Vicipaedia lawiki https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicipaedia:Pagina_prima MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.16 first-letter Media Specialis Disputatio Usor Disputatio Usoris Vicipaedia Disputatio Vicipaediae Fasciculus Disputatio Fasciculi MediaWiki Disputatio MediaWiki Formula Disputatio Formulae Auxilium Disputatio Auxilii Categoria Disputatio Categoriae Porta Disputatio Portae Adumbratio Disputatio Adumbrationis TimedText TimedText talk Modulus Disputatio Moduli Event Event talk 0 1007 3983426 3983401 2026-08-24T12:55:19Z IacobusAmor 1163 ~ 3983426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} {{Capsa scholae Vicidata}} '''Universitas Upsaliensis'''<ref>"Universitatis Upsaliensis" (cas. gen.): vide [https://archive.org/stream/memorialbookofse00prin#page/300/mode/2up hanc epistulam.]</ref> ([[Suecice]] ''Uppsala universitet'') est [[universitas publica]] [[Upsalia (Suecia)|Upsalia]]e in urbe sita, omnis [[Suecia]]e veterrima, anno [[1477]] condita. Olim ibi [[theologia]] tantum docebatur, sed hodie omnes [[scientia (ratio)|scientiae]] docentur. [[Universitas]] circa 40 000 scholasticorum habet. Eius sententia in [[insigne|signo]] "Gratiae Veritas Naturae" legitur. Veteriora et sollemnia universitatis nomina sunt '''''Academia Regia''''' et '''''Universitas Regia Ubsaliensis''''' Inter alumnos numerantur [[Ericus Acharius]], [[Ioannes Erhard Areschoug]], [[Ioannes Campanius]], [[Andreas Celsius]], [[Carolus Alexander Clerck]], [[Ioannes Petrus Falck]], [[Dag Hammarskjöld]], [[Ericus Axel Karlfeldt]], [[Carolus Linnaeus]], [[Magnus Gustavus Mittag-Leffler]], [[Ioannes Andreas Murray]], [[Daniel Solander]], [[Georgius Stiernhielmus]], [[Theodorus Svedberg]], [[Gunnel Vallquist]], [[Per Wästberg]], [[Marcus Wallenberg]]. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == [[Fasciculus:Entrance hall of Uppsala University main building.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Atrium [[aedificium|aedificii]] principalis.]] {{CommuniaCat|Uppsala University|Universitatem Upsaliensem}} * [http://www.uu.se/ Situs interretialis universitatis proprius.] {{uni-stipula}} [[Categoria:Universitas Upsaliensis|!]] 9pemlzbqakwr2wl4syfl6wk9t46xf5j 0 2646 3983573 3823743 2026-08-25T09:21:48Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* Cursus fluminis */ 3983573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{flumen|Rhenus|[[Fasciculus:Rhine_canyon.JPG|thumb|center|Valles Rhenana]]<br />Vallis Rhenana（[[Helvetia]]・[[Grisonia]]）| 1,230 | 1,602 | 2,200 | 220,000 | [[Helvetia]] | [[Mare Germanicum]] | [[Helvetia]] | [[Lichtenstenum]] -<br />[[Austria]] - [[Germania]] -<br />[[Francia]] - [[Nederlandia]]}} [[Fasciculus:Rhenus.jpg|thumb|Rhenus.]] [[Fasciculus:FiliaRheniBonn.jpg|thumb|Navis "Filia Rheni" in Alter Zoll [[Bonna]]e.]] '''Rhenus''' est [[flumen]] quod [[Helvetia]]m, [[Lichtenstenum]], [[Austria]]m, [[Germania]]m, [[Francia]]m, et [[Nederlandia]]m permeat. == Cursus fluminis == Rhenus in [[Alpes|Alpibus]] Helvetiae in pago [[Grisonia]]e e [[Lacus Tuma|lacu Tuma]] oritur, prope [[Curia Raetorum|Curiam Raetorum]] et trans [[Lacus Bodamicus|lacum Bodamicum]] fluit, per urbes [[Constantia (Germania)|Constantiam]], [[Scafusa (urbs)|Scafusam]], [[Laufenburg]], duo Rheinfelden ([[Rheinfelden (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Badensem]] et [[Rheinfelden (Argovia)|Argoviam]]) et [[Basilea]]m, tum inter fines [[Germania]]e et [[Francia]]e. Prope [[Confluentes (Helvetia)|Confluentes]] Helveticos [[Abrinca (flumen)|Aruram flumen]], apud [[Moguntiacum]] [[Moenus|Moenum]], prope [[Confluentes]] Germanicos [[Mosella]]m, prope [[Thuiscoburgum]] [[Rura]]m, prope [[Dordracum]] [[Mosa]]m tributaria accepit. Postea [[Bonna]]m [[Colonia Agrippina|Coloniamque]] transfluit, tunc se ad occidentem vertit et [[Nederlandia]]e divertitur in [[aestuarium|aestuario]] ubi in provincia [[Hollandia Australis]] [[Mare Germanicum]] influit prope [[Lugdunum Batavorum]] et [[Roterodamum]] in magno [[Delta Rheni et Mosae|delta]] una cum flumine [[Mosa]]. == Systema fluvii == Rheni [[Pelvis hydrographica|systema fluvialis]], maxima ad [[septentrio]]nem [[alpes|Alpium]], superficiem ca. 220&thinsp;000 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chiliometrorum quadratorum]] habet. Cursus Rheni in partes sex dividitur: * [[Rhenus Alpium]] a confluentes 'Rheni anterioris' et 'Rheni posterioris' prope urbem [[Tamins]] usque ad Lacum Bodamicum * [[Rhenus altus]] * [[Rhenus superior]] * [[Rhenus medius]] * [[Rhenus inferior]] * [[Rhenus aestuariarius]] == Fluvii tributarii maiores == {{div col|2}} * [[Ill]], flumen [[Cisarulana]]e * [[Aha Brigantina]], prope [[Brigantium (Austria)|Brigantium]] Lacum Bodamicum influit * [[Thur]] * [[Töss]] * [[Glatt]] * [[Abrinca (flumen)|Arura]] * [[Birsa (flumen Iurae)]] * [[Murga]] septentrionalis et * [[Murga meridionalis]] * [[Ara (flumen)|Ara]] * [[Neccarus]] * [[Moenus]] * [[Mosella]] * [[Laugana]] * [[Segaha]] * [[Vinxtbach|Obrincas]] * [[Rura]] * [[Lupia]] * [[Mosa]] {{div col end}} == Historia == [[Tacitus]] Rhenum "uno alveo continuus aut modicas [[insula]]s circumveniens" esse scribit (Tac. ann. 2,6). [[Saeculum 1|Saeculo primo]], multis alveis deletis flumen directum est. Rhenus [[canalis]] factus est ut magnae [[navis|naves]] ibi vehantur et [[merx|merces]] perfacile in eo transportentur. At imbribus assiduis aqua per canalem celerrime fertur. Flumen interdum magnam [[diluvio]]nem et magnas calamitates in urbibus prope Rhenum sitis efficit. De Rheno Germanico laudes cantavit [[Nicolaus Becker]] furiosus. == Oeconomia == Ab antiqua aetate Rhenus inter cursus aquarum maximi momenti in Europa ad [[navigatio]]nem est. Inter Rheinfelden et [[Portus Roterodami|Portum urbis Roterodami]] nonnulli [[portus]] apud magnas urbes naves recipiunt. Anno [[1836]] [[Societas navium vaporariarum Rheni inferioris]] vecturam inter [[Manhemium]] et Roterodamum instituit. == Oecologia == In [[aqua|aquis]] Rheni ingens quantitas particulorum [[plastica (materia)|plasticae]] invenitur ad damnum [[circumiecta naturalia|circumiectorum naturalium]], quod est exemplum [[pollutio plastica|pollutionis plasticae]].<ref>[https://www.unibas.ch/de/Aktuell/News/Uni-Research/Kleinste-Plastikteilchen-Der-Rhein-gehoert-weltweit-zu-den-am-staerksten-belasteten-Stroemen.html De plastica in Rheno relatio universitatis Basileae]{{Nexus deficit|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref> Ob magnam contaminationem aquarum Rheni anno [[1963]] inter Helvetiam, Lichtenstenum, Austriam, Germaniam, Franciam, Nederlandiam, [[Luxemburgum]] et [[Unio Europaea|Unionem Europaeam]] conventio facta est ad instituendam [[Commission Internationalis ad Protectionem Rheni|Commissionem Internationalem ad Protectionem Rheni]].<ref>[http://www.iksr.de/ Situs proprius Commissionis ad protectionem Rheni]</ref> {{NexInt}} {{div col|3}} * [[Ad Rhenum]] * [[Adula]] * [[Angulus Hollandiae]] * [[Aquae cadentes Rheni]] * [[Beneduces]] * [[Breisach am Rhein]] * [[Fectio]] * [[Lorelei]] * [[Ludovici Portus Rhenanus]] * [[Pagus Rheni]] * [[Pontes Basileae]] * [[Portus Roterodami]] * [[Rheinfelden (Argovia)]] * [[Rhenania]] * [[Rhenania-Palatinatus]] * [[Rhenania Septentrionalis-Vestfalia]] * [[Rhenium]] * [[Rhenus (personificatio)]] * [[RHENUS (societas mercatoria)]] * ''[[Der Ring des Nibelungen]]'' * [[Traiectum ad Rhenum]] * [[Traiectum ad Rhenum (provincia)]] * [[Vallis Rheni (Grisonia)]] * [[Weil-am-Rhein]] {{div col end}} == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * W. Gassen, et Bernhardus Holeczek, eds. ''Mythos Rhein – Ein Fluß – Bild und Bedeutung'' ([[Ludovici Portus Rhenanus|Ludovici Portu Rhenano]] 1992). * Johannes Christianus Hoffmann, Dietmar Keller, Karin Thomas, eds. ''Der Rhein – Unser Weltkulturerbe'' ([[Colonia Agrippina|Coloniae Agrippinae]] 2003). * Horst Johannes Tümmers: ''Der Rhein – Ein europäischer Fluß und seine Geschichte'' ([[Monacum|Monaco]] 1994). * Bruno P. Kremer: ''Der Rhein – Von den Alpen bis zur Nordsee'' ([[Thuiscoburgum|Thuiscoburgo]] 2010). * Maximilianus Tauch: ''Rheinische Landschaften. Gemälde und Aquarelle aus dem 19. und 20. Jahrhundert'' ([[Novaesium|Novaesio]] 1973). == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Rhine|Rhenum}} {{Fontes geographici}} {{Grc|Ῥήνος}} {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Geographia}} [[Categoria:Rhenus| ]] [[Categoria:Alpes]] [[Categoria:Iura Mons]] [[Categoria:Mare Germanicum]] [[Categoria:Rhenania Septentrionalis-Vestfalia]] [[Categoria:Res geographicae Grisoniae]] [[Categoria:Res geographicae pagi Scafusae]] q3oxyiog0eeci4xttn6xx7bwidp3e6n 0 2787 3983574 3950963 2026-08-25T09:23:46Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3983574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{flumen|Mosa|[[Fasciculus:Maas.jpg|thumb|center|Mosa]]|925|409|400|36 000|[[Francia]]|Hollands Diep|Francia - Belgia - Nederlandia}} {{Videhom|Mosa (Matrona Superior)}} {{res|Mosa}} (Nederlandice: ''Maas'', Francogallice: ''Meuse'') est fluvius in [[Francia]], [[Belgia]] [[Nederlandia]]<nowiki/>que. Ex Nederlandia per [[Delta Rheni et Mosae|delta commune]] cum [[Mosa]] in [[Mare Germanicum]] influit. In propensam suorum, [[roma]]ni multas urbes ad hoc flumen condiderunt. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fossa Eugeniana|Fossa Eugeniana|de|qid=Q638683}}{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1=[https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth190536/ Fossa Eugeniana, quae a Rheno ad Mosam duci coepta est, anno 1627 ductu Comitis Henrici vanden Berge], tabula {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Henricus Hondius|Henrici Hondii|nl|qid=Q926814}}.|2=Q926814}} canalis imperfectus Mosam cum [[Rhenus|Rheno]] coniungere debebat. == Urbes ad Mosam == * [[Neocastrum]] * [[Commercium (urbs)|Commercium]] * [[Virodunum]] * [[Caroli Villa]] * [[Namurcum]] * [[Leodicum]] * [[Traiectum Mosae]] * [[Roermonda]] * [[Venlonum]] ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} {{flumen-stipula}} [[Categoria:Flumina Nederlandiae]] [[Categoria:Flumina Franciae]] [[Categoria:Systema Mosae fluminis|!]] j5808w392uhiq37j98j8a43lnen6snr 10 2816 3983564 3948256 2026-08-25T06:29:28Z ~2026-46240-07 213887 Typo 3983564 wikitext text/x-wiki <include only>{{Meta stipulation | categoria = no dummy in categories stipulation positive | imago = Wiki letter s.svg | size = 30 | alt = stipulation | proposition = {{{proposition|}}} }}</includeonly><no include>{{Documentation}}</no included> 7yzedhtyuo87vzjv9vne3vay9tow1at 3983569 3983564 2026-08-25T08:28:35Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 Recensiones a conlatore [[Special:Contributions/~2026-46240-07|~2026-46240-07]] ([[User talk:~2026-46240-07|Disputatio]]) factas in superiorem redactionem a conlatore [[User:Grufo|Grufo]] factam restitui 3948256 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Metastipula | categoria = nondum in categorias stipularum positae | imago = Wiki letter s.svg | size = 30 | alt = stipula | propositum = {{{propositum|}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> s8tixehg0hop9azm457uoan5dbjibel 0 3070 3983544 3982685 2026-08-24T23:25:25Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3983544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} '''Saxonia Inferior''' est una e sedecim civitatibus [[Germania|Germanicis]]. Ad [[Mare Germanicum|Oceanum Fresonicum]] sita est. [[Visurgis]] atque [[Amisia]] fluvii civitatem perfluunt et [[Albis]] fluvius tangit. [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] est [[Hannovera]]. Saxonia Inferior 7&thinsp;926&thinsp;000 incolarum anno [[2001]] habuit. [[Area (geometria)|Area]] civitatis eadem fere est ac regni Hannoverae saeculo undevicesimo, [[magnitudo|magnitudine]] 47&thinsp;616 km². == Historia == Civitas Saxoniae Inferioris post [[secundum bellum mundanum]] die [[9 Decembris]] [[1946]] condita est, cum Britanni, qui tum hanc partem Germaniae occupabant, terras [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Brunsvicum]], [[Ducatus Oldenburgensis|Oldenburgum]], [[Schaumburgum-Lippia]]m atque [[Borussia|Borussiam]] proviniciam Hannoveram in unam civitatem consociarent. Primus praeses ministrorum [[Hinricus Gulielmus Kopf]] ([[SPD]]) factus est. Anno [[1949]], Saxonia Inferior civitas Rei Publicae Foederalis Germaniae facta est. == Administratio == Saxonia Inferior in triginta septem [[Circulus terrae|circulos terrestres]], quarum una [[Hannovera (regio)|regio Hannovera]] est, atque octo urbes autonomas [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris|dividitur]], qui [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris|hic]] perscribuntur. == Geographia == === Urbes Saxoniae Inferioris === ==== Urbes maiores ==== {{div col|3}} * [[Hannoveria]] * [[Brunsvicum]] * [[Emda]] * [[Gottinga]] * [[Osnabruga]] * [[Oldenburgum (Oldenburgum)|Oldenburgum]] * [[Castra Lupi]] * [[Luneburgum]] * [[Salis Cancellum]] * [[Wilhelmshaven|Portus Gulielmi]] {{div col end}} ==== Alia capita pagorum ==== * [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]] * [[Gifhorna]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703"/> commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]] ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Gifhorn'') * [[Goslaria]] * [[Hamala]], oppidum ad [[Visurgis|Visurgim]] situm * [[Hildesia]] * [[Mellea]] * [[Vinsenia]] (''Winsen an der Luhe''), sedes administrationis regionis Harburgensis ==== Oppida aliae ==== * [[Hoya]], urbs apud mediam Saxoniam Inferiorem sita * [[Neu Wulmstorf]] (apud [[Hamburgum]]) * [[Vicus Lutrarum]] === Flumina === * [[Albis]] * [[Lagina (flumen)]] * [[Visurgis]] * [[Amisia]] === Regiones Saxoniae Inferioris === * [[Harthici montes]] superior * [[Teutoburgiensis saltus]] * [[Eichsfeldia]] inferior cum Marca aurea == Praesides ministrorum == {| border="border" class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Nomen ! Tempus regendi |- | [[Henricus Gulielmus Kopf]] ([[1893]]–[[1961]]), [[SPD]] | [[23 Novembris]] [[1946]] – [[26 Maii]] [[1955]] |- | [[Henricus Hellwege]] ([[1908]]–[[1991]]), Factio Theodisca | 26 Maii 1955 – [[12 Maii]] [[1959]] |- | Henricus Gulielmus Kopf (iterum) | 12 Maii 1959 – [[21 Decembris]] [[1961]] |- | [[Georgius Diederichs]] ([[1900]]–[[1983]]), SPD | [[29 Decembris]] 1961 – [[8 Iulii]] [[1970]] |- | [[Alfredus Kubel]] ([[1909]]–[[1999]]), SPD | 8 Iulii 1970 – [[15 Ianuarii]] [[1976]] |- | [[Ernestus Albrecht]] ([[1930]]–[[2014]]), [[CDU]] | [[6 Februarii]] 1976 – [[21 Iunii]] [[1990]] |- | [[Gerardus Schröder]] ([[1944]]), SPD | 21 Iunii 1990 – [[27 Octobris]] [[1998]] |- | [[Gerhardus Glogowski]] ([[1943]]), SPD | [[28 Octobris]] 1998 – [[26 Novembris]] [[1999]] |- | [[Sigmarius Gabriel]] ([[1959]]), SPD | [[15 Decembris]] 1999 – [[4 Martii]] [[2003]] |- | [[Christianus Wulff]] ([[1959]]), CDU | 4 Martii 2003 – [[1 Iulii]] [[2010]] |- | [[David McAllister]] ([[1961]]), CDU | 1 Iulii 2010 – [[19 Februarii]] [[2013]] |- | [[Stephanus Weil]] ([[1958]]), SPD | 19 Februarii 2013 – … |} == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Index Communium Saxoniae Inferioris]] * [[Quistirna]] == Nexus externus == * [http://www.dav-nord.de/index.php ''Deutscher Altphilologenverband'' (Confoederatio philologorum linguarum antiquarum)] {{ling|Germanice}} {{Germania}} [[Categoria:Saxonia Inferior| ]] [[Categoria:Condita 1946]] qy1lgnj1kbh708nvlpvgpwi8g91izsa 0 6079 3983447 3817185 2026-08-24T14:55:13Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* Accolae */ 3983447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} {{flumen|Rha (Volga) |[[Fasciculus:Smoke_over_the_river_Volga.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Rha prope [[Novogardia Inferior|Novogardiam Inferiorem]]]]| 3530 | 228 | prope [[Volgogradum]] 8060 | 1 360 000 | [[Regio Tueriensis]]|[[Mare Caspium]]|[[Russia Europaea]]}} '''Rha'''<ref name="Hofmann">"[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/s0050a.html Rha]" in {{Hofmannus}} vol. 4 p. l;</ref>, saeculis [[aevum medium|mediaevalibus]] etiam '''Edel'''<ref name="Hofmann" /> (cf. [[Tatarice]] Идел, ''İdel''), et nunc '''Volga'''<ref>''Volga'': [[Augerius Gislenius Busbequius]], ''[[Legationis Turcicae epistolae]]'' [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenahist/busbecq1/jpg/s031.html p. 31 editionis 1595]; [[Ioannes Radvanus|Ioannis Radvani]] ''Radivilias'', [https://archive.org/details/Radivilias/page/n48 Vilnae 1592, p. 35]; [[Antonius Possevinus|Possevini]] ''[https://archive.org/details/antoniipossevini00poss/page/14 Missio Moscovitica, Parisiis 1882], p.14; vel ''Wolga'', ut [[Linnaeus]]: "Consignatio Plantarum ad Wolgam fluuium in desertis circa Simbirscam, Samaram..." ([https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.visual.lm-ma-cat-6 Flora Wolgensis]).</ref><ref name="Hofmann" /> ([[Russice]] Волга), [[longitudo|longitudine]] (plus quam 3.5 milia [[chiliometrum|chiliometrorum]] patens), [[effluvium (hydrologia)|effluvio]] [[pelvis siccationis|pelvique siccationis]] est maximum [[flumen]] in [[Europa]]. Nonnullae ex maximis in [[orbis terrarum|orbe terrarum]] receptaculis [[aqua]]ticis secundum Rha inveniri possunt. Ex [[viginti]] maximis [[urbs|urbibus]] Russicis, [[undecim]], inter quas [[Moscua]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]] in pelvi siccationis sitae sunt. Rha flumen [[civitas sui iuris|civitatis]] [[Russia]]e latissime habetur. Flumen famosum est in [[litterae Russicae|litteris Russicis]] et [[gentilicii mores|scientia populari]], ubi saepe ''Volga-Matuška'', i.e. 'Rha Matercula', appellatur. [[Fasciculus:volgarivermap.png|thumb|Tabula pelvis siccantis fluminis Rha]] ==De nomine== ''Rha'' ([[Graece]] Ῥᾶ) est [[nomen proprium|nomen]] antiquum; sic [[Claudius Ptolemaeus]]<ref>''[[Geographia (Ptolemaeus)|Geographia]], V 9, 12; V 9, 17.</ref> et [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] fluvium appellant. In [[Linguae Morduinicae|linguis Morduinicis]] ambobus fluvius et nunc Рав (''Rav'') nuncupatur. ''Edel'' vel ''Itil'' nomen ab Aevo Medio notum est, quod et nunc in linguis populorum terras ad Rha iacentes colentium servatur; nam hodie [[Tatarice]] flumen Идел (''Idel''), [[Baschkirice]] Иҙел (''Izel''), [[Casachice]] Еділ (''Edil''), [[Nogaice]] Эдил (''Edil''), [[Calmuccice]] Иҗил (''Ižil''), [[Tschuwaschice]] Атӑл (''Atal''), in [[Linguae Mari|linguis Mari]] Юл (''Iul'') appellatur. ''Volga'' est nomen Slavicum, a multis linguis mutuatum. Sine dubio a radice, umorem et liquorem significante (''влага, волглый''), derivatum est<ref>[[Maximilianus Vasmer|Maximiliani Vasmer]] ''Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch'' s.v.</ref>. [[Fasciculus:Chapel at the source of the Volga.jpg|thumb|Fons Rha fluminis in vico ''Volgoverchov'e'' regionis Tueriensis.]] ==Fluxus== Rha per [[Russia Europaea|Russiam Europaeam]] fluit, trans {{div col|2}} * regiones [[regio Tueriensis|Tueriensem]] * [[regio Moscuensis|Moscuensem]] * [[regio Iaroslaviensis|Iaroslaviensem]] * [[regio Costromensis|Costromensem]] * [[regio Analeptriana|Analeptrianam]] * [[regio Novogardiensis Inferior|Novogardiensem Inferiorem]] * res publicas [[Mari El]] * [[Tschuvaschia]]m * [[Tatarstania]]m * regiones [[regio Ulianovskensis|Ulianovskensem]] * [[regio Samarensis|Samarensem]] * [[regio Saratoviensis|Saratoviensem]] * [[regio Volgogradensis|Volgogradensem]] * [[regio Astrachanensis|Astrachanensem]] * et rem publicam [[Calmuccia]]m {{div col end}} [[Fasciculus:File by Alexander Baranov - На самом деле, Волга очень долго впадает в Каспийское море! (5696778485).jpg|thumb|[[Lingua terrae|Linguae terrae]], a delta Rha fluminis in mare Caspium eminentes.]] Et in [[Mare Caspium]] per [[delta fluminis|delta]] maximum effunditur. [[Fasciculus:Winter volga uglich.JPG|thumb|Rha Ugliciae hieme]] ==Accolae== Accolae Rha fluminis maximi [[Occa]] (in confluvio cum qua [[Novogardia Inferior]] sita est) et [[Cama]] sunt. Cama in loco confluvii maior est (nam Camae moles decussuis 4300 m³/s est, longitudo 2030 chm, Rha fluminis 3100 m³/s et 1882 chm), sed accola putatur. Quaedam [[geographia]] Arabica mediaevalis, quae flumen Itil nominabat, [[Album (flumen)|Album]] flumen fontem Itilis habuit, Camam et Rha fluvium eius accolas. Confluvii ceteri Rha superioris ([[Occa]] nondum accepta) sunt: {{div col|2}} * [[Seližarovka]], quae [[Seliger]]is lacus aquas fert * [[Vazuza]] *[[Tutum]] *[[Dubna (flumen)|Dubna]] *[[Tuertza]] *[[Cassinum (flumen)|Cassinum]] *[[Cotoroa]] *[[Mologa]] *[[Scheksna]], in [[Lacus Albus|lacu Albo]] oriens *[[Costroma (flumen)|Costroma]] *[[Unža]] {{div col end}} Rha fluminis accolae in medio fluxu (ab ostio Occae ad ostium Camae) [[Iunca]], [[Sura]], [[Vetluga]], [[Sviaga]], [[Casanca]], Coxagae [[Coxaga Maior|Maior]] et [[Coxaga Minor|Minor]], [[Samara (flumen Russiae)|Samara]], [[Utka]] sunt. Contra [[Samara (Russia)|Samaram]] urbem Rha [[versura Samarensis|versuram Samarensem]] maximam circa [[montes Zhiguli|montes Zhigulos]] facit. In fluxu inferiore confluvii rariores et exigui sunt (sed [[Zagra]], [[Bolloclea]], [[Ruslana]] nominari possunt). Post [[Volgogradum]] [[Achtuba]] [[ramus fluviatilis|ramus]] a Rha separatur; prope [[Astrachanum]] [[delta Volgae|delta]] incipit, cuius ramorum ''Bachtijar'' nunc principalis putatur (per eum naves in mare Caspium eunt), alii [[Buzan (Rha)|Buzan]] (in quem Achtuba effunditur), [[Volga Prisca]] etc.<ref>[[Augustinus Meyerberg|Augustini Meyerberg]] ([https://books.google.fr/books?hl=ru&id=d7tMAAAAcAAJ&q=Danecam#v=snippet&q=Danecam&f=false ''Iter in Moschoviam'', p. 385]) et alios accolas nominat, qui vix in tabulis hodiernis inveniri possunt: Danecam, Zerdikium, Beitmam (utrum [[:d:Q6556647|Bet'ka]] Camae accola, an Bet'ma/Ved'ma quaedam?), Atrobam, Samaram alteram, Askulam (an [https://wikimapia.org/#lang=ru&lat=53.263981&lon=49.465256&z=11&m=h&show=/27545731/ru/Овраг-Аскульский pharangium Askulense], ubi amnis tantum vere fluit?), Komousium, Verovium (Uvar deltae ramus?).</ref> [[Fasciculus:Мыс в месте слияния Волги и Камы. Слева Волга.jpg|thumb|Cama (a dextra) et Rha (a sinistra) confluentes]] ==Urbes== Inter urbes ad flumen ipsum sitas sunt quattuor plus quam decies centena milia incolarum habentes: [[Novogardia Inferior]], [[Casanum]], [[Samara (Russia)|Samara]] et [[Volgogradum]]. [[Fasciculus:Саратовский железнодорожный мост.jpg|thumb|Pons ferrivialis trans Rha fluvium [[Saratovia]]e.]] Prima urbs magna in fluxu Rha est [[Rescovia]] [[regio Tueriensis|regionis Tueriensis]]; [[Staritia]], [[Tueria]] [[regio]]nis [[caput (urbs)|caput]], et [[Kolazinum]] huius regionis ad Rha sitae sunt. [[Regio Moscuensis]] inter Tueriam et Kolazinum Rha fluvii ripas attingit; hic [[Dubna]] urbs stat et [[canalis Moscuae]] incipit. In [[regio Iaroslaviensis|regione Iaroslaviensi]] in ripis Rha [[Uglicia]], [[Piscaria]], [[Romanova]], et [[Iaroslavia]] urbes siti sunt. Infra [[Costroma]] regionis Costromensis ad Rha stat et [[Plessa]], [[Kineschma]], [[Iorgovicia]] [[regio Analeptriana|regionis Analeptrianae]]. [[Balachna]] et [[Novogardia Inferior]] ipsa et [[Basiliopolis ad Suram]] [[regio Novogardiensis Inferior|regionis Novogardiensis Inferioris]] urbes ad Rha sitae sunt. In fluxu medio [[Urbs Cosmae et Damiani]] rei publicae [[Mari El]] et [[Tscheboxari]] [[Tschuvaschia]]e caput et [[Casanum]] caput [[Tatarstania]]e in ripis Rha fluvii siti sunt. In fluxu inferiori [[Simbirium]] [[regio Ulianovskensis|regionis Ulianovskensis]] caput urbs Rhaensis est; infra sunt [[Togliatti (urbs)|Stauropolis ad Rha]], [[Samara (Russia)|Samara]] et [[Syzranum]] [[regio Samarensis|regionis Samarensis]]. In [[regio Saratoviensis|regione Saratoviensi]] [[Rhapolis]], [[Catharinopolis Germanorum]] et [[Saratovia]] ipsa cum [[Engels (urbs)|Engels]] urbe in ripa contraria ad Rha sitae sunt. [[Kamyschin]] [[regio Volgogradensis|regionis Volgogradensis]] et [[Volgogradum]] ipsum et [[Ripa Nigra]] [[regio Astrachanensis|regionis Astrachanensis]] ad Rha iacent et [[Astrachanum]] caput regionis iam in delta Rhaense. Multae urbes relictae, ut [[Bulgaria (urbs)|Bulgaria]], vel [[receptaculum aquae|receptaculis aquae]] inundatae sunt, ut [[Korčeva]] et [[Mologa (urbs)|Mologa]]. [[Fasciculus:RIAN archive 949931 Building 22nd CPSU Congress Volzhskaya GES.jpg|thumb|[[Moles (agger)|Molis]] Volgogradensis constructio.]] ==Opera hydrotechnica== Iam anno [[1843]] in fluxu Rha superiore [[moles (agger)|moles]] nomine ''Beischlot Rha Superioris'' (''Verchnevolžskij beišlot'') constucta est, quae lacus multos, per quos Rha superior transit, temperaret. [[Saeculum 20|Saeculo vicensimo]], Rha paene omnis in seriem [[receptaculum aquae|receptaculorum aquae]] mutata est. Octo sunt receptacula aquae Rhaensia, quorum quattuor in fluxu superiore: {{div col|2}} * [[receptaculum aquae Ivan'kovskoje|Ivan'kovskoje]], quod et ''mare Moscuense'' * [[receptaculum aquae Ugliciense|Ugliciense]] * [[receptaculum aquae Piscarianum|Piscarianum]] * [[receptaculum aquae Gorkipolitanum|Gorkipolitanum]]<ref>De [[Novogardia Inferior|nomine urbis]] Sovietico, cf. {{Egger|131}}.</ref> {{div col end}} et quattuor in fluxu medio et inferiore: {{div col|2}} * [[receptaculum aquae Tscheboxarense|Tscheboxarense]]<ref name=nomen>De nomine urbis.</ref> * [[receptaculum aquae Kuibyshevskoë|Kujbyševskoje]]<ref>Vel ''Kujbyshevskoë'', — {{ZK|Куйбышевское вдхр.}}</ref> * [[receptaculum aquae Saratoviense|Saratoviense]] * [[receptaculum aquae Volgogradense|Volgogradense]] {{div col end}} [[Fasciculus:Krasnoameyskiy district of Volgograd 002.jpg|thumb|Canalis Volgo-Tanaitici initium.]] Systemata aquaria [[Systema aquarium Vysznievolocianum|Vysznievolocianum]]<ref>De [[Vysznievolocum|nomine urbis]].</ref>, [[Systema aquarium Tichvinense|Tichvinense]] et [[Systema aquarium Marianum|Marianum]], saeculo XIX constructa, Rha fluvium cum [[lacus Ladoga|lacu Ladoga]], maribus [[mare Balticum|Baltico]] et [[mare Album|Albo]] coniungunt. Saeculo XX [[canalis Moscuae]] aedificatum est, qui aquas Rha fluvii in [[Moscus|Moscum]] flumen abducit, et [[canalis Volgo-Tanaiticus]]<ref>Cf. ''Volgo-Balticus, Volgo-Kamense'', v.: {{ZK|Волго-Балтийский, Волго-Камское}}</ref>, qui Rha fluvium cum [[Tanais|Tanaite]] coniungit. == Notae == <references /> == Flumen in pictura == <gallery> Fasciculus:Volga barges.jpg|''Conspectus in Rham.'' [[Theodorus Vasil'ev]], [[1870]]. Fasciculus:Volga repin.JPG|''Tempestas in Rha.'' [[Elias Repin]], [[1870]]. Fasciculus:Ilia Efimovich Repin (1844-1930) - Volga Boatmen (1870-1873).jpg|''Operarii navigium trahentes<!--barge haulers--> in Rha.'' [[Elias Repin]], [[1870]]–[[1873]]. Fasciculus:FreshWindOfLevitan.jpg|''[[Ventus]] Novus, Flumen Rha.'' [[Isaacus Levitan]], [[1895]]. Fasciculus:Kustodiev promenade Volga.jpg|''Perambulatio secundum Rha.'' [[Boris Kustodiev]], [[1909]]. </gallery> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Volga}} {{Fontes geographici}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180507153749/https://bigenc.ru/geography/text/1925622 Pagina de Rha flumine ''Encyclopaediae Russicae Magnae''] {{ling|Russice}} {{1000 paginae}} [[Categoria:Calmuccia]] [[Categoria:Flumina Russiae Europaeae]] [[Categoria:Mari El]] [[Categoria:Russia Europaea]] [[Categoria:Regio Analeptriana]] [[Categoria:Regio Astrachanensis]] [[Categoria:Regio Costromensis]] [[Categoria:Regio Iaroslaviensis]] [[Categoria:Regio Moscuensis]] [[Categoria:Regio Novogardiensis Inferior]] [[Categoria:Regio Samarensis]] [[Categoria:Regio Saratoviensis]] [[Categoria:Regio Simbiriensis]] [[Categoria:Regio Tueriensis]] [[Categoria:Regio Volgogradensis]] [[Categoria:Systema Rha fluminis|!]] [[Categoria:Tataria]] [[Categoria:Tschuvaschia]] {{Myrias|Geographia}} 0qnmpf0zb5tr11cx43xpph6tn6o422q 0 7049 3983461 3925303 2026-08-24T15:52:06Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Festa et Feriae */ 3983461 wikitext text/x-wiki '''12 Octobris''' [[dies]] 285ª anni est (286ª in [[Annus bisextilis|annis bisextilibus]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|Calendario Gregoriano]]. 80 dies manent. Secundum [[Calendarium Romanum]] est ''ante diem quartum Idus Octobres'', quae a.d. IV Id. Octobres [[abbreviatio|abbreviatur]]. {{Calendarium-Octobris}} == Eventa == === Saeculo 5 a.C.n. === * [[593 a.C.n.]] - [[Cyrus II (rex Persarum)|Cyrus II]] [[Babylonia]]m regit et rex [[Persia]]e factus est. === Saeculo 2 === * [[166]] - [[Marcus Aurelius]] Augustus cum [[Lucius Verus|Lucio Vero]] contra [[Parthi|Parthos]] triumphat. Nomen [[Pater Patriae|Patris Patriae]] accepit. === Saeculo 7 === * [[638]] - [[Severinus (papa)|Severinus]] papa creatus est (mortuus anno [[640]]). === Saeculo 15 === * [[1492]] - [[America]] a [[Christopherus Columbus|Christophero Columbo]] inventa est. === Saeculo 19 === * [[1968]] - [[Mutsuhito|Imperator Meiji]], CXXII [[Imperatores Iaponiae|Imperator Iaponiae]] coronatus est. === Saeculo 20 === * [[1919]] - Societas mercatoria [[Olympus (societas)|Olympus]] constituta est. * [[1957]] - [[Lester Pearson]] [[Praemium Nobelianum pacis]] accepit. * [[1962]] - [[Pons Americarum]] trans [[Canalis Panamensis|Canalem Panamensem]] inauguratus est. * [[1968]] - [[Guinea Aequatoriensis]] libertatem ab [[Hispania]] adepta est. * [[1976]] - [[Holger Börner]] ([[SPD]]) novus praeses ministrorum [[Hassia]]e electus est, postquam [[Albertus Osswald]] sodalis factionis die [[3 Octobris]] post electionem [[Dieta Foederalis Germaniae|Diaetae Foederalis]] propter flagitium aerariae se a magistratu recessit. * [[1986]] - [[Ronaldus Reagan]] praeses [[CFA]] et [[Michael Gorbačëv]] secretarius generalis Comitatus Centralis [[Factio Communistica Unionis Sovieticae|Factionis Communistae]] [[Islandia]]e frustra de armis reducendis disputabant. * [[1987]] - [[Susumu Tonegawa]] [[Praemium Nobelianum physiologiae et medicinae]] accepit. === Saeculo 21 === * [[2002]] - Impetus [[Tromocratia]]e in Insula Bali [[Indonesia]]e parit. * [[2012]] - [[Unio Europaea]] [[Praemium Nobelianum Pacis Componendae]] laudata est. * [[2014]] - [[Evo Morales]] praeses [[Bolivia]]e bis electus est. * [[2019]] - [[Typhon marinus]] magnus "Hagibis" in [[Honsua#Orientalis|Honsuam orientales]] [[Iaponia]]e iit, quod [[inundatio]]nem multorum [[flumen|fluminiarum]] et destructionem [[infrastructura]]rum parit et plus quam 70 homines necati sunt. * [[2022]] - [[Saleh Kebzabo]] primus minister [[Tzadia|Tzadiae]] factus est. == Nati == === Saeculo 14 === * [[1350]] - [[Demetrius (magnus dux Moscoviae)|Demetrius]], magnus dux [[Moscovia]]e; mortuus anno [[1389]]. === Saeculo 16 === * [[1537]] - [[Eduardus VI (rex Angliae)|Eduardus VI]] Angliae et Hiberniae rex (mortuus [[1553]]). === Saeculo 18 === * [[1745]] - [[Felix Maria Samaniego]], [[scriptor]] [[Hispania|Hispanicus]]; mortuus anno [[1801]]. * [[1771]] - [[Michael Miloradovič]], ductor exercitus [[Russia|Russicus]] (mortuus [[1825]]). * [[1798]] - [[Petrus I (imperator Brasiliae)|Petrus I]], imperator [[Brasilia]]e (mortuus [[1834]]). === Saeculo 19 === * [[1801]] - [[Fridericus Frey-Herosé]], vir publicus [[Helvetia|Helveticus]]; mortuus est anno [[1873]]. * [[1810]] - [[Dionysia Gonçalves Pinto]], [[scriptrix]] [[poeta|poetriaque]] [[Brasilia|Brasiliensis]]; mortua anno [[1885]]. * [[1855]] - [[Arthurus Nikisch]], clavista et concentus magister [[Hungaria|Hungaricus]]; mortuus anno [[1922]]. * [[1865]] - [[Arthurus Harden]], chemicus [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]]; mortuus anno [[1940]]. * [[1866]] - [[Ramsay MacDonald]], primus minister [[Regnum Unitum|Britanniarum Regni]]; mortuus anno [[1937]]. * [[1872]] - [[Radulphus Vaughan Williams]], compositor [[Anglia|Anglicus]]; mortuus anno [[1958]]. * [[1875]] - [[Alexander Crowley]], occultista, magicus et scriptor [[Anglia|Anglicus]]; mortuus est anno [[1947]]. * [[1877]] - [[Howard M. Gore]], gubernator [[Virginia Occidentalis|Virginiae Occidentalis]]; mortuus anno [[1947]]. * [[1891]] ** [[Fumimaro Konoe]], primus minister [[Iaponia]]e; mortuus anno [[1945]]. ** [[Editha Stein]], sancta Catholica Romana Carmelita, monacha, feminista et martyr; necata est anno [[1942]]. * [[1896]] - [[Eugenius Montale]], scriptor [[Italia|Italicus]]; mortuus anno [[1981]]. === Saeculo 20 === * [[1910]] - [[Robertus Fitzgerald]], [[poeta]] et criticus [[F|Americanus]] (mortuus [[1985]]). * [[1912]] - [[Gregorius Kravčenko]], aviator militaris [[URSS|Sovieticus]] (mortuus [[1943]]). * [[1921]] - [[Kennethus Griffith]], histrio [[Cambria|Cambrensis]]; mortuus est anno [[2006]]. * [[1935]] - [[Lucianus Pavarotti]], tenor [[Italia|Italicus]]; mortuus anno [[2007]]. * [[1940]] - [[Philippus Maakaroun]], [[archiepiscopus]] Dioeceseos Nostrae Dominae Paradysi apud [[Urbs Paulistana|Sanctum Paulum]] ([[Brasilia]]e) [[Ecclesia Graeco-Melchita Catholica|ecclesiae Graeco-Melchitae Catholicae]] * [[1943]] - [[Iacobus Kuhn]], pedilusor [[Helvetia|Helveticus]]. * [[1946]] - [[Rosa Anna Marani]], [[diurnaria]] et [[scriptrix]] [[Italia]]na. * [[1947]] - [[Georgius Lam]], cantor. * [[1948]] - [[Ioannes Matthias Engler]], gubernator [[Michigania]]e annis [[1991]] ad [[2003]]. * [[1951]] - [[Eduardus Royce]], rerum politicarum peritus [[CFA|Americanus]] factionis [[Partes republicanae (CFA)|Republicana]]. * [[1954]] - [[Maximus Ghini]], [[histrio]] [[Italia|Italicus]]. * [[1961]] - [[Robertus Giacobbo]], [[Italia|Italus]] [[diurnarius]], [[conductor]], ostentator, et auctor televisionis. * [[1962]] - [[Branko Crvenkovski]], praeses [[Macedonia Septentrionalis|Rei publicae Macedonicae]] annis [[2004]] ad [[2009]]. * [[1968]] - [[Hugo Jackman]], histrio [[Australia]]nus. * [[1980]] - [[Ledley King]], pedilusor [[Anglia|Anglicus]]. * [[1992]] - [[Iosue Hutcherson]], actor [[CFA|Americanus]]. == Mortui == === Saeculo 7 === * [[638]] - [[Honorius I (papa)|Honorius I]] papa (ab anno [[625]]); natus ignoto anno. * [[642]] - [[Ioannes IV]] papa (ab anno [[640]]); natus ignoto anno. === Saeculo 15 === * [[1492]] - [[Petrus de Burgo]], pictor [[Italia|Italicus]]; natus est circa anno [[1415]]. === Saeculo 16 === * [[1576]] - [[Maximilianus II]], [[Imperator Romanus Sacer]]; natus anno [[1527]]. === Saeculo 20 === * [[1924]] - [[Anatolius France]], illustris [[scriptor]] [[Francia|Francicus]], natus anno [[1844]]. * [[1965]] - [[Paulus Hermannus Müller]], chemicus [[Helvetia|Helveticus]]; natus est anno [[1899]]. * [[1990]] - [[Petrus Wessel Zapffe]], philosophus [[antinatalismus|antinatalista]] [[Norvegia|Norvegicus]], natus est anno [[1899]]. * [[1996]] - [[Renatus Lacoste]], [[teniludium|tenilusor]] et clarissimus sumptuosorum [[vestis|vestum]] factor [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus anno [[1904]]. * [[1997]] - [[Iohannes Denver]], cantor [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus anno [[1943]]. === Saeculo 21 === * [[2002]] - [[Raimundus Conniff]], musicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus anno [[1916]]. * [[2006]] - [[Gilbertus Pontecorvo]], moderator cinematographicus [[Italia]]nus; natus anno [[1919]]. * [[2013]] - [[Anscharius Hijuelos]], scriptor [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus anno [[1951]]. * [[2024]] - [[Alexander Salmond]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Scotia|Scotus]]; natus anno [[1954]]. == Festa et Feriae == * [[Augustalia]] * Dies nationalis ([[Hispania]]) * Dies [[Christophorus Columbus|Columbi]] (civitates [[America]]e) * Dies [[lingua Hispanica|linguae Hispanicae]] ([[Nationes Unitae]]) * Dies libertatis ([[Guinea Aequatoriensis]]) {{menses}} [[Categoria:Dies]] pdotkkwv4dfvk4i8gwhh7snwgujxiln 0 8283 3983490 3979879 2026-08-24T19:51:12Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Constantinopolis''' (olim '''Nova Roma''', hodie vulgo ''İstanbul'') est [[Index urbium Turciae|maxima urbs]] [[Turcia]]e. [[Constantinopolis (provincia)|Provincia metropolitana Constantinopolitana]] circa 13.26 [[millio]]nes hominum mense Decembri 2010 habuit, duodevicenas centesimas (18%) civium Turciae et tertia frequentissima [[area metropolitana]] in [[Europa]] sita (inter quam Asiaticum [[urbs|urbis]] latus), post [[Londinium]] et [[Moscua|Moscuam]]. Constantinopolis est [[megalopolis]] et sedes [[cultura]]e, [[oeconomia]]e, et [[argentaria]]e. Ad fretum [[Bosporus|Bosporum]] iacet, ubi [[Sinus Ceratinus|Sinum Ceratinum]], [[portus|portum]] naturalem in boreoccidentem civitatis situm, complectitur. In Bospori lateribus Europaeo et Asiatico patens, sola est orbis terrarum [[metropolis]] quae inter duas [[continens|continentes]] iacet. Constantinopolis [[Urbs Mundi|urbs mundi alpha]] designatur. Per [[historia]]m longinquam, Constantinopolis fuit [[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Imperium Romanum|Imperii Romani]] (330–395), [[Imperium Byzantinum|Imperii Romani Orientalis (Byzantini)]] (395–1204 et 1261–1453), [[Imperium Latinum|Imperii Latini]] (1204–1261), et [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Imperii Ottomanici]] (1453–1922). [[Turcia|Republica Turcica]] die [[29 Octobris]] [[1923]] declarata, [[Ancyra]], quae per [[bellum libertatis Turciae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[motus nationalis Turcicus|motus nationalis Turcici]] fuerat, novum civitatis Turcicae caput facta est. Urbs [[Europaeum Culturae Caput]] pro anno [[2010]] et Europaeum Artium Athleticarum Caput pro [[2012]] electus est.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aces-europa.eu/ |title=ACES> Home |publisher=ACES |accessdate=5 December 2010}}</ref> Historicae urbis regiones inter [[UNESCO]] [[UNESCO Mundi Hereditas|Situs Hereditatis Mundi]] anno [[1985]] perscriptae sunt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/356 |title=UNESCO &#124; Historic Areas of Istanbul |publisher=Whc.unesco.org |accessdate=28 May 2009}}</ref> Urbs triginta novem districtus [[Constantinopolis (provincia)|Provinciae Constantinopolitanae]] complectitur. Anno [[2010]] Constantinopolis [[caput culturale Europaeum]] fuit. == Nomen == [[Byzantium]] ([[Graece]] {{Polytonic|Βυζάντιον}}) appellata est urbs quam [[Megara|Megarii]] [[saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculo septimo a.C.n.]] [[colonia|colonizaverunt]]. Nomen ''Constantinopolis'' ([[Graece]] {{polytonic|Κωνσταντινούπολις}}), scil. "urbs Constantini," a novo conditore [[Constantinus I|Constantino]] [[imperatores Romani|imperatore Romano]] accepit, qui ibi alterum imperii caput anno [[330]] constituit. Ab hac concurrentia cum vetere urbe [[Roma]] nuncupationem [[Nova Roma|Novae Romae]] ([[Graece]] {{polytonic|Νέα Ῥώμη}}) nacta est.<ref>E.g. [[Socrates Scholasticus]], ''[[Historia ecclesiastica (Socrates)|Historia ecclesiastica]]'' 6.1.12</ref> Milites et mercatores [[Vicingi]], qui hic temporibus mediaevalibus venerunt, ''Miklagarðr'' ("magna urbs") appellaverunt. [[Slavi]] qui religionem suam Christianam et litteras a Constantinopoli hauserunt Цѣсарьградъ ''Cesarygrad'' ("Caesaris urbs") nuncupaverunt; ipsi autem incolae Graeci saepissime {{Polytonic|ἡ Πόλις}} ("urbs"). Ab anno [[1930]] nuncupatio vernacularis [[lingua Turcica|Turcica]] "İstanbul" ([[abecedarium Arabicum|litteris Arabicis]] استنبول) erecta est in nomen publicum et sollemne,<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20071218080707/http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9368294/Istanbul Istanbul]" in ''Concise Britannica'': ''When the Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923, the capital was moved to Ankara, and Constantinople was officially renamed Istanbul in 1930.''</ref> quod ex locutione Graeca {{Polytonic|εἰς τὴν πόλιν}}, scil. 'ad urbem' oriundum esse censetur.<ref>Demetrius John Georgacas, "The Names of Constantinople" in ''Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association'' vol. 78 (1947) pp. 347–367.</ref> == Geographia == [[Fasciculus:Istanbul Köppen Map.png|thumb|right|[[Clima]] Constantinopoleos secundum [[Enumeratio climatum Köppen–Geiger|classificationem climatum Köppeniana]]:<br>Cfb: [[Clima oceanicum]]<br>Cfa: [[Clima subtropicum humidum]]<br>Csa: [[Clima mediterraneum|Clima mediterraneum aestate calida]]]] Media urbs ad extremitatem [[Europa]]e meridianam et orientalem sita est, in ea regione quae a [[Thraces|Thracibus]] antiquissimis incolis [[Thracia]] usque ad tempora nostra appellata est, ad oram occidentalem freti [[Bosporus|Bospori]] quo Europa et Asia separantur et iuxta oram borealem [[Propontis|Propontidis]]. Prope ripam australem [[Sinus Ceratinus|Sinus Ceratini]] (qui portum latam et securam praebet) in promunturio [[Chrysoceras|Chrysocerate]] eminet. Hodie megalopolis late extenditur ad occidentem et boream sed etiam trans Bosporum in pagos proximos [[Anatolia]]e qui ad regionem antiquam [[Bithynia]]e pertinent. [[Pons Bospori]] primus anno [[1973]] constructus est, alterum anno [[1988]]; cuniculus ad usum ferroviae metropolitanae nondum perfectus est. A [[Statio Sirkeci|statione Sirkeci]] ferrivia anno [[1870]] incepta ad partes Europae it; a [[Statio Haydarpaşa|statione Haydarpaşa]] ferrivia anno [[1872]] incepta ad [[Ancyra]]m partesque Asiae tendit. [[Navis|Naves]] creberrime per Bosporum inter [[Pontus Euxinus|Pontum Euxinum]] et [[Mare Mediterraneum]] vehuntur. [[Aeroportus Internationalis Atatürk|Aeroportus Atatürk]] 24 chiliometris a media urbe distat ad occidentem versus. Urbs Constantinopolis sub [[clima]]tibus tribus ordinatur, videlicet [[clima oceanicum|oceanico]], [[Clima subtropicum humidum|subtropico humido]], [[clima mediterraneum|mediterraneo]] [[clima mediterraneum aestate calida|aestate calida]]. A mediterraneo praecipue differt quia aër ad partes boreales frigidior ob proximitatem [[Pontus Euxinus|Ponti Euxini]] est, sed omnibus fere partibus humidior, caliginibus matutinis, temperaturis aestivis ad 29[[°]] sublevatis, hibernis ad circa 4–5° reductis. [[Saeculum 5|Saeculo quinto]] ineunte, [[Theodosius II|Theodosio II]] imperante, Constantinopolis in [[Regiones Constantinopolitanae Theodosianae|quattuordecim regiones urbanas]] divisa est, quarum indicem praebet documentum anno circiter [[424]] titulo ''[[Notitia urbis Constantinopolitanae]]'' conscriptum. Constantinopoli sunt anno [[2009]] [[index regionum urbanarum Constantinopolis|triginta novem regiones urbanae]]. == Historia == [[Fasciculus:Français 5594, fol. 217 haut, Flotte des croisés devant Byzance.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.2|Classis Venetianorum et Cruce signatorum ante Constantinopolim iacet anno [[1203]]. [[Sebastianus Mamerot]] et [[Ioannes Colombe]], ''[[Les passages d'Outremer]]'': [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica]] MS [[BNF Français 5594|Français 5594]] f. 217r (saec. XV).]] [[Fasciculus:Map of Constantinople, Buondelmonti.jpg|thumb|Tabula Constantinopolis anno fere 1422 depicta. [[Christophorus Bondelmontius]], ''[[Liber insularum Archipelagi]].'']] [[Fasciculus:1840 S.D.U.K. Map of Constantinople ( Istanbul, Turkey ) - Geographicus - Istanbul-sduk-1841.jpg|thumb|Forma Constantinopolis anno 1841 depicta]] [[Fasciculus:Konstantinopel - 47-41.jpg|thumb|Regio Constantinopolitana anno fere 1940 depicta.]] === Byzantium antiquum === {{Vide-etiam|Byzantium}} Urbem [[Graecia|Graeci]] [[Megara|Megarii]] circa annum [[667 a.C.n.]] aut condiderunt aut iam stantem occupaverunt; nomen derivari traditur e nomine regis Thracici "[[Byzas|Byzantis]]".<ref>E.g. [[Diodorus Siculus]], ''[[Bibliotheca historica (Diodorus)|Bibliotheca historica]]'' 4.49.1.</ref> Antiqui coloni [[Arx|acropolim]] construxerunt ad fastigium promunturii [[Chrysoceras|Chrysoceratis]]. Inde Byzantii occidentalem [[Bosporus|Bospori]] oram tenuerunt (sed ad oram orientalem [[Calchedon]] iam anno circiter [[680 a.C.n.]] ab eisdem Megariis aedificata erat). Urbs cito e [[commercium|commercio]] [[Pontus Euxinus|Ponti Euxini]] atque e [[piscatus|piscatu]] [[thunnini|thunnorum]] dives facta est. Omnes [[navis|naves]] quae frumenta e planitie [[Scythia|Scythica]] (vel hodie [[Ucraina|Ucrainica]]) [[Athenae|Athenas]] et ad alias Graeciae urbes advehebant per Bosporum ire debebant et [[vectigal]]ia Byzantinorum solvere. Byzantium ab [[Otanes|Otane]] [[saeculum 5 a.C.n.|saeculo quinto a.C.n.]] ineunte capto, [[exercitus|exercituum]] regis [[Achaemenidae]] [[Darius I|Darii I]] duce, paucos annos sub dominatione [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|Persarum]] iacebat. Anno [[478 a.C.n.|478]] a [[Pausanias (Cleombroti filius)|Pausania]] [[Sparta|Lacedaemonio]] liberata, post aliquot annos a [[Cimon]]e ad [[Foedus Delium]] (vel oboedientiam Atheniensem) reducta est. Inde per tria fere saecula dominatio Byzantii inter civitates varias, Athenas, Spartam, [[Thebae (Graecia)|Thebas]], [[Macedonia (regnum)|Macedones]], [[Bithynia (regnum)|Bithynes]] et mox [[Galli|Gallos]] ambigebatur, sed Romani medio [[saeculum 2 a.C.n.|saeculo secundo a.C.n.]] statum urbis liberae confirmaverunt ob beneficia in bello Macedonico reddita. Quam libertatem Byzantium sub [[Imperium Romanum|imperio Romano]] per multos annos retinuit usque ad tempus [[Vespasianus|Vespasiani]] principis, qui libertatem revocavit et sub provincia [[Thracia (provincia)|Thracia]] comprehendit. Anno autem [[196]] Byzantiis [[Pescennius Niger|Pescennii Nigri]] sectatoribus in bellis civilibus tunc ortis, urbs a [[Septimius Severus|Septimio Severo]] capta est et vastata, muris delapidatis. Mox autem ab eodem restaurata est et prosperitatem priorem resumpsit. Moenia etiam fortiora constructa sunt. [[Licinius (imperator)|Licinius]] ibi igitur refugium petivit, a [[Constantinus I|Constantino]] in [[Proelium ad Hadrianopolim (324)|proelio ad Hadrianopolim]] devictus, sed statim captus anno insequenti, interfectus est. === Constantinopolis mediaevalis === {{Vide-etiam|Constantinopolis mediaevalis}} Constantinus mox in hoc loco divite et forti [[caput (urbs)|caput]] orientale [[Imperium Romanum|Imperii sui]] aedificare statuit. Die [[11 Maii]] [[330]] sollemnissime sub appellatione "Novae Romae" condidit. Quam urbem conditor ipse multis modis renovavit, amplificavit, munivit. Nova moenia designavit, et palatium suum domúsque nobilium construi iussit. Civitas munere [[caput (urbs)|capitis]] [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|Imperii Romani Orientalis]] plus quam mille annos est functa, sed imperium ab initio "mundiale" (i.e. inter civitatibus orbis terrarum notabilissimas numerandum) gradatim diminuabatur. Cum munere civili ut caput imperii, Constantinopolis et munera ecclesiastica adsumpsit. [[Index episcoporum Byzantinorum|Episcopi Byzantii]] (annum 330 usque) et [[Index Archiepiscoporum et Patriarcharum Constantinopolitanorum|archiepiscopi]] (usque ad [[451]]) eo anno dignitatem [[Patriarcha Oecumenicus Constantinopolitanus|Patriarchae Constantinopolitani]] reclamaverunt, quippe a [[Concilium Constantinopolitanum Primum|Concilio Constantinopolitano primo]] (anno [[381]]) in locum secundum sub papa sive [[papa|episcopo Romano]] elevatus est. Varia [[Oecumenicum Concilium|Concilia Oecumenica]] locum tenuerunt vel in urbe vel prope urbem. [[Schisma Orientale]] anno fere [[1054]] Christianos Graecos a Romanis dividit; a quo aevo Constantinopolis metropolis est non solum patriarchatús sed etiam ecclesiae "sui iuris" suorumque morum et usuum. ''[[Notitia urbis Constantinopolitanae]]'', inter annos fere [[425]] et [[445]] confecta, amoenitates et utilitates urbis sicut medio saeculo quinto enumerandae sunt ita ad textús finem compendiose describit: :Cognita urbe per partes, fas est etiam situm conclusae iam universitatis aperire, ut magnificentiae unicum decus non solum videatur opere et manu confectum, sed etiam conspirantibus elementis naturae felicitate munitum. Providentia ergo divina tot futurorum hominum domiciliis consulente, longo tractu in promunturii qualitatem spatiosior terra, faucibus Pontici maris opposita, sinuosis portuosa lateribus, angustior latitudine, circumflui maris tutela vallatur; hoc quoque spatium, quod solum apertum maris circulus derelinquit, duplici muro acies turrium extensa custodit. Intra quas saepta civitas continet in se omnia singillatim memorata, quae nunc ad firmioris memoriae qualitatem summatim collecta referemus. :Habet ergo urbs Constantinopolitana: Palatia 5, ecclesias 14, domos divinas Augustarum 6, domos nobilissimas 3, thermas octo, basilicas 2, fora quattuor, senatus 2, horrea 5, theatra 2, lusoria 2, portus 4, [[Hippodromus (Constantinopolis)|circum]] 1, cisternas 4, nymphea 4; vicos 322, domos 4&nbsp;388, porticus 52, balneas privatas 153, pistrina publica 20, pistrina privata 120, gradus 117, macellos 5; curatores 13, vernaculos 14, collegiatos 560, vicomagistros 65; [[Columna Constantini|columnam purpuream]], columnas intra se pervias 2, [[Obeliscus Constantini|colossum]] 1, [[Milium (Constantinopolis)|tetrapylum aureum]] 1; [[Augustaeum|Augusteum]], [[Philadelphium|Capitolium]], [[Moneta (Constantinopolis)|Monetam]]; scalas maritimas 3. :Habet sane longitudo urbis a [[porta aurea]] usque ad litus maris directa linea pedum quattuordecim milia septuaginta quinque, latitudo autem pedum sex milia centum quinquaginta.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150504215246/http://www.livius.org/cn-cs/constantinople/notitia_urbis_constantinopolitanae.html Textus apud livius.org]</ref> Maximum urbis mediaevalis templum, [[Aedes Sanctae Sophiae]] sive "divinae sapientiae", est anno [[536]] ab imperatore [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniano I]] exstructa, et ab eodem rededicata anno [[563]]. Urbs ab imperatoribus aliisque ornata saepe ob incendia partim destructa est. [[Incendium Constantinopolitanum (1197)|Incendium anni 1197]] poëta [[Constantinus Stilbes|Constantino Stilbe]] flevit. [[Incendium Constantinopolitanum (1182)|Anno 1182]] emporia Italianorum combusta sunt eodem tempore quo Graeci [[Caedes Latinorum (1182)|mercatores Latinos occiderunt]]. Annis [[Incendium Constantinopolitanum (465)|465]], [[Incendium Constantinopolitanum (1203)|1203]] et [[Incendium Constantinopolitanum (1865)|1865]] ignes, a [[Boreas|Borea]] vecti, viam sibi straverunt a [[Sinus Ceratinus|Sinu]] trans paeninsulam usque ad [[Propontis|Propontidem]]. Civitas cum Imperio Romano (quod [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|Imperium Byzantinum]] ab hodiernis [[historicus|historicis]] appellatur) decrescebat. Anno [[1204]] a militibus [[quarta expeditio sacra|quartae expeditionis sacrae]] obsessa et capta est; inde usque ad annum [[1261]] [[imperatores Latini]] hic regnaverunt, Graeci autem [[Nicaea (Turcia)|Nicaeae]] in urbe. Ab [[1261]], Constantinopoli rursus dominaverunt imperatores Graeci, usque ad [[1453]], sed imperio parvo et paupere. == İstanbul hodierna == Constantinopolis anno [[1453]] a Turcis [[Ottomannidae|Ottomanicis]] capta et eorum metropolis facta est. Victor [[Mahometus II (sultanus Ottomanicus)|Mahometus II]] urbem suam devastatam et fere inhabitatam augere studuit. Templa Christiana, imprimis magna ecclesia [[Aedes Sanctae Sophiae|Sanctae Sophiae]], in [[meschita]]s conversa sunt; alia aedifica publica et palatia mox exstructa sunt. Ibi laboravit [[Sinan Architectus|Sinan]], [[architectura|architectus]] Turcorum notabilissimus. Post casum [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Imperii Ottomanici]], [[Turcia]] civitas hodierna in his [[regio]]nibus floruit. [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] autem huius rei publicae ab anno [[1923]] non iam Constantinopolis sed [[Ancyra]] est. Anno [[1930]], urbi nuncupatio popularis ''İstanbul'' proclamata est nomen publicum. Hodie sicut antea est urbs maxima [[Turcia]]e. Numerus incolarum anno [[2018]] erat 15&thinsp;067&thinsp;724. === Commeatus === In medio urbe rete [[laophorium|laophoriorum]] et [[ferrivia metropolitana|ferriviae metropolitanae]] est. [[Ferrivia metropolitana Constantinopolitana]] adhuc septem lineas ministrant. Hodie Constantinopoli tres aeroportus internationales sunt: [[Aeroportus internationalis İstanbul|Aeroportus ''İstanbul'']], [[Aëroportus internationalis Atatürk|Aeroportus ''Atatürk'']]<ref>ab 6. Aprilis 2019 praeter [[Navigatio aerea commercialis|navigationem aeream commercialem]]</ref>, [[Aeroportus internationalis Sabiha Gökçen|Aeroportus ''Sabiha Gökçen'']]. === Ars athletica === Constantinopololitanae turmae diversarum artium athleticarum in orbe terrarum praeclarae sunt, exemplum gratia in [[pediludium|pediludio]] vel [[canistriludium|canistriludio]]. == Loci aedificiaque notissima == === Aedificia === ==== Moenia Theodosiana ==== [[Fasciculus:Walls of Constantinople.JPG|thumb|Moenia Theodosiana]] [[Saeculum 5|Quinto saeculo]] imperator [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|Imperii Constantinopolitani]] [[Theodosius II|Theodosius Flavius Secundus]] timebat, ut imprimis [[hunni]] ac alii hostes urbem opprimant. Constructio ab anno 413 ad annum 447 accidebat, quia anno 447, secundum inscriptionem, "''ingenti terrae motu per loca varia inminente plurimi urbis augustae muri recenti adhuc reaedificatione constructi cum quinquaginata septem turribus corruerunt''". Haec reaedificatio celerissime orta est: "''Theodosii iussis gemino nec mense peracto Constantinus ovans haec moenia firma locavit tam cito tam stabilem Pallas vix conderet arcem''". Longitudinis circiter 20 chiliometrorum denique cum tribus cingulis murorum finem assequitur. Etiam initio [[saeculum 15|saeculi 15]] aditum inimicum impetrare difficillimum erat. Post obsidionem anni 1453 [[Mahometus II (sultanus Ottomanicus)|Mahometus Secundus]] sultanus Ottomanicus mures superavit expugnavit non solem urbem sed pariter ultimam partem imperii Romani. ==== Palatium ''Dolmabahçe'' ==== [[Fasciculus:Dolmabahce.jpg|thumb|Palatium ''Dolmabahçe'']] Palatium ''Dolmabahçe'' (Latine: [[Palatium]] [[hortus|hortorum]] completorum) est aedificium Ottomanicum: Sultanus [[Abdülmecid I.|Abdulmecidus Primus]] architectis [[Garabed Amira Balyanus|G. Balyano]] et [[Nicogus Bey Balyanus|N. Balyano]] mandavit, ut ab anno 1843 ad annum 1856 palatium aedificaretur. Sumptus aedificationis imperio Ottomanico adeo tolerari non potuerunt, ut concursus reipublicae evenit. [[Palatium]], simul maximum Turciae, 600 [[metrum|metra]] longum est. Ei 46 atria et 285 cubicula insunt. [[Area (geometria)|Area]] totalis est 45&thinsp;000 [[chiliometrum quadratum|m²]] (11.1 [[Acra (mensura)|acrarum]]). Aspectus externus partes [[eclecticismus|eclecticismi]] ex generibus [[barocus|baroco]], [[genus conchatum|conchato]], velut neoclassico comprendit. Intus pretiosae [[materia]]e adhibitae sunt: [[aurum]], [[marmor]], [[alabastrites]], [[porphyrites]] rubens. Inter plus quam 200 [[pictura]]rum etiam quadam opera [[Ioannes Ajvazovskij|Ioannis Ajvazovskij]] [[pictor]]is [[Russia|Russici]] in palatio conservantur. [[Mustapha Kemal Atatürk]] ultimas dies vitae suae in cubiculo palatii degebat. Sub mortem eius, 09.05 horae, indices omnium [[horologium|horologiorum]] palatii ad tempus ipsum ponati sunt. Adhuc [[horologium]] cubiculi loci eius mortis id tempus indicat.<!-- ==== Sinus Ceratinus ==== [[Fasciculus:Haliç.jpg|thumb|Sinus Ceratinus]] {{main|Sinus Ceratinus}} ==== Palatium ''Beylerbeyi'' ==== [[Fasciculus:Bosfor B17-35.jpg|thumb|Palatium ''Beylerbeyi'']] ==== Palatium ''Topkapı'' ==== [[Fasciculus:Gate of Salutation Topkapi Istanbul 2007 Pano.jpg|thumb|Palatium ''Topkapı'']] {{main|Palatium Topkapı}} Palatium ''Topkapı'' (Latine: Palatium portae [[canno]]num) ==== Palatium ''Yıldız'' ==== [[Fasciculus:İstanbul 5716.jpg|thumb|Palatium ''Yıldız'']] Palatium ''Yıldız'' ('Palatium [[stella]]rum') ==== Palatium ''Çırağan'' ==== [[Fasciculus:Pałac Ciragan Istambuł RB1.jpg|thumb|Palatium ''Çırağan'']] Palatium ''Çırağan'' (olim de verbo [[Lingua Persica|Persico]] ''چراغ'', "[[lumen|luminis]]", derivatum erat, hoc Latine: Palatium luminum) --> ==== Sycaena turris ==== [[Fasciculus:Galata Tower from the Harem - 2014.10.23 (1).JPG|thumb|Sycaena Turris]] Sycaena<ref>Adiectivum de nomine vetere [[antiquitas posterior|ex antiquitate posteriori]] ''Galata''e, '''Sycae''' enim (→[[Notitia urbis Constantinopolitanae]]) derivatum</ref> turris (anno [[1348]]: Christea Turris secundum [[Res publica Genuensis|Respublicam Genuensem]] pristinam) non procul ab [[Sinus Ceratinus|Sinu Ceratino]]. ==== Cisterna Basilica ==== [[Fasciculus:Basilica Cistern Istanbul.JPG|thumb|Cisterna Basilica]] Inter annos [[532]] et [[542]] imperator Romanus [[Iustinianus I]] cisternam [[Palatium Magnum (Constantinopolis)|Palatii Magni]] aedificaturam esse iussit. Nomen cum [[basilica]] [[Seditio Nika appellata|seditione Nia appellata]] ineunte destructa coniunctum est. Aqua ab [[silva Belogradiensis|silva Belogradiensi]] ad Constantinopolem accedebat, ubi in cisternam mensurarum centum quadraginta tres sexagies quinquies metrorum influit, quo fit, ut circiter 80&thinsp;000 m³ aquae impleri possint. Cisterna Basilica in [[pellicula]] ''James Bond'' ''Ab Russia cum amore'' ostenditur. ==== Schola Graecae gentis Phanarii ==== Aedificium [[schola Graecae gentis Phanarii|magnae scholae gentis Graecae]] [[Phanarium|Phanarii]] in regione, ab architecto [[Constantinus Demades|Constantino Demade]] designatum, anno [[1882]] confectum est. === Pontes === Transeunt * [[Sinus Ceratinus|Sinum Ceratinum]]: [[Pons Galatae]] (''Galata Köprüsü''), [[Pons Atatyrci]] (''Atatürk Köprüsü'') et [[Pons Sinus]] (''Haliç Köprüsü''), * [[Bosporus|Bosporum]]: [[Pons Martyrum 15 Iulii]] (''15 Temmuz Şehitler Köprüsü''), [[Pons Sultani Mahometi Expugnatoris]] (''Fatih Sultan Mehmet Köprüsü''), et [[Pons Sultani Selimi Acris]] (''Yavuz Sultan Selim Köprüsü''), * [[Lacus Büyükçekmece|lacum Büyükçekmece]]: [[Pons Sultani Suleimani Legum Latoris]] === Fora === ==== Forum ''Taksim'' ==== {{main|Forum Taksim}} [[Fasciculus:Taksim Square.jpg|thumb|Forum ''Taksim'']] Forum ''Taksim'' in [[Pera]] locatum est. Adhuc, iuxta forum, aedificium parietum vetum octonariorum divisionis aquae, ab [[silva Belogradiensis|silva Belogradiensi]] orientibus, conservatum est. Hodie forum Taksim est compitum maius [[commeatus]] Constantinopolitani, tam vehiculorum quam [[ferrivia subterranea Constantinopolitana|ferriviae subterraneae Constantinopolitanae]]. Ab hoc ''[[İstiklal Caddesi]]'' (via libertatis) olim ''Grande rue de Pera'' (Perae Platea), ad occidentem [[via peditibus tantum patens]] una cum [[T2 (currus electricus nostalgicus Constantinopolitanus)|linea T2 tramviario nostalgico]] ad forum ''Tünel'' proficiscens et pedites et visitatores invitat. ==== Hippodromus (forum sultani Ahmedi) ==== [[Fasciculus:Hippodrome of Constantinople 1.jpg|thumb|[[Hippodromus]].]] {{main|Hippodromus (Constantinopolis)}} Hippodromus vetus Romanus hodie nomine Turcico fori sultani Ahmedi, ''Sultanahmet Meydanı'', appellatur. Olim centrum [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|Imperii Romani Orientalis]] athleticum socialeque, nunc superficies duo metra supra vetam est, sed [[Obeliscus Theodosii]] et [[Obeliscus Constantini]] et pars [[Columna Serpentina|Columnae Serpentinae]] visi possunt. <!-- ==== Forum Baiazethis ==== [[Fasciculus:İstanbul Üniversitesi.JPG|thumb|Forum Baiazethis]] Nomen de sultano ottomanico [[Baiazethes II (sultanus Ottomanicus)|Baiazethes II]]. --> == Incolae == {{Vide-etiam|Index incolarum notorum Constantinopolis}} Constantinopoli habitaverunt [[Ottomannidae|sultani]], [[imperator]]es [[Imperatores Constantinopolitani|Romani]] [[Index Imperatorum Latinorum|Latinique]], [[Patriarcha Oecumenicus Constantinopolitanus|patriarchae]], eruditi, machinatores, [[mercator]]es fere innumeri. === Religiones === Constantinopoli hominum congregationes et convocationes plures sunt. Numerus maximus sunt congregationes [[religio Islamica|Islamicae]]. Minores sunt [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa|Ecclesiae Orthodoxae Graecae]], [[Ecclesia Apostolica Armena|Ecclesiae Apostolicae Armenae]], [[Sepharditae|Sepharditarum Iudaicarum]], [[Aschenates|Aschenatum Iudaicorum]]. Anno 2000 in Constantinopoli inventae sunt 2&thinsp;691 [[meschita]]rum, 123 [[Ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesiarum]], 26 [[synagoga]]rum. == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == {{Vide-etiam|Constantinopolis mediaevalis#Bibliographia}} ; Historica * "[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:id=constantinopolis-geo Constantinopolis]" in {{Smith-geo}} * {{Cite book|last=Baynes|first=Norman H.|editor-last=Baynes|editor-first=Norman H.|editor2-last=Moss|editor2-first=Henry S. L. B.|title=Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization|year=1949|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxonii|ref=harv|isbn=1406756598}} * {{Cite book|last=Atil|first=Esin|year=1987|title=The Age of Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent|url=https://archive.org/details/ageofsultansleym0000atle|publisher=National Gallery of Art|location=Vasingtoniae, D.C.|isbn=9780894680984|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Boyar|first=Ebru|last2=Fleet|first2=Kate|title=A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cantabrigiae|isbn=9780521136235|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Çelik|first=Zeynep|title=The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_T4MUpP6zCuIC|year=1986|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520082397|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Gregory|first=Timothy E.|title=A History of Byzantium|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti0000greg_2ndedi|year=2010|publisher=Wiley|location=Oxonii|isbn=140518471X|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Haldon|first=John F.|title=Byzantium: A History|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantiumhistory0000john|year=2002|publisher=Tempus|location=Stroud|isbn=0752434721|edition=2nd|ref=harv}} * William Holden Hutton, ''Constantinople: the story of the old capital of the empire''. Londinii: Dent, 1900 [http://archive.org/details/constantinoples00hutt Textus apud archive.org] * {{cite book|last=Isaac|first=Benjamin H.|title=The Greek Settlements in Thrace Until the Macedonian Conquest|year=1986|publisher=Brill|location=Lugduni Batavorum|isbn=9004069216|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Landau|first=Jacob M.|year=1984|title=Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey|url=https://archive.org/details/ataturkmoderniza0000unse|publisher=Brill|location=Lugduni Batavorum|isbn=9004070702|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=Bernard|title=Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/istanbulciviliza00bern|year=1963|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|location=Norman Oclahomae|isbn=0806110600|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Limberis|first=Vasiliki|title=Divine Heiress: The Virgin Mary and the Creation of Christian Constantinople|url=https://archive.org/details/divineheiressvir0000limb|year=1994|publisher=Routledge|location=Londinii|isbn=0415096774|ref=harv}} * Mansel, Philip. [[1995]]. ''Constantinople: City of the World's Desire 1453-1924.'' Londinii: John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-5076-9. ; Topographica et artistica * Thomas Allom, Robert Walsh, ''Constantinople, and the scenery of the seven churches of Asia Minor, illustrated in a series of drawings from nature''. 2 voll. Londinii: Fisher, 1839 [http://archive.org/details/constantinoplesc01allo Vol. 1] [http://archive.org/details/constantinoplesc02allo vol. 2] * B. Granville Baker, ''The Walls of Constantinople''. Novi Eboraci: J. Pott, 1910 [http://archive.org/details/cu31924102201377 Textus apud archive.org] * Bertrand Bareilles, ''Constantinople: ses cités franques et levantines (Péra, Galata, banlieue)''. Lutetiae: Bossard, 1918 [http://archive.org/details/constantinoplese00bare Textus apud archive.org] * Hermann Barth, ''Constantinople''. Lutetiae: Librairie Renouard, 1913 {{Ling|Francogallice}} [http://archive.org/details/constantinopl00bart Textus apud archive.org] * Demetrius Coufopoulos, ''A Guide to Constantinople''. Londinii: A. & C. Black, 1910 [http://archive.org/details/guidetoconstanti00coufuoft Textus apud archive.org] * {{DuCangeHB}} * John Freely, Ahmet H. Cakmak, ''Byzantine Monuments of Constantinople''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77257-0 [https://web.archive.org/web/20210225140446/http://assets.cambridge.org/97805217/72570/excerpt/9780521772570_excerpt.pdf Paginae selectae] * Edwin Augustus Grosvenor, ''Constantinople''. Bostoniae: Roberts, 1895. 2 voll. [http://archive.org/details/constantinople01grosuoft Vol. 1] [http://archive.org/details/constantinople02grosuoft vol. 2] * Edwin Augustus Grosvenor, ''The Hippodrome of Constantinople and its Still Existing Monuments''. Londinii, 1889 [http://archive.org/details/hippodromeconst00grosgoog Textus apud archive.org] * {{Janin CB}} * Paul Magdalino, ''Constantinople médiévale''. Lutetiae: De Boccard, 1996 {{Ling|Francogallice}} * Paul Magdalino, ''Studies on the History and Topography of Byzantine Constantinople''. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007. ISBN 978-0-86078-999-4 * {{cite book |last=Mamboury|first=Ernest|title=The Tourists' Istanbul |publisher=Çituri Biraderler Basimevi |location=Istanbul |year=1953|ref=harv}} * [[Alexander van Millingen]], ''Byzantine Churches in Constantinople: their history and architecture''. Londinii: Macmillan, 1912 [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/29077 Textus apud gutenberg.org] * [[Alexander van Millingen]], ''Byzantine Constantinople: the walls of the city and adjoining historical sites''. Londinii: John Murray, 1899 [http://archive.org/details/byzantineconstan00vanm Textus apud archive.org] * [[Alexander van Millingen]], [[Warwick Goble]], ''Constantinople: painted by Warwick Goble; described by Alexander van Millingen''. Londinii: A. & C. Black, 1906 [http://archive.org/details/constantinoplepa00vanmuoft Textus apud archive.org] * Wolfgang Müller-Wiener, ''Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls. Byzantion – Konstantinupolis – Istanbul bis zum Beginn des 17. Jahrhunderts''. Tubingae, 1977. ISBN 3-8030-1022-5 {{Ling|Theodisce}} * Miss Pardoe, W. H. Bartlett, ''The Beauties of the Bosporus''. Londinii: Virtue, 1838 [https://archive.org/details/beautiesofbospho1838pard Textus apud archive.org] ; De architectura * {{Cite book|last=Bertram|first=Carol|year=2008|title=Imagining the Turkish House: Collective Visions of Home|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin Texiae|isbn=9780292718265|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|author=Chamber of Architects of Turkey|title=Architectural Guide to Istanbul: Galata|year=2005|volume=2|publisher=Chamber of Architects of Turkey, Istanbul Metropolitan Branch|location=Istanbul|isbn=9753958951|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|author=Chamber of Architects of Turkey|title=Architectural Guide to Istanbul: Historic Peninsula|year=2006a|volume=1|publisher=Chamber of Architects of Turkey, Istanbul Metropolitan Branch|location=Istanbul|isbn=9753958994|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|author=Chamber of Architects of Turkey|title=Architectural Guide to Istanbul: Bosphorus & The Asian Side|year=2006b|volume=3|publisher=Chamber of Architects of Turkey, Istanbul Metropolitan Branch|location=Istanbul|isbn=9753958978|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|author=Chamber of Architects of Turkey|title=Architectural Guide to Istanbul: Modern & Contemporary|year=2006c|volume=4|publisher=Chamber of Architects of Turkey, Istanbul Metropolitan Branch|location=Istanbul|isbn=975395896X|ref=harv}} ; De oeconomia et politica urbana * Paul André Desjardins, ''La Turquie officielle: Constantinople: son gouvernement, ses habitants, son présent et son avenir''. Lutetiae: Libraries-Imprimeries Réunies, 1891 [http://archive.org/details/laturquieofficie00desj Textus apud archive.org] * [[Henricus Otis Dwight|Henry Otis Dwight]], ''Constantinople and its Problems: its peoples, customs, religions and progress''. Londinii: Oliphant, 1901 [http://archive.org/details/constantinopleit00dwiguoft Textus apud archive.org] * {{cite book|last=Karpat|first=Kemal H.|title=The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization|url=https://archive.org/details/gecekondururalmi0000karp|year=1976|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cantabrigiae|isbn=0521209544|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.288.5466.661|last=Parsons|first=Tom|last2=Toda|first2=Shinji|last3=Stein|first3=Ross S.|last4=Barka|first4=Aykut|last5=Dieterich|first5=James H.|year=2000|title=Heightened Odds of Large Earthquakes Near Istanbul: An Interaction-Based Probability Calculation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2000-04-28_288_5466/page/661|journal=Science|pmid=10784447 |volume=288|issue=5466 |pages=661–665 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Turan|first=Neyran|editor1-last=Sorensen|editor1-first=André|editor2-last=Okata|editor2-first=Junichiro|title=Megacities: Urban Form, Governance, and Sustainability|series=Library for Sustainable Urban Regeneration|publisher=Springer|year=2010|pages=223–42|chapter=Towards an Ecological Urbanism for Istanbul|isbn=4431992669|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|author=WCTR Society; Un'yu Seisaku Kenkyu Kiko|title=Urban Transport and the Environment: An International Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/urbantransporten0000unse_l6o6|year=2004|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing|isbn=0080445128|ref=harv}} * Clarence Richard Johnson, ''Constantinople to-day; or, The pathfinder survey of Constantinople; a study in oriental social life''. Novi Eboraci: Macmillan, 1922 [http://archive.org/details/constantinoplet00john Textus apud archive.org] * {{Cite book|last=Keyder|first=Çaglar|year=1999|title=Istanbul: Between the Global and the Local|url=https://archive.org/details/istanbulbetweeng0000unse|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=Lanham Terrae Mariae|isbn=084769495X|ref=harv}} ; Peregrinationes et commentaria veteriora * Louis Bonneville de Marsangy, ''Le chevalier de Vergennes. Son ambassade à Constantinople''. 2 voll. Lutetiae: Plon, Nourrit, 1894 [http://archive.org/details/lechevalierdever01bonn Vol. 1] [http://archive.org/details/lechevalierdever02bonn vol. 2] * Victor-Louis Bourrilly, ''Bertrand de La Borderie et le discours du voyage de Constantinople (1537-1538)''. Lutetiae: Henri Champion, 1911 [http://archive.org/details/bertranddelabord00bour Textus apud archive.org] * Antoine Laurent Castellan, ''Lettres sur la Morée, l'Hellespont et Constantinople''. 2 voll. Lutetiae: Nepveu, 1820. [http://archive.org/details/lettressurlamor00castgoog Vol. 1] [http://archive.org/details/letterssurlamor01cast exemplar alterum] [http://archive.org/details/lettressurlamor01castgoog vol. 2] * Charles White, ''Three Years in Constantinople; or, Domestic manners of the Turks in 1844''. 3 voll. Londinii: Henry Colburn, 1845 [http://archive.org/details/threeyearsincons01whituoft Vol. 1] [http://archive.org/details/threeyearsincons02whituoft vol. 2] [http://archive.org/details/threeyearsincons03whituoft vol. 3] ; Peregrinationes et commentaria recentiora * [[Edmundus De Amicis|Edmondo De Amicis]], ''[[Costantinopoli (De Amicis)|Costantinopoli]]''. Mediolani: Fratelli Treves, 1877 {{Ling|Italiane}} [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ITA2903/_IDX002.HTM Textus] [http://archive.org/details/constantinopletr01deam Versionis Anglicae vol. 1] [http://archive.org/details/constantinopletr02deamuoft vol. 2] * Gaston Deschamps, ''A Constantinople''. Lutetiae: Calmann-Lévy, 1913 [http://archive.org/details/constantinople00descuoft Textus apud archive.org] * Harrison Griswold Dwight, ''Constantinople Old and New''. Londinii: Longmans, 1915 [http://archive.org/details/constantinopleol00dwiguoft Textus apud archive.org] * Lewis David Einstein, ''Inside Constantinople; a diplomatist's diary during the Dardanelles Expedition, April-September, 1915''. Londinii: John Murray, 1917 [http://archive.org/details/insideconstantin00einsuoft Textus apud archive.org] * [[Theophilus Gautier|Théophile Gautier]], ''[[Constantinople (Gautier)|Constantinople]]''. Lutetiae, 1851 {{Ling|Francogallice}} [http://archive.org/details/constantinople00gaut Textus apud archive.org] [http://archive.org/details/travelsofthoph03gautuoft Versio Anglica] [[Fasciculus:Gautier_-_Constantinople,_1891.djvu|thumb|page=9|''Constantinople'']] * [[Robertus Smythe Hichens|Robert Smythe Hichens]], ''The Near East: Dalmatia, Greece and Constantinople''. Londinii: Hodder & Stoughton, 1913 [http://archive.org/details/neareastdalmatia00hichuoft Textus apud archive.org] * Georgina Adelaide Müller, ''Letters from Constantinople''. Londinii: Longmans, Green, 1897 [http://archive.org/details/lettersfromconst00gamguoft Textus apud archive.org] * [[Gerardus de Nerval|Gérard de Nerval]], ''[[Voyage en Orient (Nerval)|Voyage en Orient]]''. Lutetiae, 1851 {{Ling|Francogallice}} [http://archive.org/details/voyageenorient01nerv Vol. 1] [http://archive.org/details/voyageenorient02nerv vol. 2] * [[Nathaniel Newnham-Davis]], ''The Gourmet's Guide to Europe'' (3a ed. Londinii: Grant Richards, 1911) [https://archive.org/details/b2804938x/page/358/mode/2up pp. 358-364] * [[Edwinus Pears|Edwin Pears]], ''Forty years in Constantinople: the recollections of Sir Edwin Pears, 1873-1915''. Londinii, 1916 [http://archive.org/details/fortyyearsincons00pearuoft Textus apud archive.org] * [[Gulielmus Mitchell Ramsay|William Mitchell Ramsay]], ''The revolution in Constantinople and Turkey, a diary''.Londinii: Hodder & Stoughton, 1909 [http://archive.org/details/revolutionincons00ramsuoft Textus apud archive.org] *Stuermer, Harry. [[1917]]. ''Two War Years in Constantinople: sketches of German and young Turkish ethics and politics.'' Londinii: Hodder & Stoughton. [http://archive.org/details/twowaryearsincon00stueuoft Textus apud archive.org.] *Washburn, George. [[1911]]. ''Fifty Years in Constantinople, and recollections of Robert College.'' Bostoniae: Houghton Mifflin. [http://archive.org/details/fiftyyearsincons00washuoft Textus apud archive.org.] ; Peregrinatio hodierna * Bell, Lydia. [[2014]]. [http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2014/nov/08/istanbul-city-guide-eat-drink-hotels-galleries "Istanbul city guide: essential sights, and where to eat, drink and stay."] ''[[The Guardian]],'' 8 Novembris 2014. {{NexInt}} * [[Fenerbahçe]] * [[Galatasaray]] * [[Palatium Magnum (Constantinopolis)|Palatium Magnum]] * [[Pera Palatium]] * [[Porta Aurea]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Istanbul|Constantinopolim}} {{Coord|41|0|36|N|28|57|37|E|display=title}} {{Urbes Europae maximae}} {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Geographia}} [[Categoria:Constantinopolis|!]] [[Categoria:Urbes Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Urbes sanctae]] [[Categoria:Thracia]] [[Categoria:Patrimonium totius mundi]] [[Categoria:Constantinus I]] [[Categoria:Urbes milies milium incolarum]] [[Categoria:Portus Ponti Euxini]] [[Categoria:Portus Propontidis]] [[Categoria:Emporia speciaria]] 1c5897otfg5yvip4n5qfp2sd69v7buo 0 10734 3983571 3880110 2026-08-25T09:16:21Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{L}} [[Fasciculus:Hamlet.jpg|thumb|upright|'''''Hamlet,''''' editio secunda [[in quarto]].]] [[Fasciculus:Hamlet und Horatio auf dem Friedhof (Eugène Ferdinand Victor Delacroix).jpg|thumb|''Alas, poor Yorick! I knew him, Horatio''. Amlethus et Horatius in coemeterio ab [[Eugenius Delacroix|Eugenio Delacroix]] picti.]] '''''Hamlet''''', [[tragoedia]] a [[Gulielmus Shakesperius|Gulielmo Shakespeare]] composita, inter opera praeclarissima [[litterae Annglicae|litterarum Anglicarum]] accipitur. Scripta est inter annos fere [[1599]] et 1601, edita [[in quarto]] anno [[1603]] rursusque [[1604]] (quae editio saepius reimpressa est, lectionibus variis) et in [[Shakesperiana editio in folio|editione in folio]] (titulo ''Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories & Tragedies'') anno [[1623]] complexa. Fontes, quibus auctor usus est in hoc ludo elaborando, difficiles sunt enumeratu; constat autem historiam ducis [[Amlethus|Amlethi]] [[Dania|Dani]], a [[Saxo Grammaticus|Saxone Grammatico]] in ''[[Gesta Danorum|Gestis Danorum]]'' libb. 3 et 4 narratam, originem monstrare fabulae. Ante ludum nobis cognitum exstiterat et alius, cuius textus hodie deperditus protypum auctori praebuerit, ab eruditis appellatione ''[[Ur-Hamlet]]'' designatus. Hi versus notissimi sunt: :''To be or not to be: that is the Question:'' :''Whether 'tis Nobler in the minde to suffer'' :''The Slings and Arrows of outragious Fortune;'' :''Or to take armes against a Sea of troubles,'' :''And by opposing end them:'' :Esse an non esse, quaestio est. :Estne dignius vel aequo animo pati :fundas sagittasque Fortunae malignae, :vel arma contra aerumnarum mare capere, :easque finire oppugnando: (Actus III, scaenae I) == Historia == Historia Amlethi invenitur in ''[[Gestae Danorum|Gestis Danorum]]'' auctoris [[Saxo Grammaticus|Saxonis Grammatici]]. Maxima argumenti pars inventa est a Gulielmo ipso Shakespeare. === Actio prima === ''Hamlet'' (fontibus Latinis "Amlethus") est princeps [[Dania]]e, cuius pater, qui appellatur etiam Amlethus, occiditur in castello Elsinoriensi ([[Danice]] ''Elseneur'') a fratre suo Claudio. Claudius regnat vice Amleti et uxorem ducit matrem ipsius Amleti Gertrudam, res, quae antiquitus turpis habebatur incestuosaque. Quadam nocte [[larva (discretiva)|larva]] regis superioris ante oculos vigiliarum paulisper apparet, antequam e visu evanescere possit. Dum Amlethus ac comes Horatius se larvam regis opperiri constituunt subsequenti nocte; effigies apparet atque filio suo confirmat se dormientem [[venenum|veneno]] a Claudio posito in [[auris|aure]] interfectum esse et cupis Amlethum mortem ulturum esse suam, quod Amlethus ulla dubitatione intermissa probat. Attamen larva imperat, ne Amletus matrem occideret, immo ad [[oraculum|divinam voluntatem]] reliquendam. === Actio secunda === Amlethus se insanum esse simulat ad consilia simpliciter cogitanda. Polonius, regalis consiliarius, insaniam mentis Amlethi ortam ob non responsum amore amorem erga filiam suam, [[Ophelia]]m, putat. Ipso tempore Amlethus coetum histrionum parat ad [[tragoedia]]m agendam in regia, cuius argumentum est haud dissimile a contextu Amletho dicto a patris umbra. === Actio tertia === Tragoedia acta Claudius abit maxime perturbatus et se in cubiculo suo recipit ad preces fudendas.{{dubsig}} Dein regem rogantem vidit Amlethus nec necare eum vult, ne moriatur in gratia divina. In controversia aspera cum Gertrude Amlethus interfacit Polonium se pone lintea occultantem ac rex in [[Anglia]]m Amlethum de medio tollendum mittit. === Actio quarta === Ophelia, cum patrem mortuum videret atque Amlethum eiectum in exsilium, se occidit a dolore oppressa. Laertes frater ulcisci sororem vult et ad pugnam provocare et quidem sine missione Amlethum, pernicies{{dubsig}} Claudio machinante et Laertem hortante. Eodem tempore Amlethus ab Anglia effugit, in qua de consiliis Claudii erat necandus. === Actio quinta === Pugna inter Laertem atque Amlehtum incipit et de voluntate regis vinum cum veneno est bibendum Amleto, sed hoc non fit. Dein Gertruda vinum bibit, Laertes Amlethum gladio sauciat imbuto veneno, deinde Amlethus carpit gladium Laertis venenatum ac vulnerat eum. Gertruda moritur, Laertes cadit et patefacit omnia regis consilia; quam ob rem Amlethus pugione percutit Claudium, qui emittit animam una cum Laertis illa. Amlethus moriens facit, ut Fortinbras princeps Norvegiae fieret rex in Elsinore, qui Amletho iusta funera et magna solvit. == Editiones == * 1603 : [https://web.archive.org/web/20140704115041/http://special-1.bl.uk/treasures/SiqDiscovery/ui/record.aspx?Source=text&LHCopy=0&LHPage=0&RHCopy=0&RHPage=1 Textus apud Bibliothecam Britannicam] * 1604 : ''The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke'' [http://special-1.bl.uk/treasures/SiqDiscovery/ui/record.aspx?Source=text&LHCopy=93&LHPage=-2&RHCopy=93&RHPage=-1 Textus apud Bibliothecam Britannicam]{{Nexus deficit|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * 1605 : ''The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20160307001026/http://special-1.bl.uk/treasures/SiqDiscovery/ui/record.aspx?Source=text&LHCopy=1&LHPage=-2&RHCopy=1&RHPage=-1 Textus apud Bibliothecam Britannicam] * 1611 : ''The Tragedy of Hamlet Prince of Denmark'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20160307062205/http://special-1.bl.uk/treasures/SiqDiscovery/ui/record.aspx?Source=text&LHCopy=2&LHPage=-2&RHCopy=2&RHPage=-1 Textus apud Bibliothecam Britannicam] * 1622 : ''The Tragedy of Hamlet Prince of Denmark'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20160307051707/http://special-1.bl.uk/treasures/SiqDiscovery/ui/record.aspx?Source=text&LHCopy=4&LHPage=-2&RHCopy=4&RHPage=-1 Textus apud Bibliothecam Britannicam] * 1623 : ''Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, histories & tragedies, published according to the true originall copies'' (Londinii) [https://web.archive.org/web/20140809150803/http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/facsimile/bookplay/SLNSW_F1/Ham/1/ Textus apud Universitatem Victoriae] * 1637 : ''The Tragedy of Hamlet Prince of Denmark'' [http://special-1.bl.uk/treasures/SiqDiscovery/ui/record.aspx?Source=text&LHCopy=6&LHPage=-2&RHCopy=6&RHPage=-1 Textus apud Bibliothecam Britannicam]{{Nexus deficit|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == Versiones == Ludus ''Hamlet'' multoties [[Francogallice]] divulgatus est: * 1770 : [[Ioannes Franciscus Ducis]], interpr., ''Hamlet'' (die [[30 Septembris]] [[1769]] doctus apud ''Théâtre de la rue des Fossés Saint-Germain'') * 1779 : [[Petrus Letourneur]], interpr. * 1849 : [[Alexander Dumas]], [[Paulus Meurice]], ''[[Hamlet, prince de Danemark (Dumas)|Hamlet, prince de Danemark]]'' (die [[15 Decembris]] [[1847]] apud ''Théâtre historique'' doctus) [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6181297z Textus editionis scaenicae 1853] [http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb30936807m Textus editionis litterariae 1864] * 1865 : [[Franciscus Victor Hugo]], interpr. ''Oeuvres complètes de W. Shakespeare. Vol. 1: Les deux Hamlet'' [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2006970 Textus apud Gallica] [[s:fr:Hamlet|apud Vicifontem]] * 1868 : [[Ambrosius Thomas]], compositor; [[Michael Carré]], [[Iulius Barbier]], scriptores: ''[[Hamlet (Thomas)|Hamlet, opéra en cinq actes]]'' (die [[9 Martii]] [[1868]] apud ''Opéra'' doctus) [http://imslp.org/wiki/Hamlet_(Thomas,_Ambroise) Textus editionum] * 1872 : [[Aemilius Montégut]], interpr. ''Oeuvres complètes de Shakespeare. Vol. 9'' [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57860972 Textus apud Gallica] * 1898 : [[Iulius Lermina]], interpr. ''Oeuvres de William Shakespeare. Vol. 1'' [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5628206n Textus apud Gallica] * 1899 : [[Marcellus Schwob]], [[Eugenius Morand]], interprr. ''La tragique histoire d'Hamlet'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8438743j Documenta] * 1923 : Guy de Pourtalès, interpr., ''La Tragique histoire de Hamlet, prince de Danemark'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k943772z Textus apud Gallica] * 1944 : [[Andreas Gide]], interpr. ''Hamlet'' == Bibliographia == * Alexandre Büchner, ''Hamlet le Danois''. Lutetiae, 1878 [http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb301724237 Textus apud gallica] * Geoffrey Bullough, ed., ''Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare. Vol. 7''. Londinii, 1973 * John Casson, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20181221021017/http://www.bl.uk/eblj/2016articles/pdf/ebljarticle72016.pdf The Annotated Amleth: Belleforest in the British Library]" in ''eBLJ'' (2016) no. 7 * Robert Gericke, Max Leopold Moltke, edd. ''Shakespeare's Hamlet-Quellen: Saxo Grammaticus (lateinisch und deutsch), Belleforest und The hystorie of Hamblet''. Lipsiae, 1881 [http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924013138288 Textus apud archive.org] * William F. Hansen, ''Saxo Grammaticus and the Life of Hamlet: A Translation, History and Commentary''. Lincolniae, 1983 == Nexus externi == * ''[http://www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/episodes/hamlet/watch-the-film/980/ Hamlet]'' a ''[[Royal Shakespeare Company]]'' anno 2010 docta, apud ''PBS'' spectanda * [http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/author?name=Shakespeare,%20William,%201564-1616 Textus apud ''Project Gutenberg''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201105231657/http://www.shakespeare-navigators.com/hamlet/index.html Textus cum adnotationibus] apud ''Shakespeare Navigators'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121220134539/http://www.hyperhamlet.unibas.ch/ HyperHamlet] - opus Universitatis Basiliensis {{Ling|Anglice}} * "[http://shea.mit.edu/ramparts/ Hamlet on the Ramparts]": adnotationes apud mit.edu * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201123111631/http://www.english.emory.edu/classes/Shakespeare_Illustrated/HamletPaintings.html De picturis] {{Opera Shakesperii|Hamlet| *Spectrum [[Horvendillus|Hamlet senioris]], olim Daniae rex · [[Fengo|Claudius]], frater Hamlet senioris, Daniae rex · [[Amlethus|Hamlet]], princeps, filius Hamlet senioris · Fortinbras, Norvegiae princeps · [[Horatio (persona Shakesperiana)|Horatio]], Hamlet amicus · [[Polonius (persona Shakesperiana)|Polonius]], regis consiliarius · Laertes, Polonii filius · Voltimand et Cornelius, aulici · [[Rosencrantz et Guildenstern]], aulici · Osric, aulicus · Marcellus, Bernardo et Francisco, milites · Reynaldo, Polonii famulus · Fossores · Histriones * [[Gerutha|Gertrude]], regina, olim Hamlet senioris mulier, iam Claudii · [[Ophelia (persona Shakesperiana)|Ophelia]], Polonii filia, Hamlet principis amore capta *Viri et mulieres Danici, milites, nautae, nuntii, famuli}} [[Categoria:Opera Shakespeare]] [[Categoria:Tragoediae]] [[Categoria:Scripta 1603]] {{Myrias|Ars}} bb4wl8ecvhe3pgz7oba44ic4bqjldjc 0 28331 3983498 3861052 2026-08-24T20:28:04Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* Hydrographia */ 3983498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L-1}}{{videdis|Para (discretiva)}} {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} '''Civitas Parae'''<ref>"Capitania Parae" {{Google Books|cYI9AAAAcAAJ|vide p. 756}}; "In provincia seu capitanatu de Para" {{Google Books|5XdJAAAAYAAJ|vide p. 170}}.</ref> seu '''Parensis'''<ref>"praefectura . . . Parensis" {{Google Books|fAp6T_O7llAC|vide p. 753}}.</ref>, '''Paraënsis'''<ref>Vb. adiect. "Paraënsis", cf. nomina biologica ''[[Bolitoglossa paraensis]]'' etc.</ref> est [[civitas]] in [[septentrio]]nali [[Brasilia]]e [[regio]]ne sita. Circum Param sunt sex provinciae Brasilienses: ad septentrionem [[Amapa]], ad orientem [[Maragnanum]], ad austrorientem [[civitas Tocantinensis|Tocantinum]], ad meridiem [[civitas Matogrossensis|Matogrossensis]], ad occidentem [[civitas Amazonensis|Amazones]], ad boreoccidentem [[Roraima]]. ==Urbes== [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] et [[urbs]] maxima est [[Bethlehem (Brasilia)|Bethlehem]] ([[Lusitanice]] ''Belém''). ==Hydrographia== Civitas in parte orientali [[Amazonia]]e sita est; fluxus inferior [[flumen Amazonum|fluminis Amazonum]] et [[Delta fluminis Amazonum|delta eius]] hic siti sunt; ''[[Tapajós]]'' et [[Xingu]] sunt accolae eius his locis maximi. [[Para (flumen)|Para]] diu [[bracchium fluminis|bracchium]] deltae Amazonum putabatur, sed nunc notum est aquas Amazonum partem minorem defluxus Parae componunt. [[Flumen Tocantinense|Tocantinum]] flumen maximum in Param se effundit; [[Araguaia]] est Tocantini tributarius amplissimus. Hic in delta et [[insula Maraiensis]] insularum fluvialium maxima sita est. {{NexInt}} *[[Archidioecesis Belemensis de Pará]] *[[Territorialis Praelatura Xinguensis]] == Notae == <references/> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} {{Provinciae Brasilienses}} [[Categoria:Para|!]] ld6d2n9ko3egu2s8k8ioh2zriljbpjo 0 35846 3983538 3817247 2026-08-24T23:12:55Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* Delta */ 3983538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}}{{flumen|Lena|[[Fasciculus:Lensk (reportage 21-06-2014) 09.JPG|thumb|center|Lena in ''Lensk'' urbe]] | 4294 | 1466 | 16 350 | 2 490 000 |[[Iugum Baicalense]]|[[Mare Lapteviorum]]|[[Siberia Orientalis]]}}{{videdis|Lena (discretiva)}} '''Lena'''<ref>[http://international.loc.gov/service/ndlpcoop/mtfxtx/txg/g348207778/0007.jpg ''Atlas Russicus'', p. 7]; [[Ioannes Georgius Gmelin]], [https://books.google.ru/books?id=9xBfAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Flora+sibirica:+sive,+Historia+plantarum+Sibiriae&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj1peCgltvSAhWGXCwKHYK7ClUQ6AEINTAD#v=onepage&q=Lena&f=false ''Flora Sibirica'', tomus I, p. XI-XIII]</ref> ([[Russice]] Лена, [[Iacutice]] Өлүөнэ) est [[flumen]] [[Russia]]e, in [[Siberia]] [[Siberia Orientalis|Orientali]] maximum. Ex [[iugum Baicalense|iugo Baicalensi]]<ref>{{ZK|Байкальский хребет}}</ref> exoritur, per [[regio Ircutensis|regionem Ircutensem]] et rem publicam [[Iacutia]]m [[Foederatio Russica|Foederationis Russicae]] fluens, 4400 chiliometra patet et in [[mare Lapteviorum]] [[oceanus Glacialis Septentrionalis|oceani Glacialis Septentrionalis]] per [[delta fluminis|delta]] maximum effunditur. Maximum est orbis terrarum flumen, cuius [[pelvis siccationis]] tota in regione [[congelatio aeterna|congelationis aeternae]] sita est. [[Fasciculus:Lena watershed.png|thumb|Lena cum accolis suis.]] == Inventio et nomen == {{Creanda|ru|Пянда, Пантелей Демидович|Panteleemon Pianda|Panteleemon Diomedis filius Pianda}} explorator Russicus anno 1623 Lenam invenit; Pianda eam ''Eluene'', nomine [[lingua Evenkensis|Evenkensi]], appellabat, quod ''flumen magnum'' significat. Nomen Russicum et Iacuticum de hoc derivatum esse videtur. [[Iacutice]] flumen etiam ''Улахан Өрүс'' (''Ulachan orys'', idem ''flumen magnum'') nuncupatur, [[Buriatice]] ''Зүлхэ (Zulche)''. [[Fasciculus:Lena River near Yakutsk (synchroswimr).jpg|thumb|Lena prope Iacutiam urbem]] == Fluxus == === Fluxus superior === In palude parva prope [[transitus|transitum]] ''Solntsepad' '' sub monte sine nomine [[iugum Baicalense|iugi Baicalensis]], cuius altitudo 2023 est, fons Lenae situs est; 10 chm tantum a [[Baical]]e eum separant. A fonte usque confluvium cum [[Witimus|Witimo]] fluxus Lenae superior numeratur; hoc fluxu superiore fluvius montanus [[Cisbaicalia]]e est. Kirenga est confluvius Lenae superioris maximus; ''Kirensk'' urbs (prius [[munimentum Kirengense]]) in ostio Kirengae stat. His locis [[iugum Pomorum]] et {{Creanda|ru|Гора Палласа|mons Pallasii}}<ref>Nomine [[Petrus Simon Pallas|Petri Simonis Pallasii]].</ref> divortium aquarum Lenae, [[Ienisea]]e et [[Amur]]is est. === Fluxus medius === Witimi aquis aucta, Lena iam flumen maximum fit; altitudo eius his locis 10 vel 12 m est, vallis latitudo a 20 ad 30 chm, insulae multae in alveo apparent. Hic est fluxus Lenae medius (i.e., ab ostio Witimi ad ostium [[Aldanus|Aldani]]). A dextra ripa [[planities montana Patomensis]]<ref>{{ZK|Патомское нагорье}}</ref> sita est, et ripa dextra ardua est, ripa laeva declivior. [[Taiga]] utramque ripam operit. Ab [[Olecma]] ad Aldanum nullum confluvium magnum Lena habet; hic per [[planities elata Lenensis]]<ref>[[Russice]] ''Ленское плато''.</ref> plus quam 500 chm fluit. Post [[Urbs Patrocinii|Urbem Patrocinii]] (''Pokrovsk'') in planitiem Lena exit, ubi et [[Iacutia (urbs)|Iacutia]] urbs ad eam stat. [[Fasciculus:Lenapillarsriverview.JPG|thumb|Saxa ''Columnae Lenenses'' (''Lenskie stolby'') dicta in ripa Lenae]] === Fluxus inferior === Locis Iacutia inferioribus duo soli magni accolae Lenae sunt, Aldanus et [[Wiluius]]. Ab ostio Aldani fluxus Lenae inferior incipit. Latitudo eius hic circa 3 chm est, ubi uno alveo fluit; si insulas rami ambiunt, latitudo 30 chm esse potest. Vallis Lenae fluxus inferioris stricta est: nam a ripa dextra [[Montes Verchoianenses|montium Verchoianensium]] iuga ad Lenam appropinquant, a ripa dextra [[planities elevata Sibiriae Mediae]] divortium aquarum Lenae et [[Olenecus|Oleneci]] est. Post ''Bulun'' vicum vallis etiam strictior fit: inter iugum ''Charaulach'' ab oriente et [[iugum Czekanovskii]]<ref>{{ZK|Чекановского, кряж}}</ref> ab occidente fluit. [[Fasciculus:Russia's Lena River Delta as seen by Envisat ESA215233.tiff|thumb|Delta Lenae in photographemate spatiali]] === Delta === Ab initio [[deltae Lenae|deltae Lenensis]] ad mare 150 chm est. Quinque rami maiores deltae sunt et innumeri minores. Area deltae 45,5 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² est. Ramus maximus Bykovensis non solum ad orientem, sed etiam ad meridiem vertit et post [[promunturium Bykov]]<ref>Мыс Быков.</ref> in mare Lapteviorum effunditur; in litore maris ab oriente a promunturio Bykov [[Tiksi]] portus situs est. [[Fasciculus:Закат на Лене.JPG|thumb|Lena in ''Bestiach Inferiore'']] == Accolae == Accolae Lenae maximi sunt: === Fluxu superiore === {{div col|2}} * [[Mansurca]]<ref>Nomen hoc necnon nomina infra e ''Flora Sibirica'' Gmeliniana, p. XII sumpta sunt (nisi aliud indicatur).</ref> ([[Russice]] Манзурка, sinistra) * [[Culenga]] (Куленга, sinistra) * [[Orlenga]] (Орлинга, dextra) * [[Ilga]] (Илга, sinistra) * [[Kirenga]] (Киренга, dextra) * [[Cuta]] (Кута, sinistra) * [[Tschetschuius]] (Чечуй, dexter) * [[Tschaia]] (Чая, dextra) * [[Itschora]] (Ичёра, sinistra) * [[Witimus]] (Витим, dexter) {{div col end}} [[Fasciculus:Кангаласский утёс.jpg|thumb|Saxum Cangalassense]] === Fluxu medio === {{div col|2}} * [[Patoma Maior]] (Большой Патом, dextra) * [[Patoma Minor]] (Малый Патом, dextra) * [[Olecma]] (Олекма, dextra) * [[Talba]] (Туолба, dextra, duobus [[ramus fluviatilis|ramis]], Talba Maiore et Minore) * [[Aldanus]] (Алдан, dexter) {{div col end}} [[Fasciculus:В Якутском речном порту-1.JPG|thumb|Lena in portu Iacutiae urbis]] === Fluxu inferiore === * [[Wiluius]] (Вилюй, sinister) Quattuor maximi [[Aldanus]], [[Olecma]], [[Wiluius]], [[Witimus]] sunt. [[Fasciculus:337 Ленск с реки.jpg|thumb|Urbis Lensk de flumine despectus]] == Urbes == Solae 6 urbes ad Lenam sitae sunt: * [[Ostium Cutae]] ([[Russice]] ''Усть-Кут''), ubi [[ferrivia a Baicale ad Amurem]] Lenam transit; * [[Kirensk]] (Киренск), urbs regionis antiquissima, anno 1630 condita; * [[Lensk]] (Ленск); * [[Olecminsk]] (Олёкминск), prope [[Olecma]]e ostio; * [[Urbs Patrocinii]] (Покровск); * [[Iacutia (urbs)|Iacutia]], [[Iacutia]]e caput, urbs regionis maxima Loco ''Sottintsy'' vici in ripa Lenae Iacutia urbs primo condita erat anno 1632, nunc alibi sita est. Žigansk urbs ad Lenam item anno 1632 conditus est; caput [[circulus (Russia)|circuli]] ab anno 1783 ad 1805 erat, sed hodie deminutus vicus est. [[Tiksi]] portus ad litus [[mare Lapteviorum|maris Lapteviorum]] prope ad [[Delta fluminis|delta]] Lenae situs est. == Tractus navium == Saeculis XVII et XVIII viis terrestribus paene absentibus Lenae [[systema fluviorum|systema]] cum systemate fluviorum [[Ienisea]]e et cum [[mare Ochotense|mari Ochotensi]] [[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceani Pacifici]] [[tractus navium]] coniungebant. Cum [[Baical]]e et [[Ienisea]] coniungens tractus ab [[Ilimus|Ilimo]] [[Angara]]e confluvio ad [[Cuta]]m vel [[Muca]]m Lenae confluvios ducebat. Iter a Lena ad Oceanum Pacificum per Aldanum ducebat in [[Maia (flumen)|Maiam]] accolam eius, dein in [[Iudoma]]m Maiae accolam; ab initiis Iudomae tractus viginiti leucas in [[Uracus|Uracum]] fluvium, in mare Ochotense effundentem, ducebat<ref>''Flora Sibirica'', p. 13.</ref>. [[Fasciculus:Паром "Пантелеймон Пянда" в Соттинцах.jpg|thumb|"Panteleemon Pianda", [[navis traiectoria]] trans Lenam in ''Sottintsy'' vico]] == Pontes == Tantum per Lenam superiorem pontes adsunt (a fontibus ad ostium): * In ''Kačug'' vico; * In ''Ponomariova'' vico, ubi via ab Ircutia ad Žigalovo Lenam transit, anno 2009 constructus * In [[Ostium Cutae|Ostio Cutae]] duo, prior ferriviarius (ad usum [[ferrivia a Baicale ad Amurem|ferriviae a Baicale ad Amurem]]), anno 1975 constructus, alter anni 1989. Ab Ostio Cutae ad ostium Lenae ipsius per 3466 chm fluxus nullus est pons, soli [[traiectus]]. [[Fasciculus:000b Вид с первой щеки вниз по течению.jpg|thumb|Lena inter saxa ''Buccae Lenenses'' (''Lenskie ščioki'') dicta]] == Varia == Quod [[Vladimirus Lenin]] e caede [[opifex|operariorum]] ''fodinarum Lenensium'' (''Lenskie priiski''), in ''[[Bodaibo]]'' urbe anno 1912 facta, [[pseudonymum]] suum excogitavit (nam saepe hoc affirmatur), impossibile est; quamvis haec Helga Ulianova, Demetrii fratris Lenin filia, dicebat, Nicolaum Lenin pseudonymum Vladimirus Ulianov ab anno 1901 nec a 1912 usus erat<ref>Vide, e.g., [[Robertus Payne|Roberti Payne]] ''The Life and Death of Lenin'' (Novi Eboraci, 1964).</ref>. [[Fasciculus:Parokhod na Lene.jpg|thumb|[[Navis vaporaria]] in Lena superiore [[decennium 190|annis undevicesimis]] saeculi XIX]] == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{fontes geographici}} {{CommuniaCat|Lena River|Lenam fluvium}} {{Myrias|Geographia}} [[Categoria:Flumina Russiae Asiaticae]] [[Categoria:Iacutia]] [[Categoria:Regio Ircutensis]] [[Categoria:Systema Lenae fluminis|!]] mcr8q5wgyhcahhf7cqcb2q17ih05qyd 3983539 3983538 2026-08-24T23:13:24Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3983539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}}{{flumen|Lena|[[Fasciculus:Lensk (reportage 21-06-2014) 09.JPG|thumb|center|Lena in ''Lensk'' urbe]] | 4294 | 1466 | 16 350 | 2 490 000 |[[Iugum Baicalense]]|[[Mare Lapteviorum]]|[[Siberia Orientalis]]}}{{videdis|Lena (discretiva)}} '''Lena'''<ref>[http://international.loc.gov/service/ndlpcoop/mtfxtx/txg/g348207778/0007.jpg ''Atlas Russicus'', p. 7]; [[Ioannes Georgius Gmelin]], [https://books.google.ru/books?id=9xBfAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Flora+sibirica:+sive,+Historia+plantarum+Sibiriae&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj1peCgltvSAhWGXCwKHYK7ClUQ6AEINTAD#v=onepage&q=Lena&f=false ''Flora Sibirica'', tomus I, p. XI-XIII]</ref> ([[Russice]] Лена, [[Iacutice]] Өлүөнэ) est [[flumen]] [[Russia]]e, in [[Siberia]] [[Siberia Orientalis|Orientali]] maximum. Ex [[iugum Baicalense|iugo Baicalensi]]<ref>{{ZK|Байкальский хребет}}</ref> exoritur, per [[regio Ircutensis|regionem Ircutensem]] et rem publicam [[Iacutia]]m [[Foederatio Russica|Foederationis Russicae]] fluens, 4400 chiliometra patet et in [[mare Lapteviorum]] [[oceanus Glacialis Septentrionalis|oceani Glacialis Septentrionalis]] per [[delta Lenae|delta maximum]] effunditur. Maximum est orbis terrarum flumen, cuius [[pelvis siccationis]] tota in regione [[congelatio aeterna|congelationis aeternae]] sita est. [[Fasciculus:Lena watershed.png|thumb|Lena cum accolis suis.]] == Inventio et nomen == {{Creanda|ru|Пянда, Пантелей Демидович|Panteleemon Pianda|Panteleemon Diomedis filius Pianda}} explorator Russicus anno 1623 Lenam invenit; Pianda eam ''Eluene'', nomine [[lingua Evenkensis|Evenkensi]], appellabat, quod ''flumen magnum'' significat. Nomen Russicum et Iacuticum de hoc derivatum esse videtur. [[Iacutice]] flumen etiam ''Улахан Өрүс'' (''Ulachan orys'', idem ''flumen magnum'') nuncupatur, [[Buriatice]] ''Зүлхэ (Zulche)''. [[Fasciculus:Lena River near Yakutsk (synchroswimr).jpg|thumb|Lena prope Iacutiam urbem]] == Fluxus == === Fluxus superior === In palude parva prope [[transitus|transitum]] ''Solntsepad' '' sub monte sine nomine [[iugum Baicalense|iugi Baicalensis]], cuius altitudo 2023 est, fons Lenae situs est; 10 chm tantum a [[Baical]]e eum separant. A fonte usque confluvium cum [[Witimus|Witimo]] fluxus Lenae superior numeratur; hoc fluxu superiore fluvius montanus [[Cisbaicalia]]e est. Kirenga est confluvius Lenae superioris maximus; ''Kirensk'' urbs (prius [[munimentum Kirengense]]) in ostio Kirengae stat. His locis [[iugum Pomorum]] et {{Creanda|ru|Гора Палласа|mons Pallasii}}<ref>Nomine [[Petrus Simon Pallas|Petri Simonis Pallasii]].</ref> divortium aquarum Lenae, [[Ienisea]]e et [[Amur]]is est. === Fluxus medius === Witimi aquis aucta, Lena iam flumen maximum fit; altitudo eius his locis 10 vel 12 m est, vallis latitudo a 20 ad 30 chm, insulae multae in alveo apparent. Hic est fluxus Lenae medius (i.e., ab ostio Witimi ad ostium [[Aldanus|Aldani]]). A dextra ripa [[planities montana Patomensis]]<ref>{{ZK|Патомское нагорье}}</ref> sita est, et ripa dextra ardua est, ripa laeva declivior. [[Taiga]] utramque ripam operit. Ab [[Olecma]] ad Aldanum nullum confluvium magnum Lena habet; hic per [[planities elata Lenensis]]<ref>[[Russice]] ''Ленское плато''.</ref> plus quam 500 chm fluit. Post [[Urbs Patrocinii|Urbem Patrocinii]] (''Pokrovsk'') in planitiem Lena exit, ubi et [[Iacutia (urbs)|Iacutia]] urbs ad eam stat. [[Fasciculus:Lenapillarsriverview.JPG|thumb|Saxa ''Columnae Lenenses'' (''Lenskie stolby'') dicta in ripa Lenae]] === Fluxus inferior === Locis Iacutia inferioribus duo soli magni accolae Lenae sunt, Aldanus et [[Wiluius]]. Ab ostio Aldani fluxus Lenae inferior incipit. Latitudo eius hic circa 3 chm est, ubi uno alveo fluit; si insulas rami ambiunt, latitudo 30 chm esse potest. Vallis Lenae fluxus inferioris stricta est: nam a ripa dextra [[Montes Verchoianenses|montium Verchoianensium]] iuga ad Lenam appropinquant, a ripa dextra [[planities elevata Sibiriae Mediae]] divortium aquarum Lenae et [[Olenecus|Oleneci]] est. Post ''Bulun'' vicum vallis etiam strictior fit: inter iugum ''Charaulach'' ab oriente et [[iugum Czekanovskii]]<ref>{{ZK|Чекановского, кряж}}</ref> ab occidente fluit. [[Fasciculus:Russia's Lena River Delta as seen by Envisat ESA215233.tiff|thumb|Delta Lenae in photographemate spatiali]] === Delta === Ab initio [[deltae Lenae|deltae Lenensis]] ad mare 150 chm est. Quinque rami maiores deltae sunt et innumeri minores. Area deltae 45,5 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² est. Ramus maximus Bykovensis non solum ad orientem, sed etiam ad meridiem vertit et post [[promunturium Bykov]]<ref>Мыс Быков.</ref> in mare Lapteviorum effunditur; in litore maris ab oriente a promunturio Bykov [[Tiksi]] portus situs est. [[Fasciculus:Закат на Лене.JPG|thumb|Lena in ''Bestiach Inferiore'']] == Accolae == Accolae Lenae maximi sunt: === Fluxu superiore === {{div col|2}} * [[Mansurca]]<ref>Nomen hoc necnon nomina infra e ''Flora Sibirica'' Gmeliniana, p. XII sumpta sunt (nisi aliud indicatur).</ref> ([[Russice]] Манзурка, sinistra) * [[Culenga]] (Куленга, sinistra) * [[Orlenga]] (Орлинга, dextra) * [[Ilga]] (Илга, sinistra) * [[Kirenga]] (Киренга, dextra) * [[Cuta]] (Кута, sinistra) * [[Tschetschuius]] (Чечуй, dexter) * [[Tschaia]] (Чая, dextra) * [[Itschora]] (Ичёра, sinistra) * [[Witimus]] (Витим, dexter) {{div col end}} [[Fasciculus:Кангаласский утёс.jpg|thumb|Saxum Cangalassense]] === Fluxu medio === {{div col|2}} * [[Patoma Maior]] (Большой Патом, dextra) * [[Patoma Minor]] (Малый Патом, dextra) * [[Olecma]] (Олекма, dextra) * [[Talba]] (Туолба, dextra, duobus [[ramus fluviatilis|ramis]], Talba Maiore et Minore) * [[Aldanus]] (Алдан, dexter) {{div col end}} [[Fasciculus:В Якутском речном порту-1.JPG|thumb|Lena in portu Iacutiae urbis]] === Fluxu inferiore === * [[Wiluius]] (Вилюй, sinister) Quattuor maximi [[Aldanus]], [[Olecma]], [[Wiluius]], [[Witimus]] sunt. [[Fasciculus:337 Ленск с реки.jpg|thumb|Urbis Lensk de flumine despectus]] == Urbes == Solae 6 urbes ad Lenam sitae sunt: * [[Ostium Cutae]] ([[Russice]] ''Усть-Кут''), ubi [[ferrivia a Baicale ad Amurem]] Lenam transit; * [[Kirensk]] (Киренск), urbs regionis antiquissima, anno 1630 condita; * [[Lensk]] (Ленск); * [[Olecminsk]] (Олёкминск), prope [[Olecma]]e ostio; * [[Urbs Patrocinii]] (Покровск); * [[Iacutia (urbs)|Iacutia]], [[Iacutia]]e caput, urbs regionis maxima Loco ''Sottintsy'' vici in ripa Lenae Iacutia urbs primo condita erat anno 1632, nunc alibi sita est. Žigansk urbs ad Lenam item anno 1632 conditus est; caput [[circulus (Russia)|circuli]] ab anno 1783 ad 1805 erat, sed hodie deminutus vicus est. [[Tiksi]] portus ad litus [[mare Lapteviorum|maris Lapteviorum]] prope ad [[Delta fluminis|delta]] Lenae situs est. == Tractus navium == Saeculis XVII et XVIII viis terrestribus paene absentibus Lenae [[systema fluviorum|systema]] cum systemate fluviorum [[Ienisea]]e et cum [[mare Ochotense|mari Ochotensi]] [[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceani Pacifici]] [[tractus navium]] coniungebant. Cum [[Baical]]e et [[Ienisea]] coniungens tractus ab [[Ilimus|Ilimo]] [[Angara]]e confluvio ad [[Cuta]]m vel [[Muca]]m Lenae confluvios ducebat. Iter a Lena ad Oceanum Pacificum per Aldanum ducebat in [[Maia (flumen)|Maiam]] accolam eius, dein in [[Iudoma]]m Maiae accolam; ab initiis Iudomae tractus viginiti leucas in [[Uracus|Uracum]] fluvium, in mare Ochotense effundentem, ducebat<ref>''Flora Sibirica'', p. 13.</ref>. [[Fasciculus:Паром "Пантелеймон Пянда" в Соттинцах.jpg|thumb|"Panteleemon Pianda", [[navis traiectoria]] trans Lenam in ''Sottintsy'' vico]] == Pontes == Tantum per Lenam superiorem pontes adsunt (a fontibus ad ostium): * In ''Kačug'' vico; * In ''Ponomariova'' vico, ubi via ab Ircutia ad Žigalovo Lenam transit, anno 2009 constructus * In [[Ostium Cutae|Ostio Cutae]] duo, prior ferriviarius (ad usum [[ferrivia a Baicale ad Amurem|ferriviae a Baicale ad Amurem]]), anno 1975 constructus, alter anni 1989. Ab Ostio Cutae ad ostium Lenae ipsius per 3466 chm fluxus nullus est pons, soli [[traiectus]]. [[Fasciculus:000b Вид с первой щеки вниз по течению.jpg|thumb|Lena inter saxa ''Buccae Lenenses'' (''Lenskie ščioki'') dicta]] == Varia == Quod [[Vladimirus Lenin]] e caede [[opifex|operariorum]] ''fodinarum Lenensium'' (''Lenskie priiski''), in ''[[Bodaibo]]'' urbe anno 1912 facta, [[pseudonymum]] suum excogitavit (nam saepe hoc affirmatur), impossibile est; quamvis haec Helga Ulianova, Demetrii fratris Lenin filia, dicebat, Nicolaum Lenin pseudonymum Vladimirus Ulianov ab anno 1901 nec a 1912 usus erat<ref>Vide, e.g., [[Robertus Payne|Roberti Payne]] ''The Life and Death of Lenin'' (Novi Eboraci, 1964).</ref>. [[Fasciculus:Parokhod na Lene.jpg|thumb|[[Navis vaporaria]] in Lena superiore [[decennium 190|annis undevicesimis]] saeculi XIX]] == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{fontes geographici}} {{CommuniaCat|Lena River|Lenam fluvium}} {{Myrias|Geographia}} [[Categoria:Flumina Russiae Asiaticae]] [[Categoria:Iacutia]] [[Categoria:Regio Ircutensis]] [[Categoria:Systema Lenae fluminis|!]] d7ou7c5isamk1nhku0apots94ftkrpf 0 43791 3983531 3983418 2026-08-24T22:25:44Z Grufo 64423 +{{[[Formula:Capsa hominis Vicidatorum|Capsa hominis Vicidatorum]]}} 3983531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Rochus}} [[Monspessulanus]] (natus circa annum [[1295]]; mortuus die [[16 Augusti]] [[1327]]) est [[sanctus]] [[Ecclesia catholica|Ecclesiae Catholicae]] cuius festum die [[16 Augusti]] celebratur. Rochus est [[patronus]] hominum [[pestis|peste]] laborantium, quia enarratur Rochum in peregrinatione [[Roma]]m facta multis hominibus hoc [[morbus|morbo]] laborantibus auxilium dedisse. [[Fasciculus:San Rocco Venezia (Interno) - “Tomba con pala d’altare” di San Rocco.jpg|thumb|[[Sepulcrum]] beati Rochi [[Venetiae|Venetiis]].]] == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{CommuniaCat|Saint Roch|Sanctum Rochum}} {{sanctus-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1295|1327|Rochus (Sanctus)}} [[Categoria:Sancti]] [[Categoria:Incolae Italiae]] f15p0t9sjls6axn9myvkj1rjdfq0m3l 0 45766 3983520 3909383 2026-08-24T22:08:52Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3983520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vicificanda}} [[Fasciculus: Resurrection.JPG|thumb|Resurrectio Christi, a [[Petrus della Francesca|Petro della Francesca]] picta]] '''Exsultet,''' vel rectae '''Praeconium Paschale''',{{FD ref}} est antiquus ecclesiarum [[Ecclesia Catholica|Catholicae]], [[Ecclesia Anglicana|Anglicanae]], et [[Martinus Lutherus|Lutheranae]] [[psalmus idioticus]], quem initio [[Vigilia Paschalis|vigiliae paschalis]], post lucernarium et processum cum [[Cereus paschalis|cereo paschale]], [[diaconus]] (aut, absente diacono, [[presbyter]] vel [[cantor]]) ante cereum paschalis canit. Hoc in [[hymnhus|hymno]], [[Christus]] [[lumen]] mundi laudatur, et eius [[resurrectio]] ad acta [[Deus|Dei]], quae in [[Vetus Testamentum|Veteri Testamento]] enarrata sunt, conligatur. == Verba == Exsultet iam angelica turba caelorum exsultent divina mysteria et pro tanti regis victoria tuba insonet salutaris. Gaudeat et tellus tantis irradiata fulgoribus et, aeterni regis splendore illustrata totius orbis se sentiat amisisse caliginem. Laetetur et mater Ecclesia tanti luminis adornata fulgoribus: et magnis populorum vocibus haec aula resultet. [Quapropter astantes vos, fratres carissimi, ad tam miram huius sancti luminis claritatem, una mecum, quaeso, Dei omnipotentis misericordiam invocate. Ut, qui me non meis meritis intra Levitarum numerum dignatus est aggregare luminis sui claritatem infundens cerei huius laudem implere perficiat.] [V: Dominus vobiscum. A: Et cum spiritu tuo.] V: Sursum corda. A: Habemus ad Dominum. V: Gratias agamus Domino Deo nostro. A: Dignum et iustum est. Vere dignum et iustum est, invisibilem Deum Patrem omnipotentem Filiumque eius unigenitum, Dominum nostrum Iesum Christum, toto cordis ac mentis affectu et vocis ministerio personare. Qui pro nobis aeterno Patri Adae debitum solvit et veteris piaculi cautionem pio cruore detersit. Haec sunt enim festa paschalia, in quibus vere ille Agnus occiditur, cuius sanguine postes fidelium consecrantur. Haec nox est, in qua primum patres nostros, filios Israel, eductos de Aegypto, Mare Rubrum sicco vestigio transire fecisti. Haec igitur nox est, quae peccatorum tenebras columnae illuminatione purgavit. Haec nox est, quae hodie per universum mundum in Christum credentes a vitiis saeculi, et caligine peccatorum segregatos, reddit gratiae, sociat sanctitati. Haec nox est, in qua, destructis vinculis mortis, Christus ab inferis victor ascendit. Nihil enim nobis nasci profuit, nisi redimi profuisset. O mira circa nos tuae pietatis dignatio! O inaestimabilis dilectio caritatis: ut servum redimeres, Filium tradidisti! O certe necessarium Adae peccatum, quod Christi morte deletum est! O felix culpa, quae talem ac tantum meruit habere Redemptorem! O vere beata nox, quae sola meruit scire tempus et horam, in qua Christus ab inferis resurrexit! Haec nox est, de qua scriptum est: Et nox sicut dies illuminabitur: et nox illuminatio mea in deliciis meis. Huius igitur sanctificatio noctis fugat scelera, culpas lavat: et reddit innocentiam lapsis, et maestis laetitiam. Fugat odia, concordiam parat, et curvat imperia. In huius igitur noctis gratia, suscipe, sancte Pater, laudis huius sacrificium vespertinum, quod tibi in haec cerei oblatione sollemni, per ministrorum manus de operibus apum, sacrosancta reddit Ecclesia. Sed iam columnae huius praeconia novimus, quam in honorem Dei rutilans ignis accendit. Qui, licet sit divisus in partes, mutuati tamen luminis detrimenta non novit. Alitur enim liquantibus ceris, quas in substantiam pretiosae huius lampadis apis mater eduxit. O vere beata nox, in qua terrenis caelestia, humanis divina iunguntur! Oramus ergo te, Domine, ut cereus iste in honorem tui nominis consecratus, ad noctis huius caliginem destruendam, indeficiens perseveret. Et in odorem suavitatis acceptus, supernis luminaribus misceatur. Flammas eius lucifer matutinus inveniat: Ille, inquam, lucifer, qui nescit occasum: Christus Filius tuus, qui regressus ab inferis, humano generi serenus illuxit, et vivit et regnat in saecula saeculorum. Amen. (secundum Missale Romanum de Ecclesiae Catholicae)<ref>Missale Romanum editio typica tertia (2002).</ref> ==Lege etiam== * Fuchs, Guido, et Hans M. Weikmann. [[1992]]. ''Das Exsultet: Geschichte, Theologie und Gestaltung der österlichen Lichtdanksagung.'' [[Ratisbona]]e. ISBN 3-7917-1306-X. * Kelly, Thomas Forrest. [[1996]]. ''The Exultet in Southern Italy.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. {{Google Books|1HNhl9XqazwC|Paginae selectae}}. * Selbständige Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche. [[1993]]. ''Die Feier der Osternacht.'' [[Oesinga Maior]]e. ISBN 3-86147-099-3. Liturgisches Heft mit Noten und Ablauf. ==Nexus externi== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080321001741/http://www.catholic-church.org/ao/exsultet.html Verba] {{Ling |Latine}} * [http://www.domcentral.org/life/exsultet.htm Verba] {{Ling |Anglice}} [[Categoria:Hymni]] [[Categoria:Liturgia]] [[Categoria:Psalmi idiotici]] dy1bqiw03lmz39wrkhojswdexpetebv 0 52047 3983577 3505244 2026-08-25T10:38:27Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3983577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas|-1}} {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Schloss_wolfenbuttel_1650_kupferstich.jpg|thumb|Arx anno 1640]] '''Guelpherbytum'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> seu '''Guelferbytum'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/><ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> seu '''Henricopolis'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/><ref name="Graesse"/> seu '''Henricostadium'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/><ref name="Graesse"/> seu '''Lupi Vadum'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/><ref name="Graesse"/> seu '''Wolfenbuttela'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/><ref name="Graesse"/> seu '''Wolfenbytum'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> seu '''Wuelferbitum'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/><ref name="Graesse"/> seu '''Wolferbytum'''><ref name="Graesse"/> est commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]] in [[Germania]] situm. Praeterea Guelpherbytum in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e et prope urbem [[Brunsvicum]] situm est. Guelpherbytum habet incolarum circa 52 000. Flumen [[Ovacra]]<ref>[https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_rer_germ_6/index.htm#page/7/mode/1up Annales regni Francorum (MGH SS rer. Germ. 6)], ubi dicitur "(...) super fluvium Ovacra in loco, qui dicitur Orheim, (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Oker'') Guelpherbytum perfluit. Est caput [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|Circuli Guelpherbytensis]]. == Historia == Guelpherbytum [[saeculum 10|saeculo 10]] conditum et anno [[1118]] primo in actis nominatum est. == Res Guelpherbyti videndae == Guelpherbytum notum est non solum historia antiqua sed etiam aedificiis magnis clarisque. Exempli gratia [[Bibliotheca Augusta]], in medio oppido sita, nominanda est. Haec bibliotheca evangelium Henrici "Leo" nominati possidet. Hoc evangelium est liber maximi pretii. Arx magna nomine ''Schloss Wolfenbüttel ''prope bibliothecam sita est. Arx ab saeculo 13 ad saeculum 18 sedes ducum [[Brunsvicum|Brunsvicii]] et [[Luneburgum|Luneburgi]] erat. Inter bibliothecam et arcem aedificium nomine Lessinghaus, quod domus philosophi et poetae nomine [[Gotthold Ephraim Lessing]] erat, iacet. Prope forum nomine Kornmarkt magna ecclesia Beatae Mariae Virginis (BMV), quae late videatur, sita est. Haec ecclesia vulgo ''Hauptkirche BMV ''appellatur. Secunda ecclesia magna Guelpherbyti sita est ecclesia Sanctae Trinitatis seu ''Trinitatiskirche Wolfenbüttel''. Guelpherbyti etiam universitas practicis rebus instituta inveniri potest, quae nomen ''Ostfalia-Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften ''habet. Universitas Guelpherbytensis 11 000 studentium habet. Etiam Guelpherbyti invenire potes theatrum late notum clarumque, quod nomen ''Lessingtheater ''habet. == Cives clari == === Nati === * [[Anna Amalia]] (1739 - 1807), ducissa [[Saxonia-Vimarii-Eisenach]] * [[Theodorus Eisfeld]] (1816 - 1888), concentus magister. {{NexInt}} * [[Bibliotheca Augusta]] == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 10]] dbudm8enuy3kfw7ygn0xkr03uiaczft 3983578 3983577 2026-08-25T10:38:51Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3983578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas|-1}} {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Schloss_wolfenbuttel_1650_kupferstich.jpg|thumb|Arx anno 1640]] '''Guelpherbytum'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> seu '''Guelferbytum'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/><ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> seu '''Henricopolis'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/><ref name="Graesse"/> seu '''Henricostadium'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/><ref name="Graesse"/> seu '''Lupi Vadum'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/><ref name="Graesse"/> seu '''Wolfenbuttela'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/><ref name="Graesse"/> seu '''Wolfenbytum'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> seu '''Wuelferbitum'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/><ref name="Graesse"/> seu '''Wolferbytum'''<ref name="Graesse"/> est commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]] in [[Germania]] situm. Praeterea Guelpherbytum in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e et prope urbem [[Brunsvicum]] situm est. Guelpherbytum habet incolarum circa 52 000. Flumen [[Ovacra]]<ref>[https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_rer_germ_6/index.htm#page/7/mode/1up Annales regni Francorum (MGH SS rer. Germ. 6)], ubi dicitur "(...) super fluvium Ovacra in loco, qui dicitur Orheim, (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Oker'') Guelpherbytum perfluit. Est caput [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|Circuli Guelpherbytensis]]. == Historia == Guelpherbytum [[saeculum 10|saeculo 10]] conditum et anno [[1118]] primo in actis nominatum est. == Res Guelpherbyti videndae == Guelpherbytum notum est non solum historia antiqua sed etiam aedificiis magnis clarisque. Exempli gratia [[Bibliotheca Augusta]], in medio oppido sita, nominanda est. Haec bibliotheca evangelium Henrici "Leo" nominati possidet. Hoc evangelium est liber maximi pretii. Arx magna nomine ''Schloss Wolfenbüttel ''prope bibliothecam sita est. Arx ab saeculo 13 ad saeculum 18 sedes ducum [[Brunsvicum|Brunsvicii]] et [[Luneburgum|Luneburgi]] erat. Inter bibliothecam et arcem aedificium nomine Lessinghaus, quod domus philosophi et poetae nomine [[Gotthold Ephraim Lessing]] erat, iacet. Prope forum nomine Kornmarkt magna ecclesia Beatae Mariae Virginis (BMV), quae late videatur, sita est. Haec ecclesia vulgo ''Hauptkirche BMV ''appellatur. Secunda ecclesia magna Guelpherbyti sita est ecclesia Sanctae Trinitatis seu ''Trinitatiskirche Wolfenbüttel''. Guelpherbyti etiam universitas practicis rebus instituta inveniri potest, quae nomen ''Ostfalia-Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften ''habet. Universitas Guelpherbytensis 11 000 studentium habet. Etiam Guelpherbyti invenire potes theatrum late notum clarumque, quod nomen ''Lessingtheater ''habet. == Cives clari == === Nati === * [[Anna Amalia]] (1739 - 1807), ducissa [[Saxonia-Vimarii-Eisenach]] * [[Theodorus Eisfeld]] (1816 - 1888), concentus magister. {{NexInt}} * [[Bibliotheca Augusta]] == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 10]] cw5gqfn7cz8q9ucnm8q84sxb258snws 3983580 3983578 2026-08-25T10:41:08Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3983580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas|-1}} {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Schloss_wolfenbuttel_1650_kupferstich.jpg|thumb|Arx anno 1640]] '''Guelpherbytum'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> seu '''Guelferbytum'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/><ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> seu '''Henricopolis'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/><ref name="Graesse"/> seu '''Henricostadium'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/><ref name="Graesse"/> seu '''Lupi Vadum'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/><ref name="Graesse"/> seu '''Wolfenbuttela'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/><ref name="Graesse"/> seu '''Wolfenbytum'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> seu '''Wuelferbitum'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/><ref name="Graesse"/> seu '''Wolferbytum'''<ref name="Graesse"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'') est commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]] in [[Germania]] situm. Praeterea Guelpherbytum in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e et prope urbem [[Brunsvicum]] situm est. Guelpherbytum habet incolarum circa 52 000. Flumen [[Ovacra]]<ref>[https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_rer_germ_6/index.htm#page/7/mode/1up Annales regni Francorum (MGH SS rer. Germ. 6)], ubi dicitur "(...) super fluvium Ovacra in loco, qui dicitur Orheim, (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Oker'') Guelpherbytum perfluit. Est caput [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|Circuli Guelpherbytensis]]. == Historia == Guelpherbytum [[saeculum 10|saeculo 10]] conditum et anno [[1118]] primo in actis nominatum est. == Res Guelpherbyti videndae == Guelpherbytum notum est non solum historia antiqua sed etiam aedificiis magnis clarisque. Exempli gratia [[Bibliotheca Augusta]], in medio oppido sita, nominanda est. Haec bibliotheca evangelium Henrici "Leo" nominati possidet. Hoc evangelium est liber maximi pretii. Arx magna nomine ''Schloss Wolfenbüttel ''prope bibliothecam sita est. Arx ab saeculo 13 ad saeculum 18 sedes ducum [[Brunsvicum|Brunsvicii]] et [[Luneburgum|Luneburgi]] erat. Inter bibliothecam et arcem aedificium nomine Lessinghaus, quod domus philosophi et poetae nomine [[Gotthold Ephraim Lessing]] erat, iacet. Prope forum nomine Kornmarkt magna ecclesia Beatae Mariae Virginis (BMV), quae late videatur, sita est. Haec ecclesia vulgo ''Hauptkirche BMV ''appellatur. Secunda ecclesia magna Guelpherbyti sita est ecclesia Sanctae Trinitatis seu ''Trinitatiskirche Wolfenbüttel''. Guelpherbyti etiam universitas practicis rebus instituta inveniri potest, quae nomen ''Ostfalia-Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften ''habet. Universitas Guelpherbytensis 11 000 studentium habet. Etiam Guelpherbyti invenire potes theatrum late notum clarumque, quod nomen ''Lessingtheater ''habet. == Cives clari == === Nati === * [[Anna Amalia]] (1739 - 1807), ducissa [[Saxonia-Vimarii-Eisenach]] * [[Theodorus Eisfeld]] (1816 - 1888), concentus magister. {{NexInt}} * [[Bibliotheca Augusta]] == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 10]] 434mlvqs4mkddgt7j8tnfx202cva4cm 0 61184 3983420 3570925 2026-08-24T12:12:15Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pro pagina discretiva vide|Anneianum}} {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Borgo-San-Lorenzo-torre-1199.jpg|thumb|Turris Anneiani]] '''Burgus Sancti Laurentii'''<ref>{{Repetti}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.it/books?id=d9JyWHX5bUcC&pg=PA893&lpg=PA893&dq=%22Burgi+Sancti+Laurentii%22&source=bl&ots=rmJOj8anFM&sig=hPM5M9W7HK_Jd3HXRjZSdLnmfIg&hl=it&sa=X&ei=6aA2VavGCef8ywP7xIHAAw&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Burgi%20Sancti%20Laurentii%22&f=false Sanctae ecclesiae florentinae monumenta ab Joanne Lamio composita et digesta quibus notitiae innumerae ad omnigenam etruriae aliarumque regionum historiam spectantes continentur (Google eBook) - Joannes Lamius ex typographio Deiparae ab angelo salutatae, 1758]</ref>; olim: '''Anneianum'''<ref>http://www.instoria.it</ref> {{victio|Anneianum|i|n}} ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Borgo San Lorenzo|Borgo San Lorenzo]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 18&thinsp;340 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Tuscia]], in [[Urbs metropolitana Florentina|Urbe metropolitana Florentina]] ac in [[Mucialla (regio)|Agro Mugellano]], historica ac geographica terra, situm. Incolae ''Burgenses'', ''Burghiciani'', ''Anneianenses'' appellantur. == Insigne == <gallery> Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]'' </gallery> == Geographia == * [[Mucialla (regio)]] vel [[Mugellum]] (''terra''), == Clari cives == === Nati === * [[Ioannes Della Casa]] * [[Dominicus Bartolucci]] == Ecclesia Catholica Romana == * [[Archidioecesis Florentina]] == Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio == === Fractiones === ''Arliano, Casaglia, Faltona, Grezzano, Luco di Mugello, Panicaglia, Poggiolo-Salaiole, Polcanto, Rabatta, Razzuolo, Ronta, Sagginale''. == Municipia finitima == * [[Faesulae]], * [[Florentiola (FI)|Florentiola]], * [[Marradum]] (alia nomina: [[Castellum de Marato]]), * [[Palatiolum Romandiolae]], * [[Castrum Sancti Angeli de Ponte Sevis]] deinde [[Pons ad Sievem]], * [[Castrum Sancti Barnabae et Plebs Sancti Petri]], * [[Vallea]], * [[Viculum]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Tuscia]] (''regio''), * [[Urbs metropolitana Florentina]] * [[Provincia Florentina]], * [[Mucialla (regio)]] vel [[Mugellum]] (''terra''), * [[Florentia]] (''urbs''), * [[Municipium Italiae]]. == Nexus externus == * [http://www.comune.borgo-san-lorenzo.fi.it/ Situs Publicus]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}} {{CommuniaCat|Borgo San Lorenzo|Burgum Sancti Laurentii}} == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Imago:Map of comune of Borgo San Lorenzo (province of Florence, region Tuscany, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii in Urbe metropolitana Florentina. Imago:Map - IT - Firenze - Comunità Montana Mugello.svg|''Unio montanea municipiorum mucellanorum'' Imago:Pieve di san lorenzo (B.S. Lorenzo).jpg|Plebs Sancti Laurentii. </gallery> == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Municipia in Urbe metropolitana Florentina]] [[Categoria:Municipia in Mucelli]] 9k9lkbdl0j808jwa5g0qg07lisahnxu 0 61517 3983425 3980006 2026-08-24T12:50:23Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983425 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Temperature reconstruction last two millennia.svg|thumb|300px|Mediae [[superficies|superficiei]] [[Tellus|Telluris]] [[temperatura]]e secundum varias per [[duo]] [[millennium|millennia]] refectiones, ex [[procurator (clima)|procuratoribus climatis]]<!--c. proxies-->, quoque in gradu decadali levato<!--each smoothed on a decadal scale-->, [[perscriptio temperaturae instrumentalis|perscriptione temperaturae instrumentalis]]<!--i.t. record--> [[niger|nigro]] inducto (tabula [[Anglice]] signata).]] [[Fasciculus:All palaeotemps.png|thumb|300px|[[Temperatura]] [[tellus|orbis terrarum]], ab [[Aera Palaeozoica]] usque ad tempora nostra (tabula [[Anglice]] signata).]] [[Fasciculus:WhereIsTheHeatOfGlobalWarming.svg|260px|thumb|[[Energia]] ([[calor]]) variis systematis climatis ob calefactionem globalem addita (tabula [[Anglice]] signata).]] '''Calefactio globalis''' sive '''climatis mutatio'''<ref>In littera encyclica papae Francisci "[https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/la/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si.html#_ftn1 Laudato si']".</ref> est auctio mediae [[temperatura]]e [[atmosphaera]]e et [[oceanus|oceanorum]] [[Tellus|Telluris]] post [[saeculum 19|saeculum undevicensimum]] exiens et eius continuatio opinabilis. Post [[saeculum 20|saeculum vicensimum]] ineunte, media [[superficies|superficiei]] Telluris temperatura circa 0.8 C crevit, cuius circa duae partes incrementi post annum [[1980]] factae sunt.<ref name = "AmericasClimateChoices-2011-FullReport"> {{Cite book | publisher = The National Academies Press | isbn = 978-0-309-14585-5 | title = America's Climate Choices | location = Vasingtoniae, D.C. | year = 2011 | url = http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12781&page=1 | page = 15 | quote = The average temperature of the Earth’s surface increased by about {{val|1.4|u=°F}} ({{val|0.8|u=°C}}) over the past 100 years, with about {{val|1.0|u=°F}} ({{val|0.6|u=°C}}) of this warming occurring over just the past three decades }}</ref> Calefactio [[systema climatis|systematis climatis]] est clarissima, et [[Homo scientiae|scientistae]] sunt certi plus quam 90 centesimas<!