parietes vasis spissiores spissioresque atque graviores fierent, ac denique plurium [[mille passus|milium passuum]] crassitudinem haberent. Unum tantum experimentum nobis conceditur, atque illud cum ceteris rebus nobis cognitis, non tamen cum figmentis nostris arbitrariis, componere debemus. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Ernestus Mach]] ([[1883]]). {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}}.<ref>{{qc|Mach, 1883}}, [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ/page/216/mode/2up pp. 216–217]. [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=de|Der Versuch Newton's mit dem rotirenden Wassergefäss lehrt nur, dass die Relativdrehung des Wassers gegen die Gefässwände keine merklichen Centrifugalkräfte weckt, dass dieselben aber durch die Relativdrehung gegen die Masse der Erde und die übrigen Himmelskörper geweckt werden. Niemand kann sagen, wie der Versuch verlaufen würde, wenn die Gefässwände immer dicker und massiger, zuletzt mehrere Meilen dick würden. Es liegt nur der eine Versuch vor, und wir haben denselben mit den übrigen uns bekannten Thatsachen, nicht aber mit unsern willkürlichen Dichtungen in Einklang zu bringen.}}”</ref> }} Albertus Einstein fere hoc sensu videtur principium intellexisse: {{Ipse dixit|Inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oritur.|[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{*Cfr}} A. Einstein, “Hoch geehrter Herr Kollege!”, [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]], apud {{qc|Wolters, 1987}}, p. 151, et apud {{qc|Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973}}, p. 544: “{{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur.” [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=de|{{omissis}} es ergibt sich mit Notwendigkeit, daß die Trägheit in einer Art Wechselwirkung der Körper ihren Ursprung hat, ganz im Sinne Ihrer Überlegungen zum Newtonschen Eimer-Versuch {{omissis}} Rotiert die Schale {{mvar|S}} um eine durch ihren Mittelpunkt gehende Achse (relativ zum System der Fixsterne/‚Restsystem‘), so entsteht im Innern der Schale ein Coriolis-Feld, d. h. die Ebene des Foucault-Pendels wird (mit einer allerdings praktisch unmeßbar kleinen Geschwindigkeit) mitgenommen.}}”|2=Q178841|name=epistula-25-iunii-1913}}}} Nonnulla principii Machiani enuntiata cum [[holismus|holismo]] conectuntur. Mach enim intellegi potest suasisse ut theoriae gravitatis ad {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|relationalismus|doctrinas relationalisticas|en|qid=Q2142479}} pertinerent. Einstein in physicam hodiernam principium introduxit dum theoriam relativitatis generalis elaborabat; ipse etiam dicitur locutionem “principium Machianum” primus finxisse. Multum disputatur verene Mach novam legem physicam proponere voluerit, quoniam nusquam aperte enuntiavit. Scriptum quo Einstein maxime commotus est fuit liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}},<ref name="mach-1883" /> in quo philosophus doctrinam Newtonianam de {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium tempusque absoluti|spatio absoluto|en|qid=Q19314}} refutavit, praesertim exsistentiam cuiusdam electi [[systema relationum|systematis relationum]] quod e celebri {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|argumentum Newtonianum vasis|argumento Newtoniano vasis|en|qid=Q2585683}} oriebatur. Newtonus in suis {{Op|[[Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica|Philosophiae naturalis principiis mathematicis]]}} demonstrare conatus erat rotationem absolutam dignosci posse propter {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|vis ficticia|vires ficticias|en|qid=Q212126}} quae tantummodo in rotatione absoluta inveniuntur. Nam si vas aquā plenum volvitur, aqua primitus quiescet, deinde vasis motus aquae communicabitur, quae curvabitur atque propter vim centrifugam ad margines ascendet. Hoc experimentum demonstrat vires centrifugas non oriri nisi aqua respectu spatii absoluti rotetur (quod hic per systema relationum [[Tellus|Telluris]], vel potius {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|stellae fixae|stellarum fixarum|en|qid=Q430297}}, repraesentatur); contra autem, quum vas respectu aquae vertatur, nullae vires centrifugae gignuntur, quod indicat aquam quietam esse respectu spatii absoluti. Ex hoc Newtonus conclusit vires centrifugas e rotatione respectu spatii absoluti oriri. In libro suo Mach scribit experimentum tantummodo demonstrare nullas vires centrifugas oriri dum aqua quoad vas movetur; non licere tamen scire quid accideret si parietes vasis immensum augerentur. Itaque, secundum Mach, notio motūs absoluti deserenda est atque omnis motus, sive uniformis sive acceleratus, tantummmodo respectu aliorum corporum intellegi potest ({{*ie}} non satis est dicere aquam rotari, sed necesse est determinare utrum respectu vasis an respectu Telluris rotetur). Hac ratione, ficticiae vires, quae motūs relativos ab “absolutis” distinguere videntur, nihil aliud censendae sunt nisi effectūs peculiaris asymmetriae, in systemate nostro relationum exstantis, inter corpora quae in motum ponimus, quae parva sunt (velut vasa), et corpora quae quiescere credimus (velut Tellus et stellae remotae), quae illis sunt multum maiora gravioraque. Similem opinionem iam [[Georgius Berkeleius]] in opere {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|De Motu (Berkeleius)|De Motu|en|qid=Q171280}}}} defenderat.<ref name="berkeleius-1721" /> Haec physica ratio inertiam corporum ita determinare debeat ut gravia remotaque corpora universi ad vires inertiales maxime conferant. Nescitur tamen verene Mach novam legem physicam de corporibus gravibus proponere voluerit; verisimilius nihil proposuit nisi simplicem “motūs in spatio redescriptionem”<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|Redescription of motion in space as experiences that do not invoke the term ‘space’}}”.</ref> quin vocabulum spatii adhiberet. Scitur tamen pro certo Einstein illa verba sic interpretatum esse, quasi quaedam nova actio physica inter corpora exsisteret, ut postea longa disputatio orta sit. Plerique physici censent Mach suum principium in theoriam physicam exactam, quae explicaret quomodo remota sidera inertiam corporum afficere possint, numquam redegisse. Ipse Mach principium suum numquam clare definivit.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 9–57.</ref> Quamquam Einstein eo maxime inspiratus est, principium Machianum non habetur fundamentum necessarium theoriae relativitatis generalis, licet tamen {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|principium aequivalentiae||en|qid=Q210546}} inter massam gravitationalem atque inertialem sit magnopere fundamentale. == De principio Machiano in theoria relativitatis generalis == Quum in theoria relativitatis generalis notiones simplices [[spatium|spatii]] [[tempus|temporis]]<nowiki />que non iam valeant, etiam obscurius fit quid “principium Machianum” proprie significetur. Saltem viginti et unum enuntiata principii proposita sunt, quorum alia putantur “magis Machiana” aliis.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 530.</ref> Enuntiatum debilissimum imponit motum materiei ubilibet afficere quae systemata inertialia adhibenda sint alibi. Einstein, antequam theoriam relativitatis generalis perfecisset, effectum invēnit quem interpretatus est principium Machianum probare: concedatur magnam [[sphaera]]m cavam erga stellas fixas volvi; tum systema inertiale intra sphaeram cavam descriptum incipiet respectu stellarum fixarum [[praecessio|praecessare]]. Hic effectus nunc “[[spatii temporisque tractio]]” appellatur, atque praesertim formā rotatoriā (“{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus|effectu Lensiano–Thirringiano|en|qid=Q11083519}}” appellatā) principio Machiano simillimus est. Einstein hac inventione adeo delectatus est ut Ernesto Mach hocmodo scriberet: {{Folium memoratum| {{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].<ref name="epistula-25-iunii-1913" /> }} Effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus certe satisfacit notioni generali secundum quam “materies alibi sita hic afficit inertiam”:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}, p. 121.</ref> nam si sphaera cava materiei abesset aut non volveretur, planum penduli non traheretur. Intra contextum huius effectūs sententia quoque secundum quam inertia “ex quadam interactione inter corpora” oritur putari potest vera. Quaestio tamen profundior videtur esse ipsa existentia “stellarum fixarum”, quas Einstein tractavit systema externum. Physici hodierni vestigia principii Machiani in “{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|problema valorum initialium|problemate valorum initialium|en|qid=Q10167591}}” agnoscunt. Forma fortior principii Machiani ad spatitempora Wheeleriana–Machiana–Einsteiniana pertinet, quae postulant ut spatiumtempus sit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatium compactum|spatialiter compactum|en|qid=Q381892}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatitempus globaliter hyperbolicum|globaliter hyperbolicum|en|qid=Q5570942}}. In talibus universis principium Machianum sic enuntiari potest: ''distributio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor energiae momentique|tensoris energiae momentique|en|qid=Q876346}} materiei [[campus physicus|camporum]]<nowiki />que (fortasse etiam aliarum rerum), quodam tempore universi visa, systema inertiale in quolibet puncto universi determinat (ubi “quoddam tempus universi” ad quamlibet {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|superficies Cauchyana|superficiem Cauchyanam|en|qid=Q5054343}} electam refertur).<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 188–207.</ref> Alii quoque conati sunt theorias quam maxime Machianas construere, sicut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana|Theoriam Bransianam–Dickeanam|en|qid=Q898809}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana|Theoriam gravitatis Hoyleanam–Narlikarianam|en|qid=Q17027715}}; sed plerique physici censent nullam ex his fuisse prosperam. In conventu peritorum [[Tubinga]]e anno [[1993]] habito, quum quaereretur “Estne relativitas generalis plene Machiana?”, tres responderunt “ita”, viginti duo “non”. Ad quaestionem “Estne relativitas generalis, condicionibus marginalibus aptis, valde Machiana?”, quattuordecim responderunt “ita”, septem “non”.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 106.</ref> Einstein tamen persuasus erat relativitatem inertiae necessario validae theoriae gravitatis continendam esse: {{Folium memoratum| Adeo vehementer illo tempore Einstein relativitati inertiae credebat ut anno [[1918]] tria principia quibus theoriae gravitatis satisfaciendum erat pari dignitate statuerit: # Principium relativitatis, per covariantiam generalem expressum. # Principium aequivalentiae. # Principium Machianum (quo vocabulo tum primum in litteris adhibito): “{{omissis}} ita ut quantitates {{mvar|g_μν}} omnino massā corporum, generalius tensore {{mvar|T_μν}}, determinentur.” Anno [[1922]], quum Einstein animadvertisset alios contentos esse sine hoc [tertio] criterio procedere, hoc addidit: “Haec beatitudo videbitur incomprehensibilis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|posteri|posteris|en|qid=Q954025}}.” Dicendum est, ut ego videre possum, principium Machianum usque ad hunc diem nullo modo [[physica]]m provexisse. Dicendum quoque est originem inertiae esse manereque obscurissimum caput in [[physica particularum elementarium|theoria particularum]] et [[theoria quantica camporum|camporum]]. Itaque fortasse principium Machianum fructuosum fieri poterit, sed non sine theoria quantica. }}{{Norma dextra| ―{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Abrahamus Pais||en|qid=Q330492}} ([[1972]]). {{Op|‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein}}.<ref>{{qc|Pais, 2005 [1982]}}, pp. 287–288. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|So strongly did Einstein believe at that time in the relativity of inertia that in 1918 he stated as being on an equal footing three principles on which a satisfactory theory of gravitation should rest:}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of relativity as expressed by general covariance.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of equivalence.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|Mach's principle (the first time this term entered the literature): ... that the ''g_µν'' are completely determined by the mass of bodies, more generally by ''T_µν''.}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|In 1922, Einstein noted that others were satisfied to proceed without this [third] criterion and added, ‘This contentedness will appear incomprehensible to a later generation however.’}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|It must be said that, as far as I can see, to this day, Mach's principle has not brought physics decisively farther. It must also be said that the origin of inertia is and remains the most obscure subject in the theory of particles and fields. Mach's principle may therefore have a future—but not without the quantum theory.}}”</ref> }} == De inductione inertiali numerice descripta == Anno [[1953]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Dionysius Gulielmus Sciama||en|qid=Q284336}}, physicus [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Cantabrigiensis]], principium Machianum in theoriam quantitativam de origine inertiae redigere conatus est.<ref>{{*Cfr}} {{qc|Sciama, 1953}}, p. 38: “Nam in motu rectilineo leges Newtonianas motūs et gravitatis ita coniunctas reperimus, ut ratio inertiae principio Machiano definiatur.” [[Lingua Anglica|Angl.]] ''“Indeed we obtain for rectilinear motion a combination of Newton's laws of motion and of gravitation, with the inertial frame determined by Mach's principle.”'' Ibid. etiam “Aequatio (6) indicat [[constans gravitatis|constantem gravitatis]] in quolibet loco totā vi gravitatis ibi exstante determinari, itaque e distributione materiei in universo pendere.” [[Lingua Anglica|Angl.]] ''“Equation (6) implies that the gravitational constant at any point is determined by the total gravitational potential at that point, and so by the distribution of matter in the universe.”''</ref> In commentatione sua {{op|On the Origin of Inertia}}<ref>{{qc|Sciama, 1953}}.</ref> proposuit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemata inertialia|en|qid=Q192735}} localia motu et universi maxima compage ita definiri, ut inertia non sit lineamentum materiei omnino proprium, sed e commercio eius cum reliqua universi materie oriatur. Sciama, ad theoriam simpliciorem construendam, [[spatitempus Minkowskianum|spatitempore Minkowskiano]] et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|potentiale vectoriale|potentiali vectoriali|en|qid=Q521126}} usus est, deinde posuit totum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|campus gravitationale||en|qid=Q558066}}, qui e reliqua universi materie oriretur, in systemate relationum cuiusque corporis quiescentis nullum esse. Hinc censuit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|vis ficticia|vires ficticiae|en|qid=Q212126}} ex eo gravitatis campo oriri, qui respectu corporis movetur. Praecipuum effectum, quem {{barbarice|lingua=en|inertia-induction}} appellavit,<ref>[[Lingua Anglica|Angl.]] “inertia-induction”. {{qc|Sciama, 1953}}, p. 36.</ref> Sciama e variatione potentialis vectorialis {{math|d{{vect|A}}/d{{mvar|t}}}} deduxit.<ref name="sciama-1953-p39">{{qc|Sciama, 1953}}, p. 39.</ref> Secundum eius theoriam, materiei contributio ad inertiam localem tantummodo secundum distantiae rationem {{math|1/{{mvar|r}}}} decrescit; quare materies longissime remota maiorem partem huius effectūs efficit quam materies propior. Sciama aestimavit circiter {{cent|99|acc|f}} inertiae localis e materie ultra 10⁸ annos luce mensos distante oriri.<ref name="sciama-1953-p39" /> E suis praeterea aequationibus Sciama relationem : <math>G\Phi = -c^2</math> deduxit,<ref>{{qc|Sciama, 1953}}, p. 38.</ref> ubi {{mvar/G}} [[constans gravitatis|constantem gravitatis]], {{math|Φ}} potentiale gravitatis universi, atque {{mvar/c}} [[celeritas lucis|celeritatem lucis in vacuo]] significant. Hanc relationem interpretatus est potentiale gravitatis totius universi, ac proinde distributionem materiei in eo, valorem constantis {{mvar/G}} determinare. Ex eadem relatione, unā cum hypothesi de universi maxima compage, etiam rationem inter [[densitas|densitatem]] mediam universi eiusque magnitudinem deduxit. Theoria tamen a Sciama proposita exemplaris tantum instar erat. Ipse enim monuit eam incompletam esse: ad motus generales describendos non satis esse motum rectilineum et rotationem uniformem tractare, sed etiam opus esse potentiale tensoriale potius quam vectoriale computare. Ideo se pleniorem theoriam in commentatione subsequente propositurum esse promisit. In expositione quantitativa huius interpretationis a Sciama proposita, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Amitabha Ghosh||en|qid=Q100934185}} physicus [[India|Indicus]], [[lex universalis gravitationis Newtoniana|aequationi Newtonianae gravitatis]] terminum accelerationi proportionalem addendo, sic vim, accelerationi relativae proportionalem, proposuit:<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Ghosh | nomen auctoris = Amitabha | titulus = Extension of Mach’s Principle and Cosmological Consequences }} in {{qc|Sachs & Roy, 2003}}, p. 14, eq. (1).</ref> : <math>F = G\frac{m_A m_B \mathbf{a}}{r c^2}</math> ubi {{mvar|m_A}} et {{mvar|m_B}} [[massa]]s particularum, {{mvar|r}} [[spatium]] inter particulas, {{mvar/G}} [[constans gravitatis|constantem gravitatis]], {{vect|a}} [[acceleratio]]nem relativam, atque {{mvar/c}} [[celeritas lucis|celeritatem lucis in vacuo]] significant. == De variis principii enuntiatis == Sententia secundum quam “massa alibi sita inertiam hic afficit” multis modis expressa est. [[Hermannus Bondi]] et Iosephus Samuel undecim formulas collegerunt, quas a ''Mach0'' usque ad ''Mach10'' nominaverunt:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}.</ref> # <li value="0">Universum, secundum mediocrem motum galaxiarum remotorum, quoad systemata inertialia localia videtur non volvi.</li> # [[Constans gravitatis|Constans gravitatis Newtoniana]] {{mvar/G}} est campus dynamicus. # Corpus isolatum in spatio alioquin vacuo nullam inertiam percipit. # Systemata inertialia localia motu cosmico atque uniformitate materiei afficiuntur. # Universum est spatialiter clausum. # [[Energia]] totalis, momentum angulare et [[momentum|momentum lineare]] universi nulla sunt. # Massa inertialis uniformitate materiei universi afficitur. # Si tota materies tollatur, nullum spatium remaneat. # Quantitas <math>\Omega\ \stackrel{\text{def}}{=}\ 4 \pi \rho G T^2</math> est numerus definitus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ordo magnitudinis|ordinis|en|qid=Q518730}} [[unus|unitatis]], ubi {{mvar|ρ}} densitatem mediam universi atque {{mvar|T}} {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tempus Hubbleanum||fr|qid=Q3517760}} indicant. # Theoria nulla elementa absoluta continet. # Rotationes et translationes rigidae universi observari nequeunt. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Barbour & Pfister, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen redactoris 1 = Barbour | nomen redactoris 1 = Iulianus B. | cognomen redactoris 2 = Pfister | nomen redactoris 2 = Herbertus | titulus = Mach's principle: from Newton's bucket to quantum gravity | lingua = en | annus = 1995 | series = Einstein Studies | volumen seriei = 6 | locus = [[Bostonia]]e | domus editoria = Birkhäuser | url = https://sites.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/papers/MachPrinciple.pdf | isbn = 978-3-7643-3823-7 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Berkeleius, 1721 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Berkeleius | nomen auctoris = Georgius | commentatio de auctore = Georgius Berkeleius | titulus = De motu; sive, de motus principio et natura, et de causa communicationis motuum | annus = 1721 | locus = [[Londinium|Londinii]] | domus editoria = Iacobus Tonson | url = https://archive.org/details/b30774299 | url forma pdf = https://archive.org/download/b30774299/b30774299.pdf }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Bondi & Samuel, 1997 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Bondi | nomen auctoris 1 = Hermannus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Hermannus Bondi | cognomen auctoris 2 = Samuel | nomen auctoris 2 = Iosephus | titulus = The Lense–Thirring Effect and Mach's Principle | contextus = Physics Letters A | volumen = 228 | fasciculus = 3 | annus = 1997 | paginae = 121–126 | bibcode = 1997PhLA..228..121B | doi = 10.1016/S0375-9601(97)00117-5 | s2cid = 15625102 | arxiv = gr-qc/9607009 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Hawking & Ellis, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Hawking | nomen auctoris 1 = Stephanus Gulielmus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Stephanus Hawking | cognomen auctoris 2 = Ellis | nomen auctoris 2 = Georgius Franciscus Rainerius | titulus = The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time | lingua = en | tempus = 1973 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | url = https://archive.org/details/largescalestruct0000hawk | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-521-09906-4 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Friedlaender, 1896 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 1 = Benedictus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Benedictus Friedlaender | cognomen auctoris 2 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 2 = Immanuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Absolute oder relative Bewegung? | lingua = de | latine = Motus absolutus an relativus? | annus = 1896 | url = https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/BDVFSWTJNPOFICKAE2RVF2RNEGFRA67K | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]] | domus editoria = Leonhardus Simion }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen = Gasco | nomen = Enricus | titulus = Il contributo di Mach sull'origine dell'inerzia | lingua = it | latine = Conlatio Machiana ad originem inertiae | contextus = Quaderni di Storia della Fisica | volumen = 12 | paginae = 17–34 | annus = 2004 | url = https://www.vielbein.it/pdf/Articoli/Articolo.pdf | retrospectio = 20260518054822 | salus url = vivit | doi = 10.1393/qsf/i2003-10001-6 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Mach, 1883 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Mach | nomen auctoris = Ernestus Valfridus Josephus Venceslaus | commentatio de auctore = Ernestus Mach | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt | lingua = de | latine = Mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita | annus = 1883 | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ | locus = [[Lipsia]]e | domus editoria = F. A. Brockhaus }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Misner | nomen auctoris 1 = Carolus Gulielmus | cognomen auctoris 2 = Thorne | nomen auctoris 2 = Kip Stephanus | commentatio de auctore 2 = Kip Thorne | cognomen auctoris 3 = Wheeler | nomen auctoris 3 = Ioannes Archibaldus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Gravitation | annus = 1973 | domus editoria = W. H. Freeman and Company | locus = [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopoli]] | url = https://physicsgg.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/misner_thorne_wheeler_gravitation_freema.pdf | retrospectio = 20240728193849 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 0-7167-0344-0 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Pais, 2005 [1982] | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Pais | nomen auctoris = Abrahamus | titulus = ‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein | annus primae editionis = 1982 | annus = 2005 | domus editoria = Oxford University Press | locus = [[Oxonia]]e | url = https://horizons-2000.org/92.%20Misc%20Files/Reading/Subtle%20is%20the%20Lord--Abraham%20pais.pdf | retrospectio = 20250607173909 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 978-0-19-280672-7 }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen 1 = Pfister | nomen 1 = Herbertus | cognomen 2 = King | nomen 2 = Marcus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Inertia and Gravitation: The Fundamental Nature and Structure of Space-Time | series = Lecture Notes in Physics | volumen seriei = 897 | annus = 2015 | locus = Heidelberg | domus editoria = Springer | doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-15036-9 | isbn = 978-3-319-15035-2 }}. * {{Opus | auctor 1 = Raine, D. J. | titulus = Mach's Principle in general relativity | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 171 | fasciculus = 3 | tempus = 1975 | paginae = 507–528 | bibcode = 1975MNRAS.171..507R | doi = 10.1093/mnras/171.3.507 | accessus ad doi = liberus }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Sachs & Roy, 2003 | c = {{Opus | cognomen redactoris 1 = Sachs | nomen redactoris 1 = Mendel | cognomen redactoris 2 = Roy | nomen redactoris 2 = Akhil Ranjan | titulus = Mach's Principle and the Origin of Inertia | annus = 2003 | domus editoria = Apeiron | locus = [[Mons Regius|Monte Regio]] | isbn = 978-0973291100 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Sciama, 1953 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = On the origin of inertia | lingua = en | latine = De origine inertiae | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 113 | paginae = 34–42 | url = https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953MNRAS.113...34S | url forma pdf = https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1953MNRAS.113...34S | annus = 1953 | annus compositionis = 1952 | doi = 10.1093/mnras/113.1.34 | bibcode = 1953MNRAS.113...34S }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = Modern Cosmology | tempus = 1971 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | locus = [[Cantabrigia]]e | url = https://archive.org/details/moderncosmology0000scia | accessus ad url = sociis | oclc = 6931707 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Von Bayer, 2001 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Von Bayer | nomen auctoris = Iohannes Christianus | titulus = The Fermi Solution: Essays on Science | lingua = en | annus = 2001 | domus editoria = Courier Dover Publications | isbn = 0-486-41707-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Weinberg, 1972 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Weinberg | nomen auctoris = Stephanus | commentatio de auctore = Stephanus Weinberg | titulus = Gravitation and Cosmology | lingua = en | annus = 1972 | domus editoria = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboraco]], [[Londinium|Londinii]], [[Sydneium|Sydneii]], [[Torontum|Toronti]] | url = https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0 | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-471-92567-5 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Wolters, 1987 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Wolters | nomen auctoris = Gereon | titulus = Mach I, Mach II, Einstein und die Relativitätstheorie: eine Fälschung und ihre Folgen | lingua = de | annus = 1987 | domus editoria = Walter de Gruyter | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboracum]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qg-hpQnob-cC | isbn = 9783110108255 }} }}. {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Aether luminifer]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Historia theoriae relativitatis generalis||en|qid=Q1936878}} * [[Inertia]] * [[Relativitas generalis]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Rotatio absoluta||en|qid=Q4669833}} * [[Spatii temporisque tractio]] * [[Spatitempus]] * [[Systema relationum]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}} * [[Vis centrifuga]] {{div col end}} [[Categoria:Astronomia]] [[Categoria:Ernestus Mach]] [[Categoria:Albertus Einstein]] [[Categoria:Notiones in physica]] [[Categoria:Theoriae gravitationis]] [[Categoria:Rotatio]] [[Categoria:Philosophia]] [[Categoria:Physica]] ha1hc1z4qs3zrwgcd2p1zqnmaob4h2g 3980498 3980464 2026-08-11T15:35:31Z Grufo 64423 /* De inductione inertiali numerice descripta */ 3980498 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Ernst Mach, Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwickelung.svg|thumb|Liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}} ([[Theodisce]] {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}})<ref name="mach-1883">{{qc|Mach, 1883}}.