--? more than 90% sure--> eam praecipue per crescentis [[gas thermocepicum|gasorum thermocepicorum]] concentrationes ob actiones [[homo|humanas]] sicut [[fomes fossilis|fomes fossiles]] incensi et [[desilvatio]]<!--deforestation--> effectam esse.<ref>"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level." IPCC, [https://web.archive.org/web/20181102182622/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/main.html Synthesis Report], [https://web.archive.org/web/20180804231804/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mains1.html Section 1.1: Observations of climate change], in {{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 SYR|2007}}.</ref><ref>"Three different approaches are used to describe uncertainties each with a distinct form of language. . . . Where uncertainty in specific outcomes is assessed using expert judgment and statistical analysis of a body of evidence (e.g. observations or model results), then the following likelihood ranges are used to express the assessed probability of occurrence: virtually certain >99%; extremely likely >95%; very likely >90%." IPCC, [https://web.archive.org/web/20181102182622/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/main.html Synthesis Report], [https://web.archive.org/web/20130309213209/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mainssyr-introduction.html Treatment of Uncertainty], in {{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 SYR|2007}}.</ref><ref>IPCC, [https://web.archive.org/web/20181102182622/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/main.html Synthesis Report], [https://web.archive.org/web/20181103000828/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mains2-4.html Section 2.4: Attribution of climate change], in {{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 SYR|2007}}.</ref><ref> {{Cite book | publisher=The National Academies Press | isbn = 0-309-14588-0 | last = America's Climate Choices: Panel on Advancing the Science of Climate Change; National Research Council | title = Advancing the Science of Climate Change | location = Vasingtoniae, D.C. | year = 2010 | url = http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12782 | quote = (p1) there is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities. While much remains to be learned, the core phenomenon, scientific questions, and hypotheses have been examined thoroughly and have stood firm in the face of serious scientific debate and careful evaluation of alternative explanations. . . . [pp. 21-22]. Some scientific conclusions or theories have been so thoroughly examined and tested, and supported by so many independent observations and results, that their likelihood of subsequently being found to be wrong is vanishingly small. Such conclusions and theories are then regarded as settled facts. This is the case for the conclusions that the Earth system is warming and that much of this warming is very likely due to human activities. }}</ref> Hae inventiones agnoscuntur ab omnibus academiis [[scientia naturalis|scientiae naturalis]] omnium maiorum [[civitas sui iuris|civitatum]] [[industrializatio|industrializatarum]].<ref> {{cite web|url=http://nationalacademies.org/onpi/06072005.pdf |title=Joint Science Academies' Statement |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=[[9 Augusti]] [[2010]] }}</ref> Epitoma proiectionum [[exemplar climatis|exemplaris climatis]] in ''[[Quarta Aestimationis Relatio IPCC|Quarta Aestimationis Relatione IPSS]]'' ([[2007]]) ab [[Societas professionis inter-rectionis de mutatione climae|Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] datur; quo IPCC indicat per [[saeculum 20|saeculum vicensimum]] globalem superficiei temperaturam probabiliter elevari addita 1.1 ad 2.9 C in sua minima, et a 2.4 ad 6.4 C in sua maxima [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|aestimatione emissionum]].<ref>Meehl et al., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415020743/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch10.html "Global Climate Projections"] (capitulum 10), [https://web.archive.org/web/20111116102329/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch10s10-es-1-mean-temperature.html "Mean Temperature"] (sectio 10), in {{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG1|2007}}.</ref> Variationes harum aestimationum ex usu exemplarium quibus sunt variae [[facultas climatis sentiendi|climatis sentiendi facultates]]<!--climate sensitivity--> erga [[gas thermocepicum|gasia thermocepica]] oriuntur.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schneider Von Deimling |first=Thomas |coauthors=Held, Ganopolski, Rahmstorf |title=Climate sensitivity estimated from ensemble simulations of glacial climate |journal=Climate Dynamics|year=[[2006]] |id = {{citeseerx|10.1.1.172.3264}} |accessdate=[[20 Iulii]] [[2011]] }}</ref><ref>Meehl et al., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415020743/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch10.html "Global Climate Projections"] (capitulum 10), [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch10s10-5.html "Quantifying the Range of Climate Change"] (sectio 10.5), in {{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG1|2007}}.</ref> Calefactio et mutationes coniunctae ob [[regionales calefactionis globalis effectus|effectus inter regiones]] circa [[Tellus|Tellurem]] variabuntur.<ref>Solomon et al., [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ts.html "Technical Summary,"] [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/tssts-5-3.html "Regional-Scale Projections"] (sectio TS.5.3), in {{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG1|2007}}.</ref> Inter [[effectus calefactionis globalis|effectus]] incrementi temperaturae globalis sunt [[hodierna aequoris maris elevatio|elevatio]] [[aequor maris|aequoris maris]], mutatio summae et exemplaribus [[praecipitatio (meteorologia)|praecipitationis]], et probabilis [[deserta|desertorum]] [[subtropica|subtropicorum]] expansio.<ref> {{Cite journal |last1= Lu |first1= Jian |last2= Vechhi |first2= Gabriel A. |last3= Reichler |first3= Thomas |title= Expansion of the Hadley cell under global warming |journal= Geophysical Research Letters |volume=34 |issue= 6 |page= L06805 |year= [[2007]] | url= http://www.atmos.berkeley.edu/~jchiang/Class/Spr07/Geog257/Week10/Lu_Hadley06.pdf | format=PDF |doi=10.1029/2006GL028443 |bibcode=2007GeoRL..3406805L }}</ref> Calefactio exspectari [[contractus Arcticus|maxima in regione Arctica]], cum continuo [[recessus montium glaciei post 1850|recessu montium glaciei]], [[pruina perennis|pruinae perennis]],<!--permafrost--> et [[glacies marina|glaciei marinae]] consociata. Alii calefactionis effectus probabiles frequentiores eventuum [[caelum extremum|caeli extremi]]<!--extreme-weather--> casus comprehendunt, inter quos [[unda caloris|undae caloris]], [[siccitas|siccitates]], maior [[pluvia]], [[acidificatio oceanorum]], et [[exstinctio]]nes [[species (taxinomia)|specierum]] ob permutantia temperaturae regimina. Inter effectus [[homo|hominibus]] magni momenti sunt [[agricultura|amplus cibus]] ex messibus deminutis et detrimentum [[habitatio]]nis ob [[inundatio]]nes. Si media temperatura globalis 4 C super gradum praeindustrialem augetur, veri simile erit fines adaptionis humanae in multis orbis terrarum [[regio]]nibus excedi, et multa systemata [[natura]]lia se accommodare plerumque nequire; quo facto, homines damnum contrahere beneficiorum <!-- + ([[ecosystem services]])--> quae illa systemata praebent et ex quibus [[vita]] et [[cultura]] humanae dependent.<ref name="Warren2011">{{cite journal |author=Warren, Rachel|doi=10.1098/rsta.2010.0271 |journal=Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A |year=[[2011]]|month=Ianuarius|volume=369|pages=217–241 |title=The role of interactions in a world implementing change adaptation and mitigation solutions to climate |url= http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/369/1934/217.full.pdf+html|issue=1934 |pmid=21115521|bibcode=2011RSPTA.369..217W }}</ref> ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== [[Fasciculus:Enso-global-temp-anomalies.png|thumb|300px|''Annual Global Temperature Anomalies 1950–2011,'' charta [[NOAA]], [[Agitatio Australis El Niño / La Niña|Agitationem Australem El Niño / La Niña ]] monstrat (tabula [[Anglice]] signata).]] [[Fasciculus:Solar-cycle-data.png|thumb|Observationes [[variatio solaris|summae irradiationis solaris]] a [[1979]] ad [[2006]] ex [[satelles|satellitibus]] (tabula [[Anglice]] signata).]] [[Fasciculus:Glacier Mass Balance.png|thumb|Perscriptiones sparsae monstrant [[mons glaciei|montes glaciei]] decrevisse post [[saeculum 19|saeculum undevicensimum]] iniens. [[Decennium 196|Decennio 196]], mensiones observationem librationis [[massa]]e [[glacies|glacialis]] sinere coeperunt.<!-- reported to the [[World Glacier Monitoring Service]] et [[National Snow and Ice Data Center]]--> (tabula [[Anglice]] signata).]] * {{Cite book | title = Financial Risks of Climate Change|author=Association of British Insurers|year=2005–06| url = http://www.climatewise.org.uk/storage/610/financial_risks_of_climate_change.pdf|format=PDF}} * {{Cite journal|last=Ammann|first=Caspar|coauthors=et al.|year=[[2007]] | title = Solar influence on climate during the past millennium: Results from transient simulations with the NCAR Climate Simulation Model|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=104|issue=10| pages =3713–3718| url = http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/104/10/3713.pdf|format=PDF|quote=Simulations with only natural forcing components included yield an early 20th century peak warming of {{val|p=˜|0.2|u=°C}} (˜1950 AD), which is reduced to about half by the end of the century because of increased volcanism|doi=10.1073/pnas.0605064103|pmid=17360418|pmc=1810336| bibcode=2007PNAS..104.3713A}} * Asmerom, Yemane, et al. 2020. "[https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/7/eaax3644 Intertropical convergence zone variability in the Neotropics during the Common Era.]" ''[[Science]] Advances'' vol. 6 no. 7 (14 Februarii 2020) * {{Cite journal|last=Barnett|first=Tim P.|coauthors=Adam, J. C.; Lettenmaier, D. P.|date = [[17 Novembris]] [[2005]] | title = Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions|journal=Nature|volume=438|issue=7066| pages =303–309| url = http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7066/abs/nature04141.html|doi=10.1038/nature04141|format=abstract|pmid=16292301|last1=Barnett|first1=Tim P.|last2=Adam|first2=J. C.|last3=Lettenmaier|first3=D. 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[https://web.archive.org/web/20180806212510/http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/07/31/1810141115 Epitome] * {{Cite journal|last=Svensmark|first=Henrik|coauthors=et al.|date = 8 Februarii [[2007]] | title = Experimental evidence for the role of ions in particle nucleation under atmospheric conditions|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society A|volume=463|issue=2078| pages =385–396|publisher=FirstCite Early Online Publishing|doi=10.1098/rspa.2006.1773|bibcode=2007RSPSA.463..385S}}''(online version requires registration)'' * {{Cite journal|last=Walter|first=K. M.|coauthors=et al.|date = 7 Septembris [[2006]] | title = Methane bubbling from Siberian thaw lakes as a positive [[feedback]] to climate warming|journal=Nature|volume=443|issue=7107| pages =71–75|doi=10.1038/nature05040|pmid=16957728|last1=Walter|first1=K. M.|last2=Zimov|first2=S. A.|last3=Chanton|first3=J. P.|last4=Verbyla|first4=D.|last5=Chapin F. 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E. | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/contents.html | isbn = 978-0-521-88010-7 }} * {{Citation | year = [[2007]] | author = Ipcc ar4 wg3 | author-link = IPCC | title = Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change | series = Contribution of Working Group III to the [[IPCC Fourth Assessment Report|Fourth Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | editor = Metz, B.; Davidson, O. R.; Bosch, P. R.; Dave, R.; et Meyer, L.A. | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/contents.html | isbn = 978-0-521-88011-4 }} * {{Citation | year = [[1996]] | author = Ipcc sar syr | author-link = IPCC | title = Climate Change 1995: A report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | series = [[IPCC Second Assessment Report|Second Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | publisher = IPCC | url = }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20180913173945/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/climate-changes-1995/ipcc-2nd-assessment/2nd-assessment-en.pdf pdf]. <small>The "Full Report", consisting of "The IPCC Second Assessment Synthesis of Scientific-Technical Information Relevant to Interpreting Article 2 of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change" and the Summaries for Policymakers of the three Working Groups.</small> *{{Citation | year = [[1996]] | author = Ipcc sar wg3 | author-link = IPCC | title = Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change | series = Contribution of Working Group III to the [[IPCC Second Assessment Report|Second Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | editor = J. P. Bruce, H. Lee, et E. F. Haites. | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = | isbn = 0-521-56051-9 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20171011184935/http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sar/wg_III/ipcc_sar_wg_III_full_report.pdf pdf]. * {{Citation | year = [[2001]] | author = Ipcc tar wg1 | author-link = IPCC | title = Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis | series = Contribution of Working Group I to the [[IPCC Third Assessment Report|Third Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | editor = Houghton, J. T.; Ding, Y.; Griggs, D. J.; Noguer, M.; van der Linden, P. J.; Dai, X.; Maskell, K.; et Johnson, C. A. | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc%5Ftar/?src=/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/index.htm | isbn = 0-521-80767-0 }} * {{Citation | year = [[2001]] | author = Ipcc tar wg2 | author-link = IPCC | title = Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | series = Contribution of Working Group II to the [[IPCC Third Assessment Report|Third Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | editor = McCarthy, J. J.; Canziani, O. F.; Leary, N. A.; Dokken, D. J.; et White, K. S. | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc%5Ftar/?src=/climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/index.htm | isbn = 0-521-80768-9 }} * {{Citation | year = [[2001]] | author = Ipcc tar wg3 | author-link = IPCC | title = Climate Change 2001: Mitigation | series = Contribution of Working Group III to the [[IPCC Third Assessment Report|Third Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | editor = Metz, B.; Davidson, O.; Swart, R.; et Pan, J. | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc%5Ftar/?src=/climate/ipcc_tar/wg3/index.htm | isbn = 0-521-80769-7 }} * {{Citation | year = [[2001]] | author = Ipcc tar syr | author-link = IPCC | title = Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report | series = Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the [[IPCC Third Assessment Report|Third Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | editor = Watson, R. T.; et Core Writing Team | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/vol4/english/index.htm | isbn = 0-521-80770-0 }} *{{Citation | publisher= The National Academies Press | isbn = 0-309-14588-0 | title = America's Climate Choices: Panel on Advancing the Science of Climate Change; | author = National Research Council | location = Vasingtoniae, D.C. | year = [[2010]] | url = http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12782 }} {{NexInt}} *[[Anthropocaenum]] *[[Concilium climaticum Cancunense]] *[[Dies Veneris pro posteritate]] *[[Desilvatio]] *[[Effectus thermocepicus]] *''[[El Niño]]'' *[[Eremopoesis]] *[[Negatio calefactionis globalis]] *[[Energia renovabilis]] *''[[Laudato si']]'' *''[[The Day After Tomorrow]]'' ==Nexus externi== ;Investigationes * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150502112810/http://dels.nas.edu/Climate/Climate-Change/Reports-Academies-Findings Climate Change at the National Academies,] dels.nas.edu *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130404221841/http://discover.itsc.uah.edu/ DISCOVER,] discover.itsc.ush.edu * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150323033013/http://edgcm.columbia.edu/ Educational Global Climate Modelling,] edgcm.columbia.edu (EdGCM) * [http://www.istl.org/01-fall/internet.html Global Science and Technology Sources on the Internet,] www.istl.org *[http://www.globalwarmingart.com/ Global Warming Art,] www.globalwarmingart.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101127075407/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climatechange/ Met Office: Climate change,] www.metoffice.gov.uk (National Weather Service) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150521203954/http://www.giss.nasa.gov/ NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies,] www.giss.nasa.gov (Global Change Research) * [http://www.nature.com/climate/index.html Nature Reports Climate Change,] www.nature.com * [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/2011/2 NOAA State of the Climate Report,] www.ncdc.noaa.gov ;Educatio * [http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/BestEffortGlobalWarmingTrajectories Best Effort Global Warming Trajectories,] demonstrations.wolfram.com (Harvey Lam, Wolfram Demonstrations Project) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120508171551/http://cgs.illinois.edu/content/global-warming-resources Global Warming,] cgs.illinois.edu (Center for Global Studies at the University of Illinois) * [http://www.c2es.org/ Center for Climate and Energy Solutions,] www.c2es.org * [http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/indicators.html Climate Change Indicators in the United States,] www.epa.gov (United States Environmental Protection Agency) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090101170714/http://www.hamburger-bildungsserver.de/welcome.phtml?unten=/klima/ipcc2007 Collectio materialium de calefactione globali,] www,hamburger-bildungsserver.de * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121214123043/http://climate.jpl.nasa.gov/ Global Climate Change: NASA's Eyes on the Earth,] climate.jpl.nasa.gov (NASA, JPL; Caltech) * [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/indicators/ Global Climate Change Indicators,] www.ncdc.noaa.gov (NOAA) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100614033126/http://site.videoproject.com/coralreefs/ Climate Change: Coral Reefs on the Edge,] site.videoproject.com (Prof. Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, University of Auckland) * [http://chemistry.beloit.edu/Warming/index.html Global Warming,] chemistry.beloit.edu * [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalwarming.html Global Warming Frequently Asked Questions,] www.ncdc.noaa.gov (NOAA) * [http://www.ipy.org/links-a-resources/item/135-koshland-science-museum--global-warming-facts-and-our-future Koshland Science Museum&nbsp;– Global Warming Facts and Our Future,] www.ipy.org (National Academy of Sciences) * [http://www.klimawiki.org Klimawiki,] www.klimawiki.org * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110703210729/http://www.climate.gov/#understandingClimate NOAA Climate Services,] www.climate.gov (NOAA) * [http://ourworld.unu.edu/en/series/climate/ OurWorld 2.0,] ourworld.unu.edu (United Nations University) * [http://www.ipcc.ch/ Pagina IPCC] et eius [http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/assessments-reports.htm Quarta relatio de calefactione globali] {{Ling |Anglice}} * [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/extremeice/thin_01_q_300.html Pellicula de effectibus calefactionis globalis] in [[Insula Sancti Laurentii]] in [[Mare Beringianum|mari Beringiano]], www.pbs.org (PBS) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090305100721/http://www.ucar.edu/news/features/climatechange/faqs.jsp Understanding Climate Change&nbsp;– Frequently Asked Questions,] www.ucar.edu (UCAR) * [http://green.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/gw-overview.html What Is Global Warming?] green.nationalgeographic.com (National Geographic) {{1000 paginae}} [[Categoria:Calefactio globalis|!]] [[Categoria:Globalizatio]] [[Categoria:Historia climatis]] [[Categoria:Meteorologia]] [[Categoria:Societas hominum]] {{Myrias|Physica}} sie5midstiurvip6iant2eu24sh4j14 0 68728 3983452 3713368 2026-08-24T15:29:47Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Veduta di lastra a signa e la valle d'arno 04.JPG|thumb|Castrum Lastrae]] '''Castrum Lastrae'''<ref name="duomo14782s0">http://duomo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ITA/IN/INlist14782S0.HTM</ref> vel '''Lastra'''<ref name="duomo14782s0" /> {{victio|Lastra|ae|f}} (alia nomina: ''Lastra Gangalandi''<ref>''La Toscana paese per paese'', Firenze, Bonechi, 1980-1982</ref>, ''Lastra Ghangalandi''<ref name="duomo14782s0" />, deinde: ''Lastra ad Signiam'', ''Lastra ad Exineam'', ''Lastra ad Sineam'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Lastra a Signa|Lastra a Signa]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e ac [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 19&thinsp;830 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Tuscia]] ac in [[Urbs metropolitana Florentina|Urbe metropolitana Florentina]] situm. Incolae ''Lastriciani'' vel ''Lastrenses'' appellantur. == Insigne == <gallery> Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]'' </gallery> == Ecclesia Catholica Romana == * [[Archidioecesis Florentina]] == Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio == === Fractiones === * [[Malmantilis]]<ref>http://duomo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ITA/HTML/S012/C001/T004/TBLOCK00.HTM{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>, hodie [[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Malmantile|Malmantile]]''. ''Belfiore, Bracciatica, Brucianesi, Calcinaia, Capannuccia, Carcheri, Casone, Ginestra Fiorentina, Inno, La Lisca, La Luna, Marliano, Ponte a Signa, Ponte Macinaia, Ponte Torto, Porto di Mezzo, Quattro Strade, San Martino a Gangalandi, San Romolo a Settimo, Sant'Ilario a Settimo, Santa Lucia a Monte Orlando, Stagno'' == Municipia finitima == * [[Carminianum]] ([[Provincia Pratensis|PO]]), * [[Mons Lupus (Florentia)|Mons Lupus]], olim [[Mansio ad Arnum]] * [[Mons Sighipertuli]], * [[Scandicci]], * [[Exinea]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Tuscia]] (''regio''), * [[Urbs metropolitana Florentina]] * [[Provincia Florentina]], * [[Florentia]] (''urbs''), * [[Municipium Italiae]]. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060814225616/http://www.comune.lastra-a-signa.fi.it/ Situs publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}} {{CommuniaCat|Lastra a Signa|Castrum Lastrae}} == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Imago:Map of comune of Lastra a Signa (province of Florence, region Tuscany, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii in Urbe metropolitana Florentina. Imago:Santi ippolito e cassiano.jpg|Plebs Sancti Hippolyti et Cassiani. </gallery> == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Municipia in Urbe metropolitana Florentina]] azeu3e8x8owp251pt3tidkw895j2pn4 0 74305 3983551 3820686 2026-08-24T23:51:29Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Dionysius Papin''' (natus ad [[Blesae|Blesas]] [[22 Augusti]] [[1647]] - mortuus post annum [[1712]] in [[Anglia]]) fuit [[physicus]], [[mathematicus]] et [[machinator]] [[Francia|Francicus]], qui notissimus est ob machinas [[vapor]]e utentes quae [[machina vaporaria|machinae vaporariae]] praecursores erant. Die [[27 Septembris]] [[1707]] nave, quae primo tempore machina vapore utente propellebatur, vectus est: A [[Cassala]] in flumine [[Fuldaha]] ad usque [[Mundia Hannoverana|Mundiam Hannoveranam]] iter fecit. Alumnus [[Universitas Andegavensis|Universitatis Andegavensis]] fuit. == Bibliographia == * Philip Valenti, "[http://www.schillerinstitute.org/educ/pedagogy/steam_engine.html Leibniz, Papin and the Steam Engine: a Case Study of British Sabotage of Science]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}" in ''American Almanac'' (1996) == Nexus externi == {{Communia|Denis Papin|Dionysium Papin}} {{bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1647|saeculo 18|Papin, Dionysius}} [[Categoria:Machinatores]] [[Categoria:Inventores]] [[Categoria:Mathematici Franciae]] [[Categoria:Physici Franciae]] [[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] 333vgzptfkufq6xalqw4oa3cqafmpvf 0 74961 3983530 3330850 2026-08-24T22:24:14Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983530 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:David E. Twiggs.jpg|thumb|David Emanuel Twiggs, cohorti praefectus [[Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum]]]] '''David Emanuel Twiggs''' ([[1790]]–[[15 Iulii]] [[1862]]) fuit miles [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] per [[Bellum anni 1812]] et [[Bellum Mexici et Civitatum Foederatarum]], [[Glossarium militare|cohorti praefectus]] (generalis) exercituum [[Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum|Civitatum Foederatarum]] et [[Exercitus Confoederationis|Confoederationis]] per [[Bellum Civile Americanum]], unus veterrimorum ducum in bellum civile. == Bibliographia == * Eicher, John H., & David J. Eicher. [[2001]]. ''Civil War High Commands.'' Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091222070658/http://www.6thtx.org/Twiggs.htm Refectio deditionis Twiggs] {{Lifetime|1790|1862|Twiggs, David Emanuel}} [[Categoria:Homines Georgiae in Bello Civili Americano]] [[Categoria:Homines Texiae in Bello Civili Americano]] [[Categoria:Milites Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Milites Belli Mexici et Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Milites Civitatum Confoederatarum]] [[Categoria:Participes Belli anni 1812]] [[Categoria:Praefecti generales Exercitus Civitatum Confoederatarum]] [[Categoria:Praefecti generales Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Socii Sodalitatis Aztecorum anni 1847]] qdjhtstxemhony1lsds9wky7bdsqats 0 76073 3983557 3070925 2026-08-25T01:33:23Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983557 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elias Hraoui''' ([[Arabice]] ‏الياس الهراوي‎‎; natus in [[vallis|valle]] ''[[Bekaa]]'' die [[4 Septembris]] [[1926]]; mortuus [[Berytus|Beryti]] propter [[cancer (morbus)|cancrum]] die [[7 Iulii]] [[2006]] ) fuit ab anno [[1989]] usque ad annum [[1998]] [[Libanus|Libani]] praeses. == Nexus externi == * [http://www.ghazi.de/hrawi.html Eliae Hrawi biographia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080522172930/http://www.medea.be/?page=2&lang=en&doc=74 Eliae Hrawi biographia apud MEDEA.be] {{bio-stipula}} {{Praesides Rei Publicae Libani}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hraoui, Elias}} [[Categoria:Politici Libani]] [[Categoria:Nati 1926]] [[Categoria:Mortui 2006]] [[Categoria:Duces civitatum]] 8civp4lptsuz72pb4mayw8wdld3yesa 0 78827 3983438 3856085 2026-08-24T14:37:11Z Hapalochlaena lunulata 189509 Addidi definitionem formalem functionum de theoria copiae et dedi exemplum explanationi. 3983438 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Graph of example function.svg|thumb|[[graphum (mathematica)|Charta]] functionis exemplaris,<br /> <math>\begin{align}&\scriptstyle \\ &\textstyle f(x) = \frac{(4x^3-6x^2+1)\sqrt{x+1}}{3-x}\end{align}</math><br /> <!--Both the domain and the range in the picture are the set of real numbers between −1 and 1.5.--> ]] '''Functio''' in arte [[mathematica]] est congruentia inter duas [[copia]]s, quae ad quodque elementum primae copiae unum elementum secundae copiae destinat.<ref>Behnke et al, p. 64.</ref> Prima copia ''dominium'' dicitur,  altera ''codominium.'' Si <math>x</math> quoddam elementum primae copiae designat, <math>x</math> variabilis independens est. Si <math>f</math> functio est, quae mathematice per <math>y = f(x)</math> scribitur et significat "<math>y</math> esse elementum codominii ad elementum <math>x</math> dominii destinatum", variabilis <math>y</math> dependens appellatur. Si plura elementa sunt, quae <math>y</math> ad elementum <math>x</math> destinari possint, congruentia ''non'' est functio. Exempli gratia: sit <math>f(x) = \pm \sqrt{x}</math> sintque dominium et codominium copiae [[numerus|numerorum]] realium <math>\mathbb{R}</math>. Haec congruentia non est functio, quod elemento <math>x</math> (velut 4) duo elementa (i. e. 2, -2) attribuuntur. Sin autem codominium est copia numerorum realium non-negativorum vel functio est velut <math>f(x) = + \sqrt{x}</math>, haec congruentia functio appellatur. Functionem definire licet per formulam aut regulam aut tabulam, dum modo unum elementum codominii sit quod ad quodque elementum dominii destinetur. Functiones sunt species [[relatio (mathematica)|relationis]]: functio <math>f</math> est [[copia]] [[par ordinatum|parium ordinatarum]] (a, b) ut <math>f(a) = b</math>. [[Analysis mathematica|Analysis]] est theoria functionum. Analysis [[numerus realis|numerorum realium]] est theoria functionum quarum dominium (et codominium) est <math>\mathbb{R}</math>; [[numerus complexus|analysis numerorum complexorum]] est analysis earum, quarum dominium est <math>\mathbb{C}</math>. G. H. Hardy dicit, "Illa notio, quantitatem variabilis ex quadam alia dependere, fortasse notio potissima in tota arte mathematica est."<ref>Hardy, p. 40.</ref> Si dominium est copia quantitatum binarum, sicut <math>\mathbb{R}^2</math>, functio duas variabiles independentes habet. Exempli gratia, <math>f(x, y) = x^2 + y^2</math>. Quae functio <math>f</math> par elementorum <math>(x, y)</math> ad unum elementum codominii (quod est <math>\mathbb{R}</math>) destinat, velut par <math>(2, 3)</math> ad <math>2^2 + 3^2 = 4 + 9 = 13</math>. Functiones autem tres, quattuor pluresve variabiles independentes habere possunt. Altera notatio functionum est ''notatio lambda,'' quae variabiles independentes post lambda litteram enumerat. Scribitur: <math>f = \lambda(x).x^2</math> quod eandem functionem atque <math>f(x) = x^2</math> describit. Forma sicut <math>\lambda(x).x^2</math> appellatur [[combinator|combinatoria]]. Si ad quoddam elementum <math>y</math> codominii aut nullum aut unum elementum <math>x</math> dominii destinatur, functio appellatur [[functio iniectiva]], aut functio unum elementum uni elemento attribuens. Si omne elementum <math>y</math> codominii habet elementum <math>x</math> (aut plura elementa <math>x_1, x_2, x_3,</math> ...) dominii quod ad <math>y</math> destinatur, functio appellatur [[functio superiectiva]]. Functio quae simul iniectiva et superiectiva est, [[functio biiectiva]] appellatur. Quaedam functio biiectiva <math>f</math> habet [[functio inversa|functionem inversam]] <math>f^{-1}</math>, cuius dominium est codominium functionis <math>f</math> cuiusque codominium dominium functionis <math>f</math>. Si <math>f(x) = y</math>, tum est <math>f^{-1}(y) = x</math>. Exempli gratia: functio <math>f(x) = x/2</math> habet functionem inversam <math>f^{-1}(x) = 2x</math>. Formulam functionis inversae describere saepenumero haud facile est. ''Compositio'' functionum est nova functio per quam elementum dominii primae functionis cum elemento codominii secundae functionis congruit. Si <math>y = f(x), y = g(x)</math> sunt functiones, et si dominium functionis <math>f</math> est (aut continet) codominium functionis <math>g</math>, scribi potest <math>f \circ g = f(g(x))</math>. Exempli gratia, sint <math>f(x) = x^2, g(x) = \sin(x)</math>. Nunc <math>f \circ g = f(g(x)) = (\sin(x))^2</math>, et <math>g \circ f = g(f(x)) = \sin(x^2)</math>. Non sunt eaedem functiones: si <math>x = \pi, f(g(x)) = (\sin(\pi))^2 = 0</math>, sed <math>g(f(x)) = \sin(\pi^2) \approx -0.43</math>. Copia omnium functionum invertibilium quarum dominium et codominium eadem copia est [[caterva (mathematica)|caterva]] appellatur. Idem factor catervae est functio quae quodque elementum cum eodum elemento coniungit: <math>f(x) = x</math>; operatio catervae est compositio. == Definitio formalis == Functio <math> f </math> ex copia <math> X </math> in copiam <math> Y </math> est relatio binaria assignans omni elementi <math> x \in X </math> unum elementum <math> y \in Y </math> : <math> f: X \rightarrow Y, x \mapsto y </math> In theoria copiae, functio <math> f </math> habetur pro copia. Functio <math> f </math> est subcopia de productum Cartesianum <math> X \times Y </math>. Ergo, <math> f = \{ (x,y) : x \in X, y \in Y \} </math> est functio si habet proprietates sequentes: <math> \forall x \in X: \exists y \in Y: (x,y) \in f </math> <math> (x,y_1) \in f \wedge (x,y_2) \in f \Rightarrow y_1=y_2 </math> '''Exemplum:''' Sint <math> X = \{6,42\} </math> et <math> Y = \{3,21\} </math>. Tum <math> X \times Y = \{ (6,3), (6,21), (42,3), (42,21) \} </math>. Potes definire <math> f = \{ (42,21), (6,3) \} \subseteq X \times Y </math>, quod est functio, quia omnis <math> x \in X </math> habet unum et unicum <math> y \in Y </math> ut <math> (x,y) \in f </math>. Nota, eum aequivalere notationi communi <math> f: X \rightarrow Y, x \mapsto x \cdot \frac{1}{2} </math>, quoniam <math> X,Y \subseteq \R </math> : <math> f(6)=6 \cdot \frac{1}{2} = 3 </math>, <math> f(42)=42 \cdot \frac{1}{2} = 21 </math>. == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} *[[Functio biiectiva]] *[[Functio differentiabilis]] *[[Functio exponentialis]] *[[Functio linearis]] *[[Graphum (mathematica)]] *[[Polynomium]] *[[Programmatura functionalis]] *[[Signum (functio)]] == Bibliographia == * {{Citation |last=Anton |first=Howard |title=Calculus with Analytical Geometry |year=1980 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons|Wiley]] |isbn=978-0-471-03248-9}} * {{Citation |last=Bartle |first=Robert G. |title=The Elements of Real Analysis |edition=2nd |year=1976 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-471-05464-1}} * Behnke, H., F. Bachmann, K. Fladt, et W. Süss, eds. [[1974]]. ''Fundamentals of Mathematics,'' vol 1: ''Foundations of Mathematics: The Real Number System and Algebra.'' Convertit S. H. Gould. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: MIT Press. * Hardy, G. H. [[1952]]. ''A Course of Pure Mathematics.'' Editio 10a. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. * {{Citation |last=Husch |first=Lawrence S. |title=Visual Calculus |year=2001 |publisher=[[University of Tennessee]] |url=http://archives.math.utk.edu/visual.calculus/ |accessdate=2007-09-27}} * {{Citation |last=Katz |first=Robert |title=Axiomatic Analysis |year=1964 |publisher=[[D. C. Heath and Company]]}}. * {{Citation |last=Ponte |first=João Pedro |title=The history of the concept of function and some educational implications |journal=The Mathematics Educator |year=1992 |volume=3 |pages=3–8 |url=http://www.math.tarleton.edu/Faculty/Brawner/550%20MAED/History%20of%20functions.pdf |issue=2}} * {{Citation |last1=Thomas |first1=George B. |last2=Finney |first2=Ross L. |title=Calculus and Analytic Geometry |edition=9th |year=1995 |publisher=[[Addison-Wesley]] |isbn=978-0-201-53174-9}} * {{Citation|title=The concept of function up to the middle of the 19th century|first=A. P.|last=Youschkevitch|journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences|volume=16|issue=1|year=1976|pages=37–85|doi=10.1007/BF00348305}}. * {{Citation|title=The concept of function in the 19th and 20th centuries, in particular with regard to the discussions between Baire, Borel and Lebesgue|first=A. F.|last=Monna|journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences|volume=9|issue=1|year=1972|pages=57–84|doi=10.1007/BF00348540}}. * {{Citation|title=Evolution of the Function Concept: A Brief Survey|first=Israel|last=Kleiner|journal=The College Mathematics Journal|volume=20|issue=4|year=1989|pages=282–300|doi=10.2307/2686848|jstor=2686848|publisher=Mathematical Association of America}}. * {{Citation|last=Ruthing|first=D.|title=Some definitions of the concept of function from Bernoulli, Joh. to Bourbaki, N.|journal=Mathematical Intelligencer|volume=6|issue=4|pages=72–77|year=1984}}. * {{Citation|title=The Concept of Function: Aspects of Epistemology and Pedagogy|publisher=Mathematical Association of America|year=1992|first1=Ed|last1=Dubinsky|first2=Guershon|last2=Harel|isbn=0883850818}}. * {{Citation|title=Historical and pedagogical aspects of the definition of function|last=Malik|first=M. A.|journal=International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology|volume=11|issue=4|year=1980|pages=489–492|doi=10.1080/0020739800110404}}. * Boole, George (1854), ''An Investigation into the Laws of Thought on which are founded the Laws of Thought and Probabilities", Walton and Marberly, London UK; Macmillian and Company, Cambridge UK. Republished as a googlebook. * {{Citation |last=Eves |first=Howard. |title=Foundations and Fundamental Concepts of Mathematics: Third Edition |year=1990 |publisher=Dover Publications, Inc. Mineola, NY |isbn=0-486-69609-X (pbk) }} * {{Citation |last= Frege |first= Gottlob. |title=Begriffsschrift: eine der arithmetischen nachgebildete Formelsprache des reinen Denkens |year=1879 |publisher=Halle}} * {{Citation |last=Grattan-Guinness, Ivor and Bornet, Gérard |title=George Boole: Selected Manuscripts on Logic and its Philosophy |year=1997 |publisher=Springer-Verlag, Berlin |isbn=3-7643-5456-9 (Berlin...)}} * Halmos, Paul R. [[1970]]. ''Naive Set Theory'', Springer-Verlag, New York, ISBN 0-387-90092-6. * {{Citation |last=Hardy |first=Godfrey Harold |title=A Course of Pure Mathematics |year=1908 |publication-date=1993 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-09227-2}} * Reichenbach, Hans. [[1947]]. ''Elements of Symbolic Logic'', Dover Publishing Inc., New York NY, ISBN 0-486-24004-5. * Russell, Bertrand. [[1903]]. ''The Principles of Mathematics: Vol. 1'', Cambridge at the University Press, Cambridge, UK, republished as a googlebook. * Russell, Bertrand. [[1920]]. ''Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy'' (second edition), Dover Publishing Inc., New York NY, ISBN 0-486-27724-0 (pbk). * Suppes, Patrick. [[1960]]. ''Axiomatic Set Theory'', Dover Publications, Inc, New York NY, ISBN 0-486-61630-4. cf his ''Chapter 1 Introduction''. * Tarski, Alfred. [[1946]]/ ''Introduction to Logic and to the Methodolgy of Deductive Sciences'', republished 1195 by Dover Publications, Inc., New York, NY ISBN 0-486-28462-X * Venn, John. [[1881]]. ''Symbolic Logic'', Macmillian and Co., London UK. Republished as a googlebook. * [[Jean van Heijenoort|van Heijenoort, Jean]] (1967, 3rd printing 1976), ''From Frege to Godel: A Source Book in Mathematical Logic, 1879–1931'', Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, ISBN 0-674-32449-8 (pbk) ** Gottlob Frege (1879) ''Begriffsschrift, a formula language, modeled upon that of arithmetic, for pure thought'' with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 1–82 ** Giuseppe Peano (1889) ''The principles of arithmetic, presented by a new method'' with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 83–97 ** Bertrand Russell (1902) ''Letter to Frege'' with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 124–125. Wherein Russell announces his discovery of a "paradox" in Frege's work. ** Gottlob Frege (1902) ''Letter to Russell'' with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 126–128. ** David Hilbert (1904) ''On the foundations of logic and arithmetic'', with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 129–138. ** Jules Richard (1905) ''The principles of mathematics and the problem of sets, with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 142–144. The [[Richard paradox]]. ** Russell, Bertrand. [[1908a]]. ''Mathematical logic as based on the theory of types'', with commentary by [[Willard Quine]], pages 150–182. ** Ernst Zermelo (1908) ''A new proof of the possibility of a well-ordering'', with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 183–198. Wherein Zermelo rails against Poincaré's (and therefore Russell's) notion of [[impredicative]] definition. ** Ernst Zermelo (1908a) ''Investigations in the foundations of set theory I'', with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 199–215. Wherein Zermelo attempts to solve Russell's paradox by structuring his axioms to restrict the universal domain B (from which objects and sets are pulled by ''definite properties'') so that it itself cannot be a set, i.e., his axioms disallow a universal set. ** Norbert Wiener (1914) ''A simplification of the logic of relations'', with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 224–227 ** Thoralf Skolem. [[1922]]. ''Some remarks on axiomatized set theory'', with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 290–301. Wherein Skolem defines Zermelo's vague "definite property". ** Moses Schönfinkel. [[1924]]. ''On the building blocks of mathematical logic'', with commentary by Willard Quine, pages 355–366. The start of ''combinatory logic''. ** John von Neumann. [[1925]]. ''An axiomatization of set theory'', with commentary by van Heijenoort , pages 393–413. Wherein von Neumann creates "classes" as distinct from "sets" (the "classes" are Zermelo's "definite properties"), and now there is a universal set, etc. ** Hilbert, David. [[1927]]. ''The foundations of mathematics'' by van Heijenoort, with commentary, pages 464–479. * Whitehead, Alfred North, et Bertrand Russell. [[1913]], [[1962]]. ''Principia Mathematica to *56''. Cantabrigiae: at the University Press, Londinii. [[Categoria:Mathematica elementaria]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Mathematica}} l9lpfwsn0pya8avnrv7q5blgj6j2qyy 3983440 3983438 2026-08-24T14:41:06Z Hapalochlaena lunulata 189509 3983440 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Graph of example function.svg|thumb|[[graphum (mathematica)|Charta]] functionis exemplaris,<br /> <math>\begin{align}&\scriptstyle \\ &\textstyle f(x) = \frac{(4x^3-6x^2+1)\sqrt{x+1}}{3-x}\end{align}</math><br /> <!--Both the domain and the range in the picture are the set of real numbers between −1 and 1.5.--> ]] '''Functio''' in arte [[mathematica]] est congruentia inter duas [[copia]]s, quae ad quodque elementum primae copiae unum elementum secundae copiae destinat.<ref>Behnke et al, p. 64.</ref> Prima copia ''dominium'' dicitur,  altera ''codominium.'' Si <math>x</math> quoddam elementum primae copiae designat, <math>x</math> variabilis independens est. Si <math>f</math> functio est, quae mathematice per <math>y = f(x)</math> scribitur et significat "<math>y</math> esse elementum codominii ad elementum <math>x</math> dominii destinatum", variabilis <math>y</math> dependens appellatur. Si plura elementa sunt, quae <math>y</math> ad elementum <math>x</math> destinari possint, congruentia ''non'' est functio. Exempli gratia: sit <math>f(x) = \pm \sqrt{x}</math> sintque dominium et codominium copiae [[numerus|numerorum]] realium <math>\mathbb{R}</math>. Haec congruentia non est functio, quod elemento <math>x</math> (velut 4) duo elementa (i. e. 2, -2) attribuuntur. Sin autem codominium est copia numerorum realium non-negativorum vel functio est velut <math>f(x) = + \sqrt{x}</math>, haec congruentia functio appellatur. Functionem definire licet per formulam aut regulam aut tabulam, dum modo unum elementum codominii sit quod ad quodque elementum dominii destinetur. Functiones sunt species [[relatio (mathematica)|relationis]]: functio <math>f</math> est [[copia]] [[par ordinatum|parium ordinatarum]] (a, b) ut <math>f(a) = b</math>. [[Analysis mathematica|Analysis]] est theoria functionum. Analysis [[numerus realis|numerorum realium]] est theoria functionum quarum dominium (et codominium) est <math>\mathbb{R}</math>; [[numerus complexus|analysis numerorum complexorum]] est analysis earum, quarum dominium est <math>\mathbb{C}</math>. G. H. Hardy dicit, "Illa notio, quantitatem variabilis ex quadam alia dependere, fortasse notio potissima in tota arte mathematica est."<ref>Hardy, p. 40.</ref> Si dominium est copia quantitatum binarum, sicut <math>\mathbb{R}^2</math>, functio duas variabiles independentes habet. Exempli gratia, <math>f(x, y) = x^2 + y^2</math>. Quae functio <math>f</math> par elementorum <math>(x, y)</math> ad unum elementum codominii (quod est <math>\mathbb{R}</math>) destinat, velut par <math>(2, 3)</math> ad <math>2^2 + 3^2 = 4 + 9 = 13</math>. Functiones autem tres, quattuor pluresve variabiles independentes habere possunt. Altera notatio functionum est ''notatio lambda,'' quae variabiles independentes post lambda litteram enumerat. Scribitur: <math>f = \lambda(x).x^2</math> quod eandem functionem atque <math>f(x) = x^2</math> describit. Forma sicut <math>\lambda(x).x^2</math> appellatur [[combinator|combinatoria]]. Si ad quoddam elementum <math>y</math> codominii aut nullum aut unum elementum <math>x</math> dominii destinatur, functio appellatur [[functio iniectiva]], aut functio unum elementum uni elemento attribuens. Si omne elementum <math>y</math> codominii habet elementum <math>x</math> (aut plura elementa <math>x_1, x_2, x_3,</math> ...) dominii quod ad <math>y</math> destinatur, functio appellatur [[functio superiectiva]]. Functio quae simul iniectiva et superiectiva est, [[functio biiectiva]] appellatur. Quaedam functio biiectiva <math>f</math> habet [[functio inversa|functionem inversam]] <math>f^{-1}</math>, cuius dominium est codominium functionis <math>f</math> cuiusque codominium dominium functionis <math>f</math>. Si <math>f(x) = y</math>, tum est <math>f^{-1}(y) = x</math>. Exempli gratia: functio <math>f(x) = x/2</math> habet functionem inversam <math>f^{-1}(x) = 2x</math>. Formulam functionis inversae describere saepenumero haud facile est. ''Compositio'' functionum est nova functio per quam elementum dominii primae functionis cum elemento codominii secundae functionis congruit. Si <math>y = f(x), y = g(x)</math> sunt functiones, et si dominium functionis <math>f</math> est (aut continet) codominium functionis <math>g</math>, scribi potest <math>f \circ g = f(g(x))</math>. Exempli gratia, sint <math>f(x) = x^2, g(x) = \sin(x)</math>. Nunc <math>f \circ g = f(g(x)) = (\sin(x))^2</math>, et <math>g \circ f = g(f(x)) = \sin(x^2)</math>. Non sunt eaedem functiones: si <math>x = \pi, f(g(x)) = (\sin(\pi))^2 = 0</math>, sed <math>g(f(x)) = \sin(\pi^2) \approx -0.43</math>. Copia omnium functionum invertibilium quarum dominium et codominium eadem copia est [[caterva (mathematica)|caterva]] appellatur. Idem factor catervae est functio quae quodque elementum cum eodum elemento coniungit: <math>f(x) = x</math>; operatio catervae est compositio. == Definitio formalis == Functio <math> f </math> ex copia <math> X </math> in copiam <math> Y </math> est relatio binaria assignans omni elementi <math> x \in X </math> unum elementum <math> y \in Y </math> : <math> f: X \rightarrow Y, x \mapsto y </math> In theoria copiae, functio <math> f </math> habetur pro copia. Functio <math> f </math> est subcopia de productum Cartesianum <math> X \times Y </math>. Ergo, <math> f = \{ (x,y) : x \in X, y \in Y \} </math> est functio si habet proprietates sequentes: <math> \forall x \in X: \exists y \in Y: (x,y) \in f </math> <math> (x,y_1) \in f \wedge (x,y_2) \in f \Rightarrow y_1=y_2 </math> '''Exemplum:''' Sint <math> X = \{6,42\} </math> et <math> Y = \{3,21\} </math>. Tum <math> X \times Y = \{ (6,3), (6,21), (42,3), (42,21) \} </math>. Potes definire <math> f = \{ (42,21), (6,3) \} \subseteq X \times Y </math>, quod est functio, quia omnis <math> x \in X </math> habet unum et unicum <math> y \in Y </math> ut <math> (x,y) \in f </math>. Nota, eum aequivalere notationi communi <math> f: X \rightarrow Y, x \mapsto x \cdot \frac{1}{2} </math>, quoniam <math> X,Y \subseteq \R </math> : <math> f(6)=6 \cdot \frac{1}{2} = 3 </math>, <math> f(42)=42 \cdot \frac{1}{2} = 21 </math>. == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} *[[Functio biiectiva]] *[[Functio differentiabilis]] *[[Functio exponentialis]] *[[Functio linearis]] *[[Graphum (mathematica)]] *[[Polynomium]] *[[Programmatura functionalis]] *[[Signum (functio)]] == Bibliographia == * {{Citation |last=Anton |first=Howard |title=Calculus with Analytical Geometry |year=1980 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons|Wiley]] |isbn=978-0-471-03248-9}} * {{Citation |last=Bartle |first=Robert G. |title=The Elements of Real Analysis |edition=2nd |year=1976 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-471-05464-1}} * Behnke, H., F. Bachmann, K. Fladt, et W. Süss, eds. [[1974]]. ''Fundamentals of Mathematics,'' vol 1: ''Foundations of Mathematics: The Real Number System and Algebra.'' Convertit S. H. Gould. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: MIT Press. * Hardy, G. H. [[1952]]. ''A Course of Pure Mathematics.'' Editio 10a. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. * {{Citation |last=Husch |first=Lawrence S. |title=Visual Calculus |year=2001 |publisher=[[University of Tennessee]] |url=http://archives.math.utk.edu/visual.calculus/ |accessdate=2007-09-27}} * {{Citation |last=Katz |first=Robert |title=Axiomatic Analysis |year=1964 |publisher=[[D. C. Heath and Company]]}}. * {{Citation |last=Ponte |first=João Pedro |title=The history of the concept of function and some educational implications |journal=The Mathematics Educator |year=1992 |volume=3 |pages=3–8 |url=http://www.math.tarleton.edu/Faculty/Brawner/550%20MAED/History%20of%20functions.pdf |issue=2}} * {{Citation |last1=Thomas |first1=George B. |last2=Finney |first2=Ross L. |title=Calculus and Analytic Geometry |edition=9th |year=1995 |publisher=[[Addison-Wesley]] |isbn=978-0-201-53174-9}} * {{Citation|title=The concept of function up to the middle of the 19th century|first=A. P.|last=Youschkevitch|journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences|volume=16|issue=1|year=1976|pages=37–85|doi=10.1007/BF00348305}}. * {{Citation|title=The concept of function in the 19th and 20th centuries, in particular with regard to the discussions between Baire, Borel and Lebesgue|first=A. F.|last=Monna|journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences|volume=9|issue=1|year=1972|pages=57–84|doi=10.1007/BF00348540}}. * {{Citation|title=Evolution of the Function Concept: A Brief Survey|first=Israel|last=Kleiner|journal=The College Mathematics Journal|volume=20|issue=4|year=1989|pages=282–300|doi=10.2307/2686848|jstor=2686848|publisher=Mathematical Association of America}}. * {{Citation|last=Ruthing|first=D.|title=Some definitions of the concept of function from Bernoulli, Joh. to Bourbaki, N.|journal=Mathematical Intelligencer|volume=6|issue=4|pages=72–77|year=1984}}. * {{Citation|title=The Concept of Function: Aspects of Epistemology and Pedagogy|publisher=Mathematical Association of America|year=1992|first1=Ed|last1=Dubinsky|first2=Guershon|last2=Harel|isbn=0883850818}}. * {{Citation|title=Historical and pedagogical aspects of the definition of function|last=Malik|first=M. A.|journal=International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology|volume=11|issue=4|year=1980|pages=489–492|doi=10.1080/0020739800110404}}. * Boole, George (1854), ''An Investigation into the Laws of Thought on which are founded the Laws of Thought and Probabilities", Walton and Marberly, London UK; Macmillian and Company, Cambridge UK. Republished as a googlebook. * {{Citation |last=Eves |first=Howard. |title=Foundations and Fundamental Concepts of Mathematics: Third Edition |year=1990 |publisher=Dover Publications, Inc. Mineola, NY |isbn=0-486-69609-X (pbk) }} * {{Citation |last= Frege |first= Gottlob. |title=Begriffsschrift: eine der arithmetischen nachgebildete Formelsprache des reinen Denkens |year=1879 |publisher=Halle}} * {{Citation |last=Grattan-Guinness, Ivor and Bornet, Gérard |title=George Boole: Selected Manuscripts on Logic and its Philosophy |year=1997 |publisher=Springer-Verlag, Berlin |isbn=3-7643-5456-9 (Berlin...)}} * Halmos, Paul R. [[1970]]. ''Naive Set Theory'', Springer-Verlag, New York, ISBN 0-387-90092-6. * {{Citation |last=Hardy |first=Godfrey Harold |title=A Course of Pure Mathematics |year=1908 |publication-date=1993 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-09227-2}} * Reichenbach, Hans. [[1947]]. ''Elements of Symbolic Logic'', Dover Publishing Inc., New York NY, ISBN 0-486-24004-5. * Russell, Bertrand. [[1903]]. ''The Principles of Mathematics: Vol. 1'', Cambridge at the University Press, Cambridge, UK, republished as a googlebook. * Russell, Bertrand. [[1920]]. ''Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy'' (second edition), Dover Publishing Inc., New York NY, ISBN 0-486-27724-0 (pbk). * Suppes, Patrick. [[1960]]. ''Axiomatic Set Theory'', Dover Publications, Inc, New York NY, ISBN 0-486-61630-4. cf his ''Chapter 1 Introduction''. * Tarski, Alfred. [[1946]]/ ''Introduction to Logic and to the Methodolgy of Deductive Sciences'', republished 1195 by Dover Publications, Inc., New York, NY ISBN 0-486-28462-X * Venn, John. [[1881]]. ''Symbolic Logic'', Macmillian and Co., London UK. Republished as a googlebook. * [[Jean van Heijenoort|van Heijenoort, Jean]] (1967, 3rd printing 1976), ''From Frege to Godel: A Source Book in Mathematical Logic, 1879–1931'', Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, ISBN 0-674-32449-8 (pbk) ** Gottlob Frege (1879) ''Begriffsschrift, a formula language, modeled upon that of arithmetic, for pure thought'' with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 1–82 ** Giuseppe Peano (1889) ''The principles of arithmetic, presented by a new method'' with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 83–97 ** Bertrand Russell (1902) ''Letter to Frege'' with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 124–125. Wherein Russell announces his discovery of a "paradox" in Frege's work. ** Gottlob Frege (1902) ''Letter to Russell'' with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 126–128. ** David Hilbert (1904) ''On the foundations of logic and arithmetic'', with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 129–138. ** Jules Richard (1905) ''The principles of mathematics and the problem of sets, with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 142–144. The [[Richard paradox]]. ** Russell, Bertrand. [[1908a]]. ''Mathematical logic as based on the theory of types'', with commentary by [[Willard Quine]], pages 150–182. ** Ernst Zermelo (1908) ''A new proof of the possibility of a well-ordering'', with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 183–198. Wherein Zermelo rails against Poincaré's (and therefore Russell's) notion of [[impredicative]] definition. ** Ernst Zermelo (1908a) ''Investigations in the foundations of set theory I'', with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 199–215. Wherein Zermelo attempts to solve Russell's paradox by structuring his axioms to restrict the universal domain B (from which objects and sets are pulled by ''definite properties'') so that it itself cannot be a set, i.e., his axioms disallow a universal set. ** Norbert Wiener (1914) ''A simplification of the logic of relations'', with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 224–227 ** Thoralf Skolem. [[1922]]. ''Some remarks on axiomatized set theory'', with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 290–301. Wherein Skolem defines Zermelo's vague "definite property". ** Moses Schönfinkel. [[1924]]. ''On the building blocks of mathematical logic'', with commentary by Willard Quine, pages 355–366. The start of ''combinatory logic''. ** John von Neumann. [[1925]]. ''An axiomatization of set theory'', with commentary by van Heijenoort , pages 393–413. Wherein von Neumann creates "classes" as distinct from "sets" (the "classes" are Zermelo's "definite properties"), and now there is a universal set, etc. ** Hilbert, David. [[1927]]. ''The foundations of mathematics'' by van Heijenoort, with commentary, pages 464–479. * Whitehead, Alfred North, et Bertrand Russell. [[1913]], [[1962]]. ''Principia Mathematica to *56''. Cantabrigiae: at the University Press, Londinii. [[Categoria:Mathematica elementaria]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Mathematica}} ewnbchkdkw52qfub36tx0rfijx2c8dr 3983441 3983440 2026-08-24T14:43:34Z Hapalochlaena lunulata 189509 3983441 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Graph of example function.svg|thumb|[[graphum (mathematica)|Charta]] functionis exemplaris,<br /> <math>\begin{align}&\scriptstyle \\ &\textstyle f(x) = \frac{(4x^3-6x^2+1)\sqrt{x+1}}{3-x}\end{align}</math><br /> <!--Both the domain and the range in the picture are the set of real numbers between −1 and 1.5.--> ]] '''Functio''' in arte [[mathematica]] est congruentia inter duas [[copia]]s, quae ad quodque elementum primae copiae unum elementum secundae copiae destinat.<ref>Behnke et al, p. 64.</ref> Prima copia ''dominium'' dicitur,  altera ''codominium.'' Si <math>x</math> quoddam elementum primae copiae designat, <math>x</math> variabilis independens est. Si <math>f</math> functio est, quae mathematice per <math>y = f(x)</math> scribitur et significat "<math>y</math> esse elementum codominii ad elementum <math>x</math> dominii destinatum", variabilis <math>y</math> dependens appellatur. Si plura elementa sunt, quae <math>y</math> ad elementum <math>x</math> destinari possint, congruentia ''non'' est functio. Exempli gratia: sit <math>f(x) = \pm \sqrt{x}</math> sintque dominium et codominium copiae [[numerus|numerorum]] realium <math>\mathbb{R}</math>. Haec congruentia non est functio, quod elemento <math>x</math> (velut 4) duo elementa (i. e. 2, -2) attribuuntur. Sin autem codominium est copia numerorum realium non-negativorum vel functio est velut <math>f(x) = + \sqrt{x}</math>, haec congruentia functio appellatur. Functionem definire licet per formulam aut regulam aut tabulam, dum modo unum elementum codominii sit quod ad quodque elementum dominii destinetur. Functiones sunt species [[relatio (mathematica)|relationis]]: functio <math>f</math> est [[copia]] [[par ordinatum|parium ordinatarum]] (a, b) ut <math>f(a) = b</math>. [[Analysis mathematica|Analysis]] est theoria functionum. Analysis [[numerus realis|numerorum realium]] est theoria functionum quarum dominium (et codominium) est <math>\mathbb{R}</math>; [[numerus complexus|analysis numerorum complexorum]] est analysis earum, quarum dominium est <math>\mathbb{C}</math>. G. H. Hardy dicit, "Illa notio, quantitatem variabilis ex quadam alia dependere, fortasse notio potissima in tota arte mathematica est."<ref>Hardy, p. 40.</ref> Si dominium est copia quantitatum binarum, sicut <math>\mathbb{R}^2</math>, functio duas variabiles independentes habet. Exempli gratia, <math>f(x, y) = x^2 + y^2</math>. Quae functio <math>f</math> par elementorum <math>(x, y)</math> ad unum elementum codominii (quod est <math>\mathbb{R}</math>) destinat, velut par <math>(2, 3)</math> ad <math>2^2 + 3^2 = 4 + 9 = 13</math>. Functiones autem tres, quattuor pluresve variabiles independentes habere possunt. Altera notatio functionum est ''notatio lambda,'' quae variabiles independentes post lambda litteram enumerat. Scribitur: <math>f = \lambda(x).x^2</math> quod eandem functionem atque <math>f(x) = x^2</math> describit. Forma sicut <math>\lambda(x).x^2</math> appellatur [[combinator|combinatoria]]. Si ad quoddam elementum <math>y</math> codominii aut nullum aut unum elementum <math>x</math> dominii destinatur, functio appellatur [[functio iniectiva]], aut functio unum elementum uni elemento attribuens. Si omne elementum <math>y</math> codominii habet elementum <math>x</math> (aut plura elementa <math>x_1, x_2, x_3,</math> ...) dominii quod ad <math>y</math> destinatur, functio appellatur [[functio superiectiva]]. Functio quae simul iniectiva et superiectiva est, [[functio biiectiva]] appellatur. Quaedam functio biiectiva <math>f</math> habet [[functio inversa|functionem inversam]] <math>f^{-1}</math>, cuius dominium est codominium functionis <math>f</math> cuiusque codominium dominium functionis <math>f</math>. Si <math>f(x) = y</math>, tum est <math>f^{-1}(y) = x</math>. Exempli gratia: functio <math>f(x) = x/2</math> habet functionem inversam <math>f^{-1}(x) = 2x</math>. Formulam functionis inversae describere saepenumero haud facile est. ''Compositio'' functionum est nova functio per quam elementum dominii primae functionis cum elemento codominii secundae functionis congruit. Si <math>y = f(x), y = g(x)</math> sunt functiones, et si dominium functionis <math>f</math> est (aut continet) codominium functionis <math>g</math>, scribi potest <math>f \circ g = f(g(x))</math>. Exempli gratia, sint <math>f(x) = x^2, g(x) = \sin(x)</math>. Nunc <math>f \circ g = f(g(x)) = (\sin(x))^2</math>, et <math>g \circ f = g(f(x)) = \sin(x^2)</math>. Non sunt eaedem functiones: si <math>x = \pi, f(g(x)) = (\sin(\pi))^2 = 0</math>, sed <math>g(f(x)) = \sin(\pi^2) \approx -0.43</math>. Copia omnium functionum invertibilium quarum dominium et codominium eadem copia est [[caterva (mathematica)|caterva]] appellatur. Idem factor catervae est functio quae quodque elementum cum eodum elemento coniungit: <math>f(x) = x</math>; operatio catervae est compositio. == Definitio formalis == Functio <math> f </math> ex copia <math> X </math> in copiam <math> Y </math> est relatio binaria assignans omni elementi <math> x \in X </math> unum elementum <math> y \in Y </math> : <math> f: X \rightarrow Y, x \mapsto y </math> In theoria copiae, functio <math> f </math> habetur pro copia. Functio <math> f </math> est subcopia de productum Cartesianum <math> X \times Y </math>. Ergo, <math> f = \{ (x,y) : x \in X, y \in Y \} </math> est functio si habet proprietates sequentes: <math> \forall x \in X: \exists y \in Y: (x,y) \in f </math> <math> (x,y_1) \in f \wedge (x,y_2) \in f \Rightarrow y_1=y_2 </math> '''Exemplum:''' Sint <math> X = \{6,42\} </math> et <math> Y = \{3,21\} </math>. Tum <math> X \times Y = \{ (6,3), (6,21), (42,3), (42,21) \} </math>. Potes definire <math> f = \{ (6,3), (42,21) \} \subseteq X \times Y </math>, quod est functio, quia omnis <math> x \in X </math> habet unum et unicum <math> y \in Y </math> ut <math> (x,y) \in f </math>. Nota, eum aequivalere notationi communi <math> f: X \rightarrow Y, x \mapsto x \cdot \frac{1}{2} </math>, quoniam <math> X,Y \subseteq \R </math> : <math> f(6)=6 \cdot \frac{1}{2} = 3 </math>, <math> f(42)=42 \cdot \frac{1}{2} = 21 </math>. == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} *[[Functio biiectiva]] *[[Functio differentiabilis]] *[[Functio exponentialis]] *[[Functio linearis]] *[[Graphum (mathematica)]] *[[Polynomium]] *[[Programmatura functionalis]] *[[Signum (functio)]] == Bibliographia == * {{Citation |last=Anton |first=Howard |title=Calculus with Analytical Geometry |year=1980 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons|Wiley]] |isbn=978-0-471-03248-9}} * {{Citation |last=Bartle |first=Robert G. |title=The Elements of Real Analysis |edition=2nd |year=1976 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-471-05464-1}} * Behnke, H., F. Bachmann, K. Fladt, et W. Süss, eds. [[1974]]. ''Fundamentals of Mathematics,'' vol 1: ''Foundations of Mathematics: The Real Number System and Algebra.'' Convertit S. H. Gould. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: MIT Press. * Hardy, G. H. [[1952]]. ''A Course of Pure Mathematics.'' Editio 10a. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. * {{Citation |last=Husch |first=Lawrence S. |title=Visual Calculus |year=2001 |publisher=[[University of Tennessee]] |url=http://archives.math.utk.edu/visual.calculus/ |accessdate=2007-09-27}} * {{Citation |last=Katz |first=Robert |title=Axiomatic Analysis |year=1964 |publisher=[[D. C. Heath and Company]]}}. * {{Citation |last=Ponte |first=João Pedro |title=The history of the concept of function and some educational implications |journal=The Mathematics Educator |year=1992 |volume=3 |pages=3–8 |url=http://www.math.tarleton.edu/Faculty/Brawner/550%20MAED/History%20of%20functions.pdf |issue=2}} * {{Citation |last1=Thomas |first1=George B. |last2=Finney |first2=Ross L. |title=Calculus and Analytic Geometry |edition=9th |year=1995 |publisher=[[Addison-Wesley]] |isbn=978-0-201-53174-9}} * {{Citation|title=The concept of function up to the middle of the 19th century|first=A. P.|last=Youschkevitch|journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences|volume=16|issue=1|year=1976|pages=37–85|doi=10.1007/BF00348305}}. * {{Citation|title=The concept of function in the 19th and 20th centuries, in particular with regard to the discussions between Baire, Borel and Lebesgue|first=A. F.|last=Monna|journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences|volume=9|issue=1|year=1972|pages=57–84|doi=10.1007/BF00348540}}. * {{Citation|title=Evolution of the Function Concept: A Brief Survey|first=Israel|last=Kleiner|journal=The College Mathematics Journal|volume=20|issue=4|year=1989|pages=282–300|doi=10.2307/2686848|jstor=2686848|publisher=Mathematical Association of America}}. * {{Citation|last=Ruthing|first=D.|title=Some definitions of the concept of function from Bernoulli, Joh. to Bourbaki, N.|journal=Mathematical Intelligencer|volume=6|issue=4|pages=72–77|year=1984}}. * {{Citation|title=The Concept of Function: Aspects of Epistemology and Pedagogy|publisher=Mathematical Association of America|year=1992|first1=Ed|last1=Dubinsky|first2=Guershon|last2=Harel|isbn=0883850818}}. * {{Citation|title=Historical and pedagogical aspects of the definition of function|last=Malik|first=M. A.|journal=International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology|volume=11|issue=4|year=1980|pages=489–492|doi=10.1080/0020739800110404}}. * Boole, George (1854), ''An Investigation into the Laws of Thought on which are founded the Laws of Thought and Probabilities", Walton and Marberly, London UK; Macmillian and Company, Cambridge UK. Republished as a googlebook. * {{Citation |last=Eves |first=Howard. |title=Foundations and Fundamental Concepts of Mathematics: Third Edition |year=1990 |publisher=Dover Publications, Inc. Mineola, NY |isbn=0-486-69609-X (pbk) }} * {{Citation |last= Frege |first= Gottlob. |title=Begriffsschrift: eine der arithmetischen nachgebildete Formelsprache des reinen Denkens |year=1879 |publisher=Halle}} * {{Citation |last=Grattan-Guinness, Ivor and Bornet, Gérard |title=George Boole: Selected Manuscripts on Logic and its Philosophy |year=1997 |publisher=Springer-Verlag, Berlin |isbn=3-7643-5456-9 (Berlin...)}} * Halmos, Paul R. [[1970]]. ''Naive Set Theory'', Springer-Verlag, New York, ISBN 0-387-90092-6. * {{Citation |last=Hardy |first=Godfrey Harold |title=A Course of Pure Mathematics |year=1908 |publication-date=1993 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-09227-2}} * Reichenbach, Hans. [[1947]]. ''Elements of Symbolic Logic'', Dover Publishing Inc., New York NY, ISBN 0-486-24004-5. * Russell, Bertrand. [[1903]]. ''The Principles of Mathematics: Vol. 1'', Cambridge at the University Press, Cambridge, UK, republished as a googlebook. * Russell, Bertrand. [[1920]]. ''Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy'' (second edition), Dover Publishing Inc., New York NY, ISBN 0-486-27724-0 (pbk). * Suppes, Patrick. [[1960]]. ''Axiomatic Set Theory'', Dover Publications, Inc, New York NY, ISBN 0-486-61630-4. cf his ''Chapter 1 Introduction''. * Tarski, Alfred. [[1946]]/ ''Introduction to Logic and to the Methodolgy of Deductive Sciences'', republished 1195 by Dover Publications, Inc., New York, NY ISBN 0-486-28462-X * Venn, John. [[1881]]. ''Symbolic Logic'', Macmillian and Co., London UK. Republished as a googlebook. * [[Jean van Heijenoort|van Heijenoort, Jean]] (1967, 3rd printing 1976), ''From Frege to Godel: A Source Book in Mathematical Logic, 1879–1931'', Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, ISBN 0-674-32449-8 (pbk) ** Gottlob Frege (1879) ''Begriffsschrift, a formula language, modeled upon that of arithmetic, for pure thought'' with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 1–82 ** Giuseppe Peano (1889) ''The principles of arithmetic, presented by a new method'' with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 83–97 ** Bertrand Russell (1902) ''Letter to Frege'' with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 124–125. Wherein Russell announces his discovery of a "paradox" in Frege's work. ** Gottlob Frege (1902) ''Letter to Russell'' with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 126–128. ** David Hilbert (1904) ''On the foundations of logic and arithmetic'', with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 129–138. ** Jules Richard (1905) ''The principles of mathematics and the problem of sets, with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 142–144. The [[Richard paradox]]. ** Russell, Bertrand. [[1908a]]. ''Mathematical logic as based on the theory of types'', with commentary by [[Willard Quine]], pages 150–182. ** Ernst Zermelo (1908) ''A new proof of the possibility of a well-ordering'', with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 183–198. Wherein Zermelo rails against Poincaré's (and therefore Russell's) notion of [[impredicative]] definition. ** Ernst Zermelo (1908a) ''Investigations in the foundations of set theory I'', with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 199–215. Wherein Zermelo attempts to solve Russell's paradox by structuring his axioms to restrict the universal domain B (from which objects and sets are pulled by ''definite properties'') so that it itself cannot be a set, i.e., his axioms disallow a universal set. ** Norbert Wiener (1914) ''A simplification of the logic of relations'', with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 224–227 ** Thoralf Skolem. [[1922]]. ''Some remarks on axiomatized set theory'', with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 290–301. Wherein Skolem defines Zermelo's vague "definite property". ** Moses Schönfinkel. [[1924]]. ''On the building blocks of mathematical logic'', with commentary by Willard Quine, pages 355–366. The start of ''combinatory logic''. ** John von Neumann. [[1925]]. ''An axiomatization of set theory'', with commentary by van Heijenoort , pages 393–413. Wherein von Neumann creates "classes" as distinct from "sets" (the "classes" are Zermelo's "definite properties"), and now there is a universal set, etc. ** Hilbert, David. [[1927]]. ''The foundations of mathematics'' by van Heijenoort, with commentary, pages 464–479. * Whitehead, Alfred North, et Bertrand Russell. [[1913]], [[1962]]. ''Principia Mathematica to *56''. Cantabrigiae: at the University Press, Londinii. [[Categoria:Mathematica elementaria]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Mathematica}} ihz3om2nfmpu78vz9hqia72lr4atssx 3983528 3983441 2026-08-24T22:23:06Z Grufo 64423 /* Definitio formalis */ “Theoria copiae” → “[[Theoria classium]]” 3983528 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Graph of example function.svg|thumb|[[graphum (mathematica)|Charta]] functionis exemplaris,<br /> <math>\begin{align}&\scriptstyle \\ &\textstyle f(x) = \frac{(4x^3-6x^2+1)\sqrt{x+1}}{3-x}\end{align}</math><br /> <!--Both the domain and the range in the picture are the set of real numbers between −1 and 1.5.--> ]] '''Functio''' in arte [[mathematica]] est congruentia inter duas [[copia]]s, quae ad quodque elementum primae copiae unum elementum secundae copiae destinat.<ref>Behnke et al, p. 64.</ref> Prima copia ''dominium'' dicitur,  altera ''codominium.'' Si <math>x</math> quoddam elementum primae copiae designat, <math>x</math> variabilis independens est. Si <math>f</math> functio est, quae mathematice per <math>y = f(x)</math> scribitur et significat "<math>y</math> esse elementum codominii ad elementum <math>x</math> dominii destinatum", variabilis <math>y</math> dependens appellatur. Si plura elementa sunt, quae <math>y</math> ad elementum <math>x</math> destinari possint, congruentia ''non'' est functio. Exempli gratia: sit <math>f(x) = \pm \sqrt{x}</math> sintque dominium et codominium copiae [[numerus|numerorum]] realium <math>\mathbb{R}</math>. Haec congruentia non est functio, quod elemento <math>x</math> (velut 4) duo elementa (i. e. 2, -2) attribuuntur. Sin autem codominium est copia numerorum realium non-negativorum vel functio est velut <math>f(x) = + \sqrt{x}</math>, haec congruentia functio appellatur. Functionem definire licet per formulam aut regulam aut tabulam, dum modo unum elementum codominii sit quod ad quodque elementum dominii destinetur. Functiones sunt species [[relatio (mathematica)|relationis]]: functio <math>f</math> est [[copia]] [[par ordinatum|parium ordinatarum]] (a, b) ut <math>f(a) = b</math>. [[Analysis mathematica|Analysis]] est theoria functionum. Analysis [[numerus realis|numerorum realium]] est theoria functionum quarum dominium (et codominium) est <math>\mathbb{R}</math>; [[numerus complexus|analysis numerorum complexorum]] est analysis earum, quarum dominium est <math>\mathbb{C}</math>. G. H. Hardy dicit, "Illa notio, quantitatem variabilis ex quadam alia dependere, fortasse notio potissima in tota arte mathematica est."<ref>Hardy, p. 40.</ref> Si dominium est copia quantitatum binarum, sicut <math>\mathbb{R}^2</math>, functio duas variabiles independentes habet. Exempli gratia, <math>f(x, y) = x^2 + y^2</math>. Quae functio <math>f</math> par elementorum <math>(x, y)</math> ad unum elementum codominii (quod est <math>\mathbb{R}</math>) destinat, velut par <math>(2, 3)</math> ad <math>2^2 + 3^2 = 4 + 9 = 13</math>. Functiones autem tres, quattuor pluresve variabiles independentes habere possunt. Altera notatio functionum est ''notatio lambda,'' quae variabiles independentes post lambda litteram enumerat. Scribitur: <math>f = \lambda(x).x^2</math> quod eandem functionem atque <math>f(x) = x^2</math> describit. Forma sicut <math>\lambda(x).x^2</math> appellatur [[combinator|combinatoria]]. Si ad quoddam elementum <math>y</math> codominii aut nullum aut unum elementum <math>x</math> dominii destinatur, functio appellatur [[functio iniectiva]], aut functio unum elementum uni elemento attribuens. Si omne elementum <math>y</math> codominii habet elementum <math>x</math> (aut plura elementa <math>x_1, x_2, x_3,</math> ...) dominii quod ad <math>y</math> destinatur, functio appellatur [[functio superiectiva]]. Functio quae simul iniectiva et superiectiva est, [[functio biiectiva]] appellatur. Quaedam functio biiectiva <math>f</math> habet [[functio inversa|functionem inversam]] <math>f^{-1}</math>, cuius dominium est codominium functionis <math>f</math> cuiusque codominium dominium functionis <math>f</math>. Si <math>f(x) = y</math>, tum est <math>f^{-1}(y) = x</math>. Exempli gratia: functio <math>f(x) = x/2</math> habet functionem inversam <math>f^{-1}(x) = 2x</math>. Formulam functionis inversae describere saepenumero haud facile est. ''Compositio'' functionum est nova functio per quam elementum dominii primae functionis cum elemento codominii secundae functionis congruit. Si <math>y = f(x), y = g(x)</math> sunt functiones, et si dominium functionis <math>f</math> est (aut continet) codominium functionis <math>g</math>, scribi potest <math>f \circ g = f(g(x))</math>. Exempli gratia, sint <math>f(x) = x^2, g(x) = \sin(x)</math>. Nunc <math>f \circ g = f(g(x)) = (\sin(x))^2</math>, et <math>g \circ f = g(f(x)) = \sin(x^2)</math>. Non sunt eaedem functiones: si <math>x = \pi, f(g(x)) = (\sin(\pi))^2 = 0</math>, sed <math>g(f(x)) = \sin(\pi^2) \approx -0.43</math>. Copia omnium functionum invertibilium quarum dominium et codominium eadem copia est [[caterva (mathematica)|caterva]] appellatur. Idem factor catervae est functio quae quodque elementum cum eodum elemento coniungit: <math>f(x) = x</math>; operatio catervae est compositio. == Definitio formalis == Functio <math> f </math> ex aggregatione <math> X </math> in aggregationem <math> Y </math> est relatio binaria assignans omni elementi <math> x \in X </math> unum elementum <math> y \in Y </math> : <math> f: X \rightarrow Y, x \mapsto y </math> In [[theoria classium]], functio <math> f </math> habetur pro aggregatione. Functio <math> f </math> est subaggregatio de productum Cartesianum <math> X \times Y </math>. Ergo, <math> f = \{ (x,y) : x \in X, y \in Y \} </math> est functio si habet proprietates sequentes: <math> \forall x \in X: \exists y \in Y: (x,y) \in f </math> <math> (x,y_1) \in f \wedge (x,y_2) \in f \Rightarrow y_1=y_2 </math> '''Exemplum:''' Sint <math> X = \{6,42\} </math> et <math> Y = \{3,21\} </math>. Tum <math> X \times Y = \{ (6,3), (6,21), (42,3), (42,21) \} </math>. Potes definire <math> f = \{ (6,3), (42,21) \} \subseteq X \times Y </math>, quod est functio, quia omnis <math> x \in X </math> habet unum et unicum <math> y \in Y </math> ut <math> (x,y) \in f </math>. Nota, eum aequivalere notationi communi <math> f: X \rightarrow Y, x \mapsto x \cdot \frac{1}{2} </math>, quoniam <math> X,Y \subseteq \R </math> : <math> f(6)=6 \cdot \frac{1}{2} = 3 </math>, <math> f(42)=42 \cdot \frac{1}{2} = 21 </math>. == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} *[[Functio biiectiva]] *[[Functio differentiabilis]] *[[Functio exponentialis]] *[[Functio linearis]] *[[Graphum (mathematica)]] *[[Polynomium]] *[[Programmatura functionalis]] *[[Signum (functio)]] == Bibliographia == * {{Citation |last=Anton |first=Howard |title=Calculus with Analytical Geometry |year=1980 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons|Wiley]] |isbn=978-0-471-03248-9}} * {{Citation |last=Bartle |first=Robert G. |title=The Elements of Real Analysis |edition=2nd |year=1976 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-471-05464-1}} * Behnke, H., F. Bachmann, K. Fladt, et W. Süss, eds. [[1974]]. ''Fundamentals of Mathematics,'' vol 1: ''Foundations of Mathematics: The Real Number System and Algebra.'' Convertit S. H. Gould. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: MIT Press. * Hardy, G. H. [[1952]]. ''A Course of Pure Mathematics.'' Editio 10a. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. * {{Citation |last=Husch |first=Lawrence S. |title=Visual Calculus |year=2001 |publisher=[[University of Tennessee]] |url=http://archives.math.utk.edu/visual.calculus/ |accessdate=2007-09-27}} * {{Citation |last=Katz |first=Robert |title=Axiomatic Analysis |year=1964 |publisher=[[D. C. Heath and Company]]}}. * {{Citation |last=Ponte |first=João Pedro |title=The history of the concept of function and some educational implications |journal=The Mathematics Educator |year=1992 |volume=3 |pages=3–8 |url=http://www.math.tarleton.edu/Faculty/Brawner/550%20MAED/History%20of%20functions.pdf |issue=2}} * {{Citation |last1=Thomas |first1=George B. |last2=Finney |first2=Ross L. |title=Calculus and Analytic Geometry |edition=9th |year=1995 |publisher=[[Addison-Wesley]] |isbn=978-0-201-53174-9}} * {{Citation|title=The concept of function up to the middle of the 19th century|first=A. P.|last=Youschkevitch|journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences|volume=16|issue=1|year=1976|pages=37–85|doi=10.1007/BF00348305}}. * {{Citation|title=The concept of function in the 19th and 20th centuries, in particular with regard to the discussions between Baire, Borel and Lebesgue|first=A. F.|last=Monna|journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences|volume=9|issue=1|year=1972|pages=57–84|doi=10.1007/BF00348540}}. * {{Citation|title=Evolution of the Function Concept: A Brief Survey|first=Israel|last=Kleiner|journal=The College Mathematics Journal|volume=20|issue=4|year=1989|pages=282–300|doi=10.2307/2686848|jstor=2686848|publisher=Mathematical Association of America}}. * {{Citation|last=Ruthing|first=D.|title=Some definitions of the concept of function from Bernoulli, Joh. to Bourbaki, N.|journal=Mathematical Intelligencer|volume=6|issue=4|pages=72–77|year=1984}}. * {{Citation|title=The Concept of Function: Aspects of Epistemology and Pedagogy|publisher=Mathematical Association of America|year=1992|first1=Ed|last1=Dubinsky|first2=Guershon|last2=Harel|isbn=0883850818}}. * {{Citation|title=Historical and pedagogical aspects of the definition of function|last=Malik|first=M. A.|journal=International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology|volume=11|issue=4|year=1980|pages=489–492|doi=10.1080/0020739800110404}}. * Boole, George (1854), ''An Investigation into the Laws of Thought on which are founded the Laws of Thought and Probabilities", Walton and Marberly, London UK; Macmillian and Company, Cambridge UK. Republished as a googlebook. * {{Citation |last=Eves |first=Howard. |title=Foundations and Fundamental Concepts of Mathematics: Third Edition |year=1990 |publisher=Dover Publications, Inc. Mineola, NY |isbn=0-486-69609-X (pbk) }} * {{Citation |last= Frege |first= Gottlob. |title=Begriffsschrift: eine der arithmetischen nachgebildete Formelsprache des reinen Denkens |year=1879 |publisher=Halle}} * {{Citation |last=Grattan-Guinness, Ivor and Bornet, Gérard |title=George Boole: Selected Manuscripts on Logic and its Philosophy |year=1997 |publisher=Springer-Verlag, Berlin |isbn=3-7643-5456-9 (Berlin...)}} * Halmos, Paul R. [[1970]]. ''Naive Set Theory'', Springer-Verlag, New York, ISBN 0-387-90092-6. * {{Citation |last=Hardy |first=Godfrey Harold |title=A Course of Pure Mathematics |year=1908 |publication-date=1993 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-09227-2}} * Reichenbach, Hans. [[1947]]. ''Elements of Symbolic Logic'', Dover Publishing Inc., New York NY, ISBN 0-486-24004-5. * Russell, Bertrand. [[1903]]. ''The Principles of Mathematics: Vol. 1'', Cambridge at the University Press, Cambridge, UK, republished as a googlebook. * Russell, Bertrand. [[1920]]. ''Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy'' (second edition), Dover Publishing Inc., New York NY, ISBN 0-486-27724-0 (pbk). * Suppes, Patrick. [[1960]]. ''Axiomatic Set Theory'', Dover Publications, Inc, New York NY, ISBN 0-486-61630-4. cf his ''Chapter 1 Introduction''. * Tarski, Alfred. [[1946]]/ ''Introduction to Logic and to the Methodolgy of Deductive Sciences'', republished 1195 by Dover Publications, Inc., New York, NY ISBN 0-486-28462-X * Venn, John. [[1881]]. ''Symbolic Logic'', Macmillian and Co., London UK. Republished as a googlebook. * [[Jean van Heijenoort|van Heijenoort, Jean]] (1967, 3rd printing 1976), ''From Frege to Godel: A Source Book in Mathematical Logic, 1879–1931'', Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, ISBN 0-674-32449-8 (pbk) ** Gottlob Frege (1879) ''Begriffsschrift, a formula language, modeled upon that of arithmetic, for pure thought'' with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 1–82 ** Giuseppe Peano (1889) ''The principles of arithmetic, presented by a new method'' with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 83–97 ** Bertrand Russell (1902) ''Letter to Frege'' with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 124–125. Wherein Russell announces his discovery of a "paradox" in Frege's work. ** Gottlob Frege (1902) ''Letter to Russell'' with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 126–128. ** David Hilbert (1904) ''On the foundations of logic and arithmetic'', with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 129–138. ** Jules Richard (1905) ''The principles of mathematics and the problem of sets, with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 142–144. The [[Richard paradox]]. ** Russell, Bertrand. [[1908a]]. ''Mathematical logic as based on the theory of types'', with commentary by [[Willard Quine]], pages 150–182. ** Ernst Zermelo (1908) ''A new proof of the possibility of a well-ordering'', with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 183–198. Wherein Zermelo rails against Poincaré's (and therefore Russell's) notion of [[impredicative]] definition. ** Ernst Zermelo (1908a) ''Investigations in the foundations of set theory I'', with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 199–215. Wherein Zermelo attempts to solve Russell's paradox by structuring his axioms to restrict the universal domain B (from which objects and sets are pulled by ''definite properties'') so that it itself cannot be a set, i.e., his axioms disallow a universal set. ** Norbert Wiener (1914) ''A simplification of the logic of relations'', with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 224–227 ** Thoralf Skolem. [[1922]]. ''Some remarks on axiomatized set theory'', with commentary by van Heijenoort, pages 290–301. Wherein Skolem defines Zermelo's vague "definite property". ** Moses Schönfinkel. [[1924]]. ''On the building blocks of mathematical logic'', with commentary by Willard Quine, pages 355–366. The start of ''combinatory logic''. ** John von Neumann. [[1925]]. ''An axiomatization of set theory'', with commentary by van Heijenoort , pages 393–413. Wherein von Neumann creates "classes" as distinct from "sets" (the "classes" are Zermelo's "definite properties"), and now there is a universal set, etc. ** Hilbert, David. [[1927]]. ''The foundations of mathematics'' by van Heijenoort, with commentary, pages 464–479. * Whitehead, Alfred North, et Bertrand Russell. [[1913]], [[1962]]. ''Principia Mathematica to *56''. Cantabrigiae: at the University Press, Londinii. [[Categoria:Mathematica elementaria]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Mathematica}} sttlsoc8s2h4qzxhxe8wxkcoalryx2o 0 80014 3983428 3983400 2026-08-24T13:02:16Z IacobusAmor 1163 ~ 3983428 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus: The-svedberg-1.jpg|thumb|Theodorus Svedberg [[iuvenis]].]] '''Theodorus Svedberg''' (natus [[Valbo]] in oppido iuxta [[Gevalia]]m die [[30 Augusti]] [[1884]]; mortuus [[Kopparberg]] in oppido die [[26 Februarii]] [[1971]]) fuit [[chemicus]] [[Suecia|Suecicus]], [[biochemia]]e [[chemia physica|chemiaeque physicae]] peritus. Anno [[1926]], [[Praemium Nobelianum Chemiae|Nobelianum Chemiae Praemium]] accepit. Eius [[alma mater]] fuit [[Universitas Upsaliensis]], ubi [[proteinum|proteinis]] studuit. == Nexus externi == * [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1926/ De Theodoro Svedberg] in pagina Nobeliano Chemiae Praemio dicata {{Ling|Anglice}} {{scien-bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1884|1971|Svedberg, Theodorus}} [[Categoria:Chemici Sueciae]] [[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Chemiae]] i5w41w7lcnzqyz5908w8ckjfo6g6no1 0 88638 3983548 3862039 2026-08-24T23:28:01Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* Urbes */ 3983548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}}{{Vide discretivam|de re publica Iacutia}}{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} '''Iacutia'''<ref>T. Leonova, [https://books.google.se/books?id=FLtJAAAAYAAJ&q=florae+Jacutiae+species+novae+e+genere+Artemisia+L.&dq=florae+Jacutiae+species+novae+e+genere+Artemisia+L.&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiN-4O2lpD8AhV_QvEDHSGNBlsQ6AF6BAgIEAI ''Florae Jacutiae species novae e genere Artemisia L.'', in: Novitates systematicae plantarum vascularium, 1978, p. 50]; L.N. Poryadina, [https://www.binran.ru/en/publications/novosti-sistematiki-nizshyh-rastenij/1935/12696/ ''Lichenes reservati "Suntar-Hayata" (Jacutia)'', in: Novitates systematicae plantarum vascularium, 34, 2001].</ref> sive '''Iakutia,'''<ref>I. I. Makarova, V. I. Perfiljeva, [https://www.binran.ru/en/publications/novosti-sistematiki-nizshyh-rastenij/1922/14065/ ''Ad lichenofloram partis boreali-occidentalis Jakutiae'', in: Novitates systematicae plantarum vascularium, 21, 1984].</ref> vel rite '''Res Publica Sacha (Iacutia),''' [[Russice]] ''Республика Саха (Якутия)'' et [[Iacutice]] ''Саха Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ, Саха Сирэ'' vocatur, [[divisio administrativa Russiae|subiectum]] [[Russia|Foederationis Russicae]] est, anno [[1922]] formatum, et ab anno [[2000]] in Russicum [[Districtus Foederalis Extremorientalis|Districtum (Circulum) Foederalem Extremorientalem]] inclusum. Iacutia, in parte septentrio-orientali [[Siberia]]e sita, in oriente sua cum districtu autonomo [[Tschucotia|Tschucotico]] et [[regio Magadanensis|regione Magadanensi]], in meridie-oriente cum [[territorium Chabarovskense|territorio Chabarovskensi]], in meridie cum [[regio Amurensis|regione Amurensi]] et [[territorium Transbaicalicum|territorio Transbaicalico]], in meridie-occidente cum [[regio Ircutensis|regione Ircutensi]], in occidente cum [[territorium Crasnoiarense|territorio Crasnoiarensi]] terminos terrestres habet, in septentrione sua autem a [[mare|maribus]] [[mare Lapteviorum|Lapteviorum]] et [[mare Sibiricum Orientale|Siberico Orientali]] alluitur, quae maria [[insulae Sibiriae Novae|insulis Sibiriae Novae]], [[fretum Demetrii Laptevii|freto Demetrii Laptevii]] a [[continens|terra continente]] divisis, separata sunt. Aream 3&thinsp;103&thinsp;200 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]] habens, Iacutia est amplissimum Foederationis Russicae subiectum. Circa 960 milia incolarum habet (anno [[2016]]), quorum fere 50 centesimae gente [[Iacuti]], fere 38 centesimae autem [[Russi]] sunt. [[Lingua publica|Linguae publicae]] sunt [[lingua Iacutica|Iacutica]] et [[lingua Russica|Russica]]. ==Flumina== Flumina Iacutiae ad [[pelvis siccationis|pelvim siccationis]] [[Oceanus Glacialis|Oceani Arctici]] pertinent; flumina maxima, quae in oceanum influunt, sunt (ab occidente ad orientem enumerata): {{div col|2}} * [[Anabira]], * [[Olenecus]], * [[Lena]], * [[Iana]], * [[Indigirca]] * [[Alazea]] * [[Colyma]] (cum [[Omolon]]e accola). {{div col end}} Horum fluminum maxima est [[Lena]]. Eius confluentes sunt [[Aldanus]] (cum [[Timpton]]e, [[Utschurus|Utschuro]], [[Maia (flumen)|Maia]], [[Iudoma]] et [[Amga]]), [[Olecma]], [[Talba]], [[Wiluius]] (cum [[Marcha (flumen)|Marcha]]) et [[Witimus]]. ==Montes== Iacutiae partes septentrionalis et orientalis montuosa est. [[Montes Verchoianenses]] et [[Iugum Czerskii]], ambo alti et frigidi, in parte septentrio-orientali Iacutiae patent. In iugo Czerskii montes Iacutiae et omnis Russiae boreorientalis siti sunt, quorum cacumen elatissimum [[Victoria (mons)|Victoria]] est. [[Planities montana Iano-Oimiakonica]] hos montes et [[Suntar Chaiata]] coningit. Systema montanum [[Suntar Chaiata]] (cum [[Iugum Iudomense|iugo Iudomensi]]) in parte orientali Iacutiae et in [[territorium Fortunianum|territorio Fortuniano]] sita sunt. In meridie [[iugum Palmarium]] Iacutiam a [[regio Amurensis|regione Amurensi]] separat; iugo Palmario [[planities montana Aldanica]] adiacet. Partem Iacutiae occidentalem [[planities elevata Sibiriae Mediae]] occupat, cuius pars [[planities elata Viluica]] est. ==Urbes== Caput rei publicae Iacutiae est [[Iacutia (urbs)|urbs Iacutia]] (vulgo ''Jakutsk''). Urbs secunda a maxima est [[Neriungri]]. [[Tiksi]] [[colonia urbana]] portus [[mare Lapteviorum|maris Lapteviorum]] prope ad [[delta Lenae]] situs est et [[Czerski]] prope ad delta [[Colyma]]e et [[mare Sibiricum Orientale]]. Castella Colymensia tria, [[castellum Colymense Inferius|Inferius]], [[castellum Colymense Medium|Medium]] et [[castellum Colymense Superius|Superius]], ad Colymam sita sunt. == Notae == <references /> ==Nexus interni== *[[2607 Yakutia]] == Nexus externi == {{fontes geographici}} {{CommuniaCat|Sakha Republic|rem publicam Iacutiam}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110222084119/http://www.sakha.gov.ru/ Situs interretialis administrationis rei publicae Iacutiae] [[Categoria:Iacutia|!]] jshd7dlu7f2q0ilpiskmm6z2etdoig6 0 90388 3983437 3592159 2026-08-24T14:32:45Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Carpi - Modena.jpg|thumb|Carpum]] '''Carpum'''<ref name="graesse" /><ref>[https://books.google.it/books?id=kYhPAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=it#v=onepage&q&f=false Dizionario topografico-storico degli stati Estensi. Opera postuma. - Modena, tipogr. Camerale 1824-25 (Google eBook) - Girolamo Tiraboschi, tipogr. Camerale, 1825]</ref><ref>F. Ferrari, [https://books.google.it/books?id=JTLXWupIlxgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=it&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=barium&f=false ''Lexicon geographicum'',] 1667</ref> {{victio|Carpum|i|n}} seu '''Carpium'''<ref name="graesse">{{Graesse}}}</ref><ref> Il mondo antico, moderno, e novissimo, ovvero, Breve trattato dell' antica e moderna geografia: con tutte le novità occorse circa la mutazione de' dominj stabiliti nelle Paci di Utrecht, Bada, Passarowitz, ec. : opera utile tanto a' principianti, quanto a tutti i dilettanti della studio geografico. Antonio Chiusole. Appresso Giambattista Recurti, 1722</ref> {{victio|Carpium|ii|n}} (alia nomina: ''Castrum Carpi'', ''Carpense Castrum''<ref name="graesse" />) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Carpi|Carpi]]'') est [[Urbes Italiae|Urbs]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 70&thinsp;420 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Aemilia-Romania]] et in [[Provincia Mutinensis|Provincia Mutinensi]] situm. Urbani ''Carpenses''<ref name="graesse" /> vel ''Carpienses'' appellantur. == Insignia == <gallery> Fasciculus:Corona di città.svg|''[[Urbs Italiae]]''<ref>D.P.R. [[13 Martii]] [[1964]]</ref> Fasciculus:Valor militare silver medal BAR.svg|''[[Urbs nomismate argenteo ob virtutem militarem decorata]]''<ref>http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=161454</ref> </gallery> == Geographia == * [[Aemilia]] (''terra''), == Historia == * [[Ducatus Mutinensis Regiensis et Carpiensis]] * [[Principatus Carpiensis]] == Cives clari == * [[Iacobus Berengarius Carpensis]] (circa [[1470]] - [[1530]]). * [[Bernardinus Ramazzinus]] ([[1633]]-[[1714]]), clarus [[medicus]]. * [[Zeno Saltini]] ([[1900]] - [[1981]]), [[presbyter]], [[paedagogus]] [[Italia|Italicus]] et conditor comunitatis [[Nomadelfia]]e. == Ecclesia Catholica Romana == Castrum Carpi [[sedes episcopalis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]] est. Nomen sedis episcopalis [[Dioecesis Carpensis]] est. == Ludi athletici == [[Carpi F.C. 1909]] [[Pediludium|pediludii]] urbis Carpii turma est. == Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio == === Fractiones === ''Budrione, Cantone di Gargallo, Cibeno Pile, Cortile, Fossoli, Gargallo, Lama di Quartirolo, Migliarina Roma, Osteriola, San Marino, Santa Croce''. == Municipia finitima == * [[Campus Gallianus]], * [[Castrum Nove]], * [[Cavedicium]], * [[Corrigium]] ([[Provincia Regiensis|RE]]), * [[Fabricum]] ([[Provincia Regiensis|RE]]), * [[Fanum Sancti Georgii ad Rivum]] ([[Provincia Regiensis|RE]]), * ''[[Mutina]]'', * [[Rolum]] ([[Provincia Regiensis|RE]]), * [[Fanum Sancti Prosperi de Roncalleis]], * [[Soleria]]. == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Aemilia-Romania]] (''regio''), * [[Aemilia]] (''terra''), * [[Provincia Mutinensis]], * [[Mutina]] (''urbs''), * [[Urbes Italiae]]. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201127031758/https://www.comune.carpi.mo.it/ Situs publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}} {{CommuniaCat|Carpi|Carpum}} {{fontes geographici}} == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Imago:Map_of_comune_of_Carpi_(province_of_Modena,_region_Emilia-Romagna,_Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Mutinensi. Imago:Palazzo dei Pio Carpi.jpg|Palatium "Del Pio". </gallery> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Carpium|!]] kak77qgz1bqllgy35aa49zqho3tspwr 14 101324 3983445 2609281 2026-08-24T14:49:23Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Delta fluminis]] 3983445 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Nilus]] [[Categoria:Regiones Aegypti]] [[Categoria:Res geographicae Aegypti]] [[Categoria:Delta fluminis]] fd3n0es3phmtubc2c8ue9u8kcfjxzf6 0 105050 3983563 3740970 2026-08-25T06:16:18Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Gekkonidae | fossil_range={{fossil range|50|0|r=[[Eocaenum]] > [[Recens]]<ref>{{cite web|title=A 100 million year old gecko with sophisticated adhesive toe pads, preserved in amber from Myanmar (abstract)|author=[[E. Nicholas Arnold|Arnold, E.N.]], & [[George Poinar|Poinar, G.]]|publisher=[[Zootaxa]]|url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/z01847p068f.pdf|date=2008|accessdate=August 12, 2009}}.</ref>}} | image = Phelsuma_l._laticauda.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Phelsuma laticauda|Phelsuma laticauda laticauda]]'' | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Squamata]] | subordo = [[Bifurcata]] | infraordo = [[Gekkota]] | familia = '''Gekkonidae''' | familia_authority = [[Ioannes Eduardus Gray|Gray]], [[1825]] | subdivision_ranks = Subfamiliae | subdivision = [[Aeluroscalabotinae]]<br /> [[Eublepharinae]]<br /> [[Gekkoninae]]<br /> [[Teratoscincus|Teratoscincinae]]<br /> [[Diplodactylinae]]}} '''Gekkonidae''' sunt familia [[Squamata]] magnitudinibus parvis ac mediis (et [[Varanidae|Varanidarum]] gratia et ampliis), in regionibus [[Clima|caeli]] calidi per orbem terrarum [[endemismus|endemica]]. Eis solis inter Squamatis [[vox]] est, et eae ad similibus communicandum utuntur. Circa duo milia [[Species (taxinomia)|specierum]] exstant, et verisimile est multas iam inventas iri. Nomen ''gekko,'' e quo familia nuncupata est, verbum [[lingua Indonesia|Indonesium]]<!--Secundum vicipaedam Anglicam--> [[Onomatopoeia|onomatipoeicum]] est, cum vocem eorum [[Animal]]ium imitatur. [[Fasciculus:Gecko foot on glass.JPG|thumb|left|150px|Pes Gekkonidarum vitrum rectum ascendit]] Omnes Gekkonidae, subfamilia [[Eublepharinae|Eublepharinarum]] exclusa, [[Palpebra|palpebris]] carent, et potius habent [[membrana]]m [[Perluciditas|perlucidam]] [[Oculus|oculum]] tegentem, quam ad purgandam lingunt. Multae species se defendentes materiem foedam olfactu et [[faeces]] adversus oppugnatores eiciunt, multaeque species [[cauda]]s defensionis causa demittunt—ratio [[autotomia]] appellata. Plurimae species ob proprios pulvinulos pedis celebratae sunt, qui cuius gratia eis licet superficies terites rectasque ascendere, et adeo tecta umbratilia facile transire ([[vis Waalsiana]] huic facilitati adiuvare putatur). Hanc proprietatem plures homines noverunt qui zonas torridas habitant, et Gekkonidas benignos hospites quasique familiares domi accipiunt, etiam quia [[Insecta|Insectis]] vescuntur, [[Culicidae|Culicidis]] inclusis. Nota est maxima species, ''[[Hoplodactylus delcourti]],'' uno ex specimine farto in cella musei [[Massilia]]e in [[Francogallia]] condito descripta, et uno observatione confirmata in loco agresti anno [[1870]]. Haec species, 60&nbsp;cm longa, fuit [[endemismus|endemica]] in [[Nova Zelandia]], ubi in vernaculis habitabat [[Silva|silvis]]. Probabiliter exstincta facta est cum multis harum insularum [[fauna|faunis]] [[Saeculum 19|saeculo undevicensimo]] exeunte, cum novae [[Mammalia praedantia|species invadentes]], sicut ''[[Rattus|Ratti]]'' et ''[[Mustela erminea|Mustelae]]'', in terram tempore [[colonizatio]]nis [[Europa]]eae introductae essent. Minimum familiae membrum ''[[Sphaerodactylus ariasae]],'' 16&nbsp;mm tantum longa, in parva [[insula]] ante litus [[Respublica Dominicana|Reipublicae Dominicanae]] anno [[2001]] reperta est.<ref>Ross Piper, ''Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals'' ([[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]], 2007).</ref> == Taxinomia == [[Familia (taxinomia)|Familia]] Gekkonidarum divisa est in quinque subfamilias, quae permulta [[genus (taxinomia)|genera]] continent. * Subfamilia [[Aeluroscalabotes felinus|Aeluroscalabotinae]] ** Genus unum ''[[Aeluroscalabotes]]'', una species ''[[Aeluroscalabotes felinus|A. felinus]]'', in [[Asia Meridio-Orientalis|Asia Meridio-Orientali]] reperta * Subfamilia [[Diplodactylinae]], septendecim genera, in [[Oceania]] reperta ** Genus ''[[Bavayia]]'' ** Genus ''[[Carphodactylus]]'' ** Genus ''[[Crenadactylus]]'' ** Genus ''[[Diplodactylus]]'' ** Genus ''[[Eurydactylodes]]'' ** Genus ''[[Hoplodactylus]]'' ** Genus ''[[Lucasium]]'' ** Genus ''[[Naultinus]]'' ** Genus ''[[Nephrurus]]'' ** Genus ''[[Oedura]]'' ** Genus ''[[Phyllurus]]'' ** Genus ''[[Pseudothecadactylus]]'' ** Genus ''[[Rhacodactylus]]'' ** Genus ''[[Rhynchoedura]]'' ** Genus ''[[Saltuarius]]'' ** Genus ''[[Strophurus]]'' ** Genus ''[[Underwoodisaurus]]'' [[Fasciculus:Uroplatus fimbriatus (3).jpg|thumb|''[[Uroplatus fimbriatus]]'' vitro adhaerescit.]] [[Fasciculus:Dwarf Yellow-headed gecko edit.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[Lygodactylus luteopicturatus]],'' in urbe ''Dar es Salaam'' [[Tanzania]]e]] * Subfamilia [[Eublepharinae]], quinque genera ** Genus ''[[Coleonyx]]'' ** Genus ''[[Eublepharis]]'' ** Genus ''[[Goniurosaurus]]'' ** Genus ''[[Hemitheconyx]]'' ** Genus ''[[Holodactylus]]'' * Subfamilia [[Gekkoninae]], 74 genera per omnem orbis terrarum inventa; nonnulla maximorum generum sunt: ** Genus ''[[Gehyra]]'' ** Genus ''[[Gekko]]'', Gekkonidarum genus typicum ** Genus ''[[Hemidactylus]]'' ** Genus ''[[Phelsuma]]'', plurima in [[Madagascaria]] endemica ** Genus ''[[Phyllodactylus]]'' ** ... * Subfamilia [[Teratoscincinae]] ** Genus ''[[Teratoscincus]]'', septem speciebus constans == [[Cladogramma]] == Nonnullae species, olim inter Gekkonidas collocatae, hodie in varias familias distributae sunt nuper creatas; secundum Vidal et Hedges (2005) vera Gekkonidarum phylogenesis est: ─o [[Bifurcata]] [[Nicolaus Vidal|Vidal]] & [[Blairus Hedges|Hedges]], [[2005]] ├─o [[Gekkota]] │ ├─o [[Pygopodomorpha]] [[Nicolaus Vidal|Vidal]] & [[Blairus Hedges|Hedges]], [[2005]] │ │ ├── [[Pygopodidae]] │ │ ├── [[Carphodactylidae]] │ │ └── [[Diplodactylidae]] │ └─o [[Gekkomorpha]] [[Nicolaus Vidal|Vidal]] & [[Blairus Hedges|Hedges]], [[2005]] │ ├── [[Eublepharidae]] │ └─┬─┬── [[Phyllodactylidae]] │ │ └── Gekkonidae [[Ioannes Eduardus Gray|Gray]], [[1825]] │ └── [[Sphaerodactylidae]] └─o [[Unidentata]] [[Nicolaus Vidal|Vidal]] & [[Blairus Hedges|Hedges]], [[2005]] Gekkota (Gekkonidae similiaque) linguam bifidam habent, ergo inter Bifurcata ponuntur, sed [[dentes ovi]] duos habent, non unum, ergo extra Unidentata sunt. == Gekkonidae communes == [[Fasciculus:Gold dust day gecko at flower-edit1.jpg|thumb|left|''Phelsuma laticauda laticauda'' [[nectar]] ex [[flos|flore]] plantae ''[[Strelitzia]]e'' lingit.]] * ''[[Pachydactylus]]'', genus gekkonidarum cui sunt multae species * ''[[Pachydactylus bibroni]],'' in Africa Australi endemica<!-- this hardy [[arboreal locomotion|arboreal]] gecko is considered a household pest. * ''[[Tarentola mauritanica]]'' — very strong and heavily built for their size usually growing up to 15&nbsp;cm (6&nbsp;in). They are commonly found in the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] region from the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and southern [[France]] to [[Greece]] and [[North Africa|northern Africa]]. Their most distinguishing characteristic is their pointed head and spiked skin with their tail resembling that of a [[crocodile]]'s. *''[[Cyrtopodion]]'', genus of geckos of which there are many species. **''[[Cyrtopodion brachykolon]]''; commonly known as "bent-toed gecko", found in north-western [[Pakistan]]. * ''[[Rhacodactylus]],'' genus of Geckos of which there are a few species. ** ''[[Rhacodactylus sarasinorum]],'' belonging to the genus ''Rhacodactylus''. ** ''[[Rhacodactylus ciliatus]],'' believed extinct until rediscovered in 1994. Gaining in popularity as a pet. ** ''[[Rhacodactylus auriculatus]],'' commonly known as the New Caledonian bumpy gecko or gargoyle gecko. * ''[[Phelsuma laticauda laticauda]]'' (Boettger, 1880) (syn. ''Pachydactylus laticauda'' Boettger, 1880)) is a diurnal subspecies of geckos. It lives in northern Madagascar and on the Comoros. * ''[[Gekko ulikovskii]],'' native to the warm rainforests of [[Vietnamia]]. * ''[[Hemidactylus]]'', genus of geckos of which many varieties belong. ** ''[[Hemidactylus frenatus]],'' a species that thrives around man and human habitation structures in the tropics and subtropics worldwide. ** ''[[Hemidactylus garnotii]],''also known as a ''fox gecko'' because of its long, narrow snout. This species is found in houses throughout the tropics. This gecko may eat [[leafcutter ant]]s. * ''[[Rhacodactylus leachianus]],''first described by Cuvier in 1829, is the largest of the ''[[Rhacodactylus]]'' geckos. * ''[[Eublepharis macularius]],'' the most common gecko kept as a pet. It does not have toe pads with setae, but claws, which enable it more easily to climb rough surfaces like tree bark. This gecko cannot climb the glass of a [[vivarium|terrarium]]. The leopard gecko tends to be docile and calm. This gecko can eat [[butterworm]]s, [[cockroach]]es, [[cricket (insect)|cricket]]s, [[mealworm]]s, [[waxworm]]s, [[zophobas morio|superworm]]s, and pink mice. * ''[[Hemidactylus turcicus]],'' residential and wild, introduced species (USA).--> * ''[[Lepidodactylus lugubris]]'', in Asia Orientali et Oceano Pacifico endemica<!-- now equally at home in the wild as in residential neighborhoods. Found in [[Hawaiian Islands|Hawaii]], it may have been an early Polynesian introduction. A parthenogenic species. There is a report from Hawaii of someone having seen a larger gecko of this type eating a smaller one (or rather, running away from view with a smaller gecko halfway out of its mouth) on three or more occasions. --> * ''[[Ptychozoon]]'' genus gekkonidarum arborearum in Asia Meridio-Orientali endemica<!-- has wing-like flaps from the neck to the upper leg, to help it conceal itself on trees and provide lift while jumping.--> * ''[[Gehyra mutilata]]'' (''Peropus mutilatus''), in nonnullis linguis ''gheckl'' appellata.<!-- It can vary its color from very light to very dark to blend into a background; at home in the wild as well as in residential neighborhoods. +* ''[[Hemiphyllodactylus typus]],'' species [[arbor]]ea, forest dwellers. * ''[[Gekko gecko]],'' a large, common, [[Southeast Asia]]n gecko known for its aggressive temperament, loud mating calls, and bright markings. --> * ''[[Coleonyx variegatus]],'' in meridio-orientalibus [[CFA|Civitatibus Foederatis]] et septentrio-occidentali [[Mexicum|Mexico]] endemica. * ''[[Sphaerodactylus ariasae]],'' in [[Insulae Caribicae|Insulis Caribaicis]] endemica, et minimum orbis terrarum [[Lacertilia|lacertile]] {{NexInt}} [[Fasciculus:LizardFemoralPoresRooij.png|thumb|150px|Foramina in [[cutis|cute]] saepe ad classificandum adhibentur.]] [[Fasciculus:Mediterranean house gecko.JPG|thumb|200px|''[[Hemidactylus turcicus]]'']] * [[Geckel]] ==Notae==<!-- Zootaxa1847:62. [the proper peer-reviewed reference for Cretaceogecko. Should replace unreliable news item] --> <references /> == Bibliographia == * Forbes, Peter. [[2005]]. ''The Gecko's Foot—Bio Inspiration: Engineered from Nature.'' Londini: 4th Estate. ISBN 0-00-717990-1. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Gekkonidae|Gekkonidas}} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6967474.stm Artificiales Gekkonidarum pedes pro veste "Viri aranei" (BBC 2007-08-28)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210513041500/http://geckocare.net/ De curatione Gekkonidarum] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090331205002/http://www.gecko-conservation.org/ Geckonidarum tutela] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090514071404/http://www.jcvi.org/reptiles/families/gekkonidae.php Gekkonidae] apud jcvi.org * [http://www.gekkota.com Mundana Gekkonidarum Consociatio, cum imaginibus, "caresheets," indice specierum] * [http://www.flickr.com/photos/thirtypounces/54014101/ Imagines anatomiae Gekkonidarum] * [http://www.null-hypothesis.co.uk/science/reviews/books/geckos_foot_peter_forbes_reviewed Pes Gekkonidarum] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070925041306/http://www.lclark.edu/~autumn/dept/geckostory.html Quomodo Gekkonidae parieti adhaerescant] [[Categoria:Animalia urbana]] [[Categoria:Reptilia dilecta]] [[Categoria:Gekkonidae|!]] [[Categoria:Taxa Gray]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1825]] j7obbwaxpvjva3r1k3aqta5keyqjy3t 0 111265 3983462 3978734 2026-08-24T15:55:13Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* October */ 3983462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{De Religione Romana}} Ecce index '''feriarum Romanarum''' die ordinatus. Feriae quaedam tempore diverso institutae sunt, itaque si possibile est tempus instituendi scribitur. == Ianuarius == * [[1 Ianuarii]] : [[Kalendae]] Ianuarii. * [[2 Ianuarii]] : [[Compitalia]], dedicata [[Lar|Laribus Compitalibus]], dis minoribus compitorum. * [[9 Ianuarii]] : [[Agonalia]] prima, dedicata [[Ianus|Iano]] vel [[Agonius|Agonio]]. * [[11 Ianuarii|11]] et [[15 Ianuarii]] : [[Carmentalia]], dedicata [[Carmenta]]e, deae partus et praedictionis. * [[24 Ianuarii|24]] — [[26 Ianuarii]] : [[Sementivae]] (sed rure [[Paganalia]]), sacra sementis, dedicata [[Ceres (dea)|Cereri]], deae agriculturae. == Februarius == * [[13 Februarii|13]] — [[15 Februarii]] : [[Lupercalia]], ut animas malas avertat et urbem purificat, dedicata [[Lupercus|Luperco]], deo pastorum, et [[Lupa Capitolina|Lupae Capitolinae]], lupa quae [[Romulus|Romulum]] et [[Remus|Remum]] uberibus suis sustinuit. * [[13 Februarii|13]] — [[22 Februarii]] : [[Parentalia]], dedicata dis parentibus. * [[17 Februarii]] : [[Quirinalia]], dedicata [[Quirinus|Quirino]], deo [[Sabini]]ani belli (et recentiore, [[Romulus|Romulo]] consecrato). * [[21 Februarii]] : [[Feralia]], dedicata [[Manes|Manibus]], animis mortuorum. * [[22 Februarii]] : [[Caristia]], ut cognati cenam communem faciant donaque mutua dent. * [[23 Februarii]] : [[Terminalia]], ut [[terminus|terminos]] consecrat, dedicata [[Terminus (mythologia Romana)|Termino]], deo terminorum. * [[24 Februarii]] : [[Regifugium]], cum [[rex sacrorum]] [[comitia|comitiis]] victimam immolaverat et statim fugae se dedit. * [[27 Februarii]] : [[Equirria]] prima, ut exercitum consecrat sustineatque, dedicata [[Mars (deus)|Marti]], deo belli. == Martius == * [[1 Martii]] : [[Matronalia]], ut uxores celebret, dedicata [[Iuno]]ni, deae matrimonii. * [[1 Martii]] : [[Feriae Martis]], dedicata [[Mars (deus)|Marti]], deo belli, cui hic mensis appellatur. * [[5 Martii]] [[Navigium Isidis]] in honorem deae Aegyptiae [[Isis|Isidis]], maritimae navigationis post hiemem denuo apertae celebrandae causa. * [[14 Martii]] : [[Equirria]] secunda, ut exercitum consecret sustineatque, dedicata [[Mars (deus)|Marti]], deo belli. * [[15 Martii|15]] et [[16 Martii]] : [[Bacchanalia]], ut omnes cerrito vel ebrio gerant, dedicata [[Bacchus|Baccho]], deo vini. * [[17 Martii]] : [[Agonalia]] secunda, dedicata [[Mars (deus)|Marti]], deo belli. * [[17 Martii]] : [[Liberalia]], in honorem [[Bacchus|Liberi patris]] cum [[Libera (dea)|Libera]]. * [[19 Martii]] : [[Quinquatria]], ne [[vulnus]] infligat, dedicata [[Minerva]]e, deae sapientiae, belli, et pacis. Recentior, ad 23 Mar. cum quattuor diebus ludorum gladiatoriorum. * [[23 Martii]] : [[Tubilustrium]], ut exercitum bello praeparet, dedicata [[Mars (deus)|Marti]], deo belli. * [[25 Martii]] : [[Hilaria]] in honorem Magnae Matris deum ([[Cybele]]). Quo die comes a dea amatus, [[Attis]], renascebatur. * [[30 Martii]] : sacra [[Hygieia|Salutis]]. == Aprilis == * [[1 Aprilis]] : [[Veneralia]], ut mulieres auxilium divinum in amore accipiat, dedicata [[Venus (dea)|Veneri]], deae amoris. * [[4 Aprilis|4]] — [[10 Aprilis]] : [[Ludi Megalenses]] seu Megalesia, dedicata [[Cybele|Cybelae]], matri magnae deorum (ab [[191 a.C.n.]]). * [[12 Aprilis|12]] — [[19 Aprilis]] : [[Cerialia]], dedicata [[Ceres (dea)|Cereri]], deae agriculturae (ab [[202 a.C.n.]]). * [[15 Aprilis]] : [[Fordicidia]], dedicata [[Tellus (dea)|Telluri]], prosopopoeiae [[Terra (planeta)|Terrae]]. * [[21 Aprilis]] : [[Parilia]], ut pastores et oves purgentur, dedicata [[Pales|Pali]], deae pascuorum et pastoriciae artis. * [[23 Aprilis]] : [[Vinalia]] prima aut Urbana, degustandi vini novi causa in honorem Iovis instituta, postea etiam [[Venus (dea)|Veneris]]. * [[25 Aprilis]] : [[Robigalia]], ut fruges a robigine tueatur, dedicata [[Robigus|Robigo]], deo qui fruges a robigine tuebatur. * [[28 Aprilis]] — [[3 Maii]] : [[Floralia]], ut renovationem circuli vitae significet, dedicata [[Flora (dea)|Florae]], deae florum et veris. == Maius == * [[1 Maii]] : [[Sacra Bonae Deae]] prima, deae castitatis et fertilitatis mulierum. * [[9 Maii|9]], [[11 Maii|11]], [[13 Maii]] : [[Lemuralia]], ut lemures, mortui inquieti, propitiantur. * [[15 Maii]] : [[Mercuralia]], ut commercium fortunet, dedicata [[Mercurius (deus)|Mercurio]], deo mercaturae lucrique commerciique. * [[21 Maii]] : [[Agonalia]] tertia, dedicata [[Veiovis|Veiovi]]. == Iunius == * [[3 Iunii]] : sacra [[Bellona]]e, deae belli. * [[7 Iunii|7]] — [[15 Iunii]] : [[Vestalia]], dedicata [[Vesta]]e, deae familiae et ignis. * [[11 Iunii]] : [[Matralia]], dedicata [[Mater Matuta|Matri Matutae]] * [[13 Iunii]] : [[Quinquatrus minusculae|Quinquatria Minuscula]], dedicata [[Minerva]]e, deae sapientiae, belli, et pacis. * [[19 Iunii]] : [[Adonia]], ut mulieres mortem [[Adonis]] maereant, dedicata Adoni, deo novi ortus et florae. * [[20 Iunii]] : sacra [[Summanus|Summani]], dei tonitrus nocturni. == Iulius == * [[5 Iulii]] : [[Poplifugia]], ut fugam Romanorum post [[Proelium Alliae]] celebret, dedicata [[Iuppiter|Iovi]], patri deorum et hominum. * [[6 Iulii|6]] — [[13 Iulii]] : [[Ludi Apollinares]], dedicata [[Apollo|Apollini]], deo vaticinationis, musicae, iuventutis, scientiae, medicinae et solis (ab [[208 a.C.n.]]). * [[7 Iulii]] : [[Nonae Caprotinae]], ob victoriam Romanorum de finitimis populis post [[Proelium Alliae|cladem Alliensem]], [[Iuno]]ni Caprotinae, deae matrimonii, celebratae. Item feriae [[Pales|Palibus II]]<ref>[[Fasti|Fasti Antiates Maiores]]</ref> et sacrum ad aram [[Consus|Consi]]<ref>[[Tertullianus]] ''de Spectaculis'' V,7.</ref> * [[8 Iulii]] : [[Vitulatio]], ut [[Vitula]]e primitiae offerantur. * [[9 Iulii]] : [[Caprotinia]], festi [[Iuno]]nis Caprotinae, dea matrimonii. * [[15 Iulii]] : [[Transvectio equitum]] * [[19 Iulii|19]] et [[21 Iulii]] : [[Lucaria]], festus, ut Romanos in silva abdendos post [[Proelium Alliae]] celebret.<ref>''[[Fasti Amiterni]]''</ref> * [[23 Iulii]] : [[Neptunalia]], dedicata [[Neptunus (deus)|Neptuno]], deo oceanorum et marium ut [[Posidon]] Graecus, antiquitus apud Italicos et Celtas etiam aquarum dulcium. * [[25 Iulii]] : [[Furrinalia]] in honorem deae [[Furrina]]e == Augustus == * [[10 Augusti|10]] aut [[25 Augusti]] : [[Opalia]] prima, dedicata [[Ops|Opi]], deae fertilitatis. * [[13 Augusti]] : [[Vertumnalia]], dedicata [[Vertumnus|Vertumno]], deo tempestatum, horti, et arborum fructuariarum. * [[13 Augusti|13]] — [[15 Augusti]] (aut luna plena Augusti) : [[Nemoralia]], dedicata [[Diana]]e, deae silvarum, animalium, venatus necnon lunae. * [[17 Augusti]] : [[Portumnalia]], dedicata [[Portunus|Portuno]], deo portuum et portarum. * [[19 Augusti]] : [[Vinalia]] altera Rustica dicta, in honorem Iovis leniendarum tempestatum causa sed etiam postea [[Venus (dea)|Veneris]]. * [[21 Augusti]] : [[Consualia]] prima, dedicata [[Consus|Conso]], deo et defensori [[frumentum|frumentorum]] et [[horreum|horreorum]]. * [[23 Augusti]] : [[Vulcanalia]], dedicata [[Vulcanus (mythologia)|Vulcano]], deo ignis. *[[25 Augusti]] : [[Opiconsivia]] in honorem deae [[Ops|Opis]] * [[27 Augusti]] : [[Volturnalia]], dedicata [[Volturnus|Volturno]], deo aquarum et fontum. * [[28 Augusti]] : sacra Solis, dedicata [[Sol (deus)|Soli]], deus [[Sol]]is. == September == * [[4 Septembris|4]] — [[19 Septembris]] : [[Ludi Romani]], dedicata [[Iuppiter|Iovi]], patri deorum et hominum (ab [[366 a.C.n.]]). * [[13 Septembris]] : [[Epulum Iovis]] prima, dedicata [[Iuppiter|Iovi]], patri deorum et hominum. * [[26 Septembris]] : sacra [[Templum Veneris Genetricis|Veneris Genetricis]], deae amoris, matris [[gens Iulia|gentis Iuliae]] et omnium Romanorum. == October == * [[4 Octobris]] : [[Ieiunium Cereris]], dedicata [[Ceres (dea)|Cereri]], deae agriculturae (ab [[191 a.C.n.]]). * [[11 Octobris]] : [[Meditrinalia]], ut gratias vino novo referat, dedicata [[Meditrina]]e, deae salutis. *[[12 Octobris]] : [[Augustalia]] * [[13 Octobris]] : [[Fontinalia]], dedicata [[Fontus|Fonto]], deo fontium. * [[15 Octobris]] : [[Equus October]] * [[19 Octobris]] : [[Armilustrium]], ut armas purget et reponat, dedicatum [[Mars (deus)|Marti]], deo belli. == November == * [[4 Novembris|4]] — [[17 Novembris]] : [[Ludi Plebeii]]. * [[13 Novembris]] : [[Epulum Iovis]] secunda, dedicata [[Iuppiter|Iovi]], patri deorum et hominum. * [[15 Novembris]] : sacra [[Feronia]]e, deae fertilitatis et abundantiae. == December == * [[4 Decembris]] : [[Sacra Bonae Deae]] altera, deae castitatis et fertilitatis mulierum. * [[5 Decembris]] : [[Faunalia]], dedicata [[Faunus|Fauno]], deo agrestis et pastoralis. * [[11 Decembris]] : [[Agonalia]] quarta, dedicata [[Sol (deus)|Soli]] Indigi. * [[15 Decembris]] : [[Consualia]] secunda, dedicata [[Consus|Conso]], deo et defensori [[frumentum|frumentorum]] et [[horreum|horreorum]]. * [[17 Decembris|17]] — [[23 Decembris]] : [[Saturnalia]], ut manducet, bibet, et gaudeat, dedicata [[Saturnus (deus)|Saturno]], deo agriculturae et messis (ab [[217 a.C.n.]]). * [[18 Decembris]] : [[Eponalia]], dedicata [[Epona]]e, deae fertilitatis et defensori equorum et asinorum. * [[19 Decembris]] : [[Opalia]] secunda, dedicata [[Ops|Opi]], deae fertilitatis. * [[21 Decembris]] : [[Divalia]], dedicata [[Angerona]]e, deae tristis dolorisque virorum levandi. * [[23 Decembris]] : [[Larentalia]], dedicata [[Acca Larentia|Larentiae]] vel Larundae, deae mortuorum. * [[25 Decembris]] : [[Sol_invictus#Dies_natalis|Dies Natalis Solis Invicti]], sacra [[Sol (deus)|Solis]] Invicti * [[25 Decembris]] : [[Brumalia]], dedicata [[Bacchus|Baccho]], deo vini. == Bibliographia == *{{Cite book |last=Fowler |first=W. Warde |title=The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic: An Introduction to the Study of the Religion of the Romans |url=https://archive.org/details/romanfestivalsp00fowlgoog |year=1899 |publisher=Macmillan |location=Londinii }} [http://www.archive.org/details/romanfestivalsof00fowluoft Textus apud archive.org] * [[Georgius Dumézil]], ''Fêtes romaines d'été et d'automne ; suivi de Dix questions romaines'', Gallimard, 1975. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhr_0035-1423_1977_num_191_1_6571 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1977_num_55_2_3150_t1_0524_0000_2 Altera recensio critica] [https://books.google.fr/books?id=jbodAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] * Angelika König, Ingemar König: ''Der römische Festkalender der Republik.'' Reclam Wissen, Stuttgart 1991, ISBN 3-15-008693-0 * [[Jörg Rüpke]]: ''Kalender und Öffentlichkeit: Die Geschichte der Repräsentation und religiösen Qualifikation von Zeit in Rom''. de Gruyter, Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-11-014514-6 *{{Cite book |last=Scullard |first=H. H. |authorlink=Howard Hayes Scullard |title=Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic |url=https://archive.org/details/festivalsceremon0000scul |year=1981 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |location=Londinii |isbn=0-500-40041-5 }} * {{Smith-dgra}}: [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA/Religion/home.html Index commentationum de religione] ==Nexus interni== * [[Ludi publici Romani]] == Notae == <references /> {{Roma antiqua}} [[Categoria:Calendarium Romanum]] [[Categoria:Feriae Romanae|!]] 2mo6u1il253ws8qu9eoryhmyh1fshr6 0 122162 3983568 3593824 2026-08-25T08:23:00Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Collage Guidonia.jpg|thumb|Guidonia Castrum Monticellorum]] '''Guidonia Castrum Monticellorum''', etiam una '''Guidonia''' {{victio|Guidonia|ae|f}}, (olim unum ''Castrum Monticellorum'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Guidonia Montecelio|Guidonia Montecelio]]'') est [[Urbes Italiae|Urbs]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 88&thinsp;500 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Latium|Latio]] et in [[Urbs metropolitana Romae Capitis|Urbe metropolitana Romae Capitis]] situm. Urbani ''Guidoniopolitani'' vel ''Corniculani'' appellantur. == Insigne == <gallery> Fasciculus:Corona di città.svg|''[[Urbs Italiae]]''<ref>DPR [[4 Aprilis]] [[2011]]</ref> </gallery> === Sententia === Sententia urbis est: ''S.P.Q.C., Senatus PopulusQue Corniculanus''. == Historia == * [[Corniculum]] == Clari cives == === Mortui === * [[Alexander Guidoni]] == Aedificia egregia == * Turris Lictoria * Theatrum Imperiale == Ecclesia Catholica Romana == * [[Dioecesis Tiburtina]] == Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio == === Fractiones === * ''Albuccione'', * ''Bivio di Guidonia'', * ''Colle Fiorito'', * ''Colleverde'', * [[Guidonia]], * ''Marco Simone'', * ''Setteville Nord'', * [[Castrum Monticellorum]] (''Montecelio''), * ''Pichini'', * ''Setteville'', * ''Villalba'', * ''Villanova-La Botte''. == Municipia finitima == * [[Castrum de Marcellinis]], * [[Castrum Sancti Pauli in Jana]], * [[Fons Nova]], * [[Medullia (Latium)|Medullia]], * [[Palumbaria]], * ''[[Roma]]'', * [[Tibur]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Latium]] (''regio''), * [[Urbs metropolitana Romae Capitis|Urbem metropolitanam Romae Capitis]], * [[Provincia Romana|Provinciam Romanam]] (''provincia abrogata''), * [[Roma]]m (''urbs''), * [[Urbes Italiae]]. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722051429/http://www.comune.guidonia-montecelio.rm.it/ Situs publicus (Italice)] {{CommuniaCat|Guidonia Montecelio|Guidoniam Castrum Monticellorum}} == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Image:Map of comune of Guidonia Montecelio (province of Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Urbe metropolitana Romae Capitis. Imago:Comune di Roma e Guidonia.png|Municipium in Urbe metropolitana Romae Capitis. Imago:Montecelio.JPG|Despectus in Castrum Monticellorum. </gallery> == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Municipia in Urbe metropolitana Romae Capitis]] [[Categoria:Urbes Italiae conditae tempora fascistica]] [[Categoria:Urbes Italiae in Latio]] 2plx3q5utzp4gx1vfihchc5dcn0t2qv 0 123337 3983435 3520163 2026-08-24T13:40:45Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pro pagina discretiva vide|Capranica (discretiva)}} {{pro pagina discretiva vide|Capralica (discretiva)}} {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Capranica'''<ref>[http://books.google.it/books?id=pPJPhOnv7lwC&pg=PA176&lpg=PA176&dq=sarracinescum&source=bl&ots=qn1QrX-KlD&sig=y3ViIBuL5tT3lnCk0A6ioEs5LZc&hl=it&ei=SuTYTeZ2hsmzBrXJjfgC&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=polium&f=false Italy Illuminated: Liguria and Lombardy, Volume 1 Di Biondo Flavio,Biondo]</ref> {{victio|Capranica|ae|f}} vel '''Capralica''' {{victio|Capralica|ae|f}} (alia nomina: ''Capranica Praenestina'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Capranica Prenestina|Capranica Prenestina]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter &thinsp;351 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Latium|Latio]] et in [[Provincia Romana]] situm. Incolae ''Capranicenses'' appellantur. == Insigne == <gallery> Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]'' </gallery> == Municipia finitima == * [[Burgus Sancti Gregorii]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:San Gregorio da Sassola|San Gregorio da Sassola]]''), * [[Caecilianum]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Ciciliano|Ciciliano]]''), * [[Casa Corbola]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Casape|Casape]]''), * [[Castrum Poli]] vel [[Castrum Pauli]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Poli|Poli]]''), * [[Castrum Sancti Petri (Latium)]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Castel San Pietro Romano|Castel San Pietro Romano]]''), * [[Castrum Sancti Viti (Latium)]], interdum fortasse [[Vitellia]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:San Vito Romano|San Vito Romano]]''), * [[Genatianum]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Genazzano|Genazzano]]''), * [[Rocha Cavarum]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Rocca di Cave|Rocca di Cave]]''), * [[Vicus Pisonis]], deinde [[Piscianum]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Pisoniano|Pisoniano]]''). {{NexInt}} * [[Latium]], * [[Provincia Romana]], * [[Roma]] (''urbs''), * [[Municipium Italiae]]. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170708232439/http://www.comunecapranicaprenestina.it/ Situs publicus] {{CommuniaCat|Capranica Prenestina|Capranicam}} == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Image:Map of comune of Capranica Prenestina (province of Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii in Provincia Romana. </gallery> == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Municipia in Urbe metropolitana Romae Capitis]] p1wol94oa342vpp6idoqi8rrmf3r6rg 0 123776 3983486 3983350 2026-08-24T18:18:51Z Pippobuono 54500 nomen latinum 3983486 wikitext text/x-wiki Hic est index [[commune|communium]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] praefecturae [[Francia|Francicae]], cui subsunt communia 515 numero. [[Fasciculus:Vosges-Position.png|thumb|Situs praefecturae]] [[Fasciculus: Senones vu du Petit Paris.jpg|thumb|Despectus in ''[[ Senones ]]'']] {| class="wikitable sortable" ! [[INSEE|Numerus INSEE]] ! [[Numerus cursualis]] ! [[Commune]] |- | 88001 | 88270 | [[Les Ableuvenettes]] |- | 88002 | 88500 | [[Ahéville]] |- | 88003 | 88140 | [[Aingeville]] |- | 88004 | 88320 | [[Ainvelle (Vosegus)|Ainvelle]] |- | 88005 | 88110 | [[Allarmont]] |- | 88006 | 88500 | [[Ambacuria]] |- | 88007 | 88410 | [[Ameuvelle]] |- | 88008 | 88700 | [[Anglemont]] |- | 88009 | 88650 | [[Anould]] |- | 88010 | 88170 | [[Aouze]] |- | 88011 | 88380 | [[Arches (Vosegus)|Arches]] |- | 88012 | 88380 | [[Archettes]] |- | 88013 | 88170 | [[Aroffe]] |- | 88014 | 88430 | [[Arrentès-de-Corcieux]] |- | 88015 | 88300 | [[Attignéville]] |- | 88016 | 88260 | [[Attigny (Vosegus)|Attigny]] |- | 88017 | 88300 | [[Aulnois]] |- | 88018 | 88640 | [[Aumontzey]] |- | 88019 | 88300 | [[Autigny-la-Tour]] |- | 88020 | 88300 | [[Autreville (Vosegus)|Autreville]] |- | 88021 | 88700 | [[Autrey (Vosegus)|Autrey]] |- | 88022 | 88140 | [[Auzainvilliers]] |- | 88023 | 88500 | [[Avillers (Vosegus)|Avillers]] |- | 88024 | 88130 | [[Avrainville (Vosegus)|Avrainville]] |- | 88025 | 88630 | [[Avranville]] |- | 88026 | 88600 | [[Aydoilles]] |- | 88027 | 88330 | [[Badménil-aux-Bois]] |- | 88028 | 88460 | [[La Baffe]] |- | 88029 | 88240 | [[Bains-les-Bains]] |- | 88030 | 88270 | [[Bainville-aux-Saules]] |- | 88031 | 88170 | [[Balléville]] |- | 88032 | 88520 | [[Aquilina (Sanctus Deodatus)|Aquilina]] |- | 88033 | 88210 | [[Ban-de-Sapt]] |- | 88106 | 88230 | [[Ban-sur-Meurthe-Clefcy]] |- | 88035 | 88640 | [[Barbey-Seroux]] |- | 88036 | 88300 | [[Barville (Vosegus)|Barville]] |- | 88037 | 88120 | [[Basse-sur-le-Rupt]] |- | 88038 | 88130 | [[Battexey]] |- | 88039 | 88500 | [[Baudricourt]] |- | 88040 | 88150 | [[Bayecourt]] |- | 88041 | 88270 | [[Bazegney]] |- | 88042 | 88700 | [[Bazien]] |- | 88043 | 88500 | [[Bazoilles-et-Ménil]] |- | 88044 | 88300 | [[Bazoilles-sur-Meuse]] |- | 88045 | 88300 | [[Beaufremont]] |- | 88046 | 88600 | [[Beauménil]] |- | 88047 | 88270 | [[Begnécourt]] |- | 88048 | 88370 | [[Bellefontaine (Vosegus)|Bellefontaine]] |- | 88049 | 88260 | [[Belmont-lès-Darney]] |- | 88050 | 88600 | [[Belmont-sur-Buttant]] |- | 88051 | 88800 | [[Belmont-sur-Vair]] |- | 88052 | 88260 | [[Belrupt]] |- | 88053 | 88210 | [[Belval (Vosegus)|Belval]] |- | 88054 | 88520 | [[Bertrimoutier]] |- | 88055 | 88450 | [[Bettegney-Saint-Brice]] |- | 88056 | 88500 | [[Bettoncourt]] |- | 88057 | 88490 | [[Le Beulay]] |- | 88058 | 88170 | [[Biécourt]] |- | 88059 | 88430 | [[Biffontaine]] |- | 88060 | 88500 | [[Blémerey (Vosegus)|Blémerey]] |- | 88061 | 88410 | [[Bleurville]] |- | 88062 | 88320 | [[Blevaincourt]] |- | 88063 | 88270 | [[Bocquegney]] |- | 88064 | 88600 | [[Bois-de-Champ]] |- | 88065 | 88260 | [[Bonvillet]] |- | 88066 | 88500 | [[Boulaincourt]] |- | 88068 | 88470 | [[La Bourgonce]] |- | 88069 | 88270 | [[Bouxières-aux-Bois]] |- | 88070 | 88130 | [[Bouxurulles]] |- | 88071 | 88270 | [[Bouzemont]] |- | 88073 | 88130 | [[Brantigny]] |- | 88074 | 88350 | [[Brechainville]] |- | 88075 | 88250 | [[La Bresse]] |- | 88076 | 88600 | [[Brouvelieures]] |- | 88077 | 88700 | [[Brû]] |- | 88078 | 88600 | [[Bruyères]] |- | 88079 | 88140 | [[Boloniacivilla]] |- | 88080 | 88700 | [[Bult]] |- | 88081 | 88540 | [[Bussang]] |- | 88082 | 88110 | [[Celles-sur-Plaine]] |- | 88083 | 88300 | [[Certilleux]] |- | 88084 | 88130 | [[Chamagne]] |- | 88085 | 88640 | [[Champdray]] |- | 88086 | 88600 | [[Ducis Campus|Champ-le-Duc]] |- | 88087 | 88000 | [[Chantraine (commune)|Chantraine]] |- | 88088 | 88240 | [[La Chapelle-aux-Bois]] |- | 88089 | 88600 | [[La Chapelle-devant-Bruyères]] |- | 88090 | 88130 | [[Carpinia]] |- | 88091 | 88460 | [[Charmois-devant-Bruyères]] |- | 88092 | 88270 | [[Charmois-l'Orgueilleux]] |- | 88093 | 88210 | [[Châtas]] |- | 88094 | 88330 | [[Châtel-sur-Moselle]] |- | 88095 | 88170 | [[Châtenois (Vosegus)|Châtenois]] |- | 88096 | 88410 | [[Châtillon-sur-Saône]] |- | 88097 | 88500 | [[Chauffecourt]] |- | 88098 | 88390 | [[Chaumousey]] |- | 88099 | 88150 | [[Chavelot]] |- | 88100 | 88500 | [[Chef-Haut]] |- | 88101 | 88460 | [[Cheniménil]] |- | 88102 | 88630 | [[Chermisey]] |- | 88103 | 88270 | [[Circourt]] |- | 88104 | 88300 | [[Circourt-sur-Mouzon]] |- | 88105 | 88410 | [[Claudon]] |- | 88107 | 88630 | [[Clérey-la-Côte]] |- | 88108 | 88240 | [[Le Clerjus]] |- | 88109 | 88120 | [[Cleurie]] |- | 88110 | 88700 | [[Clézentaine]] |- | 88111 | 88100 | [[Coinches]] |- | 88113 | 88490 | [[Combrimont]] |- | 88114 | 88140 | [[Gundrecivilla]] |- | 88115 | 88430 | [[Corcieux]] |- | 88116 | 88310 | [[Cornimont]] |- | 88117 | 88170 | [[Courcelles-sous-Châtenois]] |- | 88118 | 88630 | [[Cussiacum (Vosegus)|Cussiacum]] |- | 88119 | 88140 | [[Crainvilliers]] |- | 88120 | 88520 | [[La Croix-aux-Mines]] |- | 88121 | 88330 | [[Damas-aux-Bois]] |- | 88122 | 88270 | [[Damas-et-Bettegney]] |- | 88123 | 88320 | [[Damblain]] |- | 88124 | 88260 | [[Darney]] |- | 88125 | 88170 | [[Darney-aux-Chênes]] |- | 88126 | 88390 | [[Darnieulles]] |- | 88127 | 88700 | [[Deinvillers]] |- | 88128 | 88210 | [[Denipaire]] |- | 88129 | 88270 | [[Derbamont]] |- | 88130 | 88600 | [[Destord]] |- | 88131 | 88600 | [[Deycimont]] |- | 88132 | 88000 | [[Deyvillers]] |- | 88133 | 88000 | [[Dignonville]] |- | 88134 | 88000 | [[Dinozé]] |- | 88135 | 88460 | [[Docelles]] |- | 88136 | 88000 | [[Dogneville]] |- | 88137 | 88170 | [[Dolaincourt]] |- | 88138 | 88260 | [[Dombasle-devant-Darney]] |- | 88139 | 88500 | [[Dombasle-en-Xaintois]] |- | 88140 | 88140 | [[Dombrot-le-Sec]] |- | 88141 | 88170 | [[Dombrot-sur-Vair]] |- | 88144 | 88500 | [[Domèvre-sous-Montfort]] |- | 88142 | 88390 | [[Domèvre-sur-Avière]] |- | 88143 | 88330 | [[Domèvre-sur-Durbion]] |- | 88145 | 88600 | [[Domfaing]] |- | 88146 | 88800 | [[Domjulien]] |- | 88147 | 88390 | [[Dommartin-aux-Bois]] |- | 88148 | 88200 | [[Domnus Martinus (Romaricus Mons)]] |- | 88149 | 88260 | [[Dommartin-lès-Vallois]] |- | 88150 | 88170 | [[Dommartin-sur-Vraine]] |- | 88151 | 88270 | [[Donoparium]] |- | 88152 | 88600 | [[Dompierre (Vosegus)|Dompierre]] |- | 88153 | 88700 | [[Domptail]] |- | 88154 | 88630 | [[Domnum Remigium]] |- | 88155 | 88500 | [[Domvallier]] |- | 88156 | 88700 | [[Doncières]] |- | 88157 | 88220 | [[Dounoux]] |- | 88158 | 88510 | [[Éloyes]] |- | 88159 | 88650 | [[Entre-deux-Eaux]] |- | 88160 | 88000 | [[Spinalium]] |- | 88161 | 88260 | [[Escles]] |- | 88162 | 88260 | [[Esley]] |- | 88163 | 88130 | [[Essegney]] |- | 88164 | 88500 | [[Estrennes]] |- | 88165 | 88480 | [[Étival-Clairefontaine]] |- | 88166 | 88450 | [[Évaux-et-Ménil]] |- | 88167 | 88460 | [[Faucompierre]] |- | 88168 | 88700 | [[Fauconcourt]] |- | 88169 | 88600 | [[Fays (Vosegus)|Fays]] |- | 88170 | 88360 | [[Ferdrupt]] |- | 88171 | 88410 | [[Fignévelle]] |- | 88172 | 88600 | [[Fiménil]] |- | 88173 | 88130 | [[Florémont]] |- | 88174 | 88390 | [[Fomerey]] |- | 88175 | 88600 | [[Fontenay (Vosegus)|Fontenay]] |- | 88176 | 88240 | [[Fontiniacum]] |- | 88177 | 88530 | [[La Forge (Vosegus)|La Forge]] |- | 88178 | 88390 | [[Les Forges (Vosegus)|Les Forges]] |- | 88179 | 88320 | [[Fouchécourt (Vosegus)|Fouchécourt]] |- | 88180 | 88320 | [[Frain]] |- | 88181 | 88230 | [[Fraize]] |- | 88182 | 88490 | [[Frapelle]] |- | 88183 | 88630 | [[Frebécourt]] |- | 88184 | 88600 | [[Fremifontaine]] |- | 88185 | 88500 | [[Frenelle-la-Grande]] |- | 88186 | 88500 | [[Frenelle-la-Petite]] |- | 88187 | 88270 | [[Frénois (Vosegus)|Frénois]] |- | 88188 | 88160 | [[Fresse-sur-Moselle]] |- | 88189 | 88350 | [[Fréville (Vosegus)|Fréville]] |- | 88190 | 88440 | [[Frizon]] |- | 88192 | 88270 | [[Gelvécourt-et-Adompt]] |- | 88193 | 88520 | [[Gemaingoutte]] |- | 88194 | 88170 | [[Gemmelaincourt]] |- | 88195 | 88140 | [[Gendreville]] |- | 88196 | 88400 | [[Gérardmer]] |- | 88197 | 88120 | [[Gerbamont]] |- | 88198 | 88430 | [[Gerbépal]] |- | 88199 | 88320 | [[Gignéville]] |- | 88200 | 88390 | [[Gigney]] |- | 88201 | 88390 | [[Girancourt]] |- | 88202 | 88500 | [[Gircourt-lès-Viéville]] |- | 88203 | 88600 | [[Girecourt-sur-Durbion]] |- | 88205 | 88340 | [[Girmont-Val-d'Ajol]] |- | 88206 | 88170 | [[Gironcourt-sur-Vraine]] |- | 88208 | 88410 | [[Godoncourt]] |- | 88209 | 88190 | [[Golbey]] |- | 88210 | 88270 | [[Gorhey]] |- | 88212 | 88350 | [[Grand (Vosegus)|Grand]] |- | 88213 | 88490 | [[Magna Fossa]] |- | 88215 | 88210 | [[Grandrupt]] |- | 88214 | 88240 | [[Grandrupt-de-Bains]] |- | 88216 | 88600 | [[Grandvillers]] |- | 88218 | 88640 | [[Granges-sur-Vologne]] |- | 88219 | 88630 | [[Greux]] |- | 88220 | 88410 | [[Grignoncourt]] |- | 88221 | 88240 | [[Gruey-lès-Surance]] |- | 88222 | 88600 | [[Gugnécourt]] |- | 88223 | 88450 | [[Gugney-aux-Aulx]] |- | 88224 | 88330 | [[Hadigny-les-Verrières]] |- | 88225 | 88220 | [[Hadol]] |- | 88226 | 88270 | [[Hagécourt]] |- | 88227 | 88300 | [[Hagnéville-et-Roncourt]] |- | 88228 | 88330 | [[Haillainville]] |- | 88229 | 88300 | [[Harchéchamp]] |- | 88230 | 88700 | [[Hardancourt]] |- | 88231 | 88800 | [[Haréville]] |- | 88232 | 88300 | [[Harmonville]] |- | 88233 | 88270 | [[Harol]] |- | 88234 | 88240 | [[Harsault]] |- | 88235 | 88240 | [[Hautmougey]] |- | 88236 | 88240 | [[La Haye (Vosegus)|La Haye]] |- | 88237 | 88270 | [[Hennecourt]] |- | 88238 | 88260 | [[Hennezel]] |- | 88239 | 88130 | [[Hergugney]] |- | 88240 | 88600 | [[Herpelmont]] |- | 88241 | 88170 | [[Houécourt]] |- | 88242 | 88300 | [[Houéville]] |- | 88243 | 88700 | [[Housseras]] |- | 88244 | 88430 | [[La Houssière]] |- | 88245 | 88210 | [[Hurbache]] |- | 88246 | 88500 | [[Hymont]] |- | 88247 | 88150 | [[Igney (Vosegus)|Igney]] |- | 88248 | 88320 | [[Isches]] |- | 88249 | 88300 | [[Jainvillotte]] |- | 88250 | 88550 | [[Jarménil]] |- | 88251 | 88700 | [[Jeanménil]] |- | 88252 | 88260 | [[Jésonville]] |- | 88253 | 88000 | [[Jeuxey]] |- | 88254 | 88500 | [[Jorxey]] |- | 88255 | 88630 | [[Jubainville]] |- | 88256 | 88640 | [[Jussarupt]] |- | 88257 | 88500 | [[Jevancuria]] |- | 88258 | 88320 | [[Marchia (Vosegus)|Marchia]] |- | 88259 | 88300 | [[Landini villa]] |- | 88260 | 88130 | [[Langley (Vosegus)|Langley]] |- | 88261 | 88600 | [[Laval-sur-Vologne]] |- | 88262 | 88600 | [[Aquilina (Spinalium)|Aquilina]] |- | 88263 | 88640 | [[Laveline-du-Houx]] |- | 88264 | 88270 | [[Légéville-et-Bonfays]] |- | 88265 | 88300 | [[Lemmecuria]] |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! [[INSEE|Numerus INSEE]] ! [[Numerus cursualis]] ! [[Commune]] |- | 88266 | 88600 | [[Lépanges-sur-Vologne]] |- | 88267 | 88260 | [[Larino]] |- | 88268 | 88490 | [[Lesseux]] |- | 88269 | 88400 | [[Liézey]] |- | 88270 | 88350 | [[Liffodium]] |- | 88271 | 88800 | [[Legisvilla]] |- | 88272 | 88410 | [[Lyroncuria]] |- | 88273 | 88000 | [[Longus Campus (Vosegus)|Longus Campus]] |- | 88274 | 88170 | [[Longus Campus subtus Castinetum]] |- | 88275 | 88490 | [[Lubine]] |- | 88276 | 88490 | [[Lussia]] |- | 88277 | 88110 | [[Luviniacus]] |- | 88278 | 88170 | [[Macuncurtis]] |- | 88279 | 88270 | [[Madecuria]] |- | 88280 | 88450 | [[Maldisinum]] |- | 88281 | 88270 | [[Madonne-et-Lamerey]] |- | 88283 | 88140 | [[Malini curia]] |- | 88284 | 88650 | [[Mandray]] |- | 88285 | 88800 | [[Manderae]] |- | 88286 | 88130 | [[Mareinvilla]] |- | 88287 | 88320 | [[Mariacum (Vosegus)|Mariacum]] |- | 88288 | 88270 | [[Monroniscurtis]] |- | 88289 | 88320 | [[Martiniacum (Vosegus)|Martiniacum]] |- | 88290 | 88300 | [[Martigny-les-Gerbonvaux]] |- | 88291 | 88410 | [[Martinvelle]] |- | 88292 | 88500 | [[Mataincuria]] |- | 88293 | 88630 | [[Maxey-sur-Meuse]] |- | 88294 | 88150 | [[Mazeley]] |- | 88295 | 88500 | [[Maceriolae]] |- | 88296 | 88140 | [[Madonis villa]] |- | 88297 | 88600 | [[Méménil]] |- | 88298 | 88700 | [[Menardi Mons]] |- | 88302 | 88160 | [[Le Ménil]] |- | 88300 | 88210 | [[Ménil-de-Senones]] |- | 88299 | 88500 | [[Mansile in Sanctesio]] |- | 88301 | 88700 | [[Ménil-sur-Belvitte]] |- | 88303 | 88630 | [[Mudrevallis]] |- | 88304 | 88500 | [[Mirecurtium]] |- | 88305 | 88630 | [[Moncel-sur-Vair]] |- | 88306 | 88210 | [[Le Mont]] |- | 88309 | 88800 | [[Monthureux-le-Sec]] |- | 88310 | 88410 | [[Monthureux-sur-Saône]] |- | 88307 | 88320 | [[Mont-lès-Lamarche]] |- | 88308 | 88300 | [[Montes ante Novum Castrum]] |- | 88311 | 88240 | [[Montmotier]] |- | 88312 | 88170 | [[Morelli Domus]] |- | 88313 | 88330 | [[Murini villa]] |- | 88314 | 88320 | [[Morizécourt]] |- | 88315 | 88600 | [[Mors Agni]] |- | 88316 | 88140 | [[Maurivilla]] |- | 88317 | 88210 | [[Moussey (Vosegus)|Moussey]] |- | 88318 | 88700 | [[Medius Mons (Vosegus)|Medius Mons]] |- | 88319 | 88420 | [[Medianum Monasterium]] |- | 88320 | 88100 | [[Nayemont-les-Fosses]] |- | 88321 | 88300 | [[Neocastrum (Francia)|Neocastrum]] |- | 88322 | 88600 | [[La Neuveville-devant-Lépanges]] |- | 88324 | 88170 | [[La Neuveville-sous-Châtenois]] |- | 88325 | 88800 | [[La Neuveville-sous-Montfort]] |- | 88326 | 88100 | [[Neuvillers-sur-Fave]] |- | 88327 | 88440 | [[Nomexy]] |- | 88328 | 88470 | [[Nompardivilla]] |- | 88330 | 88260 | [[Novilla (Vosegus)|Novilla]] |- | 88331 | 88600 | [[Nontiavilla]] |- | 88332 | 88800 | [[Noretum]] |- | 88333 | 88700 | [[Nossoncourt]] |- | 88334 | 88500 | [[Ollevilla]] |- | 88335 | 88500 | [[Offroicourt]] |- | 88336 | 88170 | [[Audoleni villa]] |- | 88338 | 88700 | [[Ortonis curia]] |- | 88340 | 88700 | [[Padua (Vosegus)|Padua]] |- | 88341 | 88100 | [[Pair-et-Grandrupt]] |- | 88342 | 88330 | [[Pallegney]] |- | 88343 | 88800 | [[Paretum (Vosegus)|Paretum]] |- | 88344 | 88350 | [[Pargniacum subtus Mirevallem]] |- | 88345 | 88490 | [[La Petite-Fosse]] |- | 88346 | 88210 | [[La Petite-Raon]] |- | 88347 | 88270 | [[Petraficta (Vosegus)|Petraficta]] |- | 88348 | 88600 | [[Petreus Pons]] |- | 88349 | 88230 | [[Plenifesium]] |- | 88350 | 88170 | [[Pluvesia]] |- | 88351 | 88370 | [[Plumberae]] |- | 88352 | 88300 | [[Pomperra (Vosegus)|Pomperra]] |- | 88353 | 88260 | [[Pons iuxta Undinovilla]] |- | 88354 | 88500 | [[Pont-sur-Madon]] |- | 88355 | 88330 | [[Portus Caelorum]] |- | 88356 | 88600 | [[Les Poulières]] |- | 88357 | 88500 | [[Portus Suavis]] |- | 88358 | 88550 | [[Pouxeux]] |- | 88359 | 88600 | [[Prey (Vosegus)|Prey]] |- | 88360 | 88260 | [[Provenchères-lès-Darney]] |- | 88361 | 88490 | [[Provenchères-et-Colroy]] |- | 88362 | 88210 | [[Le Puid]] |- | 88363 | 88630 | [[Purneretum]] |- | 88364 | 88500 | [[Puzieux (Vosegus)|Puzieux]] |- | 88365 | 88270 | [[Racécourt]] |- | 88366 | 88170 | [[Radalli villa]] |- | 88367 | 88700 | [[Rambervilleriae]] |- | 88368 | 88500 | [[Rancuria]] |- | 88369 | 88160 | [[Romarici campus]] |- | 88370 | 88270 | [[Radonis curtis]] |- | 88371 | 88220 | [[Rapo ad Silvas]] |- | 88372 | 88110 | [[Rapo ad Stationem]] |- | 88373 | 88110 | [[Raon-sur-Plaine]] |- | 88374 | 88130 | [[Rapey]] |- | 88375 | 88520 | [[Raves (Vosegus)|Raves]] |- | 88376 | 88300 | [[Ribovilla]] |- | 88377 | 88410 | [[Rainharii villa]] |- | 88378 | 88450 | [[Regney]] |- | 88379 | 88330 | [[Ranconis curtis]] |- | 88380 | 88640 | [[Rehaupal]] |- | 88381 | 88260 | [[Relangia]] |- | 88382 | 88500 | [[Rimacuria]] |- | 88383 | 88200 | [[Romarici Mons]] |- | 88386 | 88100 | [[Remomeix]] |- | 88385 | 88800 | [[Romulficuria]] |- | 88387 | 88170 | [[Ramaldi villa]] |- | 88388 | 88390 | [[Renauvoid]] |- | 88389 | 88500 | [[Reparium]] |- | 88390 | 88320 | [[Roberticuria]] |- | 88391 | 88120 | [[Rochesson]] |- | 88394 | 88320 | [[Romania ad Silvas]] |- | 88395 | 88700 | [[Rotmundum]] |- | 88398 | 88600 | [[Les Rouges-Eaux]] |- | 88399 | 88460 | [[Le Roulier]] |- | 88400 | 88500 | [[Ruvera in Sanctesio]] |- | 88401 | 88170 | [[Roverium (Vosegus)|Roverium]] |- | 88402 | 88700 | [[Rovilla ad Quercus]] |- | 88403 | 88500 | [[Roserota]] |- | 88404 | 88320 | [[Roseriae supra Mosunam]] |- | 88406 | 88130 | [[Rugney]] |- | 88407 | 88630 | [[Ruppes]] |- | 88408 | 88360 | [[Rupt-sur-Moselle]] |- | 88409 | 88120 | [[Saint-Amé]] |- | 88411 | 88260 | [[Sanctus Basolimons]] |- | 88412 | 88700 | [[Sanctus Benedictus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Benedictus]] |- | 88413 | 88100 | [[Sanctus Deodatus (urbs)|Sanctus Deodatus]] |- | 88410 | 88700 | [[Sancta Barbara (Vosegus)|Sancta Barbara]] |- | 88418 | 88700 | [[Sancta Helena (Vosegus)|Sancta Helena]] |- | 88424 | 88100 | [[Sancta Margareta (Vosegus)|Sancta Margareta]] |- | 88415 | 88200 | [[Sanctus Stephanus ultra Mosellam]] |- | 88416 | 88700 | [[Sanctus Genesius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Genesius]] |- | 88417 | 88700 | [[Sanctus Gorgonius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Gorgonius]] |- | 88419 | 88210 | [[Saint-Jean-d'Ormont]] |- | 88421 | 88410 | [[Sanctus Iulianus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Iulianus]] |- | 88423 | 88650 | [[Sanctus Leonardus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Leonardus]] |- | 88425 | 88700 | [[Sanctus Mauricius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Mauricius]] |- | 88426 | 88560 | [[Saint-Maurice-sur-Moselle]] |- | 88427 | 88170 | [[Sanctus Memmius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Memmius]] |- | 88428 | 88470 | [[Saint-Michel-sur-Meurthe]] |- | 88429 | 88200 | [[Sanctus Nabor (Vosegus)|Sanctus Nabor]] |- | 88430 | 88140 | [[Sanctus Audoenus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Audoenus]] |- | 88431 | 88170 | [[Sanctus Paulus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Paulus]] |- | 88432 | 88700 | [[Sanctus Petrimons]] |- | 88433 | 88500 | [[Sanctus Pancratius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Pancratius]] |- | 88434 | 88800 | [[Sancti Remigii Mons (Vosegus)|Sancti Remigii Mons]] |- | 88435 | 88480 | [[Sanctus Remigius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Remigius]] |- | 88436 | 88210 | [[Sanctus Stephanus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Stephanus]] |- | 88437 | 88270 | [[Sanctus Valerius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Valerius]] |- | 88438 | 88470 | [[La Salle (Vosegus)|La Salle]] |- | 88439 | 88390 | [[Sanchey]] |- | 88440 | 88170 | [[Sandaucuria]] |- | 88441 | 88260 | [[Sans-Vallois]] |- | 88442 | 88120 | [[Sapois (Vosegus)|Sapois]] |- | 88443 | 88300 | [[Sartes]] |- | 88444 | 88210 | [[Le Saulcy]] |- | 88445 | 88580 | [[Salicetum (Vosegus)|Salicetum]] |- | 88446 | 88140 | [[Salsurae (Vosegus)|Salsurae]] |- | 88447 | 88290 | [[Salsuriae]] |- | 88448 | 88140 | [[Seivilla]] |- | 88449 | 88130 | [[Saviniacum (Vosegus)|Saviniacum]] |- | 88450 | 88320 | [[Senagda]] |- | 88451 | 88210 | [[Senonia (Vosegus)|Senonia]] |- | 88452 | 88260 | [[Senonges]] |- | 88453 | 88630 | [[Seromons]] |- | 88454 | 88600 | [[Sarcus (Vosegus)|Sarcus]] |- | 88455 | 88320 | [[Sirecuria]] |- | 88456 | 88320 | [[Serocourt]] |- | 88457 | 88630 | [[Seona (Vosegus)|Seona]] |- | 88458 | 88130 | [[Solicuria]] |- | 88459 | 88170 | [[Soncuria]] |- | 88460 | 88630 | [[Solicia]] |- | 88461 | 88140 | [[Serewavilla]] |- | 88462 | 88120 | [[Le Syndicat]] |- | 88463 | 88100 | [[Tinctorivus]] |- | 88464 | 88460 | [[Tendon (Vosegus)|Tendon]] |- | 88465 | 88150 | [[Tado]] |- | 88466 | 88800 | [[Tillia]] |- | 88467 | 88290 | [[Thiéfosse]] |- | 88468 | 88160 | [[Le Thillot]] |- | 88469 | 88500 | [[Tirocuria]] |- | 88470 | 88530 | [[Le Tholy]] |- | 88471 | 88410 | [[Les Thons]] |- | 88472 | 88260 | [[Thuillières]] |- | 88473 | 88320 | [[Tignécourt]] |- | 88474 | 88300 | [[Tellum (Vosegus)|Tellum]] |- | 88475 | 88320 | [[Toteleni curtis]] |- | 88476 | 88500 | [[Totoni villa]] |- | 88477 | 88350 | [[Trampodium]] |- | 88478 | 88300 | [[Tranculfi villa]] |- | 88479 | 88240 | [[Trémonzey]] |- | 88480 | 88130 | [[Ubexy]] |- | 88481 | 88220 | [[Uriménil]] |- | 88482 | 88140 | [[Eurivilla]] |- | 88483 | 88390 | [[Ursiniacum]] |- | 88484 | 88220 | [[Usminga]] |- | 88485 | 88140 | [[La Vacheresse-et-la-Rouillie]] |- | 88486 | 88120 | [[Vainiacum]] |- | 88487 | 88340 | [[Le Val-d'Ajol]] |- | 88488 | 88270 | [[Valefridicurtis]] |- | 88489 | 88270 | [[Vallis Regia (Vosegus)|Vallis Regia]] |- | 88490 | 88800 | [[Vallis Regia Sicca]] |- | 88491 | 88260 | [[Tres Valesii]] |- | 88492 | 88230 | [[Le Valtin]] |- | 88493 | 88450 | [[Varmonzey]] |- | 88494 | 88500 | [[Vaubexy]] |- | 88495 | 88000 | [[Waldinivilla]] |- | 88496 | 88140 | [[Valdonis curtis (Vosegus)|Valdonis curtis]] |- | 88497 | 88330 | [[Wauxoncuria]] |- | 88498 | 88200 | [[Vecoux]] |- | 88499 | 88270 | [[Velotte-et-Tatignécourt]] |- | 88500 | 88310 | [[Ventron]] |- | 88501 | 88210 | [[Le Vermont]] |- | 88502 | 88600 | [[Vervezelle]] |- | 88503 | 88110 | [[Vexaincourt]] |- | 88504 | 88170 | [[Vicherey]] |- | 88505 | 88430 | [[Vienville]] |- | 88506 | 88210 | [[Vieux-Moulin (Vosegus)|Vieux-Moulin]] |- | 88507 | 88500 | [[Villers (Vosegus)|Villers]] |- | 88508 | 88270 | [[Ville-sur-Illon]] |- | 88509 | 88150 | [[Villoncourt]] |- | 88510 | 88320 | [[Villotte]] |- | 88511 | 88350 | [[Villouxel]] |- | 88512 | 88600 | [[Viménil]] |- | 88513 | 88450 | [[Vincey]] |- | 88514 | 88170 | [[Viocourt]] |- | 88515 | 88260 | [[Vioménil]] |- | 88516 | 88800 | [[Vittel]] |- | 88517 | 88260 | [[Vivarium (Vosegus)|Vivarium]] |- | 88518 | 88500 | [[Viverium]] |- | 88519 | 88470 | [[La Voivre (Vosegus)|La Voivre]] |- | 88520 | 88240 | [[Les Voivres]] |- | 88521 | 88700 | [[Vomécourt]] |- | 88522 | 88500 | [[Vomécourt-sur-Madon]] |- | 88523 | 88170 | [[Vouxey]] |- | 88524 | 88140 | [[Vrécourt]] |- | 88525 | 88500 | [[Vroville]] |- | 88526 | 88520 | [[Wisembach]] |- | 88527 | 88700 | [[Xaffévillers]] |- | 88528 | 88460 | [[Xamontarupt]] |- | 88529 | 88130 | [[Xaronval]] |- | 88530 | 88220 | [[Scatiniacum]] |- | 88531 | 88400 | [[Xonrupt-Longemer]] |- | 88532 | 88330 | [[Zincourt]] |} {{Indices communium praefecturarum Franciae}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi|!]] 5k2hmc0zo33haqymwmlhjtou3blhchh 0 129443 3983558 2459421 2026-08-25T01:34:03Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983558 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elisabetha''' seu vulgo ''Elisabeth'' '''Antébi''' (nata [[13 Iulii]] [[1945]] [[Lutetia]]e) diurnaria et moderatrix televisionis est. == Munus == Gesta describit et diurnaria decemque editorum librum scriptor est. Inter alios : ''Ave Lucifer'', ''Asyla apud Sarmatas'' vel ''Hebraeorum Pasha apud Philistinos''. « Europeae Mysteriae Latine Graeceque » (i.e. in gallica lingua « Festival Européen Latin Grec ») condidit et per septem annos egit apud Becherellasios, Namnetes, Luxargentarios Parisiosque : https://web.archive.org/web/20110828122731/http://www.festival-latin-grec.eu/. Posthac Dusselvici in Germania vivit ubi latinam linguam in Gallico Lyceo docuit, in Diurnacula.com scribit et “ Circulum Rhenanum Viridem ” animat. http://www.antebiel.com {{bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1945||Antebi, Elisabetha}} [[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]] [[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]] [[Categoria:Mulieres]] 8poz4ovdqs0v4j93uuixhcobgzrk9bk 0 133048 3983560 3765496 2026-08-25T02:01:24Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983560 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Twaalf voorstellingen uit Shakespeare's De Storm, RP-P-OB-14.912 detail of the feast.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Episodia epuli inlati et abstracti, e serie depictionum fabulae ''The Tempest'' a [[Daniel Chodowiecki|Daniele Chodowiecki]] anno [[1787]] facta]] [[Fasciculus:Moritz Retzsch The Tempest act III scene 3.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|"''The Tempest'': actus III scaena 3" a [[Mauricius Retzsch|Mauricio Retzsch]] anno 1853 descripta (''Gallery to Shakespeare's dramatic works'', 1853)]] '''Epulum Arielis magicum''' est episodium comoediae ''[[The Tempest (Shakesperius)|The Tempest]]'' a [[Gulielmus Shakesperius|Gulielmo Shakesperio]] anno [[1611]] doctae (praesente [[Iacobus I (rex Angliae)|Iacobo I rege]]) quae in [[Shakesperiana editio in folio|editione in folio]] (titulo ''Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories & Tragedies'') anno [[1623]] edita est. Spiritús [[magia (mystica)|magici]] quos dirigit [[Prospero]], eruditus et exsul, veteribus eius inimicis Alonso et Sebastiano hanc cenam praebent, quam statim abstrahit [[Ariel]] spirituum praepositus. Sic enim auctor dirigit: :''Solemne and strange musicke, and Prosper[o] on the top, invisible. Enter severall strange shapes bringing in a banket, and dance about it with gentle actions of salutations, and inviting the King, &c. to eate, they depart'' ("Musica sollemnis insolitaque, Prospero invisibili in culmine. Intrant formae prodigiosae nonnullae collationem inferentes, circum eam saltitantes benignis gestibus salutationis. Regem ad comedendum invitantes abeunt").<ref name="Sh">[[Gulielmus Shakesperius]], ''[[The Tempest (Shakesperius)|The Tempest]]'' act. III sc. 3</ref> Post disputationem inter Sebastianum (qui comedere suadet) et Alonsum (nolentem), auctor rursus praecipit: :''Thunder and lightning. Enter Ariell (like a Harpey), claps his wings upon the table, and with a queint device the banquet vanishes'' ("Tonitrua et fulgura. Intrat Ariell sicut [[Harpyiae|Harpyiam]], qui alis mensam tundit: ope machinae prodigiosae collatio evanescit").<ref name="Sh" /> In fabula scaenica ''[[Une tempête]]'' ab [[Amatus Césaire|Amato Césaire]] anno [[1969]] docta Prospero persona [[colonialismus|colonialista]] et [[sadismus|sadista]], collatione inlata, Alonsum Sebastianumque et Antonium comedere cogit: ''Qu'ils se sentent manger dans ma main comme des poussins. C'est une marque de soumission que j'exige d'eux'' ("Se sentiant e manu mea modo pullorum pabulari: testimonium erit illius submissionis quam postulo").<ref>A. James Arnold, "Césaire and Shakespeare: Two Tempests" in ''Comparative Literature'' vol. 30 (1978) pp. 236-248, vide pp. 241-242 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1770825 JSTOR]</ref> In [[pellicula]] a [[Petrus Greenaway|Petro Greenaway]] anno [[1991]] confecta, titulo ''[[Prospero's Books]]'', talia fercula [[Miranda]]e et [[Ferdinand (persona Shakesperiana|Ferdinand]]o a ministris nudis praebentur (quorum una fructús e stomacho suo offert) et statim abstrahuntur. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140816064132/http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/facsimile/bookplay/SLNSW_F1/Tmp/1513/ Textus editionis in folio primae apud Universitatem Victoriae] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110926093303/http://shakespeare.mit.edu/tempest/tempest.3.3.html Textus] apud MIT * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120503025951/http://www.shakespeare-navigators.com/tempest/TempestText33.html Editio cum adnotationibus] apud shakespeare-navigators.com * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20090105041221/http://www.speak-the-speech.org/thetempestpage.htm The Tempest]'': fabula apud speak-the-speech.org docta * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120121235648/http://petergreenaway.org.uk/prospero.htm De pellicula ''Prospero's Books''] {{Nexus absunt}} [[Categoria:Cenae Shakesperianae]] [[Categoria:Magica]] [[Categoria:The Tempest]] 9msykcw22rc1kgcf54qxzq04gokoz1v 0 139635 3983510 3878821 2026-08-24T21:17:50Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3983510 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Rio de la Plata BA 2.JPG|thumb|Despectus in aestuarium [[Fluvius Argenteus|Fluvii Argentei]] ex [[Satelles artificialis|satellite]].]] [[Fasciculus:Mouths of amazon geocover 1990.png|thumb|Aestuarium fluminis [[Flumen Amazonum|Amazonum]].]] '''Aestuarium''' {{victio|aestuarium|ii|n}} est [[fluminis ostium]] sive fluminis fauces vel amnis os maritimum, id est pars [[flumen|fluminis]] ubi istud in [[mare]] influit, et qua effectus maritimi sub sensum cadit, praecipue profluentia [[aqua salsa|aquis salsis]]. Aestuaria, cum a mari [[lingua terrae]] separatantur, [[Limen (sinus)|limenes]] fiunt. == Etymologia == [[Vocabulum]] ''aestuarium'' sensu 'locus fluxus [[aqua]]rum maris [[litus]] ineuntis' a fonte [[Latine|Latino]] ''[[aestus marinus|aestu]]'' ('fluxu aquarum maris') deducitur. [[Lucius Flavius Arrianus]] in opere [[historia]]e [[Anabasis Alexandri|Anabasi]] de rebus gestis [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri Magni]] aestuaria fluminum [[Indus|Indi]], [[Danubius|Danubii]], et [[Nilus|Nili]] descripsit nomine [[delta]]e.<ref>Francis Celoria (1966), "Delta as a Geographical Concept in Greek Literature," ''Isis'' 57 (3): 385–88.</ref> {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Delta fluminis]] * [[Flumen influens]] * [[Flumen Sancti Laurentii]] * [[Fluminis fons]] * [[Geomorphologia]] * [[Index fluminum]] * [[Lacustuarium]] * [[Opera Aestuarii]] (flumen [[Rhenus]]) * [[Ostium Murrayanum]] * [[Unda]] {{div col end}} == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == *Day, J. H. [[1981]]. ''Estuarine Ecology.'' Roterodami: A. A. Balkema. ISBN 90-6191-205-9. *Finkl, Charles W. [[2019]]. ''Encyclopedia of coastal science.'' Novi Eboraci, Berolini, Heidelbergae: Springer. ISBN 9783319938059, ISBN 9783319938073, ISBN 9783319938066. *Ahnert, Frank. [[2009]]. ''Einführung in die Geomorphologie.'' Stutgardiae. ISBN 978-3-8001-2907-2. *Harff, Jan, Martin Meschede, Sven Petersen, et Jörn Thiede, eds. [[2016]]. ''Encyclopedia of marine geosciences.'' Dordrecht: Springer Reference, Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 9789400762374, ISBN 9400762372. *Speirs, D., et W. S. C. Gurney. [[2001]]. "Population persistence in rivers and estuaries." ''Ecology'' 82: 1219–37. ISSN 0012-9658. *Selleslagh, Jonathan. [[2008]]. ''Fonctionnement des nourriceries intertidales et estuariennes. Influence de l'environnement sur la dynamique et les performances physiologiques de l'ichtyofaune.'' Littoral. *Société nationale de protection de la nature. [[2008]]. ''Estuaires, deltas et baies.'' [[Categoria:Aestuaria|!]] [[Categoria:Geographia litoralis]] {{Myrias|Physica}} gamcvk46ua9fris0ydqq4kbyp5kvour 0 148855 3983436 3713226 2026-08-24T14:29:27Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Carovignopanorama.jpg|thumb|Carovineum]] '''Carovineum'''<ref>{{Sacco}}</ref><ref>{{Giustiniani}}</ref> {{victio|Carovineum|i|n}} (alia nomina: ''Carvineum'';<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20090107071442/http://www.carovigno.info/storia/nome.asp</ref> olim: ''Carbina'',<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20090107071442/http://www.carovigno.info/storia/nome.asp</ref> ''Carbinium''<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20090107071442/http://www.carovigno.info/storia/nome.asp</ref><ref>[http://emeroteca.provincia.brindisi.it/Japigia/1942/Articoli/fascicolo%203/Appunti%20di%20Toponomastica%20Pugliese.pdf Giovanni Alessio, ''Appunti di toponomastica pugliese'']</ref>) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Carovigno|Carovigno]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 16&thinsp;615 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Apulia]], in [[Provincia Brundisina]] et in [[Sallentum|Sallento]] historica ac geographica terra situm. Incolae ''Carovinenses'' appellantur. == Insigne == <gallery> Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]'' </gallery> == Geographia == * [[Sallentum]] (''terra'') == Ecclesia Catholica Romana == * [[Archidioecesis Brundusina-Ostunensis]] == Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio == === Fractiones === ''Pantanagianni, Serranova, Specchiolla, Torre Santa Sabina''. == Municipia finitima == * ''[[Brundisium]], * [[Fanum Sancti Viti Sclavorum]], * [[Ostunium]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Apulia]]m (''regionem'') * [[Provincia Brundisina|Provinciam Brundisinam]], * [[Sallentum]] (''terram''), * [[Brundisium]] (''urbem''), * [[Municipium Italiae]]. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Carovigno|Carovineum}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220323045732/https://www.comune.carovigno.br.it/ Situs publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italica{{!}}Italice}} == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:Map of comune of Carovigno (province of Brindisi, region Apulia, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Brundisina. Imago:Torresantasabina.jpg|Turris S. Sabinae. </gallery> == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Brundisii]] [[Categoria:Municipia in Sallento]] dvuqiuii51pxpwjmff5cw4u3yzp0g3z 0 158662 3983422 3441470 2026-08-24T12:24:43Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983422 wikitext text/x-wiki ''' Buxières-les-Mines''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 1038 incolarum (anno [[2010]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Elaver (praefectura Franciae)|Elaveris]] in [[Francia]]e regione [[Arvernia]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Elaveris]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Buxières-les-Mines|Buxières-les-Mines}} * {{INSEE commune|03046|de=Buxières-les-Mines}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110223233425/http://www.mairie-buxiereslesmines.fr/ Buxières-les-Mines pagina interretialis] {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Elaveri]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Elaveri]] pbkfhlikl3p0t0191su7h8f2zvj2j8a 0 160094 3983519 3964451 2026-08-24T22:08:03Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3983519 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Tissot The Creation.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|''Creatio'' (ca. 1896–1902) a [[Iacobus Tissot|Iacobo Tissot]] picta.<ref>Interpretatio [[narratio creationis Genesis|narrationis creationis]] ex primo [[Torah]] libro (usitate [[Liber Genesis|Libro Genesis]] appellato), [https://archive.today/20130416014825/http://www.thejewishmuseum.org/onlinecollection/object_collection.php?objectid=26663&lefttxt=tissot Pictura] ex congeriebus [[Museum Iudaicum (Novi Eboraci)|Musei Iudaici Novi Eboraci]]</ref>]] '''Mythos creationis''' est [[narratio]] symbolica de quomodo [[tellus (planeta)|mundus]] coepisset [[homo|hominesque]] primum eum [[habitatio|habitare]] coepissent.<ref name="britannica">{{harvnb|Encyclopædia Britannica|2009}}</ref><ref name="womack">{{harvnb|Womack|2005|p=[http://books.google.com/books?id=MQi5x7_-eksC&pg=PA81 81]}}, "Creation myths are symbolic stories describing how the universe and its inhabitants came to be. Creation myths develop through oral traditions and therefore typically have multiple versions."</ref> Creatio a [[demiurgus|demiurgo]] facta multis in [[religio]]nibus origo sive [[Primus motor|causa prima]] mundi habetur. Talis [[cosmogonia]] necessario [[deus|deum]] personalem ponit, qui sua sponte mundum creavit. [[Mythologia|Mythos]] ad cosmogoniam spectans plerumque est narratio [[Theologia|theologica]] aut [[Religio|religiosa]], quae [[universum]] aut originem hominis interpretur. Imprimis in [[Ecclesia Catholica|Catholicismo]] viget opinio creationem non terminatam, sed [[creatio continua|continuam]] esse. [[Scientia (ratio)|Scientiae]] opinioni "creationis" doctrinam [[Cosmos|Cosmum]] principiis physicis exstitisse oppununt. {{NexInt}} *[[Aedificator mundi]] *[[Argumentum cosmologicum]] *[[Creatio ex nihilo]] *[[Creationismus]] *[[Creativitas]] *[[Demiurgismus]] *[[Deus otiosus]] *[[Esto, et est]] *[[Fragor Maximus]] *[[Imago dei]] *[[Jen]] *[[Kotoamatsukami]] *[[Mythus originum]] *[[Nüwa]] *[[Universum]] == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references/></div> == Bibliographia == === Historia religionis === * „Brèves méditations sur la création du monde“, Jean-Marc Rouvière, Ed. L'Harmattan, Parisiis 2006 * ''Ursprung''. Vortragszyklus 1986/87 über die Entstehung des Menschen und der Welt in den Mythen der Völker, Museum für Völkerkunde, Francoforti 1987. * Keel, Othmar / Schroer, Silvia: ''Schöpfung. Biblische Theologien im Kontext altorientalischer Religionen'', Gottingae 2002. * Linke B. M. (Ed.): ''Schöpfungsmythologie in den Religionen'', Francoforti 2001. * Luttikhuizen, G. P.: ''The demonic demiurge in Gnostic mythology'', in: Chr. Auffarth / L. Stuckenbruck (Ed.): Fall of the angels (Themes in Biblical narrative 6), Lugduni Batavorum - Bostoniae 2003, 148-160 * Henry, S.: ''Israelite wisdom. Towards an ecological theology of creation'', in: Muthunayagom, D.J. (Ed.): Bible speaks today. Essays in honour of Gnana Robinson, Bangalore 2000, 173-180 * Khoury, A. T.: ''Jüdisch-islamische Schöpfungslehren und ihr Auftrag an den Menschen. Vermehrung, Gestaltung, Verantwortung in der ihm anvertrauten Welt'', in: Ordensnachrichten 39 (2000) 13-24 * Monika und Udo Tworuschka: ''Als die Welt entstand. Schöpfungsmythen der Völker und Kulturen in Wort und Bild'', Friburgi Brisgoviae 2005 * Monika und Udo Tworuschka: '' Schöpfungsmythen'', Darmstadii 2010 === Exegesis narrationum Biblicarum === * Löhde, Detlef: ''Die Schöpfungsgeschichte: Bericht oder gleichnishafte Erzählung?'', [[Oesinga Maior]]e, 1989, ISBN 3-922534-50-3 * Dietrich, M.: ''Die Menschenschöpfung im Garten Eden: ein mesopotamischer Mythos im Alten Testament'', in: Mitteilungen für Anthropologie und Religionsgeschichte (2004) 16, 21-33 * Löning, K. / Zenger, E.: ''Als Anfang schuf Gott. Biblische Schöpfungstheologien'', Dusseldorpiae 1997 * Müller, H. P.: ''Schöpfungsmythen - literarisch und theologisch - mit Anschlußerörterungen'', in: Zeitschrift für Theologie und Kirche 101 (2004) 506-525 * Schrage, W.: ''Schöpfung und Neuschöpfung in Kontinuität und Diskontinuität bei Paulus'', in: Evangelische Theologie 65 (2005) 245-259 * Evamaria Strecker, Die Zeitbotschaft der Schöpfung (1 Mose 1,1-2,4), in: [http://www.online-bibelkommentar.de www.online-bibelkommentar.de]{{Nexus deficit|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Diana Göbel, Die Entstehung des Lebenshauses in sechs Tagen (1 Mose 1,1-2,4), in: [http://www.online-bibelkommentar.de www.online-bibelkommentar.de]{{Nexus deficit|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} === Historia Philosophiae Theologiaeque === * Bannach, K.: ''Pelagianismus in der franziskanischen Schöpfungstheologie?'' in: Freiburger Zeitschrift für Philosophie und Theologie 49 (2002) 73-93 * Brown, B. J.: ''Bonaventure on the impossiblity of a beginningless world: why the traversal argument works'', in: American catholic philosophical quarterly 79 (2005) 389-409 * Bukowski, T. P.: ''Beyond Aristotle … and beyond Newton: Thomas Aquinas on an infinite creation'', in: The Thomist 68 (2004) 287-314 * Dahm, A.: ''Schöpfungstheologie bei Nikolaus von Kues: erste Ansätze in den frühen Predigten und ihre Fortführung in „De docta ignorantia“'', in: Trierer theologische Zeitschrift 113 (2004) 118-136 * Hermann, M.: ''Zwischen heidnischer und christlicher Kosmologie: Isidor von Sevilla und seine Weltanschauung'', in: Analecta Cracoviensia 34 (2002) 311-328; * Hopig, H.: ''Creatio ex nihilo'', in: Jahrbuch Biblische Theologie 12 (1997) 291-307 * May, G.: ''Schöpfung aus dem Nichts. Die Entstehung der Lehre von der creatio ex nihilo'', Berolini 1978 * Miller, I.: ''Idolatry and the polemics of world-formation from Philo to Augustine'', in: Journal of religious history 28 (2004) 126-145 * O'Neill, J. C.: ''How early is the doctrine of creatio ex nihilo?'', in: The Journal of theological studies 53 (2002) 449-465 * Pesch, O. H.: ''Schöpfungslehre und Schöpfungsperspektive in der Theologie des Thomas von Aquin'', in: [[Kerygma]] und Dogma 49 (2003) 2-23 * Schmidt, A.: ''Kreatürlichkeit: Geheimnis des Glaubens im Licht der Vernunft. Thomas von Aquin über Schöpfungsglauben und Seinsverständnis'', in: Wissenschaft und Weisheit 69 (2006) 211-229 * Torchia, N. J.: ''Creatio ex nihilo and the Theology of St. Augustine. The Anti-Manichaean Polemic and Beyond American''(University Studies VII/205), Novi Eboraci et al. 1999 * Voicu, M.: ''L'idée de créationet sa représentation dans la renaissance du XII. siècle. Mutations d'un idéal'', in: Revue des sciences religieuses 76 (2002) 33-56 === De Creatione (Theologia) === * Ganoczy, A.: ''Schöpfungslehre'', in: Beinert, W. (Hg.): Glaubenszugänge. Lehrbuch der Katholischen Dogmatik Bd. 1, Paderbronnae 1995, 363-495 * Gruber, F.: ''Im Haus des Lebens. Eine Theologie der Schöpfung'', Ratisbonae 2001 * Kessler, H.: ''Das Stöhnen der Natur. Plädoyer für eine Schöpfungsspiritualität und Schöpfungsethik'', Dusseldorpiae 1990 * Kraus, G.: ''Welt und Mensch. Lehrbuch zur Schöpfungslehre'' (Grundriß der Dogmatik 2), Francoforti 1997 * Link, C.: ''Gottesfrage und Schöpfungsglaube. Theologische Studien'', Neoclesiae-Fliunniae 1997 * Link, C.: ''Schöpfung. Schöpfungstheologie in reformatorischer Tradition'' (Handbuch Systematischer Theologie 7/1), Gütersloh 1991 * Moltmann, J.: ''Gott in der Schöpfung. Ökologische Schöpfungslehre'', 4. ed. Monaci 1993 * Sattler, D. / Schneider, T.: ''Schöpfungslehre'', in: Handbuch der Dogmatik, Vol. 1 (1992), 120-238 * Schmid, K.: Schöpfung, Themen der Theologie 4, Tubingae 2012 * Walter Simonis: ''Über Gott und die Welt. Gottes- und Schöpfungslehre'', Dusseldorpiae 2004, ISBN 3-491-70375-1 * Harald Wagner: ''Die Schöpfung - Der Wille Gottes zur Communio'', in: Studienbücher Theologie: Dogmatik Vol. 18. Stuttgardiae 2003.376-435 ISBN 3-17-016469-4 == Nexus externi == * Priester Dimitry Kiryanov, Dr.theol., Dr.phil: [https://web.archive.org/web/20090918112621/http://www.bogoslov.ru/de/text/253685.html Cosmologia et Creatio: Sententia Orthodoxa] {{reli-stipula}} [[Categoria:Creativitas]] [[Categoria:Mythologia]] [[Categoria:Religiones]] {{Myrias|Philosophia}} 6titpsl9s63wjv0iju0a5t0y71p23ua 0 166814 3983512 3817451 2026-08-24T21:46:17Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983512 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:12 - Konstantinopel; Scheda-Karte europ Türkei.jpg|thumb|upright=2|Forma Constantinopolis annis fere 1860/1870 depicta. Flumen Cydarus (''Ali-Bey-suj'') ad superiorem partem videtur]] '''Cydarus''' fluvius, [[Graece]] {{Polytonic|Κύδαρος}},<ref>"{{Polytonic|Κυδάρου}}" (gen.): Scholia in Dionysium Byzantium 11.2. "Cydari" (gen.): {{DuCangeHB}}. "Cydaros": {{Janin CB}} p. 9; John Freely, Ahmet H. Cakmak, ''Byzantine Monuments of Constantinople'' (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77257-0) [https://web.archive.org/web/20210225140446/http://assets.cambridge.org/97805217/72570/excerpt/9780521772570_excerpt.pdf Textus]</ref> [[Turcice]] ''Alibey deresi'', est una e duabus aquis quae se coniungunt ad caput [[Sinus Ceratinus|Sinus Ceratini]], decem fere chiliometris a [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] distantes. Haec confluentia olim amoenissima, ubi olim tabernae et palatia spargebantur, nomen "[[Aquae Dulces Europae|Aquarum Dulcium Europae]]" gerebat. == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> == Bibliographia == * "Sinus Ceratinus" in {{DuCangeHB}} vol. 2 pars 1 [http://archive.org/stream/historiabyzantin00duca#page/n417/mode/2up pp. 4-7] {{Geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Flumina Turciae Europaeae]] [[Categoria:Sinus Ceratinus]] [[Categoria:Suburbia Constantinopolis]] nnhs2pv3ed2628mr4a1yll747c7nej4 0 167762 3983448 3725478 2026-08-24T15:07:02Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3983448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} '''Regio Astrachanensis'''<ref>"Regio Astrachanensis" [http://plants.jstor.org/specimen/h9500989?history=true],[http://avh.ala.org.au/occurrences/a7bda86f-9858-45aa-be32-a75677e46e0c%3Bjsessionid=9DDFB438FC915C1EC74BC0157252822B].</ref> ([[Russice]] Астраханская область, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Astrachanskaja oblast' '') est [[divisio administrativa Russiae|subiectum]] [[Foederatio Russica|Foederationis Russicae]], anno [[1943]] creatum, et ab anno [[2000]] ad [[Districtus Foederalis Meridianus|Districtum Foederalem Meridianum]] Russicum pertinens. Iuxta fluxum inferiorem [[Rha]] fluvii sita, cum [[regio Volgogradensis|regione Volgogradensi]] in septentrione, [[Calmuccia]] in occidente et [[Kazachstania]] in oriente contermina, aream 49 024 km² et circa 1 017 milia incolarum (anno [[2016]]) habet. Metropolis regionis est [[Astrachanum]]. [[Volga]] cum [[Achtuba]] cornu et [[delta Volgae|delta magno]] flumen regionis maximum est. ''Znamensk, Achtubinsk, Kapustin Iar'' aliae urbes regionis sunt. [[Ripa Nigra]] urbs vetus regionis fuit. Lacus [[Lacus Baskunczak|Baskunczak]]<ref>{{ZK|Баскунчак}}</ref> [[lacus supersalsus|supersalsus]] in regione situs est. == Nota == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{fontes geographici}} {{commonscat|Astrakhan Oblast|regionem Astrachanensem}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160126042739/https://www.astrobl.ru/ Situs interretialis regionis Astrachanensis] [[Categoria:Regio Astrachanensis|!]] 6373bfkuwqasucyfi9xclqrl5bqdcgg 0 168566 3983491 3961230 2026-08-24T19:51:14Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|41|00|38|N|28|58|37|E|type:city|display=title}} [[Fasciculus:Hagia Sophia Mars 2013.jpg|thumb|[[Aedes Sanctae Sophiae (Constantinopolis)|Aedes S. Sophiae]] anno 2013 lucis ope picta]] :''De urbe antiqua vide ''[[Byzantium]] '''Constantinopolis''' ([[Graece]] {{polytonic|Κωνσταντινούπολις}}), eadem [[urbs]] quam [[Megara|Megarii]] [[saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculo VII a.C.n.]] nomine [[Byzantium|Byzantio]] [[colonia|colonizaverant]], quamque hodierni nomine [[Constantinopolis|İstanbul]] plurimi nuncupant, tempore '''mediaevali''' fuit [[Imperium Byzantinum|Imperii Byzantini]] sive Romani Orientalis [[caput (urbs)|caput]] ex die [[11 Maii]] [[330]]. Nomen nacta est anno [[330]] a [[Constantinus I|Constantino]] [[imperatores Romani|imperatore Romano]] et novo conditore; saepe etiam a [[scriptor]]ibus [[Nova Roma]] ([[Graece]] {{polytonic|Νέα Ῥώμη}}) appellata est.<ref>E.g., [[Socrates Scholasticus]], ''[[Historia ecclesiastica (Socrates)|Historia ecclesiastica]]'' 6.1.12.</ref> == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones fontium * {{Majeska}} * Cyril Mango, ''The Art of the Byzantine Empire 312-1453: sources and documents''. Englewood Cliffs, 1972 * Jules Nicole, ed., ''{{Polytonic|Λέοντος τοῦ Σοφοῦ τὸ ἐπαρχικὸν βιβλίον}}: le Livre du Préfet ... publié pour la première fois''. Genavae, 1893 {{Ling|Graece|Latine}} [https://archive.org/stream/mmoires18inst#page/n13/mode/2up Textus apud archive.org] * Th. Preger, ''Scriptores originum Constantinopolitanarum''. 2 voll. Lipsiae, 1901-1907 [http://archive.org/details/scriptoresorigi00preggoog 1] [http://archive.org/details/scriptoresorigi01preggoog 2] * {{BMFD}} ; Historica * "[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:id=constantinopolis-geo Constantinopolis]" in {{Smith-geo}} * {{Cite book|last=Baynes|first=Norman H.|editor-last=Baynes|editor-first=Norman H.|editor2-last=Moss|editor2-first=Henry S. L. B.|title=Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization|year=1949|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxonii|ref=harv|isbn=1406756598}} * S. Bassett, ''The Urban Image of Late Antique Constantinople''. Cantabrigiae, 2004 * G. Dagron, ''Constantinople imaginaire: études sur le recueil des "Patria"''. Lutetiae, 1984 * Paul Magdalino, ''Constantinople médiévale: études sur l'évolution des structures urbaines''. Lutetiae. 1996 * Cyril Mango, G. Dagron, edd., ''Constantinople and its Hinterland''. Aldershot, 1995 * N. Necipoğlu, ed., ''Byzantine Constantinople: monuments, topography and everyday life''. Lugduni Batavorum, 2001 ; Topographica * Albrecht Berger, "Regionen und Straßen im frühen Konstantinopel" in ''Istanbuler Mitteilungen'' vol. 47 (1997) pp. 349-414 * Albrecht Berger, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20130511181817/http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/dumbarton-oaks-papers/dop54 Streets and Public Spaces in Constantinople]" in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 54 (2000) * Albrecht Berger, "Zur Topographie der Ufergegend am Goldenen Horn in der byzantinischen Zeit" in ''Istanbuler Mitteilungen'' vol. 45 (1995) pp. 149-165 * J. Crow, R. Bayliss, "Water for the Queen of Cities: a review of recent research into the Byzantine and early Ottoman water supply of Constantinople" in ''Basilissa'' vol. 1 (2004) pp. 27-49 * K.R. Dark, "Houses, streets and shops in Byzantine Constantinople from the fifth to the twelfth centuries" in ''Journal of Medieval History'' vol. 30 (2004) pp. 83–107 * {{DuCangeHB}} * John Freely, Ahmet H. Cakmak, ''Byzantine Monuments of Constantinople''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77257-0 [https://web.archive.org/web/20210225140446/http://assets.cambridge.org/97805217/72570/excerpt/9780521772570_excerpt.pdf Paginae selectae] * Edwin Augustus Grosvenor, ''The Hippodrome of Constantinople and its Still Existing Monuments''. Londinii, 1889 [http://archive.org/details/hippodromeconst00grosgoog Textus apud archive.org] * R. Guilland, ''Etudes de topographie de Constantinople byzantine''. 2 voll. Berolini, 1969 * {{Janin CB}} * Paul Magdalino, ''Constantinople médiévale''. Lutetiae: De Boccard, 1996 * Paul Magdalino, ''Studies on the History and Topography of Byzantine Constantinople''. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007. ISBN 978-0-86078-999-4 * Paul Magdalino, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20130511181817/http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/dumbarton-oaks-papers/dop54 The Maritime Neighborhoods of Constantinople: Commercial and Residential Functions, Sixth to Twelfth Centuries]" in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 54 (2000) * Cyril Mango, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20160307053226/http://doaks.org/resources/publications/dumbarton-oaks-papers/dop54/dp54ch9.pdf/view The Triumphal Way of Constantinople and the Golden Gate]" in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 54 (2000) p. 173 ff. * Marlia Mundell Mango, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20130511181817/http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/dumbarton-oaks-papers/dop54 The Commercial Map of Constantinople]" in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 54 (2000) * [[Alexander van Millingen]], ''Byzantine Constantinople: the walls of the city and adjoining historical sites''. Londinii: John Murray, 1899 [http://archive.org/details/byzantineconstan00vanm Textus apud archive.org] * Wolfgang Müller-Wiener, ''Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls. Byzantion – Konstantinupolis – Istanbul bis zum Beginn des 17. Jahrhunderts''. Tubingae, 1977. ISBN 3-8030-1022-5 ; De ecclesiis * R. Janin, ''La géographie ecclésiastique de l'Empire byzantin''. Pars 1: ''Le Siège de Constantinople et le Patriarcat oecuménique''. Vol. 3: ''Les églises et les monastères''. Lutetiae, 1953 * R. Janin, "[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rebyz_0766-5598_1951_num_9_1_1039 Les églises et monastères de Constantinople byzantine]" in ''Revue des études byzantines'' vol. 9 (1951) pp. 143-153 * T. F. Mathews, ''The Byzantine Churches of Istanbul: a photographic survey''. University Park, 1976 * [[Alexander van Millingen]], ''Byzantine Churches in Constantinople: their history and architecture''. Londinii: Macmillan, 1912 [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/29077 Textus apud gutenberg.org] * Robert Ousterhout, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20130511181817/http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/dumbarton-oaks-papers/dop54 Contextualizing the Later Churches of Constantinople: Suggested Methodologies and a Few Examples]" in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 54 (2000) ; De gentibus * D. Jacoby, "Les quartiers juifs de Constantinople à l'époque byzantine" in ''Byzantion'' vol. 37 (1967) pp. 167-227 * D. Jacoby, "The Venetian Quarter of Constantinople from 1082 to 1261: topographical considerations" in C. Sode, S. Takács, edd., ''Novum Millennium: studies on Byzantine history and culture dedicated to Paul Speck'' (Aldershot, 2000) pp. 153-170 * C. A. Maltezou, "Il quartiere veneziano de Costantinopoli (scali marittimi)" in ''Thesaurismata'' vol. 15 (1978) pp. 30-62 {{Urbs Constantinopolis mediaevalis}} [[Categoria:Constantinopolis mediaevalis|!]] [[Categoria:Imperium Byzantinum]] [[Categoria:Studia Byzantina]] lwnie7ccfip50zil9gr7zj1iekzlco3 0 172234 3983439 3592174 2026-08-24T14:39:43Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Casaprota.jpg|thumb|Casa Perotis]] '''Casa Perotis'''<ref>Monumenti dello Stato pontificio e relazione topografica di ogni paese - Di Giuseppe Marocco</ref> (alia nomina: ''Casa Prota'', ''Fundus Casaprotae'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Casaprota|Casaprota]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Latium|Latio]] et in [[Provincia Reatina]] situm. == Insigne == <gallery> Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]'' </gallery> == Municipia finitima == {{NexInt}} * [[Latium]], * [[Provincia Reatina]], * [[Reate]] (urbs). == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141104195617/http://www.comune.casaprota.ri.it/ Situs publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}} {{CommuniaCat|Casaprota|Casam Perotis}} == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Imago:Map of comune of Casaprota (province of Rieti, region Lazio, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii in Provincia Reatina. </gallery> == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Reatis]] rqx0chib8tamhbsy2d6abbp41vx1ccg 0 178140 3983485 3983232 2026-08-24T18:06:18Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in HE.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Helmstadiensi.]] '''Circulus Helmstadiensis'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Helmstadiensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Helmstedt'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Helmstadium]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Helmstadiensis-e" refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Helmstedt''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Helmstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Helmstidde''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[1833]] conditus est et ad annum [[1918]] ad [[Ducatus Brunsvici|Ducatum Brunsvici]] et ad [[1946]] ad [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Rem Publicam Brunsvicum]] pertinuit, nunc autem ad Saxoniam Inferiorem. Caput circuli urbs [[Helmstadium]] est. == Communia circuli == Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt: * [[Büddenstedt]] (2709 incolae) * [[Helmstadium]] urbs (''Helmstedt'') (23.686) * [[Luttera Regalis]] urbs (''Königslutter'') (15.666) * [[Lehre]] (11.466) * [[Scahuningi]] urbs (''Schöningen'') (11.847) * [[Grasleba (commune generale)|Grasleba]]<ref name="-a"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Grasleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graslewe'') commune generale (4661) ** [[Grasleba]]<ref name="-a"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Grasleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graslewe''), sedes administrationis (2441) ** [[Mariental]] (977) ** [[Querenhorst]] (536) ** [[Rennau]] (707) * [[Hese Nemus (commune generale)|Hese Nemus]]<ref name="Hese Nemus">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Bergnamen Heeseberg, vor 1196-1197 (a. 14. Jh.) ''in monte, qui dicitur Hese nemus'' (schneidmüller, Kollegiatstifte s. 307) (...)". Qui mons citatus nomen praesenti communi generali dat.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heeseberg'') commune generale (4003) ** [[Beierstedum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016">Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Beierstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barste’e'') (406) ** [[Gevensleba]] <ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gevensleben'') (658) ** [[Ingeleben]] (407) ** [[Jerxheim]] (1140) ** [[Söllingen]] (656) ** [[Twieflingen]] (736) * [[Iugum Elmense Septentrionale (commune generale)|Iugum Elmense Septentrionale]]<ref name="IES">[https://www.frag-caesar.de/lateinwoerterbuch/iugum-uebersetzung.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com Latina vox "iugum" Theodiscam ''Höhenzug''] et Latinum adiectivum [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/septentrionalis?wb=gross&nr=3 "septentrionalis-e"] Theodiscum praefixum ''Nord(-)'' vertit. Latinum autem gentilicium "Elmensis-e" ad Theodiscum toponynum ''Elm'' refertur.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nord-Elm'') commune generale (5.792) ** [[Maius Vrelstede]]<ref name="Maius Vrelstede">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der stadt WoLfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) 1318 ''in Maiori Vrelstede'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Frellstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Frillstidde'') (826) ** [[Räbke]] (683) ** [[Süpplingen]] (1739) ** [[Süpplingenburg]] (656) ** [[Warberg]] (854) ** [[Wolsdorf]] (1034) * [[Velpke (commune generale)|Velpke]] commune generale (12.232) ** [[Bardorpium]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859">Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrdorf'') (1959) ** [[Danthorpum]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel % Udolph VII 2011">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Udolph, J. (2011). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII''). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Danndorf'') (2106) ** [[Grafhorstium]]<ref name="-horstium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-horst'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-horstium-i". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) -horst : -''horstium'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Grafhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grafhorst'') (982) ** [[Groß Twülpstedt]] (2620) ** [[Velpke]] (4565) == Coniunctio pagorum == * Powiat Wejherowski ([[Polonia]]) ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat|Landkreis Helmstedt|Circulus Helmstadiensis}} * [http://www.helmstedt.de/ Pagina interretialis] {{NexInt}} * [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{geo-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Helmstadiensis circulus}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1833]] fwllbwxud2gc11sf5udcbgi8rolxl73 3983537 3983485 2026-08-24T22:57:37Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3983537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in HE.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Helmstadiensi.]] '''Circulus Helmstadiensis'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Helmstadiensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Helmstedt'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Helmstadium]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Helmstadiensis-e" refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Helmstedt''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Helmstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Helmstidde''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[1833]] conditus est et ad annum [[1918]] ad [[Ducatus Brunsvici|Ducatum Brunsvici]] et ad [[1946]] ad [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Rem Publicam Brunsvicum]] pertinuit, nunc autem ad Saxoniam Inferiorem. Caput circuli urbs [[Helmstadium]] est. == Communia circuli == Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt: * [[Büddenstedt]] (2709 incolae) * [[Helmstadium]] urbs (''Helmstedt'') (23.686) * [[Luttera Regalis]] urbs (''Königslutter'') (15.666) * [[Lehre]] (11.466) * [[Scahuningi]] urbs (''Schöningen'') (11.847) * [[Grasleba (commune generale)|Grasleba]]<ref name="-a"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Grasleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graslewe'') commune generale (4661) ** [[Grasleba]]<ref name="-a"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Grasleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graslewe''), sedes administrationis (2441) ** [[Mariental]] (977) ** [[Querenhorst]] (536) ** [[Rennau]] (707) * [[Hese Nemus (commune generale)|Hese Nemus]]<ref name="Hese Nemus">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Bergnamen Heeseberg, vor 1196-1197 (a. 14. Jh.) ''in monte, qui dicitur Hese nemus'' (schneidmüller, Kollegiatstifte s. 307) (...)". Qui mons citatus nomen praesenti communi generali dat.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heeseberg'') commune generale (4003) ** [[Beierstedum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016">Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Beierstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barste’e'') (406) ** [[Gevensleba]] <ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gevensleben'') (658) ** [[Ingeleben]] (407) ** [[Jerxheim]] (1140) ** [[Söllingen]] (656) ** [[Twieflingen]] (736) * [[Iugum Elmense Septentrionale (commune generale)|Iugum Elmense Septentrionale]]<ref name="IES">[https://www.frag-caesar.de/lateinwoerterbuch/iugum-uebersetzung.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com Latina vox "iugum" Theodiscam ''Höhenzug''] et Latinum adiectivum [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/septentrionalis?wb=gross&nr=3 "septentrionalis-e"] Theodiscum praefixum ''Nord(-)'' vertit. Latinum autem gentilicium "Elmensis-e" ad Theodiscum toponynum ''Elm'' refertur.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nord-Elm'') commune generale (5.792) ** [[Maius Vrelstede]]<ref name="Maius Vrelstede">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der stadt WoLfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) 1318 ''in Maiori Vrelstede'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Frellstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Frillstidde'') (826) ** [[Räbke]] (683) ** [[Süpplingen]] (1739) ** [[Süpplingenburg]] (656) ** [[Warberg]] (854) ** [[Wolsdorf]] (1034) * [[Velpke (commune generale)|Velpke]] commune generale (12.232) ** [[Bardorpium]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859">Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrdorf'') (1959) ** [[Danthorpum]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel % Udolph VII 2011">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Udolph, J. (2011). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII''). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Danndorf'') (2106) ** [[Grafhorstium]]<ref name="-horstium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-horst'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-horstium-i". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) -horst : -''horstium'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Grafhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grafhorst'') (982) ** [[Twilpstede Maius]]<ref name="Twilpstede Maius">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori'' (...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori et Minori'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Twülpstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Twülpstidde'') (2620) ** [[Velpke]] (4565) == Coniunctio pagorum == * Powiat Wejherowski ([[Polonia]]) ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat|Landkreis Helmstedt|Circulus Helmstadiensis}} * [http://www.helmstedt.de/ Pagina interretialis] {{NexInt}} * [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{geo-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Helmstadiensis circulus}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1833]] mgulw2q0clghsaji6m9oi78l47o6eu5 0 178303 3983561 3466263 2026-08-25T04:11:19Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983561 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Flavignac_Lac_Saint-Fortunat_1.JPG|thumb|left|300px|Flavignac: [[ecclesia]] ]] [[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 87066.png|thumb|300px|Flavignac: communis tabula]] ''' Flavignac''' ([[Occitanice]] ''Flavinhac'') est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 1'045 incolarum (anno [[2008]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vigenna Superior|Vigennae Superioris]] in provincia [[Lemovicensis (regio Franciae)|Lemovicensi]] {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vigennae Superioris]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Flavignac|Flavignac}} * {{INSEE commune|87066|de=Flavignac}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121213043325/http://www.flavignac.fr/ Flavignac pagina interretialis] {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vigennae Superioris]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vigennae superioris]] erfk15t3xdzdjsdia3xt6ba5c2zm6g4 0 178887 3983575 3982525 2026-08-25T10:05:18Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Hese Nemus'''<ref name="Hese Nemus">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Bergnamen Heeseberg, vor 1196-1197 (a. 14. Jh.) ''in monte, qui dicitur Hese nemus'' (schneidmüller, Kollegiatstifte s. 307) (...)". Qui mons citatus nomen praesenti communi generali dat.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heeseberg'') commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Helmstadiensis|circulo Helmstadiensi]] est. == Historia == Anno [[1974]] commune generale Hese Nemus conditum est. Sedes administrationis [[Jerxheim]] est. Anno [[2012]] magister civium se a magistratu recessit. Quod communia, quae ad Hese Nemus pertinent, de coniunctione communium in unum agunt, successor non iam electus est. == Communia ad Hese Nemus pertinentes == * [[Beierstedum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016">Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Beierstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barste’e'') (406 incolae) * [[Gevensleba]] <ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gevensleben'') (658) * [[Ingeleben]] (407) * [[Jerxheim]], sedes administrationis (1140) * [[Söllingen]] (656) * [[Twieflingen]] (736) ==Notae== <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1974]] 31avrg8xpkpwg4flr597wfe8hs3stm8 0 178889 3983536 3983194 2026-08-24T22:54:29Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3983536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Velpke''' commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Helmstadiensis|circulo Helmstadiensi]] est. == Historia == Anno [[1974]] commune generale Velpke conditum est. Sedes administrationis [[Velpke]] est. == Communia ad Velpke pertinentes == * [[Bardorpium]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859">Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrdorf'') (1959 incolae) * [[Danthorpum]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel % Udolph VII 2011">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Udolph, J. (2011). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII''). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Danndorf'') (2106) * [[Grafhorstium]]<ref name="-horstium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-horst'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-horstium-i". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) -horst : -''horstium'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Grafhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grafhorst'') (982) * [[Twilpstede Maius]]<ref name="Twilpstede Maius">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori'' (...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori et Minori'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Twülpstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Twülpstidde'') (2620) * [[Velpke]], sedes administrationis (4565) ==Notae== <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1974]] pi2ba6h28vfgb8bobws1r0epl5dffy6 0 179194 3983566 3982524 2026-08-25T07:14:55Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Gevensleba'''<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gevensleben'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et ad [[Circulus Helmstadiensis|Circulum Helmstadiensem]] pertinet. Gevensleba ab anno [[1974]] pars est communis generalis [[Hese Nemus (commune generale)|Hesis Nemoris]]<ref name="Hese Nemus">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Bergnamen Heeseberg, vor 1196-1197 (a. 14. Jh.) ''in monte, qui dicitur Hese nemus'' (schneidmüller, Kollegiatstifte s. 307) (...)". Qui mons citatus nomen praesenti communi generali dat.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heeseberg''). Ad Gevensleba etiam vici [[Gevensleba (vicus)|Gevensleba]]<ref name="-a"/> (Theodisce et Saxonice ''Gevensleben'') atque [[Watenstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce et Saxonice ''Watenstedt'') pertinent. == Historia == Gevensleba saeculo 11 primo in actis nomine ''Bergerstede'' descripta est. Postea possessio [[Guelfi|Guelphorum]] facta est. Annis [[1807]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Ducatus Brunsvici|Ducatum Brunsvici]], ab anno [[1918]] ad [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Rem Publicam Brunsvicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat|Gevensleben|Gevenslebam}} * [http://www.samtgemeindeheeseberg.de/ Pagina communis generalis Hesis Nemoris] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 11]] kyj3hphlwipon2h4bxxwu71jp6yg44z 0 179622 3983525 3960687 2026-08-24T22:22:03Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Groß Twülpstedt]] ad [[Twilpstede Maius]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3960687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Groß Twülpstedt''' est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et ad [[Circulus Helmstadiensis|Circulum Helmstadiensem]] pertinet. Groß Twülpstedt commune e vicis Groß Twülpstedt,Klein Twülpstedt, Papenrode, Rümmer, Groß Sisbeck, Klein Sisbeck atque Volkmarsdorf constat. Commune ab anno [[1974]] pars est communis generalis [[Velpke (commune generale)|Velpke]]. == Historia == [[Fasciculus:Gross Twuelpstedt Kirche.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sanctorum Mariae et Cyriaci saeculo 12 primo descripta]] Groß Twülpstedt anno [[1145]] nomine ''Tiulpstidi'' primo in actis [[Lucius II|Lucii II]] papae descriptum est. Postea possessio [[Guelfi|Guelphorum]] factum est. Annis [[1807]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Ducatus Brunsvici|Ducatum Brunsvici]], ab anno [[1918]] ad [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Rem Publicam Brunsvicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130619013953/http://www.velpke.de/samtgemeinde-und-doerfer/gro-twuelpstedt/index.html Pagina communis generalis Velpke de Groß Twülpstedt scripta] {{urbs-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gross Twuelpstedt}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 12]] hd7w5ohsndwtwbif14oqbwh9zvafcv3 3983527 3983525 2026-08-24T22:22:24Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3983527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Twilpstede Maius''' est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et ad [[Circulus Helmstadiensis|Circulum Helmstadiensem]] pertinet. Groß Twülpstedt commune e vicis Groß Twülpstedt,Klein Twülpstedt, Papenrode, Rümmer, Groß Sisbeck, Klein Sisbeck atque Volkmarsdorf constat. Commune ab anno [[1974]] pars est communis generalis [[Velpke (commune generale)|Velpke]]. == Historia == [[Fasciculus:Gross Twuelpstedt Kirche.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sanctorum Mariae et Cyriaci saeculo 12 primo descripta]] Groß Twülpstedt anno [[1145]] nomine ''Tiulpstidi'' primo in actis [[Lucius II|Lucii II]] papae descriptum est. Postea possessio [[Guelfi|Guelphorum]] factum est. Annis [[1807]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Ducatus Brunsvici|Ducatum Brunsvici]], ab anno [[1918]] ad [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Rem Publicam Brunsvicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130619013953/http://www.velpke.de/samtgemeinde-und-doerfer/gro-twuelpstedt/index.html Pagina communis generalis Velpke de Groß Twülpstedt scripta] {{urbs-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gross Twuelpstedt}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 12]] cf4nuwrowmuw3vdzrp36o25hfyh7hno 3983534 3983527 2026-08-24T22:51:54Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3983534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Twilpstede Maius'''<ref name="Twilpstede">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1284 ''cives de Magnum Sesbeke'' (...) 1318 ''in Minori Sesbeke'' (...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori'' (...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori et Minori'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Twülpstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Twülpstidde'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et ad [[Circulus Helmstadiensis|Circulum Helmstadiensem]] pertinet. Twilpstede Maius commune e vicis [[Magnum Sesbeke|Magno Sesbeki]]<ref name="Twilpstede"/> (Theodisce ''Groß Sisbeck''), [[Minus Sesbeke|Minore Sesbeki]]<ref name="Twilpstede"/> (Theodisce ''Klein Sisbeck''), [[Papenroda]]<ref name="-roda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-rode'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-roda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Baceroda]], [[Gerningeroda]], [[Osteroda]], [[Werningroda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Papenrode''), [[Twilpstede Maius|Twilpstedi Maiore]]<ref name="Twilpstede"/> (Theodisce ''Groß Twülpstedt''), [[Twilpstede Minus|Twilpstedi Minore]]<ref name="Twilpstede"/> (Theodisce ''Klein Twülpstedt''), [[Rummera]]<ref name="-era">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-er'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-era-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Qua de latinizarione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-er''': ''-era'' (...)".</ref (Theodisce ''Rümmer'') atque [[Volkmarsdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Volkmarsdorf'') constat. Commune ab anno [[1974]] pars est communis generalis [[Velpke (commune generale)|Velpke]]. == Historia == [[Fasciculus:Gross Twuelpstedt Kirche.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sanctorum Mariae et Cyriaci saeculo 12 primo descripta.]] Twilpstede Maius anno [[1145]] nomine ''Tiulpstidi'' primo in actis [[Lucius II|Lucii II]] papae descriptum est. Postea possessio [[Guelfi|Guelphorum]] factum est. Annis [[1807]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Ducatus Brunsvici|Ducatum Brunsvici]], ab anno [[1918]] ad [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Rem Publicam Brunsvicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat|Gross Twuelpstedt|Twilpstede Maius}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130619013953/http://www.velpke.de/samtgemeinde-und-doerfer/gro-twuelpstedt/index.html Pagina communis generalis Velpke de Twilpstedi Maiore scripta.] {{urbs-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gross Twuelpstedt}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 12]] a9lbby80jg31wjbvds3hmhz3rxz2ad4 3983535 3983534 2026-08-24T22:52:28Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3983535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Twilpstede Maius'''<ref name="Twilpstede">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1284 ''cives de Magnum Sesbeke'' (...) 1318 ''in Minori Sesbeke'' (...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori'' (...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori et Minori'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Twülpstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Twülpstidde'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et ad [[Circulus Helmstadiensis|Circulum Helmstadiensem]] pertinet. Twilpstede Maius commune e vicis [[Magnum Sesbeke|Magno Sesbeki]]<ref name="Twilpstede"/> (Theodisce ''Groß Sisbeck''), [[Minus Sesbeke|Minore Sesbeki]]<ref name="Twilpstede"/> (Theodisce ''Klein Sisbeck''), [[Papenroda]]<ref name="-roda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-rode'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-roda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Baceroda]], [[Gerningeroda]], [[Osteroda]], [[Werningroda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Papenrode''), [[Twilpstede Maius (vicus)|Twilpstedi Maiore]]<ref name="Twilpstede"/> (Theodisce ''Groß Twülpstedt''), [[Twilpstede Minus|Twilpstedi Minore]]<ref name="Twilpstede"/> (Theodisce ''Klein Twülpstedt''), [[Rummera]]<ref name="-era">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-er'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-era-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Qua de latinizarione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-er''': ''-era'' (...)".</ref (Theodisce ''Rümmer'') atque [[Volkmarsdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Volkmarsdorf'') constat. Commune ab anno [[1974]] pars est communis generalis [[Velpke (commune generale)|Velpke]]. == Historia == [[Fasciculus:Gross Twuelpstedt Kirche.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sanctorum Mariae et Cyriaci saeculo 12 primo descripta.]] Twilpstede Maius anno [[1145]] nomine ''Tiulpstidi'' primo in actis [[Lucius II|Lucii II]] papae descriptum est. Postea possessio [[Guelfi|Guelphorum]] factum est. Annis [[1807]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Ducatus Brunsvici|Ducatum Brunsvici]], ab anno [[1918]] ad [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Rem Publicam Brunsvicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat|Gross Twuelpstedt|Twilpstede Maius}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130619013953/http://www.velpke.de/samtgemeinde-und-doerfer/gro-twuelpstedt/index.html Pagina communis generalis Velpke de Twilpstedi Maiore scripta.] {{urbs-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gross Twuelpstedt}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 12]] blo9bb8mdrpchub3u018r6u6uq0rahw 0 179624 3983518 3982684 2026-08-24T22:07:12Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3983518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in GF.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Gifhornensi]] '''Circulus Gifhornensis'''<ref name="Egli 1893">Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Gifhorn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Gifhorn''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] anno [[1885]] conditus est et ad annum [[1945]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit et ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem. Caput circuli urbs [[Gifhorna]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703">Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.</ref> est. == Historia == Fines circuli saepe mutatae sunt, primo anno [[1932]], cum agri circuli Isenhagi in australi siti adderentur. Anno [[1950]] urbs [[Wolfsburg]] e circulo emancipata est. Anno [[1972]] inter alia et urbs Fallersleben, nunc ad Wolfsburg pertinens circulo dempta est. Communia [[Ummern]] et [[Parsau]] autem eodem tempore ad circulum Gifhornensem addita sunt. [[Didderse]] anno [[1972]] in circulum [[Peine]] incolis protestantibus transmissum anno [[1974]] ad Gifhornensem circulum rediit. == Communia circuli == Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt: * [[Gifhorna]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703">Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Gifhorn'') urbs et caput circuli (41.555 incolae) * [[Sassenburg]] (10.940) * [[Wittingen]] oppidum (11.603) * [[Terra Boldecensis (commune generale)|Terra Boldecensis]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859">Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boldecker Land'') commune generale (9839) ** [[Barwedelum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016">Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barwedel'') (1088) ** [[Bokenstorpium]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859">Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bokensdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokensdörp'') (941) ** [[Jembke]] (1959) ** [[Osloß]] (1906) ** [[Tappenbeck]] (1358) ** [[Weyhausen]] (2587, sedes administrationis) * [[Broma (commune generale)|Broma]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski 2014">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (Ed.). (2014). ''Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch: Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Gifhorn''. [[Bilivelda]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brome''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Brom'') commune generale (15.388) ** [[Bergfelda]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702">Bünting, H., & Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi. </ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergfeld''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bargfeld'') (897) ** [[Broma]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski 2014">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (Ed.). (2014). ''Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch: Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Gifhorn''. [[Bilivelda]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brome''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Brom'') (3220, sedes administrationis et oppidum) ** [[Ehra-Lessia]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ehra-Lessien'') (1638) ** [[Parsau]] (1842) ** [[Rühen]] (4891) ** [[Tiddische]] (1285) ** [[Tülau]] (1515) * [[Hankensbüttel (commune generale)|Hankensbüttel]] commune generale (9353 incolae) ** [[Hankensbüttel]] (4298, sedes administrationis) ** [[Obernholz]] (909) ** [[Sprakensehl]] (1295) ** [[Steinhorst (Saxonia Inferior)|Steinhorst]] (1338) ** [[Theodolfestorpum]]<ref name="Asseburg 1855">Asseburg, J. von der. (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des Geschlechts von der Asseburg (Vol. 1)''. Hahnschen Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dedelstorf'') (1513) * [[Isenbüttel (commune generale)|Isenbüttel]] commune generale (15.270) ** [[Isenbüttel]] (6232, sedes administrationis) ** [[Pratum Vitulorum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688">Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calberlah'') (5056) ** [[Ribbesbüttel]] (2119) ** [[Wasbüttel]] (1863) * [[Meinersen (commune generale)|Meinersen]] commune generale (20.516) ** [[Hillerse]] (2509) ** [[Leiferde]] (4274) ** [[Meinersen]] (8130, sedes administrationis) ** [[Müden (Alara)]] (5603) * [[Papenteich (commune generale)|Papenteich]] commune generale (23.556) ** [[Adenebutla]]<ref name="Pischke 1998">Pischke, G. (Ed.) (1998). ''Das Lehnsregister der Edelherren von Meinersen: Edition und historische Untersuchung der mittelalterlichen Besitzurkunden'' (Documentum anni MCCXX). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> (1767) ** [[Didderse]] (1322) ** [[Meine]] (8193, sedes administrationis) ** [[Rötgesbüttel]] (2280) ** [[Schwülper]] (6814) ** [[Vordorf]] (3180) * [[Wesendorf (commune generale)|Wesendorf]] commune generale (14.090) ** [[Oesinga Maior]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Oesingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Oesingen'') (1862) ** [[Schönewörde]] (900) ** [[Ummern]] (1545) ** [[Wagenhoff]] (1130) ** [[Wahrenholz]] (3655) ** [[Wesendorf]] (4998, sedes administrationis) ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat|Landkreis Gifhorn|Circulum Gifhornensem}} * [http://www.gifhorn.de/ Pagina interretialis circuli Gifhornensis] {{NexInt}} * [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{geo-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Circulus Gifhornensis}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1885]] hqs9yz3d1d21o955fdtaii97cb9xg6w 0 180062 3983517 3505576 2026-08-24T22:05:47Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3983517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Wesendorf''' commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Gifhorn|Circuli Gifhorn]] est. Ad Wesendorf communia [[Oesinga Maior]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Oesingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Oesingen'') (1862 incolae), [[Schönewörde]] (900), [[Ummern]] (1545), [[Wagenhoff]] (1130), [[Wahrenholz]] (3655), [[Wesendorf]] (4998, hic est sedes administrationis) pertinent. == Historia == Commune generale Wesendorf anno [[1974]] a communibus supra dictis conditum est, ut administratio communium melior fieret. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == * [http://www.wesendorf.de/ Pagina Communis generalis Wesendorf] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1974]] 56k13x5bucm8nznt03udyn7emeugjau 0 183807 3983488 3505609 2026-08-24T19:44:27Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Groß Oesingen]] ad [[Oesinga Maior]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3505609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Friedenskirche (Groß Oesingen) IMG 9691.jpg|thumb|left|Ecclesia Pacis in Groß Oesingen anno 1880 aedificata]] '''Groß Oesingen''' commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] est. Groß Oesingen pars [[Circulus Gifhorn|Circuli Gifhorn]] et ab anno [[1974]] communis generalis [[Wesendorf (commune generale)|Wesendorf]] est. Ad Groß Oesingen vici Klein Oesingen, Mahrenholz, Zahrenholz, Texas atque Schmarloh pertinent. == Historia == Oesingen [[1222]] primo in actis descriptum est, sed certe saeculo 11 conditum est. Tum ad [[Fuldense coenobium]] pertinuit. Fuit postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1933]] ad circulum Gifhorn pertinet. Ab anno [[1946]] Oesingen pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Die [[1 Martii]] [[1974]] vici Mahrenholz und Zahrenholz cum Oesingen coniuncti sunt. == Nexus externi == {{commonscat}} {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 11]] nflpcyo5nkulj3oakiogmb4jo2tryt9 3983492 3983488 2026-08-24T19:52:19Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3983492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Friedenskirche (Groß Oesingen) IMG 9691.jpg|thumb|left|Ecclesia Pacis Oesinga Maiore anno 1880 aedificata.]] '''Oesinga Maior'''<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Oesingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Oesingen'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] est. Oesinga Maior pars [[Circulus Gifhornensis|Circuli Gifhornensis]] et ab anno [[1974]] communis generalis [[Wesendorf (commune generale)|Wesendorf]] est. Ad Oesingam Maiorem vici Klein Oesingen, Mahrenholz, Zahrenholz, Texas atque Schmarloh pertinent. == Historia == Oesinga [[1222]] primo in actis descripta est, sed certe saeculo 11 condita est. Tum ad [[Fuldense coenobium]] pertinuit. Fuit postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupata est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1933]] ad circulum Gifhornensem pertinet. Ab anno [[1946]] Oesinga pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Die [[1 Martii]] [[1974]] vici Mahrenholz und Zahrenholz cum Oesinga coniuncti sunt. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Groß Oesingen|Oesingam Maiorem}} {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 11]] r8adh2w91svzsxfbs6s8ddzmsqgblxv 3983516 3983492 2026-08-24T22:03:38Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3983516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Friedenskirche (Groß Oesingen) IMG 9691.jpg|thumb|left|Ecclesia Pacis Oesinga Maiore anno 1880 aedificata.]] '''Oesinga Maior'''<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Oesingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Oesingen'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] est. Oesinga Maior pars [[Circulus Gifhornensis|Circuli Gifhornensis]] et ab anno [[1974]] communis generalis [[Wesendorf (commune generale)|Wesendorf]] est. Ad Oesingam Maiorem vici (Theodisce ''Ortsteile'') [[Mahrenholtia]]<ref name="-holtia">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-holz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-holtia-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) -holz : -''holtia'' (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Mahrenholz''); [[Oesinga Maior (vicus)|Oesinga Maior]]<ref name="-inga"/><ref name="KleinGrosse"/> (Theodisce ''Groß Oesingen''); [[Oesinga Minor]]<ref name="-inga"/><ref name="KleinGrosse"/> (Theodisce ''Klein Oesingen'') atque [[Zahrenholtia]]<ref name="-holtia"/> (Theodisce ''Zahrenholz'') cum suis locis habitatis (Theodisce ''Wohnplätze'') sedibusque (Theodisce ''Siedlung'') [[Schmarloha]]<ref name="-">Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-loha-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Schmarloh''), [[Texia (Oesinga Maior)|Texia]]<ref name="Texia">Nomen Theodiscum ''Texas'' ortum est ex Anglico [[Texia|homonymae Statunitensis civitatis]] nomine. Quae civitas Latine "Texia" dicitur; quo de toponymo, vide {{Egger SL|69}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Texas''); et locus habitatus (Theodisce ''Wohnplätze'') [[Wichelnfordia]]<ref name="-förth">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-fort'' aut ''-ford'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-forda-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) -holz : -''holtia'' (...)". Quo in casu, suffixum ''-förth'' suffixorum ''-fort'' seu ''-ford'' varians putatur, ergo eadem latinizatio adhibetur. Qua de aequivalentia, vide: Fabre d'Envieu, J. (1885). ''Noms locaux tudesques''. [[Lutetia]]e, ubi dicitur: "(...) dans quelques contrées, on emploie ford et förth (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Wichelnförth'') pertinent. == Historia == Oesinga [[1222]] primo in actis descripta est, sed certe saeculo 11 condita est. Tum ad [[Fuldense coenobium]] pertinuit. Fuit postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupata est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1933]] ad circulum Gifhornensem pertinet. Ab anno [[1946]] Oesinga pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Die [[1 Martii]] [[1974]] vici Mahrenholz und Zahrenholz cum Oesinga coniuncti sunt. ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Groß Oesingen|Oesingam Maiorem}} {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 11]] isz0rdyjs86umuwd2zapr006o7paas8 0 185250 3983546 3820080 2026-08-24T23:27:05Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* Res geographicae */ 3983546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}}[[Fasciculus:Laptevzee.PNG|thumb|Mare Lapteviorum, colore caeruleo in tabula pictum]] '''Mare Lapteviorum'''<ref>"De algis glacierum ''Maris Lapteviorum'' notula" (in: [http://books.google.ru/books?id=KCUeAQAAIAAJ&q=%22maris+lapteviorum%22&dq=%22maris+lapteviorum%22&hl=ru&sa=X&ei=dXmTUeXiIuKC4ASFl4GIDQ&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA ''Meri (Series)'', vol. 51-55, p. 38]); {{ZK|Лаптевых, море}}</ref> ([[Russice]] море Лаптевых, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''more Laptevych'') est mare [[Oceanus Arcticus|Oceani Arctici (Glacialis Septentrionalis)]]. Area maris Lapteviorum est 672 000 chm², profunditas mediocris 540 m, maxima 3385 m est. [[Fasciculus:Море Лаптевых, катание на айсберге.jpg|thumb|[[Mons glacialis]] in mari Lapteviorum]] ==Nomen== Nomen maris hodiernum, anno [[1935]] confirmatum, datum est in honorem fratrum patruelium [[Demetrius Laptev|Demetrii]] et [[Charito Laptev|Charitonis]] Lapteviorum – praefectorum navalium [[Russia|Russicorum]], qui annis [[1735]]–[[1740]] litora huius maris exploraverunt. [[Fasciculus:Laptev sea sunset.JPG|thumb|Occasus solis mense Aprili super mare Lapteviorum]] ==Situs== Inter paeninsulam [[Taimyr]]icam archipelagumque [[Terra Borealis|Terram Borealem]] ad occidentem et [[Insulae Sibiriae Novae|insulas Sibiriae Novae]] ad orientem situm est. [[Terra Borealis]] a [[mare Karense|mari Karensi]] et [[Insulae Sibiriae Novae]] a [[mare Sibiricum Orientale|mari Sibirico Orientali]] mare Lapteviorum separant. [[Fretum Vilkitzkii]] mare Lapteviorum cum mare Karense coniungit et [[fretum Demetrii Laptevii]] cum mari Sibirico Orientali, ubi [[Sanctus Nasus (Iacutia)|Sanctus Nasus]] promunturium maria dividit. [[Fasciculus:Polarstation Izluchina 2014-08-31.jpg|thumb|[[Statio polaris]] in [[Terra Borealis|Terra Boreali]]]] ==Res geographicae== Flumina [[Chatanga]], [[Anabira]], [[Olenecus]], [[Lena]], [[Iana]] (ab occidente ad orientem enumerata) in hoc mare effunduntur. Portus principalis est ''[[Tiksi]]'' prope [[delta Lenae]] situs. == Nota == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{fontes geographici}} {{CommuniaCat|Laptev Sea|mare Lapteviorum}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161222150902/http://bigenc.ru/geography/text/2133445 Pagina de Mari Lapteviorum ''Encyclopaediae Russicae Magnae''] {{ling|Russice}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lapteviorum Mare}} [[Categoria:Mare Lapteviorum|!]] {{Myrias|Geographia}} lv4hmqry3pxt3z3v7z0p0zx8k0r9asy 0 188188 3983591 3643932 2026-08-25T11:57:55Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Hoganas hamn.jpg|thumb|275px|Portus.]] '''''Höganäs''''' ([[Suecice]]; nomen [[Lingua Latina|Latinum]] indictum) est [[urbs]] 14 107 incolarum in [[natio]]ne [[Suecia]], [[Scania]] provincia sita. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Höganäs|''Höganäs''}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200804073819/http://www.hoganas.se/ Situs officialis] {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Urbes Sueciae]] 2o4jq6q5d2lvhbqpcpi2b4gn6oc3r9l 0 196418 3983487 3565038 2026-08-24T19:16:06Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983487 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:2020-08 - Château de Colombe-lès-Vesoul - 02.jpg|thumb|250px|Colombe-lès-Vesoul: [[oppidum]]]] [[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 70162.png|left|thumb|250px|Colombe-lès-Vesoul: communis tabula]] ''' Colombe-lès-Vesoul ''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 500 incolarum (anno [[2010]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Arar Superior|Araris Superioris]] in regione [[Liber Comitatus (regio Franciae)|Libero Comitatu]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Araris Superioris|Indicem communium praefecturae Araris Superioris]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat| Colombe-lès-Vesoul |Colombe-lès-Vesoul }} * [http://colombelesvesoul.fr/ Colombe-lès-Vesoul pagina interretialis]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{INSEE commune|70162|de=Colombe-lès-Vesoul}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Araris Superioris]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Araris superioris]] 6rjt8uiavy4onezp8ftoem28aqa28wf 0 200594 3983556 3759148 2026-08-25T00:49:57Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983556 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus: Duniere-sur-Eyrieux_2003.jpg|thumb|250px|Dunière-sur-Eyrieux:despectus in vicum]] [[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 07083.png|thumb|left|250px|Dunière-sur-Eyrieux: communis tabula]] ''' Dunière-sur-Eyrieux ''' (usque ad annum [[2001]] '''Dunières-sur-Eyrieux''') est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 416 incolarum (anno [[2010]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Ardesca (praefectura Franciae)|Ardescae]] in regione [[Rhodano-Alpes|Rhodano-Alpibus]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Ardescae|Indicem communium praefecturae Ardescae]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat| Dunière-sur-Eyrieux |Dunière-sur-Eyrieux }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160604090453/http://www.dunieresureyrieux.fr/ Dunière-sur-Eyrieux pagina interretialis] * {{INSEE commune|07083|de=Dunière-sur-Eyrieux}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Ardescae]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Ardescae]] bvyxrldkbcdosh812b1enbswjko2bny 0 200641 3983567 3759161 2026-08-25T07:31:45Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983567 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Mairie_de_Gluiras.JPG|thumb|250px|Gluiras: vici conciliabulum]] [[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 07096.png|thumb|left|250px|Gluiras: communis tabula]] ''' Gluiras ''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 375 incolarum (anno [[2010]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Ardesca (praefectura Franciae)|Ardescae]] in regione [[Rhodano-Alpes|Rhodano-Alpibus]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Ardescae|Indicem communium praefecturae Ardescae]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat| Gluiras |Gluiras }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131013055953/http://www.gluiras.fr/ Gluiras pagina interretialis] * {{INSEE commune|07096|de=Gluiras}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Ardescae]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Ardescae]] 8wo7jgplbr730zv0xknal3sbxkinl98 0 216135 3983433 3983383 2026-08-24T13:09:17Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3983433 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Lower Saxony.svg|thumb|500px|Urbes et communia Saxoniae Inferioris.]] '''Index urbium, oppidorum et communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnia [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur. Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communia et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur. Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent. Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent: * Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent. * Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent. * 61 communium et tria communia generalia (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent. * 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent. === A === {{div col|3}} * [[Abensium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obbens'')</small> * [[Acheimum]]<ref name="Grote III 1877">Grote, H. (1877). ''Münzstudien: Geschichte der älteren Münzen und Urkunden des Bisthums Verden'' (Vol. VIII). Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Achim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Achem'')</small> * [[Achestedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Axstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ax'')</small> * [[Adelebsenum]]<ref name="Funck 1736">Funck, J. N. (1736). ''Disputatio Academica de Voluntaria Morte Judaeorum et Gentilium sub Praesidio S. R. I. Libero Baroni de Adelebsen Dedicata''. Rintelii: Typis Johannis Friderici Enax.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adelebsen'')</small> * [[Adenebutla]]<ref name="Pischke 1998">Pischke, G. (Ed.) (1998). ''Das Lehnsregister der Edelherren von Meinersen: Edition und historische Untersuchung der mittelalterlichen Besitzurkunden'' (Documentum anni MCCXX). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Adenbüttel'')</small> * [[Adenhusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703">Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis: De ecclesiis parochialibus et ditione antiqua oppidi Adenhusii''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahnsen'')</small> * [[Adenthorpium]]<ref name="Höhbaum 1876">Höhbaum, K. (Ed.) (1876). ''Hansisches Urkundenbuch: Monumenta Germaniae Historica e codicibus diplomaticis Bremensibus et Luneburgensibus'' (Vol. I). Halis Saxonum: Typis Orphanotrophei.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Adendörp'')</small> * [[Affinghusia]]<ref name="Rathlef 1766">Rathlef, E. L. (1766). ''Geschichte der Grafschaften Hoya und Diepholz: Monimenta diplomatica et antiquitates ditionis Affinghusiae'' (Vol. I). Bremae: Försterischen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Affinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Affinghusen'' seu ''Affjehusen'')</small> * [[Aldendorpevilla]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> ([[Theodisce]] ''Stadtoldendorf'') * [[Alrebekesa]]<ref name="Oven 1872">Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck'')</small> * [[Ahusium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ahusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahusen'')</small> * [[Alfelda]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Allefelle'')</small> * [[Alfhusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfhausen'')</small> * [[Algermissenum]]<ref name="Hoogeweg III 1903">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1903). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et privilegia de Algermisseno)'' (Vol. III). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Algermissen'')</small> * [[Alisni]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elsfleth'')</small> * [[Almstedium]]<ref name="Hoogeweg II 1901">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1901). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et registra de Almstedio)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Almstedt'')</small> * [[Alorstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1758">Pratje, J. H. (1758). ''Historische Nachrichten von dem ehemaligen berühmten Closter Harsefeld: Monumenta ac documenta saeculi XII ubi de decimis Alorstedii agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlerstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohlers'')</small> * [[Alvstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759">Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfs'' seu ''Alfst'')</small> * [[Amelinghusium]]<ref name="Baring 1746">Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'')</small> * [[Anchemium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ankum'')</small> * [[Andervenia]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Andervenne'')</small> * [[Andorlangia]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Anderlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Annerlingen'')</small> * [[Antiqua Medingha]]<ref name="Homeyer X 2006">Homeyer, J. (Ed.) (2006). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Medingen: Lüneburger Urkundenbuch (Monimenta historica saeculi XIV de parochia Medinghae) (Vol. X)''. Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Altenmedingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohmein'')</small> * [[Apenum]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aap'')</small> * [[Apleremum]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apelern'')</small> * [[Appelium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Appel'')</small> * [[Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis]]<ref name="Mirus 1826">Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz'')</small> * [[Aquae Nendorpenses]]<ref name="Marcard 1805">Marcard, H. M. (1805). ''De salubritate aquarum nendorpensium et de earum usu in morbis chronicis''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich; et: Macard, H. M. (1805). ''De usu salutari fontium salinorum in territorio Hildesiensi sitorum''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Nenndorf'')</small> * [[Aquae Zwischenahnenses]]<ref name="Statisitakamt Nord 2025">Statistikamt Nord (Editio Latina). ''Catalogus Urbium et Communium Germaniae''. Hamburgi, 2025.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Zwischenahn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Twiskenoan'' seu ''Boad Twiskenoan''; [[Saxonice]] ''Twüschenahn'')</small> * [[Aroldishusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'')</small> * [[Artlenburgum]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Artlenburg'')</small> * [[Artlissa]]<ref name="Mader 1664">Mader, J. J. (1664). ''Antiquitates Brunsvicenses: De antiquis parochiis Saxonum et finibus dioecesis Mindensis (Caput de parochia Artlissa)''. Helmestadii: Typis Henningi Mulleri.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aerzen'': quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Ärzen'')</small> * [[Arx Agathae]]<ref name="Kochen 1724">Kochen, J. H. (1724). ''Introductio in Historiam Ducatus Bremensis y Verdensis: Accesserunt diplomata varia et descriptio Arcis Agathae et ditionis Stadiensis''. Stadae: Typis Caspari Holmii.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Agathenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gothenborg'')</small> * [[Arx Draconis]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drakenburg'')</small> * [[Ascalingium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlden'')</small> * [[Asanthorpium]]<ref name="Vogell 1856">Vogell, A. (Ed.) (1856). ''Urkundenbuch des Bisthums Verden und des Collegiatstifts Bardewick: Chartae, diplomata et monumenta historica saeculi XIII...''. Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Harburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Harburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Harburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Harburgum]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Harburgensis-e" refertur-.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')</small> * [[Asenthorpium]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1855). ''Hoyer Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Jänecke Verlag.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Diepholtia|Circulo terrae Diepholtia]]<ref name="Landkreis Diepholz">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Diepholtia" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Diepholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Diepholtia]]", vide {{Hofmannus}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')</small> * [[Assena]]<ref name="Philippi & Bar 1892">Philippi, F., & Bär, M. (Eds.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 772-1200'' (Vol. 1). Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde von Osnabrück.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Essen'')</small> * [[Assini]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Essen'')</small> * [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterholz-Scharmbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosterholt-Scharmbeek'')</small> * [[Asylum (Saxonia Inferior)|Asylum]]<ref name="Asylum">Theodiscum nomen ''Freistatt'', quod ''Freistätte, Zufluchtsort, Asyl'' significat, Latine "asylum" reddi potest. Nam in ''Deutsches Wörterbuch'' de Weigand et Hirt vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' explicatur ut «Freistatt» et ipsa vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' e Latino "asylum" orta esse dicitur. Praeterea lexicon Germanico-Latinum, quod in traditione lexicographica Georgii continetur, directe tradit: ''Freistatt, -stätte'', "asylum'". Itaque "Asylum" non est forma ficticia neque mera translatio nostra, sed aequivalentia lexicographice comprobata.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Freistatt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freestatt'')</small> * [[Aszi]]<ref name="Hermann">Hermann Abels: ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. S. 27f.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')</small> * [[Aulica]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elze'')</small> * [[Auricum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auricum]]<ref name="Emmius 1616">Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Aurich''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aurk''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Auerk'')</small> {{div col end}} === B === {{div col|3}} * [[Badberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Badbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Badbern'')</small> * [[Baddekenstedium]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel & Ohainski X 2018">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'')</small> * [[Balga]]<ref name="Udolph 1994">Udolph, J. (1994). ''Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem'' (Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Ergänzungsbände 9). Walter de Gruyter.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balje'')</small> * [[Balga Cortis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Balge'')</small> * [[Baltrumum]]<ref name="Wiarda III 1792">Wiarda, T. D. (1792). ''Ostfriesische Geschichte: Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1648'' (Vol. 3). August Friedrich Winter.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Baltrum'')</small> * [[Bamwida]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bohmte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baumte'')</small> * [[Bardenuvicum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bardowick''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bewick'')</small> * [[Bardorpium]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859">Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrdorf'')</small> * [[Barenburgum]]<ref name="Kolb 1712">Kolb, G. (1712). ''Compendium totius orbis: partim geographicum, partim historicum, partim genealogicum''. Typis Universitatis Carolo-Francisceae</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnborg'')</small> * [[Bargstedum]]<ref name="Mushard 1764">Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bargstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargst'' seu ''Bars'')</small> * [[Barnstedum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702">Bünting, H., & Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'')</small> * [[Barnstorfium]]<ref name="Böhmer 2007">Böhmer, J. F. (2007). ''Regesta Imperii III: Salisches Haus 1024–1125. Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Heinrich IV'' (T. Struve, Ed.). Böhlau Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnstrup'')</small> * [[Barsela]]<ref name="Köbler 2016">Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barßel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bäärsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassel'')</small> * [[Barsingehusa]]<ref name="Harenberg 1753">Harenberg, J. C. (1753). ''Historia ecclesiae Gandershemensis diplomatica''. Typis et Impensis Joannis Christophori Meisneri.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barsinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baschehusen'' seu ''Basche'')</small> * [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]]<ref name="Mindermann I II 2004">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2004). ''Verdener Urkundenbuch, 1. Abteilung, Band 2: 1300–1380''. Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circulo Luneburgensi]]<ref name="Landreis Lüneburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Luneburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landreis Lüneburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Luneburgensis-e" ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boorn'')</small> * [[Barum (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Barum]]<ref name="AdWzG 2010">Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, & U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Uelzen">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Ulsenensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Uelzen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Ulsenensis-e" ad [[Ulsena]]m refertur. Quo de gentilicio, vide lemma "res-publica Ulsenensis" apud {{Google Books|w_tWAAAAcAAJ|vide paginam dedicationis operis}}"; et de topnymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bourm'')</small> * [[Barunvilla]]<ref name="SdaedhdlM 1862">Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle (1862). ''Mémoires de la Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle: Année 1860–1861''. Rousseau-Pallez.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borendörp'')</small> * [[Barverum]]<ref name="Böhmer 1844">Böhmer, J. F. (1844). ''Regesta Chronologico-Diplomatica Regum et Imperatorum Romanorum: Inde a Conrado I. Usque ad Henricum VII''. Typis et Sumtibus J. C. Hermann.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barver'')</small> * [[Barwedelum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barwedel'')</small> * [[Basdalum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Basdahl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Basdaal'' seu ''Basdohl'')</small> * [[Bawinkelum]]<ref name="Moser 1738">Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bawinkel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bowinkel'')</small> * [[Bebenhusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Bebenhusa]]<ref name="Ahlfeldt 2010">Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.) (2010). ''Regnum Francorum Online: Traditio Fuldenses''. Francia-Ahlfeldt Project.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bevensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bämsen'' seu ''Bemsen'')</small> * [[Beckdorfium]]<ref name="AdWzG 2010"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beckdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beekdörp'')</small> * [[Beckedorfium]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beckedorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Biäkedörp'')</small> * [[Beckelnum]]<ref name="Böhmer 1844"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beckeln'')</small> * [[Bedenbostelum]]<ref name="NL 1924">Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel'')</small> * [[Beierstedum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beierstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barste’e'')</small> * [[Belmum]]<ref name="Moser 1738"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Belm'')</small> * [[Belumum]]<ref name="Mushard 1764"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Belum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Belen'')</small> * [[Bema (Saxonia Inferior)|Bema]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Böhme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhm'')</small> * [[Bendestorfium]]<ref name="Bührmann 2005">Bührmann, M. (2005). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen des norddeutschen Raumes''. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. </ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bendestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bendsdörp'')</small> * [[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Berga]]<ref name="Bruzen de La Martinière 1737">Bruzen de La Martinière, A. A. (1737). ''Thesaurus geographicus criticus: in quo omnium orbis terrarum regionum, civitatum, oppidorum, nominibus antiquis, medii aevi et modernis''. Ex Officina Wetsteniana.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Celle">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Cellensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Celle'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Cellensis-e" refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargen'')</small> * [[Berga (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Berga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Osnabrugae|Circulo Osnabrugae]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Osnabrugae" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osnabrück'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum ''LandKreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Osnabruga|Osnabruga-ae]]", vide Pertsch, Erich: ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'', Berolini et Monaci 1983, ISBN 3-468-07202-3, p. 1325.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Berge'')</small> * [[Berga ad Dumnam]]<ref name="Bruzen de La Martinière 1737"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergen an der Dumme''; [[Polabice]] ''Djörska'')</small> * [[Bergenborstelium]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrenborstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bornbössel'' seu ''Boornbössel'')</small> * [[Bergfelda]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergfeld''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bargfeld'')</small> * [[Bersenbrugum]]<ref name="Sandhoff 1785">Sandhoff, J. E. (1785). ''Antistitum Osnabrugensis ecclesiae, qui per decem saecula episcopale munus in ea gesserunt, chronotaxis''. Typis Joannis Georgii Kislingii.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bersenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bessenbrügge'')</small> * [[Bersinium]]<ref name="Kaemling 1987">Kaemling, ''Atlas zur Geschichte Niedersachsens'' (1987).</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groten Bässen'')</small> * [[Berumburgum]]<ref name="Emmius 1616"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'')</small> * [[Bestena]]<ref name="Jellinghaus 1923">Jellinghaus, H. (1923). ''Die westfälischen Ortsnamen nach ihren Bestandteilen''' (III ed.). Ferdinand Schöningh.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beesten'')</small> * [[Betzendorfum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Betzendorfum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bätzendörp'')</small> * [[Bevernense Castrum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'')</small> * [[Beverstedum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beverstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beverst'')</small> * [[Bienenbuttelum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bienenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bienbüddel'')</small> * [[Bilshusa]]<ref name="Wolf 1819">Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'')</small> * [[Binethemum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688">Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim'')</small> * [[Binnenum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Binnen'')</small> * [[Bippenum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bippen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bippen'')</small> * [[Birsina]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bassum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassen'')</small> * [[Bissendorpum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bissendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissendörp'')</small> * [[Blenderum]]<ref name="Brosius 1993">Brosius, D. (1993). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum'' (Vol. 1). Wallstein Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Blender''; [[Saxonice]] ''Blenner'')</small> * [[Bliederstorpum]]<ref name="Trüper 2017">Trüper, H. G. (2017). ''Urkundenbuch der Herren von Zesterfleth: 1232–1657''. Wallstein Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bliedersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bliersdörp'')</small> * [[Bobentunum]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bovenden''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bovten'')</small> * [[Bocensis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bückeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bückeborg'')</small> * [[Bocholta (Circulus Heidensis)|Bocholta]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1859"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Heidensis|Circulo Heidensi]]<ref name="Heidekreis">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Heidensis" -Theodisce ''Heidekreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum gentilicium "Heidensis-e" Theodiscum lexema ''Heide-'' vertit.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')</small> * [[Bocholta (Circulus Theorosburgensis)|Bocholta]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Theorosburgensis|Circulo Theorosburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Schaumburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Theorosburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Schaumburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio "Theorosburgensis-e", quod ad [[Theorosburgum]] refertur, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukholt'')</small> * [[Bocholtum in Ericeto]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>[[urbs]] et commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz in der Nordheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')</small> * [[Bochorna (Circulus Frisicus)|Bochorna]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873">Ehmck, D. R., & von Bippen, W. (Ed.) (1873). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1300''. C. Schünemann.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Frisicus|Circulo Frisico]]<ref name="Landkreis Friesland">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Frisicus" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Friesland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Frisicus-a-um" ad [[Frisia (discretiva)|Frisiam]] refertur. Quod de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bockhorn'')</small> * [[Bochorna (Circulus Vetha)|Bochorna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Vetha|Circulo Vetha]]<ref name="Landkreis Vechta">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Vetha" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Vechta'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo).</ref><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bakum'')</small> * [[Bochorstia]]<ref name="Erhard 1851">Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bockhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukhast'')</small> * [[Bodendicum]]<ref name="Brosius 1985">Brosius, D. (1985). ''Aus der Geschichte der Burg Bodenteich''. Ecomed Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bodenteich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bonndiek'')</small> * [[Bodenfelda]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenfelde'')</small> * [[Bodensa]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph">Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodensee'')</small> * [[Bodonis Insula]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'')</small> * [[Boffeshusium]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'')</small> * [[Boitersena]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2001). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden: Band 1''. Von den Anfängen bis 1300. [[Stadae|Stadis]]: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bötersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boitzen'')</small> * [[Boitzia]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Boitze''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhtz'')</small> * [[Bokenstorpium]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bokensdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokensdörp'')</small> * [[Bokenum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bockenem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokeln'')</small> * [[Borchwega]]<ref name="Rüther 1905">Rüther, H. (Ed.) (1905). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Neuenwalde''. Halle’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burweg'')</small> * [[Borkna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Borkum''; [[lingua Frisica|Frisice]] ''Boarkum''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Börkum'')</small> * [[Borna Castra]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berne'')</small> * [[Borsla]]<ref name="Niemeyer 2012">Niemeyer, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bösel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Böäsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bäsel'')</small> * [[Borstla]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1842">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1842). ''Diepholzer Urkundenbuch: Authentische Urkunden zur Geschichte der Grafschaft Diepholz''. [[Hannovera]]e: Hahn'schen Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Borstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bössel'')</small> * [[Botela]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bothel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bootel'')</small> * [[Brachia (Germania)|Brachia]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Brake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braak'' seu ''Broak'')</small> * [[Braclina]]<ref name="Rübel 1881">Rübel, K. (Ed.) (1881). ''Dortmunder Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1340''. [[Isarlohia]]e: J. Baedeker.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brackel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braackel'')</small> * [[Bramascus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bramsche'')</small> * [[Breddenberga]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898">Wilmans, R., & Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Breddenberg'')</small> * [[Bredenforda]]<ref name="Hoogeweg 1898">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde'')</small> * [[Bredthorpium]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Breddorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Breddörp'')</small> * [[Brestum (Saxonia Inferior)|Brestum]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brest'')</small> * [[Brincama]]<ref name="Friedländer 1878">Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. (Jahre 787–1470)''. [[Emda]]e: Haynel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brinkum'')</small> * [[Britlinga]]<ref name="Udolph 2004">Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brietlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brietl'')</small> * [[Brochema]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brockum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Broubm'' seu ''Brookm'')</small> * [[Brocleda]]<ref name="Janicke 1896">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1''. [[Lipsia]]e: S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bröckel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bräukel'')</small> * [[Broclina]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brockel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brookel'')</small> * [[Broma]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski 2014">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (Ed.). (2014). ''Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch: Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Gifhorn''. [[Bilivelda]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brome''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brom'')</small> * [[Brochusium-Vilsena]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855"/><ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bruchhausen-Vilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brooksen-Vilsen'')</small> * [[Brunsvicum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Braunschweig''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brunswiek''; [[lingua Saxonica|Brunsvicice]] dialectaliter ''Bronswiek'' seu ''Brönswiek'')</small> * [[Bukina]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bücken''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bücken'')</small> * [[Bulcova]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bülkau'')</small> * [[Bulsteda]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bülstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büls'')</small> * [[Brunla]]<ref name="Bode 1893">Bode, G. (Ed.) (1893). ''Urkundenbuch der Stadt Goslar und der in und bei Goslar belegenen geistlichen Stiftungen: Band 1 (922 bis 1250)''.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Braunlage'')</small> * [[Bunda]]<ref name="Deiter">Deiter, H. (1881). Oldeborchs, Pastoris zu Bunda in Reiderland, kleine ostfriesische Chronicke, betreffend die Jahre 1558 bis 1605. ''Jahrbuch de Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst und vaterländische Altertümer zu Emden''.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bunde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bunn'')</small> * [[Burchardivillare]]<ref name="Janicke 1892">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1892). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1. Bis zum Jahre 1221''. S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|Circulo Guelpherbytensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Wolfenbüttel">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Guelpherbytensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Wolfenbüttel'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Guelpherbytensis-e" ad [[Guelpherbytum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://vd18.gbv.de/viewer/fullscreen/006049869/1/ ''vd18.gbv.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Pro eo ac debuisti, urbs aerumnosa, infelix ac misera Guelpherbytum (...)"; et quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/MBRY52X6EUWPQOQRFBKHVLYBSUG4M6LS ''Carmina Votiva Honori Clarißimi atq[ue] Experientißimi Viri Dn. Samuelis Stockhausen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Practici Guelpherbytensis (...)".</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'')</small> * [[Burgdorfium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(in [[Hannovera (regio)|Regione Hannovera]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'' seu ''Bortörp'')</small> * [[Burgium (Saxonia Inferior)|Burgium]]<ref name="Remling VII 2026">Remling, L. (2026). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Emsland''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Börger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borger'')</small> * [[Buria (Saxonia Inferior)|Buria]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bühren'')</small> * [[Bursina (Saxonia Inferior)|Bursina]]<ref name="Casemir 2003">Casemir, K. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil III)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Börßum'')</small> * [[Butiadinga]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen II 1876">Ehmck, D. R., & Bippen, W. von. (Ed.) (1876). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 2. 1301–1350''. D. Ed. Müller.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Butjadingen'')</small> * [[Buxtehuda]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1842">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1842). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buxtehude''; [[Saxonice]] ''Buxthu'')</small> * [[Byspinga]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1859">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1859). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Fünfte Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bispingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissen'')</small> {{div col end}} === C === {{div col|3}} * [[Campus Rufus]]<ref name="Stüve 1789"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Rothenfelde'')</small> * [[Capella (Saxonia Inferior)|Capella]]<ref name="Philippi II 1894">Philippi, F. (Ed.) (1894). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Band 2. Die Urkunden der Jahre 1201–1250''. H. Th. Wenner.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cappeln'')</small> * [[Castrovallium]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgwedel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borwee'' seu ''Boorwee'')</small> * [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Celle'')</small> * [[Clenza]]<ref name="Janicke II 1896">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 2. Von 1221 bis 1260''. S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clenze''; [[Polabice]] ''Kloncka'')</small> * [[Cloppenburgum]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Cloppenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cloppenborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kloppenbuurich'')</small> * [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]<ref name="Erhard 1851">Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'') * [[Cramma]]<ref name="Casemir 2003"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cramme'')</small> * [[Cuxhavia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuxhoben'')</small> {{div col end}} === D === {{div col|3}} * [[Dalemia]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlem'')</small> * [[Dalenburgum]]<ref name="Rzihacek & Spreitzer XI 2024">Rzihacek, A., & Spreitzer, F. (Ed.) (2024). ''Die Urkunden Otto IV (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus XI). Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlenborg'')</small> * [[Dalum]]<ref name="Janicke II 1896"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Tahln'')</small> * [[Damma (Saxonia Inferior)|Damma]]<ref name="Philippi II 1894"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Damme'')</small> * [[Damnatzium]]<ref name="Garzmann LXXVI 2004">Garzmann, M. R. W. (Ed.) (2004). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte: Neue Folge der Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen (Band 76)''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Damnatz'')</small> * [[Danneberga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dannenberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dannenbarg''; [[Polabice]] ''Wajdars'')</small> * [[Danthorpum]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel % Udolph VII 2011">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Udolph, J. (2011). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII''). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Danndorf'')</small> * [[Dassela]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dassel'')</small> * [[Dedenhusa]]<ref name="-husaDeensen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'')</small> * [[Deinste]]<ref name="Vanni & Rossi 2012">Vanni, D., & Rossi, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Index Nominum Geographicorum Locorumque Mundi Latine Redditus''. Societas Latina.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deinste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deinst'')</small> * [[Deinstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deinstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deins'')</small> * [[Delmenhorstium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Delmenhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Demost'')</small> * [[Dengdia]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Denkte'')</small> * [[Derental]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Derental'')</small> * [[Dersum]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dersum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Derßm'')</small> * [[Dettum]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dettum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Detten'')</small> * [[Dicla]]<ref name="Mooyer 1855">Mooyer, E. F. (Ed.) (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des vormaligen Stiftes Minden''. J. C. C. Bruns.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dickel'')</small> * [[Didderse]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Didderse'' et [[Saxonice]] ''Deesse'')</small> * [[Diekholza]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diekholzen'')</small> * [[Dielmissa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dielmissen'')</small> * [[Diepenavia]]<ref name="-avia">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-avia-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diepenau'')</small> * [[Diepholtia]]<ref name="Hofmannus">{{Hofmannus}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deefholt'')</small> * [[Dinklage]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dinklage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dinklaoge'')</small> * [[Disaldishusa]]<ref name="-husaDelligsen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Disaldishusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Reuter, A. (Ed.) (1950). ''1100 Jahre Delligsen: Geschichte der Hilsmulde und des Ortes Delligsen''. Verlag der Gemeinde Delligsen. </ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Delligsen'')</small> * [[Disna (Saxonia Inferior)|Disna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dissen am Teutoburger Wald'')</small> * [[Dohra (Terra Emesensis)|Dohra]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Terrae Emesensis|Terra Emesensi]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Terrae Altenburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Emsland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum "terra-ae" Theodiscum lexema ''-land'' vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Emesensis-e" ad flumen [[Amisia|Emesam]] refertur. De hoc hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dohren '')</small> * [[Dohra (Circulus Harburgensis)|Dohra]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Harburg"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dohren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Duhrn'')</small> * [[Dolnere]]<ref name="Dolnere">Vide [https://adw-goe.de/fileadmin/forschungsprojekte/ortsnamen_rhein_elbe/dokumente/Publikationen_Udolph_PDF/2001-2005/315._Udolph_Anmerkungen_zum_Ortsnamen_Dollern.pdf ''Anmerkugen zum Ortsnamen Dollern''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1105 (Fälschung Mitte 12. Jh.) ''Dolnere'' (...) 1209 ''Johannes de dolnere'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dollern'')</small> * [[Doristacus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dorstadt'')</small> * [[Dornum]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dornum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dornm'')</small> * [[Dorverda]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dörverden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dörbern'' seu ''Dörb'' seu ''Dörveern'')</small> * [[Dotlinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dötlingen'')</small> * [[Drage (Albis)|Drage]]<ref name="Drage">'''Drage-es'''; declinatio regularis generis Graeci vel Latini in prima declinatione, aut ut nomen substantivum regulare primae declinationis in geographicis rationibus modernis tractatum. Quo de toponymo, vide: Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Draag'')</small> * [[Drentwede]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1842"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drentwede'')</small> * [[Drestadium]]<ref name="-stadt"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drestedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dreest'')</small> * [[Drochtersa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drochtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drochters'')</small> * [[Dudanebutli]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1841">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1841). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch (Band 1)''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Düdenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düünbeudel'')</small> * [[Duderstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Duderstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dustadt'')</small> * [[Dunsa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dünsen'')</small> * [[Dunum (Saxonia Inferior)|Dunum]]<ref name="Houtrouw 1889">Houtrouw, O. G. (1889). ''Ostfriesland: Eine geschichtlich-ortskundige Wanderung gegen Ende der Fürstenzeit (Band 1)''. Dunkmann.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dunum'')</small> * [[Duthungun]]<ref name="Udolph 2004"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Duingen''; [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Daujen'')</small> {{div col end}} === E === {{div col|3}} * [[Ebbestorpium]]<ref name="Jaitner 1985">Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ebstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ebstörp'')</small> * [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]<ref name="Ebersdorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf'' in Latinam "Ebersdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ebersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eversdörp'')</small> * [[Echemium]]<ref name="-hemium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hemium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Echem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Echen'')</small> * [[Edemissa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Edemissen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emisse'')</small> * [[Egestorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Egestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äästörp'')</small> * [[Edewechte]]<ref name="Berger 2012">Berger, D. (2012). ''Edewecht''. In ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. Walter de Gruyter.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Edewecht''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erwech''; historice ''Adewacht'')</small> * [[Eggermuhla]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eggermühlen'')</small> * [[Ehra-Lessia]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ehra-Lessien'')</small> * [[Eicklinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eicklingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eikeln'')</small> * [[Eildissum]]<ref name="Stumpf-Brentano II 1865">Stumpf-Brentano, K. F. (Ed.) (1865). ''Die Reichskanzler vornehmlich des X., XI. und XII. Jahrhunderts: Acta Imperii Selecta'' (Vol. 2). [[Aeni Pons (Austria)|Aeni Ponte]]: Wagner'schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Eilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlsen'')</small> * [[Eima]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eimen'')</small> * [[Eime]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eime'')</small> * [[Eimke]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eimke''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimk'')</small> * [[Ekelum]]<ref>Vide: Von Hodenberg, W. (Ed.) (1855). ''Walsroder Urkundenbuch (Urkunde Nr. 19)''. Hahnsche Hofbuchhandlung. Quo opere "proprietatem bonorum in Ekelo, que ab ecclesia Walsrodensi in feodum tenuit, pro quinquaginta marcis seriosius comparavit." dicitur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eickeloh'')</small> * [[Elbingeroda]]<ref name="-roda"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbingerode'')</small> * [[Eldinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eldingen'')</small> * [[Elsdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Elsdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Elsdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Elsdörp'')</small> * [[Elvede]]<ref name="Hoops 2003">Hoops, J. (Ed.) (2003). ''Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch III: Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. Biliveldae: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbe'')</small> * [[Embeca]]<ref name="Embeca">"non ignobiles Saxoniae civitates, Embeca et Gottinga" {{Google Books|I7pXAAAAcAAJ|p. 734}}. Interdum "Embica", "Embecka" etc. reperis</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Einbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimbeck'')</small> * [[Embsa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Embsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emsen'')</small> * [[Emda]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Emden''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Oamde'')</small> * [[Emmelkampus]]<ref name="Emmelkampus">Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur "(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp'')</small> * [[Emmendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emmendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emdörp'')</small> * [[Emphstece]]<ref name="Emphstece">Vide [https://www.emstek.de/die-gemeinde/ortsteile/emstek?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''www.emstek.de'']; ubi dicitur "(...) Urkunde aus dem Jahre 947 als „Emphstece" (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Emstek''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emstäk'')</small> * [[Emsbura]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emsbüren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büren'')</small> * [[Emtinghusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emtinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emhusen'')</small> * [[Engda]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Engden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engn'')</small> * [[Engelschofa]]<ref name="-hofa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hof(f)(e)(n)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hofa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hattenhofa (Bavaria)|Hattenhofa Bavarica]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad fluvium Glon]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad Rotam]], [[Poohofa]], [[Gundershofa]], [[Hattenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Hattenhofa Badeniae-Virtembergiae]], [[Pfaffenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Pfaffenhofa]], [[Matichofa]], [[Philshofa]] apud [[Google|Gugulam]].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Engelschoff''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engelschopp'')</small> * [[Erenburgum]]<ref name="Minden II 1902">Minden, G. von (Ed.) (1902). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe von Verden und Minden (Band 2)''. Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ehrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ehrenborg'')</small> * [[Erkeroda]]<ref name="-roda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-rode'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-roda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Baceroda]], [[Gerningeroda]], [[Osteroda]], [[Werningroda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Erkerode''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erkero'')</small> * [[Ermelstorpium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Armstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Armsdörp'')</small> * [[Ericetum Magnum]]<ref name="Ericetum">[https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=MeckWB&lemid=H01756 Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-heide'' Latino nomine "Ericetum-i" vertitur.]</ref><ref name="Magnus">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Groß-'' Latino adiectivo "magnus-a-um" vertitur.]</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootheid'')</small> * [[Eschede]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eschede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')</small> * [[Eschershusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eschershausen'')</small> * [[Esena]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esens'')</small> * [[Essel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Essel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äsel'')</small> * [[Esterwega]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esterwegen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Äästerweede'')</small> * [[Estorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(ad [[Visurgis|Visurgem]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'')</small> * [[Estorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Stadae|Circulo Stadae]]<ref name="Landkreis Stade">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Stadae" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Stade'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Stadae]]", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'')</small> * [[Evergoteshemium]]<ref name="-hemiumEver">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hemium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Euergoteshem'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: H. Bresslau et. al.: ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs II. und Arduins''. In: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Die Urkunden der deutschen Könige und Kaiser, Band 3. [[Hannovera]]e 1900–1903.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ebergötzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ewerchötzschen'')</small> * [[Everinga]]<ref name="-ingaEvern">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum mediaevali formae huius toponymi ''Everinge'' testatae applicatur. Quo de mediaevali toponymo, vide: Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (1998). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil I)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsch Evern''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düütsch Äwern'')</small> * [[Eversmeer]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eversmeer'')</small> * [[Evessum]]<ref name="NOB 2004">Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (2004). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''' (NOB III). [[Gottinga]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Evessen'')</small> * [[Eydelstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eydelstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eidelstee'')</small> * [[Eyendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eyendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eyndörp'')</small> * [[Eystharpa]]<ref name="-tharpa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-tharpa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eystrup'')</small> {{div col end}} === F === {{div col|3}} * [[Fallingbostela]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bad Fallingbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Fambossel'')</small> * [[Fardium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Veern'')</small> * [[Farva]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Farven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Farm'')</small> * [[Fassberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Faßberg'')</small> * [[Filsum]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Filsum'')</small> * [[Firrel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Firrel'')</small> * [[Florimontium (circulus Widmundensis)|Florimontium]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Blomberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bloombarg'' seu ''Blombarg'')</small> * [[Flotide]]<ref name="Flotide">De nominibus "Flotide" {{caa|780|802}}, "Flathi" {{caa|1013}}, "Flatide" {{caa|1142}}, "Flothethe" {{caa|1187}}, "Vlothe" {{caa|1189}} et "Flotethe" {{caa|1194}}, vide: Udolph, Jürgen. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160729194352/https://www.ndr.de/ndr1niedersachsen/programm/Ortsnamen-Uebersicht-fuer-Buchstaben-F,ortsnamenforscher111.html ''Ortsnamenforscher'']. ''NDR 1 Niedersachsen''.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Flöthe'')</small> * [[Frankenfelda]]<ref name="-felda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-felda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Frankenfeld'')</small> * [[Freda]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Freden'')</small> * [[Fredenbiki]]<ref name="-biki">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-beck'' seu ''-beek'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-biki-orum", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Aesebiki]], [[Asbiki]], [[Beverbiki]], [[Gledabiki]], [[Goltbiki]], [[Sannanabiki]], [[Trobiki]], [[Walbeka|Walbiki]], [[Winesbiki]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Fredenbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freenbeek'')</small> * [[Frera]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freren'')</small> * [[Fresenburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Fresenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fräsenborg'')</small> * [[Friburgum (Albis)|Friburgum]]<ref name="Friburgum">Theodiscum toponymum ''Freiburg'' Latino toponymo "Friburgum" verti solet. Cf. [[Friburgum Brisgoviae]] aut [[Friburgum Nuithonum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Freiburg/Elbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fryborg'' seu ''Freiborg'')</small> * [[Frideburgum]]<ref name="Frideburgum">Vide [https://www.heimatbund-finnentrop.de/index_htm_files/Staats-%20u.%20Reisegeogr.%205.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Beschreibung derer merkwürdigsten Oerter''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Frideburg, Friedeburg, lat. Frideburgum'''. Liegt im Fürstenthum Ostfriesland, an den Grenzen der Grafschaft Oldenburg (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Friedeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freborg'' seu ''Freebörg'')</small> * [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedland]]<ref name="Friedland">Theodiscum toponymum ''Friedland' in Latinam "Friedlandia" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Friedland'')</small> * [[Frisoyta]]<ref name="Frisoyta">Vide [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363707446_Der_Status_animarum_im_Hochstift_Munster_und_die_Alphabetisierung_im_landlichen_Raum_eines_geistlichen_Furstentums_im_17_und_18_Jahrhundert ''Der Status animarum im Hochstift Münster und die Alphabetisierung im ländlichen Raum eines geistlichen Fürstentums im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert''], ubi dicitur "(...) Specificatio catholic[orum] et acatholicorum in Frisoyta (...)".</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Friesoythe''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ait''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aithe'')</small> * [[Furstenavia]]<ref name="Furstenavia">Theodiscum nomen proprium ''Fürstenau'' in Latinam "Furstenavia" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Hofmannus}}, ubi dicitur "(...) FURSTENAVIA Familia Germ. ''Furstenau'', ramus est Familiae Erpacensis (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Fürstenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fösnau'' seu ''Försnau'')</small> * [[Furstenberga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fürstenberg'')</small> {{div col end}} === G === {{div col|3}} * [[Ganderkesee]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ganderkesee''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gannerseer'')</small> * [[Gandershemium]]<ref>[http://books.google.fi/books?id=6kwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=Gandershemium&source=bl&ots=_NMr2DmhUK&sig=CXPUuuKZ8W03AC7uB3YlYYNscJ4&hl=fi&sa=X&ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Gandershemium&f=false R. p. Hertenberger: ''Historia pragmatica universalis, sacra et profana''], p.27; [http://books.google.fi/books?id=yScyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=Gandershemium&source=bl&ots=ZoGX4tZRRD&sig=8fUZc6grFgYD0jN-twVcDyzarYI&hl=fi&sa=X&ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Gandershemium&f=false ''Acta Sanctorum, Junii'' (1698-1717), cit. in ''A Companion to Hrotsvit of Gandersheim (fl. 960)''], p. 58 n.103.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Gandersheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ganderssen'')</small> * [[Gandesberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gandesbergen'')</small> * [[Garbsa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garbsen'')</small> * [[Garlstorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Garlstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Garlstörp'')</small> * [[Garrel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garrel'')</small> * [[Garstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Garstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gastää'')</small> * [[Gartovia]]<ref name="-ovia">[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-ovia-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gartow'')</small> * [[Geeste]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Geeste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Choeiste'')</small> * [[Geestlandia]]<ref name="-landia">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-landia-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Geestland'')</small> * [[Gehrde]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrde'')</small> * [[Georgsdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Georgsdorf'')</small> * [[Gerdavia]]<ref name="-avia">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-avia-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gerdau'')</small> * [[Gerdinum]]<ref name="Gerdinium">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/gehrden/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) Urkundlich ist der spätere Flecken möglicherweis erstmals als ''Gerdinum'' im Verzeichnis der Schenkungen (''Traditionen'') an das Kloster Corvey erwähnt, das um 826/76 angelegt wurde (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gieren'')</small> * [[Gersta]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gersten'')</small> * [[Getelo]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Getelo''; [[Saxonice]] ''Getel'')</small> * [[Gevensleba]] <ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gevensleben'')</small> * [[Gevera]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jever'')</small> * [[Gieboldehusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gieboldehausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chiwelehusen'')</small> * [[Giesa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Giesen'')</small> * [[Gifhorna]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Gifhorn'')</small> * [[Gilta]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gilten'')</small> * [[Glandorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Glandorf'')</small> * [[Gleicha]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gleichen'')</small> * [[Gnarrenburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gnarrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gnarrenborg'')</small> * [[Godenstorfium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gödenstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gö’nstörp'')</small> * [[Goldbiki]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Golmbach'')</small> * [[Goldenstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Goldenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gollnste'')</small> * [[Golencampus]]<ref name="campus-i">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-kamp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-campus-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gölenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göllenkamp'')</small> * [[Gorenthin]]<ref name="Gorenthin">Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1857hist%29.pdf?utm ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur "(...) villam Gorenthin '' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Göhrde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göhr''; [[Polabice]] ''Djöra'')</small> * [[Gorleba]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gorleben'')</small> * [[Goslaria]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Goslar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Goslär'')</small> * [[Gottinga]]<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=kkM-AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=gottingensis&lr=&cd=14#v=onepage&q=&f=false Libri Googles].</ref> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Göttingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chöttingen'')</small> * [[Grafhorstium]]<ref name="-horstium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-horst'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-horstium-i". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) -horst : -''horstium'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grafhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grafhorst'')</small> * [[Grasberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grasberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grasbarg'')</small> * [[Grasleba]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grasleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graslewe'')</small> * [[Grethemium]]<ref name="-hemium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hemium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grethem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graitn'')</small> * [[Grona (Leina)|Grona]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gronau'')</small> * [[Groß Oesingen]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Groß Twülpstedt]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Grundensis Civitas Metallica]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Grund'')</small> * [[Grünendeich]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Guderhandviertel]] * [[Guelpherbytum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')</small> * [[Gusborn]] * [[Gyhum]] {{div col end}} === H === {{div col|3}} * [[Hademstorf]] * [[Haga Schauenburgi]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stadthagen'')</small> * [[Hage]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Hagen am Teutoburger Wald]] * [[Hagen im Bremischen]] * [[Hagenburg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Hagermarsch]] * [[Hahausen]] * [[Halbemond]] * [[Halle (comitatus Binethensis)|Halle]] <small>(b.Neuenhaus)</small> * [[Halle (Holtisminni)|Halle]] <small>(Montes Visurgis)</small> * [[Halvesbostel]] * [[Hamala]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hameln'')</small> * [[Hambergen]] * [[Hambühren]] * [[Hämelhausen]] * [[Hamersen]] * [[Hammah]] * [[Handeloh]] * [[Handorf]] * [[Handrup]] * [[Hankensbüttel]] * [[Hannovera]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hannover''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannober'')</small> * [[Hann. Münden]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Hanstedt (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Hanstedt]] <small>(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Uelzen"/>)</small> * [[Hanstedt (Nordheide)|Hanstedt]] <small>(Nordheide)</small> * [[Harbarnsen]] * [[Hardegsen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Haren (Amisia)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Harmstorf]] * [[Harpstedt]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Harsefeld]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Harsum]] * [[Hartsburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Harzburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harzeborg'')</small> * [[Hasbergen]] * [[Haselünne]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Haßbergen]] * [[Hassel (Weser)]] * [[Hassendorf]] * [[Haste]] * [[Hatten]] * [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]] * [[Häuslingen]] * [[Haverlah]] * [[Hechthausen]] * [[Hedeper]] * [[Heede (Emsland)|Heede]] * [[Heemsen]] * [[Heere]] * [[Heeslingen]] * [[Heeßen]] * [[Hehlen]] * [[Heidenau (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenau]] * [[Heinade]] * [[Heinbockel]] * [[Heiningen (Niedersachsen)|Heiningen]] * [[Heinsen]] * [[Hellwege]] * [[Helmstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Helmstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmstidde'')</small> * [[Helpsen]] * [[Helvesiek]] * [[Hemmingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Hemmoor]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Hemsbünde]] * [[Hemslingen]] * [[Hemsloh]] * [[Hepstedt]] * [[Herzberg am Harz]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Herzlake]] * [[Hesel]] * [[Hespe]] * [[Hessisch Oldendorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Heuerßen]] * [[Heyen]] * [[Hildesia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hildesheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hilmessen'' seu ''Hilmssen'')</small> * [[Hilgermissen]] * [[Hilkenbrook]] * [[Hillerse]] * [[Hilter am Teutoburger Wald]] * [[Himbergen]] * [[Himmelpforten]] * [[Hinte]] * [[Hipstedt]] * [[Hittbergen]] * [[Hitzacker]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Hodenhagen]] * [[Höhbeck]] * [[Hohenhameln]] * [[Hohne]] * [[Hohnhorst]] * [[Hohnstorf (Albis)]] * [[Holdorf (Niedersachsen)|Holdorf]] * [[Holenberg]] * [[Holle]] * [[Hollenstedt]] * [[Hollern-Twielenfleth]] * [[Hollnseth]] * [[Holste]] * [[Holtgast]] * [[Holtisminni]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Holtsminne'')</small> * [[Holtland]] * [[Holzen (prope Eschershusam)|Holzen]] * [[Hoogstede]] * [[Hörden ad Harthicos montes]] * [[Horneburg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Horstedt (Niedersachsen)|Horstedt]] * [[Hoya]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Hoyerhagen]] * [[Hoyershausen]] * [[Hude (Oldenburg)]] * [[Hüde]] * [[Hülsede]] * [[Husum (bei Nienburg)|Husum]] * [[Hutta Georgii et Mariae]]<ref name="hutta-ae">Toponyma cum suffixis ''-hütte'' aut ''-hutta'' plerumque latinizari solent Latino vocabulo "Hutta-ae", quamquam huius vocabuli variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hutta vitriaria Bohemica]] apud [https://schwaben.hu/ortschaften/bohmischhutten?utm Schwaben.hu. (s. d.). ''Böhmischhütten / Csehbánya – Ortsgeschichte'']; [[Hutta Germanica]] apud [https://huta.ewk.hu/nemetbanya-1757-1781/?utm ''Németbánya. (s. s.). Németbánya története'']; [[Hutta Vitriaria]] apud https://slavistika.sk/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2015_1.pdf?utm [Majtán, M. (1998). ''Názvy obcí Slovenskej republiky: Vývin v rokoch 1773–1997''. Bratislaviae: Veda]; Hutta apud [https://real.mtak.hu/140291/1/K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1talja%20helys%C3%A9gnevei.pdf?utm ''Kárpátalja helységnevei.'']; [[Hutta Polonica]] apud Štefánik, M. (2022). ''Italia ed Europa centro-orientale tra Medioevo ed età moderna: Economia, società, cultura''. Heidelberg University Publishing; [[Hutta (Eiflia)|Hutta Eifliae]] apud Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der, jetzt die Preussischen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier bildenden mittelrheinischen Territorien'' (Vol. 1). J. Hölscher, et Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der mittelrheinischen Territorien: Erster Band. Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1169''. [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentibus]]: J. Hölscher.</ref><ref name="Georgius">[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Georgius?utm Theodiscum praefixum ''Georg-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo "Georfii" vertitur].</ref><ref name="Maria">[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Maria?utm Theodiscum interfixum ''-marien-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo "Mariae" vertitur].</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Georgsmarienhütte'')</small> * [[Hüven]] {{div col end}} === I === {{div col|3}} * [[Iburgum]]<ref name="Von Schaten 1714">Von Schaten, N. (1714). ''Monumenta Osnabrugensia ex historia romana, francica, saxonicaque eruta''. Typis Jodoci Henrici Meyer.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Iburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Ibig'' seu ''Ibig'')</small> * [[Ihlienworth]] * [[Ihlow (Frisia Orientalis)|Ihlow]] * [[Ilsede]] * [[Ingeleben]] * [[Isenbüttel]] * [[Isernhagen]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Isterberg]] * [[Itterbeck]] {{div col end}} === J === {{div col|3}} * [[Jade (Saxonia Inferior)|Jade]] * [[Jameln]] * [[Jelmstorf]] * [[Jembke]] * [[Jemgum]] * [[Jerxheim]] * [[Jesteburg]] * [[Jork]] * [[Jühnde]] * [[Juist]] {{div col end}} === K === {{div col|3}} * [[Kakenstorf]] * [[Kalbe (Niedersachsen)|Kalbe]] * [[Kalefeld]] * [[Karwitz]] * [[Katlenburg-Lindau]] * [[Kettenkamp]] * [[Kirchbrak]] * [[Kirchdorf (bei Sulingen)|Kirchdorf]] * [[Kirchgellersen]] * [[Kirchlinteln]] * [[Kirchseelte]] * [[Kirchtimke]] * [[Kirchwalsede]] * [[Kissenbrück]] * [[Klein Berßen]] * [[Klein Meckelsen]] * [[Kluse (Emsland)|Kluse]] * [[Kneitlingen]] * [[Kneta Maior]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großenkneten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grotekneten'')</small> * [[Köhlen]] * [[Königsmoor]] * [[Kranenburg (Oste)|Kranenburg]] * [[Krebeck]] * [[Krummendeich]] * [[Krummhörn]] * [[Kührstedt]] * [[Küsten]] * [[Kutenholz]] {{div col end}} === L === {{div col|3}} * [[Laar]] * [[Laatzen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Lachendorf]] * [[Laerium]]<ref name="Stüve 1789">Stüve, J. E. (1789). ''Beschreibung des Fürstenthums Osnabrück mit einigen Urkunden''. Kißling.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Laer'')</small> * [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]] * [[Lähden]] * [[Lahn (Hümmling)|Lahn]] * ''[[Lamspringe]]'' * [[Lamstedt]] * [[Landesbergen]] * [[Landolfshausen]] * [[Landwehr (Gemeinde)|Landwehr]] * [[Langelsheim]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * '''[[Langen (bei Bremerhaven)|Langen]]''' <small>(b.Bremerhaven)</small> * [[Langen (Emsland)|Langen]] <small>(Emsland)</small> * [[Langendorf (Elbe)|Langendorf]] * [[Langenhagen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Langeoog]] * [[Langlingen]] * [[Langwedel (Weser)|Langwedel]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lastrup]] * [[Lathen]] * [[Lauenau]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lauenbrück]] * [[Lauenförde]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lauenhagen]] * [[Leese]] * [[Leezdorf]] * [[Lehe (Emsland)|Lehe]] * [[Lehre (Niedersachsen)|Lehre]] * [[Lehrte]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Leiferde]] * [[Lembruch]] * [[Lemförde]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lemgow]] * [[Lemwerdera]]<ref name="Rüthning 1926">Rüthning, G. (Ed.) (1926). ''Oldenburger Urkundenbuch''. Gerhard Stalling.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lemwerder'')</small> * [[Lengede]] * [[Lengenbostel]] * [[Lengerich (Emsland)|Lengerich]] * [[Lenne (Niedersachsen)|Lenne]] * [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)|Leopolis]]<ref name="Ebel 1960">Ebel, W. (1960). ''Lübisches Recht: Erster Band''. Hansischer Geschichtsverein.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bleckede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bleikd'')</small> * [[Leri]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')</small> * [[Liebenau (Niedersachsen)|Liebenau]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Liebenburg]] * [[Lilienthal]] * [[Lindern (Oldenburg)]] * [[Lindhorst]] * [[Lindwedel]] * [[Lingen (Ems)]] <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Linsburg]] * [[Lintig]] * [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703">Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Westerstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Westerstäe'')</small> * [[Lohne (Oldenburg)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Löningen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Lorup]] * [[Loxstedt]] * [[Lübberstedt]] * [[Lübbow]] * [[Luchovia]]<ref name="Luchovia">Vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur "(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüchow''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauchüw'')</small> * [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]] * [[Lüder (Lüneburger Heide)|Lüder]] * [[Lüdersburg]] * [[Lüdersfeld]] * [[Lüerdissen]] * [[Luhden]] * [[Luneburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lümborg'' seu ''Lünborg''; [[Lingua Saxonica antiqua|Palaeosaxonice]] ''Hliuni'')</small> * [[Lünne]] * [[Lütetsburg]] * ''[[Lutter am Barenberge]]'' * [[Luttera Regalis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')</small> {{div col end}} === M === {{div col|3}} * [[Maasen]] * [[Magna Palus]]<ref name="Magna Palus">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum toponymicum praefixum ''Große-'' Latino adiectivo "magnus-a-um"] et [[https://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/altsaechsischeswoerterbuch/asF.pdf Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine "palus paludis" (f.)] vertitur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großefehn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootfehn'')</small> * [[Maius Vrelstede]]<ref name="Maius Vrelstede">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der stadt WoLfsburg''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1318 ''in Maiori Vrelstede'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Frellstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Frillstidde'')</small> * [[Marienhafe]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Marienhagen]] * [[Mariental (Niedersachsen)|Mariental]] * [[Marklohe]] * [[Marl (Dümmer)|Marl]] * [[Marschacht]] * [[Martfeld]] * [[Marxen]] * [[Mechtersen]] * [[Meckelsa Maior]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Meckelsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Meckels'')</small> * [[Meerbeck]] * [[Meine]] * [[Meinersen]] * [[Melbeck]] * [[Melle]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Mellinghausen]] * [[Menslage]] * [[Meppea]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meppen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Möppen'')</small> * [[Merzen]] * [[Messenkamp]] * [[Messingen]] * [[Midlum (Land Wursten)|Midlum]] * [[Misselwarden]] * [[Mittelnkirchen]] * [[Mittelstenahe]] * [[Moisburg]] * [[Molbergen]] * [[Mons Catonis (Saxonia Inferior)|Mons Catonis]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Cadenberge''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuddeldutt'' seu ''Kumbarg'')</small> * [[Moormerland]] * [[Moorweg]] * [[Moringen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Müden (Alara)]] * [[Mulsum (Land Wursten)|Mulsum]] * [[Mundia Hannoverana]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Munimeri]]<ref name="Dronke 1844">Dronke, E. F. J. (Ed.) (1844). ''Traditiones et Antiquitates Fuldenses: Chartae et registra historica saeculi IX''. Fuldense: Typis Müllerianis.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Münder am Deister''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Münner'')</small> * [[Munster (Örtze)|Munster]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === N === {{div col|3}} * [[Nahrendorf]] * [[Natendorf]] * [[Neetze]] * [[Negenborn]] * [[Nenndorf (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorf]] * [[Neubörger]] * [[Neu Darchau]] * [[Neuenhaus]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Altes Land)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Altes Land)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (bei Bassum)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(b.Bassum)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Land Hadeln)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Land Hadeln)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Landkreis Osnabrück)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Lkr.Osnabrück)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Lüneburger Heide)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Lüneb.Heide)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen-Vörden]] * [[Neuharlingersiel]] * [[Neuhaus (Oste)]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Neuhof (Landkreis Hildesheim)|Neuhof]] * [[Neukamperfehn]] * [[Neulehe]] * [[Neuschoo]] * [[Neustadt am Rübenberge]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Neu Wulmstorf]] * [[Niederlangen]] * [[Niedernwöhren]] * [[Niemetal]] * [[Nienhagen (Landkreis Celle)|Nienhagen]] * [[Nienstädt]] * [[Norden]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Nordenham]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Norderney]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Nordholz]] * [[Nordleda]] * [[Nordsehl]] * [[Nordstemmen]] * [[Nörten-Hardenberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Northemium]]<ref name="Nothemium">Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur "(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Northeim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nuurten'')</small> * [[Northorna]]<ref name="Egli 1893">Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')</small> * [[Nortmoor]] * [[Nortrup]] * [[Nottensdorf]] * [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Urbs]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nienburg/Weser''; [[Saxonice]] ''Näinborg'' seu ''Nienborg'' seu ''Neenborg'' seu ''Negenborg'')</small> * [[Novale Frigidum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Colnrade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kollenroad'')</small> {{div col end}} === O === {{div col|3}} * [[Oberlangen]] * [[Oberndorf (Oste)|Oberndorf]] * [[Obernfeld]] * [[Obernholz]] * [[Obernkirchen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Ochtersum]] * [[Odisheim]] * [[Oederquart]] * [[Oerel]] * [[Oetzen]] * [[Ohne]] * [[Ohrum]] * [[Oldenburgum]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Oldendorf (Landkreis Stade)|Oldendorf]] <small>(Lkr.Stade)</small> * [[Oldendorf (Luhe)]] * [[Osloß]] * [[Osnabruga]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Osnabrück''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ossenbrääch''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Lingua Saxonica|Westfalice]] ''Ossenbrügge'')</small> * [[Osteel]] * [[Osten (Oste)|Osten]] * [[Osterbruch]] * [[Ostercappeln]] * [[Ostereistedt]] * [[Osterode am Harz]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Osterwald]] * [[Ostrhauderfehn]] * [[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Otter]] * [[Otterndorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Ottersberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Ovelgönne]] * [[Ovenhagium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Auhagen'')</small> * [[Oyten]] {{div col end}} === P === {{div col|3}} * [[Padingbüttel]] * [[Papenburg]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Parsau]] * [[Pattensen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Pegestorf]] * [[Pennigsehl]] * [[Petrimons]]<ref name="Perizonius 1758">Perizonius, J. (1758). ''Compendium historiarum antiquissimarum, civilium et ecclesiasticarum, usque ad seculum decimum octavum: Cum appendice de ducatu Westphaliae et comitatu Petrimontano''. Ex officina Wetsteniana.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Pyrmont''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Puurmont'')</small> * [[Pohle]] * [[Pollhagen]] * [[Pons Cobbanus]]<ref name="Leuckfeld 1714">Leuckfeld, J. G. (1714). ''Antiquitates Blankenburgenses, oder Historische Beschreibung derer vormals berühmten Grafen von Blankenburg, nebst dazugehörigen diplomatibus und Chartis''. Gottfried Freytag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Coppenbrügge'')</small> * [[Poynum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Peine''; [[Saxonice]] ''Paane''; [[Lingua Theodisca alta recens|Protoneoaltotheodisce]] ''Peina'')</small> * [[Praefectura Neohusana]]<ref name="Grupen II 1742">Grupen, C. U. (1742). ''Disceptationes Forenses cum Observationibus Juris: De originibus et iurisdictione praefecturarum ditionis Brunsvicensis (Caput de Praefectura Neohusana)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae: Förster.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Amt Neuhaus'')</small> * [[Pratum Vitulorum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calberlah'')</small> * [[Prezelle]] * [[Prinzhöfte]] {{div col end}} === Q === {{div col|3}} * [[Quakenbrück]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Quendorf]] * [[Querenhorst]] * [[Quernheim]] {{div col end}} === R === {{div col|3}} * [[Räbke]] * [[Radbruch]] * [[Raddestorf]] * [[Rastdorf]] * [[Rastede]] * [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]] * [[Rechtsupweg]] * [[Reeßum]] * [[Regesbostel]] * [[Rehburg-Loccum]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rehden]] * [[Rehlingen]] * [[Reinstorf]] * [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]] * [[Renkenberge]] * [[Rennau]] * [[Reppenstedt]] * [[Rethem (Aller)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rhade]] * [[Rhauderfehn]] * [[Rhede (Ems)]] * [[Rhumspringe]] * [[Ribbesbüttel]] * [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]] * [[Rieste]] * [[Ringe]] * [[Ringstedt]] * [[Rinteln]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Ritterhude]] * [[Rodenberg]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rodewald]] * [[Rohrsen]] * [[Roklum]] * [[Rollshausen]] * [[Römstedt]] * [[Ronnenberg]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Rosche]] * [[Rosdorf]] * [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]] * [[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]<ref name="Rotenburgum ad Wemmam">De Latino toponymico syntagmate "[[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]" -ad quod Latinum gentilicium "Rotenburgensis-e" refertur-, vide homonymas urbes apud {{Graesse}} et {{Hofmannus}}. De hydronymo "[[Wemma]]", etiam vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rotenburg''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Rotenburg an der Wümme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rodenborg'')</small> * [[Rötgesbüttel]] * [[Rüdershausen]] * [[Rühen]] * [[Rullstorf]] {{div col end}} === S === {{div col|3}} * [[Sachsenhagen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Sagterlandia]]<ref name="BOV 2013">Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')</small> * [[Salis Cancellum]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Salzgitter''; [[Saxonice]] ''Soltgitter'')</small> * [[Salzbergen]] * [[Salzdetfordium]]<ref name="Marcard 1805"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Salzdetfurth'')</small> * [[Salzhausen]] * [[Salzhemmendorf]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Samern]] * [[Sandbostel]] * [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]] * [[Sarstedt]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Sassenburg]] * [[Sathsa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Sachsa'')</small> * [[Sauensiek]] * [[Schapen]] * [[Scharnebeck]] * [[Scheden]] * [[Scheeßel]] * [[Schellerten]] * [[Schiffdorf]] * [[Schladen-Werla]] * [[Schnackenburg]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schnega]] * [[Schneverdingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Scholen]] * [[Schönewörde]] * [[Schöningen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schöppenstedt]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schortens]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Schüttorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schwaförden]] * [[Schwanewede]] * [[Schwarme]] * [[Schwarmstedt]] * [[Schweindorf]] * [[Schweringen]] * [[Schwerinsdorf]] * [[Schwienau]] * [[Schwülper]] * [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]] * [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]] * [[Seelze]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Seesen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Seevetal]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Seggebruch]] * [[Sehlde]] * [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]] * [[Sehnde]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Selsingen]] * [[Semmenstedt]] * [[Seulingen]] * [[Sibbesse]] * [[Sickte]] * [[Siedenburg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Sittensen]] * [[Soderstorf]] * [[Sögel]] * [[Söhlde]] * [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]] * [[Soltau]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Soltendieck]] * [[Sottrum]] * [[Spahnharrenstätte]] * [[Spelle]] * [[Spiekeroog]] * [[Sprakensehl]] * [[Springe]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Stadae]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stood'')</small> * [[Stadlandia]]<ref>Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA617&lpg=PA617&dq=statlandia+saxonia&source=bl&ots=Ysl9JI4L06&sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&q=statlandia%20saxonia&f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')</small> * [[Staffhorst]] * [[Staufenberg]] * [[Stavern]] * [[Stedesdorf]] * [[Steimbke]] * [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]] * [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]] * [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]] * [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]] * [[Stelle]] * [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]] * [[Stemshorn]] * [[Steyerberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Stinstedt]] * [[Stöckse]] * [[Stoetze]] * [[Stolzenau]] * [[Stuhr]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Südbrookmerland]] * [[Suderburg]] * [[Südergellersen]] * [[Südheide]] * [[Sudwalde]] * [[Suhlendorf]] * [[Sulingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Süpplingen]] * [[Süpplingenburg]] * [[Süstedt]] * [[Sustrum]] * [[Surwold]] * [[Suthfeld]] * [[Syke]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === T === {{div col|3}} * [[Tappenbeck]] * [[Tarmstedt]] * [[Tespe]] * [[Teuderium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'')</small> * [[Thransfellensis Ecclesia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dransfeld'')</small> * [[Thedinghausen]] * [[Theodolfestorpum]]<ref name="Asseburg 1855">Asseburg, J. von der. (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des Geschlechts von der Asseburg (Vol. 1)''. Hahnschen Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dedelstorf'')</small> * [[Thomasburg]] * [[Thorpum]]<ref name="Thorpum">Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardDorfinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20160831-7111.htm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Dörpen''', 9. Jh., bei Aschendorf nördlich Meppens, F2-1090 THURP (Dorf) Dorfa (7), Thorpum (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dörpen'')</small> * [[Thuine]] * [[Tiddische]] * [[Tiste]] * [[Toppenstedt]] * [[Tostedt]] * [[Tosterglope]] * [[Trebel]] * [[Triburi]]<ref name="Philippi & Bar 1892"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drebber'')</small> * [[Tülau]] * [[Twieflingen]] * [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]] * [[Twistringen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === U === {{div col|3}} * [[Uchte]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Uehrde]] * [[Uelsen]] * [[Uetze]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Ulsena]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Uelzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ülz’n'')</small> * [[Ummern]] * [[Undeloh]] * [[Upgant-Schott]] * [[Uplengen]] * [[Uslar]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Utarp]] {{div col end}} === V === {{div col|3}} * [[Vahlberg]] * [[Vahlbruch]] * [[Vahlde]] * [[Vallis Ambrae]]<ref name="Ambra">Latino de toponymo "Ambra" (Theodisce ''Emmer''), vide {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Vallis">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum vocabulum ''T(h)al'' aut Theodiscum suffixum ''-t(h)al'' Latino vocabulo "vallis-is"] vertitur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emmerthal''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emmerdaal'')</small> * [[Vallis Augae]]<ref name="SLH 1988">Societas Latina Hannoverana (1988). ''Fasciculi geographici et historici: De parvis provinciis ditionis Hannoveranae et Schaumburgensis''. Hannoverae: Typis Exscripsit Libraria Scripturarum.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Auetal'')</small> * [[Vallis Claustra-Cella]]<ref name="Conring 1730">Conring, H. (1730). ''De Antiquitatibus Academicis Dissertationes Septem''. Officina Smeinkiana.</ref><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clausthal-Zellerfeld''; [[Supraharthice]] ''Clasthol-Zallerfall'')</small> * [[Varel]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Varrel]] * [[Vastorf]] * [[Vechelde]] * [[Velpke]] * [[Veltheim (Ohe)]] * [[Vetha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Vechta''; [[Saxonice]] ''Vechte'')</small> * [[Vicus Adelaidis]]<ref name="ALF 2016">Academia Latinitati Fovendae (2016). ''Commentarii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae: De novis parochiis et communibus Saxoniae Inferioris textus'' (Vol. XXIV). Romae: Herder.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adelheidsdorf'')</small> * [[Vierden]] * [[Vierhöfen]] * [[Vildhusia]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Wildeshausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wilshusen'')</small> * [[Villa Cremilonis]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cremlingen'')</small> * [[Vintlum]]<ref name="Vintlum">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/schneverdingen-peter-und-paul/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Schneverdingen, Peter und Paul''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''capella in honorem sancti Anthonii in villa Vintlo parrochie Snewerdinge'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fintel'')</small> * [[Visbek]] * [[Visselhövede]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Vögelsen]] * [[Vollersode]] * [[Voltlage]] * [[Vorda Bremensis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bremervörde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bremervöör'')</small> * [[Vordorf]] * [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]] * [[Vrees]] {{div col end}} === W === {{div col|3}} * [[Waake]] * [[Waddeweitz]] * [[Wagenfeld]] * [[Wagenhoff]] * [[Wahrenholz]] * [[Walchum]] * [[Walkenried]] * [[Wallenhorst]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Wallmoden]] * [[Walsrode]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wangelnstedt]] * [[Wangerland]] * [[Wangerooge]] * [[Wanna]] * [[Warberg]] * [[Wardenburg]] * [[Warmsen]] * [[Warpe]] * [[Wasbüttel]] * [[Wathlingen]] * [[Wedemark]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Weener]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Weenzen]] * [[Wehrbleck]] * [[Welle]] * [[Wendeburg]] * [[Wendisch Evern]] * [[Wennigsen]] * [[Wenzendorf]] * [[Werdum]] * [[Werlte]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Werpeloh]] * [[Wesendorf]] * [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]] * [[Westergellersen]] * [[Westerholt]] * [[Westertimke]] * [[Westerwalsede]] * [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]] * [[Westoverledingen]] * [[Wetschen]] * [[Wettrup]] * [[Weyhausen]] * [[Weyhe]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Wieda]] * [[Wiedensahl]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Wiefelstede]] * [[Wielen]] * [[Wienhausen]] * [[Wiesmoor]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Wietmarschen]] * [[Wietze]] * [[Wietzen]] * [[Wietzendorf]] * [[Wilhelmshaven]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wilstedt]] * [[Wilsum]] * [[Wingst]] * [[Winkelsett]] * [[Winnigstedt]] * [[Winsen (Aller)]] * [[Winsenia]]<ref name="Büttner">Büttner, D. S. (1710). ''Rudera Diluvii Testes, i.e. Zeichnung und Abbildung derer Columnarum Sceletonum''. Gottfried Zimmermann.</ref> <small>(ad [[Luya]]m<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Winsen'')</small> * [[Winzenburg]] * [[Wippingen]] * [[Wirdum]] * [[Wischhafen]] * [[Wistedt]] * [[Witmundia]]<ref>E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&pg=PA281&dq=Witmundia&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&q=Witmundia&f=false p. 281].</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')</small> * [[Wittingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Wittmar]] * [[Wittorf]] * [[Wohnste]] * [[Wolfsburgum]]<ref>Vide nomini arcis: Samuel Pufendorfus, ''Commentariorum de rebus Suecicis libri XXVI'' {{Google Books|lV1PAAAAcAAJ|pag. 457 et 475}}, ''Nova Acta Eruditorum'' {{Google Books|eGFlITDJFSMC|pag. 487}}, Lipsiae, anno 1756, ac ''Itininerarium Thomae Carve, Tipperariensis'' ([https://archive.org/details/itinerariumthom00kerngoog/page/n182 pag. 108]).</ref> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> </small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Wolfsburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfsborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfsbuurich'')</small> * [[Wollbrandshausen]] * [[Wollershausen]] * [[Wölpinghausen]] * [[Wolsdorf]] * [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]] * [[Woltershausen]] * [[Worde]]<ref name="Worde">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/grossenwoerden/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Hinricus rector ecclesie in Worde'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Großenwörden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootweurn'')</small> * [[Worpswede]] * [[Wremen]] * [[Wrestedt]] * [[Wriedel]] * [[Wulfsen]] * [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]] * [[Wunstorf]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wurster Nordseeküste]] * [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === Y ==== {{div col|3}} * [[Yppenerdhe]]<ref name="Yppenerdhe">Vide [https://www.gross-ippener.de/gemeinde/geschichte.html?utm ''Groß Ippene''], ubi dicitur "(...) Parrochia Yppenerdhe (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Ippener''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Ippner'')</small> {{div col end}} === Z === {{div col|3}} * [[Zernien]] * [[Zetel]] * [[Zeven]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Zorge]] {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]] shhvey6mnwkxj2ddajyacamh5b0cz9o 3983545 3983433 2026-08-24T23:25:57Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3983545 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Lower Saxony.svg|thumb|500px|Urbes et communia Saxoniae Inferioris.]] '''Index urbium, oppidorum et communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnia [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur. Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communia et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur. Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent. Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent: * Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent. * Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent. * 61 communium et tria communia generalia (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent. * 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent. === A === {{div col|3}} * [[Abensium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obbens'')</small> * [[Acheimum]]<ref name="Grote III 1877">Grote, H. (1877). ''Münzstudien: Geschichte der älteren Münzen und Urkunden des Bisthums Verden'' (Vol. VIII). Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Achim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Achem'')</small> * [[Achestedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Axstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ax'')</small> * [[Adelebsenum]]<ref name="Funck 1736">Funck, J. N. (1736). ''Disputatio Academica de Voluntaria Morte Judaeorum et Gentilium sub Praesidio S. R. I. Libero Baroni de Adelebsen Dedicata''. Rintelii: Typis Johannis Friderici Enax.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adelebsen'')</small> * [[Adenebutla]]<ref name="Pischke 1998">Pischke, G. (Ed.) (1998). ''Das Lehnsregister der Edelherren von Meinersen: Edition und historische Untersuchung der mittelalterlichen Besitzurkunden'' (Documentum anni MCCXX). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Adenbüttel'')</small> * [[Adenhusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703">Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis: De ecclesiis parochialibus et ditione antiqua oppidi Adenhusii''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahnsen'')</small> * [[Adenthorpium]]<ref name="Höhbaum 1876">Höhbaum, K. (Ed.) (1876). ''Hansisches Urkundenbuch: Monumenta Germaniae Historica e codicibus diplomaticis Bremensibus et Luneburgensibus'' (Vol. I). Halis Saxonum: Typis Orphanotrophei.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Adendörp'')</small> * [[Affinghusia]]<ref name="Rathlef 1766">Rathlef, E. L. (1766). ''Geschichte der Grafschaften Hoya und Diepholz: Monimenta diplomatica et antiquitates ditionis Affinghusiae'' (Vol. I). Bremae: Försterischen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Affinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Affinghusen'' seu ''Affjehusen'')</small> * [[Aldendorpevilla]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> ([[Theodisce]] ''Stadtoldendorf'') * [[Alrebekesa]]<ref name="Oven 1872">Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck'')</small> * [[Ahusium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ahusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahusen'')</small> * [[Alfelda]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Allefelle'')</small> * [[Alfhusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfhausen'')</small> * [[Algermissenum]]<ref name="Hoogeweg III 1903">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1903). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et privilegia de Algermisseno)'' (Vol. III). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Algermissen'')</small> * [[Alisni]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elsfleth'')</small> * [[Almstedium]]<ref name="Hoogeweg II 1901">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1901). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et registra de Almstedio)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Almstedt'')</small> * [[Alorstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1758">Pratje, J. H. (1758). ''Historische Nachrichten von dem ehemaligen berühmten Closter Harsefeld: Monumenta ac documenta saeculi XII ubi de decimis Alorstedii agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlerstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohlers'')</small> * [[Alvstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759">Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfs'' seu ''Alfst'')</small> * [[Amelinghusium]]<ref name="Baring 1746">Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'')</small> * [[Anchemium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ankum'')</small> * [[Andervenia]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Andervenne'')</small> * [[Andorlangia]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Anderlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Annerlingen'')</small> * [[Antiqua Medingha]]<ref name="Homeyer X 2006">Homeyer, J. (Ed.) (2006). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Medingen: Lüneburger Urkundenbuch (Monimenta historica saeculi XIV de parochia Medinghae) (Vol. X)''. Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Altenmedingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohmein'')</small> * [[Apenum]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aap'')</small> * [[Apleremum]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apelern'')</small> * [[Appelium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Appel'')</small> * [[Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis]]<ref name="Mirus 1826">Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz'')</small> * [[Aquae Nendorpenses]]<ref name="Marcard 1805">Marcard, H. M. (1805). ''De salubritate aquarum nendorpensium et de earum usu in morbis chronicis''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich; et: Macard, H. M. (1805). ''De usu salutari fontium salinorum in territorio Hildesiensi sitorum''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Nenndorf'')</small> * [[Aquae Zwischenahnenses]]<ref name="Statisitakamt Nord 2025">Statistikamt Nord (Editio Latina). ''Catalogus Urbium et Communium Germaniae''. Hamburgi, 2025.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Zwischenahn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Twiskenoan'' seu ''Boad Twiskenoan''; [[Saxonice]] ''Twüschenahn'')</small> * [[Aroldishusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'')</small> * [[Artlenburgum]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Artlenburg'')</small> * [[Artlissa]]<ref name="Mader 1664">Mader, J. J. (1664). ''Antiquitates Brunsvicenses: De antiquis parochiis Saxonum et finibus dioecesis Mindensis (Caput de parochia Artlissa)''. Helmestadii: Typis Henningi Mulleri.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aerzen'': quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Ärzen'')</small> * [[Arx Agathae]]<ref name="Kochen 1724">Kochen, J. H. (1724). ''Introductio in Historiam Ducatus Bremensis y Verdensis: Accesserunt diplomata varia et descriptio Arcis Agathae et ditionis Stadiensis''. Stadae: Typis Caspari Holmii.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Agathenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gothenborg'')</small> * [[Arx Draconis]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drakenburg'')</small> * [[Ascalingium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlden'')</small> * [[Asanthorpium]]<ref name="Vogell 1856">Vogell, A. (Ed.) (1856). ''Urkundenbuch des Bisthums Verden und des Collegiatstifts Bardewick: Chartae, diplomata et monumenta historica saeculi XIII...''. Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Harburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Harburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Harburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Harburgum]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Harburgensis-e" refertur-.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')</small> * [[Asenthorpium]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1855). ''Hoyer Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Jänecke Verlag.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Diepholtia|Circulo terrae Diepholtia]]<ref name="Landkreis Diepholz">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Diepholtia" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Diepholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Diepholtia]]", vide {{Hofmannus}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')</small> * [[Assena]]<ref name="Philippi & Bar 1892">Philippi, F., & Bär, M. (Eds.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 772-1200'' (Vol. 1). Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde von Osnabrück.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Essen'')</small> * [[Assini]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Essen'')</small> * [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterholz-Scharmbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosterholt-Scharmbeek'')</small> * [[Asylum (Saxonia Inferior)|Asylum]]<ref name="Asylum">Theodiscum nomen ''Freistatt'', quod ''Freistätte, Zufluchtsort, Asyl'' significat, Latine "asylum" reddi potest. Nam in ''Deutsches Wörterbuch'' de Weigand et Hirt vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' explicatur ut «Freistatt» et ipsa vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' e Latino "asylum" orta esse dicitur. Praeterea lexicon Germanico-Latinum, quod in traditione lexicographica Georgii continetur, directe tradit: ''Freistatt, -stätte'', "asylum'". Itaque "Asylum" non est forma ficticia neque mera translatio nostra, sed aequivalentia lexicographice comprobata.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Freistatt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freestatt'')</small> * [[Aszi]]<ref name="Hermann">Hermann Abels: ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. S. 27f.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')</small> * [[Aulica]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elze'')</small> * [[Auricum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auricum]]<ref name="Emmius 1616">Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Aurich''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aurk''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Auerk'')</small> {{div col end}} === B === {{div col|3}} * [[Badberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Badbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Badbern'')</small> * [[Baddekenstedium]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel & Ohainski X 2018">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'')</small> * [[Balga]]<ref name="Udolph 1994">Udolph, J. (1994). ''Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem'' (Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Ergänzungsbände 9). Walter de Gruyter.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balje'')</small> * [[Balga Cortis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Balge'')</small> * [[Baltrumum]]<ref name="Wiarda III 1792">Wiarda, T. D. (1792). ''Ostfriesische Geschichte: Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1648'' (Vol. 3). August Friedrich Winter.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Baltrum'')</small> * [[Bamwida]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bohmte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baumte'')</small> * [[Bardenuvicum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bardowick''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bewick'')</small> * [[Bardorpium]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859">Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrdorf'')</small> * [[Barenburgum]]<ref name="Kolb 1712">Kolb, G. (1712). ''Compendium totius orbis: partim geographicum, partim historicum, partim genealogicum''. Typis Universitatis Carolo-Francisceae</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnborg'')</small> * [[Bargstedum]]<ref name="Mushard 1764">Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bargstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargst'' seu ''Bars'')</small> * [[Barnstedum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702">Bünting, H., & Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'')</small> * [[Barnstorfium]]<ref name="Böhmer 2007">Böhmer, J. F. (2007). ''Regesta Imperii III: Salisches Haus 1024–1125. Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Heinrich IV'' (T. Struve, Ed.). Böhlau Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnstrup'')</small> * [[Barsela]]<ref name="Köbler 2016">Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barßel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bäärsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassel'')</small> * [[Barsingehusa]]<ref name="Harenberg 1753">Harenberg, J. C. (1753). ''Historia ecclesiae Gandershemensis diplomatica''. Typis et Impensis Joannis Christophori Meisneri.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barsinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baschehusen'' seu ''Basche'')</small> * [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]]<ref name="Mindermann I II 2004">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2004). ''Verdener Urkundenbuch, 1. Abteilung, Band 2: 1300–1380''. Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circulo Luneburgensi]]<ref name="Landreis Lüneburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Luneburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landreis Lüneburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Luneburgensis-e" ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boorn'')</small> * [[Barum (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Barum]]<ref name="AdWzG 2010">Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, & U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Uelzen">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Ulsenensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Uelzen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Ulsenensis-e" ad [[Ulsena]]m refertur. Quo de gentilicio, vide lemma "res-publica Ulsenensis" apud {{Google Books|w_tWAAAAcAAJ|vide paginam dedicationis operis}}"; et de topnymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bourm'')</small> * [[Barunvilla]]<ref name="SdaedhdlM 1862">Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle (1862). ''Mémoires de la Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle: Année 1860–1861''. Rousseau-Pallez.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borendörp'')</small> * [[Barverum]]<ref name="Böhmer 1844">Böhmer, J. F. (1844). ''Regesta Chronologico-Diplomatica Regum et Imperatorum Romanorum: Inde a Conrado I. Usque ad Henricum VII''. Typis et Sumtibus J. C. Hermann.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barver'')</small> * [[Barwedelum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barwedel'')</small> * [[Basdalum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Basdahl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Basdaal'' seu ''Basdohl'')</small> * [[Bawinkelum]]<ref name="Moser 1738">Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bawinkel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bowinkel'')</small> * [[Bebenhusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Bebenhusa]]<ref name="Ahlfeldt 2010">Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.) (2010). ''Regnum Francorum Online: Traditio Fuldenses''. Francia-Ahlfeldt Project.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bevensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bämsen'' seu ''Bemsen'')</small> * [[Beckdorfium]]<ref name="AdWzG 2010"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beckdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beekdörp'')</small> * [[Beckedorfium]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beckedorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Biäkedörp'')</small> * [[Beckelnum]]<ref name="Böhmer 1844"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beckeln'')</small> * [[Bedenbostelum]]<ref name="NL 1924">Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel'')</small> * [[Beierstedum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beierstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barste’e'')</small> * [[Belmum]]<ref name="Moser 1738"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Belm'')</small> * [[Belumum]]<ref name="Mushard 1764"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Belum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Belen'')</small> * [[Bema (Saxonia Inferior)|Bema]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Böhme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhm'')</small> * [[Bendestorfium]]<ref name="Bührmann 2005">Bührmann, M. (2005). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen des norddeutschen Raumes''. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. </ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bendestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bendsdörp'')</small> * [[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Berga]]<ref name="Bruzen de La Martinière 1737">Bruzen de La Martinière, A. A. (1737). ''Thesaurus geographicus criticus: in quo omnium orbis terrarum regionum, civitatum, oppidorum, nominibus antiquis, medii aevi et modernis''. Ex Officina Wetsteniana.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Celle">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Cellensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Celle'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Cellensis-e" refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargen'')</small> * [[Berga (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Berga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Osnabrugae|Circulo Osnabrugae]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Osnabrugae" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osnabrück'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum ''LandKreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Osnabruga|Osnabruga-ae]]", vide Pertsch, Erich: ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'', Berolini et Monaci 1983, ISBN 3-468-07202-3, p. 1325.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Berge'')</small> * [[Berga ad Dumnam]]<ref name="Bruzen de La Martinière 1737"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergen an der Dumme''; [[Polabice]] ''Djörska'')</small> * [[Bergenborstelium]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrenborstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bornbössel'' seu ''Boornbössel'')</small> * [[Bergfelda]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergfeld''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bargfeld'')</small> * [[Bersenbrugum]]<ref name="Sandhoff 1785">Sandhoff, J. E. (1785). ''Antistitum Osnabrugensis ecclesiae, qui per decem saecula episcopale munus in ea gesserunt, chronotaxis''. Typis Joannis Georgii Kislingii.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bersenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bessenbrügge'')</small> * [[Bersinium]]<ref name="Kaemling 1987">Kaemling, ''Atlas zur Geschichte Niedersachsens'' (1987).</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groten Bässen'')</small> * [[Berumburgum]]<ref name="Emmius 1616"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'')</small> * [[Bestena]]<ref name="Jellinghaus 1923">Jellinghaus, H. (1923). ''Die westfälischen Ortsnamen nach ihren Bestandteilen''' (III ed.). Ferdinand Schöningh.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beesten'')</small> * [[Betzendorfum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Betzendorfum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bätzendörp'')</small> * [[Bevernense Castrum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'')</small> * [[Beverstedum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beverstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beverst'')</small> * [[Bienenbuttelum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bienenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bienbüddel'')</small> * [[Bilshusa]]<ref name="Wolf 1819">Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'')</small> * [[Binethemum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688">Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim'')</small> * [[Binnenum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Binnen'')</small> * [[Bippenum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bippen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bippen'')</small> * [[Birsina]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bassum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassen'')</small> * [[Bissendorpum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bissendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissendörp'')</small> * [[Blenderum]]<ref name="Brosius 1993">Brosius, D. (1993). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum'' (Vol. 1). Wallstein Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Blender''; [[Saxonice]] ''Blenner'')</small> * [[Bliederstorpum]]<ref name="Trüper 2017">Trüper, H. G. (2017). ''Urkundenbuch der Herren von Zesterfleth: 1232–1657''. Wallstein Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bliedersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bliersdörp'')</small> * [[Bobentunum]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bovenden''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bovten'')</small> * [[Bocensis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bückeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bückeborg'')</small> * [[Bocholta (Circulus Heidensis)|Bocholta]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1859"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Heidensis|Circulo Heidensi]]<ref name="Heidekreis">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Heidensis" -Theodisce ''Heidekreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum gentilicium "Heidensis-e" Theodiscum lexema ''Heide-'' vertit.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')</small> * [[Bocholta (Circulus Theorosburgensis)|Bocholta]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Theorosburgensis|Circulo Theorosburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Schaumburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Theorosburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Schaumburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio "Theorosburgensis-e", quod ad [[Theorosburgum]] refertur, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukholt'')</small> * [[Bocholtum in Ericeto]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>[[urbs]] et commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz in der Nordheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')</small> * [[Bochorna (Circulus Frisicus)|Bochorna]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873">Ehmck, D. R., & von Bippen, W. (Ed.) (1873). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1300''. C. Schünemann.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Frisicus|Circulo Frisico]]<ref name="Landkreis Friesland">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Frisicus" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Friesland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Frisicus-a-um" ad [[Frisia (discretiva)|Frisiam]] refertur. Quod de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bockhorn'')</small> * [[Bochorna (Circulus Vetha)|Bochorna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Vetha|Circulo Vetha]]<ref name="Landkreis Vechta">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Vetha" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Vechta'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo).</ref><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bakum'')</small> * [[Bochorstia]]<ref name="Erhard 1851">Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bockhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukhast'')</small> * [[Bodendicum]]<ref name="Brosius 1985">Brosius, D. (1985). ''Aus der Geschichte der Burg Bodenteich''. Ecomed Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bodenteich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bonndiek'')</small> * [[Bodenfelda]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenfelde'')</small> * [[Bodensa]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph">Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodensee'')</small> * [[Bodonis Insula]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'')</small> * [[Boffeshusium]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'')</small> * [[Boitersena]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2001). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden: Band 1''. Von den Anfängen bis 1300. [[Stadae|Stadis]]: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bötersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boitzen'')</small> * [[Boitzia]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Boitze''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhtz'')</small> * [[Bokenstorpium]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bokensdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokensdörp'')</small> * [[Bokenum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bockenem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokeln'')</small> * [[Borchwega]]<ref name="Rüther 1905">Rüther, H. (Ed.) (1905). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Neuenwalde''. Halle’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burweg'')</small> * [[Borkna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Borkum''; [[lingua Frisica|Frisice]] ''Boarkum''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Börkum'')</small> * [[Borna Castra]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berne'')</small> * [[Borsla]]<ref name="Niemeyer 2012">Niemeyer, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bösel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Böäsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bäsel'')</small> * [[Borstla]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1842">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1842). ''Diepholzer Urkundenbuch: Authentische Urkunden zur Geschichte der Grafschaft Diepholz''. [[Hannovera]]e: Hahn'schen Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Borstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bössel'')</small> * [[Botela]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bothel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bootel'')</small> * [[Brachia (Germania)|Brachia]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Brake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braak'' seu ''Broak'')</small> * [[Braclina]]<ref name="Rübel 1881">Rübel, K. (Ed.) (1881). ''Dortmunder Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1340''. [[Isarlohia]]e: J. Baedeker.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brackel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braackel'')</small> * [[Bramascus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bramsche'')</small> * [[Breddenberga]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898">Wilmans, R., & Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Breddenberg'')</small> * [[Bredenforda]]<ref name="Hoogeweg 1898">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde'')</small> * [[Bredthorpium]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Breddorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Breddörp'')</small> * [[Brestum (Saxonia Inferior)|Brestum]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brest'')</small> * [[Brincama]]<ref name="Friedländer 1878">Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. (Jahre 787–1470)''. [[Emda]]e: Haynel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brinkum'')</small> * [[Britlinga]]<ref name="Udolph 2004">Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brietlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brietl'')</small> * [[Brochema]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brockum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Broubm'' seu ''Brookm'')</small> * [[Brocleda]]<ref name="Janicke 1896">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1''. [[Lipsia]]e: S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bröckel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bräukel'')</small> * [[Broclina]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brockel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brookel'')</small> * [[Broma]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski 2014">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (Ed.). (2014). ''Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch: Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Gifhorn''. [[Bilivelda]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brome''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brom'')</small> * [[Brochusium-Vilsena]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855"/><ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bruchhausen-Vilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brooksen-Vilsen'')</small> * [[Brunsvicum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Braunschweig''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brunswiek''; [[lingua Saxonica|Brunsvicice]] dialectaliter ''Bronswiek'' seu ''Brönswiek'')</small> * [[Bukina]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bücken''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bücken'')</small> * [[Bulcova]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bülkau'')</small> * [[Bulsteda]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bülstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büls'')</small> * [[Brunla]]<ref name="Bode 1893">Bode, G. (Ed.) (1893). ''Urkundenbuch der Stadt Goslar und der in und bei Goslar belegenen geistlichen Stiftungen: Band 1 (922 bis 1250)''.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Braunlage'')</small> * [[Bunda]]<ref name="Deiter">Deiter, H. (1881). Oldeborchs, Pastoris zu Bunda in Reiderland, kleine ostfriesische Chronicke, betreffend die Jahre 1558 bis 1605. ''Jahrbuch de Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst und vaterländische Altertümer zu Emden''.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bunde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bunn'')</small> * [[Burchardivillare]]<ref name="Janicke 1892">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1892). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1. Bis zum Jahre 1221''. S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|Circulo Guelpherbytensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Wolfenbüttel">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Guelpherbytensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Wolfenbüttel'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Guelpherbytensis-e" ad [[Guelpherbytum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://vd18.gbv.de/viewer/fullscreen/006049869/1/ ''vd18.gbv.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Pro eo ac debuisti, urbs aerumnosa, infelix ac misera Guelpherbytum (...)"; et quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/MBRY52X6EUWPQOQRFBKHVLYBSUG4M6LS ''Carmina Votiva Honori Clarißimi atq[ue] Experientißimi Viri Dn. Samuelis Stockhausen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Practici Guelpherbytensis (...)".</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'')</small> * [[Burgdorfium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(in [[Hannovera (regio)|Regione Hannovera]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'' seu ''Bortörp'')</small> * [[Burgium (Saxonia Inferior)|Burgium]]<ref name="Remling VII 2026">Remling, L. (2026). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Emsland''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Börger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borger'')</small> * [[Buria (Saxonia Inferior)|Buria]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bühren'')</small> * [[Bursina (Saxonia Inferior)|Bursina]]<ref name="Casemir 2003">Casemir, K. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil III)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Börßum'')</small> * [[Butiadinga]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen II 1876">Ehmck, D. R., & Bippen, W. von. (Ed.) (1876). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 2. 1301–1350''. D. Ed. Müller.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Butjadingen'')</small> * [[Buxtehuda]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1842">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1842). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buxtehude''; [[Saxonice]] ''Buxthu'')</small> * [[Byspinga]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1859">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1859). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Fünfte Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bispingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissen'')</small> {{div col end}} === C === {{div col|3}} * [[Campus Rufus]]<ref name="Stüve 1789"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Rothenfelde'')</small> * [[Capella (Saxonia Inferior)|Capella]]<ref name="Philippi II 1894">Philippi, F. (Ed.) (1894). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Band 2. Die Urkunden der Jahre 1201–1250''. H. Th. Wenner.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cappeln'')</small> * [[Castrovallium]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgwedel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borwee'' seu ''Boorwee'')</small> * [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Celle'')</small> * [[Clenza]]<ref name="Janicke II 1896">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 2. Von 1221 bis 1260''. S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clenze''; [[Polabice]] ''Kloncka'')</small> * [[Cloppenburgum]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Cloppenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cloppenborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kloppenbuurich'')</small> * [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]<ref name="Erhard 1851">Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'') * [[Cramma]]<ref name="Casemir 2003"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cramme'')</small> * [[Cuxhavia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuxhoben'')</small> {{div col end}} === D === {{div col|3}} * [[Dalemia]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlem'')</small> * [[Dalenburgum]]<ref name="Rzihacek & Spreitzer XI 2024">Rzihacek, A., & Spreitzer, F. (Ed.) (2024). ''Die Urkunden Otto IV (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus XI). Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlenborg'')</small> * [[Dalum]]<ref name="Janicke II 1896"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Tahln'')</small> * [[Damma (Saxonia Inferior)|Damma]]<ref name="Philippi II 1894"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Damme'')</small> * [[Damnatzium]]<ref name="Garzmann LXXVI 2004">Garzmann, M. R. W. (Ed.) (2004). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte: Neue Folge der Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen (Band 76)''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Damnatz'')</small> * [[Danneberga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dannenberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dannenbarg''; [[Polabice]] ''Wajdars'')</small> * [[Danthorpum]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel % Udolph VII 2011">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Udolph, J. (2011). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII''). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Danndorf'')</small> * [[Dassela]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dassel'')</small> * [[Dedenhusa]]<ref name="-husaDeensen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'')</small> * [[Deinste]]<ref name="Vanni & Rossi 2012">Vanni, D., & Rossi, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Index Nominum Geographicorum Locorumque Mundi Latine Redditus''. Societas Latina.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deinste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deinst'')</small> * [[Deinstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deinstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deins'')</small> * [[Delmenhorstium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Delmenhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Demost'')</small> * [[Dengdia]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Denkte'')</small> * [[Derental]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Derental'')</small> * [[Dersum]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dersum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Derßm'')</small> * [[Dettum]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dettum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Detten'')</small> * [[Dicla]]<ref name="Mooyer 1855">Mooyer, E. F. (Ed.) (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des vormaligen Stiftes Minden''. J. C. C. Bruns.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dickel'')</small> * [[Didderse]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Didderse'' et [[Saxonice]] ''Deesse'')</small> * [[Diekholza]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diekholzen'')</small> * [[Dielmissa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dielmissen'')</small> * [[Diepenavia]]<ref name="-avia">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-avia-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diepenau'')</small> * [[Diepholtia]]<ref name="Hofmannus">{{Hofmannus}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deefholt'')</small> * [[Dinklage]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dinklage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dinklaoge'')</small> * [[Disaldishusa]]<ref name="-husaDelligsen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Disaldishusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Reuter, A. (Ed.) (1950). ''1100 Jahre Delligsen: Geschichte der Hilsmulde und des Ortes Delligsen''. Verlag der Gemeinde Delligsen. </ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Delligsen'')</small> * [[Disna (Saxonia Inferior)|Disna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dissen am Teutoburger Wald'')</small> * [[Dohra (Terra Emesensis)|Dohra]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Terrae Emesensis|Terra Emesensi]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Terrae Altenburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Emsland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum "terra-ae" Theodiscum lexema ''-land'' vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Emesensis-e" ad flumen [[Amisia|Emesam]] refertur. De hoc hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dohren '')</small> * [[Dohra (Circulus Harburgensis)|Dohra]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Harburg"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dohren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Duhrn'')</small> * [[Dolnere]]<ref name="Dolnere">Vide [https://adw-goe.de/fileadmin/forschungsprojekte/ortsnamen_rhein_elbe/dokumente/Publikationen_Udolph_PDF/2001-2005/315._Udolph_Anmerkungen_zum_Ortsnamen_Dollern.pdf ''Anmerkugen zum Ortsnamen Dollern''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1105 (Fälschung Mitte 12. Jh.) ''Dolnere'' (...) 1209 ''Johannes de dolnere'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dollern'')</small> * [[Doristacus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dorstadt'')</small> * [[Dornum]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dornum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dornm'')</small> * [[Dorverda]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dörverden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dörbern'' seu ''Dörb'' seu ''Dörveern'')</small> * [[Dotlinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dötlingen'')</small> * [[Drage (Albis)|Drage]]<ref name="Drage">'''Drage-es'''; declinatio regularis generis Graeci vel Latini in prima declinatione, aut ut nomen substantivum regulare primae declinationis in geographicis rationibus modernis tractatum. Quo de toponymo, vide: Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Draag'')</small> * [[Drentwede]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1842"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drentwede'')</small> * [[Drestadium]]<ref name="-stadt"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drestedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dreest'')</small> * [[Drochtersa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drochtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drochters'')</small> * [[Dudanebutli]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1841">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1841). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch (Band 1)''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Düdenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düünbeudel'')</small> * [[Duderstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Duderstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dustadt'')</small> * [[Dunsa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dünsen'')</small> * [[Dunum (Saxonia Inferior)|Dunum]]<ref name="Houtrouw 1889">Houtrouw, O. G. (1889). ''Ostfriesland: Eine geschichtlich-ortskundige Wanderung gegen Ende der Fürstenzeit (Band 1)''. Dunkmann.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dunum'')</small> * [[Duthungun]]<ref name="Udolph 2004"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Duingen''; [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Daujen'')</small> {{div col end}} === E === {{div col|3}} * [[Ebbestorpium]]<ref name="Jaitner 1985">Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ebstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ebstörp'')</small> * [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]<ref name="Ebersdorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf'' in Latinam "Ebersdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ebersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eversdörp'')</small> * [[Echemium]]<ref name="-hemium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hemium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Echem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Echen'')</small> * [[Edemissa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Edemissen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emisse'')</small> * [[Egestorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Egestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äästörp'')</small> * [[Edewechte]]<ref name="Berger 2012">Berger, D. (2012). ''Edewecht''. In ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. Walter de Gruyter.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Edewecht''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erwech''; historice ''Adewacht'')</small> * [[Eggermuhla]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eggermühlen'')</small> * [[Ehra-Lessia]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ehra-Lessien'')</small> * [[Eicklinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eicklingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eikeln'')</small> * [[Eildissum]]<ref name="Stumpf-Brentano II 1865">Stumpf-Brentano, K. F. (Ed.) (1865). ''Die Reichskanzler vornehmlich des X., XI. und XII. Jahrhunderts: Acta Imperii Selecta'' (Vol. 2). [[Aeni Pons (Austria)|Aeni Ponte]]: Wagner'schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Eilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlsen'')</small> * [[Eima]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eimen'')</small> * [[Eime]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eime'')</small> * [[Eimke]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eimke''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimk'')</small> * [[Ekelum]]<ref>Vide: Von Hodenberg, W. (Ed.) (1855). ''Walsroder Urkundenbuch (Urkunde Nr. 19)''. Hahnsche Hofbuchhandlung. Quo opere "proprietatem bonorum in Ekelo, que ab ecclesia Walsrodensi in feodum tenuit, pro quinquaginta marcis seriosius comparavit." dicitur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eickeloh'')</small> * [[Elbingeroda]]<ref name="-roda"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbingerode'')</small> * [[Eldinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eldingen'')</small> * [[Elsdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Elsdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Elsdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Elsdörp'')</small> * [[Elvede]]<ref name="Hoops 2003">Hoops, J. (Ed.) (2003). ''Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch III: Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. Biliveldae: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbe'')</small> * [[Embeca]]<ref name="Embeca">"non ignobiles Saxoniae civitates, Embeca et Gottinga" {{Google Books|I7pXAAAAcAAJ|p. 734}}. Interdum "Embica", "Embecka" etc. reperis</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Einbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimbeck'')</small> * [[Embsa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Embsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emsen'')</small> * [[Emda]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Emden''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Oamde'')</small> * [[Emmelkampus]]<ref name="Emmelkampus">Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur "(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp'')</small> * [[Emmendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emmendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emdörp'')</small> * [[Emphstece]]<ref name="Emphstece">Vide [https://www.emstek.de/die-gemeinde/ortsteile/emstek?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''www.emstek.de'']; ubi dicitur "(...) Urkunde aus dem Jahre 947 als „Emphstece" (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Emstek''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emstäk'')</small> * [[Emsbura]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emsbüren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büren'')</small> * [[Emtinghusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emtinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emhusen'')</small> * [[Engda]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Engden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engn'')</small> * [[Engelschofa]]<ref name="-hofa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hof(f)(e)(n)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hofa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hattenhofa (Bavaria)|Hattenhofa Bavarica]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad fluvium Glon]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad Rotam]], [[Poohofa]], [[Gundershofa]], [[Hattenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Hattenhofa Badeniae-Virtembergiae]], [[Pfaffenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Pfaffenhofa]], [[Matichofa]], [[Philshofa]] apud [[Google|Gugulam]].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Engelschoff''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engelschopp'')</small> * [[Erenburgum]]<ref name="Minden II 1902">Minden, G. von (Ed.) (1902). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe von Verden und Minden (Band 2)''. Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ehrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ehrenborg'')</small> * [[Erkeroda]]<ref name="-roda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-rode'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-roda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Baceroda]], [[Gerningeroda]], [[Osteroda]], [[Werningroda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Erkerode''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erkero'')</small> * [[Ermelstorpium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Armstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Armsdörp'')</small> * [[Ericetum Magnum]]<ref name="Ericetum">[https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=MeckWB&lemid=H01756 Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-heide'' Latino nomine "Ericetum-i" vertitur.]</ref><ref name="Magnus">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Groß-'' Latino adiectivo "magnus-a-um" vertitur.]</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootheid'')</small> * [[Eschede]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eschede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')</small> * [[Eschershusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eschershausen'')</small> * [[Esena]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esens'')</small> * [[Essel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Essel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äsel'')</small> * [[Esterwega]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esterwegen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Äästerweede'')</small> * [[Estorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(ad [[Visurgis|Visurgem]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'')</small> * [[Estorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Stadae|Circulo Stadae]]<ref name="Landkreis Stade">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Stadae" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Stade'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Stadae]]", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'')</small> * [[Evergoteshemium]]<ref name="-hemiumEver">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hemium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Euergoteshem'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: H. Bresslau et. al.: ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs II. und Arduins''. In: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Die Urkunden der deutschen Könige und Kaiser, Band 3. [[Hannovera]]e 1900–1903.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ebergötzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ewerchötzschen'')</small> * [[Everinga]]<ref name="-ingaEvern">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum mediaevali formae huius toponymi ''Everinge'' testatae applicatur. Quo de mediaevali toponymo, vide: Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (1998). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil I)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsch Evern''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düütsch Äwern'')</small> * [[Eversmeer]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eversmeer'')</small> * [[Evessum]]<ref name="NOB 2004">Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (2004). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''' (NOB III). [[Gottinga]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Evessen'')</small> * [[Eydelstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eydelstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eidelstee'')</small> * [[Eyendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eyendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eyndörp'')</small> * [[Eystharpa]]<ref name="-tharpa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-tharpa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eystrup'')</small> {{div col end}} === F === {{div col|3}} * [[Fallingbostela]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bad Fallingbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Fambossel'')</small> * [[Fardium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Veern'')</small> * [[Farva]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Farven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Farm'')</small> * [[Fassberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Faßberg'')</small> * [[Filsum]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Filsum'')</small> * [[Firrel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Firrel'')</small> * [[Florimontium (circulus Widmundensis)|Florimontium]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Blomberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bloombarg'' seu ''Blombarg'')</small> * [[Flotide]]<ref name="Flotide">De nominibus "Flotide" {{caa|780|802}}, "Flathi" {{caa|1013}}, "Flatide" {{caa|1142}}, "Flothethe" {{caa|1187}}, "Vlothe" {{caa|1189}} et "Flotethe" {{caa|1194}}, vide: Udolph, Jürgen. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160729194352/https://www.ndr.de/ndr1niedersachsen/programm/Ortsnamen-Uebersicht-fuer-Buchstaben-F,ortsnamenforscher111.html ''Ortsnamenforscher'']. ''NDR 1 Niedersachsen''.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Flöthe'')</small> * [[Frankenfelda]]<ref name="-felda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-felda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Frankenfeld'')</small> * [[Freda]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Freden'')</small> * [[Fredenbiki]]<ref name="-biki">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-beck'' seu ''-beek'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-biki-orum", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Aesebiki]], [[Asbiki]], [[Beverbiki]], [[Gledabiki]], [[Goltbiki]], [[Sannanabiki]], [[Trobiki]], [[Walbeka|Walbiki]], [[Winesbiki]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Fredenbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freenbeek'')</small> * [[Frera]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freren'')</small> * [[Fresenburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Fresenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fräsenborg'')</small> * [[Friburgum (Albis)|Friburgum]]<ref name="Friburgum">Theodiscum toponymum ''Freiburg'' Latino toponymo "Friburgum" verti solet. Cf. [[Friburgum Brisgoviae]] aut [[Friburgum Nuithonum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Freiburg/Elbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fryborg'' seu ''Freiborg'')</small> * [[Frideburgum]]<ref name="Frideburgum">Vide [https://www.heimatbund-finnentrop.de/index_htm_files/Staats-%20u.%20Reisegeogr.%205.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Beschreibung derer merkwürdigsten Oerter''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Frideburg, Friedeburg, lat. Frideburgum'''. Liegt im Fürstenthum Ostfriesland, an den Grenzen der Grafschaft Oldenburg (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Friedeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freborg'' seu ''Freebörg'')</small> * [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedland]]<ref name="Friedland">Theodiscum toponymum ''Friedland' in Latinam "Friedlandia" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Friedland'')</small> * [[Frisoyta]]<ref name="Frisoyta">Vide [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363707446_Der_Status_animarum_im_Hochstift_Munster_und_die_Alphabetisierung_im_landlichen_Raum_eines_geistlichen_Furstentums_im_17_und_18_Jahrhundert ''Der Status animarum im Hochstift Münster und die Alphabetisierung im ländlichen Raum eines geistlichen Fürstentums im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert''], ubi dicitur "(...) Specificatio catholic[orum] et acatholicorum in Frisoyta (...)".</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Friesoythe''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ait''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aithe'')</small> * [[Furstenavia]]<ref name="Furstenavia">Theodiscum nomen proprium ''Fürstenau'' in Latinam "Furstenavia" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Hofmannus}}, ubi dicitur "(...) FURSTENAVIA Familia Germ. ''Furstenau'', ramus est Familiae Erpacensis (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Fürstenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fösnau'' seu ''Försnau'')</small> * [[Furstenberga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fürstenberg'')</small> {{div col end}} === G === {{div col|3}} * [[Ganderkesee]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ganderkesee''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gannerseer'')</small> * [[Gandershemium]]<ref>[http://books.google.fi/books?id=6kwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=Gandershemium&source=bl&ots=_NMr2DmhUK&sig=CXPUuuKZ8W03AC7uB3YlYYNscJ4&hl=fi&sa=X&ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Gandershemium&f=false R. p. Hertenberger: ''Historia pragmatica universalis, sacra et profana''], p.27; [http://books.google.fi/books?id=yScyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=Gandershemium&source=bl&ots=ZoGX4tZRRD&sig=8fUZc6grFgYD0jN-twVcDyzarYI&hl=fi&sa=X&ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Gandershemium&f=false ''Acta Sanctorum, Junii'' (1698-1717), cit. in ''A Companion to Hrotsvit of Gandersheim (fl. 960)''], p. 58 n.103.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Gandersheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ganderssen'')</small> * [[Gandesberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gandesbergen'')</small> * [[Garbsa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garbsen'')</small> * [[Garlstorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Garlstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Garlstörp'')</small> * [[Garrel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garrel'')</small> * [[Garstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Garstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gastää'')</small> * [[Gartovia]]<ref name="-ovia">[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-ovia-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gartow'')</small> * [[Geeste]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Geeste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Choeiste'')</small> * [[Geestlandia]]<ref name="-landia">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-landia-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Geestland'')</small> * [[Gehrde]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrde'')</small> * [[Georgsdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Georgsdorf'')</small> * [[Gerdavia]]<ref name="-avia">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-avia-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gerdau'')</small> * [[Gerdinum]]<ref name="Gerdinium">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/gehrden/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) Urkundlich ist der spätere Flecken möglicherweis erstmals als ''Gerdinum'' im Verzeichnis der Schenkungen (''Traditionen'') an das Kloster Corvey erwähnt, das um 826/76 angelegt wurde (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gieren'')</small> * [[Gersta]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gersten'')</small> * [[Getelo]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Getelo''; [[Saxonice]] ''Getel'')</small> * [[Gevensleba]] <ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gevensleben'')</small> * [[Gevera]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jever'')</small> * [[Gieboldehusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gieboldehausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chiwelehusen'')</small> * [[Giesa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Giesen'')</small> * [[Gifhorna]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Gifhorn'')</small> * [[Gilta]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gilten'')</small> * [[Glandorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Glandorf'')</small> * [[Gleicha]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gleichen'')</small> * [[Gnarrenburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gnarrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gnarrenborg'')</small> * [[Godenstorfium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gödenstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gö’nstörp'')</small> * [[Goldbiki]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Golmbach'')</small> * [[Goldenstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Goldenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gollnste'')</small> * [[Golencampus]]<ref name="campus-i">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-kamp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-campus-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gölenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göllenkamp'')</small> * [[Gorenthin]]<ref name="Gorenthin">Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1857hist%29.pdf?utm ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur "(...) villam Gorenthin '' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Göhrde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göhr''; [[Polabice]] ''Djöra'')</small> * [[Gorleba]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gorleben'')</small> * [[Goslaria]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Goslar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Goslär'')</small> * [[Gottinga]]<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=kkM-AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=gottingensis&lr=&cd=14#v=onepage&q=&f=false Libri Googles].</ref> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Göttingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chöttingen'')</small> * [[Grafhorstium]]<ref name="-horstium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-horst'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-horstium-i". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) -horst : -''horstium'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grafhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grafhorst'')</small> * [[Grasberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grasberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grasbarg'')</small> * [[Grasleba]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grasleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graslewe'')</small> * [[Grethemium]]<ref name="-hemium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hemium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grethem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graitn'')</small> * [[Grona (Leina)|Grona]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gronau'')</small> * [[Grundensis Civitas Metallica]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Grund'')</small> * [[Grunendicum]]<ref name="-dicum">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-diek'' aut ''-deich'' aut ''-dijk'' aut ''-dyk'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dicum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Isendicum]] apud {{Graesse}}; aut [[Mardicum]] apud ''Dictionnaire universel françois et latin, vulgairement appelé Dictionnaire de Trévoux''.