</ref>]] In [[physica theoretica]], praesertim in disputationibus de theoriis [[gravitas (physica)|gravitatis]], {{res|principium Machianum}} seu {{res|coniectura Machiana}}<ref>{{qc|Von Bayer, 2001}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC&dq=mach's+conjecture&pg=PA79 p. 79].</ref> appellatur hypothesis vaga quam [[Albertus Einstein]] [[Ernestus Mach|Ernesto Mach]], [[physicus|physico]] [[philosophus|philosopho]]<nowiki />que [[Austria]]co, attribuit, quae explicare conatur quomodo res [[rotatio|volventes]]—exempli gratia [[gyroscopium|gyroscopia]] vel [[corpus caeleste|corpora caelestia]]—ad [[systema relationum]] referantur. Secundum talem coniecturam, [[exsistentia]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|rotatio absoluta|rotationis absolutae|en|qid=Q4669833}}—quae distinctionem inter localia {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemata inertialia|en|qid=Q192735}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum volvens|systemata volventia|en|qid=Q3310692}} infert—a distributione universali [[materies|materiei]] pendet, ut hoc exemplum illustrat: {{Folium memoratum| Primum consiste atque sine ad latera tua [[bracchium|bracchia]] pendere laxa. Observa ut [[sidus|sidera]] fere immota maneant et bracchia tua fere recta deorsum pendeant. Deinde volve te ipsum ipsamve; sidera circa [[zenith]] volvi videbuntur, simulque bracchia tua [[vis centrifuga|vi centrifuga]] sursum trahentur. Profecto esset casus mirabilis si systema relationum inertiale, in quo tua bracchia libere pendebant, idem esset ac systema relationum in quo sidera quiescunt fixa, nisi aliqua interactio inter sidera et te exsisteret quae tuum systema relationum determinaret inertiale. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Stephanus Weinberg]] ([[1972]]). {{Op|Gravitation and Cosmology}}.<ref>{{qc|Weinberg, 1972}}, [https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0/page/16/mode/2up p. 17]. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=en|First stand still, and let your arms hang loose at your sides. Observe that the stars are more or less unmoving, and that your arms hang more or less straight down. Then pirouette. The stars will seem to rotate around the zenith, and at the same time your arms will be drawn upward by centrifugal force. It would surely be a remarkable coincidence if the inertial frame, in which your arms hung freely, just happened to be the reference frame in which typical stars are at rest, unless there were some interaction between the stars and you that determined your inertial frame.}}”</ref> }} Principium Machianum statuit hanc rem non esse fortuitam, sed potius quandam exsistere {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lex physica|legem|de|qid=Q214070}} quae [[motus|motum]] siderum remotissimorum cum locali {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemate inertiali|en|qid=Q192735}} conectit. Nam si omnia sidera circa observatorem videntur circumagi, Mach censuit aliquam vim physicam efficere ut observator [[vis centrifuga|vim centrifugam]] sentiat. Hinc varia enuntiata principii, saepe vaga, orta sunt, velut: “[[massa]] alibi sita hic afficit [[inertia]]m”. Formula generalissima principii est: {{Ipse dixit| Leges physicae locales maximā compagine universi determinantur. |[[Stephanus Hawking|Hawking]] & {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Georgius Franciscus Rainerius Ellis|Ellis|en|qid=Q5538966}} ([[1973]]). {{Op|The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time}}.<ref>{{qc|Hawking & Ellis, 1973}}, p. 1. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|Local physical laws are determined by the large-scale structure of the universe}}”.</ref> }} Suasio Machiana magni momenti fuit in [[theoria relativitatis generalis|theoriae relativitatis generalis]] Einsteinianae ortu. Einstein enim intellexit distributionem universam materiei {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor metricus (theoria relativitatis)|tensorem metricum|en|qid=Q2045231}} determinare posse quo definiatur quid systema quoad rotationem quiescere putetur. In nonnullis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|solutiones exactae in theoria relativitatis generalis|solutionibus theoriae relativitatis generalis|en|qid=Q5419229}}, [[spatii temporisque tractio]] atque conservatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|momentum angulare|momenti angularis|en|qid=Q161254}} gravitationalis sic efficiunt ut hoc verum sit. Attamen, quum ipsum principium sit vagum, multae formulae diversae propositae sunt quae “principia Machiana” vocari possunt, quarum nonnullae commenticiae putantur. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Metrica Gödeliana||en|qid=Q1559192}} universi volventis exemplum praebet quod principium Machianum quam maxime violare videtur. In tali enim exemplo sidera remota eo celerius celeriusque volvi videntur quo longius distent. Contradictio tamen quaestionem validitatis principii Machiani omnino non dirimit, quia exemplum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lineae temporales clausae|lineas temporales clausas|en|qid=Q1876815}} admittit. == Historia == Ernestus Mach in libro anno [[1883]] edito {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}} ({{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}}) suam doctrinam primum exposuit.<ref name="mach-1883" /> Similes sententiae etiam in libris [[Georgius Berkeleius|Georgii Berkeleii]] philosophi ante eum reperiebantur.<ref name="berkeleius-1721">{{qc|Berkeleius, 1721}}.</ref> Post Mach, liber {{Op|Motus absolutus an relativus?}} a fratribus [[Benedictus Friedlaender|Benedicto Friedlaender]] et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Immanuel Friedlaender|Immanuele Friedlaender|de|qid=Q89222}} anno [[1896]] editus nonnullas ideas principio Machiano similes continebat.<ref>{{qc|Friedlaender, 1896}}.</ref> == De usu Einsteiniano principii == Est in theoria relativitatis quaestio fundamentalis: si omnis motus est relativus, quomodo corporum [[inertia]] mensurari potest? Inertia enim respectu alicuius rei metienda est; sed cuius respectu si [[particula]]m solam in universo omnino vacuo fingamus? Nonnulli putabant talem particulam nullum motum lineare habere posse. Ita principium Machianum interdum intellegitur sententia omnino nullum motum, ne rotatorium quidem, tribui posse nisi alia corpora adsint. Sic ipse Mach scripsit: {{Folium memoratum| Experimentum [[Isaacus Newtonus|Newtonianum]] aquae in [[vas]]e volventis hoc tantum docet: vertiginem relativam aquae respectu [[paries|parietum]] vasis nullas [[vis centrifuga|vires centrifugas]] notabiles excitare; eas autem ex vertigine relativa respectu massae [[Tellus|Telluris]] ceterorumque corporum caelestium oriri. Nemini licet dicere quomodo experimentum finiturum esset si parietes vasis spissiores spissioresque atque graviores fierent, ac denique plurium [[mille passus|milium passuum]] crassitudinem haberent. Unum tantum experimentum nobis conceditur, atque illud cum ceteris rebus nobis cognitis, non tamen cum figmentis nostris arbitrariis, componere debemus. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Ernestus Mach]] ([[1883]]). {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}}.<ref>{{qc|Mach, 1883}}, [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ/page/216/mode/2up pp. 216–217]. [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=de|Der Versuch Newton's mit dem rotirenden Wassergefäss lehrt nur, dass die Relativdrehung des Wassers gegen die Gefässwände keine merklichen Centrifugalkräfte weckt, dass dieselben aber durch die Relativdrehung gegen die Masse der Erde und die übrigen Himmelskörper geweckt werden. Niemand kann sagen, wie der Versuch verlaufen würde, wenn die Gefässwände immer dicker und massiger, zuletzt mehrere Meilen dick würden. Es liegt nur der eine Versuch vor, und wir haben denselben mit den übrigen uns bekannten Thatsachen, nicht aber mit unsern willkürlichen Dichtungen in Einklang zu bringen.}}”</ref> }} Albertus Einstein fere hoc sensu videtur principium intellexisse: {{Ipse dixit|Inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oritur.|[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{*Cfr}} A. Einstein, “Hoch geehrter Herr Kollege!”, [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]], apud {{qc|Wolters, 1987}}, p. 151, et apud {{qc|Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973}}, p. 544: “{{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur.” [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=de|{{omissis}} es ergibt sich mit Notwendigkeit, daß die Trägheit in einer Art Wechselwirkung der Körper ihren Ursprung hat, ganz im Sinne Ihrer Überlegungen zum Newtonschen Eimer-Versuch {{omissis}} Rotiert die Schale {{mvar|S}} um eine durch ihren Mittelpunkt gehende Achse (relativ zum System der Fixsterne/‚Restsystem‘), so entsteht im Innern der Schale ein Coriolis-Feld, d. h. die Ebene des Foucault-Pendels wird (mit einer allerdings praktisch unmeßbar kleinen Geschwindigkeit) mitgenommen.}}”|2=Q178841|name=epistula-25-iunii-1913}}}} Nonnulla principii Machiani enuntiata cum [[holismus|holismo]] conectuntur. Mach enim intellegi potest suasisse ut theoriae gravitatis ad {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|relationalismus|doctrinas relationalisticas|en|qid=Q2142479}} pertinerent. Einstein in physicam hodiernam principium introduxit dum theoriam relativitatis generalis elaborabat; ipse etiam dicitur locutionem “principium Machianum” primus finxisse. Multum disputatur verene Mach novam legem physicam proponere voluerit, quoniam nusquam aperte enuntiavit. Scriptum quo Einstein maxime commotus est fuit liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}},<ref name="mach-1883" /> in quo philosophus doctrinam Newtonianam de {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium tempusque absoluti|spatio absoluto|en|qid=Q19314}} refutavit, praesertim exsistentiam cuiusdam electi [[systema relationum|systematis relationum]] quod e celebri {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|argumentum Newtonianum vasis|argumento Newtoniano vasis|en|qid=Q2585683}} oriebatur. Newtonus in suis {{Op|[[Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica|Philosophiae naturalis principiis mathematicis]]}} demonstrare conatus erat rotationem absolutam dignosci posse propter {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|vis ficticia|vires ficticias|en|qid=Q212126}} quae tantummodo in rotatione absoluta inveniuntur. Nam si vas aquā plenum volvitur, aqua primitus quiescet, deinde vasis motus aquae communicabitur, quae curvabitur atque propter vim centrifugam ad margines ascendet. Hoc experimentum demonstrat vires centrifugas non oriri nisi aqua respectu spatii absoluti rotetur (quod hic per systema relationum [[Tellus|Telluris]], vel potius {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|stellae fixae|stellarum fixarum|en|qid=Q430297}}, repraesentatur); contra autem, quum vas respectu aquae vertatur, nullae vires centrifugae gignuntur, quod indicat aquam quietam esse respectu spatii absoluti. Ex hoc Newtonus conclusit vires centrifugas e rotatione respectu spatii absoluti oriri. In libro suo Mach scribit experimentum tantummodo demonstrare nullas vires centrifugas oriri dum aqua quoad vas movetur; non licere tamen scire quid accideret si parietes vasis immensum augerentur. Itaque, secundum Mach, notio motūs absoluti deserenda est atque omnis motus, sive uniformis sive acceleratus, tantummmodo respectu aliorum corporum intellegi potest ({{*ie}} non satis est dicere aquam rotari, sed necesse est determinare utrum respectu vasis an respectu Telluris rotetur). Hac ratione, ficticiae vires, quae motūs relativos ab “absolutis” distinguere videntur, nihil aliud censendae sunt nisi effectūs peculiaris asymmetriae, in systemate nostro relationum exstantis, inter corpora quae in motum ponimus, quae parva sunt (velut vasa), et corpora quae quiescere credimus (velut Tellus et stellae remotae), quae illis sunt multum maiora gravioraque. Similem opinionem iam [[Georgius Berkeleius]] in opere {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|De Motu (Berkeleius)|De Motu|en|qid=Q171280}}}} defenderat.<ref name="berkeleius-1721" /> Haec physica ratio inertiam corporum ita determinare debeat ut gravia remotaque corpora universi ad vires inertiales maxime conferant. Nescitur tamen verene Mach novam legem physicam de corporibus gravibus proponere voluerit; verisimilius nihil proposuit nisi simplicem “motūs in spatio redescriptionem”<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|Redescription of motion in space as experiences that do not invoke the term ‘space’}}”.</ref> quin vocabulum spatii adhiberet. Scitur tamen pro certo Einstein illa verba sic interpretatum esse, quasi quaedam nova actio physica inter corpora exsisteret, ut postea longa disputatio orta sit. Plerique physici censent Mach suum principium in theoriam physicam exactam, quae explicaret quomodo remota sidera inertiam corporum afficere possint, numquam redegisse. Ipse Mach principium suum numquam clare definivit.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 9–57.</ref> Quamquam Einstein eo maxime inspiratus est, principium Machianum non habetur fundamentum necessarium theoriae relativitatis generalis, licet tamen {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|principium aequivalentiae||en|qid=Q210546}} inter massam gravitationalem atque inertialem sit magnopere fundamentale. == De principio Machiano in theoria relativitatis generalis == Quum in theoria relativitatis generalis notiones simplices [[spatium|spatii]] [[tempus|temporis]]<nowiki />que non iam valeant, etiam obscurius fit quid “principium Machianum” proprie significetur. Saltem viginti et unum enuntiata principii proposita sunt, quorum alia putantur “magis Machiana” aliis.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 530.</ref> Enuntiatum debilissimum imponit motum materiei ubilibet afficere quae systemata inertialia adhibenda sint alibi. Einstein, antequam theoriam relativitatis generalis perfecisset, effectum invēnit quem interpretatus est principium Machianum probare: concedatur magnam [[sphaera]]m cavam erga stellas fixas volvi; tum systema inertiale intra sphaeram cavam descriptum incipiet respectu stellarum fixarum [[praecessio|praecessare]]. Hic effectus nunc “[[spatii temporisque tractio]]” appellatur, atque praesertim formā rotatoriā (“{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus|effectu Lensiano–Thirringiano|en|qid=Q11083519}}” appellatā) principio Machiano simillimus est. Einstein hac inventione adeo delectatus est ut Ernesto Mach hocmodo scriberet: {{Folium memoratum| {{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].<ref name="epistula-25-iunii-1913" /> }} Effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus certe satisfacit notioni generali secundum quam “materies alibi sita hic afficit inertiam”:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}, p. 121.</ref> nam si sphaera cava materiei abesset aut non volveretur, planum penduli non traheretur. Intra contextum huius effectūs sententia quoque secundum quam inertia “ex quadam interactione inter corpora” oritur putari potest vera. Quaestio tamen profundior videtur esse ipsa existentia “stellarum fixarum”, quas Einstein tractavit systema externum. Physici hodierni vestigia principii Machiani in “{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|problema valorum initialium|problemate valorum initialium|en|qid=Q10167591}}” agnoscunt. Forma fortior principii Machiani ad spatitempora Wheeleriana–Machiana–Einsteiniana pertinet, quae postulant ut spatiumtempus sit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatium compactum|spatialiter compactum|en|qid=Q381892}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatitempus globaliter hyperbolicum|globaliter hyperbolicum|en|qid=Q5570942}}. In talibus universis principium Machianum sic enuntiari potest: ''distributio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor energiae momentique|tensoris energiae momentique|en|qid=Q876346}} materiei [[campus physicus|camporum]]<nowiki />que (fortasse etiam aliarum rerum), quodam tempore universi visa, systema inertiale in quolibet puncto universi determinat (ubi “quoddam tempus universi” ad quamlibet {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|superficies Cauchyana|superficiem Cauchyanam|en|qid=Q5054343}} electam refertur).<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 188–207.</ref> Alii quoque conati sunt theorias quam maxime Machianas construere, sicut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana|Theoriam Bransianam–Dickeanam|en|qid=Q898809}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana|Theoriam gravitatis Hoyleanam–Narlikarianam|en|qid=Q17027715}}; sed plerique physici censent nullam ex his fuisse prosperam. In conventu peritorum [[Tubinga]]e anno [[1993]] habito, quum quaereretur “Estne relativitas generalis plene Machiana?”, tres responderunt “ita”, viginti duo “non”. Ad quaestionem “Estne relativitas generalis, condicionibus marginalibus aptis, valde Machiana?”, quattuordecim responderunt “ita”, septem “non”.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 106.</ref> Einstein tamen persuasus erat relativitatem inertiae necessario validae theoriae gravitatis continendam esse: {{Folium memoratum| Adeo vehementer illo tempore Einstein relativitati inertiae credebat ut anno [[1918]] tria principia quibus theoriae gravitatis satisfaciendum erat pari dignitate statuerit: # Principium relativitatis, per covariantiam generalem expressum. # Principium aequivalentiae. # Principium Machianum (quo vocabulo tum primum in litteris adhibito): “{{omissis}} ita ut quantitates {{mvar|g_μν}} omnino massā corporum, generalius tensore {{mvar|T_μν}}, determinentur.” Anno [[1922]], quum Einstein animadvertisset alios contentos esse sine hoc [tertio] criterio procedere, hoc addidit: “Haec beatitudo videbitur incomprehensibilis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|posteri|posteris|en|qid=Q954025}}.” Dicendum est, ut ego videre possum, principium Machianum usque ad hunc diem nullo modo [[physica]]m provexisse. Dicendum quoque est originem inertiae esse manereque obscurissimum caput in [[physica particularum elementarium|theoria particularum]] et [[theoria quantica camporum|camporum]]. Itaque fortasse principium Machianum fructuosum fieri poterit, sed non sine theoria quantica. }}{{Norma dextra| ―{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Abrahamus Pais||en|qid=Q330492}} ([[1972]]). {{Op|‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein}}.<ref>{{qc|Pais, 2005 [1982]}}, pp. 287–288. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|So strongly did Einstein believe at that time in the relativity of inertia that in 1918 he stated as being on an equal footing three principles on which a satisfactory theory of gravitation should rest:}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of relativity as expressed by general covariance.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of equivalence.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|Mach's principle (the first time this term entered the literature): ... that the ''g_µν'' are completely determined by the mass of bodies, more generally by ''T_µν''.}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|In 1922, Einstein noted that others were satisfied to proceed without this [third] criterion and added, ‘This contentedness will appear incomprehensible to a later generation however.’}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|It must be said that, as far as I can see, to this day, Mach's principle has not brought physics decisively farther. It must also be said that the origin of inertia is and remains the most obscure subject in the theory of particles and fields. Mach's principle may therefore have a future—but not without the quantum theory.}}”</ref> }} == De inductione inertiali numerice descripta == Anno [[1953]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Dionysius Gulielmus Sciama||en|qid=Q284336}}, physicus [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Cantabrigiensis]], principium Machianum in theoriam quantitativam de origine inertiae redigere conatus est.<ref>{{*Cfr}} {{qc|Sciama, 1953}}, p. 38: “Nam in motu rectilineo leges Newtonianas motūs et gravitatis ita coniunctas reperimus, ut ratio inertiae principio Machiano definiatur.” [[Lingua Anglica|Angl.]] ''“Indeed we obtain for rectilinear motion a combination of Newton's laws of motion and of gravitation, with the inertial frame determined by Mach's principle.”'' Ibid. etiam “Aequatio (6) indicat [[constans gravitatis|constantem gravitatis]] in quolibet loco totā vi gravitatis ibi exstante determinari, itaque e distributione materiei in universo pendere.” [[Lingua Anglica|Angl.]] ''“Equation (6) implies that the gravitational constant at any point is determined by the total gravitational potential at that point, and so by the distribution of matter in the universe.”''</ref> In commentatione sua {{op|On the Origin of Inertia}}<ref>{{qc|Sciama, 1953}}.</ref> proposuit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemata inertialia|en|qid=Q192735}} localia motu et universi maxima compage ita definiri, ut inertia non sit lineamentum materiei omnino proprium, sed e commercio eius cum reliqua universi materie oriatur. Sciama, ad theoriam simpliciorem construendam, [[spatitempus Minkowskianum|spatitempore Minkowskiano]] et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|potentiale vectoriale|potentiali vectoriali|en|qid=Q521126}} usus est, deinde posuit totum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|campus gravitationale||en|qid=Q558066}}, qui e reliqua universi materie oriretur, in systemate relationum cuiusque corporis quiescentis nullum esse. Hinc censuit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|vis ficticia|vires ficticiae|en|qid=Q212126}} ex eo gravitatis campo oriri, qui respectu corporis movetur. Praecipuum effectum, quem {{barbarice|lingua=en|inertia-induction}} appellavit,<ref>[[Lingua Anglica|Angl.]] “inertia-induction”. {{qc|Sciama, 1953}}, p. 36.</ref> Sciama e variatione potentialis vectorialis {{math|d{{vect|A}}/d{{mvar|t}}}} deduxit.<ref name="sciama-1953-p39">{{qc|Sciama, 1953}}, p. 39.</ref> Secundum eius theoriam, materiei contributio ad inertiam localem tantummodo secundum distantiae rationem {{math|1/{{mvar|r}}}} decrescit; quare materies longissime remota maiorem partem huius effectūs efficit quam materies propior. Sciama aestimavit circiter {{cent|99|acc|f}} inertiae localis e materie ultra 10⁸ annos luce mensos distante oriri.<ref name="sciama-1953-p39" /> E suis praeterea aequationibus Sciama relationem : <math>G\Phi = -c^2</math> deduxit,<ref>{{qc|Sciama, 1953}}, p. 38.</ref> ubi {{mvar/G}} [[constans gravitatis|constantem gravitatis]], {{math|Φ}} potentiale gravitatis universi, atque {{mvar/c}} [[celeritas lucis|celeritatem lucis in vacuo]] significant. Hanc relationem interpretatus est potentiale gravitatis totius universi, ac proinde distributionem materiei in eo, valorem constantis {{mvar/G}} determinare. Ex eadem relatione, unā cum hypothesi de universi maxima compage, etiam rationem inter [[densitas|densitatem]] mediam universi eiusque magnitudinem deduxit. Theoria tamen a Sciama proposita exemplaris tantum instar erat. Ipse enim monuit eam incompletam esse: ad motus generales describendos non satis esse motum rectilineum et rotationem uniformem tractare, sed etiam opus esse potentiale tensoriale potius quam vectoriale computare. Ideo se pleniorem theoriam in commentatione subsequente propositurum esse promisit. In expositione quantitativa huius interpretationis a Sciama propositae, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Amitabha Ghosh||en|qid=Q100934185}} physicus [[India|Indicus]], [[lex universalis gravitationis Newtoniana|aequationi Newtonianae gravitatis]] terminum accelerationi proportionalem addendo, sic vim, accelerationi relativae proportionalem, definivit:<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Ghosh | nomen auctoris = Amitabha | titulus = Extension of Mach’s Principle and Cosmological Consequences }} in {{qc|Sachs & Roy, 2003}}, p. 14, eq. (1).</ref> : <math>F = G\frac{m_A m_B \mathbf{a}}{r c^2}</math> ubi {{mvar|m_A}} et {{mvar|m_B}} [[massa]]s particularum, {{mvar|r}} [[spatium]] inter particulas, {{mvar/G}} [[constans gravitatis|constantem gravitatis]], {{vect|a}} [[acceleratio]]nem relativam, atque {{mvar/c}} [[celeritas lucis|celeritatem lucis in vacuo]] significant. == De variis principii enuntiatis == Sententia secundum quam “massa alibi sita inertiam hic afficit” multis modis expressa est. [[Hermannus Bondi]] et Iosephus Samuel undecim formulas collegerunt, quas a ''Mach0'' usque ad ''Mach10'' nominaverunt:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}.</ref> # <li value="0">Universum, secundum mediocrem motum galaxiarum remotorum, quoad systemata inertialia localia videtur non volvi.</li> # [[Constans gravitatis|Constans gravitatis Newtoniana]] {{mvar/G}} est campus dynamicus. # Corpus isolatum in spatio alioquin vacuo nullam inertiam percipit. # Systemata inertialia localia motu cosmico atque uniformitate materiei afficiuntur. # Universum est spatialiter clausum. # [[Energia]] totalis, momentum angulare et [[momentum|momentum lineare]] universi nulla sunt. # Massa inertialis uniformitate materiei universi afficitur. # Si tota materies tollatur, nullum spatium remaneat. # Quantitas <math>\Omega\ \stackrel{\text{def}}{=}\ 4 \pi \rho G T^2</math> est numerus definitus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ordo magnitudinis|ordinis|en|qid=Q518730}} [[unus|unitatis]], ubi {{mvar|ρ}} densitatem mediam universi atque {{mvar|T}} {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tempus Hubbleanum||fr|qid=Q3517760}} indicant. # Theoria nulla elementa absoluta continet. # Rotationes et translationes rigidae universi observari nequeunt. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Barbour & Pfister, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen redactoris 1 = Barbour | nomen redactoris 1 = Iulianus B. | cognomen redactoris 2 = Pfister | nomen redactoris 2 = Herbertus | titulus = Mach's principle: from Newton's bucket to quantum gravity | lingua = en | annus = 1995 | series = Einstein Studies | volumen seriei = 6 | locus = [[Bostonia]]e | domus editoria = Birkhäuser | url = https://sites.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/papers/MachPrinciple.pdf | isbn = 978-3-7643-3823-7 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Berkeleius, 1721 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Berkeleius | nomen auctoris = Georgius | commentatio de auctore = Georgius Berkeleius | titulus = De motu; sive, de motus principio et natura, et de causa communicationis motuum | annus = 1721 | locus = [[Londinium|Londinii]] | domus editoria = Iacobus Tonson | url = https://archive.org/details/b30774299 | url forma pdf = https://archive.org/download/b30774299/b30774299.pdf }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Bondi & Samuel, 1997 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Bondi | nomen auctoris 1 = Hermannus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Hermannus Bondi | cognomen auctoris 2 = Samuel | nomen auctoris 2 = Iosephus | titulus = The Lense–Thirring Effect and Mach's Principle | contextus = Physics Letters A | volumen = 228 | fasciculus = 3 | annus = 1997 | paginae = 121–126 | bibcode = 1997PhLA..228..121B | doi = 10.1016/S0375-9601(97)00117-5 | s2cid = 15625102 | arxiv = gr-qc/9607009 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Hawking & Ellis, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Hawking | nomen auctoris 1 = Stephanus Gulielmus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Stephanus Hawking | cognomen auctoris 2 = Ellis | nomen auctoris 2 = Georgius Franciscus Rainerius | titulus = The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time | lingua = en | tempus = 1973 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | url = https://archive.org/details/largescalestruct0000hawk | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-521-09906-4 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Friedlaender, 1896 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 1 = Benedictus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Benedictus Friedlaender | cognomen auctoris 2 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 2 = Immanuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Absolute oder relative Bewegung? | lingua = de | latine = Motus absolutus an relativus? | annus = 1896 | url = https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/BDVFSWTJNPOFICKAE2RVF2RNEGFRA67K | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]] | domus editoria = Leonhardus Simion }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen = Gasco | nomen = Enricus | titulus = Il contributo di Mach sull'origine dell'inerzia | lingua = it | latine = Conlatio Machiana ad originem inertiae | contextus = Quaderni di Storia della Fisica | volumen = 12 | paginae = 17–34 | annus = 2004 | url = https://www.vielbein.it/pdf/Articoli/Articolo.pdf | retrospectio = 20260518054822 | salus url = vivit | doi = 10.1393/qsf/i2003-10001-6 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Mach, 1883 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Mach | nomen auctoris = Ernestus Valfridus Josephus Venceslaus | commentatio de auctore = Ernestus Mach | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt | lingua = de | latine = Mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita | annus = 1883 | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ | locus = [[Lipsia]]e | domus editoria = F. A. Brockhaus }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Misner | nomen auctoris 1 = Carolus Gulielmus | cognomen auctoris 2 = Thorne | nomen auctoris 2 = Kip Stephanus | commentatio de auctore 2 = Kip Thorne | cognomen auctoris 3 = Wheeler | nomen auctoris 3 = Ioannes Archibaldus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Gravitation | annus = 1973 | domus editoria = W. H. Freeman and Company | locus = [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopoli]] | url = https://physicsgg.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/misner_thorne_wheeler_gravitation_freema.pdf | retrospectio = 20240728193849 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 0-7167-0344-0 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Pais, 2005 [1982] | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Pais | nomen auctoris = Abrahamus | titulus = ‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein | annus primae editionis = 1982 | annus = 2005 | domus editoria = Oxford University Press | locus = [[Oxonia]]e | url = https://horizons-2000.org/92.%20Misc%20Files/Reading/Subtle%20is%20the%20Lord--Abraham%20pais.pdf | retrospectio = 20250607173909 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 978-0-19-280672-7 }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen 1 = Pfister | nomen 1 = Herbertus | cognomen 2 = King | nomen 2 = Marcus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Inertia and Gravitation: The Fundamental Nature and Structure of Space-Time | series = Lecture Notes in Physics | volumen seriei = 897 | annus = 2015 | locus = Heidelberg | domus editoria = Springer | doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-15036-9 | isbn = 978-3-319-15035-2 }}. * {{Opus | auctor 1 = Raine, D. J. | titulus = Mach's Principle in general relativity | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 171 | fasciculus = 3 | tempus = 1975 | paginae = 507–528 | bibcode = 1975MNRAS.171..507R | doi = 10.1093/mnras/171.3.507 | accessus ad doi = liberus }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Sachs & Roy, 2003 | c = {{Opus | cognomen redactoris 1 = Sachs | nomen redactoris 1 = Mendel | cognomen redactoris 2 = Roy | nomen redactoris 2 = Akhil Ranjan | titulus = Mach's Principle and the Origin of Inertia | annus = 2003 | domus editoria = Apeiron | locus = [[Mons Regius|Monte Regio]] | isbn = 978-0973291100 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Sciama, 1953 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = On the origin of inertia | lingua = en | latine = De origine inertiae | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 113 | paginae = 34–42 | url = https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953MNRAS.113...34S | url forma pdf = https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1953MNRAS.113...34S | annus = 1953 | annus compositionis = 1952 | doi = 10.1093/mnras/113.1.34 | bibcode = 1953MNRAS.113...34S }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = Modern Cosmology | tempus = 1971 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | locus = [[Cantabrigia]]e | url = https://archive.org/details/moderncosmology0000scia | accessus ad url = sociis | oclc = 6931707 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Von Bayer, 2001 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Von Bayer | nomen auctoris = Iohannes Christianus | titulus = The Fermi Solution: Essays on Science | lingua = en | annus = 2001 | domus editoria = Courier Dover Publications | isbn = 0-486-41707-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Weinberg, 1972 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Weinberg | nomen auctoris = Stephanus | commentatio de auctore = Stephanus Weinberg | titulus = Gravitation and Cosmology | lingua = en | annus = 1972 | domus editoria = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboraco]], [[Londinium|Londinii]], [[Sydneium|Sydneii]], [[Torontum|Toronti]] | url = https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0 | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-471-92567-5 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Wolters, 1987 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Wolters | nomen auctoris = Gereon | titulus = Mach I, Mach II, Einstein und die Relativitätstheorie: eine Fälschung und ihre Folgen | lingua = de | annus = 1987 | domus editoria = Walter de Gruyter | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboracum]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qg-hpQnob-cC | isbn = 9783110108255 }} }}. {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Aether luminifer]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Historia theoriae relativitatis generalis||en|qid=Q1936878}} * [[Inertia]] * [[Relativitas generalis]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Rotatio absoluta||en|qid=Q4669833}} * [[Spatii temporisque tractio]] * [[Spatitempus]] * [[Systema relationum]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}} * [[Vis centrifuga]] {{div col end}} [[Categoria:Astronomia]] [[Categoria:Ernestus Mach]] [[Categoria:Albertus Einstein]] [[Categoria:Notiones in physica]] [[Categoria:Theoriae gravitationis]] [[Categoria:Rotatio]] [[Categoria:Philosophia]] [[Categoria:Physica]] p1376vv2luy38vb6x2ri9o30tl322zm 3980573 3980498 2026-08-11T17:58:01Z Grufo 64423 /* De inductione inertiali numerice descripta */ 3980573 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Ernst Mach, Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwickelung.svg|thumb|Liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}} ([[Theodisce]] {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}})<ref name="mach-1883">{{qc|Mach, 1883}}.</ref>]] In [[physica theoretica]], praesertim in disputationibus de theoriis [[gravitas (physica)|gravitatis]], {{res|principium Machianum}} seu {{res|coniectura Machiana}}<ref>{{qc|Von Bayer, 2001}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC&dq=mach's+conjecture&pg=PA79 p. 79].</ref> appellatur hypothesis vaga quam [[Albertus Einstein]] [[Ernestus Mach|Ernesto Mach]], [[physicus|physico]] [[philosophus|philosopho]]<nowiki />que [[Austria]]co, attribuit, quae explicare conatur quomodo res [[rotatio|volventes]]—exempli gratia [[gyroscopium|gyroscopia]] vel [[corpus caeleste|corpora caelestia]]—ad [[systema relationum]] referantur. Secundum talem coniecturam, [[exsistentia]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|rotatio absoluta|rotationis absolutae|en|qid=Q4669833}}—quae distinctionem inter localia {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemata inertialia|en|qid=Q192735}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum volvens|systemata volventia|en|qid=Q3310692}} infert—a distributione universali [[materies|materiei]] pendet, ut hoc exemplum illustrat: {{Folium memoratum| Primum consiste atque sine ad latera tua [[bracchium|bracchia]] pendere laxa. Observa ut [[sidus|sidera]] fere immota maneant et bracchia tua fere recta deorsum pendeant. Deinde volve te ipsum ipsamve; sidera circa [[zenith]] volvi videbuntur, simulque bracchia tua [[vis centrifuga|vi centrifuga]] sursum trahentur. Profecto esset casus mirabilis si systema relationum inertiale, in quo tua bracchia libere pendebant, idem esset ac systema relationum in quo sidera quiescunt fixa, nisi aliqua interactio inter sidera et te exsisteret quae tuum systema relationum determinaret inertiale. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Stephanus Weinberg]] ([[1972]]). {{Op|Gravitation and Cosmology}}.<ref>{{qc|Weinberg, 1972}}, [https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0/page/16/mode/2up p. 17]. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=en|First stand still, and let your arms hang loose at your sides. Observe that the stars are more or less unmoving, and that your arms hang more or less straight down. Then pirouette. The stars will seem to rotate around the zenith, and at the same time your arms will be drawn upward by centrifugal force. It would surely be a remarkable coincidence if the inertial frame, in which your arms hung freely, just happened to be the reference frame in which typical stars are at rest, unless there were some interaction between the stars and you that determined your inertial frame.}}”</ref> }} Principium Machianum statuit hanc rem non esse fortuitam, sed potius quandam exsistere {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lex physica|legem|de|qid=Q214070}} quae [[motus|motum]] siderum remotissimorum cum locali {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemate inertiali|en|qid=Q192735}} conectit. Nam si omnia sidera circa observatorem videntur circumagi, Mach censuit aliquam vim physicam efficere ut observator [[vis centrifuga|vim centrifugam]] sentiat. Hinc varia enuntiata principii, saepe vaga, orta sunt, velut: “[[massa]] alibi sita hic afficit [[inertia]]m”. Formula generalissima principii est: {{Ipse dixit| Leges physicae locales maximā compagine universi determinantur. |[[Stephanus Hawking|Hawking]] & {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Georgius Franciscus Rainerius Ellis|Ellis|en|qid=Q5538966}} ([[1973]]). {{Op|The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time}}.<ref>{{qc|Hawking & Ellis, 1973}}, p. 1. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|Local physical laws are determined by the large-scale structure of the universe}}”.</ref> }} Suasio Machiana magni momenti fuit in [[theoria relativitatis generalis|theoriae relativitatis generalis]] Einsteinianae ortu. Einstein enim intellexit distributionem universam materiei {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor metricus (theoria relativitatis)|tensorem metricum|en|qid=Q2045231}} determinare posse quo definiatur quid systema quoad rotationem quiescere putetur. In nonnullis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|solutiones exactae in theoria relativitatis generalis|solutionibus theoriae relativitatis generalis|en|qid=Q5419229}}, [[spatii temporisque tractio]] atque conservatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|momentum angulare|momenti angularis|en|qid=Q161254}} gravitationalis sic efficiunt ut hoc verum sit. Attamen, quum ipsum principium sit vagum, multae formulae diversae propositae sunt quae “principia Machiana” vocari possunt, quarum nonnullae commenticiae putantur. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Metrica Gödeliana||en|qid=Q1559192}} universi volventis exemplum praebet quod principium Machianum quam maxime violare videtur. In tali enim exemplo sidera remota eo celerius celeriusque volvi videntur quo longius distent. Contradictio tamen quaestionem validitatis principii Machiani omnino non dirimit, quia exemplum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lineae temporales clausae|lineas temporales clausas|en|qid=Q1876815}} admittit. == Historia == Ernestus Mach in libro anno [[1883]] edito {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}} ({{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}}) suam doctrinam primum exposuit.<ref name="mach-1883" /> Similes sententiae etiam in libris [[Georgius Berkeleius|Georgii Berkeleii]] philosophi ante eum reperiebantur.<ref name="berkeleius-1721">{{qc|Berkeleius, 1721}}.</ref> Post Mach, liber {{Op|Motus absolutus an relativus?}} a fratribus [[Benedictus Friedlaender|Benedicto Friedlaender]] et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Immanuel Friedlaender|Immanuele Friedlaender|de|qid=Q89222}} anno [[1896]] editus nonnullas ideas principio Machiano similes continebat.<ref>{{qc|Friedlaender, 1896}}.</ref> == De usu Einsteiniano principii == Est in theoria relativitatis quaestio fundamentalis: si omnis motus est relativus, quomodo corporum [[inertia]] mensurari potest? Inertia enim respectu alicuius rei metienda est; sed cuius respectu si [[particula]]m solam in universo omnino vacuo fingamus? Nonnulli putabant talem particulam nullum motum lineare habere posse. Ita principium Machianum interdum intellegitur sententia omnino nullum motum, ne rotatorium quidem, tribui posse nisi alia corpora adsint. Sic ipse Mach scripsit: {{Folium memoratum| Experimentum [[Isaacus Newtonus|Newtonianum]] aquae in [[vas]]e volventis hoc tantum docet: vertiginem relativam aquae respectu [[paries|parietum]] vasis nullas [[vis centrifuga|vires centrifugas]] notabiles excitare; eas autem ex vertigine relativa respectu massae [[Tellus|Telluris]] ceterorumque corporum caelestium oriri. Nemini licet dicere quomodo experimentum finiturum esset si parietes vasis spissiores spissioresque atque graviores fierent, ac denique plurium [[mille passus|milium passuum]] crassitudinem haberent. Unum tantum experimentum nobis conceditur, atque illud cum ceteris rebus nobis cognitis, non tamen cum figmentis nostris arbitrariis, componere debemus. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Ernestus Mach]] ([[1883]]). {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}}.<ref>{{qc|Mach, 1883}}, [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ/page/216/mode/2up pp. 216–217]. [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=de|Der Versuch Newton's mit dem rotirenden Wassergefäss lehrt nur, dass die Relativdrehung des Wassers gegen die Gefässwände keine merklichen Centrifugalkräfte weckt, dass dieselben aber durch die Relativdrehung gegen die Masse der Erde und die übrigen Himmelskörper geweckt werden. Niemand kann sagen, wie der Versuch verlaufen würde, wenn die Gefässwände immer dicker und massiger, zuletzt mehrere Meilen dick würden. Es liegt nur der eine Versuch vor, und wir haben denselben mit den übrigen uns bekannten Thatsachen, nicht aber mit unsern willkürlichen Dichtungen in Einklang zu bringen.}}”</ref> }} Albertus Einstein fere hoc sensu videtur principium intellexisse: {{Ipse dixit|Inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oritur.|[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{*Cfr}} A. Einstein, “Hoch geehrter Herr Kollege!”, [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]], apud {{qc|Wolters, 1987}}, p. 151, et apud {{qc|Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973}}, p. 544: “{{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur.” [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=de|{{omissis}} es ergibt sich mit Notwendigkeit, daß die Trägheit in einer Art Wechselwirkung der Körper ihren Ursprung hat, ganz im Sinne Ihrer Überlegungen zum Newtonschen Eimer-Versuch {{omissis}} Rotiert die Schale {{mvar|S}} um eine durch ihren Mittelpunkt gehende Achse (relativ zum System der Fixsterne/‚Restsystem‘), so entsteht im Innern der Schale ein Coriolis-Feld, d. h. die Ebene des Foucault-Pendels wird (mit einer allerdings praktisch unmeßbar kleinen Geschwindigkeit) mitgenommen.}}”|2=Q178841|name=epistula-25-iunii-1913}}}} Nonnulla principii Machiani enuntiata cum [[holismus|holismo]] conectuntur. Mach enim intellegi potest suasisse ut theoriae gravitatis ad {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|relationalismus|doctrinas relationalisticas|en|qid=Q2142479}} pertinerent. Einstein in physicam hodiernam principium introduxit dum theoriam relativitatis generalis elaborabat; ipse etiam dicitur locutionem “principium Machianum” primus finxisse. Multum disputatur verene Mach novam legem physicam proponere voluerit, quoniam nusquam aperte enuntiavit. Scriptum quo Einstein maxime commotus est fuit liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}},<ref name="mach-1883" /> in quo philosophus doctrinam Newtonianam de {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium tempusque absoluti|spatio absoluto|en|qid=Q19314}} refutavit, praesertim exsistentiam cuiusdam electi [[systema relationum|systematis relationum]] quod e celebri {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|argumentum Newtonianum vasis|argumento Newtoniano vasis|en|qid=Q2585683}} oriebatur. Newtonus in suis {{Op|[[Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica|Philosophiae naturalis principiis mathematicis]]}} demonstrare conatus erat rotationem absolutam dignosci posse propter {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|vis ficticia|vires ficticias|en|qid=Q212126}} quae tantummodo in rotatione absoluta inveniuntur. Nam si vas aquā plenum volvitur, aqua primitus quiescet, deinde vasis motus aquae communicabitur, quae curvabitur atque propter vim centrifugam ad margines ascendet. Hoc experimentum demonstrat vires centrifugas non oriri nisi aqua respectu spatii absoluti rotetur (quod hic per systema relationum [[Tellus|Telluris]], vel potius {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|stellae fixae|stellarum fixarum|en|qid=Q430297}}, repraesentatur); contra autem, quum vas respectu aquae vertatur, nullae vires centrifugae gignuntur, quod indicat aquam quietam esse respectu spatii absoluti. Ex hoc Newtonus conclusit vires centrifugas e rotatione respectu spatii absoluti oriri. In libro suo Mach scribit experimentum tantummodo demonstrare nullas vires centrifugas oriri dum aqua quoad vas movetur; non licere tamen scire quid accideret si parietes vasis immensum augerentur. Itaque, secundum Mach, notio motūs absoluti deserenda est atque omnis motus, sive uniformis sive acceleratus, tantummmodo respectu aliorum corporum intellegi potest ({{*ie}} non satis est dicere aquam rotari, sed necesse est determinare utrum respectu vasis an respectu Telluris rotetur). Hac ratione, ficticiae vires, quae motūs relativos ab “absolutis” distinguere videntur, nihil aliud censendae sunt nisi effectūs peculiaris asymmetriae, in systemate nostro relationum exstantis, inter corpora quae in motum ponimus, quae parva sunt (velut vasa), et corpora quae quiescere credimus (velut Tellus et stellae remotae), quae illis sunt multum maiora gravioraque. Similem opinionem iam [[Georgius Berkeleius]] in opere {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|De Motu (Berkeleius)|De Motu|en|qid=Q171280}}}} defenderat.<ref name="berkeleius-1721" /> Haec physica ratio inertiam corporum ita determinare debeat ut gravia remotaque corpora universi ad vires inertiales maxime conferant. Nescitur tamen verene Mach novam legem physicam de corporibus gravibus proponere voluerit; verisimilius nihil proposuit nisi simplicem “motūs in spatio redescriptionem”<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|Redescription of motion in space as experiences that do not invoke the term ‘space’}}”.</ref> quin vocabulum spatii adhiberet. Scitur tamen pro certo Einstein illa verba sic interpretatum esse, quasi quaedam nova actio physica inter corpora exsisteret, ut postea longa disputatio orta sit. Plerique physici censent Mach suum principium in theoriam physicam exactam, quae explicaret quomodo remota sidera inertiam corporum afficere possint, numquam redegisse. Ipse Mach principium suum numquam clare definivit.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 9–57.</ref> Quamquam Einstein eo maxime inspiratus est, principium Machianum non habetur fundamentum necessarium theoriae relativitatis generalis, licet tamen {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|principium aequivalentiae||en|qid=Q210546}} inter massam gravitationalem atque inertialem sit magnopere fundamentale. == De principio Machiano in theoria relativitatis generalis == Quum in theoria relativitatis generalis notiones simplices [[spatium|spatii]] [[tempus|temporis]]<nowiki />que non iam valeant, etiam obscurius fit quid “principium Machianum” proprie significetur. Saltem viginti et unum enuntiata principii proposita sunt, quorum alia putantur “magis Machiana” aliis.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 530.</ref> Enuntiatum debilissimum imponit motum materiei ubilibet afficere quae systemata inertialia adhibenda sint alibi. Einstein, antequam theoriam relativitatis generalis perfecisset, effectum invēnit quem interpretatus est principium Machianum probare: concedatur magnam [[sphaera]]m cavam erga stellas fixas volvi; tum systema inertiale intra sphaeram cavam descriptum incipiet respectu stellarum fixarum [[praecessio|praecessare]]. Hic effectus nunc “[[spatii temporisque tractio]]” appellatur, atque praesertim formā rotatoriā (“{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus|effectu Lensiano–Thirringiano|en|qid=Q11083519}}” appellatā) principio Machiano simillimus est. Einstein hac inventione adeo delectatus est ut Ernesto Mach hocmodo scriberet: {{Folium memoratum| {{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].<ref name="epistula-25-iunii-1913" /> }} Effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus certe satisfacit notioni generali secundum quam “materies alibi sita hic afficit inertiam”:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}, p. 121.</ref> nam si sphaera cava materiei abesset aut non volveretur, planum penduli non traheretur. Intra contextum huius effectūs sententia quoque secundum quam inertia “ex quadam interactione inter corpora” oritur putari potest vera. Quaestio tamen profundior videtur esse ipsa existentia “stellarum fixarum”, quas Einstein tractavit systema externum. Physici hodierni vestigia principii Machiani in “{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|problema valorum initialium|problemate valorum initialium|en|qid=Q10167591}}” agnoscunt. Forma fortior principii Machiani ad spatitempora Wheeleriana–Machiana–Einsteiniana pertinet, quae postulant ut spatiumtempus sit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatium compactum|spatialiter compactum|en|qid=Q381892}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatitempus globaliter hyperbolicum|globaliter hyperbolicum|en|qid=Q5570942}}. In talibus universis principium Machianum sic enuntiari potest: ''distributio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor energiae momentique|tensoris energiae momentique|en|qid=Q876346}} materiei [[campus physicus|camporum]]<nowiki />que (fortasse etiam aliarum rerum), quodam tempore universi visa, systema inertiale in quolibet puncto universi determinat (ubi “quoddam tempus universi” ad quamlibet {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|superficies Cauchyana|superficiem Cauchyanam|en|qid=Q5054343}} electam refertur).<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 188–207.</ref> Alii quoque conati sunt theorias quam maxime Machianas construere, sicut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana|Theoriam Bransianam–Dickeanam|en|qid=Q898809}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana|Theoriam gravitatis Hoyleanam–Narlikarianam|en|qid=Q17027715}}; sed plerique physici censent nullam ex his fuisse prosperam. In conventu peritorum [[Tubinga]]e anno [[1993]] habito, quum quaereretur “Estne relativitas generalis plene Machiana?”, tres responderunt “ita”, viginti duo “non”. Ad quaestionem “Estne relativitas generalis, condicionibus marginalibus aptis, valde Machiana?”, quattuordecim responderunt “ita”, septem “non”.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 106.</ref> Einstein tamen persuasus erat relativitatem inertiae necessario validae theoriae gravitatis continendam esse: {{Folium memoratum| Adeo vehementer illo tempore Einstein relativitati inertiae credebat ut anno [[1918]] tria principia quibus theoriae gravitatis satisfaciendum erat pari dignitate statuerit: # Principium relativitatis, per covariantiam generalem expressum. # Principium aequivalentiae. # Principium Machianum (quo vocabulo tum primum in litteris adhibito): “{{omissis}} ita ut quantitates {{mvar|g_μν}} omnino massā corporum, generalius tensore {{mvar|T_μν}}, determinentur.” Anno [[1922]], quum Einstein animadvertisset alios contentos esse sine hoc [tertio] criterio procedere, hoc addidit: “Haec beatitudo videbitur incomprehensibilis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|posteri|posteris|en|qid=Q954025}}.” Dicendum est, ut ego videre possum, principium Machianum usque ad hunc diem nullo modo [[physica]]m provexisse. Dicendum quoque est originem inertiae esse manereque obscurissimum caput in [[physica particularum elementarium|theoria particularum]] et [[theoria quantica camporum|camporum]]. Itaque fortasse principium Machianum fructuosum fieri poterit, sed non sine theoria quantica. }}{{Norma dextra| ―{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Abrahamus Pais||en|qid=Q330492}} ([[1972]]). {{Op|‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein}}.<ref>{{qc|Pais, 2005 [1982]}}, pp. 287–288. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|So strongly did Einstein believe at that time in the relativity of inertia that in 1918 he stated as being on an equal footing three principles on which a satisfactory theory of gravitation should rest:}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of relativity as expressed by general covariance.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of equivalence.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|Mach's principle (the first time this term entered the literature): ... that the ''g_µν'' are completely determined by the mass of bodies, more generally by ''T_µν''.}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|In 1922, Einstein noted that others were satisfied to proceed without this [third] criterion and added, ‘This contentedness will appear incomprehensible to a later generation however.’}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|It must be said that, as far as I can see, to this day, Mach's principle has not brought physics decisively farther. It must also be said that the origin of inertia is and remains the most obscure subject in the theory of particles and fields. Mach's principle may therefore have a future—but not without the quantum theory.}}”</ref> }} == De inductione inertiali numerice descripta == Anno [[1953]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Dionysius Gulielmus Sciama||en|qid=Q284336}}, physicus [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Cantabrigiensis]], principium Machianum in theoriam quantitativam de origine inertiae redigere conatus est.<ref>{{*Cfr}} {{qc|Sciama, 1953}}, p. 38: “Nam in motu rectilineo leges Newtonianas motūs et gravitatis ita coniunctas reperimus, ut ratio inertiae principio Machiano definiatur.” [[Lingua Anglica|Angl.]] ''“Indeed we obtain for rectilinear motion a combination of Newton's laws of motion and of gravitation, with the inertial frame determined by Mach's principle.”'' Ibid. etiam “Aequatio (6) indicat [[constans gravitatis|constantem gravitatis]] in quolibet loco totā vi gravitatis ibi exstante determinari, itaque e distributione materiei in universo pendere.” [[Lingua Anglica|Angl.]] ''“Equation (6) implies that the gravitational constant at any point is determined by the total gravitational potential at that point, and so by the distribution of matter in the universe.”''</ref> In commentatione sua {{op|On the Origin of Inertia}}<ref>{{qc|Sciama, 1953}}.