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grünendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Greundiek'')</small> * [[Guderhandviertel]] * [[Guelpherbytum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')</small> * [[Gusborn]] * [[Gyhum]] {{div col end}} === H === {{div col|3}} * [[Hademstorf]] * [[Haga Schauenburgi]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stadthagen'')</small> * [[Hage]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Hagen am Teutoburger Wald]] * [[Hagen im Bremischen]] * [[Hagenburg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Hagermarsch]] * [[Hahausen]] * [[Halbemond]] * [[Halle (comitatus Binethensis)|Halle]] <small>(b.Neuenhaus)</small> * [[Halle (Holtisminni)|Halle]] <small>(Montes Visurgis)</small> * [[Halvesbostel]] * [[Hamala]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hameln'')</small> * [[Hambergen]] * [[Hambühren]] * [[Hämelhausen]] * [[Hamersen]] * [[Hammah]] * [[Handeloh]] * [[Handorf]] * [[Handrup]] * [[Hankensbüttel]] * [[Hannovera]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hannover''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannober'')</small> * [[Hann. Münden]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Hanstedt (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Hanstedt]] <small>(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Uelzen"/>)</small> * [[Hanstedt (Nordheide)|Hanstedt]] <small>(Nordheide)</small> * [[Harbarnsen]] * [[Hardegsen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Haren (Amisia)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Harmstorf]] * [[Harpstedt]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Harsefeld]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Harsum]] * [[Hartsburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Harzburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harzeborg'')</small> * [[Hasbergen]] * [[Haselünne]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Haßbergen]] * [[Hassel (Weser)]] * [[Hassendorf]] * [[Haste]] * [[Hatten]] * [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]] * [[Häuslingen]] * [[Haverlah]] * [[Hechthausen]] * [[Hedeper]] * [[Heede (Emsland)|Heede]] * [[Heemsen]] * [[Heere]] * [[Heeslingen]] * [[Heeßen]] * [[Hehlen]] * [[Heidenau (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenau]] * [[Heinade]] * [[Heinbockel]] * [[Heiningen (Niedersachsen)|Heiningen]] * [[Heinsen]] * [[Hellwege]] * [[Helmstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Helmstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmstidde'')</small> * [[Helpsen]] * [[Helvesiek]] * [[Hemmingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Hemmoor]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Hemsbünde]] * [[Hemslingen]] * [[Hemsloh]] * [[Hepstedt]] * [[Herzberg am Harz]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Herzlake]] * [[Hesel]] * [[Hespe]] * [[Hessisch Oldendorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Heuerßen]] * [[Heyen]] * [[Hildesia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hildesheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hilmessen'' seu ''Hilmssen'')</small> * [[Hilgermissen]] * [[Hilkenbrook]] * [[Hillerse]] * [[Hilter am Teutoburger Wald]] * [[Himbergen]] * [[Himmelpforten]] * [[Hinte]] * [[Hipstedt]] * [[Hittbergen]] * [[Hitzacker]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Hodenhagen]] * [[Höhbeck]] * [[Hohenhameln]] * [[Hohne]] * [[Hohnhorst]] * [[Hohnstorf (Albis)]] * [[Holdorf (Niedersachsen)|Holdorf]] * [[Holenberg]] * [[Holle]] * [[Hollenstedt]] * [[Hollern-Twielenfleth]] * [[Hollnseth]] * [[Holste]] * [[Holtgast]] * [[Holtisminni]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Holtsminne'')</small> * [[Holtland]] * [[Holzen (prope Eschershusam)|Holzen]] * [[Hoogstede]] * [[Hörden ad Harthicos montes]] * [[Horneburg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Horstedt (Niedersachsen)|Horstedt]] * [[Hoya]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Hoyerhagen]] * [[Hoyershausen]] * [[Hude (Oldenburg)]] * [[Hüde]] * [[Hülsede]] * [[Husum (bei Nienburg)|Husum]] * [[Hutta Georgii et Mariae]]<ref name="hutta-ae">Toponyma cum suffixis ''-hütte'' aut ''-hutta'' plerumque latinizari solent Latino vocabulo "Hutta-ae", quamquam huius vocabuli variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hutta vitriaria Bohemica]] apud [https://schwaben.hu/ortschaften/bohmischhutten?utm Schwaben.hu. (s. d.). ''Böhmischhütten / Csehbánya – Ortsgeschichte'']; [[Hutta Germanica]] apud [https://huta.ewk.hu/nemetbanya-1757-1781/?utm ''Németbánya. (s. s.). Németbánya története'']; [[Hutta Vitriaria]] apud https://slavistika.sk/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2015_1.pdf?utm [Majtán, M. (1998). ''Názvy obcí Slovenskej republiky: Vývin v rokoch 1773–1997''. Bratislaviae: Veda]; Hutta apud [https://real.mtak.hu/140291/1/K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1talja%20helys%C3%A9gnevei.pdf?utm ''Kárpátalja helységnevei.'']; [[Hutta Polonica]] apud Štefánik, M. (2022). ''Italia ed Europa centro-orientale tra Medioevo ed età moderna: Economia, società, cultura''. Heidelberg University Publishing; [[Hutta (Eiflia)|Hutta Eifliae]] apud Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der, jetzt die Preussischen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier bildenden mittelrheinischen Territorien'' (Vol. 1). J. Hölscher, et Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der mittelrheinischen Territorien: Erster Band. Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1169''. [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentibus]]: J. Hölscher.</ref><ref name="Georgius">[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Georgius?utm Theodiscum praefixum ''Georg-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo "Georfii" vertitur].</ref><ref name="Maria">[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Maria?utm Theodiscum interfixum ''-marien-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo "Mariae" vertitur].</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Georgsmarienhütte'')</small> * [[Hüven]] {{div col end}} === I === {{div col|3}} * [[Iburgum]]<ref name="Von Schaten 1714">Von Schaten, N. (1714). ''Monumenta Osnabrugensia ex historia romana, francica, saxonicaque eruta''. Typis Jodoci Henrici Meyer.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Iburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Ibig'' seu ''Ibig'')</small> * [[Ihlienworth]] * [[Ihlow (Frisia Orientalis)|Ihlow]] * [[Ilsede]] * [[Ingeleben]] * [[Isenbüttel]] * [[Isernhagen]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Isterberg]] * [[Itterbeck]] {{div col end}} === J === {{div col|3}} * [[Jade (Saxonia Inferior)|Jade]] * [[Jameln]] * [[Jelmstorf]] * [[Jembke]] * [[Jemgum]] * [[Jerxheim]] * [[Jesteburg]] * [[Jork]] * [[Jühnde]] * [[Juist]] {{div col end}} === K === {{div col|3}} * [[Kakenstorf]] * [[Kalbe (Niedersachsen)|Kalbe]] * [[Kalefeld]] * [[Karwitz]] * [[Katlenburg-Lindau]] * [[Kettenkamp]] * [[Kirchbrak]] * [[Kirchdorf (bei Sulingen)|Kirchdorf]] * [[Kirchgellersen]] * [[Kirchlinteln]] * [[Kirchseelte]] * [[Kirchtimke]] * [[Kirchwalsede]] * [[Kissenbrück]] * [[Klein Berßen]] * [[Klein Meckelsen]] * [[Kluse (Emsland)|Kluse]] * [[Kneitlingen]] * [[Kneta Maior]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großenkneten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grotekneten'')</small> * [[Köhlen]] * [[Königsmoor]] * [[Kranenburg (Oste)|Kranenburg]] * [[Krebeck]] * [[Krummendeich]] * [[Krummhörn]] * [[Kührstedt]] * [[Küsten]] * [[Kutenholz]] {{div col end}} === L === {{div col|3}} * [[Laar]] * [[Laatzen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Lachendorf]] * [[Laerium]]<ref name="Stüve 1789">Stüve, J. E. (1789). ''Beschreibung des Fürstenthums Osnabrück mit einigen Urkunden''. Kißling.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Laer'')</small> * [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]] * [[Lähden]] * [[Lahn (Hümmling)|Lahn]] * ''[[Lamspringe]]'' * [[Lamstedt]] * [[Landesbergen]] * [[Landolfshausen]] * [[Landwehr (Gemeinde)|Landwehr]] * [[Langelsheim]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * '''[[Langen (bei Bremerhaven)|Langen]]''' <small>(b.Bremerhaven)</small> * [[Langen (Emsland)|Langen]] <small>(Emsland)</small> * [[Langendorf (Elbe)|Langendorf]] * [[Langenhagen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Langeoog]] * [[Langlingen]] * [[Langwedel (Weser)|Langwedel]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lastrup]] * [[Lathen]] * [[Lauenau]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lauenbrück]] * [[Lauenförde]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lauenhagen]] * [[Leese]] * [[Leezdorf]] * [[Lehe (Emsland)|Lehe]] * [[Lehre (Niedersachsen)|Lehre]] * [[Lehrte]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Leiferde]] * [[Lembruch]] * [[Lemförde]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lemgow]] * [[Lemwerdera]]<ref name="Rüthning 1926">Rüthning, G. (Ed.) (1926). ''Oldenburger Urkundenbuch''. Gerhard Stalling.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lemwerder'')</small> * [[Lengede]] * [[Lengenbostel]] * [[Lengerich (Emsland)|Lengerich]] * [[Lenne (Niedersachsen)|Lenne]] * [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)|Leopolis]]<ref name="Ebel 1960">Ebel, W. (1960). ''Lübisches Recht: Erster Band''. Hansischer Geschichtsverein.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bleckede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bleikd'')</small> * [[Leri]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')</small> * [[Liebenau (Niedersachsen)|Liebenau]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Liebenburg]] * [[Lilienthal]] * [[Lindern (Oldenburg)]] * [[Lindhorst]] * [[Lindwedel]] * [[Lingen (Ems)]] <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Linsburg]] * [[Lintig]] * [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703">Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Westerstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Westerstäe'')</small> * [[Lohne (Oldenburg)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Löningen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Lorup]] * [[Loxstedt]] * [[Lübberstedt]] * [[Lübbow]] * [[Luchovia]]<ref name="Luchovia">Vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur "(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüchow''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauchüw'')</small> * [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]] * [[Lüder (Lüneburger Heide)|Lüder]] * [[Lüdersburg]] * [[Lüdersfeld]] * [[Lüerdissen]] * [[Luhden]] * [[Luneburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lümborg'' seu ''Lünborg''; [[Lingua Saxonica antiqua|Palaeosaxonice]] ''Hliuni'')</small> * [[Lünne]] * [[Lütetsburg]] * ''[[Lutter am Barenberge]]'' * [[Luttera Regalis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')</small> {{div col end}} === M === {{div col|3}} * [[Maasen]] * [[Magna Palus]]<ref name="Magna Palus">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum toponymicum praefixum ''Große-'' Latino adiectivo "magnus-a-um"] et [[https://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/altsaechsischeswoerterbuch/asF.pdf Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine "palus paludis" (f.)] vertitur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großefehn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootfehn'')</small> * [[Maius Vrelstede]]<ref name="Maius Vrelstede">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der stadt WoLfsburg''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1318 ''in Maiori Vrelstede'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Frellstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Frillstidde'')</small> * [[Marienhafe]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Marienhagen]] * [[Mariental (Niedersachsen)|Mariental]] * [[Marklohe]] * [[Marl (Dümmer)|Marl]] * [[Marschacht]] * [[Martfeld]] * [[Marxen]] * [[Mechtersen]] * [[Meckelsa Maior]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Meckelsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Meckels'')</small> * [[Meerbeck]] * [[Meine]] * [[Meinersen]] * [[Melbeck]] * [[Melle]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Mellinghausen]] * [[Menslage]] * [[Meppea]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meppen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Möppen'')</small> * [[Merzen]] * [[Messenkamp]] * [[Messingen]] * [[Midlum (Land Wursten)|Midlum]] * [[Misselwarden]] * [[Mittelnkirchen]] * [[Mittelstenahe]] * [[Moisburg]] * [[Molbergen]] * [[Mons Catonis (Saxonia Inferior)|Mons Catonis]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Cadenberge''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuddeldutt'' seu ''Kumbarg'')</small> * [[Moormerland]] * [[Moorweg]] * [[Moringen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Müden (Alara)]] * [[Mulsum (Land Wursten)|Mulsum]] * [[Mundia Hannoverana]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Munimeri]]<ref name="Dronke 1844">Dronke, E. F. J. (Ed.) (1844). ''Traditiones et Antiquitates Fuldenses: Chartae et registra historica saeculi IX''. Fuldense: Typis Müllerianis.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Münder am Deister''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Münner'')</small> * [[Munster (Örtze)|Munster]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === N === {{div col|3}} * [[Nahrendorf]] * [[Natendorf]] * [[Neetze]] * [[Negenborn]] * [[Nenndorf (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorf]] * [[Neubörger]] * [[Neu Darchau]] * [[Neuenhaus]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Altes Land)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Altes Land)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (bei Bassum)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(b.Bassum)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Land Hadeln)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Land Hadeln)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Landkreis Osnabrück)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Lkr.Osnabrück)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Lüneburger Heide)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Lüneb.Heide)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen-Vörden]] * [[Neuharlingersiel]] * [[Neuhaus (Oste)]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Neuhof (Landkreis Hildesheim)|Neuhof]] * [[Neukamperfehn]] * [[Neulehe]] * [[Neuschoo]] * [[Neustadt am Rübenberge]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Neu Wulmstorf]] * [[Niederlangen]] * [[Niedernwöhren]] * [[Niemetal]] * [[Nienhagen (Landkreis Celle)|Nienhagen]] * [[Nienstädt]] * [[Norden]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Nordenham]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Norderney]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Nordholz]] * [[Nordleda]] * [[Nordsehl]] * [[Nordstemmen]] * [[Nörten-Hardenberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Northemium]]<ref name="Nothemium">Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur "(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Northeim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nuurten'')</small> * [[Northorna]]<ref name="Egli 1893">Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')</small> * [[Nortmoor]] * [[Nortrup]] * [[Nottensdorf]] * [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Urbs]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nienburg/Weser''; [[Saxonice]] ''Näinborg'' seu ''Nienborg'' seu ''Neenborg'' seu ''Negenborg'')</small> * [[Novale Frigidum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Colnrade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kollenroad'')</small> {{div col end}} === O === {{div col|3}} * [[Oberlangen]] * [[Oberndorf (Oste)|Oberndorf]] * [[Obernfeld]] * [[Obernholz]] * [[Obernkirchen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Ochtersum]] * [[Odisheim]] * [[Oederquart]] * [[Oerel]] * [[Oesinga Maior]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Oesingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Oesingen'')</small> * [[Oetzen]] * [[Ohne]] * [[Ohrum]] * [[Oldenburgum]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Oldendorf (Landkreis Stade)|Oldendorf]] <small>(Lkr.Stade)</small> * [[Oldendorf (Luhe)]] * [[Osloß]] * [[Osnabruga]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Osnabrück''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ossenbrääch''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Lingua Saxonica|Westfalice]] ''Ossenbrügge'')</small> * [[Osteel]] * [[Osten (Oste)|Osten]] * [[Osterbruch]] * [[Ostercappeln]] * [[Ostereistedt]] * [[Osterode am Harz]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Osterwald]] * [[Ostrhauderfehn]] * [[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Otter]] * [[Otterndorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Ottersberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Ovelgönne]] * [[Ovenhagium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Auhagen'')</small> * [[Oyten]] {{div col end}} === P === {{div col|3}} * [[Padingbüttel]] * [[Papenburg]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Parsau]] * [[Pattensen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Pegestorf]] * [[Pennigsehl]] * [[Petrimons]]<ref name="Perizonius 1758">Perizonius, J. (1758). ''Compendium historiarum antiquissimarum, civilium et ecclesiasticarum, usque ad seculum decimum octavum: Cum appendice de ducatu Westphaliae et comitatu Petrimontano''. Ex officina Wetsteniana.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Pyrmont''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Puurmont'')</small> * [[Pohle]] * [[Pollhagen]] * [[Pons Cobbanus]]<ref name="Leuckfeld 1714">Leuckfeld, J. G. (1714). ''Antiquitates Blankenburgenses, oder Historische Beschreibung derer vormals berühmten Grafen von Blankenburg, nebst dazugehörigen diplomatibus und Chartis''. Gottfried Freytag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Coppenbrügge'')</small> * [[Poynum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Peine''; [[Saxonice]] ''Paane''; [[Lingua Theodisca alta recens|Protoneoaltotheodisce]] ''Peina'')</small> * [[Praefectura Neohusana]]<ref name="Grupen II 1742">Grupen, C. U. (1742). ''Disceptationes Forenses cum Observationibus Juris: De originibus et iurisdictione praefecturarum ditionis Brunsvicensis (Caput de Praefectura Neohusana)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae: Förster.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Amt Neuhaus'')</small> * [[Pratum Vitulorum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calberlah'')</small> * [[Prezelle]] * [[Prinzhöfte]] {{div col end}} === Q === {{div col|3}} * [[Quakenbrück]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Quendorf]] * [[Querenhorst]] * [[Quernheim]] {{div col end}} === R === {{div col|3}} * [[Räbke]] * [[Radbruch]] * [[Raddestorf]] * [[Rastdorf]] * [[Rastede]] * [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]] * [[Rechtsupweg]] * [[Reeßum]] * [[Regesbostel]] * [[Rehburg-Loccum]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rehden]] * [[Rehlingen]] * [[Reinstorf]] * [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]] * [[Renkenberge]] * [[Rennau]] * [[Reppenstedt]] * [[Rethem (Aller)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rhade]] * [[Rhauderfehn]] * [[Rhede (Ems)]] * [[Rhumspringe]] * [[Ribbesbüttel]] * [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]] * [[Rieste]] * [[Ringe]] * [[Ringstedt]] * [[Rinteln]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Ritterhude]] * [[Rodenberg]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rodewald]] * [[Rohrsen]] * [[Roklum]] * [[Rollshausen]] * [[Römstedt]] * [[Ronnenberg]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Rosche]] * [[Rosdorf]] * [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]] * [[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]<ref name="Rotenburgum ad Wemmam">De Latino toponymico syntagmate "[[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]" -ad quod Latinum gentilicium "Rotenburgensis-e" refertur-, vide homonymas urbes apud {{Graesse}} et {{Hofmannus}}. De hydronymo "[[Wemma]]", etiam vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rotenburg''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Rotenburg an der Wümme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rodenborg'')</small> * [[Rötgesbüttel]] * [[Rüdershausen]] * [[Rühen]] * [[Rullstorf]] {{div col end}} === S === {{div col|3}} * [[Sachsenhagen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Sagterlandia]]<ref name="BOV 2013">Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')</small> * [[Salis Cancellum]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Salzgitter''; [[Saxonice]] ''Soltgitter'')</small> * [[Salzbergen]] * [[Salzdetfordium]]<ref name="Marcard 1805"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Salzdetfurth'')</small> * [[Salzhausen]] * [[Salzhemmendorf]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Samern]] * [[Sandbostel]] * [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]] * [[Sarstedt]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Sassenburg]] * [[Sathsa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Sachsa'')</small> * [[Sauensiek]] * [[Schapen]] * [[Scharnebeck]] * [[Scheden]] * [[Scheeßel]] * [[Schellerten]] * [[Schiffdorf]] * [[Schladen-Werla]] * [[Schnackenburg]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schnega]] * [[Schneverdingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Scholen]] * [[Schönewörde]] * [[Schöningen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schöppenstedt]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schortens]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Schüttorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schwaförden]] * [[Schwanewede]] * [[Schwarme]] * [[Schwarmstedt]] * [[Schweindorf]] * [[Schweringen]] * [[Schwerinsdorf]] * [[Schwienau]] * [[Schwülper]] * [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]] * [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]] * [[Seelze]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Seesen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Seevetal]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Seggebruch]] * [[Sehlde]] * [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]] * [[Sehnde]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Selsingen]] * [[Semmenstedt]] * [[Seulingen]] * [[Sibbesse]] * [[Sickte]] * [[Siedenburg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Sittensen]] * [[Soderstorf]] * [[Sögel]] * [[Söhlde]] * [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]] * [[Soltau]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Soltendieck]] * [[Sottrum]] * [[Spahnharrenstätte]] * [[Spelle]] * [[Spiekeroog]] * [[Sprakensehl]] * [[Springe]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Stadae]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stood'')</small> * [[Stadlandia]]<ref>Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA617&lpg=PA617&dq=statlandia+saxonia&source=bl&ots=Ysl9JI4L06&sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&q=statlandia%20saxonia&f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')</small> * [[Staffhorst]] * [[Staufenberg]] * [[Stavern]] * [[Stedesdorf]] * [[Steimbke]] * [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]] * [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]] * [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]] * [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]] * [[Stelle]] * [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]] * [[Stemshorn]] * [[Steyerberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Stinstedt]] * [[Stöckse]] * [[Stoetze]] * [[Stolzenau]] * [[Stuhr]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Südbrookmerland]] * [[Suderburg]] * [[Südergellersen]] * [[Südheide]] * [[Sudwalde]] * [[Suhlendorf]] * [[Sulingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Süpplingen]] * [[Süpplingenburg]] * [[Süstedt]] * [[Sustrum]] * [[Surwold]] * [[Suthfeld]] * [[Syke]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === T === {{div col|3}} * [[Tappenbeck]] * [[Tarmstedt]] * [[Tespe]] * [[Teuderium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'')</small> * [[Thransfellensis Ecclesia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dransfeld'')</small> * [[Thedinghausen]] * [[Theodolfestorpum]]<ref name="Asseburg 1855">Asseburg, J. von der. (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des Geschlechts von der Asseburg (Vol. 1)''. Hahnschen Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dedelstorf'')</small> * [[Thomasburg]] * [[Thorpum]]<ref name="Thorpum">Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardDorfinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20160831-7111.htm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Dörpen''', 9. Jh., bei Aschendorf nördlich Meppens, F2-1090 THURP (Dorf) Dorfa (7), Thorpum (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dörpen'')</small> * [[Thuine]] * [[Tiddische]] * [[Tiste]] * [[Toppenstedt]] * [[Tostedt]] * [[Tosterglope]] * [[Trebel]] * [[Triburi]]<ref name="Philippi & Bar 1892"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drebber'')</small> * [[Tülau]] * [[Twieflingen]] * [[Twilpstede Maius]]<ref name="Twilpstede Maius">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori'' (...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori et Minori'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Twülpstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Twülpstidde'')</small> * [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]] * [[Twistringen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === U === {{div col|3}} * [[Uchte]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Uehrde]] * [[Uelsen]] * [[Uetze]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Ulsena]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Uelzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ülz’n'')</small> * [[Ummern]] * [[Undeloh]] * [[Upgant-Schott]] * [[Uplengen]] * [[Uslar]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Utarp]] {{div col end}} === V === {{div col|3}} * [[Vahlberg]] * [[Vahlbruch]] * [[Vahlde]] * [[Vallis Ambrae]]<ref name="Ambra">Latino de toponymo "Ambra" (Theodisce ''Emmer''), vide {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Vallis">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum vocabulum ''T(h)al'' aut Theodiscum suffixum ''-t(h)al'' Latino vocabulo "vallis-is"] vertitur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emmerthal''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emmerdaal'')</small> * [[Vallis Augae]]<ref name="SLH 1988">Societas Latina Hannoverana (1988). ''Fasciculi geographici et historici: De parvis provinciis ditionis Hannoveranae et Schaumburgensis''. Hannoverae: Typis Exscripsit Libraria Scripturarum.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Auetal'')</small> * [[Vallis Claustra-Cella]]<ref name="Conring 1730">Conring, H. (1730). ''De Antiquitatibus Academicis Dissertationes Septem''. Officina Smeinkiana.</ref><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clausthal-Zellerfeld''; [[Supraharthice]] ''Clasthol-Zallerfall'')</small> * [[Varel]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Varrel]] * [[Vastorf]] * [[Vechelde]] * [[Velpke]] * [[Veltheim (Ohe)]] * [[Vetha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Vechta''; [[Saxonice]] ''Vechte'')</small> * [[Vicus Adelaidis]]<ref name="ALF 2016">Academia Latinitati Fovendae (2016). ''Commentarii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae: De novis parochiis et communibus Saxoniae Inferioris textus'' (Vol. XXIV). Romae: Herder.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adelheidsdorf'')</small> * [[Vierden]] * [[Vierhöfen]] * [[Vildhusia]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Wildeshausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wilshusen'')</small> * [[Villa Cremilonis]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cremlingen'')</small> * [[Vintlum]]<ref name="Vintlum">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/schneverdingen-peter-und-paul/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Schneverdingen, Peter und Paul''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''capella in honorem sancti Anthonii in villa Vintlo parrochie Snewerdinge'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fintel'')</small> * [[Visbek]] * [[Visselhövede]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Vögelsen]] * [[Vollersode]] * [[Voltlage]] * [[Vorda Bremensis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bremervörde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bremervöör'')</small> * [[Vordorf]] * [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]] * [[Vrees]] {{div col end}} === W === {{div col|3}} * [[Waake]] * [[Waddeweitz]] * [[Wagenfeld]] * [[Wagenhoff]] * [[Wahrenholz]] * [[Walchum]] * [[Walkenried]] * [[Wallenhorst]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Wallmoden]] * [[Walsrode]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wangelnstedt]] * [[Wangerland]] * [[Wangerooge]] * [[Wanna]] * [[Warberg]] * [[Wardenburg]] * [[Warmsen]] * [[Warpe]] * [[Wasbüttel]] * [[Wathlingen]] * [[Wedemark]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Weener]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Weenzen]] * [[Wehrbleck]] * [[Welle]] * [[Wendeburg]] * [[Wendisch Evern]] * [[Wennigsen]] * [[Wenzendorf]] * [[Werdum]] * [[Werlte]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Werpeloh]] * [[Wesendorf]] * [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]] * [[Westergellersen]] * [[Westerholt]] * [[Westertimke]] * [[Westerwalsede]] * [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]] * [[Westoverledingen]] * [[Wetschen]] * [[Wettrup]] * [[Weyhausen]] * [[Weyhe]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Wieda]] * [[Wiedensahl]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Wiefelstede]] * [[Wielen]] * [[Wienhausen]] * [[Wiesmoor]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Wietmarschen]] * [[Wietze]] * [[Wietzen]] * [[Wietzendorf]] * [[Wilhelmshaven]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wilstedt]] * [[Wilsum]] * [[Wingst]] * [[Winkelsett]] * [[Winnigstedt]] * [[Winsen (Aller)]] * [[Winsenia]]<ref name="Büttner">Büttner, D. S. (1710). ''Rudera Diluvii Testes, i.e. Zeichnung und Abbildung derer Columnarum Sceletonum''. Gottfried Zimmermann.</ref> <small>(ad [[Luya]]m<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Winsen'')</small> * [[Winzenburg]] * [[Wippingen]] * [[Wirdum]] * [[Wischhafen]] * [[Wistedt]] * [[Witmundia]]<ref>E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&pg=PA281&dq=Witmundia&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&q=Witmundia&f=false p. 281].</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')</small> * [[Wittingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Wittmar]] * [[Wittorf]] * [[Wohnste]] * [[Wolfsburgum]]<ref>Vide nomini arcis: Samuel Pufendorfus, ''Commentariorum de rebus Suecicis libri XXVI'' {{Google Books|lV1PAAAAcAAJ|pag. 457 et 475}}, ''Nova Acta Eruditorum'' {{Google Books|eGFlITDJFSMC|pag. 487}}, Lipsiae, anno 1756, ac ''Itininerarium Thomae Carve, Tipperariensis'' ([https://archive.org/details/itinerariumthom00kerngoog/page/n182 pag. 108]).</ref> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> </small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Wolfsburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfsborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfsbuurich'')</small> * [[Wollbrandshausen]] * [[Wollershausen]] * [[Wölpinghausen]] * [[Wolsdorf]] * [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]] * [[Woltershausen]] * [[Worde]]<ref name="Worde">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/grossenwoerden/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Hinricus rector ecclesie in Worde'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Großenwörden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootweurn'')</small> * [[Worpswede]] * [[Wremen]] * [[Wrestedt]] * [[Wriedel]] * [[Wulfsen]] * [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]] * [[Wunstorf]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wurster Nordseeküste]] * [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === Y ==== {{div col|3}} * [[Yppenerdhe]]<ref name="Yppenerdhe">Vide [https://www.gross-ippener.de/gemeinde/geschichte.html?utm ''Groß Ippene''], ubi dicitur "(...) Parrochia Yppenerdhe (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Ippener''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Ippner'')</small> {{div col end}} === Z === {{div col|3}} * [[Zernien]] * [[Zetel]] * [[Zeven]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Zorge]] {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]] i7te2zr00foc4kdpznv4n756nd8qatq 3983590 3983545 2026-08-25T10:47:39Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3983590 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Lower Saxony.svg|thumb|500px|Urbes et communia Saxoniae Inferioris.]] '''Index urbium, oppidorum et communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnia [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur. Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communia et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur. Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent. Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent: * Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent. * Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent. * 61 communium et tria communia generalia (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent. * 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent. === A === {{div col|3}} * [[Abensium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obbens'')</small> * [[Acheimum]]<ref name="Grote III 1877">Grote, H. (1877). ''Münzstudien: Geschichte der älteren Münzen und Urkunden des Bisthums Verden'' (Vol. VIII). Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Achim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Achem'')</small> * [[Achestedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Axstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ax'')</small> * [[Adelebsenum]]<ref name="Funck 1736">Funck, J. N. (1736). ''Disputatio Academica de Voluntaria Morte Judaeorum et Gentilium sub Praesidio S. R. I. Libero Baroni de Adelebsen Dedicata''. Rintelii: Typis Johannis Friderici Enax.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adelebsen'')</small> * [[Adenebutla]]<ref name="Pischke 1998">Pischke, G. (Ed.) (1998). ''Das Lehnsregister der Edelherren von Meinersen: Edition und historische Untersuchung der mittelalterlichen Besitzurkunden'' (Documentum anni MCCXX). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Adenbüttel'')</small> * [[Adenhusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703">Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis: De ecclesiis parochialibus et ditione antiqua oppidi Adenhusii''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahnsen'')</small> * [[Adenthorpium]]<ref name="Höhbaum 1876">Höhbaum, K. (Ed.) (1876). ''Hansisches Urkundenbuch: Monumenta Germaniae Historica e codicibus diplomaticis Bremensibus et Luneburgensibus'' (Vol. I). Halis Saxonum: Typis Orphanotrophei.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Adendörp'')</small> * [[Affinghusia]]<ref name="Rathlef 1766">Rathlef, E. L. (1766). ''Geschichte der Grafschaften Hoya und Diepholz: Monimenta diplomatica et antiquitates ditionis Affinghusiae'' (Vol. I). Bremae: Försterischen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Affinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Affinghusen'' seu ''Affjehusen'')</small> * [[Aldendorpevilla]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> ([[Theodisce]] ''Stadtoldendorf'') * [[Alrebekesa]]<ref name="Oven 1872">Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck'')</small> * [[Ahusium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ahusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahusen'')</small> * [[Alfelda]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Allefelle'')</small> * [[Alfhusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfhausen'')</small> * [[Algermissenum]]<ref name="Hoogeweg III 1903">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1903). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et privilegia de Algermisseno)'' (Vol. III). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Algermissen'')</small> * [[Alisni]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elsfleth'')</small> * [[Almstedium]]<ref name="Hoogeweg II 1901">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1901). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et registra de Almstedio)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Almstedt'')</small> * [[Alorstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1758">Pratje, J. H. (1758). ''Historische Nachrichten von dem ehemaligen berühmten Closter Harsefeld: Monumenta ac documenta saeculi XII ubi de decimis Alorstedii agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlerstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohlers'')</small> * [[Alvstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759">Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfs'' seu ''Alfst'')</small> * [[Amelinghusium]]<ref name="Baring 1746">Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'')</small> * [[Anchemium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ankum'')</small> * [[Andervenia]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Andervenne'')</small> * [[Andorlangia]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Anderlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Annerlingen'')</small> * [[Antiqua Medingha]]<ref name="Homeyer X 2006">Homeyer, J. (Ed.) (2006). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Medingen: Lüneburger Urkundenbuch (Monimenta historica saeculi XIV de parochia Medinghae) (Vol. X)''. Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Altenmedingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohmein'')</small> * [[Apenum]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aap'')</small> * [[Apleremum]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apelern'')</small> * [[Appelium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Appel'')</small> * [[Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis]]<ref name="Mirus 1826">Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz'')</small> * [[Aquae Nendorpenses]]<ref name="Marcard 1805">Marcard, H. M. (1805). ''De salubritate aquarum nendorpensium et de earum usu in morbis chronicis''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich; et: Macard, H. M. (1805). ''De usu salutari fontium salinorum in territorio Hildesiensi sitorum''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Nenndorf'')</small> * [[Aquae Zwischenahnenses]]<ref name="Statisitakamt Nord 2025">Statistikamt Nord (Editio Latina). ''Catalogus Urbium et Communium Germaniae''. Hamburgi, 2025.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Zwischenahn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Twiskenoan'' seu ''Boad Twiskenoan''; [[Saxonice]] ''Twüschenahn'')</small> * [[Aroldishusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'')</small> * [[Artlenburgum]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Artlenburg'')</small> * [[Artlissa]]<ref name="Mader 1664">Mader, J. J. (1664). ''Antiquitates Brunsvicenses: De antiquis parochiis Saxonum et finibus dioecesis Mindensis (Caput de parochia Artlissa)''. Helmestadii: Typis Henningi Mulleri.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aerzen'': quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Ärzen'')</small> * [[Arx Agathae]]<ref name="Kochen 1724">Kochen, J. H. (1724). ''Introductio in Historiam Ducatus Bremensis y Verdensis: Accesserunt diplomata varia et descriptio Arcis Agathae et ditionis Stadiensis''. Stadae: Typis Caspari Holmii.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Agathenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gothenborg'')</small> * [[Arx Draconis]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drakenburg'')</small> * [[Ascalingium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlden'')</small> * [[Asanthorpium]]<ref name="Vogell 1856">Vogell, A. (Ed.) (1856). ''Urkundenbuch des Bisthums Verden und des Collegiatstifts Bardewick: Chartae, diplomata et monumenta historica saeculi XIII...''. Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Harburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Harburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Harburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Harburgum]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Harburgensis-e" refertur-.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')</small> * [[Asenthorpium]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1855). ''Hoyer Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Jänecke Verlag.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Diepholtia|Circulo terrae Diepholtia]]<ref name="Landkreis Diepholz">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Diepholtia" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Diepholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Diepholtia]]", vide {{Hofmannus}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')</small> * [[Assena]]<ref name="Philippi & Bar 1892">Philippi, F., & Bär, M. (Eds.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 772-1200'' (Vol. 1). Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde von Osnabrück.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Essen'')</small> * [[Assini]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Essen'')</small> * [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterholz-Scharmbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosterholt-Scharmbeek'')</small> * [[Asylum (Saxonia Inferior)|Asylum]]<ref name="Asylum">Theodiscum nomen ''Freistatt'', quod ''Freistätte, Zufluchtsort, Asyl'' significat, Latine "asylum" reddi potest. Nam in ''Deutsches Wörterbuch'' de Weigand et Hirt vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' explicatur ut «Freistatt» et ipsa vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' e Latino "asylum" orta esse dicitur. Praeterea lexicon Germanico-Latinum, quod in traditione lexicographica Georgii continetur, directe tradit: ''Freistatt, -stätte'', "asylum'". Itaque "Asylum" non est forma ficticia neque mera translatio nostra, sed aequivalentia lexicographice comprobata.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Freistatt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freestatt'')</small> * [[Aszi]]<ref name="Hermann">Hermann Abels: ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. S. 27f.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')</small> * [[Aulica]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elze'')</small> * [[Auricum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auricum]]<ref name="Emmius 1616">Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Aurich''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aurk''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Auerk'')</small> {{div col end}} === B === {{div col|3}} * [[Badberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Badbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Badbern'')</small> * [[Baddekenstedium]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel & Ohainski X 2018">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'')</small> * [[Balga]]<ref name="Udolph 1994">Udolph, J. (1994). ''Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem'' (Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Ergänzungsbände 9). Walter de Gruyter.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balje'')</small> * [[Balga Cortis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Balge'')</small> * [[Baltrumum]]<ref name="Wiarda III 1792">Wiarda, T. D. (1792). ''Ostfriesische Geschichte: Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1648'' (Vol. 3). August Friedrich Winter.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Baltrum'')</small> * [[Bamwida]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bohmte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baumte'')</small> * [[Bardenuvicum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bardowick''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bewick'')</small> * [[Bardorpium]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859">Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrdorf'')</small> * [[Barenburgum]]<ref name="Kolb 1712">Kolb, G. (1712). ''Compendium totius orbis: partim geographicum, partim historicum, partim genealogicum''. Typis Universitatis Carolo-Francisceae</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnborg'')</small> * [[Bargstedum]]<ref name="Mushard 1764">Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bargstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargst'' seu ''Bars'')</small> * [[Barnstedum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702">Bünting, H., & Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'')</small> * [[Barnstorfium]]<ref name="Böhmer 2007">Böhmer, J. F. (2007). ''Regesta Imperii III: Salisches Haus 1024–1125. Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Heinrich IV'' (T. Struve, Ed.). Böhlau Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnstrup'')</small> * [[Barsela]]<ref name="Köbler 2016">Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barßel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bäärsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassel'')</small> * [[Barsingehusa]]<ref name="Harenberg 1753">Harenberg, J. C. (1753). ''Historia ecclesiae Gandershemensis diplomatica''. Typis et Impensis Joannis Christophori Meisneri.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barsinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baschehusen'' seu ''Basche'')</small> * [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]]<ref name="Mindermann I II 2004">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2004). ''Verdener Urkundenbuch, 1. Abteilung, Band 2: 1300–1380''. Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circulo Luneburgensi]]<ref name="Landreis Lüneburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Luneburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landreis Lüneburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Luneburgensis-e" ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boorn'')</small> * [[Barum (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Barum]]<ref name="AdWzG 2010">Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, & U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Uelzen">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Ulsenensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Uelzen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Ulsenensis-e" ad [[Ulsena]]m refertur. Quo de gentilicio, vide lemma "res-publica Ulsenensis" apud {{Google Books|w_tWAAAAcAAJ|vide paginam dedicationis operis}}"; et de topnymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bourm'')</small> * [[Barunvilla]]<ref name="SdaedhdlM 1862">Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle (1862). ''Mémoires de la Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle: Année 1860–1861''. Rousseau-Pallez.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borendörp'')</small> * [[Barverum]]<ref name="Böhmer 1844">Böhmer, J. F. (1844). ''Regesta Chronologico-Diplomatica Regum et Imperatorum Romanorum: Inde a Conrado I. Usque ad Henricum VII''. Typis et Sumtibus J. C. Hermann.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barver'')</small> * [[Barwedelum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barwedel'')</small> * [[Basdalum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Basdahl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Basdaal'' seu ''Basdohl'')</small> * [[Bawinkelum]]<ref name="Moser 1738">Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bawinkel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bowinkel'')</small> * [[Bebenhusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Bebenhusa]]<ref name="Ahlfeldt 2010">Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.) (2010). ''Regnum Francorum Online: Traditio Fuldenses''. Francia-Ahlfeldt Project.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bevensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bämsen'' seu ''Bemsen'')</small> * [[Beckdorfium]]<ref name="AdWzG 2010"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beckdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beekdörp'')</small> * [[Beckedorfium]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beckedorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Biäkedörp'')</small> * [[Beckelnum]]<ref name="Böhmer 1844"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beckeln'')</small> * [[Bedenbostelum]]<ref name="NL 1924">Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel'')</small> * [[Beierstedum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beierstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barste’e'')</small> * [[Belmum]]<ref name="Moser 1738"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Belm'')</small> * [[Belumum]]<ref name="Mushard 1764"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Belum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Belen'')</small> * [[Bema (Saxonia Inferior)|Bema]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Böhme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhm'')</small> * [[Bendestorfium]]<ref name="Bührmann 2005">Bührmann, M. (2005). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen des norddeutschen Raumes''. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. </ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bendestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bendsdörp'')</small> * [[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Berga]]<ref name="Bruzen de La Martinière 1737">Bruzen de La Martinière, A. A. (1737). ''Thesaurus geographicus criticus: in quo omnium orbis terrarum regionum, civitatum, oppidorum, nominibus antiquis, medii aevi et modernis''. Ex Officina Wetsteniana.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Celle">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Cellensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Celle'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Cellensis-e" refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargen'')</small> * [[Berga (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Berga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Osnabrugae|Circulo Osnabrugae]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Osnabrugae" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osnabrück'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum ''LandKreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Osnabruga|Osnabruga-ae]]", vide Pertsch, Erich: ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'', Berolini et Monaci 1983, ISBN 3-468-07202-3, p. 1325.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Berge'')</small> * [[Berga ad Dumnam]]<ref name="Bruzen de La Martinière 1737"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergen an der Dumme''; [[Polabice]] ''Djörska'')</small> * [[Bergenborstelium]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrenborstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bornbössel'' seu ''Boornbössel'')</small> * [[Bergfelda]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergfeld''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bargfeld'')</small> * [[Bersenbrugum]]<ref name="Sandhoff 1785">Sandhoff, J. E. (1785). ''Antistitum Osnabrugensis ecclesiae, qui per decem saecula episcopale munus in ea gesserunt, chronotaxis''. Typis Joannis Georgii Kislingii.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bersenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bessenbrügge'')</small> * [[Bersinium]]<ref name="Kaemling 1987">Kaemling, ''Atlas zur Geschichte Niedersachsens'' (1987).</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groten Bässen'')</small> * [[Berumburgum]]<ref name="Emmius 1616"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'')</small> * [[Bestena]]<ref name="Jellinghaus 1923">Jellinghaus, H. (1923). ''Die westfälischen Ortsnamen nach ihren Bestandteilen''' (III ed.). Ferdinand Schöningh.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beesten'')</small> * [[Betzendorfum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Betzendorfum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bätzendörp'')</small> * [[Bevernense Castrum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'')</small> * [[Beverstedum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beverstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beverst'')</small> * [[Bienenbuttelum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bienenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bienbüddel'')</small> * [[Bilshusa]]<ref name="Wolf 1819">Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'')</small> * [[Binethemum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688">Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim'')</small> * [[Binnenum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Binnen'')</small> * [[Bippenum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bippen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bippen'')</small> * [[Birsina]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bassum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassen'')</small> * [[Bissendorpum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bissendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissendörp'')</small> * [[Blenderum]]<ref name="Brosius 1993">Brosius, D. (1993). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum'' (Vol. 1). Wallstein Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Blender''; [[Saxonice]] ''Blenner'')</small> * [[Bliederstorpum]]<ref name="Trüper 2017">Trüper, H. G. (2017). ''Urkundenbuch der Herren von Zesterfleth: 1232–1657''. Wallstein Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bliedersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bliersdörp'')</small> * [[Bobentunum]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bovenden''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bovten'')</small> * [[Bocensis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bückeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bückeborg'')</small> * [[Bocholta (Circulus Heidensis)|Bocholta]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1859"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Heidensis|Circulo Heidensi]]<ref name="Heidekreis">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Heidensis" -Theodisce ''Heidekreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum gentilicium "Heidensis-e" Theodiscum lexema ''Heide-'' vertit.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')</small> * [[Bocholta (Circulus Theorosburgensis)|Bocholta]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Theorosburgensis|Circulo Theorosburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Schaumburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Theorosburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Schaumburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio "Theorosburgensis-e", quod ad [[Theorosburgum]] refertur, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukholt'')</small> * [[Bocholtum in Ericeto]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>[[urbs]] et commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz in der Nordheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')</small> * [[Bochorna (Circulus Frisicus)|Bochorna]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873">Ehmck, D. R., & von Bippen, W. (Ed.) (1873). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1300''. C. Schünemann.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Frisicus|Circulo Frisico]]<ref name="Landkreis Friesland">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Frisicus" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Friesland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Frisicus-a-um" ad [[Frisia (discretiva)|Frisiam]] refertur. Quod de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bockhorn'')</small> * [[Bochorna (Circulus Vetha)|Bochorna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Vetha|Circulo Vetha]]<ref name="Landkreis Vechta">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Vetha" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Vechta'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo).</ref><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bakum'')</small> * [[Bochorstia]]<ref name="Erhard 1851">Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bockhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukhast'')</small> * [[Bodendicum]]<ref name="Brosius 1985">Brosius, D. (1985). ''Aus der Geschichte der Burg Bodenteich''. Ecomed Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bodenteich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bonndiek'')</small> * [[Bodenfelda]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenfelde'')</small> * [[Bodensa]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph">Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodensee'')</small> * [[Bodonis Insula]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'')</small> * [[Boffeshusium]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'')</small> * [[Boitersena]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2001). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden: Band 1''. Von den Anfängen bis 1300. [[Stadae|Stadis]]: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bötersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boitzen'')</small> * [[Boitzia]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Boitze''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhtz'')</small> * [[Bokenstorpium]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bokensdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokensdörp'')</small> * [[Bokenum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bockenem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokeln'')</small> * [[Borchwega]]<ref name="Rüther 1905">Rüther, H. (Ed.) (1905). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Neuenwalde''. Halle’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burweg'')</small> * [[Borkna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Borkum''; [[lingua Frisica|Frisice]] ''Boarkum''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Börkum'')</small> * [[Borna Castra]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berne'')</small> * [[Borsla]]<ref name="Niemeyer 2012">Niemeyer, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bösel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Böäsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bäsel'')</small> * [[Borstla]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1842">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1842). ''Diepholzer Urkundenbuch: Authentische Urkunden zur Geschichte der Grafschaft Diepholz''. [[Hannovera]]e: Hahn'schen Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Borstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bössel'')</small> * [[Botela]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bothel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bootel'')</small> * [[Brachia (Germania)|Brachia]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Brake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braak'' seu ''Broak'')</small> * [[Braclina]]<ref name="Rübel 1881">Rübel, K. (Ed.) (1881). ''Dortmunder Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1340''. [[Isarlohia]]e: J. Baedeker.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brackel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braackel'')</small> * [[Bramascus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bramsche'')</small> * [[Breddenberga]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898">Wilmans, R., & Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Breddenberg'')</small> * [[Bredenforda]]<ref name="Hoogeweg 1898">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde'')</small> * [[Bredthorpium]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Breddorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Breddörp'')</small> * [[Brestum (Saxonia Inferior)|Brestum]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brest'')</small> * [[Brincama]]<ref name="Friedländer 1878">Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. (Jahre 787–1470)''. [[Emda]]e: Haynel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brinkum'')</small> * [[Britlinga]]<ref name="Udolph 2004">Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brietlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brietl'')</small> * [[Brochema]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brockum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Broubm'' seu ''Brookm'')</small> * [[Brocleda]]<ref name="Janicke 1896">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1''. [[Lipsia]]e: S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bröckel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bräukel'')</small> * [[Broclina]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brockel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brookel'')</small> * [[Broma]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski 2014">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (Ed.). (2014). ''Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch: Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Gifhorn''. [[Bilivelda]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brome''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brom'')</small> * [[Brochusium-Vilsena]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855"/><ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bruchhausen-Vilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brooksen-Vilsen'')</small> * [[Brunsvicum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Braunschweig''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brunswiek''; [[lingua Saxonica|Brunsvicice]] dialectaliter ''Bronswiek'' seu ''Brönswiek'')</small> * [[Bukina]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bücken''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bücken'')</small> * [[Bulcova]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bülkau'')</small> * [[Bulsteda]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bülstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büls'')</small> * [[Brunla]]<ref name="Bode 1893">Bode, G. (Ed.) (1893). ''Urkundenbuch der Stadt Goslar und der in und bei Goslar belegenen geistlichen Stiftungen: Band 1 (922 bis 1250)''.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Braunlage'')</small> * [[Bunda]]<ref name="Deiter">Deiter, H. (1881). Oldeborchs, Pastoris zu Bunda in Reiderland, kleine ostfriesische Chronicke, betreffend die Jahre 1558 bis 1605. ''Jahrbuch de Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst und vaterländische Altertümer zu Emden''.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bunde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bunn'')</small> * [[Burchardivillare]]<ref name="Janicke 1892">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1892). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1. Bis zum Jahre 1221''. S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|Circulo Guelpherbytensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Wolfenbüttel">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Guelpherbytensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Wolfenbüttel'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Guelpherbytensis-e" ad [[Guelpherbytum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://vd18.gbv.de/viewer/fullscreen/006049869/1/ ''vd18.gbv.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Pro eo ac debuisti, urbs aerumnosa, infelix ac misera Guelpherbytum (...)"; et quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/MBRY52X6EUWPQOQRFBKHVLYBSUG4M6LS ''Carmina Votiva Honori Clarißimi atq[ue] Experientißimi Viri Dn. Samuelis Stockhausen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Practici Guelpherbytensis (...)".</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'')</small> * [[Burgdorfium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(in [[Hannovera (regio)|Regione Hannovera]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'' seu ''Bortörp'')</small> * [[Burgium (Saxonia Inferior)|Burgium]]<ref name="Remling VII 2026">Remling, L. (2026). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Emsland''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Börger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borger'')</small> * [[Buria (Saxonia Inferior)|Buria]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bühren'')</small> * [[Bursina (Saxonia Inferior)|Bursina]]<ref name="Casemir 2003">Casemir, K. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil III)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Börßum'')</small> * [[Butiadinga]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen II 1876">Ehmck, D. R., & Bippen, W. von. (Ed.) (1876). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 2. 1301–1350''. D. Ed. Müller.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Butjadingen'')</small> * [[Buxtehuda]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1842">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1842). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buxtehude''; [[Saxonice]] ''Buxthu'')</small> * [[Byspinga]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1859">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1859). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Fünfte Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bispingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissen'')</small> {{div col end}} === C === {{div col|3}} * [[Campus Rufus]]<ref name="Stüve 1789"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Rothenfelde'')</small> * [[Capella (Saxonia Inferior)|Capella]]<ref name="Philippi II 1894">Philippi, F. (Ed.) (1894). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Band 2. Die Urkunden der Jahre 1201–1250''. H. Th. Wenner.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cappeln'')</small> * [[Castrovallium]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgwedel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borwee'' seu ''Boorwee'')</small> * [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Celle'')</small> * [[Clenza]]<ref name="Janicke II 1896">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 2. Von 1221 bis 1260''. S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clenze''; [[Polabice]] ''Kloncka'')</small> * [[Cloppenburgum]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Cloppenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cloppenborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kloppenbuurich'')</small> * [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]<ref name="Erhard 1851">Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'') * [[Cramma]]<ref name="Casemir 2003"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cramme'')</small> * [[Cuxhavia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuxhoben'')</small> {{div col end}} === D === {{div col|3}} * [[Dalemia]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlem'')</small> * [[Dalenburgum]]<ref name="Rzihacek & Spreitzer XI 2024">Rzihacek, A., & Spreitzer, F. (Ed.) (2024). ''Die Urkunden Otto IV (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus XI). Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlenborg'')</small> * [[Dalum]]<ref name="Janicke II 1896"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Tahln'')</small> * [[Damma (Saxonia Inferior)|Damma]]<ref name="Philippi II 1894"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Damme'')</small> * [[Damnatzium]]<ref name="Garzmann LXXVI 2004">Garzmann, M. R. W. (Ed.) (2004). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte: Neue Folge der Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen (Band 76)''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Damnatz'')</small> * [[Danneberga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dannenberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dannenbarg''; [[Polabice]] ''Wajdars'')</small> * [[Danthorpum]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel % Udolph VII 2011">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Udolph, J. (2011). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII''). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Danndorf'')</small> * [[Dassela]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dassel'')</small> * [[Dedenhusa]]<ref name="-husaDeensen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'')</small> * [[Deinste]]<ref name="Vanni & Rossi 2012">Vanni, D., & Rossi, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Index Nominum Geographicorum Locorumque Mundi Latine Redditus''. Societas Latina.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deinste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deinst'')</small> * [[Deinstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deinstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deins'')</small> * [[Delmenhorstium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Delmenhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Demost'')</small> * [[Dengdia]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Denkte'')</small> * [[Derental]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Derental'')</small> * [[Dersum]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dersum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Derßm'')</small> * [[Dettum]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dettum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Detten'')</small> * [[Dicla]]<ref name="Mooyer 1855">Mooyer, E. F. (Ed.) (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des vormaligen Stiftes Minden''. J. C. C. Bruns.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dickel'')</small> * [[Didderse]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Didderse'' et [[Saxonice]] ''Deesse'')</small> * [[Diekholza]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diekholzen'')</small> * [[Dielmissa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dielmissen'')</small> * [[Diepenavia]]<ref name="-avia">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-avia-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diepenau'')</small> * [[Diepholtia]]<ref name="Hofmannus">{{Hofmannus}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deefholt'')</small> * [[Dinklage]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dinklage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dinklaoge'')</small> * [[Disaldishusa]]<ref name="-husaDelligsen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Disaldishusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Reuter, A. (Ed.) (1950). ''1100 Jahre Delligsen: Geschichte der Hilsmulde und des Ortes Delligsen''. Verlag der Gemeinde Delligsen. </ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Delligsen'')</small> * [[Disna (Saxonia Inferior)|Disna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dissen am Teutoburger Wald'')</small> * [[Dohra (Terra Emesensis)|Dohra]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Terrae Emesensis|Terra Emesensi]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Terrae Altenburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Emsland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum "terra-ae" Theodiscum lexema ''-land'' vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Emesensis-e" ad flumen [[Amisia|Emesam]] refertur. De hoc hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dohren '')</small> * [[Dohra (Circulus Harburgensis)|Dohra]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Harburg"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dohren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Duhrn'')</small> * [[Dolnere]]<ref name="Dolnere">Vide [https://adw-goe.de/fileadmin/forschungsprojekte/ortsnamen_rhein_elbe/dokumente/Publikationen_Udolph_PDF/2001-2005/315._Udolph_Anmerkungen_zum_Ortsnamen_Dollern.pdf ''Anmerkugen zum Ortsnamen Dollern''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1105 (Fälschung Mitte 12. Jh.) ''Dolnere'' (...) 1209 ''Johannes de dolnere'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dollern'')</small> * [[Doristacus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dorstadt'')</small> * [[Dornum]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dornum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dornm'')</small> * [[Dorverda]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dörverden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dörbern'' seu ''Dörb'' seu ''Dörveern'')</small> * [[Dotlinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dötlingen'')</small> * [[Drage (Albis)|Drage]]<ref name="Drage">'''Drage-es'''; declinatio regularis generis Graeci vel Latini in prima declinatione, aut ut nomen substantivum regulare primae declinationis in geographicis rationibus modernis tractatum. Quo de toponymo, vide: Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Draag'')</small> * [[Drentwede]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1842"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drentwede'')</small> * [[Drestadium]]<ref name="-stadt"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drestedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dreest'')</small> * [[Drochtersa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drochtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drochters'')</small> * [[Dudanebutli]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1841">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1841). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch (Band 1)''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Düdenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düünbeudel'')</small> * [[Duderstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Duderstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dustadt'')</small> * [[Dunsa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dünsen'')</small> * [[Dunum (Saxonia Inferior)|Dunum]]<ref name="Houtrouw 1889">Houtrouw, O. G. (1889). ''Ostfriesland: Eine geschichtlich-ortskundige Wanderung gegen Ende der Fürstenzeit (Band 1)''. Dunkmann.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dunum'')</small> * [[Duthungun]]<ref name="Udolph 2004"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Duingen''; [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Daujen'')</small> {{div col end}} === E === {{div col|3}} * [[Ebbestorpium]]<ref name="Jaitner 1985">Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ebstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ebstörp'')</small> * [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]<ref name="Ebersdorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf'' in Latinam "Ebersdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ebersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eversdörp'')</small> * [[Echemium]]<ref name="-hemium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hemium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Echem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Echen'')</small> * [[Edemissa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Edemissen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emisse'')</small> * [[Egestorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Egestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äästörp'')</small> * [[Edewechte]]<ref name="Berger 2012">Berger, D. (2012). ''Edewecht''. In ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. Walter de Gruyter.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Edewecht''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erwech''; historice ''Adewacht'')</small> * [[Eggermuhla]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eggermühlen'')</small> * [[Ehra-Lessia]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ehra-Lessien'')</small> * [[Eicklinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eicklingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eikeln'')</small> * [[Eildissum]]<ref name="Stumpf-Brentano II 1865">Stumpf-Brentano, K. F. (Ed.) (1865). ''Die Reichskanzler vornehmlich des X., XI. und XII. Jahrhunderts: Acta Imperii Selecta'' (Vol. 2). [[Aeni Pons (Austria)|Aeni Ponte]]: Wagner'schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Eilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlsen'')</small> * [[Eima]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eimen'')</small> * [[Eime]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eime'')</small> * [[Eimke]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eimke''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimk'')</small> * [[Ekelum]]<ref>Vide: Von Hodenberg, W. (Ed.) (1855). ''Walsroder Urkundenbuch (Urkunde Nr. 19)''. Hahnsche Hofbuchhandlung. Quo opere "proprietatem bonorum in Ekelo, que ab ecclesia Walsrodensi in feodum tenuit, pro quinquaginta marcis seriosius comparavit." dicitur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eickeloh'')</small> * [[Elbingeroda]]<ref name="-roda"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbingerode'')</small> * [[Eldinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eldingen'')</small> * [[Elsdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Elsdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Elsdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Elsdörp'')</small> * [[Elvede]]<ref name="Hoops 2003">Hoops, J. (Ed.) (2003). ''Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch III: Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. Biliveldae: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbe'')</small> * [[Embeca]]<ref name="Embeca">"non ignobiles Saxoniae civitates, Embeca et Gottinga" {{Google Books|I7pXAAAAcAAJ|p. 734}}. Interdum "Embica", "Embecka" etc. reperis</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Einbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimbeck'')</small> * [[Embsa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Embsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emsen'')</small> * [[Emda]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Emden''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Oamde'')</small> * [[Emmelkampus]]<ref name="Emmelkampus">Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur "(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp'')</small> * [[Emmendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emmendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emdörp'')</small> * [[Emphstece]]<ref name="Emphstece">Vide [https://www.emstek.de/die-gemeinde/ortsteile/emstek?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''www.emstek.de'']; ubi dicitur "(...) Urkunde aus dem Jahre 947 als „Emphstece" (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Emstek''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emstäk'')</small> * [[Emsbura]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emsbüren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büren'')</small> * [[Emtinghusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emtinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emhusen'')</small> * [[Engda]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Engden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engn'')</small> * [[Engelschofa]]<ref name="-hofa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hof(f)(e)(n)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hofa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hattenhofa (Bavaria)|Hattenhofa Bavarica]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad fluvium Glon]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad Rotam]], [[Poohofa]], [[Gundershofa]], [[Hattenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Hattenhofa Badeniae-Virtembergiae]], [[Pfaffenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Pfaffenhofa]], [[Matichofa]], [[Philshofa]] apud [[Google|Gugulam]].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Engelschoff''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engelschopp'')</small> * [[Erenburgum]]<ref name="Minden II 1902">Minden, G. von (Ed.) (1902). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe von Verden und Minden (Band 2)''. Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ehrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ehrenborg'')</small> * [[Erkeroda]]<ref name="-roda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-rode'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-roda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Baceroda]], [[Gerningeroda]], [[Osteroda]], [[Werningroda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Erkerode''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erkero'')</small> * [[Ermelstorpium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Armstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Armsdörp'')</small> * [[Ericetum Magnum]]<ref name="Ericetum">[https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=MeckWB&lemid=H01756 Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-heide'' Latino nomine "Ericetum-i" vertitur.]</ref><ref name="Magnus">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Groß-'' Latino adiectivo "magnus-a-um" vertitur.]</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootheid'')</small> * [[Eschede]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eschede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')</small> * [[Eschershusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eschershausen'')</small> * [[Esena]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esens'')</small> * [[Essel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Essel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äsel'')</small> * [[Esterwega]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esterwegen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Äästerweede'')</small> * [[Estorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(ad [[Visurgis|Visurgem]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'')</small> * [[Estorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Stadae|Circulo Stadae]]<ref name="Landkreis Stade">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Stadae" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Stade'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Stadae]]", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'')</small> * [[Evergoteshemium]]<ref name="-hemiumEver">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hemium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Euergoteshem'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: H. Bresslau et. al.: ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs II. und Arduins''. In: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Die Urkunden der deutschen Könige und Kaiser, Band 3. [[Hannovera]]e 1900–1903.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ebergötzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ewerchötzschen'')</small> * [[Everinga]]<ref name="-ingaEvern">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum mediaevali formae huius toponymi ''Everinge'' testatae applicatur. Quo de mediaevali toponymo, vide: Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (1998). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil I)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsch Evern''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düütsch Äwern'')</small> * [[Eversmeer]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eversmeer'')</small> * [[Evessum]]<ref name="NOB 2004">Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (2004). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''' (NOB III). [[Gottinga]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Evessen'')</small> * [[Eydelstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eydelstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eidelstee'')</small> * [[Eyendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eyendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eyndörp'')</small> * [[Eystharpa]]<ref name="-tharpa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-tharpa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eystrup'')</small> {{div col end}} === F === {{div col|3}} * [[Fallingbostela]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bad Fallingbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Fambossel'')</small> * [[Fardium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Veern'')</small> * [[Farva]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Farven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Farm'')</small> * [[Fassberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Faßberg'')</small> * [[Filsum]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Filsum'')</small> * [[Firrel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Firrel'')</small> * [[Florimontium (circulus Widmundensis)|Florimontium]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Blomberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bloombarg'' seu ''Blombarg'')</small> * [[Flotide]]<ref name="Flotide">De nominibus "Flotide" {{caa|780|802}}, "Flathi" {{caa|1013}}, "Flatide" {{caa|1142}}, "Flothethe" {{caa|1187}}, "Vlothe" {{caa|1189}} et "Flotethe" {{caa|1194}}, vide: Udolph, Jürgen. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160729194352/https://www.ndr.de/ndr1niedersachsen/programm/Ortsnamen-Uebersicht-fuer-Buchstaben-F,ortsnamenforscher111.html ''Ortsnamenforscher'']. ''NDR 1 Niedersachsen''.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Flöthe'')</small> * [[Frankenfelda]]<ref name="-felda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-felda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Frankenfeld'')</small> * [[Freda]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Freden'')</small> * [[Fredenbiki]]<ref name="-biki">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-beck'' seu ''-beek'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-biki-orum", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Aesebiki]], [[Asbiki]], [[Beverbiki]], [[Gledabiki]], [[Goltbiki]], [[Sannanabiki]], [[Trobiki]], [[Walbeka|Walbiki]], [[Winesbiki]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Fredenbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freenbeek'')</small> * [[Frera]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freren'')</small> * [[Fresenburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Fresenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fräsenborg'')</small> * [[Friburgum (Albis)|Friburgum]]<ref name="Friburgum">Theodiscum toponymum ''Freiburg'' Latino toponymo "Friburgum" verti solet. Cf. [[Friburgum Brisgoviae]] aut [[Friburgum Nuithonum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Freiburg/Elbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fryborg'' seu ''Freiborg'')</small> * [[Frideburgum]]<ref name="Frideburgum">Vide [https://www.heimatbund-finnentrop.de/index_htm_files/Staats-%20u.%20Reisegeogr.%205.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Beschreibung derer merkwürdigsten Oerter''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Frideburg, Friedeburg, lat. Frideburgum'''. Liegt im Fürstenthum Ostfriesland, an den Grenzen der Grafschaft Oldenburg (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Friedeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freborg'' seu ''Freebörg'')</small> * [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedland]]<ref name="Friedland">Theodiscum toponymum ''Friedland' in Latinam "Friedlandia" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Friedland'')</small> * [[Frisoyta]]<ref name="Frisoyta">Vide [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363707446_Der_Status_animarum_im_Hochstift_Munster_und_die_Alphabetisierung_im_landlichen_Raum_eines_geistlichen_Furstentums_im_17_und_18_Jahrhundert ''Der Status animarum im Hochstift Münster und die Alphabetisierung im ländlichen Raum eines geistlichen Fürstentums im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert''], ubi dicitur "(...) Specificatio catholic[orum] et acatholicorum in Frisoyta (...)".</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Friesoythe''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ait''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aithe'')</small> * [[Furstenavia]]<ref name="Furstenavia">Theodiscum nomen proprium ''Fürstenau'' in Latinam "Furstenavia" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Hofmannus}}, ubi dicitur "(...) FURSTENAVIA Familia Germ. ''Furstenau'', ramus est Familiae Erpacensis (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Fürstenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fösnau'' seu ''Försnau'')</small> * [[Furstenberga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fürstenberg'')</small> {{div col end}} === G === {{div col|3}} * [[Ganderkesee]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ganderkesee''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gannerseer'')</small> * [[Gandershemium]]<ref>[http://books.google.fi/books?id=6kwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=Gandershemium&source=bl&ots=_NMr2DmhUK&sig=CXPUuuKZ8W03AC7uB3YlYYNscJ4&hl=fi&sa=X&ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Gandershemium&f=false R. p. Hertenberger: ''Historia pragmatica universalis, sacra et profana''], p.27; [http://books.google.fi/books?id=yScyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=Gandershemium&source=bl&ots=ZoGX4tZRRD&sig=8fUZc6grFgYD0jN-twVcDyzarYI&hl=fi&sa=X&ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Gandershemium&f=false ''Acta Sanctorum, Junii'' (1698-1717), cit. in ''A Companion to Hrotsvit of Gandersheim (fl. 960)''], p. 58 n.103.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Gandersheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ganderssen'')</small> * [[Gandesberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gandesbergen'')</small> * [[Garbsa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garbsen'')</small> * [[Garlstorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Garlstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Garlstörp'')</small> * [[Garrel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garrel'')</small> * [[Garstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Garstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gastää'')</small> * [[Gartovia]]<ref name="-ovia">[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-ovia-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gartow'')</small> * [[Geeste]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Geeste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Choeiste'')</small> * [[Geestlandia]]<ref name="-landia">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-landia-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Geestland'')</small> * [[Gehrde]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrde'')</small> * [[Georgsdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Georgsdorf'')</small> * [[Gerdavia]]<ref name="-avia">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-avia-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gerdau'')</small> * [[Gerdinum]]<ref name="Gerdinium">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/gehrden/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) Urkundlich ist der spätere Flecken möglicherweis erstmals als ''Gerdinum'' im Verzeichnis der Schenkungen (''Traditionen'') an das Kloster Corvey erwähnt, das um 826/76 angelegt wurde (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gieren'')</small> * [[Gersta]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gersten'')</small> * [[Getelo]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Getelo''; [[Saxonice]] ''Getel'')</small> * [[Gevensleba]] <ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gevensleben'')</small> * [[Gevera]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jever'')</small> * [[Gieboldehusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gieboldehausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chiwelehusen'')</small> * [[Giesa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Giesen'')</small> * [[Gifhorna]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Gifhorn'')</small> * [[Gilta]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gilten'')</small> * [[Glandorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Glandorf'')</small> * [[Gleicha]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gleichen'')</small> * [[Gnarrenburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gnarrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gnarrenborg'')</small> * [[Godenstorfium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gödenstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gö’nstörp'')</small> * [[Goldbiki]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Golmbach'')</small> * [[Goldenstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Goldenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gollnste'')</small> * [[Golencampus]]<ref name="campus-i">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-kamp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-campus-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gölenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göllenkamp'')</small> * [[Gorenthin]]<ref name="Gorenthin">Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1857hist%29.pdf?utm ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur "(...) villam Gorenthin '' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Göhrde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göhr''; [[Polabice]] ''Djöra'')</small> * [[Gorleba]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gorleben'')</small> * [[Goslaria]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Goslar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Goslär'')</small> * [[Gottinga]]<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=kkM-AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=gottingensis&lr=&cd=14#v=onepage&q=&f=false Libri Googles].</ref> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Göttingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chöttingen'')</small> * [[Grafhorstium]]<ref name="-horstium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-horst'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-horstium-i". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) -horst : -''horstium'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grafhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grafhorst'')</small> * [[Grasberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grasberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grasbarg'')</small> * [[Grasleba]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grasleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graslewe'')</small> * [[Grethemium]]<ref name="-hemium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hemium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grethem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graitn'')</small> * [[Grona (Leina)|Grona]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gronau'')</small> * [[Grundensis Civitas Metallica]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Grund'')</small> * [[Grunendicum]]<ref name="-dicum">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-diek'' aut ''-deich'' aut ''-dijk'' aut ''-dyk'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dicum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Isendicum]] apud {{Graesse}}; aut [[Mardicum]] apud ''Dictionnaire universel françois et latin, vulgairement appelé Dictionnaire de Trévoux''.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grünendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Greundiek'')</small> * [[Guderhandviertel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Guderhandviertel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gauderhandviddel'')</small> * [[Guelpherbytum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')</small> * [[Gusborn]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gusborn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Gyhum]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> {{div col end}} === H === {{div col|3}} * [[Hademstorf]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Haga Schauenburgi]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stadthagen'')</small> * [[Hage]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Hagen am Teutoburger Wald]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Hagen im Bremischen]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Hagenburg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Hagermarsch]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Hahausen]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Halbemond]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Halle (comitatus Binethensis)|Halle]] <small>(b.Neuenhaus)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Halle (Holtisminni)|Halle]] <small>(Montes Visurgis)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Halvesbostel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Hamala]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hameln'')</small> * [[Hambergen]] * [[Hambühren]] * [[Hämelhausen]] * [[Hamersen]] * [[Hammah]] * [[Handeloh]] * [[Handorf]] * [[Handrup]] * [[Hankensbüttel]] * [[Hannovera]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hannover''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannober'')</small> * [[Hann. Münden]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Hanstedt (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Hanstedt]] <small>(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Uelzen"/>)</small> * [[Hanstedt (Nordheide)|Hanstedt]] <small>(Nordheide)</small> * [[Harbarnsen]] * [[Hardegsen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Haren (Amisia)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Harmstorf]] * [[Harpstedt]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Harsefeld]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Harsum]] * [[Hartsburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Harzburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harzeborg'')</small> * [[Hasbergen]] * [[Haselünne]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Haßbergen]] * [[Hassel (Weser)]] * [[Hassendorf]] * [[Haste]] * [[Hatten]] * [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]] * [[Häuslingen]] * [[Haverlah]] * [[Hechthausen]] * [[Hedeper]] * [[Heede (Emsland)|Heede]] * [[Heemsen]] * [[Heere]] * [[Heeslingen]] * [[Heeßen]] * [[Hehlen]] * [[Heidenau (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenau]] * [[Heinade]] * [[Heinbockel]] * [[Heiningen (Niedersachsen)|Heiningen]] * [[Heinsen]] * [[Hellwege]] * [[Helmstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Helmstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmstidde'')</small> * [[Helpsen]] * [[Helvesiek]] * [[Hemmingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Hemmoor]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Hemsbünde]] * [[Hemslingen]] * [[Hemsloh]] * [[Hepstedt]] * [[Herzberg am Harz]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Herzlake]] * [[Hesel]] * [[Hespe]] * [[Hessisch Oldendorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Heuerßen]] * [[Heyen]] * [[Hildesia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hildesheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hilmessen'' seu ''Hilmssen'')</small> * [[Hilgermissen]] * [[Hilkenbrook]] * [[Hillerse]] * [[Hilter am Teutoburger Wald]] * [[Himbergen]] * [[Himmelpforten]] * [[Hinte]] * [[Hipstedt]] * [[Hittbergen]] * [[Hitzacker]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Hodenhagen]] * [[Höhbeck]] * [[Hohenhameln]] * [[Hohne]] * [[Hohnhorst]] * [[Hohnstorf (Albis)]] * [[Holdorf (Niedersachsen)|Holdorf]] * [[Holenberg]] * [[Holle]] * [[Hollenstedt]] * [[Hollern-Twielenfleth]] * [[Hollnseth]] * [[Holste]] * [[Holtgast]] * [[Holtisminni]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Holtsminne'')</small> * [[Holtland]] * [[Holzen (prope Eschershusam)|Holzen]] * [[Hoogstede]] * [[Hörden ad Harthicos montes]] * [[Horneburg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Horstedt (Niedersachsen)|Horstedt]] * [[Hoya]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Hoyerhagen]] * [[Hoyershausen]] * [[Hude (Oldenburg)]] * [[Hüde]] * [[Hülsede]] * [[Husum (bei Nienburg)|Husum]] * [[Hutta Georgii et Mariae]]<ref name="hutta-ae">Toponyma cum suffixis ''-hütte'' aut ''-hutta'' plerumque latinizari solent Latino vocabulo "Hutta-ae", quamquam huius vocabuli variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hutta vitriaria Bohemica]] apud [https://schwaben.hu/ortschaften/bohmischhutten?utm Schwaben.hu. (s. d.). ''Böhmischhütten / Csehbánya – Ortsgeschichte'']; [[Hutta Germanica]] apud [https://huta.ewk.hu/nemetbanya-1757-1781/?utm ''Németbánya. (s. s.). Németbánya története'']; [[Hutta Vitriaria]] apud https://slavistika.sk/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2015_1.pdf?utm [Majtán, M. (1998). ''Názvy obcí Slovenskej republiky: Vývin v rokoch 1773–1997''. Bratislaviae: Veda]; Hutta apud [https://real.mtak.hu/140291/1/K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1talja%20helys%C3%A9gnevei.pdf?utm ''Kárpátalja helységnevei.'']; [[Hutta Polonica]] apud Štefánik, M. (2022). ''Italia ed Europa centro-orientale tra Medioevo ed età moderna: Economia, società, cultura''. Heidelberg University Publishing; [[Hutta (Eiflia)|Hutta Eifliae]] apud Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der, jetzt die Preussischen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier bildenden mittelrheinischen Territorien'' (Vol. 1). J. Hölscher, et Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der mittelrheinischen Territorien: Erster Band. Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1169''. [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentibus]]: J. Hölscher.</ref><ref name="Georgius">[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Georgius?utm Theodiscum praefixum ''Georg-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo "Georfii" vertitur].</ref><ref name="Maria">[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Maria?utm Theodiscum interfixum ''-marien-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo "Mariae" vertitur].</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Georgsmarienhütte'')</small> * [[Hüven]] {{div col end}} === I === {{div col|3}} * [[Iburgum]]<ref name="Von Schaten 1714">Von Schaten, N. (1714). ''Monumenta Osnabrugensia ex historia romana, francica, saxonicaque eruta''. Typis Jodoci Henrici Meyer.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Iburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Ibig'' seu ''Ibig'')</small> * [[Ihlienworth]] * [[Ihlow (Frisia Orientalis)|Ihlow]] * [[Ilsede]] * [[Ingeleben]] * [[Isenbüttel]] * [[Isernhagen]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Isterberg]] * [[Itterbeck]] {{div col end}} === J === {{div col|3}} * [[Jade (Saxonia Inferior)|Jade]] * [[Jameln]] * [[Jelmstorf]] * [[Jembke]] * [[Jemgum]] * [[Jerxheim]] * [[Jesteburg]] * [[Jork]] * [[Jühnde]] * [[Juist]] {{div col end}} === K === {{div col|3}} * [[Kakenstorf]] * [[Kalbe (Niedersachsen)|Kalbe]] * [[Kalefeld]] * [[Karwitz]] * [[Katlenburg-Lindau]] * [[Kettenkamp]] * [[Kirchbrak]] * [[Kirchdorf (bei Sulingen)|Kirchdorf]] * [[Kirchgellersen]] * [[Kirchlinteln]] * [[Kirchseelte]] * [[Kirchtimke]] * [[Kirchwalsede]] * [[Kissenbrück]] * [[Klein Berßen]] * [[Klein Meckelsen]] * [[Kluse (Emsland)|Kluse]] * [[Kneitlingen]] * [[Kneta Maior]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großenkneten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grotekneten'')</small> * [[Köhlen]] * [[Königsmoor]] * [[Kranenburg (Oste)|Kranenburg]] * [[Krebeck]] * [[Krummendeich]] * [[Krummhörn]] * [[Kührstedt]] * [[Küsten]] * [[Kutenholz]] {{div col end}} === L === {{div col|3}} * [[Laar]] * [[Laatzen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Lachendorf]] * [[Laerium]]<ref name="Stüve 1789">Stüve, J. E. (1789). ''Beschreibung des Fürstenthums Osnabrück mit einigen Urkunden''. Kißling.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Laer'')</small> * [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]] * [[Lähden]] * [[Lahn (Hümmling)|Lahn]] * ''[[Lamspringe]]'' * [[Lamstedt]] * [[Landesbergen]] * [[Landolfshausen]] * [[Landwehr (Gemeinde)|Landwehr]] * [[Langelsheim]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * '''[[Langen (bei Bremerhaven)|Langen]]''' <small>(b.Bremerhaven)</small> * [[Langen (Emsland)|Langen]] <small>(Emsland)</small> * [[Langendorf (Elbe)|Langendorf]] * [[Langenhagen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Langeoog]] * [[Langlingen]] * [[Langwedel (Weser)|Langwedel]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lastrup]] * [[Lathen]] * [[Lauenau]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lauenbrück]] * [[Lauenförde]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lauenhagen]] * [[Leese]] * [[Leezdorf]] * [[Lehe (Emsland)|Lehe]] * [[Lehre (Niedersachsen)|Lehre]] * [[Lehrte]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Leiferde]] * [[Lembruch]] * [[Lemförde]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Lemgow]] * [[Lemwerdera]]<ref name="Rüthning 1926">Rüthning, G. (Ed.) (1926). ''Oldenburger Urkundenbuch''. Gerhard Stalling.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lemwerder'')</small> * [[Lengede]] * [[Lengenbostel]] * [[Lengerich (Emsland)|Lengerich]] * [[Lenne (Niedersachsen)|Lenne]] * [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)|Leopolis]]<ref name="Ebel 1960">Ebel, W. (1960). ''Lübisches Recht: Erster Band''. Hansischer Geschichtsverein.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bleckede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bleikd'')</small> * [[Leri]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')</small> * [[Liebenau (Niedersachsen)|Liebenau]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Liebenburg]] * [[Lilienthal]] * [[Lindern (Oldenburg)]] * [[Lindhorst]] * [[Lindwedel]] * [[Lingen (Ems)]] <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Linsburg]] * [[Lintig]] * [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703">Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Westerstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Westerstäe'')</small> * [[Lohne (Oldenburg)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Löningen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Lorup]] * [[Loxstedt]] * [[Lübberstedt]] * [[Lübbow]] * [[Luchovia]]<ref name="Luchovia">Vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur "(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüchow''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauchüw'')</small> * [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]] * [[Lüder (Lüneburger Heide)|Lüder]] * [[Lüdersburg]] * [[Lüdersfeld]] * [[Lüerdissen]] * [[Luhden]] * [[Luneburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lümborg'' seu ''Lünborg''; [[Lingua Saxonica antiqua|Palaeosaxonice]] ''Hliuni'')</small> * [[Lünne]] * [[Lütetsburg]] * ''[[Lutter am Barenberge]]'' * [[Luttera Regalis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')</small> {{div col end}} === M === {{div col|3}} * [[Maasen]] * [[Magna Palus]]<ref name="Magna Palus">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum toponymicum praefixum ''Große-'' Latino adiectivo "magnus-a-um"] et [[https://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/altsaechsischeswoerterbuch/asF.pdf Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine "palus paludis" (f.)] vertitur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großefehn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootfehn'')</small> * [[Maius Vrelstede]]<ref name="Maius Vrelstede">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der stadt WoLfsburg''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1318 ''in Maiori Vrelstede'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Frellstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Frillstidde'')</small> * [[Marienhafe]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Marienhagen]] * [[Mariental (Niedersachsen)|Mariental]] * [[Marklohe]] * [[Marl (Dümmer)|Marl]] * [[Marschacht]] * [[Martfeld]] * [[Marxen]] * [[Mechtersen]] * [[Meckelsa Maior]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Meckelsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Meckels'')</small> * [[Meerbeck]] * [[Meine]] * [[Meinersen]] * [[Melbeck]] * [[Melle]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Mellinghausen]] * [[Menslage]] * [[Meppea]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meppen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Möppen'')</small> * [[Merzen]] * [[Messenkamp]] * [[Messingen]] * [[Midlum (Land Wursten)|Midlum]] * [[Misselwarden]] * [[Mittelnkirchen]] * [[Mittelstenahe]] * [[Moisburg]] * [[Molbergen]] * [[Mons Catonis (Saxonia Inferior)|Mons Catonis]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Cadenberge''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuddeldutt'' seu ''Kumbarg'')</small> * [[Moormerland]] * [[Moorweg]] * [[Moringen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Müden (Alara)]] * [[Mulsum (Land Wursten)|Mulsum]] * [[Mundia Hannoverana]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Munimeri]]<ref name="Dronke 1844">Dronke, E. F. J. (Ed.) (1844). ''Traditiones et Antiquitates Fuldenses: Chartae et registra historica saeculi IX''. Fuldense: Typis Müllerianis.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Münder am Deister''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Münner'')</small> * [[Munster (Örtze)|Munster]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === N === {{div col|3}} * [[Nahrendorf]] * [[Natendorf]] * [[Neetze]] * [[Negenborn]] * [[Nenndorf (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorf]] * [[Neubörger]] * [[Neu Darchau]] * [[Neuenhaus]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Altes Land)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Altes Land)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (bei Bassum)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(b.Bassum)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Land Hadeln)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Land Hadeln)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Landkreis Osnabrück)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Lkr.Osnabrück)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen (Lüneburger Heide)|Neuenkirchen]] <small>(Lüneb.Heide)</small> * [[Neuenkirchen-Vörden]] * [[Neuharlingersiel]] * [[Neuhaus (Oste)]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Neuhof (Landkreis Hildesheim)|Neuhof]] * [[Neukamperfehn]] * [[Neulehe]] * [[Neuschoo]] * [[Neustadt am Rübenberge]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Neu Wulmstorf]] * [[Niederlangen]] * [[Niedernwöhren]] * [[Niemetal]] * [[Nienhagen (Landkreis Celle)|Nienhagen]] * [[Nienstädt]] * [[Norden]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Nordenham]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Norderney]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Nordholz]] * [[Nordleda]] * [[Nordsehl]] * [[Nordstemmen]] * [[Nörten-Hardenberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Northemium]]<ref name="Nothemium">Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur "(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Northeim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nuurten'')</small> * [[Northorna]]<ref name="Egli 1893">Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')</small> * [[Nortmoor]] * [[Nortrup]] * [[Nottensdorf]] * [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Urbs]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nienburg/Weser''; [[Saxonice]] ''Näinborg'' seu ''Nienborg'' seu ''Neenborg'' seu ''Negenborg'')</small> * [[Novale Frigidum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Colnrade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kollenroad'')</small> {{div col end}} === O === {{div col|3}} * [[Oberlangen]] * [[Oberndorf (Oste)|Oberndorf]] * [[Obernfeld]] * [[Obernholz]] * [[Obernkirchen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Ochtersum]] * [[Odisheim]] * [[Oederquart]] * [[Oerel]] * [[Oesinga Maior]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Oesingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Oesingen'')</small> * [[Oetzen]] * [[Ohne]] * [[Ohrum]] * [[Oldenburgum]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Oldendorf (Landkreis Stade)|Oldendorf]] <small>(Lkr.Stade)</small> * [[Oldendorf (Luhe)]] * [[Osloß]] * [[Osnabruga]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Osnabrück''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ossenbrääch''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Lingua Saxonica|Westfalice]] ''Ossenbrügge'')</small> * [[Osteel]] * [[Osten (Oste)|Osten]] * [[Osterbruch]] * [[Ostercappeln]] * [[Ostereistedt]] * [[Osterode am Harz]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Osterwald]] * [[Ostrhauderfehn]] * [[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Otter]] * [[Otterndorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Ottersberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Ovelgönne]] * [[Ovenhagium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Auhagen'')</small> * [[Oyten]] {{div col end}} === P === {{div col|3}} * [[Padingbüttel]] * [[Papenburg]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Parsau]] * [[Pattensen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Pegestorf]] * [[Pennigsehl]] * [[Petrimons]]<ref name="Perizonius 1758">Perizonius, J. (1758). ''Compendium historiarum antiquissimarum, civilium et ecclesiasticarum, usque ad seculum decimum octavum: Cum appendice de ducatu Westphaliae et comitatu Petrimontano''. Ex officina Wetsteniana.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Pyrmont''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Puurmont'')</small> * [[Pohle]] * [[Pollhagen]] * [[Pons Cobbanus]]<ref name="Leuckfeld 1714">Leuckfeld, J. G. (1714). ''Antiquitates Blankenburgenses, oder Historische Beschreibung derer vormals berühmten Grafen von Blankenburg, nebst dazugehörigen diplomatibus und Chartis''. Gottfried Freytag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Coppenbrügge'')</small> * [[Poynum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Peine''; [[Saxonice]] ''Paane''; [[Lingua Theodisca alta recens|Protoneoaltotheodisce]] ''Peina'')</small> * [[Praefectura Neohusana]]<ref name="Grupen II 1742">Grupen, C. U. (1742). ''Disceptationes Forenses cum Observationibus Juris: De originibus et iurisdictione praefecturarum ditionis Brunsvicensis (Caput de Praefectura Neohusana)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae: Förster.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Amt Neuhaus'')</small> * [[Pratum Vitulorum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calberlah'')</small> * [[Prezelle]] * [[Prinzhöfte]] {{div col end}} === Q === {{div col|3}} * [[Quakenbrück]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Quendorf]] * [[Querenhorst]] * [[Quernheim]] {{div col end}} === R === {{div col|3}} * [[Räbke]] * [[Radbruch]] * [[Raddestorf]] * [[Rastdorf]] * [[Rastede]] * [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]] * [[Rechtsupweg]] * [[Reeßum]] * [[Regesbostel]] * [[Rehburg-Loccum]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rehden]] * [[Rehlingen]] * [[Reinstorf]] * [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]] * [[Renkenberge]] * [[Rennau]] * [[Reppenstedt]] * [[Rethem (Aller)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rhade]] * [[Rhauderfehn]] * [[Rhede (Ems)]] * [[Rhumspringe]] * [[Ribbesbüttel]] * [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]] * [[Rieste]] * [[Ringe]] * [[Ringstedt]] * [[Rinteln]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Ritterhude]] * [[Rodenberg]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rodewald]] * [[Rohrsen]] * [[Roklum]] * [[Rollshausen]] * [[Römstedt]] * [[Ronnenberg]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Rosche]] * [[Rosdorf]] * [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]] * [[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]<ref name="Rotenburgum ad Wemmam">De Latino toponymico syntagmate "[[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]" -ad quod Latinum gentilicium "Rotenburgensis-e" refertur-, vide homonymas urbes apud {{Graesse}} et {{Hofmannus}}. De hydronymo "[[Wemma]]", etiam vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rotenburg''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Rotenburg an der Wümme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rodenborg'')</small> * [[Rötgesbüttel]] * [[Rüdershausen]] * [[Rühen]] * [[Rullstorf]] {{div col end}} === S === {{div col|3}} * [[Sachsenhagen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Sagterlandia]]<ref name="BOV 2013">Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')</small> * [[Salis Cancellum]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Salzgitter''; [[Saxonice]] ''Soltgitter'')</small> * [[Salzbergen]] * [[Salzdetfordium]]<ref name="Marcard 1805"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Salzdetfurth'')</small> * [[Salzhausen]] * [[Salzhemmendorf]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Samern]] * [[Sandbostel]] * [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]] * [[Sarstedt]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Sassenburg]] * [[Sathsa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Sachsa'')</small> * [[Sauensiek]] * [[Schapen]] * [[Scharnebeck]] * [[Scheden]] * [[Scheeßel]] * [[Schellerten]] * [[Schiffdorf]] * [[Schladen-Werla]] * [[Schnackenburg]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schnega]] * [[Schneverdingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Scholen]] * [[Schönewörde]] * [[Schöningen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schöppenstedt]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schortens]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Schüttorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schwaförden]] * [[Schwanewede]] * [[Schwarme]] * [[Schwarmstedt]] * [[Schweindorf]] * [[Schweringen]] * [[Schwerinsdorf]] * [[Schwienau]] * [[Schwülper]] * [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]] * [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]] * [[Seelze]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Seesen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Seevetal]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Seggebruch]] * [[Sehlde]] * [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]] * [[Sehnde]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Selsingen]] * [[Semmenstedt]] * [[Seulingen]] * [[Sibbesse]] * [[Sickte]] * [[Siedenburg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Sittensen]] * [[Soderstorf]] * [[Sögel]] * [[Söhlde]] * [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]] * [[Soltau]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Soltendieck]] * [[Sottrum]] * [[Spahnharrenstätte]] * [[Spelle]] * [[Spiekeroog]] * [[Sprakensehl]] * [[Springe]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Stadae]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stood'')</small> * [[Stadlandia]]<ref>Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA617&lpg=PA617&dq=statlandia+saxonia&source=bl&ots=Ysl9JI4L06&sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&q=statlandia%20saxonia&f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')</small> * [[Staffhorst]] * [[Staufenberg]] * [[Stavern]] * [[Stedesdorf]] * [[Steimbke]] * [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]] * [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]] * [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]] * [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]] * [[Stelle]] * [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]] * [[Stemshorn]] * [[Steyerberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Stinstedt]] * [[Stöckse]] * [[Stoetze]] * [[Stolzenau]] * [[Stuhr]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Südbrookmerland]] * [[Suderburg]] * [[Südergellersen]] * [[Südheide]] * [[Sudwalde]] * [[Suhlendorf]] * [[Sulingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Süpplingen]] * [[Süpplingenburg]] * [[Süstedt]] * [[Sustrum]] * [[Surwold]] * [[Suthfeld]] * [[Syke]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === T === {{div col|3}} * [[Tappenbeck]] * [[Tarmstedt]] * [[Tespe]] * [[Teuderium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'')</small> * [[Thransfellensis Ecclesia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dransfeld'')</small> * [[Thedinghausen]] * [[Theodolfestorpum]]<ref name="Asseburg 1855">Asseburg, J. von der. (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des Geschlechts von der Asseburg (Vol. 1)''. Hahnschen Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dedelstorf'')</small> * [[Thomasburg]] * [[Thorpum]]<ref name="Thorpum">Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardDorfinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20160831-7111.htm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Dörpen''', 9. Jh., bei Aschendorf nördlich Meppens, F2-1090 THURP (Dorf) Dorfa (7), Thorpum (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dörpen'')</small> * [[Thuine]] * [[Tiddische]] * [[Tiste]] * [[Toppenstedt]] * [[Tostedt]] * [[Tosterglope]] * [[Trebel]] * [[Triburi]]<ref name="Philippi & Bar 1892"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drebber'')</small> * [[Tülau]] * [[Twieflingen]] * [[Twilpstede Maius]]<ref name="Twilpstede Maius">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori'' (...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori et Minori'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Twülpstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Twülpstidde'')</small> * [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]] * [[Twistringen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === U === {{div col|3}} * [[Uchte]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Uehrde]] * [[Uelsen]] * [[Uetze]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Ulsena]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Uelzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ülz’n'')</small> * [[Ummern]] * [[Undeloh]] * [[Upgant-Schott]] * [[Uplengen]] * [[Uslar]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Utarp]] {{div col end}} === V === {{div col|3}} * [[Vahlberg]] * [[Vahlbruch]] * [[Vahlde]] * [[Vallis Ambrae]]<ref name="Ambra">Latino de toponymo "Ambra" (Theodisce ''Emmer''), vide {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Vallis">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum vocabulum ''T(h)al'' aut Theodiscum suffixum ''-t(h)al'' Latino vocabulo "vallis-is"] vertitur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emmerthal''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emmerdaal'')</small> * [[Vallis Augae]]<ref name="SLH 1988">Societas Latina Hannoverana (1988). ''Fasciculi geographici et historici: De parvis provinciis ditionis Hannoveranae et Schaumburgensis''. Hannoverae: Typis Exscripsit Libraria Scripturarum.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Auetal'')</small> * [[Vallis Claustra-Cella]]<ref name="Conring 1730">Conring, H. (1730). ''De Antiquitatibus Academicis Dissertationes Septem''. Officina Smeinkiana.</ref><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clausthal-Zellerfeld''; [[Supraharthice]] ''Clasthol-Zallerfall'')</small> * [[Varel]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Varrel]] * [[Vastorf]] * [[Vechelde]] * [[Velpke]] * [[Veltheim (Ohe)]] * [[Vetha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Vechta''; [[Saxonice]] ''Vechte'')</small> * [[Vicus Adelaidis]]<ref name="ALF 2016">Academia Latinitati Fovendae (2016). ''Commentarii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae: De novis parochiis et communibus Saxoniae Inferioris textus'' (Vol. XXIV). Romae: Herder.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adelheidsdorf'')</small> * [[Vierden]] * [[Vierhöfen]] * [[Vildhusia]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Wildeshausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wilshusen'')</small> * [[Villa Cremilonis]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cremlingen'')</small> * [[Vintlum]]<ref name="Vintlum">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/schneverdingen-peter-und-paul/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Schneverdingen, Peter und Paul''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''capella in honorem sancti Anthonii in villa Vintlo parrochie Snewerdinge'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fintel'')</small> * [[Visbek]] * [[Visselhövede]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Vögelsen]] * [[Vollersode]] * [[Voltlage]] * [[Vorda Bremensis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bremervörde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bremervöör'')</small> * [[Vordorf]] * [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]] * [[Vrees]] {{div col end}} === W === {{div col|3}} * [[Waake]] * [[Waddeweitz]] * [[Wagenfeld]] * [[Wagenhoff]] * [[Wahrenholz]] * [[Walchum]] * [[Walkenried]] * [[Wallenhorst]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Wallmoden]] * [[Walsrode]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wangelnstedt]] * [[Wangerland]] * [[Wangerooge]] * [[Wanna]] * [[Warberg]] * [[Wardenburg]] * [[Warmsen]] * [[Warpe]] * [[Wasbüttel]] * [[Wathlingen]] * [[Wedemark]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Weener]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Weenzen]] * [[Wehrbleck]] * [[Welle]] * [[Wendeburg]] * [[Wendisch Evern]] * [[Wennigsen]] * [[Wenzendorf]] * [[Werdum]] * [[Werlte]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Werpeloh]] * [[Wesendorf]] * [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]] * [[Westergellersen]] * [[Westerholt]] * [[Westertimke]] * [[Westerwalsede]] * [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]] * [[Westoverledingen]] * [[Wetschen]] * [[Wettrup]] * [[Weyhausen]] * [[Weyhe]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Wieda]] * [[Wiedensahl]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Wiefelstede]] * [[Wielen]] * [[Wienhausen]] * [[Wiesmoor]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Wietmarschen]] * [[Wietze]] * [[Wietzen]] * [[Wietzendorf]] * [[Wilhelmshaven]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wilstedt]] * [[Wilsum]] * [[Wingst]] * [[Winkelsett]] * [[Winnigstedt]] * [[Winsen (Aller)]] * [[Winsenia]]<ref name="Büttner">Büttner, D. S. (1710). ''Rudera Diluvii Testes, i.e. Zeichnung und Abbildung derer Columnarum Sceletonum''. Gottfried Zimmermann.