</ref> proposuit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemata inertialia|en|qid=Q192735}} localia motu et universi maxima compage ita definiri, ut inertia non sit lineamentum materiei omnino proprium, sed e commercio eius cum reliqua universi materie oriatur. Sciama, ad theoriam simpliciorem construendam, [[spatitempus Minkowskianum|spatitempore Minkowskiano]] et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|potentiale vectoriale|potentiali vectoriali|en|qid=Q521126}} usus est, deinde posuit totum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|campus gravitationale||en|qid=Q558066}}, qui e reliqua universi materie oriretur, in systemate relationum cuiusque corporis quiescentis nullum esse. Hinc censuit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|vis ficticia|vires ficticiae|en|qid=Q212126}} ex eo gravitatis campo oriri qui respectu corporis movetur. Praecipuum effectum, quem {{barbarice|lingua=en|inertia-induction}} appellavit,<ref>[[Lingua Anglica|Angl.]] “inertia-induction”. {{qc|Sciama, 1953}}, p. 36.</ref> Sciama e variatione potentialis vectorialis {{math|d{{vect|A}}/d{{mvar|t}}}} deduxit.<ref name="sciama-1953-p39">{{qc|Sciama, 1953}}, p. 39.</ref> Secundum eius theoriam, materiei contributio ad inertiam localem tantummodo secundum distantiae rationem {{math|1/{{mvar|r}}}} decrescit; quare materies longissime remota maiorem partem huius effectūs efficit quam materies propior. Sciama aestimavit circiter {{cent|99|acc|f}} inertiae localis e materie ultra 10⁸ annos luce mensos distante oriri.<ref name="sciama-1953-p39" /> E suis praeterea aequationibus Sciama relationem : <math>G\Phi = -c^2</math> deduxit,<ref>{{qc|Sciama, 1953}}, p. 38.</ref> ubi {{mvar/G}} [[constans gravitatis|constantem gravitatis]], {{math|Φ}} potentiale gravitatis universi, atque {{mvar/c}} [[celeritas lucis|celeritatem lucis in vacuo]] significant. Hanc relationem interpretatus est potentiale gravitatis totius universi, ac proinde distributionem materiei in eo, valorem constantis {{mvar/G}} determinare. Ex eadem relatione, unā cum hypothesi de universi maxima compage, etiam rationem inter [[densitas|densitatem]] mediam universi eiusque magnitudinem deduxit. Theoria tamen a Sciama proposita exemplaris tantum instar erat. Ipse enim monuit eam incompletam esse: ad motus generales describendos non satis esse motum rectilineum et rotationem uniformem tractare, sed etiam opus esse potentiale tensoriale potius quam vectoriale computare. Ideo se pleniorem theoriam in commentatione subsequente propositurum esse promisit. In expositione quantitativa huius interpretationis a Sciama propositae, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Amitabha Ghosh||en|qid=Q100934185}} physicus [[India|Indicus]], [[lex universalis gravitationis Newtoniana|aequationi Newtonianae gravitatis]] terminum accelerationi proportionalem addendo, sic vim, accelerationi relativae proportionalem, definivit:<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Ghosh | nomen auctoris = Amitabha | titulus = Extension of Mach’s Principle and Cosmological Consequences }} in {{qc|Sachs & Roy, 2003}}, p. 14, eq. (1).</ref> : <math>F = G\frac{m_A m_B \mathbf{a}}{r c^2}</math> ubi {{mvar|m_A}} et {{mvar|m_B}} [[massa]]s particularum, {{mvar|r}} [[spatium]] inter particulas, {{mvar/G}} [[constans gravitatis|constantem gravitatis]], {{vect|a}} [[acceleratio]]nem relativam, atque {{mvar/c}} [[celeritas lucis|celeritatem lucis in vacuo]] significant. == De variis principii enuntiatis == Sententia secundum quam “massa alibi sita inertiam hic afficit” multis modis expressa est. [[Hermannus Bondi]] et Iosephus Samuel undecim formulas collegerunt, quas a ''Mach0'' usque ad ''Mach10'' nominaverunt:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}.</ref> # <li value="0">Universum, secundum mediocrem motum galaxiarum remotorum, quoad systemata inertialia localia videtur non volvi.</li> # [[Constans gravitatis|Constans gravitatis Newtoniana]] {{mvar/G}} est campus dynamicus. # Corpus isolatum in spatio alioquin vacuo nullam inertiam percipit. # Systemata inertialia localia motu cosmico atque uniformitate materiei afficiuntur. # Universum est spatialiter clausum. # [[Energia]] totalis, momentum angulare et [[momentum|momentum lineare]] universi nulla sunt. # Massa inertialis uniformitate materiei universi afficitur. # Si tota materies tollatur, nullum spatium remaneat. # Quantitas <math>\Omega\ \stackrel{\text{def}}{=}\ 4 \pi \rho G T^2</math> est numerus definitus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ordo magnitudinis|ordinis|en|qid=Q518730}} [[unus|unitatis]], ubi {{mvar|ρ}} densitatem mediam universi atque {{mvar|T}} {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tempus Hubbleanum||fr|qid=Q3517760}} indicant. # Theoria nulla elementa absoluta continet. # Rotationes et translationes rigidae universi observari nequeunt. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Barbour & Pfister, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen redactoris 1 = Barbour | nomen redactoris 1 = Iulianus B. | cognomen redactoris 2 = Pfister | nomen redactoris 2 = Herbertus | titulus = Mach's principle: from Newton's bucket to quantum gravity | lingua = en | annus = 1995 | series = Einstein Studies | volumen seriei = 6 | locus = [[Bostonia]]e | domus editoria = Birkhäuser | url = https://sites.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/papers/MachPrinciple.pdf | isbn = 978-3-7643-3823-7 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Berkeleius, 1721 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Berkeleius | nomen auctoris = Georgius | commentatio de auctore = Georgius Berkeleius | titulus = De motu; sive, de motus principio et natura, et de causa communicationis motuum | annus = 1721 | locus = [[Londinium|Londinii]] | domus editoria = Iacobus Tonson | url = https://archive.org/details/b30774299 | url forma pdf = https://archive.org/download/b30774299/b30774299.pdf }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Bondi & Samuel, 1997 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Bondi | nomen auctoris 1 = Hermannus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Hermannus Bondi | cognomen auctoris 2 = Samuel | nomen auctoris 2 = Iosephus | titulus = The Lense–Thirring Effect and Mach's Principle | contextus = Physics Letters A | volumen = 228 | fasciculus = 3 | annus = 1997 | paginae = 121–126 | bibcode = 1997PhLA..228..121B | doi = 10.1016/S0375-9601(97)00117-5 | s2cid = 15625102 | arxiv = gr-qc/9607009 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Hawking & Ellis, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Hawking | nomen auctoris 1 = Stephanus Gulielmus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Stephanus Hawking | cognomen auctoris 2 = Ellis | nomen auctoris 2 = Georgius Franciscus Rainerius | titulus = The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time | lingua = en | tempus = 1973 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | url = https://archive.org/details/largescalestruct0000hawk | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-521-09906-4 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Friedlaender, 1896 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 1 = Benedictus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Benedictus Friedlaender | cognomen auctoris 2 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 2 = Immanuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Absolute oder relative Bewegung? | lingua = de | latine = Motus absolutus an relativus? | annus = 1896 | url = https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/BDVFSWTJNPOFICKAE2RVF2RNEGFRA67K | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]] | domus editoria = Leonhardus Simion }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen = Gasco | nomen = Enricus | titulus = Il contributo di Mach sull'origine dell'inerzia | lingua = it | latine = Conlatio Machiana ad originem inertiae | contextus = Quaderni di Storia della Fisica | volumen = 12 | paginae = 17–34 | annus = 2004 | url = https://www.vielbein.it/pdf/Articoli/Articolo.pdf | retrospectio = 20260518054822 | salus url = vivit | doi = 10.1393/qsf/i2003-10001-6 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Mach, 1883 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Mach | nomen auctoris = Ernestus Valfridus Josephus Venceslaus | commentatio de auctore = Ernestus Mach | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt | lingua = de | latine = Mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita | annus = 1883 | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ | locus = [[Lipsia]]e | domus editoria = F. A. Brockhaus }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Misner | nomen auctoris 1 = Carolus Gulielmus | cognomen auctoris 2 = Thorne | nomen auctoris 2 = Kip Stephanus | commentatio de auctore 2 = Kip Thorne | cognomen auctoris 3 = Wheeler | nomen auctoris 3 = Ioannes Archibaldus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Gravitation | annus = 1973 | domus editoria = W. H. Freeman and Company | locus = [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopoli]] | url = https://physicsgg.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/misner_thorne_wheeler_gravitation_freema.pdf | retrospectio = 20240728193849 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 0-7167-0344-0 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Pais, 2005 [1982] | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Pais | nomen auctoris = Abrahamus | titulus = ‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein | annus primae editionis = 1982 | annus = 2005 | domus editoria = Oxford University Press | locus = [[Oxonia]]e | url = https://horizons-2000.org/92.%20Misc%20Files/Reading/Subtle%20is%20the%20Lord--Abraham%20pais.pdf | retrospectio = 20250607173909 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 978-0-19-280672-7 }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen 1 = Pfister | nomen 1 = Herbertus | cognomen 2 = King | nomen 2 = Marcus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Inertia and Gravitation: The Fundamental Nature and Structure of Space-Time | series = Lecture Notes in Physics | volumen seriei = 897 | annus = 2015 | locus = Heidelberg | domus editoria = Springer | doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-15036-9 | isbn = 978-3-319-15035-2 }}. * {{Opus | auctor 1 = Raine, D. J. | titulus = Mach's Principle in general relativity | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 171 | fasciculus = 3 | tempus = 1975 | paginae = 507–528 | bibcode = 1975MNRAS.171..507R | doi = 10.1093/mnras/171.3.507 | accessus ad doi = liberus }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Sachs & Roy, 2003 | c = {{Opus | cognomen redactoris 1 = Sachs | nomen redactoris 1 = Mendel | cognomen redactoris 2 = Roy | nomen redactoris 2 = Akhil Ranjan | titulus = Mach's Principle and the Origin of Inertia | annus = 2003 | domus editoria = Apeiron | locus = [[Mons Regius|Monte Regio]] | isbn = 978-0973291100 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Sciama, 1953 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = On the origin of inertia | lingua = en | latine = De origine inertiae | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 113 | paginae = 34–42 | url = https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953MNRAS.113...34S | url forma pdf = https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1953MNRAS.113...34S | annus = 1953 | annus compositionis = 1952 | doi = 10.1093/mnras/113.1.34 | bibcode = 1953MNRAS.113...34S }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = Modern Cosmology | tempus = 1971 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | locus = [[Cantabrigia]]e | url = https://archive.org/details/moderncosmology0000scia | accessus ad url = sociis | oclc = 6931707 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Von Bayer, 2001 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Von Bayer | nomen auctoris = Iohannes Christianus | titulus = The Fermi Solution: Essays on Science | lingua = en | annus = 2001 | domus editoria = Courier Dover Publications | isbn = 0-486-41707-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Weinberg, 1972 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Weinberg | nomen auctoris = Stephanus | commentatio de auctore = Stephanus Weinberg | titulus = Gravitation and Cosmology | lingua = en | annus = 1972 | domus editoria = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboraco]], [[Londinium|Londinii]], [[Sydneium|Sydneii]], [[Torontum|Toronti]] | url = https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0 | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-471-92567-5 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Wolters, 1987 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Wolters | nomen auctoris = Gereon | titulus = Mach I, Mach II, Einstein und die Relativitätstheorie: eine Fälschung und ihre Folgen | lingua = de | annus = 1987 | domus editoria = Walter de Gruyter | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboracum]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qg-hpQnob-cC | isbn = 9783110108255 }} }}. {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Aether luminifer]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Historia theoriae relativitatis generalis||en|qid=Q1936878}} * [[Inertia]] * [[Relativitas generalis]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Rotatio absoluta||en|qid=Q4669833}} * [[Spatii temporisque tractio]] * [[Spatitempus]] * [[Systema relationum]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}} * [[Vis centrifuga]] {{div col end}} [[Categoria:Astronomia]] [[Categoria:Ernestus Mach]] [[Categoria:Albertus Einstein]] [[Categoria:Notiones in physica]] [[Categoria:Theoriae gravitationis]] [[Categoria:Rotatio]] [[Categoria:Philosophia]] [[Categoria:Physica]] apen5qky28jrgo378x1xzxlsjwngk30 3980574 3980573 2026-08-11T18:01:35Z Grufo 64423 /* De inductione inertiali numerice descripta */ 3980574 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Ernst Mach, Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwickelung.svg|thumb|Liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}} ([[Theodisce]] {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}})<ref name="mach-1883">{{qc|Mach, 1883}}.</ref>]] In [[physica theoretica]], praesertim in disputationibus de theoriis [[gravitas (physica)|gravitatis]], {{res|principium Machianum}} seu {{res|coniectura Machiana}}<ref>{{qc|Von Bayer, 2001}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC&dq=mach's+conjecture&pg=PA79 p. 79].</ref> appellatur hypothesis vaga quam [[Albertus Einstein]] [[Ernestus Mach|Ernesto Mach]], [[physicus|physico]] [[philosophus|philosopho]]<nowiki />que [[Austria]]co, attribuit, quae explicare conatur quomodo res [[rotatio|volventes]]—exempli gratia [[gyroscopium|gyroscopia]] vel [[corpus caeleste|corpora caelestia]]—ad [[systema relationum]] referantur. Secundum talem coniecturam, [[exsistentia]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|rotatio absoluta|rotationis absolutae|en|qid=Q4669833}}—quae distinctionem inter localia {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemata inertialia|en|qid=Q192735}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum volvens|systemata volventia|en|qid=Q3310692}} infert—a distributione universali [[materies|materiei]] pendet, ut hoc exemplum illustrat: {{Folium memoratum| Primum consiste atque sine ad latera tua [[bracchium|bracchia]] pendere laxa. Observa ut [[sidus|sidera]] fere immota maneant et bracchia tua fere recta deorsum pendeant. Deinde volve te ipsum ipsamve; sidera circa [[zenith]] volvi videbuntur, simulque bracchia tua [[vis centrifuga|vi centrifuga]] sursum trahentur. Profecto esset casus mirabilis si systema relationum inertiale, in quo tua bracchia libere pendebant, idem esset ac systema relationum in quo sidera quiescunt fixa, nisi aliqua interactio inter sidera et te exsisteret quae tuum systema relationum determinaret inertiale. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Stephanus Weinberg]] ([[1972]]). {{Op|Gravitation and Cosmology}}.<ref>{{qc|Weinberg, 1972}}, [https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0/page/16/mode/2up p. 17]. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=en|First stand still, and let your arms hang loose at your sides. Observe that the stars are more or less unmoving, and that your arms hang more or less straight down. Then pirouette. The stars will seem to rotate around the zenith, and at the same time your arms will be drawn upward by centrifugal force. It would surely be a remarkable coincidence if the inertial frame, in which your arms hung freely, just happened to be the reference frame in which typical stars are at rest, unless there were some interaction between the stars and you that determined your inertial frame.}}”</ref> }} Principium Machianum statuit hanc rem non esse fortuitam, sed potius quandam exsistere {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lex physica|legem|de|qid=Q214070}} quae [[motus|motum]] siderum remotissimorum cum locali {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemate inertiali|en|qid=Q192735}} conectit. Nam si omnia sidera circa observatorem videntur circumagi, Mach censuit aliquam vim physicam efficere ut observator [[vis centrifuga|vim centrifugam]] sentiat. Hinc varia enuntiata principii, saepe vaga, orta sunt, velut: “[[massa]] alibi sita hic afficit [[inertia]]m”. Formula generalissima principii est: {{Ipse dixit| Leges physicae locales maximā compagine universi determinantur. |[[Stephanus Hawking|Hawking]] & {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Georgius Franciscus Rainerius Ellis|Ellis|en|qid=Q5538966}} ([[1973]]). {{Op|The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time}}.<ref>{{qc|Hawking & Ellis, 1973}}, p. 1. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|Local physical laws are determined by the large-scale structure of the universe}}”.</ref> }} Suasio Machiana magni momenti fuit in [[theoria relativitatis generalis|theoriae relativitatis generalis]] Einsteinianae ortu. Einstein enim intellexit distributionem universam materiei {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor metricus (theoria relativitatis)|tensorem metricum|en|qid=Q2045231}} determinare posse quo definiatur quid systema quoad rotationem quiescere putetur. In nonnullis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|solutiones exactae in theoria relativitatis generalis|solutionibus theoriae relativitatis generalis|en|qid=Q5419229}}, [[spatii temporisque tractio]] atque conservatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|momentum angulare|momenti angularis|en|qid=Q161254}} gravitationalis sic efficiunt ut hoc verum sit. Attamen, quum ipsum principium sit vagum, multae formulae diversae propositae sunt quae “principia Machiana” vocari possunt, quarum nonnullae commenticiae putantur. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Metrica Gödeliana||en|qid=Q1559192}} universi volventis exemplum praebet quod principium Machianum quam maxime violare videtur. In tali enim exemplo sidera remota eo celerius celeriusque volvi videntur quo longius distent. Contradictio tamen quaestionem validitatis principii Machiani omnino non dirimit, quia exemplum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lineae temporales clausae|lineas temporales clausas|en|qid=Q1876815}} admittit. == Historia == Ernestus Mach in libro anno [[1883]] edito {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}} ({{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}}) suam doctrinam primum exposuit.<ref name="mach-1883" /> Similes sententiae etiam in libris [[Georgius Berkeleius|Georgii Berkeleii]] philosophi ante eum reperiebantur.<ref name="berkeleius-1721">{{qc|Berkeleius, 1721}}.</ref> Post Mach, liber {{Op|Motus absolutus an relativus?}} a fratribus [[Benedictus Friedlaender|Benedicto Friedlaender]] et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Immanuel Friedlaender|Immanuele Friedlaender|de|qid=Q89222}} anno [[1896]] editus nonnullas ideas principio Machiano similes continebat.<ref>{{qc|Friedlaender, 1896}}.</ref> == De usu Einsteiniano principii == Est in theoria relativitatis quaestio fundamentalis: si omnis motus est relativus, quomodo corporum [[inertia]] mensurari potest? Inertia enim respectu alicuius rei metienda est; sed cuius respectu si [[particula]]m solam in universo omnino vacuo fingamus? Nonnulli putabant talem particulam nullum motum lineare habere posse. Ita principium Machianum interdum intellegitur sententia omnino nullum motum, ne rotatorium quidem, tribui posse nisi alia corpora adsint. Sic ipse Mach scripsit: {{Folium memoratum| Experimentum [[Isaacus Newtonus|Newtonianum]] aquae in [[vas]]e volventis hoc tantum docet: vertiginem relativam aquae respectu [[paries|parietum]] vasis nullas [[vis centrifuga|vires centrifugas]] notabiles excitare; eas autem ex vertigine relativa respectu massae [[Tellus|Telluris]] ceterorumque corporum caelestium oriri. Nemini licet dicere quomodo experimentum finiturum esset si parietes vasis spissiores spissioresque atque graviores fierent, ac denique plurium [[mille passus|milium passuum]] crassitudinem haberent. Unum tantum experimentum nobis conceditur, atque illud cum ceteris rebus nobis cognitis, non tamen cum figmentis nostris arbitrariis, componere debemus. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Ernestus Mach]] ([[1883]]). {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}}.<ref>{{qc|Mach, 1883}}, [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ/page/216/mode/2up pp. 216–217]. [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=de|Der Versuch Newton's mit dem rotirenden Wassergefäss lehrt nur, dass die Relativdrehung des Wassers gegen die Gefässwände keine merklichen Centrifugalkräfte weckt, dass dieselben aber durch die Relativdrehung gegen die Masse der Erde und die übrigen Himmelskörper geweckt werden. Niemand kann sagen, wie der Versuch verlaufen würde, wenn die Gefässwände immer dicker und massiger, zuletzt mehrere Meilen dick würden. Es liegt nur der eine Versuch vor, und wir haben denselben mit den übrigen uns bekannten Thatsachen, nicht aber mit unsern willkürlichen Dichtungen in Einklang zu bringen.}}”</ref> }} Albertus Einstein fere hoc sensu videtur principium intellexisse: {{Ipse dixit|Inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oritur.|[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{*Cfr}} A. Einstein, “Hoch geehrter Herr Kollege!”, [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]], apud {{qc|Wolters, 1987}}, p. 151, et apud {{qc|Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973}}, p. 544: “{{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur.” [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=de|{{omissis}} es ergibt sich mit Notwendigkeit, daß die Trägheit in einer Art Wechselwirkung der Körper ihren Ursprung hat, ganz im Sinne Ihrer Überlegungen zum Newtonschen Eimer-Versuch {{omissis}} Rotiert die Schale {{mvar|S}} um eine durch ihren Mittelpunkt gehende Achse (relativ zum System der Fixsterne/‚Restsystem‘), so entsteht im Innern der Schale ein Coriolis-Feld, d. h. die Ebene des Foucault-Pendels wird (mit einer allerdings praktisch unmeßbar kleinen Geschwindigkeit) mitgenommen.}}”|2=Q178841|name=epistula-25-iunii-1913}}}} Nonnulla principii Machiani enuntiata cum [[holismus|holismo]] conectuntur. Mach enim intellegi potest suasisse ut theoriae gravitatis ad {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|relationalismus|doctrinas relationalisticas|en|qid=Q2142479}} pertinerent. Einstein in physicam hodiernam principium introduxit dum theoriam relativitatis generalis elaborabat; ipse etiam dicitur locutionem “principium Machianum” primus finxisse. Multum disputatur verene Mach novam legem physicam proponere voluerit, quoniam nusquam aperte enuntiavit. Scriptum quo Einstein maxime commotus est fuit liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}},<ref name="mach-1883" /> in quo philosophus doctrinam Newtonianam de {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium tempusque absoluti|spatio absoluto|en|qid=Q19314}} refutavit, praesertim exsistentiam cuiusdam electi [[systema relationum|systematis relationum]] quod e celebri {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|argumentum Newtonianum vasis|argumento Newtoniano vasis|en|qid=Q2585683}} oriebatur. Newtonus in suis {{Op|[[Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica|Philosophiae naturalis principiis mathematicis]]}} demonstrare conatus erat rotationem absolutam dignosci posse propter {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|vis ficticia|vires ficticias|en|qid=Q212126}} quae tantummodo in rotatione absoluta inveniuntur. Nam si vas aquā plenum volvitur, aqua primitus quiescet, deinde vasis motus aquae communicabitur, quae curvabitur atque propter vim centrifugam ad margines ascendet. Hoc experimentum demonstrat vires centrifugas non oriri nisi aqua respectu spatii absoluti rotetur (quod hic per systema relationum [[Tellus|Telluris]], vel potius {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|stellae fixae|stellarum fixarum|en|qid=Q430297}}, repraesentatur); contra autem, quum vas respectu aquae vertatur, nullae vires centrifugae gignuntur, quod indicat aquam quietam esse respectu spatii absoluti. Ex hoc Newtonus conclusit vires centrifugas e rotatione respectu spatii absoluti oriri. In libro suo Mach scribit experimentum tantummodo demonstrare nullas vires centrifugas oriri dum aqua quoad vas movetur; non licere tamen scire quid accideret si parietes vasis immensum augerentur. Itaque, secundum Mach, notio motūs absoluti deserenda est atque omnis motus, sive uniformis sive acceleratus, tantummmodo respectu aliorum corporum intellegi potest ({{*ie}} non satis est dicere aquam rotari, sed necesse est determinare utrum respectu vasis an respectu Telluris rotetur). Hac ratione, ficticiae vires, quae motūs relativos ab “absolutis” distinguere videntur, nihil aliud censendae sunt nisi effectūs peculiaris asymmetriae, in systemate nostro relationum exstantis, inter corpora quae in motum ponimus, quae parva sunt (velut vasa), et corpora quae quiescere credimus (velut Tellus et stellae remotae), quae illis sunt multum maiora gravioraque. Similem opinionem iam [[Georgius Berkeleius]] in opere {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|De Motu (Berkeleius)|De Motu|en|qid=Q171280}}}} defenderat.<ref name="berkeleius-1721" /> Haec physica ratio inertiam corporum ita determinare debeat ut gravia remotaque corpora universi ad vires inertiales maxime conferant. Nescitur tamen verene Mach novam legem physicam de corporibus gravibus proponere voluerit; verisimilius nihil proposuit nisi simplicem “motūs in spatio redescriptionem”<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|Redescription of motion in space as experiences that do not invoke the term ‘space’}}”.</ref> quin vocabulum spatii adhiberet. Scitur tamen pro certo Einstein illa verba sic interpretatum esse, quasi quaedam nova actio physica inter corpora exsisteret, ut postea longa disputatio orta sit. Plerique physici censent Mach suum principium in theoriam physicam exactam, quae explicaret quomodo remota sidera inertiam corporum afficere possint, numquam redegisse. Ipse Mach principium suum numquam clare definivit.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 9–57.</ref> Quamquam Einstein eo maxime inspiratus est, principium Machianum non habetur fundamentum necessarium theoriae relativitatis generalis, licet tamen {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|principium aequivalentiae||en|qid=Q210546}} inter massam gravitationalem atque inertialem sit magnopere fundamentale. == De principio Machiano in theoria relativitatis generalis == Quum in theoria relativitatis generalis notiones simplices [[spatium|spatii]] [[tempus|temporis]]<nowiki />que non iam valeant, etiam obscurius fit quid “principium Machianum” proprie significetur. Saltem viginti et unum enuntiata principii proposita sunt, quorum alia putantur “magis Machiana” aliis.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 530.</ref> Enuntiatum debilissimum imponit motum materiei ubilibet afficere quae systemata inertialia adhibenda sint alibi. Einstein, antequam theoriam relativitatis generalis perfecisset, effectum invēnit quem interpretatus est principium Machianum probare: concedatur magnam [[sphaera]]m cavam erga stellas fixas volvi; tum systema inertiale intra sphaeram cavam descriptum incipiet respectu stellarum fixarum [[praecessio|praecessare]]. Hic effectus nunc “[[spatii temporisque tractio]]” appellatur, atque praesertim formā rotatoriā (“{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus|effectu Lensiano–Thirringiano|en|qid=Q11083519}}” appellatā) principio Machiano simillimus est. Einstein hac inventione adeo delectatus est ut Ernesto Mach hocmodo scriberet: {{Folium memoratum| {{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].