</ref> <small>(ad [[Luya]]m<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Winsen'')</small> * [[Winzenburg]] * [[Wippingen]] * [[Wirdum]] * [[Wischhafen]] * [[Wistedt]] * [[Witmundia]]<ref>E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&pg=PA281&dq=Witmundia&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&q=Witmundia&f=false p. 281].</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')</small> * [[Wittingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Wittmar]] * [[Wittorf]] * [[Wohnste]] * [[Wolfsburgum]]<ref>Vide nomini arcis: Samuel Pufendorfus, ''Commentariorum de rebus Suecicis libri XXVI'' {{Google Books|lV1PAAAAcAAJ|pag. 457 et 475}}, ''Nova Acta Eruditorum'' {{Google Books|eGFlITDJFSMC|pag. 487}}, Lipsiae, anno 1756, ac ''Itininerarium Thomae Carve, Tipperariensis'' ([https://archive.org/details/itinerariumthom00kerngoog/page/n182 pag. 108]).</ref> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> </small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Wolfsburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfsborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfsbuurich'')</small> * [[Wollbrandshausen]] * [[Wollershausen]] * [[Wölpinghausen]] * [[Wolsdorf]] * [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]] * [[Woltershausen]] * [[Worde]]<ref name="Worde">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/grossenwoerden/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Hinricus rector ecclesie in Worde'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Großenwörden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootweurn'')</small> * [[Worpswede]] * [[Wremen]] * [[Wrestedt]] * [[Wriedel]] * [[Wulfsen]] * [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]] * [[Wunstorf]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wurster Nordseeküste]] * [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === Y === {{div col|3}} * [[Yppenerdhe]]<ref name="Yppenerdhe">Vide [https://www.gross-ippener.de/gemeinde/geschichte.html?utm ''Groß Ippene''], ubi dicitur "(...) Parrochia Yppenerdhe (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Ippener''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Ippner'')</small> {{div col end}} === Z === {{div col|3}} * [[Zernien]] * [[Zetel]] * [[Zeven]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Zorge]] {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]] kv2e86hoijvageu7b8y8ln6ku483lxz 0 218145 3983419 3525697 2026-08-24T12:08:37Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pro pagina discretiva vide|Burgellus (discretiva)}} {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Burgellus''' {{victio|Burgellus|i|m}} seu '''Burgetulus''' {{victio|Burgetulus|i|m}} (alia nomina: ''Burgellus Laudensium, Burgetulus Laudensium'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Borghetto Lodigiano|Borghetto Lodigiano]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 4&thinsp;400 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Langobardia]] et in [[Provincia Laudensis|Provincia Laudensi]] situm. Incolae ''Burgellenses'' appellantur. == Insigne == <gallery> Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]'' </gallery> == Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio == == Municipia finitima == {{NexInt}} * [[Langobardia]] (''regio''), * [[Provincia Laudensis]], * [[Laus Nova]] (''urbs''), * [[Municipium Italiae]]. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101114092555/http://www.comune.borghettolodigiano.lo.it/ Situs publicus] {{CommuniaCat|Borghetto Lodigiano|Burgellum}} == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:Map of comune of Borghetto Lodigiano (province of Lodi, region Lombardy, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Laudensi. </gallery> == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Laudis Novae]] orhy5tfzu0ltjca515msynoue78cvws 0 221534 3983555 3715496 2026-08-25T00:24:10Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:432Dossena.JPG|thumb|Dossena]] '''Dossena'''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160311074221/http://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Diocese_of_Bergamo,_Italy:_Parish_Records Diocese of Bergamo, Italy: Parish ]</ref><ref>Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini</ref> {{victio|Dossena|ae|f}} ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Dossena|Dossena]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 1&thinsp;000 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Langobardia]] et in [[Provincia Bergomas|Provincia Bergomati]] situm. Incolae ''Dossenenses'' appellantur. == Insigne == <gallery> Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]'' </gallery> == Geographia == * [[Vallis Brembiana]] (''terra''), == Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio == == Municipia finitima == {{NexInt}} * [[Langobardia]] (''regio''), * [[Provincia Bergomas]], * [[Vallis Brembiana]] (''terra''), * [[Bergomum]] (''urbs''), * [[Municipium Italiae]]. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080827235450/http://www.comune.dossena.bg.it/ Situs publicus] {{CommuniaCat|Dossena|Dossenam}} == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:Map of comune of Dossena (province of Bergamo, region Lombardy, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Bergomati. Imago:Comunità Montana Valle Brembana.svg|Municipia ''Communitatis montaneae Vallis Brembianae''. </gallery> == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Bergomi]] [[Categoria:Vallis Brembiana]] qa9h1rtp6arprds361hz8j20zp9tggy 0 228100 3983449 3983346 2026-08-24T15:08:23Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De Fortunis Italicis */ 3983449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Fortuna (discretiva)|Tyche (discretiva)}} [[Fasciculus:Fortuna, inv. 2244 - Braccio Nuovo, Museo Chiaramonti - Vatican Museums - DSC00920.jpg|thumb|[[Statua]] antiqua Fortunae deae cum [[cornu copiae]] sculpta.]] [[Fasciculus:CarminaBurana_wheel.jpg|thumb|''Imperatrix Fortuna'' in rota fatali; imago [[Medium aevum|medii aevi]] in [[manuscriptum|manuscripto]] [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]].]] '''Fortuna''' est [[dea]], quae in [[mythologia Romana]] temporum varietates [[fortuna]]eque vicissitudines repraesentat; apud autem [[Graecia antiqua|Graecos]] Τύχη ([[Tyche (dea)|Tyche]]) appellabatur. Apud [[rerum gestarum scriptor]]es antiquos saepe dicitur [[vis|vim]] maximam in omnibus rebus humanis habere et dea omnipotens esse.<ref>[[Pausanias]] IV.30.4.</ref> Eius [[statua]]e [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] una [[manus|manu]] tenet ac nonnumquam gubernaculum altera (sic in nummis Romanis exprimebatur)ː nam divitias cui vellet dabat et [[orbis terrarum|orbem terrarum]] gubernabat. In capite polum gerebat, vel postea coronam turritam. Ita saepe velut [[personificatio]] urbium adorabatur (poeta [[Pindarus]] eam "pherepolim"<ref>Quae civitates fert.</ref> Graece dicebat).<ref>Pausanias IV.30.4-6.</ref> Quae corona ei communis est cum [[Cybele]] Romana. == De Fortunis Italicis == Multae Fortunae in Italia antiqua venerabantur [[Cognomen|cognominibus]] distinctae<ref>Jesse Benedict Carter, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/282639 The Cognomina of the Goddess "Fortuna"]", ''Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association'', 1900: 60-68 </ref>. Ita [[Praeneste|Praenesti]] in delubro inclito '''Fortunam Primigeniam''' colebant quae consulentibus responsa sortibus dabat. Fuerunt etiam Fortunae [[Antium (Latium)|Antiates]] a poeta [[Horatius|Horatio]] cantatae hoc est '''Fortuna Victrix''' galeata et '''Fortuna Felix''' diademata quas videmus in [[Denarius|denario]]<ref>[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista.</ref> et [[aureus|aureo]]<ref>[https://en.numista.com/247801 Photographema] apud Numista.</ref> [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]]. Fuit etiam '''[[Fortuna Redux]]''' quae imperatorem et exercitum<ref>{{AE|1954|103}} [[stela]] [[Votum|votiva]] militis. </ref> ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat et [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus imperator]] in eius honorem ex [[Asia (provincia Romana)|Asia]] anno [[19 a.C.n.]] rediens [[ara|aram]] erexit et eius cultum instituit. Quam aram in denario supradicti Quinti Rusti videre licet. Postea in nummis imperatorum invicem succedentium Fortuna Redux tamquam figura muliebris plerumque sedens [[Gubernaculum|gubernaculumque]] et [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens saepe exprimitur (e.g. apud [[Vespasianus|Vespasianum]] et [[Traianus|Traianum]] et [[Lucius Verus|Lucium Verum]])<ref>Ut in hoc [https://fr.numista.com/280951 [[Antoninianus|antoniniano]] Gordiani III] apud Numista.</ref>. Sed multae aliae Fortunae fuerunt ut '''Fortuna huiusce diei'''<ref>[[Cicero]], ''[[De legibus (Cicero)|De legibus]]'' II.28.</ref> et '''Fortuna Muliebris''' cuius templum mulierum partes in bello adversus [[Coriolanus|Coriolanum]] commemorabat, aut '''Fortuna Equestris''' aut '''Fortuna Augusta'''... == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *[[Augustinus Hipponensis]], ''[[De civitate Dei|de Civitate Dei]]'' IV.18-19 * [[Horatius]], ''[[Carmina (Horatius)|Carmina]]'' I.35. == Plura legere si cupis == [[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. Ex una parte Fortunas Antiates videmus, Victricem et Felicem, ex altera aram quam Augustus Fortunae Reduci erexit.]] *Otto J. Brendel, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/502418 Two Fortunae, Antium and Praeneste]", ''American Journal of Archaeology'', 1960: 41-47 *Jacqueline Champeaux, ''[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1982_ths_64_1 Fortuna. Le culte de la Fortune à Rome et dans le monde romain. I - Fortuna dans la religion archaïque]'', Publications de l'École française de Rome, 1982 ** II - ''[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1982_ths_64_2 Les transformations de Fortuna sous la République]'', ibidem, 1987 *Wilhelm Drexler: Fortuna. In: Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher (ed.): Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie. Vol. 1,2. Lipsiae 1890, Col. 1503–1558 ([http://www.archive.org/stream/ausfhrlicheslexi12rosc#page/36/mode/1up in interreti]). *Paola Gagliardi, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/23048899 "FORTUNA" in Virgilio]", ''Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica'', 2011: 61-87 *Thomas Ganschow: Fortuna. In: Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (LIMC). Vol. VIII, Turici/Monaci 1997, p. 585–591. *Fritz Graf: Fortuna. In: [[Der Neue Pauly]] (DNP). Vol. 4, Metzler, Stuttgardiae 1998, ISBN 3-476-01474-6, Col. 598–602. *Iiro Kajanto: Fortuna. In: Wolfgang Haase (ed.): Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt. Pars II, Vol. 17,1. de Gruyter, Berolini & Novi Eboraci 1981 *Ehrengard Meyer-Landrut, ''Fortuna. Die Göttin des Glücks im Wandel der Zeiten'', Deutscher Kunstverlag, Monaci/Berolini, 1997, ISBN 3-422-06207-6 *Klaus Reichert, ''[https://www.academia.edu/86027624/Klaus_Reichert_Fortuna_oder_die_Best%C3%A4ndigkeit_des_Wechsels Fortuna oder die Beständigkeit des Wechsels]'', Suhrkamp, Francofurti ad Moenum 1985, ISBN 3-518-57729-8. (de receptione Anglica) *Howard Rollin Patch, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/40165867 The Goddess Fortuna in the "Divine Comedy"]", ''Annual Reports of the Dante Society'', 1914: 13-28 *Olga Vassilieva-Codognet, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/bsnaf_0081-1181_2021_num_2016_1_12847 Iconographie de Fortune au Moyen Âge et à la Renaissance]", ''Bulletin de la Société nationale des Antiquaires de France'', 2021: 394-414 {{NexInt}} *''[[O Fortuna]]'' *[[19 Fortuna]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Fortuna|Fortunam}} * [https://dagr.univ-tlse2.fr/consulter/1539/FORTUNA/texte DAGR] [[Categoria:Deae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Personificationes]] [[Categoria:Religio Romana]] g5rqflgrpt08mamzx6lm1dsdps0sax1 0 229618 3983423 2923212 2026-08-24T12:37:09Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983423 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Cezary_Pazura_(2).jpg|thumb|300 px|Caesarius Pazura anno [[2012]]]] '''Caesarius Andreas Pazura''' (natus in ''[[Thomasovia|Tomaszów Mazowiecki]]'' die [[13 Iunii]] [[1962]]) est [[histrio]] et cantor [[Polonia |Polonicus]]. Ab anno [[2007]] etiam ut [[moderator cinematographicus]] operam dedit. == Pelliculae selectae == *'''1986''': Czarne Stopy *'''1992''': Psy *'''1993''': Trzy kolory. Biały *'''1994''': Psy 2. Ostatnia krew *'''1997''': Kiler *'''1997''': Sara *'''1999''': Kiler-ów 2-óch *'''2002''': E=mc² *'''2011''': Sztos 2 == Nexus externi == * {{Imdb name|0668640}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150313165130/http://www.cezarypazura.pl/ Caesarii Pazura pagina interretialis] {{Ling|Polonice}} {{bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1962||Pazury, Caesarius}} [[Categoria:Actores Poloniae]] [[Categoria:Cantores Poloniae]] qlfqmulfksfzabta8b08qe0pyq40lbq 0 236499 3983552 3447631 2026-08-25T00:05:25Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983552 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 38147.png|thumb|250px|Doissin: communis tabula]] '''Doissin''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 858 incolarum (anno [[2012]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Isara (praefectura Franciae)|Isarae]] in regione orientali [[Rhodanus et Alpes|Rhodano et Alpibus]] (a die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2016]] [[Arvernia Rhodanus et Alpes|Arvernia Rhodano et Alpibus]]). {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Isarae|Indicem communium praefecturae Isarae]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Doissin|Doissin}} * {{INSEE commune|38147|de=Doissin}} * [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=11901 De hoc commune apud Cassini] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220328064716/https://doissin.fr/ Huius communis pagina interretialis] {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Isarae]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Isarae]] 2es55gwfvta33cethydoel8tgbzkix2 0 237498 3983509 3895005 2026-08-24T21:13:09Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 41072.png|thumb|Communis tabula]] '''Crucheray''' est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 422 incolarum (anno [[2022]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Lidericus et Carus|Liderici et Cari]] in regione [[Centrum et Vallis Ligeris|Centro et Valle Ligeris]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Liderici et Cari]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Crucheray|Crucheray}} * {{INSEE commune|41072|de=Crucheray}} * [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=11251 De hoc communi apud cassini.ehess.fr] * [http://www.crucheray.fr/ Huius communis pagina interretialis]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Liderici et Cari]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Liderici et Cari]] 9za7c64fk1c1ies13etia0kbtawh8wc 0 246689 3983421 3463265 2026-08-24T12:20:22Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983421 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus: Buthiers_%C3%A9glise_Saint-Maur-et-Sainte-Fare.jpg |thumb|250 px|Buthiers: [[ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Maurus|Sanctis Mauro]] [[Sancta Fara|Faraeque]] dicata]] [[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 77060.png|250 px|left|thumb|Buthiers: communis tabula]] '''Buthiers''' est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 757 incolarum (anno [[2012]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Sequana et Matrona|Sequanae et Matronae]] in regione [[Insula Franciae (regio Franciae)|Insula Franciae]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Sequanae et Matronae|Indicem communium praefecturae Sequanae et Matronae]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Buthiers (Seine-et-Marne)|Buthiers}} * {{INSEE commune|77060|de=Buthiers}} * [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=6422 De hoc commune apud cassini.ehess.fr] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140305134953/http://www.buthiers.fr/ Huius communis pagina interretialis] {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Sequanae et Matronae]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Sequanae et Matronae]] eomrq8nj6mwwj4sga8kk12b355nbbr9 0 251531 3983504 3344549 2026-08-24T20:46:26Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3983504 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Flag of Acadiana.svg|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Vexillum]] [[Acadiana]]e.]] [[Fasciculus:Acadiana Louisiana region map.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Viginti duae [[paroecia]]e [[Acadiana]]e, patria Acadiana [[rubidus|rubido]] picta.]] [[Fasciculus:Cooking Jambalaya.JPG|thumb|''[[Jambalaya]],'' [[cibus]] Acadianus.]] '''Acadiani'''<ref>Vide ''[[Minibiotus acadianus|Minibiotum acadianum]],'' [[species|speciem]] [[tardigrada|tardigradorum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Macrobiotidae|Macrobiotidarum]], quae in [[Acadia Paroecia]] inventa est: [http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3398/064.071.0106 "''Minibiotus acadianus'' (Eutardigrada: Macrobiotidae), A New Species of Tardigrada from Southern Louisiana, U.S.A.,"] ''Western North American Naturalist,'' Aprilis 2011, pp. 38-43.</ref> ([[Anglice]] ''Cajuns''<ref>Hoc est ''Acadians.'' [http://www.britannica.com/topic/Cajun Pagina Encyclopaediae Britannicae de Cajun]</ref>; [[Francice]] ''les Cadiens, Les Cadiens, les Acadiens''<ref name="ValdmanRottet2009">Valdman et Rottet 2009: [https://books.google.com/books?id=vw5TIVBcNsIC&pg=PA98 98].</ref>) sunt [[ethnos]] hominum qui plerumque in [[Acadiana]]<ref>[http://999ktdy.com/acadiana-loses-a-true-cajun-legend-dl-menard/?trackback=fbshare_top "Acadiana Loses A True Cajun Legend: DL Menard,"] 99.9KTDY, 27 Iulii 2017.</ref> [[regio]]ne [[Ludoviciana]]e in [[Civitatum Foederatarum civitas|civitate]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] habitant, proles exsulum Acadianorum (dicentium [[lingua]]e [[Francice|Francogallicae]]) ab [[Acadia]] in [[regio]]ne quae nunc [[oriens|orientalis]] [[Provinciae Maritimae|provinciarum maritimarum]] [[Canada]]e pars est. Hodie, Acadiani sunt maior multitudinis Ludovicianae meridianae pars, [[cultura]]mque omnis civitatis magnopere movent.<ref name=Brasseaux>Brasseaux 1992.</ref> [[Vocabulum]] ab ''[[Acadia]]'' derivatur, [[nomen proprium|nomine]] regionis [[Canada|Canadensis]] unde indigenae, a [[Imperium Britannicum|Britannicis]] [[saeculum 18|saeculo duodevicensimo]] expulsi, emigraverunt. Cuius [[lingua]] est [[dialectos]] [[Lingua Francogallica|Francogallica]]. {{NexInt}} *[[Acadia Paroecia]] *[[Bellum Francorum et Indorum]] *[[Bellum Septem Annorum]] *[[Cibus Acadianus]] *''[[Evangeline]]'' *[[Lingua Francogallica Acadiana]]<!-- *[[Ludoviciana (Nova Francica)]]--> *[[Musica Acadiana]] *[[Nova Francia]] *[[Zydeco]] ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Brasseaux, Carl A. [[1992]]. ''Acadian to Cajun: Transformation of a People, 1803–1877.'' Iacksoniae Mississipiae: University Pr+ss of Mississippi. ISBN 0878055827, ISBN 0878055835. *Hebert-Leiter, Maria. [[2009]]. ''Becoming Cajun, Becoming American: The Acadian in American Literature from Longfellow to James Lee Burke.'' Baton Rouge Ludovicianae: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 9780807134351. *Jobb, Dean. [[2005]]. ''The Cajuns: A People's Story of Exile and Triumph.'' Novi Eboraci: John Wiley & Sons. Liber in Canada nomine ''The Acadians: A People's Story of Exile and Triumph'' editus. ISBN 0470836091. *Richard, Zachary, Sylvain Godin, et Maurice Basque. [[2012]]. ''Histoire des Acadiennes et des Acadiens de la Louisiane.'' Université de Louisiane à Lafayette Press. ISBN 9781935754183. *Valdman, Albert, et Kevin J. Rottet, eds. [[2009]]. ''Dictionary of Louisiana French: As Spoken in Cajun, Creole, and American Indian Communities.'' University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 9781604734041. [[Categoria:Gentes Americae]] [[Categoria:Nova Aurelia]] [[Categoria:Ludoviciana]] [[Categoria:Nova Francia]] ed3w12s2mabt8asxx47fnwi9lo51arc 3983511 3983504 2026-08-24T21:21:27Z IacobusAmor 1163 ~ 3983511 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Flag of Acadiana.svg|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Vexillum]] [[Acadiana]]e.]] [[Fasciculus:Acadiana Louisiana region map.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Viginti duae [[paroecia]]e [[Acadiana]]e, patria Acadiana [[rubidus|rubido]] picta.]] [[Fasciculus:Cooking Jambalaya.JPG|thumb|''[[Jambalaya]],'' [[cibus]] Acadianus.]] '''Acadiani'''<ref>Vide ''[[Minibiotus acadianus|Minibiotum acadianum]],'' [[species|speciem]] [[tardigrada|tardigradorum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Macrobiotidae|Macrobiotidarum]], quae in [[Acadia Paroecia]] inventa est: [http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3398/064.071.0106 "''Minibiotus acadianus'' (Eutardigrada: Macrobiotidae), A New Species of Tardigrada from Southern Louisiana, U.S.A.,"] ''Western North American Naturalist,'' Aprilis 2011, pp. 38-43.</ref> ([[Anglice]] ''Cajuns''<ref>Hoc est ''Acadians.'' [http://www.britannica.com/topic/Cajun Pagina Encyclopaediae Britannicae de Cajun]</ref>; [[Francice]] ''les Cadiens, Les Cadiens, les Acadiens''<ref name="ValdmanRottet2009">Valdman et Rottet 2009: [https://books.google.com/books?id=vw5TIVBcNsIC&pg=PA98 98].</ref>) sunt [[ethnos]] hominum qui plerumque in [[Acadiana]]<ref>[http://999ktdy.com/acadiana-loses-a-true-cajun-legend-dl-menard/?trackback=fbshare_top "Acadiana Loses A True Cajun Legend: DL Menard,"] 99.9KTDY, 27 Iulii 2017.</ref> [[Ludoviciana]]e [[regio]]ne in [[Civitatum Foederatarum civitas|civitate]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] habitant, proles exsulum Acadianorum (dicentium [[lingua]]e [[Francice|Francogallicae]]) ab [[Acadia]] in regione quae nunc [[oriens|orientalis]] [[Provinciae Maritimae|provinciarum maritimarum]] [[Canada]]e pars est. Hodie, Acadiani sunt maior multitudinis Ludovicianae meridianae pars, [[cultura]]mque omnis civitatis magnopere movent.<ref name=Brasseaux>Brasseaux 1992.</ref> [[Vocabulum]] ab ''[[Acadia]]'' derivatur, [[nomen proprium|nomine]] regionis [[Canada|Canadensis]] unde indigenae, a [[Imperium Britannicum|Britannicis]] [[saeculum 18|saeculo duodevicensimo]] expulsi, emigraverunt. Cuius [[lingua]] est [[dialectos]] [[Lingua Francogallica|Francogallica]]. {{NexInt}} *[[Acadia Paroecia]] *[[Bellum Francorum et Indorum]] *[[Bellum Septem Annorum]] *[[Cibus Acadianus]] *''[[Evangeline]]'' *[[Lingua Francogallica Acadiana]]<!-- *[[Ludoviciana (Nova Francica)]]--> *[[Musica Acadiana]] *[[Nova Francia]] *[[Zydeco]] ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Brasseaux, Carl A. [[1992]]. ''Acadian to Cajun: Transformation of a People, 1803–1877.'' Iacksoniae Mississipiae: University Pr+ss of Mississippi. ISBN 0878055827, ISBN 0878055835. *Hebert-Leiter, Maria. [[2009]]. ''Becoming Cajun, Becoming American: The Acadian in American Literature from Longfellow to James Lee Burke.'' Baton Rouge Ludovicianae: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 9780807134351. *Jobb, Dean. [[2005]]. ''The Cajuns: A People's Story of Exile and Triumph.'' Novi Eboraci: John Wiley & Sons. Liber in Canada nomine ''The Acadians: A People's Story of Exile and Triumph'' editus. ISBN 0470836091. *Richard, Zachary, Sylvain Godin, et Maurice Basque. [[2012]]. ''Histoire des Acadiennes et des Acadiens de la Louisiane.'' Université de Louisiane à Lafayette Press. ISBN 9781935754183. *Valdman, Albert, et Kevin J. Rottet, eds. [[2009]]. ''Dictionary of Louisiana French: As Spoken in Cajun, Creole, and American Indian Communities.'' University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 9781604734041. [[Categoria:Gentes Americae]] [[Categoria:Ludoviciana]] [[Categoria:Nova Aurelia]] [[Categoria:Nova Francia]] knrimb5pl53t989xz8wbcgvrcvv9kco 0 262176 3983562 3901228 2026-08-25T04:19:49Z CommonsDelinker 1422 Imago John_Leslie_Mackie.png deleta est ex Communibus ab Krd. Ille hanc rationem dedit: [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:John Leslie Mackie.png|]] 3983562 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:University of Sydney Main Quadrangle.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Universitas Sidneiensis, ubi Mackie primis studiis academicis se dedit.]] '''Ioannes. Lesleius Mackie''' (vulgo ''John Leslie Mackie'', [[1917]]&ndash;[[1981]], fuit [[philosophus]] [[Australia|Australiensis]], [[Sydneium|Sydneii]] natus, qui non mediocriter ad [[metaphysica]]m, [[philosophia scientiae|philosophiam scientiae]], [[logica]]m, [[philosophia religionis|philosophiam religionis]] contulit. Praecipue quidem [[ethica|philosophia morali]] innotuit, in qua [[relativismus moralis|relativismo]] et [[scepticismus moralis|scepticismo morali]] favit. Cogitatione sua non solum doctrinas [[David Humius|Davidis Humii]] et [[Ioannes Locke|Ioannis Locke]] complexus est, sed etiam [[Eduardus Westermarck|Eduardi Westermarck]], philosophi et [[anthropologia|anthropologi]] [[Finnia|Finnici]], adpulsu relativismum moralem acriter defendit. Etiam [[Ricardus Dawkins|Ricardo Dawkins]], [[zoologia|zoologo]] [[Anglia|Anglico]] usus [[atheismus|atheismum]] suum confirmavit. == De vita == [[Fasciculus:UK-2014-Oxford-Oriel College 01.jpg|thumb|left|Collegium Orielense, ubi Mackie litteris humanioribus studuit.]] John Leslie Mackie [[Sydneium|Sydneii]] natus est die [[27 Augusti]] 1917, cum pater eius [[Alexander Mackie]] praepositus erat collegii megistrorum (''Teachers’ College'') Sydneyensis, mater autem Annie Burnett Duncan ludi magistrae officio fungebatur. Scholae studiis (in ''Knox Grammar School'') finitis in tabulas [[Universitas Sidneiensis|Universitatis Sidneiensis]] nomen rettulit ubi linguis classicis nec non philosophiae [[Iohannes Anderson (philosophus)|Iohanne Anderson]] duce studuit primatumque in his studiis obtinuit. Anno [[1938]] [[Baccalaureus|Baccalaureus Artium]] factus [[Oxonia]]m transiit studia [[Literae Humaniores|humaniora]] navaturus in [[Collegium Orielense|Collegio Orielensi]] [[Universitas Oxoniensis|Universitatis Oxoniensis]] ubi Baccalaureus Artium cum primatu factus est anno [[1940]]. Quamvis laboribus [[secundum bellum mundanum|belli]] impediretur, gradum [[Magister Artium|Magistri Artium]] anno [[1944]] obtinuit. [[Fasciculus:University College Oxford.jpg|thumb|Collegium Universitatis Oxoniensis]] Anno [[1946]] Sydneium reversus in universitate de philosophia morali et politica acroases facere coepit. Anno fere post Joannam Armiger Meredith in matrimonium duxit. Deinde anno [[1955]] in [[Nova Zelandia]] adpositus est cathedrarius, qui philosophiam et psychologiam apud [[Universitas Otagoënsis|Universitatem Otagoënsem]] doceret, sed paulo post anno [[1959]] Sydneium rediit, ut Iohanni Anderson, quo exeuntibus [[anni 1930|annis 1930]] philosophiae professore usus erat. Anno [[1963]] iterum Australiam reliquit, ut professor inauguralis philosophiae [[Universitas Eboracensis|Universitatis Eboracensis]] fieret, quo munere functus est, donec anno [[1967]] socius [[Collegium Magnae Aulae Universitatis (Oxonia)|Collegii Universitatis Oxoniensis]] electus est. in quo [[praelector]]is officio functus est. Anno [[1974]] socius [[Academia Britannica|Academiae Britannicae]] factus est. Mackie Oxoniae die [[12 Decembris]] [[1981]] mortem obiit. == De libris == * 1973: ''Truth, Probability and Paradox: Essays in Philosophical Logic.'' Clarendon Press. * 1974: ''The Cement of the Universe. A Study of Causation.'' Clarendon Press. * 1976: ''Problems from Locke.'' Oxford University Press. * 1977: ''Ethics. Inventing Right and Wrong.'' Penguin Books. * 1980: ''Hume’s Moral Theory.'' Routledge & Kegan Paul. * 1982: ''Miracle of Theism. Arguments for and against the Existence of God.'' Clarendon Press. J. L. Mackie, quamquam multas dum vivit [[commentatio|symbolas]] philosophicas scripsit, ne unum quidem librum divulgavit ante annum [[1973]], quo ''Truth, Probability and Paradox'' librum argumentis copiosum edidit, quo sex commentationes de [[analysis|analysi]], [[veritas|veritate]], [[sententia condicionalis|sententiis condicionalibus]], [[probabilitas|probabilitate]], [[paradoxum|paradoxis]], [[proclivitas|rerum proclivitate]] disserentes continentur. Qui liber velut [[cornu copiae]] est quaestionum ad logicam philosophicam pertinentium. Praesertim singulariter paradoxa logica et [[semantica]] pertractavit. Postero anno librum ''The Cement of the Universe'' inscriptum edidit, quo notionem [[causalitas|causalitatis]], rem contortam et aculeatam, explicare conatur, et quidem bono successu. Deinde anno [[1976]] ''Problems from Locke'' in vulgus editum est, quo libro Mackie diserte varias quaestiones philosophicas tractat, quarum mentio facta est a [[Iohannes Lockius|Iohanne Lockio]] in opere quod de intellectu humano scripsit (''An Essay Concerning Human Understanding'', [[1690]]).<ref>Tralatio Latina: Iohannis Lockii Armigeri Libri IV. ''De Intellectv Hvmano'': Denvo Ex Novissima Editione Idiomatis Anglicani, Longe Accvratiori In Pvriorem Stylvm Latinvm Translati, a Gotthelff Henr. Thiele. Lipsiae: Georgi, 1741.</ref> Cogitata Lockii saepe ita expedit, ut a lectoribus hodiernis facilius intellegi possint. In libro ''Ethics. Inventing Right and Wrong'' anno post edito de [[ethica|philosophia morali]] quaestiones pertractat acriterque pro [[relativismus moralis|relativismo]] stat, nam dicit in ethica nullos valores obiectivos inveniri posse: non esse universales veritates morales, quamvis cotidiana praecepta moralia hominibus speciem veritatis praebeant. Quem statum rerum Mackie "theoriam erroris" (''error theory'') appellat. Deinde anno [[1980]] doctrinam moralem [[David Humius|Davidis Humii]] tractat libro ''Hume’s Moral Theory'' inscripto, quo conatur (nec vero sine bono succesu) ea, quae ab Humio e moralitate cogitata sunt, ad ea, quae ipse de moralitate docuit in libro prioris anni, accommodare. In libro postumo, ''Miracle of Theism'', Mackie [[philosophia religionis|philosophiam religionis]] pertractat. Quamquam ipse [[atheismus|atheista]], tamen partes iudicis aequi agit in exponendis de dei exsistentia controversiis. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Grave, Selwyn Alfred. 1984. ''A History of Philosophy in Australia.'' Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. * Menzies, Peter. 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191011214300/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/mackie-john-leslie-14214 Mackie, John Leslie (1917-1981)]. ''Australian Dictionary of Biography''. {{Lifetime|1917|1981|Mackie, Ioannes Lesleius}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Oxoniensis]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Sidneiensis]] [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Ethica]] [[Categoria:Eruditi Australiae]] [[Categoria:Philosophi]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Australiae]] g4b1ptnnk85t6lpfqrer3za0qqa4pp4 0 266091 3983434 3969368 2026-08-24T13:27:23Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983434 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Ion channel.png|thumb|300px|'''Canalis ionticus''' (descriptio simplex): '''1''' - canalis genera (imprimis quaterni), '''2''' - vestibulum externum, '''3''' - colum recensionis, '''4''' - ambitus coli recensionis, '''5''' - situs phosphorylationis, '''6''' - membrana cellularis]] '''Canalis ionticus''' est [[proteina]] [[membrana cellulae|membranae cellulae]] [[ionophora|ionophorica]] et porta [[ion]]tum ad aequilibria [[Membrana cellulae|membranae cellularis]] electrica conservanda seu mutanda apta<ref> Hille, Bertil (2001). Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes (3rd ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates, Inc. p. 5. ISBN 0-87893-321-2</ref> dum certis temporibus meatum transmembraneum iontum selectorum sinit. Plerumque unum genus iontis tantum admittit. Canales non sunt transportatores: ionta secundum [[Gradiens electrochemicus|gradiens electrochemicum]] admittunt quae sua energia in cellulam intrant aut exeunt. == Classificationes == Ad hoc tempus eruti sunt intra [[Cellula|cellulas]] plus quam trecenti canales iontici, qui sive secundum stimulum aperturam moventem sive secundum ''[[ion]]'' transiens sive secundum positionem in cellula in plures categorias dividuntur. === Classificatio secundum stimulum transitum commoventem<ref>D. Purves et alii, ''Neuroscience'', Oxonii, 2018: capitulum 4.</ref> === Canales iontici secundum stimulum transitum iontium commoventem (''gating'') describi possunt, id est quomodo canalis ionticus omnis aperitur clauditurve. * [[Canalis ionticus tensione reclusa|Tensione (electrica) transitus]]. Nam cellulae potentiam vel [[Tensio electrica|tensionem electricam]] circa membranam suam densitate iontium moderandam creant quae potentia vel tensio quiescens dicitur. Ita [[cytoplasma]] prope membranam si cum spatio extracellulari compares negativum est. Quodsi illam potentiam ultra modum quendam minuas tum canales [[Natrium|Na]]⁺ aperiuntur et potentiam breviter invertunt dum canales [[Kalium|K]]⁺ quoque aperiuntur sed tardius et diutius ita ut potentiam quiescentem restituant. Illa duo canalium genera potentiam actionis in [[neuron|neuronibus]] gignunt. Simili modo cum potentia actionis ad extremum [[Axon|axonem]] pervenit tensio electrica mutata canales [[Calcium|Ca]]²⁺ aperit: ionta calcium in cellulam intrant et neurotransmissor liberatur. * [[Canalis ionticus ligando reclusa|Ligando transitus]]. Alii canales aperiuntur (aut clauduntur) cum substantia chemica quae [[Ligandus (biochemia)|ligandum]] appellatur a receptoriis transmembraneis idoneis captatur et "ligatur" sive extrinsecus veniens ut [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissores]] in [[Synapsis chemica|synapsibus]] sive intrinsecus ut [[Nuntius secundarius|secundi nuntii]]. Nam illa ligatio formam proteinae mutat. * Alii canales [[calor|calore]] commoventur cum lipida transmembranea prout temperatura variatur translocantur et sunt etiam qui eidem et calore et ligando chemico commoveri possunt ut TRPV1 qui [[capsaicinum]] [[Capsicum (fructus)|capsicorum]] ligat et signa caloris [[Cerebrum|cerebro]] transmittit tamquam lingua inflammaretur. * Alii canales tensione mechanica commoventur ita [[tactus|sensum tactilem]] necnon etiam [[Auditus|auditum]] in [[Cellula ciliata|cellulis ciliatis]] permittentes. Magni momenti sunt ad positionem [[Musculus|musculorum]] et [[Articulus|articulorum]] percipiendam et cerebro significandam. * Alii modi transitus Ita illi canales diversi generis stimulos in signa electrica commutant. === Classificatio secundum ionta === [[Chlorum|Chloro]], [[Kalium|potassio]], [[Natrium|natrio]], [[Calcium|calcio]] canales iontici sunt. * [[Canalis ionticus chlori|Canales chlori]] * [[Canalis ionticus kalii|Canales kalii]] * [[Canalis ionticus natrii|Canales natrii]] * [[Canalis ionticus calcii|Canales calcii]] === Classificatio secundum locos intracellulares === Canales iontici in [[membrana cellulae|membrana cellulari]] et structuris diversis internis cellularum (imprimis organellis) inveniuntur. Exempli gratia canales Ca²⁺ in [[Reticulum endoplasmaticum|reticuli endoplasmatici]] membrana magni momenti sunt ad [[contractio|musculorum contractionem]]. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *David J. Aidley et Peter R. Stanfield, ''Ion Channels: Molecules in Action'', Cambridge, 1996 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=lRTeOY9ulREC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(00)80267-6 Recensio critica] [https://assets.cambridge.org/97805214/98821/excerpt/9780521498821_excerpt.pdf Decem primae paginae]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Valentin K. Gribkoff et Leonard K. Kaczmarek, ''Structure, Function, and Modulation of Neuronal Voltagegated Ion Channels'', Wiley, 2008 [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470429907?msockid=3c52cef0d54c6e1f074dd9ebd48f6f54] [https://books.google.fr/books?id=0MKlV3tuoEMC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *Eric Gouaux et Roderick MacKinnon, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3843155 Principles of Selective Ion Transport in Channels and Pumps]", ''Science'', 2005: 1461-1465 *Anthony G Lee, "Ion channels: a paddle in oil", Nature, 2006:697 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17136097/] *Jie Zheng, Matthew C. Trudeau. ''Handbook of Ion Channels'', Taylor and Francis, 2015 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=moGbBgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *Bei Wu, Yifan Yan, Yuting Zhu, Changxing Ji, Yangyang Lin, Chao Lang. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666542525000013 Ions in motion: From biological channels to engineered transport systems]", ''Giant'', 2025: 100352 {{NexInt}} *[[Nodus Ranvier]] *[[Optogenetica]] {{Biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Systema nervosum]] [[Categoria:Neuroscientia]] [[Categoria:Canales iontici| ]] 1qc7cs4x28i4l01776otlywznvfnntu 0 267396 3983430 3982809 2026-08-24T13:05:37Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3983430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in ROW.svg|thumb|Communia in circulo Rotenburg (Wümme)]] '''Circulus terrae Rotenburgensis ad Wemmam'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Rotenburgensis ad Wemmam" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Rotenburg an der Wümme'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymico syntagmate "[[Rotenburgensis ad Wemmam]]" -ad quod Latinum gentilicium "Rotenburgensis-e" refertur-, vide homonymas urbes {{Graesse}} et {{Hofmannus}}. De hydronymo "[[Wemma]]", etiam vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Landkreis Rotenburg an der Wümme''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Rotenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Rodenborg''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et finibus mutatis ad diem hodiernum exstat. == De rebus gestis == Ager circuli ab anno [[1719]] ad [[Electoratus Brunsvici-Luneburgi|Electoratum Brunsvici-Luneburgi]] pertinuit, post [[Bella Coalitionum|Bella Napoleonica]] ad novum [[Regnum Hannoveranum]]. Ab anno [[1866]] pars [[Borussia]]e fuit. Ab anno [[1946]] circulus ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet et anno [[1977]] fines hodiernas accipit, cum circulus antiquus Vordae Bremensis<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bremervörde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bremervöör'') ad Rotenburgum adiunctus esset. == Communia circuli == Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communi generalia coniuncta sunt: {{div col|2}} * [[Gnarrenburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Gnarrenburg'': [[Saxonice]] ''Gnarrenborg'') (9238) * [[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]], caput circuli (21.392) * [[Scheeßel]] (12.946) * [[Visselhövede]], oppidum (10.199) * [[Vorda Bremensis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bremervörde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bremervöör'') urbs (18.645) * [[Botela (commune generale)|Botela]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2001). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden: Band 1''. Von den Anfängen bis 1300. [[Stadae|Stadis]]: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bothel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bootel'')commune generale (8231) ** [[Botela]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bothel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bootel''), sedes administrationis (2428) ** [[Broclina]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Brockel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brookel'') (1320) ** [[Hemsbünde]] (1178) ** [[Hemslingen]] (1405) ** [[Kirchwalsede]] (1161) ** [[Westerwalsede]] (739) * [[Fons Geestensis (commune generale)|Fons Geestensis]]<ref name="FG">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/fons?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-quelle'' Latino vocabulo "fons fontis" vertitur]; Latinum autem gentilicium "Geestensis-e" ad flumen [[Geeste (flumen)|Geeste]] (Theodisce ''Geeste'') refertur. Quo de hydronymo, vide [https://dokumen.pub/deutsches-gewssernamenbuch-etymologie-der-gewssernamen-und-der-zugehrigen-gebiets-siedlungs-und-flurnamen-9783110338591-9783110190397-9783110578911.html dokumen.pub], ubi dicitur "(...) ultra flumen Geeste (...)"</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Geestequelle''; [[Saxonice]] ''Geestborn'') commune generale (6449) ** [[Alvstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759">Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi: Accesserunt instrumenta diplomatica ubi de parochiis Alvstedii et Bremervördae agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Alfstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfs'' seu ''Alfst'') (864) ** [[Basdalum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688">Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Basdahl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Basdaal'' seu ''Basdohl'') (1430) ** [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]<ref name="Ebersdorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf' in Latinam "Ebersdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Ebersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eversdörp'') (1058) ** [[Hipstedt]] (1237) ** [[Oerel]], sedes administrationis (1860) * [[Selsingen (commune generale)|Selsingen]] commune generale (9631) ** [[Andorlangia]]<ref name="Pratje 1759">Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi: Accesserunt instrumenta diplomatica ubi de parochiis Alvstedii et Bremervördae agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Anderlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Annerlingen'') (880) ** [[Deinstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Deinstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deins'') (658) ** [[Farva]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Farven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Farm'') (634) ** [[Ostereistedt]] (914) ** [[Rhade]] (1126) ** [[Sandbostel]] (822) ** [[Seedorf]] (950) ** [[Selsingen]], sedes administrationis (3647) * [[Sittensen (commune generale)|Sittensen]] commune generale (11.009) ** [[Meckelsa Maior]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Meckelsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Meckels'') (466) ** [[Hamersen]] (453) ** [[Kalbe]] (551) ** [[Klein Meckelsen]] (902) ** [[Lengenbostel]] (455) ** [[Sittensen]], sedes administrationis (5765) ** [[Tiste]] (876) ** [[Vierden]] (768) ** [[Wohnste]] (773) * [[Sottrum (commune generale)|Sottrum]] commune generale (14.444) ** [[Ahusium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ahusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et pagis ditionis Rotenburgensis (Caput de parochia Ahusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Ahausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahusen'') (1888) ** [[Boitersena]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2001). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden: Band 1''. Von den Anfängen bis 1300. [[Stadae|Stadis]]: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> [Theodisce]] ''Bötersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boitzen'') (1070) ** [[Hassendorf]] (1120) ** [[Hellwege]] (1041) ** [[Horstedt]] (1293) ** [[Reeßum]] (1679) ** [[Sottrum]], sedes administrationis (6353) * [[Tarmstedt (commune generale)|Tarmstedt]] commune generale (10.796) ** [[Bredthorpium]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873">Ehmck, D. R., & von Bippen, W. (Ed.) (1873). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1300''. C. Schünemann.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Breddorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Breddörp'') (1065) ** [[Bulsteda]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bülstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büls'') (753) ** [[Hepstedt]] (987) ** [[Kirchtimke]] (974) ** [[Tarmstedt]], sedes administrationis (3819) ** [[Vorwerk]] (1029) ** [[Westertimke]] (431) ** [[Wilstedt]] (1738) * [[Vintlum (commune generale)|Vintlum]]<ref name="Vintlum"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fintel'') commune generale (7461) ** [[Helvesiek]] (792) ** [[Lauenbrück]], sedes administrationis (2266) ** [[Stemmen]] (844) ** [[Vahlde]] (674) ** [[Vintlum]]<ref name="Vintlum">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/schneverdingen-peter-und-paul/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Schneverdingen, Peter und Paul''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''capella in honorem sancti Anthonii in villa Vintlo parrochie Snewerdinge'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fintel'') (2885) * [[Zeven (commune generale)|Zeven]] commune generale (22.812) ** [[Elsdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Elsdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Elsdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Elsdörp'') (2046) ** [[Gyhum]] (2250) ** [[Heeslingen]] (4756) ** [[Zeven]], oppidum et sedes administrationis (13.760) {{div col end}} {{NexInt}} * [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]] == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Landkreis Rotenburg (Wümme)|Circulum Rotenburg (Wümme)}} * [http://lk-row.de/ Pagina officialis] == Notae == <references /> {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rotenburg (Wümme) circulus}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1885]] snmtaw82oohfbximomfjl5450uc2b2o 3983432 3983430 2026-08-24T13:08:02Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3983432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in ROW.svg|thumb|Communia in circulo Rotenburg (Wümme)]] '''Circulus terrae Rotenburgensis ad Wemmam'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Rotenburgensis ad Wemmam" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Rotenburg an der Wümme'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymico syntagmate "[[Rotenburgensis ad Wemmam]]" -ad quod Latinum gentilicium "Rotenburgensis-e" refertur-, vide homonymas urbes {{Graesse}} et {{Hofmannus}}. De hydronymo "[[Wemma]]", etiam vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Landkreis Rotenburg an der Wümme''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Rotenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Rodenborg''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et finibus mutatis ad diem hodiernum exstat. == De rebus gestis == Ager circuli ab anno [[1719]] ad [[Electoratus Brunsvici-Luneburgi|Electoratum Brunsvici-Luneburgi]] pertinuit, post [[Bella Coalitionum|Bella Napoleonica]] ad novum [[Regnum Hannoveranum]]. Ab anno [[1866]] pars [[Borussia]]e fuit. Ab anno [[1946]] circulus ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet et anno [[1977]] fines hodiernas accipit, cum circulus antiquus Vordae Bremensis<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bremervörde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bremervöör'') ad Rotenburgum adiunctus esset. == Communia circuli == Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communi generalia coniuncta sunt: {{div col|2}} * [[Gnarrenburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Gnarrenburg'': [[Saxonice]] ''Gnarrenborg'') (9238) * [[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]], caput circuli (21.392) * [[Scheeßel]] (12.946) * [[Visselhövede]], oppidum (10.199) * [[Vorda Bremensis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bremervörde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bremervöör'') urbs (18.645) * [[Botela (commune generale)|Botela]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2001). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden: Band 1''. Von den Anfängen bis 1300. [[Stadae|Stadis]]: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bothel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bootel'')commune generale (8231) ** [[Botela]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bothel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bootel''), sedes administrationis (2428) ** [[Broclina]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Brockel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brookel'') (1320) ** [[Hemsbünde]] (1178) ** [[Hemslingen]] (1405) ** [[Kirchwalsede]] (1161) ** [[Westerwalsede]] (739) * [[Fons Geestensis (commune generale)|Fons Geestensis]]<ref name="FG">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/fons?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-quelle'' Latino vocabulo "fons fontis" vertitur]; Latinum autem gentilicium "Geestensis-e" ad flumen [[Geeste (flumen)|Geeste]] (Theodisce ''Geeste'') refertur. Quo de hydronymo, vide [https://dokumen.pub/deutsches-gewssernamenbuch-etymologie-der-gewssernamen-und-der-zugehrigen-gebiets-siedlungs-und-flurnamen-9783110338591-9783110190397-9783110578911.html dokumen.pub], ubi dicitur "(...) ultra flumen Geeste (...)"</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Geestequelle''; [[Saxonice]] ''Geestborn'') commune generale (6449) ** [[Alvstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759">Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi: Accesserunt instrumenta diplomatica ubi de parochiis Alvstedii et Bremervördae agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Alfstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfs'' seu ''Alfst'') (864) ** [[Basdalum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688">Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Basdahl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Basdaal'' seu ''Basdohl'') (1430) ** [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]<ref name="Ebersdorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf' in Latinam "Ebersdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Ebersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eversdörp'') (1058) ** [[Hipstedt]] (1237) ** [[Oerel]], sedes administrationis (1860) * [[Selsingen (commune generale)|Selsingen]] commune generale (9631) ** [[Andorlangia]]<ref name="Pratje 1759">Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi: Accesserunt instrumenta diplomatica ubi de parochiis Alvstedii et Bremervördae agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Anderlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Annerlingen'') (880) ** [[Deinstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Deinstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deins'') (658) ** [[Farva]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Farven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Farm'') (634) ** [[Ostereistedt]] (914) ** [[Rhade]] (1126) ** [[Sandbostel]] (822) ** [[Seedorf]] (950) ** [[Selsingen]], sedes administrationis (3647) * [[Sittensen (commune generale)|Sittensen]] commune generale (11.009) ** [[Hamersen]] (453) ** [[Kalbe]] (551) ** [[Klein Meckelsen]] (902) ** [[Lengenbostel]] (455) ** [[Meckelsa Maior]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Meckelsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Meckels'') (466) ** [[Sittensen]], sedes administrationis (5765) ** [[Tiste]] (876) ** [[Vierden]] (768) ** [[Wohnste]] (773) * [[Sottrum (commune generale)|Sottrum]] commune generale (14.444) ** [[Ahusium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ahusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et pagis ditionis Rotenburgensis (Caput de parochia Ahusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Ahausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahusen'') (1888) ** [[Boitersena]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2001). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden: Band 1''. Von den Anfängen bis 1300. [[Stadae|Stadis]]: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> [Theodisce]] ''Bötersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boitzen'') (1070) ** [[Hassendorf]] (1120) ** [[Hellwege]] (1041) ** [[Horstedt]] (1293) ** [[Reeßum]] (1679) ** [[Sottrum]], sedes administrationis (6353) * [[Tarmstedt (commune generale)|Tarmstedt]] commune generale (10.796) ** [[Bredthorpium]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873">Ehmck, D. R., & von Bippen, W. (Ed.) (1873). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1300''. C. Schünemann.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Breddorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Breddörp'') (1065) ** [[Bulsteda]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bülstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büls'') (753) ** [[Hepstedt]] (987) ** [[Kirchtimke]] (974) ** [[Tarmstedt]], sedes administrationis (3819) ** [[Vorwerk]] (1029) ** [[Westertimke]] (431) ** [[Wilstedt]] (1738) * [[Vintlum (commune generale)|Vintlum]]<ref name="Vintlum"/> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fintel'') commune generale (7461) ** [[Helvesiek]] (792) ** [[Lauenbrück]], sedes administrationis (2266) ** [[Stemmen]] (844) ** [[Vahlde]] (674) ** [[Vintlum]]<ref name="Vintlum">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/schneverdingen-peter-und-paul/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Schneverdingen, Peter und Paul''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''capella in honorem sancti Anthonii in villa Vintlo parrochie Snewerdinge'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fintel'') (2885) * [[Zeven (commune generale)|Zeven]] commune generale (22.812) ** [[Elsdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Elsdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Elsdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Elsdörp'') (2046) ** [[Gyhum]] (2250) ** [[Heeslingen]] (4756) ** [[Zeven]], oppidum et sedes administrationis (13.760) {{div col end}} {{NexInt}} * [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]] == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Landkreis Rotenburg (Wümme)|Circulum Rotenburg (Wümme)}} * [http://lk-row.de/ Pagina officialis] == Notae == <references /> {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rotenburg (Wümme) circulus}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1885]] 8wd03f4tb5jpv7xvd4fkqculvodxqjr 0 267412 3983540 3983372 2026-08-24T23:20:54Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3983540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} '''Circulus Stadae'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Stadae" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Stade'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Stadae]]", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Stade''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Stade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Stood''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et finibus mutatis ad diem hodiernum exstat. == De rebus gestis == Ager circuli ab anno [[1719]] ad [[Electoratus Brunsvici-Luneburgi|Electoratum Brunsvici-Luneburgi]] pertinuit, post [[Bella Coalitionum|Bella Napoleonica]] ad novum [[Regnum Hannoveranum]]. Ab anno [[1866]] pars [[Borussia]]e fuit. Anno [[1932]] fines circuli auctae sunt. Ab anno [[1946]] circulus ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet et anno [[1972]] fines hodiernas accipit. == Communia circuli == Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communi generalia coniuncta sunt: * [[Buxtehuda]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1842">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1842). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Buxtehude''; [[Saxonice]] ''Buxthu''), urbs Hanseatica et commune sui iuris (40.173 incolae) * [[Drochtersa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Drochtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drochters'') (11.292) * [[Jork]] (12.050) * [[Stadae]] caput circuli et urbs Hanseatica (46.378) * [[Abensium (commune generale)|Abensium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et pagis ditionis Rotenburgensis (Caput de parochia Ahusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis (Caput de antiqua parochia Alfhusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis et Comitatus Lingensis (Caput de parochia Anderveniae)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis (Caput de antiquo archidiaconatu Anchemii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis, decimis et pagis ditionis Stadiensis (Caput de parochia Abensii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> commune generale (8958) ** [[Abensium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Apensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obbens''), sedes administrationis (3945) ** [[Beckdorfium]]<ref name="AdWzG 2010">Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, & U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Beckdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beekdörp'') (2660) ** [[Sauensiek]] (2353) * [[Fredenbiki (commune generale)|Fredenbiki]]<ref name="-biki">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-beck'' seu ''-beek'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-biki-orum", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Aesebiki]], [[Asbiki]], [[Beverbiki]], [[Gledabiki]], [[Goltbiki]], [[Sannanabiki]], [[Trobiki]], [[Walbeka|Walbiki]], [[Winesbiki]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Fredenbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freenbeek'') commune generale (12.704) ** [[Deinste]]<ref name="Vanni & Rossi 2012">Vanni, D., & Rossi, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Index Nominum Geographicorum Locorumque Mundi Latine Redditus''. Societas Latina.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Deinste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deinst)'') (1999) ** [[Fredenbiki]]<ref name="-biki"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Fredenbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freenbeek''), sedes administrationis (6072) ** [[Kutenholz]] (4633) * [[Harsefeld (commune generale)|Harsefeld]] commune generale (20.929) ** [[Alorstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1758">Pratje, J. H. (1758). ''Historische Nachrichten von dem ehemaligen berühmten Closter Harsefeld: Monumenta ac documenta saeculi XII ubi de decimis Alorstedii agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlerstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohlers'') (5273) ** [[Bargstedum]]<ref name="Mushard 1764">Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bargstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargst'' seu ''Bars'') (1987) ** [[Brestum (Saxonia Inferior)|Brestum]]<ref name="Pratje 1759">Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brest'') (795) ** [[Harsefeld]], sedes administrationis (12.874) * [[Horneburg (commune generale)|Horneburg]] commune generale (12.388) ** [[Arx Agathae]]<ref name="Kochen 1724">Kochen, J. H. (1724). ''Introductio in Historiam Ducatus Bremensis y Verdensis: Accesserunt diplomata varia et descriptio Arcis Agathae et ditionis Stadiensis''. Stadae: Typis Caspari Holmii.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Agathenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gothenborg'') (1180) ** [[Bliederstorpum]]<ref name="Trüper 2017">Trüper, H. G. (2017). ''Urkundenbuch der Herren von Zesterfleth: 1232–1657''. Wallstein Verlag.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bliedersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bliersdörp'') (1717) ** [[Dolnere]]<ref name="Dolnere">Vide [https://adw-goe.de/fileadmin/forschungsprojekte/ortsnamen_rhein_elbe/dokumente/Publikationen_Udolph_PDF/2001-2005/315._Udolph_Anmerkungen_zum_Ortsnamen_Dollern.pdf ''Anmerkugen zum Ortsnamen Dollern''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1105 (Fälschung Mitte 12. Jh.) ''Dolnere'' (...) 1209 ''Johannes de dolnere'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dollern'') (2034) ** [[Horneburg]], sedes administrationis (6026) ** [[Nottensdorf]] (1431) * [[Kadingia Septentrionalis (commune generale)|Kadingia Septentrionalis]]<ref name="Kadingia">Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1868hist%29.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur "(...) ad eundem Gerlagum pertinentium, seu ultra Albiam seu in Kadingia sitorum (...)".</ref><ref name="Septentrionalis">Latinum adiectivum [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/septentrionalis?wb=gross&nr=3 "septentrionalis-e"] Theodiscum praefixum aut vocabulum ''Nord(-)'' vertit.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Nordkehdingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Noordkeden'') commune generale (7375) ** [[Balga]]<ref name="Udolph 1994">Udolph, J. (1994). ''Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem'' (Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Ergänzungsbände 9). Walter de Gruyter.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balje'') (1017) ** [[Friburgum (Albis)|Friburgum]]<ref name="Friburgum">Theodiscum toponymum ''Freiburg'' Latino toponymo "Friburgum" verti solet. Cf. [[Friburgum Brisgoviae]] aut [[Friburgum Nuithonum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Freiburg/Elbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fryborg'' seu ''Freiborg'') oppidum (1872) ** [[Krummendeich]] (490) ** [[Oederquart]] (1040) ** [[Wischhafen]] (2956) * [[Lühe (commune generale)|Lühe]] commune generale (9844) ** [[Grunendicum]]<ref name="-dicum">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-diek'' aut ''-deich'' aut ''-dijk'' aut ''-dyk'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dicum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Isendicum]] apud {{Graesse}}; aut [[Mardicum]] apud ''Dictionnaire universel françois et latin, vulgairement appelé Dictionnaire de Trévoux''.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Grünendeich''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Greundiek'') (1871) ** [[Guderhandviertel]] (1111) ** [[Hollern-Twielenfleth]] (3360) ** [[Mittelnkirchen]] (1076) ** [[Neuenkirchen]] (838) ** [[Steinkirchen]], sedes administrationis (1588) * [[Oldendorf-Himmelpforten (commune generale)|Oldendorf-Himmelpforten]] commune generale (17.963) ** [[Borchwega]]<ref name="Rüther 1905">Rüther, H. (Ed.) (1905). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Neuenwalde''. Halle’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burweg'') (1007) ** [[Dudanebutli]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1841">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1841). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch (Band 1)''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Düdenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düünbeudel'') (990) ** [[Engelschofa]]<ref name="-hofa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hof(f)(e)(n)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hofa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hattenhofa (Bavaria)|Hattenhofa Bavarica]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad fluvium Glon]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad Rotam]], [[Poohofa]], [[Gundershofa]], [[Hattenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Hattenhofa Badeniae-Virtembergiae]], [[Pfaffenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Pfaffenhofa]], [[Matichofa]], [[Philshofa]] apud [[Google|Gugulam]].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Engelschoff''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engelschopp'') (763) ** [[Estorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'') (1428) ** [[Hammah]] (3066) ** [[Heinbockel]] (1420) ** [[Himmelpforten]], sedes administrationis (5127) ** [[Kranenburg]] (726) ** [[Oldendorf]] (2982) ** [[Worde]]<ref name="Worde">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/grossenwoerden/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Hinricus rector ecclesie in Worde'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Großenwörden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootweurn'') (454) == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]] == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Landkreis Stade|Circulum Stadae}} * [http://www.landkreis-stade.de/ Pagina officialis] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Stadae circulus}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1885]] a9elbeq8cxhhsxi3k2xq0jknctnthh9 3983541 3983540 2026-08-24T23:21:45Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3983541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} '''Circulus Stadae'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Stadae" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Stade'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Stadae]]", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Stade''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Stade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Stood''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et finibus mutatis ad diem hodiernum exstat. == De rebus gestis == Ager circuli ab anno [[1719]] ad [[Electoratus Brunsvici-Luneburgi|Electoratum Brunsvici-Luneburgi]] pertinuit, post [[Bella Coalitionum|Bella Napoleonica]] ad novum [[Regnum Hannoveranum]]. Ab anno [[1866]] pars [[Borussia]]e fuit. Anno [[1932]] fines circuli auctae sunt. Ab anno [[1946]] circulus ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet et anno [[1972]] fines hodiernas accipit. == Communia circuli == Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communi generalia coniuncta sunt: * [[Buxtehuda]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1842">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1842). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Buxtehude''; [[Saxonice]] ''Buxthu''), urbs Hanseatica et commune sui iuris (40.173 incolae) * [[Drochtersa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Drochtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drochters'') (11.292) * [[Jork]] (12.050) * [[Stadae]] caput circuli et urbs Hanseatica (46.378) * [[Abensium (commune generale)|Abensium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et pagis ditionis Rotenburgensis (Caput de parochia Ahusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis (Caput de antiqua parochia Alfhusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis et Comitatus Lingensis (Caput de parochia Anderveniae)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis (Caput de antiquo archidiaconatu Anchemii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis, decimis et pagis ditionis Stadiensis (Caput de parochia Abensii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> commune generale (8958) ** [[Abensium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Apensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obbens''), sedes administrationis (3945) ** [[Beckdorfium]]<ref name="AdWzG 2010">Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, & U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Beckdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beekdörp'') (2660) ** [[Sauensiek]] (2353) * [[Fredenbiki (commune generale)|Fredenbiki]]<ref name="-biki">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-beck'' seu ''-beek'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-biki-orum", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Aesebiki]], [[Asbiki]], [[Beverbiki]], [[Gledabiki]], [[Goltbiki]], [[Sannanabiki]], [[Trobiki]], [[Walbeka|Walbiki]], [[Winesbiki]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Fredenbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freenbeek'') commune generale (12.704) ** [[Deinste]]<ref name="Vanni & Rossi 2012">Vanni, D., & Rossi, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Index Nominum Geographicorum Locorumque Mundi Latine Redditus''. Societas Latina.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Deinste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deinst)'') (1999) ** [[Fredenbiki]]<ref name="-biki"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Fredenbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freenbeek''), sedes administrationis (6072) ** [[Kutenholz]] (4633) * [[Harsefeld (commune generale)|Harsefeld]] commune generale (20.929) ** [[Alorstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1758">Pratje, J. H. (1758). ''Historische Nachrichten von dem ehemaligen berühmten Closter Harsefeld: Monumenta ac documenta saeculi XII ubi de decimis Alorstedii agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlerstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohlers'') (5273) ** [[Bargstedum]]<ref name="Mushard 1764">Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bargstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargst'' seu ''Bars'') (1987) ** [[Brestum (Saxonia Inferior)|Brestum]]<ref name="Pratje 1759">Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brest'') (795) ** [[Harsefeld]], sedes administrationis (12.874) * [[Horneburg (commune generale)|Horneburg]] commune generale (12.388) ** [[Arx Agathae]]<ref name="Kochen 1724">Kochen, J. H. (1724). ''Introductio in Historiam Ducatus Bremensis y Verdensis: Accesserunt diplomata varia et descriptio Arcis Agathae et ditionis Stadiensis''. Stadae: Typis Caspari Holmii.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Agathenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gothenborg'') (1180) ** [[Bliederstorpum]]<ref name="Trüper 2017">Trüper, H. G. (2017). ''Urkundenbuch der Herren von Zesterfleth: 1232–1657''. Wallstein Verlag.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bliedersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bliersdörp'') (1717) ** [[Dolnere]]<ref name="Dolnere">Vide [https://adw-goe.de/fileadmin/forschungsprojekte/ortsnamen_rhein_elbe/dokumente/Publikationen_Udolph_PDF/2001-2005/315._Udolph_Anmerkungen_zum_Ortsnamen_Dollern.pdf ''Anmerkugen zum Ortsnamen Dollern''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1105 (Fälschung Mitte 12. Jh.) ''Dolnere'' (...) 1209 ''Johannes de dolnere'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dollern'') (2034) ** [[Horneburg]], sedes administrationis (6026) ** [[Nottensdorf]] (1431) * [[Kadingia Septentrionalis (commune generale)|Kadingia Septentrionalis]]<ref name="Kadingia">Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1868hist%29.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur "(...) ad eundem Gerlagum pertinentium, seu ultra Albiam seu in Kadingia sitorum (...)".</ref><ref name="Septentrionalis">Latinum adiectivum [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/septentrionalis?wb=gross&nr=3 "septentrionalis-e"] Theodiscum praefixum aut vocabulum ''Nord(-)'' vertit.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Nordkehdingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Noordkeden'') commune generale (7375) ** [[Balga]]<ref name="Udolph 1994">Udolph, J. (1994). ''Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem'' (Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Ergänzungsbände 9). Walter de Gruyter.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balje'') (1017) ** [[Friburgum (Albis)|Friburgum]]<ref name="Friburgum">Theodiscum toponymum ''Freiburg'' Latino toponymo "Friburgum" verti solet. Cf. [[Friburgum Brisgoviae]] aut [[Friburgum Nuithonum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Freiburg/Elbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fryborg'' seu ''Freiborg'') oppidum (1872) ** [[Krummendeich]] (490) ** [[Oederquart]] (1040) ** [[Wischhafen]] (2956) * [[Lühe (commune generale)|Lühe]] commune generale (9844) ** [[Grunendicum]]<ref name="-dicum">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-diek'' aut ''-deich'' aut ''-dijk'' aut ''-dyk'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dicum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Isendicum]] apud {{Graesse}}; aut [[Mardicum]] apud ''Dictionnaire universel françois et latin, vulgairement appelé Dictionnaire de Trévoux''.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Grünendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Greundiek'') (1871) ** [[Guderhandviertel]] (1111) ** [[Hollern-Twielenfleth]] (3360) ** [[Mittelnkirchen]] (1076) ** [[Neuenkirchen]] (838) ** [[Steinkirchen]], sedes administrationis (1588) * [[Oldendorf-Himmelpforten (commune generale)|Oldendorf-Himmelpforten]] commune generale (17.963) ** [[Borchwega]]<ref name="Rüther 1905">Rüther, H. (Ed.) (1905). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Neuenwalde''. Halle’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burweg'') (1007) ** [[Dudanebutli]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1841">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1841). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch (Band 1)''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Düdenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düünbeudel'') (990) ** [[Engelschofa]]<ref name="-hofa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hof(f)(e)(n)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hofa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hattenhofa (Bavaria)|Hattenhofa Bavarica]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad fluvium Glon]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad Rotam]], [[Poohofa]], [[Gundershofa]], [[Hattenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Hattenhofa Badeniae-Virtembergiae]], [[Pfaffenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Pfaffenhofa]], [[Matichofa]], [[Philshofa]] apud [[Google|Gugulam]].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Engelschoff''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engelschopp'') (763) ** [[Estorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'') (1428) ** [[Hammah]] (3066) ** [[Heinbockel]] (1420) ** [[Himmelpforten]], sedes administrationis (5127) ** [[Kranenburg]] (726) ** [[Oldendorf]] (2982) ** [[Worde]]<ref name="Worde">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/grossenwoerden/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Hinricus rector ecclesie in Worde'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Großenwörden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootweurn'') (454) == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]] == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Landkreis Stade|Circulum Stadae}} * [http://www.landkreis-stade.de/ Pagina officialis] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Stadae circulus}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1885]] 2r3rvmmvp5mdzlthkzkcolk1l0up54v 3983542 3983541 2026-08-24T23:22:19Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3983542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} '''Circulus Stadae'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Stadae" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Stade'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Stadae]]", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Stade''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Stade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Stood''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et finibus mutatis ad diem hodiernum exstat. == De rebus gestis == Ager circuli ab anno [[1719]] ad [[Electoratus Brunsvici-Luneburgi|Electoratum Brunsvici-Luneburgi]] pertinuit, post [[Bella Coalitionum|Bella Napoleonica]] ad novum [[Regnum Hannoveranum]]. Ab anno [[1866]] pars [[Borussia]]e fuit. Anno [[1932]] fines circuli auctae sunt. Ab anno [[1946]] circulus ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet et anno [[1972]] fines hodiernas accipit. == Communia circuli == Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communi generalia coniuncta sunt: * [[Buxtehuda]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1842">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1842). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Buxtehude''; [[Saxonice]] ''Buxthu''), urbs Hanseatica et commune sui iuris (40.173 incolae) * [[Drochtersa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Drochtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drochters'') (11.292) * [[Jork]] (12.050) * [[Stadae]] caput circuli et urbs Hanseatica (46.378) * [[Abensium (commune generale)|Abensium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et pagis ditionis Rotenburgensis (Caput de parochia Ahusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis (Caput de antiqua parochia Alfhusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis et Comitatus Lingensis (Caput de parochia Anderveniae)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis (Caput de antiquo archidiaconatu Anchemii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis, decimis et pagis ditionis Stadiensis (Caput de parochia Abensii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> commune generale (8958) ** [[Abensium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Apensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obbens''), sedes administrationis (3945) ** [[Beckdorfium]]<ref name="AdWzG 2010">Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, & U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Beckdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beekdörp'') (2660) ** [[Sauensiek]] (2353) * [[Fredenbiki (commune generale)|Fredenbiki]]<ref name="-biki">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-beck'' seu ''-beek'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-biki-orum", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Aesebiki]], [[Asbiki]], [[Beverbiki]], [[Gledabiki]], [[Goltbiki]], [[Sannanabiki]], [[Trobiki]], [[Walbeka|Walbiki]], [[Winesbiki]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Fredenbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freenbeek'') commune generale (12.704) ** [[Deinste]]<ref name="Vanni & Rossi 2012">Vanni, D., & Rossi, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Index Nominum Geographicorum Locorumque Mundi Latine Redditus''. Societas Latina.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Deinste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deinst)'') (1999) ** [[Fredenbiki]]<ref name="-biki"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Fredenbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freenbeek''), sedes administrationis (6072) ** [[Kutenholz]] (4633) * [[Harsefeld (commune generale)|Harsefeld]] commune generale (20.929) ** [[Alorstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1758">Pratje, J. H. (1758). ''Historische Nachrichten von dem ehemaligen berühmten Closter Harsefeld: Monumenta ac documenta saeculi XII ubi de decimis Alorstedii agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlerstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohlers'') (5273) ** [[Bargstedum]]<ref name="Mushard 1764">Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bargstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargst'' seu ''Bars'') (1987) ** [[Brestum (Saxonia Inferior)|Brestum]]<ref name="Pratje 1759">Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brest'') (795) ** [[Harsefeld]], sedes administrationis (12.874) * [[Horneburg (commune generale)|Horneburg]] commune generale (12.388) ** [[Arx Agathae]]<ref name="Kochen 1724">Kochen, J. H. (1724). ''Introductio in Historiam Ducatus Bremensis y Verdensis: Accesserunt diplomata varia et descriptio Arcis Agathae et ditionis Stadiensis''. Stadae: Typis Caspari Holmii.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Agathenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gothenborg'') (1180) ** [[Bliederstorpum]]<ref name="Trüper 2017">Trüper, H. G. (2017). ''Urkundenbuch der Herren von Zesterfleth: 1232–1657''. Wallstein Verlag.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bliedersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bliersdörp'') (1717) ** [[Dolnere]]<ref name="Dolnere">Vide [https://adw-goe.de/fileadmin/forschungsprojekte/ortsnamen_rhein_elbe/dokumente/Publikationen_Udolph_PDF/2001-2005/315._Udolph_Anmerkungen_zum_Ortsnamen_Dollern.pdf ''Anmerkugen zum Ortsnamen Dollern''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1105 (Fälschung Mitte 12. Jh.) ''Dolnere'' (...) 1209 ''Johannes de dolnere'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dollern'') (2034) ** [[Horneburg]], sedes administrationis (6026) ** [[Nottensdorf]] (1431) * [[Kadingia Septentrionalis (commune generale)|Kadingia Septentrionalis]]<ref name="Kadingia">Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1868hist%29.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur "(...) ad eundem Gerlagum pertinentium, seu ultra Albiam seu in Kadingia sitorum (...)".</ref><ref name="Septentrionalis">Latinum adiectivum [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/septentrionalis?wb=gross&nr=3 "septentrionalis-e"] Theodiscum praefixum aut vocabulum ''Nord(-)'' vertit.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Nordkehdingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Noordkeden'') commune generale (7375) ** [[Balga]]<ref name="Udolph 1994">Udolph, J. (1994). ''Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem'' (Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Ergänzungsbände 9). Walter de Gruyter.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balje'') (1017) ** [[Friburgum (Albis)|Friburgum]]<ref name="Friburgum">Theodiscum toponymum ''Freiburg'' Latino toponymo "Friburgum" verti solet. Cf. [[Friburgum Brisgoviae]] aut [[Friburgum Nuithonum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Freiburg/Elbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fryborg'' seu ''Freiborg'') oppidum (1872) ** [[Krummendeich]] (490) ** [[Oederquart]] (1040) ** [[Wischhafen]] (2956) * [[Lühe (commune generale)|Lühe]] commune generale (9844) ** [[Grunendicum]]<ref name="-dicum">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-diek'' aut ''-deich'' aut ''-dijk'' aut ''-dyk'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dicum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Isendicum]] apud {{Graesse}}; aut [[Mardicum]] apud ''Dictionnaire universel françois et latin, vulgairement appelé Dictionnaire de Trévoux''.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Grünendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Greundiek'') (1871) ** [[Guderhandviertel]] (1111) ** [[Hollern-Twielenfleth]] (3360) ** [[Mittelnkirchen]] (1076) ** [[Neuenkirchen]] (838) ** [[Steinkirchen]], sedes administrationis (1588) * [[Oldendorf-Himmelpforten (commune generale)|Oldendorf-Himmelpforten]] commune generale (17.963) ** [[Borchwega]]<ref name="Rüther 1905">Rüther, H. (Ed.) (1905). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Neuenwalde''. Halle’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burweg'') (1007) ** [[Dudanebutli]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1841">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1841). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch (Band 1)''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Düdenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düünbeudel'') (990) ** [[Engelschofa]]<ref name="-hofa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hof(f)(e)(n)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hofa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hattenhofa (Bavaria)|Hattenhofa Bavarica]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad fluvium Glon]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad Rotam]], [[Poohofa]], [[Gundershofa]], [[Hattenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Hattenhofa Badeniae-Virtembergiae]], [[Pfaffenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Pfaffenhofa]], [[Matichofa]], [[Philshofa]] apud [[Google|Gugulam]].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Engelschoff''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engelschopp'') (763) ** [[Estorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'') (1428) ** [[Hammah]] (3066) ** [[Heinbockel]] (1420) ** [[Himmelpforten]], sedes administrationis (5127) ** [[Kranenburg]] (726) ** [[Oldendorf]] (2982) ** [[Worde]]<ref name="Worde">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/grossenwoerden/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Hinricus rector ecclesie in Worde'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Großenwörden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootweurn'') (454) == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]] == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Landkreis Stade|Circulum Stadae}} * [http://www.landkreis-stade.de/ Pagina officialis] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Stadae circulus}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1885]] mr4hwx9b0qar08mlap0y420y5ozv30o 3983576 3983542 2026-08-25T10:21:59Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3983576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} '''Circulus Stadae'''<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Stadae" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Stade'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Stadae]]", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Stade''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Stade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Stood''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et finibus mutatis ad diem hodiernum exstat. == De rebus gestis == Ager circuli ab anno [[1719]] ad [[Electoratus Brunsvici-Luneburgi|Electoratum Brunsvici-Luneburgi]] pertinuit, post [[Bella Coalitionum|Bella Napoleonica]] ad novum [[Regnum Hannoveranum]]. Ab anno [[1866]] pars [[Borussia]]e fuit. Anno [[1932]] fines circuli auctae sunt. Ab anno [[1946]] circulus ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet et anno [[1972]] fines hodiernas accipit. == Communia circuli == Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communi generalia coniuncta sunt: * [[Buxtehuda]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1842">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1842). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Buxtehude''; [[Saxonice]] ''Buxthu''), urbs Hanseatica et commune sui iuris (40.173 incolae) * [[Drochtersa]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Drochtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drochters'') (11.292) * [[Jork]] (12.050) * [[Stadae]] caput circuli et urbs Hanseatica (46.378) * [[Abensium (commune generale)|Abensium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et pagis ditionis Rotenburgensis (Caput de parochia Ahusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis (Caput de antiqua parochia Alfhusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis et Comitatus Lingensis (Caput de parochia Anderveniae)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis (Caput de antiquo archidiaconatu Anchemii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis, decimis et pagis ditionis Stadiensis (Caput de parochia Abensii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> commune generale (8958) ** [[Abensium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Apensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obbens''), sedes administrationis (3945) ** [[Beckdorfium]]<ref name="AdWzG 2010">Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, & U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Beckdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beekdörp'') (2660) ** [[Sauensiek]] (2353) * [[Fredenbiki (commune generale)|Fredenbiki]]<ref name="-biki">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-beck'' seu ''-beek'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-biki-orum", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Aesebiki]], [[Asbiki]], [[Beverbiki]], [[Gledabiki]], [[Goltbiki]], [[Sannanabiki]], [[Trobiki]], [[Walbeka|Walbiki]], [[Winesbiki]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Fredenbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freenbeek'') commune generale (12.704) ** [[Deinste]]<ref name="Vanni & Rossi 2012">Vanni, D., & Rossi, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Index Nominum Geographicorum Locorumque Mundi Latine Redditus''. Societas Latina.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Deinste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deinst)'') (1999) ** [[Fredenbiki]]<ref name="-biki"/> ([[Theodisce]] ''Fredenbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freenbeek''), sedes administrationis (6072) ** [[Kutenholz]] (4633) * [[Harsefeld (commune generale)|Harsefeld]] commune generale (20.929) ** [[Alorstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1758">Pratje, J. H. (1758). ''Historische Nachrichten von dem ehemaligen berühmten Closter Harsefeld: Monumenta ac documenta saeculi XII ubi de decimis Alorstedii agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlerstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohlers'') (5273) ** [[Bargstedum]]<ref name="Mushard 1764">Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bargstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargst'' seu ''Bars'') (1987) ** [[Brestum (Saxonia Inferior)|Brestum]]<ref name="Pratje 1759">Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brest'') (795) ** [[Harsefeld]], sedes administrationis (12.874) * [[Horneburg (commune generale)|Horneburg]] commune generale (12.388) ** [[Arx Agathae]]<ref name="Kochen 1724">Kochen, J. H. (1724). ''Introductio in Historiam Ducatus Bremensis y Verdensis: Accesserunt diplomata varia et descriptio Arcis Agathae et ditionis Stadiensis''. Stadae: Typis Caspari Holmii.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Agathenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gothenborg'') (1180) ** [[Bliederstorpum]]<ref name="Trüper 2017">Trüper, H. G. (2017). ''Urkundenbuch der Herren von Zesterfleth: 1232–1657''. Wallstein Verlag.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Bliedersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bliersdörp'') (1717) ** [[Dolnere]]<ref name="Dolnere">Vide [https://adw-goe.de/fileadmin/forschungsprojekte/ortsnamen_rhein_elbe/dokumente/Publikationen_Udolph_PDF/2001-2005/315._Udolph_Anmerkungen_zum_Ortsnamen_Dollern.pdf ''Anmerkugen zum Ortsnamen Dollern''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1105 (Fälschung Mitte 12. Jh.) ''Dolnere'' (...) 1209 ''Johannes de dolnere'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dollern'') (2034) ** [[Horneburg]], sedes administrationis (6026) ** [[Nottensdorf]] (1431) * [[Kadingia Septentrionalis (commune generale)|Kadingia Septentrionalis]]<ref name="Kadingia">Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1868hist%29.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur "(...) ad eundem Gerlagum pertinentium, seu ultra Albiam seu in Kadingia sitorum (...)".</ref><ref name="Septentrionalis">Latinum adiectivum [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/septentrionalis?wb=gross&nr=3 "septentrionalis-e"] Theodiscum praefixum aut vocabulum ''Nord(-)'' vertit.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Nordkehdingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Noordkeden'') commune generale (7375) ** [[Balga]]<ref name="Udolph 1994">Udolph, J. (1994). ''Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem'' (Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Ergänzungsbände 9). Walter de Gruyter.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balje'') (1017) ** [[Friburgum (Albis)|Friburgum]]<ref name="Friburgum">Theodiscum toponymum ''Freiburg'' Latino toponymo "Friburgum" verti solet. Cf. [[Friburgum Brisgoviae]] aut [[Friburgum Nuithonum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Freiburg/Elbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fryborg'' seu ''Freiborg'') oppidum (1872) ** [[Krummendeich]] (490) ** [[Oederquart]] (1040) ** [[Wischhafen]] (2956) * [[Lühe (commune generale)|Lühe]] commune generale (9844) ** [[Grunendicum]]<ref name="-dicum">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-diek'' aut ''-deich'' aut ''-dijk'' aut ''-dyk'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dicum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Isendicum]] apud {{Graesse}}; aut [[Mardicum]] apud ''Dictionnaire universel françois et latin, vulgairement appelé Dictionnaire de Trévoux''.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Grünendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Greundiek'') (1871) ** [[Guderhandviertel]] ([[Theodisce]] ''Guderhandviertel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gauderhandviddel'') (1111) ** [[Hollern-Twielenfleth]] (3360) ** [[Mittelnkirchen]] (1076) ** [[Neuenkirchen]] (838) ** [[Steinkirchen]], sedes administrationis (1588) * [[Oldendorf-Himmelpforten (commune generale)|Oldendorf-Himmelpforten]] commune generale (17.963) ** [[Borchwega]]<ref name="Rüther 1905">Rüther, H. (Ed.) (1905). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Neuenwalde''. Halle’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burweg'') (1007) ** [[Dudanebutli]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1841">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1841). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch (Band 1)''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Düdenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düünbeudel'') (990) ** [[Engelschofa]]<ref name="-hofa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hof(f)(e)(n)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hofa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hattenhofa (Bavaria)|Hattenhofa Bavarica]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad fluvium Glon]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad Rotam]], [[Poohofa]], [[Gundershofa]], [[Hattenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Hattenhofa Badeniae-Virtembergiae]], [[Pfaffenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Pfaffenhofa]], [[Matichofa]], [[Philshofa]] apud [[Google|Gugulam]].</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Engelschoff''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engelschopp'') (763) ** [[Estorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'') (1428) ** [[Hammah]] (3066) ** [[Heinbockel]] (1420) ** [[Himmelpforten]], sedes administrationis (5127) ** [[Kranenburg]] (726) ** [[Oldendorf]] (2982) ** [[Worde]]<ref name="Worde">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/grossenwoerden/?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Hinricus rector ecclesie in Worde'' (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Großenwörden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootweurn'') (454) == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]] == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Landkreis Stade|Circulum Stadae}} * [http://www.landkreis-stade.de/ Pagina officialis] {{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Stadae circulus}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1885]] r4tvrpto22uxb4wctkny0p5evr67nks 0 267846 3983495 3969395 2026-08-24T20:24:44Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* Fluxus */ 3983495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{flumen|Tocantinum|[[Fasciculus:Ponte Imperatriz.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Pons in Tocantino ad [[urbs Imperatricis|urbem Imperatricis]].]] | 2850 | | 16 190| 770 000 | civitas [[Goiasensis]] | [[Para (flumen)|Para]] | civitates [[Goiasensis]], [[Civitas Maragnanensis|Maragnanensis]].<br>[[Tocantinensis]] et [[Paraensis]].}} '''Flumen Tocantins'''<ref>"Brasilia, Goyaz, in solo paludoso ad flumen Tocantins": ''[https://science.mnhn.fr/all/list?originalCollection=Herbier+Müller+-+Herbier+Bescherelle Herbier C. Müller]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''. "In campis apertis secus flumen Tocantins, inter São João das Duas Barras et Porto Imperiale": ''[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/50111506 Tropicos]''</ref> vel '''Tocantinum'''<ref>Vb. adiect. "Tocantinensis", cf. ''[[Corumbataia tocantinensis]]'' etc.</ref> est [[flumen]] maximum in [[Brasilia]] situm. Circa 2450 [[chiliometrum|chiliometra]] a [[meridies|meridie]] ad [[septentrio]]nes fluit. [[Fasciculus:Tocantins watershed.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Tocantini et [[Araguaia]]e [[pelvis siccationis]].]] ==Etymologia== [[Vocabulum]] ''tocantinum,'' ab vocabulis [[Lingua Tupi|Tupiensibus]] ''tukã'' 'ramphastida' + ''ti'' 'rostrum', efficienter significat '[[rostrum]] [[Ramphastidae|ramphastidae]]'. ==Fluxus== [[Amnis]] in [[Flumen Amazonum]] influere usitate habetur, sed revera eius [[aqua]]e in [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceanum Atlanticum]] una cum aquis Amazonum defluunt, nam [[Para (flumen)|Para]] [[ramus fluviatilis|bracchium]] in [[delta fluminis Amazonum]] latissimum aquis Tocantini pluribus et Amazonum minimis alitur. Amnis per quattuor [[civitas|civitates]] Brasilienses ([[Goiasensis|Goiasensem]], [[Tocantinensis|Tocantinensem]], [[Maragnanensis|Maragnanensem]], [[Paraensis|Paraensem]]) fluit, et ex ea appellatur [[Tocantinensis]], una e novissimis Brasiliae civitatibus, anno [[1988]] e [[septentrio]]nali Goiasensis parte constituta. [[Araguaia]] est maximus Tocantini accola, et longitudo fluminis a fonte Araguaiae ad [[ostium fluminis|ostium]] Tocantini maior est, quam a fonte Tocantini. ==Urbes== Urbes [[Urbs Imperatricis|Imperatricis]], [[Tocantinopolis]]<ref>{{CathHierDiocese|toca|Dioecesis Tocantinopolitana}}</ref>, [[Palmas]] ad ripas Tocantini sitae sunt. ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Provete, D. B. [[2013]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210919232748/http://diogoprovete.weebly.com/uploads/1/7/3/6/17367099/tocantins_river.pdf ''Tocantins River.''] PDF, pp. 1237–1239. *Ziesler, R., et G. D. Ardizzone. [[1979]]. [http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/ad770b/AD770B06.htm Amazon River System.] In ''The Inland waters of Latin America.'' Food and Agriculture Organization, Consociatio Nationum. ISBN 9250007809 ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060519081942/http://www.transportes.gov.br/bit/mapas/mapclick/hidro/bctoca.htm ''Basin map.''] *[http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P3649900.html ''Tocantins Basin.] [[Categoria:Civitas Tocantinensis]] [[Categoria:Flumina Brasiliae]] [[Categoria:Goias (civitas)]] [[Categoria:Maragnanum]] [[Categoria:Para]] [[Categoria:Systema Amazonum fluminis]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Tocantins flumen}} {{Myrias|Geographia}} 6qozqrqfn0tz867tddzf08if19cv0j8 0 268514 3983424 3844194 2026-08-24T12:47:49Z Hapalochlaena lunulata 189509 minor modifications to increase readability of formulas and exactness; added demonstration that the trivial vector space is a vector space 3983424 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Vector add scale.svg|thumb|Additio vectorum et multiplicatio scalaris. Supra, vector '''v''' ([[caeruleus]]) alio vectori '''w''' ([[ruber|rubro]]) additur. Infra, '''w''' per factorem 2 extenditur, quod summam '''v''' + 2'''w''' facit.]] '''Spatium vectoriale'''<ref>Isabel Schlangen, [http://www.math.uni-bonn.de/ag/stroppel/DA_Schlangen_final.pdf ''Drei Quanten-sl₂-Verallgemeinerungen des gefärbten Jonespolynoms in zwei Parametern''] (dissertatiuncula, Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 2012), vi.</ref> vel '''spatio lineare''' est collectio rerum [[vector (mathematica)|vectorum]] appellatarum, quae inter se addi et per [[numerus|numeros]] [[scalar (physica)|scalares]] dictos [[multiplicatio|multiplicari]] possunt. Scalares saepius sunt [[numerus realis|numeri reales]], sed etiam sunt spatii vectorialia ubi multiplicatio scalaris [[numerus complexus|numeris complexis]], [[numerus rationalis|numeris rationalibus]], aut quemlibet [[corpus (mathematica)|corpore]] fit. Rigorose, [[copia]] <math> E </math> (cum operationes <math> + </math> et <math> \cdot </math>) structura spatii vectorialis super corpus commutativum <math> K </math> habet si: # <math> + : E \times E \rightarrow E </math> est operatio binaria. # <math> \cdot : K \times E \rightarrow E </math> est operatio binaria. # <math> (E,+) </math> [[Caterva Abeliana|caterva abeliana]] est. # Operatio • [[distributio (mathematica)|distributivus]] associativusque est. # <math>1_K \in K </math> de operatione • elementum neuter est. == Proprietates quae spatium vectoriale definiunt == Spatium vectoriale <math> (V,+,\cdot) </math> super corpus <math>\R</math> est [[copia]] <math>V</math>, cui definiantur operationes [[Summa|summa]] <math>+:V^2\rightarrow V</math> et [[multiplicatio]] [[Scalar (physica)|scalaris]] <math>\cdot :\R\times V \rightarrow V</math>, quae has proprietates satisfaciant: # Summa est [[Associativitas (mathematica)|associativa]]: <math>\forall u,v,w \in V: (u+v)+w=u+(v+w)</math>; # Summa est [[Commutativitas (mathematica)|commutativa]]: <math>\forall v,w \in V : v+w=w+v</math>; # Est elementum summae neutrum, quod est vector <math> \underline{0} </math> qui alii vectori additus eum ipsum producit: <math>\exists \underline{0} \in V: \forall v \in V : v+ \underline{0}=v </math>; # Omni vectori <math> v </math> est elementum summae oppositum <math> -v </math>, quod est vector qui vectori <math> v </math> additus [[zerum]] <math> \underline{0} </math> producit: <math>\forall v \in V : \exists (-v) \in V: v+(-v)= \underline{0} </math>; # Multiplicatio scalaris est compatibilis cum multiplicatione inter elementa de corpore: <math>\forall \lambda, \mu \in \R, \forall v \in V :(\lambda\mu)\cdot v=\lambda \cdot (\mu \cdot v)</math>; # Multiplicatio scalaris est [[Distributivitas (mathematica)|distributiva]]: <math>\forall \lambda \in \R, \forall v,w \in V : \lambda \cdot(v+w)=\lambda \cdot v+\lambda \cdot w </math> <math> \text{ atque } \forall \lambda, \mu \in \R, \forall v \in V : (\lambda+\mu)\cdot v=\lambda \cdot v+\mu \cdot v</math>; # <math> \forall v \in V : 1 \cdot v=v \text{ atque } \forall v \in V : 0 \cdot v=\underline{0} </math>. Elementa spatii vectorialis ''vectores,'' summaeque elementum neutrum ''vector nullus'' <math>\underline{0}</math> appellantur. == Subspatium vectoriale == Spatiis vectorialibus sunt subcopiae quae similes sunt [[Linea (mathematica)|lineis]] apud subcopias [[Spatium euclideum|spatii euclidei]]. Hae subcopiae sunt ''subspatia vectorialia,'' quae subcopiae sunt spatii vectorialis clausae multiplicationi scalaribus summaeque: <math>W \subseteq V: \forall w, w_1, w_2 \in W, \forall \lambda \in \R : w_1+w_2 \in W, \lambda \cdot w \in W</math> Vector nullus versatur in omnibus subspatiis vectorialibus, quia si <math>w</math> est vector in subspatio, etiam est <math>0w=\underline{0}</math> (zerum est scalar). Et quod unus negativus est scalar quoque, si subspatio vectoriali inest vector, etiam eius [[Numerus integer|oppositus]] inest. In secundis, omnia subspatia vectorialia sunt spatia vectorialia, spatiaque vectorialia sunt subspatia vectorialia ipsorum. Etiam copia solius vectoris nullius <math>\{\underline{0}\}</math> est subspatium vectoriale: <math> \{\underline{0}\} \subseteq V: \forall \underline{0} \in \{\underline{0}\}, \forall \lambda \in \R : \underline{0} + \underline{0} = \underline{0} \in \{\underline{0}\}, \lambda \cdot \underline{0} = \underline{0} \in \{\underline{0}\} </math>. == Spatia vectorialia in systematibus aequationum solvendis == In systema [[Aequatio|aequationum]] lineare, si dextrae signi aequationis <math>=</math> instant sola [[Zerum|zera]], sicque videtur: <math>Ax=\underline{0}</math> Id systema ''homogeneum'' dicitur. Demonstrari potest, si <math>W \subseteq \R^n</math> est copia [[Solutio aequationis|solutionum]] systematis linearis homogenei numero <math>n</math> variabilium ignotarum scripti ut <math>Ax=\underline{0}</math>, <math>W</math> esse subspatium vectoriale spatii <math>\R^n</math>. Idem si non est homogeneum systema, eius solutiones non sunt subspatium, quod non inest vector nullus. {{Demonstratio mathematica|title=<math>W</math> ut subspatium vectoriale|proof=Systema enim sic videtur: <math>\biggl\{\begin{matrix}a_{11}x_1+...+a_{1n}x_n=0\\...\\a_{m1}x_1+...+a_{mn}x_n=0\end{matrix}</math> Si vectores <math>\underline{v}, \underline{w}</math> solutiones sunt, id igitur verum est: <math>\biggl\{ \begin{matrix}a_{11}v_1+...+a_{1n}v_n=0\\...\\a_{m1}v_1+...+a_{mn}v_n=0\end{matrix} \biggl\{ \begin{matrix}a_{11}w_1+...+a_{1n}w_n=0\\...\\a_{m1}w_1+...+a_{mn}w_n=0\end{matrix}</math> Si dua systema summantur, vel scalari multiplicantur, id patet: <math>\biggl\{\begin{matrix}a_{11}(v_1+w_1)+...+a_{1n}(v_n+w_n)=0\\...\\a_{m1}(v_1+w_1)+...+a_{mn}(v_n+w_n)=0\end{matrix} \biggl\{\begin{matrix}a_{11}(\lambda v_1)+...+a_{1n}(\lambda v_n)=0\\...\\a_{m1}(\lambda v_1)+...+a_{mn}(\lambda v_n)=0\end{matrix}</math> Summa igitur solutionum et multiplicatio sunt solutio ipsius systematis, quod est definitio subspatii vectorialis (clausi summae multiplicationique).}} == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Abate, De Fabritiis, [[2015]]. ''Geometria analitica con elementi di algebra lineare.'' McGraw Hill Education. ISBN 9788838615146. {{NexInt}} *[[Algebra abstracta]] *[[Tensor (mathematica)]] *[[Theoria catervarum]] *[[Basis (mathematica)]] {{Myrias|Mathematica}} [[Categoria:Algebra linearis]] qt3mxugggg8yq83xeffptf1xnzi1qwb 3983427 3983424 2026-08-24T12:58:09Z IacobusAmor 1163 ~ (10K) 3983427 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Vector add scale.svg|thumb|Additio vectorum et multiplicatio scalaris. Supra, vector '''v''' ([[caeruleus]]) alio vectori '''w''' ([[ruber|rubro]]) additur. Infra, '''w''' per factorem 2 extenditur, quod summam '''v''' + 2'''w''' facit.]] '''Spatium vectoriale''',<ref>Isabel Schlangen, [http://www.math.uni-bonn.de/ag/stroppel/DA_Schlangen_final.pdf ''Drei Quanten-sl₂-Verallgemeinerungen des gefärbten Jonespolynoms in zwei Parametern''] (dissertatiuncula, Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 2012), vi.</ref> vel '''spatio lineare''', est collectio rerum [[vector (mathematica)|vectorum]] appellatarum, quae inter se addi et per [[numerus|numeros]] [[scalar (physica)|scalares]] dictos [[multiplicatio|multiplicari]] possunt. Scalares saepius sunt [[numerus realis|numeri reales]], sed etiam sunt spatii vectorialia ubi multiplicatio scalaris [[numerus complexus|numeris complexis]], [[numerus rationalis|numeris rationalibus]], aut quemlibet [[corpus (mathematica)|corpore]] fit. Rigorose, [[copia]] <math> E </math> (cum operationes <math> + </math> et <math> \cdot </math>) structura spatii vectorialis super corpus commutativum <math> K </math> habet si: # <math> + : E \times E \rightarrow E </math> est operatio binaria. # <math> \cdot : K \times E \rightarrow E </math> est operatio binaria. # <math> (E,+) </math> [[Caterva Abeliana|caterva abeliana]] est. # Operatio • [[distributio (mathematica)|distributivus]] associativusque est. # <math>1_K \in K </math> de operatione • elementum neuter est. == Proprietates quae spatium vectoriale definiunt == Spatium vectoriale <math> (V,+,\cdot) </math> super corpus <math>\R</math> est [[copia]] <math>V</math>, cui definiantur operationes [[Summa|summa]] <math>+:V^2\rightarrow V</math> et [[multiplicatio]] [[Scalar (physica)|scalaris]] <math>\cdot :\R\times V \rightarrow V</math>, quae has proprietates satisfaciant: # Summa est [[Associativitas (mathematica)|associativa]]: <math>\forall u,v,w \in V: (u+v)+w=u+(v+w)</math>; # Summa est [[Commutativitas (mathematica)|commutativa]]: <math>\forall v,w \in V : v+w=w+v</math>; # Est elementum summae neutrum, quod est vector <math> \underline{0} </math> qui alii vectori additus eum ipsum producit: <math>\exists \underline{0} \in V: \forall v \in V : v+ \underline{0}=v </math>; # Omni vectori <math> v </math> est elementum summae oppositum <math> -v </math>, quod est vector qui vectori <math> v </math> additus [[zerum]] <math> \underline{0} </math> producit: <math>\forall v \in V : \exists (-v) \in V: v+(-v)= \underline{0} </math>; # Multiplicatio scalaris est compatibilis cum multiplicatione inter elementa de corpore: <math>\forall \lambda, \mu \in \R, \forall v \in V :(\lambda\mu)\cdot v=\lambda \cdot (\mu \cdot v)</math>; # Multiplicatio scalaris est [[Distributivitas (mathematica)|distributiva]]: <math>\forall \lambda \in \R, \forall v,w \in V : \lambda \cdot(v+w)=\lambda \cdot v+\lambda \cdot w </math> <math> \text{ atque } \forall \lambda, \mu \in \R, \forall v \in V : (\lambda+\mu)\cdot v=\lambda \cdot v+\mu \cdot v</math>; # <math> \forall v \in V : 1 \cdot v=v \text{ atque } \forall v \in V : 0 \cdot v=\underline{0} </math>. Elementa spatii vectorialis ''vectores,'' summaeque elementum neutrum ''vector nullus'' <math>\underline{0}</math> appellantur. == Subspatium vectoriale == Spatiis vectorialibus sunt subcopiae quae similes sunt [[Linea (mathematica)|lineis]] apud subcopias [[Spatium euclideum|spatii euclidei]]. Hae subcopiae sunt ''subspatia vectorialia,'' quae subcopiae sunt spatii vectorialis clausae multiplicationi scalaribus summaeque: <math>W \subseteq V: \forall w, w_1, w_2 \in W, \forall \lambda \in \R : w_1+w_2 \in W, \lambda \cdot w \in W</math> Vector nullus versatur in omnibus subspatiis vectorialibus, quia si <math>w</math> est vector in subspatio, etiam est <math>0w=\underline{0}</math> (zerum est scalar). Et quod unus negativus est scalar quoque, si subspatio vectoriali inest vector, etiam eius [[Numerus integer|oppositus]] inest. In secundis, omnia subspatia vectorialia sunt spatia vectorialia, spatiaque vectorialia sunt subspatia vectorialia ipsorum. Etiam copia solius vectoris nullius <math>\{\underline{0}\}</math> est subspatium vectoriale: <math> \{\underline{0}\} \subseteq V: \forall \underline{0} \in \{\underline{0}\}, \forall \lambda \in \R : \underline{0} + \underline{0} = \underline{0} \in \{\underline{0}\}, \lambda \cdot \underline{0} = \underline{0} \in \{\underline{0}\} </math>. == Spatia vectorialia in systematibus aequationum solvendis == In systema [[Aequatio|aequationum]] lineare, si dextrae signi aequationis <math>=</math> instant sola [[Zerum|zera]], sicque videtur: <math>Ax=\underline{0}</math> Id systema ''homogeneum'' dicitur. Demonstrari potest, si <math>W \subseteq \R^n</math> est copia [[Solutio aequationis|solutionum]] systematis linearis homogenei numero <math>n</math> variabilium ignotarum scripti ut <math>Ax=\underline{0}</math>, <math>W</math> esse subspatium vectoriale spatii <math>\R^n</math>. Idem si non est homogeneum systema, eius solutiones non sunt subspatium, quod non inest vector nullus. {{Demonstratio mathematica|title=<math>W</math> ut subspatium vectoriale|proof=Systema enim sic videtur: <math>\biggl\{\begin{matrix}a_{11}x_1+...+a_{1n}x_n=0\\...\\a_{m1}x_1+...+a_{mn}x_n=0\end{matrix}</math> Si vectores <math>\underline{v}, \underline{w}</math> solutiones sunt, id igitur verum est: <math>\biggl\{ \begin{matrix}a_{11}v_1+...+a_{1n}v_n=0\\...\\a_{m1}v_1+...+a_{mn}v_n=0\end{matrix} \biggl\{ \begin{matrix}a_{11}w_1+...+a_{1n}w_n=0\\...\\a_{m1}w_1+...+a_{mn}w_n=0\end{matrix}</math> Si dua systema summantur, vel scalari multiplicantur, id patet: <math>\biggl\{\begin{matrix}a_{11}(v_1+w_1)+...+a_{1n}(v_n+w_n)=0\\...\\a_{m1}(v_1+w_1)+...+a_{mn}(v_n+w_n)=0\end{matrix} \biggl\{\begin{matrix}a_{11}(\lambda v_1)+...+a_{1n}(\lambda v_n)=0\\...\\a_{m1}(\lambda v_1)+...+a_{mn}(\lambda v_n)=0\end{matrix}</math> Summa igitur solutionum et multiplicatio sunt solutio ipsius systematis, quod est definitio subspatii vectorialis (clausi summae multiplicationique).}} == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Abate, De Fabritiis. [[2015]]. ''Geometria analitica con elementi di algebra lineare.'' McGraw Hill Education. ISBN 9788838615146. {{NexInt}} *[[Algebra abstracta]] *[[Basis (mathematica)]] *[[Tensor (mathematica)]] *[[Theoria catervarum]] {{Myrias|Mathematica}} [[Categoria:Algebra linearis]] m5yrn7w1iqp65jig7nk2pzv48v3yoeq 0 276825 3983565 3978512 2026-08-25T06:32:23Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983565 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Baron George Calvert by John Alfred Vinter.jpg|thumb|Georgius Calvert ab [[Ioannes Alfredus Vinter|Ioanne Alfredo Vinter]] pictus]] '''George Calvert, primus baro Baltimore''' (natus anno [[1580]], mortuus die [[15 Aprilis]] [[1632]]) fuit [[politicus]] [[Anglia|Anglicus]] qui [[Possessiones transmarinae Anglicae|colonias]] in [[America]]m deduxit. [[Iacobus I (rex Angliae)|Iacobo I]] rege, senator [[parlamentum Britannicum|parlamenti]], deinde [[secretarius civitatis]], prospera fortuna in rebus civilibus usus, postea infausto proposito coniugii [[Carolus I (rex Angliae)|Caroli]] principis Angliae et [[Maria Anna (imperatrix Sacri Romani Imperii)|Mariae Annae]] principissae Hispaniae suffragatus, auctoritatem perdidit. Anno [[1625]] omnia officia politica, munere [[consilium regis|regis consiliarii]] excepto, concessit et palam se [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|ecclesiae Romanae]] sectatorem esse declaravit. Post hanc abdicationem [[baro Baltimore]] inter magnatos [[Hibernia]]e creatus est. Manierum, seu praedium, Baltimore in Hibernico comitatu [[Comitatus Longofordiensis|Longofordiensi]] iacebat. Calvert studio [[Colonizatio Americae Britannica|colonizationis Americae]] tentus est, primum commercii de causis, deinde ad refugium pro Catholicis Anglicis [[persecutio]]ne affectis creandum.<!--He became the proprietor of Avalon, the first sustained English settlement on the southeastern peninsula on the island of [[Terra Nova|Newfoundland]] (off the eastern coast of modern Canada). Discouraged by its cold and sometimes inhospitable climate and the sufferings of the settlers, he looked for a more suitable spot further south and sought a new royal charter to settle the region, which would become the state of [[Terra Mariae|Maryland]]. Calvert died five weeks before the new Charter was sealed, leaving the settlement of the Maryland colony to his son Cecil (1605–1675). His second son Leonard Calvert (1606–1647) was the first colonial governor of the Province of Maryland.--> == Bibliographia == * {{cite book |last=Browne |first=William Hand |date=1890 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kwOAAAAIAAJ |title=George Calvert and Cecil Calvert: Barons Baltimore of Baltimore |place=New York |publisher=Dodd, Mead, and Company |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Brugger |first=Robert J. |date=1988 |title=Maryland: A Middle Temperament, 1634–1980 |url=https://archive.org/details/marylandmiddlete0000brug_y0n1 |place=Baltimore |publisher=Johns Hopkins Press |isbn=0-8018-3399-X |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Codignola |first=Luca |date=1988 |title=The Coldest Harbour of the Land: Simon Stock and Lord Baltimore's Colony in Newfoundland, 1621–1649, Translated by Anita Weston |url=https://archive.org/details/coldestharbourof0000codi |place=Kingston, Ontario |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=0-7735-0540-7 |ref=harv}} * Fiske, John (1897). ''[https://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC05279899&id=Is95T1j5wJoC&pg=RA1-PA255&lpg=RA1-PA255&dq=george+calvert+baltimore Old Virginia and Her Neighbors]''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. * Hennesey, James (1981). ''American Catholics: A History of the Roman Catholic Community in the United States''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-503268-3. * Krugler, John D. (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Lo5Bbf1AqYAC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false English and Catholic: the Lords Baltimore in the Seventeenth Century]''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-7963-9. * Middleton, Richard (3rd ed. 2002). ''Colonial America: A History. 1565–1776''. Oxford, UK; Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-22141-7. * Pope, Peter Edward (2004). ''Fish into Wine: the Newfoundland Plantation in the Seventeenth Century''. Chapel Hill: Published for the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, Williamsburg, Virginia, by the University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2910-2. * Stewart, Alan (2003). ''The Cradle King: A Life of James VI & I''. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 0-7011-6984-2. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150906125200/http://www.lib.umd.edu/binaries/content/assets/public/special/projects/riversdale/calvertfamilytree.pdf Stemma genealogicum Calvert] * [http://www.heritage.nf.ca/govhouse/governors/p08.html Calvert, Sir George (bio)], from "The Governorship of Newfoundland and Labrador: Government House" website. * [http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/calvert_george_1E.html Calvert, Sir George (bio)], from ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online'' * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9012057/George-Calvert-1st-Baron-Baltimore Calvert, Sir George (bio)], from ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', full-article free, latest online edition. * [http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/speccol/sc3500/sc3520/002100/002167/html/msa02167.html Calvert, Sir George (bio)], from Maryland State Archives. Includes photographs and sources. [[Categoria:Nati 1580]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1632]] [[Categoria:America Septentrionalis Britannica]] 9ocjg4f67dj1cs66of5gdc3mhxs4cav 0 291771 3983442 3950698 2026-08-24T14:47:37Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: -[[Categoria:Flumina]]; +[[Categoria:Delta fluminis]] 3983442 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Karte des Donaudeltas mit den Jagdstreifzügen.jpg|thumb|[[Tabula geographica|Tabula]] deltae [[Danubius|Danubii]].]] {{res|Delta fluminis}}, saepe {{res|delta}}<ref>Ex littera Graeca [[delta|Δ]] oritur, similitudine formae.</ref> tantum appellata, est [[forma terrestris]] a [[depositio (geologia)|depositione]] [[sedimentum|sedimentorum]] a [[flumen|flumine]] ablatorum, genus [[ostium fluminis|ostii]], quo in multa deverticula vel [[cornu fluminis|cornua]] flumen dividitur, quae in [[mare]] vel [[lacus|lacum]] effunduntur. Saepe formam [[triangulum|trianguli]] deorsum visae habent. [[Insula]]s permultas plerumque habent, saepe [[palus|paludinosas]]. Inter [[terra]]s alluviales saepe iacent. [[Antiquitas|Antiqui]] [[Delta Nili|deltam Nili]] bene cognoverant, et haec prima delta nominabatur; deltae ceterae ex hac delta [[nomen proprium|nomen]] ceperunt. ==Deltae maximae== [[Fasciculus:Irrawaddy Delta, Myanmar ESA381810.jpg|thumb|Delta [[Aeravati]] fluminis [[Birmania]]e.]] Inter maximas [[orbis terrarum]] deltas sunt sequentes. * [[delta Gangis|Gangis]], area 105,6 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Flumen Amazonum|Fluminis Amazonum]], 100 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Lena]]e, 45,5 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Mecon]]is, 40,6 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Indus|Indi]], 41,4 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Mississippius|Mississippii]], 28,6 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Nilus|Nili]], 24 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Volga]]e, 19 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² [[Fasciculus:Skirvytės upė.Nemuno deltos salos šalia Kaliningrado.jpg|thumb|In delta [[Nemenus|Nemeni]].]] ==Deltae interiores== Interdum, cum flumen in lacum exsiccatum effundebatur, deverticula deltae veteris rursum coniunguntur; hoc delta interior appellatur. Exemplum est [[Niger (flumen)|Niger]] flumen. [[Mississippius]] flumen deltam veram maximam habet in [[Ludoviciana]] [[Civitatum Foederatarum civitas|civitate]], ubi in [[Sinus Mexicanus|sinum Mexicanum]] influit; [[regio]] autem, quae saepius ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Delta Mississippii||en|qid=Q1426203}}'' nominatur, sensu [[hydrographia|hydrographico]] nec delta nec delta interior est. == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} *[[Limnologia]] ==Nexus externi== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060128075100/http://www.geol.lsu.edu/WDD/DELTA_LISTS/continents.htm Deltae orbis terrarum.] Universitas Publica Ludoviciana. {{Myrias|Physica}} [[Categoria:Delta fluminis|!]] [[Categoria:Hydrographia]] [[Categoria:Hydrologia]] qxlds31d93nqeayol4ftmw6dh1wxp3b 3983476 3983442 2026-08-24T16:15:30Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* Deltae maximae */ 3983476 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Karte des Donaudeltas mit den Jagdstreifzügen.jpg|thumb|[[Tabula geographica|Tabula]] deltae [[Danubius|Danubii]].]] {{res|Delta fluminis}}, saepe {{res|delta}}<ref>Ex littera Graeca [[delta|Δ]] oritur, similitudine formae.</ref> tantum appellata, est [[forma terrestris]] a [[depositio (geologia)|depositione]] [[sedimentum|sedimentorum]] a [[flumen|flumine]] ablatorum, genus [[ostium fluminis|ostii]], quo in multa deverticula vel [[cornu fluminis|cornua]] flumen dividitur, quae in [[mare]] vel [[lacus|lacum]] effunduntur. Saepe formam [[triangulum|trianguli]] deorsum visae habent. [[Insula]]s permultas plerumque habent, saepe [[palus|paludinosas]]. Inter [[terra]]s alluviales saepe iacent. [[Antiquitas|Antiqui]] [[Delta Nili|deltam Nili]] bene cognoverant, et haec prima delta nominabatur; deltae ceterae ex hac delta [[nomen proprium|nomen]] ceperunt. ==Deltae maximae== [[Fasciculus:Irrawaddy Delta, Myanmar ESA381810.jpg|thumb|Delta [[Aeravati]] fluminis [[Birmania]]e.]] Inter maximas [[orbis terrarum]] deltas sunt sequentes. * [[delta Gangis|Gangis]], area 105,6 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Flumen Amazonum|Fluminis Amazonum]], 100 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Lena]]e, 45,5 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Mecon]]is, 40,6 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Indus|Indi]], 41,4 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Mississippius|Mississippii]], 28,6 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[delta Nili|Nili]], 24 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[delta Volgae|Volgae]], 19 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² [[Fasciculus:Skirvytės upė.Nemuno deltos salos šalia Kaliningrado.jpg|thumb|In delta [[Nemenus|Nemeni]].]] ==Deltae interiores== Interdum, cum flumen in lacum exsiccatum effundebatur, deverticula deltae veteris rursum coniunguntur; hoc delta interior appellatur. Exemplum est [[Niger (flumen)|Niger]] flumen. [[Mississippius]] flumen deltam veram maximam habet in [[Ludoviciana]] [[Civitatum Foederatarum civitas|civitate]], ubi in [[Sinus Mexicanus|sinum Mexicanum]] influit; [[regio]] autem, quae saepius ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Delta Mississippii||en|qid=Q1426203}}'' nominatur, sensu [[hydrographia|hydrographico]] nec delta nec delta interior est. == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} *[[Limnologia]] ==Nexus externi== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060128075100/http://www.geol.lsu.edu/WDD/DELTA_LISTS/continents.htm Deltae orbis terrarum.] Universitas Publica Ludoviciana. {{Myrias|Physica}} [[Categoria:Delta fluminis|!]] [[Categoria:Hydrographia]] [[Categoria:Hydrologia]] 0uz9k75d1flrvr3jzlywepjkqbv2vs2 3983482 3983476 2026-08-24T17:32:32Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3983482 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Karte des Donaudeltas mit den Jagdstreifzügen.jpg|thumb|[[Tabula geographica|Tabula]] delta [[Danubius|Danubii]].]] {{res|Delta fluminis}}, saepe {{res|delta}}<ref>Ex littera Graeca [[delta|Δ]] oritur, similitudine formae.</ref> tantum appellatum, est [[forma terrestris]] a [[depositio (geologia)|depositione]] [[sedimentum|sedimentorum]] a [[flumen|flumine]] ablatorum, genus [[ostium fluminis|ostii]], quo in multa deverticula vel [[cornu fluminis|cornua]] flumen dividitur, quae in [[mare]] vel [[lacus|lacum]] effunduntur. Saepe formam [[triangulum|trianguli]] deorsum visae habent. [[Insula]]s permultas plerumque habent, saepe [[palus|paludinosas]]. Inter [[terra]]s alluviales saepe iacent. [[Antiquitas|Antiqui]] [[Delta Nili|delta Nili]] bene cognoverant, et hoc primum delta nominabatur; delta cetera ex hoc delta [[nomen proprium|nomen]] ceperunt. ==Delta maxima== [[Fasciculus:Irrawaddy Delta, Myanmar ESA381810.jpg|thumb|Delta [[Aeravati]] fluminis [[Birmania]]e.]] Inter maxima [[orbis terrarum]] delta sunt sequentia. * [[delta Gangis|Gangis]], area 105,6 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Flumen Amazonum|Fluminis Amazonum]], 100 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Lena]]e, 45,5 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Mecon]]is, 40,6 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Indus|Indi]], 41,4 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Mississippius|Mississippii]], 28,6 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[delta Nili|Nili]], 24 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[delta Volgae|Volgae]], 19 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² [[Fasciculus:Skirvytės upė.Nemuno deltos salos šalia Kaliningrado.jpg|thumb|In delta [[Nemenus|Nemeni]].]] ==Delta interiora== Interdum, cum flumen in lacum exsiccatum effundebatur, deverticula delta veteris rursum coniunguntur; hoc delta interius appellatur. Exemplum est [[Niger (flumen)|Niger]] flumen. [[Mississippius]] flumen delta verum maximum habet in [[Ludoviciana]] [[Civitatum Foederatarum civitas|civitate]], ubi in [[Sinus Mexicanus|sinum Mexicanum]] influit; [[regio]] autem, quae saepius ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Delta Mississippii||en|qid=Q1426203}}'' nominatur, sensu [[hydrographia|hydrographico]] nec delta nec delta interius est. == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} *[[Limnologia]] ==Nexus externi== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060128075100/http://www.geol.lsu.edu/WDD/DELTA_LISTS/continents.htm Delta varia orbis terrarum.] Universitas Publica Ludoviciana. {{Myrias|Physica}} [[Categoria:Delta fluminis|!]] [[Categoria:Hydrographia]] [[Categoria:Hydrologia]] sht3sih8e1iycpctzjjier5hbh0roid 3983499 3983482 2026-08-24T20:29:05Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* Delta maxima */ 3983499 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Karte des Donaudeltas mit den Jagdstreifzügen.jpg|thumb|[[Tabula geographica|Tabula]] delta [[Danubius|Danubii]].]] {{res|Delta fluminis}}, saepe {{res|delta}}<ref>Ex littera Graeca [[delta|Δ]] oritur, similitudine formae.