<ref name="epistula-25-iunii-1913" /> }} Effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus certe satisfacit notioni generali secundum quam “materies alibi sita hic afficit inertiam”:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}, p. 121.</ref> nam si sphaera cava materiei abesset aut non volveretur, planum penduli non traheretur. Intra contextum huius effectūs sententia quoque secundum quam inertia “ex quadam interactione inter corpora” oritur putari potest vera. Quaestio tamen profundior videtur esse ipsa existentia “stellarum fixarum”, quas Einstein tractavit systema externum. Physici hodierni vestigia principii Machiani in “{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|problema valorum initialium|problemate valorum initialium|en|qid=Q10167591}}” agnoscunt. Forma fortior principii Machiani ad spatitempora Wheeleriana–Machiana–Einsteiniana pertinet, quae postulant ut spatiumtempus sit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatium compactum|spatialiter compactum|en|qid=Q381892}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatitempus globaliter hyperbolicum|globaliter hyperbolicum|en|qid=Q5570942}}. In talibus universis principium Machianum sic enuntiari potest: ''distributio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor energiae momentique|tensoris energiae momentique|en|qid=Q876346}} materiei [[campus physicus|camporum]]<nowiki />que (fortasse etiam aliarum rerum), quodam tempore universi visa, systema inertiale in quolibet puncto universi determinat (ubi “quoddam tempus universi” ad quamlibet {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|superficies Cauchyana|superficiem Cauchyanam|en|qid=Q5054343}} electam refertur).<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 188–207.</ref> Alii quoque conati sunt theorias quam maxime Machianas construere, sicut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana|Theoriam Bransianam–Dickeanam|en|qid=Q898809}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana|Theoriam gravitatis Hoyleanam–Narlikarianam|en|qid=Q17027715}}; sed plerique physici censent nullam ex his fuisse prosperam. In conventu peritorum [[Tubinga]]e anno [[1993]] habito, quum quaereretur “Estne relativitas generalis plene Machiana?”, tres responderunt “ita”, viginti duo “non”. Ad quaestionem “Estne relativitas generalis, condicionibus marginalibus aptis, valde Machiana?”, quattuordecim responderunt “ita”, septem “non”.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 106.</ref> Einstein tamen persuasus erat relativitatem inertiae necessario validae theoriae gravitatis continendam esse: {{Folium memoratum| Adeo vehementer illo tempore Einstein relativitati inertiae credebat ut anno [[1918]] tria principia quibus theoriae gravitatis satisfaciendum erat pari dignitate statuerit: # Principium relativitatis, per covariantiam generalem expressum. # Principium aequivalentiae. # Principium Machianum (quo vocabulo tum primum in litteris adhibito): “{{omissis}} ita ut quantitates {{mvar|g_μν}} omnino massā corporum, generalius tensore {{mvar|T_μν}}, determinentur.” Anno [[1922]], quum Einstein animadvertisset alios contentos esse sine hoc [tertio] criterio procedere, hoc addidit: “Haec beatitudo videbitur incomprehensibilis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|posteri|posteris|en|qid=Q954025}}.” Dicendum est, ut ego videre possum, principium Machianum usque ad hunc diem nullo modo [[physica]]m provexisse. Dicendum quoque est originem inertiae esse manereque obscurissimum caput in [[physica particularum elementarium|theoria particularum]] et [[theoria quantica camporum|camporum]]. Itaque fortasse principium Machianum fructuosum fieri poterit, sed non sine theoria quantica. }}{{Norma dextra| ―{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Abrahamus Pais||en|qid=Q330492}} ([[1972]]). {{Op|‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein}}.<ref>{{qc|Pais, 2005 [1982]}}, pp. 287–288. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|So strongly did Einstein believe at that time in the relativity of inertia that in 1918 he stated as being on an equal footing three principles on which a satisfactory theory of gravitation should rest:}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of relativity as expressed by general covariance.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of equivalence.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|Mach's principle (the first time this term entered the literature): ... that the ''g_µν'' are completely determined by the mass of bodies, more generally by ''T_µν''.}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|In 1922, Einstein noted that others were satisfied to proceed without this [third] criterion and added, ‘This contentedness will appear incomprehensible to a later generation however.’}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|It must be said that, as far as I can see, to this day, Mach's principle has not brought physics decisively farther. It must also be said that the origin of inertia is and remains the most obscure subject in the theory of particles and fields. Mach's principle may therefore have a future—but not without the quantum theory.}}”</ref> }} == De inductione inertiali numerice descripta == Anno [[1953]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Dionysius Gulielmus Sciama||en|qid=Q284336}}, physicus [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Cantabrigiensis]], principium Machianum in theoriam quantitativam de origine inertiae redigere conatus est.<ref>{{*Cfr}} {{qc|Sciama, 1953}}, p. 38: “Nam in motu rectilineo leges Newtonianas motūs et gravitatis ita coniunctas reperimus, ut ratio inertiae principio Machiano definiatur.” [[Lingua Anglica|Angl.]] ''“Indeed we obtain for rectilinear motion a combination of Newton's laws of motion and of gravitation, with the inertial frame determined by Mach's principle.”'' Ibid. etiam “Aequatio (6) indicat [[constans gravitatis|constantem gravitatis]] in quolibet loco totā vi gravitatis ibi exstante determinari, itaque e distributione materiei in universo pendere.” [[Lingua Anglica|Angl.]] ''“Equation (6) implies that the gravitational constant at any point is determined by the total gravitational potential at that point, and so by the distribution of matter in the universe.”''</ref> In commentatione sua {{op|On the Origin of Inertia}}<ref>{{qc|Sciama, 1953}}.</ref> proposuit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemata inertialia|en|qid=Q192735}} localia motu et universi maxima compage ita definiri, ut inertia non sit lineamentum materiei omnino proprium, sed e commercio eius cum reliqua universi materie oriatur. Sciama, ad theoriam simpliciorem construendam, [[spatitempus Minkowskianum|spatitempore Minkowskiano]] et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|potentiale vectoriale|potentiali vectoriali|en|qid=Q521126}} usus est, deinde posuit totum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|campus gravitationale||en|qid=Q558066}}, qui e reliqua universi materie oriretur, in systemate relationum cuiusque corporis quiescentis nullum esse. Hinc censuit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|vis ficticia|vires ficticiae|en|qid=Q212126}} ex eo gravitatis campo oriri qui respectu corporis movetur. Praecipuum effectum, quem {{barbarice|lingua=en|inertia-induction}} appellavit,<ref>[[Lingua Anglica|Angl.]] “inertia-induction”. {{qc|Sciama, 1953}}, p. 36.</ref> Sciama e variatione potentialis vectorialis {{math|d{{vect|A}}/d{{mvar|t}}}} deduxit.<ref name="sciama-1953-p39">{{qc|Sciama, 1953}}, p. 39.</ref> Secundum eius theoriam, materiei contributio ad inertiam localem tantummodo secundum distantiae rationem {{math|1/{{mvar|r}}}} decrescit; quare materies longissime remota maiorem partem huius effectūs efficit quam materies propior. Sciama aestimavit circiter {{cent|99|acc|f}} inertiae localis e materie ultra 10⁸ annos luce mensos distante oriri.<ref name="sciama-1953-p39" /> E suis praeterea aequationibus Sciama relationem : <math>G\Phi = -c^2</math> deduxit,<ref>{{qc|Sciama, 1953}}, p. 38.</ref> ubi {{mvar/G}} [[constans gravitatis|constantem gravitatis]], {{math|Φ}} potentiale gravitatis universi, atque {{mvar/c}} [[celeritas lucis|celeritatem lucis in vacuo]] significant. Hanc relationem interpretatus est potentiale gravitatis totius universi, ac proinde distributionem materiei in eo, valorem constantis {{mvar/G}} determinare. Ex eadem relatione, unā cum hypothesi de universi maxima compage, etiam rationem inter [[densitas|densitatem]] mediam universi eiusque magnitudinem deduxit. Theoria tamen a Sciama proposita exemplare tantum instar erat. Ipse enim monuit eam incompletam esse: ad motus generales describendos non satis esse motum rectilineum et rotationem uniformem tractare, sed etiam opus esse potentiale tensoriale potius quam vectoriale computare. Ideo se pleniorem theoriam in commentatione subsequente propositurum esse promisit. In expositione quantitativa huius interpretationis a Sciama propositae, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Amitabha Ghosh||en|qid=Q100934185}} physicus [[India|Indicus]], [[lex universalis gravitationis Newtoniana|aequationi Newtonianae gravitatis]] terminum accelerationi proportionalem addendo, sic vim, accelerationi relativae proportionalem, definivit:<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Ghosh | nomen auctoris = Amitabha | titulus = Extension of Mach’s Principle and Cosmological Consequences }} in {{qc|Sachs & Roy, 2003}}, p. 14, eq. (1).</ref> : <math>F = G\frac{m_A m_B \mathbf{a}}{r c^2}</math> ubi {{mvar|m_A}} et {{mvar|m_B}} [[massa]]s particularum, {{mvar|r}} [[spatium]] inter particulas, {{mvar/G}} [[constans gravitatis|constantem gravitatis]], {{vect|a}} [[acceleratio]]nem relativam, atque {{mvar/c}} [[celeritas lucis|celeritatem lucis in vacuo]] significant. == De variis principii enuntiatis == Sententia secundum quam “massa alibi sita inertiam hic afficit” multis modis expressa est. [[Hermannus Bondi]] et Iosephus Samuel undecim formulas collegerunt, quas a ''Mach0'' usque ad ''Mach10'' nominaverunt:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}.</ref> # <li value="0">Universum, secundum mediocrem motum galaxiarum remotorum, quoad systemata inertialia localia videtur non volvi.</li> # [[Constans gravitatis|Constans gravitatis Newtoniana]] {{mvar/G}} est campus dynamicus. # Corpus isolatum in spatio alioquin vacuo nullam inertiam percipit. # Systemata inertialia localia motu cosmico atque uniformitate materiei afficiuntur. # Universum est spatialiter clausum. # [[Energia]] totalis, momentum angulare et [[momentum|momentum lineare]] universi nulla sunt. # Massa inertialis uniformitate materiei universi afficitur. # Si tota materies tollatur, nullum spatium remaneat. # Quantitas <math>\Omega\ \stackrel{\text{def}}{=}\ 4 \pi \rho G T^2</math> est numerus definitus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ordo magnitudinis|ordinis|en|qid=Q518730}} [[unus|unitatis]], ubi {{mvar|ρ}} densitatem mediam universi atque {{mvar|T}} {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tempus Hubbleanum||fr|qid=Q3517760}} indicant. # Theoria nulla elementa absoluta continet. # Rotationes et translationes rigidae universi observari nequeunt. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Barbour & Pfister, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen redactoris 1 = Barbour | nomen redactoris 1 = Iulianus B. | cognomen redactoris 2 = Pfister | nomen redactoris 2 = Herbertus | titulus = Mach's principle: from Newton's bucket to quantum gravity | lingua = en | annus = 1995 | series = Einstein Studies | volumen seriei = 6 | locus = [[Bostonia]]e | domus editoria = Birkhäuser | url = https://sites.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/papers/MachPrinciple.pdf | isbn = 978-3-7643-3823-7 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Berkeleius, 1721 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Berkeleius | nomen auctoris = Georgius | commentatio de auctore = Georgius Berkeleius | titulus = De motu; sive, de motus principio et natura, et de causa communicationis motuum | annus = 1721 | locus = [[Londinium|Londinii]] | domus editoria = Iacobus Tonson | url = https://archive.org/details/b30774299 | url forma pdf = https://archive.org/download/b30774299/b30774299.pdf }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Bondi & Samuel, 1997 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Bondi | nomen auctoris 1 = Hermannus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Hermannus Bondi | cognomen auctoris 2 = Samuel | nomen auctoris 2 = Iosephus | titulus = The Lense–Thirring Effect and Mach's Principle | contextus = Physics Letters A | volumen = 228 | fasciculus = 3 | annus = 1997 | paginae = 121–126 | bibcode = 1997PhLA..228..121B | doi = 10.1016/S0375-9601(97)00117-5 | s2cid = 15625102 | arxiv = gr-qc/9607009 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Hawking & Ellis, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Hawking | nomen auctoris 1 = Stephanus Gulielmus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Stephanus Hawking | cognomen auctoris 2 = Ellis | nomen auctoris 2 = Georgius Franciscus Rainerius | titulus = The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time | lingua = en | tempus = 1973 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | url = https://archive.org/details/largescalestruct0000hawk | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-521-09906-4 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Friedlaender, 1896 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 1 = Benedictus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Benedictus Friedlaender | cognomen auctoris 2 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 2 = Immanuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Absolute oder relative Bewegung? | lingua = de | latine = Motus absolutus an relativus? | annus = 1896 | url = https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/BDVFSWTJNPOFICKAE2RVF2RNEGFRA67K | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]] | domus editoria = Leonhardus Simion }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen = Gasco | nomen = Enricus | titulus = Il contributo di Mach sull'origine dell'inerzia | lingua = it | latine = Conlatio Machiana ad originem inertiae | contextus = Quaderni di Storia della Fisica | volumen = 12 | paginae = 17–34 | annus = 2004 | url = https://www.vielbein.it/pdf/Articoli/Articolo.pdf | retrospectio = 20260518054822 | salus url = vivit | doi = 10.1393/qsf/i2003-10001-6 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Mach, 1883 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Mach | nomen auctoris = Ernestus Valfridus Josephus Venceslaus | commentatio de auctore = Ernestus Mach | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt | lingua = de | latine = Mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita | annus = 1883 | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ | locus = [[Lipsia]]e | domus editoria = F. A. Brockhaus }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Misner | nomen auctoris 1 = Carolus Gulielmus | cognomen auctoris 2 = Thorne | nomen auctoris 2 = Kip Stephanus | commentatio de auctore 2 = Kip Thorne | cognomen auctoris 3 = Wheeler | nomen auctoris 3 = Ioannes Archibaldus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Gravitation | annus = 1973 | domus editoria = W. H. Freeman and Company | locus = [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopoli]] | url = https://physicsgg.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/misner_thorne_wheeler_gravitation_freema.pdf | retrospectio = 20240728193849 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 0-7167-0344-0 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Pais, 2005 [1982] | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Pais | nomen auctoris = Abrahamus | titulus = ‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein | annus primae editionis = 1982 | annus = 2005 | domus editoria = Oxford University Press | locus = [[Oxonia]]e | url = https://horizons-2000.org/92.%20Misc%20Files/Reading/Subtle%20is%20the%20Lord--Abraham%20pais.pdf | retrospectio = 20250607173909 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 978-0-19-280672-7 }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen 1 = Pfister | nomen 1 = Herbertus | cognomen 2 = King | nomen 2 = Marcus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Inertia and Gravitation: The Fundamental Nature and Structure of Space-Time | series = Lecture Notes in Physics | volumen seriei = 897 | annus = 2015 | locus = Heidelberg | domus editoria = Springer | doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-15036-9 | isbn = 978-3-319-15035-2 }}. * {{Opus | auctor 1 = Raine, D. J. | titulus = Mach's Principle in general relativity | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 171 | fasciculus = 3 | tempus = 1975 | paginae = 507–528 | bibcode = 1975MNRAS.171..507R | doi = 10.1093/mnras/171.3.507 | accessus ad doi = liberus }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Sachs & Roy, 2003 | c = {{Opus | cognomen redactoris 1 = Sachs | nomen redactoris 1 = Mendel | cognomen redactoris 2 = Roy | nomen redactoris 2 = Akhil Ranjan | titulus = Mach's Principle and the Origin of Inertia | annus = 2003 | domus editoria = Apeiron | locus = [[Mons Regius|Monte Regio]] | isbn = 978-0973291100 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Sciama, 1953 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = On the origin of inertia | lingua = en | latine = De origine inertiae | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 113 | paginae = 34–42 | url = https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953MNRAS.113...34S | url forma pdf = https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1953MNRAS.113...34S | annus = 1953 | annus compositionis = 1952 | doi = 10.1093/mnras/113.1.34 | bibcode = 1953MNRAS.113...34S }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = Modern Cosmology | tempus = 1971 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | locus = [[Cantabrigia]]e | url = https://archive.org/details/moderncosmology0000scia | accessus ad url = sociis | oclc = 6931707 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Von Bayer, 2001 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Von Bayer | nomen auctoris = Iohannes Christianus | titulus = The Fermi Solution: Essays on Science | lingua = en | annus = 2001 | domus editoria = Courier Dover Publications | isbn = 0-486-41707-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Weinberg, 1972 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Weinberg | nomen auctoris = Stephanus | commentatio de auctore = Stephanus Weinberg | titulus = Gravitation and Cosmology | lingua = en | annus = 1972 | domus editoria = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboraco]], [[Londinium|Londinii]], [[Sydneium|Sydneii]], [[Torontum|Toronti]] | url = https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0 | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-471-92567-5 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Wolters, 1987 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Wolters | nomen auctoris = Gereon | titulus = Mach I, Mach II, Einstein und die Relativitätstheorie: eine Fälschung und ihre Folgen | lingua = de | annus = 1987 | domus editoria = Walter de Gruyter | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboracum]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qg-hpQnob-cC | isbn = 9783110108255 }} }}. {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Aether luminifer]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Historia theoriae relativitatis generalis||en|qid=Q1936878}} * [[Inertia]] * [[Relativitas generalis]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Rotatio absoluta||en|qid=Q4669833}} * [[Spatii temporisque tractio]] * [[Spatitempus]] * [[Systema relationum]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}} * [[Vis centrifuga]] {{div col end}} [[Categoria:Astronomia]] [[Categoria:Ernestus Mach]] [[Categoria:Albertus Einstein]] [[Categoria:Notiones in physica]] [[Categoria:Theoriae gravitationis]] [[Categoria:Rotatio]] [[Categoria:Philosophia]] [[Categoria:Physica]] gz3chedls4xti4c5pnvokovoyu8rs4k 1 326752 3980759 3973218 2026-08-12T08:10:45Z Grufo 64423 /* Die 19 Iulii 2026 — Estne haec pagina delenda? */ Pagina deleta est 3980759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Auctores conexi | usor = Alec Smithson | interdictio = globalis | recensuit = nihil | tempus = 20260719181916 | recensio = 3972900 }} == Die 19 Iulii 2026 — Estne haec pagina delenda? == <!-- Noli haec verba removere si formula die 19 Iulii 2026 hora 18:27:38 petita nondum forma finali patescit. -->{{Disputatio petitoria Vicipaediae|Delenda|20260719182738}} Etiamsi pictor vero exsistit, pagina mihi videtur esse spammifera, ab Alec Smithson scripta. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:29, 19 Iulii 2026 (UTC) :Yes please. [[Usor:A09|A09]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:A09|disputatio]]) 19:58, 20 Iulii 2026 (UTC) {{Conclusio|Pagina deleta est. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:10, 12 Augusti 2026 (UTC)}} nnkz5hp1qzg6qu5s1zvvoas81jr6q9r 3980760 3980759 2026-08-12T08:13:00Z Grufo 64423 3980760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Auctores conexi | usor = Alec Smithson | interdictio = globalis | recensuit = nihil | tempus = 20260719181916 | recensio = 3972900 }} == Die 19 Iulii 2026 — Estne haec pagina delenda? == <!-- Noli haec verba removere si formula die 19 Iulii 2026 hora 18:27:38 petita nondum forma finali patescit. -->{{Disputatio petitoria Vicipaediae|Delenda|20260719182738}} Etiamsi pictor vero exsistit, pagina mihi videtur esse spammifera, ab Alec Smithson scripta. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:29, 19 Iulii 2026 (UTC) :Yes please. [[Usor:A09|A09]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:A09|disputatio]]) 19:58, 20 Iulii 2026 (UTC) :: Paginam delevi --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:10, 12 Augusti 2026 (UTC) jwmhyy07et7nudnlp7i0g319c94pdp5 3980761 3980760 2026-08-12T08:13:09Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Disputationes orbae|Disputationes orbae]]}} 3980761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Disputationes orbae}} {{Auctores conexi | usor = Alec Smithson | interdictio = globalis | recensuit = nihil | tempus = 20260719181916 | recensio = 3972900 }} == Die 19 Iulii 2026 — Estne haec pagina delenda? == <!-- Noli haec verba removere si formula die 19 Iulii 2026 hora 18:27:38 petita nondum forma finali patescit. -->{{Disputatio petitoria Vicipaediae|Delenda|20260719182738}} Etiamsi pictor vero exsistit, pagina mihi videtur esse spammifera, ab Alec Smithson scripta. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:29, 19 Iulii 2026 (UTC) :Yes please. [[Usor:A09|A09]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:A09|disputatio]]) 19:58, 20 Iulii 2026 (UTC) :: Paginam delevi --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:10, 12 Augusti 2026 (UTC) rbdwekikkatxp98jqzxohn4n553ejni 0 326812 3980639 3976759 2026-08-11T21:03:57Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980639 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Mactan-harbour.jpg|thumb|[[Portus]] Mactanensis.]] {{res|Mactan}}<ref>{{*Cfr}} {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Asiaticus | nomen auctoris = Marcus Flavius | titulus = Magellanus abhinc annos quingentos mortem obiit | contextus = Ephemeris | commentatio de contextu = Ephemeris (diarium interretiale) | annus = 2021 | url = https://ephemerisnuntii.eu/historia.php?id=1294 | retrospectio = 20250116181806 | salus url = obiit }}: “Ibi—in insula {{lectio|Mactan}}, ut accuratius dicam, [[Caebua]]e insulae {{omissis}}”. Adiectivum "Mactanensis -e": vide nomen biologicum ''[[:fr:Montipora mactanensis|Montipora mactanensis]]''.</ref><ref>{{*Cfr}} {{Opus | cognomen auctricis 1 = Lanza | nomen auctricis 1 = Clarissa | cognomen auctoris 2 = Tolino | nomen auctoris 2 = Andrea | cognomen redactricis = Mattera | nomen redactricis = Lucia | titulus = De “Typo Universali” Sebastiani Munster | genus = compositio scholastica | annus = 2020 | mensis = 5 | pagina = 4 | url = http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/mattera/Munsterii%20mundus.pdf | domus editoria = Schola “F. De Sanctis” | locus = [[Fanum Sancti Angeli de Langobardis|Fani Sancti Angeli de Langobardis]] }}: “{{omissis}} in insula {{lectio|Mactan}} in [[1521]].”</ref> ({{pns}}) est [[insula]] ante [[oriens|orientale]] [[litus]] [[Caebua]]num, in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mactan (provincia)|provincia eiusdem nominis|en|qid=Q841}} in [[Philippinae|Philippinis]] sita. Inter municipia [[Corduba (Caebua)|Cordubae]] et Lapu-Lapu dividitur. Cum insula Caebua duobus magnis [[pons|pontibus]] coniungitur, scilicet a Ponte Marcelli Fernan et Ponte Mactan-Mandaue. In insula situs est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aeroportus Internationalis Mactan-Caebuanus||en|qid=Q1048704}}, secundus a maximo Philippinarum quod ad [[commeatus|commeatum]] pertinet. [[Industria]] et [[peregrinatio]] sunt fundamenta hodiernae Mactan [[oeconomia]]e. ==Historia== Anno [[1521]], [[Ferdinandus Magellanus]], dux expeditionis Hispanicae quae [[via]]m maritimam ad [[Moluccae|Moluccas]] quaerebat, hic appulit, atque a [[bellum|bellatoribus]] cuiusdam [[Lapulapu]], [[Datu|principis indigenarum]], interfectus est. Quare expeditio, ab [[Ioannes Sebastianus Elcano|Ioanne Sebastiano Elcano]] duci perrecta, [[iter]] perfecit. == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Proelium Mactanense]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Mactan|Mactan}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160703052029/http://www.swaen.com/antique-map-image-of.php?id=1191 Charta] {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Insulae Philippinarum]] sngrg63476v18wyg8jrfz3eopjxiwgf 0 327189 3980503 3977477 2026-08-11T15:42:24Z Grufo 64423 Recensiones a conlatore [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40315-17|~2026-40315-17]] ([[User talk:~2026-40315-17|Disputatio]]) factas in superiorem redactionem a conlatore [[User:Jondel|Jondel]] factam restitui 3977472 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Ribot Theodule The Cook And The Cat-1.jpg|thumb|Archimagirus]] {{res|Archimagirus}}{{MLAL ref|chef|228|.cook chef, head cook}}([[Graece]] ἀρχιμάγειρος, archimágeiros) est [[coquus]] qui, saepe peculiarem {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|mos coquendi|morem coquendi|en|qid=Q1778821}} vel [[ars coquinaria|artem coquinariam]] sequens, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|professio|professione|en|qid=Q28640}} vel [[ars|arte]] opera dat. In [[caupona]] archimagirus culinae praeest et peritissimus est [[cibum|cibis]] praeparandis. Tirocinium archimagiri e schola vel e magistro coquo in [[culina]] oriri potest. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * [https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/chef Britannica.Chef.Augustus.2026] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Chefs|Archimagirum}} {{stipula}} [[Categoria:Ars coquinaria]] [[Categoria:Cibus]] [[Categoria:Homines per munera digesti]] [[Categoria:Munera]] ryev9hct783f2qfsfaci98r54o6pw9c 3980507 3980503 2026-08-11T15:45:28Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3980507 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Ribot Theodule The Cook And The Cat-1.jpg|thumb|Archimagirus]] {{res|Archimagirus}}{{MLAL ref|chef|228|.cook chef, head cook}} ([[Graece]] {{Graece|ἀρχιμάγειρος}}, archimágeiros) est [[coquus]] qui, saepe peculiarem {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|mos coquendi|morem coquendi|en|qid=Q1778821}} vel [[ars coquinaria|artem coquinariam]] sequens, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|professio|professione|en|qid=Q28640}} vel [[ars|arte]] opera dat. In [[caupona]] archimagirus culinae praeest et peritissimus est [[cibum|cibis]] praeparandis. Tirocinium archimagiri e schola vel e magistro coquo in ipsa [[culina]] oriri potest. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Opus | titulus = Chef: Definition & Meaning | domus editoria = Britannica Dictionary | url = https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/chef }} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Chefs|Archimagirum}} {{stipula}} [[Categoria:Ars coquinaria]] [[Categoria:Cibus]] [[Categoria:Homines per munera digesti]] [[Categoria:Munera]] hm9hxd3ahqktadv4w4dtyxmvk7pvju1 0 327239 3980640 3976757 2026-08-11T21:04:21Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{Pellicula | Imago = | Titulus = Emergência Radioativa | Latinus titulus = Emergentia Radioactiva | Annus = [[2026]] | Moderator = Ferdinandus Coimbra<br />Iberus Carvalho | Scriptor = Gustavus Lipsztein<br />Ferdinandus Coimbra<br />Raphael Spinola<br />Stephania Degreas<br />Ferdinandus Garrido | Actores = [[Ioannes Massaro]]<br />Paulus Gorgulho<br />Iosephus Andrada<br />Bukassa Kabengele<br />Anna Costa<br />Antonius Savoy<br />Leandra Leal | Dies editionis = [[18 Martii]] [[2026]] | Natio = [[Brasilia]] | Lingua = [[Lusitanice]] }} [[Fasciculus:02010019 radioactive cesium source Goiânia accident.jpg|thumb|left|Fons [[radioactivitas|radioactivus]] in casu [[Goiania]]e.]] {{ores|Emergência Radioativa}} ('Discrimen [[radioactivitas|radioactivitatis]]') est [[drama]]tica [[series televisifica]] [[Lusitane]] acta et a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gustavus Lipsztein|Gustavo Lipsztein|en|qid=Q124879641}} in [[Brasilia]] anno [[2026]] disposita. Quae [[fabula]], [[Goiania]]e posita, casum [[Caesium|caesii-137]] in urbe dicto anno [[1987]] accidentem [[narratio|enarrat]]. == Nexus externi == * {{IMDb title|37041021}} * [https://www.netflix.com/br/title/81696429 ''Emergência Radioativa''] apud [[Netflix]] {{ling|Lusitanice}} {{cine-stipula}} [[Categoria:Programmata televisifica 2026]] [[Categoria:Series televisificae]] 5w69ijml8dgexwg24bhcmhki5j3xexx 0 327304 3980632 3977590 2026-08-11T20:56:09Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Nathan Vesleius Everest}} (vulgo ''Wesley''; natus Novoburgi in [[Oregonia]] die [[29 Decembris]] [[1890]]; necatus [[Centralia (Vasingtonia)|Centraliae]] in [[Vasintonia (civitas)|Vasingtonia]] die [[11 Novembris]] [[1919]]) fuit [[lignator]] et [[miles]] [[CFA|Americanus]]. In [[Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum|exercitu]] per [[primum bellum mundanum]] militavit, [[Vancuverium (Vasingtonia)|Vancuverii]] in Vasingtonia collocatus, [[picea]]m ad [[aeroplanum|aeroplana]] adhibendam transformans. Post bellum, [[Industrial Workers of the World|Wobblus]] fuit. A [[Legio Americana|Legione Americana]] post necem cuiusdam Dale Hubbard legionarii necatus est. {{NexInt}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tragoedia Centraliana||en|qid=Q5062182}} == Bibliographia == * Burrows, A. (2003). [https://www.historylink.org/File/5605 Four men die in the Centralia Massacre on November 11, 1919.] ''HistoryLink''. * Chaplin, R. (2019). [http://archive.lib.msu.edu/AFS/dmc/radicalism/public/all/centraliaconspiracy/AEO.html ''The Centralia Conspiracy'']. [[Universitas Civica Michiganensis]]. * Hinchcliff, C. (2009). [https://www.historylink.org/File/8908 Seven Wobblies involved in the Centralia Massacre are convicted of second-degree murder on March 13, 1920.] ''HistoryLink''. {{bio-stipula}} {{Anni vitae|1890|1919|Everest, Vesleius}} [[Categoria:Incolae Oregoniae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Vasingtoniae civitatis]] [[Categoria:Necati]] [[Categoria:Socii Industrial Workers of the World]] pg4ckwxyg3yj6h4ev8dva82btr8cd4a 0 327369 3980653 3977914 2026-08-11T21:16:16Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina discretiva nominis}} {{Nomen | imago = Milan Kundera (cropped).jpg | capitulum = [[Milanus Kundera]], scriptor Cechoslovacus | genus = Masculinum | origo = Slavica | significatio = “gratiosus” }} {{res|Milanus}}<ref>"Milanus Hodzsa, novus praefectus gubernio Cechoslovaciae, natione Slovacus"; ''Iuventus'', ann. XX, n. 4 (Budapestini, 1930): 58 [https://arxlatina.org/pegmata/periodica/iuventus/Iuventus.1935.ann20.num04.Id_Dec.avent.pdf].</ref> est [[praenomen]] masculinum Slavicum (vulgo ''Milan'', in [[Alphabetum Cyrillicum|alphabeto Cyrillico]] Милан scriptum): e vocabulo Slavico antiquo ''milŭ'' (id est 'gratiosus') originem ducit.<ref name=":03">''Behind the Name'', s.v. "[https://www.behindthename.com/name/milan Milan]". {{Ling|Anglice}}.</ref> '''[[Milena]]''' est forma muliebris praenominis. ''Milan'' etiam nomen Anglicum municipii Italiani [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] est.<ref name=":03" /> == Homines == * [[Milanus Baroš]] * [[Milanus Jovanović]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Milanus Kučan||sl|qid=Q194443}} * [[Milanus Kundera]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Milanus Rastislavus Štefánik||sk|qid=Q319962}} == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Praenomina masculina]] 54vyok4vp358wbpo3zh8tuziyu9130m 0 327478 3980458 3980245 2026-08-11T13:03:01Z Neander 1973 3980458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pellicula | Imago = Paris Cinéma Le Louxor 7194.JPG | Titulus = Hiroshima, mon amour | Latinus titulus = Hirosima, mea amata | Annus = [[1959]] | Moderator = [[Alanus Resnais]] | Scriptor = {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Margarita Duras||fr|qid=Q153248}} | Actores = {{Series versibus dissaepta | {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Emmanuela Riva||fr|qid=Q436996}} | {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Eitsi Okada||fr|qid=Q139253}} }} | Compositor = | Duratio = 99 minuta | Lingua = [[Lingua Francogallica|Francogallica]] }} {{ores|Hiroshima, mon amour}} (‘Hirosima, mea amata’) est pellicula Franco-Iaponica ab [[Alanus Resnais|Alano Resnais]] anno [[1959]] disposita. Quod opus aenigmaticum, in scripto {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Margarita Duras|Margaritae Duras|fr|qid=Q153248}} positum, motum [[Nova unda Francica|Novae undae Francicae]] incohavit, una cum [[Franciscus Truffaut|Francisci Truffaut]] {{Op|[[Les Quatre cents coups (pellicula 1959)|Les Quatre cents coups]]}} ([[1959]]) et [[Ioannes Lucas Godard|Ioannis Lucae Godard]] {{Op|[[À bout de souffle (pellicula 1960)|À bout de souffle]]}} ([[1960]]). In nova et moribus veterum insolita narratione cinematographica, quaedam mulier iuvenis Francica brevem sed cupidum amorem in virum Iaponensem incipit. Utrique acerbis belli memoriis vexantur, quae per frustula imaginum mentalium aperiuntur et repetuntur. == Synopsis == In pellicula, duo amantes memoriis coniunguntur et separantur. Ambobus reminiscendi et simul obliviscendi opus est. Resnais '''memorias publicas''' a '''memoriis privatis''' distinguere videtur. Magnae res, quibus ipsi non implicamur, quadam necessitate in oblivionem coniciuntur, et procedente tempore, ita aliorum doloribus torpescimus, ut vel tempus terentes [[castra carceralia]] placatis animis visere possimus. Nihilo minus, contumeliae nobis ipsis factae in mentibus manent, et nobis animi habitum ad eos, quos nos offendisse sentimus, perpetuo adficiunt. Quantumvis meminisse conamur mortium [[Iudaei|Iudaeorum]] in [[Auschwitz (castra carceralia)|Auschwitz]], vel oblivisci volumus contumeliarum cotidianarum, nihil prodesse videmur. Profecto, arduum est homini suum percipere [[egocentrismus|egocentrismum]]. == De psychologia pelliculae == In pellicula de duabus agitur tragoediis: de clade [[Hirosima]]e, et de crudelibus eventis [[Nivernum|Niverni]] factis. Puella Hirosimam non alter quam rem generalem cognoscere potuit, cum ibi visitatrix versata esset. At paene nihil intellexerat, quamquam photographemata viderat et testimonia expertorum legerat. Non enim calamitati adfuerat, neque infantem deformem umquam portaverat, neque explosione parentes suos amiserat. Iaponensis autem ipse rem expertus est, quamquam non in suo corpore. Mulier quodam sensu tragoediam eius invasit, nam ubi illa museum se visitasse memoravit, constat viro, quid musei visitatio illa mulieri significaverit: nihil nisi spectaculum quoddam praeteriens, quod vix "sentire" potuit. [[Experientia]] cum [[empathia]] compensari non potest. Et vir ab Niverni experientia mulieris aeque distat. Cogitat enim solum de pulchro verbo Francogallico agi.<ref>Ward 1968.</ref> Amantes vehementi laborant desiderio se in mutuam fidem committendi. Iaponensi non solum opus est plus de Niverno scire. sed etiam necessitas sentire se aliquid tale de puella scire, quod illa ne marito quidem narravit. Vir se Niverni causa demum illam nosse dicit. Sed hac scientia non intellegit se in discordiam cum muliere adduci, cum mariti ignorantià fiat, ut illa lenius vivere possit. Quo magis Iaponensis mulierem, ut secreta sua revelet, premit, eo magis illa viri in praeteritum suum incursione offenditur. Iaponensis de Niverno audire vult, quia sentiat mulierem ibi coepisse eam esse puellam, quae hodie est. Sed illa se in fidem eius committere recusat. Quae memoria dolorosa ad illam solam pertinet. Etiam idcirco recusat, quia sensu conscio rei oblita est. Iam initio pelliculae mulier hoc confitetur. Etiam cum praeterita sua intellegit arte coniuncta esse cum eo, quod nunc Hirosimae experitur, conscia est se sua intentione praeterita recreare non posse. Ubi primum recordata est, voluntaria non utitur memoria, sed similitudine quadam inevitabili, quae amores Germani et Iaponensis pervadit. Etiam memoria Niverni, quippe quam separavit, dolorosa est, nam eam cum vita sua nondum reconciliavit. Amator Germanicus mortuus cum amatore Iaponico vivo in illa vivit. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Ward, John (1968) ''Alain Resnais : or, The theme of time.'' Secker & Warburg. [[Categoria:Pelliculae 1959]] 9w2mkfzifvojze4kd2pd9rnc6s30a65 10 327581 3980511 3980404 2026-08-11T15:50:58Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3980511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula substituibilis|...}} {{Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur|Formula:Assenserunt/styles.css}} {{Lua|Params}} {{Compendia substitutionis|+1}} Haec formula est tantummodo via celeris ad approbationem in paginis disputationis dandam. == De usu == Si approbationem tuam celeriter dare vis, tibi sufficiet post verba alterius usoris hoc addere: : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:+1}}</syntaxhighlight> :: ↳ {{Assenserunt|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}} {{Ast}} Haec formula infinita argumenta accipit, sed '''numquam oportet argumenta manu scribere'''. Exempli gratia, concede usorem “UsorExemplaris” haec verba scripsisse: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">:: Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres --[[Usor:UsorExemplaris|UsorExemplaris]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:UsorExemplaris|disputatio]]) 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</syntaxhighlight> [[Auxilium:Substitutio|Substitutio]] <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:Assenserunt}}</syntaxhighlight> seu <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:+1}}</syntaxhighlight> post verba <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</syntaxhighlight> tibi scribenda erit: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">...|disputatio]]) 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) {{subst:+1}}</syntaxhighlight> Concede nomen tuum esse “Marcus” et horas esse 19:11:35 15 diei Aprilis 2026; tum hoc eveniet: : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) {{subst:+1}}</syntaxhighlight> :: ↳ (Vicitextus divulgatus:) <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: ↳ ... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}} Nunc autem concede iam alii sententiam usoris exemplaris approbaverunt; si etiam nomen tuum addere vis, tibi sufficiet tantummodo in locum verbi “Assenserunt” verba “subst:Assenserunt” (vel “subst:+1”) substituere: : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{subst:Assenserunt|Alexander=2026-04-10 01:16:11|Lavinia=2026-04-10 10:57:08|Flavia1966=2026-04-10 13:31:44|Alix99=2026-04-11 01:16:23}}</syntaxhighlight> :: ↳ (Vicitextus divulgatus:) <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Alexander=2026-04-10 01:16:11|Lavinia=2026-04-10 10:57:08|Flavia1966=2026-04-10 13:31:44|Alix99=2026-04-11 01:16:23|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: ↳ ... 18:57, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Si nomen tuum addere vis, tantummodo substitue “subst:Assenserunt” in locum verbi “Assenserunt” hic: -->{{Assenserunt|Alexander=2026-04-10 01:16:11|Lavinia=2026-04-10 10:57:08|Flavia1966=2026-04-10 13:31:44|Alix99=2026-04-11 01:16:23|Marcus=2026-04-15 19:11:35}} == Ulteriora si cupis == {{Categoriae vestigatoriae formulae|Error usu formularum}} * [[:Categoria:Formulae disputationis]] * {{Fn|Annotatio intra versum accommodata}} * {{Fn|Scholium}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae variadicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae annotationes superpositas creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae disputationis|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> qbcf1jelx4av6zouaxlxgtadc21vkvg 0 327596 3980617 3980438 2026-08-11T20:40:11Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3980617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Edvinus Hewitt}} (natus ''Edwin Heritt'' [[Everardum|Everardi]] in oppido [[Vasingtonia|Vasingtoniensi]] die [[20 Ianuarii]] [[1920]]; mortuus [[Seattlum|Seattli]] die [[21 Iunii]] [[1999]]) fuit [[mathematicus]] [[CFA|Americanus]], qui studio abstractae {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|explicatio harmonica|explicationis harmonicae|en|qid=Q876215}} et excogitatione {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Lex zerum–unum Hewitt–Savage|legis zerum–unum Hewitt–Savage|en|qid=Q21051250}} (una cum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Leonardus Iacobulus Savage|Leonardo Iacobulo Savage|en|qid=Q374341}}) innotuit, [[Ph.D.]] in [[Universitas Harvardiana|Universitate Harvardiana]] anno [[1942]] accepit, et in ordine [[professor]]um [[mathematica]]e [[Universitas Vasingtoniensis|Universitatis Vasingtonienis]] ab anno [[1954]] docuit. == Opera == *{{cite journal | last1 = Hewitt | first1 = Edvinus | year = 1948 | title = Rings of real-valued continuous functions. I | journal = Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. | volume = 64 | pages = 45–99 | doi=10.1090/s0002-9947-1948-0026239-9| doi-access = free }}. *{{citation|mr=0156915|last1=Hewitt|first1= Edvinus|last2=Ross|first2= Kennethus A. |title=Abstract harmonic analysis. Vol. I: Structure of topological groups. Integration theory, group representations. |series=Die Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften|volume= 115 |publisher= Springer-Verlag|place= [[Berolinum|Berolini]]-[[Gottinga]]e-[[Heidelberga]]e|year= 1963}}. *{{citation|mr=0188387|last=Hewitt|first= Edvinus|last2= Stromberg|first2= Carolus |title=Real and abstract analysis. A modern treatment of the theory of functions of a real variable|publisher= Springer-Verlag|place= Novi Eboraci |year=1965}}. *{{citation|mr=0262773 |last1=Hewitt|first1= Edvinus|last2=Ross|first2= Kennethus A. |title=Abstract harmonic analysis. Vol. II: Structure and analysis for compact groups. Analysis on locally compact Abelian groups. |series=Die Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften|volume= 152 |publisher=Springer-Verlag|place= Novi Eboraci et Berolini|year= 1970}}. == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{bio-stipula}} {{Anni vitae|1920|1999|Hewitt, Edvinus}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Harvardianae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Vasingtoniae civitatis]] [[Categoria:Mathematici Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Vasingtoniensis]] g6yjrdi1vtv4q0sz4nbmkjyngb4wp9g 0 327597 3980492 3980440 2026-08-11T15:23:12Z Grufo 64423 Vicificatio 3980492 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Adidas Superstar shoes pair.jpg|thumb|Calcei Adidas Superstar.]] {{res|Calcei gymnici}}{{TraupConv ref|sneakers|53}} ([[Anglice]] {{barbarice|lingua=en|sneakers, gym shoes}}) sunt [[calceus|calcei]] plerumque ad [[ludus|ludos]] exercitationesque [[corpus|corporeas]] destinati, etsi hodie saepe adhibentur etiam [[vestimenta]] quotidiana. Medio [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicesimo]] [[collegium (ius)|societatibus mercatoriis]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Converse||en|qid=Q319515}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Nike||en|qid=Q483915}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spalding||en|qid=Q2555271}}, aliisque societatibus divulgati sunt.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = Global Footwear Industry: Positive Dynamics in 2018 | lingua = en-US | domus editoria = World Footwear | url = https://www.worldfootwear.com/news.asp?id=4048 | tempus inspectionis = 2020-07-30 }}.</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Opus | titulus = History of sneakers: Timeline, Origins, Invention, Story, & Facts | domus editoria = Britannica | url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-sneakers }} [[Categoria:Verba Anglica]] [[Categoria:Vestimenta]] mmvd3aqlbb46wziac5xth6u774etfvn 3980735 3980492 2026-08-12T05:41:35Z Jondel 452 3980735 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Adidas Superstar shoes pair.jpg|thumb|Calcei Adidas Superstar.]] {{res|Calcei gymnici}}{{TraupConv ref|sneakers|53}} ([[Anglice]] {{barbarice|lingua=en|sneakers, gym shoes}}) sunt [[calceus|calcei]] plerumque ad [[ludus|ludos]] exercitationesque [[corpus|corporeas]] destinati, etsi hodie saepe adhibentur etiam [[vestimenta]] quotidiana remissa. Medio [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicesimo]] [[collegium (ius)|societatibus mercatoriis]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Converse||en|qid=Q319515}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Nike||en|qid=Q483915}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spalding||en|qid=Q2555271}}, aliisque societatibus divulgati sunt.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = Global Footwear Industry: Positive Dynamics in 2018 | lingua = en-US | domus editoria = World Footwear | url = https://www.worldfootwear.com/news.asp?id=4048 | tempus inspectionis = 2020-07-30 }}.</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Opus | titulus = History of sneakers: Timeline, Origins, Invention, Story, & Facts | domus editoria = Britannica | url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-sneakers }} [[Categoria:Verba Anglica]] [[Categoria:Vestimenta]] pjyapjkfpp6sbkcygzyl7nk4pm2moz8 3980736 3980735 2026-08-12T05:45:28Z Jondel 452 /* Bibliographia */ 3980736 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Adidas Superstar shoes pair.jpg|thumb|Calcei Adidas Superstar.]] {{res|Calcei gymnici}}{{TraupConv ref|sneakers|53}} ([[Anglice]] {{barbarice|lingua=en|sneakers, gym shoes}}) sunt [[calceus|calcei]] plerumque ad [[ludus|ludos]] exercitationesque [[corpus|corporeas]] destinati, etsi hodie saepe adhibentur etiam [[vestimenta]] quotidiana remissa. Medio [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicesimo]] [[collegium (ius)|societatibus mercatoriis]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Converse||en|qid=Q319515}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Nike||en|qid=Q483915}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spalding||en|qid=Q2555271}}, aliisque societatibus divulgati sunt.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = Global Footwear Industry: Positive Dynamics in 2018 | lingua = en-US | domus editoria = World Footwear | url = https://www.worldfootwear.com/news.asp?id=4048 | tempus inspectionis = 2020-07-30 }}.</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Opus | titulus = History of sneakers: Timeline, Origins, Invention, Story, & Facts | domus editoria = Britannica | url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-sneakers }} [[Categoria:Verba Anglica|Sneakers]] [[Categoria:Vestimenta]] mh4p5kwwv2yfj9uxcjtm06f1maq65mi 3980737 3980736 2026-08-12T05:46:52Z Jondel 452 /* Bibliographia */ 3980737 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Adidas Superstar shoes pair.jpg|thumb|Calcei Adidas Superstar.]] {{res|Calcei gymnici}}{{TraupConv ref|sneakers|53}} ([[Anglice]] {{barbarice|lingua=en|sneakers, gym shoes}}) sunt [[calceus|calcei]] plerumque ad [[ludus|ludos]] exercitationesque [[corpus|corporeas]] destinati, etsi hodie saepe adhibentur etiam [[vestimenta]] quotidiana remissa. Medio [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicesimo]] [[collegium (ius)|societatibus mercatoriis]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Converse||en|qid=Q319515}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Nike||en|qid=Q483915}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spalding||en|qid=Q2555271}}, aliisque societatibus divulgati sunt.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = Global Footwear Industry: Positive Dynamics in 2018 | lingua = en-US | domus editoria = World Footwear | url = https://www.worldfootwear.com/news.asp?id=4048 | tempus inspectionis = 2020-07-30 }}.</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Opus | titulus = History of sneakers: Timeline, Origins, Invention, Story, & Facts | domus editoria = Britannica | url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-sneakers }} [[Categoria:Vestimenta]] {{Default sort|sneakers}} [[Categoria:Verba Anglica]] 1ab1e3u9bkekbvl589z7f63h3ubf4wa 3980738 3980737 2026-08-12T05:47:47Z Jondel 452 /* Bibliographia */ 3980738 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Adidas Superstar shoes pair.jpg|thumb|Calcei Adidas Superstar.]] {{res|Calcei gymnici}}{{TraupConv ref|sneakers|53}} ([[Anglice]] {{barbarice|lingua=en|sneakers, gym shoes}}) sunt [[calceus|calcei]] plerumque ad [[ludus|ludos]] exercitationesque [[corpus|corporeas]] destinati, etsi hodie saepe adhibentur etiam [[vestimenta]] quotidiana remissa. Medio [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicesimo]] [[collegium (ius)|societatibus mercatoriis]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Converse||en|qid=Q319515}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Nike||en|qid=Q483915}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spalding||en|qid=Q2555271}}, aliisque societatibus divulgati sunt.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = Global Footwear Industry: Positive Dynamics in 2018 | lingua = en-US | domus editoria = World Footwear | url = https://www.worldfootwear.com/news.asp?id=4048 | tempus inspectionis = 2020-07-30 }}.</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Opus | titulus = History of sneakers: Timeline, Origins, Invention, Story, & Facts | domus editoria = Britannica | url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-sneakers }} [[Categoria:Vestimenta]] {{DEFAULTSORT|sneakers}} [[Categoria:Verba Anglica]] ewukrqxczb9cwv7xvjy67bp1h8v0jtl 3980739 3980738 2026-08-12T05:48:07Z Jondel 452 /* Bibliographia */ 3980739 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Adidas Superstar shoes pair.jpg|thumb|Calcei Adidas Superstar.]] {{res|Calcei gymnici}}{{TraupConv ref|sneakers|53}} ([[Anglice]] {{barbarice|lingua=en|sneakers, gym shoes}}) sunt [[calceus|calcei]] plerumque ad [[ludus|ludos]] exercitationesque [[corpus|corporeas]] destinati, etsi hodie saepe adhibentur etiam [[vestimenta]] quotidiana remissa. Medio [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicesimo]] [[collegium (ius)|societatibus mercatoriis]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Converse||en|qid=Q319515}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Nike||en|qid=Q483915}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spalding||en|qid=Q2555271}}, aliisque societatibus divulgati sunt.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = Global Footwear Industry: Positive Dynamics in 2018 | lingua = en-US | domus editoria = World Footwear | url = https://www.worldfootwear.com/news.asp?id=4048 | tempus inspectionis = 2020-07-30 }}.</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Opus | titulus = History of sneakers: Timeline, Origins, Invention, Story, & Facts | domus editoria = Britannica | url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-sneakers }} [[Categoria:Vestimenta]] {{DEFAULTSORT:sneakers}} [[Categoria:Verba Anglica]] ncalps5v3q4hjmvyr9q2kuj2haj8fhh 3980740 3980739 2026-08-12T05:49:14Z Jondel 452 /* Bibliographia */ 3980740 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Adidas Superstar shoes pair.jpg|thumb|Calcei Adidas Superstar.]] {{res|Calcei gymnici}}{{TraupConv ref|sneakers|53}} ([[Anglice]] {{barbarice|lingua=en|sneakers, gym shoes}}) sunt [[calceus|calcei]] plerumque ad [[ludus|ludos]] exercitationesque [[corpus|corporeas]] destinati, etsi hodie saepe adhibentur etiam [[vestimenta]] quotidiana remissa. Medio [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicesimo]] [[collegium (ius)|societatibus mercatoriis]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Converse||en|qid=Q319515}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Nike||en|qid=Q483915}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spalding||en|qid=Q2555271}}, aliisque societatibus divulgati sunt.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = Global Footwear Industry: Positive Dynamics in 2018 | lingua = en-US | domus editoria = World Footwear | url = https://www.worldfootwear.com/news.asp?id=4048 | tempus inspectionis = 2020-07-30 }}.</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Opus | titulus = History of sneakers: Timeline, Origins, Invention, Story, & Facts | domus editoria = Britannica | url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-sneakers }} [[Categoria:Vestimenta]] 6g2h7m8ma51vw0h72xu87higrvc4tl5 3980749 3980740 2026-08-12T07:45:44Z Jondel 452 3980749 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Adidas Superstar shoes pair.jpg|thumb|Calcei Adidas Superstar.]] {{res|Calcei gymnici}}{{TraupConv ref|sneakers|53}} ([[Anglice]] {{barbarice|lingua=en|sneakers, gym shoes}}) sunt [[calceus|calcei]] plerumque ad [[ludus|ludos]] exercitationesque [[corpus|corporeas]] destinati, etsi hodie saepe adhibentur etiam [[vestimenta remissa|vestimenta]] quotidiana remissa. Medio [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicesimo]] [[collegium (ius)|societatibus mercatoriis]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Converse||en|qid=Q319515}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Nike||en|qid=Q483915}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spalding||en|qid=Q2555271}}, aliisque societatibus divulgati sunt.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = Global Footwear Industry: Positive Dynamics in 2018 | lingua = en-US | domus editoria = World Footwear | url = https://www.worldfootwear.com/news.asp?id=4048 | tempus inspectionis = 2020-07-30 }}.</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Opus | titulus = History of sneakers: Timeline, Origins, Invention, Story, & Facts | domus editoria = Britannica | url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-sneakers }} [[Categoria:Vestimenta]] ivinby0yd22xyuav3nn4vljevwvc2ua 3980753 3980749 2026-08-12T07:49:39Z Jondel 452 3980753 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Adidas Superstar shoes pair.jpg|thumb|Calcei Adidas Superstar.]] {{res|Calcei gymnici}}{{TraupConv ref|sneakers|53}} ([[Anglice]] {{barbarice|lingua=en|sneakers, gym shoes}}) sunt [[calceus|calcei]] plerumque ad [[ludus|ludos]] exercitationesque [[corpus|corporeas]] destinati, etsi hodie saepe adhibentur etiam [[vestimenta remissa|vestimenta]] quotidiana remissa. Medio [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicesimo]] [[collegium (ius)|societatibus mercatoriis]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Converse||en|qid=Q319515}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Nike||en|qid=Q483915}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spalding||en|qid=Q2555271}}, aliisque societatibus divulgati sunt.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = Global Footwear Industry: Positive Dynamics in 2018 | lingua = en-US | domus editoria = World Footwear | url = https://www.worldfootwear.com/news.asp?id=4048 | tempus inspectionis = 2020-07-30 }}.</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Opus | titulus = History of sneakers: Timeline, Origins, Invention, Story, & Facts | domus editoria = Britannica | url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-sneakers }} [[Categoria:Calcei]] lufqn7nlmq1ueg5mshehlua0yrg00r8 3980755 3980753 2026-08-12T07:58:35Z Grufo 64423 -“remissa”; +cat 3980755 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Adidas Superstar shoes pair.jpg|thumb|Calcei Adidas Superstar.]] {{res|Calcei gymnici}}{{TraupConv ref|sneakers|53}} ([[Anglice]] {{barbarice|lingua=en|sneakers, gym shoes}}) sunt [[calceus|calcei]] plerumque ad [[ludus|ludos]] exercitationesque [[corpus|corporeas]] destinati, etsi hodie saepe adhibentur etiam [[vestis cotidiana|vestimenta quotidiana]]. Medio [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicesimo]] [[collegium (ius)|societatibus mercatoriis]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Converse||en|qid=Q319515}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Nike||en|qid=Q483915}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spalding||en|qid=Q2555271}}, aliisque societatibus divulgati sunt.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = Global Footwear Industry: Positive Dynamics in 2018 | lingua = en-US | domus editoria = World Footwear | url = https://www.worldfootwear.com/news.asp?id=4048 | tempus inspectionis = 2020-07-30 }}.</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Opus | titulus = History of sneakers: Timeline, Origins, Invention, Story, & Facts | domus editoria = Britannica | url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-sneakers }} [[Categoria:Calcei]] [[Categoria:Vestimenta]] jpq2rq2fxfe3gabcdluppea9qbftcrl 1 327598 3980493 3980442 2026-08-11T15:26:49Z Grufo 64423 Formulam attributionis exterae ad summam paginam movi; si dissentis, revertere ad priorem recensionem 3980493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Attributio extera|en|Sneakers|1362049163|partim}} == From English: Sneakers == {{Formula:Traup}} --[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 05:52, 11 Augusti 2026 (UTC) pvv8tzkvhfqq7mjk0qj54q2xc8u57m8 0 327602 3980741 3980441 2026-08-12T05:49:50Z Jondel 452 3980741 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Calcei gymnici]] {{DEFAULTSORT:sneakers}} [[Categoria:Verba Anglica]] 5dpoks8zh0zzmqa7u0oabdmv443k1sl 0 327604 3980445 2026-08-11T12:34:10Z Pippobuono 54500 creatio e francica documentatione 3980445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Midrevaux Eglise 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Mudrevallis: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Remigius|Sancto Remigio]] dicata.]] {{res|Mudrevallis}} seu '''Melior Vallis'''<ref>{{Graesse}}, t. 2, p. 637.</ref> ([[Francogallice]]: ''Midrevaux'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 173 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Midrevaux|Mudrevallem}} {{Fontes geographici}} == Notae == <references /> {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] 5aa1vibbjjhz0p39dyimz3302v45pyb 1 327605 3980446 2026-08-11T12:35:34Z Pippobuono 54500 attributio 3980446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{attributio|fr|Midrevaux|238225030}} g175lgdxq055znc4fjwlwnzb3t6il6b 0 327606 3980454 2026-08-11T12:59:08Z Pippobuono 54500 creatio e francica documentatione 3980454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Ménil-sur-Belvitte, Église Saint-Maurice 2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Ménil-sur-Belvitte: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Mauritius|Sancto Mauritio]] dicata.]] {{res|Ménil-sur-Belvitte}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 288 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. == Incola notabilis == * [[Gasto Litaize]] (1909-1991), organista, improvisator, magister et compositor Francicus, hic natus est. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Ménil-sur-Belvitte|Ménil-sur-Belvitte}} {{Fontes geographici}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] e4607a3np3cjztjnz89vi974gbpjt0i 1 327607 3980455 2026-08-11T13:01:22Z Pippobuono 54500 attributio 3980455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{attributio|fr|Ménil-sur-Belvitte|238224469}} s28k72mtne65xhcoimphafcbfunliz1 0 327608 3980457 2026-08-11T13:01:48Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Duingen]] ad [[Duthungun]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3980457 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Duthungun]] 7tr711fl9lfjw3jnbvrafqphmwkw4lv 0 327609 3980461 2026-08-11T13:07:59Z Pippobuono 54500 creatio e francica documentatione 3980461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Ménil-de-Senones, Mairie.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Ménil-de-Senones: [[vici conciliabulum]].]] {{res|Ménil-de-Senones}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 121 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Ménil-de-Senones|Ménil-de-Senones}} {{Fontes geographici}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] gu3daadxjqv54ci2k00kseavgqtp787 0 327610 3980479 2026-08-11T15:07:39Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Redirigens ad [[Duthungun]] 3980479 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Duthungun]] 7tr711fl9lfjw3jnbvrafqphmwkw4lv 0 327611 3980482 2026-08-11T15:11:41Z Pippobuono 54500 creatio e francica documentatione 3980482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Le Ménil, Église Saint-Blaise 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Le Ménil: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Blasius|Sancto Blasio]] dicata.]] {{res|Le Ménil}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 970 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. == Incola notabilis == * [[Blasius Bontems]] (1814-1893), peritus automationis, hic natus est. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Le Ménil|Le Ménil}} {{Fontes geographici}} {{geo-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSROT:Menil, Le}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] 8vv65wra8lnk5iwry3i433v48973ke3 0 327612 3980484 2026-08-11T15:12:40Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Duingen (commune generale)]] ad [[Duthungun (commune generale)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3980484 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Duthungun (commune generale)]] 0ykw03q7tsti77t9bkhto0f5ex98c3v 1 327613 3980487 2026-08-11T15:16:00Z Pippobuono 54500 attributio 3980487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{attributio|fr|Le Ménil|237161151}} hdisq162mrurla7ntlm34euurjl5oyj 0 327614 3980490 2026-08-11T15:21:53Z Pippobuono 54500 creatio e francica documentatione 3980490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Ménarmont 88.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Menardi Mons: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Florentius|Sancto Florentio]] dicata.]] {{res|Menardi Mons}}<ref>{{Graesse}}, t. 2, p. 545.</ref> ([[Francogallice]]: ''Ménarmont'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 58 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Ménarmont|Menardi Montem}} {{Fontes geographici}} == Notae == <references /> {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] 11mt8ghslqj0hwyndqunqar5ksuhs0o 1 327615 3980491 2026-08-11T15:23:02Z Pippobuono 54500 attributio 3980491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{attributio|fr|Ménarmont|238224843}} 0aju2g2lbb4fb8fy32yk7snikzjs540 0 327616 3980496 2026-08-11T15:28:19Z Pippobuono 54500 creatio e francica documentatione 3980496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Méménil Centre 88600.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Méménil: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Assumptio]]ni [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Nostrae Dominae]] dicata.]] {{res|Méménil}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 181 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Méménil|Méménil}} {{Fontes geographici}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] 9ywif9pjrmhcxpxcaqns689gjs5mtea 1 327617 3980497 2026-08-11T15:29:44Z Pippobuono 54500 attributio 3980497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{attributio|fr|Méménil|238224848}} pk5pa7due1bxuz2zck7q6nw3c4j71fz 0 327618 3980501 2026-08-11T15:40:53Z Pippobuono 54500 creatio e francica documentatione 3980501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Médonville, Église Notre-Dame 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Madonis villa: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Maria (mater Iesu)|NOstrae Dominae]] dicata.]] {{res|Madonis villa}}<ref>{{Graesse}}, t. 2, p. 441.</ref> ([[Francogallice]]: ''Médonville'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 52 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. == Incolae notabiles == * [[Iulius Aymé de la Herlière]] (1806-1887), legatus Vosegi, hic natus est. * [[Albertus Voilquin]] (1915-1999), legatus ac postea senator Vosegi, hic natus est. * [[Hubertus Voilquin]] (1923-2015), legatus Vosegi, hic natus est. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Médonville|Madonis villam}} {{Fontes geographici}} == Notae == <references /> {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] rzzun7pkzpveotskx86994w0zhh775o 1 327619 3980504 2026-08-11T15:43:44Z Pippobuono 54500 attributio 3980504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{attributio|fr|Médonville|237172453}} 1w6003mug1y92pukn0ot3c7j2xjsq65 14 327639 3980571 2026-08-11T17:51:34Z Grufo 64423 Prima adumbratio 3980571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Categoria vestigatoria formularum | De hac redirectione | descriptio = Paginae disputationis hic numerantur quae, unā cum suis paginis annexis, sunt redirectiones, sed duo scopi redirectionis discordant. }} {{Categoria redirectionum}} {{Categoria celata utinam vacua}} {{Videatur etiam|Categoria:Paginae disputationis quae sunt redirectiones etiamsi paginam habent}} 7yimtl0zlkgtweigavqj2vt3xids4um 3980575 3980571 2026-08-11T18:18:20Z Grufo 64423 +[[:Categoria:Corrigenda]] 3980575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Categoria vestigatoria formularum | De hac redirectione | descriptio = Paginae disputationis hic numerantur quae, unā cum suis paginis annexis, sunt redirectiones, sed duo scopi redirectionis discordant. }} {{Categoria redirectionum}} {{Categoria celata utinam vacua}} {{Videatur etiam|Categoria:Paginae disputationis quae sunt redirectiones etiamsi paginam habent}} [[Categoria:Corrigenda]] lxoumpxlx3mzc49f8c8wtiesrswxxr1 3980578 3980575 2026-08-11T18:23:58Z Grufo 64423 +[[:Categoria:Disputationes]] 3980578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Categoria vestigatoria formularum | De hac redirectione | descriptio = Paginae disputationis hic numerantur quae, unā cum suis paginis annexis, sunt redirectiones, sed duo scopi redirectionis discordant. }} {{Categoria redirectionum}} {{Categoria celata utinam vacua}} {{Videatur etiam|Categoria:Paginae disputationis quae sunt redirectiones etiamsi paginam habent}} [[Categoria:Corrigenda]] [[Categoria:Disputationes]] rmj4vea2jjf9txg5qdnkxwy14i7e1tj 14 327640 3980572 2026-08-11T17:53:31Z Grufo 64423 Prima adumbratio 3980572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Categoria vestigatoria formularum | De hac redirectione | descriptio = Necesse est in paginis hic numeratis scribere <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{De hac redirectione|ratio=collectio}}</syntaxhighlight>. }} {{Categoria redirectionum}} {{Categoria celata utinam vacua}} {{Videatur etiam|Categoria:Paginae disputationis quae male redigunt}} reuh6w93q7r3ii85q71t52xzzghzp9r 3980576 3980572 2026-08-11T18:18:43Z Grufo 64423 +[[:Categoria:Corrigenda]] 3980576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Categoria vestigatoria formularum | De hac redirectione | descriptio = Necesse est in paginis hic numeratis scribere <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{De hac redirectione|ratio=collectio}}</syntaxhighlight>. }} {{Categoria redirectionum}} {{Categoria celata utinam vacua}} {{Videatur etiam|Categoria:Paginae disputationis quae male redigunt}} [[Categoria:Corrigenda]] oqjcnbxv4gd2xru6qag688x2x9s8233 3980577 3980576 2026-08-11T18:23:47Z Grufo 64423 +[[:Categoria:Disputationes]] 3980577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Categoria vestigatoria formularum | De hac redirectione | descriptio = Necesse est in paginis hic numeratis scribere <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{De hac redirectione|ratio=collectio}}</syntaxhighlight>. }} {{Categoria redirectionum}} {{Categoria celata utinam vacua}} {{Videatur etiam|Categoria:Paginae disputationis quae male redigunt}} [[Categoria:Corrigenda]] [[Categoria:Disputationes]] qubiukjmezwwxp983yisei46mqd7maf 1 327641 3980582 2026-08-11T18:47:08Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Disputatio:Ed Asner]] ad [[Disputatio:Eduardus Asner]]: Disputationes ad paginam moveo quae non est redirectio 3980582 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Disputatio:Eduardus Asner]] {{De hac redirectione}} rttt74qzjlaxvfj2b9jku66wzdsag4e 0 327642 3980590 2026-08-11T19:09:11Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Holtgast]] ad [[Holtgaste]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3980590 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Holtgaste]] mqtooj4h6iiofv13cxu04bbh7z5ewsk 0 327644 3980600 2026-08-11T19:47:51Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 nova 3980600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Petrus Zittaviensis}} (vel {{res|Petrus de Sittavia}}; [[Bohemice]] ''Petr Žitavský'', [[Theodisce]] ''Peter von Zittau''), circa annum 1275 natus et anno 1339 mortuus, fuit rerum scriptor [[Cechia|Bohemus]], abbas [[Ordo Cisterciensis|Cisterciensis]]. ==Vita et opera== Zittaviae in [[Lusatia superior]]e tunc Bohemica natus, in [[Praga]]m ante annum 1297 venit, ubi anno 1303 Cisterciensis in [[Aula Regia (abbatia)|Aula Regia]] factus est. Anno 1309 iam capellanus Condradis Erfurtiensis primi Aulae Regiae abbatis fuit, ab anno 1316 et usque ad annum 1338 ipse abbas fuit. [[Elisabetha Bohemiae|Elisabethae Bohemiae]] fidelis manebat iam post divortium eius et [[Iohannes (rex Bohemiae)|Ioannis Luxemburgensis]]. [[Chronica Aulae Regiae|Chronicorum Aulae Regiae]] partem maiorem composuit (capita a 1 ad 51 [[Otto Thuringensis]] scripsit et cetera 129 Petrus). Etiam ''Librum secretorum Aulae Regiae'' de mirabilibus huius monasterii composuit et ''Formulam Domini Petri Abbatis Aulae regiae compositam'', regulam Cisterciensem. ==Nexus externi== {{fontes biographici}} {{Lifetime|1275|1339|Petrus Zittaviensis}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Cistercienses]] [[Categoria:Historici Cechiae]] kqphuq6is55ks5fsncrcaz29c90bfpm 3980602 3980600 2026-08-11T19:50:45Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* Vita et opera */ 3980602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Petrus Zittaviensis}} (vel {{res|Petrus de Sittavia}}; [[Bohemice]] ''Petr Žitavský'', [[Theodisce]] ''Peter von Zittau''), circa annum 1275 natus et anno 1339 mortuus, fuit rerum scriptor [[Cechia|Bohemus]], abbas [[Ordo Cisterciensis|Cisterciensis]]. ==Vita et opera== Zittaviae in [[Lusatia superior]]e tunc Bohemica natus, in [[Praga]]m ante annum 1297 venit, ubi anno 1303 Cisterciensis in abbatia [[Aula Regia (abbatia)|Aulae Regiae]] factus est. Anno 1309 iam capellanus Condradis Erfurtiensis primi Aulae Regiae abbatis fuit, ab anno 1316 et usque ad annum 1338 ipse abbas fuit. [[Elisabetha Bohemiae|Elisabethae Bohemiae]] fidelis manebat iam post divortium eius et [[Iohannes (rex Bohemiae)|Ioannis Luxemburgensis]]. [[Chronica Aulae Regiae|Chronicorum Aulae Regiae]] partem maiorem composuit (capita a 1 ad 51 [[Otto Thuringensis]] scripsit et cetera 129 Petrus). Etiam ''Librum secretorum Aulae Regiae'' de mirabilibus huius monasterii composuit et ''Formulam Domini Petri Abbatis Aulae regiae compositam'', regulam Cisterciensem. ==Nexus externi== {{fontes biographici}} {{Lifetime|1275|1339|Petrus Zittaviensis}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Cistercienses]] [[Categoria:Historici Cechiae]] f8ncfceg0l8cl9yveaz4xt0e2pdz42w 3980603 3980602 2026-08-11T19:53:03Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* Vita et opera */ 3980603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Petrus Zittaviensis}} (vel {{res|Petrus de Sittavia}}; [[Bohemice]] ''Petr Žitavský'', [[Theodisce]] ''Peter von Zittau''), circa annum 1275 natus et anno 1339 mortuus, fuit rerum scriptor [[Cechia|Bohemus]], abbas [[Ordo Cisterciensis|Cisterciensis]]. ==Vita et opera== Zittaviae in [[Lusatia superior]]e tunc Bohemica natus, in [[Praga]]m ante annum 1297 venit, ubi anno 1303 Cisterciensis in abbatia [[Aula Regia (abbatia)|Aulae Regiae]] factus est. Anno 1309 iam capellanus Conradis Erfurtiensis primi Aulae Regiae abbatis fuit, ab anno 1316 et usque ad annum 1338 ipse abbas fuit. [[Elisabetha Bohemiae|Elisabethae Bohemiae]] fidelis manebat iam post divortium eius et [[Iohannes (rex Bohemiae)|Ioannis Luxemburgensis]]; confessor eius fuit. [[Chronica Aulae Regiae|Chronicorum Aulae Regiae]] partem maiorem composuit (capita a 1 ad 51 [[Otto Thuringensis]] scripsit et cetera 129 Petrus). Etiam ''Librum secretorum Aulae Regiae'' de mirabilibus huius monasterii composuit et ''Formulam Domini Petri Abbatis Aulae regiae compositam'', regulam Cisterciensem. ==Nexus externi== {{fontes biographici}} {{Lifetime|1275|1339|Petrus Zittaviensis}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Cistercienses]] [[Categoria:Historici Cechiae]] sl4d6vmjh02cf5hyclcdsj62msa985v 0 327645 3980607 2026-08-11T20:27:00Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Papa Giovanni - Ioannes XXIII]] ad [[Papa Giovanni – Ioannes XXIII]]: Nomenclatura uniformis 3980607 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Papa Giovanni – Ioannes XXIII]] bnzmhnq1fnt7c5f0jchhheu140gw37r 10 327646 3980666 2026-08-11T22:54:42Z Grufo 64423 Prima adumbratio 3980666 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>* Si redirectio est [[:Categoria:Redirectiones ad Vicidata annexae|ad Vicidata annexa]] * Si sunt disputationes redirectioni coniunctae * Si pagina ad aliud [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatium nominale]] redigit * Si redirectio est [[Vicipaedia:Compendium|compendium]] * Si redirectio est [[Vicipaedia:Paginae protectae|protecta aut semi-protecta]] * Si redirectio [[:Categoria:Redirectiones ad capitula|ad capitulum nectitur]] ({{*eg}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>#REDIRECT [[Argentina#Divisio administrativa]]</syntaxhighlight>) * Si olim redirectio erat pagina, quae postea facta est redirectio—hoc in casu adde argumentum {{para|olim|''&#91;NUMERUS ULTIMAE RECENSIONIS PAGINAE&#93;''}} ({{*eg}} {{para|olim|2434003}}), aut, si segnis es, tantummodo adde {{para|olim|pagina}} * Si pagina quae non est [[Vicipaedia:Subpaginae|subpagina]] ad subpaginam redigit * Si redirectio est in [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio nominali]] ''disputationis'' (si etiam ad paginam redigit ubi omnes disputationes in singulum locum colliguntur et redirectio non est subpagina, adde {{para|ratio|collectio}}) * Si redirectio vel scopus redirectionis est [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|pagina discretiva]]</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio formulae simplicis|prooemium={{Formula humana}}}}</noinclude> ctqxb72olhpxmnh005l56be229sxjiy 3980668 3980666 2026-08-11T23:01:47Z Grufo 64423 3980668 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Nexuli recensorii|Formula:De hac redirectione/quando|style=float: right; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 0 .5em; border-radius: .5em; font-weight: bold; margin-right: .5em;}}{{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{safesubst:<noinclude />Haec formula}}|De hac redirectione|Haec formula|Formula {{Fn|De hac redirectione}}}} addi solet: * Si redirectio est [[:Categoria:Redirectiones ad Vicidata annexae|ad Vicidata annexa]] * Si sunt disputationes redirectioni coniunctae * Si pagina ad aliud [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatium nominale]] redigit * Si redirectio est [[Vicipaedia:Compendium|compendium]] * Si redirectio est [[Vicipaedia:Paginae protectae|protecta aut semi-protecta]] * Si redirectio [[:Categoria:Redirectiones ad capitula|ad capitulum nectitur]] ({{*eg}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>#REDIRECT [[Argentina#Divisio administrativa]]</syntaxhighlight>) * Si olim redirectio erat pagina, quae postea facta est redirectio—hoc in casu adde argumentum {{para|olim|''&#91;NUMERUS ULTIMAE RECENSIONIS PAGINAE&#93;''}} ({{*eg}} {{para|olim|2434003}}), aut, si segnis es, tantummodo adde {{para|olim|pagina}} * Si pagina quae non est [[Vicipaedia:Subpaginae|subpagina]] ad subpaginam redigit * Si redirectio est in [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio nominali]] ''disputationis'' (si etiam ad paginam redigit ubi omnes disputationes in singulum locum colliguntur et redirectio non est subpagina, adde {{para|ratio|collectio}}) * Si redirectio vel scopus redirectionis est [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|pagina discretiva]]</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio formulae simplicis|prooemium={{Formula humana}}}}</noinclude> cafud0u9ahln6uoxpdd8u4na006lhwa 3980669 3980668 2026-08-11T23:04:02Z Grufo 64423 3980669 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>* {{Nexuli recensorii|Formula:De hac redirectione/quando|style=float: right; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 0 .5em; border-radius: .5em; font-weight: bold; margin-right: .5em;}}Si redirectio est [[:Categoria:Redirectiones ad Vicidata annexae|ad Vicidata annexa]] * Si sunt disputationes redirectioni coniunctae * Si pagina ad aliud [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatium nominale]] redigit * Si redirectio est [[Vicipaedia:Compendium|compendium]] * Si redirectio est [[Vicipaedia:Paginae protectae|protecta aut semi-protecta]] * Si redirectio [[:Categoria:Redirectiones ad capitula|ad capitulum nectitur]] ({{*eg}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>#REDIRECT [[Argentina#Divisio administrativa]]</syntaxhighlight>) * Si olim redirectio erat pagina, quae postea facta est redirectio—hoc in casu adde argumentum {{para|olim|''&#91;NUMERUS ULTIMAE RECENSIONIS PAGINAE&#93;''}} ({{*eg}} {{para|olim|2434003}}), aut, si segnis es, tantummodo adde {{para|olim|pagina}} * Si pagina quae non est [[Vicipaedia:Subpaginae|subpagina]] ad subpaginam redigit * Si redirectio est in [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio nominali]] ''disputationis'' (si etiam ad paginam redigit ubi omnes disputationes in singulum locum colliguntur et redirectio non est subpagina, adde {{para|ratio|collectio}}) * Si redirectio vel scopus redirectionis est [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|pagina discretiva]]</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio formulae simplicis|prooemium={{Formula humana}}}}</noinclude> 4518wok3clho8akycru9c8gzitjx71c 0 327647 3980672 2026-08-11T23:04:39Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Ebergötzen]] ad [[Evergoteshemium]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3980672 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Evergoteshemium]] lgngkrcvysrigqtw16q96lwlxyju4fw 0 327648 3980679 2026-08-11T23:12:30Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Redirigens ad [[Evergoteshemium]] 3980679 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Evergoteshemium]] lgngkrcvysrigqtw16q96lwlxyju4fw 1 327649 3980704 2026-08-12T01:30:15Z Grufo 64423 Novam paginam disputationis paravi 3980704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Hic sunt tabularia disputationum}} Veteres disputationes: {{Specialis:Praefixa/Disputatio:Alpha et Omega/Tabularium}} 01zieaoiyf544542js7ub37cv2e0ob5 1 327650 3980710 2026-08-12T01:43:08Z Grufo 64423 Novam paginam disputationis paravi 3980710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Hic sunt tabularia disputationum}} Veteres disputationes: {{Specialis:Praefixa/Disputatio:Ars athletica/Tabularium}} mvoheyqwc17mehlo8l76095sr6kexwn 1 327651 3980714 2026-08-12T01:52:32Z Grufo 64423 Novam paginam disputationis paravi 3980714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{PagMen|2009|5}} {{Hic sunt tabularia disputationum}} Veteres disputationes: {{Specialis:Praefixa/Disputatio:Cultura/Tabularium}} fuytbjwsxjwvyyh2jlw223t7a2bifqj 1 327652 3980717 2026-08-12T01:58:15Z Grufo 64423 Novam paginam disputationis paravi 3980717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Hic sunt tabularia disputationum}} Veteres disputationes: {{Specialis:Praefixa/Disputatio:Deminutivum Latinum/Tabularium}} ai898vwczv0776n0hoizekbd348lu1w 1 327653 3980720 2026-08-12T02:01:48Z Grufo 64423 Novam paginam disputationis paravi 3980720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Hic sunt tabularia disputationum}} Veteres disputationes: {{Specialis:Praefixa/Disputatio:Ecclesia Iesu Christi Diebus Ultimis Sanctorum/Tabularium}} 0i7vcj41z9v94flswz51tmrd1hqt5ep 1 327654 3980723 2026-08-12T02:06:05Z Grufo 64423 Novam paginam disputationis paravi 3980723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Hic sunt tabularia disputationum}} Veteres disputationes: {{Specialis:Praefixa/Disputatio:Fluxus oneris electrici/Tabularium}} f8i1irhh2pv0oz7zjgrdbcfftcwjwhg 0 327655 3980745 2026-08-12T07:32:08Z Jondel 452 Paginam instituit, scribens ''''Vestis cotidiana''' (sive '''vestis remissa''') est habitus occidentalis solutus, simplex, atque ad usum quotidianum accommodatus. Hic vestiendi mos in orbe occidentali popularis factus est post motum contraculturalem annorum [[1960]]. Cum commoditatem ac facilitatem maxime commendet, etiam [[vestis otiosa]] vel vestimenta otii appellari potest.{{Cite web|url=https://www.yourdictionary.com/casual|title=Casual dictionary definition &#124; casual defined|websi...' 3980745 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vestis cotidiana''' (sive '''vestis remissa''') est habitus occidentalis solutus, simplex, atque ad usum quotidianum accommodatus. Hic vestiendi mos in orbe occidentali popularis factus est post motum contraculturalem annorum [[1960]]. Cum commoditatem ac facilitatem maxime commendet, etiam [[vestis otiosa]] vel vestimenta otii appellari potest.{{Cite web|url=https://www.yourdictionary.com/casual|title=Casual dictionary definition &#124; casual defined|website=www.yourdictionary.com}}</ref> == Bibliographia == {{Reflist}} *[https://www.quora.com/What-exactly-is-meant-by-casual-wear Quora.Casual_Wear.2026] [[Categoria:Vestimenta]] hdlgk7ea2zojmc8xhd4rytj1iqyq6ey 3980746 3980745 2026-08-12T07:34:56Z Jondel 452 3980746 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Familio de rusiaj turistoj promenanta en Nha Trang 01.jpg|Parents in casual wear with their child, 2013.|thumb|left]]'''Vestis cotidiana''' (sive '''vestis remissa''') est habitus occidentalis solutus, simplex, atque ad usum quotidianum accommodatus. Hic vestiendi mos in orbe occidentali popularis factus est post motum contraculturalem annorum [[1960]]. Cum commoditatem ac facilitatem maxime commendet, etiam [[vestis otiosa]] vel vestimenta otii appellari potest.{{Cite web|url=https://www.yourdictionary.com/casual|title=Casual dictionary definition &#124; casual defined|website=www.yourdictionary.com}}</ref> == Bibliographia == {{Reflist}} *[https://www.quora.com/What-exactly-is-meant-by-casual-wear Quora.Casual_Wear.2026] [[Categoria:Vestimenta]] 36o80nxlb93vmmij6vxdt6xprlsl81m 3980748 3980746 2026-08-12T07:39:06Z Jondel 452 3980748 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Familio de rusiaj turistoj promenanta en Nha Trang 01.jpg|Parentes vestis remissae cum libero, 2013.