</ref> tantum appellatum, est [[forma terrestris]] a [[depositio (geologia)|depositione]] [[sedimentum|sedimentorum]] a [[flumen|flumine]] ablatorum, genus [[ostium fluminis|ostii]], quo in multa deverticula vel [[cornu fluminis|cornua]] flumen dividitur, quae in [[mare]] vel [[lacus|lacum]] effunduntur. Saepe formam [[triangulum|trianguli]] deorsum visae habent. [[Insula]]s permultas plerumque habent, saepe [[palus|paludinosas]]. Inter [[terra]]s alluviales saepe iacent. [[Antiquitas|Antiqui]] [[Delta Nili|delta Nili]] bene cognoverant, et hoc primum delta nominabatur; delta cetera ex hoc delta [[nomen proprium|nomen]] ceperunt. ==Delta maxima== [[Fasciculus:Irrawaddy Delta, Myanmar ESA381810.jpg|thumb|Delta [[Aeravati]] fluminis [[Birmania]]e.]] Inter maxima [[orbis terrarum]] delta sunt sequentia. * [[delta Gangis|Gangis]], area 105,6 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Delta fluminis Amazonum|Fluminis Amazonum]], 100 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Lena]]e, 45,5 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Mecon]]is, 40,6 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Indus|Indi]], 41,4 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Mississippius|Mississippii]], 28,6 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[delta Nili|Nili]], 24 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[delta Volgae|Volgae]], 19 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² [[Fasciculus:Skirvytės upė.Nemuno deltos salos šalia Kaliningrado.jpg|thumb|In delta [[Nemenus|Nemeni]].]] ==Delta interiora== Interdum, cum flumen in lacum exsiccatum effundebatur, deverticula delta veteris rursum coniunguntur; hoc delta interius appellatur. Exemplum est [[Niger (flumen)|Niger]] flumen. [[Mississippius]] flumen delta verum maximum habet in [[Ludoviciana]] [[Civitatum Foederatarum civitas|civitate]], ubi in [[Sinus Mexicanus|sinum Mexicanum]] influit; [[regio]] autem, quae saepius ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Delta Mississippii||en|qid=Q1426203}}'' nominatur, sensu [[hydrographia|hydrographico]] nec delta nec delta interius est. == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} *[[Limnologia]] ==Nexus externi== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060128075100/http://www.geol.lsu.edu/WDD/DELTA_LISTS/continents.htm Delta varia orbis terrarum.] Universitas Publica Ludoviciana. {{Myrias|Physica}} [[Categoria:Delta fluminis|!]] [[Categoria:Hydrographia]] [[Categoria:Hydrologia]] l103pykgzgadr1f5rn9geys4239bq4i 3983508 3983499 2026-08-24T21:03:16Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* Delta maxima */ 3983508 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Karte des Donaudeltas mit den Jagdstreifzügen.jpg|thumb|[[Tabula geographica|Tabula]] delta [[Danubius|Danubii]].]] {{res|Delta fluminis}}, saepe {{res|delta}}<ref>Ex littera Graeca [[delta|Δ]] oritur, similitudine formae.</ref> tantum appellatum, est [[forma terrestris]] a [[depositio (geologia)|depositione]] [[sedimentum|sedimentorum]] a [[flumen|flumine]] ablatorum, genus [[ostium fluminis|ostii]], quo in multa deverticula vel [[cornu fluminis|cornua]] flumen dividitur, quae in [[mare]] vel [[lacus|lacum]] effunduntur. Saepe formam [[triangulum|trianguli]] deorsum visae habent. [[Insula]]s permultas plerumque habent, saepe [[palus|paludinosas]]. Inter [[terra]]s alluviales saepe iacent. [[Antiquitas|Antiqui]] [[Delta Nili|delta Nili]] bene cognoverant, et hoc primum delta nominabatur; delta cetera ex hoc delta [[nomen proprium|nomen]] ceperunt. ==Delta maxima== [[Fasciculus:Irrawaddy Delta, Myanmar ESA381810.jpg|thumb|Delta [[Aeravati]] fluminis [[Birmania]]e.]] Inter maxima [[orbis terrarum]] delta sunt sequentia. * [[delta Gangis|Gangis]], area 105,6 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Delta fluminis Amazonum|Fluminis Amazonum]], 100 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Lena]]e, 45,5 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Mecon]]is, 40,6 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Indus|Indi]], 41,4 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Mississippius#Delta|Mississippii]], 28,6 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[delta Nili|Nili]], 24 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[delta Volgae|Volgae]], 19 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² [[Fasciculus:Skirvytės upė.Nemuno deltos salos šalia Kaliningrado.jpg|thumb|In delta [[Nemenus|Nemeni]].]] ==Delta interiora== Interdum, cum flumen in lacum exsiccatum effundebatur, deverticula delta veteris rursum coniunguntur; hoc delta interius appellatur. Exemplum est [[Niger (flumen)|Niger]] flumen. [[Mississippius]] flumen delta verum maximum habet in [[Ludoviciana]] [[Civitatum Foederatarum civitas|civitate]], ubi in [[Sinus Mexicanus|sinum Mexicanum]] influit; [[regio]] autem, quae saepius ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Delta Mississippii||en|qid=Q1426203}}'' nominatur, sensu [[hydrographia|hydrographico]] nec delta nec delta interius est. == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} *[[Limnologia]] ==Nexus externi== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060128075100/http://www.geol.lsu.edu/WDD/DELTA_LISTS/continents.htm Delta varia orbis terrarum.] Universitas Publica Ludoviciana. {{Myrias|Physica}} [[Categoria:Delta fluminis|!]] [[Categoria:Hydrographia]] [[Categoria:Hydrologia]] jafh2r0kcka3dqsbslc8llvo0gr5j87 3983549 3983508 2026-08-24T23:28:32Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* Delta maxima */ 3983549 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Karte des Donaudeltas mit den Jagdstreifzügen.jpg|thumb|[[Tabula geographica|Tabula]] delta [[Danubius|Danubii]].]] {{res|Delta fluminis}}, saepe {{res|delta}}<ref>Ex littera Graeca [[delta|Δ]] oritur, similitudine formae.</ref> tantum appellatum, est [[forma terrestris]] a [[depositio (geologia)|depositione]] [[sedimentum|sedimentorum]] a [[flumen|flumine]] ablatorum, genus [[ostium fluminis|ostii]], quo in multa deverticula vel [[cornu fluminis|cornua]] flumen dividitur, quae in [[mare]] vel [[lacus|lacum]] effunduntur. Saepe formam [[triangulum|trianguli]] deorsum visae habent. [[Insula]]s permultas plerumque habent, saepe [[palus|paludinosas]]. Inter [[terra]]s alluviales saepe iacent. [[Antiquitas|Antiqui]] [[Delta Nili|delta Nili]] bene cognoverant, et hoc primum delta nominabatur; delta cetera ex hoc delta [[nomen proprium|nomen]] ceperunt. ==Delta maxima== [[Fasciculus:Irrawaddy Delta, Myanmar ESA381810.jpg|thumb|Delta [[Aeravati]] fluminis [[Birmania]]e.]] Inter maxima [[orbis terrarum]] delta sunt sequentia. * [[delta Gangis|Gangis]], area 105,6 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Delta fluminis Amazonum|Fluminis Amazonum]], 100 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Delta Lenae|Lenae]], 45,5 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Mecon]]is, 40,6 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Indus|Indi]], 41,4 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Mississippius#Delta|Mississippii]], 28,6 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[delta Nili|Nili]], 24 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[delta Volgae|Volgae]], 19 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² [[Fasciculus:Skirvytės upė.Nemuno deltos salos šalia Kaliningrado.jpg|thumb|In delta [[Nemenus|Nemeni]].]] ==Delta interiora== Interdum, cum flumen in lacum exsiccatum effundebatur, deverticula delta veteris rursum coniunguntur; hoc delta interius appellatur. Exemplum est [[Niger (flumen)|Niger]] flumen. [[Mississippius]] flumen delta verum maximum habet in [[Ludoviciana]] [[Civitatum Foederatarum civitas|civitate]], ubi in [[Sinus Mexicanus|sinum Mexicanum]] influit; [[regio]] autem, quae saepius ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Delta Mississippii||en|qid=Q1426203}}'' nominatur, sensu [[hydrographia|hydrographico]] nec delta nec delta interius est. == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} *[[Limnologia]] ==Nexus externi== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060128075100/http://www.geol.lsu.edu/WDD/DELTA_LISTS/continents.htm Delta varia orbis terrarum.] Universitas Publica Ludoviciana. {{Myrias|Physica}} [[Categoria:Delta fluminis|!]] [[Categoria:Hydrographia]] [[Categoria:Hydrologia]] 9zqqkedl5ldy33e1gfpsccq6flkbsta 3983553 3983549 2026-08-25T00:23:48Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* Delta interiora */ 3983553 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Karte des Donaudeltas mit den Jagdstreifzügen.jpg|thumb|[[Tabula geographica|Tabula]] delta [[Danubius|Danubii]].]] {{res|Delta fluminis}}, saepe {{res|delta}}<ref>Ex littera Graeca [[delta|Δ]] oritur, similitudine formae.</ref> tantum appellatum, est [[forma terrestris]] a [[depositio (geologia)|depositione]] [[sedimentum|sedimentorum]] a [[flumen|flumine]] ablatorum, genus [[ostium fluminis|ostii]], quo in multa deverticula vel [[cornu fluminis|cornua]] flumen dividitur, quae in [[mare]] vel [[lacus|lacum]] effunduntur. Saepe formam [[triangulum|trianguli]] deorsum visae habent. [[Insula]]s permultas plerumque habent, saepe [[palus|paludinosas]]. Inter [[terra]]s alluviales saepe iacent. [[Antiquitas|Antiqui]] [[Delta Nili|delta Nili]] bene cognoverant, et hoc primum delta nominabatur; delta cetera ex hoc delta [[nomen proprium|nomen]] ceperunt. ==Delta maxima== [[Fasciculus:Irrawaddy Delta, Myanmar ESA381810.jpg|thumb|Delta [[Aeravati]] fluminis [[Birmania]]e.]] Inter maxima [[orbis terrarum]] delta sunt sequentia. * [[delta Gangis|Gangis]], area 105,6 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Delta fluminis Amazonum|Fluminis Amazonum]], 100 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Delta Lenae|Lenae]], 45,5 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Mecon]]is, 40,6 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Indus|Indi]], 41,4 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Mississippius#Delta|Mississippii]], 28,6 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[delta Nili|Nili]], 24 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[delta Volgae|Volgae]], 19 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² [[Fasciculus:Skirvytės upė.Nemuno deltos salos šalia Kaliningrado.jpg|thumb|In delta [[Nemenus|Nemeni]].]] ==Delta interiora== Interdum, cum flumen in lacum exsiccatum effundebatur, deverticula delta veteris rursum coniunguntur; hoc delta interius appellatur. Exemplum est [[Niger (flumen)|Niger]] flumen. In delta fluminis [[Cubango]] etiam ad mare nulla aqua pervenit, sed omnia bracchia in arenis [[Kalahari]] perduntur. [[Mississippius]] flumen delta verum maximum habet in [[Ludoviciana]] [[Civitatum Foederatarum civitas|civitate]], ubi in [[Sinus Mexicanus|sinum Mexicanum]] influit; [[regio]] autem, quae saepius ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Delta Mississippii||en|qid=Q1426203}}'' nominatur, sensu [[hydrographia|hydrographico]] nec delta nec delta interius est. == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} *[[Limnologia]] ==Nexus externi== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060128075100/http://www.geol.lsu.edu/WDD/DELTA_LISTS/continents.htm Delta varia orbis terrarum.] Universitas Publica Ludoviciana. {{Myrias|Physica}} [[Categoria:Delta fluminis|!]] [[Categoria:Hydrographia]] [[Categoria:Hydrologia]] 37mwk2cmzn7s33q18sfyh90l338th1l 3983554 3983553 2026-08-25T00:24:10Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* Delta interiora */ 3983554 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Karte des Donaudeltas mit den Jagdstreifzügen.jpg|thumb|[[Tabula geographica|Tabula]] delta [[Danubius|Danubii]].]] {{res|Delta fluminis}}, saepe {{res|delta}}<ref>Ex littera Graeca [[delta|Δ]] oritur, similitudine formae.</ref> tantum appellatum, est [[forma terrestris]] a [[depositio (geologia)|depositione]] [[sedimentum|sedimentorum]] a [[flumen|flumine]] ablatorum, genus [[ostium fluminis|ostii]], quo in multa deverticula vel [[cornu fluminis|cornua]] flumen dividitur, quae in [[mare]] vel [[lacus|lacum]] effunduntur. Saepe formam [[triangulum|trianguli]] deorsum visae habent. [[Insula]]s permultas plerumque habent, saepe [[palus|paludinosas]]. Inter [[terra]]s alluviales saepe iacent. [[Antiquitas|Antiqui]] [[Delta Nili|delta Nili]] bene cognoverant, et hoc primum delta nominabatur; delta cetera ex hoc delta [[nomen proprium|nomen]] ceperunt. ==Delta maxima== [[Fasciculus:Irrawaddy Delta, Myanmar ESA381810.jpg|thumb|Delta [[Aeravati]] fluminis [[Birmania]]e.]] Inter maxima [[orbis terrarum]] delta sunt sequentia. * [[delta Gangis|Gangis]], area 105,6 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Delta fluminis Amazonum|Fluminis Amazonum]], 100 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Delta Lenae|Lenae]], 45,5 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Mecon]]is, 40,6 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Indus|Indi]], 41,4 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[Mississippius#Delta|Mississippii]], 28,6 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[delta Nili|Nili]], 24 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² * [[delta Volgae|Volgae]], 19 milia [[chiliometrum|chm]]² [[Fasciculus:Skirvytės upė.Nemuno deltos salos šalia Kaliningrado.jpg|thumb|In delta [[Nemenus|Nemeni]].]] ==Delta interiora== Interdum, cum flumen in lacum exsiccatum effundebatur, deverticula delta veteris rursum coniunguntur; hoc delta interius appellatur. Exemplum est [[Niger (flumen)|Niger]] flumen. In delta fluminis [[Cubango]] ad mare nulla aqua pervenit, sed omnia bracchia in arenis [[Kalahari]] perduntur. [[Mississippius]] flumen delta verum maximum habet in [[Ludoviciana]] [[Civitatum Foederatarum civitas|civitate]], ubi in [[Sinus Mexicanus|sinum Mexicanum]] influit; [[regio]] autem, quae saepius ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Delta Mississippii||en|qid=Q1426203}}'' nominatur, sensu [[hydrographia|hydrographico]] nec delta nec delta interius est. == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} *[[Limnologia]] ==Nexus externi== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060128075100/http://www.geol.lsu.edu/WDD/DELTA_LISTS/continents.htm Delta varia orbis terrarum.] Universitas Publica Ludoviciana. {{Myrias|Physica}} [[Categoria:Delta fluminis|!]] [[Categoria:Hydrographia]] [[Categoria:Hydrologia]] 4xc80t3qgih58kjb5bigrjgi6fg19oj 3983572 3983554 2026-08-25T09:19:42Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* Delta maxima */ 3983572 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Karte des Donaudeltas mit den Jagdstreifzügen.jpg|thumb|[[Tabula geographica|Tabula]] delta [[Danubius|Danubii]].]] {{res|Delta fluminis}}, saepe {{res|delta}}<ref>Ex littera Graeca [[delta|Δ]] oritur, similitudine formae.</ref> tantum appellatum, est [[forma terrestris]] a [[depositio (geologia)|depositione]] [[sedimentum|sedimentorum]] a [[flumen|flumine]] ablatorum, genus [[ostium fluminis|ostii]], quo in multa deverticula vel [[cornu fluminis|cornua]] flumen dividitur, quae in [[mare]] vel [[lacus|lacum]] effunduntur. Saepe formam [[triangulum|trianguli]] deorsum visae habent. [[Insula]]s permultas plerumque habent, saepe [[palus|paludinosas]]. Inter [[terra]]s alluviales saepe iacent. [[Antiquitas|Antiqui]] [[Delta Nili|delta Nili]] bene cognoverant, et hoc primum delta nominabatur; delta cetera ex hoc delta [[nomen proprium|nomen]] ceperunt. ==Delta maxima== [[Fasciculus:Irrawaddy Delta, Myanmar ESA381810.jpg|thumb|Delta [[Aeravati]] fluminis [[Birmania]]e.]] Inter maxima [[orbis terrarum]] delta sunt sequentia. * [[delta Gangis|Gangis]], area 105,6 milia [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]] * [[Delta fluminis Amazonum|Fluminis Amazonum]], 100 milia [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]] * [[Delta Lenae|Lenae]], 45,5 milia [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]] * [[Mecon]]is, 40,6 milia [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]] * [[Indus|Indi]], 41,4 milia [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]] * [[Mississippius#Delta|Mississippii]], 28,6 milia [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]] * [[delta Rheni et Mosae|Rheni et Mosae]], 25,347 milia [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]] * [[delta Nili|Nili]], 24 milia [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]] * [[delta Volgae|Volgae]], 19 milia [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]] [[Fasciculus:Skirvytės upė.Nemuno deltos salos šalia Kaliningrado.jpg|thumb|In delta [[Nemenus|Nemeni]].]] ==Delta interiora== Interdum, cum flumen in lacum exsiccatum effundebatur, deverticula delta veteris rursum coniunguntur; hoc delta interius appellatur. Exemplum est [[Niger (flumen)|Niger]] flumen. In delta fluminis [[Cubango]] ad mare nulla aqua pervenit, sed omnia bracchia in arenis [[Kalahari]] perduntur. [[Mississippius]] flumen delta verum maximum habet in [[Ludoviciana]] [[Civitatum Foederatarum civitas|civitate]], ubi in [[Sinus Mexicanus|sinum Mexicanum]] influit; [[regio]] autem, quae saepius ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Delta Mississippii||en|qid=Q1426203}}'' nominatur, sensu [[hydrographia|hydrographico]] nec delta nec delta interius est. == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} *[[Limnologia]] ==Nexus externi== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060128075100/http://www.geol.lsu.edu/WDD/DELTA_LISTS/continents.htm Delta varia orbis terrarum.] Universitas Publica Ludoviciana. {{Myrias|Physica}} [[Categoria:Delta fluminis|!]] [[Categoria:Hydrographia]] [[Categoria:Hydrologia]] oewcxqeoptoew65e0h1lbfhlkjsx2jj 0 301322 3983497 3963113 2026-08-24T20:27:14Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3983497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|0|59|S|49|35|W|type:isle_scale:2500000|display=title}} [[Fasciculus:Mouths of amazon geocover 1990.png|thumb|upright=1|Despectus ex [[satelles|satellite]] in ostium [[Flumen Amazonum|Fluminis Amazonum]], insula Maraiense in parte dextra inferiori.]] '''Insula Maraiensis'''<ref>Item [https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dmrjo.html "Territorial Prelature of Marajó: ''Praelatura Territorialis Maraiensis''] apud Catholic-hierarchy.org.</ref> ([[Lusitanice]] ''Ilha do Marajó''), olim ab [[Indi Americani|indigenis]] '''Marinatambal'''<ref>Ab ipso [[Gualterius Raleigh|Gualterio Raleigh]] [[saeculum 16|saeculo sexto decimo]] confirmata.</ref> et a primis [[colonia|colonis]] '''Ilha Grande de Joannes''' ('Magna Insula Ioannis') appellata,<ref name=":0">[http://viagem.uol.com.br/guia/cidade/ilha-de-marajo.jhtm "Cultura, igarapés e búfalos garantem passeio exótico dentro do Brasil na Ilha de Marajó."] {{Wayback|url=http://viagem.uol.com.br/guia/cidade/ilha-de-marajo.jhtm |date=20120323034129 }}, [[UOL|UOL Viagem]].</ref> est magna [[insula]] in [[Delta fluminis Amazonum]] in [[Paraensis|Paraensi]] [[civitas|civitate]] [[Brasilia]]e,<ref>''Encyclopaedia Britannica.''</ref> quae maxima et principalis ex insulis in [[Archipelagus Maraiensis|Archipelago Maraiensi]] in [[Amazonia]] est. Finitur ab ostio [[Flumen Amazonum|Fluminis Amazonum]] ad [[occidens|occidentem]] versus, [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceano Atlantico]] ad [[septentrio]]nes et [[oriens|orientem]] versus, [[Para (flumen)|Flumine Paraensi]] ad [[meridies|australem]] versus, et [[Sinus Maraiensis|Sinu Maraiensi]] ad [[oriens|orientem]] versus. [[Fasciculus:Cultura Marajoara - Cerâmica MN 05.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|[[Crater]]a [[cultura]]e Maraioarensis. [[Museum nationale (Brasilia)|Museum Nationale Brasiliae]].]] [[Fasciculus:Txu-oclc-6654394-sa-22-2nd-ed.jpg|thumb|[[Tabula geographica]] Insulam Maraiensem monstrat.]] [[Fasciculus:Burian urn, AD 1000-1250, Marajoara culture - AMNH - DSC06177 b.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Urna [[sepulcretum|sepulcralis]] culturae Maraioarensis. [[Museum Historiae Naturalis Americanum]].]] Insula est secunda a maxima in [[America Australis|America Australi]] et tricesima quinta in [[orbis terrarum|orbe terrarum]]. [[Area (geometria)|Area]] [[terra|terrestris]] est 40&thinsp;100 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chiliometrorum quadratorum]], cum area [[Helvetia]]e congruens; [[longitudo]] maxima 295 [[chiliometrum|chiliometra]], [[latitudo]] maxima 200 chiliometra est.<ref>''Encyclopaedia Britannica.''</ref> Ab anno [[400 a.C.n.]] fere usque ad [[1600]] [[p.C.n.]] fere, insula fuit locus [[societas humana|societatis]] [[America praecolumbiana|praecolumbianae]] [[cultura Maraioarensis|culturae Maraioarensis]] appellatae, cui fortasse erant plus quam 100&thinsp;000 [[incola]]rum. Hodie, insula permultis [[bubalus bubalis|bubalis]] feris innotescitur, necnon [[unda aestu facta|undis aestu factis]]<!--?tidal bores--> (vulgo ''pororocas''), quae ab [[aestus|aestu]] interdum efficiuntur cum [[aqua]] accedens usitatas [[ratio]]nes [[hydrologia|hydrodynamicas]] in [[regio]]ne deltae Amazonicae superet. == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * Araujo Costa, Costa Costa. [[2014]]. "Marajó." ''Grove Art Online.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. [http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T05415 Textus interretialis.] * "Marajó Island." [[2014]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110208031902/http://brittanica.com/ ''Encyclopædia Britannica''] * Government of Brazil. [[2011]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110706160239/http://www.integracao.gov.br/comunicacao/noticias/impressao.asp?id=3433 ''Development Plan for Marajó.''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110706160239/] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110706160239/http://www.integracao.gov.br/comunicacao/noticias/impressao.asp?id=3433 Archivum, 6 Iulii 2011.] * Lobato, Sidney da Silva. [[2012]]. ''Amapá: experiências fronteiriças.'' Coleção Estudos Amazônicos: História. Bethlehem Paraensi: Editora Estudos Amazônicos. * Mann, Charles C. [[2006]]. ''1491: New Revelations of the Americas before Columbus.'' Novi Eboraci: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 9780307278180. [https://www.google.com/books/edition/1491_Second_Edition/vSCra8jUI2EC?hl=en Google Books.] * Prof. [[2009]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140529051954/http://parahistorico.blogspot.com/2009/02/indios-no-para.html "Pará Histórico: Índios no Pará." Parahistorico.blogspot.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140529051954/https://web.archive.org/web/20140529051954/http://parahistorico.blogspot.com/2009/02/indios-no-para.html Archivum, 29 Maii 2014.] * Romero, Simon. [[2015]]. "To Soften Image, Brazilian Police Ride In Atop Horned Beasts." ''The New York Times,'' 20 Iunii 2015. ISSN 0362-4331. [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/21/world/americas/to-soften-image-brazilian-police-ride-in-atop-horned-beasts.html Textus interretialis.] * Ryan, Jeffrey, ed. [[2009]]. ''Pandemic influenza: emergency planning and community preparedness.'' Boca Raton: CRC Press. == Nexus externi == {{fontes geographici}} {{CommuniaCat|Marajó|Insulam Maraiensem}} * [http://www.v-brazil.com/graphics/para.gif De insula et civitate Paraense apud V-Brazil.com.] {{DEFAULTSORT:Maraiensis, insula}} [[Categoria:Amazonia]] [[Categoria:Insulae Oceani Atlantici]] [[Categoria:Insulae Brasiliae]] [[Categoria:Para]] {{Myrias|Geographia}} goyrz7pnx1esz5gjfm6wo0a9394m0j6 0 302872 3983559 3698991 2026-08-25T01:54:07Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3983559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} [[Fasciculus:Cuartel del Conde-Duque (Madrid) 05.jpg|thumb|Archivum ephemeridum Matritense.]] '''Ephemeridotheca Municipalis Matritensis'''{{Convertimus}} (Hispanice ''Hemeroteca Municipal de Madrid'') est [[archivum]] et [[bibliotheca]] quae [[Matritum|Matriti]] in [[caput (urbs)|capite]] [[Hispania|Hispanico]] patet. Sedem habet in [[aedificium|aedificio]] ex quodam [[comes|comite]] et [[dux|duce]]<!--Hisp. Cuartel del Conde-Duque (scil. de Olivares)--> appellato, in [[tectum|tecto]]<!--Hisp. cuartel; Ang. quarters--> olim [[res militares|militaribus]], nunc autem rebus [[cultura]]libus dicato. Media in [[urbs|urbe]] sita est. == Historia == Praefecto urbis Martino Rosales Martel, institutio anno 1916 pro incepto [[Ricardus Fuente|Ricardus Fuente]] et [[Antonius Asenjo]], diariorum scriptoribus, cum [[Franciscus Ruano|Francisci Ruano]] auxilio, notari Matritensis consistori, condita est; [[Ephemeridotheca]]e loci anno 1918<ref name=":0">Carpallo Bautista, 2001, p.294.</ref> inaugurati sunt. Primum sita in “Casa de la carnicería” foro Maiore, paulo post, anno 1922 in numerum III plateae Villae allata est et anno 1983 lata sunt volumina in aedificium “Comes Dux”<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Montoliú, 1983.</ref><ref>"Historia de la Hemeroteca," ''Ephemeridootheca Municipalis Matriti'' (Consistorium Matriti, 2011).</ref>. Prima [[bibliotheca]] ephemeridum Hispaniae, et unica multos per annos, et una ex primis ephemeridothecis mundi fuit. == Collectiones == Pro sua conditionis vetustate, antiqua excelsaque atque unica documenta possidet. Collectionem ampliorem quattor saeculis scriptorum periodicorum (diariorum, comentariorum periodicorum imagineorum et aliorum editorum ex omnibus mundi partibus) adusque primum saeculi XX dimidium habet. Is oecus lectorius cum archivo ab anno 1966 in hanc diem colligit maxime diaria nuntiorum in Hispaniae capite edita. Excellunt a sua gravitate collectiones primae aetatis historiae diariorum Hispanorum (e saeculis XVII et XVIII). Abundant saeculi XIX et XX scripta editata: Restauratio Borbonica et duae Respublicae. E Bello Civili Hispaniensi, magni pretii scriptae collectiones utrique factionis sunt, aliquae ex ipsa acie proveniunt. Conservantur etiam scripta magni momenti provenientia sive ex aliis Hispanicis regionibus sive ex [[Hibero-America]] sive ex aliis Europaeis terris. In cooperationibus cum bibliotheca digitali ''Memoriademadrid'' annua incepta in interretialibus textibus transferendis fiunt ut ephemeridothecae collectiones interretialiter appareant. Cui rei operam dant et alia instituta nationalia et internationalia. In festo centennarii primi anno 2018 celebrato Ephemeridotheca Matritensis spectacula et [[exhibitio|expositionem]] habuit. In catalogo variae de [[institutio]]ne res et [[historia]] praesentabantur ipsis collectionibus adhibitis: praesertim [[diarium|diaria]] in Hispania saeculis inter XVI et XXI edita scrutanda prostabant.<ref>"Cien años guardando papeles," ''El País,'' 19 Februarii 2018.</ref> == Usus == Municipalis Ephemeridotheca hos usus habet: de locis indicationes et bibliographicae informationes, in investigationis et micro-imaginis photographicae spatio consultationem, digitalium ephemeridothecarum et digilatium diariorum consultationem, exemplares operum faciendi usus, visitationes cum loci gnaro et expositiones.<ref>''Archivo de la Villa, Biblioteca Histórica, Biblioteca Musical, Hemeroteca Municipal'' (Imprenta Municipal. Ayuntamiento de Madrid, Área de las Artes, Deportes y Turismo, 2013).</ref> {{NexInt}} *[[Diurnariorum ars|Ars diurnaria]] *[[Editio]] *[[Magazina]] *[[Periodicum]] == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == *  Carpallo Bautista, Antonius (2001). “Descripción de la Hemeroteca Municipal del Ayuntamiento de Madrid” [link].{{dubsig}} ''Documentación de las ciencias de la información'' (24): 293-302. ISSN 0210-4210 [link externo] *  Montoliú, Petrus (17 Octobrii anni 1983). “Los 200.000 volúmenes de la Hemeroteca Municipal ya están en el cuartel del Conde Duque”. [link]. ''El País''.       *  Ephemeridotheca Municipalis Matriti; Zaragoza García, Inmaculada; Martínez Martínus, Iesus A. (2018). “Cuatro siglos de noticias en cien años”: Hemeroteca Municipal, 1918-2018. ISBN 978-84-7812-796-2 * Dorado Fernández. Carolus (1995). Hemeroteca Municipal de Madrid: 75 aniversario. <nowiki>ISBN 84-7812-280-X</nowiki>. * Sainz de Robles, Federicus Carolus (1968). Conferencias leídas en los días 2,9,16 y 23 de mayo con motivo de la conmemoración del cincuentenario de la Hemeroteca Municipal, (1918-1968) * Ephemeridotheca Municipalis Matriti (1945). Hemeroteca Municipal de Madrid: XXV aniversario de su fundación. * ''El País''  (19 Februarii anni 2018). Cien años guardando papeles [link]. Consultatum die 4 Octobrii anni 2021 == Nexus externi == * [https://www.madrid.es/portales/munimadrid/es/AyuntamientodeMadrid/Hemeroteca-Municipal?vgnextfmt=default&vgnextoid=b8c9ba1b6bd7d010VgnVCM1000000b205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=2af809f68134b010VgnVCM1000000b205a0aRCRD Situs proprius] * [http://www.memoriademadrid.es/ Matriti Memoria Digital Library] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210218102154/https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/inicio/inicio.do Biblioteca Virtual de Prensa Histórica]  [[Categoria:Bibliothecae publicae]] [[Categoria:Bibliothecae Hispaniae]] [[Categoria:Matritum]] 9wnjlheq0e3z1cejg7wtoejbxu3558k 0 304640 3983547 3731866 2026-08-24T23:27:29Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3983547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Tiksi'''<ref>{{ZK|Тикси, бухта}}</ref> ([[Russice]] ''Тикси'', [[Iacutice]] ''Тиксии'') est [[colonia urbana]] [[Iacutia]]e et portus [[mare Lapteviorum|maris Lapteviorum]]. Ad litus [[Tiksi (sinus)|sinus eiusdem nominis]] prope ad [[delta Lenae]] situs est. Portus est [[Russia]]e maxime septentrionalis; [[navigatio]] minus quam duo menses ab [[Iunius|Iunio]] ad [[Septembris|Septembrem]] possibilis est. Incolas 4173 anno 2921 habet. [[Fasciculus:Tiksi.jpg|thumb|Tiksi ad litus maris Lapteviorum]] ==Historia== Anno 1933 ut portus [[Cursus marinus Borealis|Cursus marini Borealis]] Tiksi conditus est. [[Colonia urbana]] ab anno 1939. Anno 1957 Observatorium geocosmophysicum polare ''Tiksi'' constructum est. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} * [https://sergeydolya.livejournal.com/1207939.html De Tiksi] (cum multis photographematibus) * [http://spas-na-tiksi.prihod.ru/ Ecclesiae Tiksiensis situs] [[Categoria:Urbes Iacutiae]] [[Categoria:Condita 1933]] [[Categoria:Portus oceani Arctici]] [[Categoria:Mare Lapteviorum]] r4h12jrtxceb91ckhva9rpsr42jpl35 0 306525 3983431 3983411 2026-08-24T13:05:59Z IacobusAmor 1163 ~ 3983431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{flumen|Vilia|[[Fasciculus:VilniusModernBuildings.jpg|thumb|Vilia [[Vilna]]e sita ]] | 510| 177 | 182 | 24 942,3| Paludes a [[Minscum|Minsco]]<br>septentrionem versus|[[Nemenus]] | [[Ruthenia Alba]],<br>[[Lituania]]}} '''Vilia'''<ref>[[Reinoldus Heidensteinius|Reinoldi Heidensteinii]] [https://books.google.ru/books?hl=fr&id=gd3hnWzGE4UC&q=Vilia#v=snippet&q=Vilia&f=false ''De bello Moscovitico'', in: ''Historiae Ruthenicae scriptores exteri saeculi XVI'', vol. I, p. 123]. <br>Vel '''Wilia''', — {{Creanda|de|Johann Christoph Gatterer|Ioannes Christophorus Gatterer|Ioannis Christophori Gatterer}} [https://books.google.ru/books?hl=fr&id=kXpFnSPe72gC&q=Wiliae#v=snippet&q=Wiliae&f=false ''De Sarmatica Letticorum populorum origine'', in: Commentationes Societatis regiae scientiarum Gottingensis, vol. XII, Gottingae 1794, p. 208].</ref> ([[Albaruthenice]] ''Вілія'') vel '''Neris'''<ref>Pauli Rabikauskas [https://books.google.ru/books?hl=fr&id=FM6MK4TNkO4C&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Neris ''Relationes status dioecesium in magno ducatu Lituaniae ...,'', 1971, pp. 26, 104].</ref> (sic et [[Lituanice]]) est flumen [[Ruthenia Alba|Rutheniae Albae]] et [[Lituania]]e, [[Nemenus|Nemeni]] accola maximus. Longitudinis 510 [[chm]] est. In [[palus|paludibus]] a [[Minscum|Minsco]] [[septentrio]]nem versus oritur, et in Ruthenia Alba per [[regio]]nes [[Regio Minscensis|Minscensem]] et [[Regio Grodnensis|Grodnensem]] fluit. Prope ad Vileikam urbem [[receptaculum aquae]] [[receptaculum aquae Viliense|Viliense]] situm est. In [[Lituania]] per districtus [[Districtus Counae|Counensem]] er [[Districtus Vilnensis|Vilnensem]] fluit, ubi [[Vilna]] civitatis [[caput (urbs)|caput]] et [[Couna]] urbs antiquissima et nobilissima ad Viliam sitae sunt. In Couna Vilia in Nemenum effunditur. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Neris|Viliam}} {{fontes geographici}} * [[:s:ЭСБЕ/Вилия, приток Немана|De Vilia]] in ''[[Lexicon encyclopaedicum Brockhaus et Efron|Lexico encyclopaedico Brockhaus et Efron]]'' {{ling|Russice}} [[Categoria:Flumina Lituaniae]] [[Categoria:Flumina Rutheniae Albae]] [[Categoria:Regio Grodnensis]] [[Categoria:Regio Minscensis]] [[Categoria:Regio Vitebscensis]] [[Categoria:Systema Nemeni fluminis]] 4pv7pymahrftppf3qmavf6muozpgwk2 0 309355 3983446 3920584 2026-08-24T14:49:42Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Delta fluminis]] 3983446 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Osice krajobraz z domem.jpg|thumb|Forma agri deltae Vistulae ad pagum Osice.]] {{res|Delta Vistulae}} est [[planities]] in [[Polonia]] [[septentrio]]nali sita, circa locum ubi [[Vistula]], maximum Poloniae [[flumen]], multis ostiis sese in [[Sinus Venedicus|Sinum Gedanensem]] [[Mare Balticum|Maris Baltici]] exonerat. == Nomen et situs == Planities haec, Polonice ''Żuławy'', Theodisce ''Werder'' nuncupata, [[delta fluminis|delta]] e [[limus|limo]] a Vistula flumine allato constituta, a [[collis|collibus]] haud altis ab [[occidens|occidente]], meridie et oriente circumdatur. A septentrione autem planities iugo [[thinium|thiniorum]] abrupte locum cedit, post quod litus maris invenitur; thinia haec boreo-orientem versus continuantur, [[Paeninsula Venedica|Paeninsulam Venedicam]] efformantes. [[Fasciculus:Karte Werder 1300.jpg|thumb|Tabula geographica statum deltae Vistulae circa annum [[1300]], depingens (H. Bertram, 1922); litus Lacus Recentis incipiente [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicensimo]] linea interrupta monstratur.]] Ob multitudinem [[Flumen|fluminum]] (ostiorum Vistulae, de quibus infra, necnon multorum aliorum) erat olim haec regio paludosa, sed a colonis [[Nederlandia|Batavis]] (sic dictis [[Lingua Saxonica Mennonita|Mennonitis]]) [[saeculum|saeculis]] [[saeculum 16|sexto decimo]] et [[saeculum 17|septimo decimo]] huc venientibus, permagno labore eodem modo quo in patria eorum peracto, [[Fossa|canalibus]] scilicet effossis [[Polra|polrisque]] creatis, habitabilis et fecunda exstitit. == Vistula eiusque ostia == Ad [[Mariaeburgum]] Vistula primo in duos alveos dividitur, quorum maior nomen idem retinet, alius vero, ad orientem situs, [[Nogatus]]<ref name=":0">Martinus Cromerus, ''Polonia sive de situ, populis, moribus, magistratibus, et republica regni Polonici libri duo'' (Coloniae: apud Maternum Cholinum, 1577), [https://books.google.pl/books?id=o1c8AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA35&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false lege hic]. 29.</ref> appellatur. Non longe a mari Vistula iterum dividitur in tria ostia, quorum occidentale (Polonice ''Martwa Wisła''; Theodisce ''Tote Weichsel''; ergo “Vistula Mortua”; olim ''Leniwka'') ad [[Gedanum]] dirigitur; medium, a hominibus anno [[1895]] effossum, recto tramite in mare influit; orientale autem item dividitur in Vistulam Elbingensem (''Szkarpawa'', ''Elbinger Weichsel'') et Regiomontanam (''Wisła Królewiecka'', ''Königsberger Weichsel''). E quibus Vistula Elbingensis, Regiomontana et Nogatus in Habum<ref name=":0" /> seu [[Recens lacus|Lacum Recentem]] influunt, alia vero ostia in Mare Balticum. == Urbes et monumenta == [[Fasciculus:Rybina, Most kolejowy - obrotowy - fotopolska.eu (330805).jpg|thumb|Pons ferriviarius rotatorius in Vistula Elbingensi ad Rybinam. In hoc photographemate secundum flumen stans monstratur, ut naves praeterfluere possint; hamaxosticho autem adveniente, pons rotatur, ita ut ambas ripas coniungat.]] Ad limites regionis huius, extra eam tamen, quatuor urbes maiores inveniuntur, Gedanum scilicet, [[Dersavia]],<ref name=":0" /> Mariaeburgum et [[Elbinga]]. In delta Vistulae [[oppidum|oppida]] tantum minora sita sunt, Neotychum<ref>B. Chlebowski & W. Walewski (ed.), ''Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Vol. VII.'' Varsoviae (1886) [http://dir.icm.edu.pl/pl/Slownik_geograficzny/Tom_VII/160 lege hic], p. 160. Polonice ''Nowy Staw'', olim ''Nitych'' vel ''Nytych'', Theodisce ''Neuteich''.</ref> nempe seu Nova Piscina<ref>Casimirus Rymut (ed.), ''Nazwy miejscowe Polski. Vol. VII: Mą–N'' (Cracoviae: 2007), ISBN 978-83-88866-46-7.</ref> atque oppidum Tiegenhofense.<ref>Ita in sigillo ecclesiae paroecialis: ''Sigillum ecclesiae Tiegenhofensis''; vide [[photographema]] [https://www.veikkos-archiv.com/index.php?title=Sigill._Eccles._Tiegenhofensis_Tiegenhof_W0390375 hic]. Nomen Polonicum oppidi ''Nowy Dwór Gdański'', Theodiscum autem ''Tiegenhof'' est.</ref> In haud paucis locis, exempli gratia Neotychi et in pago Cyganek, sunt [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]]e stilo [[Ars Gothica|Gothico]] aedificatae. In nonnullis pagis, domus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mennonitae|Mennonitarum|en|qid=Q110223}} veteres [[lignum|ligneae]] permanent. Notanda sunt etiam [[monumentum|monumenta]] [[Technologia|technologica]], exempli gratia pons [[ferrivia|ferriviarius]] rotatorius anno [[1905]] in pago Rybina constructus. == Bibliographia == *Augustowski, Boleslaus, ed. [[1976]]. ''Żuławy Wiślane.'' Gedani: Societas Scientiarum Gedanensis. *Bertram, Hugo, Wolfgang La Baume, et Otto Kloeppel. [[1924]]. ''Das Weichsel-Nogat-Delta: Beiträge zur Geschichte seiner landschaftlichen Entwickelung, vorgeschichtlichen Besiedelung und bäuerlichen Haus- und Hofanlage.'' Gedani: Danziger Verlag. [https://pbc.gda.pl/dlibra/publication/1155/edition/3530?language=pl Textus.] == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Res geographicae Poloniae]] [[Categoria:Systema Vistulae fluminis]] [[Categoria:Delta fluminis]] 87xe2hbatf1c7c0lju9lghntgsfc1cc 3983473 3983446 2026-08-24T16:14:45Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: new key for [[Categoria:Delta fluminis]]: "Vistulae" 3983473 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Osice krajobraz z domem.jpg|thumb|Forma agri deltae Vistulae ad pagum Osice.]] {{res|Delta Vistulae}} est [[planities]] in [[Polonia]] [[septentrio]]nali sita, circa locum ubi [[Vistula]], maximum Poloniae [[flumen]], multis ostiis sese in [[Sinus Venedicus|Sinum Gedanensem]] [[Mare Balticum|Maris Baltici]] exonerat. == Nomen et situs == Planities haec, Polonice ''Żuławy'', Theodisce ''Werder'' nuncupata, [[delta fluminis|delta]] e [[limus|limo]] a Vistula flumine allato constituta, a [[collis|collibus]] haud altis ab [[occidens|occidente]], meridie et oriente circumdatur. A septentrione autem planities iugo [[thinium|thiniorum]] abrupte locum cedit, post quod litus maris invenitur; thinia haec boreo-orientem versus continuantur, [[Paeninsula Venedica|Paeninsulam Venedicam]] efformantes. [[Fasciculus:Karte Werder 1300.jpg|thumb|Tabula geographica statum deltae Vistulae circa annum [[1300]], depingens (H. Bertram, 1922); litus Lacus Recentis incipiente [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicensimo]] linea interrupta monstratur.]] Ob multitudinem [[Flumen|fluminum]] (ostiorum Vistulae, de quibus infra, necnon multorum aliorum) erat olim haec regio paludosa, sed a colonis [[Nederlandia|Batavis]] (sic dictis [[Lingua Saxonica Mennonita|Mennonitis]]) [[saeculum|saeculis]] [[saeculum 16|sexto decimo]] et [[saeculum 17|septimo decimo]] huc venientibus, permagno labore eodem modo quo in patria eorum peracto, [[Fossa|canalibus]] scilicet effossis [[Polra|polrisque]] creatis, habitabilis et fecunda exstitit. == Vistula eiusque ostia == Ad [[Mariaeburgum]] Vistula primo in duos alveos dividitur, quorum maior nomen idem retinet, alius vero, ad orientem situs, [[Nogatus]]<ref name=":0">Martinus Cromerus, ''Polonia sive de situ, populis, moribus, magistratibus, et republica regni Polonici libri duo'' (Coloniae: apud Maternum Cholinum, 1577), [https://books.google.pl/books?id=o1c8AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA35&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false lege hic]. 29.</ref> appellatur. Non longe a mari Vistula iterum dividitur in tria ostia, quorum occidentale (Polonice ''Martwa Wisła''; Theodisce ''Tote Weichsel''; ergo “Vistula Mortua”; olim ''Leniwka'') ad [[Gedanum]] dirigitur; medium, a hominibus anno [[1895]] effossum, recto tramite in mare influit; orientale autem item dividitur in Vistulam Elbingensem (''Szkarpawa'', ''Elbinger Weichsel'') et Regiomontanam (''Wisła Królewiecka'', ''Königsberger Weichsel''). E quibus Vistula Elbingensis, Regiomontana et Nogatus in Habum<ref name=":0" /> seu [[Recens lacus|Lacum Recentem]] influunt, alia vero ostia in Mare Balticum. == Urbes et monumenta == [[Fasciculus:Rybina, Most kolejowy - obrotowy - fotopolska.eu (330805).jpg|thumb|Pons ferriviarius rotatorius in Vistula Elbingensi ad Rybinam. In hoc photographemate secundum flumen stans monstratur, ut naves praeterfluere possint; hamaxosticho autem adveniente, pons rotatur, ita ut ambas ripas coniungat.]] Ad limites regionis huius, extra eam tamen, quatuor urbes maiores inveniuntur, Gedanum scilicet, [[Dersavia]],<ref name=":0" /> Mariaeburgum et [[Elbinga]]. In delta Vistulae [[oppidum|oppida]] tantum minora sita sunt, Neotychum<ref>B. Chlebowski & W. Walewski (ed.), ''Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Vol. VII.'' Varsoviae (1886) [http://dir.icm.edu.pl/pl/Slownik_geograficzny/Tom_VII/160 lege hic], p. 160. Polonice ''Nowy Staw'', olim ''Nitych'' vel ''Nytych'', Theodisce ''Neuteich''.</ref> nempe seu Nova Piscina<ref>Casimirus Rymut (ed.), ''Nazwy miejscowe Polski. Vol. VII: Mą–N'' (Cracoviae: 2007), ISBN 978-83-88866-46-7.</ref> atque oppidum Tiegenhofense.<ref>Ita in sigillo ecclesiae paroecialis: ''Sigillum ecclesiae Tiegenhofensis''; vide [[photographema]] [https://www.veikkos-archiv.com/index.php?title=Sigill._Eccles._Tiegenhofensis_Tiegenhof_W0390375 hic]. Nomen Polonicum oppidi ''Nowy Dwór Gdański'', Theodiscum autem ''Tiegenhof'' est.</ref> In haud paucis locis, exempli gratia Neotychi et in pago Cyganek, sunt [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]]e stilo [[Ars Gothica|Gothico]] aedificatae. In nonnullis pagis, domus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mennonitae|Mennonitarum|en|qid=Q110223}} veteres [[lignum|ligneae]] permanent. Notanda sunt etiam [[monumentum|monumenta]] [[Technologia|technologica]], exempli gratia pons [[ferrivia|ferriviarius]] rotatorius anno [[1905]] in pago Rybina constructus. == Bibliographia == *Augustowski, Boleslaus, ed. [[1976]]. ''Żuławy Wiślane.'' Gedani: Societas Scientiarum Gedanensis. *Bertram, Hugo, Wolfgang La Baume, et Otto Kloeppel. [[1924]]. ''Das Weichsel-Nogat-Delta: Beiträge zur Geschichte seiner landschaftlichen Entwickelung, vorgeschichtlichen Besiedelung und bäuerlichen Haus- und Hofanlage.'' Gedani: Danziger Verlag. [https://pbc.gda.pl/dlibra/publication/1155/edition/3530?language=pl Textus.] == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Res geographicae Poloniae]] [[Categoria:Systema Vistulae fluminis]] [[Categoria:Delta fluminis|Vistulae]] 1u50dj8apn3pieacuznnr8spa7at3op 0 312057 3983502 3844500 2026-08-24T20:35:56Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3983502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}[[Fasciculus:Francisco de Orellana1.JPG|thumb|Effigies Francisci de Orellana, Turgalii posita.]] '''Franciscus de Orellana''' (natus [[Turgalium|Turgalii]] anno [[1511]]; mortuus in [[America]] anno [[1546]]) fut [[explorator]] [[Hispania|Hispanicus]] et illustris [[navigator]] in [[flumen Amazonum|flumine Amazonum]]. Anno [[1540]], [[Franciscus Pizardus|Franciscum Pizardum]] ad [[Peruvia]]m visendam comitabatur. Una cum [[Gundisalvus Pizardus|Gundisalvo Pizardo]] trans [[Andes]] usque flumen [[Napus (flumen)|Napum]] profectus est. Cum Pizarro reditum [[Quitum|Quitense]] facere mallet, Orellana in [[navis|naviculo]] [[Amazonum flumen]] porro petivit. In quo septem menses (inter Ianuarium et Augustum 1541) usque ad [[delta fluminis Amazonum|ostium]] vectus est. In [[Hispania]]m reversus, rectio Hispanica ei mandavit, ut de iis [[Mundus Novus|novis terris]] magis quaereret ac reperiret, etiam ad gloriam Hispaniae, et nova testimonia afferret. In profectione autem confectus naturae concessit. ==Bibliographia== * Buddy Levy: ''River of Darkness: Francisco Orellana’s Legendary Voyage of Death and Discovery Down the Amazon.'' Bantam Books, Neoeboraci 2011, ISBN 978-0-553-80750-9. ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Francisco de Orellana|Franciscum de Orellana}} {{fontes biographici}} *[https://www.casadeorellana.com/ domus natalis Francisci] *[https://www.rtve.es/play/audios/documentos-rne/110409-documentos-fco-orellana-2011-04-08t15-41-31540/1068909/ documenta apud RNE] {{Lifetime|1511|1546|Orellana, Franciscus De}} [[Categoria:Exploratores Hispanici]] [[Categoria:Exploratores Amazoniae]] rr2kps7054cejq1hsdk1thsd6e6jx2s 0 313565 3983501 3844547 2026-08-24T20:33:37Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3983501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{flumen|Xingu|[[Fasciculus:Nascer do sol em Altamira - Pará - Brasil DSC 0544.JPG|thumb|center|upright=1|Ortus solis super Xingu in [[Alta Mira]] urbe]] | 1980 | | 16&thinsp;000| 513&thinsp;000 | planities elata [[Matogrossensis]] | [[Flumen Amazonum]] | civitates [[Matogrossensis]] <br>et [[Paraensis]].}} '''Xingu'''<ref>[https://books.google.ru/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&hl=ru&id=oTU2AQAAMAAJ&dq=xingu+flumen&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=tres+Bocas ''Pii X pontificis maximi acta'', vol. 1-2, 1905, p. 371]; {{Creanda|en|Herman Heuser|Hermannus Heuser}} [https://books.google.ru/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&hl=ru&id=3uHXTCqfeNgC&dq=Xingú+%3A+ad+occidentem+%2C+primum+cursus+fluminis+Xingú+a+loco+Alta+Mira+usquedum+in+ipsum+influit+parvum+flumen+Rio+Fresco&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Xingú ''American Ecclesiastical Review'' 45 (1911): 709]; et adi. ''Xinguensis'' in [[binomen|binominibus]] plurimis. Lusitanice "Shingu" legitur.</ref> ([[Lusitanice]] ''Rio Xingú'') est magnum [[flumen]] in [[Brasilia]] situm, 1980 [[chiliometra|chm]] longum. In [[planities elata|planitie elata]] [[Matogrossensis|Matogrossensi]] oritur, ''Culuene'' ibi nominata, et per [[planities elevata|planitiem elevatam]] Brasilianam in demissionem Amazonicam exit; fluxu medio [[cataracta (angustiae)|cataractas]] et [[aqua cadens|aquas cadentes habet]]. In [[Paraensis|civitate Paraensi]] in [[flumen Amazonum]] se effundit, quod Xingu accepto in ramos dividitur [[delta fluminis Amazonum|delta]] formans. Fluxu superiore per [[silva]]s siccas fluit, medio et inferiore per [[silvae pluviales Amazoniae|silvas pluviales Amazoniae]]. [[Iriri]] est fluminis Xinguensis accola maximus. [[Alta Mira]]<ref>''American Ecclesiastical Review'', ibidem.</ref> [[urbs]] ad Xingu sita est. ==Notae== <references/> ==Nexus interni== * [[Territorialis Praelatura Xinguensis]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Xingu River|Xingu}} {{fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Flumina Brasiliae]] [[Categoria:Para]] [[Categoria:Systema Amazonum fluminis]] [[Categoria:Civitas Matogrossensis]] 38p5qd5mn9t9mdjs6j1hajq9e6gg8pj 0 315032 3983496 3861054 2026-08-24T20:25:42Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3983496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Para (discretiva)}} {{flumen|Para|[[Fasciculus:Bel-marajo2.jpg|thumb|center|upright=1|Ripa Parae in [[Belem de Para|Bethlehem]]]] | 300| 0,5| 20 946 |1 000 000 | [[sinus Bocas]]| [[Sinus Maraiensis]]<br>[[oceanus Atlanticus|Oceani Atlantici]] | [[civitas Paraensis]]}} '''Para'''<ref>Cf. [[binomen|binomina]] ''[https://fishbase.se/summary/Leporinus-parae.html Leporinus parae], [https://fishbase.se/summary/Poecilia-parae.html Poecilia parae], [https://fishbase.se/summary/Poecilia-parae.html Micropecilia parae]''. </ref> ([[Lusitane]] ''Pará'') est [[flumen]] vel [[ramus fluviatilis|bracchium]] in [[Delta fluminis Amazonum|delta communi]] [[Flumen Amazonum|fluminis Amazonum]] et [[Tocantinum|Tocantini]] aliorumque fluviorum, vel etiam [[aestuarium]] eorum commune. In [[civitas Paraensis|civitate Paraensi]] [[Brasilia]]e sita est. E [[sinus Bocas|sinu Bocas]] oritur, qui cum flumine Amazonum bracchiis non amplis coniunctus est; Para et flumen Amazonum [[insula Maraiensis|insulam Maraiensem]] maximam a terra continente separant. Ad orientem circa 300 [[chm]] per [[silvae pluviales Amazoniae|silvas pluviales]] fluit, multos accolas accipiens, quorum [[Tocantinum]] est maximum; nunc clarum est, ut flumen Amazonum minimam partem aquarum Parae dat, Tocantinum autem maximam. Alii accolae maiores [[Iacunda]] et [[Acara]] sunt. Urbs [[Belem de Para|Bethlehem]] ad ripam Parae dextram sita est. ==Notae== <references/> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} * Prestes, Yuri Onça; Borba, Thais Angélica da Costa; Silva, Alex Costa da; Rollnic, Marcelo (2020). "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214581819301004?via%3Dihub A discharge stationary model for the Pará-Amazon estuarine system]". Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies. 28 [[Categoria:Flumina Brasiliae]] [[Categoria:Systema Amazonum fluminis]] [[Categoria:Para]] mlki8e5kllajmx6lka8qiw0u26ml1h4 0 315083 3983570 3892894 2026-08-25T08:35:40Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3983570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{flumen|Loswa| | 637 |885,1 | 135,3 (45 chm ab ostio) |17 800 | Lacus nidi anserum <br>(''Luntkhusaptur'') | [[Tauda]] | [[Regio Sverdloviensis]]}} '''Loswa'''<ref>[[Ioannes Georgius Gmelin]], [https://books.google.ru/books?id=9xBfAAAAcAAJ ''Flora Sibirica sive historia plantarum Sibiriae'', tomus I., Petropoli, 1747, p. VI].</ref> ([[Russice]] ''Лозьва'') est flumen in regione [[Regio Sverdloviensis|Sverdloviensi]] [[Russia]]e. In extremitate regionis boreali in montibus [[Urales Boreales|Uralibus Borealibus]] (iugum Saxum Zonale, ''Pojasovyj kamen' '') e lacu ''Luntkhusaptur''<ref>Quod [[lingua Mansiensis|Mansice]] ''lacus nidi anserini'' significat.</ref> oritur, circa 637 [[chiliometrum|chm]] fluit ut flumen praeceps montanum, postea per paludes [[Planities Sibirica Occidentalis|planitiei Sibiricae Occidentalis]], et cum [[Soswa]] confluit, quod [[Tauda]]e fluminis initium est. ''[[Thymallus|Thymalli]], [[Hucho taimen]], [[Lota lota]], [[Esox lucius]], [[Leuciscus leuciscus]], [[Perca]]e'' et ''[[Coregonus tugun]]'' in Loswa plurimi gignuntur. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{fontes geographici}} * [https://verum.wiki/index.php?item=gvr:542118 Loswa]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} in ''Registro aquarum nationali'' {{ling|Russice}} [[Categoria:Flumina Russiae Asiaticae]] [[Categoria:Regio Sverdloviensis]] [[Categoria:Systema Irtis fluminis]] fm2n4x091rx2gos6ilup3gotaa9c4gl 0 317109 3983444 3944567 2026-08-24T14:49:07Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Delta fluminis]] 3983444 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Gangesdelta_klein.jpg|thumb|Delta Gangis in photographemate spatiali]] '''Delta Gangis''' vel exactius [[delta fluminis|delta]] [[Ganges|Gangis]], [[Brahmaputra]]e et [[Meghna]]e commune, in [[Bengala]] [[regio]]ne historica (nunc in civitate [[India]]e [[Bengala Occidentalis|Bengala Occidentali]] et [[Bangladesa]]) sita est. In [[sinus Bengalicus|sinum Bengalicum]] haec tria flumina se effundunt. Maximum in [[orbis terrarum|orbe terrarum]] delta est, nam [[area (geometria)|aream]] 105&thinsp;640 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]] habet. Quamvis pars eius maima [[silva tropica|silvis tropicis]] [[silva pluvialis|pluvialibus]] operta est, et [[mangle|silvae manglares]] latissimae hic sitae sunt, incolarum numerum etiam maximum habet, plus quam 145 [[millio]]num. [[Ganges]] in Bengala Occidentali in duos [[ramus fluviatilis|ramos]] dividitur, quorum dexter, [[Bhagirathi]], ad meridiem fluit. Cum ramo altero, Jalnangi, confluit et sic flumini [[Hugli]] initium dat, quae usque ad mare tendit. [[Calcutta]] urbs ad Hugli sita est. Gangis ramus principalis, saepe [[Padma (flumen)|Padma]] appellatus, ad austrorientem fluit, multis ramis avertentibus, donec cum [[Iamuna (Bangladesa)|Iamuna]], quae nunc Brahmaputrae ramus principalis est, confluit. Ante [[terrae motus|terrae motum]] anni 1752 Brahmaputrae alveus principalis ad occidentem a Iamuna avertebat et cum Padma loco superiore, quam nunc Iamuna, confluebat. Nunc Brahmaputra in Iamunam ad meridiem tendentem et Brahmaputram Priscam dividitur, quae ad austrorientem fluit et in [[Meghna]]m se effundit. Padmae et Iamunae fluxus communis nomine Padmae etiam cum Meghna confluit; a hoc loco nomen Meghnae Inferioris habet et, ipse in multos ramos divisus sinum Bengalicum attingit. ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} * Bagchi, Kanangopal. ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.21183/page/n5/mode/2up The Ganges Delta]''. Calcuttae, 1944. [[Categoria:Bengala Occidentalis]] [[Categoria:Ganges]] [[Categoria:Res geographicae Bangladeshae]] [[Categoria:Res geographicae Indiae]] [[Categoria:Systema Brahmaputrae fluminis]] [[Categoria:Systema Gangis fluminis]] [[Categoria:Delta fluminis]] 9yba2scrsg6yqn7b4zgheibji88robw 3983474 3983444 2026-08-24T16:14:57Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: new key for [[Categoria:Delta fluminis]]: "Gangis" 3983474 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Gangesdelta_klein.jpg|thumb|Delta Gangis in photographemate spatiali]] '''Delta Gangis''' vel exactius [[delta fluminis|delta]] [[Ganges|Gangis]], [[Brahmaputra]]e et [[Meghna]]e commune, in [[Bengala]] [[regio]]ne historica (nunc in civitate [[India]]e [[Bengala Occidentalis|Bengala Occidentali]] et [[Bangladesa]]) sita est. In [[sinus Bengalicus|sinum Bengalicum]] haec tria flumina se effundunt. Maximum in [[orbis terrarum|orbe terrarum]] delta est, nam [[area (geometria)|aream]] 105&thinsp;640 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]] habet. Quamvis pars eius maima [[silva tropica|silvis tropicis]] [[silva pluvialis|pluvialibus]] operta est, et [[mangle|silvae manglares]] latissimae hic sitae sunt, incolarum numerum etiam maximum habet, plus quam 145 [[millio]]num. [[Ganges]] in Bengala Occidentali in duos [[ramus fluviatilis|ramos]] dividitur, quorum dexter, [[Bhagirathi]], ad meridiem fluit. Cum ramo altero, Jalnangi, confluit et sic flumini [[Hugli]] initium dat, quae usque ad mare tendit. [[Calcutta]] urbs ad Hugli sita est. Gangis ramus principalis, saepe [[Padma (flumen)|Padma]] appellatus, ad austrorientem fluit, multis ramis avertentibus, donec cum [[Iamuna (Bangladesa)|Iamuna]], quae nunc Brahmaputrae ramus principalis est, confluit. Ante [[terrae motus|terrae motum]] anni 1752 Brahmaputrae alveus principalis ad occidentem a Iamuna avertebat et cum Padma loco superiore, quam nunc Iamuna, confluebat. Nunc Brahmaputra in Iamunam ad meridiem tendentem et Brahmaputram Priscam dividitur, quae ad austrorientem fluit et in [[Meghna]]m se effundit. Padmae et Iamunae fluxus communis nomine Padmae etiam cum Meghna confluit; a hoc loco nomen Meghnae Inferioris habet et, ipse in multos ramos divisus sinum Bengalicum attingit. ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} * Bagchi, Kanangopal. ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.21183/page/n5/mode/2up The Ganges Delta]''. Calcuttae, 1944. [[Categoria:Bengala Occidentalis]] [[Categoria:Ganges]] [[Categoria:Res geographicae Bangladeshae]] [[Categoria:Res geographicae Indiae]] [[Categoria:Systema Brahmaputrae fluminis]] [[Categoria:Systema Gangis fluminis]] [[Categoria:Delta fluminis|Gangis]] sg68quxgkvcdhn1nlkq9fpyuoulrg3a 118 322191 3983429 3983408 2026-08-24T13:04:45Z Jhon Freddy Vega 213841 /* */ 3983429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{res|Hieronymus Kaplan}} (natus ''Samuel Jerrold "Jerry" Kaplan'' die [[25 Martii]] [[1952]]) est rerum computatoriarum peritus, [[scriptor]], [[futurista]], et negotiator [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]]. Praecipue campo computationis calamisticae{{dubsig}} et [[Tabula computatralis|tabularum computatralium]] innotuit. Aliquot societates condidit, inter quas GO Corporation, cuius [[technologia]] adhibetur ad primum [[telephonum gestabile]] et tabulam computatralem computatralem elaborandum.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hamm|first=Steve|title=The Race for Perfect: Inside the Quest to Design the Ultimate Portable Computer|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|date=2008|url=https://archive.org/details/raceforperfectin00hamm|isbn=9780071606110}}</ref> Kaplan OnSale condidit, primum situm auctionum interretialium B2C anno [[1994]], quinque mensibus ante [[Ebay|eBay]]. Praemium Ernst & Young Emerging Entrepreneur of the Year anno [[1998]] accepit. Librum ''Startup: A Silicon Valley Adventure'' protulit. In magnis ephemeridibus nuntiorum, inter quas ''[[The New York Times]],'' ''[[The Wall Street Journal]],'' ''Forbes,'' ''Red Herring,'' et ''Bloomberg Businessweek,'' apparuit Kaplan anno [[2015]] librum editi, cui titulus ''Humans Need Not Apply: A Guide to Wealth and Work in the Age of Artificial Intelligence.'' ==Notae== <references/> pzukmfy6qpvxpaww1jc1gmbnhftykkl 3983514 3983429 2026-08-24T22:02:02Z Grufo 64423 Abrogans recensionem 3983429 ab usore [[User:Jhon Freddy Vega|Jhon Freddy Vega]] ([[User talk:Jhon Freddy Vega|Disputatio]] | [[Special:Contributions/Jhon Freddy Vega|conlationes]]) Oportet adumbrationes aperte indicare: iterum formulam {{[[Formula:Adumbratio|Adumbratio]]}} restitui. 3983514 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Adumbratio}}</noinclude> {{res|Hieronymus Kaplan}} (natus ''Samuel Jerrold "Jerry" Kaplan'' die [[25 Martii]] [[1952]]) est rerum computatoriarum peritus, [[scriptor]], [[futurista]], et negotiator [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]]. Praecipue campo computationis calamisticae{{dubsig}} et [[Tabula computatralis|tabularum computatralium]] innotuit. Aliquot societates condidit, inter quas GO Corporation, cuius [[technologia]] adhibetur ad primum [[telephonum gestabile]] et tabulam computatralem computatralem elaborandum.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hamm|first=Steve|title=The Race for Perfect: Inside the Quest to Design the Ultimate Portable Computer|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|date=2008|url=https://archive.org/details/raceforperfectin00hamm|isbn=9780071606110}}</ref> Kaplan OnSale condidit, primum situm auctionum interretialium B2C anno [[1994]], quinque mensibus ante [[Ebay|eBay]]. Praemium Ernst & Young Emerging Entrepreneur of the Year anno [[1998]] accepit. Librum ''Startup: A Silicon Valley Adventure'' protulit. In magnis ephemeridibus nuntiorum, inter quas ''[[The New York Times]],'' ''[[The Wall Street Journal]],'' ''Forbes,'' ''Red Herring,'' et ''Bloomberg Businessweek,'' apparuit Kaplan anno [[2015]] librum editi, cui titulus ''Humans Need Not Apply: A Guide to Wealth and Work in the Age of Artificial Intelligence.'' ==Notae== <references/> sqddcmgxqthhqmgrli56lijhmi332z9 4 322505 3983503 3981838 2026-08-24T20:44:44Z MediaWiki message delivery 62628 /* Tech News: 2026-35 */ nova pars 3983503 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__<nowiki />[[Categoria:Vicipaedia]][[Categoria:Fora Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]{{Capsa paginae|1= Haec pagina nuntios technicos qui e [[MediaVici]] proveniunt praebet. Vide etiam [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2016|nuntios anni 2016]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2017|nuntios anni 2017]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2018|nuntios anni 2018]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2019|nuntios anni 2019]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2020|nuntios anni 2020]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2021|nuntios anni 2021]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2022|nuntios anni 2022]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2023|nuntios anni 2023]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2024|nuntios anni 2024]] et [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2025|nuntios anni 2025]]. }} == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-03</span> == {{Accepta|Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2025|Tech News: 2026-03|Nuntia ad novum annum mota --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}} <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support "map" as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:32, 12 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29907192 --> == Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 == {{Accepta|Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2025|Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Nuntium ad novum annum motum --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}} Dear Wikimedia communities, We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year. 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We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community. 📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]] If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]] ''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]''''' ''Stay connected and receive updates:'' * [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel] * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list] We look forward to collaborating with you and your community. '''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:45, 16 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29879549 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wiki Community, We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;How to Sign Up as an Organizer Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia. Thank you and best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> == Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hello everyone, We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe. ;About Wiki Loves Folklore '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight: * Folk traditions and rituals * Cultural festivals and celebrations * Traditional attire and crafts * Performing arts, music, and dance * Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world. [[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] ; Host a Local Edition As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to: * Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture * Engage new contributors in your community * Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:''' If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know. If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region. ;Get in Touch If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via: * The project Talk pages * Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org''' We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail. Warm regards, '''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' </div> [[Usor:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:MediaWiki message delivery|disputatio]]) 13:21, 18 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=29228188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: <code dir=ltr>https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/</code>) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]! * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:29, 19 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29943403 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Annual review of the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 9 February 2026. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> 21:01, 19 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29905753 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February. * All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. * Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the "prevent this user from editing their own talk page" is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new AbuseFilter variable, <code>account_type</code>, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the <code>createaccount</code> and <code>autocreateaccount</code> actions. As part of this change, the variable <code>accountname</code> has been renamed to <code>account_name</code>, and <code>accountname</code> is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049] * Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to <code dir=ltr><nowiki>upload.wikimedia.org/…</nowiki></code> will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:17, 26 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29969530 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The "{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}" feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''Weekly highlight''' * Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:43, 2 Februarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30000986 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors. * A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] * When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458] * The automatic "magic links" for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] <code dir=ltr><nowiki>{{#isbn}}</nowiki></code> available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|<code>w:kaj:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|<code>w:ppl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:29, 9 Februarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30026671 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237] '''Updates for editors''' * The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval] * The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. * Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add <code dir="ltr">#siteNotice { display: none; }</code> to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the "view new changes since…" button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:16, 16 Februarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30086330 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764] * Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new "Edit full page" button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered "beta" on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:skin-theme-description</code> and <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag</code> to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta. * The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], <code dir=ltr>ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild</code>, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:03, 23 Februarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30119102 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki. '''Updates for editors''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&filter=&optional=1&action=translate help to localize] this and related features. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912] * Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807] * Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no <code dir=ltr>uselang=</code> URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111] * The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust & Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696] * The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views. * The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users. * [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:51, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30137798 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. * Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]). '''Updates for editors''' * Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:52, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30213008 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055] * On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016] * Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]]. * Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874] * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror</code> or <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.lib</code> modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.switch</code> hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:35, 16 Martii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30260505 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|"Log in with passkey" button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647] * The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823] * Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127] * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:50, 23 Martii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30268305 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]]. '''Updates for editors''' * The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]]. * The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap "Edit". This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:25, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30329462 --> == Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]] {{int:please-translate}} Dear Wikipedians! [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''. The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences. 🧩'''How to participate?''' Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine. 🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''. '''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.''' If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&messages=&language=en&x=D banner] into your own language. Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) == Hello everyone, This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as <code>Module:Itemgroup/list</code>). '''The Change:'''<br /> Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''. '''What You Need To Do:'''<br /> To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search. '''Deadline:'''<br /> We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles. Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[Usor:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:MediaWiki message delivery|disputatio]]) 17:11, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29941252 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]]. * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304] * All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]]. * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>format=php</nowiki></code></bdi>, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538] * The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example "WP" for the "Project" ("Wikipedia") namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:18, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30362761 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature. '''Updates for editors''' * On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294] * The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=query&meta=notifications</nowiki></code></bdi>) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991] * Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:18, 13 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30380527 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest "Liquid Glass" visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias. * An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]]. * On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The <code>mirrors.wikimedia.org</code> service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707] * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> directly, please update them to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>file</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>filerevision</nowiki></code></bdi> table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741] * Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:59, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30432763 --> == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}} A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[Usor:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:MediaWiki message delivery|disputatio]]) 00:58, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484] * All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the "automatically enable most beta features" option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:05, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30458046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]]. * The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909] * From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the "Translate to English" dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as "changes 3" instead of "3 changes" in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:42, 4 Maii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30498077 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward. '''Updates for editors''' * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks. * The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui.input</nowiki></code></bdi>, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:20, 11 Maii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30524429 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Abstract Wikipedia team has identified five potential pilot wikis to assess their interest in adopting abstract articles on their wikis. The pilots are Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arabic, and Indonesian Wikipedia. The feedback period will be open until May 22. If your community is interested in becoming a pilot, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|let us know on Meta]]. '''Updates for editors''' * An experiment to show [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] to logged-out readers on mobile web will launch on May 18 across German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu Wikipedias, and will run for one month. The effort supports broader goals of helping readers save and organize articles for later reading, while encouraging habits that could lead to future Wikipedia contributions. * To support a bookmark button in the Reading List beta feature, the "Tools > Action" menu has been updated to display icons, including the watch star indicator that helps editors identify temporarily watched articles. The icons now also match those used on mobile, improving consistency across platforms. The change is currently limited to the actions menu and mainly affects editors with privileged user rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] was released as an [[w:en:A/B test|A/B test]] for newcomer editors on the mobile website at [[phab:T421189|~15 Wikipedias]]. The experiment will measure the impact that Suggestion Mode has on the proportion of newcomer mobile web edit sessions that result in constructive (un-reverted) article edits. The experiment will also evaluate the feature's impact on editor retention, and monitor changes in revert and block rates. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue in the Wikipedia Android app where images could sometimes fail to load after opening a recommended reading list notification, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|backend replacement recommendation]] and accompanying [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|technical architecture]] for the migration of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) away from Blazegraph. Feedback is invited until May 25th 2026, especially on potential gaps and impacts on advanced use cases. Wikidata community members and WDQS users are also encouraged to help identify high-impact tools and workflows that may need attention on [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|this page]]. Feedback can be shared on the [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|Migration talk page]] or during the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|next office hour]]. See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|WDP team newsletter]] for more details. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * On English, French, Japanese, and a few other Wikipedias, there was a [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|trial of hCaptcha]], a third-party bot detection service. The trial showed that hCaptcha effectively detects and deters some bad-faith automated activity, on its own and by giving [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|checkusers and stewards]] signals to look into. Because the results were positive, hCaptcha will be rolled out across all wikis over the next few weeks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|See the hCaptcha project page]] for technical information about the implementation and privacy protections. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Learn more]]. * The latest Community Tech update is now available, with progress across several Community Wishlist initiatives, including Reading Lists expansion from the mobile app to the website, new language support for "Who Wrote That" and the Personal Dashboard, improvements to 3D rendering and Charts, and upcoming work on talk page sorting, audio playback, and editing workflows. The update also shares current priorities, wishlist status trends, and opportunities for community feedback on future focus areas and the Wikimedia Foundation’s 2026–2027 Annual Plan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Read the full newsletter for details]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:21, 18 Maii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30539262 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Following a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|successful account creation experiment]], an improved logged-out edit warning message will be deployed to all Wikimedia wikis in the first week of June. The change will only affect logged-out users on mobile web who open an editing session. The updated experience is designed to encourage account creation more clearly, while still allowing users to edit with temporary accounts. Results from the experiment showed a significant increase in account creation, with a 27% relative lift among users shown the updated message. As expected, as more people funnel into account creation, temporary accounts decreased by a relative 16%. The experiment did not show any significant changes in constructive edit rates or other monitored contributor metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] '''Updates for editors''' * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Members of these groups will be unable to disable the last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the next few weeks, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. Notably, this applies to bureaucrats. See the linked tasks for deployment schedules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] will run an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on [[:phab:T415904|10 wikis]], testing [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|potential improvements for Reference Previews]]. The experiment will run for ~2 weeks at the end of May / beginning of June and will affect 10% of desktop readers on the participating wikis. * After two successful experiments, the Reader Growth team is rolling out an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature for all Wikipedias on mobile on May 25. This means that anyone who has all beta features on by default will start to see this feature, and others can check the box to turn it on in their preferences. The beta feature will include a carousel of all an article's images at the top of the article, with controls for editors to [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|exclude images from the article's carousel or to exclude an article from the feature entirely]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, three dimensional STL files were being rendered incorrectly by the media viewer 3D extension which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The legacy CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tright</nowiki></code></bdi> have been replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> as the former do not work consistently across all MediaWiki platforms, notably mobile web and mobile apps. Projects relying on these classes are encouraged to review related usage and plan for migration. Please note that <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> may also be deprecated in future, although there are currently no plans to do so. [[phab:T426452|Read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:51, 25 Maii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30584502 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote now in the 2026 U4C election</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 Maii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is conducting an experiment to show the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] feature, which is still in development, to logged-out mobile readers to test whether it encourages account creation at a higher rate compared to the watchstar button. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists#Experiment timeline|experiment]] was launched on May 18th on German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu wikis, and it will run for a month. * The Wikimedia Apps team released [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Phase 1]] of the redesigned Home Feed to the Android Beta app. The new Home Feed includes a refreshed "Community" tab and a personalized "For You" tab featuring daily updated reading recommendations. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve content discovery and create more engaging learning experiences in the Wikipedia apps. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where images could fail to load for some suggested edits on [[w:Special:Homepage|Special:Homepage]], leaving the thumbnail stuck in a loading state, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424048] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:08, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30613639 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia Enterprise has increased the free usage limits for its API offerings. The monthly request limit for the On-demand API has increased from 5,000 to 50,000 requests, while the Snapshot API limit has increased from 15 to 30 requests per month. In addition, Structured Contents snapshots are now available for free accounts. These changes expand access to Wikimedia Enterprise data for developers, researchers, and organizations using Wikimedia content. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|refreshed Explore Feed]], now called the Home Feed, is rolling out to 50% of users of the Wikipedia Android app. The Home Feed helps readers discover relevant content through two new tabs: ''Community'' and ''For You''. The Community tab provides a scrollable feed of curated content and updates from the broader Wikimedia community and movement, while the ''For You'' tab offers a full-screen, swipeable experience that shows content tailored to a user's interests. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve discovery and enhance the learning experience in the Wikipedia app. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/"Which came first?" Game|Which came first?]] daily trivia game is now available in the beta version of the Wikipedia iOS app in English, German, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. The game uses historical events from Wikipedia's "On This Day" content and challenges readers to guess which of two events happened first. The game was previously released on Android. Communities interested in making the game available in their languages can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Games#Game availability by language|read the instructions and requirements]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details, will begin rolling out to Wikimedia wikis following a successful pilot phase. Deployment will start on 8 June for most [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Wednesday|Group 1 wikis]] and French Wikipedia, with additional Wikipedia language editions receiving the feature over the coming months. Communities are encouraged to prepare by checking for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-cite&language=en&action_source=search&filter=%21translated&optional=1&action=translate untranslated Cite extension messages] in their language and reviewing any use of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]], which may require [[:phab:T416304#11668731|updates]] to support the new functionality. Wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] do not need to take any action. Communities may also wish to create the ''cite-tracking-category-ref-details'' [[Special:TrackingCategories|tracking category]] as a hidden category using <code><nowiki>__HIDDENCAT__</nowiki></code> (or a dedicated template), and connect it to the corresponding Wikidata item [[d:Q129764848]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425662] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews#Experimentation|Page Previews experiment]] on mobile web has concluded. The team decided not to roll out the feature after the results showed no statistically significant impact on reader retention, as the primary success metric was retention improvement. Page Previews, which are already available on desktop and in the apps, display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and link to the full article when readers tap a blue link. The experiment tested this experience on mobile web across six Wikipedias. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Design/Icons|user interface icon library]] will be [[phab:T399175|updated later this week or next week]]. Most of the ~300 icons have been slightly refined and ~30 new icons have been added. These changes improve the icons to make them more consistent and comprehensible, and provide more visual balance when they are used in groups. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector|Universal Language Selector]] (ULS) interface in MediaWiki, which helps users select content in other languages, has been updated. The new version improves speed and accessibility, and users of Wikimedia projects can now pin languages for quicker language switching. The deployment to Wikimedia sites will happen gradually in the coming weeks. You can test it now as a beta feature by selecting [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] in your profile preferences and share your feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector/New ULS|the project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Pageviews Analysis dashboard on pageviews.wmcloud.org stopped updating graph data in May 2026, affecting all users, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The function signature for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink()</nowiki></code></bdi> has been simplified. Developers can now pass a configuration object instead of a list of positional parameters when creating portlet links. The previous function signature remains supported for backwards compatibility. For example, instead of: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', '#', 'Stub', 'ca-stubtag', 'Add a stub tag to this page');</nowiki></code></bdi> use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', { href: '#', text: 'Stub', id: 'ca-stubtag', tooltip: 'Add a stub tag to this page' });</nowiki></code></bdi>. Script maintainers are encouraged to review existing uses of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>addPortletLink()</nowiki></code></bdi> and update them where appropriate. This change will be available on all wikis from 11 June. Thanks to community volunteer Gerges for contributing this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427945] * '''Community Wishlist discussion''': Product & Technology [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 20, 2026: Community Tech becomes a program|introduced changes]] meant to increase the number and complexity of wishes fulfilled, including the disbanding of the Community Tech team. They are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|engaging in discussions]] about a [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist#Proposed direction for Wishlist|proposed direction for the wishlist]] from community members. Includes ways to structure annual voting, better tracking of wishes, removing focus areas, and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|staffing updates]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.6|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:29, 8 Iunii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30650573 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature on the mobile web version of all Wikipedias. The feature shows an image carousel at the top of articles with 3 or more images. Editors can configure this feature with the following controls: to hide a specific image from a page, either use <code>class=notpageimage</code> excluding it from thumbnail previews, or <code>class=noviewer</code> excluding it from MediaViewer. The carousel can also be disabled from a page entirely, with the magic word <code><nowiki>__NOMEDIAVIEWERCAROUSEL__</nowiki></code>. To submit feedback or flag bugs, please visit the [[mw:Talk:Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|project page]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tables#class="wikitable"|Wikitables]] can now be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Sortable tables#Forcing the initial sort direction|sorted in descending order]] on the first click by adding <code dir=ltr>data-sort-order="desc"</code> to the header cell. Previously, by default, clicking a column header for the first time sorts it in ascending order. This addition to a Wikitable gives it more control and flexibility, while the default behavior for subsequent clicks remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398416] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature is currently being tested with some editors creating new articles on the Simple English, French, and Turkish Wikipedias. The experiment will soon begin on the Arabic and Bangla Wikipedias as well. [[w:simple:Special:NewArticle|This feature]] gives editors community-curated guidance to help them create articles that follow community standards. Experienced editors can continue creating or adapting outlines for specific article types that are commonly created by less experienced contributors. The outlines guide less experienced editors in creating high-quality articles. A quick guide to markups used in outlines can be found on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide#Markups in outlines|this page]]. [[w:simple:Wikipedia:Article Guidance|Example outlines]] that can be adapted and instructions for how to adapt them are on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|this section]] of the project page. * Wikis that wish to replace the "indefinitely" button in Special:Block for temporary accounts (for example, wikis that block temporary users only until account expiration) will be able to do so by creating [[MediaWiki:ipb-indefinite-expiry-temporary-account]] with the block duration they want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:41}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:41|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * By the end of June, a valid user-agent string will be required for automated dumps downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. This [[phab:T400119|extends enforcement]] of the long standing [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services will not change. * The roll out of global [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|API rate limits]] is now complete, with limits enforced across all APIs and at the documented levels for all groups. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki remain exempt. All bots should continue to follow the documented best practices to avoid being rate limited. * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal wiki] will be read only starting this week (June 15-18). The following week (June 22-25), all API Portal wiki URLs will redirect to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * On June 17th at 6pm UTC the WMF will be holding Discord call focused on a code review. We've heard through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Developer Satisfaction Survey/2026|Developer Satisfaction Survey]] that volunteers are struggling with code review and we'd like to discuss these experiences with the goal of surfacing workable solutions. You can join the call [https://discord.gg/wikipedia?event=1514727511102062664 via the Wikimedia Community Discord server]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Conferencia Wikimedia de América Latina 2026|Latin American Wikimedia Conference]] will host a regional hackathon that will bring together the Wikimedia movement’s technical community including developers, system administrators, data scientists, and users with extended rights. Interested technical contributors can [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf4osJzTHBJjQbYJk7TMVEJjTEQv7IgtsUDfP-o-qTgeRQQxw/viewform apply for a scholarship] to participate until June 21 at midnight (Bolivia time, UTC-4). * Sign up for Wikimania Team Challenges to join this special event. The Team challenges will take place online and in person from July 21 to 22, before Wikimania conference. Everyone is welcome, regardless of skills or Wikimania registration. Teams will work on 10 important challenges supporting the Wikimedia community. For details, visit [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Team challenges|the Team Challenges page]] and [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/teamchallenges/ register there]. Registration closes on June 20th at 11pm UTC. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:48, 15 Iunii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30689604 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]] are [[phab:T418115|now available at Wikidata]]. This update enables access to Mentorship ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|if configured]]), Impact module, the Help Panel, and a simplified Newcomer Homepage (without Suggested Edits). Wikidata administrators are still configuring the features through Community Configuration. '''Updates for editors''' * The special page [[{{#special:RangeCalculator}}]] has been created. It allows users to find an IP range without needing to rely on external tools. Until now, this tool was only available to CheckUsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268429] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]] is a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details. It will be deployed to most small and medium-sized Wikipedia language versions on June 23. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#deployment|FAQ]] lists possible actions to take on your wiki to support the deployment. Check the [[:phab:T414094|rollout plan]] for the next deployment steps. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428902] * Starting next week, users will get a notification when they are blocked or unblocked from editing, or if this block changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100974] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting next week, abuse filters that are set to "require CAPTCHA verification" will begin to also affect users with the <code>skipcaptcha</code> right, which includes most autoconfirmed users. Bots are exempted. This change only affects edits that trigger an abuse filter. The <code>skipcaptcha</code> right will continue to exempt users from having to solve CAPTCHAs in the ordinary course of using the wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402595] * Reference documentation for the [[wikitech:Machine_Learning/LiftWing/API|Lift Wing API]] has moved from the API Portal to the interactive [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?api=lift-wing&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. * The API Portal wiki is now closed. For API documentation, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. All API Portal wiki URLs (https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/) will redirect to the mediawiki.org page starting June 22. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427537] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.8|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Join an online call on 25 June at 2:30pm UTC to meet the current Wikimedia interns for [[mw:Google_Summer_of_Code/2026|Google Summer of Code]] and [[mw:Outreachy/Round_32|Outreachy]]. Interns will provide an overview of their projects and a brief demo of their work so far. Attendees are encouraged to [[mw:event:Google_Summer_of_Code/Summer_2026_June_Internship_open_session|share ideas and connections in their community]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 13:04, 23 Iunii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30722494 --> == RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|disputatio]])</bdi> 17:11, 23 Iunii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Message"/> '''Legal & Safety Contacts''' Hello community, the Wikimedia Foundation has provided a [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|single legal and safety contact page]], to be linked in the footer of your wiki, to ensure access to accurate legal information. This is a regulatory requirement. We have already rolled out links to English, German, Italian, Spanish and other wikis and we will deploy to your wiki soon. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|Please read more on the project page]] and leave any comments in this thread or on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|talk page]]. <section end="Message"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:29, 25 Iunii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=30731267 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]], the Growth team tested adding a user account icon in the mobile web header for logged-out users, providing direct access to "Create account" and "Log in" actions. The experiment increased account creation by about 20% without negatively affecting edit quality or constructive edit rates. The feature will now be rolled out to all Wikimedia Foundation wikis on mobile web in the first week of July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428220] * After a [[phab:T426248|successful experiment]], logged-in users who did not [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation|confirm their email address]] when their account was created see a new banner asking them to complete that process. This helps reduce the risk that users get locked out of their account, and makes account email addresses overall more reliable. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428292] * An update to [[Special:Search|Search]] is refining how the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> behaves when used to exclude results. Previously, using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> with negation could unintentionally broaden search results by adding the namespaces included in the search scope, leading to confusing behavior for users expecting a straightforward exclusion filter. With the update, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> will now strictly exclude matching page titles as intended and may display a warning if the relevant namespace has not been explicitly selected. The behavior of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> without negation however remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427443] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where reviewers using the Page Curation toolbar were not automatically subscribed to talk page discussions they started has now been fixed. Reviewers will now receive notifications when someone replies to those discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329346] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting June 29th, automated downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website will be subject to the [[Foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services remains unaffected. This is a follow up to the announcement made in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|2026/25 issue of Tech News]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.9|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 11:47, 29 Iunii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30744833 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the search bar results on Wikidata, showed English results instead of using the correct language fallback for users of language variants, has now been fixed. Search suggestions will now follow the expected language fallback chain. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429769] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * In preparation for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Celebrate Women|Celebrate Women campaign]] planned for March 2027, the Wikimedia Foundation’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Advancement/Community Growth/Content Enablement|Content Enablement team]] has launched a 22-question survey to better understand technical contributions by women+ (anyone who identifies as a woman) across Wikimedia projects. The survey takes approximately 15–20 minutes to complete and will remain open until 20 July 2026. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Celebrate Women/Technical contributions survey|questions]] are also available on-wiki for review in advance. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score extension]] now supports rendering music scores as SVG images in addition to PNG, addressing a long-standing [[:phab:T49578|feature request]] and resolving historical image quality issues. Both formats are now provided to clients, with PNG in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>src</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute and SVG in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>srcset</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute. * The new [[wikitech:Parsoid|Parsoid]] parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. It was enabled on French Wikipedia, bringing total progress to covering 78.9% of Wikipedia page views. Rollout to English Wikipedia desktop will progress through this week. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.10|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Wikimedia Hackathon 2026 [[diffblog:2026/06/29/wikimedia-hackathon-2026-building-collaborating-and-shaping-the-future-together/|recap blog post]] is now live. It highlights the projects, sessions, and social activities from this year’s event, and shares initial plans for the 2027 Wikimedia Hackathon. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 13:56, 6 Iulii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30773578 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/29|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise_Tone|Revise Tone]] helps newcomers identify passages in Wikipedia articles that may contain non-encyclopedic language and encourages them to consider revising the tone. The feature was [[w:en:A/B_testing|A/B tested]] on the Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias, where newcomer task completion rates [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise_Tone#Experiment_Results|increased by 38.7%]] compared to the default Copyedit task, with no decrease in edit quality. The test ended on July 9, and the feature is now available for everyone on these wikis, configurable via Community Configuration. [[phab:T426364|The plan]] is to release Revise Tone to more wikis. * The community configuration that allows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship#Automated mentor list cleanup|automatic removal of inactive mentors]] based on configurable criteria will be enabled on Thursday 16, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment|on some wikis]] to keep mentor lists up to date. Mentors are experienced contributors who opt in to help new users on-wiki through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth Features]]. Administrators can now prepare the settings via [[w:Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship|Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship]]; they will take effect starting Thursday. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:38}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:38|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some users of the Wikipedia Android app were logged out immediately after signing in, preventing them from staying logged in and editing pages, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316916] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editing a page via user scripts or gadgets was causing watchlist labels that the user had assigned to that page to reset. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423778] * To work around a Safari bug (see [[phab:T425211]]), on Parsoid-enabled wikis, wikilink hrefs now use absolute urls instead of protocol-relative urls. REST API output remains unchanged and continue to use protocol-relative urls. Gadgets, user scripts, bots, and CSS might need to be adapted if they relied on the presence of protocol-relative urls in wikilink hrefs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T431358] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Wikimedia Foundation’s Experiment Platform Team has published a blog post reflecting on its first year of structured experimentation. It highlights successful experiments such as Paste Check, Reference Check, and Tone Check, which improved editing outcomes and have been rolled out to more users, as well as experiments that did not lead to product changes. [[diffblog:2026/07/07/moving-the-needle-how-we-test-new-ideas-across-wikimedia-projects|Read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:10, 13 Iulii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30804401 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/30|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reader/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] has incorporated community feedback around the placement of watchstar and watchlist buttons for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading Lists beta feature]], which would allow for saving articles for later reading – a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W102|wishlist item]] to bring the functionality to web. Editors are invited to enable the beta feature to test it out and [[phab:T426453|share their thoughts]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] offers edit suggestions within the VisualEditor for improving Wikipedia articles. [[Special:EditChecks|All suggestions]] are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators – local customization|community-configurable]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] feature is a way for volunteers to create custom local suggestions. The feature searches in articles for strings of text, and now includes support for regular expressions. This gives volunteers greater precision and flexibility over the kinds of local suggestions they can create. Note: Suggestions [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration#:~:text=maximumEditcount|can be targeted]] based on the edit count of the person editing as well as other aspects of the page. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Create custom local types of Suggestions|find examples from other communities]] for inspiration, including TextMatches that detect: typos, grammar-errors, potential advertisements, clichés, incorrect dash or hyphen usage, non-specific time keywords, outdated names, and more. Any [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|feedback]] is appreciated. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the SVG Translate tool could use an outdated version of a file, causing existing translations to be overwritten when new ones were uploaded, has now [[phab:T430577|been fixed]]. Overall, in the last quarter from April – June 2026 about 337 community tasks were resolved by the Wikimedia Foundation. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * On Parsoid-enabled wikis, Parsoid now renders a maximum of 1,250 images per page. A new tracking category, "media-limit-reached", will be soon made available to identify pages where this limit is reached, making it easier to find content whose media output may have been restricted during rendering. See [[phab:T430854]] for more information and to provide feedback. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 05:45, 21 Iulii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30836091 --> == Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}} You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 12:24, 24 Iulii 2026 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:DreamRimmer@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ContentTranslation|Content Translation]] now supports dark mode, fulfilling a [[m:Community Wishlist/W544|Community Wishlist request]]. This brings the tool in line with the accessibility features available in the Vector 2022 and Minerva skins, helping reduce visual fatigue for users translating content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367077] * DiscussionTools' source mode and the 2017 wikitext editor will now offer autocomplete for links (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[</nowiki></code></bdi>), templates (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{</nowiki></code></bdi>), HTML and parser tags (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><</nowiki></code></bdi>), and magic words (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__</nowiki></code></bdi>), making it quicker and easier to insert links, templates, and other wiki markup while editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T432400] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Readers Growth team]] has concluded its experiment with mobile page previews and will not roll out the feature. Page Previews are a pop-up bottom sheet that appears when readers tap a blue link, showing a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and an option to open the article. The experiment showed flat retention and negative indicator metrics, suggesting that mobile web readers preferred navigating directly to linked articles rather than using page previews. * The Reader Experience team has seen encouraging early results from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]], with 93% of participating users reporting that it was useful. Reading Lists help active readers save articles for future reading and support their learning goals on Wikimedia projects. The team plans further improvements before expanding the feature to more users. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh|Explore Feed Refresh]] initiative was tested with new and casual Wikipedia app readers. The refreshed feed helps readers discover new and relevant content. After a 10.5% increase in engagement with the feed, Wikimedia Apps team has decided to scale the Home Feed redesign to iOS with the learnings from the Android release applied. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where subject names in the Article Guidance feature were displayed with incorrect capitalization on French Wikipedia, has now been fixed. Subject names will now follow the correct capitalization rules for the language. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427201] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * After running several [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]] to improve registration completion rates, a new version of the username field on [[Special:CreateAccount|Create Account]] has been rolled out. It includes [[:c:File:Create account - July 2026 updates.png|a popover summarizing the username policy]] to provide clearer guidance during account creation. As part of this change, the messages <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-helpusername</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-help</nowiki></code></bdi> that several communities have configured will no longer be used. If communities want to customize the guidance shown in the new popover, they can instead edit the following messages: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet1</nowiki></code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet2</nowiki></code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet3</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430604] * Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror syntax highlighter]] will offer [[w:en:Theme (computing)|themes]]. The themes can be picked from a dropdown menu in the full [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#CodeMirror preferences|CodeMirror preferences]] dialog. For wikitext, available themes are default, colorblind-friendly (previously the colorblind preference option on [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing]]) and no-highlighting. For code languages (i.e., CSS/JavaScript/JSON/Vue/Lua), there are several themes available. These same themes will eventually be available for wikitext, too. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163533] * From now on, wikis can restrict editing in the "User" namespace to only the page owner and certain user groups. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgRestrictUserPageEditing|Read the configuration documentation]] to learn more. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:48, 27 Iulii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30856308 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] has developed a [https://82db7c8d4b.catalyst.wmcloud.org/w/index.php?title=Regent%27s_Park&uselang=de patch demo] that wraps the page toolbar onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, which can occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429518] * The Reader Experience team is planning to launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]], a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Mobile and apps/Have Apps reading lists available on Destop/Mobile|Community Wishlist item]], which is currently available to try in beta, as a full feature in September. Before then, volunteer translator help is needed for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-readinglists&filter=&action=translate string translations] into a number of languages. The feature supports reading and learning goals on Wikipedia. * Next week, the table of contents on Wikimedia Commons file pages will be improved by consolidating the file page table of contents with the page table of contents. This will make it easier to understand a file page’s structure, navigate to specific sections, and share links to individual sections. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some [[w:TIFF|TIFF]] images failed to load after clicking their thumbnail, causing a broken image to be displayed instead of the full-size image, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429326] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The variable and function selector in AbuseFilter has been updated to support search and autocomplete. It will allow filter maintainers to find the desired variable or function more quickly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323698] * The MJPEG and VP8 formats are removed from the video player. The MP4 format (MPEG-4 Part 2) is added instead, which provides higher quality videos to older iPhone devices. It may take a few weeks to retroactively update all existing videos. The default format for modern devices stays the same (VP9/WebM). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358266] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:45, 3 Augusti 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30872536 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new ChartWizard is [[c:Special:ChartWizard/Data:Example.Pie.chart|now available on Wikimedia Commons]] for users interested in creating charts from their own data. The wizard makes the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] more beginner-friendly by allowing editors to create charts, such as bar and pie charts, without needing to use JSON. Users can still switch to the JSON editor if they prefer. Feedback on the new tool is welcome on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist/W414|wish talk page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Wikipedia iOS app’s Picture of the Day widget displayed the same image every day instead of updating daily, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430692] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Math|Math formula]] SVG images will soon be generated in the browser instead of on the server. MathML continues to be generated on the server and renders in the browser without JavaScript. Wikibooks will see this change on 12 August, Wikisource on 19 August and Wikipedia from 20-27 August. You can try this by selecting "{{int:Mw-math-mathjax}}" in your preferences. This change is part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase/deprecation|deprecating RESTBase]] and [[phab:T431372|deprecating Mathoid]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271001] * Category pages will soon support sorting entries by the time they are added to a category. This will make it easier to find recently or long-standing categorized pages. It will also improve workflows for maintenance categories such as deletion backlogs and other time-based review tasks. You can use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>cldsort=timestamp</nowiki></code></bdi> URL argument in category view to sort the entries. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and user scripts on Wikimedia wikis may now use [[phab:T395347|ES2018 features]] and [[phab:T419142|ES2019 features]] in JavaScript code. Previously, the platform only allowed up to ES2017. MediaWiki validates the source code to protect functionality from syntax errors and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browser_support_matrix|supported browsers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419142] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:44, 10 Augusti 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30901051 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist|Worklist feature]] for the Event Registration tool is now live on all Wikimedia wikis. With Worklist, event organizers can add the articles their event will focus on directly to the event page. The Worklist also powers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist#How Event Pathways uses the worklist|Event Pathways]] which notifies other editors of the upcoming or ongoing event when they edit an article featured in the event's Worklist. This is the minimum viable version (MVP), and feedback is welcome. Organizers are encouraged to try the feature. A hands-on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Worklist Setup Workshop: Get Your Event Ready|Worklist Setup Workshop]] will take place on 18 August at 16:00 UTC and 19 August at 11:00 UTC. '''Updates for editors''' * [[Special:ShortPages]] displays short pages by their size, but in many cases it gets filled with disambiguations and soft redirects, making it harder to find the short articles themselves. Starting this weekend, you will be able to choose not to include an article in the special page by adding the magic word <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__EXPECTSHORTPAGE__</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433203] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3436680|Bole]] ([[w:bol:|<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>w:bol:</nowiki></code></bdi>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429921] * Starting the week of August 17, the page toolbar will wrap onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This is a [[phab:T429518|fully merged patch from the Reader Experience team]] which aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, that may occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, uploading large files to Wikimedia Commons has become more stable and less prone to failure following some fixes related to the “Could not acquire lock” upload error. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386640] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Debian Bullseye will reach the end of its Long Term Support on 31 August 2026. [[phab:T434103|Some Cloud VPS projects]] still have instances running Debian Bullseye. Maintainers of those projects are encouraged to migrate to Debian Bookworm or Debian Trixie. A [[wikitech:Help:Cloud VPS instance operating system migration|migration guide]] is available to help with the process, and users may also want to consider whether their workload is better suited to Toolforge. If you need help or cannot complete the migration by 31 August, please contact the Cloud VPS admins as soon as possible. [[listarchive:list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/RVIPQSYLKMSL5M46JP6NEJVGVE6I2RXQ/|Read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W34"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:02, 17 Augusti 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30922806 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[Special:CreateAccount|Special:CreateAccount]] page has been simplified as part of ongoing work to modernize the account creation experience. The panel showing project statistics no longer appears next to the form on desktop and mobile web. Multiple account creation experiments show that a simpler form helps newcomers complete registration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433783] * In order to improve page performance, images now load when they are viewed. This means images lower down an article will not load if a reader never scrolls to that part of the page, which may affect some image-related metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148047] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where image thumbnails in Abstract Wikipedia could fail to display after the corresponding file was moved on Wikimedia Commons, has now been fixed. Thumbnails will now update correctly when files are moved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433448] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * User Info card is a feature that helps patrollers see information about user accounts. So far, it has been available only in places such as page history, logs and recent changes. Now, it's possible to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CheckUser#User_Info_card_in_page_content|place it in the page content]] as well, using the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{#uic:}}</nowiki></code></bdi> parser function. It can be particularly useful in templates like [[:en:Template:Userlinks|<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{Userlinks}}</nowiki></code></bdi>]] (or their specialized variants), as it will make it easier to see the context about a user on various noticeboard pages. The card will be displayed only to users who have it enabled in their [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpcheckuser-userinfocard-enable|preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424466] * Due to user security and privacy risks, we have disabled access to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Special:MyPage</nowiki></code></bdi> URLs when specifically using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=raw</nowiki></code></bdi>. If you are impacted by this, consider whether you can use an alternative approach. <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Special:MyPage</nowiki></code></bdi> URLs can still be accessed and used without <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=raw</nowiki></code></bdi>. Specified user page URLs (e.g. <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>User:Myusername</nowiki></code></bdi>) can still be used with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=raw</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120386] * Due to an update, the thumbnailing software has been improved. This includes upgrading <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>librsvg</nowiki></code></bdi> to 2.60 and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>ImageMagick</nowiki></code></bdi> to 7, as well as resolving a number of long-standing thumbnailing bugs like rendering errors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419815#12222841] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:44, 24 Augusti 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30961208 --> 9clubrvwqxzge4gngoo4wwn5y438t0p 0 324430 3983521 3983172 2026-08-24T22:09:54Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3983521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | titulus = | imago = | descriptio = | categoria = | numerus = | auctor = | argumenta = | tempus = | lingua = | contextus = | praecedens = | sequens = }} {{lres|Anno Christi incarnationis}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LIII reperitur.<ref name="de-cruce-signatis-46-55">{{Opus | titulus = De cruce signatis 46–55 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo5.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Anno Christi incarnationis, anno nostre reparationis millesimo centesimo septuagesimo septimo rex eterne glorie dono sue gratie tenebrosam nebulam scismatis fugavit quassamque naviculam Simonis salvavit. Hoc chaos obduxerat orbem, immo infecerat annis quater quinis scismatum pruinis; scintilla caritatis alserat facta iam cinis. Hoc decus concordie sanxit flos Saxonie, noster felix pontifex Wichmannus, omnis pacis artifex, mira gratia, per quem talia fiunt consilia, que hunc errorem valent reducere sic ad pacis honorem. Victor imperatoris ensis, cum mucrone Petri prisci moris unitate dimicans, feliciter maioris vim resecat erroris. Gaude, mater Roma triumphalis! ecce, nauta iam universalis de profundo maris hieme remige integro portum pacis adiit, dum pietatis dexteram tetigit. Felix acumen huius mentis, qui cum tribus elementis †aliis ac dirimit litem pacis ligamentis! Nunc Sion letetur gens, quia Dominus exsurgens miserans cor lenit; tempus enim venit. Huius anni magnalia sunt iubilei gaudia; exstirpantur zizania, flavet seges triticea, et palee de area ventantur foras horrea. Hoc decus concordie canat vox ecclesie! hec nova tripudia requirat casta Sion filia!<ref name="de-cruce-signatis-46-55"/> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen, inter carmina moralia et [[Satura|satirica]] numeratum, pacem anno [[1177]] [[Venetiae|Venetiis]] compositam celebrat, quae finem attulit [[Schisma|schismati]] inter [[Fridericus I (imperator)|Fridericum I Barbarossam]] et papam [[Alexander III|Alexandrum III]]. Auctor personam {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Wichmannus de Seeburg|Wichmanni|en|qid=Q316703}}, [[Archiepiscopus|archiepiscopi]] [[Magdeburgum|Magdeburgensis]] e [[Saxonia]], extollit pacis artificem et mediatorem inter gladium imperatoris et auctoritatem [[Petrus|Petri]]. Per [[Metaphora|metaphoras]] nauticas, navicula [[Ecclesia|Ecclesiae]] e procellis schismatis ad portum quietis perducitur.<ref name="de-cruce-signatis-46-55"/> Argumentum praecipuum est laetitia [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae]] ob unitatem restitutam, quae cum gaudio [[Iubilaeus|iubilaei]] comparatur. Poëta [[Allegoria|allegoriis]] biblicis utitur, velut separatione [[Triticum (genus)|tritici]] a [[Zizania (discretiva)|zizaniis]], ad purgationem mundi ab errore et discordia significandam. Carmen est documentum historicum gravissimum, quod non solum politicam Europae mediaevalis, sed etiam [[theologia |theologiam]] pacis illius aevi palam facit.<ref name="de-cruce-signatis-46-55"/> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] sm10pi7d56to0em0frha7iuc86wf2d9 0 327883 3983523 3983352 2026-08-24T22:18:33Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}; minora 3983523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vicificanda}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Franciscus Christophorus Comes de Frangipanibus}},<ref>Forma nominis Latini in textu praefationis operis {{Op|{{vf|Elegia}}}} a Francisco Christophoro Frangipani conscripti, Maceratae anno [[1656]] editi, testatur; textus praefationis in *Fran Krsto Frankopan, Djela*, ''Matica Croatica'' (Zagrabiae, [[1999]]), 62, ed. Iosepho Vončina, iterum publicatus est.</ref> vulgo {{barbarice|lingua=hr|Fran Krsto Frankopan}} ([[Croatice|Croatico]] hodierno) seu a se manu scriptum {{barbarice|Ferenaz Frangopan Groff Tersazki}} ([[1640]]?–[[1671]]), fuit [[nobilis]] ([[comes]]) et [[politicus]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Regnum Croatiae (Habsburg)|Regni Croatiae|en|qid=Q623573}}, [[dux militaris]], et [[poëta]] [[Croatia|Croaticus]], qui [[Latine]], Croatice, et [[Italiane]] scripsit. == De nomine == Quamquam hodie Croatice nominatur ''Fran Krsto Frankopan'', rarius ''Franjo Kristofor Frankopan'', notandum est utrumque nomen a recentioribus investigatoribus Croaticis ab altera [[saeculum 19|saeculi undecivesimi]] parte inductum esse. [[Historiqa|Historice]] vera nominis eius forma in autographo reperitur, ubi ipse se sic subscripsit: ''Ferenaz Frangopan Groff Tersazki''<ref>Poesi auctoris autographum in: ''Fran Krsto Frankopan, Djela'', ''Matica Croatica'' (Zagrabiae, [[1999]]), 12 (imagines adiectae), ed. Iosepho Vončina.</ref>, quod Croatice sic legitur: ''Ferenac Frangopan Grof Teržački'' (''Teržački a castro Teržac,'' vetere possessione Frangepanorum, cuius ruinae hodie in parte Bosniae et Hercegovinae prope [[Cazin]] et [[Bihacium]] iacent). In documentis Latinis legitur forma: ''Franciscus Christophorus Comes de Frangipanibus'', quae in Croaticum [[sermo]]nem recentiorem recte redditur: ''Franjo Kristofor knez od Frangipana.'' Itaque, si documenta [[saeculum 17|saeculi septimi decimi]] sequimur, forma nominis familiae historice sincera fuisse videtur: ''Frangopan'' (Croatice) vel ''Frangipani'' (Latine et Italiane). [[Fasciculus:Frankopan autographum.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Nomen Francisci Christophori Comitis de Frangipanibus a se manu scriptum (saec. XVII).]] == De familia Frangipanorum == Primi fontes ad familiam Frangepanorum iam [[saeculum 12|saeculo duodecimo]] pertinent. Clarissimus autem fons historicus de statu huius familiae est ''Codex Vinodolensis'' anno [[1288]], glagolitico alphabeto et lingua Croatica conscriptus. Ibi familia appellatur “knezovi krčki, vinodolski et modruški” (comites Curictae, Vinodoli et Modrusiensis), quod aperte monstrat quibus regionibus praeerant: insula Curicta (Croatice ''Krk,'' antiquis ''Curicta,'' Italiane: ''Veglia''), regio [[Vinodolum|Vinodoli (Vinodolum, Croatice: Vinodol]], Italiane: ''Valdivino''{{dubsig}}) inter [[Flumen (urbs)|Flumen]] (Croatice ''Rijeka'', Italiane ''Fiume'') et [[Segnia]]m posita, ac [[regio Modrusiensis]], in meridiana terrae parte quae hodie [[Gorski Kotar]]{{dubsig}} vocatur (hodie pars provinciae Litoralis-Montanae{{dubsig}} Croatiae). Apex potentiae huius familiae in prima [[saeculum 15|saeculi quinti decimi]] parte evenit, cum [[Nicolaus IV]] († [[1432]]) amplissima patrimonia hereditate accepisset atque unus ex ditissimis regni Croatiae magnatibus factus esset. Ab anno [[1426]] ad [[1432]] dignitatem bani gessit. <ref>“Banus” fuit supremus dux et praefectus militaris civilisque Croatiae, post [[rex|regem]] primus.</ref> In media aetate banus a rege nominabatur; postea autem, crescente [[auctoritas|auctoritate]] [[parlamentum|parlamenti]] Croatici ('''''Sabor'''''), eum proponere solebat, rex vero confirmare. Vetustissimus usus vocabuli ''banus'' medio [[saeculum 10|saeculo decimo]] testatur, in opere imperatoris [[Constantinus Porphyrogenitus|Constantini Porphyrogeniti]] ''De administrando imperio''. A papa [[Martinus V|Martino V]] nomen “de Frangepan” ei usurpare concessum est, simulque arma Frangepanorum Romanorum tributa sunt: scutum in quo duo [[leo]]nes [[panis|panem]] frangunt et partiuntur. Ita nomen gentilicum ''de Frangepan'' ab hac familia iam a prima parte saeculi XV adhiberi coepit. Medio saeculo XV, octo stirpes Frangepanorum Croaticorum exstiterunt; ad finem autem eiusdem saeculi, tres ex iis exstinctae sunt, quinque relictae. Usque ad annum [[1577]] ex his quinque quattuor quoque interierunt, una sola superstes: comites Tersazki (''Tržački''). Huic ultimae stirpi adnumerandus est Franciscus Christophorus Comes de Frangipanibus. == Vita == === De quaestione anni natalis === Annus quo natus sit Franciscus Christophorus Frangipani certo non cognoscitur. Diversi auctores varias opiniones protulerunt: Vodnik annum [[1641]] proponit<ref>Vodnik ([[1913]]), p. 285, nota 1.</ref>, Laszowski annos [[1646]] vel [[1647]]<ref>Laszowski (anno [[1939]]), pagina 89, nota 59.</ref>. Ježić, errorem Lukjanenko<ref>* J. M. Luk'janenko: “Političeskaja literaturnaja dejatel'nost' brat'ev Zrinskih i Franca Frankopana.   (Iz istorii političeskoj i ekonomičeskoj žizni horvatov XVII v. i iz istorii razvitija u horvatov literatury i vyrabotki literaturnago jazyka.) Tom I. Političeskaja dejatel'nost' brat'ev Zrinskih   i Franca Frankopana.” Kiev, [[1911]].</ref> in legenda data cuiusdam documenti secutus, annum [[1643]] pro anno natalis Francisci Christophori proposuit; quem annum deinde multi auctores sine ulla critica iudicatione receperunt atque retulerunt.<ref>Ježić, argumenta Lukjanenko secutus, erravit: Lukjanenko enim annum testamenti Nicolai Frankopani Tergestini (patrui poëtae) perperam legit ut [[1643]], cum re vera testamentum anno [[1634]] confectum sit—id est ante natalem poëtae—unde fit ut Franciscus Christophorus in eo non commemoretur.</ref> Iosephus Vončina statuit Franciscum Christophorum inter diem 29 Maii [[1656]] et diem 27 Iulii [[1658]] maiorennitatem adipisci potuisse; quare anni natalis termini quam primum fieri potuit sunt [[1638]] et [[1639]].<ref>Dragutin Feletar, Hrvoje Petrić, Nevio Šetić, ''Zrinski & Frankopani: 100 godina od povratka u domovinu'', Zagreb [[2009]].</ref> Certum tamen est Franciscum Christophorum anno [[1654]] in [[matriculatio|matriculas]] [[Universitas Iesuitica Graecensis|Universitatis Iesuiticae Graecensis]] (in [[Styria]], in [[Austria]]) inter principistae adscriptum esse. Principistae saeculo XVII discipuli erant secundi gradus institutionis, qui philosophiam et logicam primum discere incipiebant, postquam quinquennale studium primi gradus perfecerant. Pueri plerumque circiter XIV annos nati in principistas referebantur, unde concludi potest Franciscum Christophorum circa annum [[1640]] natum esse. Praeterea vere anni [[1656]] in Italiam iter fecit, eodemque anno Maceratae edita est eius [[s:Elegia|Elegia]] Latino sermone elegiaco disticho composita, quae ostendit iuvenem Frangipani linguam Latinam optime calluisse. Gradus eruditionis humanisticae et peritia Latina in hoc opere manifesta suadent Franciscum Christophorum tempore editionis ([[1656]]) saltem sedecim annos natum fuisse, fortasse etiam plures; quod nos ad annum [[1640]] tamquam annum natalem propius ducit. Anno autem [[1658]], dum in Italia moraretur, matrimonium iniit cum Iulia di Naro, quod quoque argumentum est eum circa annum [[1640]] natum esse. Sunt igitur duo saltem argumenta gravissima, ex fontibus historicis deprompta, quae demonstrant Franciscum Christophorum circa annum [[1640]] natum esse, non autem—ut quidam pertinaciter scribunt—anno [[1643]]. In fontibus historicis nulla clara testimonia exstant de eo, quae fuerit mater poëtae. Pater Francisci Christophori, dux Vukius Frangipanus<ref>Nomen Vuk Latine redditur ''Lupus'', quod idem valet ac nomina Germanica ''Wolfgang'' et Gothica ''Wulfila''.</ref> ([[1578]]–[[1652]]), quattuor uxores duxit. Ultima eius uxor, Dorothea Haller de Hallerstein, Aemonae (hodierna Ljubljana) anno [[1659]] mortua est, septem annis post Vukium.<ref>''Annales Francisci Christophori Frangipani'', in: ''Fran Krsto Frankopan, Djela'', Matica Croatica, Zagrabiae [[1999]], pp. 45–49.</ref> Ex diario personali Vukii Frangipani patet uxorem eius Breziciis die XII Aprilis anno [[1649]] sepultam esse. Historici coniciunt hanc fuisse Mariam Paradeiser, tertiam Vukii coniugem. [[Fasciculus:Vuk Krsto Frankopan.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Wolff Christoph Frangipani, Graf von Tersatz.]] Illa tertia Vukii uxor, quae mense Aprili anno [[1649]] vita functa est, mater poëtae esse non potuit; ipse enim Franciscus Christophorus in scriptis suis aperte profitetur: “in cunis matrem amisi”. Quod si haec femina mater eius fuisset, necesse esset eum inter annos [[1646]] et [[1649]] natum esse. Quo posito, anno [[1654]], cum inter principistas Graecii (Germanice: Graz) adscriptus est, vix octo annos natus fuisset; at constat pueros ad illum gradum institutionis circiter quattuordecim annos natos recipi solitos esse. Hinc sequitur rem esse impossibilem atque absurdam, neque Mariam Paradeiser, anno [[1649]] mortuam, matrem poëtae fuisse. Una igitur manet optio: matrem Francisci Christophori fuisse Ursulam Inkofer, secundam Vukii Frangipani coniugem. Ita denuo emergit conclusio: Francisci Christophori natalem circa annum [[1640]] statuendum esse. === Pueritia Karlovaci, studia primaria Zagrabiae === Magnam pueritiae suae partem decennio [[anni 1640|165]] Franciscus Christophorus apud patrem Vukium Frangipanum egit, qui tunc generalis Karlovaci (Croatice: Karlovac, Germanice: Carlstadt) erat, uno e praecipuis centris munitis limitis militaris Croatiae ad bellum contra Turcas destinatis, antequam Zagrabiam ad studia proficisceretur. Pater poëtae anno [[1652]] mortuus est, frater autem maior Gasparus Frangipanus anno [[1653]]<ref>''Annales Francisci Christophori Frangipani'', in: ''Fran Krsto Frankopan, Djela'', Matica Croatica, Zagrabiae [[1999]], pp. 45–49.</ref>. Cura de adulescente Francisco Christophoro ab altero fratre, Georgio Frangipano, suscepta est, viro arti­bus proclivi, quem historicus Ratkai<ref>Rattkai (Ratkaj) Georgius, “Ratkaj (Rattkay), Juraj”, in Proleksis encyclopaedia, [https://proleksis.lzmk.hr/43403 Res] (aditum: [[2026]]), de vita, muneribus ecclesiasticis,   bellis contra Ottomanos atque opere historico eius _Memoria regum et banorum   ''Regnorum Dalmatiae, Croatiae et Sclavoniae'' (Vindobonae [[1652]]).</ref> testatur “artificem peritum, praesertim picturae, musicae atque architecturae deditum”<ref>Lopašić, [[1892]]., p. 207</ref>. In educatione iuvenis haud dubie partes habuit etiam soror eius Anna Catharina, uxor Petri Zrinskii. Praeter linguam Latinam, Franciscus in pueritia didicit etiam Italicam, Germanicam atque Francogallicam. === Vita iuvenis nobilis: Commoratio in Italia annis 1656–1661 === Vere ineunte anno [[1656]] in Italiam profectus est, ubi primum sacellum Beatae Mariae Virginis Laureti visitavit. Eo tempore carmen lugubre lingua Latina composuit, cui titulus Elegia, quod eodem anno typis Maceratae editum est. Inde Romam contendit, ubi nobilissimam feminam Giuliam di Naro, neptem cardinalis Barberini, in matrimonium duxit. Barberinus, fortasse dotis loco, ei praedium (oppidum Nemus, Italice:''Nemi'') una cum titulo marchionis donavit, quem ipse Barberinus testamento ab quodam Frangipane Romano acceperat. Certi de anno nuptiarum Frangipani dati non exstant, sed plerumque putatur id anno [[1658]] factum esse. In Italia quinque annos commoratus est, mores nobilitatis Italicae illius temporis sibi asciscens, inter quos etiam consuetudo poëticae scribendae numeratur. Huius rei testimonium est cyclus carminum Italice (in lingua Italiana) conscriptorum, qui inter reliquias litterarias eius repertus est. Cyclus quinque tantum carmina servata continet, quae in Archivo Vindobonensi asservantur, sed verisimile est maiorem fuisse copiam carminum Italicorum ab eo compositorum. In patriam anno [[1661]] rediit, quod confirmatur prima eius littera die 11 Octobris [[1661]] in praedio suo in Brežice Slovenicas data. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == * [[s:la:Scriptor:Franciscus Christophorus Comes de Frangipanibus|Franciscus Christophorus Comes de Frangipanibus (Vicifons)]] [[Categoria:Croatia]] [[Categoria:Familiae nobiles]] [[Categoria:Incolae Croatiae]] [[Categoria:Litterae Croatiae]] [[Categoria:Poetae Croatiae]] [[Categoria:Politici Croatiae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Croatiae]] 9ev2dr8vqzii9hsumze5gom2g56kz0r 3983533 3983523 2026-08-24T22:31:14Z Coronus Tenebrosius 204685 /* Vita iuvenis nobilis: Commoratio in Italia annis 1656–1661 */ 3983533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vicificanda}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Franciscus Christophorus Comes de Frangipanibus}},<ref>Forma nominis Latini in textu praefationis operis {{Op|{{vf|Elegia}}}} a Francisco Christophoro Frangipani conscripti, Maceratae anno [[1656]] editi, testatur; textus praefationis in *Fran Krsto Frankopan, Djela*, ''Matica Croatica'' (Zagrabiae, [[1999]]), 62, ed. Iosepho Vončina, iterum publicatus est.</ref> vulgo {{barbarice|lingua=hr|Fran Krsto Frankopan}} ([[Croatice|Croatico]] hodierno) seu a se manu scriptum {{barbarice|Ferenaz Frangopan Groff Tersazki}} ([[1640]]?–[[1671]]), fuit [[nobilis]] ([[comes]]) et [[politicus]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Regnum Croatiae (Habsburg)|Regni Croatiae|en|qid=Q623573}}, [[dux militaris]], et [[poëta]] [[Croatia|Croaticus]], qui [[Latine]], Croatice, et [[Italiane]] scripsit. == De nomine == Quamquam hodie Croatice nominatur ''Fran Krsto Frankopan'', rarius ''Franjo Kristofor Frankopan'', notandum est utrumque nomen a recentioribus investigatoribus Croaticis ab altera [[saeculum 19|saeculi undecivesimi]] parte inductum esse. [[Historiqa|Historice]] vera nominis eius forma in autographo reperitur, ubi ipse se sic subscripsit: ''Ferenaz Frangopan Groff Tersazki''<ref>Poesi auctoris autographum in: ''Fran Krsto Frankopan, Djela'', ''Matica Croatica'' (Zagrabiae, [[1999]]), 12 (imagines adiectae), ed. Iosepho Vončina.</ref>, quod Croatice sic legitur: ''Ferenac Frangopan Grof Teržački'' (''Teržački a castro Teržac,'' vetere possessione Frangepanorum, cuius ruinae hodie in parte Bosniae et Hercegovinae prope [[Cazin]] et [[Bihacium]] iacent). In documentis Latinis legitur forma: ''Franciscus Christophorus Comes de Frangipanibus'', quae in Croaticum [[sermo]]nem recentiorem recte redditur: ''Franjo Kristofor knez od Frangipana.'' Itaque, si documenta [[saeculum 17|saeculi septimi decimi]] sequimur, forma nominis familiae historice sincera fuisse videtur: ''Frangopan'' (Croatice) vel ''Frangipani'' (Latine et Italiane). [[Fasciculus:Frankopan autographum.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Nomen Francisci Christophori Comitis de Frangipanibus a se manu scriptum (saec. XVII).]] == De familia Frangipanorum == Primi fontes ad familiam Frangepanorum iam [[saeculum 12|saeculo duodecimo]] pertinent. Clarissimus autem fons historicus de statu huius familiae est ''Codex Vinodolensis'' anno [[1288]], glagolitico alphabeto et lingua Croatica conscriptus. Ibi familia appellatur “knezovi krčki, vinodolski et modruški” (comites Curictae, Vinodoli et Modrusiensis), quod aperte monstrat quibus regionibus praeerant: insula Curicta (Croatice ''Krk,'' antiquis ''Curicta,'' Italiane: ''Veglia''), regio [[Vinodolum|Vinodoli (Vinodolum, Croatice: Vinodol]], Italiane: ''Valdivino''{{dubsig}}) inter [[Flumen (urbs)|Flumen]] (Croatice ''Rijeka'', Italiane ''Fiume'') et [[Segnia]]m posita, ac [[regio Modrusiensis]], in meridiana terrae parte quae hodie [[Gorski Kotar]]{{dubsig}} vocatur (hodie pars provinciae Litoralis-Montanae{{dubsig}} Croatiae). Apex potentiae huius familiae in prima [[saeculum 15|saeculi quinti decimi]] parte evenit, cum [[Nicolaus IV]] († [[1432]]) amplissima patrimonia hereditate accepisset atque unus ex ditissimis regni Croatiae magnatibus factus esset. Ab anno [[1426]] ad [[1432]] dignitatem bani gessit. <ref>“Banus” fuit supremus dux et praefectus militaris civilisque Croatiae, post [[rex|regem]] primus.</ref> In media aetate banus a rege nominabatur; postea autem, crescente [[auctoritas|auctoritate]] [[parlamentum|parlamenti]] Croatici ('''''Sabor'''''), eum proponere solebat, rex vero confirmare. Vetustissimus usus vocabuli ''banus'' medio [[saeculum 10|saeculo decimo]] testatur, in opere imperatoris [[Constantinus Porphyrogenitus|Constantini Porphyrogeniti]] ''De administrando imperio''. A papa [[Martinus V|Martino V]] nomen “de Frangepan” ei usurpare concessum est, simulque arma Frangepanorum Romanorum tributa sunt: scutum in quo duo [[leo]]nes [[panis|panem]] frangunt et partiuntur. Ita nomen gentilicum ''de Frangepan'' ab hac familia iam a prima parte saeculi XV adhiberi coepit. Medio saeculo XV, octo stirpes Frangepanorum Croaticorum exstiterunt; ad finem autem eiusdem saeculi, tres ex iis exstinctae sunt, quinque relictae. Usque ad annum [[1577]] ex his quinque quattuor quoque interierunt, una sola superstes: comites Tersazki (''Tržački''). Huic ultimae stirpi adnumerandus est Franciscus Christophorus Comes de Frangipanibus. == Vita == === De quaestione anni natalis === Annus quo natus sit Franciscus Christophorus Frangipani certo non cognoscitur. Diversi auctores varias opiniones protulerunt: Vodnik annum [[1641]] proponit<ref>Vodnik ([[1913]]), p. 285, nota 1.</ref>, Laszowski annos [[1646]] vel [[1647]]<ref>Laszowski (anno [[1939]]), pagina 89, nota 59.</ref>. Ježić, errorem Lukjanenko<ref>* J. M. Luk'janenko: “Političeskaja literaturnaja dejatel'nost' brat'ev Zrinskih i Franca Frankopana.   (Iz istorii političeskoj i ekonomičeskoj žizni horvatov XVII v. i iz istorii razvitija u horvatov literatury i vyrabotki literaturnago jazyka.) Tom I. Političeskaja dejatel'nost' brat'ev Zrinskih   i Franca Frankopana.” Kiev, [[1911]].</ref> in legenda data cuiusdam documenti secutus, annum [[1643]] pro anno natalis Francisci Christophori proposuit; quem annum deinde multi auctores sine ulla critica iudicatione receperunt atque retulerunt.<ref>Ježić, argumenta Lukjanenko secutus, erravit: Lukjanenko enim annum testamenti Nicolai Frankopani Tergestini (patrui poëtae) perperam legit ut [[1643]], cum re vera testamentum anno [[1634]] confectum sit—id est ante natalem poëtae—unde fit ut Franciscus Christophorus in eo non commemoretur.</ref> Iosephus Vončina statuit Franciscum Christophorum inter diem 29 Maii [[1656]] et diem 27 Iulii [[1658]] maiorennitatem adipisci potuisse; quare anni natalis termini quam primum fieri potuit sunt [[1638]] et [[1639]].<ref>Dragutin Feletar, Hrvoje Petrić, Nevio Šetić, ''Zrinski & Frankopani: 100 godina od povratka u domovinu'', Zagreb [[2009]].</ref> Certum tamen est Franciscum Christophorum anno [[1654]] in [[matriculatio|matriculas]] [[Universitas Iesuitica Graecensis|Universitatis Iesuiticae Graecensis]] (in [[Styria]], in [[Austria]]) inter principistae adscriptum esse. Principistae saeculo XVII discipuli erant secundi gradus institutionis, qui philosophiam et logicam primum discere incipiebant, postquam quinquennale studium primi gradus perfecerant. Pueri plerumque circiter XIV annos nati in principistas referebantur, unde concludi potest Franciscum Christophorum circa annum [[1640]] natum esse. Praeterea vere anni [[1656]] in Italiam iter fecit, eodemque anno Maceratae edita est eius [[s:Elegia|Elegia]] Latino sermone elegiaco disticho composita, quae ostendit iuvenem Frangipani linguam Latinam optime calluisse. Gradus eruditionis humanisticae et peritia Latina in hoc opere manifesta suadent Franciscum Christophorum tempore editionis ([[1656]]) saltem sedecim annos natum fuisse, fortasse etiam plures; quod nos ad annum [[1640]] tamquam annum natalem propius ducit. Anno autem [[1658]], dum in Italia moraretur, matrimonium iniit cum Iulia di Naro, quod quoque argumentum est eum circa annum [[1640]] natum esse. Sunt igitur duo saltem argumenta gravissima, ex fontibus historicis deprompta, quae demonstrant Franciscum Christophorum circa annum [[1640]] natum esse, non autem—ut quidam pertinaciter scribunt—anno [[1643]]. In fontibus historicis nulla clara testimonia exstant de eo, quae fuerit mater poëtae. Pater Francisci Christophori, dux Vukius Frangipanus<ref>Nomen Vuk Latine redditur ''Lupus'', quod idem valet ac nomina Germanica ''Wolfgang'' et Gothica ''Wulfila''.</ref> ([[1578]]–[[1652]]), quattuor uxores duxit. Ultima eius uxor, Dorothea Haller de Hallerstein, Aemonae (hodierna Ljubljana) anno [[1659]] mortua est, septem annis post Vukium.<ref>''Annales Francisci Christophori Frangipani'', in: ''Fran Krsto Frankopan, Djela'', Matica Croatica, Zagrabiae [[1999]], pp. 45–49.</ref> Ex diario personali Vukii Frangipani patet uxorem eius Breziciis die XII Aprilis anno [[1649]] sepultam esse. Historici coniciunt hanc fuisse Mariam Paradeiser, tertiam Vukii coniugem. [[Fasciculus:Vuk Krsto Frankopan.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Wolff Christoph Frangipani, Graf von Tersatz.]] Illa tertia Vukii uxor, quae mense Aprili anno [[1649]] vita functa est, mater poëtae esse non potuit; ipse enim Franciscus Christophorus in scriptis suis aperte profitetur: “in cunis matrem amisi”. Quod si haec femina mater eius fuisset, necesse esset eum inter annos [[1646]] et [[1649]] natum esse. Quo posito, anno [[1654]], cum inter principistas Graecii (Germanice: Graz) adscriptus est, vix octo annos natus fuisset; at constat pueros ad illum gradum institutionis circiter quattuordecim annos natos recipi solitos esse. Hinc sequitur rem esse impossibilem atque absurdam, neque Mariam Paradeiser, anno [[1649]] mortuam, matrem poëtae fuisse. Una igitur manet optio: matrem Francisci Christophori fuisse Ursulam Inkofer, secundam Vukii Frangipani coniugem. Ita denuo emergit conclusio: Francisci Christophori natalem circa annum [[1640]] statuendum esse. === Pueritia Karlovaci, studia primaria Zagrabiae === Magnam pueritiae suae partem decennio [[anni 1640|165]] Franciscus Christophorus apud patrem Vukium Frangipanum egit, qui tunc generalis Karlovaci (Croatice: Karlovac, Germanice: Carlstadt) erat, uno e praecipuis centris munitis limitis militaris Croatiae ad bellum contra Turcas destinatis, antequam Zagrabiam ad studia proficisceretur. Pater poëtae anno [[1652]] mortuus est, frater autem maior Gasparus Frangipanus anno [[1653]]<ref>''Annales Francisci Christophori Frangipani'', in: ''Fran Krsto Frankopan, Djela'', Matica Croatica, Zagrabiae [[1999]], pp. 45–49.</ref>. Cura de adulescente Francisco Christophoro ab altero fratre, Georgio Frangipano, suscepta est, viro arti­bus proclivi, quem historicus Ratkai<ref>Rattkai (Ratkaj) Georgius, “Ratkaj (Rattkay), Juraj”, in Proleksis encyclopaedia, [https://proleksis.lzmk.hr/43403 Res] (aditum: [[2026]]), de vita, muneribus ecclesiasticis,   bellis contra Ottomanos atque opere historico eius _Memoria regum et banorum   ''Regnorum Dalmatiae, Croatiae et Sclavoniae'' (Vindobonae [[1652]]).</ref> testatur “artificem peritum, praesertim picturae, musicae atque architecturae deditum”<ref>Lopašić, [[1892]]., p. 207</ref>. In educatione iuvenis haud dubie partes habuit etiam soror eius Anna Catharina, uxor Petri Zrinskii. Praeter linguam Latinam, Franciscus in pueritia didicit etiam Italicam, Germanicam atque Francogallicam. === Vita iuvenis nobilis: Commoratio in Italia annis 1656–1661 === Vere ineunte anno [[1656]] in Italiam profectus est, ubi primum sacellum Beatae Mariae Virginis Laureti visitavit. Eo tempore carmen lugubre lingua Latina composuit, cui titulus Elegia, quod eodem anno typis Maceratae editum est. Inde Romam contendit, ubi nobilissimam feminam Giuliam di Naro, neptem cardinalis Barberini, in matrimonium duxit. Barberinus, fortasse dotis loco, ei praedium (oppidum Nemus, Italice:''Nemi'') una cum titulo marchionis donavit, quem ipse Barberinus testamento ab quodam Frangipane Romano acceperat. Certi de anno nuptiarum Frangipani dati non exstant, sed plerumque putatur id anno [[1658]] factum esse. In Italia quinque annos commoratus est, mores nobilitatis Italicae illius temporis sibi asciscens, inter quos etiam consuetudo poëticae scribendae numeratur. Huius rei testimonium est cyclus carminum Italice (in lingua Italiana) conscriptorum, qui inter reliquias litterarias eius repertus est. Cyclus quinque tantum carmina servata continet, quae in Archivo Vindobonensi asservantur, sed verisimile est plura carmina in lingua Italiana ab eo composita fuisse quam illa quinque in Archivo Vindobonensi servata. In patriam anno [[1661]] rediit, quod confirmatur prima eius littera die 11 Octobris [[1661]] in praedio suo in Brežice Slovenicas data. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == * [[s:la:Scriptor:Franciscus Christophorus Comes de Frangipanibus|Franciscus Christophorus Comes de Frangipanibus (Vicifons)]] [[Categoria:Croatia]] [[Categoria:Familiae nobiles]] [[Categoria:Incolae Croatiae]] [[Categoria:Litterae Croatiae]] [[Categoria:Poetae Croatiae]] [[Categoria:Politici Croatiae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Croatiae]] clnbay1x1v1dycstmufkv9lw8hjij7q 3983579 3983533 2026-08-25T10:39:10Z Coronus Tenebrosius 204685 /* Nexus externi */ 3983579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vicificanda}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Franciscus Christophorus Comes de Frangipanibus}},<ref>Forma nominis Latini in textu praefationis operis {{Op|{{vf|Elegia}}}} a Francisco Christophoro Frangipani conscripti, Maceratae anno [[1656]] editi, testatur; textus praefationis in *Fran Krsto Frankopan, Djela*, ''Matica Croatica'' (Zagrabiae, [[1999]]), 62, ed. Iosepho Vončina, iterum publicatus est.</ref> vulgo {{barbarice|lingua=hr|Fran Krsto Frankopan}} ([[Croatice|Croatico]] hodierno) seu a se manu scriptum {{barbarice|Ferenaz Frangopan Groff Tersazki}} ([[1640]]?–[[1671]]), fuit [[nobilis]] ([[comes]]) et [[politicus]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Regnum Croatiae (Habsburg)|Regni Croatiae|en|qid=Q623573}}, [[dux militaris]], et [[poëta]] [[Croatia|Croaticus]], qui [[Latine]], Croatice, et [[Italiane]] scripsit. == De nomine == Quamquam hodie Croatice nominatur ''Fran Krsto Frankopan'', rarius ''Franjo Kristofor Frankopan'', notandum est utrumque nomen a recentioribus investigatoribus Croaticis ab altera [[saeculum 19|saeculi undecivesimi]] parte inductum esse. [[Historiqa|Historice]] vera nominis eius forma in autographo reperitur, ubi ipse se sic subscripsit: ''Ferenaz Frangopan Groff Tersazki''<ref>Poesi auctoris autographum in: ''Fran Krsto Frankopan, Djela'', ''Matica Croatica'' (Zagrabiae, [[1999]]), 12 (imagines adiectae), ed. Iosepho Vončina.</ref>, quod Croatice sic legitur: ''Ferenac Frangopan Grof Teržački'' (''Teržački a castro Teržac,'' vetere possessione Frangepanorum, cuius ruinae hodie in parte Bosniae et Hercegovinae prope [[Cazin]] et [[Bihacium]] iacent). In documentis Latinis legitur forma: ''Franciscus Christophorus Comes de Frangipanibus'', quae in Croaticum [[sermo]]nem recentiorem recte redditur: ''Franjo Kristofor knez od Frangipana.'' Itaque, si documenta [[saeculum 17|saeculi septimi decimi]] sequimur, forma nominis familiae historice sincera fuisse videtur: ''Frangopan'' (Croatice) vel ''Frangipani'' (Latine et Italiane). [[Fasciculus:Frankopan autographum.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Nomen Francisci Christophori Comitis de Frangipanibus a se manu scriptum (saec. XVII).]] == De familia Frangipanorum == Primi fontes ad familiam Frangepanorum iam [[saeculum 12|saeculo duodecimo]] pertinent. Clarissimus autem fons historicus de statu huius familiae est ''Codex Vinodolensis'' anno [[1288]], glagolitico alphabeto et lingua Croatica conscriptus. Ibi familia appellatur “knezovi krčki, vinodolski et modruški” (comites Curictae, Vinodoli et Modrusiensis), quod aperte monstrat quibus regionibus praeerant: insula Curicta (Croatice ''Krk,'' antiquis ''Curicta,'' Italiane: ''Veglia''), regio [[Vinodolum|Vinodoli (Vinodolum, Croatice: Vinodol]], Italiane: ''Valdivino''{{dubsig}}) inter [[Flumen (urbs)|Flumen]] (Croatice ''Rijeka'', Italiane ''Fiume'') et [[Segnia]]m posita, ac [[regio Modrusiensis]], in meridiana terrae parte quae hodie [[Gorski Kotar]]{{dubsig}} vocatur (hodie pars provinciae Litoralis-Montanae{{dubsig}} Croatiae). Apex potentiae huius familiae in prima [[saeculum 15|saeculi quinti decimi]] parte evenit, cum [[Nicolaus IV]] († [[1432]]) amplissima patrimonia hereditate accepisset atque unus ex ditissimis regni Croatiae magnatibus factus esset. Ab anno [[1426]] ad [[1432]] dignitatem bani gessit. <ref>“Banus” fuit supremus dux et praefectus militaris civilisque Croatiae, post [[rex|regem]] primus.</ref> In media aetate banus a rege nominabatur; postea autem, crescente [[auctoritas|auctoritate]] [[parlamentum|parlamenti]] Croatici ('''''Sabor'''''), eum proponere solebat, rex vero confirmare. Vetustissimus usus vocabuli ''banus'' medio [[saeculum 10|saeculo decimo]] testatur, in opere imperatoris [[Constantinus Porphyrogenitus|Constantini Porphyrogeniti]] ''De administrando imperio''. A papa [[Martinus V|Martino V]] nomen “de Frangepan” ei usurpare concessum est, simulque arma Frangepanorum Romanorum tributa sunt: scutum in quo duo [[leo]]nes [[panis|panem]] frangunt et partiuntur. Ita nomen gentilicum ''de Frangepan'' ab hac familia iam a prima parte saeculi XV adhiberi coepit. Medio saeculo XV, octo stirpes Frangepanorum Croaticorum exstiterunt; ad finem autem eiusdem saeculi, tres ex iis exstinctae sunt, quinque relictae. Usque ad annum [[1577]] ex his quinque quattuor quoque interierunt, una sola superstes: comites Tersazki (''Tržački''). Huic ultimae stirpi adnumerandus est Franciscus Christophorus Comes de Frangipanibus. == Vita == === De quaestione anni natalis === Annus quo natus sit Franciscus Christophorus Frangipani certo non cognoscitur. Diversi auctores varias opiniones protulerunt: Vodnik annum [[1641]] proponit<ref>Vodnik ([[1913]]), p. 285, nota 1.</ref>, Laszowski annos [[1646]] vel [[1647]]<ref>Laszowski (anno [[1939]]), pagina 89, nota 59.</ref>. Ježić, errorem Lukjanenko<ref>* J. M. Luk'janenko: “Političeskaja literaturnaja dejatel'nost' brat'ev Zrinskih i Franca Frankopana.   (Iz istorii političeskoj i ekonomičeskoj žizni horvatov XVII v. i iz istorii razvitija u horvatov literatury i vyrabotki literaturnago jazyka.) Tom I. Političeskaja dejatel'nost' brat'ev Zrinskih   i Franca Frankopana.” Kiev, [[1911]].</ref> in legenda data cuiusdam documenti secutus, annum [[1643]] pro anno natalis Francisci Christophori proposuit; quem annum deinde multi auctores sine ulla critica iudicatione receperunt atque retulerunt.<ref>Ježić, argumenta Lukjanenko secutus, erravit: Lukjanenko enim annum testamenti Nicolai Frankopani Tergestini (patrui poëtae) perperam legit ut [[1643]], cum re vera testamentum anno [[1634]] confectum sit—id est ante natalem poëtae—unde fit ut Franciscus Christophorus in eo non commemoretur.</ref> Iosephus Vončina statuit Franciscum Christophorum inter diem 29 Maii [[1656]] et diem 27 Iulii [[1658]] maiorennitatem adipisci potuisse; quare anni natalis termini quam primum fieri potuit sunt [[1638]] et [[1639]].<ref>Dragutin Feletar, Hrvoje Petrić, Nevio Šetić, ''Zrinski & Frankopani: 100 godina od povratka u domovinu'', Zagreb [[2009]].</ref> Certum tamen est Franciscum Christophorum anno [[1654]] in [[matriculatio|matriculas]] [[Universitas Iesuitica Graecensis|Universitatis Iesuiticae Graecensis]] (in [[Styria]], in [[Austria]]) inter principistae adscriptum esse. Principistae saeculo XVII discipuli erant secundi gradus institutionis, qui philosophiam et logicam primum discere incipiebant, postquam quinquennale studium primi gradus perfecerant. Pueri plerumque circiter XIV annos nati in principistas referebantur, unde concludi potest Franciscum Christophorum circa annum [[1640]] natum esse. Praeterea vere anni [[1656]] in Italiam iter fecit, eodemque anno Maceratae edita est eius [[s:Elegia|Elegia]] Latino sermone elegiaco disticho composita, quae ostendit iuvenem Frangipani linguam Latinam optime calluisse. Gradus eruditionis humanisticae et peritia Latina in hoc opere manifesta suadent Franciscum Christophorum tempore editionis ([[1656]]) saltem sedecim annos natum fuisse, fortasse etiam plures; quod nos ad annum [[1640]] tamquam annum natalem propius ducit. Anno autem [[1658]], dum in Italia moraretur, matrimonium iniit cum Iulia di Naro, quod quoque argumentum est eum circa annum [[1640]] natum esse. Sunt igitur duo saltem argumenta gravissima, ex fontibus historicis deprompta, quae demonstrant Franciscum Christophorum circa annum [[1640]] natum esse, non autem—ut quidam pertinaciter scribunt—anno [[1643]]. In fontibus historicis nulla clara testimonia exstant de eo, quae fuerit mater poëtae. Pater Francisci Christophori, dux Vukius Frangipanus<ref>Nomen Vuk Latine redditur ''Lupus'', quod idem valet ac nomina Germanica ''Wolfgang'' et Gothica ''Wulfila''.</ref> ([[1578]]–[[1652]]), quattuor uxores duxit. Ultima eius uxor, Dorothea Haller de Hallerstein, Aemonae (hodierna Ljubljana) anno [[1659]] mortua est, septem annis post Vukium.<ref>''Annales Francisci Christophori Frangipani'', in: ''Fran Krsto Frankopan, Djela'', Matica Croatica, Zagrabiae [[1999]], pp. 45–49.</ref> Ex diario personali Vukii Frangipani patet uxorem eius Breziciis die XII Aprilis anno [[1649]] sepultam esse. Historici coniciunt hanc fuisse Mariam Paradeiser, tertiam Vukii coniugem. [[Fasciculus:Vuk Krsto Frankopan.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Wolff Christoph Frangipani, Graf von Tersatz.]] Illa tertia Vukii uxor, quae mense Aprili anno [[1649]] vita functa est, mater poëtae esse non potuit; ipse enim Franciscus Christophorus in scriptis suis aperte profitetur: “in cunis matrem amisi”. Quod si haec femina mater eius fuisset, necesse esset eum inter annos [[1646]] et [[1649]] natum esse. Quo posito, anno [[1654]], cum inter principistas Graecii (Germanice: Graz) adscriptus est, vix octo annos natus fuisset; at constat pueros ad illum gradum institutionis circiter quattuordecim annos natos recipi solitos esse. Hinc sequitur rem esse impossibilem atque absurdam, neque Mariam Paradeiser, anno [[1649]] mortuam, matrem poëtae fuisse. Una igitur manet optio: matrem Francisci Christophori fuisse Ursulam Inkofer, secundam Vukii Frangipani coniugem. Ita denuo emergit conclusio: Francisci Christophori natalem circa annum [[1640]] statuendum esse. === Pueritia Karlovaci, studia primaria Zagrabiae === Magnam pueritiae suae partem decennio [[anni 1640|165]] Franciscus Christophorus apud patrem Vukium Frangipanum egit, qui tunc generalis Karlovaci (Croatice: Karlovac, Germanice: Carlstadt) erat, uno e praecipuis centris munitis limitis militaris Croatiae ad bellum contra Turcas destinatis, antequam Zagrabiam ad studia proficisceretur. Pater poëtae anno [[1652]] mortuus est, frater autem maior Gasparus Frangipanus anno [[1653]]<ref>''Annales Francisci Christophori Frangipani'', in: ''Fran Krsto Frankopan, Djela'', Matica Croatica, Zagrabiae [[1999]], pp. 45–49.</ref>. Cura de adulescente Francisco Christophoro ab altero fratre, Georgio Frangipano, suscepta est, viro arti­bus proclivi, quem historicus Ratkai<ref>Rattkai (Ratkaj) Georgius, “Ratkaj (Rattkay), Juraj”, in Proleksis encyclopaedia, [https://proleksis.lzmk.hr/43403 Res] (aditum: [[2026]]), de vita, muneribus ecclesiasticis,   bellis contra Ottomanos atque opere historico eius _Memoria regum et banorum   ''Regnorum Dalmatiae, Croatiae et Sclavoniae'' (Vindobonae [[1652]]).</ref> testatur “artificem peritum, praesertim picturae, musicae atque architecturae deditum”<ref>Lopašić, [[1892]]., p. 207</ref>. In educatione iuvenis haud dubie partes habuit etiam soror eius Anna Catharina, uxor Petri Zrinskii. Praeter linguam Latinam, Franciscus in pueritia didicit etiam Italicam, Germanicam atque Francogallicam. === Vita iuvenis nobilis: Commoratio in Italia annis 1656–1661 === Vere ineunte anno [[1656]] in Italiam profectus est, ubi primum sacellum Beatae Mariae Virginis Laureti visitavit. Eo tempore carmen lugubre lingua Latina composuit, cui titulus Elegia, quod eodem anno typis Maceratae editum est. Inde Romam contendit, ubi nobilissimam feminam Giuliam di Naro, neptem cardinalis Barberini, in matrimonium duxit. Barberinus, fortasse dotis loco, ei praedium (oppidum Nemus, Italice:''Nemi'') una cum titulo marchionis donavit, quem ipse Barberinus testamento ab quodam Frangipane Romano acceperat. Certi de anno nuptiarum Frangipani dati non exstant, sed plerumque putatur id anno [[1658]] factum esse. In Italia quinque annos commoratus est, mores nobilitatis Italicae illius temporis sibi asciscens, inter quos etiam consuetudo poëticae scribendae numeratur. Huius rei testimonium est cyclus carminum Italice (in lingua Italiana) conscriptorum, qui inter reliquias litterarias eius repertus est. Cyclus quinque tantum carmina servata continet, quae in Archivo Vindobonensi asservantur, sed verisimile est plura carmina in lingua Italiana ab eo composita fuisse quam illa quinque in Archivo Vindobonensi servata. In patriam anno [[1661]] rediit, quod confirmatur prima eius littera die 11 Octobris [[1661]] in praedio suo in Brežice Slovenicas data. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == * [[s:la:Scriptor:Franciscus Christophorus Comes de Frangipanibus|Franciscus Christophorus Comes de Frangipanibus (Vicifons)]] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Croatian_noble_families Index nobilitatis Croaticae (Anglice)] [[Categoria:Croatia]] [[Categoria:Familiae nobiles]] [[Categoria:Incolae Croatiae]] [[Categoria:Litterae Croatiae]] [[Categoria:Poetae Croatiae]] [[Categoria:Politici Croatiae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Croatiae]] 9g6kpg3fvbxyw98r640g7zj1vhftqcp 0 327884 3983450 3983337 2026-08-24T15:09:19Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De membris huius gentis notis */ 3983450 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus.]] Gens Rustia fuit [[gens]] [[plebs|plebeia]] Romana antiqua minoris momenti quae a primo saeculo a.C.n. memoratur et sub [[Imperator Romanus|imperatoribus]] usque ad [[Consul|consulatum]] suffectum pervenit. Nomen suum imprimis in [[Denarius|denariis]] et [[aureus|aureis]] et nonnullis insuper inscriptionibus reliquit e quo effectum est ne omnino in oblivionem obruta sit. == De membris huius gentis notis == *Nomen L RVSTI legitur in denariis qui ad annum [[76 a.C.n.]] referri solent. Ex una parte videmus caput galeatum dei [[Mars (deus)|Martis]] cum litteris SC et valoris nota (monogramma ex XVI ductum = 16 asses), ex altera [[aries]] stans cum litteris supradictis. Litterae SC (senatusconsulto) indicare videntur emissionem extraordinariam fuisse nec L. Rustium [[triumvir monetalis|triumvirum monetalem]] sed aut [[Aedilis|aedilem]] aut [[Quaestor|quaestorem]] hos nummos signasse<ref>E. Babelon, ''Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de la République romaine,'' 1885 t.2 p.[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97393391/f420.item 410-1].[https://en.numista.com/225284 Photographema apud Numista].</ref>. *[[Plutarchus]]<ref>''Vita Crassi'' 32.</ref> Rustium quendam nominat qui anno [[53 a.C.n.]] comes [[Triumviratus|triumviri]] [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marci Licinii Crassi]] in expeditione adversus [[Regnum Parthorum|Parthos]] secum volumen ''Milesiacorum'' in sarcinis circumferebat, quod ei exprobrio fuit postquam a Parthis liber captus est. Utrum idem fuerit atque L. Rustius supradictus dubitare licet. * Quintus Rustius paulo post [[19 a.C.n.]] aureos et denarios ex senatusconsulto signavit<ref>E. Babelon, ''Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de la République romaine,'' 1885 t.2 p.[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97393391/f421.item 411-2]</ref>. In denario videmus ex una parte capita adposita [[Fortuna (dea)|Fortunarum Antiatum]] (hoc est Fortunae Victricis et Fortunae Felicis) supra basim in duo arietum capita desinentem cum circumscriptis litteris Q RVSTIVS FORTVNAE ANTIAT; ex altera parte aram FOR RE inscriptam (pro ''[[Fortuna Redux]]'')<ref>Cultum Fortunae Reducis Augustus anno 19 a.C.n. instituit.</ref> cum litteris CAESARI AVGVSTO EX SC<ref>[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista.</ref>. Quia aries in ambobus denariis invenitur signum quoddam huius gentis fuisse creditur vel fortasse potius ipsius coloniae Antiatis ubi Fortuna venerabatur. Nam Q. Rustium Antio oriundum esse contestatur inscriptio eum Marci filium et [[Duumvir|duumvirum]] Antii faciens<ref> {{CIL|10|6680}}</ref>. In aureo videmus ex una parte capita earundem Fortunarum exadversus posita cum litteris Q RVSTIVS / FORTUNAE et ex altera dea Victoria volans et clipeum S.C. inscriptum tenens erectum super basim cum litteris CAESARI AVGVSTO.<ref>[https://en.numista.com/247801 Photographema] apud Numista.</ref> * Primo saeculo a.C.n. exeunte Lucius Rustius L.f. L.n. Caepio fuit [[pontifex]] et quattuorvir [[municipium|municipii]] [[Interamna Nahars|Interamnae Nahartis]] in [[Umbria]]<ref>{{CIL|11|4171}} et {{CIL|11|4217}}</ref>. * Anno [[34]] [[Titus Rustius Nummius Gallus]] fuit consul suffectus cum [[Quintus Marcius Barea Soranus|Quinto Marcio Barea]]<ref>{{CIL|6|244}}</ref>. *Rustius Caepio quidam testamento heredi imposuerat ut quotannis certam summam novis senatoribus solveret, quod legatum [[Domitianus|Domitianus imperator]] rescindit<ref>[[Suetonius]], ''Domitianus'' 9.</ref>. Ille Rustius satis dives fuisse videtur. * Circa 173 Titus Rustius Caepio consulatum suffectum gessit<ref>{{CIL|6|2222}}</ref> ==Notae== <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Otto J. Brendel, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/502418 Two Fortunae, Antium and Praeneste]", ''American Journal of Archaeology'', 1960: 41-47 == Nexus externi == * [https://lesdioscures.com/category/rustia/ Nummi gentis Rustiae] apud dioscures.com. * [https://elexikon.ch/RE/IA,1_1245?Big Rustii] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]] [[Categoria:Gens Rustia| ]] [[Categoria:Gentes Romanae]] nd7zgg67k8dssjfw2hfgofijf8of2r5 1 327902 3983524 3983320 2026-08-24T22:19:41Z Grufo 64423 Mendam in vicitextu correxi 3983524 wikitext text/x-wiki == De usu vocis “vulgo” in hac pagina == '''Salvete.''' In hac pagina nomen ''Fran Krsto Frankopan'' forma '''Croatica hodierna''' est, forma normata, non plebeia neque dialectalis. Quam ob rem vocabulum '''“vulgo”''', quod sermonem plebeium significat, hic '''non recte adhibetur'''. Praeterea constructio '''“vulgo … (Croatico hodierno)”''' contradictionem continet: forma enim '''hodierna normata''' simul '''vulgo''' esse non potest. Propono igitur ut haec nominum distinctio adhibeatur: * '''Latine:''' ''Franciscus Christophorus Comes de Frangipanibus'' * '''Croatice hodierni:''' ''Fran Krsto Frankopan'' * '''Autographe:''' ''Ferenaz Frangopan Groff Tersazki'' Haec distributio clara est, filologice recta, atque cum usu Vicipaediae de ''Litteris Poloniae'', ''Litteris Italiae'', ''Litteris Croaticis'' congruit. Gratias ago. [[Usor:Coronus Tenebrosius|Coronus Tenebrosius]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Coronus Tenebrosius|disputatio]]) 01:53, 22 Augusti 2026 (UTC) : Salve [[Usor:Coronus Tenebrosius|Corone Tenebrosi]]. “Vulgo” quamlibet formam non Latinizatam indicare solet; ergo Croatice = “Vulgo”, Anglice = “Vulgo”, et cetera. P.S. “Croatice hodierni” non est forma recta: aut “Croatic'''e'''” tantum, aut “Croatic'''o''' hodiern'''o'''”. Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:58, 22 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::Lapsus fuit. “Croatice hodierna” forma est recta, usu humanistico comprobata atque in Vicipaedia ipsa frequentata. ::Videre etiam soleo nonnullos administratores formas iamdiu receptas (ut ''Italice'') mutare in formas insolitas, velut ''Italiane''. Quae sit huius consuetudinis causa? Vale! --[[Usor:Coronus Tenebrosius|Coronus Tenebrosius]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Coronus Tenebrosius|disputatio]]) 21:16, 22 Augusti 2026 (UTC) :::Italica est [[Linguae Italicae|familia linguarum]]; Italiana est una [[lingua Italiana|lingua, plerumque in Italia hodie audita]]. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 02:19, 23 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::: “Croatice” est adverbium; idcirco ne “Croatice hodierna” quidem potest esse forma recta. Formae autem bonae sunt: :::* “Croatico hodierno” :::* “Linguā Croaticā hodiernā” :::* “Hodie Croatice” ::: Sed non “Croatice hodierna”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:25, 22 Augusti 2026 (UTC) ::::Gratias ago. Recte dicitis. “Croatice” adverbium est, quod solum cum verbis coniungi potest: Croatice dictum, Croatice loqui, Croatice scribere. “Croatice” autem cum nomine et adiectivo coniungi non potest; igitur formae ut Croatice hodierna non sunt grammatice rectae. ... Ad confusionem me adduxit id quod in lingua Croatica et adverbium et adiectivum eandem formam habent (“hrvatski”), quamquam munera diversa exercent: adverbium cum verbo iungitur et quaestioni quomodo? respondet, adiectivum autem cum nomine congruit et quaestioni qualis? respondet.--[[Usor:Coronus Tenebrosius|Coronus Tenebrosius]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Coronus Tenebrosius|disputatio]]) 14:52, 23 Augusti 2026 (UTC) kginck41s3ygk5rn8zf4axpdszhx6r4 14 327963 3983443 2026-08-24T14:48:17Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 nova 3983443 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Flumina]] [[Categoria:Conformationes litoris et maris]] d3ha9lhcjo40m4bgx08n6muuusm4v8n 0 327964 3983451 2026-08-24T15:27:45Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 a 3983451 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres (12 Octobris) celebrabantur. Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere ex [[Asia (provincia Romana)|Asia]] rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam modestia ficta recepit. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus. [[Categoria:Deae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Religio Romana]] shdg05kk6v2ue5ag4cd0awuwfnp8nav 3983453 3983451 2026-08-24T15:31:00Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3983453 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. In altera parte ara litteris FOR RE inscripta conspicua est, hoc est Foruna Redux.]] '''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres (12 Octobris) celebrabantur. Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere ex [[Asia (provincia Romana)|Asia]] rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam modestia ficta recepit. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus. [[Categoria:Deae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Religio Romana]] p9ywvxe1xpdpd7w5iv1iht870mujeot 3983454 3983453 2026-08-24T15:35:00Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3983454 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. In altera parte ara litteris FOR RE inscripta conspicua est, hoc est Foruna Redux.]] '''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres (12 Octobris) celebrabantur. Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere ex [[Asia (provincia Romana)|Asia]] rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam modestia ficta recepit. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus<ref>[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista.</ref>. [[Categoria:Deae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Religio Romana]] 32z33envu7bqhvc5t0ybtlkpky4nkpl 3983455 3983454 2026-08-24T15:38:18Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3983455 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. In altera parte ara litteris FOR RE inscripta conspicua est, hoc est Foruna Redux.]] '''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres (12 Octobris) celebrabantur. Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere ex [[Asia (provincia Romana)|Asia]] rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam modestia ficta recepit. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus<ref>[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista.</ref>. ==Notae== <references /> == Fontes == *[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10. *[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] VI.7. *[[Fasti Amiterni]] *[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71 [[Categoria:Deae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Religio Romana]] c84lcoyyw3fxa0u7uyqgsgop0nvr3dc 3983456 3983455 2026-08-24T15:42:22Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Fontes */ 3983456 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. In altera parte ara litteris FOR RE inscripta conspicua est, hoc est Foruna Redux.]] '''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres (12 Octobris) celebrabantur. Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere ex [[Asia (provincia Romana)|Asia]] rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam modestia ficta recepit. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus<ref>[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista.</ref>. ==Notae== <references /> == Fontes == *[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10. *[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11. *[[Fasti Amiterni]] *[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71 [[Categoria:Deae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Religio Romana]] jphvnzgusripa0seokyzkatk5exg3gt 3983457 3983456 2026-08-24T15:43:06Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3983457 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. In altera parte ara litteris FOR RE inscripta conspicua est, hoc est Foruna Redux.]] '''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres (12 Octobris) celebrabantur<ref>Res Gestae 11: ''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''.</ref>. Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere ex [[Asia (provincia Romana)|Asia]] rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam modestia ficta recepit. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus<ref>[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista.</ref>. ==Notae== <references /> == Fontes == *[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10. *[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11. *[[Fasti Amiterni]] *[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71 [[Categoria:Deae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Religio Romana]] 1ksnqz1hjs6tvflbpfhzuj6x2fyy4sr 3983458 3983457 2026-08-24T15:46:21Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3983458 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. In altera parte ara litteris FOR RE inscripta conspicua est, hoc est Foruna Redux.]] '''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres (12 Octobris), qui dies eius reditus fuit, celebrabantur<ref>''Res Gestae'' 11: ''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''.</ref>. Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam modestia ficta recepit. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus<ref>[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista.</ref>. ==Notae== <references /> == Fontes == *[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10. *[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11. *[[Fasti Amiterni]] *[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71 [[Categoria:Deae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Religio Romana]] 5opcbewwi1fqjunibtrlqqp5v9x8a1x 3983459 3983458 2026-08-24T15:49:55Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3983459 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. In altera parte ara litteris FOR RE inscripta conspicua est, hoc est Foruna Redux.]] '''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres (12 Octobris), qui dies eius reditus fuit, celebrabantur<ref>''Res Gestae'' 11: ''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''.</ref>. Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam modestia ficta recepit. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus<ref>[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista.</ref>. Ipsa ara die XVIII Kal. Decembres dedicata est ut indicant [[Fasti Amiterni]]. ==Notae== <references /> == Fontes == *[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10. *[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11. *[[Fasti Amiterni]] *[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71 [[Categoria:Deae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Religio Romana]] h9ise6fd7c00e7o6ukzeq8uk658cejw 3983460 3983459 2026-08-24T15:50:23Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3983460 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. In altera parte ara litteris FOR RE inscripta conspicua est, hoc est Foruna Redux.]] '''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres ([[12 Octobris]]), qui dies eius reditus fuit, celebrabantur<ref>''Res Gestae'' 11: ''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''.</ref>. Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam modestia ficta recepit. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus<ref>[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista.</ref>. Ipsa ara die XVIII Kal. Decembres dedicata est ut indicant [[Fasti Amiterni]]. ==Notae== <references /> == Fontes == *[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10. *[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11. *[[Fasti Amiterni]] *[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71 [[Categoria:Deae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Religio Romana]] gyqcj2p9uj3p0icq313gp38ytp4wqga 3983463 3983460 2026-08-24T15:58:57Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3983463 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. In altera parte ara litteris FOR RE inscripta conspicua est, hoc est Foruna Redux.]] '''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres ([[12 Octobris]]), qui dies eius reditus fuit, celebrabantur<ref>''Res Gestae'' 11: ''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''.</ref>. Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam modestia ficta recepit. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus<ref>[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista.</ref>. Ipsa ara die XVIII Kal. Decembres dedicata est ut indicant [[Fasti Amiterni]]. Postea anno [[93]] imperator [[Domitianus]] e Germania [[Triumphus|triumphans]] rediens templum Fortunae Reduci aedificavit. Illius deae cultus usque ad quartum saeculum continuatus est et saepe in nummis celebratus est. ==Notae== <references /> == Fontes == *[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10. *[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11. *[[Fasti Amiterni]] *[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71 [[Categoria:Deae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Religio Romana]] kiuaej7vwj3ov856q90k8nd5d31s8ju 3983464 3983463 2026-08-24T16:00:45Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3983464 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. In altera parte ara litteris FOR RE inscripta conspicua est, hoc est Foruna Redux.]] '''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres ([[12 Octobris]]), qui dies eius reditus fuit, celebrabantur<ref>''Res Gestae'' 11: ''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''.</ref>. Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam modestia ficta recepit. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus<ref>[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista.</ref>. Ipsa ara die XVIII Kal. Decembres dedicata est ut indicant [[Fasti Amiterni]]. Postea anno [[93]] imperator [[Domitianus]] e Germania [[Triumphus|triumphans]] rediens templum Fortunae Reduci aedificavit. Illius deae cultus usque ad quartum saeculum continuatus est et saepe in nummis celebratus est, in quibus nummis tamquam figura muliebris plerumque sedens atque [[Gubernaculum|gubernaculumque]] et [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens exprimitur (e.g. apud [[Vespasianus|Vespasianum]] et [[Traianus|Traianum]] et [[Lucius Verus|Lucium Verum]])<ref>Ut in hoc [https://fr.numista.com/280951 [[Antoninianus|antoniniano]] Gordiani III] apud Numista.</ref>. ==Notae== <references /> == Fontes == *[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10. *[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11. *[[Fasti Amiterni]] *[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71 [[Categoria:Deae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Religio Romana]] gj58cfv7t9seejbrcc9tpyj3w5b64nz 3983465 3983464 2026-08-24T16:03:43Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Fontes */ 3983465 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. In altera parte ara litteris FOR RE inscripta conspicua est, hoc est Foruna Redux.]] '''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres ([[12 Octobris]]), qui dies eius reditus fuit, celebrabantur<ref>''Res Gestae'' 11: ''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''.</ref>. Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam modestia ficta recepit. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus<ref>[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista.</ref>. Ipsa ara die XVIII Kal. Decembres dedicata est ut indicant [[Fasti Amiterni]]. Postea anno [[93]] imperator [[Domitianus]] e Germania [[Triumphus|triumphans]] rediens templum Fortunae Reduci aedificavit. Illius deae cultus usque ad quartum saeculum continuatus est et saepe in nummis celebratus est, in quibus nummis tamquam figura muliebris plerumque sedens atque [[Gubernaculum|gubernaculumque]] et [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens exprimitur (e.g. apud [[Vespasianus|Vespasianum]] et [[Traianus|Traianum]] et [[Lucius Verus|Lucium Verum]])<ref>Ut in hoc [https://fr.numista.com/280951 [[Antoninianus|antoniniano]] Gordiani III] apud Numista.</ref>. ==Notae== <references /> == Fontes == *[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10. *[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11. *[[Fasti Amiterni]] *[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71 == Plura legere si cupis == Francesca de Caprariis, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/44367657 FORTUNA REDUX]", ''Archeologia Classica'', 2005: 131-153 [[Categoria:Deae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Religio Romana]] no111yztjfv6exyfmnast8mzvrmaxu6 3983466 3983465 2026-08-24T16:03:55Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3983466 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. In altera parte ara litteris FOR RE inscripta conspicua est, hoc est Foruna Redux.]] '''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres ([[12 Octobris]]), qui dies eius reditus fuit, celebrabantur<ref>''Res Gestae'' 11: ''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''.</ref>. Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam modestia ficta recepit. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus<ref>[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista.</ref>. Ipsa ara die XVIII Kal. Decembres dedicata est ut indicant [[Fasti Amiterni]]. Postea anno [[93]] imperator [[Domitianus]] e Germania [[Triumphus|triumphans]] rediens templum Fortunae Reduci aedificavit. Illius deae cultus usque ad quartum saeculum continuatus est et saepe in nummis celebratus est, in quibus nummis tamquam figura muliebris plerumque sedens atque [[Gubernaculum|gubernaculumque]] et [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens exprimitur (e.g. apud [[Vespasianus|Vespasianum]] et [[Traianus|Traianum]] et [[Lucius Verus|Lucium Verum]])<ref>Ut in hoc [https://fr.numista.com/280951 [[Antoninianus|antoniniano]] Gordiani III] apud Numista.</ref>. ==Notae== <references /> == Fontes == *[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10. *[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11. *[[Fasti Amiterni]] *[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71 == Plura legere si cupis == *Francesca de Caprariis, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/44367657 FORTUNA REDUX]", ''Archeologia Classica'', 2005: 131-153 [[Categoria:Deae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Religio Romana]] 2whlqj30dh8272j655ixuwvuu06s4oj 3983467 3983466 2026-08-24T16:08:15Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3983467 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. In altera parte ara litteris FOR RE inscripta conspicua est, hoc est Foruna Redux.]] '''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres ([[12 Octobris]]), qui dies eius reditus fuit, celebrabantur<ref>''Res Gestae'' 11: ''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''.</ref>. Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam modestia ficta recepit. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus<ref>[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista.</ref>. Ipsa ara die XVIII Kal. Decembres dedicata est ut indicant [[Fasti Amiterni]]. Postea anno [[93]] imperator [[Domitianus]] e Germania [[Triumphus|triumphans]] rediens templum Fortunae Reduci aedificavit. Illius deae cultus usque ad quartum saeculum continuatus est et saepe in nummis celebratus est, in quibus nummis tamquam figura muliebris plerumque sedens atque [[Gubernaculum|gubernaculumque]] et [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens exprimitur (e.g. apud [[Vespasianus|Vespasianum]] et [[Traianus|Traianum]] et [[Lucius Verus|Lucium Verum]])<ref>Ut in hoc [https://fr.numista.com/280951 [[Antoninianus|antoniniano]] Gordiani III] apud Numista.</ref>. ==Notae== <references /> == Fontes == *[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10. *[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11. *[[Fasti Amiterni]] *[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71 == Plura legere si cupis == *Francesca de Caprariis, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/44367657 FORTUNA REDUX]", ''Archeologia Classica'', 2005: 131-153 *Melanie Grunow Sobocinski, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/25750539 Porta Triumphalis and Fortuna Redux: reconsideruing the evidence]", ''Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome'', 2009: 135-164 [[Categoria:Deae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Religio Romana]] bnf9016xgvwmizj6z01nepjutaxnadh 3983469 3983467 2026-08-24T16:10:45Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3983469 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. In altera parte ara litteris FOR RE inscripta conspicua est, hoc est Foruna Redux.]] '''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres ([[12 Octobris]]), qui dies eius reditus fuit, celebrabantur<ref>''Res Gestae'' 11: ''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''.</ref>. Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam modestia ficta recepit. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus<ref>[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista.</ref>. Ipsa ara die XVIII Kal. Decembres dedicata est ut indicant [[Fasti Amiterni]]. Postea anno [[93]] imperator [[Domitianus]] e Germania [[Triumphus|triumphans]] rediens templum Fortunae Reduci aedificavit. Illius deae cultus usque ad quartum saeculum continuatus est et saepe in nummis celebratus est, in quibus nummis tamquam figura muliebris plerumque sedens atque [[Gubernaculum|gubernaculumque]] et [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens exprimitur (e.g. apud [[Vespasianus|Vespasianum]] et [[Traianus|Traianum]] et [[Lucius Verus|Lucium Verum]])<ref>Ut in hoc [https://fr.numista.com/280951 [[Antoninianus|antoniniano]] Gordiani III] apud Numista.</ref>. ==Notae== <references /> == Fontes == *[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10. *[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11. *[[Fasti Amiterni]] *[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71 == Plura legere si cupis == *Francesca de Caprariis, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/44367657 FORTUNA REDUX]", ''Archeologia Classica'', 2005: 131-153 *Melanie Grunow Sobocinski, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/25750539 Porta Triumphalis and Fortuna Redux: reconsideruing the evidence]", ''Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome'', 2009: 135-164 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/25750539 Fortunam Reducem] pertinent [[Categoria:Deae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Religio Romana]] suxwqywbivrxaumhq9pp9hc2x8fe135 3983470 3983469 2026-08-24T16:12:24Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Nexus externi */ 3983470 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. In altera parte ara litteris FOR RE inscripta conspicua est, hoc est Foruna Redux.]] '''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres ([[12 Octobris]]), qui dies eius reditus fuit, celebrabantur<ref>''Res Gestae'' 11: ''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''.</ref>. Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam modestia ficta recepit. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus<ref>[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista.</ref>. Ipsa ara die XVIII Kal. Decembres dedicata est ut indicant [[Fasti Amiterni]]. Postea anno [[93]] imperator [[Domitianus]] e Germania [[Triumphus|triumphans]] rediens templum Fortunae Reduci aedificavit. Illius deae cultus usque ad quartum saeculum continuatus est et saepe in nummis celebratus est, in quibus nummis tamquam figura muliebris plerumque sedens atque [[Gubernaculum|gubernaculumque]] et [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens exprimitur (e.g. apud [[Vespasianus|Vespasianum]] et [[Traianus|Traianum]] et [[Lucius Verus|Lucium Verum]])<ref>Ut in hoc [https://fr.numista.com/280951 [[Antoninianus|antoniniano]] Gordiani III] apud Numista.</ref>. ==Notae== <references /> == Fontes == *[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10. *[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11. *[[Fasti Amiterni]] *[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71 == Plura legere si cupis == *Francesca de Caprariis, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/44367657 FORTUNA REDUX]", ''Archeologia Classica'', 2005: 131-153 *Melanie Grunow Sobocinski, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/25750539 Porta Triumphalis and Fortuna Redux: reconsideruing the evidence]", ''Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome'', 2009: 135-164 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fortuna_Redux Fortunam Reducem] pertinent [[Categoria:Deae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Religio Romana]] 97msmv7ew7hohfsvwzasok24513bmfa 3983475 3983470 2026-08-24T16:14:58Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3983475 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. In altera parte ara litteris FOR RE inscripta conspicua est, hoc est Foruna Redux.]] '''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres ([[12 Octobris]]), qui dies eius reditus fuit, celebrabantur<ref>''Res Gestae'' 11: ''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''.</ref>. Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam modestia ficta recepit. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus<ref>[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista.</ref>. Ipsa ara die XVIII Kal. Decembres dedicata est ut indicant [[Fasti Amiterni]]. [[Fasciculus:GlanumAE1954,103.png|thumb|Stela votiva Glani reperta.]] Postea anno [[93]] imperator [[Domitianus]] e Germania [[Triumphus|triumphans]] rediens templum Fortunae Reduci aedificavit. Illius deae cultus usque ad quartum saeculum continuatus est et saepe in nummis celebratus est, in quibus nummis tamquam figura muliebris plerumque sedens atque [[Gubernaculum|gubernaculumque]] et [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens exprimitur (e.g. apud [[Vespasianus|Vespasianum]] et [[Traianus|Traianum]] et [[Lucius Verus|Lucium Verum]])<ref>Ut in hoc [https://fr.numista.com/280951 [[Antoninianus|antoniniano]] Gordiani III] apud Numista.</ref>. ==Notae== <references /> == Fontes == *[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10. *[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11. *[[Fasti Amiterni]] *[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71 == Plura legere si cupis == *Francesca de Caprariis, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/44367657 FORTUNA REDUX]", ''Archeologia Classica'', 2005: 131-153 *Melanie Grunow Sobocinski, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/25750539 Porta Triumphalis and Fortuna Redux: reconsideruing the evidence]", ''Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome'', 2009: 135-164 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fortuna_Redux Fortunam Reducem] pertinent [[Categoria:Deae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Religio Romana]] 0h9itp1hulpfx3xmb6d5ib6b0nth4xv 3983477 3983475 2026-08-24T16:16:26Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Fontes */ 3983477 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. In altera parte ara litteris FOR RE inscripta conspicua est, hoc est Foruna Redux.]] '''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres ([[12 Octobris]]), qui dies eius reditus fuit, celebrabantur<ref>''Res Gestae'' 11: ''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''.</ref>. Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam modestia ficta recepit. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus<ref>[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista.</ref>. Ipsa ara die XVIII Kal. Decembres dedicata est ut indicant [[Fasti Amiterni]]. [[Fasciculus:GlanumAE1954,103.png|thumb|Stela votiva Glani reperta.]] Postea anno [[93]] imperator [[Domitianus]] e Germania [[Triumphus|triumphans]] rediens templum Fortunae Reduci aedificavit. Illius deae cultus usque ad quartum saeculum continuatus est et saepe in nummis celebratus est, in quibus nummis tamquam figura muliebris plerumque sedens atque [[Gubernaculum|gubernaculumque]] et [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens exprimitur (e.g. apud [[Vespasianus|Vespasianum]] et [[Traianus|Traianum]] et [[Lucius Verus|Lucium Verum]])<ref>Ut in hoc [https://fr.numista.com/280951 [[Antoninianus|antoniniano]] Gordiani III] apud Numista.</ref>. ==Notae== <references /> == Fontes == *{{AE|1954|103}} {{AE|1985|694}} *[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10. *[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11. *[[Fasti Amiterni]] *[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71 == Plura legere si cupis == *Francesca de Caprariis, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/44367657 FORTUNA REDUX]", ''Archeologia Classica'', 2005: 131-153 *Melanie Grunow Sobocinski, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/25750539 Porta Triumphalis and Fortuna Redux: reconsideruing the evidence]", ''Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome'', 2009: 135-164 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fortuna_Redux Fortunam Reducem] pertinent [[Categoria:Deae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Religio Romana]] t9nq3qzd0m5l0bk80lze31hfsfb8was 3983479 3983477 2026-08-24T16:17:53Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Fontes */ 3983479 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. In altera parte ara litteris FOR RE inscripta conspicua est, hoc est Foruna Redux.]] '''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres ([[12 Octobris]]), qui dies eius reditus fuit, celebrabantur<ref>''Res Gestae'' 11: ''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''.</ref>. Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam modestia ficta recepit. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus<ref>[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista.</ref>. Ipsa ara die XVIII Kal. Decembres dedicata est ut indicant [[Fasti Amiterni]]. [[Fasciculus:GlanumAE1954,103.png|thumb|Stela votiva Glani reperta.]] Postea anno [[93]] imperator [[Domitianus]] e Germania [[Triumphus|triumphans]] rediens templum Fortunae Reduci aedificavit. Illius deae cultus usque ad quartum saeculum continuatus est et saepe in nummis celebratus est, in quibus nummis tamquam figura muliebris plerumque sedens atque [[Gubernaculum|gubernaculumque]] et [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens exprimitur (e.g. apud [[Vespasianus|Vespasianum]] et [[Traianus|Traianum]] et [[Lucius Verus|Lucium Verum]])<ref>Ut in hoc [https://fr.numista.com/280951 [[Antoninianus|antoniniano]] Gordiani III] apud Numista.</ref>. ==Notae== <references /> == Fontes == *{{AE|1954|103}} {{AE|1985|694}} {{CIL|8|6944}} *[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10. *[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11. *[[Fasti Amiterni]] *[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71 == Plura legere si cupis == *Francesca de Caprariis, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/44367657 FORTUNA REDUX]", ''Archeologia Classica'', 2005: 131-153 *Melanie Grunow Sobocinski, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/25750539 Porta Triumphalis and Fortuna Redux: reconsideruing the evidence]", ''Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome'', 2009: 135-164 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fortuna_Redux Fortunam Reducem] pertinent [[Categoria:Deae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Religio Romana]] l823rck64qg5s1fy8r2aedevtfftg4e 3983480 3983479 2026-08-24T16:26:09Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3983480 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. In altera parte ara litteris FOR RE inscripta conspicua est, hoc est Foruna Redux.]] '''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres ([[12 Octobris]]), qui dies eius reditus fuit, celebrabantur<ref>''Res Gestae'' 11: ''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''.</ref>. Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam modestia ficta recepit. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus<ref>[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista. Cf [https://lesdioscures.com/2319au-aureus-auguste/ aureus Augusti] ibidem.</ref>. Ipsa ara die XVIII Kal. Decembres dedicata est ut indicant [[Fasti Amiterni]]. [[Fasciculus:GlanumAE1954,103.png|thumb|Stela votiva Glani reperta.]] Postea anno [[93]] imperator [[Domitianus]] e Germania [[Triumphus|triumphans]] rediens templum Fortunae Reduci aedificavit. Illius deae cultus usque ad quartum saeculum continuatus est et saepe in nummis celebratus est, in quibus nummis tamquam figura muliebris plerumque sedens atque [[Gubernaculum|gubernaculumque]] et [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens exprimitur (e.g. apud [[Vespasianus|Vespasianum]] et [[Traianus|Traianum]] et [[Lucius Verus|Lucium Verum]])<ref>Ut in hoc [https://fr.numista.com/280951 [[Antoninianus|antoniniano]] Gordiani III] apud Numista.</ref>. ==Notae== <references /> == Fontes == *{{AE|1954|103}} {{AE|1985|694}} {{CIL|8|6944}} *[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10. *[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11. *[[Fasti Amiterni]] *[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71 == Plura legere si cupis == *Francesca de Caprariis, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/44367657 FORTUNA REDUX]", ''Archeologia Classica'', 2005: 131-153 *Melanie Grunow Sobocinski, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/25750539 Porta Triumphalis and Fortuna Redux: reconsideruing the evidence]", ''Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome'', 2009: 135-164 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fortuna_Redux Fortunam Reducem] pertinent [[Categoria:Deae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Religio Romana]] ivsn0o5xid3xz9spzo99455ok8j3jzn 3983481 3983480 2026-08-24T16:45:33Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3983481 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. In altera parte ara litteris FOR RE inscripta conspicua est, hoc est Foruna Redux.]] '''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres ([[12 Octobris]]), qui dies eius reditus fuit, celebrabantur<ref>''Res Gestae'' 11: ''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''.</ref>. Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam simulata modestia recepit. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus<ref>[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista. Cf [https://lesdioscures.com/2319au-aureus-auguste/ aureus Augusti] ibidem.</ref>. Ipsa ara die XVIII Kal. Decembres dedicata est ut indicant [[Fasti Amiterni]]. [[Fasciculus:GlanumAE1954,103.png|thumb|Stela votiva Glani reperta.]] Postea anno [[93]] imperator [[Domitianus]] e Germania [[Triumphus|triumphans]] rediens templum Fortunae Reduci aedificavit. Illius deae cultus usque ad quartum saeculum continuatus est et saepe in nummis celebratus est, in quibus nummis tamquam figura muliebris plerumque sedens atque [[Gubernaculum|gubernaculumque]] et [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens exprimitur (e.g. apud [[Vespasianus|Vespasianum]] et [[Traianus|Traianum]] et [[Lucius Verus|Lucium Verum]])<ref>Ut in hoc [https://fr.numista.com/280951 [[Antoninianus|antoniniano]] Gordiani III] apud Numista.</ref>. ==Notae== <references /> == Fontes == *{{AE|1954|103}} {{AE|1985|694}} {{CIL|8|6944}} *[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10. *[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11. *[[Fasti Amiterni]] *[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71 == Plura legere si cupis == *Francesca de Caprariis, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/44367657 FORTUNA REDUX]", ''Archeologia Classica'', 2005: 131-153 *Melanie Grunow Sobocinski, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/25750539 Porta Triumphalis and Fortuna Redux: reconsideruing the evidence]", ''Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome'', 2009: 135-164 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fortuna_Redux Fortunam Reducem] pertinent [[Categoria:Deae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Religio Romana]] e7z3en43k2xqiejlgvnhyxzeg3lh4lz 3983505 3983481 2026-08-24T20:51:07Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3983505 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. In altera parte ara litteris FOR RE inscripta conspicua est, hoc est Foruna Redux.]] '''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres ([[12 Octobris]]), qui dies eius reditus fuit, celebrabantur<ref>''Res Gestae'' 11: ''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''.</ref>. Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam simulata modestia recepit. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus<ref>[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista. Cf [https://lesdioscures.com/2319au-aureus-auguste/ aureus Augusti] ibidem.</ref>. Ipsa ara die XVIII Kal. Decembres dedicata est ut indicant [[Fasti Amiterni]]. [[Fasciculus:GlanumAE1954,103.png|thumb|Stela votiva Glani reperta.]] Postea anno [[93]] imperator [[Domitianus]] e Germania [[Triumphus|triumphans]] rediens templum Fortunae Reduci aedificavit in clivo [[Capitolinus mons|Capitolino]] prope portam triumphalem. Illius deae cultus usque ad quartum saeculum continuatus est et saepe in nummis celebratus est, in quibus nummis tamquam figura muliebris plerumque sedens atque [[Gubernaculum|gubernaculumque]] et [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens exprimitur (e.g. apud [[Vespasianus|Vespasianum]]<ref>Nummi Vespasiani Fortunam Reducem stantem ostendunt.</ref> et [[Traianus|Traianum]] et [[Lucius Verus|Lucium Verum]])<ref>Ut in hoc [https://fr.numista.com/280951 [[Antoninianus|antoniniano]] Gordiani III] apud Numista.</ref>. ==Notae== <references /> == Fontes == *{{AE|1954|103}} {{AE|1985|694}} {{CIL|8|6944}} *[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10. *[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11. *[[Fasti Amiterni]] *[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71 == Plura legere si cupis == *Francesca de Caprariis, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/44367657 FORTUNA REDUX]", ''Archeologia Classica'', 2005: 131-153 *Melanie Grunow Sobocinski, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/25750539 Porta Triumphalis and Fortuna Redux: reconsideruing the evidence]", ''Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome'', 2009: 135-164 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fortuna_Redux Fortunam Reducem] pertinent [[Categoria:Deae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Religio Romana]] p8sf8c2h1ri1jnm36fcxakvh5ntlxpu 3983506 3983505 2026-08-24T20:52:35Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3983506 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. In altera parte ara litteris FOR RE inscripta conspicua est, hoc est Foruna Redux.]] '''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres ([[12 Octobris]]), qui dies Augusti reditus fuit, celebrabantur<ref>''Res Gestae'' 11: ''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''.</ref>. Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam simulata modestia recepit. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus<ref>[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista. Cf [https://lesdioscures.com/2319au-aureus-auguste/ aureus Augusti] ibidem.</ref>. Ipsa ara die XVIII Kal. Decembres dedicata est ut indicant [[Fasti Amiterni]]. [[Fasciculus:GlanumAE1954,103.png|thumb|Stela votiva Glani reperta.]] Postea anno [[93]] imperator [[Domitianus]] e Germania [[Triumphus|triumphans]] rediens templum Fortunae Reduci aedificavit in clivo [[Capitolinus mons|Capitolino]] prope portam triumphalem. Illius deae cultus usque ad quartum saeculum continuatus est et saepe in nummis celebratus est, in quibus nummis tamquam figura muliebris plerumque sedens atque [[Gubernaculum|gubernaculumque]] et [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens exprimitur (e.g. apud [[Vespasianus|Vespasianum]]<ref>Nummi Vespasiani Fortunam Reducem stantem ostendunt.</ref> et [[Traianus|Traianum]] et [[Lucius Verus|Lucium Verum]])<ref>Ut in hoc [https://fr.numista.com/280951 [[Antoninianus|antoniniano]] Gordiani III] apud Numista.</ref>. ==Notae== <references /> == Fontes == *{{AE|1954|103}} {{AE|1985|694}} {{CIL|8|6944}} *[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10. *[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11. *[[Fasti Amiterni]] *[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71 == Plura legere si cupis == *Francesca de Caprariis, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/44367657 FORTUNA REDUX]", ''Archeologia Classica'', 2005: 131-153 *Melanie Grunow Sobocinski, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/25750539 Porta Triumphalis and Fortuna Redux: reconsideruing the evidence]", ''Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome'', 2009: 135-164 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fortuna_Redux Fortunam Reducem] pertinent [[Categoria:Deae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Religio Romana]] fgoj9tztkzjlfh7ivc8xo1ts2brj7jn 3983507 3983506 2026-08-24T20:53:28Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3983507 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:RIC I 322.jpg|thumb|Denarius a Quinto Rustio paulo post 19 a.C.n. signatus. In altera parte ara litteris FOR RE inscripta conspicua est, hoc est Foruna Redux.]] '''Fortuna Redux''' est dea Romana antiqua quae [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorem]] ex expeditionibus salvum Romam reducebat, ita munus speciale [[Fortuna (dea)|deae Fortunae]] absolvens. Ab anno [[19 a.C.n.]] quotannis in eius honorem [[Augustalia]] a [[pontifex|pontificibus]] et [[Vestalis|Vestalibus]] a.d. IV [[Idus]] Octobres ([[12 Octobris]]), qui dies Augusti reditus fuit, celebrabantur<ref>''Res Gestae'' 11: ''Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit''.</ref>. Nam illo anno postquam icto cum [[Parthi|Parthis]] foedere e Syria rediit [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] ex omnibus honoribus sibi a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] delatis aram tantum Fortunae Reduci erigendam simulata modestia recepit. Quam aram in [[Denarius|denario]] [[Gens Rustia|Quinti Rusti]] videmus<ref>[https://en.numista.com/247802 Photographema] apud Numista. Cf [https://lesdioscures.com/2319au-aureus-auguste/ aureus Augusti] ibidem.</ref>. Ipsa ara die XVIII Kal. Decembres dedicata est ut indicant [[Fasti Amiterni]]. [[Fasciculus:GlanumAE1954,103.png|thumb|Stela votiva [[Glanum|Glani]] reperta.]] Postea anno [[93]] imperator [[Domitianus]] e Germania [[Triumphus|triumphans]] rediens templum Fortunae Reduci aedificavit in clivo [[Capitolinus mons|Capitolino]] prope portam triumphalem. Illius deae cultus usque ad quartum saeculum continuatus est et saepe in nummis celebratus est, in quibus nummis tamquam figura muliebris plerumque sedens atque [[Gubernaculum|gubernaculumque]] et [[Cornu copiae|cornucopiam]] tenens exprimitur (e.g. apud [[Vespasianus|Vespasianum]]<ref>Nummi Vespasiani Fortunam Reducem stantem ostendunt.</ref> et [[Traianus|Traianum]] et [[Lucius Verus|Lucium Verum]])<ref>Ut in hoc [https://fr.numista.com/280951 [[Antoninianus|antoniniano]] Gordiani III] apud Numista.</ref>. ==Notae== <references /> == Fontes == *{{AE|1954|103}} {{AE|1985|694}} {{CIL|8|6944}} *[[Dio Cassius]] 54.10. *[[Res gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae Divi Augusti]] I.11. *[[Fasti Amiterni]] *[[Sextus Propertius|Propertius]] IV.3.71 == Plura legere si cupis == *Francesca de Caprariis, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/44367657 FORTUNA REDUX]", ''Archeologia Classica'', 2005: 131-153 *Melanie Grunow Sobocinski, "[https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/25750539 Porta Triumphalis and Fortuna Redux: reconsideruing the evidence]", ''Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome'', 2009: 135-164 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fortuna_Redux Fortunam Reducem] pertinent [[Categoria:Deae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Religio Romana]] 61lfnnpdp3ybc3wzt2o35azo42l50p1 0 327965 3983468 2026-08-24T16:09:55Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 nova 3983468 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Imago:Astrachan Volgadelta.jpg|thumb|In delta Volgae]] {{res|Delta Volgae}}<ref>[https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Uchenye_zapiski/WCmadzyHPR0C?hl=ru&gbpv=1&dq=delta+volgae&pg=RA2-PA47&printsec=frontcover ''Catalogus collectionis entomologicae in museo zoologico Universitatis Kasanensis'', Casani 1903. p. 47]; {{Kirp|дельта}}</ref> est [[delta fluminis|delta]] amplissimum, quod [[Volga]] in [[mare Caspium]] influens format. [[Area (geometria)|Area]]m 27 224 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]] habet (Europae delta maximum est), sed anno 1880 solum 3222 chm² area erat, — sic aequor maris Caspii minutus est. ==Situs et rami fluviatiles== In [[Regio Astrachanensis|regione Astrachanensi]] Russiae delta patet et ipsum [[Astrachanum]] in initio eius situm est. Alveus principalis navigabilis nunc [[Bachtemir]] est, maxime occidentalis; a Bachtemir canalis Volgo-Caspiensis artificialis in mare naves maiores ducens incipit. Ante [[Volga Prisca]] a Bachtemiro ad orientem avertens alveus prinicipalis habetur. Ramus maxime orientalis [[Buzan (Rha)|Buzan]] est, in quem et [[Achtuba]] influit; ceterorum ramorum Kamyziak et Bolda nominandi sunt. ==Oecologia== ''[[Nelumbo]] nucifera'' florum delta clarissimum est; [[Phoenicopterus|phoenicopteri]], [[Pelecanidae|pelecani]], ''[[Leucogeranus leucogeranus]], [[Ardeola ralloides]]'', ceteraeque multae species hic inveniuntur. [[Reservatum Astrachanense]] loca defendit, et in catalogum [[pactio Ramsar|pactionis Ramsarensis]] delta inclusum est. Praeter delta sensu stricto duae zonae sui generis ei adiacent: * delta priscum, nunc ab aquis Volgae divisa; hic ''tumuli Baer'' (nomine [[Carolus Ernestus de Baer|Caroli de Baer]] horum locorum exploratoris nominati) ''ilmenis'' (sic corpus aquae temporale his locis nuncupatur<ref>Cf. de nomine [[Ilmenus]].</ref>) separantur, * delta submarinum, usque ad 60 chm a litore, limo Volgano in fundo maris formata. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Delta fluminis]] [[Categoria:Regio Astrachanensis]] [[Categoria:Systema Rha fluminis]] 6zu626raencznqo53fvfonwkq02sfc1 3983471 3983468 2026-08-24T16:14:12Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* Nexus externi */ 3983471 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Imago:Astrachan Volgadelta.jpg|thumb|In delta Volgae]] {{res|Delta Volgae}}<ref>[https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Uchenye_zapiski/WCmadzyHPR0C?hl=ru&gbpv=1&dq=delta+volgae&pg=RA2-PA47&printsec=frontcover ''Catalogus collectionis entomologicae in museo zoologico Universitatis Kasanensis'', Casani 1903. p. 47]; {{Kirp|дельта}}</ref> est [[delta fluminis|delta]] amplissimum, quod [[Volga]] in [[mare Caspium]] influens format. [[Area (geometria)|Area]]m 27 224 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]] habet (Europae delta maximum est), sed anno 1880 solum 3222 chm² area erat, — sic aequor maris Caspii minutus est. ==Situs et rami fluviatiles== In [[Regio Astrachanensis|regione Astrachanensi]] Russiae delta patet et ipsum [[Astrachanum]] in initio eius situm est. Alveus principalis navigabilis nunc [[Bachtemir]] est, maxime occidentalis; a Bachtemir canalis Volgo-Caspiensis artificialis in mare naves maiores ducens incipit. Ante [[Volga Prisca]] a Bachtemiro ad orientem avertens alveus prinicipalis habetur. Ramus maxime orientalis [[Buzan (Rha)|Buzan]] est, in quem et [[Achtuba]] influit; ceterorum ramorum Kamyziak et Bolda nominandi sunt. ==Oecologia== ''[[Nelumbo]] nucifera'' florum delta clarissimum est; [[Phoenicopterus|phoenicopteri]], [[Pelecanidae|pelecani]], ''[[Leucogeranus leucogeranus]], [[Ardeola ralloides]]'', ceteraeque multae species hic inveniuntur. [[Reservatum Astrachanense]] loca defendit, et in catalogum [[pactio Ramsar|pactionis Ramsarensis]] delta inclusum est. Praeter delta sensu stricto duae zonae sui generis ei adiacent: * delta priscum, nunc ab aquis Volgae divisa; hic ''tumuli Baer'' (nomine [[Carolus Ernestus de Baer|Caroli de Baer]] horum locorum exploratoris nominati) ''ilmenis'' (sic corpus aquae temporale his locis nuncupatur<ref>Cf. de nomine [[Ilmenus]].</ref>) separantur, * delta submarinum, usque ad 60 chm a litore, limo Volgano in fundo maris formata. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20221111220328/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/111 Delta Volgae] in situ pactionis Ramsarensis * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090207202530/http://www.nhpfund.org/nominations/volga_delta.html Delta Volgae] in situ ''Natural Heritage Protection Fund' * [https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/1495-volga-delta Delta Volgae] in situ ''BirdLife'' [[Categoria:Delta fluminis]] [[Categoria:Regio Astrachanensis]] [[Categoria:Systema Rha fluminis]] hkw6t10vu2ajoqtlgoi8psihu5d14uv 3983472 3983471 2026-08-24T16:14:27Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: new key for [[Categoria:Delta fluminis]]: "Volgae" 3983472 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Imago:Astrachan Volgadelta.jpg|thumb|In delta Volgae]] {{res|Delta Volgae}}<ref>[https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Uchenye_zapiski/WCmadzyHPR0C?hl=ru&gbpv=1&dq=delta+volgae&pg=RA2-PA47&printsec=frontcover ''Catalogus collectionis entomologicae in museo zoologico Universitatis Kasanensis'', Casani 1903. p. 47]; {{Kirp|дельта}}</ref> est [[delta fluminis|delta]] amplissimum, quod [[Volga]] in [[mare Caspium]] influens format. [[Area (geometria)|Area]]m 27 224 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]] habet (Europae delta maximum est), sed anno 1880 solum 3222 chm² area erat, — sic aequor maris Caspii minutus est. ==Situs et rami fluviatiles== In [[Regio Astrachanensis|regione Astrachanensi]] Russiae delta patet et ipsum [[Astrachanum]] in initio eius situm est. Alveus principalis navigabilis nunc [[Bachtemir]] est, maxime occidentalis; a Bachtemir canalis Volgo-Caspiensis artificialis in mare naves maiores ducens incipit. Ante [[Volga Prisca]] a Bachtemiro ad orientem avertens alveus prinicipalis habetur. Ramus maxime orientalis [[Buzan (Rha)|Buzan]] est, in quem et [[Achtuba]] influit; ceterorum ramorum Kamyziak et Bolda nominandi sunt. ==Oecologia== ''[[Nelumbo]] nucifera'' florum delta clarissimum est; [[Phoenicopterus|phoenicopteri]], [[Pelecanidae|pelecani]], ''[[Leucogeranus leucogeranus]], [[Ardeola ralloides]]'', ceteraeque multae species hic inveniuntur. [[Reservatum Astrachanense]] loca defendit, et in catalogum [[pactio Ramsar|pactionis Ramsarensis]] delta inclusum est. Praeter delta sensu stricto duae zonae sui generis ei adiacent: * delta priscum, nunc ab aquis Volgae divisa; hic ''tumuli Baer'' (nomine [[Carolus Ernestus de Baer|Caroli de Baer]] horum locorum exploratoris nominati) ''ilmenis'' (sic corpus aquae temporale his locis nuncupatur<ref>Cf. de nomine [[Ilmenus]].</ref>) separantur, * delta submarinum, usque ad 60 chm a litore, limo Volgano in fundo maris formata. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20221111220328/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/111 Delta Volgae] in situ pactionis Ramsarensis * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090207202530/http://www.nhpfund.org/nominations/volga_delta.html Delta Volgae] in situ ''Natural Heritage Protection Fund' * [https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/1495-volga-delta Delta Volgae] in situ ''BirdLife'' [[Categoria:Delta fluminis|Volgae]] [[Categoria:Regio Astrachanensis]] [[Categoria:Systema Rha fluminis]] ok1w8qr2rgzblmb8go1siaott2szoju 3983478 3983472 2026-08-24T16:17:28Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* Oecologia */ 3983478 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Imago:Astrachan Volgadelta.jpg|thumb|In delta Volgae]] {{res|Delta Volgae}}<ref>[https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Uchenye_zapiski/WCmadzyHPR0C?hl=ru&gbpv=1&dq=delta+volgae&pg=RA2-PA47&printsec=frontcover ''Catalogus collectionis entomologicae in museo zoologico Universitatis Kasanensis'', Casani 1903. p. 47]; {{Kirp|дельта}}</ref> est [[delta fluminis|delta]] amplissimum, quod [[Volga]] in [[mare Caspium]] influens format. [[Area (geometria)|Area]]m 27 224 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]] habet (Europae delta maximum est), sed anno 1880 solum 3222 chm² area erat, — sic aequor maris Caspii minutus est. ==Situs et rami fluviatiles== In [[Regio Astrachanensis|regione Astrachanensi]] Russiae delta patet et ipsum [[Astrachanum]] in initio eius situm est. Alveus principalis navigabilis nunc [[Bachtemir]] est, maxime occidentalis; a Bachtemir canalis Volgo-Caspiensis artificialis in mare naves maiores ducens incipit. Ante [[Volga Prisca]] a Bachtemiro ad orientem avertens alveus prinicipalis habetur. Ramus maxime orientalis [[Buzan (Rha)|Buzan]] est, in quem et [[Achtuba]] influit; ceterorum ramorum Kamyziak et Bolda nominandi sunt. ==Oecologia== ''[[Nelumbo]] nucifera'' florum delta clarissimum est; [[Phoenicopterus|phoenicopteri]], [[Pelecanidae|pelecani]], ''[[Leucogeranus leucogeranus]], [[Ardeola ralloides]]'', ceteraeque multae species hic inveniuntur. [[Reservatum Astrachanense]] loca defendit, et in catalogum [[pactio Ramsar|pactionis Ramsarensis]] delta inclusum est. Praeter delta sensu stricto duae zonae sui generis ei adiacent: * delta priscum, nunc ab aquis Volgae divisa; hic ''tumuli Baer'' (nomine [[Carolus Ernestus de Baer|Caroli de Baer]] horum locorum exploratoris nominati) ''ilmenis'' (sic corpus aquae temporale his locis nuncupatur<ref>Cf. de nomine [[Ilmenus]].</ref>) separantur, * delta submarinum, usque ad 60 chm a litore patens, limo Volgano in fundo maris formatum. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20221111220328/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/111 Delta Volgae] in situ pactionis Ramsarensis * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090207202530/http://www.nhpfund.org/nominations/volga_delta.html Delta Volgae] in situ ''Natural Heritage Protection Fund' * [https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/1495-volga-delta Delta Volgae] in situ ''BirdLife'' [[Categoria:Delta fluminis|Volgae]] [[Categoria:Regio Astrachanensis]] [[Categoria:Systema Rha fluminis]] pgvcicdavgswjvmx60aiek5kflhx2k1 0 327966 3983483 2026-08-24T18:01:55Z Pippobuono 54500 creatio e francica documentatione 3983483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Juvaincourt, Eglise Saint-Èvre.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Jevancuria: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Aper|Sancto Apro]] dicata.]] {{res|Jevancuria}}<ref>{{Graesse}}, t. 2, p. 277.</ref> (Francogallice ''Juvaincourt'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 184 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Juvaincourt|Jevancuriam}} {{Fontes geographici}} == Notae == <references /> {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] mwlanpputlkuuapui9gi4od26hvhc57 1 327967 3983484 2026-08-24T18:02:59Z Pippobuono 54500 attributio 3983484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{attributio|fr|Juvaincourt|238226049}} 38jt89k9r1cdjfpp22notx7et6ke5l2 0 327968 3983489 2026-08-24T19:44:28Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Groß Oesingen]] ad [[Oesinga Maior]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3983489 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Oesinga Maior]] i72qtlmlqtdoiic2agzblcjy3eoepff 0 327969 3983493 2026-08-24T20:17:31Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 nova 3983493 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Imago:Txu-oclc-6654394-sa-22-2nd-ed.jpg|thumb|Tabula geographica militaris anno 1950]] {{res|Delta fluminis Amazonum}} ([[Lusitane]]: ''delta do Amazonas'') est amplissimum [[delta fluminis|delta fluviatile]] in [[America Australis|America Australi situm]]. Ut exacte dicamus, delta est commune [[flumen Amazonum|fluminis Amazonum]] et [[Flumen Tocantins|Tocantini]]. ==Situs et partes== In [[Civitas Paraensis|civitate Paraensi]] [[Brasilia]]e patet; rami boreales ripas [[Civitas Amapaensis|civitatis Amapae]] alluunt. [[Bethlehem (Brasilia)|Bethlehem]] est urbs in ripis maxima. A ceteris delta eo distinguitur, quod in [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceanum]] non egreditur, sed in [[aestuarium|aestuario]] magno iacet; causa est [[aestus marinus|aestus]] Atlantici fortissimi, qui ut unda 4 m altitudinis, his locis ''pororoca'' appellata, per delta totum et superius per flumen Amazonum volvuntur. Post ostium [[Xingu]] fluminis in ramos flumen Amazonum dividitur, qui longe usque ad oceanum tendunt, multis bracchiis avertentibus et redientibus; sed in parte australi bracchiis haud magnis delta cum [[Para (flumen)|Para]] coniungitur, cui [[flumen Tocantins|Tocantinum]] aquae partem maiorem dat. Inter Param et ramos boreales [[insula Maraiensis]] sita est, insula fluviatilis in orbe terrarum maxima. ==Clima et oecologia== Delta Amazonum [[clima tropicum]] habet, cum umiditate alta et temperatura alta. [[Tempus pluviosum]] a [[Ianuarius|Ianuario]] ad [[Iunius|Iunium]] extenditur et [[Siccum (tempus anni)|tempus siccum]] ab [[Iulius|Iulio]] ad [[December|Decembrem]]. Inundationes saepe fiunt. [[Silvae pluviales Amazoniae|Silvae pluviales]] et [[mangrovia]]e delta operiunt; mangroviarum [[area (geometria)|area]] 38 304 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]] est. [[Avicennia]], ''[[Rhizophora mangle]], [[Mauritia flexuosa]]'', [[Pterocarpus]] in mangroviis abundant. Inter aves nominandis sunt ''[[Eudocimus ruber]], [[Busarellus nigricollis]], [[Ara ararauna]]'' ceterique [[psittacus|psittaci]]. ''[[Inia geoffrensis]]'' (vulgo “delphinus Amazonum") invenitur; ''[[Bubalus bubalis]], [[Bradypus tridactylus]], [[Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris]], [[Myrmecophaga tridactyla]], [[Pteronura brasiliensis]], [[Panthera onca]]'' silvas incolunt. ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Delta fluminis|Amazonum]] [[Categoria:Systema Amazonum fluminis]] [[Categoria:Para]] [[Categoria:Amapa]] b3dpuzaoiixk6rqxnizm899bv8aebsd 3983494 3983493 2026-08-24T20:23:36Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* Nexus externi */ 3983494 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Imago:Txu-oclc-6654394-sa-22-2nd-ed.jpg|thumb|Tabula geographica militaris anno 1950]] {{res|Delta fluminis Amazonum}} ([[Lusitane]]: ''delta do Amazonas'') est amplissimum [[delta fluminis|delta fluviatile]] in [[America Australis|America Australi situm]]. Ut exacte dicamus, delta est commune [[flumen Amazonum|fluminis Amazonum]] et [[Flumen Tocantins|Tocantini]]. ==Situs et partes== In [[Civitas Paraensis|civitate Paraensi]] [[Brasilia]]e patet; rami boreales ripas [[Civitas Amapaensis|civitatis Amapae]] alluunt. [[Bethlehem (Brasilia)|Bethlehem]] est urbs in ripis maxima. A ceteris delta eo distinguitur, quod in [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceanum]] non egreditur, sed in [[aestuarium|aestuario]] magno iacet; causa est [[aestus marinus|aestus]] Atlantici fortissimi, qui ut unda 4 m altitudinis, his locis ''pororoca'' appellata, per delta totum et superius per flumen Amazonum volvuntur. Post ostium [[Xingu]] fluminis in ramos flumen Amazonum dividitur, qui longe usque ad oceanum tendunt, multis bracchiis avertentibus et redientibus; sed in parte australi bracchiis haud magnis delta cum [[Para (flumen)|Para]] coniungitur, cui [[flumen Tocantins|Tocantinum]] aquae partem maiorem dat. Inter Param et ramos boreales [[insula Maraiensis]] sita est, insula fluviatilis in orbe terrarum maxima. ==Clima et oecologia== Delta Amazonum [[clima tropicum]] habet, cum umiditate alta et temperatura alta. [[Tempus pluviosum]] a [[Ianuarius|Ianuario]] ad [[Iunius|Iunium]] extenditur et [[Siccum (tempus anni)|tempus siccum]] ab [[Iulius|Iulio]] ad [[December|Decembrem]]. Inundationes saepe fiunt. [[Silvae pluviales Amazoniae|Silvae pluviales]] et [[mangrovia]]e delta operiunt; mangroviarum [[area (geometria)|area]] 38 304 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]] est. [[Avicennia]], ''[[Rhizophora mangle]], [[Mauritia flexuosa]]'', [[Pterocarpus]] in mangroviis abundant. Inter aves nominandis sunt ''[[Eudocimus ruber]], [[Busarellus nigricollis]], [[Ara ararauna]]'' ceterique [[psittacus|psittaci]]. ''[[Inia geoffrensis]]'' (vulgo “delphinus Amazonum") invenitur; ''[[Bubalus bubalis]], [[Bradypus tridactylus]], [[Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris]], [[Myrmecophaga tridactyla]], [[Pteronura brasiliensis]], [[Panthera onca]]'' silvas incolunt. ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} ==Fontes== *Benchimol, Samuel. ''Manual de introdução `a Amazônia''. Manaus, 1996 * ''Geografia do Brasil: Região norte.'' Rivi sancti Ianuarii. 1977 [[Categoria:Delta fluminis|Amazonum]] [[Categoria:Systema Amazonum fluminis]] [[Categoria:Para]] [[Categoria:Amapa]] 02qhk2c0jpha8rea4pvr9bbz8r04icr 3983500 3983494 2026-08-24T20:30:08Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* Situs et partes */ 3983500 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Imago:Txu-oclc-6654394-sa-22-2nd-ed.jpg|thumb|Tabula geographica militaris anno 1950]] {{res|Delta fluminis Amazonum}} ([[Lusitane]]: ''delta do Amazonas'') est amplissimum [[delta fluminis|delta fluviatile]] in [[America Australis|America Australi situm]]. Ut exacte dicamus, delta est commune [[flumen Amazonum|fluminis Amazonum]] et [[Flumen Tocantins|Tocantini]]. ==Situs et partes== In [[Civitas Paraensis|civitate Paraensi]] [[Brasilia]]e patet; rami boreales ripas [[Civitas Amapaensis|civitatis Amapae]] alluunt. [[Bethlehem (Brasilia)|Bethlehem]] est urbs in ripis maxima. A ceteris delta eo distinguitur, quod in [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceanum]] non eminet, sed intra [[aestuarium]] magnum iacet; causa est [[aestus marinus|aestus]] Atlantici fortissimi, qui ut unda 4 m altitudinis, his locis ''pororoca'' appellata, per delta totum et superius per flumen Amazonum volvuntur. Post ostium [[Xingu]] fluminis in ramos flumen Amazonum dividitur, qui longe usque ad oceanum tendunt, multis bracchiis avertentibus et redientibus; sed in parte australi bracchiis haud magnis delta cum [[Para (flumen)|Para]] coniungitur, cui [[flumen Tocantins|Tocantinum]] aquae partem maiorem dat. Inter Param et ramos boreales [[insula Maraiensis]] sita est, insula fluviatilis in orbe terrarum maxima. ==Clima et oecologia== Delta Amazonum [[clima tropicum]] habet, cum umiditate alta et temperatura alta. [[Tempus pluviosum]] a [[Ianuarius|Ianuario]] ad [[Iunius|Iunium]] extenditur et [[Siccum (tempus anni)|tempus siccum]] ab [[Iulius|Iulio]] ad [[December|Decembrem]]. Inundationes saepe fiunt. [[Silvae pluviales Amazoniae|Silvae pluviales]] et [[mangrovia]]e delta operiunt; mangroviarum [[area (geometria)|area]] 38 304 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]] est. [[Avicennia]], ''[[Rhizophora mangle]], [[Mauritia flexuosa]]'', [[Pterocarpus]] in mangroviis abundant. Inter aves nominandis sunt ''[[Eudocimus ruber]], [[Busarellus nigricollis]], [[Ara ararauna]]'' ceterique [[psittacus|psittaci]]. ''[[Inia geoffrensis]]'' (vulgo “delphinus Amazonum") invenitur; ''[[Bubalus bubalis]], [[Bradypus tridactylus]], [[Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris]], [[Myrmecophaga tridactyla]], [[Pteronura brasiliensis]], [[Panthera onca]]'' silvas incolunt. ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} ==Fontes== *Benchimol, Samuel. ''Manual de introdução `a Amazônia''. Manaus, 1996 * ''Geografia do Brasil: Região norte.'' Rivi sancti Ianuarii. 1977 [[Categoria:Delta fluminis|Amazonum]] [[Categoria:Systema Amazonum fluminis]] [[Categoria:Para]] [[Categoria:Amapa]] npyayz4xcixerlxt60d43q2j4wq3cnd 3983522 3983500 2026-08-24T22:15:45Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* Clima et oecologia */ 3983522 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Imago:Txu-oclc-6654394-sa-22-2nd-ed.jpg|thumb|Tabula geographica militaris anno 1950]] {{res|Delta fluminis Amazonum}} ([[Lusitane]]: ''delta do Amazonas'') est amplissimum [[delta fluminis|delta fluviatile]] in [[America Australis|America Australi situm]]. Ut exacte dicamus, delta est commune [[flumen Amazonum|fluminis Amazonum]] et [[Flumen Tocantins|Tocantini]]. ==Situs et partes== In [[Civitas Paraensis|civitate Paraensi]] [[Brasilia]]e patet; rami boreales ripas [[Civitas Amapaensis|civitatis Amapae]] alluunt. [[Bethlehem (Brasilia)|Bethlehem]] est urbs in ripis maxima. A ceteris delta eo distinguitur, quod in [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceanum]] non eminet, sed intra [[aestuarium]] magnum iacet; causa est [[aestus marinus|aestus]] Atlantici fortissimi, qui ut unda 4 m altitudinis, his locis ''pororoca'' appellata, per delta totum et superius per flumen Amazonum volvuntur. Post ostium [[Xingu]] fluminis in ramos flumen Amazonum dividitur, qui longe usque ad oceanum tendunt, multis bracchiis avertentibus et redientibus; sed in parte australi bracchiis haud magnis delta cum [[Para (flumen)|Para]] coniungitur, cui [[flumen Tocantins|Tocantinum]] aquae partem maiorem dat. Inter Param et ramos boreales [[insula Maraiensis]] sita est, insula fluviatilis in orbe terrarum maxima. ==Clima et oecologia== Delta Amazonum [[clima tropicum]] habet, cum umiditate alta et temperatura alta. [[Tempus pluviosum]] a [[Ianuarius|Ianuario]] ad [[Iunius|Iunium]] extenditur et [[Siccum (tempus anni)|tempus siccum]] ab [[Iulius|Iulio]] ad [[December|Decembrem]]. Inundationes saepe fiunt. [[Silvae pluviales Amazoniae|Silvae pluviales]] et [[mangrovia]]e delta operiunt; mangroviarum [[area (geometria)|area]] 38 304 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]] est. [[Avicennia]], ''[[Rhizophora mangle]], [[Mauritia flexuosa]]'', [[Pterocarpus]] in mangroviis abundant. Inter aves nominandi sunt ''[[Eudocimus ruber]], [[Busarellus nigricollis]], [[Ara ararauna]]'' ceterique [[psittacus|psittaci]]. ''[[Inia geoffrensis]]'' (vulgo “delphinus Amazonum") invenitur; ''[[Bubalus bubalis]], [[Bradypus tridactylus]], [[Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris]], [[Myrmecophaga tridactyla]], [[Pteronura brasiliensis]], [[Panthera onca]]'' silvas incolunt. ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} ==Fontes== *Benchimol, Samuel. ''Manual de introdução `a Amazônia''. Manaus, 1996 * ''Geografia do Brasil: Região norte.'' Rivi sancti Ianuarii. 1977 [[Categoria:Delta fluminis|Amazonum]] [[Categoria:Systema Amazonum fluminis]] [[Categoria:Para]] [[Categoria:Amapa]] 5wvpfm22lsxchye3wqkcf2ht8gc47dn 3 327970 3983513 2026-08-24T22:00:56Z Grufo 64423 {{subst:salve}} 3983513 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} secundum recensionem 3974721 hic incipit -->== Salve, Jhon Freddy Vega! == Gratus in Vicipaediam Latinam acciperis! Ob [[Specialis:Conlationes/Jhon Freddy Vega|contributa tua]] gratias agimus speramusque te delectari posse et manere velle. Cum nostra Vicipaedia parva humilisque sit, paucae et exiguae sunt paginae auxilii, a quibus hortamur te ut incipias: * [[Vicipaedia:Praefatio|Ops nexusque usoribus novis]] ({{Nexus ad alias linguas de opibus nexibusque pro usoribus novis}}) * [[Vicipaedia:De orthographia|De orthographia]] ({{Nexus ad alias linguas de fontibus nominum Latinorum}}) * [[Usor:Iustinus/Translator's Guide|Enchiridion interpretis]] ([[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]] scriptum) * [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]] * [[Lexica Neolatina]] * [[Vicipaedia:Lexica Latina interretialia|Lexica Latina interretialia]] * [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum|Fontes nominum Latinorum]] ({{Nexus ad alias linguas de orthographia}}) * [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum locorum|Fontes nominum geographicorum]] * [[Vicipaedia:Index formularum|Index formularum]] Si plura de [[mos|moribus]] et institutis Vicipaedianis scire vis, tibi suademus, roges in nostra [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]], vel roges unum ex [[Vicipaedia:Magistratus|magistratibus]] directe. In paginis encyclopaedicis mos noster non est nomen dare, sed in paginis disputationis memento editis tuis nomen [[Vicipaedia:Subscriptio|subscribere]], litteris impressis <code>--~~<nowiki />~~</code>, quibus insertis nomen tuum et dies apparebit. Quamquam vero in paginis ipsis nisi lingua Latina uti non licet, in paginis disputationum qualibet lingua scribi solet. Quodsi quid interrogare velis, vel [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]] vel [[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|pagina disputationis mea]] tibi patebit. Ave! Spero te “Vicipaedianum” fieri velle!<!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} hic finit --> --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:00, 24 Augusti 2026 (UTC) cmn0v5gflpkividf6jffotu5uyfe7v4 3983515 3983513 2026-08-24T22:02:51Z Grufo 64423 /* Adumbratio:Hieronymus Kaplan */ Nova pars 3983515 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} secundum recensionem 3974721 hic incipit -->== Salve, Jhon Freddy Vega! == Gratus in Vicipaediam Latinam acciperis! Ob [[Specialis:Conlationes/Jhon Freddy Vega|contributa tua]] gratias agimus speramusque te delectari posse et manere velle. Cum nostra Vicipaedia parva humilisque sit, paucae et exiguae sunt paginae auxilii, a quibus hortamur te ut incipias: * [[Vicipaedia:Praefatio|Ops nexusque usoribus novis]] ({{Nexus ad alias linguas de opibus nexibusque pro usoribus novis}}) * [[Vicipaedia:De orthographia|De orthographia]] ({{Nexus ad alias linguas de fontibus nominum Latinorum}}) * [[Usor:Iustinus/Translator's Guide|Enchiridion interpretis]] ([[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]] scriptum) * [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]] * [[Lexica Neolatina]] * [[Vicipaedia:Lexica Latina interretialia|Lexica Latina interretialia]] * [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum|Fontes nominum Latinorum]] ({{Nexus ad alias linguas de orthographia}}) * [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum locorum|Fontes nominum geographicorum]] * [[Vicipaedia:Index formularum|Index formularum]] Si plura de [[mos|moribus]] et institutis Vicipaedianis scire vis, tibi suademus, roges in nostra [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]], vel roges unum ex [[Vicipaedia:Magistratus|magistratibus]] directe. In paginis encyclopaedicis mos noster non est nomen dare, sed in paginis disputationis memento editis tuis nomen [[Vicipaedia:Subscriptio|subscribere]], litteris impressis <code>--~~<nowiki />~~</code>, quibus insertis nomen tuum et dies apparebit. Quamquam vero in paginis ipsis nisi lingua Latina uti non licet, in paginis disputationum qualibet lingua scribi solet. Quodsi quid interrogare velis, vel [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]] vel [[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|pagina disputationis mea]] tibi patebit. Ave! Spero te “Vicipaedianum” fieri velle!<!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} hic finit --> --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:00, 24 Augusti 2026 (UTC) == [[Adumbratio:Hieronymus Kaplan]] == Salve, Jhon Freddy Vega. Animadverti te formulam {{Fn|Adumbratio}} e pagina “[[Adumbratio:Hieronymus Kaplan]]” detraxisse ([[Specialis:Diff/3954499/3983390|#1]], [[Specialis:Diff/3983408/3983429|#2]]). Cur hoc fecisti? Oportet adumbrationes aperte indicare. Si talem adumbrationem adeo augere vis ut in encyclopaediam recipiatur, libenter eam recensere potes. Interim formulam {{Fn|Adumbratio}} restitui. Quaeso, noli iterum detrahere. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:02, 24 Augusti 2026 (UTC) 6iyml7laeqc5ub8j5ofan4ejf3xk3nv 0 327971 3983526 2026-08-24T22:22:03Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Groß Twülpstedt]] ad [[Twilpstede Maius]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3983526 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Twilpstede Maius]] iwtd7aiypnssr31rdkre9dgt3b6o125 3 327972 3983529 2026-08-24T22:23:32Z Grufo 64423 {{subst:salve}} 3983529 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} secundum recensionem 3974721 hic incipit -->== Salve, Hapalochlaena lunulata! == Gratus aut grata in Vicipaediam Latinam acciperis! Ob [[Specialis:Conlationes/Hapalochlaena lunulata|contributa tua]] gratias agimus speramusque te delectari posse et manere velle. Cum nostra Vicipaedia parva humilisque sit, paucae et exiguae sunt paginae auxilii, a quibus hortamur te ut incipias: * [[Vicipaedia:Praefatio|Ops nexusque usoribus novis]] ({{Nexus ad alias linguas de opibus nexibusque pro usoribus novis}}) * [[Vicipaedia:De orthographia|De orthographia]] ({{Nexus ad alias linguas de fontibus nominum Latinorum}}) * [[Usor:Iustinus/Translator's Guide|Enchiridion interpretis]] ([[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]] scriptum) * [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]] * [[Lexica Neolatina]] * [[Vicipaedia:Lexica Latina interretialia|Lexica Latina interretialia]] * [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum|Fontes nominum Latinorum]] ({{Nexus ad alias linguas de orthographia}}) * [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum locorum|Fontes nominum geographicorum]] * [[Vicipaedia:Index formularum|Index formularum]] Si plura de [[mos|moribus]] et institutis Vicipaedianis scire vis, tibi suademus, roges in nostra [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]], vel roges unum ex [[Vicipaedia:Magistratus|magistratibus]] directe. In paginis encyclopaedicis mos noster non est nomen dare, sed in paginis disputationis memento editis tuis nomen [[Vicipaedia:Subscriptio|subscribere]], litteris impressis <code>--~~<nowiki />~~</code>, quibus insertis nomen tuum et dies apparebit. Quamquam vero in paginis ipsis nisi lingua Latina uti non licet, in paginis disputationum qualibet lingua scribi solet. Quodsi quid interrogare velis, vel [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]] vel [[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|pagina disputationis mea]] tibi patebit. Ave! Spero te “Vicipaedianum” aut “Vicipaedianam” fieri velle!<!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} hic finit --> --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:23, 24 Augusti 2026 (UTC) c57nszjiakvmlng8xuptt43ebgmed8h 3 327973 3983532 2026-08-24T22:26:56Z Grufo 64423 {{subst:salve}} 3983532 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} secundum recensionem 3974721 hic incipit -->== Salve, Morkoz! == Gratus aut grata in Vicipaediam Latinam acciperis! Ob [[Specialis:Conlationes/Morkoz|contributa tua]] gratias agimus speramusque te delectari posse et manere velle. Cum nostra Vicipaedia parva humilisque sit, paucae et exiguae sunt paginae auxilii, a quibus hortamur te ut incipias: * [[Vicipaedia:Praefatio|Ops nexusque usoribus novis]] ({{Nexus ad alias linguas de opibus nexibusque pro usoribus novis}}) * [[Vicipaedia:De orthographia|De orthographia]] ({{Nexus ad alias linguas de fontibus nominum Latinorum}}) * [[Usor:Iustinus/Translator's Guide|Enchiridion interpretis]] ([[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]] scriptum) * [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]] * [[Lexica Neolatina]] * [[Vicipaedia:Lexica Latina interretialia|Lexica Latina interretialia]] * [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum|Fontes nominum Latinorum]] ({{Nexus ad alias linguas de orthographia}}) * [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum locorum|Fontes nominum geographicorum]] * [[Vicipaedia:Index formularum|Index formularum]] Si plura de [[mos|moribus]] et institutis Vicipaedianis scire vis, tibi suademus, roges in nostra [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]], vel roges unum ex [[Vicipaedia:Magistratus|magistratibus]] directe. In paginis encyclopaedicis mos noster non est nomen dare, sed in paginis disputationis memento editis tuis nomen [[Vicipaedia:Subscriptio|subscribere]], litteris impressis <code>--~~<nowiki />~~</code>, quibus insertis nomen tuum et dies apparebit. Quamquam vero in paginis ipsis nisi lingua Latina uti non licet, in paginis disputationum qualibet lingua scribi solet. Quodsi quid interrogare velis, vel [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]] vel [[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|pagina disputationis mea]] tibi patebit. Ave! Spero te “Vicipaedianum” aut “Vicipaedianam” fieri velle!<!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} hic finit --> --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:26, 24 Augusti 2026 (UTC) 79uwf9zdhov8mwpwu0ocoo0xihdsa27 0 327974 3983543 2026-08-24T23:24:33Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 nova 3983543 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Imago:На Большой Туматской.tif|thumb|[[Tarandus|Tarandi]] in ramo Lenae Tumacensi Maiore (''Bol’shaja Tumatskaia'')]] {{res|Delta Lenae}}<ref>"...in delta Lenae fluminis Olenekskaja protoka dictum..." ([https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Botanicheskie_materialy/t09MAAAAYAAJ?hl=ru&gbpv=1&bsq=delta%20lenae ''Notulae systematicae'', vol. 20, 1960, p. 172]); "...Lenae fluminis; ejusdem delta..." ([https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Арктическая_флора_ССС/ulunjpKdm5YC?hl=ru&gbpv=1&bsq=delta+lenae&dq=delta+lenae&printsec=frontcover ''Flora arctica USSR'', 1960, p. 92]).</ref> est maximum [[delta fluminis|delta fluviatile]] in [[Arctica]], quod [[Lena]] in [[mare Lapteviorum]] influens format. In [[Iacutia]] sita est; [[area (geometria)|aream]] 32 000 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]] habet. Ab initio delta ad mare circa 150 [[chm]] est. ==Situs== In fluxu inferiore Lena diu inter [[montes Verchoianenses]] in ripa dextra et [[iugum Czekanovskii]]<ref>{{ZK|Чекановского, кряж}}</ref> a laeva fluit; iugum ''Charaulach'' iugi Czekanovskii adiacet. Ad insulam Columnam (''Stolb''), partem iugi Charaulach bracchio divisam, Lena in ramos dividitur. Ramus maximus navigabilis Bykovensis, 106 chm longus, non solum ad orientem, sed etiam ad meridiem vertit et post [[promunturium Bykov]]<ref>Мыс Быков.</ref> in mare Lapteviorum effunditur; in litore maris ab oriente a promunturio Bykov [[Tiksi]] portus situs est. Ramus occidentalis Olenecensis nominatur et 208 chm longitudinis habet; inter eos ramus Trophimi (134 chm) et Tumacensis (149 chm) maiores ceteraque innumera fluunt. Insulae in delta plus quam 1500 sunt. ==Clima== Delta Lenae [[clima]] arcticum [[Clima continentale|continentale]] habet, cum temperatura media annua −13 [[gradus Celsii|°C]] (mense Ianuario −32 °C, Iulio 6,5 °C). Quantitas pluviarum parva est, 190 mm per annum. [[Solum]] usque ad 500–600 m [[congelatio aeterna|perpetuo congelatum]] est. Terra aestate brevi ad 30–50 cm altitudinis solvitur. [[Reservatum Lenense]] nunc hos locos avesque plurimos defendit. ==Exploratio== Primi Europaei [[cosaci]] Elias Perfil’ev et Ioannes Rebrov anno 1634 ad ostium Lenae pervenerunt. Explorata et in tabula primo signata delta a Basilio Prončiščev anno 1735 est. Mense Septembri 1881 Georgius Washington DeLong, explorator [[CFA|Americanus]], hic periit. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Delta fluminis|Lenae]] [[Categoria:Systema Lenae fluminis]] [[Categoria:Iacutia]] 335rhsi3qkdjq6kp1q0zz1b4qpv6ks7 3983550 3983543 2026-08-24T23:30:52Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* Nexus externi */ 3983550 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Imago:На Большой Туматской.tif|thumb|[[Tarandus|Tarandi]] in ramo Lenae Tumacensi Maiore (''Bol’shaja Tumatskaia'')]] {{res|Delta Lenae}}<ref>"...in delta Lenae fluminis Olenekskaja protoka dictum..." ([https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Botanicheskie_materialy/t09MAAAAYAAJ?hl=ru&gbpv=1&bsq=delta%20lenae ''Notulae systematicae'', vol. 20, 1960, p. 172]); "...Lenae fluminis; ejusdem delta..." ([https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Арктическая_флора_ССС/ulunjpKdm5YC?hl=ru&gbpv=1&bsq=delta+lenae&dq=delta+lenae&printsec=frontcover ''Flora arctica USSR'', 1960, p. 92]).</ref> est maximum [[delta fluminis|delta fluviatile]] in [[Arctica]], quod [[Lena]] in [[mare Lapteviorum]] influens format. In [[Iacutia]] sita est; [[area (geometria)|aream]] 32 000 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]] habet. Ab initio delta ad mare circa 150 [[chm]] est. ==Situs== In fluxu inferiore Lena diu inter [[montes Verchoianenses]] in ripa dextra et [[iugum Czekanovskii]]<ref>{{ZK|Чекановского, кряж}}</ref> a laeva fluit; iugum ''Charaulach'' iugi Czekanovskii adiacet. Ad insulam Columnam (''Stolb''), partem iugi Charaulach bracchio divisam, Lena in ramos dividitur. Ramus maximus navigabilis Bykovensis, 106 chm longus, non solum ad orientem, sed etiam ad meridiem vertit et post [[promunturium Bykov]]<ref>Мыс Быков.</ref> in mare Lapteviorum effunditur; in litore maris ab oriente a promunturio Bykov [[Tiksi]] portus situs est. Ramus occidentalis Olenecensis nominatur et 208 chm longitudinis habet; inter eos ramus Trophimi (134 chm) et Tumacensis (149 chm) maiores ceteraque innumera fluunt. Insulae in delta plus quam 1500 sunt. ==Clima== Delta Lenae [[clima]] arcticum [[Clima continentale|continentale]] habet, cum temperatura media annua −13 [[gradus Celsii|°C]] (mense Ianuario −32 °C, Iulio 6,5 °C). Quantitas pluviarum parva est, 190 mm per annum. [[Solum]] usque ad 500–600 m [[congelatio aeterna|perpetuo congelatum]] est. Terra aestate brevi ad 30–50 cm altitudinis solvitur. [[Reservatum Lenense]] nunc hos locos avesque plurimos defendit. ==Exploratio== Primi Europaei [[cosaci]] Elias Perfil’ev et Ioannes Rebrov anno 1634 ad ostium Lenae pervenerunt. Explorata et in tabula primo signata delta a Basilio Prončiščev anno 1735 est. Mense Septembri 1881 Georgius Washington DeLong, explorator [[CFA|Americanus]], hic periit. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} ==Fontes== *Антонов В. С. ''Устьевая область реки Лены (гидрологический очерк)''. Leninopoli, 1967. *Блохин Ю. Ю. ''О состоянии охоты на гусей в дельте Лены. Охрана угодий и использование охотничьих птиц''. Mosquae, 1988. *Пуминов А. П. ''К истории речных долин в низовьях рек Лены и Оленёк // Сборник статей по геологии Арктики'', №. 14. Leninopoli, 1960. P. 163—172. [[Categoria:Delta fluminis|Lenae]] [[Categoria:Systema Lenae fluminis]] [[Categoria:Iacutia]] dxyedophj72cal6rg8kyfx204wni713 0 327975 3983581 2026-08-25T10:41:53Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Redirigens ad [[Guelpherbytum]] 3983581 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Guelpherbytum]] qn3uhmbbi48rvkzj3vdeufi64yyp5ay 0 327976 3983582 2026-08-25T10:42:24Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Redirigens ad [[Guelpherbytum]] 3983582 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Guelpherbytum]] qn3uhmbbi48rvkzj3vdeufi64yyp5ay 0 327977 3983583 2026-08-25T10:42:57Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Redirigens ad [[Guelpherbytum]] 3983583 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Guelpherbytum]] qn3uhmbbi48rvkzj3vdeufi64yyp5ay 0 327978 3983584 2026-08-25T10:43:36Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Redirigens ad [[Guelpherbytum]] 3983584 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Guelpherbytum]] qn3uhmbbi48rvkzj3vdeufi64yyp5ay 0 327979 3983585 2026-08-25T10:44:15Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Redirigens ad [[Guelpherbytum]] 3983585 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Guelpherbytum]] qn3uhmbbi48rvkzj3vdeufi64yyp5ay 0 327980 3983586 2026-08-25T10:44:49Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Redirigens ad [[Guelpherbytum]] 3983586 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Guelpherbytum]] qn3uhmbbi48rvkzj3vdeufi64yyp5ay 0 327981 3983587 2026-08-25T10:45:21Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Redirigens ad [[Guelpherbytum]] 3983587 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Guelpherbytum]] qn3uhmbbi48rvkzj3vdeufi64yyp5ay 0 327982 3983588 2026-08-25T10:45:51Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Redirigens ad [[Guelpherbytum]] 3983588 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Guelpherbytum]] qn3uhmbbi48rvkzj3vdeufi64yyp5ay 0 327983 3983589 2026-08-25T10:46:36Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Redirigens ad [[Guelpherbytum]] 3983589 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Guelpherbytum]] qn3uhmbbi48rvkzj3vdeufi64yyp5ay