|thumb|left]] '''Vestis cotidiana''' (sive '''vestis remissa''') est habitus occidentalis solutus, simplex, atque ad usum quotidianum accommodatus. Hic vestiendi mos in orbe occidentali popularis factus est post motum contraculturalem annorum [[1960]]. Cum commoditatem ac facilitatem maxime commendet, etiam [[vestis otiosa]] vel vestimenta otii appellari potest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yourdictionary.com/casual|title=Casual dictionary definition &#124; casual defined|website=www.yourdictionary.com}}</ref> == Bibliographia == {{Reflist}} *[https://www.quora.com/What-exactly-is-meant-by-casual-wear Quora.Casual_Wear.2026] [[Categoria:Vestimenta]] g1pszlhfd0x0ye55pyf4l18qktcrsku 3980756 3980748 2026-08-12T08:00:57Z Grufo 64423 +{{FD ref}} 3980756 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Familio de rusiaj turistoj promenanta en Nha Trang 01.jpg|thumb|Parentes vestis remissae cum libero, 2013.]] {{res|Vestis cotidiana}}{{FD ref}} seu {{res|vestis remissa}}{{FD ref}} est habitus occidentalis solutus, simplex, atque ad usum quotidianum accommodatus. Hic vestiendi mos in orbe occidentali popularis factus est post motum contraculturalem annorum [[1960]]. Cum commoditatem ac facilitatem maxime commendet, etiam [[vestis otiosa]] vel vestimenta otii appellari potest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yourdictionary.com/casual|title=Casual dictionary definition &#124; casual defined|website=www.yourdictionary.com}}</ref> == Bibliographia == * [https://www.quora.com/What-exactly-is-meant-by-casual-wear Quora.Casual_Wear.2026] == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Vestimenta]] rd9l8pzkovk8op75msjg3admwezo2rf 3980771 3980756 2026-08-12T09:54:57Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Vestis cotidiana]] ad [[Vestimenta quotidiana]]: Vestimenta (plur.) est nomen magis idoneum 3980756 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Familio de rusiaj turistoj promenanta en Nha Trang 01.jpg|thumb|Parentes vestis remissae cum libero, 2013.]] {{res|Vestis cotidiana}}{{FD ref}} seu {{res|vestis remissa}}{{FD ref}} est habitus occidentalis solutus, simplex, atque ad usum quotidianum accommodatus. Hic vestiendi mos in orbe occidentali popularis factus est post motum contraculturalem annorum [[1960]]. Cum commoditatem ac facilitatem maxime commendet, etiam [[vestis otiosa]] vel vestimenta otii appellari potest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yourdictionary.com/casual|title=Casual dictionary definition &#124; casual defined|website=www.yourdictionary.com}}</ref> == Bibliographia == * [https://www.quora.com/What-exactly-is-meant-by-casual-wear Quora.Casual_Wear.2026] == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Vestimenta]] rd9l8pzkovk8op75msjg3admwezo2rf 3980780 3980771 2026-08-12T10:08:59Z Grufo 64423 Cur occidentalis? Nonne sunt vestimenta quotidiana alibi? Quora non est fons. Paginam redintegravi 3980780 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Familio de rusiaj turistoj promenanta en Nha Trang 01.jpg|thumb|Parentes vestis remissae cum libero, 2013.]] {{res|Vestimenta cotidiana}}{{FD ref}} seu {{res|vestimenta remissa}}{{FD ref}} sunt habitūs simplices ad usum quotidianum destinati. In [[mundus occidentalis|orbe occidentali]] hic vestiendi modus popularis factus est post motum contraculturalem [[anni 1960|annorum sexagensimorum]] [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]]. Cum commoditatem ac facilitatem maxime commendet, etiam vel {{res|vestimenta otii}}{{FD ref}} appellari potest. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == * {{Opus | titulus = Casual dictionary definition &#124; casual defined | domus editoria = www.yourdictionary.com | url = https://www.yourdictionary.com/casual }} [[Categoria:Vestimenta]] s3nekz79gt4qsvxqibrb7rhpxwv4moa 3980788 3980780 2026-08-12T10:21:08Z Grufo 64423 3980788 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Familio de rusiaj turistoj promenanta en Nha Trang 01.jpg|thumb|Parentes vestis remissae cum libero, 2013.]] {{res|Vestimenta cotidiana}}{{FD ref}} seu {{res|vestimenta remissa}}{{FD ref}} sunt habitūs simplices ad usum quotidianum destinati. In [[mundus occidentalis|orbe occidentali]] hic vestiendi modus popularis factus est post motum contraculturalem [[anni 1960|annorum sexagensimorum]] [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]]. Cum commoditatem ac facilitatem maxime commendent, etiam vel {{res|vestimenta otii}}{{FD ref}} appellari possunt. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == * {{Opus | titulus = Casual dictionary definition &#124; casual defined | domus editoria = www.yourdictionary.com | url = https://www.yourdictionary.com/casual }} [[Categoria:Vestimenta]] 9si1e8qq5vn7v1670rd2lznvqday2z6 3980789 3980788 2026-08-12T10:22:59Z Grufo 64423 +{{Societas-stipula}} 3980789 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Familio de rusiaj turistoj promenanta en Nha Trang 01.jpg|thumb|Parentes vestis remissae cum libero, 2013.]] {{res|Vestimenta cotidiana}}{{FD ref}} seu {{res|vestimenta remissa}}{{FD ref}} sunt habitūs simplices ad usum quotidianum destinati. In [[mundus occidentalis|orbe occidentali]] hic vestiendi modus popularis factus est post motum contraculturalem [[anni 1960|annorum sexagensimorum]] [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]]. Cum commoditatem ac facilitatem maxime commendent, etiam vel {{res|vestimenta otii}}{{FD ref}} appellari possunt. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == * {{Opus | titulus = Casual dictionary definition &#124; casual defined | domus editoria = www.yourdictionary.com | url = https://www.yourdictionary.com/casual }} {{Societas-stipula}} [[Categoria:Vestimenta]] 9yk0o1zl4fsj43f3ya97aqgsq0rve37 3980790 3980789 2026-08-12T10:24:21Z Grufo 64423 3980790 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Familio de rusiaj turistoj promenanta en Nha Trang 01.jpg|thumb|Parentes vestis remissae cum libero, 2013.]] {{res|Vestimenta cotidiana}}{{FD ref}} seu {{res|vestimenta remissa}}{{FD ref}} sunt habitūs simplices ad usum quotidianum destinati. In [[mundus occidentalis|orbe occidentali]] hic vestiendi modus popularis factus est post motum contraculturalem [[anni 1960|annorum sexagensimorum]] [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]]. Cum commoditatem ac facilitatem maxime commendent, etiam {{res|vestimenta otii}}{{FD ref}} appellari possunt. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == * {{Opus | titulus = Casual dictionary definition &#124; casual defined | domus editoria = www.yourdictionary.com | url = https://www.yourdictionary.com/casual }} {{Societas-stipula}} [[Categoria:Vestimenta]] j9ob6girgijoj6htif1s3650p8gxjde 3980791 3980790 2026-08-12T10:25:16Z Grufo 64423 3980791 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Familio de rusiaj turistoj promenanta en Nha Trang 01.jpg|thumb|Parentes cum infante, vestimentis quotidianis induti, 2013.]] {{res|Vestimenta cotidiana}}{{FD ref}} seu {{res|vestimenta remissa}}{{FD ref}} sunt habitūs simplices ad usum quotidianum destinati. In [[mundus occidentalis|orbe occidentali]] hic vestiendi modus popularis factus est post motum contraculturalem [[anni 1960|annorum sexagensimorum]] [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]]. Cum commoditatem ac facilitatem maxime commendent, etiam {{res|vestimenta otii}}{{FD ref}} appellari possunt. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == * {{Opus | titulus = Casual dictionary definition &#124; casual defined | domus editoria = www.yourdictionary.com | url = https://www.yourdictionary.com/casual }} {{Societas-stipula}} [[Categoria:Vestimenta]] cgdkfeuxz5977v15u7m6vqjudnrnh4n 3980800 3980791 2026-08-12T10:52:15Z Grufo 64423 3980800 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Familio de rusiaj turistoj promenanta en Nha Trang 01.jpg|thumb|Parentes cum infante, vestimentis quotidianis induti, 2013.]] {{res|Vestimenta quotidiana}}{{FD ref}} seu {{res|vestimenta remissa}}{{FD ref}} sunt habitūs simplices ad usum quotidianum destinati. In [[mundus occidentalis|orbe occidentali]] hic vestiendi modus popularis factus est post motum contraculturalem [[anni 1960|annorum sexagensimorum]] [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]]. Cum commoditatem ac facilitatem maxime commendent, etiam {{res|vestimenta otii}}{{FD ref}} appellari possunt. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == * {{Opus | titulus = Casual dictionary definition &#124; casual defined | domus editoria = www.yourdictionary.com | url = https://www.yourdictionary.com/casual }} {{Societas-stipula}} [[Categoria:Vestimenta]] al9yviourfoivadyk80lofm23loqqhy 1 327656 3980747 2026-08-12T07:35:46Z Jondel 452 /* English:Casual Wear */ nova pars 3980747 wikitext text/x-wiki == English:Casual Wear == {{Attributio|en|Casual wear}} [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 07:35, 12 Augusti 2026 (UTC) m33h72uvggiaco2c2ckcis9sp8tbcoe 3980757 3980747 2026-08-12T08:02:59Z Grufo 64423 Formulam attributionis ad summam paginam movi; si dissentis, revertere ad priorem recensionem 3980757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Attributio|en|Casual wear|1368998575|partim}} == English:Casual Wear == [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 07:35, 12 Augusti 2026 (UTC) 3qncmw9h81mamwyi9eqvcm4ebrlmq9p 3980773 3980757 2026-08-12T09:54:57Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Disputatio:Vestis cotidiana]] ad [[Disputatio:Vestimenta quotidiana]]: Vestimenta (plur.) est nomen magis idoneum 3980757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Attributio|en|Casual wear|1368998575|partim}} == English:Casual Wear == [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 07:35, 12 Augusti 2026 (UTC) 3qncmw9h81mamwyi9eqvcm4ebrlmq9p 3980803 3980773 2026-08-12T11:06:45Z Jondel 452 3980803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Attributio|en|Casual wear|1368998575|partim}} == English:Casual Wear == [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 07:35, 12 Augusti 2026 (UTC) == Ut "casual" et fidelitate == Sentio maior titulus/lemma debeat reflectare 'casual'( sensu anglice) forsitan 'remissio ' et res similaris, eg Vestimenta remissa/remisionis. I feel the title should reflect 'casual' as understood in English, perhaps with the word remissio or something similar. eg Vestimenta remissa.---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) o911zmj6s5ixdk57jwnu2ep5ffigyxx 0 327657 3980750 2026-08-12T07:46:13Z Jondel 452 Redirigens ad [[Vestis cotidiana]] 3980750 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Vestis cotidiana]] 3ccja9ypgc20g04zmwscyktu3zkf5p9 3980782 3980750 2026-08-12T10:10:47Z Grufo 64423 Duplam redirectionem correxi 3980782 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Vestimenta quotidiana]] mivonulconhcffldt7xnj36m293g9bz 0 327658 3980751 2026-08-12T07:46:33Z Jondel 452 Redirigens ad [[Vestis cotidiana]] 3980751 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Vestis cotidiana]] 3ccja9ypgc20g04zmwscyktu3zkf5p9 3980783 3980751 2026-08-12T10:10:55Z Grufo 64423 Duplam redirectionem correxi 3980783 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Vestimenta quotidiana]] mivonulconhcffldt7xnj36m293g9bz 14 327659 3980754 2026-08-12T07:50:29Z Jondel 452 Paginam instituit, scribens '[[Categoria:Vestimenta]]' 3980754 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Vestimenta]] 33yc8p8h0b4ww6uhx8cf857hkuednd7 0 327660 3980764 2026-08-12T09:02:57Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 nova 3980764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Elisabetha}}, saepe {{res|Elisabetha Přemyslida}} ([[Bohemice]] ''Eliška Přemyslovna''), nata die [[20 Ianuarii]] [[1292]] [[Praga]]e et ibidem die [[28 Septembris]] [[1330]] mortua, fuit regina [[Bohemia]]e ab anno 1310 usque ad mortem, regis [[Venceslaus II (rex Bohemiae)|Venceslai II]] e domo [[Přemyslidae|Přemyslidarum]] filia, uxor regis [[Iohannes (rex Bohemiae)|Ioannis Luxemburgensis]] ac mater [[Carolus IV (imperator)|Caroli IV imperatoris]]. Ultima fuit reginae e dynastia Přemyslidarum, quae in linea masculina anno 1306 exstincta est. ==Vita== Elisabetha nata est regi Venceslao II et [[Gutha Habsburgensis|Guthae Habsburgensi]]. Anno 1297, cum quinque annos haberet, mater eius mortua est. Pater anno 1300 in matrimonium duxit Elisabetham Richezam (''Alžběta Rejčku''), quae tantum quattuor annos maior fuit quam filia eius. Inter duas Elisabethas numquam amicitia crevit, sed potius inimicitia, quae annos subsequentes graviter affecit. Post mortem Venceslai II anno 1305 et necem filii eius [[Venceslaus III (rex Bohemiae)|Venceslai III]] anno 1306, ultimi regis Bohemiae ex dynastia Přemyslidarum, Elisabetha in monasterio Sancti Georgii in arce Pragensi sub tutela amitae suae Cunegundis habitavit. Postquam soror eius Anna cum viro suo Henrico de Carinthia in [[Carinthia]]m fugit, Elisabetha Pragae relicta est. Nobilitas de successione regni disputaret. Tobias de Bechin, qui proposuit ut rusticus e vico Stadic (unde progenitor Přemysl originem duxerat) in matrimonium duceret Elisabetham, in concilio nobilium interfectus est. Anno 1309 nobiles Henrico de Carinthia Bohemiae tyrannice imperanti inimici Elisabetham in matrimonium collocare cum aliquo e [[Domus Luxemburgica|dynastia Luxemburgensi]] consilium ceperunt. Die [[1 Septembris]] [[1310]], Elisabetha in [[Spira (urbs)|Spira]] Ioanni, filio [[Henricus VII (imperator)|Henrici VII]], nupta est, qui tunc quattuordecim annos habebat. Eodem anno Henricus VII Elisabetham reginam Bohemiae proclamavit et Henricum de Carinthia deposuit. Die 7 Februarii 1311, Elisabetha et Ioannes [[Ecclesia Cathedralis Sancti Viti Pragensis|in basilica Sancti Viti]] coronati sunt. Sed mox Ioannes Elisabethae Richeza reginae viduae amicus factus est; discidium inter duas reginas ut "bellum reginarum" notum est. Anno 1316 Elisabetha peperit filium Venceslaum (postea imperatorem Carolum IV), et anno 1318 filium Primislaum Ottocarum. Anno 1319 tamen matrimonium eius disruptum est, cum Ioannes Elisabetham in exsilium misit. In exsilio Elisabetha usque ad mortem operibus piis se dabat. Monasterium sanctae Annae [[Dominicani|ordinis Dominicanae]] Pragense fundavit, chorum ecclesiae sancti Thomae refecit, et xenodochium in Mělník. Magnam venerationem reliquiis habuit; anno 1327, reliquias sanctorum gemmis et auro exornavit. Rex Franciae [[Carolus IV (rex Francorum)|Carolus Pulcher]] eius rogatu unum spinam e corona Domini ei donavit. De [[tuberculosis|tuberculosi]] aetatis suae anno tricesimo octavo mortua est. Sepulta est in monasterio [[Aula Regia (abbatia)|Aulae Regiae]] secundum voluntatem suam. ==Proles== *Margaretha (1313–1341), uxor Henrici XIV ducis Bavariae; *Bona (Gutta) (1315–1349), uxor [[Ioannes II (rex Francorum)|Ioannis Boni]] regis Franciae; *Carolus IV (1316–1378), imperator; *Primislaus Ottocarus (1318–1320), qui infans mortuus est; *Ioannes Henricus(1322–1375), marchio [[Moravia]]e; *Anna (1323–1338), uxor Ottonis ducis Austriae. ==Fontes== *[[Chronica Aulae Regiae]] [[Petrus Zittaviensis|Petri Zittaviensis]] *[[Chronica ecclesiae Pragensis]] Benessii Krabice de Weitmile ==De Elisabetha== *Kopičková, Božena: Eliška Přemyslovna. Královna česká. Praha: Vyšehrad, 2003. ISBN 80-7021-656-5. *Šarochová, Gabriela V.: Eliška Přemyslovna a Jan Lucemburský: 1.9.1310. Sňatek z rozumu. Praha: Havran, 2002. ISBN 80-86515-15-X. ==Nexus externi== {{fontes biographici}} {{Anni vitae|1292|1330|Elizabetha Przemyslida}} [[Categoria:Reginae Bohemiae]] [[Categoria:Mariti ducum civitatum]] [[Categoria:Premyslidae]] czwoxi3x3drd66m3n5i2xrp0vmfnbdl 3980767 3980764 2026-08-12T09:10:03Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* Vita */ 3980767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Elisabetha}}, saepe {{res|Elisabetha Přemyslida}} ([[Bohemice]] ''Eliška Přemyslovna''), nata die [[20 Ianuarii]] [[1292]] [[Praga]]e et ibidem die [[28 Septembris]] [[1330]] mortua, fuit regina [[Bohemia]]e ab anno 1310 usque ad mortem, regis [[Venceslaus II (rex Bohemiae)|Venceslai II]] e domo [[Přemyslidae|Přemyslidarum]] filia, uxor regis [[Iohannes (rex Bohemiae)|Ioannis Luxemburgensis]] ac mater [[Carolus IV (imperator)|Caroli IV imperatoris]]. Ultima fuit reginae e dynastia Přemyslidarum, quae in linea masculina anno 1306 exstincta est. ==Vita== Elisabetha nata est regi Venceslao II et [[Gutha Habsburgensis|Guthae Habsburgensi]]. Anno 1297, cum quinque annos haberet, mater eius mortua est. Pater anno 1300 in matrimonium duxit Elisabetham Richezam (''Alžběta Rejčku''), quae tantum quattuor annos maior fuit quam filia eius. Inter duas Elisabethas numquam amicitia crevit, sed potius inimicitia, quae annos subsequentes graviter affecit. Post mortem Venceslai II anno 1305 et necem filii eius [[Venceslaus III (rex Bohemiae)|Venceslai III]] anno 1306, ultimi regis Bohemiae ex dynastia Přemyslidarum, Elisabetha in monasterio Sancti Georgii in arce Pragensi sub tutela amitae suae Cunegundis habitavit. Postquam soror eius Anna cum viro suo Henrico de Carinthia in [[Carinthia]]m fugit, Elisabetha Pragae relicta est. Nobilitas de successione regni disputaret. Tobias de Bechin, qui proposuit ut rusticus e vico Stadic (unde progenitor Přemysl originem duxerat) in matrimonium duceret Elisabetham, in concilio nobilium interfectus est. Anno 1309 nobiles Henrico de Carinthia Bohemiae tyrannice imperanti inimici Elisabetham in matrimonium collocare cum aliquo e [[Domus Luxemburgica|dynastia Luxemburgensi]] consilium ceperunt. Die [[1 Septembris]] [[1310]], Elisabetha in [[Spira (urbs)|Spira]] Ioanni, filio [[Henricus VII (imperator)|Henrici VII]], nupta est, qui tunc quattuordecim annos habebat. Eodem anno Henricus VII Elisabetham reginam Bohemiae proclamavit et Henricum de Carinthia deposuit. Die 7 Februarii 1311, Elisabetha et Ioannes [[Ecclesia Cathedralis Sancti Viti Pragensis|in basilica Sancti Viti]] coronati sunt. Sed mox Ioannes Elisabethae Richeza reginae viduae amicus factus est; discidium inter duas reginas ut "bellum reginarum" notum est. Anno 1316 Elisabetha peperit filium Venceslaum (postea imperatorem Carolum IV), et anno 1318 filium Primislaum Ottocarum. Anno 1319 tamen matrimonium eius disruptum est, cum Ioannes Elisabetham in exsilium misisset. In exsilio Elisabetha usque ad mortem operibus piis se dabat. Monasterium sanctae Annae [[Dominicani|ordinis Dominicanae]] Pragense fundavit, chorum ecclesiae sancti Thomae refecit, et xenodochium in Mělník. Magnam venerationem reliquiis habuit; anno 1327, reliquias sanctorum gemmis et auro exornavit. Rex Franciae [[Carolus IV (rex Francorum)|Carolus Pulcher]] eius rogatu unum spinam e corona Domini ei donavit. De [[tuberculosis|tuberculosi]] aetatis suae anno tricesimo octavo mortua est. Sepulta est in monasterio [[Aula Regia (abbatia)|Aulae Regiae]] secundum voluntatem suam. ==Proles== *Margaretha (1313–1341), uxor Henrici XIV ducis Bavariae; *Bona (Gutta) (1315–1349), uxor [[Ioannes II (rex Francorum)|Ioannis Boni]] regis Franciae; *Carolus IV (1316–1378), imperator; *Primislaus Ottocarus (1318–1320), qui infans mortuus est; *Ioannes Henricus(1322–1375), marchio [[Moravia]]e; *Anna (1323–1338), uxor Ottonis ducis Austriae. ==Fontes== *[[Chronica Aulae Regiae]] [[Petrus Zittaviensis|Petri Zittaviensis]] *[[Chronica ecclesiae Pragensis]] Benessii Krabice de Weitmile ==De Elisabetha== *Kopičková, Božena: Eliška Přemyslovna. Královna česká. Praha: Vyšehrad, 2003. ISBN 80-7021-656-5. *Šarochová, Gabriela V.: Eliška Přemyslovna a Jan Lucemburský: 1.9.1310. Sňatek z rozumu. Praha: Havran, 2002. ISBN 80-86515-15-X. ==Nexus externi== {{fontes biographici}} {{Anni vitae|1292|1330|Elizabetha Przemyslida}} [[Categoria:Reginae Bohemiae]] [[Categoria:Mariti ducum civitatum]] [[Categoria:Premyslidae]] hxfam0a59sltm267xr493kvbfjdgx29 3980769 3980767 2026-08-12T09:36:21Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* Vita */ 3980769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Elisabetha}}, saepe {{res|Elisabetha Přemyslida}} ([[Bohemice]] ''Eliška Přemyslovna''), nata die [[20 Ianuarii]] [[1292]] [[Praga]]e et ibidem die [[28 Septembris]] [[1330]] mortua, fuit regina [[Bohemia]]e ab anno 1310 usque ad mortem, regis [[Venceslaus II (rex Bohemiae)|Venceslai II]] e domo [[Přemyslidae|Přemyslidarum]] filia, uxor regis [[Iohannes (rex Bohemiae)|Ioannis Luxemburgensis]] ac mater [[Carolus IV (imperator)|Caroli IV imperatoris]]. Ultima fuit reginae e dynastia Přemyslidarum, quae in linea masculina anno 1306 exstincta est. ==Vita== Elisabetha nata est regi Venceslao II et [[Gutha Habsburgensis|Guthae Habsburgensi]]. Anno 1297, cum quinque annos haberet, mater eius mortua est. Pater anno 1300 in matrimonium duxit Elisabetham Ryksam ([[Polonice]] ''Ryksa Elżbieta''), quae tantum quattuor annos maior fuit quam filia eius. Inter duas Elisabethas numquam amicitia crevit, sed potius inimicitia, quae annos subsequentes graviter affecit. Post mortem Venceslai II anno 1305 et necem filii eius [[Venceslaus III (rex Bohemiae)|Venceslai III]] anno 1306, ultimi regis Bohemiae ex dynastia Přemyslidarum, Elisabetha in monasterio Sancti Georgii in arce Pragensi sub tutela amitae suae Cunegundis habitavit. Postquam soror eius Anna cum viro suo Henrico de Carinthia in [[Carinthia]]m fugit, Elisabetha Pragae relicta est. Nobilitas de successione regni disputaret. Tobias de Bechin, qui proposuit ut rusticus e vico Stadic (unde progenitor Přemysl originem duxerat) in matrimonium duceret Elisabetham, in concilio nobilium interfectus est. Anno 1309 nobiles Henrico de Carinthia Bohemiae tyrannice imperanti inimici Elisabetham in matrimonium collocare cum aliquo e [[Domus Luxemburgica|dynastia Luxemburgensi]] consilium ceperunt. Die [[1 Septembris]] [[1310]], Elisabetha in [[Spira (urbs)|Spira]] Ioanni, filio [[Henricus VII (imperator)|Henrici VII]], nupta est, qui tunc quattuordecim annos habebat. Eodem anno Henricus VII Elisabetham reginam Bohemiae proclamavit et Henricum de Carinthia deposuit. Die 7 Februarii 1311, Elisabetha et Ioannes [[Ecclesia Cathedralis Sancti Viti Pragensis|in basilica Sancti Viti]] coronati sunt. Sed mox Ioannes Elisabethae Ryksae reginae viduae amicus factus est; discidium inter duas reginas ut "bellum reginarum" notum est. Anno 1316 Elisabetha peperit filium Venceslaum (postea imperatorem Carolum IV), et anno 1318 filium Primislaum Ottocarum. Anno 1319 tamen matrimonium eius disruptum est, cum Ioannes Elisabetham in exsilium misisset. In exsilio Elisabetha usque ad mortem operibus piis se dabat. Monasterium sanctae Annae [[Dominicani|ordinis Dominicanae]] Pragense fundavit, chorum ecclesiae sancti Thomae refecit, et xenodochium in Mělník. Magnam venerationem reliquiis habuit; anno 1327, reliquias sanctorum gemmis et auro exornavit. Rex Franciae [[Carolus IV (rex Francorum)|Carolus Pulcher]] eius rogatu unum spinam e corona Domini ei donavit. De [[tuberculosis|tuberculosi]] aetatis suae anno tricesimo octavo mortua est. Sepulta est in monasterio [[Aula Regia (abbatia)|Aulae Regiae]] secundum voluntatem suam. ==Proles== *Margaretha (1313–1341), uxor Henrici XIV ducis Bavariae; *Bona (Gutta) (1315–1349), uxor [[Ioannes II (rex Francorum)|Ioannis Boni]] regis Franciae; *Carolus IV (1316–1378), imperator; *Primislaus Ottocarus (1318–1320), qui infans mortuus est; *Ioannes Henricus(1322–1375), marchio [[Moravia]]e; *Anna (1323–1338), uxor Ottonis ducis Austriae. ==Fontes== *[[Chronica Aulae Regiae]] [[Petrus Zittaviensis|Petri Zittaviensis]] *[[Chronica ecclesiae Pragensis]] Benessii Krabice de Weitmile ==De Elisabetha== *Kopičková, Božena: Eliška Přemyslovna. Královna česká. Praha: Vyšehrad, 2003. ISBN 80-7021-656-5. *Šarochová, Gabriela V.: Eliška Přemyslovna a Jan Lucemburský: 1.9.1310. Sňatek z rozumu. Praha: Havran, 2002. ISBN 80-86515-15-X. ==Nexus externi== {{fontes biographici}} {{Anni vitae|1292|1330|Elizabetha Przemyslida}} [[Categoria:Reginae Bohemiae]] [[Categoria:Mariti ducum civitatum]] [[Categoria:Premyslidae]] if41vpxxelkf2sgofrxfbxsszn97z1k 3980770 3980769 2026-08-12T09:36:46Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3980770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Elisabetha}}, saepe {{res|Elisabetha Přemyslida}} ([[Bohemice]] ''Eliška Přemyslovna''), nata die [[20 Ianuarii]] [[1292]] [[Praga]]e et ibidem die [[28 Septembris]] [[1330]] mortua, fuit regina [[Bohemia]]e ab anno 1310 usque ad mortem, regis [[Venceslaus II (rex Bohemiae)|Venceslai II]] e domo [[Přemyslidae|Přemyslidarum]] filia, uxor regis [[Iohannes (rex Bohemiae)|Ioannis Luxemburgensis]] ac mater [[Carolus IV (imperator)|Caroli IV imperatoris]]. Ultima fuit regina e dynastia Přemyslidarum, quae in linea masculina anno 1306 exstincta est. ==Vita== Elisabetha nata est regi Venceslao II et [[Gutha Habsburgensis|Guthae Habsburgensi]]. Anno 1297, cum quinque annos haberet, mater eius mortua est. Pater anno 1300 in matrimonium duxit Elisabetham Ryksam ([[Polonice]] ''Ryksa Elżbieta''), quae tantum quattuor annos maior fuit quam filia eius. Inter duas Elisabethas numquam amicitia crevit, sed potius inimicitia, quae annos subsequentes graviter affecit. Post mortem Venceslai II anno 1305 et necem filii eius [[Venceslaus III (rex Bohemiae)|Venceslai III]] anno 1306, ultimi regis Bohemiae ex dynastia Přemyslidarum, Elisabetha in monasterio Sancti Georgii in arce Pragensi sub tutela amitae suae Cunegundis habitavit. Postquam soror eius Anna cum viro suo Henrico de Carinthia in [[Carinthia]]m fugit, Elisabetha Pragae relicta est. Nobilitas de successione regni disputaret. Tobias de Bechin, qui proposuit ut rusticus e vico Stadic (unde progenitor Přemysl originem duxerat) in matrimonium duceret Elisabetham, in concilio nobilium interfectus est. Anno 1309 nobiles Henrico de Carinthia Bohemiae tyrannice imperanti inimici Elisabetham in matrimonium collocare cum aliquo e [[Domus Luxemburgica|dynastia Luxemburgensi]] consilium ceperunt. Die [[1 Septembris]] [[1310]], Elisabetha in [[Spira (urbs)|Spira]] Ioanni, filio [[Henricus VII (imperator)|Henrici VII]], nupta est, qui tunc quattuordecim annos habebat. Eodem anno Henricus VII Elisabetham reginam Bohemiae proclamavit et Henricum de Carinthia deposuit. Die 7 Februarii 1311, Elisabetha et Ioannes [[Ecclesia Cathedralis Sancti Viti Pragensis|in basilica Sancti Viti]] coronati sunt. Sed mox Ioannes Elisabethae Ryksae reginae viduae amicus factus est; discidium inter duas reginas ut "bellum reginarum" notum est. Anno 1316 Elisabetha peperit filium Venceslaum (postea imperatorem Carolum IV), et anno 1318 filium Primislaum Ottocarum. Anno 1319 tamen matrimonium eius disruptum est, cum Ioannes Elisabetham in exsilium misisset. In exsilio Elisabetha usque ad mortem operibus piis se dabat. Monasterium sanctae Annae [[Dominicani|ordinis Dominicanae]] Pragense fundavit, chorum ecclesiae sancti Thomae refecit, et xenodochium in Mělník. Magnam venerationem reliquiis habuit; anno 1327, reliquias sanctorum gemmis et auro exornavit. Rex Franciae [[Carolus IV (rex Francorum)|Carolus Pulcher]] eius rogatu unum spinam e corona Domini ei donavit. De [[tuberculosis|tuberculosi]] aetatis suae anno tricesimo octavo mortua est. Sepulta est in monasterio [[Aula Regia (abbatia)|Aulae Regiae]] secundum voluntatem suam. ==Proles== *Margaretha (1313–1341), uxor Henrici XIV ducis Bavariae; *Bona (Gutta) (1315–1349), uxor [[Ioannes II (rex Francorum)|Ioannis Boni]] regis Franciae; *Carolus IV (1316–1378), imperator; *Primislaus Ottocarus (1318–1320), qui infans mortuus est; *Ioannes Henricus(1322–1375), marchio [[Moravia]]e; *Anna (1323–1338), uxor Ottonis ducis Austriae. ==Fontes== *[[Chronica Aulae Regiae]] [[Petrus Zittaviensis|Petri Zittaviensis]] *[[Chronica ecclesiae Pragensis]] Benessii Krabice de Weitmile ==De Elisabetha== *Kopičková, Božena: Eliška Přemyslovna. Královna česká. Praha: Vyšehrad, 2003. ISBN 80-7021-656-5. *Šarochová, Gabriela V.: Eliška Přemyslovna a Jan Lucemburský: 1.9.1310. Sňatek z rozumu. Praha: Havran, 2002. ISBN 80-86515-15-X. ==Nexus externi== {{fontes biographici}} {{Anni vitae|1292|1330|Elizabetha Przemyslida}} [[Categoria:Reginae Bohemiae]] [[Categoria:Mariti ducum civitatum]] [[Categoria:Premyslidae]] fpegpx88lwjwfytajvjz8cpukab3m0n 0 327661 3980765 2026-08-12T09:04:39Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 nova 3980765 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Premyslidae]] td4agxbhf9x0yikd5loe1u7mooyfoew 0 327662 3980772 2026-08-12T09:54:57Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Vestis cotidiana]] ad [[Vestimenta quotidiana]]: Vestimenta (plur.) est nomen magis idoneum 3980772 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Vestimenta quotidiana]] mivonulconhcffldt7xnj36m293g9bz 1 327663 3980774 2026-08-12T09:54:57Z Grufo 64423 Grufo movit paginam [[Disputatio:Vestis cotidiana]] ad [[Disputatio:Vestimenta quotidiana]]: Vestimenta (plur.) est nomen magis idoneum 3980774 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Disputatio:Vestimenta quotidiana]] {{De hac redirectione}} r5s3ttoewdwtfu02qupuh2t0by7he4z 0 327664 3980786 2026-08-12T10:11:33Z Grufo 64423 Redirectionem creavi 3980786 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Vestimenta quotidiana]] mivonulconhcffldt7xnj36m293g9bz